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ENTOMOLOGIST
An Illustrated Journal
OF
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E:S.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S.
T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S.
W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. F. W. FROHAWE, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S.
W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S:
‘‘By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”
VOLUME THE THIRTY-THIRD.
LONDON:
WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN, SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limitep.
1900,
f
85240
PRINTERS &F% PUBLISHERS 9 {
LIST OF
Apxin, Rossert, F.E.S., 128, 313
Atprrson, E. G., 233, 273
Axuperson, Miss E. M., 248, 311
ANDERSON, JOSEPH, 177, 192, 250, Se 354
Anprews, T. B., 268
Annett, H. E., 275, 278
' ARKLE, J., 10, 13, 14, 49, 181, 183, 203, 273
Baker, GEORGE, 269
Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., F.E.S., 349
Barravup, P. J., 93, 131, 355
Barton, W. H., 250, 277, 354
Bastow, W. H., 273
Barrerssy, Frances J., 226
BrEADNELL, HERBERT, 249, 270, 279
BrEAvuLanD, J., 13
Betu, Rey. Jonn W. B., 249, 250, 277
Beuuamy, F. & C., 17, 157
Betnamy, FReEp. G., 228
Bircu, FREDERICK, 22, 99, 319
Brrp, J. F., 224
Bisuop, HE. B., 268
Bisuop, H. S., 278
BuaxkesoroueH, THos. B., 181
Buatuwayt, F. D., 278
BLENKARN, STANLEY A.,
Bostock, W., 303, 311
Briaes, C. A., F.E.S., 52
Brown, Henry H., 14, 351
Browne, G. B., 248
Burr, Maucoum, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 89
Bururr, A. G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e., 1, 124, 168, 189
Buruer, W. E., 275
Canvert, Puinip P., 350
CanspaLE, W. D.,‘272
Cant, A., F.E.S., 228
CarpInaLL, ALLAN W., 92, 307
Carr, F. M. B., 12, 49, 130, 204, 228, 274, 277
Carter, C. E. O., 248, 249
Carter, Wiuuiam A., 158, 203, 313
Carman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., 69, 82, 224, 282
CuawneEr, Miss E. F., F.E.S., 248
Curisty, W. M., F.E.S., 88
CHITTENDEN, D., 273, 276, 304, 307
Cuark, Frep. Noap, 225
Craxton, Rev. W., 271, 306
Cockayne, E. A., 305
CockEeRELL, T. D. A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 40, 61, 85, 173, 201, 217, 243, 302
ConruRvp, C. W..,, 10,.13,.60,'92, 276, 278, 307
Conquest, G. Hbon 353
Corprer, Henry, 304, 312
CorNELL, Ernest, 275
50, 91, 225
CONTRIBUTORS.
Cortam, ArtHuR, 276, 278, 303
Court, T. H., 92
Crewr, Huco Harper, 308
Dapp, Enwarp Martin, 161, 283, 340
Datz, C. W., F.E.S., 75, 180, 351
Daurtry, Rey. T. W., M.A., F.L.8., F.E.S., 305, 312
Dannatt, WALTER, F.E.S., 203, 251, 299
Day, Rey. ArcHIBALD, 268, 270, 273
Distant, W. L., F.E.S., 92, 209, 261
Dixon, Henry J., 307
Donovan, R. J. F., 143
Doveuas, ALFRED E., 250
Druirt, A., 202
East, Rev. Artuur, 88, 211, 257
Epwarps, Miss A. D., 14
Epwarps, W., 304, 313
Enwes, Henry J., F.R.S, F.LS., &e., 223
Evans, J. J. O., 352
Farrcuinp, W., 312
Fircu, E. A., F.L.S., F.E.S., 274
Finzi, J. A., F.E.S., 250
Fisuer, T. H., 225
FiercHer, T. B., R.N., F.E.S., 129, 228
Fowuer, J. H., 267, 269, 272, 275
Freeman, R., 247, 248
Frexe, Percy E., F.E.S., 352
Fremuin, H. S., F.E.S., 37
Frounawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., 101, 130, 300, 303, 304, 306
Frouawk, MarGaret, 130
Gauan, C. J., M.A., F.E.S., 18, 97, 132,
159, 205, 253, 314, 361
GarReTT, Henry E., 279, 351
Gites, Lewis S., 249
Gitues, W. 8., 191, 308
Grauam, S., 306
Grosvenor, T. H., 277
Grote, A. Rapcuirre, A.M., 120
Hageart, James C., 46, 92
Hamuin, C., 305
Hamm, A. H., 88, 274, 277
Hansen, Dr. H. J., 116, 169, 334
Harcourt-Batu, W., 199, 223
Harris, W. T., 269, 277, 352
Henperson, G., 353, 355
Howe, T. L., 49, 50
Hopson, G. V., F.E.S., 186
Hurcurnson, C. W., 267
Hype, P., 91
Imus, A. D., 250
Jackson, F. W. J., 305
JAGER, J., 326
James, Russet E., 279, 359
JerreRys, T. B., 15, 202
‘
LY; LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
Kane, W. F. pr Vismes, M.A., M.R.1.A., &c., 29, 79, 125, 152, 192, 197, 328
Kemp, 8. K., 181
Kemp, 8. W., 269, 277
Kine, H. A., 269, 270, 278
Kirsy, W. F., F.L.S., F.E.S., 51, 280, 324
Krrraupy, G. W., F.E.S., &e., 10, 24, 25, 52, 70, 77, 87, 100, 134, 135, 136, 148, 169, 175, 177, 183, 184, 207, 232, 238, 254, 256, 262, 266, 293, 296, 301, 321, 322, 334, 349, 355, 361, 362, 363
Knaces, H. Guarp, M.D., F.L.S., 109
Lappman, R., 12, 13, 269
La Carp, H., 310
Lanz, E. W., 95
Lane, H. C., M.D., F.E.S., 104
Latuy, Percy L., 213
Lawrance, A. J., 271, 306
Leieu, G. F., 229, 302
Lirtnewoop, Franr, 355
Lowrtuer, R. C., 310
Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.H.S.; 2, 12, 41, 43, 49, 74, 89, 90, 129, 137, 158, 174, 181, 201 ,202, 210, 215, 225, 259, 266, 267, 271, 272, 274, 275, 279, 297, 301, 338, 350, 354, 355
MacKenziz, Vivian Sr. Crarr, 245
MacKinnon, F. M. A., 177
MarsHatu, Guy A. K., F.Z.S., 218
MASEFIELD, Joun, R. B., 18
Mann, A. J., 248, 275
May, AuBert, 129, 131, 275, 307
Metpota, Prof. R., F.R.8., F.C.S., F.E.S., 249, 306, 354, 355
MERRIFIELD, F., F.E.S., 232
Mitrorp, R. 8., 277, 310
MocsuEr-Frrryman, Lieut.-Col. A. F., 308
More, Rospert Scuaw, 351, 353
Morey, Cuaupez, F.E.S., 247
Moss, Rev. A. Mines, 21, 270, 280, 307, 354
Nasu, Rev. A., 269, 270, 271, 275, 352
Nasu, W. Girrorp, 304, 309, 310, 312
Nix, Jonn A., 354
Oxpaker, F. A., 311
OuprieLtp, Grorce W., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e., 276
OxtpHam CHARLES, 309
PEACHELL, G. ERNEST, 276, 304
Puinures, Rev. W. J. Leicu, 43, 274
PrrrarD, Brrnarp, 249
Prey, J. B., 269, 271, 275
Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., 247, 250, 301
PripEeavx, R. M., 249
Prout, Louis B., F.E.S., 11, 53
Pucxripver, J. §., 311
Quaint, AmBrosE, F.E.§S., 5, 221, 225
Ransom, Epwarp, 13
Raynor, Rev. Ginpert H., 91, 225, 272, 275
Raynor, L. G. S., 274, 275, 280
_ Reece, E. T. B., 94
Rerp, Capt. S. G., F.H.S., 305
TioBERTSHAW, ARTHUR, 304
Rouuason, W. A., 310
Romer, T., 311
Rosa, A. F., 33
Roruscurip, Hon. N. Cuaruss, 352, 353
RoutitepGe, G. B., F.E.S8., 20
RowntreEE, J. H., 313
Rownanp-Brown, H., M.A., F.H.S., 132, 159, 205, 253, 314, 361
Russeuu, A., 129
RusseEwut, G. M., 310
Rypon, ArtHuR H., 43, 226
Sapine, H., 303, 304, 353
Saxpy, J. L., 129, 269, 276
Setu-Smuiry, L. M., 305
SHEPHEARD-Watwyn, H. W., 16, 269
Sicu, ALFRED, 130
Srmmonps, A., 353
SuapEN, Rey. C. A., 274, 275
SmaLupeice, A. Monineux, 268
Smiru, E. J. Srncietron, 268
Smitu, T. Percivan, 249
Smith, W. W., 11, 202
Sourn, Ricwarp, F.E.S., 10, 43, 68, 92, 99, 103, 104, 136, 155, 178, 180, 181, 184, 208, 266, 271, 272, 273, 276, 281, 303, 305, 313, 322, 323, 325, 348, 349
Sparks, EH. G. J., B.A., F.E.S., 39, 268, 210, 272, 278
Sranpen, R. S., F.L.S8., F.E.S., 350
Stanpruss, Prof. Dr. Max, 161, 283, 340
Stupp, E. F., M.A., F.E.S., 130
Tapp, W. H.,; 353
Tetuery, J. B., 274, 276
THomeson, Haronp P., 268, 270, 273, 277
Tuompson, HERBERT, 304
THoRNEWILI, Rey. Cuas. F., 278, 307
Trotuopr, Mrs. Anice, 157
Turner, D. P., 177, 273, 275, 278, 309
Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S., 20, 97, 133, 160, 206, 230, 317
Turner, Lewis L., 267, 270, 279, 351
Tort, J. W., F.B:S.; 42
UrqunHart, Miss, 267
Urwicx, W. F., 266
VAUGHAN, J. WixLiAms, 224
Wawpecrave, Rt. Hon. Earl, 305, 312
Waser, J. J., F.E.S., 18
Wauxrer, Rey. F. A., D.D., F.L.S:, &c., 236, 273, 275, 277
WAINWRIGHT, Co~BRAN J., F.E.S., 21, 98, 133, 160, 230, 319
Watkins & Doncaster, 304, 310
Warsure, J. C., 89, 278
Wetts, H. O., 202, 272, 274, 308
WHitTakEr, Oscar, 95, 278, 356
Wuirttz, F. G., 308
Witurams, T. Gopparp, 274, 305
Wooprorpeg, F. C., 12
Woo.nouse, J. W., 203, 269
WorsLey-Woop, H., 279
INDEX.
ao ee
GENERAL.
Aberrations of British Lepidoptera, 101
Aberration of Argynnisadippe (fig.), 281; of Vanessa urtice, 177
Abnormal emergence of Smerinthus po- puli, 12
Abundance of Plusia gamma, 307
Acherontia atropos in Bucks, 250; at Chichester, 250; in Gloucestershire, 269; in Hampshire, 269, 351; in Herefordshire, 269; in Kendal dis- trict, 353; in Kent, 269; in London, 304; in Norfolk, 269 ; in Northampton, 250; in Oxfordshire, 269; at Penarth, 49; in Suffolk, 270; in Surrey, 270; in Sussex, 270; in Westmoreland, 270; in Worcestershire, 270, 304; in 1899, 13; in October, 351; and Colias in 1900, 348
Acronycta alni in Herefordshire, 271
Aischna cyanea abundant in 1899, 91; at Paddington, 225; grandis on the wing at dusk, 88
Aleucis pictaria in Kent, 307
Anthills at the Paris Exhibition, 248
Anticlea sinuata in Dorset, 225
Apatura iris in Northamptonshire, 303
Aplecta occulta in Norfolk, 271
Argynnis adippe in Surrey, 249; aglaia var. at Dover, 303: var. charlotta, 350
Aromia moschata and Rhagium bifascia- tum near Chester, 181
Asphondylia mentzeliz, sp. n., 302
Assembling, 202
A winter-day’s sport with the net in Na- tal, 228
Bees from Juarez, Mexico, on a small collection of, 217
Bibliographical and nomenclatorial notes on the Rhynchota—No. 1, 238
Black varieties on a South Lancashire Moss, 248
British dragonflies of the older English authors, 41, 74, 174, 215, 259, 297, 338
British Odonata, new work on, 43
British Orthoptera, 89
‘ Butterflies and Moths of Malvern,’ the 42
Butterflies collected in the South of France and in Corsica, 104; observed in Switzerland, 33
Butterfly hunter’s holiday, 233
Captures and Field Reports, 13, 44, 91, 130, 181, 202, 225, 248, 267, 302, 351
Captures at electric light in Chester dis- trict, 92; at light in 1899, 130
Captures of Odonata, 50
Caradrina ambigua in Hampshire, 272; at Pagham, 355
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland, a,29, 79, 125, 152, 192; Supplement,328
Catocala fraxini in the Isle of Wight, 308; in Norfolk, 306 ; nupta in 1899, 13, 50; on tarred posts, 271
Cheerocampa elpenor on wild balsam, 270; nerii in Kent, 305; at Teign- mouth, 352
Cicadidz from China, description of a new species (fig.), 209
Cirrhcedia xerampelina in Notts, 355
Ccenonympha pamphilus var., 248
Colias edusa in June, in Devonshire, 228; at Eastbourne, 225; at Ringwood, 228; in Somersetshire, 228; in October, 352
Colias edusa in 1900, 250; in Berkshire, 273; in Brecknockshire, 273; in Bucks, 273; in Cambs, 273, 309; in Cheshire, 273; in Cornwall, 274, 309 ; in Devon, 274; in Dorset, 274; in Essex, 274; in Gloucestershire, 275; in Hants, 275, 310; in Here- fordshire, 275; in Herts, 275, 353; in Kendal district, 353; in Kent, 276, 277, 310; in Lanes, 310, in Leicestershire, 310; in London, 310; in Middlesex, 277; in Norfolk, 277, 310; in Northamptonshire, 311; in N. Wales, 311; in Nottinghamshire, 353; in Oxfordshire, 277; in Scotland, 354; in Shropshire, 278 ; in Somerset, 278, 311, 312,353; in South Pembroke- shire, 311; in Staffs, 312; in Suffolk, 312; in Surrey, 278, 279, 312, 353; in Sussex, 279, 312; in Westmoreland, 279; in Wilts, 280 ; in Worcestershire, 313; in Yorks, 313
vi INDEX.
Colias hyale in 1899, 91
Colias hyale in June, at Hastbourne, 225; iniMay and June, 313
Colias hyale in 1900, in Berks, 273; in Bucks, 273 ; in Cambs, 273, 309; in Dorset, 274; in Essex, 274, 252; in Gloucestershire, 275; in Hants, 275, 310 ; in Herts, 275, 353; in Kent, 276, 277, 310, 353; in Leicestershire, 310 ; in Middlesex, 277; in Norfolk, 277; in Northamptonshire, 311; in Notting- hamshire, 353; in Oxfordshire, 277 ; in Somerset, 278, 311, 312, 353; in Suffolk, 278, 312; in Surrey, 278, 279; in Sussex, 279, 312; in Wilts, 280; in Worcestershire, 313
Collecting at Deal, three days’, 356; in Hayward’s Heath district, 225; in the Isle of Lewis, 37; at Sidmouth, 307; in South Devon, 326
Collecting and rearing dragonflies, 89
Collective enquiry as to Progressive Me- lanism in moths, 185
Correction, a, 129
Coremia quadrifasciaria at Bexley, 130; in Essex, 225, 249, 272; in Suffolk, 272
Cossus ligniperda larva, 128
Cymatophora ocularis at Chingford, 306
Dasycampa rubigineaat Cambridge, 308 ; in Dorsetshire, 249
Deilephila galii in Gloucestershire, 270 ; livornica in N. Staffordshire, 305
Description of certain varieties of Pero- nea cristana, 179; of a new species of Dircenna from Peru (fig.), 299; of the egg of Polyommatus corydon, 300
Dianthcecia cucubali in August, 305
Dicycla oo in Surrey, 249
Diphyletism in the Lepidoptera, 120, 221
Diphthera aprilina in Moray, 14
Diplosis partheniicola, 201
Diptera of Nottinghamshire, 180
Dircenna barrettii, sp. un. (fig.), 299
Dragonfly, season of, 1899, 137
Dwarf Lepidoptera, 129; Vanessa ata- lanta, 92
Early and late dates for Euchloé carda- mines and other butterflies, 351
Early appearance of Pieris rape, 130
Early occurrence of Anisopteryx sscu- laria, 91
Karwigs beneficial, 87
Editorial, 325
Eggs of Ceroplastes irregularis, 201
Emergence of Clostera reclusa, 12
Ennomos alniaria at Bognor, 306
Entomology in New Zealand, 5, 186
Epinephele (Hipparchia) hyperanthes in Fifeshire, 351; tithonus in abundance, 350
Epunda nigra at Cambridge, 308; in Kent, 271, 306
Eretmoptera, a new dipterous genus, 349 Errata, 202, 359 Euplexia lucipara in February, 131
Field Cricket (Gryllus campestris) near Hastings, 49
Flavour of caterpillars, the, 87
Flatoides, a remarkable instance of, 301
Food-plants of Homoptera, 302
Formalin as a preservative of insects, 90
Gerris lacustris nymph in October, 355
Great destruction of injurious beetles, 11
Guide to the Study of British Water- bugs, a, 148
Gynandromorphous—Argynnis paphia, 266; Colias edusa, 157 ; Lycena ica- rus, 157; Thecla quercus, 157
Habits of Cossus ligniperda, 128, 224
Halias prasinana audible, 247
Heliothis armigera in New Zealand, 201 ; scutosa in South Devon, 306
Hemerobius limbatus in January, 49
Humming sound of Macroglossa stella- tarum, 129
Hybernating two winters, larva of Odo- nestis potatoria, 10
Hymenoptera of Nottinghamshire, 180
Insect fauna of Hampshire, the, 349 Ischnura elegans in London, 225; pu- milio, 201
Larva of Acronycta alni at Tunbridge Wells, 249; of Arctia caia and Odo- nestes potatoria at Chester, 181
Larve-beating in 1899 compared with 1898, 94
Late grasshopper, 355
Lepidoptera, &c., in 1899, 14, 93; at light in 1899, 92; in County Cork, 143, 197; at Winchester in 1899, 15
Lepidopterous eggs on sallow, 14, 49
Leucania albipuncta at Bexhill, 250; vi- tellina at Bognor, 306; in Essex, 306
Libellula quadrimaculata, 248
Liparis chrysorrhoea abundant at Hove, 307
Limenitis sibylla in Surrey, 272
Local scarcity of feniocampa incerta,349
Lycena argiolus, 303 ; in North London, 269; in S. England, 351; bellargus, aberration figured, 281; in Hertford- shire, 303, 352; bwtica bred in Guern- sey, 268; corydon var. fowleri, 104, 157; pheretes and its allies in the Sikim Himalayas, 199, 223
Macrocephalus arizonicus = uhleri, 201
Macroglossa stellatarum, 304; in April, 182; in Gloucestershire, 352; at Hud- dersfield, 249; in Kent, 352; in S. England, 351
INDEX. Vii
Macro-lepidoptera of the Galashiels dis- trict 44; of Hull, 43
Male Bupalus piniaria partly of female coloration, 266
Mamestra furva, corrected date, 92
Melanippe procellata in Essex, 249, 272 ; tristata, 307
Monograph of the Membracide, 301
Mosquitos and malaria, 218
Mould in relaxing-box, 12
Moults in the Odonata, 350
Migration of Libellula quadrimaculata, 247
Migrations of dragonflies, 210
Miscellaneous notes, 308
Naturalized cockroaches, 129
New African dragonflies, 43
New Forest notes, 202, 226; Easter in the, 203
New genus of Coccide injuring the root of the grape-vine in 8. Africa, 173
New insects from Arizona, and a new bee from Mexico, 61
Neuropteron at sugar, 354
Noctua castanea in the New Forest, 270, 305
Note on Anthocharis, 69; on a pupa of Gonoptera libatrix, 305, 355; on a spider, 226; on Ligdia adustata, 10; on the Coccid genus Oudablis, Signo- ret, 85; on the oviposition of Parnas- sius apollo, 282; on Xanthia ferru-
- ginea and X. gilvago, 307
Notes from Chester and Delamere Forest, 182 ; from the Lake district, 355; from Natal, 302 ; from North Staffordshire, 17; from North Wales, 308; from Nottingham, 95 ; from Southend, 308 ; on certain Scoparie (figs.), 109; on Jamaican Rhyhchota, 70; on some Tuddenham Lepidoptera, 39 ; on some Sinhalese Rhynchota, 293; on the great earwig and other British Forficu- lide, 75; on the nymph of Aischna cyanea, 88; on the season of 1899 in Kent, 46; on Triecphora sanguino- lenta, Marsh, 236, 266
Notodonta chaonia, 202 ; double-brooded, 305
dictzoides
OBITUARIES :— W. C. Blatch, 136 William Watkins, 208 Dr. Otto Staudinger, 328 Josef Mik, 364,
Odonata in Kent, 307
On Aigaleus bechuana, a new species of Cimicide#, reported to injure coffee- berries, 77
On a new genus of Lycwenide hitherto confounded with Catochrysops, 1
On a small collection of insects, chiefly Lepidoptera, from Nicaragua, 189
On a small collection of Lepidoptera from Pemba Island, 261
On the Morphology and Classification of the Auchenorrhynchous Homoptera, 116, 169, 334
On the moult to pupa of Pterophorus, 82
On the Nomenclature of the Genera of the Rhynchota, Heteroptera, and Au- chenorrhynchous Homoptera, 25
Oporabia autumnata from Rannoch, with reference to several other re- lated forms, 53, 83
Orthoptera at sugar, 266, 301
Orthoptera localities, 11
Orthopterous Fauna of the British Isles, Belgium, and Holland (fig.), 2
Oviposition of Gonopteryx rhamni, 177
Oviposition of Polygonia c-album, 224
Pairing of Vanessa urtice with Epine- phele tithonus, 224
Papilio machaon in Kent, 248, 267; at Ringwood, 267; in Surrey, 303; in Sussex, 267; in Worcestershire, 303
Parasite in Lepidopterous ovum, 224, 247
Phigalia pedaria in December, 13
Phlogophora meticulosa in December, 13, 92
Photo-micrography for Entomology, 177
Pieris daplidice, &c., at Bognor, 306
Plusia festuce# at Bognor, 306
Plusia festuce with confluent spots, 11
Plusia gamma abundant, 203
Plusia moneta at Merstham, 305; at Norwood, 272; in Oxfordshire, 249
Protective coloration, 301
Proctotrypids ex lepidopterous ova, 247
Pyrameis atalanta swarming, 268
Ranatra linearis, 181 Range in Britain of Epichnopteryx pulla,
Sterrhopteryx hirsutella, Acantho-
pryche opacella, and Pachythelia vil-
losella, 42
Recent LireRaTURE :—
Fauna Hawaiiensis; or, the Zoology of the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Isles, vol. i, Hymenoptera Aculeata, by R. C. L. Perkins and A. Forel. Vol. ii, Orthoptera and Neuroptera, by R. C. L. Perkins, 23
The Hymenoptera of Suffolk, pt. I, by Claude Morley, 50
British Dragonflies (Odonata), by W. J. Lucas, 51
Enumeratio operum opusculorumque ad faunam Hemipterorum Heterop- terorum Imperii Rossici pertinentem 1798-1897, by V. Bianchi, 52
General Index to Miss Ormerod’s Reports on Injurious Insects, 1877- 1898, by R, Newstead, 52
Vill
Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society for the year 1898,.99
Fauna Hawajliensis: Macro-Lepido- ptera, by E. Meyrick, 99
Remarks on the Epidemiology and Prophylaxis of Malaria in the light of recent Researches, by A. Celli, 133
Hemiptera Cryptocerata. S. Fam. Mo- nonychine, by A. L. Montandon, 134
The egg-carrying habit of Zaitha, by F. W. Slater, 135
Second Annual Report of the Kendal Entomological Society, 136
Essai sur les Eumastacides, tribu des Acridiodea, by M. Burr, 183
La Chasse aux Insectes aquatiques, by Paul Noel, 184
Report of Injurious Insects and Com- mon Farm Pests during the year 1899, by Eleanor A. Ormerod, 184
Hine neve Plataspidinen-Gattung aus Deutsch Ost-Afrika, by Kuhlgatz, 206
The Spring Elm Caterpillar, by C. M. Weed, 207
Wie vielen Stigmen haben die Rhyn- choten ?, by Anton Handlirsch, 207
Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 208
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, by J. W. Tutt, 231
Note on the Genital Organs of Zaitha, by T. H. Montgomery, 232
Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Association of Econ- omic Entomologists, 232
Preliminary Report on the Insect Enemies of Forests in the North- West, 232
The Coccid Genera Chionaspis and Hemichionaspis, by R. A. Covley, 232
Insects injurious to Forest Trees, by E. P. Felt, 254
The Insects of Alderney, by W. A. Luff, 254
Occasional Memoirs of the Chicago Entomological Society, vol. i, 255
Insecta Transvaaliensia; a Contribu- tion to a Knowledge of the Entomo- logy of South Africa, by W. L. Distant, 280
Recent Work on Japanese Rhynchota, 320
Fifteenth Report—Insects—State of New York, by E. P. Felt, 321
Summary of the Hemiptera of Japan, by P. R. Uhler, 320
The Insect World,—a Monthly Maga- zine, 320
INDEX.
Hémiptéres de l’ile de Yesso (Japon), by Horvath Geza, 320 Uebersicht der Fulgoriden Japans, by Matsumura Shonen, 320 The Lepidoptera of the British Isles, vol. vi, by C. G. Barrett, 322 Catalogue of Eastern and Australian Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Col- lection of the Oxford University Museum, by Col. C. Swinhoe, 322 Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society for the year 1899, 323 La raison d’étre des métamorphoses chez les Insectes, by Aug. Lameere, 361 Notes pour la Classification des Coléop- téres, by Aug. Lameere, 361 Notes on the Mosquitoes of the United States (1900), by L. O. Howard, 363 Collecting in South Eastern Europe, by Malcolm Burr, 364 Origin of Species (New Impression), by C. Darwin, 364 Recent notes on Hydrometra martini, Kirk.=lineata, Say, 175 Relaxing Lepidoptera, 12 Remarkable appearance of V. io during snow, 130 Respiration of the dragonfly nymph,
Retarded emergence of Sphinx ligustri, 4
Rhynchota genera, &c., 177; miscel- lanea, 296
Rhynchota of Perthshire, 10
Rhyparobia madere in London, 317
Satyrus semele abundant, 267 Scotosia vetulata at Hemel Hempstead, 249 Scottish Rhynchota, 10 Second generation of Vanessa io, a, 87 Setting relaxed insects, 43, 89 Sirex gigas at Kendal, 307 ; at Worksop, 248; juvencus at Chichester, 354 Socrerres :— Birmingham Entomological, 20, 97, 133, 160, 230, 317 Carlisle Entomological, 20 Entomological Club, 98 Entomological of London, 18, 95, 131, 158, 204, 251, 313, 359 Kendal Entomological, 21 Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo- gical, 22, 98, 230, 319 South London Entomological » and Natural History, 18, 97, 132, 159, 205, 229, 314 Some additional Notes on Aischna cyanea, 257 Some bees visiting the Mesquite, 243 Some corrections, 49
flowers of
South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, 180
Sphinx convolvuli at Penarth, 49; in 1889, 91; pinastri in Suffolk, 250
Spilodes sticticalis near Maldon, 272
Spilosoma lubricipeda emerging in August, 250
Spring captures, 181
Stevens collection, the, 155, 178
Stilbia anomala in North Wales, 14
Sugaring, 250; in a garden, 355
Sympetrum flaveolum, 272
Synopsis of Experiments in Hybridiza- tion and Temperature made with Lepidoptera up to the end of 1898, 161, 266, 283, 340
Thamnotrizon cinerus in the New Fo- rest, 92
Thecla w-album larve abundant, 202 ; in the Maidstone district, 269
The genera Cupido and Lycena, 124
The pupal habits of Cossus ligniperda, 128, 158, 177, 224
The type of Thecla, Fabr., 168
Three new species of Nymphaline from Siam, 213
The aberrations of British butterflies, 281
Universal list of entomologists, 350 Unusual pairing of Satyrus semele, 43
Vanessa antiopa in Bucks, 267, 268 ; in Essex, 268, 354; in Hampshire, 268; in Hertfordshire, 304; at Huntingdon, 304; in Kent, 267, 268, 304; in Nor- folk, 304; in Oxfordshire, 250; in Somersetshire, 304; in Suffolk, 268, 304; in Surrey, 304; in Sussex, 267
Vanessa atalanta and V. io abundant, 13; cardui in Bucks, 354; io at Toot- ing, 68; in Yorkshire, 304; poly- chloros at Chichester, 182; at Herne, 304; in London, 304
Variation of Emydia cribrum, L., in England (figs.), 67
VARIETIES :—
Abraxas grossulariata, 97, 179, 316 Acronycta leporina, 248
Agrotis cinerea, 18
Apatura iris, 156
INDEX. 1x
Arctia caia, 103, 178; villica, 178
Argynnis adippe, 156, 281 (fig.), 303; aglaia, 156, 303; euphrosyne, 156; paphia, 102
Bombyx quercus, 103; rubi, 315
Bryophila glandifera, 178
Callimorpha dominula, 178
Cidaria prunata, 179; reticulata, 179
Cleora glabraria, 317
Chrysophanus phleas, 157, 317
Ccenonympha pamphilus, 248
Dianthecia carpophaga, 18 -
Epinephele ianira, 157; tithonus, 157
Euchloé cardamines, 156
Forficula auricularia, 301
Hesperia comma, 157
Limenitis sibylla, 156
Luperinus testacea, 248
Lycena adonis, 157; argiolus, 303 ; arion, 102; bellargus, 281 (fig.) ; corydon, 104, 160; icarus (alexis), 157, 281
Macaria liturata, 248
Melanippe fluctuata, 97
Melanargia galatea, 156, 157
Melita athalia, 156; cinxia, 156
Nemeophila plantaginis, 178, 319
Nola centonalis, 178
Oporabia dilutata, 157
Peronea cristata, 179
Pieris rape, 160
Polyommatus (Lycena) corydon, 316 ; icarus, 315
Pygera curtula x pigra, 19
Saturnia pavonia, 19
Sesia culiciformis, 21
Smerinthus populi, 319; tiliw, 19
Spilosoma mendica, 253
Strenia clathrata, 314
Vanessa atalanta, 101, 103, 156; cardui, 156; io, 156; urtice, 101, HOSS 177
Xylophasia rurea, 248
Zygena filipendulx, 178
Where Txniocampa gracilis laysits egg s, 203
What is the proper name of Lophyrus, Latreille 2? 40
Xanthia gilvago in Surrey, 305
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXII.) JANUARY, 1900. [No. 440.
ON A NEW GENUS OF LYCHNIDA HITHERTO CONFOUNDED WITH CATOCHRYSOPS.
By A. G. Burter, Pa.D.
Wuitst re-arranging the Museum collection of Lycenide of the genus Catochrysops (type C. strabo), my attention was called to the fact that, apart from the tailed or tailless character of the species, which appears in that genus only to have a specific value, many of the forms are separable from the type and its congeners by having smooth eyes, those of typical Catochrysops being hairy.
I am well aware that, in his recent ‘ Catalogue of Rhopalo- cera of the Ethiopian Region,’ my friend Prof. Aurivillius regards Catochrysops and many other genera as mere sections or groups of one huge genus—Cupido. I fail, however, to see why characters, which in other portions of the Rhopalocera are generally regarded as of generic value—such as the absence of a vein in the primaries, the partial anastomosis of certain veins, or the absence of hair on the eyes—should be ignored in the present family. ‘The question as to whether secondary sexual characters should be used for the separation of genera is one which does not concern the present case; personally, I see no profit in calling groups, based upon well-defined male characters, sections or subgenera; it appears to me to be far better to regard them as genera. But to refuse constant structural characters common to both sexes and accompanied by even slight differ- ences of form or pattern, seems to me to be unscientific and retrograde.
EKucHRYSopPS, gen. nov.
Primaries somewhat less acuminate than in Catochrysops ; secondaries invariably tailed, with similarly placed ocelloid
ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1900. B
2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
spots sprinkled with metallic scales towards anal angle on under surface ; eyes quite smooth instead of hairy. Type, EH. cnejus.
Of the species at present in the Museum collection, the following should be placed in Kuchrysops :—
E. cnejus= EH. theseus= EH. hapalina, E. contracta, E. ella, E. pandava (of which E. nicola seems to be an intermediate form), EH. trifracta, E. cyclopteris, EH. naidina, E. lochias, E. hippocrates, E. lois.
Wallengren’s beautiful little species, which I have recently quoted as ‘‘ Catochrysops mahallokoena,’’ has smooth eyes, but may at once be separated from Euchrysops by the close approximation of first subcostal branch and costal nervure (veins 11 and 12), and lack of tails to hind wings; it is nearly related to Chilades trochilus. In Neolycena, which has smooth eyes, the third subcostal branch (vein 9) is wholly absent, so that the vein is trifurcate.
THE ORTHOPTEROUS FAUNA OF THE BRITISH ISLES, BELGIUM AND HOLLAND.
By Wid... biooss, -BiA., | EELS.
In the ‘Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique,’ October, 1899, appears an article by the veteran Belgian entomo- logist, M. le baron Ed. de Selys-Longchamps, comparing the orthopterous fauna of the British Isles, Belgium, and Holland. A summary of the results arrived at, together with a few notes that seem to be called for in connection with some of the British species, cannot but be of interest to orthopterists in this country also.
Of the Forficulide, six species—Labidura riparia, Anisolabis maritima, A. annulipes, Forficula lesnei, Apterygida arachidis, and Chelisoches morio—are British, or have occurred in Britain, but do not appear to have been observed in Belgium or Holland. Labia minor, Forficula auricularia, and Apterygida albipennis are common to the three countries; while Chelidura acanthopygia occurs in Belgium and Holland, but has not been recorded as British.
Of these nine species set down as British, L. riparia, A. maritima, and A. albipennis have not been taken for some years; A. annulipes and A. arachidis, although they certainly breed here, do so only under artificial conditions as regards tempera- ture ; of C. morio but two specimens have occurred—a pair which came to Kew in sugar-cane from Mauritius in August, 1894 (ante, vol. xxxi. p. 50).
Six species of Blattide are found in all three countries. These are Ectobia lapponica, E. livida, E. panzeri (ericetorum),
ORTHOPTEROUS FAUNA OF THE BRITISH ISLES, ETC. 3
Blatta americana, B. orientalis, and Phyllodromia germanica. B. australasie is now well known in Britain; it has been recorded from Belgium, but it does not appear in the Dutch list. In addition to these, Rhyparobia madere, Leucophea surinam- ensis, Blabera gigantea, and Nyctibora holosericea have been acci- dentally introduced with more or less frequency into Britain, but have not been noticed in Belgium or Holland.
NYCTIBORA HOLOSERICEA.
Eleven species are in this family set down as British, of which the three Ectobias only are indigenous. The three Blattas and Phyllodromia germanica breed here profusely where they are established, but require warmth. It is just possible that L. surinamensis breeds, or has bred, in Kew Gardens. The others are merely ‘‘ casual visitors ’’ due to foreign trade. Of the last, N. holosericea has been but once noticed ; the single specimen was taken at Covent Garden, and sent to Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster, July 6th, 1897. They sent it alive to Mr. Burr, who wishes me to record it. It is a large insect, measuring 90 mm. in expanse of wings, of a fairly uniform rich dark chestnut colour, except the wings, which are to a great extent transparent; the flat dorsal surface of the abdomen is very dark, with much lighter irregular margins. The pronotum and elytra are covered with a fine yellowish pubescence, which in some positions gives them the appearance of emitting a faint phosphorescent light. [Fig. 1. The tarsi of hind legs, cerci, and antenne are restored. |
None of the Mantide are native in either country, though
Mantis religiosa has occurred accidentally in Belgium. 82
4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
In all three countries there occur of the Acridiide, Meco- stethus grossus, Stenobothrus viridulus, S. rufipes, S. bicolor, S. elegans, Gomphocerus maculatus, Gidipoda cerulescens (only as a very casual visitor in Britain), Tettix bipunctatus, and T. subulatus, while Pachytylus migratorius is a casual visitor to each. Steno- bothrus lineatus, S. parallelus, and Gomphocerus rufus are com- mon to Britain and Belgium; while Stenobothrus biguttulus, Pachytylus danicus (cinerascens), and Psophus stridulus are common to Belgium and Holland. Gomphocerus sibiricus, Acridium egypticum (tartaricum), and Schistocerca peregrina have occurred casually in Britain alone; Stenobothrus stig- maticus, S. hemorrhoidalis, S. vagans, and S. dorsatus are found in Belgium only; Holland possesses none that are peculiar to itself.
One specimen only of Gomphocerus sibiricus was captured some years since ‘on the hills at Netley’’; it is difficult to imagine how a single specimen could have got there.
Of the fifteen Locustide enumerated by De Selys-Long- champs, Leptophyes punctatissima, Meconema varium, Xiphidium dorsale, Locusta viridissima, Platycleis grisea, P. brachyptera, and Decticus verrucivorus are found in all three countries. Thamno- trizon cinereus and Platycleis reselii are found in Britain and Belgium; Ephippigera vitiwm occurs in Belgium and Holland. Barbitistes serricauda, Gampsocleis glabra, and Platycleis bicolor are peculiar to Belgium; while Phaneroptera falcata has occurred casually once and Decticus albifrons very rarely, in Britain alone.
Four species of the Gryllide—Nemobius sylvestris, Gryllus ‘campestris, G. domesticus, and Gryllotalpa vulgaris-—occur in all three countries. Gryllus capensis is found in Holland only, while G. bimaculatus, G. brunneri, and Gryllotalpa didactyla are casuals in Belgium alone.
To sum up as far as Britain is concerned, there are twenty- nine (or twenty-eight if Decticus verrucivorus is omitted) Ortho- ptera that appear to be natives;* seven (two earwigs, with but a slight foothold, four cockroaches, and the common cricket), which breed here in warm houses; three earwigs that are more or less historic; the rest are casuals. These last might no doubt be added to considerably. Burr states that some species of the Conocephalides, especially of the genera Copiophora and Cono- cephalus, have been taken in London. A specimen of Phane- roptera privata has been found at Merton Hall, in Norfolk. I have in my own possession five Orthoptera from Kew Gardens not included in the list. One of them is probably Copiophora brevirostris ; the others are not yet identified, but the presence of all is of a most casual nature.
* Burr considers D. verrucivorus, A. albipennis, and L. riparia to be indigenous,
plans ers
ENTOMOLOGY IN NEW ZEALAND. By Amprose Qua, F.E.S.
I arrived in this colony three years ago from London, and soon found that entomologists were scarce and scattered; in consequence I had to depend on my own resources for prosecuting entomological study, there being little or no literary work—at least get-at-able. When one is thus thrown upon his own knowledge, with an entirely unknown fauna to deal with, it is surprising what little headway can be made.
Again, locality is an important factor. In this respect I have been unfortunate. First, in Auckland the district is volcanic and comparatively sterile, hence a dearth of Insecta; next, I became located in an inland town, wherefrom it is almost impossible to get away for collecting purposes, the district being more or less under cultivation, all bush having been burnt off—the usual plan. Doubtless bush land would be an ‘‘ El Dorado” to an entomologist.
Recently I discovered that Professor F. W. Hutton is the author of descriptive catalogues of New Zealand Diptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, and Neuroptera; and, of course, the late W. M. Maskell’s special work on the Coccide (Homoptera) has a world-wide reputation, and is of scientific importance. E. Meyrick seems to have been the most prominent writer on the Lepidoptera, his work being scattered amongst scientific publications; and G. V. Hudson, already the author of an elementary text-book on New Zealand entomology, has, during the last few months, published a work on the ‘‘ Macro ’”’-Lepi- doptera of New Zealand, based upon the scattered work of Meyrick.
Under these circumstances, one can realize what Stainton has done for British lepidopterists. Cavil as we may at Newman, they both popularized the study of Lepidoptera in England, and laid the foundation stones upon which the present generation has raised, at any rate, this branch of entomology to the level of botany, and the rank of a science. From this point of view great credit is due to a ‘‘ pioneer” author, and G. V. Hudson’s work will be a useful volume to local entomologists, though it does not rank with the high-class scientific work of many recent writers—Scudder, Packard, Dyar, Comstock, Chapman, Hamp- son, Tutt, and others—with which the writer seems to be unacquainted. In the following notes I propose to make com- ments, which may induce the author to pay more attention to contemporary literature, and place less dependence upon the work of one man, and that man not himself, in any further publication he undertakes.
Among the first Lepidoptera taken by myself was a specimen
6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
of Sphinaz convolvuli in Auckland, February, 1897. This species is the only representative of the Sphingide in New Zealand. Considering that February is summer in this part of the world, and winter in England, the distribution of such a species is an interesting subject. Judging from Hudson’s figure (plate xiii.), in respect to markings and colour, one might assume it a local race due to extreme of distribution; my Auckland specimen, however, differs in.no respect as to colour and markings from Kuropean and Australian S. convolvuli, proving this is not so (the species is well figured in Kirby’s ‘‘EHuropean”’) ; and though I am well acquainted with the species, I cannot remember ever having seen any example like that figure of Hudson’s, which, if like the insect it represents, is not typical, but a rare variety. I am inclined to doubt the figure. Another interesting species, Cosmodes elegans, is obtained in Auckland, which differs in no respect, so far as my memory serves me, from a series of this species which my friend Culpin sent to me some years ago from Queensland, having confluent pale green markings finely edged with silvery, and towards the outer margin of fore wings a broken pinkish brown bar edged both sides with silvery, two white dots on costa towards apex, and ground colour bright brown. On plate vi. Hudson’s figure has some circular and elongated dull green spots, with curved lines in place of the bar. Only one species of Plusia is stated to occur. I have an Auckland specimen which certainly does not agree with Hudson’s figure (plate vi.) of Plusia chalcites, which looks like an overgrown P. gamma; mine has the metallic spots exactly as those of P. iota, but the ground colour of the fore wings is as dark as P. gamma, with metallic lines near the base, and the hind wings are very like in colour to P. chrysitis. Agrotis ypsilon occurs commonly in New Zealand, being amongst the largest of the Noctue; the largest species in this group being Dasypodia selenophora, nearly the size of Mania maura. I felt the excite- ment of the old M. maura days when I saw this insect at my sugars. Hudson’s figures of the Caradrinina (Noctue) are very poor; the Notodontina (Geometre) are well figured; and the Papilionina (Rhopalocera) are perhaps the best in the book. Alas! the old landmarks—Noctuez, Geometre, Rhopalocera— are no more; and the old familiar genus Mamestra becomes _ Melanchra (@ la Meyrick). Entomological nomenclature is like the sand at the seaside, shifting at every tide. Referring to sugar, I may mention I had good success last season, until the grass began to flower; then I gave it up, as Lepidoptera were conspicuously absent; also I notice that warm, rainy evenings are good for collecting at light; at such times, mostly small fry ; but among them several species of Hepialide—and curiously of the latter all females in the genus Porina—come in dozens. I have the same report from South Africa in regard to light.
a ee
ENTOMOLOGY IN NEW ZEALAND. q7
Reverting to my subject. When in Sydney, N.S.W., a species of Nyctemera was very plentiful, and, as I received a lengthy series from my friend Culpin, evidently extends through to Queens- land. In New Zealand we have a species of Nyctemera which, so far as I can see, differs in no respect from the species I took in Sydney, and received from Queensland, There is, of course, a certain amount of variation inter se ; I therefore believe there is only the one species, but should be glad to co-operate with any Australian entomologist in describing the whole life-history of the Australian and the New Zealand representatives. Curiously Hudson gives the name N. annulata (Boisd.), with N. doubledayt (Walk.), as a synonym ; Kirby gives N. annulata (Boisd.) as the name of the Australian species, and mentions that a very similar species, N. doubledayi, occurs in New Zealand (‘Text Book,’ 1885). This supports my belief for sinking the one name as a synonym of the other. Hudson identifies the New Zealand Nyctemera:with the Australian, though he says, ‘‘this moth is confined to New Zealand, but two closely allied species . . . are found in Australia.” The insect has black wings with white band, sometimes broken on fore wings, and a white circular spot on hind wings; the thorax marked with yellow and brown; male and female both with pectinated antenne, male more conspicu- ously so. Also a comparison of lengthy series of the New Zealand species of the genus Metacrias, with certain Australian Spilosoma(?), will reveal duplication of species. My study of the neuration always led me to believe Arctiade to be somewhere about the lower Noctue in phylogeny, with Bombycid affinities (structural characters) ; but on what logical grounds Hudson can assign to the Arctid group (Nyctemera) the position of specialized Noctue, I cannot conceive; in placing them as the first genus in the Caradrinina, he gives them the position of the most specialized (recent) of that division.
Anosia erippus and A. bolina (both excellently figured by Hudson) are also Queensland species. Vanessa cardui I have not yet met with, but the blue-centered black spots of hind wings show kinship with the Australian V. cardui, as the Euro- pean specimens are without the blue centres ; this has, I believe, been pointed out by Anderson in his ‘ Victorian Butterflies.’ I soon, however, met with the common and very handsome V. gonerilla, which differs from the European JV. atalanta in the band of the fore wings being smaller, and the band of the hind wings more central and not bordering the fringe as it does in V. atalanta; the colour of these bands is also more vivid. I never found the larve of V. gonerilla, but it is interesting to learn that the habits approximate closely to V. atalanta. It feeds on shrub and tree-nettles, concealed under a tent of leaves, and pupates in the tent. I have often collected larve of V. atalanta in England, and cannot help remarking upon the habits of these
8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
species being so close, though the localities are so far apart. Chrysophanus salustius is a common species, about the size of C. virgaure, and not greatly dissimilar; but the male has spots on the upper side; it has the flitting flight so familiar in C. phloas.
_ Here I would enter a protest against commencing a book with specialized groups (most recent), and finishing with the most generalized groups (most ancient). Mathematics advance from simple calculation to complex problems; chemistry from simple principles to analysis: why not zoology from generalized to specialized organisms, the latter admittedly having evolved from organisms similar to the former? The result in Hudson’s work is that we turn from the Rhopalocera (Papilionina) to the Micropterygina: from one of the most specialized divisions of the Lepidoptera to the most generalized. We read: ‘‘ The Micropterygina are the ancestral group of Lepidoptera, from which all others have descended.” This is rather rich, consider- ing the present state of our knowledge of the groups of smaller Lepidoptera, and the fact that the Micropterygina (including Hepialide !) alone possess the jugum, this statement is without parallel in science. That Frenate and Jugate were derived from Trichoptera is undoubtedly true, but the one from the other I do not think can even be assumed upon any existing knowledge of structure in the Lepidoptera.
The home of the Hepialide is, I think, the Australasian region; my lists show twenty-nine species—possibly thirty-one species—already described in Australia, and nine species described in New Zealand—a total of possibly forty species, against eight
species in Europe, of which five are British. The great interest.
attaching to this group of the Lepidoptera requires very special treatment of the descriptions of all stages; unfortunately, Hudson’s figures of the Porinas (plate xiii.), with which I am acquainted, are bad; so much go, that a correspondent wrote, asking me whether the North Island forms differ from the South Island forms of certain species, as he was unable to recognize the species (by the figures) with Southern forms which he collected. I possess good series of four species—Porima um- braculata, signata, despecta, cervinata, from North and South, and cannot observe any local variation; they are, in fact, remarkably constant, except P. cervinata, which is most variable, and I have one from the South very black in ground colour, offering almost a parallel with the var. hethlandica of Hepialus humult. The figures of imagos, male and female, of Hepialus virescens (plate xlli.), are excellent; this is one of the handsomest of the Hepia- lide with which I am acquainted, the only species in the genus, and the largest of the group in New Zealand. Hudson figures the adult larva (plate iii.), and places the position of the spiracles correctly, although he does not indicate the position of
die
ENTOMOLOGY IN NEW ZEALAND. 9
the tubercles ; this is not easy to do with this species, owing to the tubercles being scarcely distinguishable upon the segments. The position of the tubercles on the abdominal segments is— anterior trapezoidals on large swollen areas of the principal sub- segment, dorsal, close together, with one hair each ; posterior trapezoidals small and remote on the posterior edge of the next subsegment, with one hair each; spiracle two-thirds down from median line (dorsal) on the intersegmental membrane of anterior edge of principal subsegment; above spiracle, slightly posterior, is a tubercle bearing one long, one short, hairs (supra-spira- cular); immediately posterior to the spiracle are two small tubercles, each with one hair; below spiracle is a large tubercle with one anterior hair; prolegs have four hairs at base; and one hair on inner side of prolegs. Hudson gives no hint as to the time occupied in its transformations, but I found half-grown larva at the time this species is in pupa (September), proving at least two years from ovum to imago. Porina larve which I have examined agree with Hepialus virescens in the number of hairs on tubercles and prolegs, but the spiracles are moved to the central area of segments, and consequently the position of the tubercles does not correspond with the latter. I hope to give details of the structural characters of all stages of New Zealand Hepialide at a later date. In the letterpress we observe the following :—‘‘ The larve always consist of thirteen segments, number one being the head.” We find this is almost a repeti- tion of Kirby’s words (‘‘ European”’), and is an error which very little use of the microscope would reveal. As a matter of fact, lepidopterous larve consist of fourteen segments. Again, ‘usually segments 7 to 9 and 18, each have—fleshy—prolegs.” What about 10 (technically 6th abdominal) ?; and 13 should be 14. Moreover, the author is not consistent, for we read— Hepi- alus virescens larva—‘‘ The head is large, dark brown, very irre- gularly striated, and covered with a few short bristles. The first segment is hard and shining,” meaning thereby the 1st thoracic, otherwise the prothorax, or, consistently, the second segment. Errors in colour may be the lithographer’s, but errors in letter- press must be the author’s, and by a man’s writings so we must judge his capacity as a student.
Palmerston North, New Zealand.
10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Scortish Rayncnota.—The following captures of Scottish Rhyn- chota, now—through the kindness of the captors—in my collection, appear worthy of record :—(a) Acanthosoma dentatum (De Geer), Saund., A. interstinctum (Linn.), Saund., and Orthotylus marginalis, Reut., Saund.—all from Ethie Burn, Black Isle, South Sutor of Cromarty, Sept. 20th, 1899, Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant ; and (8) Dolycoris (Penta- toma) baccarum (Linn.),* on Achillea millefolia,.at Kinnoull Hill, Perth, Sept. 21st, 1899, Mr. T. M. McGregor.—G. W. Kirxatpy.
Synonymy : RayncHota.—
1. Mindura hemerobii (Walker), Melichar, is a Sassula.
2. Coriaa lateralis, Leach, 1818=hiervglyphica, Dufour, 1833.
3. Notonecta templetonit, Kirby, 1891, is an Enithares.
4. Notonecta triangularis, Guérin, 1830-4, is an Enithares, and = Notonecta simplex, Kirby, 1891.
5. Enithares indica (Fabr.), Stal= Notonecta abbreviata, Kirby, 1891.
6. Enithares brasiliensis, Spin., 1837= Bothronotus grandis, Fieber, 1851.
7. Notonecta indica, Linn., 1771 = americana, Fabr., 1775 = uni- fasciata, Guérin, 1858.—G. W. Krrxatpy.
Ruyncuota or Pertussire.—In the ‘Transactions’ of the Perth- shire Society of Natural Science (vol. iii. pt. i. 1898-1899) there is a list of the Rhynchota known to occur in Perthshire; this has been compiled by Messrs. McGregor and Kirkaldy. Altogether some fifty- two species belonging to the nine families considered are enumerated, and of these six are recorded from Perthshire for the first time, two of the latter being new to Scotland. The authors are of opinion that this total does not adequately represent the Rhynchota fauna of Perthshire, as some of the most promising localities in the county have so far not been explored. The remaining families will be treated in a second paper, which it is proposed to publish at an early date.
OponEsTIs PorATORIA Larva HYBERNATING THROUGH Two WINTERS.— In May last I took a number of half-grown larve of O. potatoria at Chichester, which had already hybernated through one winter. One or two died; the others fed up and duly pupated, and the imagines emerged with the exception of one caterpillar, which fed very slowly, and since Sept. 28th has eaten nothing, and is now hybernating a second time. Is not this unusual ?—C. W. Cotrurup; 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, 8.E.
PLusIA FESTUCH WITH CONFLUENT Spots.—Among twenty to thirty specimens that I bred this season from collected pup (second brood), there is one with the gold spots confluent on the right fore wing. On the left fore wing the spots are separated by the thinnest possible line. The pupe were all taken within a couple of miles from Chester.— J. ARKLE; Chester.
Nore on Liepra apustata.—Following up Mr. Carr’s interesting note (Entom. xxxii. 308), I may say that Ligdia adustata has always
** This species has been taken in the same place previously on Hesperis and Verbascum (see Trans. Perth. Soc. Nat. Sci. 1899, iii. p. 2).
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 11
struck me as being a somewhat erratic species, and one which the col- lector may reasonably hope to come across at almost any time during the summer months. I can add some later dates than Mr. Carr’s for specimens taken at large, namely, Aug. 24th and Sept. 10th, 1891 (in the Isle of Wight), and 1 believe some others quite at the end of August a year or two previous. On the other hand, I have no earlier date than April 25th, and that was in 1893; but, as I do very little field-work in April, this is not altogether surprising. I have bred the species (without forcing) from March 25th onwards, but certainly had no late autumn emergences.—Louis B. Prout; 246, Richmond Road, N.E., Dec. 7th, 1899.
Great Destruction or Ingurtous Brettes.—While recently on a visit to Alford House, near Springburn Bush, twenty-five miles from Ashburton, I was informed by Mr. Herring of the prodigious destruction of two indigenous species of Odontria (zealandica and striatum), both of which are very injurious to vegetation, especially grasses. The larve are both root-feeders, and commit serious havoc in paddocks sown down in English grasses. The perfect beetles appear in the months of November and December, and swarm in myriads on calm sultry evenings; they settle in the grass to deposit their eggs, which hatch in a fortnight, and the larve burrow into the ground to commence their depredations. On Dee. 16th, 1897, a north-west gale of wind of exceptional severity blew on the upper parts of the Canterbury Plains near the ranges. Although it was felt at Ashburton, no damage was done to property excepting to cover everything in the houses with very fine dust. Through the day the sun was obscured lower down the Plains by the dense clouds of dust which the strong wind had scoured off the newly- sown paddocks near the ranges. Close to the latter are considerable areas of tussock-grass (Poa australis), in which the Odontria or cock- chafer beetles shelter during the day. On part of Mr. Herring’s pro- perty, two and a half miles from the base of the ranges, a gorse fence grew at a right angle with the wind. At one end of the fence, where a five-foot gate is placed, the wind during the gale had produced an eddy. Here the soil and the myriads of dead bodies of the brown beetles were deposited in a drift to the depth of two and a half feet. The soil-drift to the same depth was deposited the whole length of the gorse fence, extending about a mile. The fierce low-blowing wind leeching through the tussocks had blown the beetles out, and, carrying their shattered bodies along with the soil scoured off the freshly-sown fields, deposited both together on the low side of the fence. Parallel with the gorse fence, but a chain from it, there isa belt of mixed pines, which also, at the present time, show the effects of the wind-driven soil beating against them two years ago.—W. W. Smita; Ashburton, N.Z., Sept. 25th, 1899.
Ortuoprera Locatitres. — Mr. C. W. Dale, in reference to note in ‘ Entomologist’ (vol. xxxii. 289), tells me that Hctobia panzeri occurs on the Chesil Beach, and at Glanvilles Wootton, in Dorset, as well as at Studland. He has also found Xiphidiwm dorsale commonly near Studland, and in the marshes between Freshwater and Yarmouth, in the Isle of Wight; and Platycleis brachyptera common at Bourne- mouth, and on the Purbeck heaths. He further states that Leptophyes
19 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
punctatissima and Meconema varium occur at Glanvilles Wootton late in November ; the former, indeed, has been noticed as late as Dec. 5th.— W. J. Lueas.
Emercence or CuosTeRA REcLUSA.—A few larve of various sizes of the above were taken from dwarf sallow in Wicken Fen in the third week of June, 1899; also four larve from Oxshott, nearly full-grown, on July 20th. The following are the dates of emergence from pup keptin a cold north room without a fire :—July 11th, one female ; 13th, one female. Sept. 8th, one male; 16th, one male. Nov. 30th, one male. Dec. 7th, one female. With regard to the last three, | am unable to say whether they came from the June or July larve ; but in any case the last two dates seem very extraordinary even for bred specimens.—F. M. B. Carr; Dec. 12th, 1899.
ApnormMaL EMERGENCE oF SMERINTHUS PoPULI, &c. — Referring to Mr. Cardinall’s note on S. populi (ante, p. 284): It does not appear unusual for individuals of this species to emerge from the same year’s pupe. I have had similar experience with this, as well as S. ocellatus, in past seasons. This year I reared an early brood of the larve of the latter species, which had all attained the pupa state by the end of July. One imago emerged on Aug. 19th; the remainder are still in the pupa state.—R. Lappiman ; 25, Drayton Road, Norwich, Nov. 23rd, 1899.
Moutp in Rexaxine Boxes.—I think relaxing may be atleast one cause of mould appearing on insects in the cabinet, since spores may become attached to the insects in a mouldy box, and these spores may lie dor- mant and only develop into mould a long time afterwards, even though there be no appearance of mould itself on the insect when set and taken off the boards. Boxes may be effectually preserved from becoming mouldy by taking the following precautions :—To half a pint of water boiling in a saucepan add a tablespoonful of Calvert’s No. 5 carbolic acid. Let the mixture boil for two or three minutes, and then pour it into the box. Let it stand till cold, then pour off and drain the box thoroughly. Leave it open until surface appears thoroughly dry. It will then be in a sufficiently moist state to keep insects relaxed, and they will keep sweet and fit to set in it for at least two or three weeks. —F. C. Wooprorpe; Market Drayton, Salop.
Retaxine Lepwortera.—A year or two ago one of my friends told me of a method of relaxing insects by applying rectified spirits of naphtha to the thorax, antenne, and legs of the specimens, and in a few minutes they were ready for setting. This I tried, but the draw- back of the method proved to be that the naphtha had a strong ten- dency to run up the wings, and in many cases spoil the appearance of the insect; but it suggested another mode of using naphtha that I have since tried with success, and particulars of which I now give for the benefit of Mr. Rydon and other readers. Make an ordinary tin box into a relaxing box by lining with cork, and put two or three narrow strips of cork down the longest length to elevate the insect when pinned in. When about to use pour in hot water to saturate the cork, and, after throwing out the water, put a few drops of carbolic acid on to keep mould down. Now add sufficient naphtha to run over the cork without waste, pin in the insects, and the most perfect relaxing
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 13
box will be the result. Geometers are ready for setting next morning if put in the night before ; Noctuze not more than twenty-four hours. Repeat the process every time of using.—J. Brautanp, [See Entom. xxvili. 56.—Ep.]
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
VANESSA ATALANTA AND V. 10 ABUNDANT AT SUDBURY, SUFFOLK, IN 1899.—During the past season V. atalanta was very abundant here. It was on the wing as late as October 29th. The larve of V. io were also exceedingly plentiful here in July ; in some places the nettles were quite black with them, for they simply swarmed. They pupated about July 21st, and the butterflies emerged about August 3rd. Asa rule, V. io is not common with us.—Epwarp Ransom; Sudbury, Suffolk, Nov. 16th, 1899.
ABUNDANCE OF VANESSA ATALANTA IN 1899.—This lovely butterfly has been unusually plentiful here during the past season. I captured a number in my garden during the latter half of August. The flowers of the garden scabious proved the chief attraction, and they were easily netted while engaged in imbibing the nectar from these flowers. All those I saw and captured were rather under the average in size. It would be interest- ing to know if this fact has been noted elsewhere.—R. Lappiman ; 25, Drayton Road, Norwich, Nov. 23rd, 1899.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN 1899.—Since my note (xxxii. p. 255) on the appearance of A. atropos in Suffolk, three pups have been found here and imagines emerged therefrom about the middle of October. I have also seen a pupa which was found at Long Melford, Suffolk. —Epwarp Ransom; Sudbury, Suffolk, Nov. 16th, 1899.
On Oct. 7th a female specimen of A. atropus emerged from pupa, and another example on the 18th of the same month. Both were perfect ; they were reared from caterpillars taken at Dover.— C. W. Cottsrup; 127, Barry Road, Kast Dulwich, S.E.
On Sept. 22nd a full-fed larva of A. atropos was brought to me which was found crawling on a road near this city. This is now in the pupa state.—R. Lappiman; 25, Drayton Road, Norwich, Nov. 20th, 1899.
CaTOCALA NupTa IN 1899.—J have found C. nupta very plentiful this year, on tree-trunks in the Finchley Road, at Peckham Ryeand Kast Dulwich; and on stone pillars at Broadstairs and at Ryde, in the Isle of Wight, they were particularly commov.—C. W. Co.tHrup; 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, 8.E., Nov. 22nd, 1899.
PHIGALIA PEDARIA (PILOSARIA) IN DEcEemMBER.—I took a fine fresh male from a Chester electric lamp on Dec. 6th. The editorial note upon this eccentric spécies (xxili. p. 134) will, I think, bear repeating :—‘* The usual time for the appearance of this species is perhaps between the middle of March and the middle of April, but it has been observed as early as November and December, and so late as the middle of June. Vide Entom. xx. pp. 64, 110; xxl. p. 91; xxii. p. 113."—J. ARKLE; Chester.
PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA IN DEcEMBER.—I captured fine and un- usually dark specimens at the Chester electric lamps, on Dec. 4th, 6th, ang
14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
7th. The nights were very mild. Winter set in on the 8th, with the Snowdon range covered with snow—snow falling on the adjacent lowlands and sharp frost at Chester. Mr. South writes (xxxi. p. 293): ‘A speci- men was taken at Putney on Dec. 26th, 1895 (Kutom. xix. 65); and Mr. Armstrong tells me that he saw one on the last day of the year 1872, at Sandown Park.” The late moths will hybernate, I suppose, as the species has been taken in February (Entom. xxxii. p. 73) and March (p. 133). The first general appearance would seem to occur in June (p. 187), the second in August (p. 167), and a third in November (p. 19).—J. ARKLE; Chester.
LepipopTrRous Eaes on Satiow, &c.—The eggs described by Mr. J. Arkle (Entom. xxxii. p. 307}, in his notes on ‘* Lepidoptera in the Chester District,” are, I should say, those of Odonestis potatoria. I have frequently found them on the under sides of the leaves of dwarf sallows, and hazel also, laid singly and in small clusters, and once in a compact little ring round a twig. It seems a peculiarity on the part of the female to almost always deposit the ova on anything rather than the natural food-plant, although I did once find a small batch on a stem of grass. Possibly, her weight prevents her getting a firm hold on the latter, and so she chooses something more substantial. I have noticed that there is always longish grass to be found close to the bush selected. The larvae are very active and strong directly they are hatched, and do not appear to suffer at all by wandering about in search of food for a day or two.—(Miss) A. D. EpwarbDs ; 55, Gildredge Road, Eastbourne, Dec. 12th, 1899.
Stinpra ANOMALA IN NortH Watrs.—I beg to record the capture, in August last, of a freshly emerged specimen of S. anomala, at Morfa Nevin, North Wales, and should be glad to know if any other reader of the ‘Entomologist’ has taken the species in this locality Marr A. RoLuason ; 29, Hickman Road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham, Dec. 7th, 1899.
DreHTHERA (AGRIOPIS) APRILINA IN Moray.—lI picked up a fine speci- men of this moth, which had been stupefied by cold, on Nov. 8th, on the road at Darnaway Wood, Brodie.—Hrnry H. Brown; Rosefield, Elgin.
LEPIDOPTERA, ETC., IN 1899.—The past season, which will long be remembered for its great heat during the summer months and the long spell of dry weather, has been somewhat a varied one entomologically, according to my experience in different parts of the country.
I have generally found the Rhopalocera in good numbers, some espe- cially so, and this remark particularly refers to the “whites.” Lycena argiolus was again locally plentiful: in August, L. icarus and Epinephele tithonus were very abundant in some parts of Somersetshire. Early in May, on hills near Bath, I noticed a few specimens of Vanessa cardut ; but I only saw one other specimen later in the season, even though I visited several other districts. Colias edusa I observed on very few occasions only in South Devon on the borders of Dartmoor, and not a dozen specimens altogether. V. atalanta was generally abundant, and V. io fairly so, in the same district. Argynnis paphia occurred freely in the woods. The last brood of Polyom- matus phleas occurred frequently also, in September, in Devonshire.
With regard to the Heterocera, their appearance varied throughout the season, the most noticeable fact being the frequent occurrence of Macroglossa stellatarum, both in town and country. I noticed the first specimen in
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 15
Breconshire on June 15th, and the last in South Devon in September. I should like to mention an instance of how these moths, like many others, rely on their protective resemblance. On one occasion I watched for some time two specimens flying up and down an old wall on the borders of Dart- moor, the day being bright, with clouds occasionally only passing over. The insects occasionally settled ; at last one alighted near me, and appeared in- clined to remain at rest. Cautiously approaching, I was able to place my hand completely over the moth, which remained perfectly still until I touched it with my fingers, when of course there was a great buzzing, until I allowed it to escape. In June some Noctue came freely to the blossoms of shrubs in Breconshire. Among these were Hadena dentina, H. oleracea, Apamea unanimis, A. basilinea, Leucania pallens, L. comma, Cucullia um- bratica, &c.; one specimen of Aplecta tincta and H. pisi also came ; H. den- tina was extremely abundant. I did not try sugaring throughout the season, but a friend in Somersetshire complained of it not being at all productive. The Geometre appeared fairly abundant.
Of other insects, wasps, so commonly seen last year, I did not observe a score of individuals, and on no occasion came across a nest; the common house-fly, on the contrary, was quite a plague in many places. Much injury was done in some parts by the larve of white butterflies ; and I have heard complaints. of that of Carpocapsa pomonella (the codlin moth).—T. B. JEFFERYS ; Bath.
LEPIDOPTERA AT WINCHESTER IN 1899.—Lepidoptera were particularly abundant last season in the Winchester district ; at any rate that was my experience, though I have not compared notes with other collectors there. Sugaring at Crabbe Wood, which I found such a failure in 1898, was much more productive this season, the following coming freely :— Noctua baia, N. brunnea, N. rhomboidea, N. festiva (including many beautiful varieties), Aplecta nebulosa, Xylophasia hepatica, X. polyodon, Thyatira derasa, Rusina tenebrosa, Leucania lithargyria, Agrotis exclamationis, Hadena thalassina ; and less commonly, Triphena fimbria, T. subsequa, T. orbona, T. pronuba, Acronycta ligustri, Noctua dahlii, N. e-nigrum, N. triangulum, Thyatira batis, Cymatophora duplaris, Epione omicronaria, E. porata, Ligdia adustata, Platypteryx unguicula, Metrocampa margaritata, Halias prasinana. Doubtless, if I had gone oftener, my list would have been con- siderably swelled; but I only went sugaring some ten or twelve times in all (and it was only thoughts of Triphena subsequa that tempted me to go as often as I did), for I found that my nights were far more profitably spent collecting at the street lamps. Winchester has, within the last three or four years, discarded the oil lamps, with which she formerly used to “ make darkness visible ” in her streets; and by a great leap has arrived at very decent incandescent gas lamps. There is one lamp in particular which is most favourably situated on the outskirts of the town, and commands the view of a well-wooded valley. To this lamp I would repair every night during June and July (with the exception of the few occasions on which I went sugaring to Crabbe Wood), as soon as it was dark, armed with a chair, net, and killing bottles, besides the usual pocketful of pill boxes; and it was often past 1.30 or 2 a.m. before I could drag myself home to bed, so fascinated was I with my occupation, and so remunerative was the time spent in this manner. During those two months I took no less than two hundred and sixteen species (exclusive of Micros) at that one lamp, besides many beautiful and valuable varieties. I have kept a careful record of all
16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
my captures, though I shall not enumerate here all the common species which visited the lamp. By far my best capture was a grand form of Euchelia jacobea, in which the usual crimson was entirely absent, and re- placed by a brilliant golden yellow. The specimen, which is a large female, was evidently freshly emerged, and in absolutely perfect condition, the whole colouring being particularly rich; and a merely superficial examina- tion of the insect would suffice to dispel any idea of its having undergone some “fading” process. In 1898 I was fortunate in taking a beautiful variety of this species at the same lamp, and recorded the capture in the ‘ Kntomologist’; but this specimen puts it entirely in the shade. Next to this, my best captures were:—Stauropus fagi (1), Notodonta dodonea (1), N. dict@oides (1), Plusia moneta (1), Cucullia lychnitis (1 , C. chamomille (1), Aventia flecula (4), and Triphena interjecta (1). I also took in fair numbers :—Neuria saponaria, Agrotis cinerea, A. corticea, Hadena geniste, Dysthymia luctuosa, Dianthecia conspersa, D. carpophaga (including one almost pure white), Xylophasia sublustris, Hecatera serena, Acidalia imitaria, Hupithecia venosata, Anticlea rubidata; and less commonly— Sphina ligustri, Smerinthus populi, Acronycta ligustri, A. rumicis, A. mega- cephala, A. aceris, A. tridens, A. psi, Demas coryli, Agrotis puta (very variable), Noctua triangulum, N. c-nigrum, N. rubi, N. augur, Aaylia putris, Dianthecia cucubali, D. capsincola, Hadena chenopodii, Habrostola urtice, Mamestra persicarie, Caradrina blanda, C. morpheus, C. cubicularis, Dipterygia pinastri, Cosmia trapezina, Heliothis marginatus, Hydrecia nictitans, Chortodes arcuosa, Grammesia trilinea (with a few of the var. bilinea), Cucullia umbratica, C.verbasci, Cerigo cytherea, Euplexia lucipara, Aplecta herbida, A.nebulosa, Zeuzera esculi, Xylophasia lithoxylea, Miana JSuruncula, M. fasciuncula, M. strigilis, Leucania conigera, L. comma, Hadena adusta, H. gemina, Notodonta dictea, N. camelina, Ptilodontis palpina, Arctia fuliginosa, A. caia, Liparis chrysorrhea, L. salicis, Nola cuculatella, Nudaria mundana, N. senex, Lasiocampa quercifolia, Calli- genia miniata, Lithosia aureola, Platypteryx falcula, P. hamula, P. ungui- cula, Ennomos illustraria, E. tiliaria, Eurymene dolobraria, Acidalia mornata, A. remutata, A. immutata, Eupithecia coronata, EH. subfulvata, E. abbreviata, E. nanata, E. exiguata, EL. linariata, FE. subumbrata, E. iso- grammata, E. sobrinata, E. subnotata, E. assimilata, E.. plumbeolata, E. cen- taureata, E. vulgata (very common), E. absinthiata, E. indigata, E. pul- chellata, E.. dodoneata (1), E. pusillata (1), EK. rectangulata, Tephrosia extersaria, Macaria litwrata, Phibalapteryx vitalbata, P. tersata, Geometra paptlionaria, Amphidasys betularia, Boarmia roboraria, Melanthia albicil- lata, Melanippe galiata, M. rivata, M. unangula, M. procellata, Cilix spinula, Lobophora viretata, Anticlea berberata, Cidaria corylata, Scotosia rhamnata, S. vetulata, Eubolia mensuraria, EF. bipunctaria, E. palumbaria, Urapteryx sambucata, Hemithea thymiaria, Eupistera heparata, Lodis ver- naria, besides very many other commoner species in more or less abundance. The insect which appeared in the greatest abundance was undoubtedly Agrotis exclamationis, with Noctua festiva and Arctia menthastri as good seconds. ‘These three species were perfect nuisances, as also were Hadena dentina, Rusina tenebrosa, Leucania lithargyria, Orgyia pudibunda, and Odontopera bidentata, all of which absolutely swarmed. On the whole, I consider that the season must have been an exceptionally good one; and I have every reason to be more than satisfied with my list of captures.—H. W. SHEPHEARD-Watwyn; Glensyde, Bidborough, near Tunbridge Wells.
er
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 17
LepipopreRa In 1899.—In summarising the past season, we are inclined to think, judging from our own experience, that it has been fairly productive as regards Lepidoptera in the perfect state; but the same cannot be said of larvee, except as regards Vanessa atalanta. Sugar was rather uncertain, as throughout July scarcely an insect of note appeared ; while June and August were decidedly better. We may remark that Macroglossa stellatarum was unusually abundant; we saw as many as five at one time hovering over Phlox. The following are the chief insects met with :—Argynnis paphia var. valesina ; Limenitis sibylla, plentiful at Holmesley, but soon became worn ; Thecla betula, bred ; vice variety of a male Lycena corydon, with the usual black border replaced with white, similar to those described by Mr. Fowler (vide Entom. xxxii. 269); Hesperia acteon, common at Swanage, in poor condition; aberrations of Zygena trifolii and Z. filipendule, previously described by our friend Mr. Corbin (vide Entom. xxxii. 210); Lithosia griseola var. stramineola, a few (this species was abundant in 1898) ; Emydia cribrum, took a number at Verwood, also a fine series from the New Forest locality, lately discovered by Mr. Fowler, to whom we are indebted for showing us the exact spot; a specimen of Cossus ligniperda was brought to us in a tin, with the inevitable cabbage leaf for its food; three males and a female Stilbia anomala; about twenty Caradrina ambigua, netted, flying over heather; one Agrotis agathina; three Epunda nigra, best insect at ivy ; Boarmia cinctaria and Cleora lichenaria, common at rest ; Geometra vernaria, Nemoria viridata, and Scodiona belgiaria, rather pleutiful ; Eugonia alniaria, E. fuscantaria, and Himera pennaria, at gas lamps. Sugar produced :—Calligenia miniata, Dipterygia scabriuscula, Caradrina morpheus, C. alsines, C.taraxaci, Leucania turca, Rusina tenebrosa, Agrotis suffusa, Noctua triangulum, N. stigmatica, N. brunnea, N. umbrosa, N. cas- tanea, Triphena ianthina, T. fimbria (3), T. subsequa, Hadena protea, and Catocala sponsa. The laiter was not plentiful; a tattered specimen occurred as late as September 9th. Of larvae we may name :— Bombyz trifolii, three, all of which unfortunately died before pupating; a few Asphalia ridens, Thecla betula, and Dasychira fascelina ; one Agrotis agathina, one Chero- campa elpenor; and Nonagria arundinis,common. Of the latter at least sixty per cent. were destroyed by some aquatic bird, probably moorhens and coots. Two Acherontia atropos were taken here during October. —F. & C. Bertamy: Ringwood, November 7th, 1899.
Nores rrom Norra StarrorDsHir&e. —Macroglossa stellatarum appears to have been abundant everywhere this season, and in North Staffordshire there were two broods. The first appeared in June, as on the 3rd of that month I saw at least half a dozen of these moths flying along under the sunny side of a stone wall in the moorlands in the extreme north of the county, and one specimen was netted by my friend Mr. HK. D. Bostock. The second brood appeared about the middle of August, and most of my friends reported specimens as seen in their gardens about that time and into September. A specimen found its way into my conservatory in October. Orgyia antiqua I have never seen so far north in this county before, several larvae and one imago having been taken near here, and one imago is reported to me as having been taken near Leek; these larve were all taken singly. Vanessa atalanta has swarmed this autumn, and I counted no less than thirty-five specimens of this beautiful iusect close around me on flowers of scabious (Scabiosa swccisa) at one time, and with them were five V. io, several V. urtice, and innumerable Pierids. A female Sirex juvencus was given to me in October, taken at Madeley, in this
ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1900. c
18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
county, and this is the first living Staffordshire specimen I have seen. Madeley is a colliery district, and this insect may have been imported with pit props. A male of this species, or of the closely allied S. melanocerus (Thoms) was brought to me in July, 1897, taken in a cottage window here. —Joun R. B. Maserietp; Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire, Nov. 7th.
SOCIETIES.
EnromonocicaL Society or Lonpon.—December 6th, 1899.—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair.—Mr. Francis Gayner, of 20, Queen Square, W.C., and Mr. F. B. Jennings, of 152, Silver Street, Upper Edmonton, N., were elected Fellows of the Society. Mr. J. J. Walker exhibited a specimen of Colias marnoana, Rogenh., taken, with other examples, by Lieut. Constable, R.N., at Massowah, on the Red Sea. He considered this form to be only a dwarfed race of C. hyale, Linn.; and for comparison with it he showed specimens of the var. nilgherriensis, Feld., from Central India, and of the var. simoda, De VOrza, from Japan. Dr. Chapman exhibited a series of specimens, selected from various English collections, together with a few foreign examples, in order to illustrate the English forms found within the genus Fumea. He also showed specimens of sepium, betulina, and salicolella, and remarked that the first of these species was very properly placed by Mr. Tutt in a new genus (Bacotia), since it is a transitional form, having as great affinities with Solenobia as with Fumea; while the other two species, though perhaps not distantly allied to Pumea, did not truly belong to that genus, and were well placed by Tutt in a new genus, Prorilia. Dr. Chapman then read some notes relating to the genus F'umea, and to characters, chiefly drawn from structure, by which the different species may be distinguished. Mr. Malcolm Burr called attention to Dr. Sharp’s paper on ‘‘ The modification and attitude of Idolum diabolicum,” recently published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society’ (vol. x., part iii.). He exhibited the plate, drawn after nature by Mr. Muir, which illustrates the paper, pointing out that no drawing of this kind, showing a Mantid, in its natural colours simulating the petals of a flower, had hitherto been published. He also exhibited species of Mantodea of various genera, to show the different modifications by means of which insects of this group are made to resemble leaves and flowers. Mr. Kenneth J. Morton communicated a paper entitled ‘‘ Descriptions of new species of Oriental Rhyacophile.”—J. J. Watxer and C. J. Ganan, Hon. Secs.
Sourn Lonpon Enromoxtocican anp Natrurat History Socrety.— November 9th, 1899.—Mr. A. Harrison, F.L.8S., F.H.S., President, in the chair. (A Special Pocket-box Exhibition.)—Mr. McArthur exhibited series of Tviphena comes var. curtisii, from Hoy, Aporophila lutulenta var. luneburgensis and var. sedi, from Orkney; an extremely dark Agrotis cinerea and Dianthecia carpophaga, with snowy ground tint. Mr. Adkin, a long and extensively varied series of Boarmia repandata. Major Ficklin, series of Dianthecia luteago var. jicklini, showing a tendency to the tint of var. Jowei. Mr. Kaye, long and varied series of numerous species of Sphingide, collected by himself in Jamaica,
ee
SOCIETIES. 19
Trinidad, and South America, and representative of the chief sub- families. Mr. H. Moore, specimens of the tropical American bee Hulema dimidiata, and read notes on its relation to the fertilisation of the orchid Catasetum tridentatum. Myr. Chittenden, a very large number of striking varieties and local species of Lepidoptera taken in the neighbourhood of Ashford, Kent, during the last quarter of a century, including Aporia crategi, Deilephila livornica, Plusia moneta, and Pachetra leucophea. Mr. Lucas, two scarce species of dragonflies, Mschna mixta, from Esher, and Somatochlora metallica, taken by Mr. C. A. Briggs in Inverness- shire; also three species of Coleoptera from Tripoli, Anthia venator, A. 6-maculatus, and Scarites striatus, large coast-frequenting Carabide. Mr. Colthrup, a very blue female of Polyommatus icarus, and a series of very dark Melanippe fluctuata. Mr. F. M. B. Carr, bred specimens of Lithosia grisela and var. stramineola, from Wicken ; Notodonta trepida, from New Forest; Drymonia chaonia, from Bexley; and Todis vernaria, from Shoreham. Dr. Chapman, seventeen species of the genus Hrebia, taken during some two months spent in Switzer- land this year, including EF. epiphron, E. mnestra, E. flavofasciata, EF. glacialis, E. lappona, EF. christi, E. ligea, E. aethiops, and E. gorge. Mr. Mitchell, Locusta viridissima, from Folkestone Warren; the Coleopteron Priomis coriarius, from Richmond ; and a smoky suffused example of Smerinthus ocellatus. Mr. Buckstone, exceedingly small specimens of Pieris rape, P. napi, Hipparchia semele, Polyommatus (adonis) bellargus, Anthrocera filipendule, and Arctia caia, the last being one of fifteen similar ones bred from larvee fed on black currant leaves. He also showed numerous aberrations. Mr. Harrison, varied series of Aporia crategi, Pieris napi var. bryoni@a, Huchloé cardamines, and Leuco- phasia sinapis, all from Meiringen, Switzerland. Mr. F. M. B. Carr, short series of Agrophila trabealis (sulphuralis), from Tuddenham ; Erastria fuscula and Bankia argentula, from Chippenham; Hydrelia uncula and Earias chlorana, from Wicken; together with various species and varieties.
November 23rd.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Sich exhibited two specimens of Platyptilia acanthodactyla, bred from larve taken off Gera- nium rotundifolium at Chiswick ; Aglossa cuprealis, showing extremes in size; and Cucullia chamomille, Chiswick, 1899. Mr. F. M. B. Carr, Sirex gigas, from Boldrewood, where several others had been seen, and numerous species taken at sugar at Wicken in June, and at Hailsham in August, at both of which times Lepidoptera were plentiful. Mr. R. Adkin, on behalf of Mr. Newman, a series of remarkable varieties :— Argynnis paphia, suffused with black ; Smerinthus tilig, specimens with the central band reduced to a triangular blotch, and pale ground colour; S. populi, pinkish and dark forms; Saturnia pavonia, sub- diaphanous, bred, the third year in pupe; Pyg@ra hybrid curtula x pigra (reclusa), bred (out of one hundred and twenty specimens only three were males); and aberrant forms of Arctia caia, Lasiocampa quercus, &e. Mr. R. Adkin read a paper entitled ‘‘ More Lazy Days by the Sea,” being stray notes on a short holiday at Kastbourne. He touched upon many subjects that had come under his notice, including the comparative abundance and scarcity respectively of the commoner species of butterflies; the effect of the unusually warm summer on some of the moths; an immigration of Pieris rape ; a collection of land
20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and freshwater snails that was made; and various other matters of interest. He exhibited series of some of the Lepidoptera and shells taken, in illustration of his-remarks. Mr. Carpenter stated that he had examined numerous specimens of Pyrameis cardui in the spring, and found they were invariably females. He suggested, since he found no developed ova in them, that they were infertile, and that had they been paired they would not have emigrated.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report See. |
CarLisLE HwromonocicaL Socrety.— December Tth, 1899.—Mr. G. B. Routledge in the chair.—The evening was devoted to the study of the genus Apion. ‘Twenty-five species have been taken by the members of this Society round Carlisle. The following species were common :— affine, apricans, dichroum, ebeninum, ervi, hematodes, humile, nigritarse, seniculum, ulicis, violacewm, virens. Locally common :—athiops, car- duorum, ononis (at Silloth), punctigerum, striatum. Scarce :—gyllenhali, loti, stolidum, vicia. Also radiolus, spencei, marchicum, and assimile have — been taken in the neighbourhood. The following have also been recorded :—Apion cerdo, banks of Irthing (Bold); @newm (Stephens, Tllust.) ; onopordi, lake district (Blackburn) ; hydrolapathi (Stephens, Illust.); but have not yet been taken by members of this Society.— G. B. Rourieper.
Biruincuam Enromonoeicat Socrery.—October 16th, 1899.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair.—Mr. R. C. Bradley exhibited two specimens of a Solenobia which he had previously exhibited as 8. wockii, to which species they had been assigned by Mr. C. G. Barrett. Recently, however, they had been sent to Mr. J. W. Tutt, who thought they were a variety of inconspicuella, and by him had been sent on to Lord Walsingham and Mr. Durrant, who said they were certainly not wockit, but they did not quite know what to assign them to. Mr. Bradley also showed a number of Brazilian butterflies. Mr. J. T. Fountain, Lepidoptera obtained in the Valley of the Wye at the beginning of last August. Amongst other species he found Apatura iris, not uncommonly ; Thecla w-album, common, but worn; Vanessa polychloros; Grapta c-album, common ; T’riphena interjecta ; Tethea retusa ; Catocala nupta ; &e. Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright, a short series of Tephrosia eatersaria, from Wyre Forest, where he said the species had been quite abundant this year, although in previous years only odd specimens had been taken by various members; also a specimen of Vanessa atalanta, from Cornwall, and one of Melanippe fluctuata, from Handsworth, both of which were remarkably small examples of their species. Mr. G. T.. Bethune-Baker, a number of Erebias, including many examples of E. blandina, from Britain and the Continent, and pointed out that the Scotch ones showed more red than the Swiss ones.
In the report of the meeting of August 21st (Entom. xxxii. 262), it was stated that Leucania straminea had been bred for the first time ; this of course is a mistake, as there is a full description of the larva in Buckler’s. At p. 288, line 16, the date 1884 should be 1894.
November 20th.—The President in the chair.—Rey. C. F. Thorne- will exhibited specimens of Lycena betica, taken by Mr. Lowe, in Guernsey, this year ; and said that there had apparently been a long immigration of the species this year, as Mr. Lowe had taken about
SOCIETIES. 91
eighty, and seen many others; also specimens of Oporabia dilutata, from Calverhall, Salop, where he said all the specimens were of the same dark leaden colour, with slight traces of markings, and were much darker than he had been in the habit of getting them at Burton- on-Trent ; also a series of Cenonympha typhon, from Calverhall. Mr. R. C. Bradley, a long series of Bombus hortorum, taken this year, and showing a wide range of variation; var harrisellus in all sexes, from Droitwich ; var. subterraneus, from his garden at Moseley, and various intermediate forms. Mr. J. T. Fountain, a number of insects taken during the year at Acocks Green, close to the town, including Leucania comma, Agrotis exclamationis (a variable series), Anchocelis pistacina, Orthosia lota, Grammesia trigrammica, &. Mr. P. W. Abbott, a box full of Lepidoptera, including Agrotis cinerea, dark forms from Wyre Forest; Sesia culiciformis, with one white-banded specimen caught last year, and an orange-banded one caught this year; Oporina eroceago, including two specimens which were light brown in colour, no trace of the usual orange coloration; one specimen of Newria saponaria, new to the district ; bred series of Asphalia ridens, including a black one; a series of Cymatophora fluctuosa, and a bred series of Sesia sphegiformis, all from Wyre Forest. He said that C. fluctuosa was comparatively common this year, though he had only taken odd speci- mens in previous years; also that he had caught one specimen of C.. octogesima at Wyre Forest this year, thus completing the list of the Cymatophoride, all of which were to be obtained at this one locality in Wyre Forest. Mr. J. T. Fountain, Spilosoma menthastri, bred as recently as Nov. 17th; also Sirea gigas (male), from a colliery at Walsall, where it had emerged from some wood about eight hundred yards beneath the surface, at the beginning of October. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, his collection of the genus (Hneis and part of Satyrus ; there was a nice series of @neis oél/io, and various good Turkestan species, Satyrus alcyone, S. hermione and S. circe, in nice series, &c. Mr. C. J. Wainwright, a series of the handsome dipteron, Asilus crabro- niformis, taken in Cornwall this year; a fine series of Leptoyaster cylindrica from Herefordshire, where he had found it commonly; and various other Asilids.—Coxsran J. Watnwricut, Hon. Sec.
Kenpat Enromonoeican Society. — November 18th, 1899.— The President in the chair.—Mr. Littlewood read a very excellent paper on the ever-important subject of ‘‘setting.”” The lecture was thoroughly practical and comprehensive, and showed that no pains had been spared in its preparation. Mr. Littlewood showed an exhibition case of butterflies and moths, set in every conceivable position and carefully ticketed, illustrative of his remarks as to good and bad methods. He also showed a small appliance of tin, to secure uniformity of height in setting. He was heartily thanked for his efforts, and an interest- ing discussion followed. Mr. Cragg exhibited a specimen of Melanippe hastata, caught near ‘ Derby Arms,’ Witherslack. Mr. Holmes, series of bred Nemeobius lucina and others, Rev. A. M. Moss, two drawers of Geometree—the Fidoniide, Zerenide, Hyberniide, and Larentiide. Mr. Smith, Heliodes arbuti and two specimens of Fubolia cervinaria, bred from heather. Mr. Wright, Mamestra furva and Cerigo cytherea, taken at sugar.—A. M. Moss, Sec.
29 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE E\ntomoLocicaL Socrety.— November 18th, 1899. The President in the chair. Messrs. Tyerman, Harrison, Ackerby, Tonkin, and Dr. Chaster were elected members. Messrs. C. K. Stott, of Bolton; Chas. Farrar, of Liverpool; and Dr. Dobie, of Chester, were proposed for membership. Mr. C. G. Barrett, F.E.8., of London, gave an address on ‘‘ The hairy eyes and abdominal tufts of Lepidoptera.”’ In it he showed that though other characters must be relied upon for families, yet these features might be used to classify genera. In following out this plan he had found it necessary to divide the genera Cymatophora and Mamestra (amongst others) into hairy-eyed and smooth-eyed groups. He further found that in the latter genus the hairy-eyed species were produced from hairy larve, and the smooth-eyed from smooth larve. This was afterwards shortly discussed. He then referred to the ornamental and other tufts as being also useful for distinguishing genera, and showed by sketches how the abdominal tufts were in many cases of great use in keeping the spiracles free from dust. Mr. Barrett concluded his interesting address with a reference to Mr. Capper’s magnificent collection of varieties, and the benefit he had derived from the study of them. Mr. John EK. Robson, F.E.§S., of Hartlepool, then addressed the meet- ing on the subject of ‘‘ Arrangement.’”’ He spoke of the value of Stainton’s Manual, and considered that his placing of Papilio at the head of the Rhopalocera was justifiable, as the genus possesses a greater degree of all-round perfection than any other. He thought that no system of classification could be perfect which was not based on total characteristics. How unreliable external characters often are he showed by reference to the close mimetic resemblances of many exotic butterflies belonging in reality to widely separated families. Mr. Robson concluded his remarks with a warm testimony to the value of the value of the work of the older entomologists. Mr. Newstead expressed his surprise at the attempt ever having been made to classify Lepidoptera by their wing-markings only, and thought that such an attempt was bound to prove futile. He referred to Mr. John Watson’s Monograph of the Asiatic genus Calinaya, which the society had just received, as a step in the right direction. Mr. Newstead then detailed the interesting life-history of Selandria atra, the pear-tree sawfly, as observed by himself, and exhibited a case of specimens illustrating it throughout. To destroy them he recommended the use of Paris-green. He also communicated notes on Piophila casei, the cheese-hopper, showing how very tenacious of life it was, by the fact of larve which had been subjected to water, methylated spirit, glycerine, and absolute alcohol producing perfect insects! The following exhibits were made :— Species of the genus Oporabia with genitalia photographs, by Mr. F. N. Pierce; eleven drawers of Lepidoptera taken at the Chester electric lamps, including Amphidasys betularia (type, black and intermediate vars.), Acronycta alni, E:phestia splendidella, &c., by Dr. Dobie ; vars. of Abraxas ulmata and A. grossulariata, by Mr. B. H. Crabtree; spring captures in the New Forest, by Dr. Cotton ; an ingenious device for setting Lepidoptera with greater accuracy, by Mr. Geo. O. Day; a case of Lepidoptera, by Mr. J. Collins; pups of Nemeobius lucina, by Mr. Prince; a box of insects for distribution, by Mr. John Robson ; Cleora glabraria, a new record for North Wales, by Mr, F, Birch, Hon. Sec.
23
RECENT LITERATURE.
Fauna Hawaiiensis; or, the Zoology of the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Isles. Vol. I. Hymenoptera Aculeata, pp. 1-122; two Plates and Map. By RB. C. L. Perkins and A. Foret (March 20th, 1899). Vol. II. Orthoptera, pp. 1-30, and two Plates (August 19th, 1899) ; and Neuroptera, pp. 31-89, and three Plates (September 25th, 1899). By R. C. L. Perxins. Edited by Dr. D. Suarp.
Isonarep in the midst of the vast North Pacific Ocean, 2350 miles from San Francisco and 3500 miles from Kamtchatka—the nearest continental points east and west—and separated from them by some of the profoundest depths of ocean; a little nearer to, but still far away from, the coral islands and reefs of the South Pacific, connected with them only by scattered islets and atolls—almost or entirely unin- habited,—_the Sandwich Islands, or Hawaiian group, undoubtedly form to the student of the geographical distribution of animals the most in- teresting country in the world.
Chiefly through the collections made by Blackburn, some know- ledge has been acquired, during the last quarter of a century, of the salient characteristics of the insect fauna; but, having regard to the increasingly numerous importations into the country, a renewed survey was very desirable before the extinction or further differentia- tion of the existing fauna took place. This has been effected by the explorations of Mr. Perkins during a period of several years, and his collections are now being systematically worked out by a number of zoologists. One naturally reserves a final summary of the character- istics of the insect fauna till the last entomological contribution has appeared; meanwhile some notices from time to time of the various parts may be interesting.
Of Aculeate Hymenoptera one hundred and ninety-eight species are recorded, though of these twenty-eight are importations, all the main divisions of the group, except the ants, being well represented by endemic forms. The Fossores embrace six genera and thirty-four species, thirty-one of the latter being endemic. The wasps comprehend two genera and eighty-eight species (eighty-six species endemic). The bees comprise three genera and fifty-six species, of which fifty-two species are indigenous. Of ants twenty species (belonging to twelve genera) are recorded, of which only one “has any claim to be con- sidered endemic.’ ‘‘So far as one can judge from a study of the relationship of the endemic species to one another, all the Mimeside, Crabronide, Eumenide, and the bees of the genus Nesoprosopis could have been evolved from four species which reached the islands at some very remote period, one of the four species of course representing each group. ‘The total absence of any representative of so many groups of the Aculeata, certainly not less fitted to pass over the great distances between the islands and other lands, and for which the country is ad- mirably adapted, is a point greatly in favour of the view that the numerous species of each of the families represented arose from a single immigrant species, and the examination of the structures of the species themselves greatly supports this view. How rarely an immi-
94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
grant can have arrived from without can be judged from the great number of species which fail to cross the short distances between the islands themselves.”* ~
‘‘An important fact in connection with the Hawaiian species is their variability. This is most noticeable in the bees, Crabronide, and Mimeside, a great many of the species in these groups being in a very unstable condition. The variation is not confined to differences in size, colour, &c., but affects important structures, in which it is unusual to find any noticeable variability; and to this is due the extreme difficulty of determining and describing the numerous species, the specific characters frequently having to be taken from structures which are obviously variable. In striking contrast with the groups above mentioned are the species of (dynerus. Very few of the eighty- six species exhibit any variation of note, and this, when it occurs, is nearly always of an unimportant character (¢.y., colour). From this one would infer that the Odyneri have now reached the maximum of species that the islands can support in the present condition of the lepidopterous fauna, on which, as they prey on caterpillars, they are dependent. The bees, on the other hand, are not similarly restricted ; for, with flowers abundant at all seasons, the islands, so far as one can see, are capable of supporting much greater numbers of these than of wasps.” :
The Orthoptera are very remarkable. Seventy-three species are known, of which six belong to the earwigs, cockroaches, Mantids, and short-horned grasshoppers;+ the other forty-nine belonging to the long-horned grasshoppers and crickets. Of the former group one species only ‘‘has any claim to be considered indigenous’’; of the latter, forty-three (nearly eighty-eight per cent.) are endemic. The Phasmatids are entirely unrepresented.
Of the Neuroptera (sens. lat.), one hundred and eleven species are present: fifty-four being Hemerobiide (lacewings and antlions), of which about fifty are indigenous; twenty-nine dragonflies (about twenty-five endemic) and twenty-five Psocids (nearly all confined to these islands); one Embiid and two Termites complete the list, caddisflies and mayflies being unrepresented.
Exigencies of space will not permit a longer notice; but enough has been written to show that the work is one of exceptional interest and value. As for the paper, printing, and illustrations, it is sufficient to say that the Cambridge University Press is the publisher.
G. W. eee
** Percentage of peculiar species in the different islands :—
Hymenoptera aculeata Hemerobiide. Dragonflies. RATETOUS Gaeieas scescocees ce OO: Sos. eee aneeee 87°) . Ree creer TERY (OW U UM AEG 6 eB te 6676 eee eee GO“ kwesaceeeeeeee cee 40 Mio olcaiiay stan ve cicwsestee. D6 Bi soc sleamereeeamatees 1D, « JEP eRee eees 1L3455 Eee eter nese te seas ae SEGr eke ceeeee teens UD Gldei enema eecece 10 MDT A Soe tene rem ees cosets YT OM Bone idbod sas oootecee — Leer — IELaWalle sees teas sere selsee S14 nteeeeko eee ceeeeetete SOs, © Yous saatteeodeeeseessee Alef
+ Seven earwigs are known, all introduced—some probably at an early date, as Bloxham notices, in 1825, a ‘‘ black earwig ” (‘ Voy. Blonde,’ P- 252).
lie
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXIII.) FEBRUARY, 1900. [No. 441.
ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE GENERA OF THE RHYN- CHOTA, HETEROPTERA AND AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA.
By G. W. Kirxavpy, F.E.S.
THE present memoir consists of a chronological catalogue of the works in which new genera have been proposed, or genotypes fixed, or which are connected with the settlement of the generic nomenclature of the Heteroptera and Auchenorrhynchous Homo- ptera. I have indicated synonymy where the genera are homo- typical, and have also adjoined the latest authoritative synonymy, in most instances in footnotes. The memoir will be divided into four parts, viz. :—
1. A list of works from 1758-1848 (terminating with Amyor and AupineT-Servittn’s ‘Suites a Buffon, Hémipteres,’ the foundation of modern Rhynchotal science), with the genera, geno- types, &c., therein contained.
2. 1844-1876, concluding with the fifth volume of Srau’s monumental ‘ Knumeratio Hemipterorum.’
3. 1877-1900, finishing with the last year of the present century.
4, An alphabetical recapitulation of all the genera from 1758-1900, and their types.
This is, as I believe, the first time that these Rhynchota have been taken in hand as a whole in such a manner; and as I cannot hope that I have succeeded to a greater extent ‘than other entomologists who have essayed work on similar lines, in alto- gether avoiding errors of omission and commission, I beg my colleagues who discover any mistakes to inform me, either per- sonally or through the press, so that they may be amended in a subsequent part. of the work. To enable them to check my results as readily as possible, a summary of the ‘‘rules”’ that I held in view while conducting my researches are annexed.
ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1900. D
26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A. Strict PRIORITY WITHOUT EXCEPTION.
The majority of existing nomenclatorial systems seem to me to fail in their object on account of their complexity. Although most authors now profess to conform to the “ rule of priority,” they admit so many exceptions, on one plea or another, that the original idea is entirely lost sight of. The chief end of nomen- clatorial systems is stability; and though complete stability is neither possible nor desirable, an approximate attainment should be possible, but only—as I believe—by a rigid and scrupulous adherence to the ‘“‘ rule of priority—without exception.”
So-called ‘‘ Classical Emendations’’ have been entirely dis- regarded ; while tautonyms, names geographically or descriptively misleading or incorrect, and politically or theologically offensive, have been strictly adhered to, the original orthography of the author being in every case retained, unless, of course, pre- occupied.*
; B. Formation oF GENOTYPES. -
I have considered that a species may be fixed as the type of a genus by any of the following methods :—
1. By being the only species described (or, in the case of a species previously described, by a reference to the species and its author) at the foundation of the genus.
Ex. 1. Anotia, W. Kirby, 1819, type bonnetii, W. Kirby, 1819.
Ex. 2. Phymata, Latreille, 1802, type crassipes (Fabr., 1775).
2. By being indicated as the type by the author of the genus at its foundation.
Ex. Gerris, Fabricius, 1794, type lacustris (Linn.), Fabr. 1794. This method was instituted by Fabricius (as far as
_ Rhynchota are concerned) in 1794.
These two principles appear to me indisputable.
3. By the subsequent removal of one or more species to other genera, thus indirectly fixing the type. An exception is made of course in the removal of species to genera with the definition of which (as at that time accepted) they did not accord, or by their removal back again into a compound genus.
Ex 1. Neides was founded by Latreille in 1802 for two species, viz. tipularius and clavipes. In 1803 Fabricius erected a genus Berytus with type tipularius; thus indirectiy fixing clavipes as the type of Neides. In the second volume of Lethierry and Severin’s General Catalogue, clavipes is placed in Berytus and tipularius in Neides !
Ex. 2. Fabricius used Tettigonia (recte T'etigonia) for Cicada
* Emendations to displace names already in existence—unless emended for the express purpose of replacing a preoccupied name—are not here considered as separate names, e.g. ‘““Aphana,” Burm. is not considered as % name separate from Aphena, Guér.
NOMENCLATURE OF THE RHYNCHOTA, ETC. 27
Linn. Geoffr., and Cicada for Tetigonia, Geoffr.; this reverse- ment does not affect the type-fixations in either of these, or in any other, genera.
4. By the statement of any subsequent author that ‘‘X” is the type of a certain genus, provided that it be one of the original species of that genus, and that such fixation be permissible by the previous operations of other authors.
Ex. 1. Cercopis, Fabr., 1775, type spumaria (Linn., 1758), Latr., 1802.
Ex. 2. The type of Membracis, Fabr., 1775, is stated by its author (in 1803) to be atrata, but this statement is invalid, as atrata was not an original species.
N.B. The description (or mention with sufficient reference) of one species only in a genus, in a general systematic work [such as Amyot and Serville’s ‘Suites a Buffon, Hémiptéres’!, is a valid indication of the type; this does not hold however in a faunistic work, nor in works published previous to 1794. When two or more species have been described or indicated in such a work, the type should be subsequently founded on one of those species. Where (as for example in Amyot and Serville) one species, (say) ‘‘ striata,” is described, and the authors say ‘‘add ‘maculata,’ ‘ venusta,’ ‘irrorata,’ &c.,’’ ‘ striata’ should be the type. The following considerations also come under this heading :—
a. Many authors consider that a name only (or even a figure!) is sufficient to establish a genus. This does not appear to me to be reasonable. The essential for the establishment of the validity of a genus is surely a description, however short, displaying the salient characteristics whereby it differs from its nearest allies. Now take the case of (say) Laternaria, Linn., 1764; a name only, without a line of description. To find out in what way Laternaria essentially differs from Cicada, 1758, one would then have had to prepare a table of the species of the former and compare it with a similar one of the remaining species of the latter! This, I contend, is not the establishment of a genus. In the second case, a figure in the Atlas of Belanger’s Voyage to the Kast Indies (Insects by Guérin) is the warrant for the genus ‘‘ Huryptera”’ (dropped in the letterpress by Guérin himself).*
8. Subgenera are here treated for nomenclatorial purposes as genera—that is to say, a subgenus on being raised to full rank dates from its first proposal as a subgenus. ‘The typical sub- genus (i.e. that which contains the type of the genus) should bear the same name as the genus.
Ex. 1. Microvelia, erected by Westwood, 1834, as a subgenus
*I also refuse to acknowledge the validity of a species based upon a figure only, even though detailed.
D2
28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
of Vela, has priority as a genus over Hydroéssa, Burmeister (full genus 1835).*
Ex. 2. Corixa, Geoffr., 1762, has type geoffroyi, Leach. The typical subgenus is therefore the section containing geoffroyi, Leach (i.e. Macrocorisa, Thomson, which ought to be known as Coriza, Geoffr., in sp.), and not that containing striata (Linn.), which is not the type of the genus. I have previously rectified oe yeas of the subgenera of Coriza in the Entom., 1898, p. 252.+
y If a genus, having no type assigned, be divided into two or more subgenera (none of the latter bearing the generic name), the fixation of the genotype (and of the typical subgenus) may be determined subsequently as follows :—
(a) Any subsequent author has the right to fix the type of the genus out of any one of the subgenera, the name of that subgenus then becoming a true synonym of the genus. If all the subgenera be raised to full rank at the same time, the above procedure takes place. N.B. If a genus, having no type assigned, be divided into two or more subgenera, one of which bears the generic name, the type must subsequently be fixed from that sub- genus.
(3) If some of the subgenera be raised to generic rank, the remaining one falls as a synonym of the genus if one be left, or a comes into operation if two or more be left.
All these unavoidably complicated methods of type-fixation would have been obviated, had authors always unmistakably indicated (since 1794) the types of their new genera; unfor- tunately, many modern authors still continue this neglect.
(0.) Many genera which were undoubtedly strictly co-extensive, each with some other genus or genera, originally , have been, through the operations of later authors, made heterotypical and used separately, e.g. (1) Asiraca, Latr., 1796, and Delphaz, Fabr., 1798; (2) Poekilloptera, Latr., 1796, and Flata, Fabr., 1798 ; (8) Laternaria, Linn., 1764, and Fulgora, Linn., 1767; (4) Plowaria, Scop., 1786, and Emesa, Fabr., 1808; (5) Neides, Latr., 1802, and Berytus, Fabr., 1803; and many others.
* This is in direct opposition to the opinion given in my ‘“‘ Guide to the Study of British Waterbugs”’ (Entom. 1898-1900), when treating of the genus. + I was wrong, however, in proposing ‘‘ Basileocortxa”’ for the ‘‘ striata.” group; amend as follows :— Subgenus 38. Arctocorisa, Wallengr., 1894, type carinata (Sahlb.), Kirk, 1900. = Corixa (Corisa) (coextensive, but heterotypical] auctt., nec Geoffr. in sp. = Glaenocorisa (p) and Corisa, Puton, 1880. = Glaenocorisa and Coriza, Saund., 1892. = Basileocorixa, Kirk., 1898.
(To be continued.)
29
A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. By W. F. pe Vismes Kane, M.A., M.R.I.A., F.E.S. (Continued from vol. xxxi. p. 211.)
CRAMBITES. *
ScH@NOBIUS FORFICELLUS, J’hnb.—Ballincar, Co. Donegal (R.): Mayo and Cork (S.); Killarney (B.); Kilkerran Bay, Galway (J. J. W.). Phoenix Park, Dublin (K.).
S. MucroneLuus, Schiff.—One at Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.).
CRAMBUS PRATELLUS, L.—Common everywhere. A white female, Clonbrock (R. EH. D.).
C. pumMETELLUs, Hb.—Favour Royal, Tyrone; Markree Castle, Sligo.
C. sytveLLus, Hb.—Killarney by Bouchard (B.).
C. HAmMELLUS, Thnb.—Killarney by Bouchard (B.).
C. pascurLius, L.—Common, and widely spread. Mr. Watts: reports it scarce, however, in the district about Belfast.
C. MarGaRITELLUS, Hb.—Dalyston near Loughrea, Co. Gal- way; Markree Castle, and near Sligo (K.).
C. prneLLtus, L. — Killarney, Ardtully, and Sneem, Co. Kerry (K.); Blarney, Co. Cork (Mr. Hogan); Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.); Belfast, local (W.).
C. pPERLELLUS, Scop.—Throughout Ireland very abundant, sometimes with the variety warringtonellus.
C. sELASELLUS, Hb.—Belfast (Mr. Hogan); Armagh (J.) ; Favour Royal, Tyrone; Markree Castle, Sligo; Cork (McArthur).
C. tRIistELLUS, /°b.—Very common.
* The following portion of this Catalogue is virtually a reprint of the list of Irish Micro-lepidoptera furnished to Mr. Birchall, many years ago, by Mr. Charles G. Barrett, who has now carefully revised it, and assisted in adding records of more recent captures, nearly all of which have been submitted to him from time to time for identification. The localities with the initial R. appended have been kindly furnished me by Mr. G. Carpenter, of the Science and Art Museum, Dublin, from a collection made by Mr. Russ. It is possible that in some cases, however, the captures were made about Ballinear, Co. Donegal, rather than in the county of Sligo. The localities given without any following initials represent the original records of Mr. Barrett, without whose valued assistance it would have been impossible for me to have compiled a reliable list. Those with the initial K. are captures of my own, and have been submitted to Mr. Barrett. I have also to thank the few workers in this group who have collected in Ireland and have assisted me with lists of localities, especially Messrs. Watts, Campbell, and Hart. It is regrettable that we are still inignorance of the resources of Ireland as regards this large section of our fauna, the present Catalogue being meagre in the extreme in every respect, and should not be taken as other than an instalment, which it is to be hoped the investigations of subsequent entomologists will home more complete and representative of the Irish Micro-lepidopterous
auna,
30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CRAMBUS INQUINATELLUS, Schiff.—Glengarriff (K.).
C. GENIcuLEus, Haw.— Abundant on the Dublin coast: Newcastle, Co. Down (W.); Sligo (McC.); Donegal (G. V. H.) ; Dursey I., Co. Kerry (K.) ; Roches Pt., Co. Cork (K.) ; Cork (S.).
C. cutMELLus, L.—Common everywhere. C. HORTUELLUS, Hb.—Common everywhere.
PHycipm.
ANERASTIA LOTELLA, Hb.—Malahide (Portmarnock), abun- dant; Co. Dublin (B.); Belfast. Crossfarnoge Point, Wexford (K.).
ILYTHYIA SEMIRUBELLA, Scop.—Dursey 1., Kerry (K.).
Hom@osoMa NIMBELLA, Zell.—Malahide and Howth, Co. Dublin, Wicklow coast (B.); Sligo (R.).
H. senecionis, Vaughan.—Neweastle, Co. Down, one (W.); Magilligan, Co. Derry (Curzon).
EPHESTIA ELUTELLA, Hb.—Very common.
PLODIA INTERPUNCTELLA, Hb.—Dublin (S.).
Puycis Fusca, Haw.—Generally distributed, and common.
P. pinutELLA, Hiib.—Galway and Howth, June, July, August (B.); Island Magee, Co. Down, one (W.).
DIoRYCTRIA ABIETELLA, Zinck.—Clonbrock, Co. Galway, one (Ty Ho) Sligo).
NEPHOPTERYX SPISSICELLA, F'b.--Ardtully near Kenmare, Co. Kerry (K.): Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. EH. D.).
PEMPELIA PALUMBELLA, Schiff.—Howth, taken by Mr. Sinclair. Specimen confirmed (C. G. B.).
RHODOPHA consoctELLA, Hiib.—Co. Cork (McArthur). GALLERIA MELLONELLA, 1.—Common.
APHoMIA sociELLA, L.—Common.
ACHROIA GRISELLA, /'b.—Common.
TORTRICES.
TortTRIx PopANA, Scop.—Co. Dublin, common (B.); Sligo (R.). Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.).
T. xynostEana, L.—Cos. Dublin and Wicklow, plentiful (B.) ; one near Belfast (W.).
T. rosana, L.—Cos. Dublin and Wicklow, plentiful; Sligo (R.).
T. HEPARANA, Schiff.—Cos. Dublin and Wicklow; Derry (C.); Sligo (R.).
T. nrBEANA, Hb.—Generally common.
T. unrFasci1ana, Dup.—Co. Wicklow, common; Belfast, com- mon (W.); Coolmore, Co. Donegal, and Armagh (J.) ; Sligo.
T. costana.—Sligo (f.).
A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. dl
TorTRIx vipuRNANA, /'b.—Killarney (B.); Belfast, abundant (W.) ; Markree Castle, and near Sligo.
Var. donellana.—Carpenter. Tuam, feeding on pine, Ent. xxiv. 253.
T. panteana, Hb.—Howth, Co. Dublin (B.); common about Belfast district (W.) ; Armagh (J.) ; Sligo (R.).
T. virmipana, L.—Common about Belfast district (IW.); Sligo (R.).
T. mrnistrana, LZ.— Limavady, Co. Derry (B.); Favour Royal, Tyrone, common; Markree Castle, &c., Sligo (K.).
T. rorsteRaNA, F’'b.—Howth (B.); Sligo (R).
DicHewia GRorraNa, /’b.—Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow, common (B.); Derry (C.) ; Sligo (R.).
AMPHYSA GERNINGANA, Schiff.— Wicklow Mts. ?(B.); Churchill; Co. Armagh (J.); Sligo (R.).
A. propromana, Hb.—Sligo (R.); Enniskillen (P.).
LEPTOGRAMMA LITERANA, L.—Killarney (B.).
PreroneEa sponsana, F'b.—Howth (B.); Sligo (R.).
P. nurana, W. V.—Sligo (R.).
P. mrxtana, Hb.—Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow (B.); Belfast (W.); Sligo (R.).
P. scHaALLERIANA, L.—Wicklow Mts. ? (B.); Armagh (J.) ; Island Magee, Co. Down (W.); Sligo (R.). Enniskillen (P.).
P. comparana, Hb.—Armagh (J.). Enniskillen (P.).
P. pERPLEXANA, Bar.—Armagh, abundant (J.); Sligo (R.). Enniskillen (P.).
P. comariana, Zell.—Limerick (Ent. vol. viii. p. 89) ; Armagh (J.); Mayo (S.).
P. permMuTANA, Dup.—Howth, on the cliffs (B.).
P. vartuGana, Schif—Howth, on the cliffs; Belfast, abun- dant (W.); Armagh (J.); Sligo (R.). Enniskillen (P.).
P. cristana, Fab.—Co. Cork (McArthur).
P. mastrana, L.—Macgilligan, Co. Derry (R. C.); Belfast, one (W.); Mayo (S.); Cromlyn, Co. Westmeath, Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. E. D.); Sligo (R.). Armagh (J.); | Ennis- killen (P.).
P. macoana, J'’r.—Mayo (S.).
P. rerruegana, J'r.—Wicklow Mts. and Killarney (B.) ; Sligo (R.). Enniskillen (P.).
P. caALEDONIANA, St.—Local in the Belfast district (W.).
P. aspersana, Hb.—Howth (B.); Armagh (J.); Sligo (R.). Enniskillen (P.).
P, sHEPERDANA, St.—Sligo (R.)
82, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
R#acopia caupana, F'b.—Blarney, Co. Cork, Belfast (B.); Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.); Inishowen, Co. Donegal (W. E. H.) ; Sligo (R.); Cappagh, Co. Waterford (K.).
TERAS CONTAMINANA, H1b.—Belfast (B. d W.); Howth (B.); Armagh (J.) ; Sligo (R.) ; Cappagh, Co. Waterford (K.).
DicTyopTERYX LOEFLINGIANA, L.—Galway (B.).
D. Houmiana, L.—Belfast (B. d& W.); Sligo (R.).
D. BERGMANNIANA, L.—Common everywhere.
D. rorskaLEANA, L.—Sligo (R.).
ARGyRoTOzZA coNwayaNna, /’>.— Abundant in Galway and Wicklow (B.); Favour Royal, Tyrone, abundant (K.); Belfast, abundant (W.); Armagh (J.); Sligo (McC.); &c.
PrycHoLoMA LECHEANA, L.—Killarney (B.).
PENTHINA BETULETANA, Haw.—Wicklow Mts., Holywood, Co. Down (B.); Sligo (R.). j .
. SORORCULANA, Zett.—Killarney (B.).
. PRUNIANA, /7b.—Abundant everywhere.
. OCHROLEUCANA, Hiib.—Co. Cork (McArthur).
. vaRniEGANA, Hb.—Dublin, and Cork ? (B.).; Armagh (J.). . Dimip1aNna, 7r.—Killarney (B.); Enniskillen (P.).
. savorana, Hb.—Killarney (B.); Belfast (W.).
. MARGINANA, Haw.—Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. E. D.).
ANTITHESIA SALICELLA, L.-—Sligo (f.).
Hepya oceuuana, F'b.—Sligo (R.).
H. aceriana, Dup.—Sligo (R.).
H. peaupana, Frél.—Sligo (R.).
H. neaeuectana, Dup.—Sligo (R.).
SPILONOTA INCARNATANA, 1b.—Howth, abundant, and on the sandhills (B.); Derry (C.).
S. tRimacuLana, Haw.—Sligo (R.); Clonbrock, Co. Galway Cap dae 08)
S. rosmconana, Dbl.—Sligo (R.).
S. roporana, J’r.—Howth, common (B.); Derry (C.).
ParDIA TRIPUNCTANA, F'b.—Counties of Dublin and Wicklow, common (B.); Sligo (McC.); Armagh (J.).
AsPIS UDMANNIANA, L.—Dublin coast, common (B.).
Muri wH
(To be continued.)
33
A LIST OF BUTTERFLIES OBSERVED IN SWITZERLAND in JULY, 1899.
By A. F. Rosa.
Tue following species of butterflies and varieties were met with between the 1st and 13th July last summer, during a tour in the Valais and adjacent Bernese Alps, the exact districts visited being the Visp Valley, Zermatt and neighbourhood (seven days); between Leuk and Kandersteg, over the Gemmi (three days) ; and in the vicivity of Aigle (two days).
The weather was very cold and unsettled at the beginning of the month, and afterwards inclined to remain dull for several days. The last few days were, however, bright and warm.
PAPILIONIDE.
Papilio machaon.—Occasionally seen in all the districts visited, as Zmutt, St. Niklaus, Leuk, Leukerbad, Kandersteg, Aigle (frequently), and Le Sepey; several fine specimens being secured.
Parnassius apollo.—Very common in the Nicolai Thal and Zmutt Thal; also between Aigle and Le Sepey.
P. delius.—A few taken flying languidly along the sides of the Visp at Zermatt; also a good many found lying on a marshy bank, on the ground among the grass.
Prerip2&.
Aporia crategi.—Very common in the Zmutt and Nicolai Thals; also at Leukerbad, Kandersteg, Aigle, &c.
Pieris brassice.—Abundant at Leukerbad; seldom seen elsewhere.
P. rape.—Only one or two seen.
P. napi.—A few at Stalden, and plentiful on the Gemmi in the pine forest above Gastern-Thal. — Var. bryonie. Very fine specimens from the Gemmi; also one or two at Stalden.
P. callidice.—A short series of this fast flier on the Riffelberg and Gorner Grat; also taken on the Gemmi Pass.
Ewehloé belia var. simplonia.x—Turned up occasionally at Tasch, Stalden, Zmutt, and on the Gemmi.
FE. cardamines.—Two males and several females taken, and others seen.
Leucophasia sinapis.—Common in the neighbourhood of trees and bushes between Zermatt and Visp; also taken at Aigle, &c.-— Ab. erysimi. Three specimens of this variety at Randa, Leuk, and Aigle respectively ; also a few between this and the type.
Colias phicomone. — Not rare, and in first-class condition at St. Niklaus, Zmutt, and on the Gemmi Pass; the depth of the yellow ground colour varying considerably, one about as deep as G. rhamni male, and from this seem to vary to the very palest yellow; none of the males, however, are as white as the female ( phicomone).
UC. hyale-—Pretty common, but seldom in good condition. Zmuitt, Leukerbad, and on the Gemmi near Kandersteg ; also at Le Sepey.
34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CO. edusa.—One seen flying swiftly up the valley at Stalden, and another seen near Zermatt; neither captured.
Gonopteryx rhamni.—Several of both sexes seen; those captured were worn, evidently hybernated.
Lyc2#NIDz&.
Thecla spinit.—Rather common in the same localities, and along with the next species.
T. ilicis—Common, sporting about the road between Aigle and Le Sepey, and flying round the tops of trees, which at some parts reach conveniently from a lower level within easy striking distance. Like the last species, difficult to get in anything like good condition. Usually minus a tail or rubbed on upper side.
Polyommatus virgauree.—This fine copper was common in some fields at St. Niklaus, and in Zmutt Thal, &. All males.
P. hippothoé.—The crimson copper, scarce at the same places as the last; also one at Stalden; all these being males. One worn female was taken at Le Sepey.
P. alciphron var. gordius. Two fresh specimens taken at St. Nicklaus.
P. phl@as.—One seen on the wing at the same place, but not taken.
Lycena egon.—At Tasch, Randa, Visp, &e.
L. argus.—Hanging to grasses and reeds on marshy ground beside the road at Tasch. Seemed to be plentiful.
L. astrarche.—Turned up now and then, never common, and always in indifferent condition.
L. eros.—This pretty little blue occurred in the same localities as L. corydon, but not commonly. One specimen captured is not of the usual pale glossy greenish colour, but a decided pale blue.
L. icarus.—Not very many seen, but was occasionally met with in all the three districts visited.
L. eumedon.—Single specimens captured at St. Nicklaus, Tasch, Stalden, and Le Sepey.
L. bellargus. Several, mostly worn males and one female, at Amutt, St. Nicklaus, &ce.
L. corydon.—With the exception of L. minima, probably the most common blue, all males, and mostly in grand condition, as at Tasch, Ymutt, and Le Sepey (very abundant).
L. hylas.—In the same localities as L. bellargus, but more common. Appeared to be going over also.
L. damon.—Very common on the road to Ormont Dessous. The blue upper contrasts strongly with the brown under side when in flight. Freshly emerged, and all males.
L. minima.—Very abundant, and sometimes at high elevations, as near the summit of the Gemmi Pass, probably 7600 ft. above sea-level.
L. semiaryus.—-Worn, at St. Niklaus on the 3rd. I was surprised to find many fresh specimens at the same locality on the 7th. Taken elsewhere also, as at Visp, Kandersteg, Aigle.
L. arion.—Only one specimen of the type, taken at St. Niklaus.— Var. obscura. Not uncommon on a rocky slope near Tasch. Several in a meadow at St. Niklaus, also at Zmutt; one also taken at Aigle on a path in the valley.
LIST OF BUTTERFLIES OBSERVED IN SWITZERLAND. 35
NyMpHALID2&.
Limenitis camilla.—On the road at Aigle, just emerging.
L, sibylla.—One very small-sized specimen taken at Aigle.
Vanessa c-album.—Two seen, but neither captured ; one ona teasel- head, the other settled on the road, both near the same spot between Aigle and Le Sepey.
V. polychloros.—One very bright individual captured at Visp.
V. urtice.—Not common, but occasionally at highish elevations ; some fresh, some almost scaleless.
V. io.—Two very much worn specimens at Stalden.
V. atalanta.—Several hybernated individuals in the Visp Valley.
Melitea phebe.-—Not uncommon at Zmutt, Stalden, Randa, &e. One with the submarginal row of fulvous spaces, upper side, hind wings centred black; under side normal.
M. didyma.—Common ; specimens from Zmutt, St. Niklaus, Randa, Stalden, and Le Sepey.
M. dictynna.—Common from Tisch to Visp; also taken on the Gemmi, and at Leukerbad.
M. athalia.—Pretty common at Randa, Tasch, and Le Sepey.
M. parthenie var. varia.—Randa and Visp; three specimens only. One has the ground colour of the central area of the upper side fore wings pale (whitish).
Argynnis euphrosyne.—A few at Tiisch, and on the Gemmi Pass above Kandersteg.
A. pales.—A few on the Riffelalp ; also in Zmutt Thal, and on the Gemmi Pass.
A. lathonia.—Single specimens taken at St. Niklaus, Zmutt Thal, Stalden, and Leukerbad. Rather common at Zermatt, unfortunately, however, difficult to capture flying with the wind, but quite recog- nisable. One was netted here, and another found floating alive in a mountain stream.
A, agiaia.—One specimen taken at Stalden, and in the Zmutt Thal quite commonly.
A, niobe-—Common in the Nicolai and Zmutt Thals. Most speci- mens approach the var. eris, of which several were taken.
A, adippe.—Not uncommon in all the districts visited.
A, paphia.—This species was just beginning to make its appearance at Aigle, &c., when I was leaving.
SaATYRIDE.
Melanargia galatea.—Very abundant, especially in the Visp Valley below St. Niklaus, and at Aigle.
Erebia melampus.—Several taken on the Gemmi; also at Leuker- bad and Kandersteg.
E.. pharte.—A few on the Gemmi, and at Kandersteg.
E. manto (pyrrha).—One at Kandersteg behind the Bear Hotel.
E. ceto.—Common in the Zmutt and Nicolai Thals.
FE. eme.—Not uncommon at Kandersteg, and on the Gemmi. Of this variable species I have one without any trace of ocelli or rusty markings on the upper side, and with only one minute pupilled spot on the under side of the hind wings, Another has two ocellated spots at
36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the apex of the fore wings, upper and under side, and a series of five on the under side of hind wing, represented above by two. Most speci- mens are intermediate between these two. I also took several which are very strongly marked, so as to be quite distinct from any of the above, and which appear to be identical to the var. spodea of the Austrian and Styrian Alps. The best of these has, fore wing above and below, two well-marked apical spots, and another lower down. Hind wing (upper side) has a series of six, and underneath seven well- marked ocelli, all pupilled white.
E. stygne.—Not uncommon; Kandersteg, Gemmi Pass, and Leuker- bad.
E. glacialis.—One specimen taken on the Gemmi, and others seen. One seen also near the top of the Gorner Grat, probably 2000 ft. above the snow-line.—Ab. alecto. One netted on the Riffelberg.
E.. lappona.—Very common on the Riffelberg, and at the summit of the Gemmi.
F. tyndarus.—Single specimens at St. Niklaus and Tasch.
FE. gorge.—Riffelalp, Gemmi Pass, and Kandersteg; not uncom- mon.—Ab. erynis. One or two very closely approaching this form.
F. goante.—One at Stalden, and another at St. Niklaus.
E. ligea.—Several of this fine Hrebia were taken flying about the road at Le Sepey.
FE. euryale.—Kandersteg and Zmutt Thal.
Satyrus hermione.—Common about rocky places from Stalden to Visp ; also between Leuk and Leukerbad, and at Aigle.
S. aleyone.—One or two at Stalden.
S. semele-—Very large specimens, only males, at Visp, Stalden, Aigle, &c.
S. actea var. cordula.—Common in the Rhone Valley, Nicolai Thal, Zmutt Thal, and at Aigle, &e.
Pararge mera.—Abundant about stones and rocks between Tasch and Stalden; also seen at Aigle on the road.—Ab. adrasta. One at St. Niklaus.
P. megeara.—One battered specimen at Visp.
P. achine.—Several of this curious butterfly taken at Le Sepey.
E’pinephele lycaon.—Single specimens from Inden and Stalden.
E. tanira.—Visp, Aigle, &c.
E.. hyperanthus.—Only afew worn specimens seen at Visp, &e.
Cenonympha arcania var. darwiniana.—Several taken at St. Niklaus, Zmutt, &e.—Var. satyrion. St. Niklaus.
C. pamphilus.—Common at St. Niklaus, &c.
HeEspERIIDA.
Spilothyrus lavatere. —One taken and another seen at Stalden ; conspicuous among the swarms of H. thaumas and H. lineola, settling on the ground at the puddles.
Syrichthus carthami.—One or two at St. Niklaus.
S. fritilum var. alveus——Common.—Var. serratule, Tiisch.—Var. carling. Leukerbad.
S. andromede.—Two fine specimens near the Schwarzbach, on the Gemmi Pass.
in
.
COLLECTING IN THE ISLE OF LEWIS. 37
S. malve.—Leukerbad.
S. sao.—Le Sepey.
Nisoniades tages.—One worn specimen at Visp.
Hesperia thaumas.—Swarmed about damp ground at the sides of roads and paths.
H. lineolan—More abundant than the preceding.
H, sylvanus.—-Also rather common.
20, Dundonald Street, Edinburgh.
COLLECTING IN THE ISLE OF LEWIS. By H. Sruarr Fremiy, F.E.S.
I Hap some three weeks’ collecting last summer in the Isle of Lewis, being there from the middle of June to the end of the first week in July. Insects were fairly numerous, but the species were limited in number. The weather was fine generally, exceedingly fine even, for the district, although usually overcast until about 1 p.m. The chief part of my collecting was confined to the neighbourhood of Stornoway, although I searched a little in other parts of the island.
To those of my readers who do not know the Lewis, a short description may be of interest. The island consists almost entirely of moorland, mountains, and small lakes; the soil is peaty, and very little cultivation is carried on. The only trees on the island grow on the Matheson estate at Stornoway, where they have been planted. (This wooded part formed my chief col- lecting centre.) Stornoway itself is the chief town, and lies on the coast ; it is mainly interested in herring fisheries, and in the month of June it is extremely difficult to obtain lodgings, on account of influx of people interested in the fishing trade.
I commenced collecting very soon after my arrival. The first species that 1 took was Hypsipetes impluviata, and this occurred commonly in the neighbourhood of trees; 1 found some at rest on the tree-trunks during the day, and netted others in the evening.
Melanippe montanata soon made its appearance, and was very generally distributed ; I continued to take freshly emerged speci- mens during the remainder of my stay. I took a few Odontopera bidentata, which were attracted by my lamp. Larentia pectini- taria made its appearance about the end of June; it was very common in certain spots; on one evening I saw practically no other species ; they appeared to be the only moths about in that particular place, and could be seen crawling up grass-stems and flying about everywhere.
Hepialus velleda was common everywhere, but difficult to catch. H. hectus occurred in one or two glades, but I did not
38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
find it at allcommon. A. humuli appeared about the latter end of June, and occurred in every place that I worked at all; it was the only moth that I took on Little Bernera Island.
Camptogramma bilineata apparently emerged two or three days before I left, and I did not find it in any numbers until the last few hours of my stay in the Lewis. It appeared to be local, occurring on rocks and in the growth surrounding them, but only in certain places; one might search for an hour in the heather around the base of rocks without seeing a single speci- men, then suddenly one would find eight or ten together. Possibly it is more generally distributed later in the season.
Sugaring was a failure; I do not know if it was from the absence of sugar-loving moths, bad nights, or bad sugar. Who- ever wishes to sugar in that neighbourhood had better bring his own rum. I thought I could buy any form of alcohol easily there, but rum does not appear to be'a very coveted liquor, as it is not retailed out, and I had to buy a bottle. This bottle was sealed and marked ‘‘rum,”’ and contained some sort of spirit, but what it really was [ do not know, and the moths could not make it out either, I suppose, as they didn’t turn up.
I saw very few species of butterflies. Lycenu (Polyommatus) wcarus occurred sparingly, the males being much the more common.
Cenonympha davus was abundant on the moors, and gave me a rare chase over the boggy ground. Epinephele ianira was fairly common. The only Vanessid I saw was one Vunessa atalanta.
Besides the insects above mentioned I took a few dragonflies, which I gave to Mr. Lucas, who, I believe, finds them of some interest.
Any collector from the South of England coming for the first time to this northern region must, like myself, have noticed many things that were quite new to him. The short night threw me out entirely with regard to time. I would see the sun in the afternoon fairly high in the heavens, and think it must be about 6 o’clock, and then find to my astonishment that it was 8 p.m. Evening commenced at about 9.30, and then velleda would fly for an hour or so, after which time it would be dark enough for the small Geometers to show themselves, and I could net these and other moths until 11 p.m. I usually collected until midnight, and on returning home could see the time by my watch, as the whole northern sky had a yellow glow which lit up the surrounding country and made all objects distinctly visible. This twilight was the nearest approach to night, for in an hour the light would shine more strongly in the east, a lark commence to sing, and the morning break. The chief annoyances to collecting were clegs during the day and midges in the evening. Of the two I prefer clegs, as they can easily be seen and only
NOTES ON SOME TUDDENHAM LEPIDOPTERA. f 39
occur in dozens, but the midges are almost invisible, and occur in clouds over the moor. They bite every part not protected, and I found it quite impossible to stand still for five minutes when they were about; even whilst walking I used my handker- chief continuously to my face, neck, and hands. Happily both of these torments only occurred on the moors, the wood was quite free from them.
I was fairly satisfied with the result of my collecting, and, although I took no rarities, yet most of the insects were variable. The best forms occurred in C. bilineata and O. bidentata. The M. montanata were of the Northern type, but yielded few striking varieties.
NOTES ON SOME TUDDENHAM LEPIDOPTERA. By E. G. J. Sparkes, B.A., F.E.S.
I wave heard it said, and seen it written, that the special Lepidoptera of Tuddenham and the surrounding district are getting scarcer year by year. Having had good opportunities of testing this by two annual visits for some years past to the late venerable rector of Tuddenham, a near relative of mine, I would assert generally that this is not the case.
Take Agrophila trabealis (sulphuralis), for instance. By making a close search of Tuddenham for one whole day in June, I found certain places where they almost swarmed if looked for at the right time. In 1897 they were especially plentiful, and I had the pleasure of circulating nearly two hundred specimens amongst friends in various parts of the United Kingdom. Last year (leaving them quite alone in 1898) I again had the pleasure’ of distributing over one hundred good specimens, taken from a small rough patch of ground not larger than the garden of a suburban villa. I could easily have made it five hundred if I had gone into a field of stunted rye-grass of many acres close by, growing or trying to grow against rabbits and drought. It has struck me as very curious that there should be a small grasshopper on these wastes which flies almost exactly like A. trabealis—the one seems to imitate the other. A. trabealis is also fond of flying on to the bare field, and while sitting on a clod or a stone is only visible to a trained eye; I only once have boxed one on the ground.
Acidalia rubricata certainly seems scarcer than formerly, though still plentiful in other places, and in Norfolk; but still in certain spots I found it still possible to get a fair series in one afternoon, This year the first brood was late—there were sharp frosts at Tuddenham in June; I caught several beautiful ruddy specimens the first week in July. This insect does not fly as a
40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
rule till about 4 p.m. I have never seen it at rest, though I looked very closely for it. Its red colour no doubt protects it, as many of the wastes are distinctly red-coloured from the scanty herbage on them.
With regard to Lithostege griseata, I would say that this moth depends more than the others on its restricted food-plant, the flixweed (Sisymbrium sophia). I have taken it in ten different places in Tuddenham by observing closely and making note of where the food-plant grew the year previously. I have hardly touched it for two years, as it is a scheduled insect. The larve are plentiful, but in confinement many emerge crippled.
I now come to Dianthecia irregularis. The larve are still plentiful at the right time, but I consider it useless and destruc- tive to try and breed them unless you are on the spot to get fresh food (Silene otites). I take a few of the best specimens by walking the banks where the food grows, using a good lantern, which you can set down on the ground when a capiure is made, and a black gauze net, in which you can see to box or bottle a light insect like D. irregularis easily.
I found Heliothis dipsaceus the year before last quite plentiful on the wing, and later I saw a good many larve about on various plants, especially on Silene inflata.
I do not collect micros; but in conclusion I would say that I saw Spilodes sticticalis in great numbers at light, though a few are put up in the daytime as one walks along the waste places.
Finally, I would add a word of warning to those who wish to collect in this interesting district. Get leave from the head keeper, or someone in authority, as the whole neighbourhood is now swarming with game, and a long journey there may only end, unless one is very fortunate, in being sent back empty- handed and angry.
1, Christchurch Villas, Tooting Bec Road, 8.W.
WHAT IS THE PROPER NAME OF LOPHYRUS, Larrermur ? By T. D. A. Cocxnreti, N.M., Agr.Exp.Sta.
TuroueH the kindness of Dr. T. §. Palmer I have been able to see Gistel’s ‘ Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs,’ in which Ana- choreta is proposed as a new name for Lophyrus, Latr., 1802, which is preoccupied in Zoology (Lophyrus, Poli, 1791). Gistel’s new name dates from 1848, and, even if we abandon Lophyrus, is not required. Diprion, Schrank, 1802, apparently included a species of Lophyrus, but the first species is a Megalodontes, and the second a Monoctenus. Nycteridium, Fischer-Waldheim, 1806,
BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS. 41
was based exclusively on a Lophyrus, and should apparently be adopted. The name Nycteridium, Gunther, 1864, as applied to a genus of reptiles, will have to be changed.
In this same work of Gistel’s we have Caliendra proposed for Chrysantheda, Perty, Matella for the geometrid Hphyra (not Eiphyra, Peron, 1809), Marmaryga for Hypoderma, Latr., Gyra for Phycis, Fab., and a number of other substitutions which should be critically examined by someone who has the leisure and opportunity.
Mesilla Park, New Mexico, U.S.A.
BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS.
By W. J. Lveas, B.A., F.E.S.
1. Moses Harris’s ‘ Exposition of English Insects,’ 1782.
In this book, which consists of a number of plates, moderately well printed and hand-coloured, together with descriptive letter- press in English and French, seven plates are devoted to dragonflies.
Puate XII. Large Brown= Aischna grandis (fig. 1, 3 ; 2, 2 ; 3, nymph (very poor) ; 4, face). Puate XVI. Large Green= Aischna cyanea (fig. 1 § and ? ; 2, eggs). Prats XXIII. Forcipata ? = Corduleyaster annulatus ? (fig. 3). Anguis $ = Zschna cyanea 3 (fig. 4). Prats XXVII.
Coluberculus= ? (fig. 1). [. mixta, A. juncea, and 4. cerulea have all been suggested as the insect described by Harris under the name of coluberculus; but it does not seem possible to decide which he intended, or whether it might not have been B. pratense, the female of which is figured on the same plate, and which also would be on the wing in June.]
genea=Cordulia enea (fig. 2). [There seems no good reason for supposing that this is S. metallica as some have suggested. ]
aspis= Brachytron pratense ? (fig. 3). [The thorax is too red.] Puate XXIX.
minius = Pyrrhosoma nymphula (fig.1, 2 ; 2, 3). [The description is better than the figures, the male being especially poorly coloured. ]
sereus =F nallagma cyathigerum possibly (fig. 8, 2 ; 4,3).
lucifugus=Agrion puella possibly (fig. 5, 3 ; 6,2, 6, nymph). [With about equal probability @reus might be cyathigerum; and lucifugus, puella. The red eyes must be a mistake, except for minius. The nymph is very poor.]
ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1900. E
42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Puate XXX. splendens ? =Calopteryx splendens, 3 (fig. 1). ” 2 =C. virgo, S (var. ee (fig. 2).
3 =C. splendens, ¢ (fig. 38
splendeo Roy 6p virgo, 3 (var. ae fig. 4.
3 =C. virgo, or splendens, 2, fig. 5; nymph of this class, fig. 6. [In fig. 4 the body is that of a female, but the appendages look like those of a male. As the white speck is specially referred to in fig. 5, it can hardly have been over- looked in fig. 4, so the specimen must be looked on as a male. The description of fig. 5 seems to suit a female C. splendens, but the colour of the wings is brown, pointing to 2 C. virgo.|
Prate XLVI.
Maculata= Libellula quadrimaculata, 3 (fig. 1).
Fugax= Libellula fulva $ (fig. 2). [It has dark tips to the wings, however, as is customary in the female. ]}
Vulgata=Sympetrum sanguineum, 3g (fig. 3). [The shape and description—deep blood-coloured scarlet—of the abdomen are sufficient to point this insect out as sanguineum 3 .|
Flaveola=Sympetrum striolatum, 3, immature (fig. 4). [Apart from the fact that the wings are practically without saffron coloration, Harris speaking about the insect as if it were common points it out as S. striolatum.]
Kingston-on-Thames.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Tue Rance in Brrramn or EpicHnoPpreryx PULLA, STERRHOPTERYX HIRSUTELLA, ACANTHOPSYCHE OPACELLA, AND PacHYTHELIA VILLOSELLA.— I find it quite impossible to obtain satisfactory evidence of the range of these species in Britain, more particularly of KH. pulla. It is recorded from Kent, Somerset and Cambridgeshire, and is exceedingly abundant in some years in Kent and Hssex (in one or two localities). Yet there are whole counties—southern, midland and eastern—for which no record exists. It must exist fairly abundantly in Surrey, Sussex, Suffolk, Bucks, Berks, Norfolk, Herts, Middlesex, one would suspect, yet there are either only single records traceable or none at all for these counties. Will those lepidopterists who have captured any of these species, or who possess local lists in which they are mentioned, please be kind enough to send me the records? I shall be extremely grateful. I need hardly add that I want the localities for insertion in the second volume of ‘ British Lepidoptera’ now in press.—J. W. Turr; Westcombe Hill, §.E., Jan. 15th, 1900.
District Lists or Lepmoprera.—A useful addition to the local lists of British Lepidoptera is ‘ The Butterflies and Moths of Malvern,’ by Messrs. W. Edwards and R. F. Towndrow. ‘The species included in this list are only those that have been actually found within a six- mile radius of Malvern. Rhopalocera show a total of forty-seven species, among which we note Aporia crategi (1858), Pieris daplidice
— eaEEEEEeEeEeEeEeEeE=E=>=Se
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 43
(inserted doubtfully), Limenitis sibylla (1861), Apatura iris (1864-66), Polyommatus (Lycena) acis (1885). None of these butterflies have been observed in the district since the years quoted, but Mr. Edwards states that he found a brood of the larve of 4. crategi, feeding upon hawthorn, in 1876. The Sphingina number twenty-four species; Bombycina, about seventy species; Noctuina, upwards of one hundred and eighty species; Geometrina, over one hundred and sixty species; Pyralidina, forty-seven species. The ‘ Micro-Lepidoptera”’ appear to have received but little attention, as only fifty-one species of Tortri- cina are mentioned, and the Tineina are omitted altogether.
In the ‘ Transactions’ of the Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club, vol. i. pt. 2, pp. 55-64) is a list, drawn up by Mr. J. W, Boult, of the Macro-Lepidoptera collected within eight miles of Hull. The compiler has only included species obtained by himself or other members of the Club during the past twenty-five years. Two hundred species are catalogued, and of these twenty-five are butterflies.
RerarpeD EMERGENCE oF SpxHinx LicustRiI.—I took some full-grown larve of S. ligustri, which soon entered the pupa state, in September, 1898. All these, except one, attained the perfect state in the following June. The imago from the remaining pupa did not emerge until Aug. 22th, 1899. Is not this rather unusual ? The conditions in which the pup were kept favoured a much earlier appearance of the moths.—(Rey.) W. J. Leren Puinuies; The Cottage, Parkwood Road, Tavistock, Jan. 11th.
Unusvuat Parrine or Satyrus sEMELE.—This year I captured a fine female of S. semele with two males ‘in coitu.” This struck me as worth recording.—(Rev.) W. J. Leicnu Pamurs.
New Arrican Draconriures.—Dr. F’. Karsch (‘Entomologische Nach- richten,' No. 24, December, 1899) gives a lengthy account of a new genus, Atoconeura, of African dragonflies, and of eleven new species :— Trithemis pruinata, T. furva, Atoconeura biordinata, Orthetrum polli- nosum, ischna dolobrata, Notogomphus stuhlmanni, Libellago consueta, ’ L. trifaria, Pseudagrion gersteckeri, Agriocnemis inversa, and Lestes
uncifer.—W. J. Lucas.
New Worx on British Oponata.—The publication of ‘ British Dragonflies ’ (L. Upcott Gill) at the commencement of the year affords an opportunity for those who secure a copy to thoroughly digest the contents before the active season begins. The study of our native dragonflies has probably been neglected by collectors because of diffi- culty in the way of readily determining the species. With the aid, however, of the clear descriptions and admirable figures given in this book by the author and artist (Mr. W. J. Lucas), the correct identifi- cation of captures becomes a comparatively easy matter.
Sertine Retaxep Insecrs.—Relative to the above (Entom. xxxii. 307), I mentioned I had been using (unsuccessfully) cement, which I bought of Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster. I think, in justice to that firm, I should state that the cement was not sold to me for the purpose for which I used it, and that in other respects I have found it an excellent cement.—Arraur H. Rypon; Awbrook, Lindfield, Sussex, Jan. 3rd, 1900.
44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Macro-LEpIDoPTERA OF THE GacasurELs District 1n 1899. — The entomological year of 1899 has now almost drawn to a close, and it has not been without its surprises as well as its disappointments. The chief features of the season in this district may be summed up as follows :—1st, the abso- lute failure of sallowing in spring; 2nd, the extraordinary abundance of Macroglossa stellatarum in June; 3rd, the great attractiveness of sugar to the summer noctuids in June and the first half of July; 4th, the exceeding commonness of Vanessa atalanta in August and September; 5th, the unusual paucity of noctuids at sugar from the middle of July up to date.
The first captures of the season were made on Feb. 19th, when I took Hybernia progemmaria and H. leucophearia at rest on a paling. On the 22nd, searching a whitethorn hedge in the evening produced a quantity of H. rupicapraria males, but no females were found. Cucullia verbasct began to emerge in my breeding-cage on Feb. 27th, and continued to do so until March 12th. My breeding-cage was kept in a room in which there was always a fire burning, and the pupe were damped in open weather only during the winter.
March 12th was a bright sunny day, and I ventured to go in search of the hybernated larvee of Bombyx rubi, which I thought might be enticed from their winter quarters by the warmth of the sun; in this I was not disappointed, and had the satisfaction of picking up eight larve, six of which subsequently proved to have been ichneumoned ; the other two pupated suc- cessfully after having wandered about in my breeding-cage for more than a fortnight. A few cocoons of Arctia fuliginosa were picked up from amongst the heather.
On March 13th, searching the undergrowth on the outskirts of a wood with a lantern, about 8 p.m., was productive of Larentia multistrigaria males in any quantity; females much scarcer. From March 28th to April 4th Acronycta menyanthidis emerged in my breeding-cage, all fine perfect specimens.
Sallowing was tried for the first time on March 30th, and several times afterwards up to April 29th, but proved quite a failure. The only species obtained were one each of the following :—Cidaria miata, Calocampa exo- leta, Teniocampa gothica, T. rubricosa, T. instabilis, and T. cruda.
On April 1st I obtained the larve of Thera variata by beating Scotch fir; these did well in confinement, and the imagines emerged about the beginning of June. Towards the end of the month the imagines of Cidaria suffumata and var. piceata, also C. silaceata, were netted at dusk. Larve collecting was also indulged in about this time after dark, and the following species were bred from them in June and July :— Boarmia repandata, Noctua triangulum, N. brunnea, N. baia, Triphena fimbria (few this year), 7’ canthina, T. orbona. One lovely specimen of TJ’. subsequa emerged about the beginning of July, and a correspondent to whom I sent some pupe of 7’. orbona told me that he had bred a specimen of subsequa from amongst them.
On May 13th Anarta myrtilli, Phytometra e@nea, Eupithecia nanata, Fidonia atomaria were taken. One night during the end of the month I sugared the posts of a wire fence crossing a moor, and captured about sixteen specimens of a moth which I took to be small examples of the grey var. of gemina. It was the only visitor to sugar that night. I was rather pleasantly surprised the other day when I was told by an undoubted authority that my gemina were Mamestra furva.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 45
On May 21st an excursion to the habitat of Orgyia fascelina resulted in the finding of only three larve, which, along with a cocoon of Arctia fuligi- nosa and a single specimen of Huclidia mi, made up the bag for the day.
In June things began to look more lively, and this was certainly my busiest month of the year. I frequently had as many as two hundred specimens on my blocks at one time. About the beginning of the month the imagines of Thera variata were very plentiful dancing round the tops of young pines at dusk. I succeeded in getting a very variable series of this species. Other species taken at the same time were Selenia illunaria, Odontopera bidentata, Cabera pusaria, Fidonia piniaria, Larentia pectini- taria, Eupithecta lariciata, Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe rivata, M. sub- tristata, M. montanata, Rumia crategata, and Camptogramma bilineata ; Hyp- sipetes impluviata was obtained from the alders. OnJune 11th a male Bombyx rubi emerged from one of my two pupe, and on June 19th, to my great joy, a female made her appearance. ‘The following evening my friend Mr. Lait and myself visited the habitat of the species for the purpose of assembling the males with her, and, to make sure that if we failed in one object we might succeed in another, we took our sugaring kit with us. The ground was reached about 7 p.m., and my friend volunteered to sugar the alders while I made a reconnaissance across the heath with madame. Matters looked rather serious ; having wandered about in every direction of the compass for an hour and a half without seeing a trace of anything, I sug- gested to my friend, who had again joined me, that we give itup. The suggestion had hardly been made when a male B. rubi came sailing over a clump of whins, and promptly settled down on the box containing the female ; this made an easy capture. Then the fun grew fast and furious ; there were sometimes four males dashing about at the same moment. It was exactly 8.30 p.m. when the first capture was made, and by 9.15 there were thirty specimens in the cyanide bottles, and every one of them in as good condition as if bred. A soft undulating wind was blowing, and I noticed that each time this wave of air occurred it was invariably followed almost immediately by fresh arrivals, thus proving that the scent must be carried a good distance by the wind. We lit up about 9.45 for the round of the sugared trees, and | confess that I was fairly staggered by the swarms
‘of insects that were attracted by the sweets. On some trees where the treacle had run down to the base as many as one hundred and fifty insects were counted. Leucania comma took the lead in point of numbers, Agrotis exclamationis making a good second; Hadena dentina was third, and H. oleracea fourth. The following were also taken commonly where not marked otherwise :—Noctua plecta, Mamestra brassicae, N. c-nigrum (a few), Triphena pronuba, Xylophasia rurea var. alopecurus, X. lithoxylea, X. polyodon var. infuscata, Miana strigilis, M. fasciuncula, M. literosa (a few), Rusina tenebrosa, Hadena adusta (a few), H. thalassina (a few), H. pist (one), Apamea basilinea (a few), A. gemina (two; grey var. common), A. oculea, Huplexia lucipara (scarce), L. pallens, L. lithargyria (four), Acronycta ligustri (this species was commoner in July), A. rumicis (a few), A. pst (one seen on the sugar, but not secured), Mania typica (one), Dian- thacia cucubali (one), Agrotis suffusa (in ribbons, three), making a grand total of thirty species seen at sugar, and twenty nine taken.
During June Macroglossa stellatarum created a flutter among entomolo- gists in the district by its appearance in extraordinary numbers, attracted principally to the blossom of wallflower and lilac. Up to the present season it has occurred here very sparingly—in some years never being
46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
observed at all—and its sudden appearance in such large numbers is quite unaccountable. On June 23rd the larve of Hypstpetes elutata were found very common, rolled up in the leaves of sallow. On the 24th I had a fore- noon after that nimble little fellow Melanippe tristata, and found him as abundant and as lively as usual. Several Arctia menthastri were taken at rest during the month, but all typical; also one Hecatera serena.
Sugaring in July was only productive up till the middle of the mouth, when it suddenly stopped, and did not improve again throughout the season. In addition to most of those before mentioned in June, the following species were taken in July :—Noetua depuncta (scarce), T. subsequa (one fine specimen), 7’. fimbria (one), T. orbona, N. baia, N. brunnea, N. xantho- grapha, N. festiva, Caradrina cubicularis, Chareas graminis, Thyatira batis
one seen, not taken), Agrotis porphyrea. The following were also netted at dusk :—Metrocampa margaritata, Ellopia fasciaria, Cidaria immanata, C. testata, C. fulvata, Larentia didymata, and L. cesiata.
Butterflies observed during July were Pieris brassice, Vanessa urtice, Satyrus ianira, S. hyperanthus, Cenonympha pamphilus, Polyommatus phleas, Lycena alexis, L. agestis var. artaxerxes.
In August Hrebia blandina occurred, and Vanessa atalanta was very abundant, being commoner than its congener V. urtice.
The only species taken at sugar up till November were Agriopis aprilina few), Phlogophora meticulosa (one), Hadena proteus (few), Stilbia anomala (one), Anchocelis litura, 4. lunosa (one taken from the clutches of a centi- pede), Scopelosoma satellitia, Cerastis vaccinit, and Calocampa exoleta. On some evenings not a single insect turned up, and whereas last season I took upwards of fifty Hpunda nigra in September, this year I never even had a sight of the insect. However, all things considered, I have not much reason to grumble, as I have had a very pleasant season’s collecting.— James GC. Haceart; Galashiels, Nov. 14th, 1899.
Norges oN THE Season oF 1899 In Kunt.—Personally, I have little to complain of during the past season, and think that the summer collecting was far better than in the two previous years. From the end of May to the beginuing of September wonderful weather prevailed. Spring collecting was somewhat late, and, with the exception of a few very enjoyable days at the New Forest at Kaster, sallows were not worked (ante, p. 183). Treacle and light are not very easily managed, except when one is staying near the field of operations, but a week at the fens m June (ante, pp. 196-9) and another at Hailsham in August were very successful, especially with regards to the ‘‘sweets.” Most of the collecting referred to in these notes is therefore day-work.
January was mild and wet up to the last week, when it became finer and colder. Larentia multistrigaria came out indoors in a warm room.
In February nothing was seen until the 26th, when a single Hybernia leucophearia was taken at Bexley. A fine female Dasychira pudibunda was bred on the 7th, and another L. multistrigaria on the 16th. As to weather, there were scarcely two days together alike.
In March weather was mild enough up to the |8th; but there was then a very severe week of cold. A visit to Bexley on the 5th produced a lovely male Phigalia pedaria, and three H. lewcophearia; and a second visit on the 12th, a really hot day, produced P. pedaria, Anisopteryx escularia, H. leucophearia, and Teniocampa stabilis. Treacle produced twenty-five Cerastis vaccinii and nineteen Scopelosoma satellitia, some of the latter being very fair specimens. On the 18th I went a third time, but it turned
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 47
out horribly cold, and one Anisopterya ascularia was the only insect seen. On the 26th it was again beautifully warm and fine, and a walk to Chisle- hurst in the afternoon produced nine A. e@scularia and one Hybernia progemmaria. A crippled specimen of Amphidasys prodromaria was bred. Xylocampa lithorhiza and Cerastis vaccinti were the only insects noticed at Bexley on the 29th. Smerinthus populi, Notodonta trepida, Halias prasinana, Asphalia ridens, Amphidasys betularia, and Lomaspilis margi- nata emerged during the month from pupz kept in a warm room.
Common larve swarmed iu the hedges during May. Imagines were, however, scarce till nearly the end of the month. On the 3rd I went down to Orpington for about two hours, walking from there to Chelsfield railway station. Tiny “loops” were abundant, Uropteryx sambucaria, Abraxas grossulariata, Cheimatobia brumata, Hybernia aurantiaria, and Physelia oxyacanthe being noticed. On the 7th we took another afternoon walk to Chislehurst and Paul’s Cray, obtaining Drepana falcataria and larvee of Cerastis vaccinii, Orthosia lota, Xanthia cerago, and Hypsipetes elutata. Larve of Arctia caia and Abraxas grossulariata were now abundant in the garden. On the afternoon of the 24th my sister and I walked to Chisle- hurst, taking Tephrosia punctulata and larvee of Orthosia lota. The 28th I spent at Hayes, Keston, and West Wickham. The weather looked very unpromising when we started, but about 10.30 the suu came out, and it became beautifully warm. Palings yielded Tephrosia crepuscularia (? biun- dularia), T. punctulata, Anticlea derivata, aud Hadena genista, one of the latter having the hot sun full on it. Fidonia atomaria was very abundant, especially on West Wickham Common. A very fine male of I’. pintaria was beaten from pine, and Cilia spinula (glaucata) from hawthorn. Larve were abundant, and included the following: Oporabia dilutata, Himera pennaria, Hemithea thymiaria, Rumia luteolata, Epunda viminalis, and many others. We were rather surprised at taking one larva of Hupithecia sobrinata ou the only juniper seen, a very small bush.
Our old collecting ground at Bexley was visited on Juue 4th. Huchloé cardamines (male), Argynnis euphrosyne, Lycena argiolus (worn), Pieris brassica, P. rapa, and P. napi were seen; and about 7 p.m., at a small place which consists of a“ pub” and a few cottages, and rejoices in the name of Puddle Dock, two specimens of Cynthia (Vanessa) cardut were careering madly round a haystack, more wily than ever in their old age. Turning to the moths, a specimen of Sptlosoma mendica was beaten from oak, and a few Hphyra punctaria and one E. porata from birch. Tephrosia punctulata (oak-trunks), Melanippe montanata, and Cidaria corylata (one) were noticed, whilst Venilia maculata was flying freely in the sunshine. Asthena candidata was very abundant on the borders of the wood at dusk. Treacle only produced Gonoptera libatriw (three) and one Dipterygia pinastrt. A most enjoyable week-end at Shoreham (June 10th to 11th) was our next expedition. A male Huchloé cardamines was seen immedi- ately on leaving the station. The three Pierids, Cenonymyha pamphilus, Lycena icarus, Hesperia sylvanus, H. thawmas, and Syrichthus malveé were all more or less plentiful. A few Thecla rubi and one Lycena alsus were also seen. Among a host of commoner moths Bapta taminata was beaten in some numbers, and was much more plentiful than B. temerata. Fidonia piniaria, Thera variata, Larentia pectinitaria, &c., were also taken. On the 11th a rather curious thing happened. Whilst my father was beating a yew-tree, he saw something drop which he at first thought to be a pebble, but on picking it up he found it was an egg of the gold-crest; the nest was
48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
discovered neatly attached to the under side of the bough; but what astonished us was that the egg did not break, or even crack, though it fell some six feet. On arriving at an uncultivated grassy field surrounded by woods, Thecla rubi was seen flitting over the blackthorns. Presently a small Noctua started up, but owing to the wind I had some difficulty in netting it; however, I was rewarded with a specimen of Acontia luctuosa. I searched for some time in vain for others, but, meanwhile, my father and other members of the party found it plentiful on the sheltered side of the field, and twenty were taken in about half an hour. H’mmelesia decolorata, Cidaria russata, Agrotis exclamationis, Hadena dentina, H. geniste, and Euclidia mi were also taken. Of larvee, Iodis vernaria, of which we took ten, was the best. As there is a tremendous quantity of Clematis vitalba all round Shoreham, this insect should be common: the larve were scattered over a rather large area. Treacle produced Grammesia trigram- mica, Miana strigilis, Apamea basilinea, Agrotis eaclamationis, A. corticea, Hadena geniste, and a good female Selenia lunaria. In the station, a fine female Bombyx rubi, also Dipterygia pinastri and Apamea basilinea were taken at the lamp. We failed to find any other B. rwbi, though my father had observed the males flying in profusion at Shoreham in 1897.
On July 4th, while treacling in the garden at Lee, I was surprised to see an enormous moth on the treacle, which proved to be a female Cossus ligniperda. I had never taken this insect before, and had always under- stood that it was seldom taken in the perfect state. A fortnight later, however, a second specimen was taken, flying round a poplar-tree in the garden. The larva has been unpleasantly abundant in a garden in Lee, where every tree was full of them, and the smell was terrific. They also attacked the fence to such an extent that a fresh one has been put up. Other insects taken at treacle at Lee during July were Leucania impura, L. lithargyria, Miana strigilis var. aethiops, Xylophasia lithoaylea, X. poly- odon, Diptergyia pinastri, Agrotis exclamationis, Apamea ophiogramma, A. didyma, Mamestra brassice, M. persicarie, Hadena oleracea, Triphena pronuba, Cosmia affinis, Euplexia lucipara, Nenia typica, Amphipyra tragopogonis, Mania maura and Acronycta megacephala. Of moths taken by other means, single specimens of Smerinthus populi (July 26th), Leucoma salicis, Phibalapteryx tersata, and Triphena jfimbria were the principal ones. I have never seen the last named in Lee before; it was taken by Mr. J. Wilson, in his garden, at rest on an elm-tree. Larvee of Smerinthus populi, S. tilig, Cerura vinula, and Acronycta megacephala turned up as usual. Of butterflies, Vanessa atalanta favoured us in large numbers, and several Cynthia (Vanessa) cardui aud one V. to were also seen. We spent the evening of July 6th at Bexley. Nola strigula was taken on a tree-trunk, Hepialus hectus at dusk, and Aplecta nebulosa at treacle. ‘Ten days later we travelled to the same locality for the afternoon. my father staying for the evening. Beating produced ten Calliyenia miniata, and single specimens of Lithosia lurideola, Limacodes testudo, and Lophopteryx camelina; also larve of Liydia adustata and Ennomos fus- cantaria (one). Among other things at dusk, Pericallia syringaria, and a brown-suffused specimen of Hypsipetes elutata were taken. Treacle at Paul’s Cray, on July 9th, produced Lithosia complana (one), H. elutata, Noctua baia, and Hydrecia nictitans.
The additions to the Lee insects during August were Lycena icarus, Orgyia antiqua, Pelurga comitata, Miana furuncula, Triphena ianthina, Catocala nupta, Hadena chenopodii, and Phlogophora meticulosa. Larve
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 49
of Spilosoma lubricipeda, Phalera bucephala. aud <Acronycta aceris were noticed. Some friends who spent Aug. 7th at Shoreham took, among other things, Hesperia comma (in beautiful condition), Melanargia galatea, Argynnis aglaia, Lycena corydon, and L. medon (one).
‘Autumn collecting has been practically nil, Ennomos tiliaria has been seen at a street-lamp on Sydenham Hill, and I saw a full-grown larva of Vanessa atalanta at Lee on Sept. 28rd.
During October Oporabia dilutata is the only moth I noticed.
Chesias spartiata began coming out indoors on Sept. 25th, and kept on till Oct. 18th; Cerastis vaceinii, Aug. 23rd till Sept. 9th ; and Orthosia lota, Sept. 9th to 27th. Surely the C vaccinti were rather early, even for bred specimens, especially as they were kept under the same conditions as the other two species, in a room facing north, with no artificial heat.
A great many more insects were bred during the season, and taking it all round it has been one of the most enjoyable I have experienced.
Some Corrections.—I must apologize for the following mistakes :—Entom. xxxi. p. 295, line 10, Thera juniperata should be T. variata var. obeliscata ; p- 296, live 8, Lithosia griseola and var. stramineola should be Lithosia helveola (males); line 10 (females). Entom. xxxii. p. 277, line 14 from bottom of page, delete A. ophiogramma. I am exceedingly sorry for having recorded the above without previously making their identification certain.—J. M. B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E.
Fre.p Cricket (GRYLLUS CAMPESTRIS) NEAR Hastines.—Rev. E. N° Bloomfield has sent me a fine specimen of G. campestris, perfect except for the antenne. It was taken in 1899, at Pett, near Hastings, under a slab of wood in a temporary bathing-shed erected on the beach. It betrayed itself by its shrill cry. To judge by the records, this fine insect is seldom taken in England. —W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames.
HEMEROBIUS LIMBATUS IN JANUARY.—On Jan. 6th last J beat a single specimen of H. limbatus from Pinus sylvestris on Esher Common. ‘The earliest noted in 1899 was March 3rd, in the same locality, when it was taken on the wing.—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames.
Lepipoprerovs Eees on Sattow, &c.—I am much obliged to Miss A. D. Edwards (ante, p. 14) and other entomologists, for their assistance in defining the species of the eggs alluded to by me (Entom. xxxil. p. 307). There is no doubt they were those of Odonestis potatoria,a very common moth in the neighbourhood of Chester. Miss Edwards accurately de- scribed the general position of the eggs, as there was always plenty of long grass immediately below them, upon which the larve could feed. I find the description I gave of the caterpillars agrees with that in Wilson’s ‘Larve’(p. 75), allowing for usual differences in the stage of growth.— J. ARKLE ; Chester.
SpHINX CONVOLVULI aT PenarrH.—A schoolboy brought me a full- grown larva of S. convolvuli on Sept. Ist, 1899. I have also captured three specimens of this beautiful moth at Penarth.—T’. L. Hows.
-ACHERONTIA ATROPOS AT PenartH.—Two fine pupe of A. atropos were brought to me by the station-master. They were obtained when digging potatoes on the railway bank, Sept. 12th. I put them in my breeding-cage, and four days after I found one imago had emerged; the
Fr
-
50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
other followed two days later on. I did not force them.—T. L. Howe; Beaufort Howe, Penarth.
CaTocaLa NuptTa In 1899.—Seeing Mr. Colthrup’s note on C. nupta (ante, p. 13), I thought that my own captures of this insect might be of some use. I first took C. mupta at sugar in my garden about five years ago. Since then the species has become more and more common. In 1898 I took it as late as Nov. 3rd. Last year I took twenty-four specimens between Aug. 7th and Sept. 15th, although it was less common at Dulwich than usual.—S. A. BLenxarn; Clifton. House. East Dulwich Road, S.E., Jan. 7th, 1900.
CaptuRES oF Oponata.—I have taken the following dragonflies at various times, and Mr. Lucas has very kindly identified them for me. He also informs me that the first-named has occurred only very infrequently in England. It was found dead, on the library steps, Folkestone, by Mr. S. G. Hills, to whom I am indebted for the specimen :—
Aischna mixta. Folkestone, Oct. 8rd, 1899.
Orthetrum caerulescens. Three males and one female; New Forest, July 4th, 1899.
Sympetrum striolatum. Two specimens; Ramsgate, Sept. 21st, 1899.
Ischnura elegans. Very plentiful; Leatherhead, June 22nd, 1897.
Agrion pulchellum. Ramsgate, July 27th, 1898.—C. W. Cotrurup ; 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, 8.E., Jan. 12th, 1900.
RECENT LITERATURE.
The Hymenoptera of Suffolk. Part I.—Aculeata. By Craupr Mortey, F.E.S., &e. Pp. viii, 22; map. Plymouth: James H. Keys. 1899.
Tue present instalment of Mr. Morley’s catalogues of the insecis of ‘‘ that best of entomological counties, Suffolk,’’ according to Wratis- law, whose remark is quoted on the title-page, deals with the Aculeate Hymenoptera. Most of the comparatively few entomologists who have studied this very interesting, but still somewhat neglected group of insects, have collected more or less in this county, from the time of the Rev. William Kirby, who published one of his most important works, the ‘Monographia Apum Anglie,’ as long ago as 1802, to the present day.
The Aculeata are not a very extensive group; but out of the three hundred and seventy-four British species recognized by Mr. E. Saunders (our best living authority) in 1896, Mr. Morley is enabled to enumerate no less than two hundred and eighty-two as indigenous to Suffolk, though a glance at the map will show that only a comparatively small portion of the county has yet been explored by hymenopterists. Ten years ago only two hundred and thirty-one species were recorded for the adjoining county of Norfolk. We may quote the entry of one species, taken at random, as an illustration of Mr. Morley’s method :—
Dasypipa.
1. Hirtipes, Latr. Barhamiz, declivia graminosa frequentans. In floribus etiam Jacobee@ uterque sexus haud infrequens (Kirby).—
<>
RECENT LITERATURE. 51
Lowestoft in 1862 (Smith).—Not rare in the Brandon District (Perkins). —One fine 3 at Mill Heath, Rougham, 7-7-99 (Tuck).
We should like to see similar lists of the insects of all our British counties. W.FK
British Dragonflies (Odonata). By W.J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Pp. 1-350, with figures and thirty-seven coloured plates. London: Upcott Gill & Co. 1900. 81s. 6d.
Nevropterists will rejoice at the appearance of this fine work, in which the author, an enthusiastic field naturalist as well as an earnest student, has succeeded in giving us a monograph of this group interest- ing and useful as well to the tyro as to the more veteran odonatist.
Prefixed by separate lists of the figures and plates, and a table of contents, the book commences with a short general introduction, followed by chapters on the life-history and classification, illustrated by figures showing various stages of the life-history and a figure of that singular hymenopterous parasite on the eggs, Anagrus incarnatus.
The classification adopted runs, for the most part, on familiar lines, though not absolutely following any previous system. The author divides the Odonata into two ‘‘superfamilies;’’ the first, called ANniIsopreRIDES, or unequal-winged species, consisting of the families (1) Libellulide, containing the subfamilies Libelluling and Corduliine, and (2) Afschnide, containing the subfamilies Gomphine, Cordulegasterine, and Afschnine ; the second superfamily, called Zyeo- PTERIDES, consisting of the species with equal wings and a transversely broad head, forming the single family Agrionide, containing the sub- families Calopterygine and dAgrionine. There are a few changes in specific names, chiefly adopted from Kirby’s ‘ Synonymic Catalogue of the Odonata,’ 1890, but those who deprecate change will be glad that the author has not followed Mr. Kirby in every case. The specific name of Anax formosus, Lind., is replaced by A. imperator, Leach ; Aischna borealis, Zett., by AL. caerulea, Strom. ; AL. rufescens, Lind., by AG, isosceles, Mill.; Lestes nympha, Selys, by L. dryas, Kirby; and Pyrrhosoma minium, Charp., by P. nymphula, Sulz.
Chapters iv. and y. are devoted to the nymph and imago stages, and from a scientific point of view are perhaps the most important in the book. Too little attention has been paid by British entomologists generally to the early stages of these insects, and the fine papers by Mr. Cabot are unfortunately not so well-known as they should be. In these chapters, which are copiously illustrated, the diagrams showing the structure and the technical terms used in the book for the various parts are most complete and useful, while the analytical tables should enable any neuropterist to nameanyimago and even most of thenymphs.
Chapter vi. deals with the genera and species at considerable length. In each case the description is divided by subheadings, which greatly assist the reader in finding any particular portion that may be wanted. These commence with the synonymy, followed by the original descrip- tion of the insect—the size; a full description of both sexes, and, when necessary, the immature condition ; the variation; the nymph; the time of appearance; the habits and the distribution. The de- scriptions are ample and very clear, and the value of the work is
52, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
greatly increased by the careful way in which the references are given — when quotations are made.
The plates as a whole are excellent, but in some instances the printing of the pterostigma is a little faulty, and in plate xx. the figures of Calopteryx are not sufficiently robust. Some of the figures of anal appendages, magnified, are so beautifully done as to make us wish that similar figures of the anal appendages of all the species were given.
Should a new edition, or a supplement, be issued, it would be useful if a few plates were inserted showing the immature condition of the commoner Agrioning, which, though fully described in the book, are not figured, and are too often a stumbling-block to beginners. Plates also of a few allied species not as yet discovered in the British Isles, but from their distribution not unlikely to occur here—such as Somatochlora alpestris, Afschna affinis, Agrion hastulatum, and a few others—would be useful, and might serve to enrich our fauna by enabling species hitherto undetected to be recognized, in which case our author’s _ gloomy forecast of a decrease in our list would be falsified.
The remaining chapters deal with the reputed species; breeding from the nymph; preparing for the cabinet; addenda; reference to the full titles of books quoted; and a very carefully compiled index.
The book should certainly be in the library of everyone interested in the group, and Mr. Lucas is to be congratulated on having so successfully demonstrated the error of the often expressed idea that a book on British dragonflies could be nothing more than a translation of extracts from De Selys Longchamps’ ‘ Revue des Odonates.’
G. A.B
V. Brancat, Hnumeratio operum opusculorumque ad faunam Hemi- pterorum Heteropterorum Imperii Rossici pertinentem 1798-1897.
(Ann. Mus. Zool. Petersb. 1898 [publ. 1899], pp. 289-823.) Tau author has rendered good service to his colleagues by the preparation of this Catalogue, which enumerates the works treating, during the periods included, of the Heteroptera of the Russian Empire. Nearly sixty authors (and about three hundred and fifty works) are recorded, and further help is afforded by a faunistic summary, nineteen divisions being adopted; neighbouring countries (as, for example, Galicia, the Danubian Principalities, and Corea) are also included— placed under smaller headings. It is to be hoped that Dr. Bianchi will prepare a similar catalogue of the works dealing with Homoptera.
G. W.K.
General Index to Miss Ormerod’s Reports on Injurious Insects, 1877-1898. By R. Newsreap. With Preface by the Author of the Reports. 8vo, pp. 58. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. 1899.
Turis comprehensive Index will considerably enhance the value of the series of Annual Reports presented to the public by Miss Ormerod during the past twenty-two years. In addition to the index to general subjects, there are also a Plant Index, an Animal Index, and an Index to Unclassified Hosts; these further facilitate reference to the various Reports.
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The Entomologist, March. 1900.
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Oporabia autumnata, filhgrammaria, and dilutata.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
You. XXXIII.1
MARCH. 1900. [No. 442.
OPORABIA AUTUMNATA FROM RANNOCH, WITH REFER- ENCE TO SEVERAL OTHER RELATED FORMS.
By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. (Puares I. & IT.)
Geometra § nebulata, Thnb., Diss. i. p. 12 (1784).
G. autumnata, Bork. v. pp. 298, 565 (1794).
? Phalena ventilata (Schneider, N. Cat.), Fb., Ent. Syst. ii. pars 2, p. 191 (1794).
Acidalia dilutata var. *quadrifasciata, Tr. vi. 2, p. 26 (1828).
Oporabia autumnaria (Dbld., N. Cat.), Weav., Zool. p. 8495 (1852).
O. approximaria, Weay., Zool. p. 3496 (1852).
O. autumnata (Bdy. MS.), Gu., Ur. et Phal. ii. p. 264, No. 1834; Atlas, pl. 18, 7 (1857).
O. filigrammaria varr. autwnnaria et approximaria, Gn., tom. cit. p. 265, No. 1335, A et B (1857).
O. autumnaria, Sta., Man. 11. p. 77 (1859).
Cidaria dilutata var. autumnata, Stgr., Cat. p. 187, No. 2642, b 1871). Beri ab. autumnaria, loc. cit. No. 2648, a (1871).
Oporabia addendaria, White, Scot. Nat. iv. p. 160 (1878).
? O. dilutata pallescens, Ckll., Ent. xxii. p. 3 (1889).
O.. guenéata, Prout, Ent. Rec. x. p. 95 (1898).
The above citations will give a sufficient bibliography of this very interesting though much overlooked species. It is some- what fortunate that the name nebulata was a homonym on its inception, and that thus the generally used name of autumnata (-aria) is the oldest which is valid.
The present article is written at the instigation of my kind correspondent, Mr. W. M. Christy, of Emsworth, who has been interesting himself in the genus Oporabia for the past few years, and has been fortunate in obtaining—partly by capture and
ENTOM.—MARCH, 1900. G
54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
partly by breeding—a grand series of O. autumnata, of which it is highly desirable that a selection should be figured and discussed. Mr. Christy suggested to me that this would form an appropriate opportunity for clearing up some of the confusion which still exists regarding this species and its allies, and that, as I have been studying them very closely for some time, I should be a suitable person to take the task in hand. This I have great pleasure in doing; and at the same time I am following a further suggestion, both from him and from Mr. South, in figuring, for comparison, some examples of the allied filigrammaria, H.-8., and dilutata, Bork.
A few preliminary remarks appear necessary in view of the confusion just alluded to. In the first place, I may perhaps be allowed to call attention to the fact that I read before the City of London Entomological Society on May 4th, 1897, a paper on “The Genus Oporabia,”’ which was mainly historical, and that the more important parts of this were published in the ‘ Ento- mologist’s Record’ for 1897, pp. 247, 282, and 315. Readers who want to see a summary of the writings and opinions of Doubleday, Weaver, Gregson, Stainton, and others should consult that paper. After further investigations, I sent to the ‘ Ento- mologist’s Record’ for April, 1898 (vol. x. p. 93), a supplemen- tary note, in which I showed that the autwmnaria of our English writers was also indisputably the autumnata of Borkhausen, and left the question open whether autumnata, Gn., No. 1834, was or was not a form of the same species; proposing for this last the pro- visional name of guenéata, in order to avoid collision with autum- nata, Bork. I have since worked out the life-history of O. autwmnata, my good friend Mr. A. Horne, of Aberdeen, having kindly supplied me with eggs in the first instance, while the results arrived at were further verified in 1899 upon eggs supplied by Mr. Christy, and by Mr. J. E. R. Allen, of Enniskillen, who is also following up this species with interest, and to whom my thanks are due for much valuable information. I wrote an exhaustive paper on the life-history of the species, and read it at a meeting of the City of London Entomological Society last spring; as this will shortly appear in their ‘ Transactions,’ I need not go into the subject here, but will merely indicate as concisely as possible the most important results of my voluminous notes, my hardly less voluminous correspondence, my omnivorous reading of the literature of the genus, and my study of material in such collec- tions as the old Stephensian collection at Cromwell Road, the Doubleday collection, the Zeller collection, those of Messrs. J. H. Leech, Sidney Webb, W. M. Christy, J. E. R. Allen, and others.
In the first place, I can positively assert that there are two totally distinct species of Oporabia, both common in Northern and Central Kurope, which are nearly always confused as one,
OPORABIA AUTUMNATA. 55
notwithstanding their great structural differences. There is also ‘a third form, which may be termed a “ sub-species,’”’ which deserves to be kept carefully distinct from the others by the systematist, though not differing structurally from No. 2. I will return to this third form when I have differentiated the two
indisputably valid species :—
No. 1.—Dilutata, Bork.
Ova.—Highly polished, hardly perceptibly pitted.
Larva.—Never with conspicu- ous longitudinal yellow striping. Very generally with brown or reddish blotches.
Imago.—Male genitalia with a hook on the harpes. Male antenne decidedly thickened.
Ground colour always with a dirty ochreous or brownish tinge.
Fore wings not very glossy. ‘*Klbowed line” rarely angu- lated near the costa.
No. 2.—Autumnata, Bork.
Much less polished, deeply pitted.
With conspicuous yellow longi- tudinal lines, though often becom- ing indistinct in adult larva. Never with brown or reddish blotches.
Male genitalia with no hook on the harpes. Male antenne slender.
Ground colour clean white or grey, or even blackish, or with a violet tinge, never ochreous-tinted.
Fore wings very glossy.
‘‘Elbowed line”’ nearly always angulated near the costa.
I have omitted in this tabulation a large number of less important points, which are nevertheless very interesting to the close student of these species.
The third principal form is our moorland jiligrammaria, and though this is such a specialized race that nearly all entomo- logists can easily distinguish it from both Nos. 1 and 2 of the above, even while failing to distinguish No. 2 from No. 1, yet when we come to an analysis of the differential characters we find that it agrees almost precisely with those given for autumnata in the tabulation, and those entomologists who are averse to multiplying species may like to sink it as ‘‘ autumnata var. /ilt- grammaria.” To treat filigrammaria as the type and autumnata as the variety, as Doubleday ultimately did, is absolutely inde- fensible on any and every ground; from the bibliographer’s point of view, autumnata, Bkh., is long prior to jiligrammaria, H.-S.; while the student of distribution will lay more emphasis on the fact that, whereas autwmnate is widely distributed through a great part of the palearctic region, jiligrammaria seems to be restricted to a few limited moorland and mountain localities in certain parts of the British Isles.
The chief differences between autumnata and /iligrammaria are the smaller size of the latter, its differently shaped female (the fore wings more cut off at the anal angle), its generally browner tone (hardly ever with really white forms) and its usually sharper markings, particularly the somewhat better defined sub-
G 2
56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
marginal band on both pairs of wings—see especially Plate II. fig. 6. It also generally appears earlier in the season (August to early September), but autwmnata fluctuates greatly in this respect. But, as Mr. South remarked to me in conversation on the subject, some of these distinctions are closely paralleled by those observable between Hypsipetes sordidata (furcata, Thunb.) and its bilberry variety, to the latter of which specific rank has never been accorded. It is only right to add that the forms from the Isle of Lewis appear somewhat intermediate between autumnata and filigrammaria, and Mr. Christy has a similar form from Argyllshire.
A few further points of interest will be brought out when we come to the consideration of the specimens figured. I may say that, although seventeen of the twenty-nine were taken or bred by Mr. Christy, and two others were reared from ova with which he kindly supplied me, I myself am entirely responsible for the selection of the specimens which are figured. It has not been easy to choose from amongst the many beautiful and interesting forms of autumnata which Mr. Christy has lent me, and I should have liked to devote both the plates to these, but for the desira- bility of showing a number of forms of its allies for comparison. Plate I. contains nothing but autumnata, all being Rannoch ex- amples; Plate Il. shows two more autwmnata, four filigrammaria, and eight dilutata.
Up to the present, I believe that O. autumnata has only twice ostensibly been figured, namely, in Westwood’s Supplement to Wood’s ‘Index Entomologicus,’ at fig. 1727, and in Guenée’s ‘Atlas,’ pl. 18, fig. 7. The former figure is very satisfactory, the latter somewhat the reverse, and ruined in many copies by the chemical change which has taken place in the whitish ground colour. Newman’s “‘ pale variety of this common moth” (dilu- tata) is apparently in reality an autumnata, probably also Freyer’s pl. 426, 2 (likewise a supposed aberration of dilutata), is really a strange form of this very variable species. I ought further to mention an interesting plate (Hint. Ree. vii. pl. iii.), by my friend Mr. J. A. Clark, of Rannoch specimens, unfortunately figured and described as jiligrammaria, but unquestionably referable to autumnata. It has remained to Mr. Christy to first furnish the material for a plate of examples called by their right name, and such should certainly be of great use to our working lepidopterists.
Plate I. figs. 2 and 3 represent the type forms of autwmnata, Bkh., and are practically the same form which the German entomologists send out as ‘‘dilutata var. autwmnata, Gn.” Fig. 2, the male, has the groups of lines (two and three respectively) which traverse the fore wings almost united into bands; fig. 3, the female, has them a little weaker than usual, and the precise type-form would stand just mid-way between these two figures. The hind wings also, in the German type, are often as devoid of
OPORABIA AUTUMNATA. 57
markings as in fig. 4. As a matter of fact, the true auwtumnata, Gn., is a somewhat different form, and I have not seen any exactly like it from anywhere excepting Central France, where, curiously, it hardly varies at all, as Guenée says. Until quite lately I had only seen the four worn examples which Doubleday received from Guenée, but the other day, when I was looking through Mr. Leech’s series of dilutata, I detected several nice examples of the same form; it is very interesting, as showing a specialized local race in that district, that I kept pointing to the examples scattered in this series, and saying “that is like the French form,” and “‘ that is another,”’ and each time, on looking at the label, finding ‘‘ Central France”’ given as the locality. Under these circumstances, I retain guenéata as a varietal name for autumnata, Bkh. It may be roughly indicated as a combination of the characters of Plate I. figs. 8 and 6 and Plate II. fig. 1—the white ground colour and weakness of bands of the first-named, the paucity of markings of Plate II. fig. 1, with the general character of markings of Plate I. fig. 6—i.e. the transverse bands strongly and coarsely dark-marked on the costa and the central nervure.
Figs. 2 and 8 are both captured specimens, the former taken at the end of September, 1897, the latter in early October, 1898. Figs. 4 and 5 show a more extreme development of the tendency shown in fig. 2, and the bands can here no longer be described as consisting of lines at all, but are veritable dark bars. This handsome form was named nebulata var. sandbergi by Lampa (Ent. Tids. vi. p. 111), who believed it to be a variety of the species usually called dilutata; we may also cite here, as a synonym, Clark’s filigrammaria ab. virgata (Ent. Rec. vii. pl. 11. figs. 9-10), and may regard Wood’s figure of autumnaria (fig. 1727) as representing somewhat the same. I bred the two examples which we are figuring, together with four others equally striking, in a small brood reared from a worn pale female which Mr. Christy sent me last autumn. The male figured emerged on July 30th, 1899, the female on Sept. 27th, the last of the batch not until Nov. 14th!
The rest of the figures on Plate I. show varieties of all kinds, and are very difficult to classify. Without pretending to have arranged them in any very systematic way, I may call attention to the placing of the darkest specimens at the bottom, and, on the whole, the most strongly banded ones on the right-hand side. The notes which follow will bring out the chief points of interest.
In 1898 Mr. Christy bred a very variable and interesting series (though mostly somewhat undersized) from mixed ova obtained at Rannoch in 1897. Of these we are figuring three. Plate I. fig. 1 is unique as far as our material goes, the abnormal broadening and shortening of the fore wings having
58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
resulted in the reduction of the central area to an extreme degree. I have seen a figure of a parallel form of Melanippe fluctuata by Wiskott, in ‘Iris,’ x. 398, pl. xi. fig. 12, and it occasionally exhibits itself in other species. Fig. 15 is the darkest bred on that occasion, and one of the darkest I have seen ; the transverse bands are, however, fairly well marked, and are unusually broad, with the space between them narrow. The specimen is intermediate between the aberrations obscurata (Plate I. fig. 18) and schneideri (Plate II. fig. 2), as described by Lampa. Plate II., fig. 1, is also very interesting; it seems to be extremely rarely that autumnata produces specimens in which the central area shows any definite approach to the single- banded type of markings which I describe as ‘‘ carpet”? banded, as it is normal in such genera as Melanippe, Coremia, &c. ; jiligrammaria, on the other hand, very frequently has well- marked carpet band in the female (Plate II. fig. 6).
Plate I. fig. 12 shows a darkened specimen in which the transverse bands are but little more strongly expressed than the numerous other waved transverse lines; this form is the /ili- grammaria ab. typica of Clark (Ent. Rec. vii. p. 289). The speci- men was taken at large in 1898.
In 1899 Mr. Christy bred four broods from eggs, keeping them carefully distinct, and the specimens obtained show rather curious results in the matter of the influence of heredity; the parent females were taken wild in 1898. One parent was a striking specimen with slightly darkened ground colour, and two unusually narrow very dark bands, rather widely separated. From this twenty-seven moths were bred, not one of which followed the parent form very closely; they varied greatly, though all were of medium colour or dark, some having more or less distinct bands (Plate I. figs. 9, 11, and 18), others quite the reverse (Plate I. figs. 10 and 14). Plate I. fig. 13 is per- haps the most striking; it is unusual to find a melanic specimen with the bands so very well pronounced.
A second 1898 female was much like the example figured at Plate I. fig. 7—one of hér progeny; the whole brood of fifteen specimens (seven males, eight females) follow the parent very closely, and hardly vary at all—a great contrast in this respect to the brood last noticed.
A third female was paler, nearly but not quite as white as the type form (Plate I. fig. 3). Thirteen specimens were bred from her, and they again vary exceedingly, some being quite light, others quite melanic ; while some have the bands much better expressed than others. Plate I. fig. 8, and Plate II. fig. 2, show two extremes of this brood ; the latter is practically without markings, and were it not for the tone of colour and the intensely glossy appearance it could hardly be distinguished from an extreme melanie dilutata (e.g. Plate II. fig. 14).
OPORABIA AUTUMNATA. 59
The fourth female from which any specimens were bred was the one figured on Plate I. fig. 12 (ab. typica, Clark), but as only three emerged it would be rash to generalise from them ; all the three agree pretty well together, being rather weakly marked, and rather paler than the parent, which they do not in any respect incline to follow at all closely.
The very fine large male figured on Plate I. fig. 6 was taken at Rannoch in 1897; those who hesitate to acknowledge /fili- grammaria as a form worth keeping distinct from autwmnata should consider such specimens as this before deciding to abandon the latter name. It would only increase the confusion which already exists to begin to write of these great woodland forms as “‘filigrammaria.” There is an unnamed Oporabia species from Esquimalt in our National Collection, of which this specimen much reminds me in the rugged appearance of its markings.
The examples of jiligrammaria and of dilutata figured on Plate II. may to a large extent be left to speak for themselves. Figs. 8, 5, and 6 were all bred by me from the same female, from Bolton; fig. 6 is Herrich-Scheffer’s type form of /ili- grammaria, fig. 4 a female aberration ; figs. 3 and 5 (the latter bred by me in 1899 from Huddersfield ova) represent two fairly representative males, and may be useful for comparison with some of the autumnata males.
Figs. 7 and 8 show the male and female of a form of dilutata
which has interested me immensely, and for which I have pro- posed (Ent. Rec. xi. p. 122) the name of ab. (? var.) christyt. Mr. Christy brought ten of the form (eight males, two females) from a birch wood at Rannoch in 1897, including the male which is figured; and eight more (four males, four females) in 1898, including the figured female. Except that four of the 1897 specimens (three males, one female) were slightly infuscated, the form hardly varies appreciably, and it is in many respects so closely parallel to Guenée’s autwmnata (var. guenéata, mihi), especially to his figure (Atlas, pl. 18, fig. 7), that for a long while it greatly mystified me. The respects in which it agrees with autumnata var. guenéata are:—
1st. The comparative absence of sexual dimorphism, and the approximately equal size of the sexes.
2nd. The weakness of the markings, except at the costa and on the nervures.
3rd. The tendency to angulation of the ‘elbowed line” (extremely rare in ordinary dilutata).
4th. Its attachment to birch.
The proofs, however, that it is not a form of autumnata are :—
1st. The male genitalia agree with those of dilutata.
2nd. The ground colour has somewhat of the dirty yellowish tinge which is wanting in autumnata.
60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
3rd. The egg is apparently even more highly polished and brightly orange-tinted than typical dilutata, instead of much less 80, a8 In autumnata.
4th. The larva often has reddish dorsal blotches.
Unfortunately neither of us has yet succeeded in breeding this form right through, though fertile ova have been obtained ; at one time I fancied it might be a distinct species. As stated in the ‘Entomologist’s Record’ (loc. cit.), Doubleday was also puzzled by the resemblance of ‘‘ christyt”’ to quenéata, for he has left specimens of it in his collection labelled ‘‘autumnata ?”’ (1. e. autumnata, Gn. ?).
Ab. christyi also has a remarkably small central spot— often practically obsolete ; whereas the normal Scotch dilutata (figs. 9 and 10) has the central spot well developed, in the female often opened out into a small ring (as in the ab. inscriptata of Donovan).
Plate II. fig. 11 was bred from Glasgow, and shows the true ab. obscurata of Staudinger. Fig. 14 is even more extreme, and is my ab. melana (Ent. Rec. xi. p. 122); it was bred from a Chingford larva.
Plate II. fig. 12 is a handsome female, which I believe came from Wheeler’s collection, and represents the form which I call ‘‘ carpet banded” (ab. latifasciata, mihi). The remaining figure (fig. 18) is interesting as having been bred from Chingford, where these pale forms are of extremely rare occurrence ; it may be profitably used for comparison with the equally pale ab. christyt (Plate Il. fig. 8), and with the pale type of autumnata (Plate I. fig. 8), from both of which it differs materially, though perhaps the actual specimens need to be seen in order that the differences in tone may be fully realized.
In conclusion, I should like to urge our entomologists, especially those residing in the north, to make a careful study of this fascinating genus; and to say how pleased I shall be to de- termine their specimens, or render any assistance in my power.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
FIG. Puate I.
1. Oporabia autumnata, 2 abnormity (bred 1898). Sy = ss Bkh., type, ¢ 2 (1897, 1898).
4-5. 5 = ab. sandbergi, 3S 2 (bred 1899). 6. 9 3 ab. § (1897).
7-11. a varied forms (bred 1899). 12. ” ” ab. typica, 2 (1898). iB} % 39 ab. obscurata, 2 (bred 1899).
14-15. - 5 other dark aberrations, g @ (bred 1899, 1898).
NEW INSECTS FROM ARIZONA, ETC. 61
FIG. i VPTATE LE.
1. Oporabia autumnata, ab. J (bred 1898).
2. ab. schneideri, 2 (bred 1899). 3-4. Oporabia filigrammaria, 3 2 (bred 1897, Bolton).
5. 3 (bred 1899, Huddersfield).
” 99
6. Eee 2? (bred 1897, Bolton). 7-8. Oporabia dilutata ab. christyt, J 2 (Rannoch, 1897, 1898). 9-10. a bs 3 @ (Aberdeen, 1893). ini at “i ab. obscwrata, Q (bred 1898, Glasgow). 12. Pe E ab. latifasciata, 2 (? Norfolk). 13. 5 A pale 2 (bred 1896, Chingford). 14. 3 * ab. melana, 2 (bred, Chingford).
NEW INSECTS FROM ARIZONA, AND A NEW BEE FROM MEXICO.
By T. D. A. Cocxerett, N.M. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Tue following insects were taken on a recent trip to Arizona ; the main result of the trip will be set forth in a Bulletin of the Arizona Experiment Station, but it is thought expedient to present the descriptions of the new species in an entomological - journal. The Perdita from Juarez was taken on the same trip, and so is included.
APIDE. Perdita baccharidis, sp. n.
?. Length not quite 6 millim. ; head and thorax dark green, with yellow markings; abdomen banded. Cheeks hairy, but face nearly bare; front and vertex strongly granular; frontal fovea elongate ; maxillary palpi 6-jointed; labial palpi 4-jointed, the first joint not greatly longer than the other three together; flagellum dark brown above, except at apex, yellow beneath; scape yellow, with a dark spot at apex ; mandibles yellow, the tips rufous; labrum yellow, a dark mark at base; clypeus yellow, the usual dots small and very near the margin; supraclypeal mark well-developed, a little more than semi- circular; no dog-ear marks; lateral marks broad below, ending at a point above, angulate opposite the antennal sockets, owing to the inter- ference of the fovea. Mesothorax almost entirely nude, very shiny, with distinct but very sparse punctures ; pleura all dark; prothorax, except a subtriangular lateral area, entirely yellow ; tegulee hyaline, with a yellow spot; wings perfectly hyaline, nervures very pale brownish, subcostal nervure and margin of stigma rather dark: stigma hyaline; marginal cell almost squarely truncate, the substigmatal portion a trifle longer than the poststigmatal; second submarginal narrower fully one half to marginal ; third discoidal distinct. Femora all yellow ; anterior legs entirely yellow; middle tibize dark brown on the outer side; hind tibie and tarsi entirely dark brown; claws cleft. Abdomen yellow, with four broad dark brown bands, about as broad as the intervals between them; basal part of first segment mostly dark;
62, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
hind margin of fifth segment darkened; venter yellow. The abdominal bands do not unite on the lateral margins.
Hab. Tempe, Arizona, Oct. 28th, 1899 (Ckil.). Two females at flowers of Baccharis at the foot of Tempe butte. The types are unfortunately somewhat discoloured by cyanide.
Allied very closely to P. townsend, but differs by its smaller size, nude or nearly nude mesothorax, and the entire supra- clypeal mark. From P. stottleri it differs by its entirely yellow femora, the entire supraclypeal mark, and the marginal cell less obliquely truncate. From P. bigelovie it differs by the yellow femora, shape of face-marks, &c.; from P. zebrata by the details of the face-marks, markings of the legs, &c.
This insect finds no place in Mr. Ashmead’s generic tables, having the mouth-parts of Perdita, with the abdominal markings of Neoperdita.
Perdita mellina, sp. n.
3. Length about 44 millim.; head and thorax very dark green, almost black; metathorax dark blue; abdomen brownish orange, the first two segments strongly suffused with black. Labial palpi with the first joint longer than in typical Perdita; elypeus with the median (upper) portion small and hemispherical ; clypeus, labrum, lateral face- marks, and dog-ear marks, yellowish white or very pale yellowish; no supraclypeal mark; lateral marks nearly equilateral triangles, with the upper angle at the level of the antennal sockets; mandibles white, with dark tips; cheeks simple, the extreme lower part white; face moderately hairy; head large, subquadrate ; antenne yellow beneath, yellowish brown above; vertex shining, minutely and obscurely granular; mesothorax shiny, fairly pubescent ; tubercles, and two transverse marks on upper border of prothorax, cream-colour; pleura entirely dark; wings slightly milky, iridescent ; nervures and stigma yellowish white; marginal cell fairly long, nearly squarely truncate ; second recurrent nervure rudimentary; femora black, with yellow ends; tibie yellow, the hind tibie suffused with blackish; tarsi yellowish white; abdomen rather short and broad, hairy at tip, venter immaculate.
Hab. One at flowers of Heterotheca subaxillaris, Phoenix, Arizona, Oct. 15th, 1899 (Ckll.). P. mellina differs from P. chamesarache by the smooth front, differently-shaped clypeus, &e.; from P. side by the colour of the abdomen, shorter marginal cell, &c.; from P. semicrocea by the colour of head and thorax, rather longer marginal cell, &c.; from P. rhodura by the pale nervures, dark femora, colour and markings of head, &c.
Perdita heterothece, sp. n.
?. Length about 43 millim.; head and thorax black, with a metallic lustre; mesothorax rather brassy, metathorax bluish; head ordinary, cheeks and occiput with abundant white hair, face hairy at sides; mandibles yellowish white, with ferruginous tips; labial palpi with the first joint longer than the other three combined, but not twice
NEW INSECTS FROM ARIZONA, ETC. 63
as long; clypeus (except the usual dots, which are very near the margin) and lateral face-marks dull white, the latter triangular, with the upper angle on the orbital margin about on a level with the antennal sockets; no supraclypeal or dog-ear marks; antenne dark brown above (yellowish brown towards the tips), yellowish beneath ; vertex minutely granular, but still shiny; mesothorax shining, sparsely punctured, rather hairy; tubercles, and two transverse marks on hind _ border of prothorax, white ; wings opaline, nervures colourless, stigma faintly yellowish, marginal cell moderately long, nearly squarely truncate; second submarginal large, narrowed at least one-half to marginal ; third discoidal distinct. Femora black, knees light; tibize (very hairy) dark brown or black, anterior tibia cream-colour in front ; tarsi yellowish white. Abdomen broad and flat, very dark brown, with straight yellowish white bands at extreme bases of segments 2 to 4, each band with a linear median interruption, the bands all abruptly ending some distance before the lateral margins. The band on the fourth segment is absent in one specimen. Tip of abdomen hairy, pygidial plate long, orange-brown; venter dark brown, the margins of the segments hyaline.
3. Like the female, but there is a minute supraclypeal mark, and the abdomen is hardly so dark, while the bands are browner and less well defined.
Hab. At flowers of Heterotheca subaxillaris, three females, one male, Tempe, Ariz., October, and Pheenix, Ariz., Oct. 15th, 1899 (Ckll.). At both places, and on the same flowers, I also took P. asteris, Ckll.
P. heterothece (2) is very like P. ignota, Ckll., but differs in the shape of the lateral face-marks, and the second submarginal cell less narrowed above.
Perdita heliotropit, sp. n.
2. Length about 43 millim.; head and thorax dark brassy green; abdomen lemon-yellow, with four broad entire dark-brown bands. Head ordinary; face almost free from hair, but a good deal of hair above the antenne; labial palpi, with the last three joints together some- what more than half the length of the first; vertex strongly granular ; labrum dark brown; clypeus, two spots representing the supraclypeal mark, and lateral marks, pale lemon-yellow ; no dog-ear marks ; clypeus with the usual dots, and also two brown spots on its upper portion ; lateral face-marks narrow, tapering to a point a little above the level of the antennal sockets, slightly angulate a little before the point ; cheeks wholly dark; antenne dark brown above, yellow beneath ; mesothorax shining, with scattered punctures and sparse hairs; tubercles, and both borders of prothorax anteriorly, lemon-yellow ; nervures and stigma very pale brown; marginal cell nearly squarely truncate; third discoidal distinct; femora black, with yellow apices; front and middle tibie and tarsi yellow; hind tibie and tarsi dark brown; venter of abdomen yellow.
$. Length 4 millim.; labrum yellow; clypeus yellow, without the two brown spots; supraclypeal mark transversely hour-glass-
64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
shaped ; no dog-ear marks; lateral face-marks ending in an emar- ginate truncation at about the level of the antennal sockets; first four tibie dark behind; abdomen very dark brown, with obscure transverse yellow bands, not reaching the lateral margins, at bases of segments 2 to 4; venter dark brown, becoming pale reddish apically; second recurrent nervure scarcely visible.
Var.a. 3. Upper part of clypeus occupied by a quadrate dark brown patch, emarginate on its lower edge; supraclypeal mark divided into two spots ; abdomen with only the bands on the second and third segments, these very obscure, and interrupted in the middle.
Hab. Juarez, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, Oct. 6th, 1899 (Ckll.) ; two females, five males, all at flowers of Heltotropium curassavicum. P. heliotropiti 2 is close to P. stottleri, but smaller, with the light parts of the abdomen much yellower ; the male has face-markings a good deal like those of P. bigelovie.
Hypomaerotera callops, Ckll. & Porter, subsp. nov. persimilis.
Both sexes a trifle smaller than the type; female with the spot at the apex of the wings usually distinct. Male with the flagellum clear cream-colour beneath; the legs with the black rather less developed, and the light part of the face slightly tinged with yellow. There is also a well-developed supraclypeal mark, and the marginal cell (male) is considerably shorter than in callops. Face not so hairy in male as in type.
Hab. One male at flowers of Tribulus grandiflorus, Oct. 7th ; many females at flowers of Physalis, Oct. 9th. All at Phcenix, Arizona (Ckll.). I should hardly separate this on the female, but the male is palpably distinct.
Calliopsis coloradensis coloratipes (CkIL.).
This was described as a variety of C. flavifrons, but it is really a subspecies of C. coloradensis. The female, not before described, re- sembles that of coloradensis, but is easily distinguished by the clypeus having only two minute dots, instead of two black bars, and by the presence of the dog-ear marks.
Hab. Mesilla Park, N. M., Sept. Ist, at flowers of Isocoma wright, two males, two females, in cop. (Ckll.); Phenix, Arizona, Oct. Tth, at flowers of Isocoma hartwegi, also rolling in the dust, many males and females in cop. (C&ll.). Compared with the typical (N. M.) form, the Arizona male has the face-markings yellower, and the female has the dog-ear marks smaller, and the clypeus often with rudimentary bars, thus approaching true coloradensis.
Xenoglossa patricia, Ckll., subsp. nov. angustior.
3. A little smaller and less stout, hind legs noticeably smaller and more slender; apical plate of abdomen narrower, and rounded at the tip, like the end of a finger, instead of truncate.
NEW INSECTS FROM ARIZONA, ETC. 65
Hab. Buckeye, Arizona, at flowers of Cucurbita palmata, - October (Ckil.).
Murinuipe. Spherophthalma foxi, Ckll. (—heterochroa), var. n. arizonica. ?. Similar to the type, but in place of red hair on the head and thorax it is pale ochreous; the scarlet on the second abdominal seg- ment is very vivid. ‘The colour-contrast is very striking, and gives the insect a great superficial resemblance to S. dugesi.
Hab. Phoenix, Arizona, Oct. 15th, 1899 (Ckll.).
Spherophthalma heliophila, sp. n.
2. Length not quite 8 millim., rather slender, ferruginous. Head large, a little wider than thorax, subquadrate seen from in front, but the vertex rounded and large; cheeks ample, rounded, not keeled or spined; eyes small, facetted, slightly oval, very convex; antennal fovee bounded above by a ridge; mandibles long, the apical half or more black, slender, a well-developed tooth a little beyond the middle ; antenne ferruginous, tips a little darkened, scape bent; punctures of front and vertex strong; upper part of head with scanty appressed shining orange hair, and upright black hairs, some quite long; scape and lower parts of head with scanty white hair. Thorax seen from above pyriform, the dorsal surface rough, becoming reticulate on the hinder part, with the sameappressed shining orange hairs, and erect black hairs, as on the head, except that on the metathorax (middle segment) the orange-fulyous hairs are wanting, and there is a median longi- tudinal band of appressed silver hair. Sides of thorax with very scanty white hair, and a dense band of silver hairs extending from the hind end as far forwards as the middle cox. Legs slender, ferru- ginous, with scanty white hairs; spurs white; tibial and tarsal spines and bristles black. First segment of abdomen small, nodose, con- stricted at its junction with the second, ornamented above with a broad longitudinal band of dense silver-white hair, basal projections thorn- like seen from above, pyramidal seen from behind; second segment yellowish ferruginous, with strong but sparse punctures, a central oval blackish patch, due to black hairs, connected vaguely with a broad band of black hairs on the hind margin, extreme sides with a band of silvery white; segments 3 to 5 with silvery-white hair in the middle and at the sides, but black in the subdorsal region; apex with black hair; ventral segments 2-4 fringed with white. The tibial spurs are serrated.
Hab. Glendale, Arizona, running on the railroad track, Oct. 31st, 1899 (Cockerell).
In Ashmead’s table this runs into the restricted genus Spherophthalma. It does not fall exactly in any of Fox’s groups ; the facetted eyes throw it out of group occidentalis, and the serrated spurs out of the three following groups. From the other groups it is excluded by the non-emarginate eyes and the non-tridentate mandibles. It is a pretty species, known by its slender form and the silver-white bands as described.
66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
PHYMATIDE. Macrocephalus arizonicus, sp. 0.
3. Length 8 millim.; breadth of abdomen 4, of scutellum 23, length ‘of scutellum 4, breadth of thorax 34 millim. Entire insect orange-brown, the colour of dried apricots ; abdomen somewhat redder ; antenne pale, terminal half of last joint bright green; anterior tibie blackish ; four hind legs with the cox, trochanters, and femora blackish with small white warts, tibize pale yellowish, tarsi darker and greenish. Abdomen broad, heart-shaped, the lateral margins visible nearly to the end of the scutellum; thorax with the usual lateral angular projections quite large, and the two longitudinal keels distinct, though concolorous with the rest of the surface; keel on scutellum distinct, reaching the apex, broadened on the basal fifth, but nowhere at all bullate; sides of scutellum presenting the usual gentle double curve; upper surface of head and thorax rough, with minute pallid pimples; hinder part of thorax irregularly and confusedly cancellate ; scutellum distinctly cancellate basally, otherwise rough and sub- cancellate, with innumerable punetures. Antenne with the first joint stout, cylindrical, ja little longer than the third; second short and more or less heart-shaped; third a little longer and more slender; fourth large, larger than the second and third together.
Hab. Tucson, Arizona, in the region of Larrea and Mesquite, Nov. 7th, 1899 (Ckll.). Allied to M. prehensilis, Fab., and M. lepidus Stal. The antenne are rather like those of M. pul- chellus, and the colour is nearest to that of M. inequalis.
Phymata salicis, sp. n.
Length 8 to 9 millim.; breadth of abdomen 384 to 4 millim. Similar in most respects to P. fusciata, Gray, but smaller than that species usually is, and narrower, with the frontal process always longer, so that the lateral profile of the face is quite concave. The hinder lateral angle of the thorax is also less prominent, the margin between the lateral angles being almost or quite straight, instead of concave. The colouration is markedly different from that of fasciata, being a mixture of very pale yellow and light green, the dark abdominal band merely nebulous, and all the markings suffused. The green becomes quite bright on the middle of the thorax, and on the legs and antenne; the anterior lateral angles of the thorax are stained with dark fuscous, and the top of the head is in some specimens marked with the same colour.
Hab. Phoenix, Arizona, numerous (Ss 2?) on twigs of Salix fluviatilis, preying upon butterflies (Lycena) and flies (Syritta), Oct. 7th, 1899 (Ckll.). This could be considered a race of P. fasciata, but in a long series its characters are perfectly con- stant, and distinct from those seen in fasciata, in the manner described. P. fasciata is a flower-inhabiting species, whereas P. salicis is adapted for life upon the twigs of the willow.
a a
67
VARIATION OF EMYDIA CRIBRUM, L., IN ENGLAND.
Hulepia cribrum, Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. pl. lvi. (1825); Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 92 (1829); Stainton, Manual, i. p. 149 (1857) ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 80 (1869).
Emydia cribrum, Boisd., Ind. Meth. p. 39 (1829); Guen. Ind. Meth. p. 56 (1840).
Spiris cribrum, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. ii. p. 472 (1854).
Coscinia cribraria, Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. p. 3843 (1892).
Mr. Fowler, of Ringwood, has been good enough to send me, for examination, the whole of his extensive collection of Emydia cribrum. The majority of the specimens are from the Ringwood locality, and others are from the New Forest. Although it might possibly be a difficult matter to say from which locality individuals came if all the examples had been mixed together, the two series as arranged show certain differences. The most striking feature of the New Forest contingent appears to be the generally clearer ground colour ; whilst among the Ringwood speci- mens there isa tendency to fuscous suffusion, chiefly in the males, and to greater prominence of the transverse bands and the longi- tudinal streaks in both sexes (figs. 2and3 ¢ ¢). Fig. 6 represents a suffused male specimen, but this is not the darkest in the series. In five female examples and one male from the New Forest, and in three females from Ringwood, the transverse markings are only faintly indicated (fig. 5 2). Most of the female specimens from the last-named locality are strongly marked (fig. 4), but two examples have the spots rather small (fig. 7). In the large proportion of the specimens, the transverse markings referred to as bands are series of more or less confluent spots, but in several examples the sub-basal, ante-medial, and post-medial bands are
68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
entire or almost so (fig. 1). The spots forming the submarginal series are often linear or cuneiform, but rarely round; in some specimens the submarginal spots unite with those of the marginal series, forming internervular streaks (figs.8 ¢ and4¢). Some- times the area between the base of the wing and the sub-basal band is blackish (fig. 2 3).
Fig. 6. ies ie
Comparing the series of H. cribrwm under consideration with continental representatives of the species, I find that the English specimens differ from all foreign examples that I have seen in the matter of the longitudinal streaks. None of the continental specimens in the National Collection at South Kensington, or in Mr. Leech’s collection, have these streaks; there is no mention of these characters in the original description, neither does Esper’s figure exhibit them. On the other hand, in not one of the one hundred and seventy odd specimens in Mr. Fowler’s series are the streaks absent. There is nothing in the variation of the English specimens tending in the direction of var. candida, Cyr., beyond the form represented by fig. 5, but the continental named form has white fore wings, and is devoid of marking except two black dots at the outer extremity of the discoidal cell. Some of the suffused specimens from Ringwood approach var. rippertu, Boisd., but cannot be correctly referred to that form.
The streaks referred to are certainly not typical of LE. cribrum, it might therefore be well that the forms in which they are present should have a varietal name, and I would propose bivittata as being a suitable one. All the other characters are so exceedingly variable that it would seem to be useless to suggest names for the numerous modifications.
Ricnarp Souru. Note.—The antenne in figs. 1, 2, and 3 have not been correctly _
drawn ; this was, unfortunately, only noticed when too late for alteration.
a ai dla
69
NOTE ON ANTHOCHARIS. By T. A. CHapman, M.D., F.E.S.
Havine obtained a few pup of Anthocharis belemia, and so had the opportunity of observiny the butterfly alive at leisure, I observed one little fact that is probably well known, but may be new to others as it was to me, and is interesting in connection with the protective colouration in the genus. We are all familiar with the green and white spotting of the under side of A. car- damines and its nearest allies, and how the insect at rest assimilates closely to white flowers over green foliage both in general and detailed effect. No doubt the flowers contemplated are such white Crucifere as Hrysimum alliaria (garlic mustard), the most frequent food-plant of the species with us, but not at all out of harmony with many Umbelliferze and other flowers.
The colours are the same in belemia, but they are here disposed in irregular stripes crossing the wings at an angle, irregular both as to width and intersection, but still distinct transverse stripes instead of spots. Now my one little fact is, as to the resting attitude of the butterfly, which sits with the wings closed in the usual way, the head close down to the surface in which the butterfly is seated, and the antenne porrected so as to lie close together and appressed to the resting surface. The abdomen and the inner margin of the hind wings between which it is hidden are raised from the surface at a considerable angle (30°-40°), with the result that the stripes of green and white are exactly parallel in general direction with that surface. Supposing this to be a blade of grass or a petiole of a flower, amongst others all substantially parallel, then the green stripes would accord with these. Someone who has seen the butterfly at home may be able to tell us with what the white stripes agree. Probably the white really agrees with those portions of foliage that strongly reflect light and look white and glistening, the green portions according with the general tone. I should imagine, however, that this insect rests amongst foliage of a spiked or grassy character and not close to the flowers, as in the case of car- damines, belia, daplidice, &c.
In these there is little doubt that the white does refer to the flowers, when we see in ewphenoides, a species that is attached, I fancy exclusively, to Biscutella, with yellow flowers, that the surface that is white in the other species is here yellow.
We can hardly help comparing this case with that of the tiger and the leopard, where striping and spotting are co-related with hiding in grassy jungle and leafy forest, and with the parallel difference in marking between paphia, &c.—and adippe, &e., which has not, so far as I know, been attributed to any differences as to their preference in hiding-places.
Betula, Reigate: February, 1900. ENTOM.—MaARCH, 1900. H
70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
NOTES ON JAMAICAN RHYNCHOTA.—No. 2.* By G. W. Krirxaupy, F.E.S
Corrections, &c., To No. 1.
6. Notonecta undulata, Say.
It is not this species which comes to “light,” but a small Corixa, which will be noticed later on.
New localities.—‘ Rain-water tank, Yardley Chase, Oct. 31st, 1899” (leucochroic forms). Mr. Taylor writes me :—‘‘ Owing to the peculiar geological formation of the district there are abso- lutely no rivers or streams of any kind in the Santa Cruz Mts., the inhabitants depending entirely on rain water for all their needs. For this purpose large tanks are constructed, the water being conveyed from the roofs of the houses and from the ‘barbecues ’—as the cemented terraces used for drying coffee and pimento are termed—by gutters of various constructions. I did not therefore expect to get any bugs, especially as owing to the severe and protracted drought most of the water supply had been used up, and the tanks were very low in consequence. About a week before my return home, however, the island was visited by a hurricane and series of floods that filled up all the tanks, but wrought incalculable damage to property all over the country. . . . Some idea of the extent of the downpour may be gathered from the fact that a large lake some miles in extent has formed among the mountains to the west of the Santa Cruz range, and at the present moment is increasing to the great consternation of the inhabitants of the surrounding district. In parts this body of water is seventy feet deep. . . . I went the round of the tanks. . . . Some plants (known here as the water hyacinth) have almost entirely covered the whole surface, but a small space of clear water at one end was occupied by quite a rack number of Notonectas.” (C. B. Taylor, Dec. 5th, 1899, in litt.) t
9. “‘ Trochopus plumbeus (Uhler)” = marinus, Carpenter.
This species was included on the authority of Mr. Carpenter’s description. Since writing the first note I have examined the types of Prof. Uhler’s and Mr. Carpenter’s insects, as well as
* See “‘On some Aquatic Rhynchota from Jamaica,” Entom. xxxii. pp. 28-30 (1899).
+ I admitted the name ‘ maculata” for a var. of N. undulata in my revision of the genus (1897, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 410): as, however, the name was previously used for a var. of N. glawca (p. 419), it must be altered, and I now propose ‘“‘ selene.” For the cream-coloured forms (head, pronotum, scutellum, elytra, &c.) common in Jamaica, it may be useful to use the name ‘ albida.”’
NOTES ON JAMAICAN RHYNCHOTA. 71
fresh material sent by Mr. Taylor, which confirms my opinion expressed in the ‘ Bolletino Mus. Torino,’ xiv. No. 350, pp. 5-6 (1899), viz. that Trochopus is not generically distinct from Rhagovelia.
It may be useful to discuss the matter again briefly, and, first of all, to reproduce a portion of the paper mentioned above, which is possibly not very accessible to British entomologists :—
“The chief differences between Rhagovelia and T'rochopus appear to be (teste Carpenter and Champion) that:
**(1) In Trochopus the tarsi are (according to these authors) 3, 2, 2-segmentate; in Rhagovelia 3, 3, 3.
(2) The pronotum in Trochopus is sutured off from the mesonotum ; in Rhagovelia (except R. tenuipes, Champion, J. c. p. 137) these nota are fused together.
“(1) Now I have elsewhere expressed my opinion of the unsatisfactory character of these minute tarsal ‘segments.’ I think I may say that in average ‘good’ museum specimens pre- served in the ordinary way they are very difficult to observe with any degree of certainty without a certain amount of preparation, which is very undesirable, if not improper, in dealing with borrowed material, especially types, and examination under a compound microscope. The fact that such a careful worker and able entomologist as Mr. Carpenter failed—in working with material preserved in alcohol—in his original description (l. c. p- 78) to detect more than two segments in each anterior tarsus shows the undesirability of employing such a character. More- over, these minute segments (or ‘ nodes,’ as they may preferably be termed) are apparently not always constant in the Gerride, for Prof. Uhler, in describing T'repobates pictus (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1894, p. 214), writes :—‘ In two specimens the basal joint of tarsi was present on one side, and not on the other.’
(2) The exception to the fused pro- and mesonota (in the apterous R. tenuwipes female) can scarcely be deemed to prove the rule; indeed, it appears almost to render further discussion un- necessary. Moreover, a species from Venezuela in the Turin Museum, which I have determined as R. femoralis, Champion, and another from Venezuela and Darien, referred by me to R. angustipes, Uhl., noticed in the first part of this paper), have distinctly separated pro- and mesonota in both sexes, and at the same time there are three distinct (as seen with a compound microscope) segments in each tarsus. In short, T'rochopus may perhaps be on the way to developing into a new genus or sub- genus, but it cannot be said, in my opinion, to have attained as yet to that point.”
In examining the material sent by Mr. Taylor from the spot where the original captures were made, differences in the seg- mentation of the tarsi, similar to those mentioned by Prof.
H 2
72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Uhler in T'repobates, are observable in a few examples. In reviewing the subject, I have little hesitation in writing ‘‘ T'ro- chopus”’ as a synonym of ‘‘ Rhagovelia,” and the Jamaican species as:
Rhagovelia plumbea, Uhler = Trochopus marinus, Carpenter = Taochopus plumbeus (Uhler), Carp. and Champ.
New locality.— Rock Fort, St. Andrew (C. B. Taylor).
AppiTIons to THE Aquatic Fauna.’
11. Corixa kollarii, Fieber.
I recorded this species doubtfully from females in Part I. I can now confirm its presence from specimens sent by Mr. Taylor from Yardley Chase, Santa Cruz Mts., St. Elizabeth (Oct. 31st, 1899) ; taken at light (C. B. Taylor).
12. Corixa pygmea, Fieber.
Same locality as the preceding, and also from Rae Town, Kingston ; at light (C. B. Taylor). This is the species referred to previously under N. undulata.
18. Anisops pallipes (Fabr.) One female from rain-tanks, Yardiey Chase (C. B. Taylor).
14. Gerris guerini, Leth. & Sev. (= marginatus, Guer. nec Say).
Macropterous and apterous females and nymphs from (a) Yardley Chase, Southfield District of Santa Cruz Mts., St. Eliza- beth (altitude 1500 ft.), Oct. 81st, 1899, from rain-water tank ; and (8) Rock Fort Road, St. Andrew, four miles east of Kingston, April 16th, 1892 ; shallow pool at roadside under limestone bank (C. B. Taylor).
15. Rhagovelia tayloriella, sp. nov.
Elongate ; head above distinctly sulculate. [? generic character]. Basal segments of antenne and the legs with long scattered bristly hairs. First antennal segment one-half longer than second, which is very slightly longer than the third, the latter a trifle longer than the fourth. Rostrum reaching to the middle of the mesosternum. Inter- mediate femora two-fifths longer than tibie, not constricted medially ; tibiz subequal to the tarsi, armed with a short straight spine at apex ; third tarsal segment one-seventh longer than the second. Posterior femora very slightly longer than the tibie, which are nearly three times as long as the tarsi; second tarsal segment three-fifths longer than the first ; posterior tibie straight. Macropterous form: pronotum somewhat obsoletely carinate longitudinally. Long. 5 mill.
3g. Third antennal segment noticeably incrassate ; anterior tibie considerably dilated (especially towards the apex), and excavated beneath. Posterior femora considerably incrassate, and armed beneath with ten to eleven strong teeth, from the centre to the apex, diminish- ing regularly in size towards the apex; tibize conspicuously denticu- late ; trochanters denticulate. Sixth (? seventh) abdominal segment
NOTES ON JAMAICAN RHYNCHOTA. 73
greatly depressed beneath on its apical half (except at the lateral mar- gins), apical margin slightly excavated ; first three segments longi- tudinally carinate; connexivum semivertical. Macropterous form : pronotum produced basally into a short acute porrect spine; elytral neuration distinct.
@. Third antennal segment and anterior tibize not so strongly dilated as in the male, but more so than in the other species of the genus. Posterior femora incrassate (similarly to the same sex of R. distincta), armed beneath with one large and two or three small teeth. Sixth (?seventh) abdominal segment very long, nearly twice as long as the fifth, slightly biexcavate apically; abdomen scarcely (except slightly towards the base) carinate ventrally. Connexiva vertical in apterous form, and much narrowed in from the base at first, afterwards continuing subparallel. Macropterous form: pronotum produced basally in a long stout process, which is about equal in length to the space between its origin and the humeral angles of the pronotum. It arises at an angle of about 45°, curves around near its apex, and is then deflected downwards slightly. Hlytral neuration feebler than in the male.
Habitat. (a) Rio Cobre, Spanish Town, St. Catharine, Nov. 7th, 1892; clear water—no surface growth—sluggish current ; taken close to bank of river. (6) Black River, Elysium Estate, Portland, April 4th, 1899 (C. B. T’aylor).
Black; the posterior and intermediate femora and tibie slightly greenish blue (metallic lustre), furnished somewhat sparsely (more densely on the nota) with pale gold pubescence. Base of first antennal segment, base of anterior femora and anterior margin of pronotum, ventral surface of ambulacra, coxe, trochanters (usually), &c., pallid testaceous. Teeth of posterior femora pallid except at apex. Dorsum of abdomen shining black, connexivum rufo-testaceous; ventral surface usually bluish grey (often greatly rufescent), except the brownish genital segments.
The male of this fine little species, which I have much pleasure in naming after its discoverer, is readily distinguishable from the same sex of all the other American species of the genus by the dilated anterior tibie, except R. collaris (Burm.), in which the posterior tibie are notably sinuate. I think also that the form of the sixth (? seventh) abdominal segment in the male is different from that of any other species.
The type of R. tayloriella is the winged male individual. The species is probably that recorded by Johnson and Fox as R. collaris (Burm.) in 1892, Ent. News, iii. p. 60. [See also Entom. 1899, p. 30, No. 10.]
16. Microvelia sp.
A macropterous individual and two nymphs of a species I
have not yet been able to identify.
74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 42.)
2. EH. Donovan: ‘ The Natural History of British Insects,’ 1792-1818.
In the sixteen volumes comprising this work we have pre- sented to us a large number of generally well-executed hand- coloured plates of British Insects, with accompanying letterpress in English. It is got up somewhat in the same manner as Curtis’s later and well-known work, and is a decided advance on that of Harris.
Vor. Pu, XXTV..\"P. 58. Libellula depressa ? = Libelluia depressa 2. Pratt XXXVE.: P. 79.
Libellula virgo (fig. 1)=Calopterya virgo g. [It is called Lib. puella; but this is evidently a misprint for virgo, under which designation it appears in the index. |
Libellula puella (fig. 2) = Pyrrhosoma nymphula. [By the figure apparently a male. |
Voushl o¢Pr, XLIW 2 Real. :
Larva of Libellula depressa = nymph of one of the Aschnide.
Vou. T+ Pu. XXX. P. 28. Libellula depressa gj = Libellula depressa 3. Von. © Pn. CLXVIL Poa.
Libellula grandis = Aschna cyanea (2 apparently). [This insect cannot be 4. grandis, for it is a blue-spotted species, and has hyaline wings. In some respects it bears a little resemblance to di. juncea ; but, judging by the small pterostigma and other points, there is little doubt that it is intended for 4. cyanea.]
Vou, X. Pu. CCCXXXVII. P. 29.
Libellula vulgata (fig. 1) = Sympetrum striolatum 2. [No doubt it is intended for this species of the genus Sympetrum, if only because it is described as very common.|
Libellula grandis (fig. 2) = Aschna grandis 3. [The insect is figured with saffron wings. |]
Von. XII. Pu. CCCCVIT.: P. 89.
Libellula quadrimaculata = Libellula quadrimaculata 9. [The unsuffused, Scotch form.]
Pu. CCCCXY.. P. 61.
Libellula zenea = Cordulia enea (2, apparently). [There are two figures, the lower one with yellow wings, Donovan calls the latter a variety ; but the variation is probably due to the figure being taken from an immature specimen. |
Pu. CCCCX XMM... P. 81.
Libellula forcipata = Gomphus vulgatissimus (2, apparently).
[Below the figure of the imago is one of a pupa, as Donovan
NOTES ON THE GREAT EARWIG, ETC. 75
ealls it. It is perhaps intended for a nymph of this species, but does not resemble it in shape. The eyes are like round beads at the fore corners of the head, which ends in a point in front. The distal edge of the mask is round. The wing-cases are small. |
Pu. CCCOXXYV. P. 85.
Libellula quadrifasciata = Libellula fulva(?,apparently). [The abdomen is not blue, and there is a fuscous band at the tip of all the wings. ]
Pri, CCCOXXX. P. 97. Libellula boltonii = Cordulegaster annulatus 3. Vou. XIII. Pu. CCCCXLIX. P. 35.
Libellula biguttata = Orthetrum cerulescens 3. [The abdomen is blue. ]
Vou. XIV. Pu. CCCCLXXIT. P.17.
Libellula cancellata = Orthetrum cancellatum. [The sex is some- what doubtful; by shape the insect is perhaps a male, but the abdomen is yellow.]
Vor. 2¥. Pu. DXXIII. P. 39.
Libellula scotica = Sympetrum scoticum (gf, 2). [This insect Donovan was the first to describe. He gives two figures—one of each sex. ]
NOTES ON THE GREAT EARWIG AND OTHER BRITISH FORFICULID.
By C. W. Date.
Labidura riparia, Pall. = gigantea, Fab.—This fine species of earwig has hitherto been found only in the vicinity of Bourne- mouth, where examples were secured by the Rev. W. Bingley, on the 7th of July, 1808; these were exhibited the following November by Mr. G. B. Sowerby at a meeting of the old Ento- mological Society. Mr. Bingley, in a letter to the Treasurer of the Linnean Society, states that as he was walking on the beach west of Christchurch, just at the close of the evening, he saw two or three large insects running along the sand, about or rather below high-water mark, and from their size and manner he took them to be young mole crickets. Surprised at seeing such insects in that situation, he examined them as well as the light would permit, and, by their immense forceps and size, found them to be a species of Forficula hitherto undescribed as British. He took home some specimens, and ascertained them to be the Forficula gigantea of Fabricius. Mr. Sloman, a friend of Mr. Bingley, sought for them afterwards in the same place, and found a great number concealed under large stones on the sands. Mr. Bingley put three or four together into his box; and the consequence was that one of them was devoured by the rest,
76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
In their habits these insects greatly resemble the common earwig; but when approached they turn up their abdomen in the manner of the large Staphylini, bending the extremity _ quite over the head, which they defend by means of their
enormous forceps. The largest he could procure was nearly fifteen lines in length (=about 30 mm.), exclusive of the antenne, which measured somewhat more than half an inch.
Mr. Sloman, who lived at Wick, and old Lochyer, of Christ- church, accompanied my father and Mr. Dashwood to the same spot—Mount Misery—in 1818, but with no success. \
Upon what was once a most dreary and desolate spot now stands the rising seaside resort of Southbourne-upon-Sea.
This earwig came to be reckoned amongst the extinct British species (its native origin being actually questioned by the Rev. W. Kirby in his ‘Introduction to Entomology’) until 1865, when a few were taken on the shore close to Hengisbury Head by Mr. Dossetor. The next was taken near the pier at Bournemouth, by Mr. E. Saunders, in 1874.
Mr. Kemp-Welch, in an article on the great earwig (‘ Trans- actions’ of Dorset Field Club, vol. viii. p. 61), records and figures a specimen in his possession as having been taken on the beach under Branksome Park, some two miles westward from Bourne- mouth, within the limits of Dorsetshire, on the 27th of May, 1886, by Mr. E. Lovett, of Croydon. The Rev. J. G. Wood, in his ‘ Insects at Home,’ mentions one as having been taken, also on the beach, at Folkestone, but gives no date.
Like the common earwig, the large one appears to conceal itself as much as possible in the daytime, probably in chinks and crannies of the cliffs, and only emerges at the approach of evening to seek its food, which consists probably of the various small animals, molluscous and otherwise, that are left on the shore by the tide.
It is widely distributed on the Continent, and has.been taken as far north as Brittany and Berlin, but appears always to frequent the sea-shore or the banks of rivers. It also occurs in Asia, Africa, and America.
Chelidura albipennis, Meg.—The only examples of this species were taken in a nursery garden at Ashford, in Kent, in June, 1832, by Professor Westwood.
Forficula lesnei, Finot.—Under the two names of pubescens, Géné, and decipiens, Géné, this species first appeared as British in a ‘hist of British Euplexoptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera,’ compiled by Mr. Walker in 1860. It was first taken by my father at Charmouth in September, 1837. He also found it near Weymouth and at Bonchurch in the Isle of Wight, and I have found it besides at Bournemouth, Sidmouth, Falmouth, and in the Scilly Isles. It hibernates in the stems of the common reed. Under the name decipiens, Géné (Weekly Entomologist,
ON HGALEUS BECHUANA. 77
1863, p. 11), my father states that Mr. Curtis took a specimen near Salisbury, at Wilton, in May, 1852, and that he “‘took one in the middle of November, 1860, from laurels here close to our house, and as no reeds were in either place he considered that those examples might have been referable to decipiens.”’ Although F. lesnei has not been a rare species, still no one else appears to have met with it until Mr. Burr took a specimen at Folkestone, in the Warren, in 1896, and Mr. Donisthorpe one at Wallingford in Berkshire. (See ‘British Naturalist’ for December, 1897, where Mr. Burr first announced its right name.) Judging by the recent captures at Leatherhead, it appears to be as much an inland as a coast species, although apparently confined to the southern counties.
[Chelidura (=Apterygida) albipennis has also been taken in Norfolk. Only last year Mr. J. Edwards sent to Mr. Burr, for inspection, a pair which he took near Norwich some ten years ago. J. lesnei is, in Surrey, by no means confined to Leather-
head.—-W. J. L.|
ON AGALEUS BECHUANA, A NEW SPECIES OF CIMI- CIDH, REPORTED TO INJURE COFFEE-BERRIES IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA.
: By G. W. Kirxaupy, F.E.S.
THe Strachia group is perhaps the most injurious, economi- eally, of the Cimicide. Usually conspicuously coloured, some of the species do immense damage, particularly to Cruciferous and Rubiaceous plants in both hemispheres. In America, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) ravages cabbages, mustard, radish, turnips, grapes, corn, sunflowers, and Cucurbitacee!* while the closely-allied M. munda (Dallas) also infests cabbage; and in Europe similar reports have been circulated as to Hurydema ornatum (Linn.). In the Oriental region, two species, viz. Antestia cruciata (Fabr.) + and Bagrada picta (Fabr.), have been sent to me by my friend Mr. HK. E. Green, Government Ento- mologist of Ceylon, as injurious to coffee-berries. The genus Antestia has also a similar evil reputation in Africa.
A pair of bugs (¢ 2) have recently been sent me from British Central Africa through Mr. Green, with the report that they were puncturing coffee-berries. Closely related to Antestia, a detailed examination shows that they belong to the genus
* See especially Lintner’s ‘ First New York Report for 1882’ (1883), pp. 264-71; and U.S. Dept. Agriculture’s Tenth Circular (2nd series), 1895, pp. 1, 2.
_ + Quoted in Nietner’s ‘Enemies of Coffee Tree’ (1861), p. 18 [revised edition, p. 13], under the name of Strachia geometrica, Motsch.
78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Atgaleus, Stal (of which four species, all from Africa, were previously known), and are apparently as yet undescribed. The details upon which Avgaleus has been separated from Antestia appear trivial enough, even in the much discerpted Cimicide, but as Lethierry and Severin (Cat. Hém. i. 175) follow Stal, I have also fallen into line.
Aligaleus bechuana, sp. n.
Densely punctured. Head longitudinally somewhat convex. Tylus passing a little beyond the juga. Second segment of abdomen desti- tute ventrally of a spine or tubercle. Thorax with the antero-lateral margins slightly rounded. Scutellum somewhat wide at the base (‘‘apex,” auctt. !).
3g. Sixth segment beneath roundly excavated, the apical margin continuing in a curve to the lateral margin; apical margin of fifth segment distinctly angular in the centre.
@. Sixth segment deeply roundly excavated, apical margin turning off at an angle at the connexivum; apical margin of fifth almost angular in the centre.
Long. ¢ 73 mm., 2 8mm.; lat. f 43, 9 5 mm.
British Central Africa (through E. KE. Green), on coffee [No. 49].
Shining black; juga, antero-lateral margins of pronotum (except posteriorly), a central anterior spot on the pronotum, two large spots near the base of the scutellum, base of exocorium, apical margin and an elongate spot near the middle of the exterior margin of the corium proper, greater part of under side of head; apices of femora broadly, basal segment [others broken] of antenne, &., orange yellow. An interrupted longitudinal line on tylus, basal margin of head, sublateral margin posteriorly of the antero-lateral margin of pronotum, four longitudinal abbreviated lines on pronotum, a central longitudinal thin streak on the middle of the pronotum (the anterior part cutting through the orange yellow round spot before-mentioned); the lateral margin (basally), a short line in the middle close to the anterior margin, and the whole of the base (‘‘apex,” Stal) of the scutellum ; base of corium and a spot in the middle of exocorium ; apical half of each connexival segment above; venter (ground colour); basal half of femora—luteostramineous. [Ground colour of elytra black, with a reddish tinge.| Apical half of membrane hyaline, wings infuscate with a greenish tinge. Femora with a black spot between the apical orange yellow and the stramineous basal part; tibie and tarsi infus- cate. Lateral margins of abdomen beneath irregularly chequered with black (or dark green), stramineous (tinged partly with luteous), and fuscous ; the second to sixth segments each have an elongate orange yellow spot sublaterally, terminated interiorly and exteriorly by brown spots.
Closely allied to AL. inermiventris (Stil) and AZ. sparmanni (Stil), but differing by the colour, and probably by the structure; but of the latter Stal has given very meagre details.
79
A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. By W. F. pe Vismes Kane, M.A., M.R.I.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 32.)
SERICORIS LiTToRALIS, Curt.—Howth, plentiful at the foot of the cliffs. Mr. Barrett found a second brood in September of the true Irish type—light ground colour, with rich dark mark- ings. Co. Cork (McA.); Sligo th): Tramore, Co. Waterford (K.) ; Belfast (W.).
S. Frunicana, Haw.—Minehead, Co. Waterford (K.).
S. cusprrana, Hb.—Howth, abundant on the top of the cliffs (B.), Minehead, Co. Waterford (K.), Sligo (R.), Bundoran (J.)
S. nivuLana, Scop.—Howth (B.), Armagh (J.).
S. urticana, Hb.—Everywhere common.
S. tacunana, Dup.—Hverywhere common.
Mrxop1a scauuziAna, #'b.—Howth, Mourne Mts., Co. Down (B.), Carlingford, Armagh (J.), Belfast Hills, locally abundant (W.). On Lugduff, Co. Wicklow (G. V. H.), Galway (R. EH. D.).
M. pauustrana, Zell. — Lugduff, Co. Wicklow (G. V. H.); Enniskillen (P.).
Kucuromia purPURANA, Haw.—Howth (B.), Roches Point, Co. Cork (K.).
ORTHOTENIA ANTIQUANA, 1b.—Howth, and Wicklow Mts. (B.), Roches Point, Co. Cork (K.), Valentine’s Glen, Belfast (W.), Armagh (J.), Sligo (R.).
O. ERIcETANA, Westw.—Co. Cork (McArthur).
ERIOPSELA FRACTIFASCIANA, Haw.—Galway (R. E. D.).
CNEPHASIA PoLITANA, Haw. — Galway (B.), Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.), Sligo (R.), Belfast (W.).
C. muscunana, Hb.—Wicklow Mts., Favour pagal Tyrone (K.), Armagh (J. ‘ Belfast, locally common CW); ; L. Gill, and Glengarriff (K.).
‘ScIAPHILA CONSPERSANA, Dougl.—-Belfast (W.), Clonbrock, Co. Galway, very dark form (R. Z.D.). Minehead, Co. Waterford (K.) ; Coolmore, Donegal (J.) ; Portrush, Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.); Sligo (R.), Howth (H.).
S. suBsEcTaNA, Gn.—Common everywhere. The ? var. passi- vana is common at Howth.
S. vincgaurEANa, 7’r.—Dublin Coast, common. Derry (C.), Belfast (W.), Armagh (J.), Enniskillen (P.), Sligo (#.) ; Tyrone (K.).
S. CHRYSANTHEANA, Dup.—Farnham, Cavan (K.).
S. aysripana, 17b.—Dublin ; Killough, Co, Down.
80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
S. congqunounaNna, Sta.--Howth, on the cliffs. Magilligan, abundant, Roches Point, Co. Cork, and other localities on the rock-bound southern coasts of Cork and Kerry; as well as on the rock islands lying three to six miles in the offing, such as the Blaskets, &e. Flies towards midnight, and is attracted by light (K.).
SPHALEROPTERA IcTERIcANA, Haw.— Killarney. Sligo (R.) ; Belfast (W.).
CaPuA FAVILLACEANA, Hb.—Killarney, Wicklow Mts.
Cuepsis rusticana, 7'r.—Killarney. Belfast, local (W.), Clon- brock, Co. Galway (R. #. D.); Enniskillen (P.).
Bactra LANcEoLANA, Hb.—Howth, abundant. Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.), Armagh (J.), Belfast (W.), Derry (C.), Sligo (£.), Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. EH. D.), near Belleek (J.).
B. rurrurana, Haw.—Killarney. Roches Point, Co. Cork, one (K.).
PHOXOPTERYX stcuLANA, Hb.—Killarney.
P. unevicetLta, L.— Glendalough, Co. Wicklow (G. V. H.); Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.).
P. uncana, Hb.— Belfast. Sligo (R.), Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. H. D.), Co. Cork (McArthur), Armagh (W. F. J.).
P. prarncuana, St.—Galway (C.G.B.), andClonbrock (Rf. E.D.), Sligo (R.) ; Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.).
P. comprana, Frél.—Sligo (R.).
P. myrtinuana, 7'r.—Wicklow Mts., Belfast.
P. tunpana, °b.—Common everywhere.
P. MITTERPACHERIANA, Schif—Roebuck, near Dublin, Belfast, Galway.
GRAPHOLITHA RAMELLA, L.— Wicklow Mts., Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.); Westport, Mayo (W.), Enniskillen (P.).
G. NISELLA, Clerck. — Wicklow (G. V. H.); Enniskillen (P.) ; Hollybrook near Boyle, and Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.).
G. niGRomacuLaNA, Haw.—Sligo (R.), Donegal (J.).
G. SUBOCELLANA, Don.—Killarney (Meek), Belfast, abundant (W.), Sligo (R.). |
G. tRimacuLana, Don.—Dublin, Wicklow? Belfast, abundant (W.).
G. PENKLERIANA, Fisch. — Belfast, Armagh (J.), Sligo (£.), Powerscourt (K.).
G. navana, Hb.—Belfast, Derry (C.), Sligo (R.), Enniskillen (P.).
G. Geminana, St.—Wicklow Mts., Sligo (R.).
PHLMODES TETRAQUETRANA, Haw.—Generally common.
A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 81
P. immunpana, Fisch.—Wicklow Mts., Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. H. D.), Sligo (R.), Enniskillen (P.).
Hyrermecia crucrana, L.—Enniskillen (P.).. Dublin, Killar- ney, common, Sligo (R.): Portrush (C.).
Baropgs aNGustiorana, Haw.— Killarney, Belfast (W.), Ennis- killen (P.).
PampIsca BILUNANA, Haw.—Killarney (K.), Armagh (J.), Clon- brock, Galway (R. H. D.), Sligo(#.), Enniskillen (P.), Belfast (W.).
P. corticana, Hb.—Howth, Belfast (W.), Sligo (R.), Ennis- - killen (P.).
P. opurHatuicana, Hb.—Enniskillen (P.).
P. semiruscana, St.—Enniskillen (P.), Sligo (P.).
P. sonanpriana, L.— Killarney, Enniskillen (P.), Sligo (R.), Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.).
EpuipripHora sim1ILana, Hb.—Belfast, Killarney, and Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.).
K. crrstana, Zell.—Coast near Dublin, Sligo (2.), Clonbrock, Galway (R. H. D.), Collin Glen, near Belfast, abundant (W.), Armagh (J.).
KE. priuuerana, Haw.—Dublin, Galway, Sligo (R.), Killynon, Westmeath (K.), and Killarney, Galway (R. E.D.) ; Donegal (J.).
E. srunnicuiana, F'rél.—Wicklow Mts., Howth, abundant, Belfast, abundant (W.), Armagh (J.), Sligo Cle. ) Clonbrock, Galway (R. E. D.), Dingle, Kerry (C. G. B.).
EK. rnoprana, Haw.—Armagh (J.).
K. rrigeminana, St.—Howth, plentiful, also at Favour Royal, Tyrone; near Donegal, and at Glengariff (K); Belfast (W.), Bundoran (J.), Sligo (R.).
E: popunana, /’b.—Enniskillen (P.).
OuinDia uLMANA, Hb.—Galway, Newcastle, Co. Down, and Westport, scarce (W.).
SEMASIA IANTHINANA, Dup.—Cork? and Wicklow Mts. ? (C. G. B.), Sligo (R.).
S. rnurmuana, Wilk.—Galway, Howth, and Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.).
S. waeperrana, Schif’.—Belfast.
Coccyx tmpELua, Clerck. — Clonbrock, Galway (R. E. D.), Sligo (R.).
C. USTOMACULANA, Curt. —Sligo (Rs):
C. vacorntana, Fisch.—Raheny, Co. Dublin (G. V. H.); Derry (W. H. C.).
PampLusia MERCURIANA, Hb.—Slieve Bingian, Mourne Mts., 2500 ft., abundant (W.); Dublin Mts. (G. V. H.).
RerTInia Buowiana, Schiff.—Belfast (W.).
82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
R. prnivorana, Zell.—Holywood, Co. Down; Galway; and Clonbrock (R. HE. D.).
CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA, L.—Cork ? Sligo (R.).
C. spLENDANA, Haw.—Donegal (J.).
ENDoPISA NIGRIcANA, St.—Wicklow Mts. ?
Stiemonota RAvuLANA, H.-S.—Killarney (Salvage).
S. PERLEPIDANA, Haw.—Raheny, near Dublin, Armagh (J.), Collin Glen, near Belfast, abundant (W.), Enniskillen (P.), Sligo (R.).
S. compositELua, 'b.—Sligo (R.).
S. rEarmana, Zell.—Roebuck, near Dublin, and at the Rocka- bill lighthouse, two miles off Skerries shore (K.), Armagh (J.).
S. germarana, Hb.—Killarney.
DicRORAMPHA ALPINANA, 7'r.—Sligo (R.).
D. preriverELLA, L.—Howth, abundant. Cork ? Minehead, Co. Waterford (K.). Sligo (R.).
D. puumpana, Scop.—On the slopes of G.N.R., near Dublin, Howth ; Knockagh, Co. Down (W.), Sligo (R.), Ardrahan, Galway (K.), abundant.
D. puumpageana, T'r.—Sligo (R.).
D. Herposana, Bar.—Donegal (J.) ; Belfast Hills.
D. acuminatana, Zell.—Howth, Sligo (R.).
_ PyRODES RHEEDIELLA, Clerck.—Dublin, Holywood, Co. Down, Armagh (J.).
(To be continued.)
ON THE MOULT TO PUPA IN PTEROPHORUS. By T. A. Caapman, M.D., F.E.S.
THE pupe in the PreRopHoriNa are suspended by the cre- master only, and are suspended in all attitudes, as, for example, with head upwards or downwards on a vertical surface, or even back downwards under a horizontal one. Being quite ignorant on the point, I desired to see how the hold on the cremaster was obtained, and how the pupa was sustained at the critical moment of quitting the larval hold of the silken carpet. Incidentally, I desired to learn the precise arrangement of the cremaster, which in this family consists of two portions—a forward portion and a terminal one. I have usually considered the forward portion as springing from the eighth abdominal segment, and this proves to be correct; the doubt arises from the fact that in many species the tenth segment appears to stretch forwards anteriorly— does, in fact, so stretch forwards that it almost appears to reach
ON THE MOULT TO PUPA IN PTEROPHORUS. 83
the anterior group of hooks, and one cannot help a suspicion that it reaches further and actually carries them; in the mature pupa or in the empty case it is not easy to be satisfied that this is not the fact. At the period of the moult it was abundantly plain that the anterior hooks belonged to segment eighth abdominal.
I obtained some larvee of Pterophorus galactodactylus, and was fortunate enough to observe three individuals moulting to pupa. This is a species that pupates beneath a leaf, and therefore often inverted. The moult took place in all three examples about 1 p.m., after some two days’ quiescence. The larva spins a slight silken carpet, on which it rests, and which extends about one-twentieth of an inch all round the larva beyond it, and is no thicker at the critical position under the anal segments than elsewhere.
When the moult takes place the larva holds on by the anal prolegs only; the props of the ventral legs stand out stiffly, but the hooks now take no hold of the silk; how this happens I did not ascertain. In many Pierids the body hangs arched away from the silken pad, preventing the ventral prolegs from touch- ing it; but I do not know how this is managed in the Pierids, Papilionids, and Lycenids, where the prolegs touch the pad, as they certainly do in P. galactodactylus. The anal prolegs hold well, so that they must be managed differently from the ventral ones. It is less difficult to understand how all the prolegs take no hold, as in pupe in cocoons, &c.
The moulting is done rather rapidly—within, that is, about fifteen minutes from the first efforts noticed. The rhythmic movements, beginning at the last segments, at first push the abdominal segments, about the second to sixth, forwards within the larva skin, as evidenced by the tracheal threads very plainly seen through the transparent skin being withdrawn from the _ pupal spiracles. When these have passed forwards about one segment, or rather when the larval skin has passed backwards so far, all the abdominal trachee are withdrawn more or less, the first not quite a full segment’s length. The thoracic seg- ments are now crowded forwards, and the stretching of the larva skin raises the front part of the larva from the surface in a curve. Shortly it is seen that the anal segments of the pupa still occupy those of the larva, and the skin, as it is pushed backwards, gathers in a roll on the eighth abdominal segment. The skin splits dorsally down the head and thoracic segments, but not quite to the hind margin of the third one. The uncoil- ing of the antenne from within the larval head is easily seen. The crest of hairs on the pupal wing enables it to be seen occupying its own segment in the larva, and rapidly expanding as it assumes its pupal direction and position. When once the skin splits it slips back rather rapidly, and one has to be alert to see what is happening. It continues to form a roll round the
84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
eighth abdominal segment. Just before the posterior margin of the opening reaches here, the ninth and tenth segments are seen within the larva skin to be actively directing the extremity of the pupa dorsally, and pushing the dorsal part of the roll of larva skin backwards. The pupal extremity thus curls forwards, with a definite step at each vermicular movement, and, before one quite expects it, it appears through the opening dorsally. It is not the stiff spike one knows in the mature pupa, but contorts itself as actively as the same segments in the most lively Tortrix or Tinea larva, bending not only at the incisions of segments, but in their length. It then stretches and pushes over the side of the larva skin, and reaches the silken carpet. The remainder of the pupa then leaves the larval skin, and pushes it away.
The larva of galactodactylus has many stiff hairs, and it seemed that the larva, when inverted, maintained its position, and did not swing free, like a Vanessa, by the pressure of the hairs of the last segments posterior to the prolegs against the surface of suspension. ‘This does not explain how the problem is met in the smoother larve, if, indeed, these do assume so difficult a position. dgdistis, for instance, takes usually a vertical attitude, with head downwards.
The larval skin accumulates round the eighth abdominal seg- ment and ventrally remains there, whilst dorsally it is pushed further back by the ninth and tenth segments, which, as I have noted above, thus escape from the dorsal slit in the larval skin, and find the silken pad to which the cremastral hooks on ten become fixed. What prevents the skin going further back ventrally, and what supports the pupa after the cremaster is withdrawn from the larval skin? The same answer solves these two questions. The cremastral hooks on the under side of eighth (abdominal) segment, which, like the anal ones, are already stiff and chitinised, stand out like a brush and form an obstacle to the further progress of the larval skin backwards. One - specimen which I arrested, at the critical moment when the cremaster was freed, had these hooks in a sort of pocket of the larval skin, of which the anterior lip was the roll of larval skin, the posterior the margin of the slit in the larval skin, and in some degree the roll of dorsal skin behind this and the inside of the bases of the anal prolegs of the larva.
I have remarked that the last segments are very soft and mobile, and the under surface of eighth being sharply curved and made very convex by the dorsal movements of ninth and tenth, will spread the cremastral hooks of its armature in a radiating manner, so that taken together they form a sort of a knob in the pocket of larva skin, and hold the pupa firmly and safely. It is evident that when the end of the pupa seizes the pad of silk, and the pupa then straightens itself, the radiating hooks will fall together and easily free themselves from the pocket. There
NOTE ON THE COCCID GENUS OUDABLIS. 85
is, however, a second string to the bow. I so interfered with one pupa that it did not secure a grip with the hooks of tenth segment, and then got the hooks under eighth from their pocket. The pupa nevertheless did not fall, but was sustained by the adhesion of the thoracic larval skin to the front of the fifth and sixth abdominal segments, and was so sustained for a considerable time till the pupa reached the silk. It did not, however, do so very satisfactorily, and the hooks of eighth failed to get a proper hold. It would seem that the proper use of this adhesion is to increase the pressure of the hooks of eighth segment against the margin of the pocket, and, after the terminal hooks are engaged in the silk, to steady the pupa, whilst those of eighth segment are freed from the larva skin and fixed on the silken carpet.
In Hypercallia and Anchinia the method of pupal suspension is precisely the same as in Pterophorus; and in these the anal hooks are supplemented by some on the ventral aspect of the eighth abdominal sezment in like manner. There can be little doubt that their use is the same as in Pterophorus, both to secure safety at the time of moult and stiffness in the pupal position afterwards. Are these instances of the separate origin of com- plex apparatus and functions, in unrelated species, or is there any possible relationship? The pupe are certainly otherwise so very different that such relationship must be distant.
Betula, Reigate: June, 1899.
NOTE ON THE COCCID GENUS OUDABLIS, Sitenorer. By T. D. A. Cocxrerett, N.M.Agr.Exp.Sta.
SiaNoret in 1875 proposed the name Boisduvalia for Coccids resembling Dactylopius, but having four white caudal filaments in the male, instead of only two. Later, he changed this name to Oudablis, because he had himself used Boisduvalia in 1868 for a genus of Aphidide. Loew (Wien. Ent. Zeit., 1883) objected to this substitution, on the ground that the Boisduvalia of 1868 was a nomen nudum; but this objection cannot hold, since there were already genera named Boisduvalia, Desv., 1830 (Diptera), and Boisduvalia, Montr., 1855 (Coleoptera).
Signoret in 1875 recognised two species of Oudablis, both found in France—namely, O. lawri (Boisduval) and O. quadri- caudata (Sign.). Both of these resembled Dactylopius in the female having 8-jointed antenne. Lichtenstein in 1881 added a third species, O. parietarie (Licht.), but unfortunately never published a full diagnosis of it.
In 1882 Lichtenstein (Bull. Soc. Ent. Frange, p. Ixxv) re- corded an insect found on the leaves of Rubus discolor, proposing
ENTOM.—MARCH, 1900. I
86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
for it a new generic name, T'etrura. The female was of a dark red purple, much like the Mexican cochineal; and the male, appearing in March, was red, with four white caudal filaments, as in Oudablis. Lichtenstein called the insect Tetrura rubi, erroneously supposing it to be the Coccus rubi of Schrank. Since the latter is in reality a Lecaniuwm, it is herewith proposed to employ the name rubi for the T'etrwra, since no confusion will be caused thereby.
So far as Lichtenstein’s account goes, T'etrura is not separable from Oudablis, but he says it is easily separated from that genus by the form of the female, as he intended to explain in detail in a subsequent work, which unhappily never appeared. European coccidologists should have no trouble in recognising the insect when found, and it is to be hoped that before long we may hear of its rediscovery.
The next contribution to the subject of Oudablis was an im- portant one by Loew in the ‘ Wiener Entomologische Zeitung’ for 1883. Loew described a new species (O. picee) found on Abies excelsa in the.country about Vienna. This insect had in the male the four caudal filaments of Oudablis, the posterior ones the longer; but the female had 9-jointed antenne, like a Phenacoccus.
So far, all the species found were European. In 1899 M. d’Emmerez de Charmoy published (Proc. Soc. Amicale Scien- tique, p. 42, pl. iii. figs. 8, 8a) an insect found in the island of Mauritius on Solanum, calling it Phenacoccus nivalis, Maskell. The description of the female given by De Charmoy is practically a translation from that of Maskell; but the figures of both sexes, and the description of the male, pertain to the Mauritius insect, which is evidently distinct from that found by Koebele in Australia, and described by Maskell.
Maskell says the male of his P. nivalis has the two usual cottony tails, and two shorter median set. The latter, I imagine, were mere naked bristles. The Mauritius insect (male) is figured with four long tails, which are stated in the description to be cottony—that is, the male is that of an Oudablis. The female, however, has 9-jointed antenne, as in Loew’s O. picee.
On October 8th, 1899, at 8.15 a.m., I found some females of Phenacoccus helianthi (Ckll.) on Helianthus annuus at Phoenix, Arizona. Flying round the plants were what seemed to be a number of little midges, but on capturing some I found they were the hitherto unknown males of P. helianthi. These males were pale grey; mesosternum shining yellowish; eyes purplish; wings mealy white, iridescent. But I was surprised to see that they had four white caudal filaments, the outer ones shorter than the inner, but still long.
Thus it appears that both Dactylopius and Phenacoccus are to be divided into two groups, a normal one with two cottony fila-
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 87
ments in the male, and one in which the male has four filaments. If it is worth while to recognise Oudablis as distinct from Dacty- lopius, the parallel forms in Phenacoccus should similarly be separated, and it is here proposed to call them Paroudablis. Typical Phenacoccus will include such species as P. aceris, and even, so far as the filaments of the male go, the otherwise peculiar P. yucce. Paroudablis will include Loew’s picee; De Charmoy’s Mauritius insect, which is at present nameless; and my helianthi. For the present, however, I would treat it only as a subgenus of Phenacoccus ; and Oudablis may be considered a subgenus of Dactylopius.
A word should be added regarding Phenacoccus socius (New- stead), found at Wakefield, Yorkshire. The male is said to have “two long and two short white filaments, the latter not reaching beyond the closed wings.” This points to a Paroudablis. The species is stated to be near P. mespili, but to differ in being sreenish-yellow. This is almost exactly what might be said of P. pruni (Burmeister), but in view of Burmeister’s inadequate description, the identity of prunt with socius could only be sur- mised, hardly proved.
Mesilla Park, New Mexico: Dec. 14th, 1899.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
A Sxconp GENERATION or Vanessa 10, Linn.—M. Ude records (Entom. Nachrichten, 1899, xxv. 366) that on Sept. 20th last he found at Rehberge, near Berlin, a number of half-grown larve of V. to (found as a rule only in May or June, sometimes in July), which pro- duced normal butterflies in due course. The author remarks that in the course of twelve years’ collecting he has never before found a second generation of this species.—G. W. K.
Earwies Brnerician. — Forficula auricularia, Linn., 1s reported (‘ Rovartani Lapok,’ 1899, p. 175, and appendix, p. 16) to be beneficial by exterminating larve of Conchilis ambiyuella. This supports Ruhl’s opinion as to the normal diet of the earwig being carnivorous (1887, M.T. Schweiz. Ges. vii. 310).—G. W. K.
Tue Fravour or Carerpmiars.—‘‘ De La Lande—the celebrated astronomer,” says d’Isjonvalle, ‘‘ often supped with me on Saturdays, and found nothing more to his liking than to eat caterpillars and spiders when in season. As my room opened directly on to a fine garden, he easily found the wherewithal to satisfy his first hunger ; but as Madame d’Isjonvalle likes to do things well, she used to collect some during the afternoon, to offer him on his arrival. As I always declined my share of this relish, I can only trust to hearsay for the difference in flavour between a spider and a caterpillar. The first, says our astronomer, has a nutty taste, the second a taste exactly like that of stone-fruit.”” (A. Daguin, in ‘ Le Naturaliste,’ 1899, p. 25).—G. W. K.
12
88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
OporaBIA AUTUMNATA.—All the specimens of O. autwmnata that I have taken at Rannoch were obtained in woods, chiefly birch, and the species appeared to be confined to such places. I did not observe it on the moors, even on portions adjoining the woods. If disturbed in the woods and carried by the wind on to the moorland, they quickly make their way back to the shelter of the trees. In this habit they seem to differ from jiligrammaria.—Witt1am M. Curisry.
Notes on tHe Nympu or Aiscuna cyanra.—From a pond about thirty yards long by four yards wide were taken, last year, seventy-four nymphs of Mschna cyanea, of which sixty-one managed successfully their final change, and were set free. Of this number thirty-one were females and thirty males. Quite forty or fifty more nymphs emerged from this same pond, as the empty skins clinging to the rushes fringing the pond remained to testify. The year before last one hundred and fourteen nymphs were taken from the same small pond, all of the same species. Of the sixty-one nymphs observed last year, a very large proportion changed by night, viz. fifty-four, as against seven that changed during the day. Of those observed in 1898, the complete record has unfortunately been lost; but of thirty-five emergences, twenty-five were by night and ten by day. ‘The earliest emergence last year was that of three females on June 25th; in 1898 the earliest emergence was July 9th. Of the sixty-one insects set free last year from the first emergence on June 25th to the last on July 28th, every one went right away, and not one was seen near the pond or garden for more than a month. In the autumn, however, the usual number, about five or six perhaps, appeared, but at no time did more than one pair frequent the pond at the same time. On August 6th a nymph of dAfschna cyanea was found, about three-fourths of an inch long, together with its cast skin, but whether this nymph came from an egg laid by one of the earlier emergences in June could not be determined. This particular pond at South Leigh, Oxfordshire, appears to be entirely monopolised by Aischna cyanea and Agrion puella. The latter, owing probably to their invisibility on the weed and their habit of lying very still, do not seem to be molested by 4. cyanea. I shall be glad to exchange 4. cyanea for any other nymphs at any time from now to July. ‘The length of the nymphs now (Jan. 25th) varies from half an inch to an inch and a quarter.—Arruur Hast; South Leigh Vicarage, Witney, Oxon.
AXSCHNA GRANDIS ON THE Wine at Dusx.—On the evenings of July 12th, 13th, and 15th, from about half-past eight until almost dark, I was much interested tn watching a specimen of A’schna grandis busily hawking round several apple trees in my garden and in a neighbour’s adjoining. It was evidently in quest of Carpocapsa pomonella, Linn., which was unusually abundant at the time, as I saw it catch them several times. At Reading, several years ago, whilst netting Lepidoptera at dusk, I unexpectedly caught a male of the same species of dragonfly, which in the uncertain light I had mistaken for a large moth.—A. H. Hamm; 52, St. Mary’s Road, Oxford.
[4ischna grandis has often been noticed hunting long after the usual time for dragonflies to retire. It appears also that 4. juncea and Anax imperator have an inclination in the same direction. It
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 89
would be interesting to hear if a similar habit has been noticed in any subfamily other than the Aischninee.—W. J. L.]
Serrivc Retaxep Insects.—In the last volume of the ‘ Entomologist’ (xxxii. 307) Mr. A. H. Rydon asked a question as to the use of cement in setting relaxed insects to avoid springing. The method I have always adopted—and I have set many hundreds of relaxed insects—is to let well alone. If they are well relaxed, and allowed to dry thoroughly on the boards, 1 do not think Mr. Rydon will find any trouble from springing.—J. C. Warsure.
British OrtHorrera.—I am engaged in collecting material for a detailed account of the Orthoptera of Great Britain and the Channel Islands, and would very gratefully receive notes as to localities, habits, dates of appearance, &c., from different parts. List of captures from Ireland would be especially welcome.—Matcorm Burr; Dormans Park, East Grinstead; February, 1900.
Connectine anp Reartnc Draconruies, &c.—In a short paper, pub- lished during 1899 by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.5.A., Dr. J. G. Needham gives some interesting directions for collecting and rearing dragonflies, stoneflies, and mayflies from the nymph. For this purpose he divides the nymphs into three groups—(a) those that live on the bottom ; (b) those living above the bottom in still or slowly flowing water; and (c) those living in the rapids of streams—and naturally considers that special methods of collecting are required for each group.
For those living on the bottom a garden-rake is suggested to bring to the bank the loose material containing them, especially in small bays and eddies or similar spots; but for mud-loving species a sieve fastened to the end of a long handle is better. Members of the second group may be taken in ordinary dredging nets; but for those inhabiting rapid streams a large net is to be used, and in conjunction with it an instrument consisting of a long handle, terminated at one end by a brush having on its back two hooks. This instrument is used to overturn stones and then brush off the insects, which are carried by the stream into the net held just below. The captures are to be taken home in wet water-weed in a pail. Should imagines be found emerging or on the point of doing so, they and the nymphs are to be placed in distended paper bags, to contain which, as each nymph will require a separate bag, a basket is to be taken to the collecting-ground. No doubt these suggestions are admirable; but unless the ditch or pond is situated near one’s back garden the transportation of the impedimenta would be a serious undertaking.
Dr. Needham suggests breeding nymphs under their natural con- ditions by pressing down into the mud, in shallow water, a cylinder, about fifteen inches high, made of close-meshed galvanised wire. The cylinder must be closed at the top with a lid of the same material, and of course the cage must be hidden ‘‘away from the eyes of the untutored and irreverent.” But something of this kind, to be used in a somewhat different manner, has been suggested before by Mr. Marshman Wattson, who, in England, has paid a good deal of attention to breeding some of the dragonfly nymphs. He has contrived a smaller cylinder of
90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
perforated zinc, with a layer of plaster of Paris at the bottom, and covered at the top, if necessary, with a sheet of glass. It is intended to be used in aquaria, and particularly for eggs or very young nymphs. These are to be placed in the cylinder, while the food supply is outside in the body of the aquarium, and, the perforations being small, animals likely to prey on the little nymphs are not able to get in.
Not every one will agree with Dr. Needham when he says that to get good specimens of the largest dragonflies it is easiest to breed them. They will not feed in captivity, and therefore die before their colours are matured.
Besides the points called attention to above, this interesting paper contains many other hints on collecting, breeding, and preserving ~ Neuroptera with aquatic nymphs.—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames, February 10th, 1900.
THE usr oF “ Formauin” as a Preservative or Insects.—Now that this liquid is coming so much to the. front as a universal antiseptic, it behoves entomologists to ascertain how far they can apply it to their own ends with advantage. There appears to be some doubt as to its suitability for preserving museum specimens in place of spirit (see ‘Nature,’ 61, 204), and, on account of the rigidity imparted to the insects, formalin would be an obviously unsuitable medium in which to collect Coleoptera, or for killing purposes either. On referring to past volumes of the ‘Entomologist,’ I find that formalin has been used with success to retain the natural form and colour of larve and pupe after death (xxxii. 132, 188), but no account is given of employment as a preservative for the collection, although suggested by Mr. Blandford (xxx. 21). Having myself had some acquaintance with the remarkable germicidal property of formalin, which is stated by some of the best authorities to be second only to sublimate, I have used it to destroy mould among my insects, with results which are to me quite satisfactory. Every entomologist living in a damp locality will know how easily boxes of insects become infested with this plague, and when once established how difficult to eradicate. Painting with sublimate solution is sure but troublesome, and does not add to the beauty of the specimens; carbolic acid also must be applied directly to the insect. As far as my experience goes, formaldehyde (of which formalin is a forty per cent. solution in water) is the only substance completely efficacious as a vapour. The method I employ is to render the infested box or drawer as nearly as possible air-tight, and to enclose in it a piece of cotton-wool on which are poured from six to twelve drops of formalin according to size. This is then set on one side for a week, when the spores should all be killed. If any mouldy insect is then examined, it will be seen that the mycelium has shrivelled up, and, in the case of Coleoptera, may be removed with a brush. As it is generally more satisfactory to destroy at once Lepidoptera which are attacked to any extent, it is rather as a preventive than a cure that I would suggest its use to collectors of this order. By treating all drawers and boxes two or three times a year in the way recommended, and submitting all fresh specimens to a dose, one may, I think, be reasonably sure of not seeing mould or mites either, though ordinary care is sufficient to prevent the appearance of the latter. A natural
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 91
question at once presents itself, viz. what is the effect on the colours of specimens? I have made several experiments to ascertain this, and can return a satisfactory answer in all cases except greens. Several species of Coleoptera have been painted with the solution, and no alteration could be detected in any except Cicindela compestris; this was slightly darkened in colour, but the vapour in a dilute form does not even effect this. The following species of Lepidoptera, among others, were subjected to a strong dose of the vapour :—Gonopterya rhamni, Anthocharis cardamines, Lycena icarus, Melitea athalia, Arctia caia, Orgyia antiqua, O. gonostigma, Hepialus velleda, Huchelia jacobea, Hemithea strigata. There was not the slightest alteration visible in any except the last named, which was distinctly darkened. The precaution must therefore be taken of removing green Lepidoptera before applying the reagent. Formalin has the advantages of being cheap and readily procurable ; it is not a strong poison, and although the vapour has an irritating effect on the eyes and mucous membrane, it is quite harmless and hardly noticeable in the quantity which it is necessary to use; an occasional sneeze when examining one’s collection will alone remind us of its presence. It has no appreciable action on pins, in the form of vapour.—W. 8. Gites; Bocking, Braintree, Essex.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
CoLtas HYALE IN 1899.—A friend of mine has just given me a fine male specimen of C. hyale, which he took near Ashford on August 31st last. I think it must have been a stray specimen.—S. A. BLENKARN; Clifton House, East Dulwich Road, Jan. 18th, 1900.
SPHINX CoNVoLVULI IN 1899.—During last season I captured twenty specimens of S. convolvuli here. These were taken between August 25th and September 20th. The weather here was unfavourable for this insect, which probably accounts for none being seen after the latter date.—Jonn P. Hypr; The Grove, Portland, Jan. 20th, 1900.
KARLY OCCURRENCE OF ANISOPTERYX #SCULARIA. — This evening, January 23rd, a Geometer flew to light at my dining-room window at half-past nine. I went outside, just for the pleasure, as I thought, of once more seeing Hybernia rupicapraria, when, to my surprise, I discovered the moth to be 4. escularta. During the many years I have kept a look- out, I have been able to record no earlier date than February 6th, just a fortnight later than in the present instance. It has been exceptionally mild all day (the thermometer standing at 50°), a fact which no doubt accounts for this premature emergence.—(Rev.) Girpert H. Raynor; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex, Jan. 23rd, 1900.
ABscHNA cYANEA. — This dragonfly was apparently very abundant during the last summer (1899}. Though I observed many specimens flying about, | only secured two: one taken on glass in the green- house; and the second flying in through the verandah doors and over the dinner-table was there promptly bottled. These seem unusual visits for such insects. There is little water at this somewhat high elevation (clay), save a few small ponds; and I have previously reported the species
92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
from the valley at Purley, which is a similarly waterless spot (chalk).— W. L. Distant; Upper Warlingham, Surrey.
MameEstRA FuRVA.—The specimens of M. furva recorded by me in my notes on the “ Macro-Lepidoptera of the Galashiels District in 1899 ” (ante, p- 44) were taken at the end of July, not in May, as there stated. — JAMES C. Haaeart.
Dwarr VANESSA ATALANTA.—In September, last year, I captured a couple of V. atalanta, both of which are very much smaller than the usual size. One measures one inch and a half (37 millim.) in expanse, and the other is only a little larger. Both were captured in a garden at Tendring, near Colchester.—ALan W. CarpinaLL; 18, Cromwell Road, Brighton.
[Such small examples of V. atalanta are not perhaps often met with on the wing, but dwarf specimens are uot infrequently preduced from larve reared in confinement.—ED. |
THAMNOTRIZON CINERUS IN, THE NEW: Forest.—I took a specimen of this grasshopper in the New Forest, Sept. 20th, 1898.—C. W. CoLrurup ; 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, S.E., Jan. 12th, 1900.
Note oN PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA.—I obtained two female P. meti- culosa at Portsmouth, at rest on a wall near electric-light lamps, on Dec. 6th last. They both laid eggs on the following day, from all of which caterpillars emerged on Jan. 1st, 1900, and which are still feeding up on cabbage and wallflower leaves. Both the moths were in good condition.— C. W. CotrHrup; 127, Barry Road, Kast Dulwich, S.E., Jan. 12th, 1900.
Captures aT Hxectrric Licgut in Cuester Disrrict.—During last year I took the following species, among others, at the electric lights here :—September 3rd, one example of Cirrhedia xerampelina, and one of Epunda lutulenta ; the latter had settled on the ground and been trodden on by someone passing by, but, strange to say, was practically none the worse. Ennomos fuscantaria and E. alniaria (tiliaria) were both extremely common. I also secured one specimen of EF. erosaria. Xylophasia mono- glypha (polyodon) occurred in hundreds; two of the examples I captured were of the dark form, without any light markings whatever on the fore wings.—T. H. Court; 7, Cambrian View, Chester.
Lepipoprera at Licur in 1899.—During the greater part of last ,
season I used a light trap in our garden for the first time; and on the whole the result has proved very satisfactory. Excluding Micros, I captured sixty-one species. The first captures were made on April 28th, when I obtained single specimens of Ta@niocampa gothica and T. stabilis. In May I took, in addition to several more specimens of the above species, Spilosoma menthastri and Anticlea nigrofasciaria (derivata). Captures became eomewhat more frequeut in June: Spilosoma menthastri turned up in some numbers; and Heptalus lupulinus, Cilix spinula, Agrotis eaclamationis, Noctua festiva, Rumia crategata, Odonoptera bidentata, Hemerophila abruptaria, and Melanippe fluctuata also occurred. July proved a very productive month, and on favourable nights moths came to the trap in large numbers. On the 30th of the month IJ captured a specimen of Orthosia suspecta in the trap; and on August 2nd another specimen came to light at my window. These have been kindly identified by Mr. C. G. Barrett, to whom they were shown by Mr. Arthur Cottam. Is not this a new species for Hertfordshire? On July 21st I obtained a
— oe
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 93
specimen of Calymnia pyralina; and on the 18th a fine Plusia moneta (previously recorded, Entom. xxxii. 212). Other trap captures during the month included :—Lithosia lurideola (plentiful), Arctia caia, Bombyx neustria, Drepana lacertula, Phalera bucephala (common), Bryophila perla, Acronycta pisi, Leucania lithargyria, L. comma, L. pallens, Dipterygia scabriuscula (pinastri), Cerigo matura, Caradrina morpheus, C. alsines, Rusina tenebrosa, Noctua augur, Hadena oleracea, Selenia juliaria, Halia wavaria, Lomaspilis marginata, Melanthia ocellata, Cidaria associata, Pelurga comitata, and Aventia flecula. A few addi-
= tional species were taken in the trap in August: Luperina testacea suddenly appeared about the 8th, and was common fora few nights; and Lopho-
_ pteryx camelina, Triphena ianthina, and Epione apiciaria were also noticed. From the middle of August to the end of September I was away from home, and, consequently, was unable to do anything with the trap during that period. In October Anchocelis pistacina, A. lunosa, and Miselia oxyacanthe were captured ; and in November Asteroscopus sphina (one male) and Cheimatobia brumata. Several additional species came to light at my window during the season, of which may be mentioned :— Hybernia marginaria (common in March), Xylocampa lithoriza, Hadena dentina, Calymnia trapezina, Ennomos tiliaria, Coremia unidentaria, and Hydrecia nictitans—Puitie J. BaArrarD; Bushey Heath, Herts, Feb. 2nd, 1900.
_ Lepipoprrra in 1899.—During the exceedingly mild and open winter and early spring which we experienced last year, the common Geometre which put in an appearance at that season were very abundant in the neigh- bourhood of Reading. The sallows in that district were mostly in full bloom during the latter part of March, but nightly attention failed to produce anything worth having. The most curious thing about the early Noctuze was the extraordinary abundance of T@niocampa stabilis, which outnumbered all the other common moths by at least six to one. About this time a few nice specimens of Selenia illunaria were attracted by the lamp in a room.
Early in April a fine specimen of Vanessa polychloros was found hyber- nating in a greenhouse. This butterfly, which appears to be getting scarce, was in remarkably fine condition for the time of year.
The results of collecting during May and the earlier part of June were decidedly disappointing, and, indeed, the only decent insects taken during this period were three Cherocampa elpenor, which were captured while hovering over honeysuckle in the garden. About June 13th, when the weather was beautifully fine, Macroglossa stellatarum was abundant, but seemed to disappear again until the end of July. Sugaring produced scarcely anything until the middle of July, when Cosmia diffinis, C. affinis, Mania maura, and Cerigo cytherea were plentiful. I also took several Gonoptera libatrix at sugar about July 20th, which seems to be rather an early date for this species. On July 23rd a full-fed larva of Smerinthus ocellatus was brought to me, and on being placed in the breeding-cage immediately disappeared beneath the soil. Rather earlier than this date Pamber Wood was visited with small success, although several Vanessa polychloros and one beautiful Limenitis sibylla were seen. Argynnis
‘paphia was also very plentiful.
Aug. 8th found me at Bude, in Cornwall. The best locality for insects
there is the small strip of sand-dunes near the mouth of the haven. As no
94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
posts or trees were available, sugar was applied to the flowers of thistles with good effect. By this method swarms of common Agrotide were attracted, especially A. tritici, and Geometre, particularly Melanippe galiata, were common. Among other insects taken in this way were A. suffusa, A. eaclamationis, A. lunigera (two), A. segetum (numerous), and A. pracox (two beauties). Noctua e-nigrum, N. baia, N. umbrosa, and numerous Apameas which hung about very late. The most abundant insect during the day was Macroglossa stellatarwm, which swarmed every- where. Many came into the house and were captured on the window- frames, and many more were released. I remember counting fifteen of them, hovering over a strip of valerian on the roadside leading down into Boscastle. Only one specimen of Colias edusa was seen, but other butter- flies were very plentiful; indeed, I never remember having seen so many in one day as I did on Aug. 12th, on the road between Bude and Morwen- stow. Gonopteryx rhamni was abundant, and Argynnis paphia was still in good condition. The common Vanesse, and especially V. atalanta, swarmed. I also noticed several specimens of Zygena filipendule flying on the Bude sandhills during the early part of August. The weather throughout this month was remarkably fine and hot.
Having returned to Reading in September, I resumed collecting in that district, The autumn butterflies were plentiful, as was also Macro- glossa stellatarum. No sugaring was done in the autumn, but attention was paid to the ivy-bloom. Insects were extremely scarce, owing to cold foggy nights. The only moth which was at all common was the ever- present Phlogophora meticulosa, while Cerastis vaccinii came next. Vanessa atalanta was on the wing as late as Nov. 5th, and about this date swarms of Cheimatobia brumata and Hybernia defoliaria made their appearance in the orchard at night. These moths appear to defy cold, and may be seen flying freely any frosty night. No more insects were captured during the year. It will thus be seen that on the whole the season did not produce much here, though I have heard of others who had better luck.—E. T. B. RwEcE.
LaRV#&-BEATING IN 1899 COMPARED wiTH 1898.—It may be interesting to lepidopterists living in the London district, and who use the beating- tray, to compare the following rough notes on the past two years with their own experiences. Speaking generally, 1899 must be considered, if not better, at least an equal of its predecessor. The localities visited were, with the exception of a few days spent in the New Forest, within the twelve mile radius. Halias quercana was scarcer in the generally worked localities, but in a favourite haunt, which I believe is little known and less worked, it was quite as abundant as in 1898, being as usual attended with many common larve. Thecla betula, which in the former year had been exceedingly scarce (only four larve being taken), was decidedly plentiful, during four or five excursions upwards of four dozen falling to the tray ; the first day, June 10th (when the larvee were very small), being the most successful. 7’. guercus was more plentiful in the New Forest during the past year, but larve of this species very few and far between in the London district. Liparis monacha, Bombyx neustria, Trichiura crategi, Amphi- dasys betularia, Odontopera bidentata, and Cleora lichenaria were scarcer than in 1898; the latter of course really requires searching for. Diloba” ceruleocephala, Notodonta camelina, Miselia oxyacanthe, Himera pennaria, Uropteryx sambucata, Crocallis elinguaria, Selenia lunaria, S. illunaria,
SOCIETIES. 95
were all to be had in moderate numbers, the first five being decidedly commoner. Notodonta dromedarius, Platypteryx lacertula, P. falcula, P. unguicula, and Demas coryli were in sufficient quantities to be worth working for, but were rarer. Halias prasinana and Catocala sponsa were conspicuous by their absence, although in 1898 the former was quite the commonest thing on birch. Among other good larve taken were single specimens of Notodonta trepida and Boarmia roboraria. With regard to Thecla betula, I may add that this species seems to become decidedly common every fourth year, although I have certainly met with not less than three or four larve every season.—E. W. Lane; 9, Teesdale Street, Hackney Road, N.E.
Norrs rrom Norrincuam.—During the month of August, 1897, I spent two or three weeks at West Bridgford, Nottingham, aud while there noted the following :—The larve of Phalera bucephala were exceedingly plentiful, and one morning, before breakfast, my cousin and I took over fifty in about five minutes, off a small poplar. I noticed this larva feeding on willow, poplar, lime, and many other trees, including sweet chestnut and rose. I founda few larvee of Acronycta psi feeding on lime. On willows (pollard) growing by the river the larvee of Smerinthus ocellatus and S. populi were found, the former being much commoner than the latter. Here I also picked up a full-fed larva of Cossus ligniperda, and saw, but did not trouble to take, hundreds of P. bucephala larve and an occasional Dicranura vinula larva. The space in which I found the ocellatus and populi larvee was about fifty or sixty yards long, and beyond this not one was to be seen. ‘There, however, Aromia moschata was very plentiful. I obtained more than twenty in the space of one hour. This separation of the beetles and larve struck me as very curious. Common as this beetle was in 1897, my cousin did not see any at all during the following summer. A specimen of Dytiscus marginalis was noted in a rain puddle barely three feet wide and six inches deep.—Oscar Wauittaker; Morelands, Heaton, Bolton-le- Moors. ;
SOCIETIES.
Enromotocican Soctety or Lonpon.—Sizty-seventh Annual Meeting, January 17th, 1900.—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair.—It was announced that the following had been elected as officers and members of Council for 1900-1901: President, Mr. G. H. Verrall; Treasurer, Mr. R. Mclachlan, F.R.S.; Secretary, Mr. C. J. Gahan, M.A.; Librarian, Mr. G. C. Champion, F.Z.8.; and as other members of the Council: Mr. Charles G. Barrett; Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S.; Messrs. W. L. Distant; H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.8.; F. D. Godman, D.C.L., F.R.S.; A. H. Jones, and R. W. Lloyd; the Hon. Walter Rothschild, D.Se., M.P., and Messrs. E. Saunders, F'.L.S., and C. O. Waterhouse. The election to fill the vacancy on the Council and in the office of secretary, caused by the resignation of Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., was adjourned to March 7th, the Council having signi- fied their intention to announce at the meeting on Feb. 7th the name of the candidate whom they recommend to be elected. The President delivered an address, in which he reviewed the advantages. and dis- advantages under which entomologists and other men of science now
96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
labour, as compared with the conditions existing at the beginning of the nineteenth century. He called attention to certain abuses pre- valent, instancing, among others, the hasty and ill-digested nature of much of the work now published, the result, as he believed, of the facilities that are given for publication. Having referred also to the vast increase in the number and variety of the publieations which a student must consult in order to be fully acquainted with the work done in his special branch of study, Mr. Verrall proceeded to suggest that there should be an international agreement for the purpose, not only of restricting the number of the publications to be recognized, but of exercising some control over their contents, in order that worthless papers might be excluded. In conclusion, he briefly summarised the reforms which he considered most essential to be effected at the beginning of the new century. A vote of thanks, proposed by Prof. Meldola, and seconded by Mr. Blandford, was unanimously accorded to the President for his address, and to the President and the other officers for their services to the Society during the past year. Messrs. Verrall, McLachlan, Gahan, and Champion “spoke in reply, and the proceedings terminated.
February 7th.—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair.—The President announced that he had appointed Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.Z.5., Mr. W. L. Distant, and Mr. C. O. Waterhouse as Vice-Presidents. He announced the death of William Blundell Spence, who had been a member of the Society since its foundation in 1833, and who was for some years past the only surviving original member. Mrs. M. de la B. Nicholl, of Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, was elected a Fellow of the Society. Mr. O. K. Janson exhibited examples of Achias longividens, Walk., a remarkable fly from New Guinea, in which the eyes are set at the end of very long stalk-like processes. The specimens showed great variation in the length of the eye-stalks, which in the most fully developed males considerably exceeded the length of the wings. Mr. J. W. Tutt exhibited a series of specimens of Hpunda lutulenta, in- cluding those remarkable variations to which he had referred in his notes on the species, read at a previous meeting. Mr. Champion ex- hibited a large number of Coleoptera collected by Dr. Chapman, Mr. Edwards, and himself, in July last, in Switzerland. He called atten- tion to the great variation in colour of one or two common species of the Chrysomelid genus Orina, and said he believed that the forms known as O. cacali@, Schrank, O. speciosissima, Scop., and under other names, all belonged to one extremely variable species. Prof. T. Hudson Beare showed specimens of Dinoderus minutus, Fab., obtained from a bamboo basket in his house at Richmond. They were speci- fically identical with the Dinoderus substriatus of Stephens. Mr. H. Donisthorpe exhibited a larva-case of Clythra quadripunctata taken from a nest of the red wood-ant, Formica rufa. He commented upon the unsatisfactory state of our knowledge as to the food-habits of the larvee of Clythra, and said he believed the larve fed upon the eggs of the ant. The President remarked that there was a species of Microdon of which the pupa-case had an obvious similarity to the larva-case of Clythra, and was, he believed, found in the nest of the same species of ant. Mr. Gahan mentioned, in connection with the genus Clythra, that these beetles possess a stridulating organ on the mesonotum, not
SOCIETIES. 97
along the middle, as in Longicorns and Megalopide, but towards the lateral edges, and consisting of two widely separated striated areas over which the edge of the pronotum moves. The stridulating areas were present, he said, in nearly all the genera of Clythrid, and might almost be regarded as a characteristic of the family. The fact that these beetles stridulate was apparently known to Darwin, who, in the ‘Descent of Man,’ erroneously stated that the stridulating area was situated on the pygidium.—C. J. Ganan, Hon. Sec.
Sourn Lonpon Enromotocican anp Naturat History Society. — December 14th, 1899.—Dr. Chapman, F.E.S., in the chair. Mr. Robson exhibited a bred species of unusually large specimens of Dianthecia irregularis, from Tuddenham. Major Ficklin, a specimen of D. luteago var. ficklini, which he presented to the Society’s collection. Mr. Lueas, a specimen of Sumatochiora metallica, a rare dragonfly, taken by Mr. C. A. Briggs, and presented by him to the Society’s collection. Mr. Adkin, examples of Crambus geniculeus, taken in his garden, of a much less rabust appearance than usual, and with very faintly indi- cated markings. Mr. Edwards, long series of the following species of Erebia, taken by himself in the neighbourhood of Fusio, the Simplon, and the Macunagno :—HF. cetv, HE. lappona, EF. goante, EL. tyndarus, E. euryale, HE. flavofasciata, E. melampus, EL. epiphron, EL. mnestra, and a few specimens of HF. liyea, EF. pronoe, EH. medusa, and E. gorge. Mr. F. M. B. Carr, a series of insects taken at sugar, including two Cossus ligniperda, and about a.dozen Macrogaster arundinis from Wicken.
January 11th, 1900.—Mr. A. Harrison, F.L.8., President, in the chair.—Mr. Buckstone exhibited larve of Triphena fimbria, some of which were of a light form and others of a dark form; and read notes on their growth, mortality, and pupation. Mr. Turner, (1) a speci- men of Periplaneta americana from the Zoological Gardens, (2) a var. of Melanippe fluctuata with the central band only represented by a narrow costal fascia, (8) a specimen of Abrawus grossulariata with a large black spot surrounded by a white ring, outside of which the black was nearly continuous. Mr. Lucas, several lantern-slides of well-known scenery in the neighbourhood of Esher. Mr. F. Clarke exhibited a large number of very admirable photomicrographic slides of insect anatomy, including a long series of Orgyia antiqua ; antenne of various orders ; a few of tongues, feet, &c.; a curious water hymeno- pteron; numerous ova of various species of Lepidpotera; a few Desmids ; and living examples of Argulus foliaceus, the parasite of the stickleback.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec.
Birmincuam Enromoxocican Socrery.—December 18th, 1899.—Mr. 'G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. Mr. Chas. Pumphrey, 5, Park Road, Moseley, was elected a member of the Society. Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright showed Physocephala rwipes from Cornwall, and other Conopide and Syrphide. Mr. P. W. Abbott, a series of Nola cucullatella from London, including two very dark ones. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, a number of Palzarctic insects of the genus Satyrus—S. semele and var. bischoffi from Asia Minor; S. staudingeri from Samarcand, S. anthelea from Asia Minor, and S. josephi from the Pamirs, &c.
98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
January 15th, 1900.—The President in the chair.—Mr. R. C. Bradley showed Halictus levigatus from Sutton, and said that it was not a common species locally. Mr. A. H. Martineau, a boxful of Aculeata Hymenoptera, chiefly Pompilide, including, among other rarities, Agenia variegata from Selsley, Glos., and Nevin, North Wales ; Sapyga clavicornis, a species which was regarded as extremely rare a short time ago, but which he had found at Solihull and various other midland localities, and which appeared to be a more common insect in the midlands than was supposed; also Calicurgus hyalinatus, one from Wyre Forest. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker showed two drawers of Sutyrus, including, among other good species, S. pamirus and S. parisatis from Turkestan ; S. aurantiaca from the Caspian; and a very fine series of S. abdelkader from Algeria. Mr. C. J. Wainwright, a box containing Chelosia and allied genera of Diptera.—Cotpran J. Watn- wricHt, Hon. Sec.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE HNnromonocicaL Socrety.— Annual Meeting, January 15th, 1900.—The President in the chair. The Treasurer, Mr. H. Locke, presented his Report, which showed a balance on the right side. The election of officers resulted as follows :—President, S. J. Capper, F.E.S.; Vice-Presidents, B. H. Crabtree, F.E.S., and EK. J. Burgess Sopp, F.E.S.; Hon. Secretaries, F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., and Fredk. Birch; Hon. Treasurer, Dr. J. Cotton; Hon. Librarian, Fred. C. Thompson; Council, Dr. J. W. Ellis, F.E.S., Herbert Massey, Rev. R. Freeman, R. Wilding, and H. Locke. The President gave an interesting address on his entomological experiences from boyhood. At his first school his passion for insects got him into scrapes, but when he removed to the Friends’ School at Kpping this same passion was fostered by some of the masters until it grew into a determined study. On coming to Liverpool he had very little time for collecting, but he became acquainted with Mr. Nicholas Cooke, Mr. C. 8. Gregson, and other eminent entomologists. His (for a youth) exceptionally good collection of southern insects filled Mr. Cooke with delight, and was the means of increasing their friendship. Thus, when Mr. Capper at length found time for collecting, they made frequent excursions together to all the noted ‘‘ localities” of the district, their chief rendezvous being Delamere Forest. His New Forest experiences next occupied Mr. Capper’s attention. These and his friendship with the two Gullivers, father and son, he dwelt upon with much pleasure, telling some amusing anecdotes about the latter. He then mentioned his acquaintance with Mr. Alfred Owen, and the acquisition of that gentleman’s collection, thus making his own one of the richest in England. Mr. Capper referred to the years 1855, 1870, and 1888, as having been made memorable by the appearance of Deilephila galii on the Wallasey sandhills. The last occurrence was further commemorated by a clever sketch by Mr. C. H. H. Walker, entitled ‘‘ Liverpool Entomologists on the War Path.’ This the President described at some length. In conclusion, he referred warmly to the valuable friendships he had formed through the study of entomology, and the happiness he had derived from it personally. A vote of thanks'to the President was proposed by Mr. H. Locke, and seconded by Mr. R. Wilding. Mr. H. B. Prince sent for exhibition an
RECENT LITERATURE. 99
interesting case with the imago, cocoon, and pupal skin of Cossus ligniperda, and the hanging puparium of Uropterya sambucata ; also a box of sandhill Lepidoptera.—Frepx. Biron, Joint Sec.
Tae Enromonoeican Crus.—Since our last Report (Entom. xxxil. 49), meetings were held as follows :—December 4th, 1899, at Wellfield, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, the residence of Mr. Robert Adkin. January 16th, 1900, at the Holborn Restaurant; Mr. G. H. Verrall in the chair.—R. Sourn, Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Transactions af the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society for the year 1898. Pp. 68. Published by the Society, November, 1899.
AurHoueu rather late in appearance, the ‘ Transactions’ of this Society just to hand are in no way behind previous volumes in the matter of interest. Besides the Reports of Meetings and the Presi- dent’s Address there are five papers, four of which deal with insects, and the first instalment of ‘‘The Fauna of the London District.” The entomological papers are as follows :—‘‘ Some Cicadides,’”’ by Ambrose Quail (3 pp.) ; ‘On some Heredity Experiments with Coremia ferrugata,’’ by Louis B. Prout (9 pp.); ‘ Beetle Coloration,” by H. Heasler (8 pp.) ; ‘‘ Notes on the Broads,” by H. Fuller (33 pp.). The district list of Lepidoptera is that of Dr. F. J. Buckell, edited, with additions subsequent to 1898, by L. B. Prout. The present portion extends to thirteen pages, and enumerates one hundred and seventy-one species. The arrangement, except as regards the butter- flies, is that of the ‘ Kntom. Syn. List,’ but the generic nomenclature is not in accordance with that list or any work on British Lepidoptera.
Fauna Hawaiiensis. By E. Meyrick. Vol. i. pp. 123-275, plates iii—vii. Macro-Lepidoptera. June 8th, 1899.*
In this Part are included all the Lepidoptera, “ except the Ptero- phoride, Tortricina, and Tineina.”’ 292 species (arranged under forty-nine genera) are described, of which 200 are new; of the former, 261 (= 89 per cent.) are endemic.
The geographical distribution of the genera and species is dealt with at some length, but although such considerations—particularly from a specialist—should receive every attention, due caution in the acceptance of the results is very necessary. Distant exposed,t several years ago, the empiricism of drawing “great conclusions in geogra- phical distribution from generic calculations alone.’’ The specific constitution of the islands is as follows :—
0 51 species. Notodontina .................. 50...-;,
* See also Entom. 1900, pp. 23-4. + 1878, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 173, ‘‘ Notes on Some Hemiptera Homoptera.”
100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
oy O00 1 ee ee eo 7 species. Papiulapn ims 9°) ..5..'62 266 dacs cipre ne Pommen WGA, occ «asine se ade ETO (ORs
The general resemblance of the Hawaiian fauna to that of New Zealand is very marked, and its origin seems to have been mainly South Pacific, with admixture of Asiatic and American forms. The author considers that the genera may be grouped under four successive periods of time, viz. :—
(1.) South Pacific in origin, Sisyrophyta and Scoparia being re- presentative.
(2.) Possibly coincident ‘‘in time with the considerable extension of the Hawaiian Islands to the north-west, which seems to have once existed,” with Agrotis, Pyrausta, &c.
(3.) Under ‘‘ circumstances much as at present,” with 18 genera.
(4.) Due probably ‘‘ to the influence of the north-east trade winds,” mainly consisting of wholly apodemic genera.
Of the 257 endemic species (261, less 4 whose distribution is un- known), 173 (= 67 per cent.) are confined each to a single island *; ‘‘ of the remaining 84 species, 36 have been taken both in Hawaii and Kauai, at opposite ends of the group,’’ and may therefore be counted as ranging throughout. :
The author echoes the opinion of everyone who has dealt with any part of this fauna in noting the extraordinary variability, structurally and in colouration, of the species. ‘‘ An unusual proportion of species show strong variability, which in perhaps 15 or more species becomes excessive. . . . The variation of such insects as Hypenodes altivolans and Hucymatoge monticolans is quite phenomenal, and the proportion of highly variable forms is certainly much larger than in an ordinary fauna.’’ A tendency to dull colouring is noted, as also the fact that ‘‘in many of the Pyraustide there is an unusual tendency to increased development of the dorsal scale-projection towards the base of the fore wings, which is normally inconspicuous.”’ Mr. Meyrick is of opinion, however, that the latter is of no importance as a test of relationship.
The endemic genera, that is to say, those whose species appear to be entirely confined to the Hawaiian Isles, contain two very remark- able forms, viz. Scotorythra, Butler, and ‘‘its derivate”’ Sisyrophyta, Meyrick. They are distinguished from the other genera of the Selidosematide by their peculiar antenne, which, in the males, are bipectinate, simple towards the base and on the apical third; in the same sex the posterior tibie# are more or less “ dilated, containing hair- pencil in groove.”” Of Sisyrophyta 2 species are known, of Scotorythra 30 species. Lastly, we call attention to the genus Scoparia, Haw., of which no less than 57 species—26 figured—all (according to the author) remarkably constant, are found in the Hawaiian group.
G. W. K. Total No. Peculiar Species. Percentage. (Eley it esses. 128 65 51 IGE. Socnae Sate 66 26 39 gine: = cesses 32 5 16 Molokai ...... 49 if. 24 Oahu Pe eeeeeee 51 17 33
(Karel, sences sce 97 48 49
Plate III
F W.Frohawk del etlith. oi West, Newman chromo.
TES
Aberrations of British lepidoptera.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXIII.) APRIL, 1900. [No. 448.
ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. By F. W. Frouaws, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.
Pruate III.
Fia. 1.-—-Vanessa urtice, 2. The fine example figured is one of two bred in July, 1896, from a brood of larve taken the previous month at Heathfield, Sussex, by Mr. A. W. Peach ; both specimens are very similar in pattern. The whole of the remainder of the brood were normal. The one figured, now in the collection of Mr. A. B. Farn, has no trace of the usual blue marginal spots. The second and third costal spots of the primaries are united, forming a large black blotch, and the two usual central black dots are missing; the secondaries are un- usually dark, having the upper central area black, and sprinkled with a few red scales in the centre of the wing; the basal half is clothed with fulvous down. On the under side the primaries are fairly normal, but the secondaries are uniformly dusky.
Fic. 2.—Vanessa atalanta, 2. As variation in this species is of rare occurrence, I am pleased to be able to give a figure of such a handsome example as the one represented ; it will at once be noticed that the character of the apical white markings is very unusual. The first costal blotch, which in normal speci- mens is by far the largest, is in this aberration narrowed and cut up into three small spots, the central one being reduced to a few white scales. The amount of white which should occupy this portion of the wing has apparently shifted its position lower down, forming a large white spreading blotch occupying the whole width between the lower radial nervure and second median nervule ; below this on the red band is a comparatively large white spot spreading outwards into the black margin; at the
ENTOM.—APRIL, 1900. K
102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
extremity of the red there are a few white scales forming an additional spot; surrounding the white apical blotches are patches of lavender-coloured suffusions, obliterating much of the black ground colouring. The secondaries are equally remark- able, or even more so, as they have a clearly defined white spot situated between the subcostal and upper radial, and the red marginal band is without the usual black spots. The under side exhibits even more beautiful variation than the upper. The costal third of the primary has a bright blue suffusion bordered with black, and most of the lower half of the wing is of a bright rose-red ; the white of the apex is of much the same pattern as on the upper side, the great central area of the secondary is clouded with purple-brown and lilac, and towards the anal angle with various shades of lilac, metallic green, and blue; the mar- ginal band is pink shaded with lilac over the apical third, and greenish over the anal fourth. This spiendid specimen is un- fortunately rather undersized, probably from the larva having had insufficient food in the last stage. It was bred by Mr. B. P. Kemp from one of only three larve casually found at Erith, and is now in the collection of Mr. E. Sabine, to whom I must offer my thanks for the loan of such a handsome specimen for figuring. J should add that he informs me that he bred over six hundred specimens of V. atalanta last autumn without obtaining anything special in the way of variation among them.
Fic. 8.—Argynnis paphia, 2. As will be seen by the figure, the ground colouring is richer than in the normal female A. paphia, and more resembles the colouring of a male in this respect. The submarginal series of. black spots are confluent, forming a conspicuous band of markings which become suffused into a large subapical blotch on the primaries; the markings over the median area of the wings, which in normal specimens are the boldest, are in this example much reduced in size. The under side presents no striking variation, excepting that the black markings on the primaries are considerably reduced. This fine butterfly, which is in very perfect condition, was captured on July 11th, 1897, in New Park Enclosure, New Forest, by Mr. A. W. Peach, who has kindly placed it at my disposal for figuring.
Fies. 6, 7. — Lycena arion, 2? 2. These two handsome specimens have both been lent me by Mr. A. B. Farn, selected for the purpose of figuring from his superb series of the species captured by himself in Cornwall in 1896-7. These specimens, from their large size and bold markings, resemble a form of frequent occurrence in Germany ; the markings on the primaries form a broad median band. The marginal series of spots on the
ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 1038
secondaries in normal examples are absent in those figured, and the dusky margins blend into the blue, especially in fig. 7, which is without the central dots on the right secondary. The under sides do not show any noteworthy variation.
Fia. 8.—Bombyx quercus, 3. This extraordinary aberration is also in the rich collection of Mr. Farn. It bears a label, “Bred by Purbrook, Brighton.’’ The median pale band is of a light greenish olive, and gradually blends into the marone or purple-brown margin. The under side is similarly coloured to the upper, but somewhat paler.
Fie. 9.—Arctia caia, 3. I am again indebted to Mr. Farn for the loan of this splendid insect, which he bred on Oct. 18th, 1899, from the ovum ; the female parent was taken in July last at Greenhithe, Kent. The ground colour of the primaries is pale brown with an indistinct pattern of rusty brown, and dusky markings. The secondaries have the ground colour of a smoky grey-brown, darkest on the margins, and ochreous buff at the base along the inner margin ; the metallic blue-black spots are normal, which give a peculiar and beautiful harmony of colour- ing to the specimen. On p. 33 of Newman’s ‘ British Moths’ a variety of A. cata is figured, apparently agreeing closely to the above.
January, 1900.
(Specimens of V. urtice with the markings on the primaries somewhat resembling those in the example represented by Mr. Frohawk are figured in Newman’s ‘ British Moths,’ p. 52, and in the ‘Entomologist’ for 1896 (vol. xxix. p. 73); while a very similar aberration is depicted in the ‘Iris’ for 1890, pl. ii. fig. 6.
‘ The extremely pretty aberration of V. atalanta from Mr. Sabine’s collection very closely resembles an example of the same species from Jersey which was figured in the ‘ Entomolo- gist’ for 1893 (vol. xxvi. p. 27); but it still more nearly corre- sponds with a specimen figured in the volume of the ‘ Iris,’ cited above (pl. ii. fig. 3). Neither of the last mentioned, how- ever, have the white spot on the upper surface of the secondaries, and the under surface of each of them is far less variegated.
A male specimen of A. paphia from Germany in Mr. Leech’s collection agrees very closely with the female aberration now figured by Mr. Frohawk.—Ep. |
K 2
104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
LYCAANA CORYDON var. FOWLERI, nov. Prare IIL. figs: a gira ee By Ricwarp SoutH.
Mr. J. H. Fowner (Entom. xxxii. 269) recorded the capture, on the Dorset coast in 1899, of some forms of L. corydon. As the descriptions of these varieties did not accord with any modi- fication of the species with which I was acquainted, I wrote to him about them. In reply he most kindly sent me a fine series for examination, and for this courtesy I am very greatly obliged to him, as I am thereby enabled to have figured an exceedingly interesting form of L. corydon. The male examples with orange markings on the outer margin of hind wings are curious, but the most striking form is that represented by figures 4 and 5 on Plate III. In this form, of which there are six males and one female in the series, the remarkable feature is that the border of the outer margin is white instead of the usual black ; the inner limit of this border is, on the fore wings, defined by a dusky shade, and the black nervules break up the border into six spots ; on the hind wings four or five of the white spots are centred with black dots. Three other male examples and two females exhibit eradations between the form figured and typical L. corydon.
BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN THE SOUTH OF FRANCH, AND IN CORSICA.
By Henry Cuarztes Lane, M.D., &e.
Tue places collected in last year were Avignon, near the Pont de Gard (one day only, June 16th); Digne, from June 18th to 23rd, and again from July 18th to 20th; Saint Martin Vesubie, from June 28th to July 7th; Corsica (Vizzavona and Bastia), from July 9th to 14th ; Nice (Vallon obscur), June 25th and on July 15th; Annot, Basses-Alpes, one day, July 17th. I have referred occasionally to species taken in the spring of 1898.
PapmLioniDz&.
Papilio podalirius. — Generally common ; Digne, abundant on Col de St. Vincent, St. Martin, Nice, Avignon. Not seen in Corsica.
P. alexanor. — First taken at Digne, June 20th; right bank of Bleone ; afterwards, July 18th to 20th, abundant in a valley opposite the thermal springs. (Some specimens very large.) Three only at St. Martin.
BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN SOUTH OF FRANCE. 105
P. machaon.—Digne, common in the same locality as P. podalirius ; Nice, St. Martin.—Var. aurantiaca. Once at Vizzavona.
Thais medesicaste.—One specimen at St. Martin, June. A very late appearance.
Parnassius apollo. —Digne, common; St. Martin Vesubie, on the route de Madone. The commonest butterfly in many places.
P. delius.—St. Martin, at the Madone de Fenestre, 6000 ft.
PreRID&.
Aporia crategi.—Not rare at Digne, St. Martin, and Nice. Pieris brassice.—Found in all the localities. P, rape.—F ound in all the localities. P. napi.—Digne and St. Martin. P. daplidice.—Digne and St. Martin. Anthocharis cardamines.—Three or four at St. Martin. A. euphenoides.—One specimen at Nice on June 25th. Late appear- ance. I found it at Digne, Nice, and St. Martin in May, 1898. A. belia.—Too late for type, but it was common at Nice and Digne ‘in May, 1898. A. belia var. ausonia.—One at Digne, July 18th. A. simplonia.—St. Martin, April and May, 1898 ; common. A, tagis var. bellezina,—Over ; it is locally common at Digne in April and May, 1898. Leucophasia sinapis.—Found in all the localities. L. duponcheli var. e@stiva. —Digne, July 1st. The spring brood common at Digne, May, 1898. Colias hyale.—In all the localities. C. edusa.—In all the localities. Rhodocera rhamni.—Digne and St. Martin. R. cleopatra. —In all the localities but Corsica, where I did not see it. LycuZNIDE. Thecla spini.—Digne and St. Martin ; common. T. ilicis.—St. Martin, Digne ; very common; at Avignon abundant. T. rubi.— Digne and St. Martin, abundant. (In April, 1898, I found this species and Lycena melanops the commonest butterflies at Digne. er. Bao took one specimen of this rare insect at St. Martin, and saw several others at the beginning of July. It was also taken by Miss M. Fountaine and Mr. Rowland Brown at Digne (Haux-chaudes). Polyommatus virgauree.—Common at St. Martin. P. hippothoé var. eurybia. — Frequent in elevated meadows at St. Martin ; route de Madone. P. dorilis—Digne and St. Martin ; not very common. P. aleiphron var. gordius.—Digne, St. Martin, Annot.; common. P. phlwas.—In all the localities; in Corsica as a dark form ap- proaching var. eleus. Lycena telicanus.—A male and female at Nice, near the entrance of the * Vallon obscur,”’ June 25th. L. argiades.—Three specimens at Digne, June.
106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
L. egon.—In all the localities; generallycommon. At Vizzavona, Corsica, a small local form.
L. argus.—In all the localities.
L. crion.—T wo at Nice. Commoner earlier in the season.
L. baton. —Digne and St. Martin; a few good specimens, but generally passé. It was very abundant at Digne in April and May, 1898.
L. eros.—One specimen at St. Martin.
L. icarus.—Common in all the localities. In Corsica with a light under side, and a very bright ante-marginal orange band on hind wings.
L. astrarche.—Digne, a few only.
L. eumedon.—One specimen at St. Martin.
L. amandus.—Fairly common at St. Martin, and two or three at Annot. Only one female.
L. eschert. — Abundant at Digne and St. Martin ; settling in num- bers on puddles in company with Syrichthus carthami and Melanargia procida.
L, bellargus.—Digne, St. Martin, Nice; not common.
L. hylas.—Digne, St. Martin ; fairly common,
L. corydon.—Digne, Avignon, St. Martin.
L. meleager.—Common at St. Martin in some localities off the Nice road. At Digne the male abundant, female rare.—Var. steevenit. One taken on the Nice road between St. Martin and Roquebilliére.
L. ripartii.—One at Digne, July 19th (hardly out).
L. argiolus.—Digne and St. Martin ; not very common. At Vizza- vona with a very light under side and small spots.
L. sebrus.—Only at Digne (getting worn), June ; commoner earlier in the year.
L. semiargus. — Digne, St. Martin; common. A few at Nice and one in Corsica.
L. minima.—Digne and St. Martin ; not common.—Var. lorquinii. Two males at Digne.
L. cyllarus.—Only at Digne, June; common earlier.
L. melanops.—A few at Digne at the beginning of my visit (it is very abundant at the end of April and in May).
L.-arion.—Digne and St. Martin ; locally abundant.—Var. obscura. Occasionally at Digne and St. Martin.
ERYCINIDE. Nemeobius lucina.—Only three at Digne ; rather worn.
LipyTHEIDE. None seen. ‘L. celtis occurs at Digne, probably on cherry.
APATURIDE. None seen, NyYMpHALID&. Limenitis camilla.—Common near the Pont de Gard, Avignon; also at Digne, flying near streams ; none elsewhere. Vanessa egea.—One at Digne, near baths; one at St. Martin, Venanson Road ; and one at Vizzavona.
BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN SOUTH OF FRANCE. 107
V. c-album.—Digne, St. Martin, Vizzavona.
V. polychloros.—Digne and St. Martin ; not common.
V. urtice.—In all the localities except Corsica. Iwas too early for ichnusa, which appears at Vizzavona about July 20th.
V. autiopa.—None on this occasion; hybernated specimens com- mon at Digne, April, 1898.
V. io.—Not common ; a few at Digne, and also at Vizzavona.
V. atalanta.—Digne, St. Martin, Vizzavona. At Digne it seems to emerge early in the season, as I found it fresh there in April, 1898.
V. cardui.—l only saw this once, at Vizzavona ; probably too early
for it. Melitea didyma.—- Digne, St. Martin. One remarkable aberration at Digne, July 19th.
M. aurinia.— Was common at St. Martin in May, 1898 (var. iberica) ; a few worn specimens at Digne.
M. cinvia.—Three at St. Martin.
M. phoebe.—Digne and St. Martin; common. Annot (abundant).
M. parthenie.—Digne and St. Martin ; not rare.
M. athalia.—Digne and St. Martin.
M. deione.—Digne and St. Martin ; three or four.
Argynnis euphrosyne.—A few in the above two localities.
A. selene.—A few in the above two localities.
A. dia.—Only at St. Martin ; not common.
A. amathusia.—St. Martin, above the Boreon waterfall, and Madone de Fenestre.
A. daphne.—Digne, near the baths; St. Martin, on the route de Madone, and Venanson Road; not common.
A. latonia.—Digne, Avignon, St. Martin, and at Vizzavona.
A. elisa.—At Vizzavona ; fairly common in the pine forest, and on the road to Tattone.
A. aglaia.—Only at St. Martin, at high elevations.
A. adippe.— St. Martin; very large and bright at Digne. No cleodoxa seen.
A. paphia.—Digne, St. Martin, Vizzavona.
A. pandora.—One fine green-coloured female at Vizzavona, another at the railway station at the same place, a third seen on the station platform at Vivario.
SaTYRIDm.
Melanargia galatea.x—Digne and Avignon ; mostly very common.— Var. procida. At St. Martin, where it is abundant, replacing type.
M. lachesis. — Six fine specimens at Avignon, near Pont de Gard, June 16th.
M. syllius—Too late for this species, which I found in profusion on Mount Boreon, and Villefranche, Nice, in May, 1898.
Erebia evias. —Only at St. Martin, at about 4000 ft.; locally common.
FE. ceto.—In same localities.
FE’. euryale—St. Martin ; common locally.
E. stygne.—St. Martin ; only one specimen.
E, epistygne.—Too late for this ; common at Digne in April, 1898, on the Montagne de St. Vincent.
108 . THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Satyrus hermione.—Digne and St. Martin ; common.
S. circe.-—-Avignon, Digne, Annot ; very common in the last locality.
S. neomiris—Common between Vizzavona and Tattone, and in fresh condition. ~
S. semele.—In all the localities except Corsica, where it is replaced by var. aristeus. Vizzavona; not very common. Two at Bastia.
S. cordula.—Abundant at Digne, in same locality as P. alewanor.
S. fidia.—Digne ; one fine specimen on outskirts of town, July 18th.
Pararge mera.—St. Martin, common ; in chestnut woods, &c.
P. megera. — Common in all the localities except Corsica, where it is replaced by var. tigelius; common at Tattone and Bastia, a few seen at Vizzavona. Seems to prefer lower elevations.
P. egeria. — The typical form taken at Digne and in Corsica. At Nice and St. Martin it is much lighter, intermediate between egeria and egerides.
Epinephele ianira.—tIn all the localities.—Var. hispulla. At Digne, Nice, and in Corsica.
E. lycaon.—Digne ; locally common.
FE. ida.—Avignon,common; Nice (‘‘ Vallon obscur’’), and at Bastia.
E. pasiphaé. — Only at Avignon, where it was common near the Pont de Gard.
F.. tithonus.—Digne and Bastia.
FE. hyperanthus.—Only at St. Martin.
Cenonympha arcanius.—Digne and St. Martin; common.
C. dorus.—St. Martin, but more abundant at Digne.
C. corinna.—Very abundant in Corsica between Vizzavona and Tattone. I did not seen it near the coast.
C. pamphitus.—Digne, St. Martin, and Corsica.
HESPERIDE.
Spilothyrus althee.—One specimen of this not very common butter- fly on the bank of the Rhone at Avignon.
S. lavatere. — Digne, St. Martin, Nice; common on mountain paths, Annot.
Syrichthus carthamt.—Common at Digne and St. Martin:
S. serratule.—Digne and St. Martin ; rare.
S. alveus var. cirsitt—One at Annot.
S. sao.—Digne and St. Martin; fairly common.
Nisoniades tages.—-A few seen at Digne.
Hesperia thaumas.—Digne and St. Martin ; common.
H., lineola,—Digne and St. Martin; common.
H. acteéon.—Nice ; abundant in “ Vallon obscur”’; St. Martin.
H. sylvanus.—Digne and St. Martin.
©
109
NOTES ON CERTAIN SCOPARLAE. By H. Guarp Knaees, M.D., F.L.S.
THouveH our best entomologists have, for considerably more than a quarter of a century, recognised Scoparia atomalis, Dbld., basistrigalis, Knaggs, and ulmella, Knaggs (Dale MS.) = con- spicualis, Hodgkinson, as species distinct from ambigualis, Tr., there are still several who fail to distinguish the characters which separate them, the difficulty, as I pointed out many years ago, probably arising from the retention of poor specimens, and the mixing up of species in collections. It is therefore my pur- purpose further on in these notes to suggest a method of regard- ing them which was found, in years gone by, to be very service- able to my friends and myself, and which may in the future be useful to others ; but first let us compare each separately with ambigualis, T., and begin with atomalis, Dbld., which most nearly approaches that species.
I am aware that those observant entomologists, Messrs. Bankes and Briggs, for whose opinion I entertain the greatest respect, having satisfied themselves as to connecting hnks between ambigualis and atomalis, regard them as identical ; and certainly, in the gradations of their sombre tints, and the inconspicuity of their markings, their examination is very perplexing ; but neither of these gentle- men makes any reference to the shape of the fore wings, which to my eye is, in ambigualis, broader transversely between the costa and anal angle, giving the wing a somewhat triangular form ; while in atomalis the corresponding part is narrower, and consequently the wing appears to be proportionately longer. There also seems to be a greater differ- ence between the respective fore wings of the sexes of ambigualis than in those of atomalis. To my fancy these insects, even when occurring in the same locality, whether in England (as Cumberland),
S.ambigualis, Z and @. Scotland (as Rannoch), or Ireland (as Sligo), may be separated by this cha-
racter, not to mention, as a corroboration, the relation of the claviform stigma to the first line; for I quite agree with Mr. Bankes that, although it is about as unusual to find the claviform stigma attached to the first line in ambigualis as it is to find it detached in atomalis, the occurrence is not of a sutfliciently
110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
constant nature, alone, to constitute a specific distinction. This character is much more reliable in such species as murana, and in less degree in crategalis, though Mr. Meyrick applies it to basistrigalis and ulmella, which looks as if he had never seen these species, for in the former the detached claviform occurs so seldom (four or five per cent., say, and then perhaps only on one side), while in the latter it never occurs, so far as I am aware.
Perhaps it should here be mentioned parenthetically that some time ago my friend Mr. Sidney Webb kindly lent me the whole of his collection of this group, thus enabling me to compare hundreds of specimens from all parts of the United Kingdom.
Then, again, ambigualis seems to be more variable in size than atomalis, south- ern specimens running larger, northern ones about the same size; but S. dubiella, Gregson, which I take to be a diminutive form of ambigualis, is much smaller than the least atomalis I have ever seen, its alar expanse reaching only seven lines. There are half a dozen of this dwarf form, with its dull and undefined mark- ime : ings and detached claviform stigma, in S.atomalis, g andg. Mr. Webb’s collection, but he is unfortu- nately unable to furnish positive informa- tion as to the locality in which they were captured, though he believes that the late Mr. Gregson probably took them in one of his favourite hunting-grounds, such as Cumberland, North Lancashire, Isle of Man, or North Wales. It would he very interesting to accurately locate the precise haunts of these puzzling little pigmies.
But if I am right in saying that ambigualis is the more variable in size, atomalis would appear to be the more variable in markings ; the strongly marked specimens here figured hailed from Scotland, but the most striking varieties, in Mr. Webb’s collection, are from the North of Ireland. In these the basal and apical areas are very dark, the medial area being of quite a light colour; whilst the tendency to leucomelanic variation in ambigualis is just the reverse, namely, dark in the medial area, light in the others. We also sometimes find a similar kind of variation in basistrigalis, mercurella, ulmella, alpina, &c.
Again, ambigualis has a much wider range of distribution than atomalis, the former being ubiquitous from the northern- most Shetland isle to North and Central Europe; while of the latter; Cumberland is, I believe, the most southern hmit. I throw out these hints for what they are worth, for, though I do
NOTES ON CERTAIN SCOPARLE. 111
not deny the possibility or even probability of these (let us say *‘forms”’) being identical, it does not at present seem to me advisable that my good friend the late Henry Doubleday’s specific name ‘‘atomalis” should be dropped until something definite respecting their earlier stages has been worked out.
The figures here given are reproduced by shadowless photo- graphy, tale having been substituted in place of glass, which I recommended in a recent suggestion (Entom. vol. xxx. p. 265) ; the enlargement of all the figures is the same, namely, about two and a half diameters.
A comparison between basistrigalis, Knaggs, and ambigualis, Tr., is our next consideration. Your older readers will probably remember that in 1866 I described the former species in the pages of the E.M.M. (vol. ii. p. 1), and that I then drew atten- tion to the greater width of the fore wing, its rounded apex and vertical hind margin; also to the oblique commencement of the angulated first line, the denticulated second line, the distinct basal streaks, the cilia neatly intersected with black squares, &c.
Messrs. Bankes (E.M.M. n.s. vol. i. p. 7) and Briggs (Entom. vol. xxii. p. 17; E.M.M.n.s. vol. i. p. 51), in their revisions of the Scopariz, have not yet offered an opinion as to the identity of basistrigalis with, or its distinctness from, ambigualis, but suspend their judgment until they have seen the insect in a state of nature. Since then some very strong evidence in favour of the specific status of basistrigalis has been recorded ; in fact, in the very next number of the E M. M. after my friend Mr. Briggs’s communication, my old correspondent, Mr. G. T. Porritt, of Huddersfield, contributed a most interesting note (EH. M. M. n.s. vol. i. p. 88) on the subject, from which I extract the following: “Tf Mr. Tutt, or any of your other correspondents who doubt the distinctness of basistrigalis from ambigualis, had seen the former in the numbers I and several other lepidopterists saw it in Edlington Wood, near Doncaster, on Aug. 4th, 1879, I fancy their doubts would have for ever been dissipated. . . . I remem- ber distinctly that on seeing the first specimen on that occasion, although I had never seen the insect alive before, I at once recognised it as basistrigalis ; and, on calling the late William Prest, of York, who was working some distance from me, he, on coming up and seeing the specimen on the tree, instantly said, ‘ basistrigalis.’ . . . Although I suppose I have seen thousands of ambigualis in all sorts of localities, I have never seen any I was inclined to suspect might be basistrigalis.”’ Mr. Porritt refers also to its broader fore wings, as compared with allied species, and mentions its erratic disappearance from Edlington Wood. He adds that Mr. Prest subsequently took it in Bishop’s Wood, near Selby.
About five years after this Mr. B. A. Bower, a gentleman who seems to have made basistrigalis one of his special studies,
112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
exhibited, at the Entomological Society of London, a wonderful
series of varieties of this insect, which created great interest ; and later on he contributed an excellent paper on the subject to the K.M.M. (vol. vi. n. s. p. 273). Mr. Bower has had plenty of experience with basistrigalis, and says:—‘‘The shape of this species will always distinguish it from ambigualis, its fore wings,
though narrow at the base, being de- —
cidedly broader than in that species, with a greatly arched costa, especially so in females. And, again, the time of its occurring would tend to prove it distinct, as, although there is actually no definite period between its emerg- ence and the disappearance of ambigu- alis, the latter has become greatly diminished in numbers and in a dilapi- dated condition before basistrigalis puts in an appearance. Added to which anyone having seen the species in nature cannot but have been struck with the peculiarly robust look of the insect, due to the width of the united fore wings.’’ Mr. Bower says that the moths are not uncommon in one or two Kentish woods, but in these are restricted to a very small area, and even then show a partiality for certain trees. He believes it not to be a moss- feeder, for the reason that he has failed to breed it by placing females in pots of growing moss, whereas mercurella and crategalis, thus treated, breed freely. He does not agree with the theory that the variation is solely due to more succulent food or damp situation, be- cause most of his captures, dark as well as light, were made in an abnormally ambigualis, %. dry locality—sand on a chalk subsoil. At the end of his paper Mr. Bower gives a very interesting enumeration of the variations of this species.
Such testimony from two eminent lepidopterists, given quite independently of each other, ought surely to satisfy all who are open to conviction, but I do not despair of eventually bringing home to the minds of the most sceptical the fact that basistrigals and ambigualis are distinct species. Ah me! I wish I could feel as I did twenty years,ago, just for a season or two, that I might experience the delight of collecting the insect, and distributing it
NOTES ON CERTAIN SCOPARI®. 1138
to all who cared to accept it, so that everybody should know it ; as I did with T. bondii in days of yore; but, as I cannot do this, it will give me much pleasure to express an opinion upon any sup- posed specimens of basistrigalis which may be forwarded to me for the purpose, although no doubt it is better for the instruction of entomologists that they should each collect, and name their own captures.
To those who would prefer to make their own comparisons between basistrigalis and ambigualis, I would draw attention to the following points: The greater alar expanse, particularly of the females of the former; the more rhomboidal shape of the fore wings, with their rounded tips and more vertical hind mar- gins; the richer clothing of scales; the more ample hind wings, and their whiter, more pearly, and translucent appearance (through which, in a favourable light, you can distinguish the label beneath), as compared with the decidedly fuscous tone of those of ambigualis; this is very distinctive when a series of each, side by side, is inspected; the distinct basal streaks; the oblique commencement of the first line, from costa to orbicular stigma, which if continued would about bisect the anal angle, as compared with the less oblique commencement of the same in ambigualis, which if produced would arrive about the dorsal end of the second line; then the greater angulation of the first line, especially the middle angulation, which almost invariably meets the dash-like claviform stigma, is deeper and more acute than in ambigualis ; the renal stigma more clouded with ochreous brown, the inner lower cornu of the x mark generally projecting base- wards—not so in ambiqgualis: the more distinct denticulation of the second line, which is less inclined to conform to the lines which enclose an angle than in ambigualis ; the neatly intersected cilia, and other little matters which I shall attempt to explain by and by, which should enable anyone ‘‘in the know” to separate these species at a glance.
As for ulmella, Knaggs (Dale M8.) = conspicualis, Hodgkinson, I do not think that anyone but Mr. Meyrick has been bold enough to assert that it is identical with basistrigalis and the others. It has always appeared to me that the sleek natty little ulmella was not very closely allied to any of our Scoparie, but that on the whole it came nearest to dubitalis ; and in my original description (i. M. M. vol. iii. p. 217, 1867) I placed it between that species and mercurella (and fine specimens certainly bear a remarkable though superficial resemblance to the “ phwoleuca” var. of the latter), while my old correspondent the late Mr. Hodgkinson, who described it quite separately from me, and many years afterwards (Entom. vol. xiv. p. 223, 1881) under the name conspicualis, also remarked its aftinity to ingratella (now considered to be a variety of dubitalis), and placed it between, that species and atomalis. Mr. Hodgkinson made some interesting
114
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
remarks as to its appearance in a state of nature. He noted ‘its peculiar light appearance when on the wing, which readily
S.ulmella, 3 and 9.
ambigualis, 9.
distinguishes it from any Scoparia but S. pallida. This may be easily under- stood by laying a specimen on its back. The under side is all alike, of a creamy satiny spotless white.” Again: ‘‘ It sits triangularly, and may be known from any other of the genus, when at rest, by the peculiarly distinct light first space, standing out as a white dot on the tree the insect is resting on”; hence, I pre- sume, the name conspicualis. The imago appears July and August. Mr. Hodgkin- son’s captures were made at Windermere.
On a former occasion (H.M.M. vol. vi. p. 41, 1869), Mr. Hodgkinson men- tions that, fifteen years previous to his note, he took some Scopariz on elm trees in Brockholes Wood, near Preston, which agreed with ulmella. They were, however, returned to him as delunella— resinea ; but he was at the time satisfied that they were not that species. He adds that the trees were cut down after he made his captures, so that I suppose he did not meet with it again in that locality. It may be remembered that Mr. Dale’s original specimens were taken off the trunk of a wych-elm in a thick wood at East Meon, adjoining Bordean
| Hanger, in July.
I do not know that I need refer further to the peculiarities of ulmella, except to observe that it is the first line which partakes of the character of that of mercurella; while itis the stigmata, and particularly the reniform and claviform, which, with their ochreous arrangements, remind one of dubitalis, and this is more especially observable in some specimens than in others. Unfortunately photo- graphy does not afford an accurate re- cord of ochreous marks, and so we must do without them ; but that does not mat- ter, as we have ample evidence without them to show that ulmella is neither basi-
strigalts, nor ambigualis, nor atomalis. In comparing two or more species with one another, the same sex should be selected.
NOTES ON CERTAIN SCOPARI®. 115
I now propose to view these four insects as a group, and in doing so trust that your readers will take me seriously, for I can assure them that I am very much in earnest, though my methods may appear to be grotesque. If the student will look at the fore wing of either of these Scopariz he will find that the middle and apical areas (that is, the space bounded by the first line, the costa (in part), the hind margin, and the dorsal margin (in part) ) present the similitude of a human head, the features looking basewards; humanity, it is true, of a low type, with very receding forehead and deficient cranial development, but still sufficiently appreciable for the purpose we have in hand. The reader will see, by my rough caricatures below, to which I have got Mr. Victor Prout to put respectable bodies and limbs, the portion of the wing to which reference is made, and will be able to clearly define the forehead, eyebrow, bridge of the nose, lower border or septum of the nose, wing or ala of the nose, upper lip, mouth, lower lip, chin, jaw, and cranium, encased in head-gear. I have considered it enough to indicate the position of the eye (renal stigma) with a cross. The long narrow head of atomalis
S. atomalis. ambigualis. basistrigalis. ulmella. moue
will be noted; the sharp nose, compressed lips, mouth projecting forwards, and the angulated chin of basistrigalis compared with ambigualis ; and the short upper lip, the small mouth, and long straightish projecting chin of ulmella will be remarked ; but of course, in their examinations, a little allowance must be made for individual variation, since no two animals or plants are ever exactly alike in every respect; the shepherd knows every sheep in his flock by the expressions of their faces; the striped ribbon fescue grass of our gardens, in some parts, goes by the name of ‘“‘ match-me-if-you-can.” Now, what I want the student to do is carefully to compare, at first, the photographs accompanying this paper by the light of the suggestions made, and afterwards to examine actual specimens (decent, recognisable ones, mind), when I shall be very much surprised if he does not in future come to regard the Scoparie with a new interest, and find these
116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
physiognomies of great use in rapidly determining the various species of these insects.
In conclusion, I have to thank Messrs. Auld, Farn, and Gardner for kindly assistance with specimens.
Folkestone: February, 1900.
ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA.
By Dr. H. J. Hansen.*
ANTENNA.
It is evident that in all the Auchenorrhynchous Homoptera, the antenne are composed of a shaft (or peduncle) and a whip (or flagellum). The peduncle always consists of two considerable segments, of which the first at least is always destitute of sensory organs ; the flagellum—its base included—is always much thinner than the second segment of the peduncle, and usually consists of several segments, but by amalgamation it sometimes appears to consist of a thicker short basal part, with a long thin tapering non-segmented apical bristle. There does not appear to be any noteworthy distinction between the two sexes in the sensory organs.
1. Stridulantia.
The antenne are set in pits between the eyes right under the upper margin of the forehead (frons) ; they seem to be singularly uniform in all the species. The segments of the peduncle are simple; the first is more or less concealed, roofed over in the antennal pit, and is, at least usually, the longest ; the second is without sensory organs, and is always considerably thicker than the first segment of the flagellum. The flagellum is fairly long,
* This very important work was published in Danish in 1890, in the ‘Entomologisk Tidskrift’ (xi. pp. 19-76, two plates), under the title of *“Gamle og nye Hovedmomenter til Cicadariernes Morphologi og Syste- matik,” but scarcely any notice having been taken of it, among English- speaking rhynchotists at least, a free translation of the third, fourth, and fifth parts is now offered to the ‘Entomologist.’ The learned author, whose knowledge of English is almost as thorough as that of his native language, has been so kind as to look over my manuscript. The original paper, to which the interested reader is referred, was accompanied by two finely executed plates, containing more than fifty figures, illustrating the antenne, claws, &c., of a number of forms. The more original portion of the paper which is now translated was preceded by a short personal introduction (pp. 19-22), and an historical réswmé of the classification of the Auchenor- rhynchous Homoptera (pp. 22-34). Dr. Hansen’s new considerations are drawn principally from the structure of the antenne and legs, and from the position of the spiracles. The generic and specific nomenclature used in this translation is identical with that in the original work.—G. W. KrrKapy.
THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. Wy!
rather thick at the base, and tapering to the apex; it consists (see pl. i. f. 1,* representing Cicada pruinosa, Say) of five iong, mutually almost equally long, segments; with a lens one can easily perceive the two or three basal (always mutually long) flagellum-segments, but in dried specimens the fifth is not always distinguishable separately.
On the under side of the first and second seqments of the flagellum there is a very large number of sensory organs. Each of these consists of a pit, from the bottom of which sticks up a blunt spike ; these organs are of two somewhat different forms. Some are considerable (fig. la, m), the pits being remarkably wide in proportion to their depth ; the spikes are stout, and pro- ject somewhat out from the pits. The others (fig. la,n) are much smaller, the pits being narrow and proportionately deep ; the spikes are slender, and scarcely project beyond the orifices of the pits.
On the three last segments of the flagellum I have found a few of the smaller kind of these organs.
2. Cercopide.
I have microscopically examined the antenne of a Brazilian Monecphora, Triecphora sanguinolenta, Aphrophora alni, and Philenus spumarius, that is to say, representatives of the three groups into which the Cercopide were divided by Stal (‘ Hemi- ptera africana,’ iv. 55). I have also examined with a strong lens two examples of Macherota (representing Stal’s third group), and a large number of examples belonging to various genera of the first two groups. The antenne have a very close mutual resemblance, both superficially and in their detailed structure, while at the same time differing considering from the other families. They are always placed in front of the eyes in pits on the forehead close beneath the margin, which, at least just at this place, projects freely, separating the vertex from the fore- head. The second segment of the peduncle (pl. i. f. 2 and 8) is subequal to the first, approximately cylindric, without sensory organs, its broad distal,end being cup-shaped. The flagellum consists of a single, very thick basal segment, and an extremely fine tolerably long bristle, which is not separated from the basal seg- ment by any articulation in Monecphora, while it is somewhat indistinctly articulated in Aphropkora. The basal segment is short and obliquely oviform (or almost spherical), its basal part prolonged in a short thin stalk, by which it is fastened to the concave part of the second segment of the peduncle. It has a small number (from six to nine), near the apex on the one side, of simple proportionately very large sensory pits, each with a
* These references are to the plates in the original paper, which should be compared with this translation.—G. W. K.
ENTOM.—APRIL, 1900. L
118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
simple short spike; and one generally finds close to the apex two more or less short (Triecphora and Philenus) or long (Monecphora) thorns, which I have not been able to find in Aphrophora alni, in which I found, however, two big pits (f. 3s), one on each side of the segment, resembling the fastening-place of the thorns, but of whose nature, however, I cannot say any- thing.
The flagellum has an absolutely different structure in the nymph stages from what obtains in the imagines. In Philenus spumarius, Linn., it consists of seven segments (pl. i. f. 4), which, with the exception of the shorter penultimate segment, are nearly subequal in length ; the first is very stout, the others tapering towards the apex. The first segment bears a number of small normal sensory organs; similar ones are found also, but singly, scattered about on the 2nd—5th segments. The antenna of the adult is also clearly discernible within that of the nymph; the thick basal segment of the flagellum of the former occupies about half of the capacity of the same segment of the nymph, while the filiform part of the flagellum of the imago extends throughout the far thicker nymphal segment up to the apex.
3. Jasside.
Of this mighty family I have examined microscopically the antenne of Tettigonia ferruginea, F., and obtusa, F., Idiocerus populi, L., male; Typhlocyba rose, L., Acocephalus striatus, F., Paropia scanica, Fall., Ledra aurita, L. (imagines and nymphs), Ulopa reticulata, F., dithalion reticulatum, L., Centrotus cornutus, L., Membracis tectigera, Oliv., that is to say, representatives of most of the principal forms. I have examined with a strong lens all the other notable genera known to me.
The antenne are placed in more or less distinct pits, which in some forms (Tettigonia, &c.) are situated before the eyes ; but in others (Idiocerus, dithalion, &c.) are placed under the eyes very much as in many Fulgoride. While they differ very greatly in the various genera, they possess nevertheless a certain family likeness which distinguishes them from the other families (pl. 1. f.5-10). The second peduncular segment is, as a rule, subequal to, or a trifle less than, the first in size. It is often peculiarly sculptured in a scaly-like manner, but is always without sensory organs ; its apex never presents such a peculiar cup as that of the Cercopide. The flagellum is always clearly multisegmentate, in the first half of its length at least; it is sometimes short and very thick (Ulopa, Centrotus, Avthalion), sometimes long, or very long (Tettigonia, &c.), and very thin in the greatest part of its length; but its oval, always somewhat—sometimes greatly— thickened basal part (Ulopa) has numerous transverse furrows (or at least tends towards this owing to coalescence of some of
THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. 119
the segments) or consists of from two to six segments which are provided with a few simple sensory organs, consisting of fairly deep small pits, which have a sensory-spike projecting from within. I have never found traces of sensory organs on the remainder of the thin bristle-like segment, except perhaps in the male of Idiocerus, in which the apical part of the flagellum forms a large flat oval plate (pl. i. f. 6), on which scattered points appear, which are perhaps peculiar, extremely small sensory organs, but of the nature of which I can say nothing, since my strongest magnifying power (600 times) was quite insufficient. In Tettigonia ferruginea (f. 5) the flagellum is very long and fine, except its somewhat thicker but still proportionately very slender sensory basal part (f. 5a), which clearly consists of five seg- ments, of which the three middle are the shortest, and the last— probably formed by the fusion of two segments—long. The remainder of the flagellum consists of a large number of seg- ments, of which the proximal ones are short, the others longer ; each one, however, is somewhat irregularly superficially divided into several extremely short segments (false segmentation). The last part of the flagellum is very thin, and in it every trace of segmentation has disappeared, In Idiocerus populi 3 (f. 6) the sensory basal part of the flagellum is of the thickness of the same part in Tettigonia, and consists of six segments; the part between the basal segment and the recently mentioned ‘‘ Palette ”’ is not twice so long as the sensory part, and consists of eighteen to nineteen rather strong and to some extent regular segments, which are not again divided as in Tettigonia ferruginea. In Ledra aurita (f. 7) the basal part is very similar to that in Tettigonia, but consists, however, of only three segments, of which the last is very long. The apical section is shorter and thicker than in Tettigonia, but, however, tapers, and is divided from the base to about the middle into numerous small segments, while the remainder is quite without segmentation. In Ulopa reticulata (f. 8) the sensory part is extraordinarily thick through- out, and consists of two segments only; but the apical one is very long, and certainly corresponds with more than one in the last mentioned genera; the rest of the flagellum is also thick, though it tapers towards the apex; it is divided into sixteen normal segments, which increase in length towards the apex. In Centrotus cornutus (f. 9) the sensory portion is fairly thick, gradually tapering and badly separated from the distal part; its segmentation is not distinct, and is rendered more indistinct from irregular transverse stripes; the rest of the flagellum is coarse, consisting of numerous short irregular segments. In AEthalion reticulatum (f. 10) the flagellum is formed very similarly to that of Centrotus ; the sensory section is, however, separated more distinctly from the rest, which is proportionately somewhat thinner. In Membracis tectigera the sensory parts are formed as L 2
120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
in 4fthalion, but are a trifle shorter, more oviform, and more distinctly separated from the proportionately longer and thinner apical part, which consists, as in Ulopa, of numerous regularly disposed segments. In Paropia scanica and Acocephalus striatus the sensory parts are slender and clearly divided into six seg- ments; the rest of the flagellum is, in Acocephalus, almost identical with Ledra; in Paropia it is longer, and segmented regularly up to the apex.
In sexually immature forms (of which I have examined Ledra and two of our indigenous Jassine (sens. lat.)), the antenne do not deviate in structure to any essential extent from the sexually matured.
(To be continued.)
DIPHYLETISM IN THE LEPIDOPTERA. By A. Rapcuirre Grotr, A.M.
In letters to me Dr. T. A. Chapman proposes to call in the future my numbered vein “IX.” of the fore wings in the Papilionides, ‘‘ Grote’s vein,” since upon the presence of this vein I have based a separation of the swallow-tail group from the rest of the butterflies, and because also a name which is noncommittal is useful when applied to an organ the homologies of which are doubtful, as in the present instance. At the same time, Dr. Chapman suggests that this vein may be not the third anal, which from its position it might seem to be, but the fourth in the series of internal veins on the primary wing.
While in my original papers I disputed the homology of ‘“‘Grote’s vein”? with the ‘‘fork”’ of the Hesperiades, which Prof. Comstock regards as the remains of the third pupal vein, it did not occur to me that it might be the fourth, since there seemed no space between ‘‘Grote’s vein’? at base and the second anal to admit of an intercalary longitudinal vein. In my paper on the ‘‘ Descent of the Pierids,’”’ I have given a tentative sketch of a genealogical tree of the Hesperiad phylum, deriving it from an ancestry in which four anal veins on either wing were present, and which would conform with ontogeny. But this four- veined state, now observed in the pupal wing, represents in reality a common ground upon which the existing types of lepidopterous wings have arisen by specialization through reduction. That, in the Hesperiades, the fourth vein appears in the pupa, is no proof that the Papilionides have the same origin, since we have to do with a general character shown also by moths in ontogeny. It seems to indicate rather that the diurnal branch referred to sprang directly from a hypothetical Tineid-like ancestry, as I have sug- gested in the paper already mentioned. Thus the Hesperiades,
DIPHYLETISM IN THE LEPIDOPTERA. 121
Sphingides, Saturniades, Bombycides (Agrotides) are possibly converging groups. Now the hypothetical ancestor of the Papi- lionides must have already differentiated in the direction of retaining ‘‘Grote’s vein” in the imago. But no other offspring appears, except what seems the probable culmination of the line in the existing swallow-tail group. If the fourth anal vein in the pupa of Pieris or Vanessa were really related to ‘‘ Grote’s vein,” it would be succeeded in the imago by an arrangement of the inner veins, recalling that of Papilio. But it is not; and the resultant imaginal wing agrees in this respect with that of Hesperia. Perhaps survivals of the ancestry of Papilio may turn up among the lower moths of the tropics in the Kastern Hemisphere, where I look for the arising of the Papilionides to have taken place.
The neuration of the swallow-tails, especially that of the more generalized Ornithoptera, has a peculiar impress when compared with that of other butterflies. There is not the same tendency to approach the Hesperid type with divided veins, which we find, for instance, in Charazes. The shape of the discal cell and arrangement of the median branches is sui generis. The object of my studies on the wings of the butterflies was really, however, attained with a demonstration that, in a linear arrangement, the swallow-tails cannot be intercalated between the “‘blues”’ and the “‘ skippers,’ as proposed by Mr. Scudder and other authors. Also that the blues and skippers are, at whatever distance, con- nected groups. To show that the Lycenid wing was a natural development out of that of Hesperia, and that the wings of the Nymphalid and: Pierid were both related and might have well proceeded out of the wings of ancestral forms of the Lyczni- Hesperid branch—this was the task set before me. If accom- plished, it followed, without saying, that the Papilionides (which I also showed to be more specialized than commonly believed) should take the lead in our catalogues. But the matter has now gone further, and out of it has grown a question of diphyletism in the Lepidoptera, hitherto unbroached.
._I do not recognize the relationship of the Papilionides to the Pieri-Nymphalide, as urged by Dr. Chapman or Mr. Quail, either on account of the retention of residuary characters, t.e. the cubital cross vein of primaries, or the first radial branch of secondaries closing outwardly the humeral cell, since these are common to the order; or on account of the retention of fourth anal of primaries in pupal wing of Pieris and Nymphalis, because this is also a common generalization, and in this case progresses by a disappearance in the imaginal state, not shared in by the Papilionides. The Nymphalids and Papilionides do not fit together ; they appear disjointed, having attained diverse total stages of specialization. But all the groups of the Hespe- riades seem to fit together.
e
122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The Papilionide and Nymphalide are in reality quite out of focus with each other. The specialization of the former is cubital, of the latter radial. The incongruity between the two should be felt by the naturalist. The correspondences are due, in my opinion, to convergence.
My general defence for my classification of the diurnals lies in the fact that we cannot interpolate the Papilionides at any point without breaking a continuous succession of forms having certain leading characters in common. My general defence for a diphyletism of the diurnals, not previously urged by any author, lies in the fact that the direction taken by the specialization of the anal veins in the Papilionides is unique. The families of the Hesperiades appear to converge in an ancestral type to the ex- clusion of the Papilionides. The convergence of the butterflies is already assumed by Dr. Chapman.
In the following table of characters, by which I separate the diurnals into two series, I do not undertake to settle the homology of the retained anal veins, and Dr. Chapman will, I hope, help us here. As I have pointed out, there is a law of inequality in specialization, in one and the same organ, here the veining of the wings. The development of one system of veins does not keep pace with another, nor is the ratio of advance the same as between the front and hind pair of wings.
In the Pseudopontiade three anal veins are retained on the hind wings, otherwise the specializations conform to those of the Hesperiades. Under the term Nymphalide I include the ‘‘ brush- footed’ butterflies, the Nymphalide proper, the Agapetide (Sa- tyride), Morphide, Heliconide, and Limnadide (Danaide).
IMAGINAL WING.
A. PAPILIONIDES.
Fore wings with ‘‘ Grote’s vein”’ and second anal persistent; traces of first anal (submedian fold) as a scar seldom wanting.
Hind wings with one anal vein alone remaining.
Specialization of Media.
. Parnassiidz Gulnales 4 eave ies {Peinooaly = OGNUAL otc sasnecveaceaees Papilionide
B. HEsPERIADES.
Fore wings with second anal only persistent, with a fork at base vanishing through reduction; traces of first anal as a scar oftenest wanting.
Hind wings with at least two anal veins persisting.
Specialization of Media. Pierididee Nymphalidz Libytheide Riodinide Dismorphiads Megathymide Lycenide Hesperiade
Catia. ne ee { @Goentiral .cds2cccsseeeeet
It is hoped that the designations proposed by Prof. Comstock for the subcostal vein, the radius, cubitus, and anal veins will be
permanently adopted.
DIPHYLETISM IN THE LEPIDOPTERA. 123
The specialization of media is determined by the position of the second median branch. Its central position is the original, generalized state; it moves by being either drawn upwards and joining the radial, or downwards and then joining the cubital system of the wing. The specializations of the radius have been elsewhere fully discussed by me.
In the genealogical tree published by Sir George Hampson (1898) the Pierids are represented as having given rise to the Nymphalids and Satyrids. In their present condition the Pierids could not have done so, since the mass of forms have undergone a reduction of the radius, and are thus more specialized than the brush-footed butterflies, in which no such reduction has taken place. It is rather probable that the Pierids and Nymphalids are subparallel converging groups. The Pierids represent the main ascending six-footed stem, out of which the brush-footed butterflies proceeded probably as a side-issue, not as the culmi- nation depicted by Sir George Hampson. The idea that the butterflies are represented by groups which run together, con- verge, we gather, with much other which is valuable, from Dr. Chapman. I adopt it to the exclusion of the Papilionides. I must also decline to accept the isolation of the skippers under a separate title, which would obscure their phyletic relationship to to the Lycenids. There will probably be no other differences in our views, which must be, to me, a source of congratulation.
In shortest phrase: all classifications and phylogenies, except my own, embrace the diurnal Lepidoptera in a single major group, the Rhopalocera, or separate from the rest the Skippers, under some similar title, holding the two as of equal morphological value. Dr. Chapman calls these same two groups—Papilionides and Hesperides; Comstock calls them Butterflies and Skippers. The only variation from this course is offered by those writers who allow the families of the diurnals to succeed each other, in a linear arrangement, without dividing them off by any special term or terms from the rest of the Lepidoptera. I, alone, divide the diurnals by separating from them, not the skippers, but the swallow-tails and the related Parnassians, as representing a distinct and closed group, possessing exclusive classificational and phyletic value, and which I call the Papilionides, or butter- flies proper. And I allow of no separation of the skippers from the rest of the diurnals, which, gathered together under the name Hesperiades, or skippers in a wide sense, I regard as a group open to the moths, or Heterocera, and as not separable from these by any structural feature so strong as that which divides them from the Papilionides.
124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
THE GENERA CUPIDO AND LYCZENA. By A. G. Butter, Ph.D.
Amonest Continental entomologists the genera Cupido and Lycena are used indiscriminately, to indicate what are known popularly as blue butterflies, and particularly for the large un- tailed group.
When the typical ‘‘ blues” are examined carefully, it will be found that they divide naturally into two genera—Cupido and Lycena; the first with C. arion as type, the second with L. meleager. In neuration these two genera closely resemble each other; but, when examined with a platyscopic lens, it will be seen that, whereas Cupido is to all intents and purposes a naked-eyed genus, Lycena has distinctly hairy eyes.
The importance of this character is vigorously insisted upon in the Heterocerous Lepidoptera, and doubtless should be equally valued among the Rhopalocera. I have therefore carefully ex- amined the whole of the true ‘‘blues”’ in the Museum collection, with the following result :—
_Curipo, Schr. (Hyes naked, or nearly so*).
C. arion, C. euphemus, C. arcas, C. alcon, C. admetus, C. sebrus, C. lycea, C. pardalis, C. saporte, C. celestina, C. nycula, C. galatea (perhaps a form of the preceding), C. metallica, C. omphisa, C. donzelui, C. sepiolus, C. anteros, C. ewmedon, C. idas, C. astrarche, C. loewii, C. cleobis, C. zephyrus, C. triton, C. argus, C. scudderi, C. argyrotoxus, C. micrargus, C. melissa, C. eurypilus, C. optilete, C. acmon, C. hyrcana, C. shasta, C. alcedo, C. anna, C. christopht, C. sieversi, C. allardi, C. bracteata, C. staudingeri, C. psylorita, C. panagea, C. anisophthalma, C. cytis, C. dedalus, C. evius, C. heteronea, C. pheres, C. pheretes, C. asiatica?, C. pheretiades, C. podarce, C. franklini, C. orbitulus, C. egagrus.
Lycamna, Fabr. (HKyes distinctly hairy).
L. meleager, L. corydon, L. bellargus, L. hylas, L. ariana, L. icarus, L. persica, L. kashgariensis (the two preceding are repre- sentative forms of L. icarus), L. sutleja, L. amanda, L. eros, L. bilucha, L. pseuderos, L. candalus, L. helena, L. cyllarus, L. lycormas, L. semiargus, L. argiades, L. lygdamus (I cannot dis- tinguish this from L. antiacis or L. couperi; all three forms being very variable in tint), L. melanops, L. erschoffi, L. damon, L. dolus, L. menaleas, L. hopfferi, L. phyllis, L. dama?, L. admetus, L. posthumus, L. poseidon, L. damone, L. kindermanni, L. actis.
* In the C. celestina and C. argus groups, when examined under a fairly high power, a fine scattered short pile is visible upon the front of the eyes, but this disappears under a lower power, leaving the eyes apparently smooth.
A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 125
In the preceding lists of species | have not included the recognized named varieties, seasonal forms, or slight local modifications, many of which are in the collection: there are also several hitherto unidentified species which I have been obliged to omit.
A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. By W. F. pe Vismes Kane, M.A., M.R.I.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 82.)
CaToprRia ALBERSANA, H1b.—Killarney. C. uniceTana, Haw.—Everywhere abundant.
C. uypERicanA, Hb.—Wicklow Mts.; Belfast Hills, locally abundant (W’.).
C. cana, Haw.—Howth; Markree Castle, Sligo (K.); Black Mountain; Belfast (W.); Derry (C.); Coolmore, Co. Donegal ; and Armagh (J.); Roches Pt., Cork (K.).; near Sligo (R.) ; Letterfrack (C. T. C.).
C. rutvana, St.—Armagh (J.); Sligo (R.).
C. scopourana, Haw.— Howth, Killarney (K.).; Bundoran, and near Belleek (J.); Sligo (R.); Westport, Mayo (W.); Ballins- kelligs Bay, Kerry (K.); Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.).
TrycHERIS AURANA, F').—Generally distributed.
PYRALOIDIDE.
CHOREUTES MYLLERANA, F'b.—Holywood, Co. Down. SYMATHIS OXYACANTHELLA, L.—Abundant everywhere.
CoNCHYLID.
Evupa@cinia NANA, Haw.—Powerscourt (B.).
E. pupirana, Hb.— Belfast (W.).
E. arricapirana, St.—Howth, and elsewhere on the Dublin coast, both on cliffs and sandhills, from mid-June to mid-August, but scarce; Belfast (W.); Roches Pt., Cork (K ); Coolmore, Co. Donegal (J.); Sligo (R.).
EK. pauuirpana, Zell. — Howth, N. Cooke, June, 1857; Ma- gilligan, Co. Derry (Curzon).
E. macunosana, Haw.—Howth, Sligo (R.).
E. anaustana, Hb.—Generally distributed.
KE. mussenurana, 7'r.—Sligo (R.). Five specimens of this very rare species taken in a marshy field.
E. roseana, Haw.—Sligo (R.).
E. mpuicirana, H. S.—Belfast (W.).
126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
H. crtrevna, Hb.—Sligo (R.); Belfast, abundant (W.); Ennis- killen (P.); Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.).
XANTHOSETIA ZOEGANA, L.—Generally distributed.
X. HamaNna, L.—Generally distributed.
ARGYROLEPIA HARTMANNIANA, Clerck.—Belfast Hills, locally abundant (W.); Clonbrock, Galway (R. HE. D.); Sligo (McC.) ; Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.); Cromlyn, Westmeath (Mrs. B.); Coolmore, Donegal (.J.).
A. cntcana, Dbl.—Howth: Belfast (W.).
CoNCHYLIS FRANCILLANA, /'b.—Howth, abundant.
C. stRAMINEA, Haw.—Howth, abundant; Belfast; Markree ; Sligo (K.); Roches Pt., Cork (K.).
APHELIIDH, Gn. APHELIA ossEANA, Scop.—Howth and Wicklow Mts. ; Armagh (J.); Sligo (R) ; Belfast (W.); Portrush (C.); Connemara (C. H.). TorTRIcoDES HYEMANA, Hb.—Lambay L., off the Dublin coast.
TINEA. E\PIGRAPHIIDA.
LEMNATOPHILA PHRYGANELLA, /7b.—Belfast, abundant (W.).
DruRNEA FAGELLA, F’'b.— Wicklow Mts., common; also at Belfast ; Favour Royal, Tyrone; Drumreaske, Monaghan; Killy- non, Westmeath; Tullamore, King’s Co.; Killarney, &c. (K.).
SEMIOSCOPIS AVELLANELLA, Hb.—Wicklow (G. V. H.).
PsyvcHID&.
Little is known of the Irish distribution of the members of this group, which has been neglected largely, no doubt on account of the difficulties attending their identification. That only two species are recorded should not be taken as a proof of the poverty of this section of our fauna.
FuMEA INTERMEDIELLA, Brd.—Howth, the cases on the rocks in profusion (G. C. B.). At Wicklow Head, Ballycottin, Galley Head, and elsewhere on the cliffs of Co. Cork, and the Saltee Is. I have found immense numbers of what I take to be the cases of this species (K.).
PsYCHOIDES VERHUELLELLA, Heyd.—Killarney.
TINEIDE. DIPLODOMA MARGINEPUNCTELLA, St.—Wicklow Mts., Sligo (R.); Magilligan, Co. Derry (Salvage). OcHSENHEIMERIA BIRDELLA, Curt.— Portmarnock, near Dublin; mee ae” Kerry ; Holywood, Co. Down; Sligo (R.); Belfast (OevG. taps
=f
A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 127
ScaRDIA GRANELLA, L.—Dublin and Belfast.
8. choaceLtia, Haw.—Dublin and Belfast; Markree Castle, Sligo (K.); and near Sligo (R.).
(S. anceLuA, /’'b.—Belfast. Old doubtful record.)
BuaBOPHANES FERRUGINELLA, Hb. — Howth, on the cliffs; Sligo (R.).
B. rusticenua, Hb.—Howth and Dublin, Armagh (J.); _ Bel- fast (W.); Sligo (R.).
TINEA TAPETZELLA, L.—Common everywhere.
T. miseuua, Zell.—Dublin, in cellars and vaults among the matted growth of fungus on the walls.
T. PELLIONELLA, L.—Common everywhere.
T. FUSCIPUNCTELLA, Haw.—Dublin, common.
T. PALLESCENTELLA, Sta.—Dublin, Belfast (1W.).
T. napELLa, Hb. — Belfast (W.); Rathowen, Westmeath (Mrs. B.).
T. mpRDELLA, Zell.—Dublin, in houses; Belfast (W.).
T. conruseLLa, H.-S.— Howth, the only known British locality. It flits among and runs up the stems of the grass on cliffs, and possibly feeds on fungi in the same situations. It is somewhat remarkable that no other certain locality for this species should be known in the British Isles, and also that it has not for some years been taken here.
T.. NIGRIPUNCTELLA, Haw.—Dublin, in houses.
T. SEMIFULVELLA, Haw.— Sligo (R.); Clonbrock, Galway (KR. EH. D.); Bray (BR. E. D.):
TINEOLA BISELLIELLA, Hml.—Dublin, in houses.
LAMPRONIA QUADRIPUNCTELLA, /’b).— Howth.
L. tuzEcta, Hb.—Howth ; Belfast, one (W.).
L. pRmLATELLA, Schiff.—Killarney.
L. rusBreLLA, Bjerk.—Killarney and Holywood, Co. Down.
INcuRVARIA MUSCALELLA, /’b.—Malahide, near Dublin; Wick- low Mts.; Belfast (C. G. B. and W.).
I. peotingEaA, Haw.—Killarney.
ERIOCEPHALA CALTHELLA, L.—Wicklow Mts.; Armagh (J.); Enniskillen (P.).
Ki. arunceuua, Scop.—Sugar Loaf Mountain, Wicklow (K.).
E. seppenia, /'b.—Generally distributed.
HE. aurEaTeLLa, Scop.—L. Bray, Co. Wicklow; Blackstones and Killarney, Kerry ; Enniskillen (P.).
(To be continued.)
128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Tur Pupat Hasirs or Cossus LIGNIPERDA.—Cossus ligniperda is so common a species that one would suppose that even the most superficial among entomologists would be well acquainted with its life-history. That this is not the case is only too apparent from the notes that have appeared from time to time in the entomological journals, and I fear that on one simple point alone—namely, the natural situation selected for pupation—our knowledge is by no means clear. The older authors were unanimous in telling us that the pupal cocoon was formed in the burrow in which the larva had fed, but I find no evidence to support this theory ; the most modern authors are equally assertive that the pupa is subterranean. In this gloriously uncertain state of our information, I was well pleased at finding, in June and July last, a considerable number of imagines, so freshly emerged that their wings were but partially expanded, and in almost every case the pupe-skins that they had just vacated were also found. The trees in which the larve had fed, and which I have known for some years to be infested, grow just within a low park paling that surrounds a small garden. ‘The bottom of the paling having become rotten, an oak skirting some six inches in depth has been fixed along the fence from post to post. This skirting rests on an asphalt path which borders the paling on the outside, and its bottom is also on a level with a flower-bed that traverses the inner side of the paling. A narrow space between the skirting and the paling forms a sort of pocket, and this has in course of time become filled with dust and twigs and so forth, forming a compact mass of dry rubbish, and from the surface of this the pups-skins were protruding. Some years ago I found a number of pupe in a very rotten willow-tree, not, however, in the mines in which the larve had fed. By way of experiment, I have on several occasions placed full-fed larve, found in the autumn, in holes bored for their reception in a poplar-tree. Those thus placed in the dry stump of a limb, the upper portion of which was cut off some years ago, have invariably produced imagines in the following summer, but one similarly treated in the growing wood died. These facts, coupled with such other precise evidence as I have been able to obtain, suggest to my mind that the pupa is not necessarily sub- terranean, at any rate in the sense that many of the Sphingide and Noctue are, but that the larva is guided in the selection of a suitable situation for pupation rather by the presence of light friable material, be it rotten wood, dry turf, or other fibrous earthy matter, that will enable it to form its large tough cocoon.—Rosrert Apxin ; Lewisham, February, 1900.
Cossus LienipERDA Larva.—In the middle of February last a man brought to me two larve of C. ligniperda, each about 23 in. in length, which he had dug up in his garden that day. He told me that they were both contained in the same spadeful of earth ; with the larva was brought one cocoon (broken), formed, as usual, of silk and earth. It contained fragments of a recently cast larval skin. One of the larve was of a uniform canary-yellow. colour, the usual orange band on the dorsum being absent. This was apparently the larva which had
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 129
owned the cast skin. Is it not very unusual for ligniperda larve to moult within the cocoon sometime previous to pupation? Is the close propinquity of the two larve underground, each presumably occupying & separate cocoon——one not being observed by the gardener——-merely a coincidence, or has that apparent display of sociability been noticed before ?--Dr. May; Hayling Island.
Dwarr Ruopratocera.—-In the spring of 1896, during a stay in Guernsey, I captured a dwarf specimen of Pieris napi. It measured exactly 34 mm. in expanse. It was flying on low marshy land.
In a certain part of the woods overlooking Weston-super-Mare I have come across very small male specimens of Huchloé cardamines. The one I have in my collection measures 38 mm. in expanse. The whole form of the insect is different from ordinary specimens ; in fact, except in colouring, the insect puts one in mind of Leucophasia sinapis, both in shape and in delicacy of construction. I have seen several flying about the same spot.—J. L. Saxsy; Larkfield, Kent.
Referring to Mr. Cardinall’s capture of a couple of dwarf V. ata- lanta and the editorial note on same, appearing in your last issue, it may be of interest to state that, in August, 1899, I discovered in a solitary bed of nettles, situated in an exposed spot, a quantity of pupe, in appearance those of V. atalanta, but in size resembling JV. urtice. The fact that hosts of small ichneumons were emerging from one of the pups led me to believe that the whole of them were ichneumoned, assuming them to be V. atalanta. I determined, however, to test this theory, and took all the pupe I could find—-about three dozen. In the course of a week or ten days emergences commenced, and from all the pup but two ichneumons were bred. ‘The two exceptions produced perfect imagines of V. atalanta, but of the size mentioned by Mr. Car- dinall. Probably similar attacks by ichneumons result in the develop- ment of the dwarf specimens met with on the wing.—A. RussELt ; The Limes, Southend, Catford, S.E.
Narurauizep CocKxroacnEes.—Phyllodromia germanica, one of the four exotic cockroaches which have established themselves in the British Isles, swarms in an old house at Blackheath. This is yet another addition to the rather lengthy list of positions it has seized, which are usually hotels and restaurants. Another of the four, Blatta americana, is thoroughly established in a sugar refinery at Silvertown, a locality from which it does not seem to have been previously announced.—-W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames.
Humminc Sounp or Macrociossa sTELLATARUM. —I was rather interested in Mr. Anderson’s note on the above (Kntom. xxxii. 306), as I came across an instance of the same thing when at Wei-hai-wei in 1898. This, however, was out of doors, the moth being at the time poised over flowers on a hillside. The sound was very audible, reminding one of a Bombus, but louder and deeper.—T. B. Fiercuer ; H.M.S. ‘ Centurion,’ Jan. 81st, 1900.
A Correction.—In view of the interest now taken in the insect fauna of the London district, it may be as well to correct the following error :—In the ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xxiv. p. 281, under Gonoptera
130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
libatria, for ‘ larve on willow and balsam,’ read ‘‘ larve on willow and balsam poplar.’’--Autrrep Sica; Brentwood, 65, Barrowgate Road, Chiswick, Feb. 21st, 1900.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
REMARKABLE APPEARANCE OF VANESSA IO DURING Snow. — In the ‘Field’ of February 17th, Mr. EK. J. P. Magor states that, while woodcock shooting in a small wooded valley at St. Tudy, Cornwall, on Feb. 14th, he came across a peacock butterfly (V. io). ‘It was of course one that had hybernated, but, considering the fact that there were four inches of snow on the ground at the time, its appearance was remarkable.” In reply to my enquiries under what conditions the specimen was observed, the follow- ing reply from Mr. Magor appeared in the ‘ Field’ of March 3rd :—* In answer to Mr. Frohawk’s questions as to the peacock butterfly which I saw in the snow last month, I may say that the sun was shining brightly at the time, and the temperature was, I should think, comparatively high. The butterfly got up from a bush and flew along in front of me as 1 went up the valley. I saw it three times.” I think such a very remarkable occurrence as this should be placed on record in the ‘ Entomologist.’-— F. W. Frouawk; March, 1900.
Earty APPEARANCE OF PIERIS RAP&.—My sister, Miss I. Grant, writes to me from Weston-super-Mare, that at noon, on March 10th last, she observed a small white butterfly fly from under the coping of a wall in her garden ; it flew close up to her. The sun was shining brightly at the time and very warm. The wall faces south, and is fully exposed to the sun. It had evidently just emerged from the pupa. Under the coping she states that there are many remains of pupz-cases. — MARGARET Frouawk; March, 1900.
CoREMIA QUADRIFASCIARIA AT BEXLEY.—As the above insect is, I believe, a somewhat local species, I thought it might be of some interest to record a specimen taken by my father at Bexley, on July 16th, 1899. This was left out of my notes (ante, p. 48) by an oversight—F. M. B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, Lee, 8.E., March 15th, 1900.
Captures at Licut 1n 1899.—According to custom I send a list of fresh records for light-trap during last year. The last season was an exceptionally bad one, only twelve Asteroscopus sphinx putting in an appearance, as against one hundred and fifty to two hundred in other years. The following are new :—Lycena astrarche, Acronycta psi, Axylia putris, Hecatera serena, Hupisteria obliterata, Bupalus piniaria, Hupithecia oblongata, Eucosmia undulata, Aciptilia pentadactyla, Crambus pinellus, Ayponomeuta padellus, Depressaria badiella, Coleophora lutipennella. The following were exceptionally common, viz.: Notodonta dicteoides, Demas coryli, Hypenodes albistrigalis, Cheimatobia boreata.— E. F. Strupp; Oxton, Exeter, March 19th, 1900.
Pxiusia GAMMA.—A fact which much impressed itself upon me during last season was the absence here of P. gamma. During several years this moth has been so abundant in Hayling as to be a perfect nuisance to the
SOCIETIES. 131
collectors. Last March I did not observe one specimen.—Dr. May ; Hayling Island.
EvupLexiA LucrPaRA IN Fepruary.—On Feb. 25th, about 6 p.m., I found a female of the above species at rest on a piano in our drawing-room. I think this is probably a hybernated specimen, although the species does not usually pass the winter in the perfect state. It is somewhat worn, but was quite lively when captured.—Parip J. Barraup; Bushey ; Heath, Herts, March 8rd, 1900
SOCIETIES.
Enromouoeicat Society or Lonpon.—March 9th, 1900.—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair. Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., was elected into the Council, and as joint-Secretary in the place of Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., who had resigned. Prof. Christopher Aurivillius, of Stockholm, and Prof. Frederick Moritz Brauer, of Vienna, were elected Honorary Fellows; and W. D. Drury, of Rocquaine, West Hill Park, Woking; the Rev. W. Westropp Flemyng, of Coolfin, Portlaw, Waterford ; and Prof. Percy Groom, M.A., F.L.8., of the Royal Indian Engineering College, Coopers Hill, were elected ordinary Fellows of the Society. Mr. C. G. Barrett exhibited a series of varieties of Spilosoma dorsalis from South Africa, showing variation in some degree parallel with that of S. lubricipeda in Great Britain. Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy exhibited several Rhynchota of economic interest, from the United States, Ceylon, and British Central Africa, among them being the new Aigaleus bechuana, Kirk., from Africa, which attacks coffee, and Pariatoria victrix, Ckll., from Phenix, Arizona, found on date-palms. The last-named Coccid was originally introduced from Egypt, and all attempts at eradication had hitherto failed. He also showed a series of thirteen colour-varieties of the oriental Scu- tellerine Cantao ocellatus (Thunb.), and examples of Distantidea vedda (a new genus and species of Lybantinz) from Ceylon, in which the rostrum was very long, extending as far as to the apex of the abdomen. Papers were communicated, by Mr. W. L. Distant on *‘ Undescribed genera and species belonging to the Rhynchotal family Pentatomide,”’ and by Mr. G. J. Arrow ‘On Pleurostict Lamellicorns from Grenada and St. Vincent (West Indies).” Mr. C. J. Gahan read a paper on ‘‘ Stridulating organs in Coleoptera,” in which he remarked that one of the best accounts of them was to be found in ‘The Descent of Man,’ but since that work was written several additional instances of their occurrence had been made known, showing that these organs were less uniform in structure and even more wonderfully diversified in position than Darwin considered them to be; while their discovery in the larvze of certain forms would lead to some modification of the view that they have originated in connection with sex and primarily serve the purpose of attracting the sexes to one another. He gave a detailed account of their presence on the head, prothorax, mesothorax, legs, abdomen, and elytra, enumerating several genera of Tenebrionide, Endomychide, Hispide, &c., in which they had not previously been known to occur, and describing those of certain Hispide as being the most complex in
132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
structure. He mentioned additional instances in which they occur in one sex only, or differ according to sex, and pointed out that, contrary to Landois’ opinion, they are frequently present in both sexes of Curculionide; but in several species the striated area occupies a different position in each sex, being found on the elytra in the males and on the last dorsal segment in the females.—H. Rownanp-Brown and C. J. Gauan, Hon. Sees.
Soutn Lonpon EnromotoeicaL anp Naturat History Socrery.— Annual Meeting, January 25th, 1900.—Mr. A. Harrison, F.E.§., Presi- dent, in the chair. The Council’s Report showed that the Society was in a sound condition, both in membership and finances, as well as in usefulness. The following gentlemen were elected as Officers and Council for the ensuing year :—President: W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Vice-Presidents: H. 8. Fremlin, M.R.C.§S., F.E.S., and A. Harrison, F.C.S.,F.L.S. Treasurer: T. W. Hall, F.K.S. Librarian: H. A. Sauzé. Curator: W. West. Hon. Secretaries: Stanley Hdwards, F.L.S., F.E.S., and H. J. Turner, F.E.S. Council: R. Adkin, F.E.S§., W. J. Ashdown, F. Noad Clarke, Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.E.S., H. Moore, F.B.S., A. M. Montgomery, and J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. The retiring President read his Address, discussing at some length the subjects ‘Recent experiments in Telegony”’ and the “ Inter-relation between the Mosquito and Malarial Fever.” Mr. Blenkarn, of Kast Dulwich, and Mr. Day, of Carlisle, were elected members. Mr. Brooks exhibited several specimens of Acherontia atropos, bred by himself, and radiated varieties of both Arctia lubricipeda and A. menthastri.
February 8th.—Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., President, in the chair. Mr. Ashdown exhibited, and presented to the Society’s collections, male and female examples of Gomphus vulgatissimus from the New Forest. Mr. Montgomery, long bred series of Chrysophanus phleas, and contributed notes on their life-history and variation. Mr. Moore, some one hundred and fifty species of Coleoptera collected by Prof. Blatchley in Indiana, including five species of Calosoma; an unnamed species taken at an altitude of 14,500 ft. on Mt. Orizaba, Mexico; and a Coccinellid, Megilla maculata, which congregates in thousands for the winter. Mr. Lucas, a specimen of Gryllus campestris, from Hastings last year, and a female dragonfly taken by Mr. Fremlin in the Hebrides, which was probably a variety of Sympetrum striolatum. Mr. Adkin, a series of Melanippe fluctuata taken at Lewisham in his garden and in a wood near. The latter were large and dark specimens. Dr. Chapman, a large number of microscopic slides of larval and imaginal lepidopterous legs to illustrate his paper entitled ‘‘On the Relation of the Larval to the Imaginal Legs in Lepidoptera.”’
February 22nd.—The President in the chair. Mr. J. W. Enock, of Charlton, and Mr. T. Kemp, of Notting Hill, were elected members. Mr. Tomlinson exhibited a specimen of /ristalis tenax and pupa from the Kingston sewage works, and suggested that the species may eventually take an important place in the purification of sewage. Mr. Lucas, several species of exotic Odonata, to show striking ornamentation of he wings. Mr. Adkin read a paper entitled, ‘‘ Notes on the Pupation of Cossus ligniperda,” and exhibited examples of the. species taken at Lewisham in June and July last. Mr. Colthrup, a sawfly cocoon
RECENT LITERATURE. nh 134
tenated by a spider. Major Ficklin reported the capture of Macro- glossa stellatarwm early in February in the city.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec.
Biruincuam Enromotocicat Socrery.—February 19th, 1900.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. Messrs. F. A. Jackson, Edmund Street, Birmingham, and W. H. Wilkinson, F.L.5., March- mound, Wylde Green, were elected members of the Society. Mr. R. C. Bradley showed the rare Chrysid Cleptes pallipes, which had been taken at a window of his house at Moseley, and the identification of which had been confirmed by Rev. F. D. Morice; also Miltogramma conica, a little Tachinid which he had found in abundance at Moseley last summer. Messrs. H. Willoughby Ellis and F. A. Jackson showed the following beetles from Knowle :—Anchomenus viduus and var. mestus, Aleochara brevipennis, Ptinus fur, Corymbites pectinicornis, and Sitones cambricus. Mr. C.J. Wainwright, a box containing the genus Syrphus and allied Diptera. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, a drawer of Palearctic Satyrids.—Coxtsran Warnweieut, Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Cetur, A. Remarks on the Epidemiology and Prophylaxis of Malaria m the Light of Recent Researches. (‘British Medical Journal,’ 1900, pp. 301-6.)
Everyone is doubtless aware of the investigations upon the causes of malaria which have been conducted by some of the most eminent specialists. The ‘British Medical Journal’ for Feb. 10th contains a number of articles upon the now proven relation of mosquitos (Anopheles) to malaria, the principal of which is that cited above, a summary of three works in Italian by the same author. There are also reports of the Malaria Conference in Rome, and a translation of Dr. Koch’s Second Report upon the work of the Malaria Expedition in the Dutch East Indies. As no notice has lately occurred in any of the British entomological journals, some extracts and notes may be of interest.
_ Man is the temporary host, and the mosquito the definitive host, of the malarial parasite. These parasites complete their asexual life and prepare their sexual forms in the human blood, while they com- plete the sexual cycle of life, that by which the species of the parasites external to man is assured, in the middle intestine of the mosquitos. It follows therefore that man and mosquitos are the sources of malarial infection which circulates, so to speak, from man to mosquito and from mosquito. to man, and soon. In this circulation of the contagion the presence of malarial man is indispensable, inasmuch as down to the present time the hereditary transmission of malaria from mosquito to mosquito has not been demonstrated experimentally or morphologi- cally, nor have resisting parasitic forms been found in the environment external to the body of the mosquito. Malaria is therefore a sypical contagious disease. Where there is malaria mosquitos abound, but malaria does not exist in every place where mosquitos abound.” The ENTOM.—APRIL, 1900. M
134
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
malaria-infesting genus is Anopheles, which has four Italian species. It is improbable that Culew and other Diptera frequenting malarious
places can transmit malaria.
The species of Anopheles lay their eggs in clear, slowly running or stagnant water, where the eggs and nymphs of Culex are rarely, if ever, found. Sea-water, very strong sulphurous water, continuous ice, or swiftly moving water is injurious to the immature forms.
The following parallel columns will succintly show the theory and the facts relative to the mode of propagation :—
1. The infection is most rife at sunset and during the night.
2. Is limited in distance in horizontal, oblique, and vertical directions.
3. Is not transported by wind, which, on the contrary, tends to diminish it.
4. ‘* Woods, instead of filter- ing the malarial agents, may be
1. Anopheles issues forth in the evening and night to pierce man, but lies hidden during the day.
2. Does not fly far from native place, and does not fly high in the air.
3. Usually remains when the wind blows.
hidden
4, ‘Shady or damp woods and trees in general are the homes
foci of this infection.” of mosquitos.”’
Water, as proved by a long series of direct experiments, is not the vehicle of malarial infection, neither are alimentary substances. In fact, the malarial parasite Proteosoma is introduced in the human blood by the mouth-parts of the infected Anopheles. [Extracts, &c., from Celli’s paper.]| Dr. Grassi is of opinion that man cannot contract malaria without being “ bitten’? by Anopheles, and ‘‘No man, no malaria; no mosquito, no malaria.” Grassi’s work on the malaria parasite, at which he has been labouring for sixteen hours a day for eighteen months, will be published very shortly.
Dr. Koch considers that the proposal recently made to destroy Anopheles larvee will meet with insuperable difficulties in Java, since the more rice fields there are in the neighbourhood of a place and the nearer they are, the greater the abundance of Anopheles; the occurrence of the mosquitos being connected with the extension of rice culture.
It has been possible only to give a very brief and disjointed notice, but the interested reader is referred to the journal quoted (which is published at 6d.).
Gui WGK
Mortanpon, A. L. Hemiptera Cryptocerata. S. Fam. Mononychine. Notes et Descriptions d’Espéces Nouvelles. (Bull. Soc. Sci. Bucarest, part 1, 1899, viii. Nos. 4 and 5, pp. 1-18; part 2, 1900, viii. No. 6, pp. 1-10.)
In this welcome revision of a difficult and neglected group, Dr. Montandon admits only three genera into the subfamily. The species are all extra-British, and of a more or less undistinguished appearance ; but they merit a close examination, and should be of interest to the local student, inasmuch as they undoubtedly provide information as to some of the stages through which the completely aquatic Naucorine
RECENT LITERATURE. 185
have passed in their evolution from land-bugs, originally probably from some form similar in structure and appearance to Acanthia, Fabr., Latr. The genera admitted are :—
1. Mononyx, Lap. = Phintius, Stal, with 18 spp. (7 new).
2. Marinus, Stal, with 5 spp. (3 new).
3. Petroprerus, Guér. = Scylecus, Stal, with 3 spp. (2 new).
Mononyx has a very wide distribution, seven species occurring in America, five each from the Oriental and Australian regions, and one from the Ethiopian; the other genera are much restricted, Matinus being entirely Australian, while Peltopterus is insular, having been recorded only from the Philippines, North Borneo, Salomons, Mari- annes, Mauritius, and a few smaller islands. The genus Nerthra, Say, from America, remains unknown.
The value of Dr. Montandon’s precise and uniform descriptions is greatly enhanced by the synoptic tables, in which structural characters are employed for the preliminary differentiation of the species; but there are unfortunately no figures, a want which cannot always be supplied even by the most careful and detailed descriptions.
Gra; Wie Se
Suater, F. W. The Egg-carrying Habit of Zaitha. (‘The American Naturalist,’ 1899, xxxiii. pp. 931-3.)
Ir has been long known that certain American waterbugs of the family Belostomatide, particularly Zaitha fluminea, Say, and Deino- stoma (= Serphus) dilatatum, Say, have the habit of carrying their eggs on their back until they are hatched, and it has always been taken for granted that the female is the egg-carrier. Miss Slater, however, has made a study of the sexual organs of Zaitha, and finds that everyone of the egg-carrying individuals which she has dissected is a male, and that the ovipositor of the female is so short that it would be impossible for her to reach her own back with it.
The ovipositing season lasts from June to the end of August, and the eggs, which are comparatively of large size, number from seventy- five to eighty-five, ‘‘ placed in regular diagonal rows on the upper side of the wings of the male.’”’ The male is an unwilling porter, and is captured by the larger female and compelled to endure the indignity, after a series of well-contested combats. ‘‘That the male chafes under the burden is unmistakable; in fact, my suspicions as to the sex of the egg-carrier were first aroused by watching one in an aquarium, which was trying to free itself from its load of eggs, an exhibition of a lack of maternal interest not to be expected in a female carrying her own eggs. . . . For five hours I watched a silent unremitting struggle between the male and the female. Her desire was evidently to capture him uninjured. She crept quietly to within a few inches of him, and there remained immovable for half an hour. Suddenly she sprang towards him; but he was on the look-out, and fought so vigorously that she was obliged to retreat. After this repulse she swam about carelessly for a time, as if searching for food was her only thought. But in ten or fifteen minutes she was back in her first position in front of him. Again there was the attack, and again the repulse. The same tactics were continued until midnight, when, despairing of her
136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
success, I left them. At six o’clock the next morning the entire abdomen of the male and half of the thorax were covered with eggs. Those nearest the head were quite yellow, showing that the struggle had just ended.”
It is to be hoped that the fair American will continue her observa- tions. The reason for this strange disposal of the eggs is problematical ; it can searcely be for their safety, since the male, if attacked, ‘‘ meekly receives the blows, seemingly preferring death, which in several cases was the result, to the indignity of carrying and caring for the eggs.”
Ga ee
Second Annual Report of the Kendal Entomological Society. Session 1899.
The present Report of this enterprising and, we are pleased to say, flourishing Society, comprises twelve pages. The contents include the President's Address and a paper entitled ‘Directions for Setting Lepidoptera.”” The former is a review of the work done by the Society collectively and its members individually during the year; the latter, which is contributed by Mr. Frank Littlewood, is an instructive and practical article.
OBITUARY.
WE regret to announce that Mr. W. G. Blatch, of Knowle, near Birmingham, died on Feb. 24th last.
Mr. Blatch was born in London; we are unable to ascertain the exact date, but we believe that it was about 1840. His education as a boy was not framed on a very liberal scale, but he appears to have been a great lover of books, and quickly assimilated their contents ; and he also instructed himself in, among other subjects, Latin and Greek. Having tried shoemaking, a business that proved not altogether to his liking, he became a pupil-teacher in a school at Colchester ; subse- quently, however, he relinquished this in favour of an appointment in the Essex Hall Idiot Asylum. We next hear of him as one of the first of the ‘“‘ Evangelists ’’ sent out into the rural districts by the late Samuel Morley, M.P. Finally, he was appointed Secretary to the Midland Counties Idiot Asylum, on the foundation of that institution about thirty-two years ago; this office, combined with that of Super- intendent, he retained until the date of his death.
Although it was as a coleopterist that Mr. Blatch was best known among entomologists, he was interested in all orders of insects, and a true lover of nature. Most of his published entomological writings will be found in the ‘ Entomological Monthly Magazine.’ He also wrote an article on insects for the ‘ Guide to Birmingham,’ which was published for the British Association Meeting in 1886. For many years he had been engaged on a list of the Coleoptera of the Midlands, but this, unfortunately, has not been published.
Mr. Blatch was elected a fellow of the London Entomological Society in 1890; he was one of the founders of the Birmingham En- tomological Society (established in 1888), and occupied the chair for the first five years.
Entomologist, May, 1900.
Plate IV-
W. J. Lucas, del.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXIII.] MAY, 1900. [No. 444.
DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1899. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. Pruate [YV.
Owrne to the ungenial weather in April and May the dragon- fly season, as in 1898, was late in commencing. In an early year several species would be on the wing in the South of England during the last week of April, but in normal years they might be expected to appear during the first week of May. On the 8rd of that month one or two nymph-skins of Pyrrhosoma nymphula were certainly found on Esher Common in Surrey, but no imagines were seen. At the same place, on May 7th, three that had but lately emerged were observed, one being on the wing. A single specimen of Enallagma cyathigerum was also found there on the 7th, which had so recently emerged that the abdomen had not attained its full length. This latter species was on the wing to some extent on Esher Common by May 13th. At the same place, on May 14th, a Cordulia enea was captured in the teneral condition, and on May 21st four specimens of Libellula quadrimaculata were taken in the same immature state. On the 23rd Ischnura elegans, Erythromma naias, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Agrion puella, A. pulchellum, and Calopteryx splendens were obtained at the Byfleet Canal, but most of them were in the teneral state. Indeed, though several species had been met with the season cannot be said to have well commenced previous to the summer weather that set in with the last few days of May.
After that a normal state of affairs was soon attained, and so favourable was the weather that by July some of the summer species were perhaps a little before their time. Lestes sponsa and Sympetrum striolatum were appearing on Ockham Common by July 8th, and S. scoticum and dischna grandis by the 15th ; while Mr. Arkle found Leucorrhinia dubia over on July = at
ENTOM.—may, 1900.
138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the Delamere Forest localities in Cheshire, which he knows so well.
The fine autumn weather extended the season considerably at its latter end. On Esher Common E. cyathigerum was last seen on Sept. 17th, Aschna mixta on Sept. 24th, S. scoticum on Oct. 15th, and S. striolatum on Nov. 12th; while Mr. W. H. Harwood saw 4. mixta disporting over the river Colne, in Essex, a few days before Oct. 21st. Aschna cyanea visited Mr. Briggs’s garden at Lynmouth on Oct. 21st, and Mr. F. N. Clarke sent me a female, which was taken alive from a branch of ivy at Tetbury, in Gloucestershire, on Nov. 12th.
~ One of the most interesting events of the season was the visit of Messrs. King and C. A. Briggs to Strathglass, in Inverness- shire, in search of Somatochlora metallica. On the death of Dr. Buchanan White, Mr. King was the sole entomologist who had taken the insect in that its only known British habitat—a dis- tinction which is now shared with him by the ardent neuropterist, Mr. C. A. Briggs. S. metallica was met with for two months from June 15th in Strathglass and Glen Affrick. The majority seen were males, which were ‘‘ not uncommon, but patience and devotion in the highest degree’ were needed for their capture, and, laconically adds Mr. Briggs, ‘‘ they got it.” Somatochlora arctica was taken in Strathglass in June, and in Glen Affrick early in August, in the latter locality at an altitude of 1400 ft. ; but it was not common. dAischna cerulea was observed in widely separated districts in Strathglass and Glen Affrick, at altitudes varying from 400 ft. to 1200 ft., the last taken being a male on Aug. 12th. It was rare and difficult to catch. Strathglass and Glen Affrick constitute a new British locality for the last species, making the third, all of which are in Scotland.
Other species of Odonata observed by Mr. Briggs in Strath- glass in July were EL. cyathigerum and P. nymphula, which were fairly common; JL. dubia, scarce; JL. sponsa, common, but immature, at one little pond at Invercannick ; and Cordulegaster annulatus, which was not uncommon, and an easy capture.
Unfortunately neither Mr. King nor Mr. Briggs succeeded in obtaining nymphs of S. metallica, S. arctica, or At. cerulea, though the latter obtained eggs of S. metallica, which he removed from outside the vulvar scale of a worn female captured while apparently ovipositing. Hach egg was about half a millimetre long, and from a quarter to a third of a millimetre wide. The colour was pale yellow, and shape elliptical. It possessed a rather long, slender, transparent pedicel at one end, which ap- peared to belong to a thin transparent outer envelope of the egg. The contents had a granular appearance.
Another interesting expedition was one undertaken by Mr. H. 8. Fremlin to Stornoway, in the Outer Hebrides—a, still more distant hunting-ground. Though more especially interested in
DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1899. 139
Lepidoptera, Mr. Fremlin brought home a few dragonflies, as samples of what the district was capable of producing in that direction. They were: I. elegans, P. nymphula, E. cyathigerum, Aischna juncea, L. quadrimaculata, and S. striolatum. The first five call for no special notice, except that L. quadrimaculata was small and of the clearly marked but little suffused Scotch form; but the two specimens (both females) of S. striolatum crave somewhat closer attention. In size each is but little larger than a well-grown S. scoticwm, and in general appearance, espe- cially in the colouring of the sides of the thorax, closely resembles that insect. In the typical S. striolatum the sides of the thorax have two well-defined broad yellow oblique bands, separated by a duller somewhat interrupted third one. In the Stornoway speci- men the middle band is reduced to a few spots (Plate IV., a) much as in S. scoticum. The amount of black colouring on the sides of the abdomen also point a little in the direction of S. scoticum, though the arrangement of those markings on the whole recall S. striolatum. The vulvar scale appears to be of a form inter- mediate between those of the two species, for, though not pointed as in S. scoticum, it does not appear to be at all notched as in S. striolatum. On the other hand, the pterostigma (Plate IV., a) is decidedly that of S. striolatum, and the yellow mark on the metasternum (Plate IV., aa), though rather sharply defined, resembles that of S. striolatum rather than of S. scoticum. Further, which is perhaps more important than all, the legs are clearly lined with yellow above, as in the division of the genus Sympetrum, to which striolatum belongs, whereas in the scoticum division they are black. The conclusion to which we must come, seeing that there are two specimens, thus precluding an aberration, appears to be that the insects belong to a form of S. striolatum somewhat resembling S. scoticum (possibly a local race), or else that both insects are hybrids between the two species; Mr. McLachlan, who has examined the insects, inclines to the latter opinion. Should any entomologist visit Stornoway during the coming season he may perhaps be able to throw some light upon the subject.
Sympetrum flaveolum was again present in good numbers on Ockham Common in August. The locality was visited during the month by Mr. H. J. Turner once, and by myself twice, but only males were taken; and we must conclude that the presence of the species was due to another migration. Rey. J. E. Tarbat took a male near Wokingham about July 6th, and I probably saw one near Christchurch. It should be stated that Mr. W. H. Harwood took a female at St. Osyth, in Essex, on a part of the coast where it would be hardly likely to breed. With S. flaveolum, on Ock- ham Common, several specimens of Sympetrum sanguineum were taken, one being a female. Mr. Turner also took a female at Cliffe Marshes, near Gravesend, and Mr. Harwood states that
n 2
140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the species breeds on a part of the Essex coast. Numbers of S. scoticum were met with by Mr. Briggs and myself at a large pond on Exmoor, where their large size was noticeable. The species is also reported from Chobham Common and Chertsey, in Surrey (EH. Vincent). On Sept. 18th I for the first time noticed a dragonfly, which appeared to be S. striolatum, flying backwards; moreover, it was not so acting in order to back out of a corner, for no obstacle was near it.
On Aug. 15th Mr. A. H. Hamm took a male Sympetrum vulgatum at Torquay. It did not appear to be a solitary speci- men, but Mr. Hamm unfortunately brought away but one, not recognising at the time the importance of his capture. This is the second authenticated British specimen.
Again Orthetrum cerulescens was extremely common in the New Forest in August; it appeared to be just coming on the wing at the beginning of June. There has been a welcome increase in the number of known localities of its congener, O. cancellatum—a pair were taken in Sussex, near Liphook (H. J. Turner), and the species has been discovered on Chobham Common, Surrey (E. Vincent). Dr. F. A. Walker also describes an insect taken by him near Byfleet which is in all probability a female of this species.
Mr. C. A. Briggs reports Cordulegaster annulatus as present, but not common, and difficult to catch, along the Hast Lynn River in North Devon.
On July 29th a female Anaz imperator, dull bluish in colour, was observed hawking, between seven and eight in the evening, very slowly over a stream in the New Forest, reduced by the drought to a string of pools. When the insect was held by the legs, after being knocked down by a stick, it vibrated its wings very rapidly, especially at the tip, the base not appearing to move at all. On the ear being brought near a deep hum was heard. When the finger touched the abdomen the vibration could be felt there. Mr. E. B. Bishop observed an insect on Crooksbury Common, Surrey, on June 28th, which by description must be a female of this species, so furnishing yet another Surrey locality for this handsome dragonfly. Mr. H. J. Turner captured a female in Sussex, near Liphook. Its near relative, Brachytron pratense, was taken (J. Prest) at the Broads near Lowestoft in the begin- ning of June.
Males of dischna mixta were rather plentiful on Esher Com- mon in September. They often flew low down amongst the tall reeds, whereas they usually fly quite high round the trees and tall bushes. Though no captures were made in either place, I almost certainly met with the species at Ockham Common and in the New Forest. In the neighbourhood of Colchester, Mr. Harwood found the species from August till October, and. more generally distributed, though perhaps on the whole scarcer than
DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1899. 141
last year. Mr. C: W. Colthrup found one dead at Folkestone on Oct. 3rd. In addition to the discovery of 4. juncea at Storno- way, in Lewis, by Mr. H. S. Fremlin, Mr. Briggs and myself found it rather common on Aug. 21st at a large pond on Exmoor, in Somerset.
Calopteryx splendens and C. virgo have been reported from Moor Park, near Farnham (K. B. Bishop) ; C. virgo from Putten- ham Common, Surrey (EK. B. Bishop), and North Devon (C. A. Briggs); Lestes sponsa, Chobham Common (KE. Vincent); EH. naias, Virginia Water and Chobham Common, Surrey (HE. Vin- cent) ; Ischnura elegans, Exmoor (W. J. L.); Agrion pulchellum, Broads near Lowestoft (J. Prest); and EH. cyathigerwm, Keswick (E. B. Bishop), and Exmoor (W. J. L.).
Pyrrhosoma tenellum was captured in June in a new locality— in Sussex, near Liphook—and it occurred as usual in numerous localities in the New Forest, where also Agrion mercuriale was found in good numbers. In Richmond Park an aberration of I. elegans was taken with two small distal blue spots on the dorsal surface of the seventh segment of the abdomen.
Some nymphs of C. splendens,* dredged from the Byfleet Canal on March 12th, were so very small that they could not possibly have been ready to emerge at their proper time that season; and the same must be said of a tiny nymph of Gomphus vulgatissimus, taken from a stream in the New Forest on June 4th. We must therefore assume that these two species are, or may be, more than one year in reaching maturity. Empty nymph-cases of the latter dragonfly found in the New Forest were coated with mud, and in all cases were on the grassy bank of the stream, not on rushes. Possibly their legs, which are well adapted for burrow- ing, are not suitable for climbing.
On April 17th an emergence of a female P. nymphula, which commenced about 9.40 a.m., was watched. The ‘‘rest” before the extremity of the abdomen was withdrawn lasted about twenty minutes; the head was not thrown backwards. The wings were of full size about an hour before the body was. Another female that emerged on April 22nd rested in the same manner as did the former.
On May 11th two males of E. cyathigerum emerged from the nymph-case, and the identity of the nymph was by this means established.
About 7.35 a.m. on May 14th a Cordulia enea was noticed partly out of its nymph-case, and then in its “‘resting position,” with head and thorax thrown backwards. At 8 o’clock it bent itself upwards, and drew out the rest of its abdomen, showing that it was a female. An hour later its wings were of full size, and dull grey in colour. The lengthening of the body took place
* This and the other nymphs referred to are fully described in my ‘ British Dragonflies,’ and in some cases figured,
142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
almost entirely after the wings were full-grown. About 1.30 p.m. the insect had flown from its support, the abdomen was bronze- coloured, and the wings were transparent, though suffused with a yellowish tint.
By collecting nymph-skins while the species was emerging the identity of the nymph of S. striolatum was satisfactorily de- termined. It may be recognised by the long lateral spines on the hinder segments of the abdomen. Some of the skins were very dark in colour. SS. scoticwm, which somewhat resembles it, is smaller, and has very short lateral spines.
Nymph-cases of Lestes sponsa were found on Ockham Common on July 8th. This nymph is an extremely interesting one from the fact that it holds an intermediate position between the Calopterygine and the rest of the Agrionide. Its ladle-shaped mask bears considerable resemblance to that of Calopteryx, while its banded lamelle (Plate IV., 8) are rather thick, and are easily separated into two layers. The outer lamelle are longer and straighter than the middle one, which is figured. The margin (Plate IV., b) is ornamented with stout spines two-thousandths of an inch long, separated in some parts by two or more slender ones.
Platycnemis pennipes was bred on July 10th from a nymph obtained in the New Forest. In colour it was yellowish brown. The mask was of the usual Agrion-type, but the lamelle (Plate IV., c) are again sufficiently distinct to serve as a means of identifying the species. They are long, and terminate in a very attenuated point. The margin (Plate IV., c) is clothed with hairs, many of which towards the distal extremity are very long, about one-fiftieth of an inch. The lamelle are slightly mottled with brown, and the middle one is a little broader than the outer ones.
Amongst the nymphs of P. pennipes was one of A. mercuriale, which, however, was not recognised till it emerged, when there was little in the body of the nymph-case to distinguish it from other Agrions The two lamelle which it possessed were ex- tremely small, and, if they did not represent two renewed ones partly grown, would easily serve to distinguish the species.
I must not conclude without referring to some interesting observations that Rev. F. East has been making on the nymphs of dischna cyanea. He found that out of sixty-one emergences, thirty-one were females and thirty males. Though some emerged in the daytime, the majority came out at night—by night I con- clude we are to understand the very early morning. The nymphs were taken from a pond in his garden, and as the perfect insects emerged most—fifty-six—were set free. None remained at the time near the pond, but later in the summer some returned and hawked round the pond and the garden as usual.
As a result of experiments made by Mr. Hast with AZ. cyanea
LEPIDOPTERA OCCURRING IN COUNTY CORK. 143
and one of the Agrionine, it seems that dragonflies, so long as they are kept in damp air, are able to live for many days out of water. They appear to remain in good health, and, when put into water for a time, seem perfectly happy, and feed as if nothing had happened. It will be interesting to see if this change in their manner of life has any effect on their final development.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.—A. Sympetrum striolatum var. (x 3); a, pterostigma (x 6); aa, metasternum and first and second segments of abdo- men (Xx 6). B. Platycnemis pennipes, middle caudal lamella (x 7); 6, por- tion of margin (highly magnified). C. Lestes sponsa, middle caudal lamella (x 10); c, portion of margin (highly magnified).
LEPIDOPTERA OCCURRING IN COUNTY CORK. By R. J. F. Donovan.
As I have seen so few records of Irish Lepidoptera in the ‘Entomologist,’ I thought the following list, enumerating captures since the autumn of 1896, might be of interest. Except where otherwise stated, all the species referred to were taken in or about the Ummera Woods. These’ woods, which are not very extensive, consist mostly of larch, Scotch fir, and oak, intermixed with elm, birch, ash, and beech, and lie within two miles of the village of Timoleague. All doubtful captures, comprising nearly all the Eupitheciz and Acidaliz, were very kindly named for me by Mr. Kane. As will be seen on consulting Mr. Kane’s ‘Catalogue of Irish Lepidoptera,’ my best captures were Leucania extranea (second record for Ireland), Sterrha sacraria (also second record for Ireland), and Laphygma exiqua (first record for Ireland), with Hadena dissimilis, Eupithecia virquareata, E.. valerianata, &c.
Pieris brassicae, P. rapa, P.napi, and Euchloé cardamines. All more or less common.
Colias edusa. One or two seen each year. Plentiful in 1899.
Argynnis aglaia. A few specimens seen each year. — A. paphia. Plentiful about the woods.
Melitea aurinia. A colony near Inchy Bridge.
Vanessa urtice. Common.—V, io and V. atalanta. Not so common as V. urtice.—V. cardui. A few in 1897; plentiful in 1899.
Pararge egeria. Common.—P. megera. Somewhat scarcer.
Satyrus semele. Not uncommon along the railway.
Epinephele ianira, E. hyperanthus, and FE. tithonus. Common.
Cenonympha pamphilus. Fairly common.
Thecla quercus. Not common.—T. rubi. One specimen on May 19th, 1898.
Polyommatus phleas. Common.
Lycena icarus. Common.—L. minima. Two specimens near Cool- maine Castle, Harbour View, June 26th, 1897,
144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Acherontia atropos. One larva, in 1896, dried up in pupal state. One dead imago from Butterstown on Sept. 20th, 1899.
Cherocampa porcellus Two specimens at Harbour View in 1897.— C. elpenor. Two specimens in 1898; one in 1899. Larve were ob- tained in both years, but they were unfortunately ichneumoned.
Smerinthus ocellatus. A few larve. One imago in 1898.—S. popult. Larve rather common.
Macroglossa stellatarum. A few most years, common in 1899.—M. bombyliformis. Scarce; rather plentiful in one field in 1897.
Ino statices. Not common.
Zygena filipendule. Common.
Halias prasinana. Pups common under moss on oak trees.
Nudaria mundana. Common.
Gnophria quadra. Seven specimens altogether at light.—G. rubri- collis. Pups common, but almost all ichneumoned; imagines not uncommon on road passing through woods.
Euchelia jacobee. Common.
Arctia caia. Larvee fairly common.
Spilosoma fuliginosa. One specimen on June 24th, 1899.—S. mendica. Five specimens, all referable to var. rustica.—S. lubricipeda and S. menthastri. Common.
Hepialus humuli and H. lupulinus. Common.—H. velleda. Four specimens.
Dasychira pudibunda. Common.
Orgyia antiqua. Larve not uncommon ; imagines very plentiful in 1899.
Pecilocampa populi. ‘Two specimens in 1897, one in 1899; a few pupe on tree trunks.
Bombyx rubi. Common.—B. quercus. Larve common.
Dicranura vinula. Larve common.
Notodonta camelina. Larve rather common.— JN. ziczac. Two larvee in 1899.
Phalera bucephala. Larve common.
Thyatira derasa. Common.—T. batis. Not so common.
Demas coryli. Three specimens.
Acronycta psi. Five pupe in rotten branches of alder.—A. leporina. One specimen on June 20th, 1898.—A. rwmicis. Common.
Leucania conigera. Not uncommon. — L. lithargyria. Commoner than the preceding.—L. ewtranea. One specimen (see Entom. xxx. p. 80).—L. comma, L. impura, L. pallens. More or less common.
Tapinostola fulva. One specimen on Sept. 29th, 1897. Larve of perhaps this species at roots of bog-cotton—discovered by pulling the reeds separately, and those that come up easily mostly contain a larva at the root..
Nonagria arundinis. Plentiful at Grange Bog, about one and a half mile from Timoleague.
Hydrecia nictitans and H. micacea. Common.
Aaylia putris. Scarce. |
Xylophasia rurea. Rather scarce.—X. lithowylea and X. monoglypha. Common.
Laphygma exigua. One specimen on Sept. 8th, 1899.
Neuronia popularis. Common.
——
LEPIDOPTERA OCCURRING IN COUNTY CORK. 145
Chareas graminis. Fairly common.
Lauperina testacea. Rather common.—L. cespitis. Ten specimens.
Mamestra furva. Scarce, more plentiful than usual in 1899.—M. brassicae. Common.— WM. persicarie. Two larvee low down on birch trees. Two pupe.
Apamea basilinea. Four specimens.—A. gemina. A few in 1899.— A. didyma. Common.
Miana strigilis. Common. — M. literosa and M. bicoloria. Not uncommon, the latter very variable.
Grammesia trigrammica. Common.
Stilbia anomala. About five specimens altogether.
Caradrina taraxaci. Not very common. — C. quadripunctata. Common.
Rusina tenebrosa. Fairly common.
Agrotis suffusa. Common.—aA. saucia. Scarce ; plentiful in 1899.— A. segetum and A. eaclamationis. Common.—A. corticea. One or two each year.—A. strigula. Four specimens.
Noctua glareosa. Four specimens.—WN. plecta. Common.—N. c-nigrum. Not uncommon.—JN. triangulum. Four specimens.—N. brunnea? One specimen.—N. rubi. Fairly common.—N. umbrosa. Four specimens.—N. baia. One specimen.—N. wanthographa. Common.
Triphena ianthina. Fairly common.—T. fimbria. Larve common in spring.—T. interjecta. Three specimens.—T’. comes and T.. pronuba. Common.
Amphipyra pyramidea? A dried-up pupa at root of an elm.—A. tragopogonis. Common.
Mania typica. One specimen on Aug. 11th, 1897.
Panolis piniperda. Three specimens.
Pachnobia rubricosa. Not uncommon.
Taniocampa gothica, T. incerta, T. stabilis, and T. pulverulenta. Common.—T’. gracilis. Scarce.
Orthosia lota. Two specimens.—O. macilenta. Several specimens in 1898; one larva in 1899.
Anchocelis pistacina. Common.—A. lunosa. Rather scarce. Cerastis vaccinit. Common at sallow.
Scopelosoma satellitia. At sallow.
Xanthia flavago. A few specimens.— X. circellaris. Common. Calymnia trapezina. Rather plentiful.
Dianthecia capsincola. Common.—D. cucubali. A few specimens.— capsophila. Common.
Hecatera serena. Scarce.
Miselia oxyacanthe. Not common.
Agriopis aprilina. One specimen on Nov. Ist, 1897.
Eupleaia lucipara. <A few specimens.
Phlogophora meticulosa. Common.
Aplecta prasina. About four specimens.—A. nebulosa. Common. Hadena.dentina and H, oleracea. Common.—H. dissimilis. About six specimens.—H. pisi. Two specimens in 1899.—H. thalassina, Four or five specimens.
Xylocampa areola. Common.
Calocampa vetusta. Fairly common.—C. exoleta. Three specimens.
AXylina ornithopus. Scarce at sallow.—X. socia. Fairly common at sallow and ivy.
D
)
146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Cucullia umbratica. Common.
Gonoptera libatrix. Larve common.
Habrostola tripartita. One specimen on June 7th, 1899.—H. triplasia. Common.
Plusia chrysitis. Rather common.—P. bractea. One specimen on July 17th, 1898.—P. jfestuce. Two specimens, one on October 8th, 1897, and the other on July 11th, 1898.—P. pulchrina. Not un- common.—P. gamma. Common.
Chariclea umbra. A few specimens.
Phytometra viridaria. Common.
Euclidia mi. Common.
Zanclognatha grisealis. Not uncommon.—Z. tarsipennalis. One specimen on July 5th, 1898.
Hypena proboscidalis. Common.
Uropteryx sambucaria. Common.
Epione apiciaria. Four specimens.
Rumia luteolata. Common.
Venilia macularia. Not uncommon.
Metrocampa margaritaria. Fairly common.
Ellopia prosapiaria. Three specimens.
Eurymene dolobraria, Seven specimens.
Selenia bilunaria. Common, with a few examples of var. juliaria.
Odontopera bidentata. Pups and imagines common.
Crocallis elinguaria. Rather scarce.
Eugonia alniaria. One specimen on Aug. 22nd, 1898.—E. quer- cinaria. Common.
Himera pennaria. Rather common.
Phigalia pedaria. A few pupe. One imago on March 7th, 1898.
Amphidasys strataria. Three specimens in 1899.—A. betularia. Larve and pupe fairly common.
Cleora lichenaria. Rather common.
Boarmia repandata. Common.—B. cinctaria. One specimen in moth-trap on April 21st, 1898.
Gnophos obscuraria. A few specimens.
Pseudoterpna pruinata. Common.
Geometra papilionaria. Two larve on birch; one imago on July 9th, 1898.
Todis lactearia. Common.
Acidalia dimidiata, A. subsericeata, and A. aversata. Common.— A. trigeminata. Not uncommon; named by Mr. Kane, which is perhaps a slip, as he does not include this species in his ‘ Catalogue.’— A. marginepunctata and A. imitaria. Not uncommon.
Cabera pusaria. Common.—C. exanthemaria. Not uncommon.
Macaria liturata. One specimen at light on July 11th, 1898. A pupa in 1899.
Panagra petraria. One specimen on May 29th, 1899.
Selidosoma ericetaria. One specimen on Aug. 5th, 1897.
Ematurga atomaria. Four specimens.
Sterrha sacraria. One specimen on Aug. 27th, 1898.
Abraxas grossulariata. Common.
Lomaspilis marginata, Common.
LEPIDOPTERA OCCURRING IN COUNTY CORK. 147
Hybernia marginaria. A few at sallow.—H. defoliaria. Three specimens and one pupa in 1899.
Anisopteryx escularia. Two specimens in 1899; one in 1900.
Cheimatobia brumata. Common.
Oporabia dilutata. Common.
Larentia didymata. Three specimens in 1897.—L. multistrigaria. Not uncommon at sallow.—L. viridaria. Fairly common.
Emmelesia alchemillata? One specimen on Aug. 10th, 1898.—E. albulata. Plentiful in one spot.—F. unifasciata. Four specimens.
Eupithecia venosata. Not uncommon.—F. pulchellata. Four speci- mens in 1898 ; not uncommon in 1899.—H. oblongata. A few examples. Plentiful at Coolim Cliffs, about three miles beyond Courtmacsherry.— FE. subfulvata. Five specimens; also two specimens of var. orydata.— E. plumbeolata. Six specimens.—F. satyrata. Four specimens. Larve rather plentiful on flowers of Scabiosa succisa.—E. scabiosata. Rather plentiful over a heath in 1899.—F. castigata. A few of a peculiar variety resembling LE. pusillata.—E. virgaureata. Larve and imagines plentiful.— E. valerianata. One imago. lLarve on almost every flower-head of Valeriana officinalis.—E. nanata. Three specimens. Larve common on Calluna vulgaris.—E. vulgata. Rather common.— FE. absinthiata. Common.—FE. assimilata. Two specimens. A few larve.—E. lariciata. Three specimens.— EH. abbreviata. Not un- common.—F. pumilata. Common.—E. coronata. Three examples of the first and one of the second brood.—E. rectangulata. One specimen in 1898. Larve common in 1899.—£. debiliata. Larve plentiful in one part of the woods. ‘Two specimens of a peculiar unicolorous variety.
Lobophora viretata. A few in 1899.
Thera variata. Summer brood common in 1899; three examples of the autumn brood in 1898.
Hypsipetes trifasciata. Sixteen pupe in rotten stumps and branches of alder.— H. sordidata. Rather common.
Melanthia ocellata and M. albicillata. Not common.
Melanippe sociata, M. montanata, and M. fluctuata. Common.
Coremia unidentaria. Common.
Camptogramma bilineata. Common.—C. fluviata. A few specimens.
Phibalapteryx vittata. Plentiful over a marsh in 1898.
Eucosmia undulata. One imago. lLarve not uncommon on small willow bushes.
Cidaria siderata. Common.—C. miata. A few specimens.— C. truncata, Common.— C. suffumata. A few specimens.— C. prunata. Two specimens.— C. testata and C. populata. A few of each.
Pelurgia comitata. A few specimens.
Eubolia limitata and E. plumbaria. Common.
Anaitis plagiata. Common.
Platyptilia ochrodactyla. One specimen.
Mimaseoptilus bipunctidactyla. Common.—WM. pterodactylus. One specimen.
Pterophorus monodactylus. Common.
Aciptilia pentadactyla. Fairly common.
Alucita hexadactyla. Common.
Ummera House, Timoleague,
148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS (AQUATIC RHYNCHOTA).
By G. W. Kirgaupy, F.E.S.
(Continued from vol. xxxii. p. 300.)
THE true “‘ waterbugs ’’—1.e. those which pass the greater portion of their existence actually beneath the surface of water— whether it be running stream, stagnant pond, or brine pool—and which are considerably modified in their structure in accordance with their environment—have been usually placed in a single division by modern authors, partly for convenience, and partly from a mistaken idea of the taxonomic importance of one or two characters, e.g. the great alteration in the magnitude and situa- tion of the antennz, which in the majority of the forms are con- cealed when at rest in grooves on the under side of the head, whence the group is usually termed Cryptocerata (or Krypto- kerata).* This modification is, however, evidently not a test of relationship, but connected with the nature of their habitat. In the same way that coleopterists perceived at length that the Dytiscide, Gyrinide, Hydrophilide, &c., were really not closely _ allied, despite their common habitat and their superficial re- : semblance, so have many rhynchotists now realised that there are two heterophyletic divisions—probably very distantly related —of aquatic bugs.
The first of these—the Navucoroip—Ea—embraces the British families Naucoride, Corixide, and Notonectide, and the exotic . Mononychide (which should perhaps be included in the Nau- coride) and Belostomatide. The second—the NrpompEa—con- tains a single family, the Nepide, with two British genera, viz. Nepa, Linn., and Ranatra, Fabr. The Gerridz, which have previously been discussed, are related more nearly to the Nepoidea than to the Naucoroidea, but have in any case arisen quite separately, probably from a proto-Reduvioid stock, from which indeed the Nepoidea also probably originated.
The first step towards an aquatic life to which Notonecta has become so admirably adapted would be represented by a bug not unlike Acanthia, Fabr. Latr. [Salda, Saund.], a genus of which we have eighteen species in our islands. These are most diverse in their habits, most of them frequenting the margins of streams, ponds, salt marshes, often under stones: one species is to be found in Sphagnum; while another occurs far away from moisture on sandy commons or moors, under heather or in sand- pits. Two species at least move about from plant to plant
* Greek xpurrds (kruptos), hidden ; xépas (keras), a horn.
A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. 149
under water,* although no special modifications have apparently arisen in the structure of these bugs in relation to an incipient aquatic life. The next link is indicated by a curious and some- what isolated family, the Ochteride,} which is distinguished from Acanthia at first sight by the greater continuity of curve from head to abdomen in the lateral margins. The rostrum is very similar to that of Acanthia, and the legs are simple, but the antenne are very short, being concealed under the head. Never- theless they are not strictly aquatic, but frequent the banks of rivers, feeding upon small insects, after the manner of some of the species of Acanthia. The nymph lives beneath moist sand. There are unfortunately no British species of the family, but Ochterus (= Pelogonus) marginatus, Latr., is found so near as France, Spain, and Italy.
With the Naucoride we enter upon the true aquatic forms. Comparatively little adaptation to an aquatic life has been effected even here, but in the higher forms the posterior legs are more natatorial, and the antenne more greatly modified. The exotic Belostomatide are superficially much like the Naucoride, but may be at once separated by the peculiarly shaped antenne and more natatorial posterior legs. The Corixide have un- doubtedly originated from a Naucoroid ancestor, and are all strictly aquatic. The Notonectide are also Naucoroid, and are perhaps the most specialised of all aquatic insects ; they certainly ought not—as in the arrangements of most authors—to be inter- polated between the Naucoride and Corixide, but should be placed immediately after the latter.
The Nepide are—apart from some profound structural differ- ences—readily distinguished by the fact that they respire by means of long filamentary tubes at the anal end of the body,§ and, while the Naucoroidea move the opposite legs together, the Nepoidea move them alternately. The following table will separate the three families into which the Naucoroidea are divided :—
1. Somewhat flat and rounded; anterior legs in- serted on the anterior margin of the pro- sternum (fig. 29) ‘ . F ‘ . 1. Naucoride.
la. Oval or elongate oval; anterior legs inserted on the posterior margin of the Pere (fig. 30). . : : : ; 2.
* J. E. Mason, E. M. M. xxv. p. 236.
+ Pelogonide, auctt.
{ The extra-British Mononychide (Mononyz, Spin., Gelastocoris, Kirk., &c.) need not be considered here, as, although they are intermediate between the true landbugs and true waterbugs—being riparian and kryptokeratous— they do not indicate any of the intermediate stages of evolution.
§ The strap-like processes in the Belostomatide are sexual.
150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
2. Somewhat flat, but elongate; rostrum short, apparently not jointed ; anterior tarsi more or less spoon- or knife-shaped_ . ; . 2. Corixide. 2a. Very convex ; rostrum long, with three to four q segments ; anterior tarsi simple, raptorial . 3. Notonectide.
NAUCORID.
Of this family, the British species of which are characterised by the somewhat flat broad oval form, we have perhaps three genera, viz. Aphelocheirus, Westwood, Ilyocoris, Stal, and Naucoris, Geoffroy ; but the presence of the third is doubtful.
The following table will separate the three genera :—
1. Rostrum long, reaching base of mesosternum ; head above produced in front of the eyes, and sensibly narrowed, subhorizontal; an- tenne reaching a little beyond the sides of the head. Tarsi 2-segmentate, with two long curved claws each; posterior legs scarcely natatorial. [Always practically apterous. | Figs. 31-34 : : ; : 1. Aphelocheirus, Westw. la. Rostrum short, not reaching beyond base of prosternum ; head not produced in front of eyes, but deflected shortly downwards ; antenne thickened, not reaching beyond sides of head. Anterior tarsi unsegmented, destitute of claws; intermediate and pos- terior tarsi 2-segmentate, with claws; pos- terior legs natatorial. [Macropterous or brachypterous] . ; 3 : ; ; 2. Anterior femora very greatly incrassate (beneath with a small pad of hair near the base), sud- denly ampliated in a right angle at the base beneath, then narrowed. Figs. 35-39 3. Naucoris, Geoffr. 2a. Anterior femora greatly incrassate (beneath with broad pad of hair the whole length), not suddenly ampliated beneath in a right angle. Figs. 40-45 ; é : : ¢ . 2. Llyocoris, Stal.
APHELOCHEIRUS* is, in many respects, a link between the Acanthiide and the Naucorine, and was indeed placed in the former by its founder. Although the subhorizontal face and long rostrum separate it from the other genera, it clearly belongs to the family. The head above is elongate and horizontal (or nearly so); the rostrum long, slender, narrowing towards the apex (fig. 31) ; the antenne consist of four segments, and are apparently destitute of sensory organs, the antennal groove is slight (figs. 82 and 33). The pronotum is deeply excavate anteriorly, greatly expanded laterally, prosternum carinate,
* a@eans (aphéles), slender or simple; xeip (kheir), a hand.
A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BRITISH WATERBUGS. 151
mesosternum elevated; femora all incrassate; tarsi 2-seg- mentate, not pilose, second segment longer than the first, termi- nated by two long stout curved claws (fig.34). The connexivum, which is not very clearly marked off, is spinosely produced posteriorly.
Until recently only a single species of the genus—known as A. estivalis (Fabr.)—was included in the British lists. Dr. Horvath, in his recent monograph of the genus,* has added another, which he names A. montandoni. These two species seem to be sufficiently distinct, but I think the learned Doctor has fallen into error in maintaining A. @stivalis as British. It is true that the figures given by Westwood and by Douglas and Scott refer to the latter species, but they were both drawn from one of the original specimens of Fabriciust captured in France ; and I am not aware of macropterous examples having been obtained in the British Isles. All the apterous individuals I have seen— including those in my own collection—belong to A. montandoni, and we must therefore apparently erase estivalis from our lists.
The synonymy of the two species should be amended to :—
1. Aphelocheirus estivalis (Fabr.).
Westwood (pp.), 1833, Ann. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 228; 1839, Modern Class. Ins. i. frontispiece, fig. 7, and 1840, il. p. 466, fig. 120; Douglas and Scott, 1865, Brit. Hem. pl. 19, f. 5.
Habitat. France, Germany, and Hungary (not England).
2. A. montandoni, Horv.
=A. estivalis, Dougl. and Scott, l.c. p. 578. Saunders, 1876, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 648, and 1892, Hem.-Heter. Brit. Isl. p. 326, pl. 30, fig. 9 (nec Fabr.).
Habitat. England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Russia, and Rumania.
A. montandoni is rather smaller, wider, and flatter than estivalis, narrower anteriorly in proportion, and the head paler and longer. The terminal segments in both sexes are somewhat different in shape. Only the apterous form is known so far. It has been recorded in England from Bagley Wood, Oxford (years ago —Mr. Burr has not been able to find it recently) ; the Even- lode, near Eynsham, Oxford ; Sutton Park, Warwickshire ; Avon, near Bath ; Costessey, near Norwich ; and Worcester.
* 1899, Termész. fiizet., xxii. pp. 256-67.
pits My British specimens have but short rudimentary oval hemelytra, like those of the bed-bug; but I possess one of Bosc’s original specimens, described by Fabricius, not quite so large as the others, in which the wings are fully developed.” —Westwood, 1840, “Mod. Classif. Ins. ii. p- 466. Douglas and Scott borrowed Westwood’s French specimen to figure the macropterous form (which they did not possess) in the ‘ British Hemiptera.’
152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The genital segments of these two species are figured by Horvath in the work quoted above.
In my own collection I have, besides British examples, a good series from the Seine, near Rouen, collected by my kind friend M. Henri Gadeau de Kerville.
I have never had the good fortune to see this remarkable bug alive, but Westwood states that it ‘‘ swims very fast, using its hind legs chiefly, but crawls very slowly, using its four fore feet.”’ Gadeau de Kerville has captured it in great numbers in the Seine, and notes its extreme agility in the water. He has observed it feeding upon the larve of the coleopteron Hemonia, and believes that it also preys upon the mollusks Vivipara vivi- para [Paludina] and Bythinia tentaculata. The last named species deposits its transparent gelatinous ova upon the back of Aphelochewrus, and this habit led at first to the supposition that Aphelocheirus carries its ova in the same way as is known to occur in Zaitha and Deinostoma.*
J. L. Brown found it in great numbers years ago at Costessey t from June to September among a broad-leaved species of Pota- mogeton in a running stream.
The nymphs in the ultimate instar differ from the practically apterous adults by the non-spinosely produced connexiva, and by the unsegmented tarsi, the posterior pair being very long.
(To be continued.)
A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. By W. F. pe Vismes Kans, M.A., M.R.LA., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 127.)
MICROPTERYX SEMIPURPURELLA, St.—Wicklow Mts.; Clonbrock, Galway (R. H. D.).
M. UNIMACULELLA, Zett.— Wicklow Mts.
M. spARMANNELLA, Bosc.—Enniskillen (P.).
M. suppuRPURELLA, Haw.— Wicklow Mts.; Clonbrock, Galway (Rh... D:). .
NEMOPHORA SWAMMERDAMMELLA, L.— Wicklow Mts. ; Clonbrock, Galway (R. HE. D.); Sligo (R.).
N. scHwarzieLia, Zell.—Enniskillen (P.).; ,do.; L. Bray, Co. Wicklow; Belfast (W.).
(N. metTaxeELLA, Hb.—Belfast. Doubtful record.)
* Gadeau de Kerville, 1887, ‘Le Naturaliste,’ pp. 199-201. See also Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1884, pp. 83, 96, 112, and 128 (various communica-
tions by de Kerville and Bellevoye). + See E. M. M. xi. pp. 16, 92, and 117.
A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 158
° ADELID. ADELA RUFIMITRELLA, Scop.—Enniskillen (P.). A. DEGEERELLA, L.-—Killarney; Belfast (W.). A. virIDELLA, L.—Sligo (R.). A. cupRELLA, T'’hnb.—Cromlyn, Westmeath (Mrs. B.).
HyYpoNOMEUTID®.
SWAMMERDAMIA COMBINELLA, Hb.—Cork; Wicklow Mts.: Gal- way; Armagh (J.); Favour Royal, Tyrone (K.).
S. GRISEOCAPITELLA, Sta.—Armagh (J.); Derry (C.); Belfast (W.).
S. pyrentua, Vill—Howth ; and about Dublin, common ; Belfast (W.); Sligo (R.).
S. sprnrecta, Hb.—Armagh (J.); Belfast (W.) ; Sligo (R.) ; Dublin coast, common.
HyYpoNoMEUTA PADELLA, L.—Belfast; Inishowen (W. E. H.) ; Enniskillen (P.) ; Connemara (C. 7’. C.).
H. coanatetta, Hb.—Dublin; Holywood, Co. Down; Blarney, Co. Cork; Armagh (J.) ; Sligo (McC.).
H. nvonymetua, L.—Belfast ; Crom Castle, Fermanagh (W.) ; Carlow (.); Clonony, Kings Co.; and Drumreaske, Monaghan
(K.); and elsewhere throughout Ireland, occasionally very common.
PRAYS CURTISELLA, Don.—Belfast ; Howth; Armagh (J.)
PLUTELLIDE.
PLUTELLA CRUCIFERARUM, Zell.—Belfast, abundant (W.) ; Sligo (R.); Derry (C.); and generally distributed.
P. porrecteLua, L.—Dublin, in gardens; Armagh (J.) ; Sligo (R.).
P. ANNULATELLA, Curt.—Howth, on the cliffs; much more brightly coloured than English specimens. Belfast, local; and Bundoran, Co. Donegal (IV’.); Sligo (R.); Letterfrack (C. T. C.).
P. paueLLa, Sta.—Western shore of L. Swilly, Co. Donegal (G. Vi.) ; Sligo. (B.).
CrerostoMa virteLua, L.—Rockabill Lighthouse, off Skerries, Co. Dublin (K.); Sligo (R.).
C. RADIATELLA, Don.-- Wicklow Mts.; Mayo (R.); Sligo (R.) ; Markree, Co. Sligo (K.); Belfast (W.) ; Enniskillen (P.).
B. cosrenua, /'>.—Killarney ; Sligo (R.); Enniskillen (P.).
HARpPIpTERYX NEMORELLA, L..—Sligo (R.).
H. xynoste~ia, L.—Sligo (R.); Inishowen (K.); Derry (C.) ; Belfast (W.) ; Howth (G. V. H.); Avoca, Co. Wicklow (K.).
ENTOM.—wnay, 1900. fe)
154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
GELECHIIDA.
ORTHOTELIA SPARGANELLA, J'hnb.—Sligo (R.); Enniskillen (P.). PHIBALOCERA QuERCANA, F'b. Generally common.
DEPRESSARIA COSTOSELLA, Haw. — Howth, abundant ; Bun- crana, Co. Donegal (K.); Belfast, abundant (W.); Sligo (R.); Letterfrack (C. T. C.).
D. ruavetua, Hb.—Sligo (R.); Howth and Kerry; Belfast (W.). D. PALLORELLA, Zell.—Belfast (W.).
D. umpetuana St.—Howth ; Killynon, Westmeath (K.); Bel-! fast (W.) ; Letterfrack (C. T. C.).
D. asstmILeLua, T'r.—Howth. D. scoparIELuA, Zell.—Letterfrack (C. T.C.).
D. arenewia, Schiff.—Armagh (J.); Belfast, abundant (W.) ; Sligo (R.) ; Clonbrock, Galway (R. E. D.).
D. propinquetna, T'r. — Sligo (R.); Clonbrock, Galway (Orie OF) ON
D. suBPROPINQUELLA, Sta.—Raheny, near Dublin; Letter- fPAGietO. GMs D. raopocHRELLA, H.-S.—Howth; Letterfrack (C. T. C.).
D. austr@MeERIANA, Clerck.—Dublin coast; Roches Point, Co. Cork; and Dunmore, Co. Waterford (K.); Sligo (R.); Letter- frack(C.0..G.):
D. purpurEA, Haw.—Wicklow Mts., Clonmel. D. capREoLeLua, Zell.—Armagh (J.).
D. cONTERMINELLA, Zell. — Enniskillen (P.); Sligo (R.); Derry (N. A. C.); Letterfrack (C.T. C2.
D. ancEuicre~ia, Hb.—Enniskillen (P.).
D. ocetiana, fb. — Belfast ; Clonbrock, Galway (R. E. D.) ; eM (R.); near Derry (W. H.H.); Enniskillen (P.); Mayo (K.).
D. veatiana, /'b.—Howth; Belfast (W.); Sligo (R.); Letter- mack (C.-T. .C.).
D. appuaneLua, /’b.—Abundant everywhere.
D. cruretua, Sta.—Markree Castle (K.); Sligo (R.) ; Ennis- killen (P.); Derry (W.H.C.); Letterfrack (C. T.C.).
D. RoTUNDELLA, Doug!.—Howth, at the foot of the cliffs.
D. piscipuNCTELLA, H.-S.—Minehead, Waterford (K ).
D. pouGLAsELLA Sta.— Howth.
D. nervosELtua, D. L.—Cork (McA.); Derry (W. H. C.).
D. papieLua, Hb.—Dingle, Co. Kerry; Howth; Letterfrack (Coats Ce).
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 155
D. neraciEana, De Geer.—Common everywhere.
GELECHIA ERICETELLA, 1b.—Howth; Belfast, abundant (W.) ; Clonbrock, Galway (R. H. D.); Sligo (R.).
G. MULINELLA, Zell.—Howth, abundant; Sligo (R.); Letter- frack (C. T. C.).
G. soRorcULELLA, Hb.—Crookhaven, Co. Cork (K.). G. pirFinis, Haw.—Howth, abundant.
BRacHMIA MOUFFETELLA, Schiff.—Killarney. BrYorropHa TERRELLA, Hb.—Abundant everywhere.
B. peserteLua, Dougl.—Sandhills of Dublin coast; Derry (C.); Newcastle, Co. Down, abundant (W.); Sligo (R.).
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Tae Stevens Coxtiecrion.—The first portion of this very interest- ing collection of British Lepidoptera, gathered together during a period of over sixty years, was dispersed at the well-known auction rooms in King Street, Covent Garden, on March 27th and 28th last. The bulk of the material produced about usual prices per lot, but some of the choicer species and aberrations were keenly contested for by the bidders. The following are some of the more important items among the Rhopalocera :—
Pieris daplidice. Of this species there were four specimens, and the prices obtained for them ranged from 7s. to £1; the higher sum being paid for an example which the late Mr. Samuel Stevens himself captured at Dover in 1872.
Argynnis latona. Twelve specimens, six of which, taken by Mr. Stevens in 1872, sold at from 5s. 6d. to 17s. 6d.; the other examples averaged about 6s. each. One of the specimens was lotted with two examples of A. niobe taken by Parry in 1874, and the entire parcel only realized 16s.
There were nine specimens of Vunessa antiopa, all with data, and these sold at from 6s. to £1 5s.; the top price was given for an example taken at Worksop, Notts, in 1829; the lowest figure was for lots 41 and 42 combined—one ancient example dating from 1803, and formerly in Donovan’s collection; the other taken at Hammersmith in 1849—12s. the couple.
Fourteen specimens of Chrysophanus dispar were offered, one example at a time, and these realized altogether £71 15s., which amount works out an average of £5 2s. 6d. apiece. The lowest. price was £2 for a dwarf male, while a grand example of the same sex brought £8.
Lycena acis was represented by seventeen specimens, and these fetched £6, or at the rate of about 7s. each; the first lot of six examples, however, went for £2 10s., which gives an average price per specimen of about 8s. 3d,
156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Lycena arion, of which species there were eighteen examples, found purchasers at about 2s. 3d. each; but the first lot of four specimens, two of which were taken at Bude in 1895, sold for 14s.
Varieties.
A lot containing eighteen Huchloé cardamines, including a male specimen without central spot and black tips to fore wings, and one female example with the central spots much larger than usual, realized £2 7s. 6d.
An exceptionally fine rayed and suffused variety of Argynnis paphia was sold for £3; another aberrant example of this species, with large elongated submarginal spots, found a purchaser at £4 10s.; a female with large discal blotches, together with a colourless spotted male and three other examples, brought £2 10s.
A pair of dark specimens of Argynnis aglaia: the male, with rays on the margin of hind wings, was secured for an outlay of £2 10s. ; whilst an example of var. charlotta, taken in the New Forest in 1870, by the Rey. J. Watson, went for five guineas.
A silvery variety of Argynnis adippe, from Dr. Harper’s sale, was evidently a desideratum, and the price given for it was £6 16s. 6d. ; another specimen of this species, with the fore wings, except spot in the cell, densely irrorated with black, brought £3 10s. ; a third example, a female, with large confluent blotches on disc of the fore wings sold for £3 5s.; a fourth specimen, with the silver spots absent, realized £3.
An aberration of Argynnis euphrosyne, taken at Darenth, described as having ‘‘ under side of fore wings with disc black and margin orange with yellow rays, hind wings with silver spots elongated, central one reaching margin,’’ induced the bidding to mount up to the respectable sum of £6; an example with under surface of hind wings as in the specimen last referred to, and the upper surface of all the wings nearly black, brought £1 10s. less; a third variety, with almost black upper surface and dark under surface, silver spots normal, sold for £2 5s.
Lot 37, comprising thirteen specimens of Melitea cinxia, including one pale and other vars.; the same number of M. athalia, ‘‘ one with light fore wings and dark hind wings (eos, Haw.),”’ was knocked down at £6 10s.
A variety of Vanessa io, with the hind wings devoid of ocelli, brought in £5; the aberration of V. atalanta figured in the ‘ Entomo- logist’ for 1878 realized 10s. more; the bidding for a variety of V. cardui, figured Entom. vi. 345, did not cease until the sum of £6 10s. had been offered; but the price for another example of the last-named species, similar to that figured in Newman’s ‘ British Butterflies ’ (p.°64) went up £1 10s. higher.
A black example of Limenitis sibylla was disposed of at £1 17s. 6d. ; whilst another example, with the upper surface almost black and the under surface dark, fetched 3 guineas. One dark variety of L. sibylla, one example of Apatura iris with white markings almost absent, and other specimens of each species, were cleared at £1 10s. ; and the same price was given for one very dark specimen of A. iis and three females of the same species.
Two examples of Melanargia galatea, both figured in the ‘ Entomo- logist’ for 1876 (p. 198, 2nd and 38rd figs.), were sold for 2 guineas ;
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 157
but the next lot, which comprised another aberration (1st fig., /.c.), one very dark example and four other M. galatea, with some Hrebia blandina, commanded £7.
An almost unicolorous orange variety of Pararge megera sold for £5; whilst a lot containing five Hpinephele ianira, ‘‘ with curious colourless patches,” and an example of H. tithonus without ocelli, went for £1 5s. A unicolorous light brown variety of F. ianira realized £210s. A cream-coloured aberration of the same species brought £4. A variety of F. tithonus with costa and margins of fore wings lighter than the disc (Ashburton, 1864), ran the bidding up to £5 10s. ; whilst an ‘‘ exceptionally fine white” aberration of the same species went for £1 12s. 6d.
Three varieties of Chrysophanus phleas, which were put up sepa- rately, produced a total of £10 15s.; the prices were £1 15s. for an exceptionally fine dark example, £4 for a fine silver specimen (var. schmidtii), and £5 for a “‘ magnificent golden variety.”’
An aberration of Lycena icarus, described as a ‘‘ remarkable under- side var.,” sold for £2 10s. A double lot of fifty-three L. icarus and L. adonis, including a ‘‘ curious buff var.” and four under-side vars. of the latter species, was disposed of for £2 10s.
A lot of ‘‘skippers,”’ including a silvery variety of Hesperia comma, brought £1 10s.
Gyandromorphous Specimens.
Colias edusa: male on the left side, female on the right, £3 10s. Thecla quercus: male on the right side, female on the left, £3 15s. Lycena icarus (alevis): male on the right side, female on the left, £3.
(To be continued.)
DRAGONFLIES CONGREGATING AT SEAsIDE. — On the first Monday in October last, a warm sunny morning, I was on the new pier at Brighton, and noticed a number of dragonflies—possibly two or three hundred— basking in the sun on the shelters and elsewhere. The distance from fresh water, two or three miles, seemed strange to me. I had no means of securing a specimen to be certain which species it was, but think it would most probably be Sympetrum striolatum. I may add that the insects did not appear to be coming or going. Just as I say —basking in the sun on the band-stand, &e.—(Mrs.) Atice TRoLuore ; Hawthorndene, Tunbridge Wells, March 19th.
Lyc@NA CORYDON var. FOWLERI.—It may be worth noting that a male specimen of this variety, which my brother and I possess, is without the black dots on the outer margin of the hind wings, which are depicted in the plate and also mentioned in Mr. South’s description (vide p. 104): the insect thus having a white border interrupted only by the black nervules.— Frep. G. Bettamy; Ring- wood, April 6th, 1900.
Auren Earwics ESTABLISHED AT Bow.—At the end of March, while searching for beetles amongst a store of boxes in some soap-works at Bow, in the east end of London, Mr. E. C. Bedwell found two species of earwig. Although not particularly interested in the order to which they belong, he secured a few specimens. They turn out to belong to
158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the same two species that Mr. J. J. Walker found established under somewhat similar conditions at Queenborough, in Sheppey—viz. Anisolabis annulipes, Luc. (Kntom. xxx. 125), and Apterygida arachidis, Yers. (Burr, Brit. Orthop. 17). — W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames, April 5th, 1900.
Tue Pupat Hasits or Cossus tienrpERDA. — Mr. Adkin’s note upon this subject (ante, p. 128) appears to me to somewhat understate the case. While admitting that I have found pupa-cases, both on the ground and even at some considerable distance from any possible feeding-place for the larva, my experience shows that for the most part the cases have been found protruding from the burrow in which the larva has fed. C. ligniperda is so plentiful in this district as to be a pest, and five years ago a large willow-tree was killed outright by the devastation of this insect. One evening I took seventeen specimens (apparently just emerged) from the trunk of that tree, and at least twice as many pupa-cases were to be seen projecting from holes in which the larve had wrought their deadly work. Moreover, I was fortunate enough to witness in one case the emergence of the imago: the pupa projected about three-quarters of an inch from the trunk, and was about three feet from the root; it split laterally, and the anterior portion fell to the ground, leaving the posterior part sticking in the hole. In those days my entomological knowledge was very superficial, but the circumstances of that occasion are particularly impressed upon me, as my companion was unfortunate enough to discover a nest of wasps, but, unluckily for him, not until after they had discovered him. Our studies of the habits of Cossus ligniperda cost him three weeks in bed.—Wituiam A. Carter; Burr Villas, Bexley Heath, Kent, April 9th.
SOCIETIES.
EntomouoeicaL Society or Lonpon.—March 21st, 1900.—Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. R. T. Cassal, of Ashby, near Doncaster; Mr. Neville Chamberlain, of Highbury, Moor Green, near Birmingham; Mr. KE. A. Elliott, of 41, Holland Park, W.; Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis, of Knowle, Warwickshire; Mr. J. H. Keys, of 6, Seymour Terrace, Lipson, Plymouth; the Rev. W. J. Leigh Phillips, M.A., of The Cottage, Parkwood Road, Tavistock, Devon ; Mr. H. W. Shepheard-Walwyn, M.A., of Glensyde, Bidborough, near Tunbridge Wells; and Mr. C. J. Watkins, of Kings Mill House, Painswick, Gloucestershire, were elected Fellows of the Society.. Mr. R. McLachlan exhibited an extraordinary aberration of Hnallagma cyathigerum, Charp, taken by Mr. Morton at Glen Lochay, Scotland ; the remarkable feature consisted in the predominance of black over blue in the coloration of the abdomen. Mr. M. Burr exhibited a macropterous variety of Xiphidiwn dorsale, Latr., captured by Mr. Harwood near Clacton, remarking that the fact of this species presenting a macropterous form was apparently unrecorded hitherto. Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited Nyssia hispidaria, an asymmetrical specimen taken on Wimbledon Common, the left fore wing of which was perfectly
SOCIETIES. 159
developed, but extremely small, and the left hind wing slightly more elongated than the right hind wing. Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited a tube which formed the entrance to a nest of a T’rigona, sent from Singapore by Mr. H. N. Ridley. It was about fifteen inches in length, of a resinous substance, but more waxy towards the end, which was spoon-shaped. He also exhibited a portion of the resinous mass formed within the trees by these bees, and stated that one of these masses sent from Penang by Mr. Ridley weighed fifteen pounds. The true nest of the 7’rigona consists of an irregular mass of cells filled with honey, quite distinct from the resinous formation. A paper was communicated by Mr. W. H. Ashmead, Assistant-Curator of the United States Natural History Museum, on ‘‘ The Aculeate Hymenoptera of the Islands of St. Vincent and Grenada, with additions to the Parasitic Hymenoptera, and a List of the described Hymenoptera of the West Indies.’’
April 4th.—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair. Mr. J. W. Carter, of 25, Glenholme Road, Manningham, Bradford; Mr. L. L. Feltham, of Johannesburg, South Africa; and Mr. H. Fortescue Fryer, of the Priory, Chatteris, Cambs, were elected Fellows of the Society. Mr. M. Jacoby exhibited specimens of the genus Sagra from Eastern Asia. Mr. M. Burr exhibited three species of Pseudophyllide, two new species of Capnoptera (females), and U. quadrimaculata, Westw. (female), collected in the Siamese Malay States by Mr. M. Annandale. One of the specimens illustrated the peculiar methods of offence adopted by the insect when alarmed. Between the head and the pronotum a scarlet hood was visible, the inflation of which bladder-like organ always indicates fear or anger. The other specimens showed the natural position of the head and pronotum. Mr. H. J. Elwes com- municated a paper on ‘‘ Bulgarian Lepidoptera,” and made some remarks on the more notable species which he had taken in the Balkan Peninsula during the months of June and July, 1899. The number of species of Rhopalocera captured was 120, which, with a further twenty recorded by Haberhauer and Lederer, brings up the total to 140. The mountains visited were an extension of the Rhodope range, where the climate was particularly rainy, a great number of ferns flourishing everywhere, in contrast to the drier Balkans, where the number of species of Rhopalocera is not less than 200. Some interesting forms, but no new species, were en- countered. A variety of Colias myrmidone occurred much larger and brighter than the Austrian, and more nearly agreeing with the Ural form; and whereas in Austria the white aberration is exceedingly rare, in this locality it predominated. Meanwhile the orange forms clearly resembled C. heldreichi. The form of Ceno- nympha davus met with showed an affinity with the Asiatic and not the European form, being almost precisely similar to specimens taken in the mountains of Armenia by Haberhauer. The form of Argynnis pales Was intermediate between that found in Greece and the Central Kuropean Alps, while a form of Krebia var. gorgone was taken similar to that in the Pyrenees—a curious instance of interrupted distribution.—C. J. Ganan & H. Rowxanp Brown, Hon. Sees.
Souta Lonpon EntomonocicaL AND Naturat History Socrety.— March 8th, 1900.—Mr. W. J. Lucas, President, in the chair. Mr.
160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Harwood exhibited a species of Blatta from the Eastern Counties, which was apparently new to Britain. Mr. Adkin, a bred series of Hugonia autumnaria from Bournemouth. Mr. Colthrup, a speci- men of Huchelia jacobee with the red areas unusually pale, a very beautifully marked variety of Eurrhypara urticata, and very small examples of Pieris rape, including a yellow variety. Mr. Lucas, living
specimens of the immature stage of Blatta australasie from Kew, and —
a case containing examples of the whole of the British cockroaches, with drawings of several species. Mr. Main, living specimens of Blatta americana from Silvertown. Mr. Edwards, living specimens of Phyllo- dromia germanica, male, female, and immature. Mr. Moore, numerous exotic species of cockroaches. Mr. Tutt, a long and varied series of Eipunda lutulenta, taken at Mucking, Essex, by the Rev. E. Burroughs in 1898-9, and contributed notes as to the occurrence and variation of the species. Mr. Lucas read a paper entitled ‘‘ Cockroaches: Natives and Aliens,”’ illustrating it with numerous lantern-slides.
March 22nd.—The President in the chair. Mr. MacGee, of Lillie Road, 8.W., and Mr. J. Platt-Barrett, of Margate, were elected mem- bers. Mr. Montgomery exhibited specimens of a second generation and a partial third brood of Coremia designata, and gave notes on their life-history and variation. Myr. F. N. B. Carr, a varied series of Hybernia leucophearia from Lee.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec.
Birmincuam Entomotoeican Socrery.—March 21st, 1900.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair. Mr. Charles Carey Woods was elected a member of the Society. The President referred to the death of Mr. W. G. Blatch, who, he said, was the first President of the Society, from 1888 to 1893. Mr. P. W. Abbott showed long series of several species of Lycenids, particularly a very fine lot of Lycena alexis, including blue forms of the female from Ireland ; also some of the white-bordered forms of L. corydon taken by Mr. T. H. Fowler on the Dorset coast. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker also showed many fine Lycznids; very small L. aleais from Algeria, almost as small as minima, and blue females from various localities; also ab. ceronus of. L. bellargus, &e. Mr. C.J. Wainwright showed a boxful of Syrphids, chiefly containing the genus Fristalis. Mr. A. H. Martineau showed some Aculeates collected by Mr. Wainwright, including the very rare Crabro pubescens (male), one specimen, from the New Forest; he said that less than a dozen specimens of the species had at present been taken in the country. Mr. R.C. Bradley read a paper upon mosquitoes, in which he described the life-history of the common Culexide, and gave some account of the connection between Anopheles and malaria, exhibiting in connection with the paper various British species of the family. A discussion followed, in which various members gave their experiences of the biting habits of these insects at home and abroad, and also discussed the origin of the habit, &. Mr. G. H. Kenrick believed the habit had begun through sucking juices of plants; Mr. Neville Chamberlain said that he believed people in time became quite inoculated against the effects of the bites; when he first went to the Bahamas he suffered very much, but after a time they did not seem to hurt him at all.—Coxsran J. Wainwricut, Hon. Sec.
a ee
(Entom., PIV, 1900))
We
PLATE
By permission of Frankenstein & Wagner.
After Obernetter.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vor. XXXIII.1 JUNE, 1900. [No. 445.
SYNOPSIS OF EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE MADE WITH LEPIDOPTERA UP TO THE END OF 1898.*
By Pror. Dr. Max Sranpruss. Prats I. (Entom. Plate V.).
Synopsis of temperature and hybridization experiments hitherto undertaken, supplementary to the work.
“‘Fixperimental Zoological Studies with Lepidoptera,’ and with additions containing the principal results obtained during the year 1898, in continuation of these experiments.
The studies in question are in two directions, of which to the one, Temperature Experiments, I have given my attention for twelve years; and to the other, Hybridization Experiments, for twenty-five years.
For the first, 42,000 specimens of about sixty different species have been used, and for the second, more than 38,000 specimens of over thirty species.
The Lepidoptera are for many reasons the best suited for such experiments. Firstly, the material can be taken directly from nature; and, secondly, many species can be used in large numbers. At the same time the life-history of the creatures is very short, many species even in our latitude having two genera- tions in the course of a year; and, finally, the different phases of their varying metamorphoses give an opportunity and possi- bility of making many observations of a biological, physio- enomical, and physiological nature, owing to their generally highly characteristic features.
* Translated from the German by Edward Martin Dadd.
+ During the year 1898, 4800 specimens were used for temperature, and 3200 specimens for hybridization experiments.
ENTOM.—JUNE, 1900. P
162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Firstly, the Temperature Experitments.—The temperature ex- periments which concern us here (searching temperature experi- ments in other directions are mentioned in my ‘ Handbuch der
palaearktischen Gross-schmetterlinge,’ pages 187-153) have been ~~
chiefly devoted to the pupal stage, and may therefore be con- sidered as a continuation and supplement of the methodical experiments first made by G. Dorfmeister, Aug. Weismann, and W. H. Edwards in the sixties and seventies.
To the experiments begun by others must be added experi- ments made by me in quite another direction, relating to in- heritance of the new characters acquired by these experiments.
The studies of the three gentlemen in question related chiefly to the appearance in nature of Wallace’s so-called ‘‘ Seasonal Dimorphism.” What is seasonal dimorphism? The fact that species which attain the imago stage twice or more during the course of a year generally exhibit marked differences in the size, shape, or colour of the imagines of these two genera- tions.
The most noteworthy example is to be found in our smallest Vanessa, the so-called map-butterfiy, V. levana, L., in which the difference between the imagines from hybernated pupe and those of the summer brood are so great that the two forms were for a long time considered to be two different species. This insect was therefore one of the first to be experimented with by Dort- meister and Weismann. Weismann, to whom we owe the best work on this subject, which appeared in 1875, placed the summer pupe of V. levana for twenty-four weeks in an ice safe or ice cellar, and winter pup in a conservatory with a temperature of +15° to +30°C. By this means the summer form was changed directly to the winter form; but, on the other hand, it was found to be very much more difficult to change the winter form by warmth to the summer, and in most cases it was an entire failure. Weismann concluded therefore that the species was a northern one, and that the winter form V. levana was the oldest and most constant, and the summer form—var. prorsa—a later innovation, that is to say, only recently introduced into the life- history of the species.
This supposition is probably correct, as the species no doubt emanates from Northern Asia, where there are to be found four nearly related species, the only living relatives of this insect on the earth; and, moreover, V.levana itself is found there, in some places actually with only one generation in the year from hyber- nated pupe—for example, at Nicolajefsk and Chabarofka.- Var. prorsa is therefore a recent introduction, which, by lowering the temperature of the pupal stage, can be immediately made to resume its ancient characters. The ‘‘ phylogenetic’’—or, we may well say, the younger—form can be directly changed to the older. Further experiments with Papilio ajax, L., Pieris napi,
er
~~
EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND THMPERATURE. 163
L., Polyommatus phlwas, L., Pararge egeria, L.—all species which exhibit seasonal dimorphism—led to analogous results.
As far as Dorfmeister, Weismann, and Edwards are concerned up to the year 1875, all three of them, dealt with a species by and for itself, as an isolated type relative to the action of various degrees of temperature, during the pupal stage on the resulting changes in character of the species, within its own limits, with- out considering their relationship to those of other species. As a matter of fact, the species experimented with up till that time were not especially suited to open up further phylogenetic research.
Exactly ten years later I commenced analogous experiments, although not to any great extent until 1893, as my hybridization experiments, which were commenced in 1873, and carried on later in conjunction with the temperature experiments, took up a good deal of my time until then.
Ever since the year 1888 the English entomologist Merrifield has been making experiments in the same direction, and since that time has published a number of papers on this question in the ‘Transactions’ of the Entomological Society of London. | Weismann has also continued his experiments lately, and numerous other younger entomologists are now making similar experiments.
The temperature experiments made by me can be naturally divided into two groups. On the one hand, by using constant high temperatures of +87° to +389° C., in which the pupx were placed three or more days; or by constant low ones of +4° to +6° C., which lasted four to eight weeks. We will call these, shortly, warmth and cold experiments.
The first were made in the developing apparatus of the Polytechnic Seed Culture Station, Zurich, whose Director, Dr. G. Stebler, has assisted me in the kindest and most willing manner. For the second, I have used an ordinary ice safe, as is used for keeping food in many households.
After the treatment with cold the pup remained for some time in an ordinary temperature till the imagines emerged. This was also usually the case with the warmth experiments, very few pup# remaining in the forcing apparatus until they were fully developed.
On the other hand, I made experiments which could be termed heat and frost experiments, the temperature being only intermittently applied—two to seven hours at a time—because only capable of being endured for short intervals.
The heat experiments were carried out with the help of the forcing apparatus at from + 40° to + 45° C.
The degrees of cold, 0° to —18°, exceptionally to —20° C., were procured at the freezing apparatus of the Institute for
P22
164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Testing Building Material, whose Director, Prof. L. Tetmayer, has assisted me in these experiments in the kindest manner.
Firstly, warmth and cold experiments. The principal results of these are dealt with in the ‘ Handbuch der palaearktischen Gross-schmetterlinge,’ and are summarised as follows : —
Species from northern sources—that is to say, species which themselves, as well as the majority of their relatives, live in northern regions, and would therefore probably emanate from there—give retrogressive forms by the application of cold, but progressive forms by the application of warmth.
On the other hand, species of southern origin, mostly species which have penetrated from the south in a northerly direction, and whose relatives are entirely, or nearly so, denizens of tropical and subtropical regions, produce retrogressive forms by the application of warmth, and progressive forms by the application of cold.
In all cases as yet dealt with the retrogressive and progressive forms indicate :—
1. That seasonal forms are obtained, that is, forms whose appearance is constant at certain seasons of the year. Apart from the well-known case of V. levana, L., and its var. prorsa, — L., of Dorfmeister and Weismann ; Vanessa c-album, L., can be changed by cold from the first or summer generation to the second or autumn generation, and the second generation partly to the first by the application of warmth. We have good grounds for the belief that V. c-album is a northern insect, and that its autumn form is the more ancient, the summer form being a recent introduction—that is to say, the younger. This would explain the fact why the first generation retrogressed, and the second generation progressed by this experiment. Large numbers of the summer generations of Papilio podalirws, L. (Wallis), Pierts daplidice, L. (Berlin), and Polyommatus ampht- damas, Kisp.* (Leipzig) produced by the application of cold the forms from hybernated pupe only.
2. Local forms can be obtained—that is, forms which in certain localities are found as local races. I succeeded in obtaining Vanessa urtice, L., var. polaris, Ster., of Lapland, ‘direct from Zurich pupe by submitting them to low tempera- tures, and forms approaching var. ichnusa, Bon., of Corsica and Sardinia, with high temperatures. As V. urtice is also probably a northern species, var. polaris would be the older, and vayr. ichnusa the newer form.
The change effected in the swallow-tail, P. machaon, through the influence of warmth, were especially noteworthy. By special
* The contrary was also successful with P. amphidamas, Esp., a direct change of the winter generation to the summer generation being obtained in the majority of cases by placing the pupe at the end of March and beginning of April for eleven to fourteen days in a temperature of + 87° C.
EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 165
manipulation imagines were obtained from pup of the summer form from Zurich, which approached in a marked degree those found in July and August in Syria and sometimes at Antioch and Jerusalem. Further, the second generation of P. podalirius from Wallis can be changed by warmth to the more characteristic summer form of southern localities—that is, the typical var. zancleus, L., of Sicily, and so forth.
3. Changes in the direction of sexual colour dimorphism. By warmth the female of Parnassius apollo, L., from Wallis, was entirely changed to the male type of coloration, and the male had the dark spots on the outer margin of the fore wings replaced by white. Sexual colour dimorphism must certainly only be regarded as a link in the chain of the normal development of the species, and in the case before us—as, indeed, it seems to be the rule—the male is the newer type, and the female the older. Therefore in our experiment the older female type was changed to the newer male type, and the male evolved still further in a progressive direction.
It is also noteworthy that the dead whitish colour of the female Rhodocera rhamni, L., is changed by warmth to the intense yellow male coloration, either totally or partially. This important change in the coloration of the female is not so much a phylogenetic as a physiological matter, as is shown by the correlation between the colour and the genital organs. In some of these warmth experiments, and especially in the case before us, certain female specimens underwent a certain amount of damage and malformation to the sexual organs, and this mal- formation seemed to be directly connected with the change of the female colour.
4. Phylogenetic forms* in their truer sense—that is, forms which at present do not occur on the earth, or only very rarely.
* In February, 1898, a large number of P. hospiton, Géné (pup from Sardinia), were made to approach P. machaon in wing-outline and markings by warmth. The fore wings were much more extended, the tail of the hind wings lengthened, the yellow half-moon spots on the outer margins of the upper sides of the fore and hind wings, and the red eye-spot at the anal angle of the hind wings were noticeably increased in size, and in some specimens yellow scales were sprinkled thickly on the black base of the fore wings on the upper side, and on the broad black bands near the outer margin ; all of these changes are approaches to the type of P. machaon, L. Pi. I. fig. 1 shows a female specimen which shows the change in the shape of the wing very plainly.
It appears therefore as if P. hospiton, which, as is well known, inhabits exclusively the mountain regions of Corsica and Sardinia, and whose claim to the title of a separate species, as well as Argynnis elisa, God., and Satyrus neomiris, God. (also species indigenous to Corsica and Sardinia), are chiefly owing to its insular isolation, obtained certain changes in colour and wing-structure, both with a correlative relationship to each other, from the nearly related P. machaon, during some past epoch of low temperature. It is a fact that P. hospiton is inclined to converge with P, machaon in seyeral directions by a slight increase of temperature,
166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
(a) Forms which belong to the former history of the species— that is, true retrogressive forms. They can be recognised at once by their approaching in markings to related species or forms which are recognised as nearer the original type of the genus.
V. polychloros, L., for example, by the application of cold, obtained a row of blue spots on the outer margin of the upper side of the fore wings, which are usually wanting, but which are still present in the nearly related V. wrtice, L.; and JV. io also approached V. urtice both on the upper and under sides. V. antiopa obtained quite noticeably two spots on the upper side of
Another fact which shows the effect that low temperature has had on P. hospiton is that it has only one generation during the year, whereas P. machaon in nearly the whole of its widely extended area has two genera- tions yearly.
Up till now I have bred 583 specimens of P. hospiton, but only during the abnormally hot year 1892 did I obtain a few specimens during the month of August from fresh pupe from Sardinia before hybernation. These are intermediate between the ordinary form and the forms obtained by the experiment. z
The results obtained by warmth in changing the three Thais species arf their local forms—cerisyi, B., var. deyrollei, Obthr., rumina, L., polyxena, Schiff.—are worth noting.
One hundred and fifty pupze of the local form of T. cerisyi, B., from Amasia, var. deyrollei, Obthr., were subjected in February for nine to fifteen days to a constant temperature of +.37°C. until emergence. About one-third of the female specimens obtained a brownish coloration of the ground colour of both wings on the upper sides in place of the white tone and a weak dis- coloration of the under sides, nrostly accompanied by an increase in size of the black markings. This form is rarely obtained in ordinary circumstances. The most extreme forms reached on the upper side, the brown-yellow of typical rwmina ab. canteneri, Stgr., from Malaga. PI. I. fig. 2 shows one of these dark brown female specimens obtained by this experiment, but the black markings are only increased somewhat on the fore wings.
In the male specimens obtained by the same treatment a noticeable darkening of the light ground colour was only exceptionally present, but nearly always, though not’ to any extent, there was a slight increase in the | size and number of the black markings, at times accompanied by an enlarge- ment of the red spots of the hind wings.
The male (Pl. I. fig. 8) shows these characters. Its markings thus attain a growing resemblance to the light female forms of Thais var. deyrollei, Obthr., which occur regularly at Aintab, north-east of Antioch (Syria). We concluded (Standfuss, Handb. d. palaearct. Gross-schm. 1896, pp. 226, 227) that these female types from Aintab were the most progressive, because they were the nearest approach to the male type of coloration ; and those retro- gressive males procured from the Amasia pupe by warmth are a still nearer link to the above-mentioned female Aintab types. A female from Aintab is shown (PI. I. fig. 4) whose pupa has not been experimented with.
A few male specimens obtained by the experiment a very curious addi- tion to their wing-structure, a portion of the hind wings with the three long tails being lengthened: so that there was a certain resemblance to the type of hind wings of certain Papilio species—P. podalirius, L., for example.
Ninety-three pupe of Thais rumina from Portugal produced, under a temperature of + 37° C. after hybernation during January and February in six to fifteen days, a similarly dark brown type, mostly with an increase of
. | EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 167
-the fore wings, in the exact position that they still oceupy in V. urtice and V. c-albwm, and other related species.
(b) Forms which possibly indicate the future line of develop- ment of the species. ‘These would then be true progressive forms. They are characterised by their departing still further from the ancient genetic type, and from related species. In most of the species of Vanessa from northern sources hitherto experi- mented with, these forms are usually obtained by warmth, especially with V. antiopa. Only the species of southern source, V. cardwi, L., and V. atalanta, L., produced them with cold.
(To be continued.)
size of the black markings, as well as intermediate forms, altogether thirty- four specimens. This form was much rarer in the males (seven specimens), and not nearly so extreme as the females (twenty-seven specimens). One of the females is shown Pl. I. fig. 5. This type, Staudinger’s ab. cantenerz, is of rare occurrence in South Spain (Andalusia) and North Africa. The ab. cantenert was not at all rare in pupe from Malaga, but I never had them in anything like the numbers that I obtained from the pupe from Portugal, with which I made this experiment, and then mostly when the insects emerged without any treatment during the autumn (September and com- mencement of October) before hybernation.
No ab. cantenert were obtained from the Portugal pup treated in the usual manner.
Four hundred specimens of Thais polyxena, Schiff., from Vienna, treated for this warmth experiment, produced under + 37° C., in eight to twelve days, twenty-six specimens of ab. ochracea, Stgr., the analogous form to ab. canteneri, and a fair number of intermediates. A collateral tendency to an increase in the dark markings was not manifested, but a preponderance in numbers and extremity of variation in the females (sixteen specimens) to males (ten specimens); Pl. I. fig. 6, shows us one of these experimentally browned males. I have never yet seen or bred specimens from Vienna, which are as dark as the most extreme form obtained in the experiment, and occasionally, under ordinary treatment in large numbers, forms nearly approaching in density of marking, from Budapest pup and from the neigh- bourhood of Mehadia.
The most extreme form obtained by the experiment approaches very nearly Thais polyxena var. polymnia, Mill. aberratio (cf. Milliére, Lepi- doptérologie, septieme fascicule, 1881, pp. 2-4, pl. x. fig. 5) which comes from the island of Eubcea, and is perbaps the most extreme form of ab. ochracea, Stgr., as yet known.
The results obtained by these warmth experiments with these three
- Thais species are that under similar treatment more or less similar develop- ments are obtained, to which the female sex, both in number of specimens and intensify of variation, are almost exclusively subject, leads one to the supposition that this is a case of retrogression.
As to the fact that a lighter or darker tone of brown as ground colour is common to many families as well as Rhopalocera, refer to the work of Alf. G. Mayer, ‘‘ On the Color and Color Patterns of Moths and Butterflies ” (‘ Pro- ceedings’ of the Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, vol. xxvii. 1879).
168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Pan TYPE. OF -TAeLA. Ware, By A. G. Buruer, Ph.D.
In Marshall and De Niceville’s ‘ Butterflies of India,’ vol. i11. p-. 298, Mr. de Niceville observes :—-‘‘ In taking T’. spini, Wiener Verzeichniss, which occurs in Europe and Northern and Eastern Asia, as the type of the genus T’hecla, I follow Mr. 8. H. Scudder, Mr. W. F. Kirby, and Messrs. Godman and Salvin, rather than Mr. A. G. Butler, the last adopting betule, Linneus, a European and North Asiatic species. The latter is, however, the type of Dalman’s genus Zephyrus.”
In Dr. Scudder’s ‘‘ Historical Sketch,” the plan adopted for deciding what the type of a genus is, to either take the omission of species (noted under the original description) by subsequent authors as restrictive, and applying the generic name to the residuum ; or, where no reduction has been made, to accept the dictum of the first subsequent author who indicates a type. If neither action has been taken by a previous author, Scudder himself fixes the type, selecting one of the original species.
If Dr. Scudder had followed his own rule consistently, there would have been no reason why his decisions should not have been accepted as final; but in one case he ignores a genus because he says it consists of heterogeneous material, whereas, in another case, he extracts a heterogeneous species from the middle of a crowd in order to upset a properly constituted genus based upon that insect (vide Cytherias, which is absolutely synonymous with Hetera), cf. Graphium, Pterourus, &e.
On Scudder’s own showing, Leach, in 1815, included betule, prunt, and quercus under Thecla (omitting spini); therefore the subsequent action of Dalman in taking betule as type of his new genus Zephyrus was valueless, unless it could be shown that T. betule and T’. quercus represented different genera. To re- suscitate spini as type of Thecla is to ignore the restrictive plan by which Scudder himself was generally guided, and thus reduce the firm basis upon which the type question was being settled, to the quaking bog of earlier times. We want no autocratic authority to step in and assert that ‘‘in this case the restriction of a genus may be conveniently ignored,” but a definite rule, without exceptions, which all may be able to follow.
Under the circumstances, there is not the slightest question that the type of Thecla must be either betule or quercus, and, until some structural character is discovered by which these two species can be generically separated, Zephyrus must be regarded as a synonym of Thecla, the general opinion and decision of entomologists up to 1872, that betule was the type, being accepted,
169
ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA.
By Dr. H. J. Hansen.
(Continued from p. 120.)
4. Fulgoride.
In this family I have closely examined the antennal structure in Fulgora ocellata, Westw. (or a very nearly related species), Dictyophara europea, L., Calyptoproctus stigma, F., Cizxius nervosus, L., Eurybrachys sp., Calliscelis bonellii. Latr., Issus coleoptratus Geoffr., Ricania sp., Paciloptera phalenoides, L., Tettigometra costulata, Fieb., Ar@opus crassicornis, Fabr. Mega- melus notula, Germ., Stenocarenus minutus, F., and Liburnia limbata, Boh. I also examined a large amount of material with a lens.
The antenne are situated beneath the eyes, generally far behind under the hindermost part of the eyes, or even behind that (Fulgora), sometimes under the front part of the eyes in an excavation in them (Bothriocera). They are not sunk into antennal pits, but the basal segment of the peduncle is connected with the chitin of the gene (cheeks) by a broad—sometimes extraordinarily broad—segment-membrane (pl. i. f. 11). They are entirely different in structure from the other families, and, indeed, from what is known, apparently, in other insects.
The essential points in the antenne of the Fulgoride are, briefly: the second segment of the peduncle—which is never very much smaller, but generally both longer and thicker than the first—is provided with numerous large peculiarly formed (compound) sensory organs; the flagellum consists of a moderately small, nearly pear-shaped basal segment, which bears a_ single sensory pit with a single spike, and of a thinner, segmented or unsegmented bristle, without trace of sensory organs.
Viewed through a lens, the surface of the second segment of the peduncle in a large Fulgorid of the typical subfamily (e. g. Fulgora, Calyptoproctus) is seen to be strewn with numbers of dark small ‘“‘nodes”’ (pl. i. f. 11); examined in an alkaline preparation more closely through a microscope, each of the “nodes” is readily seen to consist of a circle of conical dark chitinous pegs, which protrude and converge somewhat towards the centre of the ring; the area within the ring is filled with numerous conspicuous thin generally irregularly bent rounded- above lobes (f. 11, a, g, b, and 12), which are probably the seat of a sense. Hach of these nodes I have named a “ compound sensory organ.”” In Fulgora the nodes are strewn very closely
170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
over the whole of the surface of the second segment; in Calypto- proctus a part of the surface is smooth; in Dictyophara and Cizius the nodes are far fewer in number, but very similar in structure, though the sensory-lobes are fewer also in number. In Eurybrachys, Calliscelis bonellii, and Issus coleoptratus, the surface of the second segment of the peduncles is strewn with numerous small pointed nodes and a number of bristles; the sensory organs are fewer in number in the two last-named genera (pl. 1. f. 14 and 13), and in all three genera they lack the protecting ring of chitinous pegs, while the lobes in each organ are numerous in Eurybrachys, far fewer in the two other genera (f. 13a). In a Ricania sp. the second segment of the peduncle is of scarcely ereater magnitude than the first; the sensory organs are situated only on the terminal face, are few in number and small in proportion (pl. i. f. 15). They are distinguished by each one possessing only one or two lobes, while their margins are bent up in peculiar ear-shaped processes, outside each of which there is a conical spike. In Pecilopiera phalenoides (pl. 1. f. 16, 16 a) the sensory organs are still smaller in size, but are very similar in appearance to Ricania, though not so clean cut. The sensory lobes number only one or two. In Tettigometra costulata (pl. f. 17) the second segment of the peduncle is proportionately very large, and so oblique that the flagellum is articulated far from the apex on one of the sides. The sensory organs are pro- portionately very numerous and large; the protecting circlets of chitinous pegs are (as in Issus) wanting ; but the rest of their structure.is very obscure. Apparently all of the almost circular sensory areas are each covered (f. 17 a) with a thin membrane, which is extremely finely punctured, and on which there are usually one to four irregular elongate shallow keels, which thus agree with the lobes in the previously described Fulgoride. In the Delphax group (of which I have examined Arcopus crassi- cornis, Megamelus notula, Stenocarenus minutus, and Liburnia limbata), one meets with a structure singularly characteristically distinguishing it from the other Fulgoride. The second segment (pl. ii. f. 1) is strewn with isolated large bristles and numerous small bristles, and the sensory organs are, in proportion to the size of the insect, rather numerous and very conspicuous. The chitinous pegs in the circles surrounding each organ are strikingly few in number, and of a considerable size (pl. 11. f. La) ; instead of sensory lobes there are on the membrane within the circles only bristles, which in Stenocarenus and Megamelus differ but little either in form or size from the small bristles strewn on the remainder of the surface of the segment, except that those lying within the circles are noticeably thicker than those without, while in Liburnia they are far thicker, somewhat shorter and coarser, and far more curved than the normal small bristles ;
THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. 171
and, finally, in Areopus they are notably shorter and coarser, and also far more closely set than the other small bristles of the segment; at the same time they have preserved entirely the character of bristles.
The bristle-shaped part of the flagellum is sometimes rela- tively long (Calliscelis), sometimes short (Fulgora, Tettigometra) ; sometimes with very distinct segmentation throughout the whole, or in great part of its length (T'ettigometra, Areopus, Megamelus), sometimes without segmentation (Fulgora, Issus, Calliscelis).
While the condition of the flagellum does not appear to have any wider systematic significance, on the other hand the detailed structure of the sensory organs on the second segment of the peduncle appears to possess such a value to a pre-eminent degree.
’ I must lament that I have not been in a position—from want of
material—to examine a far greater series of special genera. The Delphax group, so sharply characterized in other ways, appears also admirably defined by its antennal structure ; on the other hand, I am not in a position to say that Tettigometra is clearly so distinguished, since I am without the forms which Stal places in their neighbourhood; moreover, I cannot define sharply marked boundaries for the Ricania-Flata groups, and I have not been able to examine microscopically any examples of the Stalian groups Achilida, Tropiduchida and Derbida. There thus remains a considerable gap in my researches.
B. Tegule and Wings.
Tegule are found only in the Fulgoride. In this family they are, moreover, almost universally present, generally readily enough seen, but sometimes covered over by the lateral margins of the prothorax. Stal says (Hemipt. Afr. 128) that they are absent rarely, but does not mention the precise genera in which this is the case. The only genus examined by me, in which I have not been able to see them, is Calliscelis, a genus charac- terized, among other things, by the strongly reduced wings. Their presence is thus typical of, and peculiar to, the Fulgorid family, but at the same time they can be absent or reduced almost to the vanishing point (which is certainly concomitant with a great reduction in the flight organs), so that their absence is not an absolute character.
I have but little to add on the subject of Wing-Neuration.
In the Cercopide a part of the anterior margin of the posterior wings (in Cercopine and Aphrophorine near the base itself, in Macherota in the middle between the retinaculum and the base) is expanded into a triangular projection (pl. 1. f. 2 a), whose upper and outer margin bears a few posteriorly directed hooks, which are fixed on.a thicker, firmly chitinized base (f. 2a). On the under side of the tegmina, a little behind the
172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
anterior margin and near the base (Macherota not examined) there is an elevated longitudinal keel (pl. ii. f. 8 and 4), which varies somewhat in height and shape. These structures on the anterior and posterior wings certainly stand in relation to one another and contribute to the steadiness of the latter in repose. As I have not met such a peculiar formation in any of the other families, this may afford a good family character.
In Ledra aurita the slightly convex anterior margins are strewn, on a space from the base to the retinaculum, with about twenty hooks of a similar structure to those in Cercopide, but I have not been able to find a trace of any keel on the teg- mina. Similar arrangements of hooks may be found in other Jassid genera (in T'yphlocyba rose, for example, I have observed them); but as a rule they occur neither in Jassine nor Mem- bracine.
In the Fulgoride the anterior margin of the posterior wings generally presents the shape of a moderately flat arch; at the summit of the arch it is sometimes (Peciloptera phalenoides) furnished with some sharp thorns, but the arch never assumes the triangular form characteristic of the Cercopide, and hooks are never found. On the under side of the tegmina one finds, a little from the base in relation to the convex part of the lower wings, a small triangular plate (f. ex. in Fulgora and Peciloptera) standing out perpendicularly from the wings, which certainly has the same function as, though such a different form from, the longitudinal keel of the Cercopide.
In several forms, where the convex portion of the anterior margin of the posterior wings is very feebly marked (Tettigometra, Are@opus, and Stenocarenus), I have not been able to find the plates on the under side of the tegmina; nevertheless, in some instances (Calyptoproctus stigma, for ex.), the convex portion may be feeble and the tegminal plate extremely well developed. Though one cannot in this obtain family characters for the Ful- goride, it is probable that the above-mentioned differences will afford them for groups or subgroups.
In the Stridulantia no trace is found of the structures men- tioned in the Fulgoride or Cercopide; the hind wings are held in position during rest by their feebly arched anterior margin resting for some distance close to the strongly salient thick costal area on the fore wings.
(To be continued.)
173
A NEW GENUS OF COCCIDA, INJURING THE ROOTS OF THE GRAPE-VINE IN SOUTH AFRICA.
By T. D. A. Cocxrrent, N.M. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Cryptinglisia, nov. gen.
A Lecaniine coccid having a glassy covering containing air- spaces, and retaining the legs and antenne (7 or 8 joints) in the adult. Living in galls on the roots of Vitis. Differs from Inglisia in its mode of life; in the glassy scale not being divided, tortoise-like, into plates; and in the air-cells running together, forming long air-spaces. Larva ordinary, with six large bristles on the cephalic margin. Male unknown.
Cryptinglisia lounsburyt, n. sp.
@. Adult about 24mm. long, soft, shiny, very dark brown, covered with a semitransparent, brittle, glassy scale. Skin transparent and colourless on boiling in KHO; mouth-parts moderate, rostral loop not very long; margin with a row of simple spines, brownish, about 24 »% long, placed close together; anal lobes ordinary, about 160 p long, yellowish brown, surrounded basally by a large thick dark-brown chitinous plate, more or less semilunar in form, with the ends pro- duced; a row of small round glands in the middle line from one end of the body to the other, but best developed posteriorly ; antenne and legs pale ; legs ordinary, femur + trochanter about 120, tibia about 96, tarsus about 78, claw about 20 »; claw-digitules about as long as claw, with large knobs; tarsal digitules long, with distinct knobs: antenne 7 or 8 jointed, having three types, thus: (1.) 7-jointed with a short 3, all the joints subequal, 21 to 30. (2.) 7-jointed with a long 3, which is about 41 » long. (8.) 8-joimted, with 2 quite short, and 8 and 4 each about 30, long. The terminal joint is always short, 21 to 26 p.
These insects occur underground on the roots of grape-vines, living in galls which are more or less globular, 4 to 5 mm. diameter, dark, rough and often nodulose on the outside, often ageregated together in numbers, or even coalescing, so that the root presents a nodulose thickening 6 or 7 mm. in diameter and over 20 mm. long. On breaking open the galls, which are quite hard, one finds a cavity containing the coccid: Small stones are frequently embedded in the sides of the galls.
‘Hab. Constantia, Cape Colony, at the roots of Stem and Reisling grapes (Vitis vinifera). Mr. Chas. P. Lounsbury, sending the specimens, says: ‘‘ None were observed more than eight or nine inches from the surface, and all were on fibrous roots. As you will observe from the specimens, they are some- what gregarious; ofttimes one or two rootlets will be quite covered, while all the others are free. Most of the infested vines
174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
were backward in growth,—some almost dead; but their con- dition is, I think, due to other causes than the attack of the insect. Some apparently healthy vines were noticed to be affected.”
Mesilla Park, New Mexico: March 17th, 1900.
BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.H.S. (Continued from p. 75.)
3. W. H. Leach: ‘ The Edinburgh Encyclopedia,’ conducted by D. Brewster, LL.D., vol. ix. pp. 186 and 137. 1815.*
In his article, ‘‘ Entomology,” in this work, W. HE. Leach makes the first attempt to give some kind of a list of the British Dragonflies, as follows :—
Genus 479. Liseniuta.
Sp. 1. depressa = Libellula depressa. conspurcata = Libellula fulva. quadrimaculata = Libellula quadrimaculata. . cancellata = Orthetrum cancellatum. vulgata = Sympetrum striolatum. donovanni = Orthetrwn cerulescens. . scotica = Sympetrum scoticum. Genus 480. Corputia.
Sp. 1. enea = Cordulia enea. Genus 481. CorDULEGASTER.
Sp. 1. annulatus = Cordulegaster annulatus. Genus 482. Gompuus.
Sp. 1. vulgatissimus = Gomphus vulgatissimus. Genus 483. AUsuna.
Sp. 1. grandis = A’schna grandis, and no doubt other species. Genus 484. Anax.
Sp. 1. imperator = Anaxz imperator. This is the first reference to
the species. Genus 485. Agerion. ‘‘ Several indigenous species not accurately determined ”. (Leach). Genus 486. Lxsrzs. ‘« Three indigenous species ”’ (Leach). Genus 487. Catepreryx = Catopreryx. ‘Those Agrionida with coloured wings” { Leach).
4. G. Samouelle: ‘The Entomologist’s Useful Compendium ; or, An Introduction to the Knowledge of British Insects.’ 1819.
In this work the systematic portion was in a great measure due to W. EK. Leach, who in each genus gives but one species, apparently asa type. They are as follow :—
TIS oT gw BO
** A re-issue in 1850 was made use of for the compilation of this note.
RECENT NOTES ON HYDROMETRA MARTINI. 175
Genus 380. Lisenivna. Sp. 1. depressa = Libellula depressa. Genus 381. Corputia. Sp. 1. enea = Cordulia enea. Genus 382. CorpuLEGASTER. Sp. 1. annulatus = Cordulegaster annulatus. Genus 383. Gompnus.
Sp. 1 vulgatissimus = Gomphus vulyatissimus. Genus 384. Alsuna.
Sp. 1. grandis = Aschna grandis.
Genus 385. Anax. Sp. 1. imperator = Anax imperator. Genus 386. AGrIon. Sp. 1. sanguineus = Pyrrhosoma nymphula. Genus 387. Lusvzs. Sp. 1. autumnalis = Lestes sponsa. Genus 388. CaLepreryx.
Sp. 1. virgo = Calopterya virgo.
As the species are not described, it is quite possible that Leach may have had before him other species of some of the genera, than those to which we have referred them, in the case of grandis, sanguineus, autumnalis, and virgo.
RECENT NOTES ON AYDROMETRA MARTINI, Kir. = LINEATA, Bay.
By G. W. Kirxgaupy, F.E.S.
In the ‘Canadian Entomologist’ for March, 1900, an in- teresting “‘ Study of Hydrometra lineata” (pp. 70-76) has been presented by Mr. J.O. Martin. Since nothing detailed has been related of the life-history and habits of this genus, I quote freely from Mr. Martin’s paper, as the account he has given of the American species refers very probably in great part to our British species also.
“The insect hybernates in the adult stage, and during the first warm days of spring crawls stiffly out from under the rubbish along the banks, where it has passed the winter. When the weather becomes warm enough (the 1st to 10th of May at Ithaca), egg-laying begins; the female becomes restless, and stalks about in search of a place to deposit an egg. . . . Backing up to a grass-stem or almost any firm object which rises above the water, she exudes from the genital opening a drop of a gummy gelatinous substance, which she then presses against the object which has been chosen to support the egg. This sticky mass is the base of the egg-stalk, and, hardening very soon, fastens the egg in place before it has left the body.” The
176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ege—which is quite different in appearance from that of Gerris, or indeed any other Rhynchoton known to me—is long and spindle-shaped, about two millimeters long, that is to say, about one-half the length of the abdomen. The young nymph emerges seventeen days after oviposition, and is light green in colour. Hydrometra lineata, Say, is carnivorous, its food con- sisting of insects that fall into the water.* ‘‘ When such a hapless insect falls into the water, it is at once pounced upon by one or several voracious Hydrometras, who insert their beaks and proceed to suck the juices from their still struggling victim. I have seen no less than ten thus surround their prey, all with their heads in the direction of common interest, and their bodies radiating outwards.”
“The peculiar habitat of Hydrometra, combined with its elongate form, has given rise to a secondary sexual character, which occurs in both H. lineata and H. stagnorum. This consists of two notched projections on the inner side of the sixth abdo- minal segment, close to the incisure between the sixth and seventh segments. ‘The object of these notched elevations of the abdo- minal walls is to fit over the lateral keels of the female abdomen, thus steadying the abdomen of the male during copulation.” Some useful structural details of H. lineata and H. stagnorum are figured.
Some final remarks upon the genus have, however, to be slightly remedied. The “ Siberian Hydrometra” jankowskit, Jakovlev, does not belong to the genus Hydrometra, Latr., but — to Hydrometra, Fabr.—that is to say, to Gerris, Fabr., Latr.t The name “lineata,” moreover, cannot stand, as it is preoccu- pied by H. lineata, Eschsch. (1822, Entomogr. p. 110), from Manilla |? = vittata, Stal, 1870}, and I therefore rename Say’s species after the entomologist who has first given some account of its habits :
HyproMEtTRa MARTINI, Kirk., 1900 = H. lineata, Say, 1832 [nec Eschsch., 1822}.
As Mr. Martin has omitted any mention of the species, it may be well to call attention again { to the fact that Hydrometra caraiba, Guér., from the Antilles and Central America, is a true Hydrometra, and not a Gerris as catalogued by Lethierry and Severin.
* See Entom., 1899, p. 112.
+ H. stagnorum (Linn.) is also recorded from Siberia. See J. Sahlberg, 1878, Svensk. Akad. Handl. xvi. no. 4, p. 38.
} See Revue d’Entom., 1898, p. 73.
177
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Tue Puraw Hasirs or Cossus tigniperDA.—In the autumn of 1896, the larve of C. ligniperda were very plentiful near Lewes, Sussex. I saw many full-fed examples crawling about much in the same way as Phalera bucephala does; evidently, therefore, these larve - did not remain in their larval quarters, but sought others for pupating. I placed one enormous larva in a small cage, where it soon established itself in a corner, gnawed a considerable hole in the lard deal, and spun its cocoon. It emerged in due time, and is now in my collection. The larva cage shows a deep hole where the wood was gnawed away.— F, M. A. MacKinnon; Binfield Lodge, Walton-on-Thames, April 24th.
Ruyncnota Genera, &c.—I shall be greatly indebted to anyone possessing the following works who will furnish me with a list of the genera, &c., of Rhynchota contained therein: Hahn’s Icon. Mon. Cimic. 1825 (?), and Fieber’s paper in Weitenweber’s Beytriige, 1836.—G. W. Kirxatpy; Wimbledon.
Ovieosition or Gonopreryx rHAMNI.—This morning I have been ° watching a specimen of Gonopteryx rhamni while she was_ busily engaged in laying eggs on the young leaves of a shrub of buckthorn. Newman, I see, says ‘“ the eggs are laid singly,” but this specimen on one occasion laid eight close together, though three seemed to be the favourite number; she also laid a few isolated ones. The plant on which she deposited them seemed to be the only buckthorn in the neighbourhood; every now and then she would leave it and flit up and down the lane, apparently in search of another bush, but each time she returned and renewed operations on the same plant. How many eggs she laid altogether I do not know, but the number must have been something very considerable. —D. P, Turner; Sutton, Surrey, May 5th, 1900.
ABERRATION OF VANESSA URTIC#.—I have in my cabinet an exactly similar aberration to the beautifully coloured figure of a specimen from Mr. Farn’s collection, given in the ‘ Entomologist’ for April last (pl. iii., fig. 1). My own insect was taken on the ceiling of a public-house at Midhurst, Hants, on July 12th, 1896.—Josepa AnpErson ; Chichester.
‘* Poro-MicrocrapHy ror Enromotoey.’’—We have been favoured with a reprint of an article bearing the foregoing title. It is by Mr. F. N. Clark, and was originally published in the ‘ Annual of Microscopy’ for 1899. A finely executed plate and two figures in the text, repre- senting lepidopterous ova and structural details of insects, afford proof of the excellent results that can be obtained by a careful manipulator. The instructions are lucid and thoroughly practical. In his opening remarks Mr. Clark says:—‘‘I am frequently at a loss to understand why photography is not utilized to a greater extent than at present in the illustration of works on natural history. This applies particularly to entomology, a subject that lends itself so admirably to the repro- duction and enlargement of minute objects by aid of the camera. Some years ago, when photo-process work was in its infancy, the low standard of quality was no doubt responsible for a good deal of short-
ENTOM.—JUNE, 1900. Q
178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
coming in this respect. This, however, can hardly be the case now that process-work has been brought to such a high state of perfection.”
Tae Srevens Cotuection (concluded from p. 157). — Among the Heterocera, the lots that realized noteworthy prices were the following :—
Detlephila galii. Five specimens bred from larve found at Deal, £1; three examples of the same species, with one D. lineata, taken at Lewes in 1849, 18s.; three D. galit and one D. lineata, the latter taken in 1847 at Hammersmith, £1. Four other examples of D. lineata ranged in price from 8s. to 16s. Three specimens of D. euphorbie made 10s., 16s., and 18s. respectively. Charocampa celerio, of which there were eight specimens, ranged in price from 6s. to £1 4s.
One example of Sesia andreniformis, with two specimens of S. sphe- giformis added as a kind of makeweight, fetched 12s. Of 8. tabaniformis (vespiformis) there were four specimens; two of these sold for 7s., whilst the other couple went up to £1.
There was nothing very special among the Zygenide or, as some prefer to term them, the ‘‘ Anthrocerides,” but a lot of some thirty Z. trifolii and Z. lonicere, including six or seven decent aberrations of the former species, realized £2 10s.; between 8s. and 4s. appeared to be the value of yellow varieties of 7. filipendule, of which there were five examples. Two lots of twenty-four Nolas, each with six examples of N. centonalis, including the white var., made £1 10s. the lot. Considering the species that were included in the two lots con- taining Lithosia sericea, the auction value of this species would seem to be about 3s. or 4s.
Nine specimens of Deiopeia pulchella were put up separately, and produced a total of £4 14s., or, roughly, half a guinea apiece. One example was dated 1848, one 1871, one 1873, four 1874, and one 1876.
A fine black aberration of Callimorpha dominula, bred in 1872, sold for £5 10s. Two nearly black varieties of Nemeophila plantaginis, together with a female with red hind wings, and two examples of var. hospita, fetched £4.
There were about thirty more or less interesting varieties of Arctia cata, and the best of these were disposed of at fairly good prices, ranging from 12s. to £4; the latter sum was given for a specimen somewhat similar to that figured in the ‘ Entomologist’ last month, together with a dark variety. The best of the six or seven aberrations of A. villica sold for £4 10s.; this was a light variety with the spots on fore wings confluent, and the hind wings almost devoid of spots.
Lalia cenosa was represented by ten perfect specimens, and these realized from £1 10s. to £2 per pair.
Lasiocampa ilicifolia made 2 guineas per pair, for two pairs, and a third pair was sold for £3.
One example of Notodonta bicolor, taken by Mr. P. Bouchard at Killarney in 1864, brought in £2 10s.
One example of Bryophila alge, bought at the sale of the Burney Collection, together with some varieties of B. glandifera, including four specimens of the form known as impar, was cleared for 11s.
Of Synia musculosa there were three specimens, all from Brighton ; one of these, with a Tiverton Leucania vitellina and some other things, only fetched 10s.—a fine specimen; and two L. vitellina from Tiverton
Ps NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 179
brought £2; whilst the third example, with two L. vitellina from Freshwater, only realized 16s.
The price of T'apinostola concolor ranged at about 4s. per specimen ; there were a dozen examples in the collection.
The ten specimens (6 male, 4 female) of Noctua subrosea, £37 9s., which gives an average of nearly £3 8s. each. The highest price given for a specimen was £4 15s., and the lowest £2.
Cerastis erythrocephala, of which four lots each comprising four examples were offered, realized from 16s. to £1 1s. per lot.
A specimen of Xylina zinckenii, taken in 1878, sold for 14s.; while another example, taken in 1865, went up to £1 10s.
Cucullia gnaphalii made £1 2s. and £1 8s. per couple; a fifth specimen, with six C. absinthii, produced £1 7s. 6d.
One example of Thalpochares ostrina, taken in 1873, realized £1 4s., and two specimens of 7’. parva were knocked down at 2s. less.
An example of Ophiodes lunaris, catalogued as taken near Ramsgate in 1874, fetched £1 8s.
No less than five specimens of Catocala fraxwini were in the collec- tion; one of these, taken in 1842, at Hammersmith, went for 13s. ; another example, taken in Hants (1892), made 15s.; the others sold at from 6s, to 8s. each.
Five aberrations of Venilia macularia, including three specimens approaching var. guadrimacularia were bought for £1 15s.
The eleven specimens of Cleora viduaria yielded a total of over £8, and the ten examples of Boletobia fuliginaria cleared 6 guineas.
Of the varieties of Abraxas grossulariata, the most striking aberra- tions sold at from £1 15s. to £2 10s. each.
Fourteen specimens of Phibalapteryx polygrammata were put up in lots of four and five, and brought about 5s. per specimen.
Six of eight examples of Cidaria reticulata made 15s. each, and the others 6s. apiece; whilst a ninth specimen (‘‘ asymmetrical var.”’), with a suffused aberration of C. prunata, went up to £3 10s. ,
Three pairs of Drepana sicula (harpagula) sold at £1 12s. 6d., £1 1és., and £1 17s. 6d. per pair.
Description oF CERTAIN VARIpTIES OF PeRONEA cRISTANA.— Some varieties of Peronea cristana are described in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for 1842 (vol. x. p. 866); but, as this work is not readily accessible to many entomologists of the present day, I thought it might be worth while to transcribe the description of some interesting forms of this very variable moth which were written by ‘‘ Capucina,” alias the Rev. W. Johnson. The specimens referred to were captured in the New Forest in September, 1841:—
“The first I have named Capucina; the ground of the upper wings dark brown, with a shade of burnt umber, and an elevated white tuft or button in the centre of each wing; the head and palpi white; and the corslet and anterior part of the wings as far as the tuft nearly covered with an incrustation of pure white, with two blotches of the same, and several snow-white dots towards the extremity of the wings; the under wings shining pale brown, not unlike those of its congeners. The second is also a white button; the upper part of the upper wings a bright chestnut, besprinkled with a profusion of powdery white dust-like particles, the blending of the two colours
i80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
producing a beautiful roan. I propose to call this insect Gumpiana ; and, although I am not connected with the family of Gumps, the name is not without its charms, and therefore I hope it will not be unacceptable to the public. The third is so nearly allied to rujicostana, which is so well described by Mr. Curtis (vide ‘British Entomology,’ second edition, where all the species are described), that it is unnecessary to particularize respecting it; the shape of the wings and the colour throughout are precisely the same, with the addition of a well-formed red tuft or button on each of the upper wings; I have therefore ventured to name it ruficristana.”’
The beautiful tolana, curtisana, subcapucina, and a few others, are described by Mr. Desvignes in the third volume of the ‘ Zoologist,’ p. 842.—C. W. Date; Glanvilles Wootton.
Souru-Easrern Union or Screntiric Socreris. —The fifth annual Congress of the Union will be held at Brighton and Hove on June 7th, 8th, and 9th. An exhibition of photographs and apparatus will be given on Thursday afternoon at 8°80, and in the evening of the same day the Mayor of Brighton will receive members of the Congress at the Pavilion, and the President-Elect will deliver an address. On Friday papers will be read from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m., and from 8 to 5 p.m. ‘Two of these are by Mr. F. Merrifield, and on entomological subjects. On Friday evening members are invited by the Mayor of Hove to a reception at the Hove Town Hall. Mr. F. Enock will lecture on ‘‘ Wonders and Romance of Insect Life,’ with lantern illustrations. At 12 a.m. on Saturday there will be another illus- trated lecture, and in the afternoon the museums and aquarium will be visited.
Members of a natural history or other scientific society in the South-East district, affiliated to the Union, are admitted to the Annual Congress, Excursions, &c., on payment of 2s. 6d. Associates— persons unattached to any affiliated society—are admitted to the same privileges on payment of 8s. 6d. Tickets or further particulars may be obtained by application to the local secretary, M. E. Alloway Pankhurst, 3, Clifton Road, Brighton.
Locat Lists.—Hymenoprera or NorrincHamsHirE.— With the addi- tional seventy-five species of Aculeates enumerated in this list—compiled by Rev. A. Thornley and J. W. Carr, and published in ‘ The Naturalist ’ for February last—the total number of Hymenoptera Aculeata recorded as occurring in the county is one hundred and thirty-seven, but thirteen of these are doubtfully included. Of Hymenoptera Tubulifera, five species of Chrysis and Hlampus auratus are mentioned.
Dierera or Norrinesamsuire.—In the Annual Report of the Nottingham Naturalists’ Society for 1898-9, a list of Nottinghamshire Diptera is given by the Rey. A. Thornley. The number of species mentioned is two hundred and ninety, most of which were obtained by the compiler himself, and these chiefly at South Leverton. He is of opinion that the species referred to represent but a small portion of the Diptera occurring in the county. Some remarks by Mr. Percy H. Grimshaw are appended to the list. There are one or two other short papers dealing with entomology in the Report.
181
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
AROMIA MOSCHATA AND RHAGIUM BIFASCIATUM NEAR CHESTER.—A specimen of A. moschata (the musk beetle) was taken by Mr. Thompson, of Chester, about the end of last July, off some nettles in the Sealand district. On Aug. 4th, when he and I were out together, he captured another in the same locality, resting on an old sallow. ‘The first specimen, especially, gave out a strong musk scent, which clung to the cotton wool in the cyanide bottle for days after. Wallasey is the only other Cheshire locality I know for this handsome and interesting beetle, the larvee of which burrow in old sallows.
Ten examples—two males and eight females—of Rhagium bifasciatum were taken by Messrs. Thompson and son, March 12th, this year, out of rotten alder-trunks near “‘ the eleven arches,” which carry the Birkenhead railway over the canal, about a couple of miles from Chester. Mr. Thomp- son, junr., and I, went to the spot on the 24th of the same month, but we only secured four—one male and three females. The trunks infested were well tunnelled—chiefly longitudinally— by larvee of the species in all stages of growth, and the burrows contained, not only what looked like pup, but the living imagines we captured as well. The larvae were white, with reddish jaws. The two well-defined oblique marks on each wing-case are certainly not ‘ yellow,” but pale grey. 1 found a screwdriver of great use in breaking up the rotten wood.—J. ARKLE ; Chester.
RaNATRA LINEARIS.—A well-grown, mature (that is, winged) specimen of this interesting water-bug was brought to me alive by Mr. E. Vincent, who took it from the canal near Byfleet on March 11th last, It is not a common insect in Britain, and is thought by some to be getting rarer, but it has been taken in this locality on two or three occasions, when search was being made for other things. It was also taken last year in one of the ponds in Bushey Park near Kingston-on-Thames. Its habitat is on the mud at the bottom.—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames.
The following are three localities in which I have obtained Ranatra linearis this year :—Epping Forest, April 26th: found in all ponds, but commonest in the gravel-pit ponds near Loughton. Rickmansworth, May 2nd: two specimens only. Oxshott, May 19th: Black Pond, one specimen only. —S. K. Kemp; 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W., May 20th, 1900.
Larv® oF ARCTIA CAIA AND ODONESTIS POTATORIA AT CHESTER.— These larvee were unusually common on certain hedge-banks at the beginning of May.—J. ARKLE; Chester.
Spring Caprures—On Saturday, April 21st, about 3.30 p.m. (the sun shining brightly at the time), I saw a specimen of M. stellatarwm actively engaged at clumps of white arabis in the garden. Is not this a very early and unusual occurrence? The same day I saw several specimens of Vanessa urtice on the wing. I may also mention that, on March 9th and 10th respectively, I saw single freshly-emerged specimens of Pieris rapa. —Tuxos. B. BuaxeporoueH: Asblea, Brighouse.
[Last year M. stellatarum was taken at Hereford on Jan. 3rd, and on Feb. 18th at Winchester. Both these captures are recorded in the ‘Entomologist ’ for 1899 (vol. xxxii.), where also will be found reports of the occurrence of the species in many parts of the British Islands.—Ep.]
182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
VANESSA POLYCHLOROS.—On Feb. 24th of this year my brother found this butterfly hybernating in a tool-house in the garden. The capture is interesting, for since 1877-8, when the larve were abundant on the elms in front of the house—I counted forty on one small twig, which I cut off— not a single larva, pupa, or imago has been discovered, the insect having completely disappeared.—JosEpH ANDERSON; Chichester.
MAcROGLOSSA STELLATARUM.—A specimen of this species was seen flying over flowers, by my friend Mrs. Fogden, in her garden at Apuldram, Chichester, on April 12th.—JosmepH ANDERSON.
Notes FRoM CHESTER AND DELAMERE ForEsT—
March 1Uth.—Delamere Forest. A sunny day; south-west breeze. Warmer. A late season, and a great scarcity of insects. Took, or saw, six late male Hybernia leucophearia on oak-trunks—all very unlike each other: also a male and female Asphalia flavicornis. The latter were pale grey forms, with, of course, the usual markings. Large numbers of oaks have now been cut down, the clearings being planted with larch and Scotch fir. I saw no Phigalia pedaria (pilosaria), Nyssia hispidaria, Amphidasys strataria (prodromaria), Brephos parthenias, H. marginaria (progemmaria), or Anisopteryx escularia. Sallow catkins were just showing themselves— small, white, and silvery. ;
April 16th (Kaster Monday).—Four of us went to Delamere Forest. Strong north-west gale all day. Sharp showers of rain after 10 a.m., but fair in the afternoon, although cloudy and sunny alternately, as well as colder. I took one P. pilosaria and one A. strataria, off oaks, after three hours of patient search. One of my friends, who was without the last named species in his collection, continued the search, as did all of us, for another couple of hours. Just when he had practically given the matter up, he found three fine specimens—two males and a female—all on the same oak —a most unusual find. Another couple of hours resulted in the capture of a fifth—average number per collector, one; total hours spent, seven. Diurnea fagella was fairly plentiful. ‘Three reddish, hybernated Tortrix larvee were got out of dead thistle-stems.
April 19th.—A burst of warm weather; sudden and complete change. The following were taken at sallow bloom in Delamere Forest :—Panolis piniperda, ten specimens, including pale grey and red varieties with inter- mediate forms—this species appeared to be very local, though plentiful where found—one place only ; T’@niocampa stabilis, T. instabilis (from light to almost black forms), 7. pulverulenta (cruda), T. gothica, Pachnobia rubricosa, Cerastis vaccinit, and Larentia multistrigaria.
April 28th.—Delamere Forest. At sallow the previous species repeated themselves. P. piniperda abundant, but only in the one spot. Specimens of Tephrosia crepuscularia were taken off oaks by day. Many hybernated larvee, chiefly Zviphena orbona, were found, as night feeders, on the low sallows.
May 1st.—Night. Lane bordered with briar, bramble, sallow, &c., near Chester. Anticlea badiata was still on the wing, and a couple of A. derivata were netted. Other moths were Cidaria suffumata, and one each of Selenia illunaria and Hypsipetes impluviata. Larve were found on the sallows, the bloom on the bushes being all but over, A warm, still night,
RECENT LITERATURE. 183
May 4th.—The same lane; night. Rather strong south-west wind, with showers. Sky usually clear, with crescent moon. Altogether a bad night, and we took nothing but a few 7’. orbona larve, certainly not worth a walk of some six or eight miles.
The great matter of interest with me was how many of these species came to our electric lamps. Only three, as far as my observation went: T. gothica, H. progemmaria, and 8S. tllunaria. This evidence may be aseful in the future.—J. ArkL ; Chester.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Matcotm Burr. LHssai sur les Humastacides, tribu des Acridiodea, 1899, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. xxviii. pp. 75-112 and 258-308 (sep. pag. 1-94), plates viil.-x. [Orthoptera.]
The Humastacides (formerly ‘‘ Mastacides’’) are a tribe of ‘‘ short- horned Grasshoppers,’ remarkable for their bizarre forms and curious colours, displaying great superficial resemblance to certain other insects, viz. Tipula, Mantispa, Sirex, Agrion, &c. They are diagnosed by Mr. Burr as follows :—
‘Statura minore vel mediocri; ungues tarsorum arolio instructi ; antenne brevissimz, femoribus anticis breviores, genere unico Gom- phomastace excepto, quo antenne longiores, interdum corpore super- antes, apice clavate ; caput breve, ab antico compressum ; prosternum muticum; corpus normale, haud inflatum, nec valde elongatum, tympano nullo primi segmenti abdominis.”
They are divided into eight groups, embracing thirty genera (of which nine are new, viz.: Bennia, Mastacides,* China, Ewmastax [n. u.], Paramastax, Pseudothericles, Symbellia, Parathericles, and Phaulotypus) and ninety-four species (of which twenty-eight are new).
The Kumastacides are confined to the warmer parts of the globe, and it is remarkable that no genus occurs in more than one of the principal ‘‘regions.’’ The Oriental claims twelve genera, the Ethiopian eleven, the Neotropical five, Nearctic and Australian one each, while the Palearctic is not represented ; the Oriental and Hthiopian regions therefore contain nearly seventy-seven per cent. of the total number of genera.
The Essay is evidently the product of laborious and practical research, and a thorough knowledge of the previous literature upon the group. The analytical tables of genera and species and the descriptions have been drawn up with great care, and are elucidated by the three plates of figures prepared by Mr. E. H. J. Shuster. It is to be hoped that in due course this at present indispensable revision will be superseded by a detailed monograph by the same author.
G. W..'K.
* Inadvertently ascribed, with its two species, to Bolivar, by Mr. Burr.
184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Paut Norx. La Chasse aux Insectes aquatiques (Journ. de l’ Agriculture, 1897), 2 pp. and full-page illustration.
Tue neighbourhood of electric light has been long a happy hunting ground for insects of all kinds, but we do not recollect having previously heard of the ingenious arrangement devised for the capture of aquatic forms by the enthusiastic director of the regional laboratory of agricul- tural entomology at Rouen.
A previously charged electrical accumulator (of the kind used for lighting bicycles, or some similar apparatus furnishing, say, twelve hours of light of about four candle-power at a time) is placed at the edge of the water which one wishes to work. It is sufficient simply to fix to the lamp attached to this accumulator two wires longer than those ordinarily provided with it—say, four metres—and carefully to cover over the juncture of lamp and wires with sealing-wax, to prevent leakage of the current.
As this little lamp does not sink in the water, it must be made fast to the centre of a semicircle of iron of about half a metre radius, to which is fastened, below the lamp, a large trap, constructed on the same principle as the bird traps which children make. On carefully lowering the trap into a not too weedy spot, the strong light attracts numerous insects and other animals; it can then be switched off, the trap closed and brought to the surface for the examination of its contents.
GW
Report of Injurious Insects and Common Farm Pests during the year 1899, with Methods of Prevention and Remedy. By Wiezanor A. OnMEROD. Pp. 152. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. 1900.
Tuts is the twenty-third Report presented by Miss Ormerod, and No. 1 of the second series; the general index to the first series was published last year. Although larve of Pieris brassice appear to have caused some destruction here and there, and some trouble experienced with ‘‘wireworm’’ during the summer, the only insect pest that was mentioned as ‘‘ seriously prevalent”’ was the turnip flea-beetle. Hphestia kithniella seems to have become more widely distributed in England and Scotland, and to have effected a lodgment in Ireland. Dicranura vinula is referred to, butis said not cause any greatinjury, except when its larva happens to attack young and tender trees, as, for instance, those in nursery plantations. Oidaria dotata, Newm.=associata, Bork., the larva of which feeds on the foliage of currant bushes, has been reported to Miss Ormerod as attacking red currant trees to a consider- able extent. This moth is sometimes confused with C. pyraliata, Fb., which is generally considered to be the true dotata, Linn., the larva of which feeds on Galiwm. There are several illustrations in the text, and two plates; the figures in the latter represent a foot of Hippobosca equina and one of Ornithomyia avicularia, both highly magnified.
We may mention here that, in recognition of her many and valuable services to agriculturists and horticulturists, the. Hdinburgh University, on April 14th last, conferred upon Miss Ormerod the honour of LL.D.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXIII.] JULY, 1900. [No. 446.
COLLECTIVE INQUIRY AS TO PROGRESSIVE MELANISM IN MOTHS.
Tue following ‘“‘ Memorandum from the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society’ has been recently issued :—
1. The Committee appointed by the Council of the Royal Society to promote investigation of facts relating to Variation, Heredity, Selection, and other phenomena connected with Evolution are desirous of instituting a collective investigation into the progressive melanism of certain moths, particularly Geometride.
2. It is well known that in certain districts, especially within the British area, dark forms of several species of moths have recently appeared and become increasingly abundant. There is reason to believe that these dark forms are im some cases ex- tending into other districts and even to the Kuropean Continent.
8. It is to be regretted that no systematic or statistical records of these phenomena have been kept, and it appears to the Committee that if such a record be now instituted and continued for’a period of years it cannot fail to have considerable scientific importance.
4. The matter is one that may conveniently be made the subject of collective investigation, and the Committee will be glad to hear from any entomologist who may be willing to contribute now, or hereafter, particulars as to the condition of these species in the district or districts with which he is person- ally familiar. The returns should relate as far as possible to specimens found in a wild state, whether as imagines, or pupe, larve, or eggs. Information respecting specimens bred from wild parents must be kept distinct.
5. It is thought desirable that the enquiry should for the present be confined to the following species :—Acidalia aversata, Amphidasys betularia, Boarmia repandata, Camptogramma bilineata,
ENTOM.—JuLy, 1900. R
186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Gnophos obscurata, Hemerophila abruptaria, Hybernia progemmaria, Phigalia pilosaria, Acronycta psi, Agrotis corticea, Aplecta nebulosa, Polia chi, Venusia cambrica, Xylophasia polyodon.
6. The Schedule in which it is suggested that the returns should be made is enclosed (Schedule A). It is desired that the return for each species be made on a separate Schedule, and the Secretary will be glad to furnish a supply of these schedules to any one who may be willing to assist.
7. Since confirmatory evidence is of especial value, the Committee are desirous of receiving returns made independently by different persons for the same district. It is of course hoped that returns may be obtained for districts in which the dark forms are still unknown.
8. The Secretary will be glad to examine and prepare de- scriptions of any illustrative specimens lent to him for that purpose, and in suitable cases arrangements will be made for photographing such specimens.
9. Historican Evipence. As the changes in question have largely taken place within living memory, it is hoped that those who have personal knowledge of the facts may be induced to put them on record in such detail as is still possible. Much infor- mation of an historical character is of course already printed in the scientific journals, but a more detailed account of the facts would be of great value. With this object a special Schedule (B) marked ‘‘ Historical’ will be issued to those who will fill it up.
10. On publication full acknowledgment will be made of all help received. All communications should be addressed to the Secretary of the Evolution Committee, W. Bateson, Esq., F.R.S., | Merton House, Grantchester, Cambridge.
May, 1900.
‘“HNTOMOLOGY IN NEW ZEALAND.” By G. V. Hunpson, F.E.S.
Unper the above somewhat comprehensive title Mr. Ambrose Quail has (ante, p. 5) really given the readers of your valuable magazine a criticism of my recently published book on New Zealand Macro-Lepidoptera. To call an essay, however learned, which deals with only a portion of one of.the orders of the great class Insecta, a paper on “‘ entomology”’ is, to my mind, some- what misleading, and I think that it would have been more straightforward and accurate on Mr. Quail’s part had he openly named his article as a criticism on my book. This would also have given me a better chance of replying to his strictures.
The opening passages in Mr. Quail’s paper do not, I think, tend to show that he is specially qualified to criticise even such
ENTOMOLOGY IN NEW ZEALAND. 187
inferior work as he would wish to represent my book to be. He states that he has only been in New Zealand three years, and that the localities at which he has been stationed have not been favourable to the pursuit of entomology; also ‘‘ that there is little or no literary work at least get-at-able.’’ Subsequently he ascertained, I may remark, through the aid of local naturalists, myself included, that some entomological work had been done in New Zealand, and forthwith he proceeds on this basis to demonstrate the defective nature of the work done by his predecessors.
Mr. Quail alleges that I am unacquainted with the work of certain lepidopterists for whose methods he apparently entertains a certain amount of respect, but in his criticism of the system of classification followed in my book he is simply condemning the system of Meyrick, with which he does not appear to be fully acquainted himself. This system, it may be pointed out, is being largely followed by the British Museum authorities in their great work on the Heterocera of the world, so that appa- rently I am not singular in placing a certain amount of depend- ence on the work of the ‘fone man” he alludes to. I expressly explained my reasons for following Meyrick in my introduction thus :—‘“‘ Although adopting Mr. Meyrick’s system in the present
_ work, I do not agree unreservedly with all his conclusions; but
I have not attempted to alter his system in accordance with my own views, as I conceive that the conclusions of a naturalist who has only had the opportunity of studying a restricted fauna would necessarily be liable to considerable error.” This passage, I think, disclaims any individual responsibility on my part.
I shall not occupy your valuable space with detailed remarks on all the points raised by Mr. Quail in regard to my work, but trust I may be permitted to refer to one or two as examples of the class of criticism to which I have been subjected in the article under review.
Mr. Quail states that he captured one specimen of S. con- volvuli in Auckland in February, 1897. From an examination of this single specimen he concludes that my figure of the insect is incorrect. Again, Mr. Quail remarks that my figures of the Caradrinina (Noctuide, &c.) are poor. He can have had but very little experience in the figuring of species belonging to this very obscurely marked group not to know that, whilst it is possible to obtain faithful and striking representations of the sharply and brightly marked species belonging to other groups, many species of the Caradrinina bafile all attempts at description or delineation. This point is specially referred to on page 15 of my book, where I describe the difficulties encountered in dis- criminating between the species of the genus Melanchra, as well as the doubtful nature of many of the species included in that genus. 4
R
188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
It is gratifying to find that Mr. Quail approves of my treat- ment of the butterflies, and even goes so far as to quote from my account of my transformations of Vanessa gonerilla. These remarks will no doubt be read with amusement by those of your readers who perused my paper on the metamorphosis of this butterfly in the ‘Entomologist’ for October, 1888, written from the very town where my critic now resides.
Mr. Quail protests against ‘‘ commencing a book with special- ized groups (most recent), and finishing with the most generalized groups (most ancient).’’ This protest really refers to Mr. Mey- rick’s system, and I have explained, as already stated, my reasons for following that system. In connection with the genus Porina, Mr. Quail again asserts that my figures are bad, because they do not exactly agree with the specimens he has in his possession. Here again we have to deal with obscurely marked and variable species which offer great difficulties in the way of representation, and this fact explains why Mr. Quail finds the figures of the Porinas bad, whilst those of the brightly coloured and con- spicuous Hepialus virescens he pronounces as “excellent.” I have never given any ‘‘hint as to the time occupied in the transformations of H. virescens,” simply because I have never had a specimen under observation from the egg state to the imago. In fact, when Mr. Quail has become more intimately acquainted with this insect he will find that the duration of. its larva life is probably considerably longer than two years— probably longer, in fact, than Mr. Quail’s residence in New Zealand. As the insect inhabits the stem of a growing tree, the exact duration of its transformation could only be ascer- tained by completely isolating several of the trees which had not been attacked by the larva, and inducing a fertile female moth to deposit her eggs in the enclosure. It would then be necessary to observe the larve in the trees until their final transformation. ‘This would be a most difficult and extensive experiment, but one of considerable interest, and I trust Mr. Quail will undertake it, and succeed in carrying it out to a successful termination.
Mr. Quail’s description of the tubercles of the larva of Hepialus virescens is no doubt extremely learned and exact, but I hardly think that it would be suited to most of those who are likely to employ my book in New Zealand. There is so much work to be done here, and so few workers to do it, that these extreme niceties of description might well be left to our successors. The fauna is rapidly changing, and in many localities it is vanishing at an alarming rate from a naturalist’s point of view; so that field workers are what we urgently require in New Zealand, who will collect specimens and observe facts before the opportunities for doing so disappear for ever.
Although adverse to personal controversy in scientific matters,
A SMALL COLLECTION OF INSECTS FROM NICARAGUA. 189 '
I cannot help directing attention to one of Mr. Quail’s concluding remarks. After stating that the number of segments of a larva should be stated as fourteen and not thirteen, as described by Meyrick and many other authors, he quotes from my description’ of the larva of H. virescens, thus:—‘‘The head is large, dark brown, very irregularly striated, and covered with a few short bristles. The first segment is hard and shining, meaning thereby the first thoracic, otherwise the prothorax, or, consistently, the second segment. Errors in colour may be the lithographer’s, but errors in letterpress must be the author’s, and by a man’s writings so we must judge his capacity as a student.” Of course, strictly speaking, I should have referred to the segment in ques- tion as the second segment ; but in reading the entire clause the segment indicated is clearly that immediately following the head, and I do not think that there could be any misunderstanding on that point. To dwell on slight figures of speech in this way shows, to my mind, a spirit of ungenerous criticism, and not merely a laudable desire for scientific accuracy.
Karori, Wellington, New Zealand: March 30th, 1900.
ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF INSECTS, CHIEFLY LEPIDOPTERA, FROM NICARAGUA.
By A. G. Burzer, Ph.D.
A SMALL consignment of insects in envelopes was recently forwarded to the Museum by Sefior M. Deoclesians Chaves, of Managua, who was anxious to obtain their names; it included several species of value to the Museum, notably Myscelia pattenia, sexes of Papilio panares, Cr.; but, as might be expected in the ease of a Central American collection, nothing new to science was received. The following is a list of the species :—
NyYMPHALIDA. LYMNAINE. 1. Tasitia eresimus (3), Cramer. 2. Lycorea atergatis, Doubleday and Hewitson (worn). ITHOMIIN[ 3. Dircenna euchytma, Felder. 4. Hymenitis oto, Hewitson. MorpPHINe.
5. Morpho hyacinthus, Butler. This may perhaps be a variety of M7. montezuma ; it is characterized by the dark, acutely zigzag discal line, bounded on both sides by a pale stripe on
190
under
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
surface of primaries, and the more or less green suffusion
of the under surface.
6.
te 8. OF 10.
Ti: 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. . C.melanarge, Bates. This seems not a common species ;
19
Caligo prometheus, Kollar.
HELICONINE.
Heliconius charitonia Godart. H. zuleika, Hewitson.
A. petiverana, Doubleday. Hueides dynastes, Felder.
NYMPHALINA.
Smyrna blomfildia (3, 2), Fabricius. Gynecia dirce (3), Boisduval. Inpoeta epaphrus, Latreille. Protogonius cecrops, Doubleday. Zaretes isidora (2) var., Cramer. Dione vanille, Linneus.
D. juno, Cramer.
Chlosyne hyperia, Fabricius.
at any rate we previously possessed only one example. 20. C. saundersi var., Boisduval.
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
Anartia iatrophe, Linneus.
A. fatima, Fabricius.
Phyciodes ptolyca, Bates.
P. theona, Ménétriés.
Microtia elva, Bates.
Myscelia pattenia, Butler and Druce. This species was
new to our collection ; the type collected by Van Patten is in the Godman and Salvin Collection.
27. 28. 29. 30.
Victorina steneles, Linneeus. Timetes chiron, Fabricius. Callicore pitheas, Latreille. Hubagis mylitta, Cramer.
31. Adelpha iphicla, Linneus.
32. Chlorippe laure, Drury.
33. C. callianira, Meénétriés. This also was new to our collection.
34. Agerwonia glauconome, Bates.
35. 36. 37.
38. 39. 40.
4]
Peridromia guatemalena, Bates. Didonis aganissa, Boisduval. Precis genoveva, Cramer.
ERYCINIDA.
Mesosemia lamachus, Hewitson. Charis argyrodines, Bates. Lymnas pixe, Boisduyal.
. L. cephise, Ménétriés
> =
.
A SMALL COLLECTION OF INSECTS FROM NICARAGUA. 191
LycENID.
42. Cycnus aufidena, Hewitson. I have not yet carefully studied the characters of the genus Cyenus, which may prove to be only a group of Panthiades or some other Thecline genus. I use the name tentatively, Thecla being absolutely untenabie for the tropical American forms.
PAPILIONIDA.
43. Papilio belesis, Bates. 44. P. thymbreus, Boisduval.
45. P. numitor, Cramer.
46. P. alcamedes, Felder.
47. P. panares (3, 2), G. R. Gray. 48. P. epidaus, Boisduval.
49. P. thoas, Linneus.
50. Pyrisitia proterpia, Fabricius.
51. Sphenogona boisduvaliana, Felder.
52. Amynthia clorinde, Godart.
53. Meganostoma cesonia, Stoll.
54. Callidryas philea (3, 2), Linneus.
55. C. senne (3), Linneus.
56. Phabis argante (3), Fabricius. This will probably prove to be the dry form of P. cipris, Cramer.
57. Kricogonia lyside (3), Godart.
58. Pieris calydonia (3), Boisduval.
59. P. phileta var. feronia (3), Stephens.
60. P. josepha (3), Godman and Salvin.
61. Glutophrissa ilaire var. neumegenii, Skinner.
HESPERIIDE. 62. Mysoria venezuela, Scudder. 63. Camptopleura thrasybulus, Fabricius. 64. Calpodes nyctelius, Latreille.
CASTNIIDZ. 65. Castnia futilis, Walker.
Hypsip&. 66. Phaloesia saucia, Walker.
NEUROPTERA.
Only one species was sent, represented by one tolerably perfect and one shattered example, viz. Mecistogaster ornatus, Rambur.
I have to thank my colleague, Mr. F. A. Heron, for assistance in naming the butterflies, which saved me considerable time.
192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. By W. F. pe Vismes Kane, M.A., M.R.I.A., F.E.S. (Concluded from p. 155.)
. POLITELLA, Dougl.—Belfast, two (W.). . MUNDELLA, Dougl.—Sandhills of Dublin coast ; Sligo (R.). . AFFINIS, Dougl.—Sligo (R.). . UMBROSELLA, Zell.— Sandhills of Dublin coast; Sligo (R.). . DomEsTIca, Haw.— Wicklow Mts.; Magilligan, Derry (Curzon).
Lita ARTEMISIELLA, 7J’r.—Dublin coast sandhills; Newcastle, Co. Down, abundant (W.); Sligo (R.).
L. MAcULELLA, St.—Howth.
L. TRICOLORELLA. Haw.—Howth.
Li. FRATERNELLA, Dougl.—Howth and Malahide; Co. Dublin.
Li. LEUCOMELANELLA, Zell. — Among Silene maritima on the cliffs of Howth; Magilligan, Co. Derry (Curzon).
L. marmorEA, Haw.—Abundant on the coast sandhills, Bun- doran (W.); Derry (C.); Letterfrack, Co. Galway.
L. INSTABILELLA, Dougl.—Howth; Sligo (R.).
Li. PLANTAGINELLA, Sta. Howth ; Sligo (R).
TELEIA PROXIMELLA, Hub.—Galway ; Belfast.
T. nuMERALIS Zell. Wicklow Mts.; Belfast.
T. vuteELLA, Hb.—Belfast (W.).
T. popECcELLA, L.—Belfast (W.).
T. TRiparELua, Zell.—Killarney.
RECURVARIA LEUCATELLA, Clerck.—Clonbrock ;Galway (R.E.D.).
ARGYRITIS TARQUINIELLA, Sta.—Sandhills at Howth. This species, or probably variety of A. pictella, has also been taken in Scotland, on the coast, and among ordinary A. pictella, in Suffolk. It hides among the short herbage, and under the edges of the sandhills. It was described as a species distinct from A. pictella, by the late Mr. H. T. Stainton, from Irish examples ; and its history is not yet fully worked out.
NANNODIA STIPELLA, Hb.—Howth.
LAMPROTES ATRELLA, Haw. —Dingle, Co. Kerry. ; ae THNIOLELLA, J'r.—Dublin coast; Blarney, Co.
ork.
A. ANTHYLLIDELLA, 7b.—Dublin coast, common; Sligo (R.).
TACHYPTILIA POPULELLA, Clerck.—Killarney.
T. TEMERELLA, Zell.—Sligo (R.).
Don Www
A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 1938
BRACHYCROSSATA GINERELLA, Clerck.—Sligo (R.); Howth; Wicklow Mts. (B.) ; Limerick (Talbot).
PARASIA METZNERIELLA, Sta.—Sligo (R.).
P. cARLINELLA, Dougl.—Sligo (R.).
CLEODORA CYTISELLA, Curt.—Killarney.
CHELARIA HUBNERELLA, Don.—Killarney; Belfast (W.). ANARSIA SPARTIELLA, Schr. —Howth.
PLevrotTa BricosteLua, Clerck.—Sligo (R.); Belfast hills, locally abundant (W.); Castlehaven, Co. Cork; Killarney ; Markree Castle, Co. Sligo; Toberdaly, King’s Co. ; and Cloghan, Co. Donegal (K.).
HarpeLLA GEOFFRELLA, (L.).—Killarney ; Sligo (R.). DasycERA SULPHURELLA, /’b.—Common everywhere. CAcoPHORA MINUTELLA, (L.).—Dublin, Howth, Galway. GH. runyieuttenta, Zell.—Dublin (Hogan).
CH. LAMBDELLA, Don.—Killarney.
Gh. Fruscescens, Haw.—Howth.
CE. PSEUDOSPRETELLA, Sta.—Universally abundant. CicoGENIA QUADRIPUNOTATA, Haw.—Howth.
ENDROSIS FENESTRELLA, Scop.—Universally abundant. BuTALIS GRANDIPENNIS, Haw.—Howth.
B. ruscomnea, Haw.—Killarney.
GLYPHIPTERYGIDA.
ACROLEPIA GRANITELLA, 7'’7.—Dublin and Howth; Cappagh, Co. Waterford (K.).
GLYPHIPTERYX THRASONELLA, Scop.—Common everywhere ; Belfast (J7.); Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. H. D.); Sligo (f.), &e. Var. cladiella, Sta.—Slgo (R.).
G. HAwoRTHANA, St.—Wicklow Mts.
G. zqurrenta, Scop.—Island Magee, Co. Down, very abun- dant (W.).
G. FISHERIELLA, Zell.— Howth; Belfast, abundant (W.);
Sligo (R.). ARGYRESTHIIDE.
ARGYRESTHIA EPHIPPELLA, /’'b.—Belfast, scarce.
A. nitipenua, /'b.—Generally common; Belfast (W.) ; Derry (C.) ; Shgo (&.), &e. . SEMITESTACELLA, Curt.—Belfast (W.); Armagh (J.). . ALBISTRIA. Haw.—Wicklow Mts.; Belfast (W.); Sligo (R.). . consuaeLA, Zell.—Belfast, abundant (W.); Sligo (R.). . MENDICA, Haw.—Belfast, abundant (W.); Sligo (R.).
> > b> >
194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A. RETINELLA, Zell.—Killarney ; Westport, Mayo (W.) ; Enniskillen (P.).
A. curveLtLA, L.—Sligo (R.).
A. PYGMMELLA, Hb.—Belfast (W.); Enniskillen (P.).
A. a@@parteta, L.—Dublin; Wicklow Mts.; Belfast, abun- dant (W.); Sligo (R.).
A. BRocHELLA, Hb.—Dublin; Wicklow Mts.; Belfast, abun- dant (W.); Sligo (R.); Enniskillen (P.).
A. anceuTuina, Zell.—Sligo (R.).
OcNEROSTOMA PINIARIELLA, Zell.—Howth.
ZELLERIA PHILLYRELLA, Mill.—One example of this species, hitherto not recorded as British, was captured at Renvyle, near
Letterfrack, Connemara, by the Rev. C. T. Cruttwell. <A notice
- appeared in the issue of the ‘Entomological Monthly Magazine’ of January, 1900, p. 4, by Mr. Barrett, who identified it. Although two or three hardy species of Phillyrea are not uncommonly cul- tivated in shrubberies, the grounds at Renvyle were laid out a great many years ago on the sea-shore facing the Atlantic, and are isolated by many miles of wild country from any similar habitation. The insect must presumably have been introduced with the food-plant, if it feeds only on species of Phillyrea; and it would be interesting to investigate the circumstances of its naturalisation, and whether it is plentiful.
GRACILARIIDA.
GRACILARIA ALCHIMIELLA, Scop.—Generally common; Sligo; Cromlyn, Co. Westmeath, &c.
G. sTIGMaTELLA, /’b.—Belfast (W.).
G. ELONGELLA, L.—Of general occurrence near Ballincar, Sligo. A very singular yellow form was taken by Mr. Russ at Union Wood.
' G. TRINGIPENNELLA, Zell.—Dublin; Howth; Galway; Island Magee, Co. Down, abundant (W’.); Sligo (R.). G. syrinceLua, f’b.—Dublin, Belfast, abundant (W.); Derry (C.); Sligo (R.) ; Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. EH. D.). G. PHASIANIPENNELLA, Hb.—Howth. G. avroguTTELLA, St.—Howth, and Wicklow Mts.
CoRISCIUM BRONGNIARTELLUM, F'b.—Bray, Co. Wicklow (see notice by W. F. Kirby, Entom. Oct. 1874, p. 117); also on the southern coast (K.).
C. CUCULIPENNELLUM, Hb,—Sligo (R.).
C. suLPHURELLUM, Haw.—Sligo (R.); and Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. E. D.).
ORNIX ANGLICELLA, Sta.—Dublin and Howth; Armagh WJ.) ; Belfast (W.).
A CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 195
O. BetuLm, Sta.—Belfast (W.). O. scoriceLLA, Sta.—Enniskillen (P.). O. eguttna, Haw.—Sligo (R.).
CoLEOPHORID!.
CoLEOPHORA FABRICIELLA, Vill.—Sligo (R.).
C. peAuRATELLA, Lien.—Sligo (R.); Enniskillen (P.).
C. ALCYONIPENNELLA, Kol.—Howth: Sligo (R.).
(C. vipicetua, Hb.—Six specimens of this species—from the collection of Mr. Russ, labelled ‘‘ Sligo,” identified by Mr. Barrett—are in the Dublin Museum of Natural History. As, however, the insect is not known to feed upon any plant except Genista tinctoria, which is not indigenous in Ireland, it seems advisable to defer the inclusion of C. vibicella in the Irish list until further information is available as to its habits.)
C. atpicosta, Haw.—Howth and Galway; Sligo (R#.).
C. ANATIPENNELLA, Hb.—Howth and Galway; Sligo (R.).
C. piscorpELLA, Zell.—Howth and Galway; Enniskillen (P.); Shgo (R.).
C. cmspititietua, Zell.—Abundant everywhere.
C. LARIPENNELLA, Zett.—Howth; Sligo (R.).
C. ARTEMISICOLELLA, Brd.—Howth.
C. apicenua, Sta.—Sligo (R.).
C. arcentuna, Zell.—Sligo (R.).
C. VIRGAUREELLA, Sta.—Howth. |
C. LariceLua, Hb.—Enniskillen (P.).
C. nigricenua, St.—Dublin; Derry (C.); Westport (IV.).
C. FuscEeDINELLA, Zell.—Dublin; Enniskillen (P.).
C. GRYPHIPENNELLA, Bouché.—Enniskillen (P.) and Howth.
C. vitiseLLa, Greg.—Wicklow Mts.
C. vIMINETELLA, Heyd.—Enniskillen (P.).
C. OLIVACEELLA, Sta.—Howth.
E\LACHISTIDE.
BATRACHEDRA PRH#ANGUSTA, Haw.—Dublin, abundant; Wick- low Mts.
CHNoPHILA v-FLAVA, Haw.—Dublin, among fungi in spirit vaults.
CHAULIODUS CH#ROPHYLLELLUS, Géze.—Howth ; Wicklow Mts.; Belfast (W.).
LAVERNA EPILOBIELLA, Schr.—Dublin.
L. SUBBISTRIELLA, Haw.—Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. EH. D.). Li. HELLERELLA, Dup.—Dublin, abundant.
L. arra, Haw.—Belfast, abundant (W.).
196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CHRYSOCLYSTA LINNEELLA, Clerck.—Holywood, Co. Down.
C. SCHRANKELLA, Hb.—Enniskillen (P.).
C. auRIFRONTELLA, Hb.—Howth, and near Dublin; Armagh (J.). AsycHNA MODESTELLA, Dup.—Dublin.
CHRYSOCORIS FESTALIELLA, Hb.—Howth; Killarney; Belfast
(W.); Derry (C.) ; Sligo (R.).
ELACHISTA ATRICOMELLA, Sta.—Sligo (R.). EK. tuticomenna, Zell.— Howth; Coolmore, Donegal (J/.). i. FLAVICOMELLA, Sta.—Howth. Originally described from
two examples, taken here by Mr. R. Shield in July, 1855. Again taken in same place by Mr. J Sang in 1883. Almost unknown otherwise.
kil
]
es}
. KILMUNELLA, Sta.—Sligo (R.).
K. monticona, Wk.—Ballinahinch, Co. Down (W.).
. NIGRELLA, Hb.—Generally common.
. SUBNIGRELLA, Dougl.—Howth.
. PERPLEXELLA, Sta.—Dublin; Belfast (W.).
. BEDELLELLA, Sircom.—Armagh (J.); Sligo (f.).
. OBSCURELLA, Sta.—Belfast (W.).
ZONARIELLA, Tgstr.—Howth.
THNIATELLA, Sta.—Howth.
. MEGERLELLA, Zell.—Howth.
. RHYNCHOSPORELLA, Sta.—Sligo (R.); Belfast (W.); Ennis- (P.).
. DISPUNCTELLA, Dup.—Howth.
. POLLINARIELLA, Zell.—Howth.
. RUFOCINEREA, Haw.—Dublin; Wicklow Mts.; Sligo (R.);
be bd bed ed ef ed St od
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=)
esMcomcs
Belfast (W.) ; Armagh (J.).
K. suBauBipELLA, Schl.—Belfast, abundant (W.). K. aRGENTELLA, Clerck.—Of general occurrence. TISCHERIA COMPLANELLA, Hb.—Belfast. T. MARGINEA, Haw.—Howth. LITHOCOLLETID. LITHOCOLLETIS IRRADIELLA, Scott——Raheny, near Dublin.
L. BREMIELLA, Zell.—Wicklow Mts.
L. pomirouienua, Zell.—Generally common.
L. coryui, NicelliimMalahide; Belfast (W.).
L. SPINICOLELLA, Kol.—Dublin.
L. FAGINELLA, Mann.—Dublin; Clonbrock, Co. Galway (R. Hi. D.):;
L. SALICICOLELLA, Sircom.—Howth; Enniskillen (P.); Bel-
fast (W.).
Ii,
Se Pe ee! Por
MR. DONOVAN’S CAPTURES IN CO. CORK. 197
ULMIFOLIELLA, Hb.—Howth; Enniskillen (P.). QUERCIFOLIELLA, Fisch.—Abundant everywhere. MESSANIELLA, Zell.— Dublin; Howth; Holywood, Co. Down.
. CORYLIFOLIELLA, Haw.—Dublin; Howth; Wicklow Mts. . ALNIFOLIELLA, 17b.—Howth; Belfast (W.); Enniskillen (P). . HEEGERIELLA, Zell.—Wicklow Mts.
- CRAMERELLA, F'b.—Generally common.
. NICELLU, Zell.—Enniskillen (P.).
. SCHREBERELLA, /’b.—Clontarf, near Dublin.
. TRIFASCIELLA, Haw.—Howth.
LYONETIIDS.
LyYoNETIA CLERCKELLA, L.—Donnycarney, near Glasnevin, Dublin; Holywood, Co. Down; Blarney, Co. Cork.
CEMIOSTOMA SPARTIFOLIELLA, /7b.—Generally common. OPOSTEGA CREPUSCULELLA, Fisch.—Sligo (R.); Hnniskillen
GP").
Buccunatrix NIGRICOMELLA, Zell.—Sligo (R.).
B. B.
ORATHGIFOLIELLA, Duwp.—Howth. MARITIMA, Sta.—Howth.
NEPTICULIDE.
NEPTICULA ANOMALELLA, Gé6ze.—Howth.
N N. N N
iN. N
nevin,
N. N. N.
. OXYACANTHELLA, Sta.—Howth, and Coolock, Co. Dublin.
SEPTEMBRELLA, Sta.—Howth.
. IGNOBILELLA, Sta.—Howth and Coolock, Co. Dublin. . ARGENTIPEDELLA, Zell.—Howth.
AcETos#, Sta.—Howth; Bray, Co. Dublin (S.).
. PLAGICOLELLA, Sta.—Artane and Donnycarney, near Glas-
Dublin.
GRATIOSELLA, Sta.—Kiullester, Co. Dublin. MARGINICOLELLA, Sta.—Clontarf, Co. Dublin. AURELLA, /’b.—Of general occurrence.
| MR. DONOVAN’S CAPTURES IN CO. CORK. By W. F. pe Vismes Kane, M.A., F.E.S., &e.
Tue list of moths captured by Mr. R. J. F. Donovan at Timoleague and its neighbourhood (ante, p. 108) is a con- tribution of much value to the student of geographical dis- tribution; and it shows that this gentleman is a worthy successor of his brother, who, when resident at Glandore, did
198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
most excellent work in the same direction, and added not a little to our knowledge of the lepidopterous fauna of a portion of Ireland hitherto neglected by tourists or naturalists, if we except marine zoology. Neither of these two stations, however, offers equal attractions in point of its fauna when compared with the Killarney district, which presents such varied features of forest, moor, and mountain in a state of nature—unaltered almost by the hand of man. And, indeed, in this respect, no part of Great Britain can compete with this part of Kerry, except the New Forest and portions of Scotland.
But the climate of the South of Ireland admits the survival of many insects which could not endure the severe conditions of the Scottish highlands. The mild and equal temperature of Killarney, however, is shared both by Glandore and Timoleague; and thus we find evidence of the existence of many species from these por- tions of Co. Cork which are peculiar to the warmer districts of these islands. It is interesting to find a well-marked zone in the southern half of Ireland, but stretching further north on the western coast, which is washed by the Gulf Stream, in which alone are found certain species. Many of these are included in Mr. Donovan’s list, which the temperature, without reference to any physical features of the country, confines almost exclusively to these parts of Ireland. Among these may be instanced Vanessa io, Epinephele tithonus, Thecla quercus, Gnophria quadra, Mamestra persicartie (which scarcely ever occurs in the North of Ireland), and perhaps Agrotis corticea; Amphipyra pyramidea, Teniocampa pulverulenta, Hecatera serena, Chariclea umbra, Venilia macularia, Amphidasys strataria, Hupithecia plumbeolata, and EH. debiliata. There are other species, besides those in Mr. Donovan’s list, which are similarly restricted, such as Bombyx neustria, Heliothis peltigera, and apparently Dianthecia cesia, the distribution of which, in regard to isothermal lines, elsewhere in the British Islands, would well repay investigation. I exclude also the three remarkable species which he has cap- tured at Timoleague, namely, Leucania extranea, Laphygma exigua, and Sterrha sacraria, since two of them have only once before been recorded; while L. exigua is unique from Ireland. I regret that Mr. Donovan has included doubtfully Acidalia trigeminata in his list, on my authority. I have seen no Irish specimens of this moth. Probably they may be A. bisetata var. fimbriolata, which has been more than once sent me as trigemi- nata. The larve found at the roots of bog cotton, and attributed to Tapinostola fulva, may very well have been those of Celena haworthit, which are internal feeders in the roots of species of Eriophorum. Itis to be hoped that other rarities may reward Mr. Donovan’s perseverance.
199
LYCHINA PHERETES AND ITS ALLIES IN THE SIKHIM HIMALAYAS.
By W. Harcovurt-Bartu.
In that very creditable and painstaking work, ‘ The Butter- flies of India, Burmah, and Ceylon,’ the author, Mr. Lionel de Nicéville, describes as distinct species Lycena lehana, Moore, from Ladak, and L. pheretes, Hiibner, from Sikhim. Sub- sequently, however, in the ‘Gazetteer of Sikhim,’ he unites them under the former, and explains that ‘‘ the Himalayan form of L. pheretes may be distinct from the European and Central Asian form, but the Ladak and Sikhim forms are practically identical.”
During my journey through Sikhim in 1897 I encountered three distinct forms of, or three species closely allied to, Lycena pheretes :—
No. 1.—The first, which I found near Yeumtung at the altitude of 12,000 to 13,000 ft., is apparently the species given as Lycena pheretes, Hubner, var. asiatica, Elwes, in the ‘ Butterflies of India, &c.’ In expanse it measures just about the same as the form found in. the Swiss Alps, namely, 1°1 in. ; but, as pointed out by Mr. de Nicéville, it differs from the latter in the “ nar- rower and pointed fore wings, and in having much more gloss on the under side.” To this I may add that in the Sikhim form the blue is more brilliant, and the shape of the white spots on the under side of the hind wings is slightly different. The female is pale brown on the upper side.
No. 2.—This form, which I propose to call Lycena sikhima, was taken about 1000 ft. higher up than the preceding, in the upper limits of the pine forests, and appears to be sufficiently distinct from the preceding, although aberrations were found some- what intermediate between the two. In size it is very much inferior to No. 1, measuring under an inch in expanse, with much narrower and very pointed wings; but the principal distinction is in the colour, which gives it a very different appearance, being of the same tint of lilac as British specimens of Cyaniris argiolus. The female is very similar in colour to that of No.1. I have not seen Lycena lehana from Ladak, but, judging from the descrip- tion of it in Mr. de Nicéville’s work, it somewhat resembles this. He briefly describes it as follows :—‘‘ Expanse, °9 tolin. Male upper side violet-blue, brownish blue at the margins. Differs from L. pheretes in their much smaller size.” This agrees with the Sikhim form as regards size, but not in the colour of ‘the margins of the wings. As far as I can judge, without seeing specimens of the Ladak form, the latter appears to be some-
200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
what intermediate between Sikhim form No. 2 and the one I am about to describe. |
No. 3.—This form is totally distinct from either of the other two taken in Sikhim, although it is much closer to No.2. In expanse, and in the narrow pointed shape of the wings, it agrees with the latter very closely, but the colour of the upper side of all the wings is totally different.
The following is a description of form No. 3:—Expanse, ‘8 to ‘9in. Male, slaty grey-brown, powdered with pale blue scales, more especially at the base of the wings, with a pale blue dis- coidal spot on the fore wings, and frequently on the posterior pair ; ali the margins brown, but rayed with pale blue, more distinctly in some specimens than in others. In most of the examples the white spots of the under side show through on both the anterior and posterior wings, but are occasionally indistinct on the latter pair. The female differs from the male in being browner, and of a less slaty grey colour, with fewer blue scales at the bases, but the discoidal spots rather more distinctly marked. The under side in both sexes is very similar to those of Nos. 1 and 2, but the marginal border of pale brown spots is much more distinctly defined.
The peculiar greyish brown colour, with the blue rays and discoidal spots, give this butterfly altogether a very curious and distinctive appearance, totally different to either of the other two forms described, and no forms whatever connecting them were found; so that it appears to be quite distinct, and, in my opinion, deserves to rank as a species. It occurs at the highest altitude of any of the Lycnide in the Sikhim Himalayas, having been found by myself between the heights of 15,000 and 18,000 ft. on the extreme upper limits of phanerogamic vegetation. At the former altitude it was very plentiful in July at Momay Samdung, flying among the numerous alpine flowers which flourished in that region ; many specimens were also taken at rest on a species of purple aster. From thence right up to within 500 ft. of the summit of the Donkia Pass it was found sparingly in company with two species of Parnassius, two of Argynnis, one of Colias, and one of Gineis. To this interesting little butterfly I should like to give the name Lycena altissima.
Longfleet, Dorsetshire: May 30th, 1900.
201
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
MacrocerHatus ARIZONICUS = UHLERIL.—When describing Macro- cephalus arizonicus (Entom. xxxiii. p. 66), I unfortunately overlooked the description of M. uhleri, Handl. Verh. Ges. Wien, 1898, p. 388. I have not now seen that description; but Mr. Ashmead, at my request, has been so kind as to compare it with my type of arizonicus, which is now in the U.S. National Museum. He writes me that “ it agrees exactly in every point, and unquestionably is identical.” —T. D, A. Cocxrrett; Mesilla Park, N.M., April 28th, 1900. |
Eees or Crropnastes irrecuLaRIS (Entom. xxvi. p. 851).—On January 16th, 1900, females of this species, with eggs, were found at Mesilla Park, N.M. The eggs from a single female were counted by my entomology class,and were found to number 1181.—T. D. A. CockrreEtt.
DipLosis PARTHENIICOLA, n.sp.— @. Length about 24mm. Dorsum of thorax shiny, black, slightly hairy; sides of prothorax brown ; scutellum prominent, with four bristles directed backwards; eyes meeting on vertex; abdomen raspberry colour, blackish dorsally ; ovipositor long, blackish, the narrow terminal segment light reddish- ochreous ; legs very pale, ochreous-tinted ; antenne very pale, 2 + 12- jointed, joints cylindrical, a little constricted in the middle, short- pedicelled; halteres pale orange. Emerged March 26th, 1900, from galls on Parthenium incanum, collected at the foot of Picacho Moun- tain, Mesilla Valley, New Mexico. Larva orange. Pupa-shell colour- less, with the anterior end dark sepia-brown. Galls at the bases of the leaves, about 5 mm. diameter, woolly and snow-white, like little tufts of cotton-wool.—T. D. A. CockERELL.
Iscunura Puminio.—I am glad to be able to report that this dragonfly, which disputes with Ayrion mercuriale the distinction of being the smallest on the British list, has turned up again, its haunts having been lost sight of for some fifty years perhaps. A short time since, a friend brought me a box of dragonflies for identification, and amongst them were two or three specimens of Jschnura pumilio, which I understand were taken in Norfolk last year. Strange to say, during a short stay in the New Forest at Whitsuntide of this year, I took seven specimens of the same species, five males and two females, both of var. aurantiaca. The insect appears to come on the wing at the end of May or beginning of June, and, judging from the fact that I have often hunted the New Forest locality at the very beginning of August, it must be over by that date. Possibly streams through peat-bogs would be good localities to search for the species, which should be well out by the end of the present month.—W. J. Lucas; June 14th, 1900.
Hetiormis armicera.—As in other zoological regions where this species occurs, its appearance in New Zealand is also erratic. The present has been an armigera year on the Canterbury Plains, South Island, where the moths have been plentiful during the last two months. They appear to be much attracted by the flowers of Arawjia albens, by which they are trapped and perish daily in fine weather. I possess some fine large plants of this Brazilian ‘‘ moth trap,’’ which have bloomed profusely each autumn for six years, but the present is
ENTOM.—JuLy, 1900. 8
2.02 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the first season in which I have observed H. armigera caught by the flowers. Noctuze have been somewhat scarce at the flowers this summer in this district. In former years I have generally obtained numbers of perfect specimens of several species every morning, caught in the flowers the previous night. I find that great care is necessary in cutting open the flowers to liberate the captives’ antenne, in order , to secure good specimens. I would surmise that vast numbers of insects must perish annually at these flowers in Brazil, where the plant is indigenous, and where insects are perhaps more numerous than in any other zoological region.—W. W. Suirxu; Ashburton, N. Z., May 2nd, 1900.
Nonoponta cHaonta.—In 1897, I picked out of the River Stour a half-drowned female N. chaonia, which deposited several eggs. These hatched, and I bred a long series in 1898. Some of the larve when full-fed were put in an ordinary breeding cage, in which I last year put other pupe. When looking at these on the 10th, I founda freshly emerged female chaonia, which had therefore been three years in the pupal state, as I have not had any larve since 1897.—A. Druitt; Christchurch, May 15th, 1900.
Hrratum.—P. 157, line 4 from bottom, for ‘‘ boxes’’ read ‘‘ bones.”
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Lycmna arGioLus.—Whilst staying at Carmarthenshire this week I observed a female of L. argiolus depositing ova on the needles or shoots of the gorse or furze (Ulea europaeus). 1 do not remember having seen this recorded as one of its food-plants.—T. B. Jerrerys; Bath, June 2nd.
THECLA W-ALBUM Larva aBUNDANT.—Mr. P. Richards tells me that he has found larvee of T’hecla w-album exceedingly common on asingle wych- elm between Hsher and Ripley, in Surrey. All or most of those that he secured have by this time pupated, and if other wych-elms are equally favoured, there should be an abundance of imagines of this butterfly shortly. —W. J. Lucas; 12, Caversham Road, Kingston-on-Thames, June 14th.
New Forest.—Three days’ collecting at Easter with Mr. A. D. Wilson produced fair results, considering the very cold wind. From the sallows we obtained a great number of Panolis piniperda, which, with T@niocampa stabilis, were far the commonest moths. There were alsoa few Teniocampa miniosa, T’. gothica, and Orrhodia vaccinit. During the day Amphidasys prodromaria, Xylocampa lithoriza, and Tephrosia biundularia were taken off trunks and fences. —H. Wxtis; Hurstfield, The Avenue, Gipsy Hill, London, S8.H., May 23rd, 1900.
AssEMBLING.—On the 17th inst. I took a freshly emerged Smerinthus tili@ female sitting on the fence, and placed her in the assembling cage, hanging it on the lower branches of a lime tree, with the following results : 17th, three males; 18th, seven males; 19th, four males; 20th, three males; 21st, very wet, none; 22nd, two males; 23rd, two males. A net result of twenty-one males by the agency of one female is, I think, somewhat of a record even for this district, in which S. tili@ is fairly plentiful. A striking peculiarity is also noticeable in the circumstance. We have
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 2038
assembled some dozens of this species, and on no occasion has the male arrived before 9 o’clock, nor have we ever been able to see one after 9.30.— Wicuram A. Carter; Burr Villas, Bexley Heath, Kent, June 6th, 1900.
PLUSIA GAMMA ABUNDANT.—On June 12th, just before a thunderstorm, I observed at this place a large number of P. gamma flitting about every- where—hundreds of them. The previous evening I was at the same spot, and did not see a single specimen. Although they are still abundant, there is nothing like the same number as on the 12th. I thought the above of interest, as I did not see half a dozen specimens of P. gamma here all last season.—J. W. WootunousE; Summer Hill, Fakenham, Norfolk.
Lyc&@Na ARGIoLus.—This species has been common about the holly- bushes in gardens on Blackheath during the last three weeks. — WaLtER Dannatt; Donnington, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, May 28th, 1900.
WHERE T#NIOCAMPA GRACILIS Lays !T8 Kees.—During the night of May 7th, whilst searching with a lamp for larve near Chester, I found a female T. gracilis laying her eggs on a dead last year’s flowerhead of Centaurea nigra. I see from my note-book I had a similar experience, in the same lane, which is weli fringed with briars, brambles, and sallows, on the night of May 12th, 1899, only, in this case, the moth had chosen a dead grass-head. The larve feed on several plants —notably the trusses of un- opened meadow-sweet flowers (Hntom. xxxil. p. 126). The eggs of T. opima I have found on dead ragwort, thistle, and dwarf rose (Kntom. xxii. p. 307). —J. ARKLE; Chester. [Ova of J. gracilis are very frequently found on dead seed-heads, &c., of various low growing plants.—Eb.]}
Kastrer (1900) 1n tart New Forest.—In spite of the bad weather preceding the holiday, my father and I found ourselves installed in our old quarters in the forest, at Bank, on April 12th. During the drive along the beautiful road from Brockenhurst, it was only too plain on every hand how backward is the season. The blackthorn, which a fortnight earlier last year was. in full flower, was now only in bud, though a few bushes came into bloom during our stay. Several of the whitethorn bushes showed no green at all; many of the sallows, we were told, had only come out during the last week ; a suspicion of redness gave the sole indication of the oaks beginning to bud, but birch and beech looked very beautiful, the former pale yellow green with catkins and young leaves, the red buds of the latter all ready to burst.
The first night at the sallows was scarcely reassuring. It was fearfully windy, and there was also a little rain. Insects refused to settle down, and were very restive. There were a few each of T@niocampa stabilis and Cerastis vaccinii, one very fine Pachnobia rubricosa, and one Hupithecia abbreviata—a wretched night! Added to our other discomforts, the lantern, which had apparently not recovered from its long hybernation, refused to remain alight, so we turned in early. After this the weather became fairly fine as a whole, but about as adverse to collecting as it could be. When the day was otherwise bright and sunny there would be a terrific wind, and when there was no wind down would come the rain. At night, however, wind and clouds almost invariably disappeared, and a brilliant moon shone on the unfortunate collector. The total result of four whole days’ collecting was fourteen Xylocampa lithorhiza, one Tephrosia crepuscularia, one Pieris rap@ (freshly emerged) two Vanessa polychiloros, which was in great numbers on the Saturday; about twenty larvee of Sesia cynipiformis (asiliformis) from oak stumps, a few larve (small) of Agrotis
204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
agathina (?) from heath, and two each of Cleora lichenaria and Hemithea thymiaria. Gonepteryx rhamni was fairly abundant. Such insects as Brephos parthenias, Lobophora lobulata, &c., which one would naturally expect to find, did not put in an appearance at all. On pulling some bark off an old dead oak-tree, several Rhagiwm inquisitor and R. bifasciatum were exposed.
Sallows, though by no means good, were better than day-work. After the first night Teniocampa stabilis was extremely common, outnumbering Cerastis vaccintt, the next in numbers, by about ten to one. Of Tenio- campa miniosa, which I did not take last year, I secured nine, mostly perfect specimens. TJ. munda, as in 1899, was represented by a solitary example. J’. cruda was scarce, and in bad condition, apparently over. T. gothica very fine, and fairly common. We obtained also two perfect Pachnobia rubricosa, half a dozen Panolis piniperda (another collector whom we met took forty-two in one night), afew Xylocampa lithorhiza and Hupithecia abbreviata, and single specimens of Hyhernia marginaria and Anticlea badiata. ‘Two examples of Scopelosoma satellitia were also noticed, and one Xylophasia lithoxylea (surely a very unusual insect—I did not know it hybernated). Larvee beaten at night were Cleora lichenaria, Rumia luteolata, Triphena fimbria, and T. pronuba (? or orbona).
I should be glad if any one could tell me whether Te@niocampa incerta (instabilis) is at all local, as I have not come across a single specimen in the New Forest, either this year or last. We returned home on Tuesday, and the following day the weather immediately became almost perfect.— F. M. B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E.
SOCIETIES.
EnromotoaicaL Socrety or Lonpon.—May 2nd, 1900.—Mr. W. L. Distant, Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. A. A. Dalglish, of 21, Prince’s Street, Glasgow, was elected a Fellow of the Society. Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited the cocoon, measuring nearly three and a half inches each way, of a Coprid beetle—probably belonging to the genus Heliocopris—found at Pretoria, in the Transvaal. The Rev. Theodore Wood exhibited a specimen of Carabus auratus, L., taken in either June or September, 1898, by Mr. Ferrand, of Littlefield House, Exmouth, on the Haldon Hills, in the neighbourhood of that town. Mr. McLachlan exhibited an example of Rhinocyphea fulgidipennis, Guérin, a brilliant little dragonfly of the subfamily Calopterygine, a native of Cochin China, which, so far as he knew, had not been captured since prior to 1830. It had been in M. Guérin’s hands, and Mr. McLachlan had received it from M. René Oberthiir. Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited various specimens illustrating Acanthopsyche opa- cella; fresh females showing the six nearly complete rings of silky wool with which she is clothed; specimens preserved in cop., showing the exact position of the male moth in the female case, and the position of the two moths in relation to the female pupa-case. It was inci- dentally mentioned that the inflation of the male abdomen with air was observed to be the main force employed in advancing the male abdomen into position, and that observation of the immature wing threw considerable light on the real neuration in this species. Mr.
SOCIETIES. 205
Barrett exhibited specimens of Heterocera destructive to the fruit crops of South Africa. Among them Sphingomorpha monteironis, Butl., known as the Fruit Moth in Cape Colony—a bold and powerful insect, with a sucking tongue strong enough to pierce the sound skin of a peach or fig. The presence of a light does not appear to disturb it, so that examination of its methods can be readily made, when it can be seen that it does not take advantage of the natural opening into a fig, or of a erack or other injury to a peach, but deliberately pierces a hole which afterwards shows as a small round spot, from which decay invariably results. It seems a matter of indifference to the moth whether the fruit has fallen, or is on the tree, ripe or unripe. With regard to Achea lienardi and Serrodes inara, the two species are restless and timid, and therefore more difficult to observe. In the present season, however, both have been extremely abundant, and have been seen at apparently uninjured fruit, so that it seems they are capable of equal destruction, and this is the more probable as all the species alike are provided with somewhat saw-like teeth toward the tip of each section of the sucking apparatus. Several others, feeding mainly on damaged fruit, were also taken with the aforesaid species, among them several new to science, and recently described by Sir George Hampson. They included Pseudophia tirrhea, Cr., Ophiusa melicerta, Drury, O. mor- moides, Walker, Ophiusa griseimargo, Hampson, O. selenaris, Hampson, - Dysgona faber, Holt, Ericeia unangulata, Gn., Homoptera glaucinans, Gn., H. edusina, Pandesma umbrina, P. fugitiva, Trigonodes obstans, Audea ochripennis, Dordura tegulata, Hampson, PD. retracta, Hampson, Hybocala deflorata, Deva natalensis, Oresia argyrosigma and var. pro- vocans, O. emarginata, Agrotis segetum, A. munda, A. spinifera, A. ama- tura, A. decipiens, A. rimosa, Noctua atrosignata, Aaylia interstriata, Hampson, Gonites sabulifera, Cosmophila erosa and var. wanthyndyna, Leucania interciliata, Hampson, L. albovitta, Hampson, L. monosticta, Hampson, L. rhabdophora, Hampson, L. tacuna, Feld., L. amens, L. torrentium, L. loryi, Laphygma exigua, L. orbicularis, and Eula- phygma abyssinia. Mr. Jacoby exhibited Callomorpha wahlbergi from Africa, and Spilopyra sumptuosa from Australia. A paper was commu- nicated on ‘‘ New Palxarctic Pyralide,” by Sir George F. Hampson. Bart.—C. J. Ganan & H. Rowxnanp Brown, Hon. Secs.
Sourn Lonpon Enromotocican anp Naturat History Socrery.— April 12th, 1900.—Mr. F. Noad Clark in the chair. Mr. G. B. Browne, 48, Southbrook Road, Lee, was elected a member. Mr. Edwards ex- hibited a living specimen of Scorpio europaeus, sent by Dr. Chapman from Cannes ; it fed readily upon cockroaches. Mr. Sich, living larvee and cases of Coleophora lineola, from Chiswick. Mr. Clark, photo- micrographs of the ova of (1) Hugonia fuscantaria, showing clearly the serrated edges; (2) Geometra vernaria, in piles as deposited; and (3) Neuronia popularis. Mr. Colthrup, specimens of Bombya quercus var. callune. Mr. Tutt gave an interesting account of the Lasiocampid Moths, to which he had recently been devoting his attention. He showed that they formed a clearly definable section, and contained numerous easily distinguishable, although closely allied, subsections and genera. The various points of view of ovum, larva, pupa, and imago were taken into consideration, and contrasted and compared with allied groups, as well as inter se.
206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
April 26th.—Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., President, in the chair. Mr. Rowden, of Kingston Hill, was elected a member. Mr. Buckstone exhibited specimens of Triphena jimbria, bred from ova; the larve had been fed exclusively on cabbage. Mr. Turner, Longicorn Coleoptera : (1) Saperda populnea, taken by Mr. Day at Carlisle; (2) Rhagium bifasciatum, from the New Forest; (8) Clytus mysticus, from Brockley ; (4) C. arietis, from Lewisham ; together with larve of (1) Callimorpha dominula, from Deal, where they were comparatively scarce; (2) Bombyx quercus, from Deal, on garden rose; (3) Pericallia syringaria, from Bexley. Mr. Moore, a Kaffir necklace made of ants’ ‘‘eggs’’; these so-called eggs are really the encysted pupz of a species of Coccid, of subterranean habits, belonging to the genus Margarodes. Mr. Lucas, a specimen of the dragonfly, Sympetrum vulgatum, a male, taken by Mr. Hamm, of Oxford, at Torquay on Aug. 15th, 1899; this is the second authenticated British specimen. Mr. Adkin, a fine bred series ofHugonia fuscantaria, from Lewes ova, and stated it was easy to breed when sleeved. Mr. Clark reported that he had received ova of Gonepteryx rhamni which had been found deposited on the stems of the buckthorn. Mr. Harrison reported having seen a dragonfly, Libellula quadrimaculata, on the wing at Kaster.
May 10th.—The President in the chair. Mr. Adkin exhibited a series of Cabera exanthemaria, showing variation in the relative positions of the transverse lines.
May 24th.—The President in the chair. Mr. Clark exhibited a sawfly cocoon of a most delicate fibrous structure. Mr. Enock gave a series of interesting notes, illustrated with admirable lantern- slides, on various incidents in insect life, including (1) a long series of slides showing all stages in the closing of the wings in the earwig ; (2) a series showing the gradual unfolding and growth of the wings in Papilio machaon ; and (8) all stages in the emergence and hardening process of Aischna cyanea.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Kunueatz. Hine neue Plataspidinen-Gattung aus Deutsch Ost- Afrika mit gewethartiger Verldngerung der Juga beim Ménnchen sowie iiber einige der niichsten Verwandten dieser neuen Gattung (8. B. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1900, pp. 120-1385, figs. 1-3). [Rhynchota. ]
Herr Theodor Kuhlgatz describes an extraordinary Coptosomatine (Cimicide), closely allied to Plataspis, from German Kast Africa, which he terms Hlapheozygum goetzei, gen. et sp.n. In the male the juga (the lateral portions of the dorsal part of the head) are enormously elongate, being much longer than the thorax and abdomen together ; each jugum is forked near the apex. Such an appearance is common enough among Coleoptera, but in Rhynchota very rare. The female is normal in structure, though an abnormal specimen of this sex is figured, in which the left jugum is distinctly longer than the right; this the author considers may perhaps be an hermaphrodite. The paper concludes with an analytical table of the eleven genera of the Plataspis group.—G. W. K.
acs
ar
RECENT LITERATURE. 207
C.M. Weep. The Spiny Ela Caterpillar (New Hampshire Coll. Agric. Exp. Sta. 1899, Bull. 67, pp. 128-141, 16 figs.).
This Bulletin-will be of interest to British lepidopterists as embody- ing information about the habits, in America, of a butterfly only too rare with us. Huvanessa antiopa (commonly known in America as the ‘Mourning Cloak’’) is extremely injurious in some of the eastern
‘States to the foliage of elm trees—photographs of this damage are presented to the reader—but feeds also on willow, poplar, and, rarely, on hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), birch, pear, and rose.
Like some other of its allies, it has a wide distribution, ranging over ‘‘the entire breadth of the northern hemisphere, below the arctic circle as far south as the thirtieth parallel of latitude,” that is, from Canada to Bermuda and Mexico, Europe, Japan, &c.
The damage done to elms and poplars, though only occasional and limited in area, is sometimes very great, Prof. Lugger observing that they were so numerous upon elms in Michigan ‘‘ that branches were broken by their weight.”
The Bulletin concludes with a notice of the parasites and enemies of the insect, and remedies against its devastations.—G. W. K.
’ Anton Hanpuirscu. Wie vielen Stigmen haben die Rhynchoten? (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1899, sep. p. 1-12, figs. 1 & 2).
After briefly reviewing the work of Dufour, Mayer, Schiddte, Hansen, and others, and discussing the position and structure of the stigmata in various Rhynchota, the author sums up his researches as follows.
The fundamental type in Rhynchota is—two pairs of thoracic stig- mata (meso- and metathoracic) and eight pairs of abdominal stigmata (segments 1-8). This type embraces the whole of the Homoptera, except the more or less degraded Psyllide, Aphids (? Aleurodide), and Coccide, in which a more or less considerable progressive reduction (from behind forwards) of the abdominal stigmata occurs, which reaches its maximum in the Coccide. In waterbugs an inconsiderable modi- fication, taking in account the necessary adaptation to special condi- tions of existence, takes place, which is increased in the landbugs, in which there is a tendency to atrophy of the first pair of abdominal stigmata. Only the absolutely wingless group of Pediculide, strongly modified by their eminently parasitic manner of life, deviate consider- ably from the original type, the first two pairs of abdominal stigmata and those of the metathorax having vanished.
We find, also, an astonishing antithesis between the plant parasites and the animal parasites, of which the former are obviously derived from the Homoptera, the latter probably from the Heteroptera, if indeed they belong to the Rhynchota at all.
We regret that the Direction of these Verhandlungen still find it convenient to issue the author’s copies with a separate pagination, thereby creating two references for the same work, with no con- comitant compensating advantage. As the separate copy only is before us, we are unable to indicate the correct pagination.—G. W. K.
208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society for 1899. Pp. 120, with one plate. Published at the Society’s Rooms, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. 1900.
AutHoueH something like three-fourths of its income is needed to defray rental charges and general working expenses, this Society always seems able to publish its volume of Proceedings. The balance- sheet shows us that a sum of £44 was paid during the financial year for printing. We further glean from the same document that dona- tions to the Publication Fund amounted to £26, and that £20 was transferred thereto from the General Fund.
In his address the retiring president (Mr. A, Harrison), after briefly . referring to the affairs of the Society, and reviewing the work of the season, discourses at some length on the subjects of Telegony, and the connection of the mosquito with malarial fever. There are five papers, and one of these, by Dr. Chapman, entitled ‘‘ Some Points on the Evolution of the Lepidopterous Antenna,” is of special importance. Mr. J. W. Tutt’s paper treats of the ‘‘ Nature of Metamorphosis.” Mr. Malcolm Burr contributes an instructive paper on Orthoptera, in which he gives an outline of the literature on the subject in chrono- logical order, and makes some helpful remarks on species of the order, specially referring to those occurring in Britain. Mr. Robert Adkin furnishes another of those interesting accounts of his entomological observations while on holiday at Eastbourne. Although not strictly entomological, we must not omit to mention a brief but useful paper by Mr. D. J. Scourfield on ‘* Fresh-water Entomostraca.”’
A good deal of valuable information will be found in the ‘* Abstract of Proceedings.”
We heartily congratulate the Society on the production of this excellent volume.
OBITUARY.
Mr. Witu1am Warxiys died at his residence, Villa Sphinx, East- bourne, on June 9th last, aged fifty-one years. We have very little knowledge of his early career, except that he had a passion for collecting butterflies when quite a boy. When he arrived at the age of manhood he went to India, where for six years he acted as Orderly- room Clerk to the 76th Regiment, and devoted a good deal of his leisure time to the capture of Lepidoptera. On his return to England he sold his collection to Mr. Horniman, and subsequently decided to adopt entomology as a business. He was originally connected with the well-known entomological firm in the Strand; subsequently he carried on business in Piccadilly, and finally he removed to East- bourne. In 1881 he established and conducted the arrangements of the Insect-house at the Gardens of the Zoological Society, and a year or two later he opened a similar concern at the Crystal Palace. From time to time Mr. Watkins held exhibitions in various parts of the country. On one occasion, when at Newmarket, he was honoured by a visit from the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXIII.1 AUGUST, 1900. [No. 447.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CICADIDZ FROM CHINA.
By W. L. Distant.
Talainga chinensis, sp. n.
3g. Body and legs black; eyes ochraceous, their posterior margins sanguineous; pronotum, with the lateral margins and a spot on lateral areas behind the eyes sanguineous. Tegmina black, opaque, with a pale creamy-white spot in almost all of the many cell-like areas, the most prominent spot being subcostal, and situate at the apex of the radial area. Wings black, with a large creamy-white spot extending across and a little below the radial area at about two-thirds from its base; five small submarginal creamy-white spots situate in the apical areas, and some basal streaks and some of the longitudinal venation margined with the same colour: Long. excl. tegm. g, 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 83 millim.
Hab. China: Kualun, N. W. Fokien (Coll. by Tang-wang- ENTOM.—aAvuGusT, 1900. T
210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
wang and Tang-chung-how; and presented by J. de la Touche, EKsq., to the British Museum).
This is the second representative of the genus, which I described in 1890 from a species collected in Burma. From that species, 7’. binghami, it differs completely by the opaque and differently coloured tegmina and wings.
MIGRATIONS OF DRAGONFLIES. By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
Suc a powerful appearance have some of the larger dragon- flies, and so considerable is their wing-expanse, that we are not surprised to hear of their making migrations to a great distance. The British dragonfly in which this propensity seems most strongly developed is undoubtedly Libellula quadrimaculata. Many flights of this insect, sometimes in enormous numbers, have been recorded, and it would seem that one or more flights of the same dragonfly have to be noted as having taken place during the early part of the present season.
Mr. H. Stocks, of Weybridge, a very careful observer, sends me the following communication :—‘‘ At Margate, on the 10th of June, I observed vast numbers of dragonflies flying about the cliffs. Do you think they were part of the swarm that visited the Continent some days previously? I much regret being unable to catch any specimens. They were of large size, with thick bodies of a dark brown colour, with wings a shade lighter, and different from any I have usually seen. I do not think they were bred near, as there are no rivers or ponds in the neighbour- hood. I do not know much of the district, but their appearance was evidently uncommon, from the remarks one heard about them. By the end of the week they disappeared—at least, I did not see any more.’’ On enquiry, Mr. Stocks tells me:—‘‘ The day was very warm, with a nice gentle breeze. I am not quite certain, but I think the wind was south-east, and I am under the impression there were more dragonflies in the evening than in the morning.” There seems little doubt that the dragonflies were Libellula quadrimaculata, and that they formed part of the same or a similar swarm to that seen at Antwerp, and noticed in a very general way without a name to the insect in several of the daily papers just before Mr. Stocks’ observation.
Writing to Mr. South on June 19th, Mr. G. Bolam, of Berwick, asked for the name of a dragonfly (Libellula quadrimaculata), of which he enclosed a specimen taken by a friend, and of which he said, ‘‘It was observed arriving upon the coast here on Sunday afternoon (presumably June 17th) in hundreds.” He states that
RESPIRATION OF THE DRAGONFLY NYMPH. 911
the captor observed it from three o’clock till half-past three in the afternoon coming up from the seashore over the low cliffs, and that they passed him almost continually in little parties of fours and fives at the rate, he estimated, of about five or ten per minute, and when he left the banks the flight seemed to show no signs of abating. The weather was warm and sunny, and the wind westerly. They mostly sailed inland without stopping on the sea-banks, and appeared to come direct from the sea. Mr. Bolam adds that, though he is quite familiar with the appearance of the insect, it is not common near Berwick.
Though a week later than the Margate flight, this may be part of the migration noticed on the Continent, which will pro- bably turn out to be of this species, and of which we hope to hear more definitely when the observations appear in the entomo- logical papers—newspaper entomology being, as a rule, useless for scientific purposes.
July 16th, 1900.
NOTES ON THE RESPIRATION OF THE DRAGONFLY NYMPH.
By Rev. Artaur Kast.
So little attention seems to have been devoted to the powers of breathing common air possessed by the dragonfly nymph, that a few somewhat elementary notes may perhaps be acceptable.
Two specimens of Aischna cyanea were taken from a pond in my garden in January of this year, and observations were made as to the length of time the nymph could live out of water. The nymphs were 20 mm. long when captured, and were restored to the water at varying intervals, and for different lengths of time ; when out of water they were kept in a bottle with damp weed, and they fed, of course, only when restored to the water, so that the following summary of absence from the water means equally the time they went without food. The two nymphs observed are designated A and B :—
A. Nymph of déschna cyanea.
Captured Jan. 1st, 1900, and put in bottle with damp weed. Restored to water Jan. 3rd for 2 minutes.
” 43.4. ” 5th ” 2 ” ” ” ” 8th a9 30 Ae ” ” ” 13th ” 4 hours. +B 9 ”9 18th ” 6 ”
” ” ” 25th 99 4 ae
” 9 Feb. 8th ,, 20 ,,
212 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
B. Nymph of Aischna cyanea. Captured Jan. 19th, 1900. Restored to water Jan. 24th for 4 hours. bP 9? 93 d1st 99 63 9 a - Heb. Sth 820) Us;
On February 8th A and B were put together and kept out of water until March 8th. They were then finally restored to the water, and, after appearing somewhat lethargic for about an hour, recovered perfectly, and fed freely.
On March 16th I received some specimens of Erythromma naias, kindly sent me by Mr. Lucas; one of these was kept out of water, in similar conditions to the 4. cyanea mentioned above, from March 16th to April 16th, and appeared quite well when restored to the water; and, curiously enough, during the time of enforced fasting the nymph cast a skin, becoming, however, slightly smaller, viz. from 27 mm. to 25 mm. in length. The change of skin occurred on April 7th.
It will be seen therefore that both these species are able to live a month at least out of water. As to whether the after development is affected I cannot say, as the nymphs were mixed with others, and undistinguishable ; but they did not appear to suffer in any way. ;
Four nymphs of Agrion puella were also kept under obser- vation. One of these apparently got tired of the experiment after three weeks, and wandered off, and was lost; but the other three were kept thirty-three days out of water, and appeared none the worse for it.
The power of fasting possessed by the nymphs is connected, I suspect, with the vexed question as to the time passed in the nymphal state. To give an instance: of several nymphs of 4’schna cyanea caught in January last, all of which were of about the same size, viz. 20 mm. long, one had not changed a skin by April 15th, and had not grown at all; another had cast several skins by the same date, and was twice the length, viz. 40 mm.— a big nymph. I have now (June 8th) five of these nymphs just ready to emerge ; but the small one referred to grows very slowly, and does not look like being ready to change this season.
May I mention, in reply to the query of Mr. Lucas, that when I said that the majority of my specimens of 44. cyanea came out at night, I meant, not early morning particularly, but any time from late evening to midnight, and from midnight to early morning—an inconvenient habit for the photographer. I have many times covered up the nymphs just ready to emerge, in hope of inducing them to believe that darkness had really arrived; but I do not remember to have been successful in de- ceiving the nymphs, so as to persuade them that night had come.
Southleigh Vicarage, Witney, Oxon: J une 8th, 1900.
213
THREE NEW SPECIES OF NYMPHALINA FROM SIAM.
By Perroy I. Laruy.
Terinos falcipennis, sp. nov.
gf. Upper side: Fore wing rich violet, with brown velvety patch, as in 7’. clarissa, Boisd.; apex velvety brown. Hind wing rich violet, with velvety brown apical patch and brown costal border; outer mar- gin dull ochraceous, as in 7’. fulminans, Butl., but almost without violet reflections, and containing two rows of obscure blackish lunules, which are most pronounced at anal angle. Under side: Fore wing olive-brown, with faint blue reflections about basal half; a dark brown spot below costa, and near apex outwardly bordered with whitish. Hind wing olive-brown, with bluish reflections on outer margin; a conspicuous white bar beyond cell, just beyond this a series of five brown spots between the nervules, two above and three below white bar, and beyond these a series of six obscure ochreous lunules. Exp. 84 mm.
Four males. In coll. H. J. Adams.
_ This species was originally described and figured by De Nicé- ville, Butt. Ind. vol. ii. p. 39, t. xxii. f. 101, from a single male obtained by Captain Bingham in Upper Tenasserim ; owing to want of material it was treated by him as,T’. clarissa, Boisd. The four specimens from Siam agree pretty well with the descrip- tion and figure of the Tenasserim example, and are, I think, sufficiently distinct from the Bornean T’. clarissa to rank as a local race, and receive a name.
T. falcipennis may be distinguished from T’ clarissa by its more falcate fore wings, the more produced tail, and the much more obscure inner row of lunules of hind wings; on the under side by the obscurity of all its markings, with the exception of white bar beyond cell.
From TJ. fulminans, Butl., it differs in the richer violet of upper side, and below in same way as from 7’. clarissa.
Penthema mimetica, sp. nov.
@. Upper side: Fore wing dark brown, strongly glossed with purplish blue, except on outer margin; an obscure whitish sub- marginal spot between middle and lower median nervules, and a geminate white spot at anal angle. Hind wing dark brown, basal half glossed with purple; a discal row of seven oval and a sub- marginal row of eight more or less sagittate white spots, the three posterior ones being confluent with those in the discal row; the sub- marginal spots outwardly bordered with dark brown ; a whitish patch on inner margin near anal angle; cilia white between nervules. Under side: Fore wing purplish brown at base, paler towards outer margin; a purple spot at lower end of, and a row of six purple spots beyond cell, of which the fourth, counting from the costa, is much nearer cell than the others; beyond these a series of six small white-
214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
centred purple spots; submarginal markings more distinct than above, and an additional spot between upper and middle median nervule, and a few whitish scales on inner margin near anal angle. Hind wing as above, but paler, without purple gloss, and white markings more distinct. Exp. 116 mm.
One female. In coll. H. J. Adams.
This fine species is nearest to P. binghami, Wood-Mason, but may easily be distinguished from that species by the total absence of discal and partial absence of submarginal markings of fore wings ; also by the beautiful blue and purple gloss. P. mimetica appears to mimic Menama camaralzeman, Butl.
Bassarona affinis, sp. nov.
3. Upper side: Fore wing blackish brown, with a very indistinct black bar at end of cell, and series of submarginal spots; a discal band composed of seven pale greenish yellow spots, which decrease in size towards costa, the spot next costa being out of line, and nearer the base; a subapical spot of same colour. Hind wing blackish brown, paler at apex, and with an obscure dentate black submarginal band; a discal band composed of eight spots of same colour as on fore wing ; this band is wider on inner margin than on costa; its inner border is regular, and outer dentate. Under side: Fore wing pale brown, with dark suffused patches at apex and anal angle; a round black spot within and a lunular black spot at end of cell, each centred with crimson ; discal band as above, but narrower, and indistinctly edged with brown; subapical spot obscure ; an indistinct submarginal row of blackish points. Hind wing pale brown; a small round black spot within and two black lines at end of cell; discai band as above, but obscure ; a submarginal row of short black lines.
?. Upper side: Fore wing olive-brown; a round black spot within and a lunular black spot at end of cell, both centred with ground colour, and the latter also containing an indistinct dull crimson streak; discal band composed of six well separated greenish white spots, the one next costa being the largest and oval, the four below triangular, and the sixth a small round spot; a small subapical spot of same colour; a submarginal series of indistinct blackish spots. Hind wing olive-brown; discal band represented by only four small greenish white spots extending from costa to centre of wing; a highly dentate blackish submarginal line bordered outwardly with whitish at apex. Under side: Fore wing pale reddish brown, with violet reflec- tions beyond discal band; a large round spot within and a lunular spot at end of cell, each centred with crimson; discal band and sub- apical spot as above, the band indistinctly edged with brown; a sub- marginal row of indistinct blackish points. Hind wing pale reddish brown, with violet reflections beyond discal band; a black spot within and two black lines at end of cell ; discal band composed of seven pale greenish white spots, the one next costa being oval and well separated from the rest, the next five triangular with apex pointing towards outer margin, the seventh and largest extending from lower median nervule to inner margin; a submarginal series of short black lines. Exp. ¢ 70mm., 2? 90 mm.
F = BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS. 215
One male, two females. In coll. H. J. Adams.
This species is closely allied to B. goodrichi, Dist., from which it may be separated, in the male, by its much wider and yellower discal bands, and in the female by the total absence of discal bluish grey scaling. The second female obtained has the lower spot of discal band wanting in both wings.
Lynton Villa, Sydney Road, Enfield.
BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 175.)
5. J. F. Stephens: ‘ Illustrations of British Entomology,’ vol. vi. Mandibulata, 1828-46. [Mandibulata 1835-37. Dragonflies, 1836. } .
In 1829 Stevens published A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects, which is simply a list without any description whatever ; but the work before us takes more the form of monographs of the various groups. As regards the Dragonflies, we find careful descriptions of all that were known to the author. Unfortu- nately his estimate of the number of species was much exagge- rated, and this makes his work of very little practical use at the present day.
Family I. Acrionipz. Genus Acrion. Sp. 1. rubellum = Pyrrhosoma tenellum. Figure poorly coloured
(pl. xxix. f. 4).
2. xanthopterum = perhaps Ischnura pumilio, the orange var. aurantiaca.
3. elegans = Ischnura elegans.
4, ezonatum = perhaps Ischnura ae but description does not point clearly to it.
5. Puella = Agrion pulchellum, from the definite description of
the shape of the spot on segment 2.
6. furcatum = Agrion puella for the same reason as for pre- ceding species.
7. hastulatum = Enallagma cyathigerum no doubt; but the description of segment 2 is not quite satisfactory.
8. annulare = Agrion puella 2.
9. rufescens = seems to be the orange variety of Ischnura elegans, only that Stephens gives two sexes, and the var. only occurs in the female.
10. minium = Pyrrhosoma nymphula.
11. fulvipes = Pyrrhosoma nymphula, 3; the varietal form mentioned after the description seems to be Pyrrhosoma tenellum, 2.
216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
12. chloridion = Erythromma naias. 13. platypoda = Platycnemis pennipes. Var. f£ albicans is the pale form with reduced markings. Genus Lestes. Sp. 1. viridis
teneral, the second older, the third mature and powdered with blue.
2. nympha 3. forcipula Genus CaLEprTeryx. Sp. 1. virgo = partly Calopteryx splendens, and partly C. virgo. The vars. appear to be :— C. splendens, 3. . virgo 3. . virgo, g and 2, immature. : splendens, oe . virgo, 2, probably from the description of hind wings, but that of fore wings points to C. splendens, 2. 2. Ludoviciana = Calopteryx virgo, Var... = C. virgo; go. 8. =7Q virgo, ibs y. = CU. virgo, § and @, the $ being imma- : ture or var. anceps. 3. xanthostoma ? = probably a very mature 2 of C. virgo. 4, anceps = C. virgo, var. anceps.
i appear to be Lestes sponsa—the first
ce
7 87V MR S
Heil i tell
5
Family II. Liseiiunipa.
Genus Anax.
Sp. 1. formosa = Anax imperator. Genus A‘scuna.
Sp. 1. rufescens = Aischna isosceles. . grandis = Aischna grandis. - maculatissima = A’schna cyanea. .junecea = Aischna juncea, . mixta = Aischna mizta. . affinis = Aschna miata. . vernalis = Brachytron pratense.
Genus CorDULEGASTER. Sp. annulatus = Cordulegaster annulatus.
Genus Gompuus. Sp. 1. forcipatus ? = Gomphus vulgatissimus. 2. flavipes = Gomphus flavipes (figured pl. xxx. f. 1).
Genus Corputia. Sp. 1. enea = Cordulia enea.
2. metallica = perhaps C. enea also. ‘‘ Found in Metro- politan district in June—anal appendages short, lower pair triangular’’ can scarcely apply to Somatochlora metallica. The ‘‘ acuminate process below the ninth segment of the ? ” does seem, however, to point to metallica. Possibly there is a little confusion among Stephens’s specimens.
3. Curtisii = Oxygastra curtisii.
1 o> Ot CO DS
A SMALL COLLECTION OF BEES FROM JUAREZ, MEXICO. 217
Genus LiseEL.una. A. PuatEetRuM. Sp. 1. depressa = Libellula depressa. ' 2. conspureata = Libellula fulva.
B. Leprerrum.
3. quadrimaculata = Libellula quadrimaculata. 4. prenubila = Libellula quadrimaculata var. pranubila.
C. OrrHEerrum.
5. bimaculata = Libellula fulva, 2, and teneral 3.
6. cancellata = Orthetrum cancellatum.
7. eerulescens = Orthetrwm cerulescens.
D. Sympretrum.
8. Scotica = Sympetrum scoticum.
9. pallidistigma = Generally considered to be immature S. scoticum ; but the size, pale legs, and the long pterostigma seem rather to point to S. striolatum.
10. rufostigma = Sympetrum sanguineum.
11. angustipennis = probably immature S. sanguinewm. 12. vulgata = Sympetrum striolatum.
13. basalis = apparently immature S. sanguineum.
14. flaveola = Sympetrum jflaveolum.
ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF BEES FROM JUAREZ, - MEXICO.
By T. D. A. Cockrrett, M.M.Agr.Exp.Sta.
On Oct. 6th, 1899, I had the opportunity of spending a little while at Juarez, in the State of Chihuahua, and of collecting there the bees enumerated below. The species marked with an asterisk had not previously been reported from Mexico.
*(1.) Halictus pectoraloides, Ckll., one female, at flowers of Aster (Leucosyris) spinosus.
*(2.) Perdita spheralcea, Ckll., one female, at flowers of Spheralcea fendleri lobata.t
*(3.) P. heliotropii, Ckll. ; see Entom., 1900, p. 63.
(4.) P. albipennis var. helianthi, Ckll., one female, at flowers of Helianthus annuus.
*(5.) Andrena pulchella, Rob., one female, at flowers of Heli- anthus annuus.
(6.) Melissodes agilis, Cress., one male, two females, at flowers of Helianthus annuus.
+ This is Spheralcea lobata, Wooton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxv. 1898, p. 306. At Mesilla Pa’k, N.M., it varies into a form having leaves exactly as in the type of S. fendleri, Gray, of which it may be considered a subspecies. The plant is new to the flora of Mexico.
218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
*(7.) M. tristis, Ckll., one male, at flowers of Ipomea mexicana.
*(8.) Anthophora vallarum, Ckll., one male, two females, at flowers of Ipome@a mexicana.
(9.) Megachile occidentalis, Fox, one male, at flowers of Helt-
anthus annuus.
(10.) Xylocopa arizonensis, Cress., one female, at flowers of Ipomea mexicana. Instead of entering the corolla, it cut a slit on the outside, near the base.
MOSQUITOS AND MALARIA. By Guy A. K. Marsnatu, F.Z.S.
As the above subject hardly appears to have received the attention it merits in British entomological journals, it was a pleasure to read Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy’s all too short résumé of the views of Celli and Grassi on the question in the ‘ Entomolo- gist’ for April, 1900. The facts and contentions set forth in this résumé would seem to leave but little doubt that mosquitos of the genus Anopheles are the sole carriers of malarial contagion, and that they themselves can, in turn, only acquire the parasites from malarial man. Yet the fact remains that in a malarious country like Mashonaland, where probably three-fourths of the inhabitants have had a practical experience of the disease, the theory is regarded with a considerable amount of scepticism, not merely by laymen, but also by the majority of medical men. While personally I do not share this scepticism, I can yet appre- ciate the difficulties which stand in the way of the acceptance of the theory in its present form, when tested by experience in a malarial country; and therefore it may be useful to draw atten- tion to these counter-arguments, in the hope that they may be satisfactorily explained away.
If we accept the proposition that malaria can only exist in the presence of two factors, viz. malarial man and Anopheles, then we are logically bound to accept the conclusion that, if a man, or party of men, free from malarial poison, should pene- trate from a healthy area into an unhealthy, but uninhabited, region, it would be impossible for them to contract fever, how- ever much they might be bitten by mosquitos ; further, it follows that all uninhabited regions, even of comparatively small size (seeing that the range of individual specimens of Anopheles is apparently very limited in extent), must be entirely devoid of malaria, even though they may be full of swamps, and teem with mosquitos.
Such conclusions certainly do not appear to be borne out by experience. It would doubtless be difficult to find many areas in
MOSQUITOS AND MALARIA. 219
Europe which present these supposed conditions, but in a sparsely populated country like Africa they may be found on every hand. In Mashonaland we have numberless areas of this description, but perhaps the most typical are to be found in the Umfuli Dis- trict, where there are considerable tracts of land rendered unin- habitable owing to the fact that they contain no surface-water during the dry season, although during the rains they may be sometimes under water for several weeks at a time; and yet these very localities are among the most unhealthy in the country. Again, in the Northern Transvaal there are large stretches of totally unpopulated country, more especially where the brackish rivers prevail ; and yet it is a matter of common knowledge that the Boer hunters who used to penetrate into these wildernesses from the healthy high veldt invariably suffered severely from malarial fever.
Another conclusion which must be drawn from the theory as it now stands is that in any malarial region where Anopheles is generally distributed the most unhealthy portions must neces- sarily be those in which the population is thickest. This con- clusion is practically the exact reverse of what is actually the case in this country, at least so far as the white population is concerned. For example, Salisbury is by far the most densely populated portion of Mashonaland, and, further, I have found three species, if not four, of Anopheles in the town, one of which is certainly common ; moreover, not only is a mild form of fever prevalent in the district, but also all the severer cases of fever from the lower veldt are brought into the town for treatment, thus creating a continual supply of foci for the distribution of the disease. And yet despite all this there can be absolutely no question that Salisbury is far more healthy than the vast majority of the sparsely populated districts which surround it, although in these latter the chances that a mosquito will carry malarial con- tagion from one man to another are necessarily more remote, and, indeed, often infinitesimal.
In fine, the theory proposed by Grassi amounts to this: given Anopheles and a certain number of malarial patients, then locality goes for nothing in the causation of malaria; a position which is, to my mind, untenable.
The foregoing objections do not in any way militate against the supposition that Anopheles is the sole carrier of malaria, but only affect the proposed explanation as to how the mosquito itself is infected. Other objections, however, are raised on the ground that there is reason to believe that fever can be acquired other- wise than through the agency of mosquitos.
The argument most generally adduced is that ploughing is in itself a very unhealthy occupation in malarial districts, more particularly where new ground is being broken up, and that in such cases mosquitos cannot reasonably be regarded as a factor.
220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The correspondent of the Sierra Leone Expedition, writing to the ‘ British Medical Journal,’ endeavours to explain this on the supposition that the breaking up of the soil would tend to cause puddles suitable for the breeding of Anopheles. But the explana- tion does not carry conviction ; firstly, because the loosening of the soil would rather tend to increase percolation than to aid in the formation of puddles, more especially as ground that has a tendency to hold water is generally avoided for agricultural pur- poses; and, secondly, if Anopheles be already present, as his explanation predicates, there is no reason why the formation of a few more puddles should necessarily result in an attack of malaria for the ploughman, apart from the fact that the effects, as usually stated, follow too rapidly to allow of an explanation on these lines. I am inclined to believe, however, that, when properly investigated, the supposed connection between the breaking up of land and the occurrence of malarial fever will be found to be more apparent than real.
Finally, I may mention the difficulty that frequently occurs in tracing any given attack of fever to the bites of mosquitos. For example, to refer again to the Sierra Leone Expedition, in one article the correspondent states that Mr. Austen was the only member who had so far suffered from fever, he having on one occasion slept without a mosquito-net, although he had no knowledge of having been bitten. And many similar eases might be adduced where persons who have suffered from malaria are quite positive that they have not been previously bitten by mosquitos ; this being perhaps the commonest objection to the theory, for it is argued that the average mosquito has an un- pleasant way of making her presence felt, if not at the time, at all events afterwards. This difficulty might be removed if it could be proved that the poison of Anopheles is of a much less irritant character than that of Culex, so that the bite would not be noticed during sleep, and would leave little or no subsequent irritation. The little evidence before me tends to support this view, though unfortunately the idea occurred to me too late to enable me to test it by experiment last fever season. Could this be demonstrated it would remove a considerable amount of opposition to the theory, and, further, it might perhaps in some degree account for the fact that the malarial parasite can flourish in Anopheles, and not in Culex.
Salisbury, Mashonaland: May, 1900.
221
DIPHYLETISM IN THE LEPIDOPTERA. By Amprose Quam, F.E.S.
In his paper (ante, p. 120) Prof. Grote did me the honour of mentioning my name; therefore I claim the privilege of reply. Grote’s separation of the Papilionides from all other butterflies in phylogeny is based on the presence in the former of a short anal nervure on primaries, which he calls IX, and for which Dr. Chapman proposes the name “‘ Grote’s vein.’ I do not propose here to discuss the modifications of neuration to be observed in the Rhopalocera, having done so elsewhere ;* and I have also given reasons for believing that ‘‘ Grote’s vein”’ is homologous of the rudimentary anal nervure on primaries of other groups.t I will, however, take up this particular question of the homology of ‘‘ Grote’s vein.”’ Curiously, the only direct reference by Prof. Grote that I am able to findis worded: ‘‘ IX applied only by me;
. whether this is homologous with VIII, to which it is opposed in position, is uncertain.”’} I now quote Dr. Karl Jordan :—‘‘ It remains for Prof. Grote to show that what he styles in Papilionide vein IX (absent from all other butterflies, according to Grote) is not homologous of what he calls in the other butterflies vein VIII (absent from Papilionide, according to Grote).”’§ |
If we direct our attention to the neuration of the whole Lepidoptera, a very suggestive fact is observable, that is, nowhere can we find more than two definite anal nervures on the pri- maries ; usually there is also a short vein, attached near its base to that anal nervure farthest from the cubital system. I at least have been unable to find more than these. In extremely rare instances the latter rudimentary vein has a projection beyond the normal juncture, which clearly indicates that it is the rem- nant of a third anal nervure. I may mention, of my own observation, Zeuzera d’urvillei, Schiff., an Australian species ; Cossus robinie, an American species. Comstock|| gives a figure in Psychide, No 253, and another in Megalopygide, No. 247; the latter is most pronounced in its indication. We may also observe that the anal nervure nearest the cubital system (present in Cosside, &c.) has been lost from the primaries of many Heterocera, leaving only one anal nervure —that with the rudi- mentary attachment; the missing anal nervure is often, in fact ‘generally, indicated by a scar.
Compare the Rhopalocera with other groups of Lepidoptera, and observe the identical modification of neuration last men-
* North London Nat. Hist. Soc. 1896; extract, ‘ Entom. Record,’ vol. ix. + ‘Natural Science,’ vol. xiii. p. 391, 1898.
j Ibid. vol. xii. p. 88, 1898. § Ibid. vol. xiv. p. 79, 1899.
_|| Comstock, ‘ Text-book,’ 1895 ?.
229, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
tioned, viz. loss of inner anal nervure, retention of outer anal nervure, with attached rudimentary (VIID), in all groups except Papilionides ; in the latter we have not the rudiment, but an actual nervure=“‘ Grote’s vein.”’ It seems to me an indisputable indication that ‘‘ Grote’s vein”’ is homologous of VIII.
At first sight it appears remarkable that Papilionids should have retained that nervure, even if homologous of VIII, which has become rudimentary so generally in the Lepidoptera; but we must regard its persistence in so many groups of the Lepi- doptera, which actually lose one other anal nervure, as evidence that it (VIII) is of actual value as a part of the wing-structure, whether retained as rudimentary or as a “‘ vein”’ (Grote’s), is a matter of degree only; clearly we have no evidence that VIII and ‘‘ Grote’s vein” are morphologically distinct.
If we look for evidence of affinity between Papilionides and the other butterflies, we find in generalised Nymphalids (Anosia) a ‘ cubital blotch ” on primaries, and a “ subcostal-radius con- nection’’ on secondaries ; their identity cannot be doubted, as remnants of the ‘‘cubitus-anal connection ’’ of primaries and ‘humeral cell” of secondaries are retained in Papilionide. It detracts nothing from their value as indication of affinity when we observe that amongst higher Nymphalids and other groups they are completely lost; since we find, as Prof. Grote has shown,* that the “ cubitus-anal connection” of primaries and the ‘‘ humeral cell’? of secondaries are not present amongst higher Papilionids.
I can only repeat my original conclusion from a study of the neuration; + generalised Hesperids, Nymphalid-Pierids, Papi- lionids ‘‘ represent the surviving links in the
y
continuity of special- = ization, a primary &} modification of neura- Py “ics tion antecedent to and > al quite apart from the = : special modifications oe py peculiar to the several X WO Existing spectes groups.” Thus— : Ros Nymphatids --
Neuration of the toa J Laisting species ve wings is only one of By Papilionias
the many structural
characters, imaginal and embryological, which go to establish affinities, any one of which by itself may mislead. May I give an example? By movement of the fourth radial of primaries, Porina has a different wing-pattern to that of Hepialus; by neuration,
* * Natural Science,’ vol. xiv. p. 79, 1899.
+ Ibid. vol. xiii. p. 895, 1898.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 293
Trictena identifies with Hepialus, the antennal structure of Trictena is distinctly a specialized Porina; wing-scales, T'rictena resembles Hepialus (Charagia). Pupal characters of Trictena are those of Porina, especially in regard to the spines of seventh abdominal segments. (MSS. Quail.)
Palmerston North, New Zealand: May 20th, 1900.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
LrycHNA PHERETES AND Its ALLIES IN THE SrkKimm Himarayas.— In the July number of the ‘ Entomologist,’ p. 199, Mr. Harcourt-Bath describes two new forms as Lycena sikkima and Lycena altissima, and has been good enough to send me specimens of them to compare. I _ have described in P.Z.S., 1882, p. 402, L. pheretes var. asiatica, from two male and four female specimens received from native collectors, whom I sent to the Chumbi Valley, which were probably taken on or near the Jeleplah Pass, at about the same elevation as Mr. H.-Bath’s, which were taken in the Lachoong valley. Of his three forms, no. 1, which he thinks is the same as mine, is larger, and in the male of a brighter blue than in Kuropean L. pheretes, and resembles in tint males ' from Ladak; L. lehana, Moore, which are smaller; and others, from HK. Tibet, sent me by Messrs. Leech and Oberthiir, which are larger. No. 2, which Mr. Bath calls L. sikkima, is just like some of my var. asiatica, and, though of much duller blue, is, I think, only an extreme form of it. Mr. Bath says ‘‘ aberrations were found somewhat inter- mediate between the two.” Of no. 3, which he calls L. altissima, he sent me two females; the first, which agrees with his description of altissima, male, is a female of his sikkima, with a good deal of blue gloss on the upper side. I have a very similar specimen of L. pheretes, female, from the Hindu-Kush mountains, and find the blue gloss more or less present in several Asiatic and a few European female L. pheretes. The other specimen is just like my females of var. asiatica, except that the pale discal spot, as. in the first specimen, is prominent, as in some female L. pheretes from Europe and Asia. I have, therefore, no doubt that these three forms are all referable to L. pheretes; and, if a separate name is wanted (which I rather doubt), lehana, Moore, is the oldest.— H. T. Exwes.
LyomNA PHERETES, ETC.—I must apologise for troubling you to rectify an error (ante, p. 200) which was owing to a slip of the memory and want of precaution in not examining the genitalia, as I find that the pale dimorphic variety of the female of L. altissima (mihi) was described as the male, whereas the latter is blue, but of a duller tint than that of the male of L. sikkima (mihi), with which it unfortu- nately got mixed up at the time of setting. It is, of course, merely a matter of opinion whether the above should be considered local varieties of, or distinct species from, L. pheretes, their nearest ally; but, per- sonally, I prefer to consider all local forms as distinct species, provided — morphological characters are sufliciently distinct—W. Harcourr-
- Barta.
22.4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Parasite IN Lepmoptrrous Ovum.—During the first week of July, while collecting a few miles from Beaconsfield, I found a few eggs of Ptilodontis palpina on some small aspen bushes. A day or two ago I was much surprised by three ichneumon flies emerging from one of these eggs.—G. F. Brrp; Rosedale, 162, Dalling Road, Hammersmith, W., July 23rd, 1900.
Ovieosition or Ponyeonra c-aLBuM.—My attention has been directed to a note by Mr. South (Entom. xxx. p. 173, 1897), where he quotes . Mr. Frohawk’s observations that the eggs of this butterfly are laid singly. I only once took the trouble to get this butterfly to lay eggs, and it then laid them in short chains of two, three, and four. No doubt Mr. Frohawk’s observations, like mine, were made on the butterfly in captivity. So it is very possible that his observation, or mine, was vitiated by an abnormal habit caused by this circumstance. It seems to me more probable that this butterfly varies in its habits in different individuals. All I can testify to, however, is that c-albwm does, upon occasion at least, lay its eggs in chains, like its American kindred.— T. A. CHapman; Betula, Reigate.
ParrinG oF VANESSA URTIC# AND E\PINEPHELE IANIRA.—This morning, while walking down from my house to the town, I noticed two butter- flies in cop. on a wall by the side of the road. I cautiously approached them, when I was much surprised to find that they were not of the same species—the male being Vanessa urtice, and the female Epinephele ianira. I had no apparatus with me, but I succeeded in catching the two insects in my fingers, and brought them back to my house, where I placed them in a breeding-cage. Should the female lay any eggs, I should be very happy to send them to anybody who would care to try and rear them.—J. Winu1ams Vaueuan; Bryn-y-Mor, Tenby, July 11th, 1900.
Hasits or Cossus LigNipeERDA.—The interesting note by Mr. Robt. Adkin on this subject (ante, p. 128), recalls to my mind many pleasant excursions in the past in search of this species. Mr. I. B. Harvey, Mr. M. Culpin, and others will recollect the Chingford locality, which, some ten years and more ago, we used to call the ‘‘ Cossus ground ”’ ; between us, I believe, we learnt a good deal relative to its habits. One experience, but an instance from natural choice of the larva, resembles Mr. Adkin’s experiment—“ full-fed larvee placed in the dry stump of a limb, produced imagines.”’ I have recorded elsewhere (Ent. Ree. ii. 211) how, in 1889, my friend Culpin and myself procured dozens of the iarvee, which had gone into cocoon for the winter, from the old stumps of willow trees, which had been cut down some years before. Un- doubtedly the larve, when full-fed, usually leave the larval burrow, and search for a suitable place in which to make the winter cocoon. They do, however, pupate in the locality of, if not actually in, the larval burrow. We have not unfrequently taken the imago drying its wings, just above the empty pupa-case protruding from a hole through bark and tough wood. Moreover, in some instances, until the pupa - broke through the bark, there was no evidence of the existing tunnel ; in this respect the habit is similar to that of the Australasian Hepialide—i.e. the wood-borers—which, however, never leave the
i:
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 925
larval burrow until the imago stage. Zeuzera pyrini pupates in the larval burrow. Dr. May’s note clearly indicates that Cossus ligniperda does, at times, pupate in the earth. I have seen other records. Mr. J. A. Clark, if my memory serves me, had one or two examples of pupe which pupated in earth, in his very interesting collection illustrating the life-history of this species. The life-history of Cossus, which I pre- pared some years ago, now in the possession of Mr. F. B. Harvey, illustrated the actual position of the pupal cocoon in relation to the burrow through the bark of the tree.—Amsrose Quai. ; Palmerston N., New Zealand, May 23rd, 1900.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
CoREMIA QUADRIFASOrARIA IN Eissex.—n Friday last, June 29th, I was beating the tall hedges round Hazeleigh Wood, when a very dusky Geometer came out, and scurried away over a recently-cut clover field. Thinking it was Larentia didymata, of which I want a new series, I went in hot pursuit, and, with some difficulty, succeeded in netting the obscure fugitive, which, to my surprise and delight, turned out to be a fine male C. quadrifasciaria. This species was recorded, some twenty years ago (in the ‘ Entomologist,’ I think), as having been taken by a Londoner when visiting Danbury, three miles from here. It is, no doubt, a scarce species ; but generally to be obtained by beating hedgerows in the daytime or netting at dusk, where it is known to occur, I have taken it at Brentwood and Harlow in this county, and at Fordham in Cambridgeshire; and, in 1896, I took a specimen at Panton in mid-Lincolnshire, which I believe to be the most northerly record in the British Isles.—(Rev.) Gitsert H. Raynor; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, July 3rd, 1900.
CoLIAs EDUSA AND C. HYALE AT EasTBouRNe.—I obtained two speci- mens of C. hyale and one example of C. edusa in a clover field on the cliffs near Beachy Head, on June 12th. The edusa was worn, and looked as if it had hybernated ; but the Ayale were perfect.—Srantey A. BLENKARN.
ANTICLEA sINUATA.—I took two examples of A. sinuata, on July 13th, at Cranborne, Dorset.—T. H. Fisher; Cranborne Vicarage.
AMscHNA CYANEA AT Pappineton.—A not full-coloured example of Aschna cyanea flew into one of our offices here last Friday ; and one of the clerks gave it to me.—F rep. Noap Crark; Paddington Infirmary, Harrow Road, W., July 18th, 1900.
IscHNURA ELEGANS IN Lonpon.—Mr. F. N. Clark has sent me a couple of specimens of the small dragonfly, Ischnura elegans, taken from the banks of the Grand Junction Canal, adjoining the Paddington Infirmary. As this dragonfly is scarcely capable of migration, the specimens must be looked upon as true-born Londoners, and a record of their capture is, therefore, of interest.—W. J. Lucas; July 3rd, 1900.
Cotiectine 1n Haywarp’s Heatu Districr.—I shall be very much obliged if any of your readers could inform me of any places, open to the public, which are good for insects in the Hayward’s Heath (Sussex) district.
ENTOM.—avuausT, 1900. U
226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
We are surrounded here by the Balcombe, St. Leonard’s, and Ashdown forests, and there should be many places well worth visiting by entomolo- gists. I believe, in days gone by, Apatura iris was to be had in Baleombe Forest, but I do not know in what part, or whether it is open to the public. —A. H. Rypon; Awbrook, Lindfield, Sussex, July 1st, 1900.
Nore on a Sprper.-—Last week a farmer brought an enormous black spider which he had caught upon an adjacent bog, and thought I might like to have it for my collection. Never having seen anything like it before, I forwarded it to the Science and Art Museum, where it has been kindiy named: it is a specimen of Dolomedes fimbriatus. This species has been found in Connemara and Galway, but, hitherto, only once in Leinster (this year at Tuilamore). So West Meath has proved fortunate in finding it a second time.—F rances J. BattersBy; Cromlyn, Rathowen, Co. West Meath, June 13th, 1900. [The above note may interest those of our readers who study the Arachnida.— ED. ]
New Forest Notes.—Though, perhaps, we must believe the experi- enced collector who tells us that the “ Forest” is “ played out,” yet the lepidopterist who spends a few days there, unless he be very blasé, and pro- vided that the weather is respectable, always enjoys himself thoroughly, and comes back with boxes much fuller than when he started. Arrived at Brockenhurst the Saturday before Whit Monday, we started out for a little dusking at Queen’s Bower, where we met certain members of the South London Entomological Society, just returning to Brockenhurst after a day’s collecting.
Bapta temerata, Larentia pectinaria, Ephyra omicronaria, E. trilinearia, Lomaspilis marginata, Ligdia adustata, Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe mon- tanata, Cabera pusaria, Panagra petraria, Cilix spinula, and Pechypogon barbalis were netted; whilst from heath two larve of Noctua neglecta, and an example of Syrichthus malve were swept. Day work was very fair. Pieris rapeé and P. napi were common, but Huchloé (Anthocharis) carda- mines was decidedly scarce. Gonepteryx rhamni, abundant, Argynnis euphrosyne was undoubtedly the most plentiful butterfly seen, and one battered example of Vanessa polychloros was netted With regard to Pararge egeria the first brood was practically over and in very bad condition, but during the last two days of our stay, six magnificent specimens, evi- dently quite fresh from the pupz, were taken. P. megera was fairly fresh, but common. Cenonympha pamphilus was far from common, but in fine condition. Thecla rubi was not uncommon among hawthorn and _ black- thoru, but decidedly local, and none too easy to catch. Polyommatus phleas very fine, but not common. Lyce@na icarus was just coming out, and became more plentiful towards the end of the week. L. argiolus, as at most localities this season, was exceptionally abundant, but over as far as condition goes. Nemeobius lucina was not too common in the neighbour- hood of Stubby Copse, and a short series only was secured. Syrichthus malv@ (common) and Thanaos tages (locally abundant) complete the list of butterflies.
Turning to the moths, one of the most noticeable features was the absence of Noctue. ‘Treacle was fruitless, nor did the flowering plants appear to attract any visitors—apparently there were none to attract. The only three species noticed were the sun-loving Huclidia mi and Phytometra @nea (both common), and a single Hupleaia lucipara beaten from oak. Macroglossa fusiformis was fairly common at the azaleas at Rhinefield, and
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 227
at the common bugle in another locality, but only one bad M. bomby- liformis was taken; the latter seems by far the scarcer insect. A few Hepialus lupulinus were seen at rest. Halias (Hylophila) prasinana was beaten not uncommonly from oak, and Euchelia jacobee was noticed abundantly flying in the sunshine. A few females of Spilosoma mendica were taken, most of which laid freely in chip boxes, and one male was beaten from oak; about two hundred young larve are now feeding up well on plum. Single examples of Drepana lacertinaria and D. falcataria were taken, and Cilia glaweata (spinula) was fairly common. One specimen of Phalera bucephala was beaten from oak. Geometers were better repre- sented, though most of the species were common ones :—Lumia crategata, Venilia macularia, Odontopera bidentata (two), Amphidasys betularia (a female), Boarmia roboraria (two males), [odis lactearia (a few, beautifully fresh and green), Hphyra porata, EF. punctaria, E. trilinearia, E. omicro- naria (a few), Acidalia remutaria Cabera pusaria, C. exanthemata, Bapta temerata (two), B. taminata, Macaria liturata, Panagra petraria, Fidonia atomaria (abundant), F’. piniaria (one female, males very abundant), Ligdia adustata, Lomaspilis marginata, Larentia pectinaria, Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe subtristata, M. montanata, Coremia propugnata, C. ferrugata, C. unidentaria, Triphosa dubitata (a hybernated female), Cidaria corylata (three), and Anaitis plagiata (four). The Deltoides were represented by one species only, Pechypogon barbalis, which was very abundant—in fact, six specimens, on one occasion, flew off one oak bough. Of the Pyralides, Pyrausta purpuralis alone was noticed; and of the Pterophoride, three specimens of Alucita heaadactyla.
By far the best work among the “ Leps” was undoubtedly larva-beating, which was practically neglected until the Friday; but both Friday and - Saturday were devoted to it, with the following results :—Limenitis sybilla (full-grown), Thecla quercus (common, and mostly full-grown), Nola strigula, Gnophria quadra, Liparis auriflua (Porthesia similis), Psilura monacha (abundant), Pecilocampa populi, Orgyia antiqua, Halias bicolorana (quer- cana), Diloba c@ruleocephala, Asphalia ridens (a great many died while small), Teniocampa miniosa, T. stabilis, and T’. cruda (both the latter abundant), Scopelosoma satellitia, Cosmia trapezina (very abundant), dmphi- pyra pyramidea, Catocala sponsa, C. promissa, Drymonia (Notodonta) chaonia, Phorodesma bajularia, Phigalia pedaria (pilosaria), and Himera pennaria (last two abundant, but nearly all ichneumoned), Hnnomos angu- laria, Amphidasys prodromaria (all very small, but are now full-grown), Hybernia defoliaria, H. aurantiaria, H. progemmmaria, H. leucophearia, H. rupicapraria, Hemithea thymiaria, Oporabia dilutata, and Hupithecia abbreviata (?). Besides these, a single larva of Hpinephele tithonus was found on grass, and six larve of Noctua neglecta (?), and a few Hubolia palumbaria were swept from heath. ;
Two mornings were spent with Mr, W. J. Lucas in collecting dragon- flies, ard some good work was done. Libellula depressa was seen nearly every day; but seeing is not everything with this insect, which seems almost human in its cleverness, always avoiding the bank on which one is standing, but settling on various points on the other banks; but if one goes and stands by one of its resting-places, it will desert it and find a new one on the bank just vacated by the anxious collector; it also seems fond of settling on brambles and furze-bushes, for the express purpose of tearing one’s net. However, about five specimens were captured. L. quadri- maculata also wants catching (though it doesn’t want to be caught), and
228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
two specimens only were netted. Orthetrum c@rulescens was just coming out, and fairly common. Of Gomphus vulgatissimus, which is by no means 80 common as its name would lead one to expect, four specimens were taken (two of them by Mr. Lucas). A single example of the handsome Cordule- gaster annulatus was secured; it had recently emerged and was drying itself on a reed, the empty nvmph-case being found on the other side of the stem. Five specimens of Brachytron pratense were netted, flying over a pond in the neighbourhood of Beaulieu Road, where it appeared to be common. This is another dragonfly which seems somewhat hard to catch, flying low and swiftly over the water—they seemed, however, fond of flying through a narrow channel formed by the water running between a small island and the bank, and here they were easily netted. Calopteryx virgo was common nearly everywhere, but of immature colouring. Platycnemis pennipes was fairly common, and Pyrrhosoma nymphula very abundant ; three specimens of a variety of the female were taken, in which the red of the abdomen is effaced by the black, the segmental divisions being yellowish. The catch, however, was Ischnura pumilio, eleven specimens being taken (seven by Mr. Lucas, already recorded). A few I. elegans were netted. Agrion puella was very common, and a few A. mercuriale were taken.
Altogether a very pleasant and profitable holiday was spent, rendered far more so than it would otherwise have been by the companionship of others of like pursuits.—F. M. B. Carn; 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E., July 7th, 1900.
Cottas EDuUsA aT Rinewoop.—On the 23rd inst. 1] distinctly saw a specimen of this butterfly. It flew over the river into an adjoining meadow,
thus making capture impossible.—Frep. G. Bettamy; Ringwood, June 25th, 1900.
Coxias EDUSA IN SOMERSETSHIRE.—On June 23rd my friend Mr. E. Copper, whilst collecting in the vicinity of Wiveliscombe, Somersetshire, captured one female and two male specimens of C. edusa. One male is in perfect condition. ‘These were the only examples seen by him.—A. Cant ; 54, Weymouth Street, W.
Cotas EDUSA IN DEVoNSHIRE.—After the last three weeks of dull wet weather, I was agreeably surprised this morning to see a specimen of C. edusa making the most of a gleam of sunshine in the grounds of the barracks here. Whether this will turn out an ‘ edusa year,” I leave to August and September to determine-—T. B. Fiutrcuer; Royal Naval Barracks, Devonport, June 22nd, 1900.
A Winter Day’s Sport WITH THE NET IN DurBan, Nata, SoutH AFrica. — On June 26th, which is equivalent to Dec. 26th in England, I started out for a day’s sport in the Stella bush, about two and a half miles from the town, and my captures for the day were as follows :— Eight Danais chrysippus, four vars.; this species was in great evidence, and I could easily have taken a hundred, in fact it was flying in great numbers even in the town. Mylothris agathina was the next most common insect; it was in perfect condition, and very easily netted. Hurytela hiarbas, which greatly resembles our L. sibylla, and has the same graceful flight, was fairly plentiful. Two Cebrene junonia and three C. cheli; both these were the winter forms, and although just as brilliant, were much smaller than the summer brood. Six Teracolus theogone, three T. evippe, and two of the rarer T. jobina, were all I obtained of this family. Of the whites,
SOCIETIES. 229
Pieris severina simply swarmed, and P. charina was fairly common, but I only netted two P. alba and four P. gidica. Pontia alcesta was common in one spot only, and I took four males and six females; this fly greatly resembles the British Leucophasia sinapis; it has the same slow flight, and is very easily captured. Four Atella phalanta gave me some trouble to net, and I missed several others. Hypanis ilithyia were very common, and I took six specimens, the under sides of which were all different to the tvpe. Of the Acrwas A. buxtoni was certainly the commonest, and I took ten examples; also two of A. petr@a, one only of A. nohara, and three A. doubledayi—one male a very beautiful red variety. Of the larger kinds I was only successful in getting two Charaxes varanes, one very chipped; three Papilio cenea, two males and one female; the latter is totally different to the male, and imitates for protective purposes Amauriss echeria, of which I easily took eight specimens, five of the- yellow and black, and three of the white and black forms. Two Mel- anitis leda I obtained, after great trouble, and, for a wonder, in good con- dition. Hronia cleodora also turned up at intervals, and I netted four, after a good chase in every case. Four C. edusa and two V. cardui were the only insects that. occur in England that I saw, or in fact have seen since my arrival here. Two P. natalica I found at rest, one in splendid condition. Of the blues I captured four Hypolycena buxtoni, two Lycena betica, and a pair of Myrina dermaptera I took in grand condition in cop. ; this is by far the prettiest blue I have yet seen; it yreatly resembles our Thecla quercus, but is larger and has beautiful purple-red long tails. Two Terias regularis and five T. zoé were all I captured, but the latter was very abundant. Of the skippers I took eight Pyrgus vindex, two Hesperia fore- stan, three Pamphila hottentota, two P. mohopaani, six Crenis natalenses, and one specimen each of Neptis marpessa, Mycalesis safitza, Precis elgiva, P. tukuoa, Teracolus anne (a beautiful var), Huralia tarquinia, Charaxes neanthes, and Salamis anacardii (mother of pearl) completed the butterflies. Of moths very few are named here, but I took on the tree-trunks seven Geometers greatly resembling our Boarmia consortaria, and also nine pupe of the hawk-moth, Nephele hesperus (? argentifera), and five pupe of Macro- glossa trochilus ; three of the latter have since emerged. TI also dug about thirty pupe of various Noctuas. I arrived home about 6 p.m., well satisfied with the day’s result, and all were taken in an area of half a mile square. To any entomologist arriving from England, the great number of butterflies on the wing in one spot is quite bewildering, and it requires great care to net the one you desire to catch. Iam sending home moths from time to time to England to obtain their names, as it is almost impossible to get them here, and many, I believe, are not known at all. I may mention that collecting goes on all the year round here, and that this is considered to be a very bad season, owing to lack of rain. I may mention that I took an example of D. celerio on June 20th.—G. F. LeigH; Musgrave Road, Durban, Natal, June 30th, 1900.
SOCIETIES.
Sourn Lonpon Enromotoeican anp Natura History Socirery.— June 14th, 1900.—The President in the chair. Dr. Chapman exhibited ‘bred specimens of Orgyia antiqua from the South of France, and noted
230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
that the black markings were much intensified. Mr. Turner, specimens of the Coccid, Pulvinaria ribesia, the white woolly scale, from his own garden, and read notes on its occurrence. Mr. Knock, a living female of Ranatra linearis, with its ova, which are deposited in leaves and stems of water-plants, and are attached to a curious Y-shaped body ; also living nymphs of Hrythromma najas and Ischnura elegans. Mr, Clark, micro-photographs of the ova of several species of Lepidoptera, including Cyaniris argiolus and Hadena geniste. Mr. Lucas read the report of the field meeting to Oxshott, and illustrated his remarks by a large number of lantern-slides of well-known spots in the district.— Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENNTomMoLoGicaL Socirmery.—On June 28rd the President, Mr. S. J. Capper, gave a garden party to the members of this Society and other entomological friends at his residence, Huyton Park. About a hundred were invited, and there was a large gathering. Mr. Capper has been President of the Society since its foundation twenty-three years ago, and in his address in January last he invited the members to this gathering, as it would afford them, especially the younger members, an opportunity of inspecting his collection of British Lepidoptera and his educational collection of all orders of insects. His collection of British Lepidoptera, which occupies considerably more than a hundred large drawers, was for the occasion specially displayed on large tables, and afforded a magnificent sight. This collection is acknowledged to be unique as regards the varieties and aberrations it contains. It has been amassed during the past sixty years, and was considerably enriched by the incorporation therein of the collection formed by the late Alfred Owen, who made variety and aberration his special study when scarcely any attention was paid to this subject by others. Some four years ago, thinking that there might be a possibility of the collection being dispersed at some future period, Mr. Capper applied to Mr. 8. L. Mosley, the well-known naturalist and natural history painter, to ask if he would undertake to depict those of his varieties which are of special note. This Mr. Mosley kindly consented to do, and these coloured drawings, to the number of about four hundred, were also exhibited, as well as many curious and valuable works on Entomology from Mr. Capper’s library. Miss Capper, as hostess, assisted her father in entertaining the guests; splendid weather adding to the surroundings, the members thoroughly enjoyed their visit.
BiruineHam Enromorocican Socrety.—June 18th, 1900.—Mr. A. H. Martineau in the chair. Mr. R. C. Bradley showed a piece of wood with borings, taken from a paling at Selsley, Glos., at Whitsuntide, from which he was breeding beetles of a species of Clytus which had | been noticed to be common in the neighbourhood of the paling. Mr. A. D. Imms, two unusually small female specimens of Huchloé cardamines; one from Hall Green, near Birmingham, measured only 1+ in. in expanse; the other, from Hay in 8. Wales, measuring 144 in. Mr. A. H. Martineau, a series of the uncommon ant, Leptothorax acervorum, from Selsley, where he had found a small colony ; also a black variety of Formica rufa, taken on April 22nd, 1900, in the company of ordinary specimens, at Haywood.—Cotsran J. WAINWRIGHT, Hon Sec.
231
RECENT LITERATURE.
A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera. By J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Paternoster Row. Berlin: Friedlinder & Sohn, 11, Karlstrasse.
Tue second volume of Mr. Tutt’s great work fulfils the promise of the second, and indeed supplies some chapters which were wanting to complete matters of .a general character. That most striking of all the attributes of insects, metamorphosis, is in this second volume treated at length, the observations and theories of the well-known leading authorities on the subject being stated and discussed with especial reference to the many recent contributions to the knowledge of it by Dr. Chapman, to which great prominence is given, and whose views are generally adopted by Mr. Tutt. There is a separate chapter on phenomena incidental to metamorphosis, such as the passing some- times of several years in the pupal stage, and the impossibility in such cases of forcing. The external morphology of the pupa has a chapter to itself, the author correcting some common errors as to the structure and significance of the different parts, and setting forth the view that the pupa is the (modified) representative of the ancestral form of the insect, from which the larva on the one side, and the imago on the other, have been developed. Professor Poulton’s views are discussed very fully, and in some cases combated. Many interesting questions are treated in a separate chapter on the internal structure of the pupa, including the formation of the wings and of the scales upon them. The chapter on the phylogeny of the lepidopterous pupa is by Dr. Chapman, whose previously published writings on the subject are well known, and it is unnecessary to say that it is characterised by great fulness of original observation and carefully thought-out conclusions.
The introductory chapters noticed occupy as far as the hundredth page; the rest of the volume, comprising 467 pages, is taken up with descriptions of species and all that belongs to them in the same copious style as in the first volume. Over three hundred of these pages are occupied with the superfamily of the Psychides, that strange tribe with the extraordinary females—fleshy bags—to our eyes singularly repellent and even loathsome, but most fascinating and attractive to their gay and active partners. There is no accounting for tastes, especially where sex comes in. These three hundred pages present all that is known of the British species, with very full references to many others, and a complete catalogue of the species of the Palearctic region. Vast labour has been devoted by the author and his coadjutors to this part of his work, a study of which is indispensable to all who desire to be fully informed on this obscure and difticult subject.
The rest of the volume is occupied with a portion of the ‘* Lach- neides,’’ which many will know better by the older name of the Lasiocampide, or, as Stainton called them, the Bombycide, the woolly brown moths with large and beautiful caterpillars, which are the delight of young collectors and breeders. The present volume takes in our old and familiar friends the ‘‘ December moth” (Pecilocampa popult), Trichiura crategi, the ‘small eggar,”’ Lachnis (Hriogaster) lanestris, and the ‘‘lackeys,’’ Malacosoma (Clisiocampa) neustria and castrensis.
952, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The volume is completed by that great desideratum, a full index, and there are several plates. To some of these no exception can be taken, but we cannot say this of the plate opposite p. 73, the process adopted in which is not sufficiently delicate for its object. The phylo- genetic tree at p. 462 is not pretty, but serves its purpose. We would venture to suggest that in the forthcoming volumes, to which we look forward, there should be a table of contents, naming the species treated of.
It may seem a little ungracious to find any sort of fault—although only in matters of very minor importance—in this most valuable work ; our excuse must be that we wish to render it even more so.
With this we must for the present conclude. Nothing but a lengthened study, such as there has been no time to give it, could do justice to the work; and when we think of the amount of attention necessary to assimilate its contents, we are filled with admiration of the labour that must have been devoted to its production.
F. M.
T. H. Monreomery. Note on the Genital Organs of Zaitha (American Nat., 1900, XXXIV., pp. 119-21, 2 figs.). [Rhynchota.]
The author states that an examination of the male genital organs of Zaitha showed him that they were very different from those of Belostoma, as described by Leidy.* In the females the two genera are quite similar, but in the males each testis consists of a single convoluted follicle (or ‘‘capsule’’) in Belostoma [sec. Leidy], while in Zaitha each testis is a large organ composed of five follicles, each of the latter thickened anteriorly, the posterior three-fifths forming a narrow tube.
Mr. Montgomery is inclined to lay great stress on these alleged differences for taxonomic purposes, but as he was unable to procure Belostoma for practical study, and relied entirely on Leidy’s descriptions and figures, it will be well to suspend judgment until a comparative examination can be made. The two genera are certainly extremely closely allied in their external characteristics.
Ge Wi
The following have also been received :—
Proceedings of the Hleventh Annual Meeting of the Association of Eco- nomic Eintomologists (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of En- tomology. Bull. 20,n.s.). P.112. Washington, 1899.
Preliminary Report on the Insect Enemies of Forests in the North-West: an Account of the Results gained from a Reconnaissance Trip made in the Spring and Early Summer of 1899. By A. A. Hopxis, Ph.D. (U.S. Dep. Agr., Div. Entom. Bull. 21, n.s.). Pp. 27. Washington, 1899.
The Coccid Genera Chionaspis and Hemichionaspis. By BR. A. Coviny, B.Sc. (Special Bulletin, Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College). Pp. 57. Plates i-ix. Amherst, Massachusetts, 1899.
*1847, J. Ac. N.S. Philad. (2), I. pp. 57-67. I have retained Montgomery’s nomenclature, but Montaudon has lately shown (1900, Bull. Soc. Sci. Bucarest IX., nos. 2 & 38, p. 9) that Belostoma, Latr. = Zaitha auct., and that Amorgius, Stal, Montaudon = Belostoma auct.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vout. XXXIII.1 SEPTEMBER, 1900. [No. 448.
A BUTTERFLY HUNTER’S HOLIDAY. By E. G. Anperson.
Entomouoey, like several other things which were once regarded as amusements, has now become a very serious and scientific business; but there are still many people who are content to be mere collectors, and to such the New Forest is a never-failing centre of attraction. To step down upon the familiar platform at Lyndhurst Road is like entering on enchanted ground, where all sorts of pleasant anticipations at once arise, and we are filled with the hope of again seeing Apatura iris and Limenitis sibylla on the wing, if only the weather—rather dubious to-night— will keep fine; all the more delightful if the collector has not been upon the classic ground for two or three entomologically barren years, relieved only by a day’s hunt after Papilio machaon in its somewhat dreary fastnesses at Wicken Fen. One’s first capture of that noble butterfly is a delightful experience, but it cannot give Wicken the glamour of the Forest, and it is pleasant to set foot again in a good land—a land of trees and bracken, of scented pine and wild honeysuckle—even though it be a place where ‘‘ swallow-tails” are not.
Alas for the weather—-that one uncertain element in the prospect—on the evening of July 2nd, when, full of such hopes and anticipations, I got out at Lyndhurst Road. The morning of the 3rd broke dark and rainy, and the march through the woods to Brockenhurst was no cheerful undertaking. The trees looked dismal as sodden umbrellas; the woodland drives were hopeless sloughs of yellow mud. The spiritless fluttering of washed-out ‘*meadow browns”’ deepened rather than relieved the gloom of the
‘weeping day. Where were the swarms of Argynnis paphia which
are wont to brighten the woods? Where, too, was L. sibylla? A
few stragglers of the latter species presently appeared, but not to
advantage. It was not the weather to make them sail about ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1900. x
934 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
with that inimitable languorous grace which they display in the sunshine; they merely fluttered uneasily round the tops of the hollies and settled down again, heedless of clods and other incite- ments. We ploughed, almost literally, through Stubby Copse, and saw a few Hesperia sylvanus, evidently just out, bright as gold,
and caring little for the reeking moisture. Met a ‘coleopterist,
who thought he had seen A. iris. With this doubtful encourage- ment we emerged upon the Brockenhurst Road, and were at once favoured with a gleam of sunshine and the capture of A. aglaia, always a lovely species, and doubly welcome after the morning’s experience. Brockenhurst Station at last, and on the platform a group of porters holding an inquiry upon a huge and disreputable Smerinthus populi, which had been caught napping on the palings. After lunch we returned by train to Lyndhurst Road, where an hour of sunshine was fruitlessly spent in looking for Melanargia galatea. Its favourite riding near the station was quite deserted, and I am told it has completely disappeared from this locality.
Fortunately, the spell of bad weather came to an end that night, and next day, and for very many days after, there was glorious sunshine. The forest began to look more like itself with a few A. paphia out for their first flight, and the ‘‘ white admirals’? showed themselves more freely. They were still, however, far from common, though the few specimens that appeared were exquisitely fresh. ‘Those who do not breed L. sibylla can seldom see it in perfection. The deep soft black, which is its principal charm, gets rusty very soon by exposure to sun and rain. On the heaths Polyommatus egon was out in great numbers. Still, it was quite clear that I was too early for most things, the season being unusually backward. A couple of nights’ sugaring, from which I returned empty, save for one Leucania turca and a few Calligenia miniata, convinced me that I had better employ myself elsewhere for a time, and leave the forest to develope its entomological resources in peace against my return.
Accordingly I went down to Bournemouth, and began to pros- pect for insects around Swanage—always a likely place for other things besides H. acteon. M. galatea was the first to appear, and after failing to find it in its old quarters at Lyndhurst, I was glad to get a few choice specimens. In a day or two after my first visit this butterfly was prodigiously abundant, and it was possible to take any quantity of both sexes. But, quite apart from any question of needless waste, the pleasure of catching M. galatea soon palls. It may be magnificent, for beginners, but it is not sport, for the insect is hardly, to say the least, a spirited flyer. Such an easy prey is demoralising, and when presently Colias edusa went past like a rocket, I was not in the least surprised at missing him by several yards. It was no surprise, either, on reaching the H. acte@on locality, to see
A BUTTERFLY HUNTER’S HOLIDAY. 935
more than one green net moving about in the scrub below the cliffs. I wonder if on any fine day during July and August one could find this particular spot empty of collectors. Were la sporting character, I would far rather put my money on the chance of finding H. acteon hunters here, than on that of taking the brisk little butterfly itself. Well, there is plenty for all, and the skippers will last our time and perhaps longer—as long, I am inclined to think, as that rugged cliff-face retains its steep and treacherous character.
H. acteon was out, but not in great numbers, and the females were only just beginning to appear. On the other hand, H. linea was extraordinarily abundant, which I have noticed on former visits is never the case when H. acteon is fully out. A. aglaia was plentiful here, but almost impossible to catch, and before leaving the neighbourhood I saw C. edusa again, twice. The first specimen was seen on July 10th, rather early in such a backward season. It was a fine fresh male. A few P. agestis and P. argiolus, with Satyrus semele (just out, in splendid condition), were the only other noticeable butterflies seen.
I returned to the New Forest on July 20th, and found the _entomological situation cousiderably changed by the fine weather. On my first visit I could find no var. valesina. This time I had not been in the woods ten minutes before I got one, but to my surprise this, and nearly every other specimen I caught—about a dozen in all—appeared to be torn and battered, and not worth keeping. It was the same story with L. sibylla, which was now out in countless numbers, Nearly all were partial or total wrecks. Ten days before one of these insects was not out at all, and the other was only just coming out. Their bad condition was hard to explain. Perhaps the wonderful sunshine had tempted them to take an unusual amount of exercise, and in that case the preference they both display for holly bushes and brambles would account for their exceeding shabbiness. I may remark that in many previous visits to the forest I have never found valesina so scarce as it was this season.
Hearing rumours of another and more serious failure—the non-appearance, up to date, of Catocala promissa—we did not go out sugaring at first, but contented ourselves with the butterflies : there were plenty of them. Thecla quercus, as usual, was present in myriads, and, as usual, there was hardly a decent specimen to be got. One very hot day brought forth a regular invasion of Gonepteryx rhamni. Twenty-four hours previously not one could be seen, but in the interval they arrived unmistakably. Their abundance was really extraordinary. Vanessa polychloros was also in great force. I suppose I ought to be ashamed to confess that, even after a fairly long collecting experience, the sight of polychloros always makes me eager to catch him. He is a most tempting insect, with his large size and gorgeous pene as
x
236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
he sits lazily expanded on the end of a twig or on the sunny side of a paling; a most sporting insect, too; a regular dodger, hard to catch by reason of his floppy tumbling flight, and tantalising withal, inasmuch as when caught he is nearly always snipped or rubbed, so that each successive specimen you see—and miss— seems finer than any you already possess.
But there was nobler game abroad in the forest, and if I had not been very much abroad also, I should have had several head of it. In one of those unhappy moments which come to entomologists as well as to other people, when you feel inclined to wish that the earth would open and swallow you, I missed a sitting shot at a grand Apatura iris that let me get within a yard of it, while I was beating up a patch of bracken. I had other chances—and missed them—but this was the chance of a season. There were many A. iris about, but the great heat seemed to make them lazy, and the most they would do was to take a leisurely turn round the tree tops, well out of reach of the net.
Moths were not a serious object, but I made one final sugaring expedition, when the local collectors had almost come to despair of C. promissa, and had the pleasure of opening the long-deferred season by the capture of three fine ‘‘ crimsons.” We also took T'riphena fimbria and one enormous Cossus ligni- perda. But sugaring in our time was not a success. I can only hope that later arrivals have been more successful. Moths beaten out in the daytime included Liparis monacha and Lithosia quadra. The latter species has been very abundant in the forest this year, and once or twice I saw the female flying in bright sunshine. On the whole, the season seems a good one, and I expect to read many favourable reports from collectors who have bided their time and then made the most of it. I cannot with a clear conscience say that I did either; but though my list of captures left much to be desired, I shall always remember with pleasure my visit to the forest in the glorious weather of July, 1900.
Pampisford Vicarage.
NOTES ON TRIECPHORA SANGUINOLENTA, Marsu., Epw. By Rev. F. A. Watxer, D.D.
Triecphora vulnerata, Uliger ; Cercopis vulnerata, Mllig., Curtis ; C. sanguinolenta, Panz., Burm.
Tuis very handsome species of British Cicada is sure to attract attention wherever noticed, being tropical or semi-tropical in appearance, and not resembling any of its English congeners or any ordinary English insect, with the possible sole exception of its wing-cases bearing a likeness to the fore wings of Zygena
NOTES ON TRIECPHORA SANGUINOLENTA. 237
filipendule. My object in writing this notice is to add another
county to the localities already quoted in connection with this species. Between 12 and 1 p.m. on Saturday last, June 9th, while working with the net in a lane up a somewhat steep slope on the south side of the railway station of Chorley Wood, Bucks, I noticed one in the hedgerow, but I most unfortunately missed securing the same, which must have dropped from the leaf into the grass beneath. A few minutes later, | was presented with a second by a resident in one of the new villas in the neighbour- hood, and on our return the researches conducted jointly by two juvenile scientists who acccompanied me, and myself, resulted in the capture of ten additional specimens. So far as my observation went, this species appears especially to favour the twigs and leaves of hazel and alder. I had never previously come across this insect in Britain, but, on referring to my collection of foreign Hemiptera, have to record the following captures that I made abroad of this species :—Aceldama, April, 1882 (Palestine); Ephesus, May, 1882 (Asia Minor); Langaron, May, 1891 (South of Spain).
[have also been given a continental specimen or two (one of them from Leghorn) by a brother entomologist. My specimens from Aceldama (always supposing that they represent the same species of T'riecphora) are somewhat differently marked, having a larger proportion of black in comparison of the red. Other English localities and counties where the above insect occurs will be found on p. 81 of vol. i. of Buckton’s ‘ British Cicade,’ and in Edwards’s ‘ Hemiptera-Homoptera of the British Islands,’ 1896, pp- 77, 78. The latter author records it on alder and sallow, also on grasses and Pteris. Buckton speaks of it as near alder bushes. My father, on p. 668, vol. i. of ‘ List of Homopterous Insects in Collection of British Museum, 1851,’ gives the following localities for this species :—England, France, South of France, Spain, Turkey. As he styles var. a of Burmeister Cercopis atra (Herrich-Schaff.), and var. 1 nigra (Amyot), it is possible that the darker specimens I took at Aceldama belong to one or other of said varieties. According to my father’s catalogue there are nineteen species of T'riecphora, but only three of them European. In the interleaved manuscripts of his book, four European species described by Fieber are recorded—T’. vulnerata, mactata, arcuata, and sanguinolenta ; but according to my father’s printed list, the Ist, 2nd, 4th—vulnerata, mactata, and sanguinolenta—are syno- nyms for one and the same kind, as indeed the meaning of those words testifying to its appearance would seem to imply.
Dun Mallard, Cricklewood: June 12th, 1900.
238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES ON THE RHYNCHOTA. No. 1.
By G. W. Kirxaupy, F.E.S.
THESE notes will serve as a commentary, to some extent, on the ‘‘ Nomenclature of the Genera of the Rhynchota” now ap- pearing serially in the ‘ Entomologist.’
I wish, first of all, to modify ‘“‘method” No. 3 (l.¢., 1900, p- 26). After considerable correspondence with my friend Mr. L. B. Prout, who is making similar studies upon the nomencela- ture of certain Lepidoptera, I have come to feel with him that a more logical method is to work out each genus independently. Fabricius was ignorant of (or ignored) Latreille’s work published the previous year, and there is no doubt that the genera are co- extensive and practically identical. I have not, therefore, adopted the usual plan, in such a case, of fixing the remaining (or one of the remaining, if there are more than one) species as the type of the other genus.
1762. Geoffroy’s ‘Histoire abrégé’ has been placed by Reuter (in his ‘ Revisio’) among the non-Linnean works, viz. : ‘ Arbeiten in welchen die binire nomenclatur nicht durchgefthrt ist.’ I have but little to say on this point, except that if such genera as those in Latreille’s ‘‘ Précis’’— Pentatoma, Oliv., Cylindro- stethus, Fieber, &ce.—are to be (as they are apparently universally) accepted, it is not logical to refuse admittance to Geoffroy’s work, which was, generally speaking, far more scientifically conceived and accurate than almost any other entomological work of his century. He himself was certatnly under the impression that his work was based on Linné’s system, for which he expressed the greatest admiration.* His genera are clearly defined, and in all the Linnean species redescribed Linné’s nomenclature is adjoined. It appears to me quite logical to quote his ‘‘ Grande Punaise a avirous”’ (for instance) as ‘‘ Notonecta glauca, Linn., Geoffr., 1762, Hist. abr. i. 476.” In 1764, O. F. Miller (Ins. Fridrichsdal.) confirmed all Geoffroy’s Rhynchota genera, except Tetigonia, which he seems to have overlooked.
* “Cependant l’histoire des... insectes est restée jusqu’ & nos jours dans cette espéce de confusion et c’est 4 M. Linneus, cet infatigable Naturaliste Suédois, que nous devous le premier Ouvrage methodique sur cette matiere...si son Ouvrage est encore eloigné de la perfection au moins doit on lui savoir gré d’avoir montré la route qu’il faut suivre”’ (‘ Discours Preliminaire,’ p. x).
‘**A Taide d’un ordre méthodique, nous pratiquerous la méme chose sur les insectes...et l’on pourra trouver le nom et l’espéce d’un insecte inconnu auparavant”’ (J. c., xii).
‘‘ Nous sommes done infiniment redevables 4 M. Linnexus d’avoir cherché le premier 4 ranger méthodiquement les insectes, et & trouver des caracteres génériques qui les fissent plus aisément connoitre ”’ (J. ¢., xiii), &e.
r |
NOTES ON THE RHYNCHOTA. 239
1825. The exact date of publication of the tenth volume of the ‘Encyclopédie méthodique’ and of Latreille’s ‘ Familles naturelles ’ is uncertain; but, from internal evidence, pp. 1-825 of the former were apparently published before, and pp. 326 to the end, after, the appearance of Latreille’s work. Reduvius cruciatus is fixed for the type of Metrichodia for the following reason, viz., seven species are mentioned, but in the individuals of one only (cruciata = crux, Thunb.) were the full number of antennal segments present, and this is specified in the generic description: ‘‘S’il nous etit été possible de verifier les antennes de plusieurs especés, nous n’aurions par hésité a proposer cette subdivision comme genre sous le nom d’Ketrichodie (Ectri- chodia), mais nous ne les avons complétes que dans une seule espéce.”
1835. Lewis, in Trans. Ent. Soc. i. pp. 47-52. This paper is usually quoted 1886”; but Burmeister states that it was published in 1835 (Arch. f. Naturg. 1836, ii. pt. 2, p. 327).
1843-4. Guérin-Méneyville’s ‘Iconographie’ (Insectes) is dated 1829-88 ; the date of the Rhynchota part is, however, 1843-4. On p. 352 (in the same part as p. 348, on which the Rhynchota begin) is written: ‘‘ Nous avous publié dans la ‘ Revue Zoolo- gique de la Société Cuvierienne,’ 1843,” &c.; and on p. 381 (‘‘error,” 881) the author states that Amyot and Serville’s ‘Suites 4 Buffon, Hemipterés’ (pub. 1843), is ‘‘ actuellement sous presse.” Pp. 369-81 may have appeared very early in 1844, as the author subscribes the date of writing (p. 385 in the same part) as “‘ Décembre, 18438.” Although dated 1843, Amyot and Serville’s work may have actually appeared in 1844.*
1834. Reuter (Revisio Syn. 1888) incorrectly assigns argus (= malabaricus) as type of Asopus, Burm. This genus was founded in 1834, in Rev. Ent. 1. 1-26, for two species, viz., gibbus (= cayennensis) and diané (= anchorago), which cannot be generically separated (sec. auctt.) from the types of Discocera, Lap., and Stiretrus, Lap., respectively. Burmeister states that this part of the Rev. Ent. was published before his contribution to Meyen’s ‘Reise’ (vide ‘Handbuch,’ ii. 349): “‘ Ich. habe den von mir vorgeschlagenen (in nov. acta. phys. med. vol. xvi. suppl. p. 418) Gattungsnamen beibehalten ... Fruher”’ (in Sil- bermann’s ‘ Revue,’ ii. 19),’’ &e.
“« Kleidocerus, West. Hope Cat. 1842,”’ is erroneously quoted (Lethierry and Sev. Cat. ii. 158) as a synonym of Ischnorhynchus. The former name does not occur in the Hope Catalogue, and I cannot find that it was ever described. It was undescribed, as “ Kleidocerys,” in Stephens’ Catalogue, 1829, and in Westwood’s “ Introduction,” Gen. Syn. 123 (1839).
* The plates of this work were, in part at least, issued about 1834, for
Burmeister quotes them (1835, Handb, Ent. ii. p. 152), and some are dated 1834,
Y40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Notes on Leturerry aND SEvERIN Cat. Vou. I. (1893).*
Pp. 1 & 2. The first description of Aphanopneuma biloba and Cantharodes cenosa, Westwood, appeared in 1846, under tne generic name of Platauspis, the subgenera being indicated, but not described till 1847.
P. 1. The specific reference to Ceratocoris bucephalus, White, is correct ; but the genus was not named nor described till 1842. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. 84.
P.18. *Scutiphora,Guér. Coquille, 1880-1= Peltophora, Burm.
P. 83. Dryptocephala, Lap., 1832 — *Storthia, Perty, 1834. Delect. p. 215 (type of Storthia is Phlea livida, Perty; p. 168 [nec 169 as in index] = Storthia livida, l.¢., p. 215).
P. 105. Stenotoma, Westw., was first described, with its type, in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1844, p. cxix (reprint, 1864, p. 99).
P.119. Rhytidolomia, Stal, 1872 — Pentatoma, L. & S&S. = Lioderma, Uhl. (preocc. Mars., 1857) = Chlor behnon Stal, 1872. Type senilis, Say.
P. 188. Delete ‘‘ Pentatoma, Linné,” &c. !!
P. 202-20 (see above, re Asopus). Discocera, Lap. = Asopus, Burm. (p.); Stiretrus, Lap. = Asopus, Burm. (p.); Amyotea, Kllenrieder = Asopus, Leth. & Sev.
P. 224. Agapophyta, Guér., 1830-1, is wrongly attributed to Laporte.
— P. 239. Megymenum, Guér., 1830-1, is wrongly attributed to Laporte.
P. 240. The original description of Humenotes (and its type) was in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1844, p. exv (reprint, p. 95).
P. 243. The correct spelling is Schyzops (see p. 297, Spinola).
P. 224. Oncomeris flavicornis, Guér., 1830-1, is wrongly attributed to Burmeister, 1835.
Notes on Vou. II. (1894).
P. 20 (a). Acanthocerus, Pal. B., 1805 [not preocc., as saith Burm.] = Crinocerus, Burm. Type, sanctus (Fabr.), Lap.
(8). Hymeniphera, Lap. = Hymenophora, Am. Serv. = Acan- thocerus, L. & 8. Type, crucifer (Pal. B.), Lap.
P. 42. Lybastes, n.n. = Lybas, Dall. (nec Cher. 1834). Type, annulipes, Dall.
P. 77. Acanonicus, Westw., Hope Cat. i. p. 3 (1842). This reference, I think, stretches the meaning of ‘‘ reference to a previously described genus or subgenus”’ to its farthest limits. Westwood simply substitutes ‘‘ Acanonicus”’ for ‘‘ Spartocerus, b. Burm.”; but as the section “‘b” is based on structural characters, it may perhaps pass muster.
P. 95. *Coriomeris, Westw., l.c., p. 6 (1842) = Pitoracate Hahn (1831, nec descr.), 1834 (preoce., Perty, 1882) = Coreus,
* An asterisk (*) before a name signifies that it is omitted in Lethierry and ‘Severin’ s Catalogue, vols. i.-iii.
NOTES ON THE RHYNCHOTA. 241
L. & §. (nee Fabr., typ.). Type [pilicornis, Klug. =] denticu- latus, Scop.
P. 128. Berytinus, u.n. = Berytus, L. & 8. (nec Fabr., typ.) = Neides, L. & S. (nec Latr., typ.). Type, clavipes, Fabr.
P. 150. Lyg@osoma sardea, Spin., 1837 = reticulata (H.-S., 18388).
P. 165. Blissus, Klug, 1830, nec 1845:
P. 190. Chiroleptes, Kirby, 18387 = Myodocha, L. & S. (nec Latr., 1807).
P. 205. Plinthisus. I have been unable to find a reference to this in Latreille, Gen. Crust Ins. 1ii.
P. 214. Aphanus, Lap., 1832 = Calyptonotus, D. & 8., 1865. Type, roland [r}i (Linn.).
Norsts on Vou. III. (1896).
Pp.7 & 8 (a). Dictyonota, Curt. = Secraulia, Stal. Type leryngt, Curt., nec Latr. =] strichnocera, Fieb. ~.(B). Aleletha, n.n. — Dietyonota, L. & §. (nee Curt., typ.). Type, tricornis, Schranck. [= crassicornis, Fall., L. & §.].
P. 9. Coleopterodes, Phil., 1864 = Solenostoma, Sign. (nee Raf., 1815). |
P. 29. Macrocephalus, Swed. = * Macrothyreus (subg.), Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. p. 28.
P.41. Dysodius lunatus (Fabr.)=*lunulatus, Lep., Serv., 1825.
P. 51. Neéogeus, Lap., 18382 [nec Neogeus| = Hebrus, Curtis, 1833.
P. 62. Cylindrostethus productus (Spin.) = Gerris producta, Spin., 1837, L. & 8. p. 62 = Hydrobates fieberi, L. & 8. p. 68.
P. 96. Physoderes, Westw., 1844, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. exv (rep. p. 96) = - Epirodera, Westw., 1847.
' P. 108. Tetroxia, Am. Serv., 1843 — Acanthaspis, 1848.
P. 112. Sorglana, u.n. = = Macrophthalmus, Lap., 1832 (nee Latr., 1829) — Macrops, Burm, 1835 (nec Perty, 1832). Type, pallens, Lap.
P. 113-14 (a). inadens, Lap., 1832 = Opinus, Lap., 1832 = Tapinus, Burm., 1835 = Sminthus, L. & 8. Type, pictus, Lap.
N.B. Opinus is only mentioned in the analytical tables.
(8). Staliastes, n.n.—Opinus, Stal. (nec Lap., typ.). Type, rufus (Lap.) Whether Tapeinus or Opinus be ultimately preferred for pictus, neither of these generic names can be used for rufus, for this species was ineluded with doubt by Laporte in his Tapeinus.
P. 116. Triatoma, Lap., 1832 (not preoccupied) = Conorhinus, Lap., 1832. T'riatoma ought to have preced_nce.
Pp. 133, 137, & 139 (a). Rhiginia, Stal., 185.) = Hetrichodia, L. & Sev.
(8). Loricerus (Hahn), Burm. = Larymna, Stal, 1859. = Ectrychotes, Leth. & Sev. Type, hematogaster.
(y). Hetrichodia, Lep. & Serv., 1825 — Hetrychotes, Burm.,
+ ——T.
QAI, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
1835 [= Loricerus, Hahn (p.), nec descr.] = Physorhynchus, Leth. and Sev. Type (cruciatus, Lep. & 8. =), crux, Thunb.
N.B. Ectrychotes was simply an ‘‘emendation” (sic!), and cannot be used otherwise than as a pure synonym of Hetrichodia.
P. 135. Castra, n.n.—Cimbus (Hahn), Burm., 1835, L. & §., nec Laporte, 1832. Type, productus (Hahn).
P. 151 (a). Zelus, Fabr. = Huagoras, Burm. (nec Hvagoras). Type of latter, speciosus, Burm.
(6). Diplacodus, n.n. (subg.) = Diplodus, Am. Serv. (nec Raf., 1815).
Pp. 157-95 (@). Rhynocoris, Hahn (Nov., 1838) — Harpactor, L. & 8. Type (cruentus, Fabr. =) iracundus, Poda.
(8). Harpactor, Lap., 1832,— Sthienera, L. & S. ) Type, angulosus (Lep. Serv.), Lap., Essai, 1832, pp. 8 and 88.
P. 184. Darbanus, Am. Serv., 1843 = Huagoras, L. & BS. (nec Burm., typ.).
P. 202. Nabis, Latr., 1802 = Prostemma, L. & 8S. Type, guttula (Fabr.), Latr., 1804.
P. 207. Reduviolus, Kirby, 1887 = (subg.) Nabicula, Kirby, 1837 = Aptus (Hahn, nec deser.), Stal. = Nabis, L. & 8. Type, inscriptus, Kirby.
P. 226. Leptopus, Latr. Consid. gen. (1810).
P. 237. Dolichomerium, u.n. (subg.) = Dolichomerus, Reut. (nec Macq., 1850).
MiscentuaANeous Notes.
Colgar, n.u. = Atella, Stal. (nec Doubl., 1847). Type, pera- cuta (Walk.).
Darthula, 1.1. = Urophora, Westw. (nee Desv., 1830). Type, hardwickii, Westw.
Cicada aurifera, Say, 1832 = marginata, Say, 1832 (nec Oliv., 1790).
Thaumastopsaltria, n.n. = Acrilla, Stal (nee Adams, 1860). Type, adipata (Stal).
Tongorma, n.n. — Craspedum, Am. Serv. (nec Ramb., 1838- 42). Type, phyllomorphum (Latr.).
Tonga, 1.n. — Cyrene, Westw. (nec Heck., 1840). Type, guttulata (Westw.).
Zoraida, n.n. = Thracia, Westw., 1840° (nec Blainy., 1825). Type, sinuosa (Boh.).
Phoronastes, n.n. = Phoroneus, Stal (nec Raf., 1815). Type, crassifemur (Stal).
Sronachlachar, n.n. = Aleria, Stal (nec Marsh., 1874.) Type, asopoides, Stal.
*Leptomeris picta, Lap., Essai, 1832, p.10, from Paris. What is the modern synonymy of this genus and species, apparently not included in Puton’s nor in Lethierry and Severin’s Catalogues ? The generic name is preoccupied by Hubner, 1816.
SOME BEES VISITING THE FLOWERS OF MESQUITE. 2438
Edwardsiastes, ».n. = Glyptocephalus, Edw. (nec Gotts., 1835). Type, proceps, Kirschb.
Proranus, Spin., 1850 = Epiclines, Am. Serv. (nec Gueér., 1838).
|Balclutha, ».n. = Gnathodus, Fieb. (nec Pand., 1856). .
Hindola, n.n. = Carystus, Stal (nee Hubn., 1816). Type, viridicans (Stal).
Jamaicastes, n.n. = Domitia, Stal (nec Thoms., 1858). Type, basistriella (Walk.).
Krisna, 1.1. = Siva, Spin. (nec Hodgs.). Type, Strigicollis (Spin.).
Lydda, Westw., 1840 = Diospolis, Westw., 1841. Type, elongatus (Fabr.).
Kalidasa, u.n. = Phoronis, Stal (nec Wright, 1857). Type, sanguinalis (Westw.).
Hilda, 1. = Isthmia, Walk. (nec Gray, 1821). Type, undata (Walk.).
Flosshilda, n.n. = Autonoé, Stal (nec Bruz., 61). Type, albigera (Stal).
Phorastes, n.n. = Phorus, Stal (nec Montf., 1810). Type, femoratus (DeGeer).
Zyz2a, nn. = Germaria, Lap. (nec Desv., 1830). Type, cucullata (Lap.).*
I have not seen, nor have I been abie to obtain accurate information regarding, Hahn’s ‘Icones ad monogr. Cimicum,’ 1826. There were apparently twenty-four plates, but only one page of letterpress, so that the genera were probably not defined. The following appear to be at least named in this work, viz. :— Globocoris, Pilophorus, Centroproctus, Hypselonotus.
SOME BEES VISITING THE FLOWERS OF MESQUITE. By T. D. A. Cockxerett, N.M. Agr. Exp. Sta.
THE bees here enumerated were collected by Miss Nora New- berry at the flowers of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa, Torrey) at Mesilla Park, New Mexico, May 20th, 1900. It is an indication of the richness and variety of our bee-fauna, that even after so many years of collecting by the present writer in the immediate vicinity, two of the species are new.
(1.) Centris rhodopus, Ckll., three males.
(2.) C. lanosa, Cress., one male.
(3.) C. hoffmanseggie, Ckll., one female, four males.
(4.) Anthidium parosele, Ckll., five males.
(5.) Megachile chilopsidis, Ckll., one female.
(6.) M. cleomis, subsp. lippie, Ckll., two females.
(7.) M. sidalcee, Ckll., one female.
* Subgenus (?) of Tetigonia, Geoffr.
944 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
(8.) Megachile newberrye, n.sp., one male.
Length 18 mm., form of M. /idelis, but differing from that species as follows :—Pubescence white, that of face and abdominal bands pure shining white; a little black hair on each side of the middle of the mesothorax, but none on the scutellum, vertex, or first three abdominal segments ; fourth seement with very short erect hair, mixed dark and light ; fifth seement with abundant long black bristles ; vertex micro- scopically tessellate, dull, with sparse shallow punctures (in /fidelis it has strong close punctures); mesothorax and scutellum sculptured like the vertex; wings clear, with an apical cloud, stigma very dark ferruginous, marginal cell considerably shorter than in fidelis ; end of abdomen in lateral profile like fidelis, but apex, instead of having a small deep notch, with a broad shallow very jagged emargination ; anterior tibize black ; anterior tarsi with the process of the first joint cream-colour, deeply hollowed, shaped as in M. pugnata, but broader, and not quite so produced at the tip; remaining joints of anterior tarsi cream-colour, but the other tarsi black; spines of anterior coxe long, black, blunt, with a prominence about the middle of the outer upper border, whence runs a groove to the tip. The eyes in life are black at the top and sides, otherwise green ; antennz wholly black, last joint slightly broader than the one before; tegule dark ; fringe of anterior tarsi orange-ferruginous within. This cannot be the male of M. vallorum, populi, chilopoidis, or prosopidis, the sculpture of the thorax - being entirely different.
(9.) Lithurgus gibbosus, Smith, one male.
(10.) Colletes prosopidis, Ckll., one male, one female.— The female has not been described; it is about 73 mm. long, and resembles the male, except in the usual sexual characters. The flagellum, except the first two joints, is light reddish brown beneath ; clypeus shining, with strong sparse punctures; no black hair on head or thorax ; tarsi very dark brown, penultimate joint of hind tarsi extremely small.
(11.) Colletes algarobie, n.sp., one male, three females.
g. Resembles C. prosopidis, but is larger, with the very long flagellum only dull brownish beneath, and conspicuously, though very finely, pubescent ; second submarginal cell much broader, less narrowed above ; enclosure of metathorax with about eight distinct longitudinal ridges, and bounded by a strong single ridge (in prosopidis the bounding - ridge is generally double). The tarsi are clear bright ferruginous ; nervures and stigma very dark brown; malar space but little broader than long.
@. Length 84mm., similar to C. prosopidis, but larger ; flagellum wholly dark; the white pubescence of vertex, mesothorax, and scutellum (particularly the last) with blackish hairs intermixed ; hind margins of ventral abdominal segments whitish hyaline. Wings hyaline, ner- vures and stigma black; abdomen with distinct and broad white hair- bands; tegule shining dark brown ; mesothorax rather sparsely punc- tured; malar space much broader than long. Differs from the female
j THE ANT-HILLS AT THE PARIS EXHIBITION. 945
of tevana by the less conspicuous black hair of thorax, differently sculptured metathoracic enclosure (that of tewana being divided by the ridges into square portions), and especially by the much smaller and less crowded punctures of the mesothorax.
The specific name is derived.from that of the subgenus to which the mesquite belongs. *From C. dalee the male differs by the broader and shorter abdomen, dark stigma and tegule, &e. The malar space is much shorter than in dalee.
At the same locality, and on the same day, Miss Newberry took six bees at flowers of Opuntia engelmanni. These prove to be Megachile sidalcee, Ckll., one male; Diadasia rinconis, Ckll., five females.
Mesilla Park, New Mexico, U.S.A.: May 21st, 1900.
THE ANT-HILLS AT THE PARIS EXHIBITION. By Vivian St. Cruare Mackenziz.
Enromouoeists who pay a visit to Paris during the Exhibition season should not omit to enter the chamber in the Palais des Sciences, where Mons. Charles Janet is showing five artificial ant-hills. The hills are made of pink plaster of a porous nature covered with glass, through which visitors may observe the ants bustling about in the performance of their multifarious duties.
M. Charles Janet has devoted many years to the study of
~ ants, bees, and wasps, and exhibited a similar suite of nests at the International Exhibition at Brussels in 1897. His contri- butions to the Socicté Zoologique de France describe observations and experiments extending over a series of years, and those of his brochures which treat of ants are not the least interesting. The ant-hills which he has placed in the Palais des Sciences are constructed after the model of a natural hill in a garden near Beauvois, and contain the following species:—Formica rufa, F.. sanguinea with slaves, Ff’. fusca, Lasius flavus with Claviger testaceus, L. mixtus with myrmecophiles, such as Lepismina polypoda, Antennophorus uhlmanni, Discopoma comata, Lelaps holothyroides. At the present moment the ants are busily engaged in carrying those of the eggs which almost hatched to the surface, so that the young on making their début in this world may see it at its best, and enjoy the warmth and brightness of the sunshine. .
It is amusing to watch the audacity of the Lepismina poly- poda, an inmate quickly distinguished by his extraordinary agility and pale yellow colour. A Lasius miatus returns from his country walk, ambles up to a comrade, and stands vis-a-vis preparing to
246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
disgorge a little drop of liquid nourishment which he has brought home. The couple are watched. The impudent Lepismina rushes forward, hurls himself between the two ants, snaps the bon- bouche, and hurries away. Pursuit is futile, for the thief, as his cognomen polypoda implies, has many legs, and knows how to use them. But even these gentlemen, who live by taking the bread from the mouths of others, are. not the only objectionable characters with which the respectable ant-citizen has to contend. There is the Antennophorus. Three of these parasites fasten themselves on the body of the Lasius, one on each side of the abdomen, and one under the head, where he has the satisfaction of supervising the dietary of his host. The Antennophorus passes easily from one ant to another, always displaying a marked preference for young workers which have not long left the egg ; doubtless, as M. Janet suggests, with a view to profiting by the attention bestowed on the latter by their elder companions. If the Lasius escapes the Antennophorus, he falls a victim to the Discopoma comata, in which case one would think that the last state of that Lasius was worse than the first ; but these ants not only submit to, but treat well, their inevitable attachés.
This enviable spirit of philosophy is curiously demonstrated in the artificial nests, where brief observation shows that while the ants calmly tolerate the Discopoma which cling to their bodies, they invariably make an infuriated onslaught upon those they find detached on the floor of the nest.
M. Janet had made numerous analyses with a view to deter- mining whether any means of oral communication obtains among ants. That two ants are in the habit of hob-a-nobbing by tapping | their heads together, and making movements which appear to be gesticulations, has been observed by Buchner. lLandois goes further, and maintains, from experiments with a delicate vibra- tory instrument placed on the abdomen, that they possess a language of sounds. ‘This theory, although strongly combatted by no less an authority than Sir J. Lubbock, is endorsed by M. Janet, who states that it is certain that, at any rate, the insects produce peculiar grating noises, which are probably due to the rubbing together of their bodies, and that these sounds, cumulatively resembling the noise of boiling water, accompany many of their characteristic movements. It is also certain that ants possess a sense of hearing very highly developed. The question, however, is still of the character of a lis pendens ; and many who remember to visit M. Janet’s ant-hills will have every opportunity and encouragement to investigate for themselves.
26, Montague Place, W.C.
247
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Mieration or Lisennuna quaprimacutata. — Part of the migration of L. quadrimaculata alluded to by Mr. W. J. Lucas (ante, p. 210) evidently reached here. Prior to this year, so far as I know, the species has never been observed in the Huddersfield district ; but in June, and up to July 2nd, specimens taken miles apart were brought to me, the last one by some boys near my own residence. — Gero. T. Porritt; Crosland Hall, near Huddersfield, August 10th, 1900.
Haias PRASINANA AUDIBLE.—A male of this species was heard dis- tinctly by me the other night at a distance of eighteen feet at least. I took the sound for that of a mouse at first, as it was somewhat similar to that sound. A better description would perhaps be that it resembled the squeak of Acherontia atropos, except that it was con- tinuous so long as the semicircular flight of the moth lasted. As the moth turned in its flight the sound stopped. This flight was like that of a Hepialus wheeling in half-cireles round a bough of an elm, about eight feet from the ground. I suppose many of your readers will have noticed this before; but how is it caused ?—R. Freeman; Prescot, Lancs.
Proctorrypips ex Lepipoprrrous Ova. — Referring to Mr. Bird’s statement at p. 224, I suspect his ‘‘ichneumons”’ were really members of the Proctotrypide, which are the insect-egg devourers par eacellence. He says the eggs were found upon aspen at Beaconsfield during the first week of July, and emerged circa July 21st, 1900. On Aug. 13th, 1899, Mr. H. W. Shepheard-Walwyn, M.A., sent me for identification from Strath-Tay a batch of white eggs with one black vertical spot, each perforated with a more or less regularly circular hole, from which had emerged a single minute hymenopteron (some still alive), of which I carded eleven examples, along with the eggs. There were sixty-six ova, and each one is thus punctured, some of the flies having succumbed in process of exit, which, curiously enough, they appear to effect tail first. Mr. Walwyn says he put the eggs down as those of Notodonta dictea, L.; they were upon poplar, so, if he be mistaken, they are pro- bably NV. ziczac, L. Knowing nothing of the parasites, I subsequently sent them to Rey. T. A. Marshall, in Corsica, who tells me they are referable to Nees’s genus Prosacantha (= Teleas, Walk.), but that the species is probably undescribed ; and, further, that there are thousands of these tiny beings (the total length of mine is } mm.; Mr. Bird’s must be less) at present undescribed and tabulated. We trust Mr. Marshall will rectify this omission, since no one else can, in his forth- coming volume upon the Proctotrypide. 1 wish, moreover, to enter an apologetic protest against calling the whole Parasite Hymenoptera by the sweeping title ‘“‘ Ichneumonide,’’ which is not only incorrect (in more recent entomological times), but also misleading; and I would refer your readers to the didactic table—surely sufficiently compre- hensjble—at Entom. xii. p. 27. P.S.—I shall be glad of, and will acknowledge any, Ichneumonide sent to me. — Cuaupe Mor.ey ; Ipswich.
248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
StrEx Gicas.—A fine specimen of Sirex gigas was brought to me on July 20th, having been taken in a shop in this town. This species occurred in the same shop some years ago, and within a few yards of the localities of two other records of the same insect.—(Miss) E. M. ALpERSoN; | Worksop.
LIBELLULA QuaDRIMACULATA.—On June 10th, between Margate and Broadstairs, I noticed a very unusual swarm of a dragon-fly which I believe to be L. quadrimaculata. I think this was the same day that Mr. H. Stocks saw them at Margate. I noticed also that they seemed to be flying inland, and they certainly appeared to increase in numbers towards evening. I managed to net three, and these I have now in my collection.—A. J. Mann.
Buack VARIETIES oN A Sovran Lancasutre Moss.—Last summer I took an almost uniform dark brown (nearly black) Macaria liturata (beaten) ; also a black Luperina testacea at light. Last week I took an almost black Acronycta leporina and an almost black Xylophasia rurea var. combusta (at least that is what I take it to be). Dr. Cotton, of St. Helen’s, was with me the night the black leporina occurred, and he took a good specimen of A.alni the same night. The thorax of the A. leporina is quite black, and the fore wings only show the least little trace of grey.—R. FREEMAN; Prescot, Lancashire.
PaPILIO MACHAON IN Kent.—On June 10th, about 6 p.m., a friend caught a fine male specimen of P. machaon on the border of a cornfield between Broadstairs and St. Peter's. I have never heard of one being caught in these parts before, though it may have escaped from a breeding- cage.—A. J. Mann; Lindenthorpe, Broadstairs, Aug. 13th. 1900.
PaPILIO MACHAON IN KeEnt.—It may be of interest for you to know that, while staying at Herne Bay in the middle of May last, I captured a specimen of P. machaon, on the wing, in a lane on the outskirts of Blean Woods. ‘The insect was flying slow and apparently with difficulty, and when I took it I found that the tail of one under wing was missing, and nearly the whole of the other under wing completely gone. The colour of the upper wings was good, and might have belonged to a freshly emerged insect.—G. B. Browne; 43, Southbrook Road, Lee, S.E.
PAPILIO MACHAON IN THE New Forest.-—-I have just seen a fine specimen of this butterfly, bred froma larva taken in a kitchen garden in Lyndhurst. When found the larva was full-fed, and was crawling in a bed of shallots, seeking a place in which to pupate; probably it had fed on. carrot, a bed of which is near to the place where it was picked up by the gardener. It pupated July 17th, and the butterfly emerged Aug. ist. Can anyone say if P. machaon has been taken in this neighbourhood since the date given by Newman ?—H. F. Coawner; Lyndhurst, Aug. 2nd, 1900.
C@NONYMPHA PAMPHILUS VAR.—On June 23rd last I took a specimen of C. pamphilus with the eye-spot on the fore wing entirely absent on both sides. The specimen is also very dark, and the veins are black and very distinct; otherwise it is normal. It was taken on a heath within two miles of Poole, Dorset. I have been told that this variety is rather un- common, and should like to know if it has a name.—C. HK. O. CARTER; Parkstone, Dorset, July 15th, 1900.
4
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. * ‘ 249
ARGYNNIS ADIPPE IN SurREY.—I believe this insect is generally looked ‘upon as somewhat scarce, but on July 7th I captured six, and again, on July 14th, I took eight more. I saw quite double that number. I found them ina clearing in Worth Forest, taking every one off the blossoms of the black knapweed (C. nigra)—Herspert Beapnett; Fernside, Redhill, Surrey, July 24th, 1900.
CoREMIA QUADRIFASCIARIA AND MELANIPPE PROCELLATA IN KssEx.— I am able to supplement Mr. Raynor's record of this species in Essex (ante, p. 225) by two captures; one in July, 1899, and the other in July of the present year. Both specimens were taken in the grounds of the Countess of Warwick’s School at Bigods, near Dunmow. I was not aware, till I saw Mr. Raynor’s note, that this geometer was an Essex species, and I had noted my captures for future record. The other specimens in my collection were taken some twenty years ago, near Chilworth in Surrey, where the species was at that time quite common. I should also like to record the occurrence of Melanippe procellata at Bigods, as this species is ‘generally associated with chalky districts. We are a long way from the chalk at Dunmow, but the district is covered in parts by chalky boulder clay.—R. Metpora; 6, Brunswick Square, W.C.
CoREMIA QUADRIFASCIARIA IN Essex.—On July 11th, 1893, I met with a couple of wasted female specimens of this species in a chalk-pit near Grays, Essex; from the ova of one of them a few examples were bred, emerging the following May.—R. M. Pripeaux; Reigate, Surrey, Aug. 13th, 1900.
Scorosta vETuLaTA AT HemEeL HempsteapD.—A single male specimen of this local insect has been taken here, early in July. It was beaten from a very thick hedge, under the shelter of a high bank. ‘The hedge runs be- tween the cemetery and Anchor Lane.—BrrnarD PIrrarD.
PLUSIA MONETA IN OXFORDSHIRE.—Three specimens have been taken this year: the first on July 8th; at dusk, hovering over honeysuckle in the vicarage garden; the second on the following evening, at the same bush, by my son; a third on July 21st, at light, in the study. The specimens have been identified at the Oxford University Museum, and one deposited there. It is believed that this is the first recorded occurrence of the insect in Ox- fordshire.—Jonn W. B. Bett; Pyrton Vicarage, Oxon.
Dicycra 00 1n SurREY.—On July 16th I took here a female specimen of D. oo; is not this rather a rare species so near London ?—Lewis S. Gites; 1, London Road, Norbury, S.W., Aug. 16th, 1900.
DasycAMPa RUBIGINEA IN DorsETSHIRE.—I took two specimens of D. rubiginea in 1898, and the same number of examples in 1899.—C. E. O. Carter; Parkstone, Dorset, July 15th, 1900.
Larva or AcronycTA ALNI at TunBRinGE Wetis.—On Aug. lst a larva of A. alni was taken by me on a small elm-tree on Tunbridge Wells Common. It has since pupated.—T. Percivan SmirH; Relva House, Sutton, Surrey, Aug. 9th, 1900.
MacroGLossa sTELLATARUM, &c., at HupprersrreLp.—WM. stellatarum has again occurred all over this district, and has been common at flowers in my own garden. It has been even more plentiful than last season, when it was also common, but until that year had scarcely been seen here for
ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1900. ¥
250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
probably twenty years or more. 1t is possible that this year’s specimens may be the produce of the district specimens of 1899; but I am more in- clined to consider it another migration of the species, though it is extra- ordinary it should occur in two following years after so long an interval. Plusia gamma has swarmed here this year and is still abundant, but I have seen nothing of Vanessa cardui.—Guo. T. Porrirr; Crosland Hall, Huddersfield, Aug. 10th, 1900.
CoLias EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN 1900.—We have received a number of reports of the capture of these species in various parts of England during August and the latter part of July. As other notes on the occurrence of the species will probably be sent in, it seems advisable to postpone publica- tion until the October issue, when a fuller list of localities may be available.
VANESSA ANTIOPA IN OXFORDSHIRE.—I have to-day, Aug. 19th, taken a specimen of V. antiopa in the vicarage garden, on a post which had been sugared for moths last night.—(Rev.) Joun W. B. Buti; Pyrton Vicarage, Watlington, Oxon.
SPHINX PINASTRI IN SuFFOLK.—On July 29th, while cycling near South- wold, in Suffolk, I captured a male S. pinastri at rest on the trunk of an oak about nine feet from the ground. It is in very fair condition, and I should think was undoubtedly bred in the locality—Atrrep E. Dovatas.
SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA EMERGING IN AuGust.—I have noticed this season that S. lubricipeda is double-brooded, and as I find in all the entomolo- gical works to which I have immediate access that the insect remains in the pupa throughout the winter, my experience may be worth recording. The ova were laid June 4th, hatched June 27th; larve full-fed about July 25th ; and first imago emerged Aug. 138th, since when a considerable number have come out. The larve were fed entirely on stinging-nettle.——-ALFReD H. Dovetas; “ Glen Royd,” Devon Crescent Road, Red Hill, Aug. 16th, 1900.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Bucxs.—Light fully-fed larvee of this species were found during the last week in July, on a potato patch near Hadden- ham. I managed to secure the last three taken, the others being previously destroyed by the finder-—W. H. Barton; The Poplars, Spencer Road, Grove Park, Chiswick, W.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS AT NoRTHAMPTON.—An entomological acquaint- ance has just informed me that this species is plentiful in the larval stage around the above town this year. He further states that he had in his possession eight fine examples, two of which he forwarded to me.—A. D. Iuus ; “ Linthurst,” Oxford Road, Moseley, near Birmingham, Aug. 20th.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS AT CHICHESTER.—The larvee of A. atropos have been fairly numerous here this season. The first found was on July 28th. —JosePH ANDERSON.
LEvUCANIA ALBIPUNCTA AT Brxuitt.—Whilst sugaring at Bexhill-on- Sea on Aug. 18th and 19th, Professor Meldola and myself took four L. albipuncta. I do not know if this locality has previously been recorded.— J. W. Finzi; 53, Hamilton Terrace, N.W., Aug. 22nd, 1900.
Sucarine.—I am pleased to be able to say that I have found sugaring very successful this year. Most of the species taken are common, but they are in quantity more than I have found the last five or six years. Noctua
SOCIETIES. 251
rhomboidea I have previously taken singly, but never such numbers as it is in this year. Dicycla 00 I have been unable to take where I used to get it three years ago. T'riphena fimbria is common. The above remarks refer to woods within ten miles of London.—WatrEerR Dannatt; ‘ Donning- ton,” 75, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, 8.E., Aug. 21st, 1900.
SOCIETIES.
Enzomotocicat Society or Lonpon.—June 6th, 1900.—Mr. George Henry Verrall, President, in the chair. Mr. Hedworth Foulkes, B.Sc., of The College, Reading; and the Rev. H. C. Lang, M.D., of All Saints’ Vicarage, Southend-on-Sea, were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. G. H. Verrall exhibited a species of the genus Ceratitis, Macleay, apparently identical with Bigot’s C. frenicillatus, from the Gold Coast (W. Africa). Mr. Claude Fuller, State Entomologist for the Depart- ment of Agriculture, Natal, writes of this as ‘‘one of our greatest local pests which is responsible for the destruction of tons of fruit; the larvee infest apples, apricots, peaches, plums, oranges, mangoes, guavas, and I have reared them from the berries of Solanum giganteum.” Mr. Verrall also exhibited a very handsome Trypetid reared from the fruit ~ of Mimusops caffra by Mr. Claude Fuller at Durban.—Mr. C. O. Water- house exhibited specimens of a hemipteron, Aspongopus nepalensis, from Capt. Gorman, I.M.§S., who states that they are found under stones in the dry river-beds of Assam. They are much sought after by the natives, who use them for food pounded up and mixed with rice.—Mr. Merrifield exhibited a number of pup of Aporia crategi, and called attention to the want of correspondence between the markings on the pupal and those on the imaginal wing. On the latter, as is well known, there are no spots, only darkened nervures, the darkness spreading out a little on the outer margin, but on the former ‘there are black spots, some of them forming an oblique black row across the wing, a series of black marginal spots, and no darkened nervures; and, when the imago is about to emerge, so that its markings show through the transparent pupal wing, it is seen that its nervures run between the black marginal spots on the pupal wing, which in no way correspond to the broadening out of the marginal terminations of the dark nervures on the imaginal wings. There is great variety in the black markings on the pupal wing; in some they are few and small, in others they expand and unite, so that more than half the wing is black. The ground colour of the pupa varies from bright greenish-yellow to whitish-grey. As might be expected of an insect whose larva pupates by preference on stems screened by foliage, its colour is not very greatly affected by its surroundings. On comparing some which had had yellow or orange surroundings with others which had had dark ones, it was shown that the former tended to yellow ground colour, and the latter to grey, having also an increase of the dark spots with which the thorax and abdomen are thickly strewn.—Mr. Merrifield also exhibited some en- larged coloured photographs of the green and dark forms of Papilio machaon, obtained by causing the larvee to pupate on green, yellow, or orange surfaces, and on dark ones respectively. Im answer to Mr.
952, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Jacoby he stated that though, when the pupa first appeared, it was always of the green form, it had also, if it was going to be a.dark one, from the moment of its appearance a few very minute subdorsal and sublateral dark spots, and a little darkening of the anal end. The darkening began to spread in an hour or two, and at an ordinary temperature was complete in much less than twenty-four hours. Whether the pupa was to be green or dark was determined by the surroundings to which it had been exposed before it had cast off the larval skin, and, if it was going to be a dark one, the dark colouring came on exactly the same in complete darkness as in light.—Sir G. F. Hampson exhibited specimens of a moth belonging to the subfamily Hydrocampine of the Pyralide: Oligostigma arealis, Hampson, from Ceylon, where his correspondent, Mr. J. Pole, had met with a swarm on an island in a river which he estimated at 20,000. When disturbed the buzz made by their wings was quite audible, and after three waves of the net 236 specimens were bottled from round its edges, the net still appearing quite full; as in the some thirty specimens sent the sexes were in almost even proportions, this was not a case of male assemblage. He also exhibited cleared wings, showing the neuration of Diacrissia russula, Tyria jacobea, Callimorpha hera, and C. dominula, the two former being typical Arctiadz and agreeing with the definition of that family in the costal vein of the hind wing anastomosing with the sub- costal to half the length of the cell, whilst in the two latter and also in the eight or ten other known species from the oriental region the costal vein does not anastomose with the subcostal, but only connects with it at a point. He contended that the genus Callimorpha should therefore be removed from the Arctiade and placed in the Hypside, where it is closely allied to Nyctemera, Callarctia and other genera, and. that the fully-devzloped proboscis, the non-pectinate antenne, the smoother sealing, the more diurnal habit, and the larve being scantily clothed with hair, all bore out the correctness of this association, — Dr. Chapman exhibited a portion of a stem of Ferula communis from Ile St. Marguerite, near Cannes, showing pupa-cases of Lozopera francillo- nana. The larva feeds in the flower-heads and seeds, and burrows into the stem for hybernation. It does so anywhere, but in the majority of cases under the protection of the great sheathing petioles at the lower joints. As many as thirty or forty and even fifty holes of entry may often be counted immediately above one node. When the larva pierces the stem it is full grown, and the entry holes are as large as or larger than those of exit. Dr. Chapman doubted whether it eats any of the material when it is freshest at the date of entry. The burrows in the stem are full of bitten but undigested material. These burrows proceed in all directions, but most frequently upwards, for several inches, often as much as eight or ten inches, and then approach the surface, and the burrowing appears to go on all winter. In February and March larve may be found that have not completed their burrows. On completion the burrow approaches the surface, and the opening is of full calibre, but a delicate film of tissue is left. to be ruptured by the emerging pupa. On the specimen exhibited about a dozen empty pupa-cases protruded, and it was noticeable that they all faced downwards. This was in a sense accidental. The larva burrowing upwards makes the final por- tion of the burrow curved. The pupa, as in most Tortrices, is also
SOCIETIES. 2538
curved when extended, and so, when extruded, continues the curve of the burrow. As this curve is upwards inside the stem, horizontal at the surface of the stem, it becomes downwards if continued outside. One pupa-case just below the node was not so correctly oriented, whilst in other specimens a pupa emerging below the node, and there- fore from a downward burrow, faced and curved upwards. A number of vacant holes were also visible, being the exit of an ichneumon, which affects a large majority of the Tortrix. The species was believed to be Chelonus inanitus, Nees. The heads of several dead ones that failed to emerge successfully were to be seen at some of the holes. Dr. Chapman said he had placed a black circle round four holes, as prepared by the larva of the Tortrix for emergence, that were still intact, and in two of these it was to be noted that the diaphragm was, as he had described, the cuticular tissue of the plant; in the two others, however, this had been damaged, and here the larva had made a silken diaphragm fortified with chips of the stem-tissue. In the neighbourhood of the node especially, the holes of entry were to be seen packed tightly with frass, which appeared to be uneaten material. At the extremities of the specimen, which was too short to contain the whole of the individuals that entered at this node, the larve had burrowed in the stem. — Mr. F. Enock exhibited living specimens of male and female Ranatra linearis, Linn., from Epping, together with the peculiar forked eggs, which he had observed laid by the Ranatra, as it rested upon the upper surface of the leaf grasping the edges with its claws. The short anterior legs are held well up close together, in a line with the body, the head raised about an inch from the leaf, while the tip of the abdomen and ovipositor is pressed against the leaf—a downward and forward movement being given. The ovipositor is thus forced through the leaf, then partially withdrawn and the egg extruded and forced into the hole as far as the forked filaments, which prevent it from going right through the leaf. The eggs are frequently laid in the half-decayed stems of aquatic plants. The peculiar Prest- wichia aquatica, Lubbock, has been bred from the eggs of Ranatra.— Mr. H. K. Donisthorpe exhibited a larval case of Clythra quadri- punctata from the nest of Formica rufa, and a case fastened to a piece of wood in the nest containing pup; larva- and pupa-cases in spirit, removed from cases, and an empty case fastened to a twig, showing how the beetle escapes; and the perfect insect. He also exhibited Lomechusa strumosa with its host Formica sanguinea, sent by Father Wasmann from Holland, the insects mounted in the position assumed by the guest and host when the former is being fed by the latter; and Cossyphodes bewickit, Woll., a beetle from Cape Colony, with ants with which it is found—Pheidola megacephala, var. punctulata, Mayr. The beetle is a good example of the protected guests. — Mr. C. J. Barrett exhibited two females of Spilosoma mendica reared by Mr. J. E. Robson, of Hartlepool, tinged with purplish pink, and ordinary specimens of the same for contrast.—A paper was communicated on ‘‘ Life-histories of the Hepialid group of Lepidoptera,’’ by Mr. Ambrose Quail; and “A note on the habits and structure of Acanthopsyche opacella, H. Sch.,” by Dr. T. A. Chapman. —C. J. Ganan and H. Rowxanp Brown, Hon, Sees.
254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
RECENT LITERATURE.
K.P. Fett. Insects Injurious to Forest Trees. (1898, Fourth Ann. Rep. Commiss. Fisheries, &c., of New York, pp. 1-31 [? sep. pag.]. Plates 1-3 and 11, text-figures, &c.).
Although dated 1898, copies of this valuable paper have only recently arrived in London. It consists of a report on the insects injurious to maple-trees, the following species being discussed, viz. Notolophus leucostigma, Clisiocampa disstria, Zeuzera pyrina, and Sesia acerni [Lepid.]; Plagionotus speciosus and Klaphidion villosum [Coleopt.] ; and the Coccid Pulvinaria innumerabilis. Of these the life-history, habits, distribution, natural enemies, and remedies against their depre- dations are discussed, with coloured illustrations of the various stages of the pests and of their operations, with text-figures of their foes, and various other details.
Of special interest to the workers who limit their energies to pale- arctic forms will be the account of the “ leopard-moth”’ (Zeuzera pyrina), an accidental introduction into America, the earliest authentic record there being as recent as 1882. Twelve years later it was characterized as ‘one of the worst insects we have to contend with.’”’ Limited at present to New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, &c., it will doubtless rapidly extend its distribution, especially in a northerly direction. It has been recorded as attacking eighty-three species of trees and shrubs, elms and maples suffering most severely, and in Central Park almost every species of tree and shrub, except evergreens, was injured to some extent.
The Report is prepared in the thorough and lucid manner usual with the entomologists of New York State Museum, and the three coloured plates and the plain figures—three of which are full-page, representing a spraying outfit in operation, a defoliate sugar orchard, and details of the hymenopteron Thalessa lunator—are all well executed.
Gs. Waa
W.A. Lurr. The Insects of Alderney (Trans. Guernsey Soc. Nat. Sci. 1899, pp. 1-23 [sep. copy ?] ).
Five hundred and nineteen species are now recorded from this in- teresting island, consisting of 188 Lepidoptera, 64 Rhynchota, 143 Coleoptera, 118 Hymenoptera, 45 Diptera, 4 Trichoptera, 7 Orthoptera, and 5 ‘‘ Neuroptera’’; so that additions will probably be made among the Homoptera, Diptera, and smaller Hymenoptera.
23 Lepidoptera, 10 Rhynchota, 15 Coleoptera, 31 Hymenoptera, and 2 others—a total of 81—are noticed as not occurring in Guernsey, but no comparison is made with Jersey. Among the insects not found in Britain may be noted Hubolia peribolata (Lep.), Lygeus punctato- guttatus (Rhynch.), Rhizotrogus estivus and Cryptocephalus vittatus (Col.) Andrena flesse and two Ichneumonide (Hym.).
We trust that Mr. Luff will shortly prepare a work on the Insect- . Fauna of the Channel Isles, in which he will include a map of the islands, and tabular comparisons of the faunas of the various islands inter se, and with the South of England and Normandy.
GooWoke
RECENT LITERATURE. 955
Occasional Memoirs of the Chicago Entomological Society. Vol. I. No. 1. March, 1900. Containing :—
(1) J. L. Hancock: ‘Some New Tettigide from Madagascar,” based on the collection of the English orthopterist Burr, pp. 1-16. Plate I.
(2) J.Tovan: “A New Species of Gomphus’’ [Neuroptera] , pp. 17-18.
(8) J.G. Peay : * Insect Drift on the Shore of Lake Michigan,” pp. 19-26.
(4) A.J. Snyper: ‘* The Argynnids of North America,” pp. 27-88.
Another addition to the already unwieldy periodical literature of Entomology. It is, however, but just to say that it apparently pos- sesses distinct scientific value.
Dr. Neepuam discusses the mortality among insects occasioned by storms and floods. He remarks that at certain times there are “‘ a few insects cast up by the waves [of lakes, &c.] habitually,” viz. May- beetles (Lachnosterna) in early summer ; strong-flying butterflies (Anosia plexippus, &c.) throughout the summer; and on warm hazy days in September and October, grouse-locusts (Tettigide) ; these he considers have fallen into the water alive, since they are able to crawl upon the beach, although sorely battered and torn. On Lake Michigan beach, however, in August of last year, the light-coloured sandy beach appeared black after a couple of days’ storm, being thickly covered with “millions ” of black crickets (Nemobius fasciatus), either dead or half-drowned, in a continuous fine in both directions. There were other insects present, but in vastly inferior numbers, and the “ wreck- age ’’ was examined carefully for a mile along the shore. ‘‘ Only insects seemed to have suffered by the storm ; no other dead animals were seen on the beach, save the occasional fishes which are always to be found there.”’ .
The next day was spent, three miles south, in studying the harvest, a mile of the shore being qualitatively examined.
Conditions : : Orders. a Groups. on pp ea ta ig arse Orthoptera. Gryllidee—Crickets. Mostly alive. 50 fa Acridiide. 3 50 - Tettigide. All alive. te - Locustide. Few alive. 100 Odonata. None alive. 100 Lepidoptera. Mostly alive.* 100 Coleoptera. Coccinellide. A few dead. 5 Fi Scarabeide, &e. Many dead. 75 Diptera. Asilidee—robber-flies. Mostly alive. 40 ge Muscide, &e. All dead. 100 Hymenoptera. Bumblebees and Wasps. a 100 Trichoptera. Mostly alive. 10 Hemiptera. Stink-bugs. Mostly dead. 100 is Water-bugs. Few dead, but
fewer uninjured. 90
* “ But with wings ruined for flight; ultimately the victims of predatory foes.” ‘‘ Every few feet along the wind-row, perched on some high point, would be seen a poor butterfly, trying vainly to use its ragged wings.”
256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Finally, Dr. Needham gathered about a litre* of the drift, consisting of ‘‘insects intermixed with a considerable quantity of cinder flotsam from the lake steamers, scooping it up with a trowel, and made a quantatitive examination: ... It contained the following ”’ :—
2520 crickets (Nemobius fasciatus).
601 red-legged locusts (Melanoplus femurrubrum).
170 other Orthoptera of five species mostly. 75 dragonflies of two species. 15 butterflies of four species (Anosia plexippus, Pieris rapa, Poly-
gonia sp., and Argynnis sp.).
30 moths in very bad condition. 49 Diptera. 10 bumble-bees. 21 ‘* wasps.” 31 land-bugs of four species. 11 water-bugs Belostoma [Zaitha| fusciventris). 16 Trichoptera.
220 Coleoptera, not including a large number which were probabl
foragers.
8769 Total in one pint and three quarters !
In conclusion, Dr. Needham notes two facts: (a) The species present were nearly all in almost ineonceivable numbers. ‘‘ Twenty- five hundred and twenty crickets per meter,} and the drift-line per- haps fifty miles, perhaps a hundred miles long!’’ Despite the enor- mous numbers of drowned individuals, the dragonflies were flying the next afternoon in their usual haunts as thickly as ever. (b) ‘‘ The species were nearly all the dominant ones in their respective groups.”
The paper is illustrated by a photograph of the shore, showing the drift-line of insects.
Mr. SyypER does not synoptically revise the North American Argynnids, but, after some preliminary remarks, notices most of the individual species. Fifty-seven species and fifteen varieties are acknow- ledged, and apportioned among six groups, of which the following species serve as types, viz. diana, Cram.; monticola, Behr. ; edwarsti, Reak ; semiramis, Edw.; eurynome, Kdw.; and myrina, Cram. The author mentions that he ‘‘ has on several occasions taken the sexes of different species in coitu, and from personal observation satisfied him- self that the Argynnids are polygamous in their habits. Somewhat similar species are frequently found in the same locality, and with them examples which are clearly varieties or intergrades. .... Another fact generally overlooked is, that almost without doubt there are dimorphic males and females of some species of Argynnis. There is little question of the fact that there are two forms of the female of cybele. Artonis and ewrynome cohabit, also ewrynome and clio.” A large series of specimens is evidently necessary for the elucidation of this difficult group, as Mr. Snyder mentions that he has captured between thirteen and fourteen hundred examples of A. ewrynome and its variety artonis !
* About 13 pint. G. W. K. + Misprint for “litre.” -
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXIII.] OCTOBER, 1900. [No. 449.
SOME ADDITIONAL NOTES ON ASCHNA CYANEA. By Rev. Arrnur East, B.A.
Now that the dragonfly season is drawing to a close, the Editor will perhaps allow me to offer a few notes on Aischna cyanea, supplementary to those which appeared a short time since (ante, p. 211). It is well known that during the final change of this nymph the head and thorax are thrown right back, and that the emerging insect hangs suspended head downwards from the old nymph skin. No observations, however, seem to be recorded as to the manner of the previous changes—those, namely, which take place under water—and it is surprising how seldom one catches the nymph in the act of changing: the pale green object always seems to have just finished. However, several have been seen this season, and the process is as follows.
The nymph seems to be much extended, the joints of the abdomen appearing stretched, and especially the head seems to be extended far forward. Soon a split occurs down the middle of the back of the thorax, and the pale green body is extruded straight forward by muscular action of the abdomen alone, the legs taking no part in it, nor is the body bent at all in any direction. When the whole nymph has projected itself out of the old skin, with the exception of the last two segments, it rests for a short while (two or three minutes, perhaps), the legs all parallel with one another and with the abdomen, and reaching slightly forwards, but touching nothing. Then the nymph gently takes hold of the support it is on with all six legs, gives a slight wriggle with the abdomen which shakes it free from the cast skin, and is ready in half an hour to begin feeding again. The whole process is very short, and from the first appearance of a split in the nymph skin to the skin’s final rejection it only takes a few minutes—seven or eight perhaps.
The following observations (although incomplete) will, I hope,
ENTOM.—ocTOBER, 1900. Z
258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
throw some light on the length of time that 4. cyanea spends as a nymph, and also on the number of times it changes its skin. In January of this year two or three nymphs were taken from a pond in my garden, and these measured 20 mm. each. Together with others from the same pond, they have all (with one excep- tion) changed into perfect insects. In July of this same year nineteen small nymphs, 10-17 mm. long, were found in the pond, this date being of course long anterior to the time when 44. cyanea begins ovipositing. It may of course be thought that these are only some belated specimens, but it will, I think, be agreed that this supposition cannot be maintained when it is stated that during August more than two hundred nymphs, all of about this size, were taken from the same pond. In confirmation of the view that these are last year’s laying, I was fortunate enough to find in one aquarium, on July 30th of this year, a solitary nymph 10 mm. long, and upon searching the aquarium three empty skins were found, measuring respectively 6} mm., 5mm., and 3z; mm. Now, looking to the fact that the egg of Anax imperator (according to Mr. Lucas) is 12 mm. long, this smallest nymph skin, measuring 3}._mm., must be the first or second skin cast. The nymph is now 20 mm. long, and has cast since first observed seven skins, so that at 20 mm. long we may say that the nymph has cast eight skins at least, possibly nine or ten. The observation will, if possible, be completed next year; but I venture to give this information now, as, owing to a fortunate accident, these earlier changes, which are the only dif- ficult ones to observe, have been recorded.
The two hundred nymphs referred to above, or rather those that remain uneaten by the survivors, now measure about 17-22 mm., will, | imagine, grow but little during the winter, and will be ready to come out next June or July, thus giving two seasons as the normal time for the growth of the nymph of di. cyanea. I have, however, one nymph almost full grown, which has been very slow in growing all this year, and which may, not improbably, be unready to change before the season is too far advanced ; if so, it will no doubt come out very early next year, giving the impression that it belongs to a different hatching from those which came out last July, which it does not.
A very interesting point remains as to when the nymph 33 mm. long mentioned above was hatched. Unfortunately, I cannot say precisely when it got into my aquarium; it was cer- tainly not before January of this year, and it may have been as late as June; in any case, the earliest stages of all must be ex- tremely slow, or the eggs must remain unhatched for several months; possibly the eggs lie dormant from November or earlier, during the whole of the winter, and are hatched in spring.
Observations have been made on forty-six adult nymphs (all of dischna cyanea) this year. All climbed out of the water to
BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS. 259
make their final change to the perfect insect between 8.15 p.m. and 8 a.m., the greater number between 8.15 p.m. and 10.30 pm. Of these, twenty-two were males and twenty-four females, and it was very noticeable how evenly the sexes kept pace with each other: at no time was one sex more than two or three in advance of the other in the order of their emergence. The earliest to emerge was one on June 13th, and the latest on August 17th; but one, as already stated, has still to change,
having indeed not yet cast its penultimate skin. dischna cyanea is an admirable nymph to observe, as it is of a very game and sporting nature; the manner in which it will tackle a worm many times its own length is indicative of very great tenacity of purpose. It has but little skulking in its composition ; nothing which moves in the water, if not too enormous, comes amiss to it ; but perhaps what is most tempting to a by no means fastidious appetite is the blood-red figure-of-8 worm, or the gnat larva of the domestic water-butt. If any brother odonatist wants speci- mens of A’. cyanea, it will be a genuine pleasure to me to send them, and I have plenty wherewith to supply several to all who are likely to want them. This nymph is very hardy in the aquarium, and but seldom during the earlier stages of its exist- ence comes to any misfortune, except, be it sorrowfully admitted, a violent end at the hands—or jaws—of its own kindred.
South Leigh Vicarage, Witney, Oxon.
BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 217.)
6. J. Curtis: ‘ British Entomology,’ 1823-1840. [Neuroptera, three plates, 1836, 1838, and 1839. |
Curtis figures three species, and gives in the accompanying letterpress a full account of each. Following the notice, in each case, is a list of other species belonging to the three genera— Libellula, Cordulia, and Agrion—to which he assigns them; but these being without descriptions they can only be identified, in many cases, by reference to the authors which Curtis quotes in connection with them. The following list gives, in all probability, the names at present used for the insects which Curtis intended to enumerate.
Genus Lisetuuta.
Sheet 712.
1. depressa = Libellula depressa.
2. quadrimaculata = L. quadrimaculata: prenubila is mentioned
as a variety of it.
Zz 2
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
. bimaculata = L. fulva.
- conspurcata = L. fulva.
. cancellata = Orthetrum cancellatum.
. Sparshalli = Pantala flavescens; but the report of the capture
is considered to be erroneous (vide De Selys’ ‘Revue des Odonates,’ p. 260).
. eceerulescens = Orthetrum carulescens.
. vulgatum = Sympetrum striolatum.
. Veronensis = S. scoticum.
. flaveolata = S. flaveolum.
. angustipennis = S. sanguinewn.
- Roeselii = S. sanguineum.
. Seotica = SV. scoticum: pallidistigma is mentioned as a variety
of it.
. rubicunda = Leucorrhinia dubia. The female is well figured
on plate 712, though the colouring resembles more that of the male. A full description accompanies the plate.
Genus CorpDuLIA.
Sheet 616.
i I
metallica = Somatochlora metallica. This seems to be given as British on the authority of Harris’s figure, which there is very little reason for considering metallica, and which he him- self calls enea.
2. enea = Cordulia enea.
3. Curtisii = Oxygastra curtisti. The female is well figured on plate 616, and there is a full description in the accompanying letterpress.
Genus AGRION. Sheet 732.
1. platypoda = Platycnemis pennipes.
2. Chloridion = Hrythromma naias.
3. fulvipes = Pyrrhosoma nymphula.
4, rufescens = Probably Ischnura elegans, the variety. with orange - thorax.
5. minium = P. nymphula.
6. annulare = Agrion puella.
7. furcatum = 4. puella.
8. hastulatum = EHnallagma cyathigerum.
9. Puella = Agrion puella.
10. pulehellum = A. pulchellum.
11. zonatum = This is apparently given on the authority of Leach’s MSS. What insect it represents I am not able to say.
12. xanthopterum = Ischnura pumilio.
13. elegans = I. elegans.
14. ezonatum = I. elegans.
. rubellum = I. pumilio. Plate 732 has a fine figure of the
female, var. aurantiacum, accompanied by a full description in the letterpress.
—
261
ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM PEMBA ISLAND.
By W. L. Distant.
Pempja is a small island situate a little north of Zanzibar, and, , by the good offices of Mr. T. P. Newman, Mrs. Theodore Burtt, whose husband is engaged in missionary work on that spot, has sent me a small collection of Lepidoptera. The seventeen species of butterflies are all old friends, being well known on the east coast, and many from the Transvaal. Acrea zetes is also a west coast species, and Baoris mathias is eastern in distribution, being also found in the Oriental and Malayan regions.: The few moths call for little comment. Pitthea trifasciata was described by Dewitz from Zanzibar; and a species of Syntomis appears to be nondescript, and is here described.
RHOPALOCERA. Catopsilia florella, Fabr. NYMPHALID&. Belenois mesentina, Cram. Acre@ine. Papilionine. Acrea zetes, Linn. Papilio demoleus, Linn A. natalica, Boisd. : ; A. acara, Hew. HEsPERIIDa. A. neobule, Doub. & Hew. Gegenes hottentota, Latr. A. buxtoni, Butl. Baoris mathias, Fabr. A. encedon, Linn. Nymphaline. HETEROCERA. Junonia cebrene, Trim. SYNTOMID®. J. clelia, Cram. Syntomis burtti, sp.n. Precis elgiva, Hew. Euchromia lethe, Fabr. P. natalica, Feld. Hypolimnas misippus, Linn. ARCTIADE. Bibieti toes xa Argina astrea, Dru. Pierine. GEOMETRIDS!. Terias zoé, Hopff. Pitthea trifasciata, Dewitz.
Syntomis burtti, sp.n.
Head and pronotum fuscous, anterior and lateral margins of pro- notum broadly ochraceous; abdomen above ochraceous ; body beneath ochraceous ; antenne, eyes, legs, and apex of abdomen fuscous. Wings fuscous ; anterior wings with two subquadrate ochraceous spots near base, the first in cell, the second immediately beneath it; two large pale subhyaline spots on apical area each divided by a nervure, the upper spot longest and narrowest; posterior wings with a central ochraceous spot joined to abdominal margin, which is also ochraceous for about half its length from base. Exp. wings: 3, 22 mm.; 2, 24 mm.
Hab. Pemba Island (Mrs. Theodore Burtt).
262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE GENERA OF THE RHYN- CHOTA, HETEROPTERA AND AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA.
By G. W. Kirxanpy, F.E.S. (Continued from p. 28.)
I have made free use of my friend Mr. C. Davies Sherborn’s colossal ‘ Index Specierum,’ &c., now in manuscript at the British Museum (Natural History) to check my results in some in- stances, and I am indebted to him for many valuable hints. My thanks are due also to the librarians of the Zoological and Ento- mological Societies, of whose kindnesses I have liberally availed myself.
In the immediately ensuing part, I have indicated from 1—4 sections under each work :—
(a) genera with valid types ; (@) genera without types ; (7) fixa- tion of genotypes; (%) notes on emendations of names, invalid type-fixations, &c.t I have much abbreviated the titles, which can be easily identified from the usual sources; “t.’ signifies ‘“‘type.” ‘**” placed before an author’s name signifies that I have not been able to examine that work.
1758-1843.
1758. Linnaus, Syst. Nat. x.484-9. (8) Cicada; Notonecta; Nepa; Cimex.
1762. _Grorrroy, Hist. abrég. Ins. i. 401-82. (a) Naucoris, t. cimicoides, nec L. [= maculata, Fabr.|; Corixa t. striata, nec L. [ = geoffroyt, Leach]. (@) Tetigonia.2 (7) Cicada, 1758, re- stricted. (0) Hepa for Nepa, 1758.
1764. Linnaus, Mus. Lud. Ulric., 158. [(8) Laternaria.] *
1767. Linnavs, Syst. Nat. ed. xu. 1, 708-33. (8) Fulgora.
1775. Fasricius, Syst. Ent. 673-732. (a) Sigara, t. striata, nec L. [ =geoffroyi, Leach].4 (8) Membracis; Cercopis; Acan- thia; Reduvius.
1786. Scoront, Delic. Faun. Insubr. i. 60-1. (a) Ploiaria t. domestica.
1787. _SwEpERus, Vet. Ac. Nya Handl. viii.183-5. (a) Macro- cephalus t. cimicordes.
1789. Ouivier, Enc. Méth. iv. 24-5. (8) Pentatoma.
1 When once a type has been fixed validly, I have ignored any subse- quent invalid type-fixations.
2 Not Tettegonia, as usually written; the latter is an orthopterous genus.
3 N.B. Cicada laternaria, Linn., 1758 = Laternaria phosphorea, Linn., 1764 = Fulgora laternaria, Linn., 1767; Fulgora phosphorea, Linn. 1767, is not a Fulgorid. The genus Laternaria is invalid, no description having been given.
4 Homotypical with Corixa, 1762.
| ;
—— 7 "=".
NOMENCLATURE OF THE RHYNCHOTA, ETC. 263
1790. Fasriocivs, Skrift. Nat. Selsk. i. (1), 218-28. (f) Ranatra.
1794. Fasricrus, Ent. Syst. iv. 1-208. («) Coreust. scapha ; Iygeus t. valgus; Miris t. dolabratus® ; Gerris t. lacustris. (7) Notonecta, 1758, t. glauca, L. {indirectly}.
1796. Scurank, Samml. Naturh. Phys. Aufs. i. p. 121. (a) Coriscus, LaTREILLE,® Précis caract. gén. pp. il, xii, 83-92 and 202. (6) Asiraca; Hydrometra; Poekilloptera. (vy) Acanthia, 1775, restricted.
1798. Fasrictus, Suppl. Ent. Syst. 511-46. (8) Flata; Delphax. (8) Notonecia for Notonecta.
1800. ScuHeLLenBerc, Cimic. Hely. 1-25. (a) Aquarius t. paludum, nee L.7 (3) Sigera for Sigara.
1801. Lamarck, Syst. anim. s. Vertébr. 289. (a) Scutellera t. nobilis, Sulz., nec L. [= perplexa, Hope]. (y) Fulgora, 1767, t. laternaria; Cicada, 1758, t. orni, Fabr. nec L. [= plebeja, Scop. ]; Pentatoma, 1789, t. rufipes ; Reduvius, 1775, t. personatus ; Hydro- metra, 1796, t. stagnorum; Nepa, 1758, t. cinerea. (3) Tetigonia restricted to cornuta and spumaria, 1758, but these were pre- viously removed to Membracis, 1775, and Cercopis, 1775, respec-
tively. Scurank, Faun. Boica, ii. 1, 44-101. (8) Thyreocoris..
(y) Coriscus, 1796 t. dauct [= calcaratus, Linn.}.
1802. Larremmue, H.N. Crust. Ins. iii. 240-63. (@) Phymata t. crassipes ; Galgulus® t. oculata. (8) Neides; Nabis ; (y) Ranatra, 1790, t. linearis ; Cercopis, 1775, t. spwnaria.? *Scuwarz, Vet. ak. Nya Handl. xiii. 180-1. («) Copicerus t. irroratus.
1808. Fasricius, Syst. Rhyng. 1-292. (a) Ledra t. aurita ; Darnis t. lateralis; Lystra t. lanata; Derbe t. hemorrhoidal ; Tassus t. neruosus ; Issus t.coleoptratus ; Salda t. zostere ; Aradus t. betule; Syrtis t. erosa ;19 Tingis t. cardui ; Canopus t. obtectus ; Tetyra t. arcuata ; Edessa t. ceruus ; Halys t. dentata; Cydnus t. tristis; Aelia t. acuminata ; Capsus t. ater ; Alydus t. calcaratus ;1+ Emesa t. precatorius ; Berytus t. tipularius; Zelus t. longipes. (8) Centrotus ; (vy) Flata, 1798, t. ocellata; Cimex, 1758, t. bidens. (0) Tettigonia (sic) t. tibicen does not accord with the diagnosis of the genus, 1762, and in Membracis 1775, t. atrata, F., the latter is not one of the original species.
1804. Larreiue, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxiv. Tabl. method.
For date of this work, see Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. (1804), p. vi
7 =canalium, Dut.
8 Preoccupied, Aves, 1760.
9 Stal (Vet. Akad. Handl. viii. 1, p. 11) states C. carnifex, Fabr., 1775, as the type. Iam unable to discover any indication in the Syst. Ent. that this is so, and consequently have here fixed spwmaria as the type (see Latreille) ; Philenus, Stal, thus is homotypical with Cercopis, Fabr. Latr.
10 Co-extensive with Phymata, 1802.
11 —=dauci, Schrank; homotypical with Coriscws, 1796.
5 Not *‘ dolobratus,” as saith Fabr.
.
I
264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
163-8. (a) Tetigometra t. virescens 312 Cixius t. nervosa. (8) Velia. (y) Acanthia, 1775, t. saltatorius A Neides, 1802, t. t[7] ipula- vius ;1+ Nabis, 1802, t. guttula; Membracis, 1775, t. foliata ; Cen- trotus, 1803, t. cornutus; Poekilloptera, 1796, t. phalenoides. Larremir, H.N. Crust. Ins. xii. 176-337. (0) T'yreocoris, 1801 ; Poéciloptera, 1796.
(?)1805-21. Panisot, Ins. rec. Afr. Amér. 18-4, 204-5. - (6) Petalocheirus ; Acanthocerus. (0) Coreus for Coreus.
1806. Dumerin, Zool. Anal. 260. (8) Promecopsis;1° (3) Ploiera for Ploiaria.
1807. Larreinur, Gen. Crust. Ins. iii. 112-68. (a) Ochterus t. marginatus ; Belostoma t. testaceopallidum. (8) MJ yodocha.
1809. Larreinuxz, Gen. Crust. Ins. iv.84 and 384. (0) Ochterus, 1807, altered to Pelogonus because the former is supposed to be preoccupied by Ochthera.
1810. Larrerue, Consid. gén. anim. 250-64 and 483-4. (a) Leptopus t. littoralis ; Aetalion t. reticulata; (vy) Velia, 1804, t. rivu- lorum ; Asiraca, 1796, t. clavicornis. (0) Myodocha, 1807, t. ser- ripes, invalid, not one of original species; Delphax, 1798, t. striata, not valid, not an original species.
1811. Ouivier, Enc. Méth. viii. 105 et seqq. (¢) Myodochus, 1807 ; Ochtherus, 1807.
1811. Larremize, Humboldt’s Voy. Ins. 147 et seqq. (2) Dedra for Ledra, 1803.
1814. Leacu, Zool. Misc. i.91. (a) Mictis t. crucifera.1®
_Fauuen, Spec. nov. hem. 1-26. (a) Pyrrhocoris t. apterus ; Cori- zus t. hyoseyami. ({3) Anthocoris, Geocoris, Phytocoris, Ulopa.
1815. Leacu, Brewster’s Edinb. Encyel. ix. 120-5. (y) Peta- loch {e]irus, 1805, t. variegatus ; Myodocha, 1807, t. tipuloides. (2) [Thyreocoris, 1808, t. globus, not an original species]; Myctis, 1814; Cetalion, 1810.
1817. Germar, Reise nach Dalm. 280-90. (a) Pygolampis t. denticulata.t17 LatrEiuE in Cuvier’s Regne Anim. iii. 884 et seqq. (0) Derba, 1803; Tettigometra, 1803 ; _HormaNnNsEGe, Wiedemann’s Zool. Mag. i. pt. 1, 8-56. (8) Hemityphlus.18 1°
1818. Germar, Mag. Ent. iii. 177-227. (8) Ricania ; Leacu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 10-8. (a) Pleat. minutissima2° ; Hormann-
Lo =-25 =zostere, thus homotypical with Salda, 1803. /4 —*€Thus homotypical with Berytus, 1803.
)2. = ¥£=acephala, Fourer.
’ 15 —? Lystra, Fabr.; no species mentioned.
16 —profana, Fabr. 17 —bidentata, Goeze.
18 — Pyrrhocoris, 1814.
19 — Herrich-Schiffer states (Wanz. Ins. ix. Hist. tibers. 27) that the genus Notocyrtus is to be found in this paper, but I have searched in vain. The learned rhynchotist of Regensburg had apparently, however, not actually seen it himself.
20 —leachi, McGreg. and Kirk.
NOMENCLATURE OF THE RHYNCHOTA, ETC. 265
1819-21.21 Kirey, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. 12-23. (a) Anotia t. bonnetit. ({3) Otiocerus.
1821. German, Mag. Ent. iv. 1-106. (a) Cobax?® t.winthemi ;2° Penthimia t. atra ;28 Gypona t. glauca ; EHupelix t. cuspidata. (3) Aphrophora, Celidia. (y) Tet(t)igonia, 1762, t. viridis.
1822. *THunperc, Hem. rostr. Cap. pp ?. (a) Copius?? t. cornutus ; Pendulinus t. hasticornis. Escuscuoutz, Dorpat Naturw. ‘Abh. i i. 57-186. (3) Halobates.
1823. Dumertm, Cons. gén. 215-20. (a) Podicerus?? t. tipu- laire.
1824. Curtis [May Ist] Brit. Ent. 20. (3) Acanthosoma ; iJuly 1st] 28. (y) Acanthosoma, 1824, t. hemorrhoidalis ; Dzs- _courtiuz, Ann. Soc. Linn. Paris, lil. 293-7. (a) Agenia t. lamii. 27
Ey 1825. LeretetTier & ServitteE, Enc. Méth. x. 1-324. (a) Holhymenia t. latreillei ; 2° Phiea t. cassidioides ;2* Holoptilus t. Ursus ; Ectrichodiat. cruciata.2° (3) Tessaratome, Pachylis, Pachy- merus Astemma. (0) Petalochere, 1805; Larreitue, Fam. Nat. 416-28. (a) Heterotome t. spissicornis ;°? Tibicen t. plebeia. (3) Gonocere, Syromaste, Anisoscele, Nematope, Stenocephale, Lepto- corise.?3 (y) Tessaratome, 1825, t. papillosa. (8) Scutellere, Aelie, Edesse, Pentatome, Coree, Holhymenie, Pachlyde, Heteroscele, Alyde, Neide, Lygee, Pachymere, Salde, Myodoque, Capse, Macro- cephale, Phymate, Arade, Punaise, Holoptile, Reduve, Petalocheire, Ploiere, Leptope, Acanthie, Pelogone, Hydrometre, Velie, Galgule, Naucore, Belostome, Nepe, Ranatre, Notonecte, Corise, Fulgore, Flate, Ricanie, Peciloptere, Listre, Tettigometre, Asiraque, Otio- cere, Centrote, Ledre, Cercope, Penthimie, Aprophore, Tettigone, Gypone, Celidie, Ulope (1758-1825); Leprntutier & SERVILLE, Ene. Méth. x. 325-833. (a) Hurymela?* t. fenestrata ; Globiceps t. capito ;3° Scaris t. ferruginea ; Evacanthus t. interruptus ; Dy- sodius t. lunulatus.8® ((3) Pt yelus, Proconia, Monanthia, Piesma. (y) Aphrophora, 1821, t. spumaria, Germ. 37 (0) Heterotoma, 1825 ; Pecilloptera, 1796; Curtis, Brit. Ent. [Sept. 1st] 86. (a) Aneurus +: levis.
1826. *Haun, Icon. Mon. Cimic.*®
21 —Krichson and Germar quote ‘ 1823.” 22 —Some authors quote Copiwm, s »me Copius. I have not seen the book. 23 —Cotyp. with Neides, 1802. 2* =corticata, Drury.
25 —Otiocerus, 1819-21. 26 —stolli, Kirby.
27 Genus and species remain unknown.
28 —nigra, Goeze. 29 —elavigera, Herbst.
30 —Cruxz, Thunb. 81 Preoce. Thunb. 1805.
32 —mertoptera, Scop. 88 —Myodocha, 1807.
34 Ascribed to Hofmannsegg, probably manuscript.
35 — syhegiformis, Rossi. 86 —lwnatus, Fabr.
37 —almi, Fall. 88 Apparently no validly defined genera.
(To be continued.)
266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
‘¢ Synopsis or Experiments 1n HypripizaTion AND TEMPERATURE MADE with LEPIDOPTERA UP TO THE END OF 1898,”’ By Pror. Dr. Max Sranpruss. —We regret that Mr. Dadd has been unable to continue the translation of this important paper, but we are pleased to add that Mr. Kirkaldy has been good enough to take up the work from the point where it was left by Mr. Dadd. An instalment, with plate, will be given in the November issue of the ‘ Entomologist,’ and the remainder, with two plates, in the December number.
TRIECPHORA SANGUINOLENTA, &c.—Dr. Walker has fallen into some little confusion in his ‘‘ Notes on Triecphora sanguinolenta, Marsh., Edw.” (Entom. pp. 236-7). The three species mentioned—viz. mac- tata, sanguinolenta, and vulnerata—are quite distinct, readily separable by structural characters, and, as there are six other palearctic species, the records from Asia Minor, Spain, &c. do not necessarily refer to vulnerata. It may be noted that the correct name of our species is
omaspis vulnerata (Germ.)* = sanguinolenta (Geoffr., nee Linné), the genera T'riecphora and Monecphora being synonymous with the earlier Tomaspis.—G. W. Krrxaupy.
GYNANDROMORPHOUS ARGYNNIS PAPHIA.—Perhaps a variety of Argynnis paphia, which I have recently acquired, may be worth noticing in the ‘Entomologist.’ Right wings are those of a female, and of the valesina form of that sex; left wings ordinary type of male, with the exception of a black splash resembling valesina colouring on the fore wing. The specimen was taken on July 28th last near Lyndhurst.—W. I’. Urwicx; 34, Great Tower Street, London, E.C., Aug. 27th, 1900.
[This most interesting specimen appears to be very similar to an example captured in the New Forest in 1881, and figured in the ‘Hntomologist’ for 1882 (Pl. 1. fig. 5). The latter, however, is not marked with valesina colouring on the male side.—Ep.]
Mate Bupawus PINIARIA PARTLY OF FEMALE COLORATION.—On June 13th last I took a male specimen of BP. piniaria, the left pair of wings of which are of the male colour, whilst the right pair of wings are of the colour peculiar to the female of this species.—D. CuirrenpEN ; 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, 8.E.
[We have seen this very interesting aberration, but under circum- stances which did not admit of close examination. Except that the right fore and hind wings are of female coloration and their markings somewhat blurred, the specimen appears to be a male.—Hp.|
OrtHoptera at Sucar. — On four previous occasions (Entom. xxx. pp. 28, 76; xxxi. p. 267; xxxil. p. 290) I have called attention to certain Orthoptera visiting sugar. During a recent stay in the New Forest, on two or three occasions the sugar was visited by females of our largest native cockroach, Hetobia lapponica; while one evening a fairly large green grasshopper, without doubt Leptophyes punctatissima, which appears to have been commoner than usual in the Forest this season, made good use of its long legs, and escaped in the process of boxing.—W. J. Lucas; Sept. 8th, 1900.
* The reference to Illiger is only manuscript.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 267
Satyrus semeLeE, — At the base of a chalk cliff near Lulworth, in Dorset, on Aug. 18th, I came across a large number of S. semele on a patch of sea-lavender. They filled the air on my approach. One does not usually associate the grayling butterfly with a habit of this
~ kind.—W. J. Lucas; Sept. 8th, 1900.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
PaPILIo MACHAON AT Rinawoop.—This morning, at about nine o'clock, I captured the finest and most beautiful specimen of Papilio machaon that I have ever seen. I was out in a clover-field on the look-out for C. hyale, C. edusa, and var. helice ; also Vanessa cardui. My daughter Marjorie, who accompanied me, drew my attention to the insect, and | really thought at a little distance that it was a pale var. of cardui. It was lazily flying low amongst the clover-flowers, and when it alighted upon one I fortunately netted it. ‘The specimen, which is a female, is in perfect and fresh condi- tion, very pale yellow, the central band of yellow is scarcely divided with black lines, and there is not a trace of any red scales, except the usual two spots upon the hind wings; the body has the black dorsal streak, but the sides are nearly pure white. I have compared it with my Wicken Fen series, and if it were put amongst them it could be detected at a glance ; it has a much greater yellow area.—J. Hy. Fowrer; Aug. 31, 1900.
PaPILIO MACHAON IN SussEx.—I caught a specimen of P. machon at Hooe, near Pevensey, on Aug. 18th last. It was flying slowly from flower to flower in a field of red clover. The tail on the left hind wing was wanting, and also a piece of the right fore wing ; but otherwise the insect seemed to be very fresh. Lewis L. Turner; 131, Melbourne Grove, Kast Dulwich, S.E.
PaPILio MACHAON IN Kent.— On Aug. 15th I captured, in a railway cutting near Hythe, a fine female specimen of P. machaon.— C. W. Hut- CHINSON ; 43, Fordwych Road, West Hampstead, N.W.
VANESSA ANTIOPA IN Berks, Kent, anp Sussex.—For the following records of V. antiopa in England this year, published in the ‘ Times,’ we are indebted to Miss Urquhart, of Maida Vale :—
It may be of interest to entomologists to hear that two specimens of that rare insect, Vanessa azitiopa, have been captured in this neighbourhood during this week. One had been attracted to a bottle put out near some peach trees to attract wasps, containing beer and rum; the other was caught in a garden about two miles distant on a dahlia flower. ‘This latter is a most perfect specimen. I should be interested to hear if any other speci- mens have been taken in this country during the summer.—Puiuip A. Hoveuton ; Lindfield, Sussex, Sept. 7th.
On Aug. 18th, at Herne, Kent, my son captured a very fine specimen, measuring 3} in. across the wings.—F REDERICcK SineLe; Fernside, Wim- bledon Common. *
My son caught a very perfect specimen of the ‘‘ Camberwell Beauty ” on a plum tree in the garden here on Sept. 5th, and saw another close by the garden on the same afternoon. — (Sir) W. Cameron Gui; Yattendon, Berks, Sept. 11th.
268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
On Aug. 26th last a fine specimen of V. antiopa was caught close by here on the borders of Sussex and Surrey at Newlands, while attempting to enter a glass trap baited for wasps, as in one of Mr. Houghton’s instances. —(Major) R. H. Brown; Crawley-down, Sussex.
VANESSA ANTIOPA IN BerisHIRE.—On Aug. 30th I saw a fine specimen of V. antiopa in Berkshire, not far from Streatley.—(Rev.) ARcHIBALD Day; The Vicarage, Malvern Link.
VANESSA ANTIOPA 1N EsseEx.—On Aug. 31st my friend Robert Wedlake caught in our garden, and gave to me, asplendid specimen of V. antiopa.— Haroup P. THompson ; Hornchurch, Essex.
VANESSA ANTIOPA IN HampsHire.-—On Sept. 12th I took a worn speci- men of V. antiopa in the New Forest ; it was flying round a tree which had been sugared the night before.-—A. Motineux SmaLiprice; Field Lodge, Burley, Ringwood, Hants, Sept. 14th.
VANESSA aNTIOPA IN Kenr.—A specimen of V. antiopa was captured this morning in the garden of Vesey Holt, Esq., Mount Mascal, Bexley. It was sitting on the decayed stump of a tree, and was taken in a landing- net. It is rather small, but, despite the mode of capture, is in splendid condition.—T. B. AnprEws; 276, Broadway, Bexley Heath, Sept. 11th.
VANESSA ANTIOPA IN SuFFOLK.—I captured a specimen of V. antiopa on Aug. 30th in the neighbourhood of Lowestoft. — E. J. StneLEron SmirH ; St. Margaret’s College, Lowestoft, Sept. Ist, 1900.
VANESSA 10 AT Toorrnc.—On Aug. 31st I was agreeably surprised to see a specimen of V. zo disporting itself in the garden here. It is the first example of the species I have ever seen in or near to London. Itseemed to prefer the late blooms of a patch of red valerian to old sugar, which attracts V. atalanta so frequently. — E. Sparks; 1, Christchurch Villas, Tooting Bec Road, Tooting, S.W.
PyRAMEIS ATALANTA SWARMING ON A Cossus-INFESTED BircH TREE.— This morning, whilst strolling through a small clump of birches on Wimbledon Common, I was surprised at suddenly disturbing about twenty or thirty specimens of Pyrameis atalanta. As the only Lepidoptera observed during the whole morning were a few Pieris rape, one or two Cenonympha pamphilus, and one Chrysophanus phleas, my curiosity was at once aroused, and I soon found that one particular birch-trunk was the centre of attrac- tion for quite a swarm of wasps as well as the aforesaid butterflies. Closer investigation revealed the reason for this phenomenon, for while I was watching a nearly full-fed larva of Cossus ligniperda. crawled out of the trunk, and made off at a rapid rate, apparently disgusted with the crowd of uninvited visitors. There were at least thirty specimens of P. atalanta in the immediate neighbourhood of the tree, and those which could not get on the trunk settled on the ground, or on the lower twigs of birch near by, and allowed me to take them with my fingers, though the sun was shining bril- liantly. I have heard of this particular attraction for some butterflies, but it was my first actual experience of it. I may say that no other butterflies were present with P. atalanta.—K. B. Bisnor; 60, Griffiths Road, Wimbledon, 8.W., Sept. 21st, 1900.
LycZNA B@TICA BRED IN GUERNSEY.—I have succeeded in discovering larvee of Lycena betica this summer, and I am now breeding some fine
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 269
specimens of this butterfly. — Grorak Baker; 11, Saumarez Street, Guernsey, Sept. 5th, 1900.
THECLA W-ALBUM IN THE Marpstone Distrtct.—On July 25th I was pleasantly surprised to capture a specimen of 7. w-album in the garden. Unfortunately it was very worn, and minus a portion of the hind wing.— J. L. Saxspy; Larkfield, Maidstone.
Lycuna arcioLus In Norra Lonpon.—On Aug. 11th T took a male Lycena (Polyommatus) argiolus in Haringay Park (about four miles from St. Paul’s Cathedral). I also saw a specimen near the same spot the last week. in July. —H. A. Kine; 25, Haringay Park, Crouch End, N., Sept. 18th, 1900.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE. —Larve of this species have been extraordinarily plentiful this summer. Several have been brought to me from potato- fields, and I know of at least twenty others in the possession of gentlemen in the neighbourhood.—(Rev.) A. Nasu; Standish Vicarage, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, Sept. 19th, 1900.
Hampsuire.—lI took seven larve of A. atropos during one afternoon, and found several others, which I did not pick up. So many have been brought to me of late that I have had to refuse them.—J. Hy. Fow.er ; Ringwood, Sept. 3rd, 1900.
HEREFORDSHIRE.—The larve of A. atropos have been plentiful this year in the county. I have seen several specimens, and an example of the perfect insect was brought to me on the 18th inst.; it had just been cap- tured in the Market Hall, situated in the centre of the city.—J. B. PILLey ; Hereford, Sept. 20th, 1900.
Kent.—-While staying in Scotland last month, I received by post, from my aunt, Lady Naesmyth, a fine larva of A. atropos, which she had found in her garden at Tunbridge Wells. The insect was none the worse for its long journey, and has since pupated successfully. — H. W. SsHepHearD-Watwyn; Glensyde, Bidborough, Tunbridge Wells, Sept. 2nd, 1900.
Norroix.—I beg to report the occurrence here of five full-fed larvae of A. atropos. On Aug. 29th one was given me at noon, and another at night of same date. Both of these buried themselves at once. I have heard of other larvee of same species this season; but these have not come under my own personal observation like the five mentioned above-—J. W. Woot- HousE; Summer Hill, Fakenham, Norfolk, Sept. 3rd, 1900.
A fine larva of A. atropos was brought to me during the first week in August, which has now safely pupated. According to reports sent to the local papers, larvae of this species have been very abundant in Norfolk this year.—W. T. Harris; 17, Micheldever Road, Lee.
I have had two pupe of A. atropos given me ; the larvee were found in the neighbourhood of Mundesley, Norfolki—S. W. Kemp; 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W., Sept. 17th.
On July 24th eleven fine larve of A. atropos were found feeding on potato in a garden at Norwich. One of these died shortly after; the remain- ing ten were full-fed, and had all gone to earth by Aug. 3rd. — R. Lappr- MAN; 25, Drayton Road, Norwich, Aug. 24th, 1900.
OxroRDsHIRE.—I have received three larve and two pupe of this moth
270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
this August from EHynsham and Headington, Oxon —Harotp Taompson ; 31, Beaumont Street, Oxford, Aug. 31st, 1900.
SurroLK.—While staying at Middleton, near Yoxford, in Suffolk, I had, on Aug. 4th, a full-fed larva brought to me, and, on investigating a patch of potatoes, I found two more; and my nephew writes that he added another from the same garden, making four in all— Henry A. Kine; 25, Harringay Park, Crouch End, N., Aug. 23rd, 1900.
Surrey.— Two specimens of d. atropos were taken in a garden here the other day.—HerBerr Beapnety; Fernside, Redhill, Surrey, Aug. 7th.
On Aug. 31st I had a fine full-fed larva of A. atropos brought to me from Church Lane, Lower Tooting, S.W. It burrowed in the earth of the breeding-box immediately. It was of a decided yellow colour. I have had the pupz before from that neighbourhood. —E. Sparks; 1, Christchurch Villas, Tooting Bee Road, Tooting, S.W.
Sussex.—Several larve of 4. atropos have been obtained in potato- fields at Hooe.—Lewis L. Turner; Hast Dulwich, Sept. 20th, 1900.
WoRCESTERSHIRE. —We have thirteen pup of A. atropos, and know of others ; the larve were all taken within a quarter of a mile of this vicarage. —(Rev.) Arcuipatp Day; Malvern Link, Sept. 17th, 1900.
WestmoreLranD.—On Aug. 30th, hearing that a full-grown larva of A. atropos had been found crawling across a path ina small garden at Natland, two miles south of Kendal, I at once prosecuted a search through the potato-tops of the first field in that direction. I was rewarded by finding two larve almost full-fed. The next day I secured another in the same field, which went down at once. On Sept. Ist, at Low Foulshaw, lying south-west of Kendal, in the neighbourhood of the Witherslack mosses, I found two more, and the frass of athirad. The ground colour of one of these larvee was of a vivid yellow, and stood out in strong contrast to the dead brown potato-top to which it was clinging. They entered the soil to undergo pupation on Sept. Ist, 4th, 5th, and 6th respectively. As two other larvee have been taken accidentally, there is ground for believing that the species has been more than usually abundant in the district this year. Imagines have from time to time turned up, but, though often searched for, I have never till this year taken the larva. — (Rev.) A. M. Moss; Kendal. P.S.—Since writing the above another larva, about to pupate, has been found in a small garden on Sept. 8th, and presented to me, bringing our total of captures up to eight.
D&rILEPHILA GALII IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—I am very pleased to record the gapture of D. gal. ‘Towards the end of August my son, going round the vicarage garden at dusk, on the look-out for S. convolvuli, saw a large insect hovering over some phlox flowers, and promptly secured it. It turned out to be a very fine specimen of D. gali, an insect I had never seen alive before. —(Rev.) A. Nasa; Standish Vicarage, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire.
CH#ROCAMPA ELPENOR ON Wixtp Batsam.—I wish to confirm my previous note of 1898 (Hntom. xxxi. 243), in which I recorded Impatiens noli-me-tangere as a pabulum for C. elpenor. I have again, on Sept. 15th, taken a full-grown larva on the identical patch of balsam. Several others have this year, but earlier, been found feeding on the common Epilobium.— (Rev.) A. M. Moss.
Nocrua CASTANEA IN THE New Forest.—It may be worth recording
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 271
that while sugaring in the New Forest, on Aug. 15th last, I took a speci- men of the red form of Noctua castanea, of the same tint as those from the north.. I am told that this form has not been previously taken in the forest. Perhaps this note may bring others to light.—(Rev.) W. Craxton ; Nave- stock Vicarage, Romford.
[N. castanea, in its typical form, is red ; the grey form is var. neglecta. We believe that the type is not altogether unknown in the New Forest, but it would be interesting to have more information on this point.—Eb. ]
ApLercra occuLta IN NorroLK.—On Aug, 28th I had the good fortune to take a fine specimen of Aplecta occulta on sugar at Paston, near Mundes- ley, Norfolk. The specimen is of the light form, and the markings are extremely well defined. —S. W. Keme; 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W.
Carocata Nupta oN TarreD Posts.—While walking along the road through Bagley Wood, near Oxford, at the end of August last, I saw on two occasions a considerable number of specimens of Catocala nupta at rest on tarred telegraph-posts. Most were high up the posts, and all, I believe, on the southern aspect of them. The posts had not lately been tarred, and though black in some parts were in others, especially on the southerly side, brownish, and often with a marbled appearance, due to the grain of the wood showing. On the lighter parts of their resting-places the insects were not specially con- spicuous, though generally quite easily seen. On one post there were six specimens, and on two others five each. In some cases, two or more individuals were quite close to each other.—W. J. Lucas; Sept. 12th, 1900.
Carocata nupta.—The unwonted abundance of this species during the last two seasons in this neighbourhood has been very remarkable. In August, 1899, it was so common, that at sugar one out of every two or three trees displayed a specimen. But this year it has been still more plentiful; and the telegraph-poles along the high roads have been adorned with it, many possessing one, two, or even three
_specimens of this fine insect high up at rest—easy to see, but
not so easy to take, as at the first approach of net or bottle away flew skittish nupta.—(Rey.) A. Naso; Standish Vicarage, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire.
ACRONYCTA ALNI IN HererorDsHire.—lIn the early part of August I received a larva of d. alni, which had been found on alder near here.—J. B. Pititey; Hereford.
EPuUNDA NIGRA IN KEnt.—On Saturday evening, Sept. 15th last, I was sugaring in Barnet Wood, Bromley Common, Kent, with my friend Stanley Haines, of Bromley, when I had the luck to take Hpunda nigra from the trunk of a pine which I had sugared. This is very uncommon, is it not, for this district, the insect being considered very local ?—A. J. Lawrance; 8, Cross Roads, Bromley Common, Kent, Sept. 19th, 1900.
[We do not remember any recent record of the occurrence of E. nigra in Kent, but we believe that the species has been taken in the neighbour- hood of Farnborough.—Ep |
272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
PLusta MoneTA AT Norwoop. —I took a magnificent specimen of P. moneta in my house on July 10th.— H. Weis; Hurstfield, The Avenue, Gipsy Hill, London, S.E.
CARADRINA AMBIGUA IN HaMpsHIRE.—This species has been so abun- dant in my garden lately that I made a selection of over fifty specimens in one evening. The moths came to the flowers of clematis, and were then boxed, but they were flying around me in scores. Since that particular evening the species has not been nearly so abundant, and I am at a loss to understand why it should have appeared in such numbers one night, and the next and following evenings suddenly become comparatively scarce. I may add that C. ambigua has occurred in my garden for the past four or five seasons.—J. Hy. Fowxer ; Poulner, Ringwood, Sept. 3rd, 1900.
COREMIA QUADRIFASCIARIA IN SuFrFoLK.—I have taken this species, but not frequently, by beating the undergrowth of hedges in Westerfield and Barham lanes, near Ipswich.—E. Sparxe; 1, Christchurch Villas, Tooting.
CoREMIA QUADRIFASCIARIA AND MELANIPPE PROCELLATA IN HisSEX.— By way of supplement to the records of the Rev. G. H. Raynor and Prof. R. Meldola, I would like to say that in June, 1863, I captured a fine speci- men of Coremia quadrifasciaria on the outskirts of a wood close to the town of Braintree. As to Melanippe procellata, this in 1879 and 1880 was fairly common in a lane leading from Witham to Rivenhall Thicks. I have records of several specimens captured in those years, and in the latter year I bred a great number from larve taken in that lane on Clematis vitalba.— W. D. Canspate; Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.H., Sept. 8th, 1900.
SPILODES STICTICALIS NEAR Martpon.—Whilst working for Colias in a lucerne field near here, about 3 p.m. on Sept. 10th, I noticed a small moth hovering round a lucerne-flower. My surprise may be imagined when I found it ou capture to be a specimen of sticticalis in very fair condition. An hour’s subsequent work produced one more specimen, which I walked up out of the lucerne. Can any of your readers tell me whether the larva of this species has been found in England, and, if so, on what food-plant ?— (Rev.) Ginpert H. Raynor; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Sept. 14th, 1900. [The larva is stated to feed on Artemisia vulgaris in June and July.—Ep.]
LIMENITIS SIBYLLA IN SuRREY.—On July 22nd I saw a specimen of L. sibylla on the wing near Haslemere, and heard that several had been taken in the neighbourhood.—W. J. Lucas; Sept. 8th, 1900.
SYMPETRUM FLAVEOLUM.—Sympetrum flaveolum has been taken in one or two places. Odonatists should look out for it. The large amount of bright yellow can be seen on the wings when the insect is flying. Its flight is different from that of S. striolatum, with which it is generally found. It does not hover, but flits from plant to plant or from flower to flower something like a butterfly does. S. sanguineum flies in the same way ; but S. sanguineum is also a fairly good capture. I may add that S. flaveolum is again present on Ockham Common, Surrey, and has been taken by myself and H. EK. Annett. So far as I know, no females have been secured.—W. J. Lucas; 12, Caversham Road, Kingston-on-Thames, Sept. 8th, 1900.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 273
CoLIAS EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN Enenanp, 1900.
It will perhaps be remembered that the abundance of C. edusa in the autumn of 1892 was foreshadowed by the occurrence of one or more ex- amples of the species in various parts of the country at the end of May and the beginning of June of that year. In some of the localities C. edusa was accompanied in the autumn by C. hyale, but of this latter species very few specimens seem to have been noticed earlier in the year; only one record appears in the ‘ Entomologist.’
During the present year C. edusa was observed in June at Beachy Head, Sussex (12th); Devonport, Devon (22nd); Wiveliscombe, Somerset (23rd) ; Ringwood, Hants (23rd); and in a recent note Mr. H. O. Wells records a
fine male specimen taken at Weston, Devon, on June 19th. Of C. hyale there is but one notice, but this mentions the capture of two specimens at Beachy Head on June 12th, and Mr. Colthrup informs us that he saw this species, as well as C. edusa, at Beachy Head about the middle of June last.
Berxsutre.—On Aug. 18th I captured three specimens of this butterfly at Cumnor, Berks, and since that date have taken twenty (nineteen males and one female) flying over clover and along the roadside. I also obtained two C. hyale at Wootten.—Harotp TuHompson; Oxford.
During August my son and I captured twenty specimens of C. hyale and two examples of C. edusa var. helice in Berkshire, not far from Streatley.—(Rev.) Arcarpatp Day; The Vicarage, Malvern Link.
BREcKNOCcKSHIRE.—On August 18th I saw a specimen of C. edusa near Llangorse.—D. P. Turner.
Bucks.—I captured a female specimen of C. hyale and saw C. edusa in a clover field, also noticed a male of the first-named species on the railway embankment, at Chorley Wood, on September 18th last.—(Rev.) F. A. WALKER.
I captured two specimens each of C. edusa and C. hyale on August 25th in a field of lucerne at Chesham.—D. CuirrenpEN; 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, S.E.
On August 19th I counted six specimens of C. edusa flying over a field of lucerne near Beaconsfield. Not having my net, was unable to make any captures.—W. H. Bastow; The Poplars, Spencer Road, Grove Park, W.
CaMBRIDGESHIRE.—On August 14th I saw near Pampisford Station a single C. hyale among a lot of C. edusa, and missed it. Returning to the same place next morning I had the pleasure of taking a fine male; and on the 17th saw three others, and took one, near Whittlesford. This locality yielded another on the 18th. Hitherto it has only appeared singly, but C. edusa has been fairly plentiful on the same ground.—H. G. ALDERSsON ; Pampisford Vicarage, Aug. 23rd.
CuEsHirE.—C. edusa has been fairly common about “The Cop” (river embankment) and adjacent clover fields on the right of the Dee below Chester. The first I saw was a fine female flying about a lucerne field, Aug. 17th. Up to to-day (Sept. 8th), when I obtained a male in very fair condition, quite a dozen, to my knowledge, have been captured, and others have been seen. ‘The colleague of the butterfly, Plusia gamma, has been unusually numerous.—J. ARKLE; Chester.
ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1900. QA
274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
I saw one male specimen of C. edusa here (Burton), on September 6th, flying along the roadside.—(Rev.) C. A. SuapEn; Burton Vicarage, Chester.
CornwaLL.—C. edusa was very abundant at Bude, males preponderating. Also at Boscastle and Tintagel—L. G. S. Raynor; 22, Gordon Place, Kensington, Sept. 18th, 1900.
Drvon.—A fine male C. edusa was taken at Weston, near Sidmouth, on June 17th, 1900.—H. O. Wutts; Hurstfield, Gipsy Hill.
C. edusa common almost everywhere. Have seen no C. hyale in my district, but have taken fourteen fine specimens of C. edusa var. helice.— (Rev.) W. J. Lerch Puittirs; The Cottage, Parkwood Road, Tavistock, Sept. 17th.
During a visit to South Devon, from Aug. 9th to 18th, C. edusa was abundant at the following places:—Newton Abbot, Bovey Tracey, Star- cross, and Dawlish, and with it the var. helice occurred sparingly. (. hyale was not seen.—A, H. Hamm; 52, St. Mary’s Road, Oxford.
My friend Mr. EK. Hill, of Lee, spent a few weeks at Ilfracombe, and in the course of four mornings’ collecting took twenty C. edusa (seventeen males, three females) and no C. hyale. He said C. edusa was very common, as were also Vanessa io and V. cardui, of each of which he showed me about twenty examples. Macroglossa stellatarum was also common.— F. M. B. Carr.
C. edusa was common near Clovelly, Holsworthy, Crediton, Honiton, and Axminster.—L. G. S. Raynor, Sept. 13th, 1900.
DrEvon anD CoRNwaLL.—On July 24th I noticed a couple of fine male C. edusa on the Cornish coast, a few miles west of St. Ives. The insect was fairly common during the second and third weeks of August at Taunton, sufficiently so to seem to point to a Colias “year.” With the exception of one specimen seen last September, I am not aware of its occurrence there for the last seven years.—J. B. Teruey: 5, Wilkinson Street, South Lambeth, 8.W., Sept. 13th, 1900.
DorsrtsHirE.—On August 16th I found C. edusa very common along the coast between Abbotsbury and Bridport. I took one example of var. helice, and saw two other insects, which were either helice or C. hyale.— W. J. Lucas.
C. edusa was present in large numbers during the early part of this week at West Lulworth, Dorset, where I took a good series of both males and females, the former being, however, much more numerous. I also took in the same place one specimen of var. helice, and two specimens of C. hyale. This last was far from common.—T. GoppARD WILLIAMS; The Neak, Danehill, Sussex, Sept. 18th, 1900.
C. edusa was observed near Weymouth, Bridport, and Dorchester ; not common.—L. G. 8. Raynor; Sept. 13th, 1900.
Essex.—These butterflies have appeared in the clover and lucerne fields here—C. hyale in considerable numbers, but C. edusa has been rarer. I took my first specimen of each on August 2nd, and they have occurred almost every day until the present date. My boys and self have captured about thirty C. hyale and ten C. edusa, including a fine primrose var. helice. I have a considerable number of eggs from two female C. hyale, laid on white clover—Epwarp A. Fircu; Maldon, Essex, Aug. 25th.
My earliest date of capture for each of these species was Aug. 11th. Since then up till to-day, August 18th, I have taken in various lucerne and clover fields round here thirty-four C. hyale and ten C. edusa. Most of
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 75
them are in magnificent condition and evidently born on the spot, the only possible exception being a battered male C. edusa, which may have been ‘made in Germany.” One of the C. hyale has two of its wings so deformed as to render its flight over here from the Continent quite out of the question ; but its wings are not so badly deformed as in the case of one I took in 1875—within two hundred yards of the same spot—which could hardly fly at all. Ihave secured eggs of both species, C. edusa having paired in captivity. —(Rev.) Gitsertr H. Raynor; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex, Aug. 18th, 1900. P.S. (Sept. 14th).—On Sept. 12th I came across twelve specimens of C. edusa and four of C. hyale-on the railway banks near Felstead, Dunmow, and Easton Lodge.
C. edusa occurred in Epping Forest on Sept. 14th; also Theela betula. I should be glad to know whether the latter insect is still considered com- mon in our forest.—ERNestT CoRNELL; 6, Vernon Road, Leytonstone.
A young gardener of a relative of mine came across at least five or six specimens of C. Ayale in the corner of a field at Hatfield Broad Oak, and he succeeded in capturing a couple. This was nearly three weeks since.— (Rev.) F. A. Watker; Dun Mallard, Cricklewood, N.W., Sept. 7th, 1900.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—C. edusa has been fairly plentiful in Gloucester- shire. I have seen many specimens in the Vale of Berkeley, and have heard of many others. I also had the great pleasure of seeing a pair of C. hyale, male and female, flying close to me in the parish of Standish the first week of this month.—(Rev.) ALex. Naso; Standish Vicarage, Stone- house, Gloucestershire, Sept. 19th, 1900.
Hampsuire.—I took a specimen of C. edusa at Milton on the cliff, and saw another on the shore near, on August 11th. During the next day or two a few were seen near Brockenhurst; while at the beginning of this week the species was common at Christchurch.—W. J. Lucas; Aug. 17th, 1900.
C. hyale and C. edusa are both common here; a few var. helice have also occurred. The weather, however, is so bad just now that it has quite stopped collecting them.—J. Hy. Fowrer; Ringwood, Sept. 3rd, 1900.
C. edusa was plentiful at Sway, Hants, while [ was there, August 11th to 14th, and several specimens of var. helice and C. hyale were also caught. (Rev.) C. A. StaDEN; Burton Vicarage, Chester.
Both C. edusa and C. hyale are abundant here this year, and, curiously, the pale variety of the latter seems more numerous than the ordinary sulphur yellow form.—ALBert May; Hayling Island, August 21st.
Whilst at Calshot Castle, a friend, H. Harrison, and myself took nine specimens of C. edusa (five males and four females). These were captured as follows :—July 30th, one; Aug. 1st, one; Aug. 8th, two; Aug. 10th, five.—H. E. Annetr; Church Street, Walton-on-Thames.
C. edusa was seen in the neighbourhood of Andover, but very spar- ingly.—L. G. S. Raynor; Sept. 13th, 1900.
HerEFoRDSHIRE.—On August 14th I saw two specimens of C. edusa near Peterchurch. Single specimens were seen on the 15th and 16th near
_ Bredwardine.—D. P. Turner; Sutton, Surrey, 190v.
C. edusa has occurred sparingly; the cold and wet weather during the first fortnight of August is probably responsible for its limited numbers in this district.—J. b. Pinrxy; Hereford, Sept. 20th, 1900.
Hertrorpsuire.—Both C. edusa and C. hyale have been abundant. Here at Watford, near Boxmoor, and at Tring (on the Aldbury side of the railway), I have taken both species. C. hyale has been the more numerous
276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
of the two. In aclover field here I took one var. helice.—ARrtHuUR COTTAM; Eldercroft, Watford.
Kent.—I captured a worn specimen of C. hyale in the Warren at Folkestone on July 8rd last—W. HE. Butter; Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading, Aug. 12th, 1900.
C. hyale is certainly much more common this year than I have ever known it to be before, for altogether, at different times, I have counted no less than twenty-seven on one small lucerne field, and eleven of these were netted. I have not seen C. edusa yet this season.—A. J. Mann; Lindenthorpe, Broadstairs, Aug. 13th, 1900.
My brother and myself were at Herne Bay the early part of this month, where we took C. hyale, which was in great profusion, and C. edusa in some numbers, flying over lucerne fields. It was surprising to see how the male C. hyale outnumbered its fellows. We only took eight females, although we could have captured any number of males; and out of a dozen or so of C. edusa, only two were females. We did not meet with var. helice, which we took here in 1892, when C. edusa was so abundant. My brother also captured a fine pair of C. edusa at Weymouth about June 15th.—G. Ernest PEACHELL; High Wycombe, Bucks, August 26th.
On August 29th C. edusa were flying freely on railway banks at Whit- stable, and on the same day I had the pleasure of taking eight freshly emerged C. hyale from a field of lucerne near Margate, where they were plentiful, but unfortunately kept to the centre of the field, and as a man was working there, I had to take them as opportunity offered. Journeying on to Folkestone, I found, on August 31st, that both C. edusa and C. hyale were plentiful, but worn. On Sept. 6th C. edusa and C. hyale were both flying on railway banks at Sidcup and Crayford; and on the 7th, when I went to the latter place specially to take them, not one was to be seen, although I saw them on the banks between Eltham and New Eltham Station as I passed in the train. By this it seemed they were gradually working up towards London. Railway banks seem to be a good medium for distributing them about the country.—C. W. Cotrarur; 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, S.E.
C. edusa is fairly common on the chalk-hills about Maidstone. C. hyale is very abundant, preferring the flowery meadows and waste places of the river valley (Medway).—J. L. Saxsy; Larkfield, Maidstone.
I obtained eight examples of C. edusa, six of C. hyale, and two of Vanessa cardui in a lucerne field situated between Hithergreen and Bromley on August 18th.—D. CurrrenpEen; Court Hill Road, Lewisham, S.E.
I noticed a male specimen of C. edusa in a railway cutting near Herne Bay on September 9th.—J. B. Trertey; 8, Wilkinson Street, South Lambeth, S.W.
On August 17th I saw a specimen of C. edusa flying along the road- side near Cranbrook ; and on the 20th of the same month I had the pleasure of seeing two specimens of C. hyale at Horsmonden. One of the latter was disporting itself in a field of mixed growth, among which was a good deal of clover in patches ; the other was in a partly cleared clover field on higher ground. ‘They both managed to elude the net, and flew away into adjoin- ing hop fields, and I saw them no more.—RicHarp Souts; 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W.
C. edusa is now (Aug. 28rd) out at Folkestone, flying along the cliffs below the Lees and at the Warren.—Grorcre W. OLDFIELD; 21, Long- ridge Road, Karl’s Court, S.W,
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 277
My brother, Mr. F. Barton, took a fresh specimen of C. hyale on August 9th at Whitstable, and observed two others near Ramsgate a few days later. All were flying over clover fields—W. H. Barron; The Poplars, Spencer Road, Grove Park, Chiswick.
While walking through a field. yesterday near Hithergreen, I saw two specimens of C. edusa. I had not my net with me, or I could easily have captured them, their flight being very languid.—W. J. Harris; 17, Micheldever Road, Lee, S.E., Sept. 17th.
As far as [ have had an opportunity of judging, I should consider this a hyale more than an edusa year. One C. edusa was seen at Chelsfield on August 31st, and on the same day eight C. hyale at Shoreham. On Sept. 5th a single C. edusa was seen on Blackheath; whilst two days later a trip to Birchington-on-Sea produced fifteen C. hyale, mostly more or less worn; about fifteen others were seen, but only one edusa. An excursion to Brasted, Sept. 11th, was not productive of Colias, a battered C. hyale being the only one seer.—F. M. B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E.
Between August 11th and 17th last I captured at Hythe seventeen freshly emerged specimens of C. hyale and fourteen of C. edusa. Amongst the latter was a perfect example of var. helice, which fluttered up at my feet when I was crossing a stubble field. C. hyale appeared to be more plenti- ful than C. edusa in this locality. Vanessa atalanta and V. cardui were much scarcer than usual.—R. S. Mirrorp; 35, Redcliffe Square, South Kensington, Sept. 18th, 1900.
Mrippiesex.—Having heard that C. hyale and C. edusa were to be found at Chorley Wood, I went there on Sept. 7th, but failed in my quest. On nearing home, however, just before my train slowed previous to drawing up at Kilburn and Brondesbury Metropolitan station, I had the mortifica- tion to note first C. hyale, and a moment later C. edusa, both butterflies apparently in good condition, flitting along the north side of the railway embankment.—(Rey.) F. A. Watkir, D.D.; Dun Mallard, Cricklewood, N.W., Sept. 7th, 1900. P.S.—Three specimens of C. edusa were seen by me on Sept. 13th on the railway embankment between Willesden Green and Brondesbury.
During the last three weeks two of my friends and myself have caught, at Potters Bar, seventeen specimens of C. edusa, sixteen of C. hyale, and one helice.—T. H. Grosvenor; Boundary House, Hadley, Aug. 26th.
Norrotx.—During August I took two examples of C. edusa, and the same number of specimens of C. hyale, on the cliffs near Mundesley, Nor- folk.—S. W. Kemp; 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W.
OXFORDSHIRE.—C. edusa and C. hyale have appeared in some numbers this year near Oxford, and Acherontia atropos promises to be plentiful. Since August 17th I have netted eight specimens of C. hyale at Cowley, Oxon.—Harotp THompson; 31, Beaumont Street, Oxford, August 31st, 1900.
C. hyale is turning up in some abundance in this neighbourhood. I have myself taken four in a clover field at the foot of Watlington Hill on Aug. 17th. Six specimens were taken in the same field in 1893. I am not aware that the insect has been seen in the neighbourhood since; but this year I have seen it in three localities within five miles of this place.— (Rev.) Jounn W. B. Bett; Pyrton Vicarage, Watlington, Oxon.
C. hyale and C. edusa have been fairly common here during August and September ; the latter species being the more numerous of the two. A. H. Hamm; 52, St. Mary’s Road, Oxford, Sept. 17th, 1900.
278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SHROPSHIRE.—I have had the satisfaction of once more taking C. edusa, an insect which I last saw alive at Torquay in 1876. I saw three specimens within three miles of this place on August 16th, and managed—though without my net—to capture two of them, a male and a female, both in good condition.—(Rev.) Caas. F. THorNEWILL; Calverhall Vicarage, Whitchurch, Salop.
SOMERSETSHIRE.—I saw a splendid female C. edusa at Weston-super- Mare in August last. It settled on a flower, but as I was without a net at the time, I was unable to secure it.—Oscar Wauuittaker; Morelands, Heaton, Bolton.
The observations on the occurrence of C. edusa in Somersetshire were made either by my brother or by myself:—Two in the town, Weston- super-Mare, Aug. 17th and 27th; one near the top of Dunkery Beacon, Aug. 30th; one on Exmoor (Somerset side), Sept. 3rd; twenty seen from the train on the embankments between Minehead and Taunton, Sept. 5th. BL): Briatuwayt; Weston-super-Mare, Sept. 10th, 1900.
I spent the first three weeks of August at Bridgwater, and in a clover field near there we found C. edusa in fair numbers and very fine. Of ten females that we captured three were var. helice. We took only one C. hyale, and another was seen in the neighbourhood. C. edusa was also seen ou the sand-hills near Brean.—Artour Cottam, Eldercroft, Watford.
On August 11th I captured thirty C. edusa near Pilning; and on the 15th obtained twenty-four, and saw perhaps another hundred. I also obtained one var. helice and three C. hyale. C. edusa has been very abundant in the neighbourhood, visiting suburban gardens, where heliotrope seemed to be its particular fancy.—H.S. Bisnop; 18, Cricklade Road, Bristol.
SurroLk.—My nephew took C. hyale on Sept. 4th at Southwold. Henry A. Kine; 25, Haringay Park, Crouch End, N.
Surrey.—On July 30th I saw, in a field at Worcester Park, Surrey, a specimen of C. hyale, but, having no net, I of course failed to catch it. C. W. Cotrarup; 127, Barry Road, Kast Dulwich, S.E., Aug. Ist, 1900.
On Sept. 5th I went to a clover field between Cheam and Ewell in search of Colias. Between about 12.30 and 1.30 I took six C. hyale, and saw sevefal more. I stayed quite an hour after this, but did not see another specimen, nor did I see any CU. edusa. On the 6th I went to the same field again for a short time in the middle of the day, the only result being the capture of one C. hyale and one male C. edusa. No other speci- mens of either were seen. On Sept. 11th, after trying another tract of clover without success, I returned to the same place; five C. edusa were captured, four being males, but no C. hyale were seen. Two of my specimens of C. hyale are very small. A friend took a specimen of C. hyale at Belmont in August.—D. P. Turner; Sutton, Surrey, 1900.
I have seen a specimen of C. edusa flying in a garden here this season, and have captured a Macroglossa stellatarum in the same place.—J. C. Warsure; Albury, Surrey, Sept. 9th, 1900.
I saw more than one example of C. edusa, on July 31st last, in a clover field some little distance behind Box Hill Station.—G. Sparks ; 1, Christ- church Villas, Tooting.
One example of each sex of C. edusa was taken on August 11th on the Hogg’s Back, about half-way between Guildford and Farnham ; and I know for certain that two specimens have been seen at Walton-on-Thames. H. G. Annetr; Walton-on-Thames.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 279
Within a two and a half mile radius of Newdigate I found C. hyale and C. edusa flying about over four clover fields; they were not plentiful, but they were in fair numbers. I caught about twelve C. hyale and twenty C. edusa. Some friends whom I took to the localities captured about five of each. I doubtless could have got many more had I had the time. I saw a few C. edusa on the road between Horley and Three Bridges. From August 10th to the 20th they were most plentiful; but I saw a few yesterday (Sept. 6th)— Herbert BeapNeLt; Fernside, Redhill, Surrey, Sept. 7th.
The only specimen of C. edusa that I have seen near here was one at Puttenham on Sept. 6th.—W. J. Lucas; 12, Caversham Road, Kingston- on-Thames.
Sussex.— Whilst collecting at Arundel last Sunday, Aug. 19th, I saw four specimens of C. edusa, two of which I captured, both males; they are in beautiful condition. I also took one V. cardwi the same day, and one P. monacha at rest on a beech-tree. On August 26th I took a fine male specimen of C. hyale flying by the roadside near Arundel.—Henry K. GARRETT; 3, Brewer's Green Mews, Victoria Street, Westminater, S.W., Sept. 14th, 1900.
I saw ten examples of C. hyale, of which I took four very fine specimens (three miales and one female), on the downs behind Gompting, between August 16th and 18th; they were confined to a small stretch of the downs, about two hundred yards long, bordered by a thick hawthorn hedge. C. edusa was very abundant in a cornfield, about a quarter of a mile away from the above locality. It also occurred plentifully in many localities within a five mile radius of Worthing.—H. Worstry-Woop; 31, Agate Road, West.
C. edusa and C. hyale were common in clover fields around Hooe, near Pevensey, in the latter half of August. I took nine specimens of the last- named species, and one example of C. edusa var. helice. I may mention that last year I captured seven specimens of C. hyale near Broadstairs, and two C. edusa at Sidmouth.—Lewis L. Turner; 131, Melbourne Grove, East Dulwich, S.E.
C. hyale has been the butterfly of the year in this locality. My brother, Mr. Frederick Anderson, has taken many fine specimens, and three or four have also been captured by my friend Mrs. Fogden at Apuldram during the first fortnight of August. My brother also took a beautiful example of var. helice here on August 17th. Although C. edusa has been, and is, at the time of writing (August 20th), very abundant, some visiting the garden even, this is the only speeimen of var. helice of which I have cognizance in this neighbourhood.—JosrpH ANDERSON ; Chichester.
I found both species very abundant near Littlehampton, August 10th to 20th, taking forty-eight C. edusa, one var. helice, and eighty-four C. hyale, besides seeing many more.—RusseLtt E. James; 18, Onslow Gardens, Highgate.
WEs?TMORELAND.—I had already penned a note on C. edusa to the effect that five male specimens had been caught, and otliers seen, during the latter part of August; but I now have the pleasure of being able to record that it is being taken in considerable numbers amongst the clover and stubble of a cornfield recently cut close to Kendal. ‘Though it is a revelation to me, there is not the slightest doubt that the specimens now being caught are the progeny of immigrant females, all being in perfect condition, and one or two having been taken with the wings still limp after
280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
emergence. It is some years since the species has been noticed in the district. On Sept. 12th and 13th I caught thirteen at Ford, near Shrews- bury, but they were somewhat worn.—(Rev.) A. M. Moss; 12, Greenside, Kendal.
Wixts.—C. edusa and one specimen of C. hyale were seen near Salisbury.—L. G. 8. Raynor; Sept. 13th, 1900.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Insecta Transvaaliensia ; a Contribution to a Knowledge of the Entomology of South Africa. By W. L. Distant, author of ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana,’ &c.; assisted by many Specialists. Published by W. L. Distant, Highfield, Upper Warlingham, Surrey. Part I. June, 1900.
Durine his four years’ residence in the Transvaal—the preliminary results of the earlier part of which were published in one of his other works—Mr. Distant paid much attention to Entomology, and formed a considerable collection of insects. The work before us is expected to extend to twelve quarto parts, each containing twenty-four pages of letterpress, with two coloured plates; and three parts are promised annually till the whole is completed. It is proposed to enumerate all the species described from the Transvaal, and the book will contain descriptions and figures of a large number of new species. While not ignoring the work of others, it will be based chiefly on Mr. Distant’s own collections; and the uniformity of the African Fauna, from the Cape to the Zambesi (and, Mr. Distant might have added, of all Kastern, Southern, and Central Africa, to Somali, Abyssinia, and the Lake District of Central Africa), will make the book of great value for the elucidation of the Entomology of Southern and HKastern Africa generally.
The first part contains the commencement of the Orthoptera, comprising the letterpress descriptive of the Forficulide, and the commencement of the Blattide; and two plates, one devoted to the two families already mentioned, and the other to the Phasmida. These have been carefully drawn by Mr. Horace Knight, under the supervision of Mr. Distant himself. There is a very full account of the habits, &c., of Forficulide and Blattide by Mr. Distant, and of the distribution of the Ethiopian species by Mr. Malcolm Burr. The systematic portion is by Mr. W. F. Kirby, and the descriptions of the new species have previously appeared in the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’ The Blattide figured exhibit a variety of form and colour which many people would hardly expect in ‘black beetles.” The number of apterous species, or species with apterous females, is very considerable in Africa, and thus the dissimilarity of the sexes in African Blattide adds considerably to the difficulties of their study. The plate of Phasmide also exhibits a variety of interesting species, two of which are remarkable for the curious appendages on the head.
We believe that the second part of this meritorious work will be devoted to Moths.
(Entom.,, Pl. VI., 1900.)
PLATE Ii.
Tagner.
By permission of Frankenstein & W
Ajter Obernetter.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXIII. NOVEMBER, 1900. [No. 450.
TWO ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES.
Argynnis adippe, 3 (upper figure).—Taken in Kent, on July 17th last, by Mr. R. S. Mitford, to whom I am indebted for the loan of the specimen to figure. Mr Frohawk’s drawing so admirably exhibits the aberrant characters of this pretty variety, that it is only necessary to say that the under surface of the hind wings is buff in colour, and the submarginal series of spots red- dish brown; the large spots on basal area are silvery, and there are two or three silvery markings towards the anal angle. A somewhat similar aberration of the female of this species (A. aglata in error) is figured Entom. xv. pl. i. figs. 2, 2a, pp. 50, 142.
Lycena bellargus, ¢ (lower figure)—Taken at Folkestone during July last. The under surface is whitish clouded with grey, and there are orange lunules at the outer extremities of
ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1900. 2B
282 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the black bars on hind wings. Mr. Sabine, who has kindly lent the specimen for figuring, states that it was captured by Mr. Barlow, whilst he was netting a few L. bellargus for a friend in London. This aberration is parallel with one of L. icarus figured by Newman, Brit. Butt. p. 128.
Ricuarp Sours.
NOTE ON THE OVIPOSITION OF PARNASSIUS APOLLO. By T. A. Carman, M.D.
Tue keel or pouch of female Parnassius seems now to be well understood as a structure added by the male during pairing, but what its use is seems to be still quite unknown. At least, I can find no satisfactory observation or suggestion on the matter. One surmises that it must be of some use in ovipositing. I made a point on several occasions this summer of watching apollo to detect the mode of oviposition, if possible. I only succeeded in seeing one egg laid, and that I could not find on searching. ‘The way in which it was deposited was, however, very suggestive. The butterfly alighted on a dead stalk, some six or seven inches above the earth, not on or very near any Sedum, and then ejected an egg in such a forcible way that it fell, perhaps, an inch and a half away from the spot immediately beneath the insect. A solitary observation is, perhaps, too small a basis to theorise on; but, as the egg lies unhatched all winter, the object would be to send it with some force, so that it would get into some sheltered corner. The mode by which the jerk is communicated would probably be by the egg being pressed against the pouch, the elasticity of which would give it a jerk when it slipped free. The egg has a flat base, by which it probably becomes attached when that surface touches any object.
In searching for any account of the oviposition of Parnassius, I find perfunctory allusions to it, implying that there is nothing unusual in method of egg laying. The fullest reference I find in W. H. Edwards’s account of P. smintheus, where several different observers note the butterfly as laying freely on various objects, and especially on anything in preference to the food-plant. He quotes two observers who saw the butterfly laying eggs, and who note nothing peculiar about it. It may be, therefore, perhaps, that my observation was of an unusual occurrence—it suggests the desirability of further observations.
Betula, Reigate: Sept. 1900.
285
SYNOPSIS OF EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE MADE WITH LEPIDOPTERA UP TO THE END OF 1898.*
By Pror. Dr. Max Sranpruss. Prats II. (Entom. Plate VI.). (Continued from p. 167.)
5. On rare occasions aberrations were produced by these warmth and cold experiments, i.e. forms arose, which, although not confined to any particular season or locality, are found as great rarities in a state of nature sporadically all over the district inhabited by the species in question, either in similar forms or near approaches thereto ; forms were also obtained by these ex- periments which should no doubt be included in this category, but which have not yet been discovered in a state of nature. We shall return to the nature of these forms later.
For example, by means of cold an eyeless form of Vanessa io was obtained; also characteristic aberrative forms of V. urtice and V. polychloros; and by warmth, V. antiopa occasionally developed a very much broadened yellow border, V. cardui and V. polychloros also giving rise to aberrations.
These aberrations were more generally obtained when the effect of the warmth and cold experiments were especially extreme ; so that, on account of these observations, I came to the conclusion, as long ago as 1894, in my pamphlet, ‘ The Causes of Variation and Aberration in the Imaginal Stage of Butterflies’ (Ent. Zeitschr. Guben, 1894, Sept. 15th, pp. 102, 103) :—‘‘ Therefore it is highly probable that a large number of the aberrations found in a state of nature, the reasons for whose occurrence has hitherto been unknown, have been caused by abnormal temperature conditions, which affected the pupal stage”; and that it would appear to be necessary to complete the former experiments by introducing temperatures of over + 40° C. and under 0° C. In fact, the results of these further experiments were correctly foretold by me in the year 1895 in the large Handbook, pp. 291 and 292, before these experiments were in any way commenced. The results obtained confirm these predictions in the highest degree.
We now come to the second series of temperature experi- ments—heat and frost experiments.
The temperatures used, + 40° to + 45° C., on the one hand, and 0° to —18°—occasionally — 20° C.—on the other, were, as
* Translation continued by E. M. Dadd. 2B2
284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
already stated, only intermittently applied, as they could only be borne for short periods (in most of the many experiments for two periods per day of two hours each for three to six days) ; between the exposures and after same, and until emer- gence, the pupe were kept at the ordinary daily temperature. In the heat and frost experiments the greater part of the material experimented with remained unchanged; only the smallest proportion of them departed in any way from the normal type, and, most curiously, this portion was of equal value in both heat and frost experiments. The same or almost similar forms were obtained at —15° to —20° C. as at + 40° to +45° C., that is, in both aberrations arose. These strange results lead to the question—In what way do these frost and heat experiments work ?
Observation shows that if a large series of pupx be exposed for two hours twice a day for three days in the frost apparatus to a temperature of about — 12° C., the imagines were not de- layed only the six hours, during which the pupe were in the frost apparatus, but were delayed days. It is also remarkable, that by substituting +44° C. for —12° C. analogous results were ob- tained. High temperatures by no means hasten matters, as one would be inclined to suppose, but mostly interrupt the develop- ment, often delaying the same long over the extent of the time of exposure.
This retarded development under very high temperatures was most noticeable when a species, whose one generation hybernates as pup, had the pup of its summer generation submitted to about + 44°C. Then a certain proportion of the pupe do not emerge as a second generation, but hybernate, and give the following spring imagines of the normal type of the first genera- tion. This took place with broods, the remainder of which, left under normal conditions, emerged all in the second generation. The interruption in the development became in this case per- manent, and the forced exstivation passed directly over into the normal hybernation of the following generation. It may also be mentioned here, which is under the circumstances more compre- hendable, that in frost experiments with summer pupe of species with two generations, a certain percentage according to the degree and length of the frost action do not reach a second generation, but hybernate. .
We have thus to first answer the question—How do these frost and heat experiments work? They arrest development, and put the insect into a state of lethargy, whereas there were no such interruptions in the warmth and cold experiments.
But a further important difference exists between these two series of experiments. Cold and warmth experiments resulted in a change in the whole of the material under different treatment in different directions and degrees, whereas with uniform treat-
EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 285
ment a certain line is always followed without much variation between individuals.
A specific line of development such as was obtained by cold experiments was never evolved by the same species by warmth experiments, nor was the obverse ever obtained. It was plainly a case of direct influence.
It was very different’ with frost and heat experiments. In this case the whole of the material experimented with was never influenced in one direction differing from the normal type. Firstly, it must be remembered that it was the rule for the greater part to remain unaltered in any way; secondly, among those that were influenced, even though, for certain individual groups, a number of regularities were observable in the variations, yet the one group as compared with another would often enough vary in an entirely different direction, even in one and the same experiment. Moreover, at minus temperatures, after a certain limit had been reached even at great divergences--for example, —8° to — 18° C.—qualitatively the same variations were obtained, although not in the same percentage; this was also the case with extreme degrees of heat. In the cold and warmth experiments, on the other hand, a very few degrees were sufficient, if con- stantly applied, to create vastly different forms. We even find that the influence of heat on certain species of Vanessa will solely produce forms which are certainly equivalent to certain forms obtained by frost experiments, as the differences which up to the present could be detected between aberrations obtained by the influence of heat and certain aberrations obtained by the influence of frost are overborne by the preponderance of simi- larity in the structure of these two forms, and may perhaps be entirely removed by further studies.
From all these facts it follows that the second answer to the question, ‘‘In what way do these heat and frost experiments work ?”’ is:
They have no direct influence, but indirect, owing probably to the fact that through the state of lethargy brought about by them, conditions act which cause a variation in the future insect in a particular direction; and it is quite immaterial for the setting up of this line of development whether the period of lethargy is caused by frost, by heat, and perhaps also by any other hindering influence.
Now, what deductions do we draw from the aberrations ? What can we think of them? We have as yet given no explana- tion of them, but only indicated that they are forms which, although not confined to any locality or time of appearance, are found in a state of nature, generally as great rarities, here and there in the territory inhabited by the species, This says nothing as to their real essence,
286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
If only certain species of the genus Vanessa had been used for analysing this problem, it would have been on a casual examina- tion a tempting speculation to suppose, taking as a basis certain highly darkened aberrative forms resembling each other, that aberrations were retrogressions in the direction of an ancient type, having characteristics common to these species. There are, however, such important reasons against the acceptance of this view that it certainly cannot be correct. One of these reasons is that in these aberrations the males are not only much more numerous than the females, but are also inclined to the most extreme development; whereas we know by experience that the female sex is far more inclined to atavism.
The most important reasons which preclude the possibility of the variations being atavistic are grounded on phylogenetic considerations. In considering the genus Vanessa and the re- lated nymphalids Argynnis and Melitea, we must reach the con- clusion that this is not a case of primarily black or dark-coloured ground colour and secondary light brown and yellow, which would be the result if we were to consider these darkened aber- rations as atavisms, but, on the contrary, primarily yellow or light brown ground colours with secondary superposition of darker markings. We have right amongst palearctic Vanesside two species which show the phylogenetic progress from light brown ground colours with dark markings to a predominating dark brown ground colour in a seasonal dimorphic form, viz. V. levana, L., and the related Siberian V. burejana, Brem.
If, however, the aberrations cannot be considered as forms tending in an atavistic direction, what are they ?
Regarding the influence of the experiment, they cannot be considered as the direct result of this influence, but solely as a frequent but by no means constant accompaniment. The direct result of the experiments is lethargy, interruption of the develop- ment, at a stage of life-history when important changes in the structure of the body have naturally a fundamental influence on the colour garb of the imago. These interruptions destroy the continuity of the normal development, which holds, so to speak, the individual fettered, driving it forward in a certain direction ; when the further development continues, a portion of the indivi- duals—in fact, the majority—continue in the usual direction; a few, however, diverge from the normal direction of development, as if thrown off the rails by the interruption.
It is therefore a case of a relatively independent progressive development of the individual, and therefore with a stamp of great variation between individuals. The aberrations therefore indicate, firstly, individual colour anomalies in a new direction (at least in most cases).
But still another side of their character presents itself; if we
EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 287
compare them with the types, which in the cold and warm ex- periments were proved undoubtedly to be the direct results of these moderate high and low temperature influences, we find that a considerable number of the latter actually exist as local or seasonal forms, or that the variation lies in the line of the phylogenetic development of these forms, backwards or forwards. This is quite the reverse of the aberrations; they diverge entirely from such lines of development, and—this seems to be the second peculiarity of the character—do not vary on the lines of the normal line of the phylogenetic development of the species.
It was certainly not the sole purpose of these heat and frost experiments to obtain aberrations, but by this means to follow up two questions of scientific interest, and if possible to answer same.
Firstly, what factors in nature cause the appearance of aberrations, which as to their appearance in free nature and characters form such obscure problems? And secondly, are these new forms; is the aberrative coloration transmitted to the progeny ? In order to answer the first question, the experi- ments were conducted in a methodical manner.
Whoever carefully investigates large and the largest collec- tions, cannot deny the fact that aberrations appear in years with many strong temperature variations, or from localities in which sharp changes are a common occurrence ; for example, in certain mountain valleys, particularly in the Alps.
Perhaps the true reason is to be found in the important and lasting reduction of temperature caused by storms, especially when accompanied in flat regions by hail, and in mountainous regions by snow-storms; at least this appears to be the con- clusion to be drawn on the one side.
Experiments were therefore made with 0° and —2° in various ways, so that the most extreme variations of temperature which could happen in such cases should be imitated; but the result of all these experiments was absolutely nil, in spite of the large number of individuals dealt with.
Only by the repeated application of —5° were a few aberra- tions obtained.
It is apparent that a repeated occurrence of —5° during the warmer portions of the year is out of the question. Still less a repeated occurrence of —8°, —9°, —12°C., &c., under which conditions experimental aberrations were constantly obtained, although only few in number. Another fact which must be well borne in mind, is that this result was only obtained with species whose whole life-history from ovum to imago is achieved during the warm portions of the year, and which hybernate as ima- gines; but this was not the case, at least as far as present
288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
experiments have gone, with species which hybernate in the larval stage.
One must now consider the alternative as to whether the aberrations are caused by extreme high temperatures.
In these experiments, conditions which could possibly happen in nature were, as nearly as possible, adhered to, and in this case the experiments * were not without result, although much less material was used.
* In 1898 the heat experiments were continued in great numbers with + 42° to + 44° C.; firstly in January and February with hybernated pupe of Papilio podalirius, L., P. machaon, L., Thais cerisyi var. deyrolleit, Obthr., Polyommatus amphidamas, Esp., and Vanessa levana, L. I was successful in obtaining a few aberrations sensw strictioré of all these species. Thais v. deyrollet produced especially striking forms.
Plate I. fig. 7 shows an aberration of Papilio podalirius, L. (hybernated pupe from Sitten, Canton of Valais) thus obtained, which shows an increase in the dark markings in some place on the fore wings in a blurred manner. The black markings both on the upper and under sides of the fine female Thais var. deyrollei, Obthr. (Pl. I. fig. 9), are also very much increased over the normal form. This aberration was frequently obtained by the heat experi- ments. The female of the Amasin local form of Thais cerisyz, B. (Pl. II. fig. 1), is not so much darkened, but still differs a good deal from the ordinary form. Pl. I. fig. 10, and Pl. II. figs. 2 and 8, show abnormal coloured specimens of Polyommatus amphidamas, Esp., from hybernated pupx from Leipzig, also in increased darkening; the under sides of these individuals show a partial lengthening of certain rows of spots into rays.
In contradiction to the above-named aberrations of Papilios and Poly- ommatus amphidamas, a Lycenid; the nymphalid V. levana, L. (Leipzig), shows a reduction of the black brown markings; as will be seen (PI. I. fig. 11, and Pl. II. fig. 4), at least as far as these heat experiments with hybernated pupz go, I could not obtain opposite variations, or, in fact, variations in any other direction. The males of Thais var. deyrollei, Obthr., in apposition to their females, showed an inclination to a reduction of the dark markings, which will be seen by PI. I. fig. 8).
These experiments filled up a considerable blank in the former ones.
From May until August a continuation of the heat experiments was made with summer pupz.
V. antiopa, L., resulted in a number of ab. hygiea, Hdrch., as well as intermediate forms; two characteristic specimens of these forms are shown (Pl. II. figs. 5 and 6).
According to present experience, these aberrations were most frequently attained by a temperature of + 42° to + 44° C. applied three to five conse- cutive days, four times a day, each application lasting one hour; the best result was seven aberrations among forty individuals. The change from daily temperature to heat, as in all these heat experiments, was sudden, as also the return to ordinary temperature at the conclusion of the application.
V. cardwi, L., produced two ab. elymi, Rbr., one of which is shown (Pl. II. fig. 7); V. atalanta a typical ab. klemensiewiczi, Schille (Pl. II. fig. 8), and an intermediate.
Several very extreme forms of ab. ichnusoides, Sel. Long., were obtained from V. wrtice, L., as well as intermediates; a specimen of the first is figured (Pl. II. fig. 9), and an intermediate (Pl. II. fig. 10). V.%o, L., pro- duced a few ab. belisaria, Obthr., very highly developed from individuals of the second generation from Ziirich (Pl. II. fig. 11). Vanessa var. prorsa, L., in all the large series exposed produced, first, as the earliest emergences of
EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 289
It is sufficient for a pupa, of species not only hybernating as imagines, but also as larve, to be submitted to a temperature of +42° to +45° C for two hours, on two, three, or four con- secutive days, while it is in a sensitive stage, to eventually produce an aberration.
This will most easily happen in steep mountain slopes or on the face of cliffs, but it might also happen on dark tree trunks, boards, stones, or under leaves, which lie close to a good heat conductor. In breeding, also, pupe which are placed in a green- house or other outhouse, or even in a room, where the sun can reach them, may be subjected to a similar temperature, which is a very natural explanation of the extraordinary aberrations which are bred now and then to the great wonder of the entomologist.
One point which confirms the validity of this explanation of natural aberrations is, that the aberrations hitherto obtained by the heat experiments all correspond to those found in nature, whereas the aberrations resulting from frost experiments are often forms which have probably never been observed in a state of nature. In order to show the conformity of heat forms with those found on nature, compare the experimentally obtained aberrations figs. 2, 4, 6, 8, with the natural forms 1, 3, 5, 7, which are placed side by side on Pl. IV. of ‘Experim. zoolog. Studien.’
The results of these heat experiments* allow the conclusion that the typical aberrations of the nymphalids, that is, about 80-90 per cent. of all known aberrations, are brought about in a state of nature by the occasional action of high degrees of heat, +40° to +45°.
And now for the last question raised by these temperature
~
each brood, only normal v. prorsa, L., but later on ab. porima, O., and very sparingly, several aberrations in very different directions of development (see Pl. II. figs. 13 and 14). The original of fig. 14 is such an extraordinary individual that one does not know at first to what species to relegate it. Each series ended, generally after a pause, in several very large typical levana. A number of pupe stood over and produced in the spring of 1899 thoroughly typical V. levana, L.
The experiments with V. polychloros, L., were not continued in 1898, as a number of fine ab. testwdo, Esp., were produced in the heat experiments of 1897 (cfr. Exp. zool. Stud. Pl. IV. figs. 2 and 9). A female of the latter is shown (Pl. II. fig. 12), as females of this beautiful aberration are very hard to obtain through these experiments in faultless condition and in such ex- treme development can hardly be known in a state of nature.
** As the continuance of the heat experiments in 1898 shows (compare the previous footnote}, the conclusion arrived at as to the cause of aberrations sensu strictiore in nature of the nymphalids is not only confirmed by further results, but is also shown to be true for a number of Papilionide and one Lycenid (Polyommatus amphidamas, Esp.), so that a general agreement seems probable.
290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
experiments. Will the new forms which have been obtained by these experiments be capable of reproduction ?
Qualitatively, the best material for this purpose would be the above-mentioned phylogenetic progressive forms obtained by these warmth and cold experiments. Their coloration has undoubtedly been directly influenced by the experiment, and the forms in question, having never been noticed in a state of nature, they are individuals with acquired new characters.
The use of these forms has, however, as far as the present experiments have gone, been prevented, as the individuals obtained have never shown sufficient energy ; they had certainly suffered by the experiment.
Especially the most extreme forms, which would have been most fitted for these heredity experiments, had generally badly deve- loped wings ; blood oozed from several places, so that they were absolutely useless for the purpose of continuous flight. Besides the wings, the claws on the feet of the extreme forms were, as a rule, badly developed, and absolutely useless for holding on with. . One was therefore reduced, on the one hand, to the coloration anomalies and aberrations, which were only an indirect result of the influences applied, but whose anomalies, on the other, never occur without such experimental influences amongst countless thousands of individuals, and which constitute, like the first, new forms, only with greater individual differences, and partly in quite different directions.
The experiments showed that only the frost experiments produced a great number of these forms with full energy, so that only material obtained by this means was used for the experiment. Further, it seemed advisable to first make these experiments with the Vanessa species feeding on nettle, on account of the comparative ease of cultivating large quantities of this plant in large pots. V. c-album, V. urtice, V. cardu, and V. atalanta were all equally serviceable; they all live, as a rule or occasionally, on nettle, and, moreover, these species were especially suitable, as in our latitude they constantly occur in two generations.
Finally, I was unfortunately only able to get a sufficient quantity of imagines for this experiment of V. urtice, in all from not less than 8231 pupe.
Sufficient room for the experiment was kindly placed at my disposal by Herr Dr. G. Stebler, in a portion of a growing-house for the Seed Control Station. Good ventilation was assured by replacing some of the panes of glass by wire screens.
Four immense tubs and other articles containing full-grown nettles, which had been cultivated the previous year, as well as a lot of pots containing flowering pinks, completed the furnishing of the small room, to which the sun had good access, Arrange-
EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 291
ments were also made for shading appropriately portions of the room.
On Whit Monday, June 7th, 1897, the first abnormal V. urtice were introduced, and so on until June 15th—in all forty-two specimens, thirty-two males and ten females.
The males were without exception very extreme forms, with entirely black hind wings on the upper side; only two females belonged to this form, the remaining eight possessed blue mar- ginal spots, and partly also more or less brown ground colour at the anal angle of the hind wing; certainly a very small number of females, when one considers that they formed the entire female aberrations from more than eight thousand pupe.
It was interesting to note during the following weeks how quickly the small creatures accustomed themselves to their ’ keeper, and lost all their fear of him, and how in certain directions they exhibited intelligence and remembrance; for example, immediately on his entry into the breeding house they fluttered to the ground, as they had quite apparently noted that his entry was symbolical of a drink, as, to take care of their thirst, I was in the habit of sprinkling the ground with water.
The 25th of June had arrived, and, in spite of the most eareful observation, no pairing was noted, but the room was only visited between the hours of 8.30 a.m. and 7 p.m.
All kinds of love-games were indulged in, but, as already said, no real pairing. It must, however, have taken place, as, on June 26th, I was pleased to see a cluster of eges on the under side of a nettle-leaf, and during the following days eight females, amongst them the most abnormally coloured ones, were observed laying eggs. How many eggs were laid by each female on an average could not be ascertained, as for many days one after another they were laid on different leaves. It cannot, however, have been less than two hundred, as more than two thousand larve developed, in spite of the fact that two of the ten females met an untimely end through spiders. Among them, unfortunately, was the less extreme of the two extreme forms.
Probably she had laid no eggs, as the ovarium was full of eggs, and she was never observed ovipositing. From July 2nd the larve emerged, and at first were allowed to feed freely on the nettle, but were later on placed in airy breeding-cases. The brood of the most abnormal female was kept separate, and reared from the commencement by itself.
Unhappily, one of the many infectious diseases known under the collective name of Flacherie, shortly appeared, so that of all the broods only the strongest and most quickly developed individuals reached the pupal stage: in all, 493 specimens. These did not all produce imagines, as some were attacked by
292, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ichneumons, Pteromalus sp., and others, died of the disease in this stage.
The brood of the most abnormal female, reared with the greatest care, produced only fifty-two pup, which are included in the 493 before mentioned.
On July 21st the imagines emerged till 27th, altogether two hundred specimens; amongst them the first specimens of the brood of the most abnormal female. All these specimens were entirely and thoroughly normal. On July 28th appeared one variety (cfr. Exp. zool. Stud. pl. v. fig. 4), and on July 31st and Aug. Ist, each one more, differing from the normal form, but not very abnormally. On Aug. 5th, among the last imagines from this experiment, a very aberrative specimen emerged (cfr. Exp. zool. Stud. pl. v. fig. 5), as the previous three, also the progeny of the most abnormal female. It was also a male.
The result of heredity experiments with abnormal forms obtained by the frost experiments—the whole material from emerged imago through egg, larva and pupa to imago being treated as far as is known to perfectly normal conditions—is as follows :—
1. Two of the ten females experimented with did not produce offspring.
2. The small portion of the broods of probably seven females which reached maturity reverted entirely to the normal form.
3. An eighth pair, from which only forty-three specimens were obtained, resulted in one well and three slightly developed aberrations, in the direction of the parental aberration.
4, These four individuals are all males.
5. Only the most abnormal female—the thirty-two males, as already stated, were about of equal merit as far as their abnor- mal characters are concerned—transmitted its newly acquired characters more or less to a small portion of its offspring. The possibility of transmitting these anomalies seems to be condi- tional on the extent of the anomaly.
6. As this experiment, on account of the outbreak of disease, was very incomplete, it is desirable to repeat same again, with plenty of material.
However, the facts obtained may be considered of great im- portance for estimating the influence which natural factors con- tribute to the alterations of living organisms, especially when one considers that the same individual which we have here produced from the brood of abnormal parents never occurs amongst countless thousands of creatures of normal parentage, which have been subjected to exactly the same conditions.
(To be continued.)
293
NOTES ON SOME SINHALESE RHYNCHOTA. By G. W. Kirxkavpy, F.E.S.
Fam. Treticgonipm {[—Jassipm, auctt.]. Nirvana, gen. nov.
Belonging to subfam. Jassine. Head porrect, plane, nearly twice so long as pronotum, the lateral margins parallel so far as ocelli, subsequently very gently convergent, apex subangular. Eyes longer than wide, produced basally over the anterior margin of the pronotum, which is somewhat wider than the base of the vertex; ocelli small, indistinct, situated on the lateral margins of the vertex, at about half their length from the base. Posterior margin of head concave; frons slightly concave. Antenne simple, very long. Scutellum slightly shorter than pronotum. Anterior coxe free. Type N. pseudommatos, Kirkaldy.
The only example of the typical (and only) species that I have seen is macropterous; the tegmina and wings are longer than the abdomen, but the neuration is very feeble. The claval suture is well marked, though it ends abruptly just before it should reach the lateral margin of the tegmen; there are no other tegminal nervures except three indistinct longitudinal on the membrane (which is not sutured off from the rest of the tegmen). Nirvana may be placed provisionally near the American genus Spangbergiella, Signoret.
N. PSEUDOMMATOS, sp. Nn.
Hyaline; eyes yellowish brown, pronotum and scutellum tinged with stramineous. In the middle line of the vertex, close to the anterior margin, isa large round blackish brown spot, from which proceeds a thin median line of the same colour, terminating at the base (“‘apex”’ auctt.) of scutellum; along the lateral margins of the head (except apically) is a line of the same colour, con- tinued (in the same straight line) on the pronotum. Tegmina hyaline, sparingly punctured, the punctures scantily piliferous ; membrane pale salmon-coloured, a large round submedian spot and the apical margin blackish brown; three faint fascie# on the corium of the same colour. Ventral surface whitish; apex of posterior tibiz and first segment of posterior tarsi blackish.
Length 4} mill. Pundaluoya (July, 1898, E. E. Green).
I have only one specimen, unfortunately, of this pretty but fragile little Tetigoniid, and have therefore not risked a detailed examination of the genitalia, &c., hoping to receive later a séries. A coloured representation (as also of the other new species) will appear in another place; in the meantime the characteristic form—not unlike that of Hecalus, Stal—the feebly developed “nervural”’ system and the remarkable colouring, hyaline and
294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
colourless with a membranal black spot encircled by pale salmon, will at once distinguish it from any of its allies.
TETIGONIA ALBIDA (Walker).
Peradeniya, January, 1900 (EK. E. Green). Reg. No. 102. ‘Makes itself a great nuisance, swarming round lamps in the rooms at night” (HK. EK. Green in litt. 5 (ii.), 1900.
This pretty little species, which has been kindly identified by my friend Dr. Melichar, is widely distributed, having been recorded previously from North Australia, the Philippines, ‘‘ British India,’’ Madagascar, Senegambia, Kaffraria, and Cape of Good Hope. It is figured by Signoret, 1858, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (8) 1. pl. 21, f. 3.
Trriconta Kaurpasa, sp. n.
Belongs to subgenus Diedrocephala, Spinola. Head sub- acutely triangular, vertex slightly concave, basal half very nar- rowly sulcate. Pale green, an angularly arched fascia on the vertex, two concentric roundly arched fasciz on the pronotum, each of which is continued on to the clavus, meeting the claval suture; two fairly straight fasciz on the corium (sometimes a little irregular), bright scarlet (im one specimen orange-yellow). Membrane sometimes infuscate. Ventral surface pale yellowish green. Length 44-5¢ mill. Pundaluoya (April, 1898, EH. EH. Green).
This handsome little scarlet-and-green species is interesting as belonging to the subgenus Diedrocephala, which is mainly (if not even entirely) American.
THomsonreELLA Kirscupaumi (Stal), Sign., was omitted by Kirby in his Catalogue. It is figured in Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5) 10, pl. 1, fig. 44 (1880).
+Gypona sTRIATA, Kirby, 1891, J. L. S. xxiv. p. 171, and tG. prasina, Walker, 1858, List. Hom. Suppl. p. 258, do not conform to the genus Gypona, Germ., as restricted by recent authors. They are closely allied to Titia, Stal, but will probably require a new genus. Both specific names are preoccupied by Burmeister (Genera Insect. pl. 16), and as, according to the now generally accepted rule, ‘“‘once a synonym, always a synonym,” they are now invalid for any genus, I propose Krrpyr and WaLKERI, nom. nov., respectively. As Kirby surmises, (/.c. p. 171), fresh examples of Kirbyi (striata) are grass-green in colour.
Fam. FuLGoripm. }HuryBracHys westwoopt, Kirby, l.c. 146, is a Mzssena, Stal.
MELICHARIA, gen. nov.
Belongs to subfamily Poekillopterine [ = Flatide + Rica- niide auctt.|, and is very closely allied to Flata, Fabr. and
NOTES ON SOME SINHALESE RHYNCHOTA. 295
- Ormenis, Stal.* The general characters are those of Flata, but the single series of nervures dividing the membrane from the corium is much more regular, and there is no reticulation at the apex of the latter. There are also no transverse nervures in the clavus.
Type M. smnwaLaNa, nom. nov.—This is the +Poeciloptera quadrata, Kirby, l.c. p. 154, pl. vi. f. 8, but not that of Walker from Jamaica (1850, List. Hom.), and, therefore, in accordance with the rule mentioned above, the name is now changed.
ScaRPANTA TENNENTINA (Walker) = Scarpanta latipennis, Kirby, l.c. p. 158. The unique specimen of latipennis appears to be founded upon a poor example of tennentina.
RicaniA FENESTRATA (Fabr.); Peradeniya, frequenting Arvsto- lochia, sp. (EK. E. Green). Family Grocornipm |=Lygeide auctt.}.
In employing remedial measures against insect pests, ento- mologists have often to guard against the destruction at the same time of certain natural enemies of these pests, owing to the general similarity in appearance, both in external structure and in colour, of the insectivores and their prey. Mr. Green _has recently sent me two nymphs, one of Antilochus coquebertit (Fabr.), the other of Dysdercus cingulatus (Fabr.)—the dreaded ‘Oriental Cotton-stainer ’’—with the note that the former had been discovered with its rostrum inserted in the person of the latter ; as these two Species belong to the same subfamily, Pyrrho- corine [= Largide + Pyrrhocoride auctt.|, all the members of which are reputed to be vegetable feeders, I wrote Mr. Green, querying the note; but, in a reply dated Sept. 13th, 1900, he observes: ‘‘I think Antilochus coqueberttt normally preys upon Dysdercus cingulatus; I have repeatedly seen the performance. If the two individuals are put in a glass tube together, the Antt- lochus immediately pounces upon the Dysdercus.” As the two insects are, comparatively, very similar in appearance, the former being merely larger and more brightly coloured in all stages, this observation appears to be of distinct value in con- nection with the cotton-plant question.
Fam. Crmicip®. CANTHECONA coeNnatTa, Dist.
C. furcellata, Wolff, has been noted (Indian Museum Notes, il. 165, and iii. (5) 56) as a destroyer of caterpillars; Mr. Green has now sent me specimens (imago and nymph) of C. cognata, Dist. [= insularis, Kirby) that were ‘‘ doing really good service in preying upon a caterpillar that was ravaging some croton plants here’ (Peradeniya, Reg. No. 302).
* A detailed description, with figures of neuration, &c., was in progress
when I learned that Dr. Melichar has in preparation a monographic revision of the group: I have therefore given here only a brief diagnosis.
296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
RHYNCHOTA MISCELLANEA. By G. W. Kirganpy, F.E.S.
Fam. Trriconupa. Tetigonia ferruginea (Fabr.).—Chosen (Korea), Port Lazareff (T. B. Fletcher, R.N.). This fine species is very common throughout the Oriental Region from China to Tenasserim, and would indeed be included in the palearctic fauna at Port Lazareff. Fam. FunaGoripm.
GEISHA, gen. nov.
Subf. Poekillopterine ; the characters are those of Flata, but there are no transverse nervures in the clavus, while the trans- verse nervures on the corium are very irregular, so that there is no sutured-off membrane. The latter character will at once separate it from Melicharia, Kirk.
Type Peciloptera distinctissima, Walker, 1858. List. Hom. Suppl. p. 114 (China and Japan).
PorxkILLopTERA, Latr.
Fowler, who adopts the later spelling ‘‘ Poeciloptera,”’ enume- rates in the ‘Biologia Centrali-Americana, Homoptera, I.,’ p. 50, some of the variations of the name; but, as one of the references is inaccurate, and others are not the earliest known, a corrected list is here appended :—
Poekilloptera, Latreille, 1796, Précis, ex pp. 83-92; and 1804, Nouv. Dict. Nat. Hist. xxiv., Tabl. méth., ex pp. 163-8.
Poeciloptera, Latreille, 1804, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xii. 315.
Fulgora, subg. Flata,* Latreille, 1807, Gen. Crust. Ins. iii. 164-5.
Poecilloptera, 1818, Germar, Mag. Ent. ii. 218; 1825, Lep. Serv. Enc. Méth. x. 168.
Paeciloptere, Latreille, 1825, Fam. Nat. 427.
Cenestra circulata (Guérin), St. Thomas (Pavenstedt, Mus. Bremen).
Phromnia flaccida (Walker), Nias Island (Mus. Bremen).
Cerynia deplana (Walker) = albata, Stal), Sumatra (coll. Kirkaldy, ex coll. Seeldrayers).
Pyrops {auctt.] tenebrosus (Fabr.), Belgian Kongo (collns. Seeldrayers and Kirkaldy); Hinterland of Togo (Spiess, Mus. Bremen).
* Fowler incorrectly quotes this reference as ‘“‘ Poekilloptera.” That name was appended in brackets as a synonym of Flata, Fabr., subg. of Fulgora, Linn.
BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS. 297
Fam. Crrcopipm. Ptyelus flavescens (Fabr.) ; Belgian Kongo (collns. Seeldrayers and Kirkaldy). P. grossus (Fabr.) var. eburneus; Belgian Kongo (collns. Seeldrayers and Kirkaldy).
Fam. Crcapipm. Dundubia mannifera (Linn.) ; Sumatra, Deli, Soekaranda Estate (v. Usler, Mus. Bremen). D. minahasse (Dist.); Celebes, Maros (Albrandt, Mus. Bremen). Pycna limbata (Fabr.) ; Togo (Spiess, Mus. Bremen).
Fam. Repuviips.
Platymeris horrida, Stil; Belgian Kongo, Luvituka (collns. Seeldrayers and Kirkaldy).
BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 260.)
7. W. F. Evans: ‘ British Libelluline,’ 1845.
Under this title we have a small book containing twenty-one plates, in which are figured fifty-two dragonflies, a brief notice of each being given in twenty-eight pages of letterpress. The author believes ‘‘that one good figure of an insect is better than the most elaborate description by itself.” Acting on this belief, he states that he has drawn the plates with the greatest care from the insects themselves. In this, however, he has achieved but a very moderate degree of success, for the drawing of the figures is extremely poor, and the colouring worse. It is, in fact, with the greatest difficulty that several of the insects can be recognized at all, and the identification therefore of some of the figures is given with considerable diffidence. The first two plates are devoted to details and nymphs.
Agrion rubellum (pl. 3, fig. 1 g) = Pyrrhosoma tenellum 3.
A. xanthopterum (pl. 3, f. 2) =P. tenellum also, apparently; but McLachlan and Kirby take it to be Ischnura pumilio.
. elegans (pl. 3,f.3 9,4 2) = Ischnura elegans $ 2.
. azonatum (pl. 3, f. 5) = I. elegans (9 ?).
. rubens (pl. 8, f. 6) = orange variety of @ of J. elegans, probably.
. puella (pl. 3, f.7 3,8 2) = Ayrion pulchellum fe.
. furcatum (pl. 4,f,1 9,2 9)=4d. puella 3S.
. lunulatum (pl. 4. £.39,4 9) = Ad. pulchellum 3 2.
. hastulatum (pl. 4,f.5 ¢,6 2)=? This is one of those that it
ENTOM.N)vias ER, 1900, 2¢
rPPPPrpp
298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
is impossible to identify satisfactorily ; Messrs. McLachlan and Kirby set it down as A. pulchellum.
A. cyathigerum (pl.4,f.7 3) = A. pulchellum 9.
A. brunnea (pl. 4, f. 8) = Enallagma cyathigerum 2 .
A. annulare (pl. 5, f.19) =A. puella 3.
A. rufescens (pl. 5, f. 2 3) = according to Kirby, Ischnura elegans, and possibly it may be the variety of this species with orange thorax.
Pyrrhosoma minium (pl. 5,f.3 ¢,4 9) = P.nymphula So.
Erythromma fulvipes (pl. 5, f.5 2) = P. nymphula, g with colour- ing somewhat immature.
KE. chloridion (pl. 5, f.6 2) = P.nymphula 2 with colouring imma- ture. The tip of the abdomen of a male, given with it, appa- rently belongs to Erythromma naias.
Ischnura pumilio (pl. 5, f. 7 ¢) may possibly be intended for I. pumilio, but the figure is most indefinite.
Platycnemis platypoda (pl. 6, f.1 9,2 2) = Platycnemis pennipes
3S.
Lestes viridis (pl. 6,£.3 9) = L. sponsa 3 [L. nympha (unfigured) Evans considers to be a dark var. of this species].
L. foreipula (pl. 6, f. 4 g) = probably L. sponsa 3.
Calepteryx virgo (pl. 7,f.1 3,2 2) = Calopteryx splendens 3 2.
C. Ludoviciana (pl. 7, f.3¢9 ; pl. 8, f. 19)=C. virgo 3 ; ditto @ with very dark wings [I judge that it is ? by the white ptero- stigma. |
C. homorrhoidalis (pl. 8, f.2 9,3 9)=C. virgo 3g.
C. anceps (pl. 9, f.1 3) = C. virgo, var. anceps—the var. in which the blue pigment is wanting from the wings.
Anax formosus (pl. 9, f.2 2) = Anax imperator 3.
#@shna rufescens (pl. 10, 7.1 g) = Hschna isosceles 2.
AK. grandis (pl. 10, f.2 3) = &. grandis 3.
GE. maculatissima (pl. 11, f,1 gf) = M. cyanea 3.
a. juncea (pl. 11, f. 2 ¢) = probably H. juncea 3.
Ga. mixta ((pl. 12, f.1 9) = probably “. miata 3.
Ci. affinis (pl. 12, f.2 g) = probably . miata 3.
Brachytron vernalis (pl. 13, f.1 gf) = B. pratense 3g.
Cordulegaster annulatus (pl. 13, f.2 2) = C. annulatus 9. The tip of abdomen of male is drawn at the side.
Gomphus vulgatissimus (pl. 14, f. 1g) = G. vulgatissimus 3.
G. flavipes (pl. 14, f.2 3) = G. flavipes 3.
Cordulia zénea (pl. 14,f.3 g)=C. anea 3.
C. metallica (pl. 15,f.1 ¢). By the build of the insect this may be Somatochlora metallica, but if so, the locality—round London—is at fault.
C. Curtisii (pl. 15, f.2, g 3 9) = Oxygastra curtisti f 2.
Libellula depressa (pl. 16, f.1 ¢,2 9) =L. depressa 3 2.
L. conspurcata (pl. 16, f. 38, 9) = L. fulva 2.
L. 4-maculata (pl. 17, f. 1 3) = L. quadrimaculata (3 probably) [L. 2-maculata (unfigured) is considered by Evans to be a var.].
L. prenubila (pl. 17, f. 2 g) = L. quadrimaculata var. prenubila.
L. STEERS (pl. 17, £.3 d, p. 18, f. 1 2) = Orthetrum cancellatum On Meese
L. wbeuicaens (pl. 18, £.2 3,3 2) =O. carulescens 3.
NEW SPECIES OF DIRCENNA FROM PERU. 299
Diplax scotica (pl. 19, f.1 3,2 2) = Sympetrum scoticum 3 2. . rufostigma (pl. 19, f.3 9,4 2) =S. sanguineum 3°.
. pallidistigma (pl. 20, f. 1) = S. scoticwm (? 3), immature.
. angustipennis (pl. 20, f. 2) = S. sanguineum, probably,
. vulgata (pl. 20, f. 3 ¢) =S. striolatum 3, immature.
. basalis (pl. 21, f. 1) = S. sanguineum 3, immature.
. flaveola (pl. 21, f.2 9) =S. flaveolum 3.
. rubicunda (pl. 21, f.3 g$) = Leucorrhinia dubia 3.
OOOUU0UN
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF DIRCENNA FROM PERU.
By Water Dannart, F.E.S.
co a SE See eee SSE Se ei
Dircenna barrett, sp. n.
Male. Anterior wings transparent golden, with margins very dark brown (almost black), wider at apex. A broad dark band at end of cell, which is continued in a lesser degree down the second median nervule to the margin. Posterior wings have wide irregular margins with a submarginal series of five irregular white spots. Under side as above, but apex of anterior wing has three elongated white spots. Expanse, 3,5; in.
Hab. Perene, Peru.
This remarkable species, though believed by Dr. Staudinger to be a Dircenna, differs in some respects from hitherto known species in this genus (see fig.).
I have great pleasure in naming this insect after an American friend, Mr. Otis W. Barrett, to whom I am indebted for the addition of many beautiful specimens to my collection.
Donnington, Blackheath. 202
300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
DESCRIPTION OF THE EGG OF POLYOMMATUS CORYDON. By F. W. Frouawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.
As I believe there is no published description of the egg of this common butterfly, the following is a description taken down in my note-book on Aug. 16th last, after figuring the specimen. I should state that I examined several ova to check the one described.
On Aug. 13th, 1900, I watched several females in the act of depositing, on various stems of the usual stunted herbage to be found growing on chalk downs. They frequently crawled among the plants for a distance of about a couple of feet, occasionally curving the abdomen downwards among the small plant-stems and grasses, and here and there deposited an egg. I therefore dug up portions of the turf, potted it, and placed a couple of females on each lot; they deposited ova on the 14th and 15th, on the stems of the various plants; a few were laid upon the brown dead trefoil leaves, as well as on the living leaves; but the site generally chosen is the intermingled stems of both plants and grasses. Another female, placed upon a similar pot of plants, deposited about fifty ova on Sept. 10th, nearly all being placed upon the stems, and a few upon the under side of the leaves of rock-rose ; in all cases the eggs are deposited singly.
“The egg is 44 in. in diameter and =, in. high; it differs in shape from all the other eggs of the ‘blues’ which I have examined ; instead of having a concaved surface above, it is flat, with merely the micropyle sunken; it is also higher in pro- portion, and the sides are almost perpendicular; the base is flattened, the micropyle is very finely punctured, an irregular network pattern covers the upper surface and gradually increases in size to the outer rim, where it develops into a beautiful lace- like pattern, which is considerably bolder than that of the other ‘blues’ eggs with which I am acquainted. The reticulations are united by very large prominent projecting knobs, and vary in number from five to seven. The sunken spaces between are very finely granulated. The colour when first laid is almost white, mainly caused by the whiteness of the glass-like reticula- tions and knobs, the colouring gradually changing to a slightly greenish grey hue.”
As the egg does not hatch until the following spring, the reason for no particular plant being selected as a site for the egg is at once apparent, as necessarily all the plants die off in the winter and become an entangled mass of withered stems, The young larva, upon emerging in the spring, must ine search for the fresh growth of its proper food-plant.
September, 1900,
301
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
OrtHorTeRA AT SucGar.—Referring to Mr. W. J. Lucas’s note (Entom. Oct. 1900, p. 266), I can add that during a collecting expedi- tion to South Devon at the end of August and the early part of September last, Orthoptera were frequent visitors to my ‘‘sugar.”” No less than five species occurred, of which, next to Forficula auricularia, the most plentiful species was Leptophyes punctatissima, of which I saw as many as half a dozen or more on one evening ; and very striking they appeared sipping the sweets among, and as greedily as, the Lepi- doptera. Next in point of numbers came the fine Locusta viridissima, followed in smaller numbers by Meconema varia and Kctobia panzeri, of both of which there were at least several. The genus Stenobothrus was evidently not attracted, as, although S. bicolor abounded every- where, I never saw one actually on the sugar. Xiphidium dorsale was not uncommon on marshy ground, and it probably would have been attracted if ‘‘sugar’’ had been used in its immediate vicinity, which it was not.—Gro. T. Porrirr; Crosland Hall, near Huddersfield, Oct. 5th, 1900.
Variety or Forricuna auricunaria.—Mr. F. B. Jennings has shown me a variety of F. awricudaria which he took from under bark on an old hawthorn at Box Hill on August 5th last. It is small and very dark, almost as dark as A. annulipes. In the type the body is chestnut, the elytra paler, and the legs yellow. This one is almost unicolorous, the tint being a very dark brown-black.—W. J. Lucas; Oct. 15th, 1900.
Fuatowes, A REMARKABLE INSTANCE oF PrRoTEcTIVE CoLORATION. [Ruyncnora.]—In 1895 Brongniart called attention to a series of Flatoides dealbatus in the Paris Museum, from Madagascar,* as a re- markable instance of protective coloration. Among the more recent additions to the exponents of mimicry and protective resemblance arranged by Mr. Waterhouse in the Central Hall of the British Museum (Natural History) are some specimens of the above-mentioned species in situ. The harmony of these Fulgorids with their environment— lichens and mosses on the bark of certain trees—is admirable, and specially noteworthy are the apparent differences in the sculpturing of the elytra of various individuals—some quite smooth, others very rough, almost tuberculated—differences really due (as Mr. Waterhouse pointed out to the writer) to an optical illusion. This interesting genus occurs in Madagascar, New Guinea, and probably the greater portion of the Oriental Region.—G. W. Kirxaupy.
MonoerapH oF THE Mempracip®.—Messrs. Lovell Reeve & Co. have in preparation a monograph of the Membracide, a remarkable group of Homopterous insects which have not received the attention their peculiar and diverse forms deserve. The author is Mr. George Bowdler Buckton, F.R.S., F.L.S8., who will be glad to hear, through the publishers, from entomologists and others who have specimens which they have reason to believe are as yet unknown to science.
* “Note sur les Homoptéres du genre Flatoides, Guérin” (Bull. Mus. Paris, No. 3, pp. 1-4 [? sep.]).
802 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Foop-puants oF Homoprera.—Mr. E. D. Ball has lately been so kind as to identify a number of Homoptera for me, and it seems worth while to record the plants on which they occurred where these are known :—
(1.) Idiocerus alternatus, Fitch. Las Cruces, N.M., March 14th, on osage-orange. (Ckil.)
(2.) Hutettia pulchella, Baker. Mesilla, N.M., Aug. 26th, on Populus. (Ckll.)
(83.) Ceresa turbida, Godg. Rio Ruidoso, White Mts., N.M., Aug. 6th, about 7000 ft., on brake-fern. (Zownsend.)
(4.) Centruchus perdita, A. & 8. Rio Ruidoso, N.M., July 18th, about 6500 ft., beaten from Quercus gambeli. (Townsend.)
(5.) Acutalis dorsalis, Fitch. La Cueva, Organ Mts.,N.M., Aug. 30th, about 5300 ft., beaten from Quercus. (Townsend.) I found this species at Dripping Spring, Organ Mts., and it lived, not upon the oak itself, but upon the Phoradendron growing on the oak.
(6.) Thamnotettix coquilletti, V. D. Mesa, Arizona, Oct. 17th, on a large-leafed Acer. (Ckil.)
(7.) Deltocephalus fuscinervosus, V.D. Rio Bonito, N.M., Oct. 17th, on Solidago. (Townsend.)—T. D. A. Cocxereti; E. Las Vegas, N.M., Sept. 1900.
ASPHONDYLIA MENTZELIZ, n. sp.—At Raton, N.M., on Aug. 27th, I found that the ovaries of Mentzclia multiflora auctt. were considerably infested by a Cecidomyiid, which, breeding in them, caused the flowers. to wither. The red-brown pupa-shells of the fly were seen sticking out of the sides of the flowers, and I had the good fortune, at about 6 p.m., to find a male fly which had just emerged from the pupa. It was a pretty insect, with the thorax and abdomen pale pink; abdomen with white hairs; legs whitish, tarsi more or less blackened; wings grey, hairy, second longitudinal vein reaching tip of wing, third longitudinal vein forked a little beyond its middle, fold in region of third longitudinal vein very distinct; antennal segments cylindrical, sessile, with sparse whorls of not very long hairs. Hxpanse about 7 millim. As usual in Asphondylia, the characters of the adult fly are not very distinctive, but the habitat in Mentzelia flowers will at once distinguish this insect from all others. There was a small lepidopterous larva also breeding in the ovaries of the Mentzelia, but it was not abundant.—T. D. A. CockrrELu.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Notes rrom Narat.—Referring to my notes (ante, p. 229), I wish to say that the pupz I found turned out to be those of Zonilia accentifera, and not of Nephele hesperus, as stated; also that I bred, from larva found on August 22nd, a slightly crippled female specimen of Basiana postica. This insect has the power of making a sound like that produced by Acherontia atropos. I have had two evenings’ sugaring during this month (August), but so far as moths were concerned it was a failure.—Gero. F. LeieH; Durban, Natal.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 303
PapiLio MACHAON IN SurREY.—One seen near East Grinstead about August 20th.—F. W. F.
PaPLio MACHAON IN WoORCESTERSHIRE.—A fine specimen of this butterfly was seen by Dr. Charles, of Grindrod, on August 31st, settled upon a thistle in the Teme valley, on a marshy spot of ground.—W. Epwarps; Malvern.
One seen on August 31st near Martley—F. W. Fronawk.
Late APPEARANCE OF EvcHLOE cARDAMINES.— While in North Corn- wall, on July 10th last, I was surprised to see a male specimen of E. cardamines flying towards me down a lane, and just before it reached me it swerved to the left and disappeared over a high bank; it was then only about four yards distant. I had hoped to take it as a record specimen of late emergence. Previous to this the latest date that I have observed this species was on June 80th, 1885, when I obtained a female example near West Wickham, Kent. The earliest record I have is that of a male I captured on April 25th, 1880, at Norwood, Surrey ; excepting the early and tropical summer of 1893, when I found cardamines out in numbers on April 22nd in Kent.—F. W. Fronawk ; October, 1900.
ARGYNNIS AGLAIA VAR. AT Dover.—I received a very fine variety of this species from a Dover correspondent. It was taken by him on July 16th last, in the first hollow (Langdon Hole I think it is called) on the east cliff, and was posted to me, unset, goon after capture. It is a male, in very fine condition, and somewhat resembles the figure of adippe (Entom. xv. 49), but the black on the upper side is not quite so extended nor clearly defined, while on the under surface the fore wings have more black than said figure, but in the hind wings the silver spots are normal, except those along the outer edge, which are only faintly discernible-—E. Sanine; Erith.
[I have seen the specimen from which the figure (Entom. xv. 49) was made, and have no hesitation in saying that it is an aberration of A. aglaia. As the insect represented by figs. 2, 2a, Plate I., in the same volume, was stated in the remarks accompanying the plate to be an aberration of A. aglaia, and afterwards corrected to A. adippe, it would seem that some little coufusion had occurred in the identification of these two aberrations.
=R..8.).
APATURA IRIS IN NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.—I'wo specimens of A. iris have been captured in July within a few miles of Northampton.—W. Bostock : Springfield, Northampton.
Lyc&@NA BELLARGUS (ADONIS) IN HERTFORDSHIRE.—There is no record that I can find of this butterfly having been taken in this county until now. I have frequently looked for it on the chalk downs at Aldbury (where L. corydon is abundant every year), as Hippocrepis comosa, its food-plant, grows there abundantly, and I thought it ought to be found there. This month (September) 1 have found it on these hills, and have taken about a dozen specimens.—ArtTHUR CortaM ; Eldercroft, Watford.
Lyc#Nna arGcioLus.—This species has been even more abundant this year than it was last season, and I have taken and bred a very fine series, among them belng a pale lavender-coloured male, three or four males exceptionally dark, another male having some of the colouring pigment absent on right fore wing, and a female (first brood) unusually suffused with black on all the four wings. All were captured in my garden, where it was
304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
quite a common thing to net fifty or more in an hour or g0 of the forenoon. —E. Sapine; Erith, October, 1900.
VANESSA ANTIOPA IN HuRTFoRDSHIRE.—A fine specimen captured near Hatfield about October 10th.—[F. W. F.]
_ Vanessa antropa at Huntinepon.—A fine specimen taken at Hunt- ingdon on August 19th —[F. W. F.}
_ Vayessa anriopa In Kunt.—I took a perfect specimen of this species in an orchard at Beckenham, Kent, on August 31st last, at sugar.—G. HeRBERt Tompson; Bevhall Vicarage, Saxmundham, Suffolk, Sept. 24th, 1900.
VANESSA ANTIOPA IN NorroLK.—One taken at sugar by Mr. Woodhall, near Holt, on August 3(0th.—[F. W. F.]
VANESSA ANTIOPA, &C., IN SOMERSETSHIRE.—Three V. antiopa have been seen in Bridgwater, but neither of them was captured. V. atalanta hag been abundant and very fine. V. cardwi has been more common than usual; also V. io, which had been scarce here of late years.—HeNRY CorpER ; Sunnyside, Bridgwater, October 9th, 1900.
VANESSA ANTIOPa IN SuFFOLK.—On September 4th a specimen of V. antiopa was captured by Lorimer Fison at Stutton Hall, Suffolk, in an outhouse, attracted by a bottle of syrup put there to catch wasps.—W. GIFFoRD NasH; Bedford.
VANESSA ANTIOPA IN SURREY.—One captured in a garden at Bedding- ton, Surrey, on August 3lst.—F. W. F.
VANESSA POLYCHLOROS IN Lonpon.—On July 21st my son caught a very fine female V. polychloros with his cap, close to South Bermondsey railway station.—D. CuirrenpEeN; 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, October 10th, 1900.
VANESSA POLYCHLOROS AT Herne, Kent.—On August 13th we cap- tured two specimens of V. polychloros, which were flying round an oak tree in company with V. atalanta. They were attracted by the sap exuding from a wound in the trunk. We went again on the 14th, and succeeded in taking a third, which had settled on the trunk of another tree, also feeding on the sap. Although we have been collecting for ten years, we have never captured this insect in Bucks.—G. Ernest PeacHett ; High Wycombe, Bucks, August 26th, 1900.
Vanessa 10 IN YORKSHIRE.—On September. 28th I caught a specimen of V. io near the house. According to best authorities it is over a dozen years since one was caught in this district—ARTHUR RoBERTSHAW ; Ellenrayde Hall, Luddenden Foot, October, 1900.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Lonpon.—It may be of interest to record the capture of a specimen of A. atropos this morning. It was taken while at rest on a Street lamp a few yards from our place of business in the Strand. —Warxins & Doncaster; October 3rd, 1900.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN WORCESTERSHIRE.—This species has been more than usually abundant this season in the Malvern district, nine coming to my share.—W. Epwarps; Malvern.
MacRoGLossa STELLATARUM.—WM. stellatarum, which was abundant last year, has only been represented by an occasional specimen. I saw one this
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 805
morning hovering over flowers during a smart shower of rain.—WALDE- GRAVE; The Priory, Chewton Mendip, Somerset, Sept. 24th.
D&ILEPHILA LivorNica IN NortH SrarrorpsHiIRE.—The Rev. W. H. Heale took in his garden at Wolstanton Vicarage a male specimen of D. livornica in excellent condition, flying at pinks, on July 11th. This is its first recorded appearance in our district, and is a most welcome addition to our list.—THo. W. Datrry; Madeley Vicarage, Staffordshire.
CH@ROCAMPA NERII IN Kent.—A fine female of this rare species was captured by Master Guy Wickham, in his father’s dining-room at Willow Grove, Yalding, about 6.30 p.m., on Sept. 18th last. The window of the room was open, and there was a lamp burning on a sideboard at the far end; there were some plants of Nicotiana affinis in the garden outside. Unfortunately it was very much damaged, as the boy had only a very small * sea-side ” net and no killing-bottle, so the moth took a deal of hunting before it was caught, and had to be killed like a butterfly, by severe pinches under the thorax.—(Capt.) S. G. Rem; Yalding, Kent, October, 1900.
Nore on A Pura oF GoNOPTERA LIBATRIX.—Both Newman and the Rey. Seymour St. John give as the food-plants of G. libatria sallow and white willow only. This autumn I found at Hayward’s Heath a pupa in a curled-up leaf of the black poplar, and from this a specimen of G. libatriz emerged a few days ago.—T. Gopparp Wittiams; The Neuk, Danehill, Sussex, October 15th, 1900.
Noroponta DictZo1DEs DouBLE-BRooDED.—On June 6th last I took a pair of N. dicteoides on the bough of a birch. The female I sleeved on birch. She deposited eggs from which fifty-two larve resulted. These pupated, the last on August 4th. On the 28th of the same month four insects had emerged; and on the following day two more were out; the others are still in pupe. On August 8th I took another pair, from which I obtained forty larve; the last of these pupated on October 5th. The earliest date I have taken the insect was June 6th this year; the latest I have taken it was August 3lst, 1894.—C. Hamuin ; Forest Cottage, Bal- combe, Sussex, October 9th, 1900.
XANTHIA GILVAGO IN SuRREY.—I took a nice specimen of X. gilvago at sugar on September 26th last. I have not heard of the species being taken in this county before, and should like to know if this is so.—L. M. Seru-Smira ; Alleyne, Caterham Valley, Surrey, Oct. 5th, 1900.
[There are several records of the occurrence of this species in Surrey, some of them as recent as the year 1898 (vide Entom. xxxi. pp. 267, 293). —Ep.]
Prusia MONETA AT MerstHAM.—On July 28th of this year I took a specimen of P. moneta flying over Nicotiana affinis at Merstham, Surrey. —F. W. J. Jackson, 2, Vicarage Gate, Kensington, W., Sept. 27th, 1900.
DIANTH@CIA CUCUBALI IN AuGust.—I took an apparently freshly emerged specimen of D. cucubali at sugar on August 14th at Merstham. —F. W. J. Jackson, 2, Vicarage Gate, Kensington, W.
Nocrva CASTANEA IN THE NEw Forest.—With reference to the note on this species (ante, p. 271), it may interest you to hear that I took a fine specimen of the typical red form of NV. castanea at sugar in the New Forest in August, 1895.—E. A. Cockayne; 6, Tapton House Road, Sheffield, October 6th, 1900.
306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
LEUCANIA VITELLINA IN EssEx.—I have the pleasure to record that I took a specimen of L. vitellina here at sugar on September 25th. As this is not altogether an abundant species, it may be as well to note that on the tree it locked very like a wasted Xanthia ferruginea. A more careful inspection of pale X. ferruginea therefore might possibly result in more L. vitellina.—{ Rev.) W. Craxton, Navestock Vicarage, Romford.
CaTocaLA FRAXINI IN NorFoLK.—One example taken on the sand-hills near Blakeney at the end of August.—[F. W. F.]
HE.iorais scutosa (Schif.) 1» SourH Drvon.—On September 4th, whilst collecting with me in a clover-field near Dartmouth, my son, F. Capel Hanbury, captured a specimen of this extremely rare species. It flew rapidly when disturbed, and then buzzed at the clover-heads like Plusia gamma. ‘The specimen is a male, but in poor condition. Mr. Eustace R. Bankes, who was staying with us at the time, saw the specimen alive, and concurred in the determination.—FREDERICK J. Hanspury; Stainforth House, Upper Clapton, N.E., September 24th, 1900.
CYMATOPHORA OCCULARIS AT CHINGFORD.—On May 27th I took a pupa of this species under a poplar tree in my garden. The perfect insect emerged on May 3ist. 1 should add that a friend of mine has also taken this moth, once at sugar last year, and again this year at light, in this locality.—S. Granam ; Chingford, Essex.
EXNNoMOS ALNIARIA AT BoGnor.——In the course of a walk with my brother-in-law, Mr. Graham Davis, he called my attention to a moth caught in a spider’s web on a gas-lamp in this town. On being captured and examined, it proved to be H. alniaria. I find this species is recorded by Mr. Alfred Lloyd in his list of the Lepidoptera of Bognor. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher also informs me that it is known to occur at Chichester, some six miles from here as the crow flies.—-R. Mrtpora; Bognor, Sept. 23rd, 1900.
LEUcANIA VITELLINA AND PLusta Festucz aT BoGnor.——Since sending the record of the capture of H. alniaria, I am able to add that, at sugar on September 28th, I took two very good specimens of Leucania vitellina. At Pagham, about the middle of the month, I saw at sugar, but unfor- tunately lost, a fine specimen of Plusia festuce. Neither of these species is recorded in the local list.— R. Mrtpota; Bognor, Sept. 30th.
PIERIS DAPLIDICE, &c., at Boanor.——Mr. H. L. F. Guermonprez, the well-known naturalist resident here, informs me that in many respects the season has been remarkable. I saw on his setting-board a beautiful Pieris daplidice, taken by him near Felpham on September 3rd. Colias hyale has been fairly common, and also C. edusa and the larva of A. atropos. It is noteworthy also that many species appear this year to have been made double-brooded by the fine September succeeding the wet and cold August. I took a good specimen of Agrotis exclamationis, for example, on September 21st, an unusually late date for this species.—R. Mrtpora; Bognor, September 30th.
EpunDA NIGRA IN Kent: a Correction.—In your last issue (ante, p- 271) 1 recorded the capture of EH. nigra here. I should like to correct that statement. It was a mistake; the insect I took I afterwards discovered to be a very dark form of E. lutulenta. E. nigra has never been taken here or_near here, as far as I can gather.—A. J. LAwrancE; 8, Cross Roads, Bromley Common, Kent, October 19th, 1900.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 307
MELANIPPE TRISTATA.—I should like to record the capture at Church Stretton, in this county, last month, of a goodly number of M. tristata. i found it on the Longwynd, at an elevation of at least a thousand feet above the sea, where alone it seemed to occur. I had previously taken it only in two North Derbyshire localities, both of which are also at high eleva- tions. Is this the experience of others ?—(Rev.) Cuas. F. THoRNEWILL ; Calvershall Vicarage, Whitchurch, Salop.
Nore oN XANTHIA FERRUGINEA AND X. GILVAGO.—I have been breeding this year, from larve found in this parish, the two closely allied species, X. ferruginea and X. gilvago, the larve of which are practically undistin- guishable. My first imago of X. ferruginea emerged on August 18th, while X. gilvago did not begin to appear till September 5th. Is this the experience of others, or is it merely an accident ?—(Rev.) C. F'. THORNEWILL; Calvershall Vicarage, Whitchurch, Salop, September 12th.
ALEUCIS PICTARIA IN Kent.—I have to record the capture of a specimen of A. pictarta on April 23th last near Ashford. It was flying after dark, and is the only example of the species that I have ever met with in the locality, although I have collected there for a number of years past.— D. CuitreNDEN ; 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, 8.E.
LipaRIs CHRYSORRH@A ABUNDANT AT Hove.—I was pleased to find the above-named insect very abundant in this neighbourhood this year.— ALAN W. CarpinatL; 18, Cromwell Road, Hove, July 29th, 1900.
ABUNDANCE OF PLUsIA GAMMA.—You published a note from me (ante, p- 129) to the effect that during the whole of last year I did not see a single specimen of Plusta gamma in Hayling Island. Although this is usually a very common species here, this year it is more abundant than I have ever known it. Hundreds are to be seen during the day-time flying from flower- head to flower-head in every clover field.—ALBerr May: Hayling Island, August 21st.
[P. gamma appears to have been generally abundant throughout the country this year.—EKD.}
Oponata IN Kenv.—I took a female specimen of Aischna miata at Ramsgate on September 19th. Sympetrwm striolatum was swarming at Ramsgate on the same day, at Sandwich on Sept. 21st, and at Folkestone on October 3rd.—C. W. Cotrurup; 127, Barry Road, East Dulwich, S.E., October 12th, 1900.
RuYPAROBIA MADER& IN Lonpon.—I found an example of this species in my desk at Covent Garden this morning.—Henry J. Dixon ; 29, Suther- land Avenue, Maida Vale, September 25th, 1900.
SrrEx Gicas.—This sawfly seems to have taken up its quarters perma- nently in the neighbourhood. I have caught half-a-dozen specimens in Kendal and Windermere during the past three years, the most recent falling stunned by the blow of a straw hat in Stramongate, Kendal, on July 21st this year.—(Rev.) A. M. Moss; 12, Greenside, Kendal.
CoLLectineG av SipMoutH.—A few days’ collecting at Sidmouth, with Mr. B. R. Roberts, of Cornwall, during the latter half of June, were faily successful, although the weather was so cold and wet. Leucophasia sinapis was abundant in its usual haunts on the cliff, and was in good con- dition. We found beating during the day far the most productive work, and took the following moths :—<Anticlea rubidata (very abundant and in
308 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
grand condition), Numeria pulveraria, Emmelesia affinitata, E. alchemillata, E. decolorata, Cidaria corylata, C. silaceata, Ligdia adustata, Melanippe rivata, M. galiata, M. ocellata, Coremia propugnata, C. unidentata, Corycia temerata, Ephyra trilinearia, and EF. omnicronaria. Trunk searching was very tiring work, only one Stawropis fagi represented some hours’ search. In the lanes, Chelonia villica was by no means scarce, and Thecla rubi were very plentiful. Sugaring was a failure; only a few Acronycta rumicis, Agrotis exclamationis, and Xylophasia monogiypha came to the bait.—H. O. We Ls ; Hurstfield, The Avenue, Gipsy Hill, London, S.E., Aug. 24th.
Norges FRoM SouTHEND.—At a distance of seven miles from here—a pleasant run over a good road for the cyclist—the asters made a fine show during September, and larve of Cucullia asteris were fairly common. Larvee of Spilodes palealis occurred frequently in umbels of the wild carrot. Surely this species has been observed elsewhere this season. With us it seems to have reappeared in considerable numbers, after an absence of several years. A worn Spilodes sticticalis occurred at aster bloom, Sept. 15th, and a fine Aplecta occulta (typical southern form) came to sugared Eupa- torium Aug. 18th.—F. G. WuirrLe; 3, Marine Avenue, Southend, Oct. 3rd.
Nores rrom Norta WaLEs.—While spending a fortnight’s holiday at Barmouth, from the beginning of July, I had the pleasure of seeing C. edusa on two occasions: one specimen on the coast-road to Towyn, and another near Beddgelert. Jno statices was captured at an elevation of 1200 feet on one of the lower slopes of Cader Idris.—W. S. Gites; Bocking, Braintree.
CATOUALA FRAXINI IN THE IsLE oF Wicut.—On Sept. 1$th last I had the good luck to capture a very fine specimen of this splendid moth at sugar on the trunk of an ash not far from this house, and another rather worn was taken close by three days later. — Huco Harpur Crewe; Spring Hill, East Cowes, I. W.
EPuUNDA NIGRA, DAsYCAMPA RUBIGINEA, &C., AT CAMBERLEY. — On Sept. 20th last I took H. nigra on the trunk of an apple-tree that I had sugared ; on Oct. 10th, 1899, I obtained a specimen of the same species on ivy. In October, 1899, I took two specimens of D. rubiginea, and last week (Oct. 16th, 17th, and 19th) I took three more specimens, all on the same piece of ivy. I also took Xanthia aurago at sugar in September last. All the above were taken within a radius of ten yards, on the borders of Berk- shire, less than a mile from both Hants and Surrey.—(Lieut.-Col.) A. F. Mockier-Frrryman ; R M. College, Camberley, Oct. 28rd, 1900.
MisceLLangous Notres.—On July 18th last I took a day on the hills from Betchworth to Box Hill; one EL. hyperanthes, quite fresh, was taken: Hesperia thaumas was out in tolerable numbers; EH. tantra in intolerable ditto; EHuchelia jacobee was to be found both in the larval and in the perfect stage: in a clearing in a wood near Box Hill I took a specimen of Thecla w-album and saw one or two more; Macroglossa stellatarum was fairly abundant. On July 15th I again went to Box Hill; a very fine specimen of Vanessa cardui provided some sport, but was not captured, and I took two more 7. w-albwm; this time M. stellatarum was in great numbers. Nailed shoes are advisable for the Box Hill country. Stimu- lated by Mr. Lucas’s note (ante, p. 202) on the abundance of larve of 7’. w-album somewhere near Ripley, I went over there yesterday, hoping to complete my series more easily than would be the case at Box Hill; in this I was disappointed, as I did not see a single specimen. On the road from Ripley to Cobham I saw one of the large fritillaries, A. paphia, I
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS 809
think, but I could not say for certain. Lycena egon was abundant on the common on the east side of the road, and Hesperia sylvanus and H. thaumas were not uncommon. A female Fidonia piniaria was also taken. To-day I have seen a female Lycena argiclus here (Sutton). Evidently the fine weather is bringing on second broods.—D. P. Turner; Sutton, Surrey, July 18th, 1900.
CoLIAs EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN EnGLaAnp, 1900. (Continued from p. 280.)
CoLiaAs EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE.—I saw two C. hyale and one UC. edusa, flying in company, at Wisbech St. Mary, on Sept. 20th. I had no net with me, and when I visited the spot on the two succeeding days the wind was both cold and stiff, and Colias did not reappear. In “the great edusa year,” in the seventies, they swarmed in that locality.— Cuas. OLpHAM; Chelmsford Road, South Woodford, N.E., Oct. 13th, 1900.
On Aug. 15th I took a specimen of C. hyale on the road between Soham and Wicken Fen.—W. Girrorp Nasu; Bedford.
CoLIas EDUSA AND VAR. HELICE IN CoRNWALL.—Between Aug. 29th and Sept. 6th C. edusa was in great profusion near Falmouth. I first found them on Aug. 29th, on the clover in a stubble-field sloping sheer up from the sea-cliffs with an eastern aspect. - 1 saw about twenty males, of which I captured six, but saw only one female. The next day was almost a repetition, except that I did not attempt any captures. ‘The following day not a single edusa was to be seen in the field, although conditions of weather were just similar, and for a week after this I went daily to the field, but saw only a single female, which circumstance seems very unaccountable. However, on Aug. 31st I made tracks along the coast for about a couple of miles, and happened on a lucerne field where edusa simply swarmed. On this day females were much more abundant than males, but between Aug. 31st and Sept. 8th I found them about evenly distributed. This field was sloping sheer up from the sea-cliffs, and with both south and south-east aspects. My experience was almost a repetition of that recorded by Mr. Clogg in the second volume of the ‘ Entomologist,’ page 338, and mentioned by Newman in his ‘ British Butterflies,’ for between Aug. 31st and Sept. 8th I could have taken in this single field seven or eight hundred edusa without any difficulty. I daily took them freshly emerged from the chrysalis, and although I saw many before their wings were thoroughly dried, I was not fortunate enough to find a single pupa-case. Let it not be thought, however, that I am an ‘“‘exterminator.” I captured on an average about forty per day for the eight days (on the look out for vars., of course), but out of this number set only twenty-four males and twenty-four females (which a brother and a friend will share), releasing all the others. With delight I also record that from among the hundreds of edusa I saw, I captured eleven specimens of the beautiful female variety helice, all in grand condition, and of varying shades of colour, from the extremest variety. There are four distinct transitional shades of colour amongst them. With the exception of one morning, when I took four, a single helice only was taken each day, and these freshly emerged ones. From careful observa- tions, edusa and helice were “at home” between the hours of 11 a.m. and 3 p.m.; either before or after, very few indeed were on the wing. I did not see a single C. hyale. In this same field Plusta gamma swarmed also; Vanessa cardui was fairly abundant, but a few only V. atalanta were seen.
310 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The weather was beautiful all the time, with brilliant sunshine and light south and south-east winds. The memory of that field will ever give me delight, and, personally, I shall record the year as a Colias one. In and © around Truro C. edusa has also been plentiful—W A. Roxtnason; The White House, Truro, Cornwall, Oct. 6th, 1900.
CoLtas EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN HampsHIRE. — With regard to the occurrence of C. edusa and C. hyale this year, I may mention that on Ports- down Hill the latter, during last July and August, has been as abundant as the former. On August 14th I captured two insects together, and, strange to say, they were both identified as helice. I have heard of a typical male and var. helice being captured together, but never two helice. The only difference between these two specimens is that one possesses a faint yellow tint, which is entirely absent in the other. Also the border of the hind wing in the whitish specimen is not so well defined as in the yellowish one. Indeed the border of the latter is darker and broader than any helice that I have seen. In my opinion the dark specimen is the male, and the pale the female. In hyale I find two distinct colours—a canary-yellow and pale greenish white — but they do not appear to be different sexes, as I have frequently taken two yellow together.—H. La Cuarp; 51, Powerscourt Road, Kingston, Portsmouth, Sept. 22nd, 1900.
Both C. edusa and C. hyale have been plentiful this year on the downs and railway embankments in the neighbourhood of Portsmouth. The two species occurred in about equal numbers. Between August 11th and Sept. 12th twenty-seven C. hyale were taken, of which eight were females. Others were captured and released after examination for var. helice, one of which was obtained. ‘The latest date on which a specimen of C. hyale was seen was Sept. 24th; several specimens of C. edusa, however, were seen to be still flying on Oct. 12th. Single specimens of C. edusa were seen in different localities on June 12th, 13th, and 19th. The one seen on June 19th was a large, but rather worn female. It was full of eggs, and would evidently be the parent of an autumn brood.—G. M. Russgii; Oct. 15th.
CoLIAs HYALE IN Kent.—In my recent note (ante, p. 277) on the occur- rence of C. edusa and C. hyale at Hythe, I mentioned the capture of a specimen of C. edusa var. helice. The insect in question is a white form of C. hyale.—R. S. Mrrrorp; 35, Redcliffe Square, S.W., Oct. 7th, 1900.
Coutas EDUSA IN LancasHutrE.—I caught a very fine male C. edusa, a rather large one, at Grange-over-Sands, in North Lancashire, during the second week in September. It was flying over a field of ragwort, close to the sea-shore. I watched the field for many days after, but never got another, although others were seen before my capture, by other collectors. T am not aware that any specimens of C. hyale were seen.—R. C. LowTHER; Fernleigh, Grange-over-Sands, North Lancashire, Oct. 14th.
CoLIAs EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN LEICESTERSHIRE.—During the last week in August I saw several specimens of C. edusa and one of C. hyale, in the Charnwood Forest, near Loughborough.— W. Girrorp Nasu; Bedford. :
Coias EDUSA IN Lonpon.—A specimen of C. edusa was noticed in the Strand, making its way towards Charing Cross, about a fortnight ago.— Watkins & Doncaster, 36, Strand, W.C., Oct. 3rd, 1900.
CoLtas EDUSA AND OC. HYALE, &c., IN Norrotk.—On Aug. 13th I captured, at Honing, near North Walsham, a male and female of C. hyale, and a female of C. edusa, in a clover-field; all were fine specimens. Cynthia
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 811
cardui was abundant, and Vanessa io swarming, in the same field. I also took two fine specimens of Catocala nupta, ou tarred wood, in the same place.—F. A. OLpaKkeR; Parsonage House, Dorking, Oct. 11th, 1900.
CoLIAs EDUSA AND ©. HYALE IN NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.—C. edusa has been fairly abundant in many localities in Northamptonshire, and C. hyale has been seen and captured frequently. My sons caught five of the latter, and altogether I have heard of some twenty more captures near North- ampton. The appearance here of C. hyale is most unusual, and I have not seen it before over a period of twenty-five years.—W. Bosrccx; Spring- field, Northampton, Oct. 9th, 1900.
Cot1as EpusA IN NortH Wares —During a five weeks’ sojourn in Wales, over an extensive tract of country, I was much struck by the com- ‘parative rarity of C. edusa, in what has evidently been “an edusa year.” Starting at Aberystwyth on Aug. 9th, I went out in daily expectation of seeing edusa, especially as the weather was all that could be desired for entomology. No sign of it appeared, however, until Aug. 23rd, when a fine female was given to me on Constitution Hill, caught within a few yards of the turnstile at the top of the cliff tramway; and on the following day a second specimen was noticed, flying on the railway embankment between Aberystwyth and Clarach. On Sept. 3rd we left Aberystwyth for Barmouth, and though we explored the country in all directions, edwsa was still scarce. On the 6th, 9th, and 10th, odd specimens were seen in Barmouth, probably the same insect, as all occurred within a few yards of each other and near the sea-shore, the last being seen on the station siding. On the 5th a single specimen was noticed, flying in some fields between Llanbedr and Harlech; and on the 7th another was observed, near the head of Tal-y-Llyn, close to the foot of Cader Idris. On Sept. 10th we moved into Snowdonia, and on the 11th saw three edusa within a few miles of Beddgelert. Another single specimen on the 14th, near the Fairy Glen, Bettws-y-Coed, completes the list—a very disappointing one for the large area comprised.—E, MauDE ALDERSON.
C. edusa was abundant this year at a small place about two miles from Holyhead, in Anglesea. First seen on Aug. 26th, and in numbers during first week of September; I have seen as many as seven in flight at once ; my daughter caught no less than eleven in about an hour and a half. I was unfortunately, lame, and could not join in the pursuit. We caught twenty-three, all, except one that was worn, fine fresh specimens; there were twenty males and three females. I also ascertained that some neigh- bours captured sixteen males and two females. I left on Sept. 10th, and do not know what was done after, No hyale seen—T. Romer; The Lings, Livingstone Drive, S., Liverpool, Sept. 22nd, 1900.
Cotias EDUSA IN Sours PemBRoKESHIRE.—This butterfly has been quite common here this summer, chiefly males; but though a careful watch has been kept, we have not seen a single specimen of helice, nor of C. hyale, which I believe never comes so far west. ‘There have been immense numbers of the common E£. tithonus, both here and at St. Davids, but sugar and ivy have both been very unproductive this year.—J. S. PuckripGe; Castle- martin Vicarage, Pembroke.
CoLias EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN SoMERSETSHTRE.—I did not come here till Aug. 8th. I saw my first C. edusa on the 13th, and have observed stray specimens on most fine days since the 18th of that month, which, with very few exceptions, were males. The land here being nearly all grass,
312 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
there is not much attraction in the way of clover-fieldsj —WALDEGRAVE ; The Priory, Chewton Mendip, Sept. 24th, 1900,
You may perhaps have had reports as to Colias from this district. In August I saw, near Bridgwater, one specimen of C. hyale and a few C. edusa. Mr. Cottam, of Watford, took one hyale, three helice, and other edusa. I then went to Chelmsford, where edusa were decidedly scarce, only four or five being seen in a fortnight, but I took a nice series of hyale, in good condition, at the end of August. Returning to Bridgwater, could hear of no more Ayale, but edusa was still to be found in clover-fields ; females were rare, and no more helice.—H. Corper; Sunnyside, Bridgwater, Oct. 9th.
Corias EDusa, &c., IN STAFFORDSHIRE. — C. edusa has at length reappeared in North Staffordshire; on Aug. 27th my friend, Mr. W. H. Earl, of Newcastle-under-Lyme, saw one between Endon and Leek, and on Sept. 4th my son Harold found one asleep on a flower, in a cutting of the North Staffordshire Railway in this parish ; itis a very fine female specimen, in perfect condition ; two days later he saw two others in Swynnerton Old Park, My son also captured a fine male Vanessa cardui, flying at petunias close to my front door. This is an insect which has not been observed here for several years ; I have never known it to be plentiful in North Staffordshire. Since his retura to school I saw a male Gonepteryx rhamni, flying at flowers in the vicarage garden, on Sept. 23rd and 25th. This species is very un- common here; I have only seen three or four specimens during the forty years I have been here, and I never saw it in the garden before. JV. ata- lanta has been most abundant here all September; it chiefly affects the dahlia flowers, and I frequently observed from a dozen to twenty at one time on ours. A few V. io were also observed.—(Rev.) T. W. Datrry; Madeley Vicarage, Staffs.
CoLIas EDUSA AND ©. HYALE In SurrorK.—On Aug. 13th the first specimens made their appearance in a clover-field at Stutton Hall, and during the month eighteen specimens of C. hyale, several C. edusa, and six specimens of the variety helice were taken.—W. GirrorD Nasu; Bedford.
CoLIAS EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN SurREyY.—The above have been very plentiful this year in Reigate district ; eleven C. hyale and thirteen C. edusa have fallen to my net alone. I saw over three dozen of (. hyale on Aug. 27th.—W. FarrcuiLp; 5, Worcester Road. Reigate, Surrey, Sept. 30th.
CoLIas EDUSA IN SussEx.—Although not seen in sufficient numbers to be called abundant, C. edusa may fairly be said to have been tolerably common at Hastbourne in the later part of August and the first week in September last, I first met with it in one of the sheltered hollows under Beachy Head, on Aug. 24th, when a somewhat wasted female was taken. On the following day another example flew past me, too rapidly to admit of either condition or sex being ascertained, as I was on my way to the same spot, and on reaching there I secured a still more wasted female than the first, which, it is needless to say, I also turned adrift. I had no further opportunity of looking for the species until Sept. 3rd, when, on going to the same “ hollow,” I found edusa flying wildly on the down-sides, whether one or half a dozen I am unable to say, but I can honestly say that, in my endeavour to elucidate the question, [ took more physical exertion in the course of an hour than I had done in a like space of time for many a long day. However, on the following morning the question was set at rest by the capture of some half-dozen individuals, comprising both sexes, and for the most part in fairly fresh order, and several others
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 313
being seen. Beyond this, some three examples, all males, were from time to time seen flying along the beach or parade, but I met with none in the surrounding country, although I traversed a good deal of it; nor did any C. hyale come under my notice.—Roserr ADKIN ; Lewisham, October, 1900.
CoLras EDUSA AND OC. HYALE IN WorcESTERSHIRE.—I have seen both species in various parts of this neighbourhood.—W. Enwarps; Malvern.
Contas EDUSA IN YORKSHIRE.—A fine specimen of C. edusa was seen on the New Esplanade, Scarborough, on Sept. 25th.—James H. RownrREE.
CoLtas HYALE IN May anp Junz, 1900.—It is a regrettable fact that no notices of the earlier appearances of C. hyale have been published in the ‘Entomologist.’ I observe in the October number of the Magazine that only in one instance has the appearance been noted, that by Mr. Colthrup, at Beachy Head on June 12th. C. hyale was observed in some numbers during the earlier (and finer) days of June at Darenth, in Kent. Mr. Davis, of Dartford, reported its appearance in the last week of May. No fewer than a dozen were taken in the vicinity of Farningham during June. I myself observed the insect at Shoreham, Otford, Old Bexley, Uplands (Bexley Heath), and Crayford; and Mr. T. B, Andrews, of Bexley Heath, captured two fine specimens at Bridgen, on June 10th or 11th. Several were also observed on Plumstead marshes in late May. C. hyale has been particularly plentiful this season in this district, more so in fact than C. edusa, which may account for the fact that so few var. helice have been taken. Given a mild winter, I would venture to prophesy that 1901 will prove the “edusa year..—Wwm. A. Carrer; Burr Villas, Bexley Heath, Oct. 20th, 1900.
CoLIAs HYALE IN June.—Mr. H. S. Fremlin informs me that he saw a specimen of C. hyale at Mereworth, in Kent, in Juve last. He thinks the date was the 4th of the month.—RicHarp Souru.
SOCIETIES.
Entomotoeicat Society or Lonpon.—Uctober 8rd, 1900.—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair. Mr. E. A. C. Studd, Oxton, Exeter Mr. H. Maxwell Lefroy, B.A., Barbadoes Economic Entomologist to the Imperial Agricultural Department for the West Indies; Mr. W. F. Urwick, 34, Great Tower Street, London, Ii.C., were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited specimens of Trogophiaus anglicanus, Sharp, found by Mr. Keys at Plymouth; Pachyta seamaculata, L., found by Col. Yerbury at Nethy Bridge, and Anchomenus quadri- punctatus, De Geer, found by himself at Woking.—Mr. M. Jacoby exhibited an ichneumon, Ahyssa persuasoria, taken by him at Blandford, parasitic on Sirex, and Col. Yerbery said that he had met with the same species in some numbers in Scotland. One female observed in the act of oviposition had thrust her ovipositor, which is about the consistency of a human hair, through an inch of fir trunk.—Col. Yerbery exhibited :—(1) a rare sawfly, Xyphidria camelus, taken in Scotland this year at Nethy Bridge. The species is mentioned in the old books as extinct in the United Kingdom, and Mr. Waterhouse said there were no modern specimens in the South Kensington
ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1900. 2D
314 ‘THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Museum collection. (2) Rare diptera from Scotland, including (a) Laphria flava, two males from Nethy Bridge; (b) Chamesyrphus scevoides, new to the fauna of Great Britain, from the Mound, Sutherland, where it was common on Umbellifere under fir trees in a damp wood, one female also being taken on the path up Cairngorm, near Glenmore Lodge; (c) Microdon devius ; (d) Chilosia chrysocoma at mountain-ash blossom, Nethy Bridge; and (e) Stomphastica flava, two males from Golspie, September, 1900.— Mr. H. K. Donisthorpe exhibited (1) a specimen of Drusilla canaliculata with the dead body of a Myrmica in its mouth, captured at Chiddingfold on July 17th; (2) specimens of Myrmedonia collaris and its larva taken in Wicken Fen with M. levinodis in August, 1900.—The Rev. F. D. Morice exhibited a remarkable hermaphrodite of the bee Podalirius (=Anthophora) retusus, in which the male characters were confined to the left side of the head and genitalia, the right side of the thorax and the abdominal segments. The antenne and hind (pollinigerous) legs were those of a female, and the genitalia half of each sex.—Dr. Chapman exhibited beetles of the genus Orina, and remarked on the fact that while some were viviparous others were oviparous, in some cases of the former the larvee being developed in the ovaries.—Mr. H. J. Elwes exhibited a collectién of Lepidoptera from Greece, taken this season in conjunction with Miss Fountaine, in the Morea and in the Parnassus region. He remarked that the country about Athens was much dried up and overrun with goats and herds, and that therefore the lepidopterous fauna there was poor. On the south side of the Gulf of Corinth, however, the Pieridi were well represented, and out of eight Kuropean species seven were taken in three weeks. The spring and summer broods of Pieris krueperi this year were flying together—an unusual occurrence, possibly due to the rainy spring. Among other notable species, albinos of Colias heldreichi (female) were taken, G. rhamni var. Jarinosa, and Lycena ottomanus, while Mr. Elwes further expressed his opinion that a Lycena taken as a var. of L. semiargus was a distinct species. Miss Fountaine mentioned in connection with these exhibits that Colias heldreichi swarmed on Mount Kelmos from 4000 to 7000 feet; and Mr. Elwes remarked that Miss Fountaine was the first British collector known to have captured this insect.—Mr. H. H. May exhibited a variety of Strenia clathrata taken on the South Downs, in which tle ground colour of the wings was of a uniform dark chocolate brown, not unlike Syrichthus alveolus on the wing.—Mr. F. Enock exhibited a male bee, Stelis aterrima, one of the bees parasitic in the nests of Osmia fulviventris, usually considered a rare insect. The specimen was taken on August 14th, 1900, in a garden at Holloway. Mr. Enock announced that he had also taken O. fulviventris, its host, in the same metropolitan locality.—Papers were communicated on ‘‘ Descriptions of new species and a new genus of South American EKumolpide, with remarks on some of the genera,”’ by Mr. M. Jacoby ; and on ‘Lepidoptera Heterocera from Northern China, Japan, and Corea” (Part IV.), by Mr. J. H. Leech, B.A., F.Z.8., &¢.—C. J. Gauan and H. Rowxianp Brown, Hon. Secs.
SoutH Lonpon EntromotocicaL anp Natura History Socrety.— June 28th, 1900.—Mr. W. J. Lucas, President, in the chair. Mr. Kemp
SOCIETIES. 815
exhibited (1) a var. of Bombyx rubi in which the band on the fore wings was bifurcated ; (2) a var. of Polyommatus icarus having a large bleached | blotch on the fore wing; (3) several specimens of Notonecta glauca and of var. maculata. Mr. Main, the nest of Polistes gallica, a solitary wasp, and a living example, from Switzerland, where it was common on rocks. Mr. Lucas, specimens of the very rare dragonfly, [schnura pumilio, and var. aurantiacum, from the New Forest, where Mr. Carr and himself had rediscovered it, it not having been recorded for many years. Mr. West, specimens of Heteroptera, Monanthia amplicata and M. cardui, from Lewisham.
July 12th.—The President in the chair. Mr. Adkin exhibited pupa- cases in situ of the four Sesias, S. scoliiformis, 8. asiliformis (cynipi- formis), S. culiciformis, and S. ichneumoniformis; a long discussion ensued as to the economy of the various species in the genus. Mr. Hall gave his experience with S. sphegiformis. Mr. Tutt remarked how little was known of the egg stage, or even where the ova were laid. It was suggested that some were laid on the leaves. Mr. West, the uncommon hemipteron Graphocr@rus ventralis, taken in Lee by sweeping. Mr. Carr, (1) specimens of the dragonfly Pyrrhosoma nymphula and vars., taken in the New Forest; (2) avery varied series of Angerona prunaria, from Hailsham; (3) a series of Melitea athalia, also from Hailsham, where it was fairly common round the flowers of cow-wheat. Mr. Lueas, the rare dragonfly Orthetrum cancellatum, and a discussion ensued on the nature of the blue colour. Mr. Turner, a short series of a rare hemipteron, Hysarcoris melanocephalus, taken by beating and sweeping at Horsley on July 7th.
July 26th.—Mr. A. Harrison, F.C.S., F.L.8., Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. F. M. B. Carr exhibited a specimen of Cosmia pyralina, taken at Oxshott. Mr. Harrison, a series of Nyssia zonaria, taken on the golf-links at Wallasey, where it was common. Mr. West, the heteropteron Mecomma ambulans, from Lewisham. Mr. Ashby, a series and a living example of Aromia moschata, from Tottenham, where it was locallycommon. Several members recorded Colias edusa, Plusia gamma, Pyrameis cardui, and one C. hyale.
August 9th.—Mr. A. Harrison, F.L.8., Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. H. Moore exhibited specimens of Sirew gigas taken in Rotherhithe ; and three species of Orthoptera taken by himself in Folkestone Warren, viz. :—Leptophyes punctatissima, Thamnotrizon cinereus, and Platycleis grisea. Mr. Adkin, a series of Melanippe fluctuata taken this year, and commented on the three main types of variation in the central band. Mr. Carpenter, two nests of a leaf-cutter bee found in the folds of an old sack. It was remarked that all bees emerged about the same time; the inmates of last made cells first. Mr. Blenkarn, a very fine smoky variety of Cosmvtriche (Odonestis) potatoria, bred, from Eastbourne. Mr. F. M. B. Carr, a long bred series of Lymantria (Psilura) monacha, and contributed notes. The larve were from the New Forest.
August 23rd.—Mr. A. Harrison, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. Mr. R. Adkin sent for exhibition flower-heads of ivy from East- bourne, and contributed notes on the eggs of Cyaniris argiolus ; also flowers of the common Huonymus of the gardens. Mr. West, the following Hemiptera, all taken at Lee: Oliarus panzeri, on willows ;
316 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Idiocerus tremula, on aspens; JL. vitreus, on poplars; I. albicans, on white poplar; J. confusus, on sallows; I. /aminatus, on Lombardy poplars; and J. populi on aspens; together with a larva of Dicranura bifida, from West Wickham. Dr. Chapman exhibited series of speci- mens of Melanippe fluctuata, from Red Hill and from the Southern Alps. They were almost identical. Mr. Blenkarn, specimens of Cosmotriche (Odonestis) potatorta and Lasiocampa (Bombya) quercus var. callune from Eastbourne; Spilosoma lubricipeda var. radiata from Yorkshire; Mesotype virgata (lineolata) from Margate; and Triphosa dubitata from East Dulwich.
September 18th.—The President in the chair. Mr. F. Noad Clarke exhibited a specimen of Locusta viridissima, taken at Deal. Mr. South, a bred series of Zygena trifolii from marsh near Oxshot. The cocoons were found well up the stems, as well as near the base of the grass. The specimens were identical with those taken in a meadow near Northwood; Mr. Lucas, several specimens of Thamnotrizon cinereus, an Orthopteron he has taken in the New Forest. Mr. Colthrup, a short series of Lasiocampa (Bombyx) quercus, from Margate. Mr. Kemp, a specimen of dAplecta occulta, taken at sugar near Cromer. Mr. Turner, series of the following Coleoptera, taken this year: Crioceris asparagi, from Petersfield; Liopus nebulosus and Strangalia armata from the New Forest; and Clytus arietis from Abbot’s Wood. Mr. West, the Hemipteron Derephysia foliacea, beaten from ivy at Blackheath. Mr. Lucas, a series of the white variety of Helia ericetorum. Mr. Barnett, a specimen of Polyommatus corydon, of a curious brown coloration. Mr. Buckstone, a female specimen of Aischna miata, taken at Shoreham in Kent, where he had met with a number. Mr. H. Moore, the follow- ing species of Lepidoptera, taken at Le Portel near Boulogne: Colias edusa, C. hyale, Pyrameis cardui, P. atalanta, Vanessa io, Aglais urtica, Polyommatus icarus, Papilio machaon, and read notes. Mr. Bishop read the report of the field meeting held at Horsley on July 7th.
September 27th.—The President in the chair. Mr. Ashby exhibited a fine variety of Rhagium bifasciatum taken at Rickmansworth, having a large yellow patch across the elytra in place of the usual spots; a series of Sinodendron cylindricum from a beech stump at the same place ; a very small specimen of Pieris rape; and a var. of Abraxas grossulariata, having the right wings typical, but the left wings much radiated with black lines. Mr. Adkin, short series of Moma orion from Hssex and the New Forest. Mr. Carpenter, series of Colias hyale from Sheerness, including the pale form, and gave particulars as to the habits of the larve of both C. hyale and C. edusa. Mr. Montgomery, living larve of C. edusa, and commented on the long time taken in feeding up this year, owing, doubtless, to the want of sunshine. Mr. Lucas, the Orthoptera, Platycleis grisea from Lulworth, and Tettia sub- ulatus from Milford. Mr. Main, specimens of Myriapoda and Arachnids from West Africa. Mr. F. M. B. Carr, series of dragonflies taken this year: Sympetrum striolatum, S. sanguineum, and S. scoticum, from Ock- ham ; Libellula depressa, L. quadrimaculata, Orthetrwm caerulescens, Gomphus vulgatissimus, Cordulegaster annulatus, and Brachytron pratense, from the New Forest; Aischna grandis from Wisley; and Aischna mixta from Loughton. Mr. Hy. J. Turner, C. edusa, taken at Dawlish, in- cluding var. helice and a small female with a pale yellow costa. He
wf
SOCIETIES. 5
also showed a pair of Aschna miata taken with two others at Pitsea. Mr. Chittenden, a pale yellow var. of Chrysophanus phleas from Ash- ford ; two very dark Gnophos obscuraria from Shirley; a specimen of Bupalus piniaria from West Wickham, having the right wings male and the left wings female; and a dark form of Agrotis aquilina from Shirley. Mr. Colthrup, on behalf of Mr. Hills, of Folkestone, a long series of C. hyale, showing pale forms of both male and female, and one specimen with dark hind wings closely resembling C. edusa var. helice. Mr. R. Adkin read the report of the field meeting held at Paul’s Cray Common on September 22nd.
October 11th. — The President in the chair. Mr. R. Adkin ex- hibited series of the spring and summer broods of Zonosoma porata and Z. punctaria bred from Sussex ova, and pointed out their resemblances and differences, Mr. Lucas, on behalf of Mr. Jennings, the Hemiptera, Ptilophorus perplexus from oak at Edmonton, and the rare Monanthia ciliata from near Dorking, together with a very dark form of the common earwig, Morficula auricularia. Mr. B. Adkin, fine bred specimens of Boarmia repandata from the New Forest; bred Cleora glabraria, including a fine suffused variety; and various forms of Noctua castanea (neglecta). Rev. H. Wood, a specimen of the rare Longicorn, Astynomus edilis, taken at Northampton. Mr. Jiiger, short series of Stilbia anomala, Lithosia caniola, Noctua castanea, Laphygma exiqgua, and Leucania putrescens, with specimens of EHpunda lichenia, L. albipuncta, L. vitellina, Heliothis armigera, and Colias edusa var. helice, all taken in South Devon in August and September this year. Mr. Lucas, varieties of Pyrrhosoma tenellum (1), a female, with bronze abdomen ; (2) a female, with abdomen crimson, except black circlets at the junctions of the segments: both from the New Forest. Mr. Kaye, series of British Lycznids, and closely-allied species of Lycenids from Japan, including Chrysophanus phlwas, British and Japanese; Polyommatus argia, Japan, to compare with P. icarus; Plebius egon, British and Japanese; Cyaniris argiolus, British and Japanese; a Japanese Hveres argiades; and contributed notes on the variations. Mr. Mason, a Phasmid from Borneo. Mr. McArthur, a long series of brilliant specimens of Argynnis aglaia taken near Brighton. Mr. West, a series of a Homopteron new to Britain, Typhlocyba candidula, beaten from white poplar on Blackheath. Mr. Turner, on behalf of Mr. Edwards, a long series of Saturnia pavonia bred from ova laid by a female captured in April, 1898, at Digne. The first portion, twenty- one males, emerged in 1899; the second portion, two males and seven females, emerged in 1900; and two pupx remained over, but had since died. Mr. Blenkarn reported that he had taken the rare Ischnura pumilio in Abbot's Wood. Dr. Chapman, specimens of Cnethocampa pityocampa, prepared to show the frontal apparatus for forcing an exit from the tough cocoon, which process he explained was also assisted by the special development of the first pair of imaginal legs.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec.
Birmineuam Enromoxoeicat Socrery.—July 16th, 1900.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair.—The Rev. C. F. Thornewill was elected a member of the Society. A letter was received from Mr. G. H. Kenrich, announcing his purchase of the late Mr. W. G.
318 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Blatch’s special collection of Midland Coleoptera for the City of Birmingham, and his intention of placing it in the charge of this Society until Birmingham had a museum to receive it.—Mr. R. C. Bradley exhibited a series of Libellula depressa taken at various places this year—Selsley, Glos., Moseley, London, &¢.—and remarked that it appeared to have been exceptionally abundant and widely distributed this year.—Mr. C. J. Wainwright showed short series of Trypeta onotrophes from St. Ives, Cornwall, and 7. tussilaginis from West Hide, Hereford.
August 20th.—The President in the chair.—Mr. R. C. Bradley exhibited Cucullia chamomill@ from his garden at Moseley, and living larve of Acronycta aceris from North London.—Mr. G. W. Wynn exhibited a very beautiful and varied series of Triphena fimbria, bred from larve found at Marston Green last April and May. The upper wings varied from a light creamy brown to a dark brown, nearly black, and one specimen was of the rarer mahogany colour. He also showed Cucullia chamomille from Solihull.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker mentioned that a friend had taken fifteen Plusia moneta in a garden in Surrey this year, an increase on the number of any former year, and tending to show that the species is becoming well established in England. All members remarked on the unusual abundance of Plusia gamma this year; the President and Mr. Bradley had specially noticed its great numbers locally, and Mr. Wainwright had seen it swarming on the north coast of Norfolk in clover fields; they all seemed to think, however, that the specimens were fresh and in good condition, scarcely suggesting immigration.—Mr. Bethune-Baker showed a drawer full of Palearctic Pararye and F’pinephele.
September 17th.—The President in the chair. —Mr. R. C. Bradley mentioned the occurrence of Colias edusa (two specimens) in his garden at Moseley. A discussion followed on its occurrence this summer. Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis had seen it on the railway-bank near Wednesbury, and had heard of it at Bromsgrove. Mr. P. A. Jackson had met with it in great abundance in Normandy, and wondered whether it usually occurred there in great numbers, or if it were specially common there this year as well as here.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker asked if members had noticed the Vanesside in unusual abundance this year; he had seen many more than usual at Edgbaston. Mr. W. Harrison thought they were more abundant than usual, and mentioned the occurrence of Grapta c-aibum at Harborne.— Mr. H. W. Ellis mentioned the finding of twenty-eight larve of Acherontia atropos in Bedfordshire; he also had it from Knowle, Warwickshire; and asked what the experience of others was. Other members had heard of its occurrence locally, and Mr. Wainwright had received a specimen from Cromer, Norfolk.—Mr. R. C. Bradley showed a series of Dioctria atricapilia from Stroud district; also a few Leptogaster guttiventris from same place, and L. cylindrica from Hay- wood, Warwickshire.—Mr. W. Harrison exhibited living pupex of Nemeobius lucina from Witherslack, and mentioned its probable exter- mination there, as he had counted thirty-two entomologists hunting specially for that species and Lycena minima.—Mr. H. W. Ellis showed a nice lot of Coleoptera collected in the Stroud district of Gloucestershire during the Society’s visit there at Whitsuntide this year;
SOCIETIES. 319
in five days he had taken ninety-four species, including Oodes helopioides, Phytecia cylindrica, Cryptocephalus bipunctatus, Chrysomela varians, a pair of the green var. in cop., Lochmea crategi, Cistela luperus, Magdalus armigera, and M. pruni.—Mr. Bethune-Baker exhibited a pair of Plusia moneta taken by a friend in Surrey this year; also a series of Pararge of the egeria group, to show the difference between Continental egeria and our egerides and their allies wiphiodes from Canary Islands, and aiphia from Madeira.—Consran J. Wainwricut, Hon. Sec.
LancasHIRE AND CuyeEsHirE Enromonocican Socmry.—The first meeting of the session of 1900-1901 was held on October 8th, 1900 (in the Free Library, Liverpool). The Vice-President, Mr. B. H. Crabtree, occupied the chair.—Dr. J. Cotton exhibited captures made on Simonswood Moss and at Llandudno during 1900. The former included a specimen of Acronycta alni.—Mr. B. H. Crabtree exhibited Colias edusa and series of Agrotis cursoria from St. Annes-on-Sea, also a curious variety of Arctia caia, in which the upper wings were almost unicolorous dark brown, and the under wings yellow with a dark brown mark at the base of each.—Mr. Crabtree also showed, on behalf of Mr. Harold Milne, two singular varieties of 4. plantaginis, in which the black markings were replaced by a yellowish orange tint, thus causing them to appear almost unicolorous. These specimens were male and female!—To mention all the remarkable species in Mr. Day’s interesting exhibit would take too much space; amongst them were the following:—a fine dark form of Smerinthus tilie, a series of Cherocampa porcellus, long and fine series of Hulepia cribrum, Notodonta cucullina, Agrotis ripe, and Anticlea sinuata, the latter from Cambridgeshire larve.—Mr. Mason exhibited a magnificent series of Pyrameis cardui, Argynnis aglaia, Bombya trifolii (bred), Agrotis ripe, A. cursoria, and other coast species. Amongst his odd captures were A. pyrophila and Colias edusa, taken at Lytham.—Mr. Massey showed long series of the beautiful and local Puchnobia alpina, Taeniocampa gothica and its mountain form gothicina.—Mr. Tait exhibited fine series of Melitea cinxia, Agrotis corticea, 4. lunigera Acidalia humiliata, and Anticlea rubidatu from the Isle of Wight, also the living larva and imago of Agrotis ashworthiiitMr. Thompson recorded Colias edusa, Acherontia atropos, and Macroglcssa stellatarum from St. Helens, the latter abundant in the larval state in suburban gardens.—Mr. Pierce brought for exhibition a living 4. atropos, which stridulated loudly on being disturbed.—Mr. Johnson exhibited bred series of Notodonta cucullina, and the lovely Phorodesma smaragdaria, also a specimen of S. populi, in which the pink of the under wings was suffused all over the insect. Amongst Mr. Johnson’s other insects were Zygena minos, Sesia philanthiformis, and Carsia imbutata.— Myr. Prince exhibited splendid series of Hrebia blandina, E. cassiope, Kpinephele hyperanthus, Gonopteryx rhamni, Leucophasia sinapis, Thecla quercus, and Lycena agon. Besides these north country captures he showed long series of coast species.—Mr. Collins brought for exhibition a part of his collection of Geometrina. It included specimens of a large number of the British Eupithecie#, whilst Melanthia and Melanippe were also well represented by their beautiful species albicillata, hastata, &e.— Freperick Bircu, Joint Secretary.
320 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
RECENT LITERATURE. Recenr Work on JAPANESE RHYNCHOTA.
Unter (P.R.). Summary of the Hemiptera of Japan (1896, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 276-97). Nawa (Y.). The Insect World. A Monthly Magazine. Vols. I.-IV. (in part), 1897-1900. Horvato Guza. Hémipteres de Vile de Yesso (Japon) (1899, Termész. Fiizetek, xxil. 865-74). Marsumura Suonen. Uebersicht der Fulgoriden Japans (1900, Ent. Nachr. xxvi. 205-183 and 257-70).
The extraordinary interest attaching to the entomological features of Japan renders any precise and detailed information particularly welcome, especially to the student of geographical distribution. Hx- plorers and passing travellers have rendered good service in making known its rhynchotal treasures, but the scientific study of any special fauna is scarcely placed on a satisfactory footing until native or foreign residents apply themselves to its elucidation in the country itself. Mr. Nawa, of Gifu, has been collecting the Japanese Rhynchota for some little time, and inciting his friends and neighbours to emulation in the same pursuit, though, unfortunately, Mr. Nawa’s observations have, until recently, been published entirely in Japanese. The mere fact that his journal, ‘The Insect World,’ a monthly maga- zine of some forty pages a month, entirely (except the title) in Japanese, is now well towards the completion of its fourth year, is an eloquent testimony to the grip that entomology has taken of our far-eastern confréres, though the language in which it is couched must necessarily limit its audience in the west. We ourself can only say that notes of rhynchotal interest have appeared from time to time, as evidenced by the figures of Coriava substriata, various Ricaniine and Cixiine, as well as of a number of others un-named. In the seventh number of the third volume (July 15th, 1899) two photographs are reproduced (plate vii.) of the personnel of an entomological expedition, numbering some forty individuals, a muster which puts to shame some of the field-meetings of our most flourishing London societies. Mr. Nawa is much to be congratulated and applauded for the excellent work he is doing in popularising the study of insects among his countrymen.
His collections have, in part, also lately been scientifically worked out by Dr. Uhler, the veteran rhynchotist of Baltimore, and by Dr. Matsumura. The bugs exhibited at the World’s Columbian Exhibition in Chicago, and subsequently presented to the U.S. National Museum through Dr. Mitzukuri of Tokio, were (we learn from Dr. Matsumura) collected by Mr. Nawa; six new genera and close upon fifty new species * were then added to science. Quite recently Dr. Matsumura
* “ Timnotrechus elongatus,”’ Uhler, does not belong to Limnotrechus (i.e. to the typical subgenus of Gerris); the descriptions of the antennz and of the connexival spines proclaim it a ‘‘ Limnometra”’ (or possibly a ‘“‘ Limnoporus”’). There is probably a misprint in the first three ines of p. 270.
RECENT LITERATURE. $21
has given a memoir on the Fulgoride of Japan,* with four new genera and twenty-two new species (of which two genera and fifteen species are obscure Delphacine [Asiracine]). Lastly, the well-known and genial Director of the Budapest Museum has contributed a short paper on some bugs from Yesso, collected by Dr. Matsumura.+
Of the Fulgoride enumerated by Dr. Matsumura, only a single species [Stenocranus minutus, Fabr.} is also European or Siberian (although nine of the genera have a Huropean distribution); on the other hand, of the fifty miscellaneous species mentioned by Dr. Horvath, thirty also inhabit Eastern Siberia; while only five genera are not represented in Western Europe, and only one genus ( Riptortus) is non-palearctic. ; G. w.kK
E. P. Fer. Fifteenth Report—Insects—State of New York, 1899 (Bull. N. Y. State Mus. VI. No. 81, June, 1900, pp. 531-653).
The present annual report (Dr. Felt’s second) is of somewhat dif- ferent nature to most of its predecessors, as ‘‘ pressure of other work has prevented the preparation of the usual detailed notices of injurious insects observed during the year.’’ These are promised at some future time. We may briefly note, among the more interesting entomological features, the excessive injuries occasioned by the forest tent caterpillars (Clisiocampa disstria), the elm-leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola), and the ‘willow butterfly” (Huvanessa antiopa) ; and the occurrence in several counties of seventeen-year Cicada (Tibicen septendecim.) |
The stoppage of railway trains by hordes of caterpillars has been regarded usually with a good deal of scepticism; but an observer, quoted by Dr. Felt (p. 542), states that a train by which he was travelling was stopped three times between two stations about eight miles apart.
The principal feature of the report is an account of the work of a corps of forty-three voluntary observers (representing thirty-nine counties), established to bring ‘‘the entomologist into closer rela- tions with the public, and also to facilitate the gathering of in-
* We would correct the synonymy of one species, viz. ‘‘ Paeciloptera distinctissima, Walker,” p. 213. The type of Peciloptera [recte Pekillo- ptera, Latr., 1796] was fixed by the author himself as phalenoides, Linné, a very distinct neotropical species; in fact, the genus is (to our knowledge) not found in the Old World at all, although innumerable species under that generic name have been even recently described from India, Ceylon, Java, &e. P. distinctissima forms probably a new genus near Flata and Ormenis. Dr. Melichar, of Vienna, whose recent important ‘ Monographie der Rica- niiden’ was noticed in the ‘ Entomologist’ (1899, p. 263), is now engaged upon a monograph of the Flatide (more properly Peekillopterine), so that numerous details, now obscure, in this group, will doubtless soon be elucidated.
+ Dr. Matsumura has also published an account of the Cicadide of Japan (Annot. Zool. Japon. ii. pp. 1-20, pl. 1; see Zool. Record, 1898) ; but we regret that we have not yet been able to see a copy. r:
{ Most American entomologists refer to this species as Cucada septen- decim. It may well be termed the ‘“‘seventeen-year Cicada’’; but it is quite as incorrect (if not more so) to write of ‘‘ Cicada septendecwm,” as it would be to speak of ‘‘ Argynnis cardui” or ‘* Vanessa aurinia.”
ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1900. 25
322 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
formation.’’ Twenty-five pages are occupied by the information thus gained.
Dr. Felt has worthily maintained the reputation of these reports, acquired during Dr. Lintner’s tenure, of being among the most com- pletely indexed of any entomological publications.
G. W. K.
The Lepidoptera of the British Islands: a Descriptive Account of the Families, Genera, and Species indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland, their Preparatory States, Habits, and Localities. By Cuartes G. Barrett, F.E.8. Vol. vi., pp. 388. London: Lovell Reeve & Co. 1900.
In this volume consideration of the Heterocera is continued up to the end of the Noctuina, and a commencement is made with the Geometrina. The names of genera in the Noctuina are but very little changed, and the only important alteration in the arrangement is the introduction of the Sarrothripide, which family is placed between the Trifide and the Gonopteride. In his treatment of the Geometrina our author adopts the classification used by Hampson in his ‘ Moths of India,’ consequently the family first dealt with is the Boarmide, which, in the present instalment, includes the genera Ourapterya [Uropterya] , Angerona, Rumia, Venilia, Cabera, Macaria.
Among the Noctuina we note that Acontia solaris, Catocala electa (‘casual migrant”), Charielea delphini, Cucullia abrotani, Plusia illus- tris, P. ni, and Thalpochares paula are admitted as British; whilst Acontia catena, Bryophila alge, Calophasia linaria, C. platyptera, Catocala elocata, Plusia aurifera, P. verticillata, and Hypena obsitalis are regarded doubtfully, or at best as only accidental visitors.
Catalogue of Eastern and Australian Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Col- lection of the Oxford University Museum. Part I.—Sphinges and Bombyces: by Col. C. Swinnor. Part IIl.—Noctuina, Geome- trina, and Pyralidina: by Col. C. Swinnor. Pterophoride and Tineina: by the Rt. Hon. Lord Wausineuam and Joun Hartiry Durrant. (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1892 and 1900.)
Tue entomological collection of the Oxford Museum is the most important public collection in this country, after the British Museum, and contains a great number of types of moths, described by Hope, Westwood, Walker, and Moore. ‘The whole collection has now been thoroughly examined, and the types, as far as possible, identified ; and we have the result, so far as regards the Kastern species, in the two handsome volumes before us, each illustrated with eight coloured plates, though, for some reason or other, those in the second volume do not appear to us to be quite as good as those in the first. The book cannot fail to be of great value to all entomologists who are interested in foreign moths; and we can only regret that it has not been made complete by the addition of the African and American moths.
We should add that the new species and genera which the authors met with in the course of their work are fully described in its pages, thus bringing the catalogue of this part of the Museum up to date.
OBITUARY. 323
Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society for the year 1899. Pp. 80. Published by the Society at the London Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C. 1900.
Tur entomological papers in this volume are as follows :—‘‘ Notes on Spilosoma lubricipeda,” by A. W. Mera, pp. 29-32; ‘‘ The Life-history of Oporabia (Epirrita) autumnata, Bkh.,” by Louis B. Prout, pp. 42-52 ; “Notes on Hupithecia coronata, Hiibn.,’’ by L. B. Prout, pp. 52-54; ‘‘Variation in the broods of Avylia putris, Cucullia umbratica, Spilosoma urtice, and Malacosoma castrensis,” by A. Bacot, pp. 54-58; ‘‘ Some Marsh Beetles of the Lea Valley,’ by F. B. Jennings, pp. 59-65. Mr. Prout also contributes another instalment of the list of ‘* Lepido- ptera of the London District ’’ (pp. 66-80), which had been commenced in this Society’s ‘Transactions’ for 1898. The number of species enumerated, so far, is 369. Among other interesting matters con- tained in the ‘‘ Reports of Meetings” (pp. 2-28), we note that, on January 8rd, 1899, Dr. J. S. Sequeira exhibited a specimen of Catocala elocata, ‘which had been recognised, by Mr. E. M. Dadd, in Dr. Sequeira’s series of British C. nupta. The Doctor said he had no doubt that the specimen was set by himself, and that the insect was taken unawares in these islands. This would be the first record of the species in Britain.” The latter remark is not correct, as this species has been previously recorded as British: Curtis, very nearly eighty years ago, figured, as a British insect, an example of C. elocata, which was assumed to have been captured in this country. It was afterwards discovered that this species had been received from Oporto by the owner of the collection of British Lepidoptera in which it was detected.
OBITUARY.
Dr. Orro Staupincer.—We have received intimation of the death of Dr. Staudinger, on Oct. 18th last, at Lucerne, in his seventy-first year. He was incontestably one of the best known continental lepi- dopterists, and, since the death of Herrich-Schiffer, the leading German authority on Palearctic Lepidoptera. His inaugural disserta- tion, ‘ De Sesiis agri Berolinensis,’ which appears to have been also his first published work, is a quarto tract of sixty-six pages, with two plates, published at Berlin in 1854. Subsequently he travelled in Iceland, Norway, Sardinia, and Spain, and the results of his captures were published in the ‘Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung’ by himself and others. The most important of these early journeys was that which he undertook to Iceland, an interesting account of which was published in §. E. Z. for 1857.
In 1861 appeared the first of the great works which have made his name famous—the first edition of the ‘Catalog der Lepidopteren EKuropas und der angrinzenden Linder. I. Macrolepidoptera, bear- beitet von Dr. O. Staudinger. II. Microlepidoptera, bearbeitet von Dr. M. Wocke.’ This was in double columns, and resembles in form Heydenreich’s ‘ Systematisches Verzeichniss der europiiischen Schmet- terlinge,’ the third and last edition of which appeared at Leipzig in 1851. The second revised and enlarged edition of Staudinger’s
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and Wocke’s Catalogue, printed in single columns, appeared in 1871 ; and we may remark that Dr. Staudinger’s portion of this work, though, of course, not absolutely free from errors, is far superior to that of his coadjutor, Dr. Wocke, especially as regards the completeness and accuracy of its quotations from English authors. The book, however, does not include the whole Palearctic Region; Japan, North China, Kgypt, &c., not being included.
Dr. Staudinger took up his residence at Blasewitz, near Dresden, where he established, at first alone, and subsequently in partnership with his son-in-law, Bang Haas, a Swede, an enormous emporium for the sale of Huropean and exotic insects, especially Lepidoptera, and issued a continuous series of price-lists for many years, which were circulated all over the world. He had been a great invalid for some years before his death, and this retarded the publication of the long- promised third edition of his great Catalogue of Palearctic Lepidoptera, undertaken with the co-operation of Dr. H. Rebel. We hope that this is practically ready for publication, and will shortly be issued ; but even though this should be the case, and although we should not grudge an old man a well-earned holiday, we cannot help regretting that he was not able to see it through the press during his own lifetime.
Dr. Staudinger continued to travel much in various parts of Europe, and perhaps North Africa, but we are not aware that his travels led him further. He occasionally visited London, but only rarely, and at long intervals. He also issued from time to time most valuable papers on the Lepidoptera of the less-known parts of the Palearctic Region, founded on the extensive collections formed for him by various collec- tors. Among these were his ‘Beitrige zur Lepidopterenfauna Griechenlands,”’ which fills the greater part of the seventh volume of the ‘ Hore Societatis Hntomologice Rossice’ (1870), and numerous papers on the Lepidoptera of various parts of Northern and Central Asia, published in various periodicals, chiefly German and Russian, but which it would take up too much space to enumerate here.
But by far the most important work of the latter part of Dr. Staudinger’s life, and also almost his only important publication relative to exotic Lepidoptera, was his ‘ Exotische Tagfalter in Sys- tematischer Reihenfolge, mit Beriicksichtigung neuerer Arten, unter technischer Mitwirkung von Dr. H. Langhans.’ It is a thick volume in small folio, published at Firth, in Bavaria, from 1884 to 1888, and illustrated by one hundred crowded plates of butterflies. Notwith- standing the title, European and Palearctic species are included in their places, making the book by far the most complete which has appeared on the subject of butterflies in general, though it is issued at a comparatively moderate price. It was accompanied by a second volume, by Drs. Schatz and Rober, with characters of the families and genera, illustrated by thirty-six plain plates of neuration. In this latter work, however, the genera of Hesperiide are not included.
We have spoken only of Dr. Staudinger’s scientific work, but no doubt other obituaries will appear, written by entomologists who were more intimately acquainted with him than the present writer, and who may be able to supply particulars of general interest relating to his personal history. W.F.K
PLATE IIl. (Entom., Pl. VII., 1900.)
oes eal |
By permission of Frankenstein & Wagner.
After Obernetter,
! j F j
eee =
PLATE IV. (Entom., Pl. VIIT., 1900.)
After Obernetter. By permission of Frankenstein & Wagner.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vor. XXXIII.] DECEMBER. 1900. [No. 461.
EDITORIAL.
REFERENCE is made to the very liberal Plate illustration of the present volume only to afford me an opportunity of tendering my sincere thanks to Messrs. Adkin, Christy, Lucas, and Merri- field for their generous assistance, which has enabled me to add so much to the interest and scientific value of the contents of the ‘ Entomologist.’
The Special Index has become so voluminous that its publi- cation in the last number of the year would cause considerable delay. I have therefore decided to issue this section of the Index in the January number of each year. Subscribers will receive it free as heretofore.
An Alphabetical List has been prepared of all the figures of varieties of British Lepidoptera published in the ‘ Entomologist’ up to date. This was made for my own use; but, as I under- stand that a convenient reference to these figures would be useful to many, it will be presented with the Special Index in the ‘Entomologist’ for January, 1901.. An Index of all the varieties described in the Journal since its establishment in 1840 will be published during the ensuing year.
In previous Editorials I have had occasion to acknowledge some kindly written criticisms, and equally kind advice given me from time to time by friends, concerning the subjects discussed or otherwise dealt with in this Journal. I am exceedingly obliged to all correspondents who during the past year have favoured me with suggestions which in their opinion would, if
ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1900. QF
326 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
acted on, largely conduce to the prosperity of the ‘ Kntomologist.’ I can assure them that, although I fully appreciate their good- natured intentions, I think that it would not be to the advantage of the Journal to very materially alter its present character. Since it has been my valued privilege to conduct the Journal, its pages have been open to entomologists of every degree; con- tributions of the field-worker are as welcome as those of the systematist or the specialist. Judging from the large measure of support that I have received during the ten years or more that I have discharged the duties of Editor, I am inclined to believe that the absence of exclusiveness in the policy adopted
meets with general approval. RicHarp SouTH.
LEPIDOPTERA IN SOUTH DEVONSHIRE. By J. Jiczr.
In anticipation of a late emergence of insects in general during the past season, I did not set out for my usual South Devon expedition until August Ist. Arriving at Babbicombe, where I met the Rev. Dobrée Fox suffering from a severe accident to his knee, I soon learned that, so far as Leucania putrescens was concerned, my calculation was wrong, for this insect had been out for some time, and, judging by the large series Mr. Fox showed me, they must have been very plentiful. However, in spite of wind and occasional rain, Mr. J. Clarke, of Reading, and myself worked for the species at one of its usual haunts with tolerably good results, for among the worn majority many specimens were obtained in good condition. Whilst engaged examining the flowers one night, we had the unique experience of attracting towards us the search lights of several British warships which happened to be in the bay. This afforded us great amusement, especially as the moths, like ourselves, seemed quite to enjoy it. Lithosia caniola, of which species during the previous year many specimens were netted at dusk near the same spot, were scarcely seen; towards the end of the week, however, they turned up in another part some distance off. Acontta luctuosa likewise was scarce and worn, probably owing to the continued absence of sunshine. This insect hides during dull weather, and has been noticed creeping right down into the cracks in the earth.
After staying a week at Babbicombe I went back to Starcross, and was informed that Callimorpha hera had appeared as early as July 4th, but after the spell of very hot weather at that time their emergence ceased, and became again general about
LEPIDOPTERA IN SOUTH DEVONSHIRE. 327
August 10th, the predominating form being decidedly the orange one. Other local species, usually common—as, for instance, Cidaria picata, and several Acidalias—were conspicuous by their absence, but Acidalia marginepunctata, Gnophos obscurata, Mela- nippe galiata, Aspilates citraria, Eubolia lineolata, and Larentia olivata were abundant. Bryophila muralis was taken, in the pupa state, by several friends of mine near Dawlish up to nearly the end of August in large numbers; these produced many examples of the dark brown form.
As regards Colias edusa, I have never before seen the species in such prefusion as during the week following August 15th, and, remembering the great edusa year of 1877, when I happened to be on the East coast, I think that the past season, at least in Devonshire, ran quite parallel with it. They were simply swarming in the clover fields and lanes, and I might have taken fifty in an afternoon bad I so desired. I captured a few of var. helice, but I did not see any C. hyale, although three or four specimens were said to have been taken by a local collector.
On August 24th, Mr. Porritt arrived, and we left Starcross for another locality, to work for some of the rarer Noctuas. The weather had by this time become settled, but, although fine and sunny during the day, we found the nights cold, with a bright moon. Sugaring, therefore, proved less profitable at first than anticipated. The democratic Triphena pronuba and T. comes, Agrotis segetum, A. suffusa, A. puta, Leucania pallens, Noctua plecta, N. c-nigrum, N. xanthographa, Amphipyra trago- pogonis, Miana furuncula, Mamestra brassice (second brood), and, somewhat later, Agrotis saucia, Xanthia circellaris, Anchocelis rufina, and A. lunosa were extremely common: likewise Cara- drina ambigua, which continued on the wing quite a month. Noctua castanea var. neglecta also came freely to sugar. The first warm nights produced three Leucania albipuncta, singly, and on the evening of September 8th Mr. Porritt took five more, and one Laphygma exigua a few days later. One L. albi- puncta had been taken on August 15th, and it was therefore a matter for congratulation that specimens of this species were still in good condition. Mr. Porritt had unfortunately to leave before me, and, working single-handed, I took five L. exigua on Sep- tember 17th (a very warm and still night), and three more on the following nights. My other captures included Leucania vitellina, Heliothis armigera, Epunda lichenea, Noctua glareosa, Nonagria lutosa, Hydrecia nictitans, Calocampa exoleta, Heliophobus popu- laris, Acronycta rumicis (second brood), Noctua rubi, Cosmia diffinis and affinis, Polia chi, P. flavicincta, and females of Stilbia anomala at sugar as late as September 17th; whilst a few males of the latter were netted flying among the gorse close at hand. After my departure on September 22nd, I have been informed that Hpunda nigra and E. lutulenta were taken as
2Fr2
328 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
usual at sugar on the ground I had left. As regards L. eaxigua, I should like to add that our specimens were all taken between 8.30 and 9 p.m., certainly not later. Mr. Woodforde’s experience differs in this respect, for he says the insects appear mostly between ten o’clock and midnight. I have watched often until a late hour, but never took one later than nine o’clock, nor did I find any on very windy nights, although I do not maintain that they would not come on such nights. When once settled they are not at all shy, like many of their companions at sugar, but allow themselves to be easily boxed. The females lay their eggs readily, and I have at the present moment larve from four different parents. The ova, which were in batches completely enveloped in down, hatched within a fortnight, and the young larva took to knot-grass, leaving the reputed food-plant, plantain, untouched. They are now eating dock, but I question whether they will survive the winter, as they appear extremely delicate. The larva has been found in the wild state early in the summer on Persicaria near the coast. This would indicate that, as with Caradrina ambigua, there is an earlier brood of this insect.
65, St. Quintin’s Avenue, North Kensington, W.: November, 1900.
CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND: SUPPLEMENTARY LIST.
By W. F. pe Vismes Kane, M.A., M.R.LA., F.E.S.
RHOPALOCERA.
Preris RAP&, L., var. MeTRA, Steph.—A male taken at Clogher Head, Co. Louth, by Mr. Thornhill, in June.
P. nap, L., ab. ruava, Kane.—A very deeply coloured example of this was taken at Magilligan, Co. Derry, by the late Mr. Curzon.
P. papiipicr, L.—One captured, Aug. 18th, 1898, by Mr. Hind, at Courtown, Co. Wexford. A correspondent at Ferns also reports its occurrence there, but I have not seen the specimens.
Levucopnasia sinapis, L.—Curraghmore, Co. Waterford (Rev. W. FP. Flemyng) ; five miles west of Kildare (Mr. Freke) ; Mount Congreve, Tramore, and near the town of Waterford, and at Milepost, Co. Kilkenny (Buonaparte Wyse); Merlin Park, Gal- way, abundant.
Cou1as EDusA, F'b.—Occasional immigrations of this butterfly have been recorded during the last few years, chiefly in the South of Ireland, and numerously in 1899; one or two also in the northern half of the island.
CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 329
GoNOPTERYX RHAMNI, J..—Broadford, Scariff (Ir. Nat. vii. 58), and Cratloe, Co. Clare (Ff. Neale). Also at Dalyston, near Loughrea, and Gort, Co. Galway (R. H.D.); Ballinrobe, and shore of L. Mask.
Meira aurtnta, Rott.— This species seems to be very universally though locally distributed throughout Ireland. The following are some additional localities :—Milepost, Co. Kilkenny ; Timoleague and Berehaven, Co. Cork; Birr, King’s Co. ; Merlin Park, Galway ; Portlaw, Co. Waterford; Dalyston, near Loughrea.
Vanessa 10, L.—In 1900 not rare in many places in Ulster, as at Armagh, Derry, Donegal, Drumreaske, Newry, and Tyrone.
EREBIA EPIPHRON, var. cAssiopr, I’b.— Since writing my notice of this butterfly, and suggesting that the mountain range from Achill to Nephin might very probably yield habitats, I have been fortunate enough to meet with a few specimens on Nephin. The bad weather and subsequent engagements have prevented my investigating the locality further. One specimen, in a collec- tion of the Rev. R. McClean, is believed to have been taken on the hilly slopes on the eastern shores of L. Gill, Sligo.
Ca@NnonympHa tTyPHON, Rott.—Very dark forms about Clon- brock.
TuEcLua Quercus, L.—Cratloe, near Limerick (Ff. N.), Killar- ney, Timoleague, Co. Cork (D.); Killoughrim Wood, Ennis- corthy (M.); Enniskillen, scarce (P.); Dalyston, Co. Galway (R. EH. D.); Portlaw, Co. Waterford.
LycmNA ARGIoLUS, L.—Curraghmore, Co, Waterford, abun- dant (B. Wyse).
SyricutHus mary, L.—Two taken at the copper mines, Killarney (W. Salvage),
Nisonrapes TAGES, L.—Killarney (Mucross demesne), Ennis- corthy (M.); abundant throughout the Burren, and the stony limestone pastures of Clare, from Dromoland, Kilfenora to Bally-
vaughan. HETEROCERA.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS, L.—It would serve no purpose to chro- nicle the localities in which, in suitable years, this migrant or Sphinx convolvuli has been noticed. Being such strong fliers, the immigrants disperse themselves over every part of the island, sometimes in considerable numbers.
DEILEPHILA LiIvorNiIcA, Hsp.—One at Trim, in 1894, by Mrs. Cuppage; one at Howth (G. V. H.).
SMERINTHUS OcCELLATUS, L.—Timoleague (R. Donovan), and Mallow (Stawell), Co. Cork; numerous at L. Iron, Westmeath ; and locally at Enniskillen (P.).
330 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
S. trn1m, Z.—One at Killarney, reported by W. Salvage.
MacrocLossa BOMBYLIFOoRMIS, Hsp. — (The narrow-bordered bee-hawk). By an oversight Ochsenheimer’s species appears in the Catalogue. It is referable to the above. Further localities are Clonbrock, Athenry, and Merlin Park, Galway; Mote Park, Roscommon; Cratloe Wood, near Limerick (Neale); Mallow (Stawell) ; Curraghmore, Waterford (B. Wyse.).
TROCHILIUM CRABRONIFORMIS, Lewin. — Castle Bellingham
Clonbrock, Enniskillen, and Tempo.
Srsta scotuFormis, Rott. — Since writing a notice of this species I have taken three imagines at Killarney, as well as the larve both there and near Kenmare. A Pimpla bred from one of the latter, Mr. Bignell states (in litt.), is a new British species of ichneumon not in Marshall’s list. Pimpla examinator he had received from Gregson, out of the same host.
S. myopirormis, Bork.—Clonbrock; Killarney (W. Salvage). I have found the larve and empty pupal cases of this or the following species in cherry-trees at Drumreaske, Monaghan. Its ravages produce serious damage in the stems, which swell out where bored into unsightly excrescences exuding gum.
SEsia cuLicirormis, L.—Two imagines taken at Clonbrock by Mr. Dillon.
S. muscirormis, View.—Reported by Dr. Greene from near Ferns, Co. Wexford.
ZYGHNA PILOSELLE, Hsp.—On the Galway shore of L. Derg, a few (Gleeson), Ir. N. vil. 250. J have met with it over a wide extent of the Co. Clare, especially in Burren, and as far south as Dromoland. A unique variety, with yellow under wings, was taken by Mr. Allen near Galway.
(Z. triroti, Hsp.—lI am, on further examination of the question, inclined to delete this species from the Irish list. The few specimens relied on (since Mr. More’s record at Castle Taylor) are worn and doubtful, and, having gained a considerable further experience of the Irish lepidopterous fauna, I am unable to substantiate with certainty the earlier records, which I believe must be referred to the following species.)
Z. LONIcEREH, Hsp. — Roundstone, Connemara (Walker) ; Portora, near Enniskillen, abundant (A.); Dungannon (T7'. Greer) ; Clonbrock (R. H. D.); Belleisle, near Lisbellaw.
Nota conrusauis, H.-S.—Clonbrock; Timoleague, Co. Cork (R. D.); Enniskillen (P.).
Nuparia senEex, Hb.—One specimen taken by Col. Partridge near Enniskillen.
CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA ‘OF IRELAND. 331
SETINA IRRORELLA. (Clerck). — Ardrahan, Co. Galway, and west through the Burren of Clare, widely spread.
LirHosia LuRIDEOLA, Zinck.—Castle Bellingham and Clogher Head, not rare; Athlone (IWilcoz).
Gnopuria quapra, L. — Killarney; Timoleague, Co. Cork (R. D.); Curraghmore, abundant (Rev. W. Flemyng), and Lis- more (Neale) Co. Waterford; Borris, Co. Carlow (Freke), and Clonbrock (R. HL. D.).
G. RuBRIcoLLIS, L.— Berehaven, Co. Cork (Carpenter), and Timoleague; Sligo (/cC.); Belleisle, near Lisbellaw, Clonbrock (R. E. D.).
NEMEOPHILA RUSSULA, L.—Kenmare neighbourhood; Cappagh,
and near Waterford (B. Wyse) ; Milepost, Co. Kilkenny (B. Wyse) ; Cratloe, near Limerick (Neale).
SprnosomMA MENDICA Clerck.—A specimen of the dark typical male has been taken by the Hon. E. O’Brien at Dromoland, Co. Clare. One has already been recorded from Clonbrock in the adjoining county.
Var. rustica, Hb.—This has latterly been taken in some fresh localities: Parsonstown, King’s Co. (Hon. G. Parsons) ; Killarney; Lucan (Halbert), a very white male; Timoleague, Co. Cork, a similar one (R. D.).
S. urticaw, Hsp.—One at Clonbrock (R. EH. D.), May 16th, 1896, in a moth-trap.
HepraLus LupuLinus L.— Pontoon on L. Conn, Mayo; Bragan, Co. Monaghan. Var. fuscus, Kenmare, Ir. N. vii. 210.
Cossus LIGNIPERDA, /'b.—Between Baltinglass and Dunlavin, Co. Wicklow; abundant at Maganey, Co. Kildare (Carpenter).
MacroGasTER CASTANEX®, Hb.—No further capture of this insect in Ireland can be chronicled, and on examination of Lough-a-Callow, the locality in question, I can find no trace of Phragmites communis.
Levcoma sauicis, L.—Abundant about Lough Doon, Mullin- gar (Middleton).
Dasycuira FASCELINA, L.—Tullamore (Halbert).
TRICHIURA cRATHGI, L.—A blackish form was taken at Magilligan, near Derry, by W. Salvage. Its larvee were feeding on blackthorn.
Bompyx NevustRiA, L.—Dungarvan, and various localities in the south and south-west. Enniskillen, rare (P.); one at Galway (A.).
DrepaNa FALCATARIA, L.—Enniskillen (4.).
San THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Dicranurga FuRcULA, L.—Drumreaske and Altadiawan, Co. Tyrone. Very abundant at Clonbrock.
D. siripa, Hb.—Oughterard, one larva reported. Fairly numerous at Clonbrock.
Srauropus FaGci, L.—Taken again at Ardtully, Kenmare, by myself. One very dark specimen at Clonbrock, and one at Merlin Park, Galway (R. H.D.). Larve reported from Belle- isle, Up. L. Erne.
PrILOPONTIS PALPINA, L.—Drumreaske; Tempo, near Ennis- killen, Enniskillen (P.); Clonbrock, a few (R. E.D.) ; Sligo (McC.). | iste DICTMOIDES, Hsp.— Howth (G. V. H.), and Clon- rock.
N. promeparius, L.—Var. perfusca at Tempo (Langham).
N. cuaonta, Hb.—Has occurred in considerable numbers at Clonbrock, when a moth-trap was placed in a ruin at some fifty or sixty feet from the ground. Two at Mallow, Co. Cork, by Mr. Millbank.
CymatopHora or, F'b.—Mr. Campbell’s record from Derry must be deleted, the specimen turns out to be Asphalia flavi- cornis. Enniskillen (Capt. Brown); one at Clonbrock, of the ordinary English type, and at Pontoon on L. Conn, Mayo, I took a considerable series of fine specimens with dull ground colour shaded with brownish bands, but not showing any rosy tinge.
C. pupnaris, L.—Further investigations assure me that this species is almost universally distributed through Ireland.
C. rLuctuosa, Hb.—Ardtully, near Kenmare, not very rare.
ASPHALIA FLAVIcoRNIS, L.—Derry (C.), Enniskillen (P.), Clonbrock (R. H. D.); single specimens only, except at Ennis- killen, where the larve only were taken.
ACRONYCTA TRIDENS, Schiff.—One larva was found at Ennis- killen by Col. Partridge.
A. LEporinA, L.—Cratloe Wood, near Limerick, and near Kenmare; Howth (M. F.).
A. aceris, Z.—Enniskillen (P.) ; Timoleague, Co. Cork Ga Ds
A. mMEGACcEPHALA, /’b.—Custle Bellingham, Co. Louth.
A. MENYANTHIDIS, View.—Clonbrock, one (R. H. D.), Parsons- town, King’s Co. (Hon. G. Parsons). I found the larve near
Recess, Connemara, very numerously, feeding on Myrica gale, and rarely on Menyanthes trifoliata.
A, EUPHORBIZ var. MonTIvAGA, Gn.—Dursey Island, a locality
CATALOGUE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND. 8338
very similar to Galley Head, Co. Cork; Killarney, and Kenmare ; Pontoon. Co. Mayo; Dalyston, near Loughrea, and Clonbrock (R. H. D.). , DinoBA CMHRULEOCEPHALA, L.— Trim, Co. Meath (Mrs. Cuppage). Levucania turca, L.—Mr. Dillon reports having captured one at Clonbrock ; and two at Merlin Park, Galway.
L. unreunora, Haw. (EXTRANEA, Gn.).—One specimen at sugar, September 13th, 1896, taken by Mr. R. Donovan at Timoleague, Co. Cork. It is small, pale in colour, but a well-marked example (Ir. Nat. vi. 104).
L. tirroratis, Curt.—Dingle, and abundant on the sandhills of Tralee Bay, Kerry; as at Castle Gregory, where I took two examples with a red suffusion bordering the central white stripe of the fore wings.
L. straminea, 7'r.—Dromoland, Co. Clare (Hon. H. O’Brien). Canosia RuFA, Haw.—Two at Clonbrock (R. H. D.).
Nonacria (Cauamia) Lutosa, Hb.—Lough Erne, Belleisle, and Enniskillen.
GorRTYNA OCHRACEA, Hb.—Dromoland, Co. Clare (Hon. E. O’Brien).
XYLOPHASIA suBLUSTRIS, Hsp.— Enniskillen (A.); Trim, Co. Meath, a dingy brownish form, not ruddy as the type (G. V. H.).
Lapnyema Exicua, Hb.—Mr. R. Donovan has added another rarity to the Irish list. He captured a very fine example of this species on September 8th, 1899, on honeydew on a lime tree at Timoleague, Co. Cork.
Luperina cespitis, #'b.—Trim, Co. Meath (Mrs. Cuppage) ; Enniskillen (P.); Cappagh, Co. Waterford (B. Wyse); Timo- league, Co. Cork (R. D.) ; Clonbrock.
Mamestra aBsecta, Hb.—Since publishing, Mr. Thornhill, of Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth, has taken specimens of this moth on the adjoining coast.
M. sorpipa, Bork.—One at Howth (M. F.).
M. ausicoton, 1b.—Rossbeigh, and Castle Gregory, Kerry.
M. rurva, Hb.—Bundoran, Co. Donegal (J.); Magilligan, near Derry, several (W. Salvage).
APAMEA OPHIOGRAMMA, Hsp.—Enniskillen (P.).
Miana sBicotorrA, Vill.—Timoleague, Co. Cork (R. D.). Mr. Campbell writes that he has recorded this species from near Derry in error.
(To be continued.)
304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA.
By Dr. H. J. Hansen.
(Continued from p. 172.)
C. Legs.
These are best discussed when the coxe, trochanters, and femora are considered together, and the tarsi separately by them- selves ; of the tibie, I have nothing new to say here. In con- nection with the posterior coxe, I mention the ventral part of the third thoracic segment ; this part is termed the metasternum, which is scarcely correct, but I have not been able to distinguish between sternum, epimera, and episterna, and therefore call attention to an observation by Schjodte in his celebrated work :* *Cryptocerata [in the Heteroptera] have undivided thoracic segments, like all other Rhynchota. A re-examination will certainly give the result that a veritable suture between sternum and epimera will in no case be found.”
1. Coxe, Trochanters, and Femora.
As regards the coxe, authors have hitherto been content usually to describe their extension in breadth and length ; but attention should also be directed to matters fully as important (as Schjodte has pointed out), viz. the movements they are able to perform in consequence of the form, and according to the quality of their articulation. The anterior legs present such strong agreement among all the families that they can be dis- cussed under a single heading, but the other two pairs must be considered in each family separately.
a. Anterior Legs.
The coxe are sometimes of considerable length, propor- tionately to their thickness or breadth (Stridulantia, Fulgora), sometimes tolerably short and broad (Tettigometra, Aethalion), scarcely, however, ever shorter than broad; but whatever their shape may be they are attached to the body only by their oblique basal part, so that an always considerable distal portion is entirely free ; and, in the next place, they are always articulated more or less towards the sides of the prothorax, with the interior angles of their articulation at least a very considerable space from the insect’s middle plane, and they are then directed backwards and inwards against the middle plane. The trochantins (pl. ii.
* “Nogle nye Hovedsetninger af Rhynchoternes Morphologi og Sys- tematik ” (Naturh. Tidskr. (3), vi. pp. 237-66, 1869), translated into English in 1870, Ann, Mag, Nat, Hist. (4), vi. pp. 225-49.—G. W. K,
THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. 335
f. 6a) are very distinct on the anterior side of the basal portion. The articulating membrane is, with the exception of the spot on the proximal point of the coxe, well developed, and is remarkably broad on the inner side of the articulation. Consequent on this articulation, the cox can perform two kinds of movements: in part they can turn on an axis, which forms a very acute angle with their own long axis, and with this turning the apices of the femora move in a part of a semicircle from behind forwards and inwards (and vice versd) ; in part this distal portion is able to move, on turning around on an axis perpendicular to the longi- tudinal direction of the coxz, somewhat backward and inward, somewhat forward and outward, (adduction and abduction), whence it follows that the tarsi are able to extend farthest outwardly, forward or behind, when the coxe are ‘‘ abduced.”’
In the Stridulantia the anterior femora are very thick, and generally toothed beneath; the trochanters are thick, supporting (viz. connected with) the femora by a very oblique articulation, which presents a very well developed see-saw movement. In the other three families the anterior femora are usually not very thick, and unarmed. Trochanters supporting, normal; only in Darnis have I found both anterior (and intermediate) femora strongly dilated.
b. Intermediate Legs. 1. Stridulantia.
The coxe are moderately short, broad, and obliquely tri- angular at the base, with an articulation which is quite as long as the coxe, and the interior angle of the articulation is situated moderately near to the insect’s middle plane. The cox are some- times in the middle plane contiguous at their moderately short, free, distal part; this is often, however, not the case, for in Platypleura the distance between them is somewhat considerable. The principal movement is rotary, to and fro on an axis from the exterior angle of the articulation to its antero-interior angle, almost perpendicular to the insect’s longitudinal axis; moreover, a rather feeble adduction and abduction is possible, arising from the fact that the articulating membrane along the interior mar- gin of the articulation is rather broad. A real ‘“‘ meracanthus”’ is not to be found, but the plate situated on the postero-exterior margin of the cox, from which it otherwise originates, is here well developed. The trochanters are supporting, and the femora normal as in the three families following :—
2 and 3. Cercopide and Jasside.—The coxe have a form somewhat resembling that in the Stridulantia; they are, how- ever, quite as transversely situated and placed close together, so that their free apical parts are contiguous in the middle plane ; their ad- and abductorial movements are only feeble. A meracanthus is very considerable, and strong in all Cercopide ; it is wanting in most Jasside, but is, however, strong, long, and broad at the
336 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
base in Hoplophorine (see Stal in ‘ Hemiptera Africana’), and I have also found it in a less strongly marked form in many other genera. For instance, it is shorter but broad at the base in some (all?) species of Darnis; in Epiclines planata, F., and Petalocera bohemannt, Stal, it is very long, but narrow; in Proranus adsperst- pennis, Stal, it is short ; and in Ledra aurita, L., one can find no trace of it.
4, Fulgoride.—The intermediate coxe are here, contrary to the foregoing families, formed and articulated like the anterior coxe. In, for instance, Fulgora, they have a very important length (are something more than twice as long as broad), their rather short articulation is situated at a good distance from the middle plane towards the lateral margins of the body, and from this point their free good-sized distal part is directed inwards and backwards, where they, at the articulation of the trochanters, are almost contiguous at the middle plane. Trochantins are very distinct ; the articulating membrane at the anterior angle of the articulation is considerable. A similar structure is found in most Fulgoride. In Tettigometra (pl. ii. f. 6) the coxe are short, very broad towards the base, and the articulation is very long ; but the interior angle of the coxa, which is connected with the articulating membrane, is nevertheless somewhat remote from that of the opposed coxa.
One may thus sum up the characteristics of this family, viz. that the intermediate coxe have the interior angle of their articu- lation importantly remote from the nuiddle plane; and, singularly, that their movements, like those of the anterior coxe, are strongly marked double-acting, viz. rotation and important ad- and abduc- tion; Tettigometra itself, which certainly most evidently points towards the Jasside, has, however, preserved the most charac- teristically Fulgorid trait in the form and situation of the articu- lation. A meracanthus is usually wanting; in Aphana farinosa, Weber, Odontoptera spectabilis, Carreno, and many forms, I have, however, found one, which is then short, or at least fairly short, sticking out near the exterior angle of the coxa.
c. Posterior Legs. 1. Stridulantia.
The metasternum is entirely firmly chitinised, is often short in the middle, but has also occasionally a very considerable longitudinal extension. The coxe have the simplest form within the Auchenorrhyncha; they are of the size of, or a little larger than, the intermediate coxe, and with a slightly longer articula- tion than the latter ; they are basally contiguous in the middle plane, and, as they are not remarkably large, there is (as Stal has indicated) a considerable distance between their exterior angles and the lateral margins of the metathorax. On account of the quality of their articulation, especially the feeble development of the articulating membrane at the interior angles of their attachment,
THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. 337
they are only able to turn to and fro on an axis from the outer to the inner angles of the cotyla. The trochantins are well developed, long and moderately slender. A meracanthus is strongly developed in some forms, feeble or wanting in others. The trochanters are supporting, but however the articulations are, between them and the femora, almost perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the latter, and present very strongly developed see-saw movements ; the trochanters, moreover, are not broader than the femora, which are moderately slender and of normal appearance.
2. Cercopide.—The metasternum always has a considerable, sometimes (Philenus) a very considerable, breadth (perhaps, one should say, a greater length, as the extension which shall be indicated is in the longitudinal dimension of the insect) ; along the middle line one finds a strip, which widens anteriorly behind the mesosternum to a plate, which is strongly chitinised, and on each side of this solid middle strip one finds a very considerable membranous part, Which extends along the anterior margin of the posterior coxe almost to their exterior angles, and proceeds thence more or less forward, and towards the lateral margin of the insect. The posterior coxe do not possess apparently broader articulation than the intermediate coxe, and as regards this are similar to the Stridulantia; but the attachments are—as the parts along almost the entire anterior margin of the coxe are membranous—of another quality, and the true, more substantial articulation between the cox and thorax is found therefore along the peculiarly formed exterior margin of the coxe, and at its lower interior angles situated at the base of the abdomen. The movements are well developed, see-saw-like, as in Stridulantia. The interior margins of the two coxe are contiguous along the middle line; their free part extends backwards over the base of the abdomen, and is proportionately longer than in the preceding and following families. There is no meracanthus. ‘The tyro- chanters have a somewhat varying form, and are somewhat broader than the basal part of the femora (f. 5b); the articula- tion between the trochanter and femur is not very oblique, and the segmental membrane is rather broad at the side facing the middle plane; so that the movements are more extensive than in the Stridulantia and Jasside. ‘The femora are a little thinner at their base than a little way from it, and on the side facing the abdomen is: found, a little from its base, a good-sized oblique pro- tuberance (f.5 d), the significance of which I do not comprehend ; but as it occurs in all the Cercopide I have examined (even in Macherota), and not in any other Auchenorrhyncha known to me, it is probably a reliable family character. ‘The protuberance and its environs have a peculiar scaly-like sculpturing; its interior is filled with a mass looking like connective tissue.
(To be continued.)
338 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF THE OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (Concluded from p. 299.)
8. Dr. H. A. Hagen: ‘A Synopsis of the British Dragon- flies,’ in the ‘ Entomologist’s Annual,’ 1857.
In this article Dr. Hagen has described shortly, and given a few notes on, all the species of British Dragonflies, and, in addi- tion, has similarly treated the Kuropean species most likely to be found in this country. The list is nearly the same as that at present received; but six doubtful species, or extremely casual ones are included. The nomenclature also does not greatly differ from that at present recognised. The British species are as follow :—
1. Libellula quadrimaculata = Libellula quadrimaculata. 2. L. depressa = L. depressa.
3. L. fulva = L. fulva.
4. L. cancellata = Orthetrum cancellatum. 5. L. cerulescens = O. carulescens.
6. L. flaveola = Sympetrum flaveolum.
7. L. Fonscolombis = S. fonscolombit.
8. L. meridionalis = S. meridionale.
9. L. striolata = S. striolatum.
10. L. vulgata = 8S. vulyatum.
11. L. sanguinea = S. sanguineum.
12. L. Scotica = S. scoticwm.
13. L. dubia = Leucorrhinia dubia.
14. ? Cordulia metallica = Somatochlora metallica.
15. C. aretica = S. arctica.
16. C. enea = Cordulia enea.
17. C. Curtisii = Oxygastra curtisit.
18. Gomphus vulgatissimus = Gomphus vulgatissimus. 19. G. flavipes = (7. flavipes.
20. G. forcipatus = Lindenia forcipata.
21. Cordulegaster annulatus = Cordulegaster annulatus. 22. Aischnia pratensis = Brachytron pratense.
23. AG. mixta = Aischna miata.
24. AG. borealis = 1. cerulea.
25. AG. juncea = 7. juncea.
26. Ai. cyanea = HL. cyanea.
27. AG, grandis = 2. grandis.
28. Ag. rufescens = 1. isosceles.
29. Anax formosus = Anazx imperator.
80. Calopteryx Virgo = Calopterya virgo.
31. C. splendens = C. splendens.
32. Platyenemis pennipes = Platycnemis pennipes.
7
BRITISH DRAGONFLIES OF OLDER ENGLISH AUTHORS. 339
33. Lestes viridis = Lestes viridis.
54. L.nympha = L. dryas.
35. L. sponsa = L. sponsa.
36. L. virens = L. virens.
37. L. barbara = L. barbara.
38. Agrion Najas = Hrythromma naias.
39. A. minium = Pyrrhosoma nymphula.
40. A. tenellum = P. tenellum.
41. A. Pumilio = IJschnura pumilio.
42. A. elegans = I. elegans.
45. A. pulechellum = dgrion pulchellum.
44. A. puella = A. puella.
45. A.mercuriale = 4. mercuriale.
46. A. cyathigerum = Hnallagma cyathigerum.
In 1870 appeared ‘A Catalogue of the British Neuroptera,’ by R. McLachlan, published by the Entomological Society of London, and the list of works on exclusively British Odonata closes with the writer’s ‘ British Dragonflies,’ published in the present year. Omitting doubtful species, and casuals that have not occurred since long ago, the British list is as follows, McLachlan’s names where they differ being given in brackets :—
1. Leucorrhinia dubia ; 2. Sympetrum striolatum ; 3. S. vulga- tum; 4. S. fonscolombi* ; 5. S. flaveolumt+; 6. S. sanguineum ; 7. §. scoticum ; 8. Libellula depressa (Platetrum depressum) ; 9. L. quadrimaculata ; 10. L. fulva; 11. Orthetrum caerulescens ; 12. O. cancellatum ; 18. Somatochlora metallica} ; 14. S. arctica (Cor- dulia arctica); 15. Cordulia enea ; 16. Oxygastra curtisii (Cordulia Curtis) ; 17. Gomphus vulgatissimus ; 18. Cordulegaster annulatus ; 19. Anax imperator (A. formosus) ; 20. Brachytron pratense ; 21. Aischna mixta; 22. At. cerulea (At. borealis); 23. AL. juncea ; 24. 44. cyanea; 25. di. grandis ; 26. AE. isosceles (At. rufescens) ; 27. Calopteryx virgo; 28. C. splendens; 29. Lestes dryas (L. nympha); 30. L. sponsa; 31. Platycnemis pennipes ; 32. Ery- thromma naias ; 33. Pyrrhosoma nymphula (P. minium) ; 34. P. tenellum ; 35. Ischnura pumilio ; 36. I. elegans ; 387. Agrion pul- chellum; 38. A. puella; 39. A. hastulatum §; 40. A. mercuriale ; 41. Hnallagma cyathigerum (Agrion cyathigerum).
* A casual only.
+ Perhaps a migrant only.
} Absent from MecLachlan’s list.
§ Discovered in Scotland during the past summer.
340. THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SYNOPSIS OF EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE MADE WITH LEPIDOPTERA UP TO THE END OF 1898.*
By Pror. Dr. Max Sranpruss.. Puates III. & IV. (Entom. Plates VII. & VIII). (Continued from p. 292.) SEconD, Crossinc, aNnD HypripizATION EixpERIMENTS.
THE increase in numbers of species is caused by the splitting up of a group of individuals which originally lay within the limits of a single species, the separated forms becoming more and more divergent till quite isolated. This is a generally accepted theory of zoology.
If we name the groups of individuals which are diverging A and B, this isolation manifests itself through the fact that neither A 3 crossed with B? nor BS with A? are capable of producing offspring which are sufficiently fertile to remain as an independent form, even for a—phylogenetically speaking— limited period.
This isolation must be regarded as the final result of a con- tinued increasing physiological divergence and difference, and we must accept this as the cause of creation of species for all geological periods of our earthly fauna and flora.
If this theory is correct, the artificial crossing experiments will indicate the present state of the physiological divergence and difference of the creatures and plants experimented with. The following hybridization experiments with Lepidoptera—which, by the way, are very difficult—were undertaken with this idea, and with this end in view; and to me it appears that none of the results obtained reduce this theory ad absurdum, but, on the other hand, prove its validity.
Of the numerous hybridization experiments made during the years 1873-1894, many had a constantly sterile result, in spite of frequent repetition.
Nine different crossings of genuine species were fertile :—
1. Smerinthus ocellata, L., 3 X popult, L., 2.
2. Zygena trifolu, L., 3 x filipendule, L., 2? .
3. Bombyx franconica, Esp., 9 X castrensis var. veneta, Stdfs., 2 .
4. B. castrensis var. veneta, Stdfs., ¢ x franconica, Esp., 2 .
5. B. neustria, L., 3 x franconica, Esp., 2 .
6. B. neustria, L., 3 x castrensis var. veneta, Stdfs., 2 .
7. Saturnia pavonia, L., $ x Actias isabelle, Grells, ? .
8. S. pavonia, L., d X spint, Schiff., 2 .
9. S. pavonia, L., ¢ x pyri, Schiff., 2 .
EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 841
Nos. 4 and 7 of these nine crossings only produced a small num- ber of larve, which were not successfully reared. From the remaining seven crossings imagines were bred. One (No. 5) only produced a few males, and two others (Nos. 3 and 6) only a few females, the latter always having the organs of reproduction undeveloped. No. 1 produced male imagines in numbers, but only a very few crippled females. Three crossings (Nos. 2, 8, and 9) produced males and females in normal proportions, but only one of these crossings (No. 2) produced females with the ovaries properly filled with eggs; the females of the other two crossings (8 and 9) possessed no germs, except a few females of No 8, which quite exceptionally had a few crippled and mal- formed ones.
The fundamental law to be drawn from these experiments, as indicative of the character of hybrids, is as follows :—
Primary hybrids—that is, the result of crossing genuine species drawn from nature—generally produce an individual (in most cases an intermediate form between the two parent species) which is relatively nearer to the phylogenetic older species than the newer. The older species enforces its biological, morpho- logical, and physiological characters on its hybrid offspring to a greater degree than the younger. This law was proved in the following manner :—
The highly interesting fact was observed that the male of the small emperor (S. pavonia) had very little influence on a brood of egas obtained by crossing it with a female S. spini, which is not much bigger than the small emperor; whereas the male S. pavonia had a great influence on the brood of the large S. pyri, which is about eleven times as big. Why does this same creature (S. pavonia 3) so largely alter by crossing the brood of the giant S. pyri, when it has so little influence on that of S. spint, which is about as large as itself ?
A comparison of the larval and pupal stages of the three species—S. spini, pavonia, and pyri—showed in several regards three different grades of protective resemblance respecting certain inimical factors of nature. On this genealogical tree spint always took the lowest place, pyri always the highest. On account of the extraordinarily close relationship, and the great similarity of the biological conditions of the three species, we are forced to the conclusion that spini is the phylogenetic oldest ; pavonia, younger; and pyri the phylogenetic youngest form. (Further particulars can be obtained: Standfuss, Handbuch, 1896, pp. 100-107.) Applying this conclusion to the results of the crossing experiments: the oldest species (spint) was able to cling to its characters more strongly than the younger pavonia, and this latter again more strongly than the still younger pyrv. A long genetic past thus strengthens specific characters.
ENTOM. DECEMBER, 1900. 2G
342 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A very striking example of this law is exhibited by the hybrid of Deilephila euphorbie § x D. vespertilio? . Ail the individuals of this crossing which I have yet seen—about fifty specimens—are so near to D. euphorbie that one would suppose that they were an ill-characterized variation of the latter species, if its hybrid extraction were not known. The type of D..euphorbie is distri- buted over nearly the whole world in numerous species, and is therefore almost certainly the relatively older; whereas D. ves- pertilio is a solitary type of eccentric character, occurring over a very limited area, and therefore most probably newly formed. The reciprocal hybrids of Smerinthus ocellata x S. populi (both forms are known) illustrate the law in question very thoroughly. We have good grounds for believing that the type of S. populi is older than S. ocellata. The highly differentiated eye-markings on the hind wing indicate this fact very strongly.
The cross between S. ocellata 3 x populi 2 is in colour and markings nearer to S. populi than ocellata, and the reciprocal cross S. popult g and ocellata 2 exhibited among the specimens hitherto seen by me, even a specimen which could not be dis- tinguished from the very variable populi.
Besides the evident predominance of the phylogenetically more ancient populi type- on the part of the hybrids, this crossing showed another or second law very thoroughly, namely, that the male sex has a far greater influence on the resulting hybrids than the female.
In the reciprocal crosses between Saturnia pavonia, L., x spint, Schiff., of which S. spini, Schiff., is the more ancient type, the case was the same; the male element had more influence on the’ resulting form of the hybrid than the female (see Handbuch, 1896, pp- 66-76). The same fact has been noted by C. Oberthur in the third and last reciprocal hybrid as yet known (bred by O. Huni-Inauen, Zurich); Biston hirtarius, Cl. x pomonarius, Hb., hybr. pilzw, Stdf., from a pairing of hirtarius, Cl., 3 x pomonarius, Hb. 2 (see Handbuch, 1896, pl. iii. figs. 1 and 2; and Oberth. Bullet. de la Soc. Entom. de France, 1897, No. 15, pp. 256-259, and pl. 1); hybr. hiinit, Oberth., from pomonarius 3 x hirtarius, 2 (see Bullet. de la Soc. Entom. de France, 1897, No. 15, pl. 2).
Of the reciprocal crossing of two local races of the same species, of which the author bred many examples, viz. :—
1. Callimorpha dominula § x dominula var. persona, Hb., ? . 2. C. dominula var. persona, Hb., d x dominula, L., 2? .
3. Spilosoma mendica, Cl., ¢ x mendica var. rustica, Hb., 2. 4. S. mendica var. rustica, Hb., 3 x mendica, Cl., ? —
the reciprocal mixtures of C. dominula, L., and its var. persona, Hb., fell under this law, but the reciprocal mixtures of the small ermine (S. mendica and its var. rustica, Hb.) showed that the hereditary qualities of the female individual were apparently in
EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 343
some respects stronger than the male of the same form (see Handb. 1896, pp. 220-226, and PI. IV. figs. 5-17, and Pl. V.).
The following is shortly the result of the experiments made by the author up to the end of 1894 :—
I. The biological character of the primary hybrids, as was very clearly proved in the habits of the Saturnia hybrids (see Handb. 1896, p. 83), is principally influenced by the special pecu- liarities of the phylogenetically older species.
II. The morphological character of these hybrids is deter- mined by two factors.
The first and most important is the inclination of the offspring to follow the phylogenetic oldest form. As subordinate to this first law, the predominant influence of the male parent. (This, however, appears not always to be the rule.)
Ill. The physiological character in a sexual direction was shown by anatomical research to be as follows :—
The females of five of the hybrids obtained (a further sixth form yielded only males) possessed either none at all, or else very few degenerate egg-germs or eggs, and the latter have as yet never shown themselves capable of development.
All these hybrids were therefore, without doubt, incapable of reproduction.
Only the females of the seventh cross (Zygena trifolit, Ksp., 3 x filipendule, L., 2) constantly had in their ovaries a large number of apparently normally formed eggs, the powers of whose development have unhappily not yet been ascertained. The male hybrids, however, were no doubt all capable of reproduction ; this was indicated by an anatomical dissection of the repro- ductive organs of a number of them.
The experimental test of the reproductive capabilities of male hybrids, when crossed back with females of both parent forms, showed that the fertility of these primary hybrids was greater when paired with the phylogenetic older form than with the phylogenetic younger ; so that the physiological characters of the primary hybrid were nearer to the phylogenetic older form than the younger.
Further trials were made in the years 1895-7 in the direction = more thoroughly testing the characters of the various hybrid orms.
As previously, our three Central European Saturniids—spint, pavonia, and pyri, and their hybrids—were used.
The result is systematically shown on the accompanying plan. (See p. 344.)
As will be seen, not only the hybrid males of the crossing of S. pavonia 3 x spini 2 No. 8 (cfr. Handb. 1896, Pl. Il. figs. 3, 4, 5), but also of the crossing of S. pavonia gd x pyri $ No. 9 (cfr. Handb. 1896, Pl. I. figs. 1-4) could be crossed back with the parent species, and imagines from all these four crossings
262
344 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
4 ‘o 4 —_ Me) a lols ont — ‘alea|/8le i E/E EIS Qa a) eubal| Coe fo7 A . ‘| fa} -_ 3 t= *o| Ot 72) r=] s | tol Bu earires g = Slble o —_ i ee eh ees i ~s a 3s Ot a £01 oy fet (lop | og 0 fo 8) ee ete =| [=F | = — lor 7 S/SIS{s gic *O| Plaleal>;a\ca |Or| al=/Fla|= |= S Belg 7 =e O/elS _—_—_— ABE E 4 a é —, S OF at Me) y . o sve) oad > *0),, Ot 60 | oe. * 11Slatl alg|> ‘Slals/8 me x BSE SS Blelelals ale s|o|F/ Sia eS s a) }s}o}e = ww! Nee Sy te] ica) ‘S | 7) 3 se) 79) am [OF 0 0 = Sls es *0| S| co) & Ola} lS OF — wo SI). fale S| a = Slalols ars o Sa 20s, os DM 3 cI ela, alae & a\a ae) ei = _ Y Q + FO} oy |OF ) () oD oo Salles a op) ~ 8la/s Ab an rd i") | Or d ~S rs oie S Bene = 5 [Clot] q ca alelale ides Ss = ~~ a a 4 wn 2
Note.—In order to avoid a constant repetition of this complicated designation cf the various hybrids, here, as before, they are numbered in order, and these numbers will be chiefly used in the text for their designa- tion.
obtained. No. 10! (Pl. III. figs. 1, 2,3, and Handb. 1896, Pl. IT. figs. 6 and 7); No. 11 (Handb. 1896, Pl. IV. figs. 1,2; 3);
1 The specimens figured (PI. III. figs. 1, 2, 8) are from the same brood. They come from a large male of crossing No. 9 and a S. pavonia 2 from Ziivich. Only the gynandromorphic individual (fig. 3) developed to a large powerful insect ; the male specimens (figs. 1 and 2) show the average size. Male specimens of this hybrid ranged in size between 66 and 73 mm.; gynandromorphic and female, from 75-87 mm.
EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 345
No. 12? (Pl. III. figs. 4 and 5); No. 183 (Pl. VI. VII. VIL; also Exper. zool. Studien, 1898, Pl. V. fig. 6).
But moreover all three Saturnia species were combined for making up a hybrid—the male hybrid from the crossing of S. pavonia 3 x spini 2—that, is, No. 8 being crossed with a female of the third species, No. 144 (Pl. IV. figs. 1 and 2; also Exper. zool. Studien, 1898, Pl. V. figs. 7, 8, 9).
Even still more complicated hybrids were bred to the imago stage, No. 18° (Pl. IV. fig. 3), and No. 19° (PI. IV. fig. 4); whereas from the hybrid crossings Nos. 15, 16, 17 only larve were obtained, which, though in part nearly full-grown, died of an infectious disease.
When large Dalmatian S. pavonia females (received from Zara through Spada) were used for this experiment instead of the much smaller Ziirich form, the resulting hybrids measured—the males from 83 to 95 mm., gynan- dromorphie and females from 84 to 97 mm.
2 The hybrid figured (Pl. III. figs. 4 and 5) resembles S. spint in struc- ture and coloration. The male differs from S. spini, however, in the single coloured dark grey-brown hairs of the upper side of the abdomen, while the female possesses the broken transverse band at the base of the fore wings, which is a peculiarity of S. pavonia.
3 The secondary hybrids (Pl. III. figs. 6, 7, 8) are also of one brood, from a strong hybrid male of No. 8 and a large Dalmatian S. pavonia 2. Of this form (which I have named after the esteemed editor of our paper, Herrn Director, C. Schaufuss, S. hybr. schaufussi), two males (figs. 6 and 7) anda gynandromorphie specimen (No. 8) are figured.
4 Of this highly interesting secondary hybrid of three species, which I have named S. hybr. schlwmbergeri, in honour of Herrn Staatsrath Dr. J. yon Schlumberger, of Gebweiler, a pair is figured (PI. IV. figs. 1 and 2). The female gives one the impression of a very large gigantic S. spini. The male also inclines mostly to a large male of this type, without, however, entirely discarding its connection with S. pavonia and pyri. Two male pupe of this rarity have already gone over three winters without developing, and will probably go through a fourth without emerging.
5 I succeeded in rearing two males of the same brood of this crossing, the only pairing between true hybrid forms that 1 have yet obtained. One of these is shown (Pl. IV. fig. 8), and gives a very curious impression. At first sight it appears to be an old well-known form, and the next moment an entire stranger. The creature seems familiar when we simply regard the coloration, which first forces itself upon one’s attention, as it agrees so entirely with a lightly coloured S. pavonia female that it could easily be mistaken for such. But the creature gives us quite a different idea when we notice that it is without doubt a well-developed male. In fact, this creature agrees entirely in structure with that of aS. pavonia male, but possesses the exact coloration of S. pavonia female.
By this crossing experiment the bright phylogenetically younger male coloration is thrown back to the phylogenetic older less brightly coloured female type. The second male is similar to this male in structure and size, but on the upper side, on the outer border of the hind wings, and in the centre of the fore wings, beneath the eye-spot towards the hind border, it possesses Same rosy scales, and resembles the rare somewhat red.type of S. pavonia
emale.
6 Of this also very complicated hybrid, three males of the same brood were successfully reared. The largest is figured (PI. IV. fig. 4); the others measure respectively 71 mm. and 73mm, The mother and grandmother of
846 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The chief points noted by observing the development of these numerous hybrids were as follows :—
1. The secondary hybrids were not only produced by pairing primary male hybrids with females of the parent species, but also with the females of a third species.
2. A larger percentage of the broods of crossings of these primary hybrids with females of the phylogenetic oldest of its parents developed, than with the females of the younger.
The results concerning crossing with the third species are too incomplete to form any opinions as to fertility.
3. The ‘resulting brood shows in general the same charac- ters as in the primary hybrids, in biological and physiognomical respects, but with a larger individual variability.7 A tendency was shown to follow the line of development of the phylogenetic older form of the two, and in the three species the phylogenetic oldest form.
4. In a lesser degree there is to be found in some male individuals a capability and inclination to individual develop- ment in new directions within a narrow limit.
5. Besides males capable of limited and individually varying degree of reproduction, and females mostly sterile, or only fertile to a slight degree in the hybrid No. 18, there appeared among certain secondary hybrids a relatively large number of gynandromorphous specimens, in various crosses and in varying proportions (PI. III. figs. 3 and 8).
6. The physiological affinity of the secondary hybrid males and also of the somewhat fertile females to the related types could not yet be ascertained, so that nothing definite can be said about it. An increase of fertility, compared with the male
these hybrids were both very large females of the Dalmatian type of S. pavonia. The great size of these insects is certainly due to the greatest extent to this origin, as only one-eighth of the S. pyri blood of the great- grandmother remains. In general all these creatures have the appearance of large light coloured S. pavonia males of the Dalmatian form.
7 In order to show these individual differences, we represent on Pl. III., figs. 1, 2, and 3, three insects of the same brood. Figs. 1 and 2, males; and fig. 3 a gynandromorphic specimen from crossing No. 10. They are bred from a large male of crossing No. 9 and a female S. pavonia from Ziirich. The two males show great differences in wing structure and coloration.
When the much larger Dalmatian S. pavonia was used for crossing instead of the Ziirich form, the resulting individuals of this brood, No. 10, showed still greater differences in wing measurement and coloration (see footnote 1), but they are such large specimens that it was impossible to figure them on account of room.
Further, Pl. III. figs. 6, 7, and 8 are also three brood companions, two males and a gynandromorphic specimen, from crossing No. 18.
Here also the two males, figs. 6 and 7, show great differences of size, also important differences in coloration. The original of fig. 6 has dull orange hind wings, whereas No. 7 has a pale rose colour tone, so that the colour differences of these two brothers are very great. For the gynandro- morphic specimens, figs. 3 and 8, see footnotes 8 and 9.
~
EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION AND TEMPERATURE. 347
parent, could not be ascertained in any of the numerous cases investigated, but, on the contrary, generally a decrease.
7. The broods of secondary hybrids, whether from an in- pairing of these forms (No. 18, Pl. IV. fig. 3 and footnote 5) or from crossing with a true Saturnia female (No. 19, Pl. IV. fig. 5 and footnote 6), produced up to the present only males, which were certainly capable of reproduction.
As already stated, among certain secondary hybrids are to be found relatively numerous gynandromorphic specimens. We say gynandromorphic and not hermaphrodite specimens, because the anatomy of a number of these forms shows (it is true only such have been investigated as tended more to the female type) the male-female characters only in secondary sexual characters, i.e. the antenne, wing form, and coloration, and the outer organs of the genital apparatus, but not in the primary sexual characters, that is, the egg germs. The latter showed only a slight degeneration and malformation. In other respects they were entirely of one sex.
There is no question here of true hermaphrodites, as only those individuals are regarded as such which having partially male and partially female characters; this peculiarity is also to be found in the sexual organs.
In order to go thoroughly into this extraordinary fact, the results of our experiments were as follows :—
1. The male hybrid of S. pavonia 3 x pyri ? crossed with S. pyri $ No. 11 resulted in no brood in more than 60 per cent. of the pairings, and in the best case only 1 per cent. of living larvee, of which many died.
Of the eight imagines bred, five were gynandromorphic,
‘probably resulting from four different broods.
2. The same male crossed with S. pavonia 2 No. 10 resulted in no brood in 38 per cent. of the copulations; the fertile ones producing between 4 to 62 per cent.
The resulting larve were not very healthy.
Of fifty-four imagines bred up to now, twelve are gynandro- morphic (Pl. III. fig. 8).8 Nine broods produced one gynandro- morphic specimen each, and the 10th brood three.
3. The males of the hybrid S. pavonia 3 xX spint 2 crossed with pavonia ? yielded without exception broods No. 13, amounting, in cases where an account was kept, to 16 to 84 per cent.
8 The gynandromorphiec characters of the individuals of this hybrid form (Pl. III. fig. 3) can be easily seen from the figure. On the upper side, the right fore wing, the left fore and hind wings, and the abdomen are entirely of the female coloration, the right hind wing male. The antenne are both nearly male, but with somewhat shorter feathering than usual. The male genital claspers are present in a rudimentary form at the end of the abdomen.
The under side of the wings and body show male and female characters mixed up with one another, except the right hind wing, which here again is entirely male.
348: THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Out of the two hundred and seven resulting imagines, there were only ten gynandromorphic specimens, all of which were not so characteristically developed in their gynandromorphic condition as the majority of the gynandromorphic specimens already mentioned (PI. III. fig. 8). To how miany broods these ten specimens belong, and how they are distributed among the broods, I cannot exactly say. The whole of the two hundred and seven specimens were reared from nine pairs.
4, With the male of the same hybrid, that is—between S. pavonia § and spini 2 —only two back crosses with S. spini 2 have succeeded. From these developed 94 and 98 per cent. larve, but, on account of bad weather, all died except four.
The four imagines—two males and two females—were sexually normal, without a sign of gynandromorphism (PI. III. figs. 4, 5, and footnote 2).
5. The crossing of this same hybrid male with S. pyri 2 No. 14, was in three cases infertile, most probably on purely mechanical grounds, on account of the great difference in size of the insects. Two other copulations resulted in 8 and 94 per cent. offspring (Pl. IV. figs. 1, 2, and footnote +). Unfortunately, on account of bad weather, most of these died of infectious disease. Of the well-developed nine imagines, none were gynandromorphic.
It must be emphasized that the gynandromorphic specimens obtained were principally female in character.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Conias EDUSA, C. HyALE, AND ACHERONTIA aTROPOS IN 1900.—The unusual occurrence in this country of several species of Lepidoptera during the year has furnished material for numerous communications to the ‘ Entomologist,’ but I notice that as regards the visitation of C. edusa, C. hyale, and A. atropos, the bulk of these records are from correspondents who reside or have collected in the southern half of England. Reports on these species from northern sources have been few in number, and, as I think, very inadequately represent their actual distribution this year throughout the country. In a general way our northern confreres seem to be less desirous of exchanging ideas and experiences through the pages of entomological magazines than their fellow-students in the south, but it certainly is a matter of surprise to me that our north-country brethren have apparently
9 The gynandromorphic specimen of this hybrid shown (PI. III. fig. 8) is on the upper side of wings and body predominatingly female, only on the right hind wing outside the eye spot is a bright orange-coloured patch, which changes in colour; and one can also be seen on the figure. The antenne are almost entirely male, and the male genital claspers. are well developed. Beneath, male and female characters are indefinitely mixed, only the right hind wing is entirely female (see footnote 7).
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 349
regarded the occurrence of the species mentioned as unworthy of special mention. That these species have only been observed in the few northern localities from which reports have been received is possible, but, I think, improbable. Perhaps someone in each of the northern entomological centres will be good enough to communicate whatever information he may be in a position to give touching the question now raised.— Ricuarp Sourn; 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, 5.W.
Kretmoprera, A NEW Diprerous Grenus.—VY. L. Kellogg describes (1900, Biol. Bullet. i. 81-7) a new dipterous genus, Hretmoptera, from tidal pools in California, which is allied to the Nematocera, but apparently forms a new family. In both sexes the wings are strongly narrowed, while the halteres have somewhat the appearance of simple rudimentary wings. The antenne have six segments in the male, four in the female.—G. W. Kirkatpy.
Tue Insect Fauna or Hampsuire. — Vol. i. of the ‘ History of Hampshire,’ one of a sumptuous series entitled ‘‘ The Victoria History of the Counties of England,” was published last October. It contains lists, and in some cases much useful information respecting localities, &c., of the species of all orders of the Insecta known to occur in the County of Hampshire. The editor of this division of the work is Mr. Herbert Goss, who is responsible for the Macro section of the Lermorrrera. The list of Deltoides, Pyralides, and Crambites has been contributed by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher; that of the Tortrices, Tine, and Pterophori by Mr. Percy M. Bright, with annotations by Messrs. E. R. Bankes and W. H. B. Fletcher. Capt. Savile Reid and Mr. C. G. Barrett have also assisted. The Lepidoptera take up twenty-four of the fifty-four pages devoted to these lists of insects. Other well-known authorities and specialists have furnished lists as follows :—OrtnoptEera, Mr. Malcolm Burr; Nevuroprera and Tricuo- prera, Messrs. R. McLachlan, J. J. F. X. King, and Kenneth Morton; Hymenoptera Acuteata, Mr. E. Saunders; Hymenoprera Payropnaca, Miss Ethel F. Chawner; Cortrorrera, Rey. Canon Fowler and Mr. J.J. Walker; Dierera, Mr. F. C. Adams; Hemmprera-Hereroprera, Mr. EK. Saunders; Hemrprera-Homoprera, Mr. J. Edwards.
Locat Scarcity or Tniocampa incerta, Hufn.—With reference to Mr. F. M. B. Carr’s enquiry (ante, p. 204), called forth by his ex- perience during two seasons in the New Forest, as to whether Teniocampa incerta (instabilis) is at all local, I cannot say whether it is entirely absent from any parts of the country, but in some, at any rate, it is remarkably scarce. For many years I regularly worked the sallow-bloom in this district, which is no great distance from the New Forest, and shows a peculiarly close resemblance to it in its insect fauna, but have only taken eight specimens of 7’. incerta, all told! In 1892 I captured four examples of it, but in no other season have I taken more than a solitary individual, and it was some years before I ever met with it at all. 7. incerta is hardly likely to be altogether absent from the New Forest, but perhaps it is equally scarce there: I have no list of New Forest Lepidoptera at hand to consult on this point.—Kustace R. Bankes; Norden, Corfe Castle, Dorset, November 4th, 1900.
850 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Moutts 1n tHE Oponata.—A perusal of the interesting notes by the Rev. Arthur East, on the nymph of 7schna cyanea, in the ‘ Entomo- logist’ for October, prompts me to make a suggestion a propos of his conjecture that “‘ the smallest nymph skin measuring 34 mm. must be the first or second skin cast.’ A very few minutes after leaving the egg, some young nymphs moult. This I have observed in Libellula quadrimaculata (at Jena, Germany, in June, 1896), and in our American L. pulchella and Sympetrum vicinum. It is also mentioned for H’pitheca bimaculata by Heymons (1896). It is likely that such a moult will be found to occur in A’schna. Previous to this first moult, the legs of the young nymph are adherent to each other and are not movable, so that Heymons says that we cannot yet speak of a larva, but of a hatched embryo. The first moult frees the legs, which are at once put into use by their possessor. — Pattie P. Carvert; Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.,
Nov. 5th, 1900.
ARGYNNIS AGLAIA var. cHARLOTTA, Haw. — Referring to the aberration of Argynnis adippe described and figured (ante, p. 281), it is not a little singular that the elongated silver blotches on the under side of the hind wings are precisely identical in form with those in the var. charlotta of aglaia, which Lang says used to be described by old English authors as a distinct species, and was supposed to occur nowhere else but in Britain. In 1884 I captured at Niederdorf, in the Dolomites, a fine male example of this variety; and Dr. Staudinger showed me two in his collection, taken in Germany.—R. 8. SranpEn ; Thorpe Hall, Colchester, Nov. 4th, 1900.
[In Mr. Leech’s collection there are three modifications of the charlotta form of A. aglaia. These are labelled from the Engadine, and two of these are of the male sex. All three have the basal silvery spots on under surface of the hind wings confluent; but the female is fairly typical on the upper surface, and thus agrees with var. charlotta. The male examples, however, apart from the confluence of the basal spots referred to, exhibit different aberrational characters on both surfaces. There is a figure of an aberration of A. aglaia closely ap- proaching var. charlotta in the ‘Entomologist’ for 1894, p. 182.—Ep.]
Universat List or Enromotocists.—Entomologists of all countries are invited to send in their names, profession or business, order or orders studied, and full address, to Ag. W. Norbeda, Entomologist, ‘Méhik, Bohemia, who will be glad to insert such particulars, free of cost, in his forthcoming ‘Catalogue of the Entomologists of the World.’
EPINEPHELE TITHONUS IN Larce Numpers.—On July 30th last, while wandering among the sandhills near Christchurch in Hants, I found EH. tithonus swarming on the bramble-bushes. The wind was rather high, and they were generally on the protected side of the bushes. On one fairly large clump I could probably have counted, would they have remained still enough, a hundred specimens. This butterfly seemed to be specially plentiful in the New Forest and neighbourhood at the end of July and beginning of August.—W. J. Lucas; Sept. 12th, 1900.
351
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
EpInePHeLe (Hipparcuta) HYPERANTHES IN Firessrre. — As the ringlet is not a common butterfly in Scotland, it is perhaps worthy of notice that in the first week of July last a number of specimens were on the wing between hawthorn hedges near Cupar. They were of the variety which has only two spots on the under sides of the anterior wings.—HENRY H. Brown ; Cupar, Fife.
LycH@NA ARGIOLUS AND MacROGLOSSA STELLATARUM.—L. argiolus has been very common this year, and I have seen it at Keston, Purley, Hove, and in considerable abundance roand the ivy-clad walls of Pevensey Castle. I have only seen one example of M. stellatarwm, and that at Hove.—Lewis L. Turner; 131, Melbourne Grove, Kast Dulwich.
Harty AND Late Dates ror EvUcHLOE CARDAMINES AND OTHER BurrerFcies.—I think the occurrence of this butterfly in July is not at all an unusual one. Dr. Buchanan White used to take it in Kircudbright- shire in June and July (see Newman's ‘ British Butterflies,’ p. 158). I have also the following late dates for it: July 6th, 1833; July Ist, 1875 ; July 16th, 1888. One was even taken in September, being a male in splendid condition, in the neighbourhood of Plymouth, by Mr. Dell (see ‘ Weekly Entomologist,’ vol. i. p. 108). I have late specimens of a much richer and yellower white than the early ones. I do not know whether this has been previously noticed, but Newman states that he had a specimen of a beautiful canary-yellow. I have also the following early dates for it :— April 7th, 1835; April 2nd, 1854; April 15th, 1868; April 6th, 1893.
Pieris rape. The last I have seen this year was on Oct. 27th. In 1873 I saw it still later—on Oct. 29th. It is the first butterfly to emerge in the new year; I have taken it myself on Feb. 17th, and it has even been known to do so in the end of January. LP. brassic@ I once met with on Feb. 22nd, 1893. On the other hand, I have no earlier record for napit than April 6th, 18938, although in 1830 it appeared as late as Oct. 31st.
Chrysophanus phleas. In my experience this is the last butterfly to be seen on the wing, if we exclude the hybernating species. The last dates I have for it are Noy. 5th, 1803; Nov. 8th, 1876. ‘The earliest dates I have for it are April 2nd, 1833, and April 22nd, 1893.
For Pararge egeria my dates are March 15th, 1830; March 25th, 1868; Nov. 2nd, 1866.
Vanessa cardui on Dec. 31st, 1868, and Feb. 18th, 1869. V. atalanta on Nov. 18th, 1824, and March 29th, 1819. Jo on Dec. 13th, 1842; Jan. 30th, 1824; Feb. 22nd, 1825. Grapta c-album on Nov. 6th, 1820. —C. W. Date; Glanvilles Wootton, Noy. 3rd, 1900.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN HampsHIRE. — Two pupe of A. atropos were sent to me from Hampshire this year, one in August and the other in September. The gardener who sent them said he had not seen any for thirty years.—Rospert Scuaw More; Woodcote End House, Epsom.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN OcToBER.—A specimen of A. atropos was taken by Mr. Bunce, at the Round Oak Inn, Padworth, on Oct. 9th, at rest inside the bar. I saw the moth alive the same evening, at the above- mentioned inn. — Henry Garretr; Padworth House, near Reading, Berks, Oct. 25th, 1900.
352 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
MAcROGLOSSA STELLATARUM.—This species has been observed here much less frequently than last year—W. T. Harris; 17, Micheldever Road, Lee.
Although not quite so abundant as last year, this species has been very common in my garden all the summer, and I have this year noticed the insect, on warm evenings, visiting the flowers at dusk, a circumstance I never observed before.—(Rev.) A. Nasa; Standish Vicarage, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire.
CH@ROcAMPA NERU AT TeIGNMourH.—A fine specimen of Chero- campa nerit was taken alive on Myrtle Hill, a street bordering on the G.W.R. station, Teignmouth, on October 23rd. The gentleman who picked it up brought it to me, and made mea present of it. As I havea small collection he thought I should value it, although I make no claim to be a naturalist. But, on showing the fly to Dr. W. C. Lake, a retired practitioner, I was told that I was the lucky owner of a very rare catch. The doctor had a note, in his copy of Kirby's ‘ Butterflies and Moths of Europe,’ to the effect that a similar insect was caught in the gardens of Trafalgar Cottage, in this town, about fiftv years ago. Other specimens have been taken at Brighton and Dover. Mr. A. G. Butler, of the British Museum (Natural History), says that the Museum has one taken at St. Leonards. Since this, a gentleman of Dawlish tells me that another was found at Street, near Dartmouth. Later still, a writer in a local paper claims to have seen one feeding on geraniums in his garden, also in this county. My specimen measures 42 inches from tip to tip of wing, and the body is 2} inches in length. The colours, in sunlight, are a velvety olive-green, graduating into greys, and the pink marking is distinct. The condition is very good: the only injury is a short tear in the left hind wing. Many ladies and gentlemen of this and neighbouring towns have called to inspect the moth; and would-be purchasers have written from various parts of England (a notice of the capture having appeared in the rewspapers). It is my intention to offer it to the Albert Museum, Exeter, in a short time. There it may be seen by ardent admirers of moths.—J. J. O. Evans; Teignmouth.
Lyc#NA BELLARGUS IN HER?TFORDSHIRE.—Mr. Arthur Cottam (ante, p. 303) records Lyce@na bellargus as new to this county. I took the insect last year on Aldbury downs in September. The butterfly also occurs about two miles from Tring, just beyond the Hertfordshire border, though it is always rare.—N. Cuartes Roruscnitp ; Tring Park, Tring, Herts, November 2, 1900.
CoLias EDUSA IN OcTOBER.—I saw a few specimens of C. edusa in good condition at Kingsdown, on September 30th and October 1st. Several Pieris rape were also seen, but not a single example of P. brassice was observed.—G. W. KrrKabpy.
I took, freshly emerged, C. edusa, in rides of the New Forest, on October 17th last.—C. W. Cottarur; 127, Bary Street, E. Dulwich.
I took a specimen of C. edusa here on October 31st last. It had but recently emerged, and, although able to fly, the wings were still slightly crumpled and soft.—Prrcy HK. Frexe; 7, Limes Road, Folkestone.
CoLiAs HYALE IN Hssex.—Colias hyale has appeared here (Waltham- stow) for the first time in my experience, the first specimen being taken on August 26th, in a small field of lucerne near Larks Wood; and I have
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 353
taken occasional specimens since in the same place, the last on the 23rd inst. At Upminster, Essex, six were netted on the 9th inst., and two on the 11th. They were curiously local here, being confined to a railway bank over a length of about two hundred yards; some clover and patches of lucerne, apparently wild or self-sown, were growing on this bank, which may account for the insect being confined to this particular spot where I found them. At Stanford-le-Hope, in the same county, seven were secured on the 17th inst., in a large field of lucerne close to the railway station. My opportunities for collecting during the last fortnight in August—which is, I think, the best period for C. hyale—were very limited ; otherwise I believe a large number could have been taken. The insect has evidently occurred in some plenty and over a wide area in Essex.— G. Haroitp Conquest; 58, Hatherley Road, Walthamstow, ‘September 26th, 1900.
CoLtas EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN HEeRTFORDSHIRE.— Both these species were fairly common here in August and September, and especially so in Bucks. One example of the var. helice was also taken.—N. CHARLES Rorascuitp ; Tring Park, Tring.
Colas HYALE IN Kent.—This species has been fairly common in most of the lucerne fields at Erith and the surrounding district. I also met with it at Folkestone, where I heard a good number had been captured, and at Dover also. I found nothing specially striking, but a female from Folkestone is of a very vivid yellow, and the spots on the hind wings are large and highly coloured. The ‘“ whites” seem to have a great antipathy to this species, and hardly let them have any peace, and some- times render their capture tedious and difficult, often preventing it altogether. C. edusa has occurred also, but, as far as my experience goes, much more sparingly than its congener.—K. Sapine; Erith, October, 1900.
CoLias EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN NorrinGHAMSHIRE.—On August 18th I took a large number of C. edusa in splendid condition, and saw others fre- quently up to September 6th. On August 30th I obtained two C. hyale, both of which were of the pale form.—A. Simmons ; Rutiand House, West Bridgford, Nottingham.
Between August 12th and 24th last, six specimens of C. hyale were taken by myself aud two friends. I also took, within the dates mentioned, twenty-four examples of C. edusa, and my two friends more than double this number between them. I believe that C. hyale has not been recorded from the county for thirty years—G. Henprrson ; Arnold Road, Old Bash- ford, Notts.
CoLIAS EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN SoMERSETSHIRE.—On August 18th my aunt and myself captured six Colias edusa, one var. helice, and two C. hyale at Huish Champflower, Wiveliscombe. During the following two days we secured eighteen C. edusa.—W. H. Tapp; The Hill, Bromley, Kent.
CoLIas EDUSA IN SuRREY.—One morning in August my sister saw a Colias edusa on Epsom Common. She caught it, and I find it is a female specimen.—RoBertr Scaaw More ; Woodcote End House, Epsom.
CoLiAs EDUSA AND ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Kenpdat District.— Since my contributions to the October ‘ Entomologist’ on the above species, further records have come to hand. During the latter half of September and the first part of October the weather in this locality was
854 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
unceasingly wet and wild. Notwithstanding this, fresh edusa were found day after day settled on clover, stubble, and cut oats (which by the way has been entirely ruined owing to the prolonged wet). Careful searching has revealed two empty pupa-cases, and many must have perished in the mouldering corn. The last specimens taken were on September 28th and 30th; and the total number of captures so far ascertained is one hundred. Both males and females were very fine, and, though the latter were some- what variable, nothing approaching var. helice was taken. One is reported to have been seen, but not captured, near Witherslack. Having read Mr. Frohawk’s excellent articles in the ‘ Entomologist,’ vols. xxv. and xxvi., every effort was made with the last pair captured to continue the brood, but without success—the sun absolutely refused to shine, with the result that they would not copulate; and, after living for a fortnight, the female depo- sited three infertile eggs, anddied. With regard to A. atropos, the species seems to have been abundant and widely distributed in the district this season, especially in the neighbourhood of the moss lands. Pups are still being dug up with the potatoes; and the number of specimens traced has almost reached thirty.—(Rey.) A. M. Moss; Kendal, October 24th, 1900.
P.S.—Several of the pupe obtained have recently died, some owing to malformation, others having sustained injury in their rough handling by potato-diggers. Two, however, have emerged, both males, of moderate size, and perfect in every respect; the first on October 30th, nearly two months from date of pupation, only slightly forced ; the second on Novem- ber 9th, a case of quick development, produced in a fairly constant tempera- ture of 90° F., and plenty of moisture.—A. M. M.; Nov. 9th, 1900.
CoLIAs EDUSA IN ScoTLAND.—I saw a specimen of C. edusa flying over a turnip field at Inverary, Argyllshire, on or about September 10th last. I succeeded in boxing it, but it escaped before I could get the box closed. I saw no other specimens.—Joun A. Nix; 20, Hans Place, 8.W., Novem- ber 2nd, 1900.
VANESSA CARDUI IN Buckxs.—I took two specimens of this insect on August 19th. Both were in good condition, and were flying along the roadside near Beaconsfield. —W. H. Barron; The Poplars, Spencer Road, Grove Park, Chiswick, W.
VANESSA ANTIOPA IN Essex.—On September 20th, G. Ruffel, one of the boys at the Countess of Warwick’s School at Bigods, near Dunmow, captured a butterfly which he reported at the time to be a Camberwell Beauty, and stated that he had seen another the same day, but failed to catch it. I have been waiting to verify the record before publication, and have just received the specimen taken, which is V. antiopa, and I have no doubt that the captor was correct in his recognition of the other specimen. —R. Metpoia ; November 8th, 1900.
SIREX JUVENCUS aT CHicHESTER.—A fine female of this yiant sawfly was taken here on Sept. 28th, in the office of Mr. J. Loder Cooper, the town-clerk, by whom it was given to me. A few days later another was seen by my brother, on the pavement of one of the streets. 8S. gigas is of frequent occurrence in this locality—JoszrpH ANpDERSoN ; Chichester.
NevuropreRon (Linn.) at SucaR.—In the New Forest, at the beginning - of August last, several lace-wing flies were taken at sugar. One brought away and identified was Chrysopa flavifrons.—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on- Thames.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 355
Late GrassHoprer.—A single female of Stenobothrus bicolor was taken on Esher Common, on Nov. 4th. ‘This is much later than I have ever noticed the species, or any of its congeners, before.—W. J. Lucas; King- ‘ston-on ‘Thames.
CIRRH@DIA XERAMPELINA.—I took forty-three specimens of C. xeram- pelina on Aug. 23rd, 1900, all on ash-trunks and twigs around, drying their wings. 1 consider the scarcity is on account of entomologists in general not knowing when and how to find it.—G. Hunprerson; Arnold Road, Old Basford, Notts.
Nore oN GoNOPTERA LIBATRIX.—With reference to the note (ante, p. 305) on the finding of pups of G. libatriv on black poplar, I may say that here the larva is regularly beaten from both sallow and black poplar. On sallow it spins the “ oval white cocoon ” mentioned by Newman, but on poplar makes no cocoon, simply curling over the end of a leaf, or drawing two leaves together and fastening them with a few silken threads, the pupa itself being perfectly visible between the leaves.—Franx LirrLewoop ; Lynn Garth, Kendal, Nov. 8th, 1900.
CARADRINA AMBIGUA AT PacHamM.—When at Bognor, in September, I took a doubtful-looking Caradrina, at sugar, at Pagham, and have now been enabled to identify it as C. ambigua. In view of the remarkable spread of this moth round the South Coast, it may be of interest to add this capture to the records.—R. Metpora; Nov. 8th.
GERRIS LACUSTRIS NYMPH IN OcroBER.—On Oct. 14th last I was rather surprised on picking up out of a dyke on the sandhills at Deal a nymph of Gerris lacustris—rather late for nymphs, I thought.—G. W. Kirratpy.
SUGARING In A GARDEN.—Sugaring in the garden here during October proved rather attractive. Between the 9th and 17th the following species occurred :—Agrotis saucia, Orthosia lota, Anchocelis pistacina (very common), A, litura, Cerastis, vaccinii, C. ligula (spadicea), Xanthia ferruginea (com- mon), Polia flavicincta, Miselia owyacanthe (including a good many ab. capucina), Phlogophora meticulosa, and Hadena protea.—Puinip J. Bar- RAUD: Bushey Heath, Herts.
NorEs FROM THE Lake District.—In June I took a three weeks’ holiday, from the 7th to 28th. I stayed at a place in the parish of Set- murthy, but the station, which was quite close, was labelled Bassenthwaite Lake, and was situated in the parish of Wythop. The village of Wythop was on ove side of Wythop Fells and the church on the other, and the village of Bassenthwaite is on the opposite side of the lake to the station of Bassenthwaite Lake. The weather was all that could be desired, which is not always the case in the English Lake District. I did not sugar; in fact, I only took such insects as came directly under my notice. The following is a list of the Lepidoptera which I either took or saw :—Pieris brassic@, rapa, and napt; all these were very common, but in poor con- dition. Huchloé (Anthocharis) cardamines, common, and in good con- dition ; exceedingly variable in size, some males being the smallest I have ever seen, and others the largest. Aryynnis selene, very common and in splendid condition. A. euphrosyne, only caught a few, which were very worn, Vanessa urtice, larvee common everywhere, especially near Crossthwaite church and in the Vale of Newlands. I took about forty, which soon turned, and are small, but dark, with very distinct markings. V. atalanta,
856 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
saw a few very fine specimens near Wythop church and Buttermere. VJ. cardut, saw a specimen at Braithwaite, and another in the Vale of New- lands. Hpinephele ianira (janira), only saw one male. Canonympha pam- philus and Polyommatus phleas, both common. Lycena icarus (alexis), caught six males, but did not see a single female, in a field off the Udale road. Nisoniades tages, very common and in excellent condition near Isel, and on the Udale and Aspatria roads. Spilosoma menthastri, one male near Ouse Bridge, and a pair near Higham. The female, taken at Higham, laid about a hundred ova, which I have fed on elder, as both dock and nettle are difficult to get at Bolton. Hepialus humuli. saw one male. Phalera bucephala, one specimen, at rest on a leaf, near Higham. Acro- nycta leporina, one specimen at rest on a willow-trunk behind the Pheasant Hotel. Xylophasia monoglypha (polyodon), made the acquaintance of one in my bedroom. I was fortunate enough to see no more. EHuplexia luci- para, caught one in bedroom. Plusia pulchrina and P. gamma, one of either kind. Huclidia glyphica, saw one or two on the Udale road, along with selene, pamphilus, and tages. Rumia luteolata, very common after dusk along the lane hedges. Boarmia repandata, one very dark specimen in woods on Armathwaite estate, off the Udale road. Geometra vernaria, one specimen at Higham. Jodis lactearia, one specimen off Udale road. Cabera pusaria and exanthemaria, both exceedingly plentiful. Abraxas (Zerene) grossulariata, only saw one larva by the roadside near Cocker- mouth. A. sylvata (ulmata), very common near the Wythop Estate Woods ; took over sixty one afternoon, at rest on low plants. Lomaspilis marginata, common everywhere. Larentia viridarta (pectinitaria), took one specimen resting on an ash-trunk by Wythop Estate Woods. Thera juniperata, fairly common. Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe sociata, M. mon- tanata, and Camptogramma bilineata were all common. Bupalus piniaria, . males common everywhere, but did not see any females. Hwubolia plum- baria (palumbaria), fairly common off the Udale road. Tanagra atrata (cherophyliata), common in the same places as H. plumbaria. Botys urtt- calis, saw a left primary of this species on a nettle, CoLEoprerRa.— Cicindela campestris var. funebris, caught one specimen near Crummock Water, where it seemed common. Melolontha vulgaris,common. Phyllo- pertha horticola, very common on bracken uear Buttermere, and in the Vale of Newlands; less so on Lattrigg. Corymbites e@neus and cupreus, one specimen of the former; the latter was common on Lattrigg. Lampyris noctiluca, four males flew in at the bedroom window about 11 p.m., evidently attracted by the candle. Rhagium inquisitor and bifasciatum, one specimen of each; the former on the boat-house, the latter flew out of some pine woods.—Oscark WHITTAKER; Morelands, Heaton, Bolton, Aug. 2ist, 1900.
THREE Days’ Cottectineg at Dear.—Three days is not a long time to work up a strange locality, but having nothing else to do from July 31st to August 3rd, I determined to run down to Deal, my principal object being to try and obtain a series of Lithosia pygma@ola and Liparis chrysorrhea, the former of which I understood to be getting very scarce, and the latter very common in this particular locality. I was also anxious to see the old place again, as in my early school days I had spent three summer holidays there, and had then collected butterflies in a more or less casual way; in 1886, the last of these three years, capturing, and recording in this maga- zine, Colias edusa, var. helice—this record, by the by, being my earliest effort in print, being then only twelve years old. It is curious that this my next visit should again be during a “ Colias” year.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 357
I put up at a boarding-house in the Sandhills, ‘‘ Martinsfield ” by name, and I may say that anyone working Deal could not do better. The catering is very good, the rooms comfortable, and the position is close to the best treacling ground; there are also two bungalow bedrooms, one of which should be secured beforehand, as one is then able to get in and out at any time of night. In the garden at “ Martinsfield” there is a large quantity of privet, which attracted Vanessas and Macroglossa stellatarum by day, and countless moths by night. As, however, moths were even more plen- tiful on treacle, I did not work this privet beyond a final quick look round before turning in. Still, it might be very useful if treacle were not paying.
Arriving about 3.80 on 31st, I commenced operations during my lunch by boxing three Amblyptilia acanthodactyla and one Acidalia imitaria off the dining-room ceiling, and immediately after netted a fine M. stellatarum over the garden privet. Up to dinner time I did nothing much except prospecting the ground and putting treacle on some hundred odd posts, in two lines of fences running across the sandhill half-a-mile apart. This plan worked well, as the space between the two gave a good opportunity for working for Lithosia pygmaola, &e.
This little “ footman ” has certainly become very scarce, as hard work on three evenings only produced eight specimens in all. Only one was netted at dusk, two more on treacle, and the others at rest on the marram grass stems. In this situation they are very conspicuous in the lamplight, and I feel sure I did not miss any over the ground I searched. ‘The three nights, however, were all very windy, and probably a still, warm night is wanted for this species, as for Nudaria senex, in the Fens. The wind, though very strong, was south-west, and did not in any way interfere with treacle. On the contrary, the best posts were the mdst exposed ones—two or three on a high sand-hill, and others on a shingle ridge at the top of the beach. being always the most favoured.
There was a truly vast assemblage of moths, the last night being the best. The commonest species was undoubtedly Xylophasia polyodon, of which I took one almost black ; then came in order Amphipyra tragopogonis, Triphena pronuba, Agrotis tritici, Hydrecia nictitans, and Agrotis puta, all in the finest possible condition. I took long and variable series of A. tritici and H. nictitans, and some nice forms of 7’. pronuba, amongst which I picked out one fine J’. fimbria, but A. trayopogonis and A. puta were wonderfully constant. A. valligera was much scarcer, only about half-a-dozen each night, and there were no A. cursvria, a species I rather expected. 4. suffusa occurred in about the same numbers as 4. valligera, and was as usual in grand condition, whilst A. nigricans was a bit commoner and very variable, but nowhere near ¢ritici in numbers. Amongst a num- ber of common Caradrinas, a close search failed to turn up C. ambigua, in this almost its earliest British locality. A specially striking feature (more noticeable, perhaps, after several “fen seasons”) was the scarcity of “ wainscots.” Even Leucania impura, which was the commonest of them, rarely visited the treacle, being far fonder of the flowering heads of marram grass, where it kept company with H. nictitans, Cerigo cytherea, and Miana furuncula, the few Lithosia pygmaola taken being all on the stems. Six L. conigera were the only other Leucanias, all but one on treacle, and the other on grass; and, in one little corner where the fence ended at a reedy dyke, Cwnobia despecta occurred sparingly, both on treacle and round the reeds at dusk. Calamia phragmitidis did not come to treacle, although
ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1900. 24H
358 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
I kicked one up in the evening on the neighbouring pasture land very worn. The only other species worth mentioning were M. literosa (scarce), and two very poor Apamea fibrosa. It is curious that the latter should be so worn, as three or four days later, last year, they were only just coming out at Wicken Fen. Most of the above also occurred commonly on the privet, and, in addition, plenty of Plusia gamma and Hadena chenopodii, the latter being very scarce ou treacle. ‘This species I also saw on the privet in the day time, flying with P. gamma iu the afternoon sun. Whilst working for L. pygme@ola, and when putting on the treacle, Mesotype virgata occurred sparingly, and, amongst the Crambi, C. perlelius and var. warringtonellus (common) and C. contaminellus (very scarce).
I worked hard during the two and half days I had, although the first day and last morning were very wet, and the second day so exceedingly windy that scarcely anything flew except under shelter. On August 2nd, however, in sheltered spots, butterflies were very abundant, and I then got my first glimpse of Colias hyale, netting two fine males on the Kingsdown cliffs. This first indication of a Colias year was abundantly realised when during the next fortnight I took large numbers of both C. edusa and C. hyale at Littlehampton.
I walked along the cliffs in the wind to St. Margaret’s Bay, and here found Argynnis aglaia common, but small and mostly worn. Lyc@na corydon literally swarmed, but it was too windy to work for vars. Lycena astrarche was fairly common (but more plentiful on the sand-hills), and a single female L. argiolus occurred in Upper Walmer. Pyrameis cardui turned up everywhere, defying the wind with its strong flight, and Melanargia galatea was common on the Kingsdown cliffs. This species was also very small compared with some taken at Chattenden a fortnight earlier. Polyommatus phleas was abundant, and the specimens uniformly dark and dusky, some of them being very extreme in this direction. ‘This darkening in colour was probably due to the effect of the excessive heat of mid-July upon the pupe. I found Liparis chrysorrhea at once on the first morning, and, although exceedingly local, it was abundant in its special locality, so abundant in fact, and the food so limited, that I should imagine the larvee would next year be in great danger of starvation.
The hawthorn bushes in this spot are few and stunted, and from one of them, not two feet high, I took eleven females, and counted twenty-one batches of eggs. From a larger bush I took twenty-three females, each one having a batch of ova beside her, and every bush had several specimens, in many cases ten or more. There were also a nuwber on blackthorn and wild rose. I had no hesitation in taking a large number of specimens, all but two having oviposited, and consequently minus their “ tails,” which of course are used as a covering for the ova, but, curiously enough, could only find three males. Their condition, owing to the rough weather, might have been better, but many were very fair indeed. The batches of eggs, judging from the ten I brought home, are very large. Three of them, ina chip box, hatched unawares, and disported themselves on a lace window- curtain, making such a show that I wished the batches had been smaller. Leucoma salicis was also very common on a row of small poplars, both sexes equally, sitting on the under side of the leaves, in the same way as L. chrysorrhea did on the hawthorns; and a long series of Bryophila perla was taken off walls in the town, two, with a bright orange-yellow ground colour, coming off a wall covered with a bright yellow lichen.
On the Kingsdown cliffs I spent about an hour each day searching knap-
SOCIETIES. 859
weed blossoms for Hremobia ochroleuca, and by this means secured six fine specimens and left a seventh bad one. They were all sitting well in the centre of the flowers, but I could find none on scabious, which I believe they are supposed generally to favour. Aspilates gilvaria was common on the slopes at St. Margaret’s Bay, and Eubolia bipunctata literally swarmed on the chalk, rising in confusing numbers at every step, in company with countless Plusia gamma. Melanippe galiata and M. rivata occurred, but were scarce ; and amongst the plumes Amblyptilia acanthodactyla, Mime- seoptilus bipunctidactylus, and Pterophorus monodactylus were walked up commonly. Pyrausta purpuralis was also in great evidence when the sun shone.—RussELt EK. James; 18, Onslow Gardens, Highgate, Sept. 17th.
Erratum.—Page 281, line 2 from bottom, for July read September.
SOCIETIES.
Entomotoaican Socrety or Lonpon.—October 17th, 1900—Mr. G. H. Verrall, President, in the chair. Mr. J. Digby Firth, The Grammar School, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, near Manchester, was elected a Fellow of the Society.—Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited a series of Pararge mera— a light form resembling P. megera, from the Basses Alpes and the Cévennes; a dark form approaching P. hiera, from Cortina; and an intermediate form, from the Italian Lakes; also a variety of Lycena corydon, female, in which the under wing showed a decided blue coloration, taken at Lago di Loppio, near Riva. Dr. Chapman sug- gested that the union between the three named species of Pararge was very near, if the species were not indeed identical.—Mr. A. J. Scollick exhibited a specimen of Cethosia cyanea, a species inhabiting North-west India, which had been taken this year on the wing near Norwich. It was suggested by Mr. Distant that this was a case of accidental importation, probably in the pupal condition.—Mr. H. Rowland-Brown exhibited specimens of Hrebia glacialis, taken this year on the Stelvio Pass, showing transitional forms to the var. alecto. He said that the typical form and the variety were not found flying together, but on opposite sides of the valley. Dr. Chapman observed that the darker specimens approached to the form of H. melas found in the neighbour- hood of Cortina-di-Ampezzo. Specimens of EL. glacialis also exhibited from Saas Fée and Evolena showed marked inferiority in size and ~ prilliancy of colour.—Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited a piece of Hawkes- bury sandstone from Australia, showing the borings of Termites, and, in connection with the same, communicated a note from the ‘ Pro- ceedings’ of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (pt. ii. 1899, p- 418), as follows :—‘‘ Mr. D. G. Stead exhibited specimens of Hawkes- bury sandstone—(1) from the sea-shore between tide-marks, showing the tunnelling of marine Isopods (Spheroma) with the living animals in situ; and (2) from the hill-tops overlooking Port Jackson, offering examples of the borings which so often attract notice, and the pro- duction of which has been attributed to Hymenoptera and also to the Termites. Since last meeting Mr. Stead reported that he had investi- gated the matter, and that, after breaking up a quantity of stone, he had come upon Termites, of a species at present undetermined, actually at work, specimens of which he exhibited.’’— Mr. M. Burr exhibited a
360 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
male and female specimen of Anisolabis colossea, Dohrn., from New South Wales—the largest known earwig in the world.
November th, 1900. — The President in the chair. — Dr. John Cotton, of 126, Prescot Road, St. Helen’s; Mr. George H. Howes, of Spey Street, Invercargill, New Zealand; the Hon. F. M. Mackwood, M.1.C., of Colombo, Ceylon; Mr. William J. Rainbow, of the Australian Museum, Sydney; and Mr. Percy Charles Reid, of Feering Bury, Kel- vedon, Essex, were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. George S. Saunders exhibited specimens, from Devonshire, of Pieris rape and Plusia gamma caught by the proboscis in flowers of Arauwjia albens, Don, a climbing plant of the natural order Asclepiadacee; and ex- plained the nature of the mechanism by which the insects were entrapped by the flowers. He also showed specimens of the “ bede- guar’’ gall formed apparently on the ‘hips,’ or fruit, of Rosa canina, the formation of the galls on the hips being considered unusual. They were taken from a small briar about four feet high, having more than thirty of these galls, which was growing on the top of the North Downs near Reigate. Mr. Gahan remarked that the capture of insects by Araujia albens had recently been investigated in France by MM. Marchand and Bonjour, whose account appeared in the ‘ Bulletin de la Soc. des Sciences Nat. de l’Ouest de la France’ for 1899. These authors concluded that insects were captured only by immature flowers, the anther-wings, in the cleft between which the proboscis of the insect is caught, being at that time stiff and resistant; but when the flowers are ripe the anther-wings become less rigid and do not offer sufficient resistance to the withdrawal of the proboscis, which carries with it the pollinia ready to be transferred to the stigma of the next flower visited by the insect. — Mr. Tutt exhibited, for the Rev. Mr. Burrows, a large series of Hpunda lutulenta from Mucking, in Essex, and made remarks upon several interesting variations included in the series. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited Hydrocampa stagnalis, var., with examples of the typical form for comparison; the variety differed in having the basal line nearly obsolete, the sub-median double line much strengthened internally and reduced externally, and the cross-band connecting the sub-median and post-median bands almost entirely obliterated. — Mr. F. Merrifield exhibited a variety of Argynnis dia taken with a few examples of the ordinary form at Ilanz, in the Vorder Rhein Valley, early in September last, when what was, he believed, a third brood of this species was abundant; the variety was much blackened on the basal half of all the wings.—Canon Fowler exhibited a specimen of Orochares angustatus, Krichs., a Staphylinid beetle new to the British list, taken at Leverstock Green, Herts, by Mr. Albert Piffard.—The Rev. F. D. Morice mentioned as a fact of some interest that in a nest of Hormica sanguinea at Weybridge, in which he found males and workers of that species, he found also males and females as well as workers of the slave-ant Formica fusca, an experience samewhat different to that of Huber and Darwin, who stated that workers only of the slave-species were found in the nests of sanguinea.—The Secretary read ‘‘ Some notes on variations of Zeritis thysbe, Linn.,” communicated by Mr. H. L. L. Feltham, of Cape Town, and, on the latter’s behalf, exhibited one female and two male specimens of one of the rare forms referred to in the paper. This form was originally noticed by Mr.
RECENT LITERATURE. 361 Trimen as an “ aberration.’’ Mr. Feltham succeeded in taking several specimens on the summit of the mountains overlooking Minzenberg, and was inclined to consider it a distinct dark variety. He requested that the specimens exhibited should be placed in the British Museum collection.—C. J. Ganan and H. Rowrann-Brown, Hon. Secs.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Aue. Lamerere. La raison d’étre des métamorphoses chez les Insectes ; Discours du Président a V Assemblée Générale de la Société Entom. de Belgique (1900, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlii. (for 1899) pp. 619-36).
Ave. Lamerre. Notes powr la Classification des Coléoptéres (1900, Ll. c., xliv. pp. 855-76, and Classificatory Table).
Whatever may be the ultimate reception afforded to the views pro- pounded in these two papers, no one will be disposed to deny their—in great part—boldness and originality, or the intimate knowledge of en- tomology upon which they are based.
The author considers that the ancestors of other winged insects cannot be found among the Amphibiotica—and consequently that wings have not been developed from tracheal branchise—for they, as well as their near allies the Orthoptera and Embioptera, have a large number of malpighian tubes, while almost all the other winged insects have but few, and a vanished organ (according to the “ law of irre- versibility of evolution’’) never reappears, nor does a perfected organ return to a former simple state.
Five orders are embraced by the Holometabola, viz. :—Neuroptera (Planipennia and Plicipennia), Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera; these are all closely allied, and are probably mono- phyletic, the last four being specialised Neuroptera. The Rhipiptera are considered to be evidently the last term of evolution of the Rhipi- phoride, therefore coleopterous, while the Fleas (Pulicide), which up to the present have been universally regarded as either dipterous or— according to the recent researches of Brauer and Heymons—forming a separate order (Aphaniptera), are positively stated to be coleopterous, belonging without doubt to the group of Staphylinoides of Ganglbauer. It is noted in passing that the antenne are composed of eleven, and not three, segments, as formerly supposed.
On one point we are not altogether certain of Prof. Lameere’s meaning. On page 622 the Cicadide are cited as an exception to the rule that the Rhynchota have a direct development; and on page 627 it is stated that this family possesses a true larva, adapted to a sub- terranean life, and offering especially this peculiarity, viz. that the anterior legs are, during this period—sometimes very long—of the insect’s existence, curiously modified into digging apparatus.*
Now we do not think that these statements are borne out by the actual facts. It is true that the terms “larva” and “pupa” are loosely used by many entomologists in speaking of Rhynchota, Ortho-
* Les Cicadides ont une véritable larve adaptée & une vie souterraine, et offrant notamment cette particularité que ses membres antérieurs sont pendant cette période, parfois trés longue, de l’existence de Jl’insecte, curieusement modifiés en appareils fouisseurs.”
362
CoLBbOorwrtTteRA.
Silphinae. : Clambinae. = Sphaeriinae. = | Silphidae. Hydroscaphinae. So - Scaphidiinae. = Corylophinae. zi Trichopteryginae. By Scydmaeninae. a Histeridae. & f Staphylinidae. = Pselaphidae. ‘| Platypsyllidae. Pulicidae. . . Rhysodidae. <i | Carabidae. S | Paussidae. ee Omophroninae. s Haliplinae. =e Dviten? fee izoinae. ma Dytiscidae, Hy Hyer obine, es) Hydroporinae. Ss Dytiscinae. . Gyrinidae.
CANTHARIDIFORMIA.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
_ _ Lymexylidae. y 5 | Anobiidae. ee: 8 Rial Lyctinae. 2 Bostrychidae. Bostrychinae. & | Cupesidae. . \ Derodontidae. Sal paneride < sae vycinae. 3 | contiariaivae, Lampyrinae. AY Drilinae.. = Sapien =1B : Melyrinae 3 Melyridae. Corynetinae. \ Clerinae. ie roe +11: elonariinae, Dascillidae, Ruvinennsee 4 Cyphoninae? re Cebrioninae. S Perothopinae. 5 ; 4 Eucneminae. -& | Elateridae, 4 Cerophytinae. Soleniscinae. Elaterinae. Throscinae. Buprestidae. 2.) g Psepheninae. 24 ) Parnidae Parninae. 3 Elmidinae. Orr Dermestidae. 3é§ : Byrrhinae. 28 ) Byrrhidae. Necodenasinaes ? ad Helophorinae. Be yee pene! Hydrophilinae. Hypocephalinae | Sy haeritinae. ' Nitidulidae. roRoeanee: j Nita ulinae. ; By turinae. Mycetophagidae. é | Cisidae? }s Sphindinae? z Cisinae. , Ps . Cryptophaginae. g / Erotylidae. Eroeginad a \ Phalacridae. a | Colydiidae. Lathridiidae. Mycetaeinae. Endomychidae Eidormychined Coccinellidae. Cucujinae. | Guenpdae: Helotinae. « , Brenthidae. g | Cerambycidae. = Chrysomélidae. ae ruchinae. E Bruchidae. Anthribinae. = \ Curculionidae. , Tenebrionidae. { Melgnc ya ; : Mordellinae a Melandryidae. Rhipiphorinae. = Stylopinae. a Lagriinae. is Pythinae. I = { Lagriidae. E ice Oedemerinae. Ab Authicinae. E | tucanidae, |} Lucaninas. 3 : Scarabaeinae. EI Scarabaeidae. Melolonthinae. 5S Dynastinae.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 363
| ptera, &e., when “‘nymph’’ ought to be employed for all the stadia between the ovum and the imago; but the learned Belgian has evi- dently not fallen into this error, for he speaks of ‘‘une véritable larve.” So far as our knowledge goes, the Cicadide are certainly no exception to the general direct development in the Rhynchota, inasmuch as there is no *resting-stage’’ as in the true Holometabola; ‘the larval and pupal changes * in the periodical Cicada are normal ”’ (Marlatt, ‘‘ The Periodical Cicada’? [1898, U.S. Dep. Agriculture, Entom. Bull. 14, nN. s. p. 84]). As regards the structure of the legs, moreover, the author of the work just cited states that this is ‘‘ perhaps the best means of distinguishing the adolescent stages of’’ the periodical Cicada (Tibicen septendecim (Linn.) ) ‘‘ from other Cicadas ”’ (/.c., p. 85). On the other hand, we ourself possess nymphs, in two stages, of an Oriental species of Dundubia, in which the anterior legs are developed quite as greatly, proportionately, as in Tibicen. It must also be remembered that the anterior femora are of very considerable size in almost all the Cicadide in the imaginal stage.
We reproduce the classificatory table of Coleoptera, merely noticing that the Lymexylide are supposed to be the nearest to the ancestral Planipennian Neuropteron, and that the presence of an ocellus, or of ocelli, in certain Dermestide and Staphylinide, points to the high antiquity of these families. The Cantharide are perhaps more gene- rally known as Telephoride, while the Cicindelide of authors are swallowed up in the Carabide. After the inclusion of the fleas in the order, the most daring innovation is perhaps the removal of the Bren- thide from association with the Rhynchophora and other Phyto- phaga and the placing of them in the Clavicornes. (See opposite.)
GoW2k:
L. O. Howarp. Notes on the Mosquitoes of the United States (1900, U.S. Dep. Agriculture, Div. Entom.; Bull. 25, n.s., pp. 1-70; 22 figs.).
This valuable addition to the numerous practical bulletins issued by the U. 8. Department of Agriculture consists of introductory remarks upon mosquitos in general, their connection—vigorously dis- cussed and experimented upon in all quarters at the present time— with malaria, their life-history, natural enemies, and remedial measures against their presence and attacks. A synoptic table is furnished of the five genera—Anopheles, Afdes, Megarhinus, Psorophora, and Culex— and of the twenty-three recognized and eighteen unrecognized species of the North American fauna. Figures of several of these, in various stages, are inserted in the text.
Mosquitos appear to be, occasionally, sad victims of alcoholic in- temperance. Dr. Gray, of St. Lucia, quoted by Dr. Howard, relates how he put a few mosquitos ‘‘ under a bell-jar one day, in order to watch them. I puta single drop of port wine under the jar, as I had heard that mosquitoes could be kept alive for a long time on wine. When I went to look at them a few hours later, I found them all apparently dead, so I put them in a dry bottle, intending to pin them later. When I went to pin them, shortly afterwards, they were all staggering about in a most extraordinary manner—they were drunk! ”’
* By the context it is evident that ‘‘ nymphal” changes are intended.
A | RECENT LITERATUE shay iting Having regard to the heavy charges laid—and proved—against the female mosquito, it is only fair to say that it is only the males, appa- rently, who indulge in bibulous pleasures. Ae As to the alleged breeding of mosquitos in mud, the author _
believes that they must necessarily all perish when the mud dries up
completely, but that they may be able to live for some little time in sufficiently wet mud.
Mosquitos exist over almost the entire globe. Dr. Bessels, of the Polaris Expedition, was obliged to interrupt his work in lat. 72° N. ; while in Texas ‘‘ hundreds of thousands of millions”’ of these insects blow in upon the towns when the wind is in certain directions. They are, however, devoured in enormous numbers in their immature stages by the Hydrophilide, Dytiscide, various fish, and by the larve of dragonflies; while in the winged state they fall an easy prey to dragonflies and various birds, an observer finding six hundred in the crop of a night-hawk.
As preventives and remedies for use in houses, the author favours a thorough screening and mosquito bars about the bed, and the burn- ing of pyrethrum powder ; for bites, glycerine or indigo; and for the destruction of larve and the abolition of breeding-places, the pouring
of kerosene on the breeding-pools, or the introduction of fish into
fishless breeding-pools. re G. W. K.
Matcotm Burr. Collecting in South Eastern Europe (1899, Trans. Oxford Univ. Jun. Sci. Club, pp. 112-6).
The author briefly describes the general features of the little-known Herzegovina, Dalmatia, and Montenegro, and enumerates the principal insects encountered. The fauna does not appear to be very rich, although three new species of Orthoptera (Platycleis spp.) rewarded the author’s endeavours. ‘T'wo of these, captured at Tisavica, appeared to have an extraordinary distribution, for Mr. Burr “ failed to find a single specimen of either species outside the few beds of nettles to which each appeared to be confined.”
Mr. Burr bears a good Scottish forename, though we believe he is an Englishman; but he is certainly qualifying for an Irishman by the following remarkable sentences: ‘‘ The father of the present Prince fellin love..... it so happened that he died childless.”
Gs Wie
C. Darwin. Origin of Species. New Impression (John Murray). 1900.
This new impression is a reprint of the sixth (1872) edition, and is well printed, though the paper is rather thin. It has been long anti- cipated, as the copyright will shortly be out. A fine portrait forms the frontispiece. As the price is exceedingly low there is now no excuse whatever for the absence of this classic from the shelves of any one having the remotest claim to the title of ‘ zoologist.”
G. “Wak
Oxiruary.—The regretted death of Joser Mix on the 18th October is announced. The well-known Austrian dipterist was one of the joint editors of the ‘ Wiener Entomologische Zeitung,’ in which he _ published a very large number of small papers.—G. W. K. oe
tS
Argiolus (few). Desiderata.—Polychloros, Megera, W-Album, Quercus, Minima
‘{Alsus). ~ Fred. W. G. Payne ; 19, Sale Street, Derby.
_ Duplicates.—W-Aibum, in splendid condition. Black pins. In series of six, ~ 1900, bred, Notis larve. Desiderata.—Ova of scarce butterflies or moths; offers. _—Clem, Jolley; Arnold Road, Old Basford, Notts.
_ Duplicates.—Atropos,* T. W-Album,* Literosa, N. Comma, Cytherea, Ulmata, - Verbasci.* Desiderata.—T. Quercus, Pruni, Comma, Rhamni; and numerous ~ Noctue.—R. Chapman; 1, Francis Terrace, Chiltern Street, Hull.
_ Duplicates.—Anachoreta* (St. Leonard’s), Hera* (Devon), Fimbria,* Festiva,* - Radiata* and vars., Neglecta, Saucia, Ambigua, Obelisca, Putrescens (fair), - Caniola (fair), Rubidata, Linariata, Pulchellata, Edusa. Desiderata.—Northern
- species, and vars.—J. Jiiger ; 65, St. Quintin’s Avenue, N. Kensington, London, W.
_ Duplicates.—Athalia (7 only), Euphrosyne, T. Quercus,* Griseola, Monacha,* - Sponsa* (fair, 6 only), Nebulosa, and Atrata. Desiderata.—Epiphron, Blandina, Atropos, Castrensis, Muscerda, Chi, Diantheecias (except Cucubali). (Data. White pins.)—F. M. B. Carr ; 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E Duplicates.—Edusa, Convolvuli (few, fair), Leucophea* (fair), Cinerea (few, fair), Suspecta, Solidaginis; and many species (few of each, in good condition). Desiderata.—Limacodes, Orbicularia, Teniata, Rufata, &e.—D. Chittenden ; 98, Court Hill Road, Lewisham, S.E. Duplicates.—Musciformis, Irrorella, Similis, Salicis, Menthastri, Arcuosa, Fulvago, Strataria, Autumnaria, Viridata, Oblongata, Isogrammata, Subnotata, and a few each of Nigrocincta, Xerampelina, Littoralis. Desiderata.—Sphegi- formis, Strigula, Albulalis, Cultraria, Bicuspis, Fluctuosa, Strigosa, Albovenosa, Turea, Leucophexa, Simulans, Socia, Nubeculosa, Peltigera, Armigera, Venustula, Trigeminata, Emutaria, Degenaria, Rotundaria, Adustata, Consignata, Fraxinata, Expallidata, and many others.—John Taylor ; 318, Chadderton Road, Oldham. Duplicates.—Lunosa, Lota, Litura, Spadicea, Satellitia, Cerago, Pistacina,
Spartiata, Syringaria,* Pennaria (few), Defoliaria (few), Dilutata, Saucia, Segetum,.
Suffusa, Oxyacanthe, C-Nigrum, Ceruleocephala, Xanthographa, Ferruginea (few), Blandina (few), Pallens, Protea. Desiderata.—Prasinana, Batis, Villica, Dominula, Dromedaria, Duplaris, Nigra, Festuee, Monacha, Sponsa, Promissa, Neglecta, - Jota, Parthenias, Maura, and many other Noctue and Geometers. Offers.— A. J: Lawrance; 8, Cross Roads, Bromley Common, Kent. ' Duplicates.—Sinapis, Selene, Adippe, Prasinana, Luridata, Pyramidea, Fal- eataria, Duplaris, Miniosa, Munda, Nictitans, Lucipara, Murinata, Lanestris, _ Mesomella, Badiata, Piniaria, Diluta. Desiderata.—Curtula, Monacha, Chlorana, _ Tritici, Nigricans, Hirtaria, Hispidaria, Piniperda, Persicarie, Diftinis, Uncula, _Fumata, Belgiaria, Carbonaria, Quadrifasciaria, and many other common species. H. A. MeNaught ; Chabley Villas, Claines, Worcester. _ Duplicates —Agestis, Tages, Cardamines, Jacobee,* Menthastri,* Hectus, _ Statices, S. Populi,* Plecta, Silago,* L. Comma, Psi, Satellitia, Chi, Testacea, _ Abjecta (types), Capsincola,* Solidaginis (6), Umbrosa, Gemina, Spadicea,
Exoleta, Litura, Pistacina vars., Oculea vars., Oxyancanthe, Comes, Umbratica, ~
Rubneosa, Gothica, Stabilis, -Incerta, Megacephala,* Obliterata, Populata, Petraria, Ulmata, Trifasciata, Lariciata, Candidata, Ferrugata, Vétulata,* Variata, Cesiata, Viridata, Rubiginata, and several odd insects. Desiderata.—Hyale, Crategi, Paniscus, Abietaria, Obfuscata, Erosaria, Lactearia, Orbicularia, Auro- raria, Uchrata, Trigeminata, Rusticata, Holosericata, Straminata, Strigilata,
Degeneraria, Emarginata, Amataria, Alternata, Notata, Conspicuata, Purpuraria, x
Flavicinctata, Teniata, Unifasciata, several Eupithecids, Sparsata, Juniperata, Simulata, Fumata, Ruberata, Unangulata, Sexalata, Sinuata, Quadrifasciaria, Picata, Obliquaria, &e.—7'. A. Softhouse ; The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesborough. Duplicates.—Galathea, T. Rubi, Tages, Geryon, Lonicere, Flavicornis, Rumicis, Popularis, Hepatica, Ferruginea,* Chi, Umbratica, Oxyacanthe and var., Capucina, _Strigillaria, Pulchellata,* Rectangulata,* Bipunctaria. Desiderata.—Complana, Helveola, A. Urtice, Straminata, Consignata, Ridens, Auricoma, Australis, _ Saponarie, Ripe, Croceago, Subtusa, Retusa, Dysodea, Atriplicis, Rectilinea, _ Notha.—kev. C. F. Thornewill ; Calverhall Vicarage, Whitchurch, eae
sa eLers i? ; " Me Se
Duplicates —Cardamines, Rhamni, Paphia, Hyperanthus, Phileas, Aigon,
Desiderata.—All winds of Te neumo Ipswich. » ;
Duplicates. —Cassiope, Mundana,. Menyan Pyraliata, Cambricaria, Fulvata. Desiderai Harding Houses, Crocahille: near Keighley, Y ees
Duplicates.—Edusa, Io,* Atalanta,” Semele, Hy peranthus, Megan’ Blandina 4 (Scotch), Artaxerxes, Lubricipeda, Derasa, Rumicis, Lota, Litura, -Fulvago, — 3 Vetusta, Lucipara, Wavaria, Petraria, Populata, Fulvata. Desiderata. —Nume- — rous.—G. Fleming ; 9, Fairview Terrace, Merthyr Tydfil.
Duplicates. — Sinapis, Edusa, Galatea, Aurinia (fair), Hera, Miniata, Pee taria, Murinata, Marginepunctata, Clathrata, Galiata, Ochraria, Rufina, Macilenta, Munda, Oxyacanthe, Satellitia, Ambigua, Puta, Suffusa, Saucia, &e. Desiderata. — —Hyale, Myopiformis, Castrensis, Globularie, Cultraria, Anachoreta, Auricoma, Menyauthidis, Elymi, Scabriuscula, Reticulata, Furva, Aquilina, Oo, Asteris, — Eupithecias; and offers—W. H. Edwards; May Villa, Waterworks Road, — Worcester. 5
Duplicates:—Napi, Cardamines, Edusa, Euphrosyne, Paphia, Valezina, Atalanta,* Cardui (white pins), Galatea, Megzera, Semele, T. Rubi, Adonis (fine), Malve, Tages, Linea, H. Comma, Dominula, Mi, Stellatarum, Prasinana,* — Monacha, Taminata, Autumnaria,* Potatoria, Cytherea, &e. Desiderata.—Quer- cana, Cucullatella, Muscerda, Aureola, Quadra, Rubricollis, B. Rubi, P. Populi, Ridens, Reclusa, Turea, Cespitis, Abjecta, Connexa, Unanimis, Opima, Lunosa, — Litura, and many others.—H. Douglas Stockwell ; 2, Albert Road, Dover.
W. L. Bramson (Conseiller d’Ktat), Elisabethgrad, Southern Russia, offers Coleoptera of Siberia, the Caucasus, and Russia, in exchange for the following - works: — Bates and Sharp, ‘Longicornia Centrali-Americana’; Lacordaire, ‘Genera des Coléoptéres,’ vols.8 and 9; Gemminger and Harold, ‘ Catalogus Coleoptorum,’ vols. 9 and 10. ;
CHANGE or Appress.—T. B. Fletcher, from H.M.S. ‘Centurion,’ China, to
Hh H. M.S. ‘ Gladiator,’ Mediterranean.
M4 . MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.
EnromonoeicaL Society or LONDON (LE. Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.). | —Wednesday, December 5th, at 8 p.m.
SoutH Lonpon EnromoLogicaL anp Natural History Society (Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge, 8.E.).—Meetings on the 2nd and 4th Thursdays: in each month at 8 p.m.
City of Lonpon EnromoLoeicaL and NaturaL Hisrory Socrety.—The — meetings of this Society (held at the London Institution, Finsbury Circus, E.C.) will take place on the Ist and 3rd Twesdays in each month, from 7.30 to 10 p.m.
‘Norta Lonpon Naturat History Socrrery.—Meetings are held on the Ist and 3rd Thursdays in each month at the Sigdon Road Board School (close to — Hackney Downs Station, G.E.R.), at 7.45 p.m. i
NonpaREIL ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NaturaL History Socrety (90, Mansfield St., — Kingsland Road, N.EK.).—Meeting nights, 1st and 8rd Thursdays in each month.
TO CONTRIBUTORS.— Papers, Notes, and Communications, on all _ branches of Entomology, are solicited. Contributors are requested to conform, as
far as possible, to the following rules: — All Communications must be clearly written on one side only of the paper. GENERIC NAMES MUST BE GIVEN IN FULL, — EXCEPTING WHERE IMMEDIATELY BEFORE USED. The Editor is not responsible for — unused MS8., neither can he undertake to return it, unless especially asked to- | do so. Contributors of the more important articles receive six copies of such — articles. NOTICES of EXCHANGE (inserted without charge) must. contain — nothing more than the specific names of the duplicates and desiderata, except when two insects are known by the same specific name, and must be clearly written on one side only of the paper. All notes, papers, books for review, &e., * and notices of exchange should be sent to the Editor—Rrcwarp ‘Sours, 3 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, 8S.W. — . ped: 3
7 w K HEP N hd eta he Waa
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Revised List of British Leriporrera, now ready, post free. NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS.
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Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c. Preserved Larvee of Rare British Lepidoptera. Cabinets and Apparatus for Entomologists, Odlogists, Ornithologists, Botanists, &e. _ Botanical Cases, Drying Paper, «c.—British & Exotic Shells. THE Most RELIABLE Stock or BIRDS’ SKINS ayn BIRDS’ EGGS 1» Barra. New and Second-hand Books.— Exchange and Label Lists.
Ornithologie) Catalogue, August, 1897, now ready ; also Shell Catalogue ; Entomological Catalogue in preparation, | oN R My a ke ae BRN SS aA EGA ot PG A tee ee Se) On pee em fy
exaratus v. faamaeetia; duarius, cumanus : oa bade ‘wubkoffi; ie Hop. pollinosa, Bupr. dalmatina, Anat. eremita, ‘Pros. obtusa, Plat. hypo: : lithos, Dore. exclamationis, Neodore. involvens, Lept. variicornis «a. Price 20 frances. :
W. L. BRAMSON, Conseiller d'Eitat, ELISABETHGRAD, SoumHERN Russia.
NEW CATALOGUE EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA AND COLEOPTERA,
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es Offers in finest quality, great choice, and at very low prices.
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boner Collection of EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. cs New and Second-hand Cabinets, Books, &c., for Sale. Bird-stuffing in all branches; Heads and Horns mounted ; all requisites for Entomology and Taxidermy kept in stock. Hxorie LEPIDOPTERA named, set, or cleaned. Price on application. —
SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR 1900 ARE NOW. DUE.
Vol, XXXIII.] JANUARY, 1900. [No. 440.
THE
ENTOMOLOGIST
AN
Gllustrated Journal 7
at
OF
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. ~
EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S8.
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. | W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. F, W. FROHAWE, F.E.S.,M.B.0.U. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S.
W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S.
‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”
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foe of ‘Beitieh Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and Englich ee mplete centaune of British Lepidoptera (every species or on one side for labels,
as es 5
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in ETE
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NETS, BREEDING-CAGES, and Apparatus of every description. CAB. att ['S for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &e., &e. oxes, tore Boxes, and Boor Boxes. Sheets of tank any size.
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CONTENTS. ee
= On anion GenanofLyeenide itera onfounded with Catochrysops Buti 1. The Orthopterous Fauna of te British Isles aks mology i in ‘ste Zealand, Ambrose Quail, ae : Nots AND OBSERVATIONS.—Scottish RI aaa C Kirkaldy, 10. Rhynchota of Perths Oao hybernating ows ay Two Win “0. W. Colthr up cri 1 nrc tealce stuce confluent Spots, J. Arkle, 10. fote on Ligdia a adustata, Louis rut, - Great Destruction of. Tnjurions Beetles, W. W. Smith, Sree ss Gee Localities, W. J. Lucas, 11. Bmx ence of Clostera. recluse, P.M. Be 12. Abnormal Emergence of — us populi, &e . Laddin nan, Mould in Relaxing Boxes, . F, ie Wooton, eas “Hsing J, Beauland, 12. — = BS fe Cartons AND Firtp ec av ariiaen véalanta, sich Wa io abund \ Suffolk, in 1899, Edward Ransom, 13. Abundance of ' Franses ie 1899, R. Laddiman, 13. Acherontia_ utr ea in 1899, # Colthrup, R. Laddiman, 13. cala nupta in 1899, C. Phigalia pales edacoe aria) in ee J. Arkle, 18. Phlo losa in December, J. Arkle, 13. Lepidopte ; os ) A. D. Edwards. 14. Stilbia anomala in No Diphthera (Agriopis) aprilina in ape Sire Be “Brown nidopt - &e., in 1899, TBs Teper Ys, Lei optera at Wincherter ins 1899, H. -—- Shepheard-Walwyn, 15. popton era in 1899, J €0. Bellamy, " - from North Staffordshire, ee RB. asefield, 17. 3 Sociert«s. —Entomological Society of es 18. Sou th London Entom and Natural History Society, 18. Carlisle Bntomolog ca gat 8
+t aan
mingham Bp one Mr Society, 20. _ ee Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society,
— Recent Lirerarure 7 Faas. ne. ot the Zoe log: —{Hawaiin) esiem 28 ar Pa he
“CuancE | oF Reaekas eS w. Abbot fom Satton ea : a, » & i Bent a ace
. ae STAUDINGER & reams eee BiasewieksD resi sdé - new Price List, No. XLIL., offer more than 15,000 Species of » - LEPIDOPTERA, set or in pe ae all te Died of the work ‘in fines nd — kinds of PREPARED LARVA erous LIVING THe DEP Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (2 6,000 spe ies), for HYMENO TERA tect DIPTERA (1900), HEMIPTERA (2000), ORTHOPTERA. a ioe a ae Petite: 3 “Prices low. | Sanne ea
aie
ise < ——
= - rr
THOMAS SALVAGE, Alig, “Berwick, Sussex,
Guppiies Fine Well-s elie 3 ECIMENS — of T. W-Album, H. Lineola, Sylvanus, Statices, Minos, — Exulans, Hera, Fuscantaria, Geauentas dight), Smaragdaria, Carbo- — naria, Immanata vars., Ambigua, Diffinis, Aurago, Gilvago, oe Fa fe
and many fine vars., forms, &c. Healthy Pupm of D. Furcula, te : P. Hamula, Falcula, D. Carpophaga (ight vars.), C. Asteris, Verbasci, tes E. Unifasciata, Isogrammata, ‘Subnotata, and ees other B goncor! (All at. t reduced prices.) — had B.—T. §. solicits a few subscribers for. coming season's ae
3 leoting: For Fas ab gk &e., apely# ae Le :
us IMPORTANT
yevi
i Bape of Wallace, aa the Mpa 7 © HUND feels and htt -
ties to ie Horiwed ‘Hidsliacs for. Ag: . ae for fv ‘years. - ae 2 3
siete ihe: tiostion is salanbae eseatleay 2 S, having been incorporated, among which was —
ft eatin: ae Collection was hain
sean ‘fine soriibianl f “an: as they were f Lepidoptera in | England, they: orties a
- aml 4 ‘oman Sov, 149, hare Street, - helsea, London, 8.W. rat
8 _GARDNER, oe
of aa as of ‘ENTOMOLOGICAL ss :
) LisTs oN APPLICATION, J x
ge ‘if not approved of. Friends and Customers See Ore as mistakes occur daily, ae Ps
a Sree a2 ae Tn eB TOS fogs ig OF et ae ay 1 Sie, (ape Fever sie SMe |
: ee = | alsa doe es loll
ne i ye eoik) wie a |
y | E ROBERT ADEIN, PES. || 22 Brnoeps, Fes. i 5 Ww. L. DISTANT, F.E.8., &o. gid 2 Sone eee Tnagt F. oe pa heainenye ain G.
ae sae Lin: ve ie de
INS & DONCASTER,
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<
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ne 12, ‘White Hart: Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C.
Pookel Boxes, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. "Sheets of Cork any size.
x OVA, LARVA, AND PUPA. ic oe os ie Saerge Assortment always on. hand. Send for Price Listto _ AL w. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. é The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles. — ‘roll List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, Caniners, &., sent on application.
CABINETS for Insects ae Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &e., =
alists: and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets,
of British
meee Liste, 13d. each; 8d. per doz.; 4s. per te
of every description for Inszors, Birps’ Eaas, Coins, MicrosooPioaL Oxsnors,
eae STOCK OF INSEOTS AND BIRDS' EGGS
NETS. _ BREEDING-CAGES, and Apps aratus of every description.
te, Oalal Nets (ealt-acting), 1s. Pocket Boxes; €d.,-9d.. 49, ta:6d.]
1s. 9 . per in, re oe. as Bec e cells, 28. 6d., 48., 58., 68. Settmg — Boards, fiat or oval, 1 2 in.,10d.; 2hin.,1s.; Bhin., 1s. 4d.; 4 in, Is. 64.3 5 in, ie ee ; ‘Comal ete fot of fourteen Boards, Lie, Ot Setting
28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, —
= tal ‘new Tee of British Macro-Lepidopters, with Latin and English
Cop hs Hee yf eee (avelaabis for taking moths off street lamps without
ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER,
42 pes STAUDINGER & Sid as Dances Domden, is Gueke S new Price List, No. XLIII., offer more than 15,000 Species of well-named : LEPIDOPTERA, set or in pe ers, from all parts of ‘the ede ae ee condition; - 1300 kinds of PREPARED ‘Air numerous LIVING PUPAI, &. Separa
- Price Lisrs for COLEOPTERA (20,000 species), for SYURNOSEREA (
save DIPTERA (1900), “HEMIPTER (2000), MG etapa oN ee
Berea (550). paemet ts bon fs erierae Peshes Ton Prices low. Ris ¥
ec
THOMAS SALVAGE, Arlington, Berwick, Sussex,
E SUPPLIES Fine Well-set BRI’ é SH ‘SPECIMENS
. of T. W-Album, H. Lineola, Sylvanus, Statices, Minos, — _ Exulans, Hera, Fuscantaria, Obscurata (light), Smaragdaria, ee oe naria, Immanata vars, Ambigua, Diffinis, Aurago, Gilvago, Anceps,
and many fine vars., forms, &c. Healthy Pupm of D. Fureula, P. Hamula, Faleula, D. Car een (light vars.), C. Asteris, Verbasci, _ _E. Unifasciata, Isogramma:
(All at reduced prices.) _ | e- “ N.B.—T. §. solicits a few subscribers for coming ‘season's sole : ee or price, cacy ee Suen i Shore. BR Dig eee Ss
Subnotata, and many other Cae
THE BRADY ‘CABINET. wy ENTOMOLOGIOAL CABINETS on an IMPROVED PRINCIPLE. . | Ten Shillings per drawer. Pee sk ae
HESE well-known CABINETS are Manufactured — z
a! of well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-glass — ree ol to doors. Letters of pseeamcntates can = oe 2 desired. 3 =
a FY ss NE ‘i a 22g - NATURAL-HISTORY AGENT, BARTON STREET, GLOUCESTER,
a tea Collectors with every ikind of a »paratus for the os brachd Rr Natural History: Cabinets, Store Boxes, “Buttery Ne Nets, &e ets BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA, fey opt 4 in stock in large quantities. — e The largest stock of Eaas in England to select from, including many very are ‘ s species. List of clutches sent if desired, Large buyers liberally ealt with saat:
Revised List of British Leprpoprera, now ready, post free. NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS.
‘Taxpermy. Birds skini.ed and prepared for Cabinets or mounted by skilled assistants. Fall general Catalogue and Special List of Eaas and Skins, post free,
N oe wents, and oe: one aaron as above, —
BIRDSNESTING & BIRD-SKINNING. ok Consens Be Description of the Nests and Eggs of Birds which Breed in Britain, by {Epwarp Newman.—Sxconp Eprtion, with Directions for Collecting and
_ Preservation; a Chapter on Bird-skinning; and Description and Woodcuts ig the Instruments necessary to the Soper. By Mrtrer Onrisry. Cloth bag nae Feap 8vo. Price ls.
_ WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, Harrow Ganven, Lownox, EC. me =
poi atalog 16 of the ‘Trepidontete
ve, 2g ne Joltect of Buterfies otra n
as a. ; ae Vork on British
od er is dH. Sua oidop ntera a of the Galashiels District in
me on Salo o
he Hymen ae Sia 50. “British —
oa = nh re eee tem 1798-1897,’ 52.
ptero erii Rossici en m Bs ru eport on oe eS) 1877-1898,’ 52.
BSCRIP TIONS for 1 1900 are Now ‘DUE. Prepayment for 1900
ud ing ee de anes aut a to any Lad a the ne may
in belek
soni wabwesbay, ‘MARCH arth, 28th.
c xecutors to Sell by meee eg =
xu oe r Bites “Wovent. Garden, on Tuesda
ar ae ae arin the Well-known COLLE TION eee RA and COLEOPT! ERA formed by the late
q., the result of over Sixty years’ collecting and breed-
boa wonderful and exceptional Varieties of a very large ae oe sda of satel ee and Extinet Species,
oe phe “i 7 ; exehan if not a] ae of. oe and Oustomers i ae 4 cram a aily.
sherk ar mech:
Le ore 48. "ue ed Emergence of — ir ees ri ‘semele, 43; se ai
gs to announce that he has
over One Hundred Thousand Specimens, and
) iL Heute . Joe * iy, ee
.TKINS & DONCASTER, - Naturalist and Manufacturers Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets, i ng or can , inclu Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 28.6d. Folding Nets, pt “Gui Note alenodngy tm ‘Poskat Hoxtn Ody ay a 0 Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. aay Qs. ested Chip Boxes, 8a. per four dozen.
ugaring Tin, with brush, wile ‘As. 6d. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor ‘cells, Qs. 6d., 4s., s., = Setting , flat or oval, lin., 6d.;— l}in., 8d.; 2 in., 10d. ; Qhin., 1s.; fog Soa 1s. ore Che ioe me — Complete eg of fourteen Boards, 105 F Cage a ee Sa s. 6d. "Oole | erist’ ‘8 Collette B ait at aT ee a a AS oo ie Ee a S it 3otanical . ee * je ure. insec AZe ae 01 ie Sta flor ac ng Anten sy
aly S 8, ire eee Spon as perp ial Ey poe = aus
are oy EE, 3, yee to hia maya {Han neskee acing ists, 14d. each; 8d. per doz.; 4s. per io,
i Ou new , Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English - Our new Complete ae ee of British Lepidoptera (every species Der ae or on one side for ‘he “Dixon” aera eaoate for pea moths off street-lamps without the lamp-posts), 28
SHOW. ROOM FOR CABINETS
Of fee es for Inszots, Birps’ Eaas, Coins, Microscopical OssEorTs, és pasate peepee a PP) nee on application, ee free. .
~ (prrrisn, RUROPEAN, AND EXOTIO). ! on mn als , ies peur Mounted by First-class Workmen. : Only Address :—
sn R ND, Wo, LONDON (5 doors from CuaRina Cross).
ae ee Pe: AND BOOKSELLER.
rc )MOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, 12, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C.
N ETS, BREEDING-CAGES, nual Apparatus of every description. ; “CAB: NETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; ees 0., &e. Pocket Boxes, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. | Sheets of Cork any size.
OVA, LARVA, AND PUPA, ae A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to fo w. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH.
x The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles. ist of TEEDOETERS, ADrAEATUS, Carvers, &c., sent on application.
assorted or mixed, is, 6 ot oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s.6d. tc
i" — ae
D® eS aNOER & & BANG-HAAS, lase’ -Dresden, i ei oC ‘new Price List, No. XLIII., offer more than 15, 000 8 ee ore
LEPIDOPTERA, set A in peer from all parts of the w are condition; = 1800 kinds of PREPAR Ay am poor eu No PU ao Spans ae Price Lists for COLROPTE sy tes 00 mare for i PTERA (8000) io DIPTERA (1900), [PTERA “ORTHOPTERA )0) See eg eh Discount fir Ose orders. Briss low. +ipiee
iy da har ee 7” * 7
THOMAS ‘SALVAGE, “Anlington, “bavi =o SUPPLIE: ae a Well-set BRITISH SPECIN re
* of T. W-Album, H. Lineola, Sylvanus, Statices, Minos, — Exulans, te ‘Fuscantaria, Obscurata ( ight), Smaragdaria, Carbo- — - naria, Immanata vars., Ambigua, Diffinis, Aurago, Gilvago, Ancep: and many fine vars., forms, &e. ‘Healthy 1 Porm of D. Fuaret _P. Hamula, Faleula, D. Carpophaga (light vars.), C. Asteris, Verbasci, K. Unifasciata, Isogrammata, Subnotata, and many other spas ee es; . ee at gr eet prices.) : y ; —T. §. solicits a few subsoribers for coming season ‘8 ool ae etn For price, Joa &e., Dushe to above. 3 ee ena e os
ys ‘ IS os uf fou EP CA yi By Rpcanely Aes Ts
‘BvTOMOLOGTOAL ‘CABINETS on act “TMROV |
Ten Shillings per ee Be eee =
‘HESE well-known CABINETS are Mandieth e = es
of well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-g ss = to doors. Letters of recommendation ome be “sent if
gs : ; pte ee at
Pere & SONS, Lower Fore street, Bimonion_ ¢ ER.
UPPLIES Collectors with ¢ y kind cy sweatin ts tte various ranches | dee NG Natural History: Cabinets, oxes, Butterfly Nets, &e. ren eee ty BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOP TERA and {eee hey ‘kept a - in stock in large quantities. —
The largest stock of Kaas in England to select fom, includ ) g many very rare species. List of clutches sent if desired. Large buyers liberally dealt with. fe ee Revised List of Brrrisu Lurrporrera, now ready, post, free. ese Th Ss
‘NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS. © ae ts
“‘Taxiermy. Birds skinwed and prepared for Cabinets or mounted by skilled ioaicaaie: % . . hae general Catalogue and Special List of Eaas and Sxrns, post free, Ne Recegehaers
‘N B—No gents, and only one o address as above, Fast
BIRDSNESTING. & BIRD-SKINNING. A eoiaee ae
tion of He Nests and Eggs of Birds which Breed in Reis vis by Epwarp io: Sawaan. —Skrconp Eprrion, with Directions for Collecti: foes Preservation; a Chapter on Bird-skinning; and Description and Woodcuts a ne the Instruments necessary to the Collector. Br bres Curisty. Cloth an _ Feap 8vo. Price 1s.
WEST, NEWMAN & co., 4, Hartox Canoes, Loxvos, Bo 0. me es <=
§ mee ma of ee pees ‘Raswite gs e Flavour of Caterpillars, G. W. ee Cooeis ener en:
H! grandis on ie Wi at Dus vel ly Hamm,
bai a g, 89. British Orthopter ‘a, Malcolm ny a
So Ineot, W. J. oe 89. The use of ©
F: The ‘April ctor a an shana “will contain a representing some Varieties of British Lepidoptera. An tic] e, entitled “Notes on Certain Scopari#,” by Dr. Kxaces, ishe ie n the same issue. The price of this number to will he Sumume. i
rs who have not ye prepaid for 1900 are requested to eh doub. le numbers and postage to any part of the EWMAN @ "60, 54, Hatton Garden, Tagan | 3
es Stevens” Collection.
ee WEDNESDAY, MARCH 27th, 28th.
7
STEVENS begs to announce that he has
structions from the Executors to Sell by Auction, at at Rooms “SS, Resign Street, Covent Garden, on Tuesday
day, M 27th and 28th, the Well-known COLLECTION
RITISH LE) >IDOPTERA formed by the late Samven Srevens, Esq.,
alt of serie Years’ collecting and breeding, consisting of proba
ae eeiteaty pisew and ot oe some ene
very large number of Species, and a long
ee and rnd Betinet Species, too numerous 3 mention. =
Ja MES GARDN ER,
rly aie site solar Ganst Road). ae - patoxD LISTS ON APPLICATION.
|; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers Li sec se Aine mistakes occur daily. —
a = wey
aKS
| late
Fe A
Spars 5
gi
at
aS 7 oat
& DONCASTER,
ntomological Apparatus and Cabinets.
cluding Stick, 1s. 8d., 2s., 28. 6d. Folding Nets, (se ting 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. -» 1s. 6d., 2s . Nes ted a Boxes, 8d. per four dozen. ; 6d - Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. = 6d., 2 ag MEH, — for us
a es , 48., 5 Setting - ° 3 epee ry ee in., te 7 ath in., 1s. 4d.; . e Set of cee Boards, 10s. 6d. Settin . Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. 6a. 7s. 6d * dead 8 Collecting Bottle, with tube,
nical Cases, japan: in dou le tin, 18.6d., 28. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. Is. | a a 4d., se , 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, ntenne, 4d. dee hettle. Steel Forceps, 1s. 6d. te ; a ot don 7 y is by 8h, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen sheets. Brass ; d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and Glass-bottomed ae ‘ine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa Digger, in leather cee containing ai necessary implements ; Scissors, 2s. per Hae i Ege. -drills, 2d., saat ta r Birds and Animals; Label-lists of British ig sek ditto of Land and Fresh-water
—The eee fae and LABEL LIST. Compiled by Fr ee F.E.S8., according to his recent ‘Handbook of e Lists, 1 1}d. each; 8d. per doz.; 4s. per 100.
6d. oe,
canine Gesigsee nat ren ere r new Com| ogue optera (every species on one aa shald, Ba. Biss
:” Lamp-ner (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps aithuet p-Pos ts), 2s. 6d.
s ROOM FOR CABINETS for Insgcrs, Birps’ Eaas, Coins, MicroscoricaL Opsxcts, pene a PP) sent on Sap eN ar ee
moh eet ‘Adavess = LONDON (5 doors from Onsnina Onoss).
HIST TORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER.
M8 LONGLEY, |
a ELiimercunee and Ap aratus of every description. (ETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &e. Pa Rae Book Boxes, “Sheets of on bid sine.
| Tlustrated with arty. , and Moths. faa ‘al
New & Remainder Boolscil
Vices
Catalogues post ne
W. F.H. ROSEN!
48a, CHARING
“BRITISH and EXOTIC. ule Bi aac from all parts of the world. Healthy Pope a Pee from the Canary Islands, 6d. each.
Lustrated. eae af f Apart us Se:
‘THE BRADY
ENTOMOLOGIOAL CABINET on t
| Ten Shillings p | TH ESE ee CABINETS a1
of well-seasoned Mahogany, with we
panels to doors. Seees of aes en desired. 3
rise BRADY. & SONS, Lower Fore steat
3 apron re
UPPLIES ents aie Side kind of apparatus for the ve s° pa ney Eeleen tore Box Battery N Nets, &e. BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, | in so in ands mantis. Speed, The largest stock of Hass in, ins eee
NEW “AND baci m0
‘Taxivermy, Birds skinned and pre red for Cabine or mout Fall generel eee aio rea Sie ,
fT BR Deseri teh of the Nests and ad Eggs by Epwarp Newman. — Seconp Preservation; a Chapter on ey the Instruments necessary to th Feap 8vo. Price ls. 9
WEST, NEWMAN « CO., 54, Barros anor, . m1 )
Sat
oe as
, 3 ;
= hoe gs WwW. Pikack 101. oe :
hee heats 104. ‘Butterflies collected in ica, Henry Charles Lang, 104, nu H. Guard Knaggs, 109. On the
> Lepidoptera, A. Radcliffe Grote, 120. G, Butler, 124. A Catalogue of the Lepi- Kane, 125.
1 Habits of Cosmas liguiperda, Robert arva, Dr. May, 128. Dw ae aturalized Cockroaches, W. J. Lucas, 129. — A stellatarum, bd B. Fletcher, 129. A Cor-
REPORTS. Remarkable ‘Appearance of Vanessa io cumin k, 1 E oe of Pieris rape, Margare ‘ia « = Pe ie Bige ge F. M, B. is ran 38, 1899, H. F. . a, Dr. Ma ebcanhy. Phin J Boreas tee : 1 Soe ae London, 131. South London Entomolog ’ petoek Birmingham Entomological Society, I See ee “Osrrnant—W. G. Bids. 186.0
= $$
] ; eee is double, ane a One Shilling. ady —_— at ae Foe 68, ee the ee
IN EGGS a PUP of LEPIDOPTERA ) for. orgies purposes. The numbers of Pupx should — indred of each species ; and of Eggs one hundred to several _
. Eggs of Neustria ‘and Antiqua; Pupex of ee z iocam pid 8, rages Will give reasonable prices.
—— —_—_ —+ —~ -—-----_
oe v7, Bi Bamford 1 Roa, Diasbury, Lanes. |
: = eae 426), OXFORD STREET a eae ‘Tottenham ‘Court Road).
T vedeena. if ‘fiat tees of. Friends and Oustomers = sage as a as ne occur any
Wink. PLA Te.
Vol, XXXII} MAY, 1900. (No. 444 rue ENTOMOLOGIST Boe ournal
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S8. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.S. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &o. F, W. FROHAWK, F.E.S8.,M.B.0.U. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S.
‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made
LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep.
Price Sixpence.
al Apparatus and Cabinets. , 9d., “Is. *y 1s. 6d,
ae Belge et for use \ or RSs BP 4s., ‘5s., 68 ) Setting i Bd. ‘2 in., 10d.3 2hin., 1s.; 8hin., 1s. 4d.; ae ice Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting » 14s. ee eis ess 9d., 1s., (is cS
: Bee} Sie rion, ne most » for aotiags 10s. 6d. Sealpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 28. per
British Butter! es, Qd.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ; esh-water Shells, 24.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &e.
Lists, 4d. each ; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists,
Ww list nae Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin ee English d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s. sit bene si for taking moths off arestdanon without P- spoata); 2s & DO FOR CABI NETS Df ev pecnpion: for Insects, Brrvs’ Eaas, Coins, Microscoprcat Oxsxor-, as Fossiss, &o. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
3
Ages ‘STOR OF INSECTS AND ie EGGS
Pigg: EUROPEAN, AND ngs
3 “only wdadck Ss / J. ou Sb es doors ae mene Coss)
| eens a i apeeaaee of every Accesivcial ee for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &., &e. Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. Sheets of Cork any size.
A PUPA,
es ee A ssortment aa: on nae Send for Price List to
: a Largett B Sst ee LEPIDOPTERA i in ‘the British Teles. : List of pipe os. Apparatus, Came, ke. sent on onus
DONCASTER, so Pal 28. te Folding Netr,
oxes, ah per four dozen. — Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d.
1. i ee Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
CHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by ] oe §., according to his recent ‘Handbook of —
v7.
| THE BRADY -CABI NE’ Bee : BNTOMOLOOTOAL CABINETS on an IMPROVED PRIN IPLE. zs er OL en ‘Shillings per drawer, rewna oS ie oe (THESE well- ‘iowa CABINETS are Mnndictue ES _ * of well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-gla ASS 3 pees to BSOre: Letters a Sie oss be sent if esir “8 ae
©. BRADY & SONS,
Lower Fore sstret, Manenion 0
as HISTORY shige BARTON 7
UPPLIES Collectors with every kind of apparatus for the vario branc +) Natural History: Cabinets, Store Boxes, Butterfly Nets, be. BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOPTERA and COLE TERA, &e., in stock in large quantities. tea ee ea
The largest stock of Eacs in England to select from, ‘including 4 many very rare
species. List of clutches sent if desired. Large buyers iberally dealt with, EE Revised List of Barris Lerrorrers, | now ready, oe S68. Re ee NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS. =
: ‘Paxtwermy, Birds skintuedand prepared ae Cabinets or seis byskiled assistant Fall general Catal logne and. Special List of Baas and Ss » post fre
N B.—No agents: and only one address as above. Seca?
sae HERBERT WwW. “MARSDEN, - Faees : NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER, 40, TRIANGLE West, CLIFTON, BRISTOL. = = Larges and ‘best Stock in England of EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA, moderate Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &e. < Preserved Larvee of Rare British Lepidopt ra. oy daa See Cabinets oo Apparatus for epee neem Odlogists, Ornithologists, lists, &e. natal Cases, Dryin Ee wes ce. —British & Exo c Shells. ba eae Tue inet sit Stock or INS anv BIRDS’ EGGS 1s Ae New and Second-hand Dooku eras and Label iste: - Pe Ornithological Catalogs, August, 1897, now ready ; also Shell aac Bai om: Catalogue in preparation. — pees Z faen Nz B. —Mr. Maraien's busine s oo was ee removed from a ‘ucester in 188.
OVA OVA, LARVA, PUPA, & and Cheap BRITISH apo TE ~OVA.—Per doz ptingatia, Stabilis, 3d. Dlustraria, 6d. as sigs _LARVAE.—Per doz.—Villica, 1s. 64. Dominula, Ba. i ach
oat} . PUPAS.—Lach .—Chaonia, Alni, 9d. Porcellus, bd. ain: in ae ge pa fermen 4d. Figenag Slope ee ee
Noch Suly geet jee ‘Lye nibs Pasion. D Treks sleet, Rao Viridata,
_ Alternata, et Carbo aah Epiphron, W es Thalassina, Co ct a
Umbratica, Solidaginis, Australis, Saucia, Vespertaria, Apiciaria, Advenaria, 4d. a : - Send for our Special Clearance Price List. Two Second-hand Cabinets for
also a large number of Store Boxes. One Year Lists of Ova, Larvie, Pup eae
_ Surplus Stock, Sales, Wants, c., as issued, 1s. Sa Oork, 31x 81,18, ee
‘Bird Stuffing and Mountin ‘The Larve -emaaeeiae: Guide Sea:
a Lepidoptera ocourring aide to the Study of Britis ees A Catalogue of the
155. See congre: ype, 157. _yeens ee var. fowleri, igs established at Bow, W. J. Eanes, 157. ert = Waters A: Carter, 158. London, 158. South London ielienniiuned 3irm oe iia Entomological Soo: aie:
: ey, Webb” read “ Mr. Sydney Webb”; # and for a Meuey ” read “ year." ee
asinine will be: commenced 1 “per by Prof. Dr. Max Sranpruss, entitled
an Lepidopteren | vorgenommenen Tem- nte.” ‘The sass: Plate will be reproduced
ang ere 2
OF TA COLLECTION OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, *. STEVENS will Sell by Auction, at his
Kine Srreer, Covenr Garpen, on Tuesday, st Twelve precisely, without the least reserve—T ensive Collection of BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA gut, Esq., of Bournemouth. The Collection is parti- rich in long series of Specimens, showing the Variations of each ind « pees a eee number of Rarities and ey oe Natigiages
| ] eee ee Ete been syEscniel to 3 College, ee there are a quantity of some — CABINETS, and Several Thousand ‘PIDOPTERA, in papers, FOR SALE—they é to ee owner. eo S Price List to—_
re RER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL ee oe e 29, ee 426), OXFORD STREBT
J . acaninged if aunt cae ok. Feonds aad ianeiniaes ea to note the Address, as miatakes ocour daily.
pf es >
“EDITED BY ‘RICHARD sours, RE 2.8.
? | manent sacose, FES. | W. Riba PLS. tas
.y BF. 1s ? dies _ 8 WATKOHAWE, PES B. 0.0. Zi G. ae ivi ity : <eS' Ww. ‘aguas eee Lek S 12 a
re” “By pr aidan po pes cme ue pants are pe ee Pe disoveron + made
ae “LONDON: | at gee Be Fi aaes wast, NEWMAN | « C0. 4, “HATTON “GARDEN;
aes Where Re
b eas pe _ irGca
ee
. 64.3 : Autificial 5 es for Bis and
Een Ts Bates 3; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., a hse h-water Shells, 2d; aes Books on aca: Fan ee
epee LIST and LABEL LIST. Com iled by
F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of
Exchange Lists, $d. each; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists,
16 Label: ere of British Maero- -Lepidoptera, with Latin and English 8, 1s. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species — ubered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 28. The “Dixon” eT Saige 3 for taking moths off street-lamps without — She lamp Does 3. 6d.
every pate ae for aaeree Hee eee Corns, Sacalahacnie Onszors, ‘Fossiis, &o. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
ae LARGE ‘STOOK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS! EGGS se EMER hoe ee _ (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). fam mona la, a orcee and Mounted by First-class Workmen. . - Only Address :— 8, Woo, LONDON Le doors from Cuarina Onoss).
eae
rs seca ‘aad Apparatus of every egee ' CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &e. Pocket Boxes, Store Boxes, and Book eee Sheets of Cork any size.
OVA, LARVA, AND PUPA.
C : é A inte Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to
i H. w. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. e Bene The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles.
we Laks of LEPIDOPTERA, pctsaake Casinets, &c., sent on application.
3 pope oh drawer. 2 gah | “presey Be iowa CABINETS are Macutact ured of well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-glass”
os to doors. Lettera a Der eee dean, i be a = esire | eo z
~ NATURAL-HISTORY ie BARTON amen sine aes IUPPLIES Collectors with every kind of a aratus a Be —- branches of Ss Natural History: Cabinets, Soy te Be tterd
BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOPTERA aa “coutornena, hou, kept ate ee select from Jineluting ma a he largest stoc. ngland to ‘om, iy i aaa “List ob abiahes sent if desired. Large buyers liberally dealt se Pa | Revised List of Brivis Leprpoprera, now ready, ae free. iuee NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS. 2”
- Taxiermy. Birds skint.ed and prepared for Cabinets or mounted | byskiled cite aoe a Ball ciate heat etoer sre mi be GR aed seu! kes, Boer gee ot.
HERBERT Ww. MARSDEN, Lip
NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BO CORSE
. 40, TRIANGLE West, arial BRISTOL. — lace eer
Sess ee best Stock in England of EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA, » oder ah io .
Exotic Levi tera, Coleoptera, Orthopte = Bs
_ Preserved Conve of ee British Lepidopt ) era. ake Cabinets and URS apron for Ss beg compar Obk ogi nica ’ vil
x ELIABLE oclesy Fe RDB’ SKINS set AN ieIRDS E G I a
wr Sow-and ae oe pepe eae and Labe fk a pre
Orniholgion Catalogue, August, 1897, now ready ; also Shell eee Pa si ‘io
_ Cata ay Bibra <a :
OVA, TARVER, UPR, ‘and Chey ae ia a :
OVA.—Per doz. Psidashoscke: Pudibunda, Fuliginosa, Ziezae, Vinula, scat. 4d. has Totrlunari Hamula, 6d. aes LARVAl.—Per doz.—Monacha, Incerta, Stabils, ona en Rhamnata, 1s. ang Versicolor, 8s. _T. Crategi, 2s. 6d. Dispar, 3d. Cuculla ee. PUPAE.—Each.— gas ee Ligustri "Hipenor, Vinala, 8d, Dominula, Faliginosa, 2a. aie Megacephala, Pisi, Sod proreellus, 5d Fuciformis, Asella, Fureula, Chrysozona, Wry <a “CHEAP LEPI PTERA.—Each.—Poreellus, sayeth ,Trepida, Flam- mea, Cespitis, Stipaation Guperpiila, Lutulenta, porte Lychnitis, Absynthii, re eee _ Cordigera, Dipsacea, Trabealis, Promissa, Sponsa, Pastinum, Notha . ue aoa Togata, Viretata, Sat 2 Betulw, Lineola, Obelisea ven api- allt aria, 6d. 9d. each, Chaonia, Rip». Raa? — for our Special Clearance Price List. Six Second-hand Cabinets. for Sale cheep :
RE eae
number of Store Boxes. One Year Lists of Ova, Larve, Pup pees babel, pe Wants, &c., as issued, 1s. Cabinet Cork, 11 x 34, Is. “si eee a ; ; ; rd Stuffing and apeerigin Me pge ark , Cloth), a Brey sis ‘The bier = Gatlecton'e Guide and Cloth Cover, Feap 8vo),4s,
J. &W. DAVIS, 31-33, Hythe Street, DA ARTFORD. er
ture cae with Le Max Standfuss, 1
angen, 169
: Hymenoptera of Nottinghamshire, 180. Diptera of Nottinghamshire, 180
eee of Arctia caia and Odonestis potatoris at Chester, J. Arkle, 181.
Captures, | pees os ste.
—— z cal 182, Recent Bie ae 183.
vin one aE ae LARVE, PUPA, & MEERA)
is, 8s. 5d. ; ee U Imi, 28. ; Laph. Carmelita, 2s. ; Crenata, 2s. ; : TARV (ber ie Matronula, 6s. 5 Flavia, 68.3 Abietis, 6s. 5 Rubricosa, Qs. 5d. ;
os Se va perce " Anh Maraibie
ec ndiooditx fa sr doz.) : ieee 8.5 ried Re: 5. ei se. “ a Tee SUD.) 9 Bae Lydius, 32,7 >
In June: ’Miselia Bimaculosa, per doz., 5 fires. ; ; and many others.
“doz., 60 ros.)
ae
ae
29 (late 426), OXFORD STREET s (Neary: ‘opposite Tottenham Court Road).
_ PRICED LISTS oN APPLICATION. if
are pectnetat to note the 1 Address, ae mistakes oceur daily.
“Ont sso es ge end 3
Colle pegs 192. ire a Taion 0 of Renee ieee 180. os Lists: .
URES AND Frr tp Reports.—Aromia moschata and Rhagium bifasciatum near Chester, J. Arkle, 181. Ranatra linearis, W. J. Lucas, S. K. Kemp, 181. —
vis, Bs.» Strigosa, 2s.; Agr. Cinerea, 2s. ; Cat. Alchymista, 2s. 5d.; Arct. eae Matronula, 3s. 5: sf Arct. Flavia, 2s. 5d. ; Das. Abietis, 2s. 5d. ; 3 and
E si ea Ain, a 2 fres.; ‘Bractea, & 14 fres.; Las 15 Suberifolia, a 5 fros. (per
‘Thos. B. Blakeborough, 181. Vanessa polychloros, 182; rum, 182; Joseph | Antharates Notes from bate and —
: Oenog. Parasita, 3s. 5d.; Hemigena, 4s. ; Zoraida, 10s. ; Las. Ilici- x
.): Dei ‘Livornica, 8 tres.; Deil. Neri, 4tres.; Deil. Celerio, ‘5 fros.; [Box and yore saci :
IFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS,
1 Astiles Guacantedy exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers —
e “By mutual —— an nd mutual
MARSHALL wan iT on “KENT « 00, Laure.
ome
3
= fog «
ay hia
i ie
Af
Tes
‘es
marin
“> Oday oF a. 6d. ps four dozen, © : Lan
\ lete et of tae eS ire “i ack, ie Zine Larva Boxes, Aa Is., 1 act 3. 6d. Coleopterist’s ptesne Bottle, with tube,
, Bo 8, piogel tis. 1s. 6d., 2s. .9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d.
er, pee Ad i 2. 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, : 11s. Cement f ing - Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
i pa e ; ct C on ia into 1s.4d. per doen
éd. per ot es
ia Baek lies, Be she of Birds’ , 2d., = ae ‘6d; ater Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Loe Eggs, &e. [ANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by fe F.E.S., according to his recent CHaidbook of ‘Lists, 4d. each ; 4d. per doz. ; Label Lists,
ay te Y ee
F spa of ae Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English net Complete fe i of British Lepidoptera (every apecion on one side for labels, 2s. ‘The “Drxon —— co for taking moths off street-lamps without Soe ROOM FOR CABINETS. - Of avery 4 description for Insuors, Brrps’ Kaas, Coins, Mroroscoricat, Onsnors, ats _ Fossms, &e. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free. RG — STOOK: OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS ~ c fate Seca - (RITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). als, éc ppt and shat big First-class Workmen.
“W. LONGLEY, - r' OMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, White: Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C.
: Sarco and Apparstus of aca description.
‘CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &c. -ock = we =o Site eta ond: Bese Boxes. : Sheets of iy Bay. size. aa
THE BRADY CABINET. ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS on an IMPROVED PRINCIPLE. Ten Shillings per drawer.
HESE well-known CABINETS are Manufactured of well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-glass panels to doors. Letters of recommendation can be sent if
desired. - C. BRADY & SONS, Lower Fore Street, Edmonton, G.E.R.
ee aSrONEL §ChLARK Ek NATURAL-HISTORY AGENT, BARTON STREET, GLOUCESTER,
!UPPLIES Collectors with every kind of apparatus for the various branches of 2 Natural History: Cabinets, Store Boxes, Butterfly Nets, &e. BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA, &c., kept
in stock in large quantities. The largest stock of Eaas in England to select from, including many very rare
species. List of clutches sent if desired. Large buyers liberally dealt with.
Revised List of British Leprpoprera, now ready, post free. NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS.
TaxmpERmy. Birds skint.ed and prepared for Cabinets or mounted by skilled assistants. Full general Catalague and Special List of Eaas and Sxrvs, post free.
N B.—No agents, and only one address as above.
HERBERT W. MARSDEN,
NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER, 40, TRIANGLE West, CLIFTON, BRISTOL. Largest and best Stock in England of EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA, moderate prices. Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c.
“Preserved Larvee of Rare British Lepidoptera. Cabinets and Apparatus for Entomologists, Odlogists, Ornithologists, Botanists, &c. Botanical Cases, Drying Paper, «c.—British & Exotic Shells.
THE MOST RELIABLE Stock or BIRDS’ SKINS anp BIRDS’ EGGS rn Barra. New and Second-hand Books.— Exchange and Label Lists.
- Ornithological Catalogue, August, 1897, now ready ; also Shell Catalogue; Entomological
Catalogue in preparation. N.B.—Mr. Marsden’s business was entirely removed from Gloucester in 1889.
QVA, LARVA), PUPA, and Cheap BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,
OVA.—Per doz.—Ligustri, Margaritaria, 4d. Papilionaria, 6d. Villica, Bucephala, Megacephala, 3d.
LARVAZ.—Per doz.—Corydon, 6d. Galathea, Incerta, Stabilis, Illunaria, Vinula, Anachoreta, 9d. Monacha, Mendica, Alniaria, Verbasci, Tiliaria, Nupta, ls. Betula, 8s. 6d. Fuciformis, 2s. 6d.
PUP4E.—E£ach.—Dominula, Rhamnata, Chrysorrhea, Aurifilua, Neustria, 1d>- T. Crategi, 4d.
Many other Species during the month. Send for List.
CHEAP LEPIDOPTERA.—Each.—Porcellus, Cucullia, Carmelita, Trepida, Flam- mea, Cespitis, Stigmatica, Capsophila, Lutulenta, Advena, Lychnitis, Absynthii, Melanopa, Cordigera, Dipsacea, Trabealis, Promissa, Sponsa, Pastinum, Notha, Albistrigalis, Degenaria, Togata, Viretata, Griseata, Betule, Lineola, Obelisea, Venustula, Papi- lionaria, 6d. 9d. each, Chaonia, Ripe.
Send for our Special Clearance Price List. Second-hand Cabinets for Sale cheap; also a large number of Store Boxes. One Year Lists of Ova, Larve, Pups», Insects, and Surplus Stock, Sales, Wants, &c., as issued, 1s. Cabinet Cork, 11 x 34, 1s. 6d. per doz.
‘Bird Stuffing and Mounting’ (Illustrated, Cloth), 1s. ‘The Larva Ccllector’s Guide and Calendar’ (Cloth Cover, Feap 8yo), 4s,
J. & W. DAVIS, 31-33, Hythe Street, DARTFORD.
ir “essiv oe in Moths, 185. “Patong in nd V. Hudson, 186. On a Small Collection of Insects, chiefly
from ea .G Sree 189. A Catalogue of the cae ft Ireland, W. F. de Vismes Kane, 192. Mr. Donovan’s Captures in es de ee — eves see pheretes and its Allies in the
AND ppm Saar acrocephalus arizonious = ubleri, Sue Beg of
OT irregu 53 Diplosis parthenicola, n.sp., 201
. J. Lucas, 201. Heliothis ormiger, W. Ww. .
1aonia, A. Drwitt, 202. _ 2 —Lycena argiolus, Tae: Sefferys, 202 -Thecla
We Lucas, 202. New Forest, H. Walle 202.
Mae me
J carter, 202 Plusia gamma abundant, J. W. Wool- —Lyowna argiolus, ‘Walter Dannatt, 203. Where Teniocampa — s aoe J. ee 208. ig _ in ibe New Forest, F am
ae F oe ‘CROSS: ‘ROAD, “LONDON, we.
: YOUNG. COLLECTOR’S OUTFIT. rising ng:—Net, Pocket Box, Larva Box, Three Setting - ; Sous sizes), Store Box, Mixed Pins, Killing Bottle, ig Needle, Chip Boxes, Egg Drill. 10s. 6d. post free. Hustrated Prog List of APPARATUS and. pes free. |
oF OR SALE. ee 3R" 1LE- oo ae 3d. ; ee : exdalmiata, ‘As.; Lycena een. Is. ; - Be
» 0
eS Limen. populi, 28.5 [elitza cee 5d. ; : Css 8dz3 :nis ae ab. seats, 1s. 6d.; Melan. — 2d.; irce, 1s. 2 eS cles poe
sent by mie.
HARI + BAUL anehce LER, Practical Enon, a — poe —— (WURTEMBERG), =
pa et ALL KINDS of { ENTOMOLOGICAL Fiabe
i 29° (late. 426), OXFORD STREET early. opposite Tottenham Court Road). z PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. =
ticles Gipuieste exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers : as ee eos to: nite, ane peice st as mistakes ocour oye Bere
Sat
Lae ey ake a
23 Stomper: MAN & 00. 64, HATTON
WEST, NEW JATTON | SIMPKIN, MARS N, KENT
‘ cer $55 ee Set
e DON CASTER,
rers of Entomological ‘Apparatus and Cabinets, wire or cane, including Stick, See 2s.6d. Folding Nets, rolls Nets tacting, 7s. Pocket Boxes, Gd, 0d., 1s., 18. 6d. 3oxes, 9d. Is., 1s. 6d. Nested Chip Boxes, 7a. per four dozen. mixed, iy 1s. ‘ghgering Df Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d. in, brush, 1s. 6d., Mixture, ready for use ‘ re Boxes, with 1 28. 5d., As., 5s. 7? 6s. 3 ‘Setting val, Pie 6d.; 1} in., 8d.; oe apg te 8h in., Is. 4d.;
3 Sin, oan Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting
bd. = 8. 6 ; corked | back, 14s. ‘Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. , 28. éa., 4s., 5s., 78. 6d. Coleo} el Collecting Bottle, with tube, cal Gases, japanned, double tin, 1s.64., 2s. 0d., 8s. 6d., 4s. 6a. ae oe Os, “aoe na ee Insect Glazed Cases,
i lac “eres per bottle. Steel Forceps, ‘pair. Cabinet erred ta. tee ay, 1s. 4d. per dozen rofor Pail ae. Oe panet Ten 8. to 8s. Glass-top and 3c m eM dozen. Zinc Killing Box, 94., 1s. upa ee hae eee contain most
ee : ese Scissors,
ae
8d. Botani ical Pa er dey) 2
seipilad by ek, iene to ‘his rooent I,” Coo of 3d. each; 4d. per doz.; Label iste,
ci ov anni Tat an og 6d. Ww 80 optera species - is or prime ol one aas Gr ub =
IX . v” LAMP-NET oe ee for iahiag moths off street-lamps without lamp 2) 2s. 6d.
HOW, 6 Ee EO Re CABINETS aye deserir a for Inszors, Birps’ Eaas, Corns, Mioroscopicat Ossxcrs, -Fossizs, te. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free. xe
STOCK OF INSEOTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS 5 (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIO).
é yee and vee by Firet-olass Workmen. —s Ls 6 cae codes Cnantva Cane)
“LONGLEY,
+ nmr CABINET AND APPARATUS deepics
eepine ee and x aratus of ay description. for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &e., &. ee and ae seed Sheets Bes Cork any size.
Lar; csaliteicas adage = hand. Send for Price List to
HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. vargest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles.
.EPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, Oapiners, &., sent on application.
ce “species. List of clutches: fs
QuppLtns Beis Bs eg History: a a nate a ope in stock in large quantiti The lar oot stock of Since
Revised List of Brit _ NEW A
-Taxipermy. Birds skinned and spar toe Gakiaels Stcnsioa beans _ Fall general Catalogue and al List af Baas mad Bans p
. vN “on eased ag
| AGE , | CLIFTON, feet ee isin and best Stock in Eagan of J ae es Sees: 1 0
ree and ‘Second. aa Books. ae ind Labe me : Ornithological eee Sa 1897, now faa siso ell = : aoa a =e Gaieivas
FERTILE OVA.—Per do:.—Palpina, nati es SCL Monaskn edt mee = pet LA V E.—Pe: d z.—Tiliw, 1s. oer ei, ‘9a. -Fuscantaria, ote Chamomile, ‘a. ore Dispar, Ineerta, CHEAP LEPIDOPTERA.— pip iphron, W-Alk codes, Asella, Cratmgi, Gonilus, Abs Sublustris, Haworthii, Lucernea, Conflua Bbspnti | ‘Tincta, aes cularia, Paralellaria. a Se y rk Box and postage, 2d. extra. One Year Lists “of ‘Ova, 2 take ‘ar Surplus Stock, pe Wants, s+ 98 Ipsied 1s Cabinet Cork, 1 x best ditto, 1s. 10d. per doz.
_ «The Larye Cotlector’s Guide and Calendar’ coves ee J. & W. DAVIS, 31-33, Hythe Stre , DARTE
Pew Zealand ths and Bternes
Royal 4to, with Two Plain and Eleven oui Plates, sontalning uy wards me of 500 re Cloth, “nit sie: ke ieee = . , cae:
Author Es Aa Elementary Moi sie Wak Zealand nd Bromo Kore tae _ LONDON : WEST, NEWMAN & 00. 5, ‘HATTON t GARD, Bo
iinet
eet 7.” Mecntitog ged Matacer as tetera Grith ines),
é Eee A. Cant, i t with the Net ee Ga. rr Tigh, siecle eh,
! Ca ninety, goes be for Bale. sane Heads and Horns mounted ; all ntomolc ogy and d'Taxiderm oT in stock. Exorio
ed, set, or ice on application.
a rents ee, ok or teas - Letters Feary ieee can be sent if
» yt i Pog:
> pues = pers : = ss > * f et : - x Fn :
4 V}
pe =
4
; t RICHARD so
e rm OHA reine ar ae os ALL, FES nee
mn mu Mad ue Pay are
hor cells, 28. 6d., 48., 5 wen camphor cells, 28, ., 58. je I}in., 8d.; 2in., 10d.; Ot in. 18.5 ek 1s. 44.3 : ee fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Settin back, 1 Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. . 8. 6d. fea ’s Collecting Bees with tube, ae. ke le tin, 1s. 6d., 2s. 9d. ” 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. 8. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, ee Bee Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, ‘pair. Oabinet cP 7 by 34, best quality, 1s. 4d. oF dozen ra oroform Bottle, rape 6d. Insect enh s. to 8s. Glass-top and itomed Boxes fo 1s. a dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa eather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most i ements for ‘skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 2s. per ae ia 9a; Blowpi es, 4d., 6d.; Artificial E es for Birds and tish Butterflies, 2d. ; ditto of Birds’ | ges, 2d., Bas 6d. ; I Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &e “aie EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Com fea by .. Meyrick, ea .L.8., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of i Exchange Lists, 4d. each; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists,
list of British Macero- -Lepidopt era, with Latin and English ; sitea’ . Our new Complete pecans of British Lepidoptera (every species ss d), a or printed on one side fo r labels, 28.
16 “Dixon” Lamp-ner (invaluable for Maat: moths off street- lamps without ot on ‘Betis Qs. 6d.
Of every description ie! Insxors, Brrps’ Boos, Copia Michscbane: ee yea 18, &e. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
a LARGE ‘STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS
; (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC). | Birt, Momma oes Sins and Mounted by First-class Workmen. four: Vd ar
en "LONGLEY,
NTC ) MOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER, aH 2 White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C.
BREEDING -CAGES, maid fopatane of every descri tion. INETS for cpa Birds’ Eggs Shells; Coins; .» &. s, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. Sheets of Gork any size.
ge LARVA, AND PUPA,
Ge oe Assortment aah on Gee ae for Price List to
, 8 ecies, fadindit 1g The a, ar
——"s 1
goeruies Collectors ie ae yk Natural History: Cabinets, Stor INC. LEPID
. BIRDS’ EGGS, SK in stock in large quantities ay ky 5 The largest stock of Eas in England to s species. List of clutches sent if desired. Revised List it ‘dabei Aameeladi o.
Paxrokauy. Birds ile eden p _ Fall general Catalogue an special
3 Cae. agents, and
Ornithological Catalogue, At a: 1897, now ready ; also Shell Cats ha Olay in preparation, = bo NB B.—Mr. Marsden’s dusiness was # was entirely 1
OVA, LARVA, PUPA, and Cheap BRITS py FERTILE OVA Par raw ee jor Ae a Ree LARVAE. — Per dos: > Anachoreta, 9d. ‘Merge Alniaria, 1s. PUPAE.—Each. h.--Méchaon, Elpenor, Shi om Fureula, 5d. Mendica va, 2hd. ‘Atalanta, Multist
Limacodes, Crategi, Plumigera, Ri Su aaioheo “Se ab Flea Lucern a ea, Conflua, area ii, Tincta, Atripli eaiiasn. y Oy aA Se P 2d. extra. Lists of Ova, Larve,
Becton up eee, Wants One ear a naa i Cor s. ¢ best ditto, 1s. 10d. per doz. ac a 6d. ict! rer pana e ‘Bird maa aie Ce meee Clot! eae ye Dy i a: ‘The Larv@ Cotlector’s Guide and Calendar’ (Cloth Cove +a) aus :
J. Sav. DAVIS, 31-33, Hythe Street, DARTFORD. ae
a of of tai ‘daca, ‘iseal! TG!) » audible, RB. Freeman, 24 247. Proctotrypids ex ‘Alderson, 248. Libellula ack V a South Lancashire Moss, n Kent, bees monies B. Browne, 248;
Chi mphilus var., C. E. : adie fa Shey, Horr t Beadna coon
, 249. Coremia lata Pera vibe: a, 249, i ander
ha! a moneta in Oxfordshire, John W. Ys Liiva S. Giles, 249. Dasycampa rubi- ter, 249. Larva of Acronycta alni at Tun- nith, 2 M ossa stellatarum, &e., at Hud- — 24 Colias edusa and ©. hyale in 1900, 250. hire, Rev. John W. B. Bell, 250. 2 se inastri oo Inbricipeda ge ae in in Aga, 26 fds obi Be a r ‘Of spl Bar ton, n, t Chic pias Cee sisi 250. sb pteth; ‘thptte nzt, 250. era Walter siatiai 250,
ie NOAKES.,” ‘ OAD, Reka eas LONDON, SE. Scnrun, Hsq., Didsbury.) EXOTIC. LEPIDOPTERA. 8 nechaad Cabinets, Books, &c., for Sale. all branches; Heads and Horns mounted ; pie te and tec mi kept i in stock. Exortg sak : leaned Kk rice on ls |
ell. rai ee sil sie or eer tes | nee Be are ee can be sent if
teed; ee if not asain a Sanaa ae Customers vested es ae si ial as mistakes ocour daily, =
~\.— 26 %
rere " a
' ‘'.
= Be
eT
a “Dy mata contdnee and matoa aid =
a
_ west, NEWMAN ‘ 0.) 8, SET
AST EIS. omological Rares and Cabinets. Als 1g Stic 1s. 8d., 2s., 2s. 6d. Folding Nets, : » 18. -ocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Nested a! Boxes, 7d. per four a 1s. 6d. oe Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d 52 g Mixture, ready for use h campho , 4s., 58., 6s. Setting “I in., Sde3 cla Ohin., 1s.; 3hin., 1s. 4d.; 01 te Set of ee Boards, 10s. 6d. Set 9d back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. .6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube, ined dat le tin, 1s.6d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
lacing ntenne, 4a. a ee bottle. Steel Forceps,
abinet ork, 7 by 34, deni eete 1s.4d. per dozen
: le, ‘Ds. ode Insect ‘Lens, s. to 8s. Glass-top and
; Satine zen. Zine Killing Box, 94., 1s. upa sheath, 1s. Taxidermist’s Companion, contai most a Bie a a Scalpels, 1s. 8d.; Scissors, 2s. per 9d; Pe pede ” 6d; Artificial es for Birds and
tish Butter water Shells, Qd.: Geefal Books on Insects, Eges, &e. | Compiled by he according to his recent ‘ Handbook es e Lists, 4d. each; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists
ist ee British Macro-Le ido tera, with Latin and E h new Comple te Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every nl : on one side for labels, 2s.
MON ao, Bd ay for taking moths off street-lamps without ‘W ROOM FOR CABINETS
sription for Insnors, Brxps’ Haas, Coins, Microscoprcat, Onsners, , ko. Cata logue ( (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
E ‘STOOK OF INSEOTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS _ (BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIO).
= Mammal, S Preserved and Mounted by Firat-olae oie: i Only Address :—
fee AGENT AND BOOKSELLER.
ee LONGLEY,
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VE pass RVA, AND PUPA.
A Bra ose ples on hand. Send for Price List to
eo once ae ae te
ditto of Birds’ , 2d. , 3d., 6d.; i
r entral and’ TY Pan ge sa st Central We ster ie st: | SMALL COLLECTION, song one, Dh = 1 Sa F ax cover Two Hundred d including, jes described by Oberthiir an nd neck, th a d= _rinus, P. tamerlanus, Arr re 2 ius __ imperator, P. ares Ay ata, Me tan Ae eaui, MM. oberthiirii, Pieris bieti, A osha etn ‘lle, x 2 rocne, Z. armandia, Z. gracili Perigo hi, r butleri, L. davidis, Neope agres Isca, 3 Noorina patria, Enispe lunatus, F S rum, _ Erebia rurigena, Pararge thibetanus, P. sta, _ Satyrus arvensis, Amecera jnsoulay: rlecta, — _ Y. methorina, Y. conjuncta, Y. gee erome ro iffusa, _ Argynnis gong, Melitwa yuenti, cena lama, Calinaga davidis, Aang ndia, - Kuthalia consobrina, E. omeia, ang, — _ Lyewna lanty, Cyaniris oreas, are necla bieti, T. v-album, Ilerda mar veres xuth us, E anini, Noto- _ erypta rectifascia, Celenorrhinus consanguinea, C. ome es , ( € co li, Niso- __niades pelias, N. montanus, Pamphila houangty, es “si rE. Byes = Augiades sylvanoides, A. ‘thibetana, fiodae ay ta ae urther particul ee - fom Sty os nen ee RR SOUTH, a Deakenagy Road, ‘Upper Tooting, sondon, a
| - Quercifolia, Obelisca, Venustula, P
OVA, LARVA, PUP, and ‘heap “BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,
— Curtula, 3d. Tilie, Asteris, Tetralunaria, a “Ligust i, ae uli
.—Per doz.— ere msi 53 a Cee tet econ eter on ele
| or eae Ble ee ee Tet : ee ee. Adustate, 9d. cae 1. Unifas- inte, 25 cipeda, wa Ua
ae Stellataram, Mian , Vinule, Zona -
2a Multis 6d. Palpina, Alniaria, 24d. Populi , Ver , d. Multistrigaria, cephala, Socephale, re “Incerta, Stabilis, B umata CHEAP BRITISH LEPIDOPT Aba, cagh Parla, Cuculla, | Trepida, ome Flammea, eat pa a tegen Advena, Sphinx, Lychnitis, Asiliformis, Mela ines ips missa, Sponsa, Pastinum, Albistrigalis, Glabraria, Scena sebeee nata, 'Degenaria. Alternata, a ei nia Bent Nm wit, i S, Nemor neola, Aurago, Scrophularia. 8d. “che Baby mis (narrow bi Conyolvuli, Chaonia, Dodonwa, Ripe, Templi, Flammea, Ocet hneumonifo
“Aretha mis, Museiformis, Alni, Ophiogramma, Lur ery aaa ean a Sar See tac Onlealie “Baris te =e “2 Contiguaria, Hotmndaria, 2s. Seated phere
eephal, Sonepcilais, Tathonia. Antiopa. 7s.
Named British Stpchik. ste, all aires, Is. oh peat tree. ee ; Box and postage, 2d. mg One Year Lists _of Ova,’ Larva,
Surplus Stock, Sales, Wants, é’c., as issued, 1s. Cabinet Cork, 11 x ete d. per doz; - best ditto, 1s. 10d. per doz. Chip Boxes, nested, 1s. 6d. er gross. yes ete i
‘Died Staind sind Mounting? (nisirsted, Cloth), ty
‘The Larve Collector's Guide and Calendar’ (Cloth Cover, Feap 810), a rie i ae
J. & W. DAVIS, 31-33, Hythe ‘Street, DARTFORD,
ae cee
NTS. os sh a Se eK,
palus piniain -semele, 267; W. J. ‘Lucas.
n Sussex, Lewis L Binae. sar in ee ae and Sussex, 267, Philip A. Houghton, Frederick
ire, A. Molineux Smallpeice, 268; in Kent, T. B. An = 268 ; ta swarming on a Cossus-infested Birch Tree, HZ. B. Bishop, 268.
a cy eee Rev. ethan 2 ae 257. ‘British . ee W. J. Lucas, 259. On a Small — soe ore W. L. ess s 261. On the _
ira anelnt fey G. W: Kirkal tay 266. G3 Ses , u
—T
oe Natok bred in Guernsey, George Baker, 268. Thecla W-album in the
idstc e Distt, Zi Busby 269. Lycena aes in North London, H. A. ig, 269. Acherontia ai , 269, Rev. A. Nash, J. ae coe SSP iW. dint, Herel Falun eS Ba fee Harris, S. W.
ea?
ie Hots rae M. Moss.
= p ee arte, =
y? on, 272. Limenitis s
J, Lucas. Colias pes aed ©. es in England eee 2 73—280. TERATURE, | 280. 7
MMUNICATIONS era iH. hin HO. Wells, (Bev. yA AM. oa
) Chas. F. prorewil, D. aes Albert May, Arthur Cottam, Alan W. wa . T. Harris, Lewis L. Turner, G. Ernest Peachell,
p, (Rev.) F, A. Walker, Oscar Whittaker, Stanley ect ‘Herbert Thompson, W. raham,
re notices, in type, also stand over.
5 King, Herbert Beadnell, — Deile- =
Vain in ies 272; SS nae BEE: 272; |
. Turner, F. J. ao oa Ee bec Waidegrave,
romorphous pee ia, We Fe rtly of Female Oaiatelion, Bs Chittenden, § 266, Orthoptera at Sugar, 266;
ES AND FIELD Reporrs.—Pa ilio machaon at Rin ood, J. Hy. Fowler, 267; ae ; in Kent, C lutchinson 267. Sateeny es
Cameron Gull, Major R. H. Brown. Vanessa eae in Berk- : shit Rev iS eta ay, 268; in in Essex, Harold P. Thompson, 268; = = Ham
iffol tal J. ‘Singleton Smith, 268. Vanessa io at Tooting, E.S arke, 368.
a “M ‘aia lerson, ak others. Reports of Societies rere scar Recent es
—D—R . STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS, Blasewitz-Dresden, in thelr
ae = or in Rd act from all parts of the world, in finest condition ;
RI - ui ae for. COLEOPTERA (20,000 s Bn for HYMENOPTERA (3000 pec ae DIPTERA (1900), HEMIPTE ee) ae Discount for Sic ee Prie
es low.
s
29 (late 426), OXFORD STREET ss (Nearly, opposite Tottenham Court Road). (seri). PRED LISTS. ON APPLICATION,
sane gs pec to note ae Ses as mistukes oceur Gang:
(2000),, ORTHOPTERA (1000),
MANUFAC’ a of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL sep miaus :
Price List, No. XLIII., offer more than 15,000 Species of well-named RV; numerous LIVING PU PA, &e. SEPaRaTE
Atos ee exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers e
“EDITED. By YY RICHARD
op ee
west, NEWMAN - surEn, MARSHALL, F
DOUBLE “NUMBER Pie One hil
J at eee and Cabinets.
0 “brln Nel (celf-acting), 78. Pocket Boxes, 6d.; 94., 1s., 18. 6d. laxing Boxes, 94., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen. log al Pins, assorted or mixed, 4; 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d.
pe oe “siore ee aie bales r cells, 28. 6d., 4s., 5s., 68. Setting ee wa in., 6d, sin, 1d 6d. 5 5 in., 1s. 10d 0d.;. pede: Set of ae Boards, ‘10s. 6d. Settin . 6d., 11s. a wes back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1g., 1s. 6d. ( oa. 6a 5s., 78. 6d. "Goleopterist' 's Collecting Bottle, with tube, , 1s. oe aes ases, japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 28.9d., 3s. 6d., 48 Botanical Paper, 1s. ld., a Is. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases, 8. 6d. to 11s. Cement. t for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, ‘As. 6d., 6d. r pair. Cabinet Cork, ee 1s, 4d. per dozen = Jorof m Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and -bottomed Boxes from oe dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa r she Taxidermist’s Companion, containi fees ents for inning: 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3.; Scissors,
" Label-lists British Bu ies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d.; AN Soe oer Shells, 24.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &e. fee —The ee LIST and LABEL LIST. Com eee by eae eS ote '.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘ Handboo
opter _ Exchange Lists, 4d. each ; 4d. ‘per doz. ; Label Tia
ew taba lated af British Maero- -Lepidoptera, with Latin and English , 1s. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every apecies mbered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s.
“Dox! ” LAaMp-NET rare = sey moths off street lamp without Sees Beh 2s. 6d.
oes fio. oe sus ae oe on al eeeret oe free.
“LONGLEY,
9, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, Strand, London, W.C.
ae a ee Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells;' Coins; ats &e. cket < ore J mand Book Boxes. ‘Sheets of Poe any size, oe: LARVA, AN Ds PUPA. as Large | ‘Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH. TeLegat Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles.
MOM ST):
ins oF cana, insaating ‘Stick, 1s. 8d., 2s., 28. 6d. Folding Nets,
ving Tin, with brush, 1s. ‘bd. 2 2s. Sugaring , aia, ready for use
ee he 9d; pete ee 4d., 6d.; Artificial Byes for Binds oa
= JETS, BREEDING-CAGES, and Apparatus of aack description.
5 Qin., 10d.; ac ; Bhin., 1s. 4d.;
ae a for Tose Bins’ oe ion, Sliceatuanss Ossxors,
NTC ee CABINET AND APPARATUS a :
Be of a Apparatus, Canmvers, &e., sent on Spee
De STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS, Blasewitz-D1 new Price List, No. XLIII., fs more than 15,000 Spec
_ LEPIDOPTERA, set or in rs, of the ‘world, in finest condition. - 1800 kinds of PREPARED Exnvans sinatra ING PUP ne nents 155
= iat, Hohn ene ing” as ‘io sies), f Y NEUROPTERA =aePR —" id ® Cash-orders, Beld ee e gies
AS ‘over “Two Honined. ae ee pa eee geande ae Fi oe peer - described by Oberthiir and Leech, the eae :—Papilio lama, P. manda- _ rinus, P. tamerlanus, Armandia thaidina, Blanch, =thaitina, Ob., Parnassius _ imperator, P. thibetanus, Aporia venata, Metaporia goutellei, M. lar; edie ies eee 2 of oberthiirii, Pieris bieti, Anthocharis thibetana, A. bieti, Zoph helle, or cae Z. armandia, Z. gracilis, Lethe camilla, L. titania, L. set BOS L. butleri, L. davidis, Neope bates N. romanovi, N. christi, N. faseay* Neorina patria, Enispe lunatus, Rhaphicera dumicola, Callerebia_
_ Erebia rurigena, Pararge thibetanus, P.dumetorum, P -episcop yalis, P. Satyrus arvensis, Amecera majuscula, Mycalesis magna, Ypthi _Y. methorina, Y.conjuncta, Y. iris, oe rope, Stichophthalm cs Argynnis gong, Melita yuenti, M. bellona, M. agar, M. jezabel, Polpeemees mE es lama, Calinaga davidis, Limenitis venata, L. cottini, Neptis armandia, = Euthalia consobrina, E. omeia, Dodona maculosa, Chrisophanus li, , CO. pang, — Lycwna lanty, Cyaniris oreas, Dipsas seraphim, Zephyrus tsangki bieti, T. v-album, Ilerda marica, Everes xuthus, E. ion, 18. pota crypta rectifascia, Celenorrhinus” consanguinea, C.c¢ . david cniades pelias, N. montanus, Pamphila houangty, P. ‘abax, J — pyiveapides: A. atuhoians,- .c] iarus Sasplox, Bios
R SOUTH, 98, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooti ‘ , London, SW.
| OVA, LARVA, PUPA, Cheap EXOTIC. ll EPI : ep ih ee _ FERTILE OVA.—Per doz. —Lutulenta, oe scar ria, : Pistaeina, Cervinaria, pecan en 4d, An » Di Mo
T. Crategi, 6d. Se PUP:.—Each.—Machaon, Elpenor, Ocetiatus, ‘Ligustri, Vinul: Tetralunaria, Isogrammata, Porata, Callune, 3d. Tilia, Asteris, Hamula,
_ Absynthii, Fureula, Versicolor, Polycommata, Porcellus, Sinuata, 9d. Cuculla, Chaonia, 10d. Populi, Verbasci, Curtula, Ziczac, | Lacertula, Flavicornis, 2d. Palpina, Omicronaria, e ala, Multistriga Bucephala, Pigra, Faleula, 1d. Incerta, Stabilis, Brumata, Secchi 32, Mel eet EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA.—Unset, in papers, from Ladysi s. 6d. anc ae ‘Indian do., 1s. and 1s. 6d. doz. Pevilio, Evan, 9 . Glycerion, Anticrates, — . Agetes, 6d. Anticrates, 4d. A. Niphe, 6d. Childrens e, 1s. E. ab atu a bred).—Atlas, 2s., 2s. ia and 3s. 6d. yi 1s Ys a 1s. 3d. Sele a 3a. Cecropia, Pernyi, Promethia, to, ba -Cynth: Se = Angulifera, 2s. 6d. Geoveri, Ceanotha, 3s. 6d. 1 Luna, Pyri, Pin “Many other: species. oo _ BXOTIC COLEOPTERA.—Named Australian Beetles, 3s. doz., twelve species Named South American Beetles, 3s. doz., twelve species. Rbinoserons Booties, 4 EXOTIC DIPTERA.—In papers as received, 1s.6d.doz, All the above are splendid value. Inspection invited.
_ Box and pos @, 2d. extra. One Year Lists ne ae Laren, Pupe, ree _and Surplus 8 Sales, Wants, é&c., as issued, 1 Cork , 11 x 34, e best ditto, 1s etn) per dos. ote tara meted, as pe ra ef
Lv ert --
aldy, 293. Rhy Be He Miscellanea, nflies of the Older English Authors, New ies of Dircenna from Peru (with a ‘iption of the Egg of Polyommatus
ATIO te at Sugar, G. T. Porritt; 301. Variety of ularia, W. J. Lue aoe nao. anit a Remarkable Instance of Coloration [Rhynel mea . Kir aly, 301. Monograph of the 301. — lants 1 Homepies, Asphondylia bnon tells Notes’ from Natal, G. F. Leigh, 302 . Papilio in V orcestershire, Ww. Edwards, F. W. Frohawk, y 2 of Euchloé Frakes . W. Frohawk, 303. Argynnis ae Sabine, 803. — eae iris in Northamptonshire, W. ellargus i in Hertfordshire, A. Cottam, 303. . Vane Ps antiopa in Hertfordshire, 304; in Kent, GE. Thompson, 804 ; in Norfolk, 304. Vanessa 1ersetshire, H. Corder, 304. Vanessa antiopa in Suffolk,
money ee Vanessa polychloros in London D. Chit: soe G. E. ee, , 804. Vanessa i io in’
at M eS hires cucubali in ne ckson 805. egy oes eras in os New Forest,
Leucania vitellina in Hssex, (Rev.) W. Claxton, 306. Norfolk, 306. Heliothis scutosa (Sehf) in South Devon, ae ocularis at Chingford, 8S. Graham, 806. ; Leucania a and Plusia festuce at ; R. Meldola. Epunda
; ae tristata, 307; 120, 307 5 (Rev.) Thornewill.
aris chrysorrhea abundant |
“a Bu Aneta of Plusia gamma, A. May, 307. 7 Golthrup . Rhyparobia madere in London, H. S. ens) i M. Moss, 307. Collecting at Sidmouth, “tom Bo thend, F'. G. Whittle, 308. ae from ayaonl Wen = ce Isle of Wi i . Hugo biginea, &e., at ge
syeee ie 438), OXFORD SITREE'L suet bom ss Tottenham Court Road).
EMAAR »
Double Number, with two Plates. r
Vol. XXXIII.} DECEMBER, 1900. |No. 451.
THE
ENTOMOLOGIST
AN
Jllustrated Journal
OF
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S:
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S, MARTIN JACOBY, I’.E.S. T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. J. H. LEECH, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.S. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &o. F, W. FROHAWK, F.E.S.,M.B.0.U. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S.
“ By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”’
2495240)
LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep.
DOUBLE NUMBER.—Price One Shilling.
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8s. 6d. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use
‘1s. 94. per rh camphor cells, 28. 64., 48., 58., 68. Setting a rd ee ; Be bee . in., 6d. 9 314i ‘in. Bd. are. in. eAtdes Qh re Tacs 3k in., 1s. 4d.;
4 in, | “Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting Sy oorked back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 94., 1s., 1s. 6d. 35 By di hi ‘Ta. 6d. Coleopterist’s pallesims Bottle, aah tube,
es, japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 28. 9d., 3s. 6d., 48. 6d. , 1s. 1d., te Ae ‘a. 1s. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. nt Glazed Cases, — 2 erat. for replacing ‘Ante nn, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, — ee r. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen ts rm Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 88. Glass-top and
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es new ‘Label- list of iti Mactan with Latin and English 1s. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species t ), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s.
| ee Dixon” Loseney Cele for taking moths off street-lamps without climbing + the lamp-posts), 2s : SHOW - ROOM FOR CABINETS
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ae LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS
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— BREEDING-CAGES, ant Apparatus of every assess . ‘CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., bel Po cket Boxe Re hee and Book Boxes, Sheets of Cork any size. .
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ag
| Brits LEPIDOP OPTERA. any Local — Spe sansa
fine condition at very low rates. Also Coleopte =e ~ named and carded: "100 Species, 5s. 6d.; 500 Species, 40s. _ Several Store Boxes in. age condition : , 63, A saZe a | eee Ween .
iz EGolieatan® isa ext, c ee man ne Oy 64,5 Hatton Garden, London =
en ——
Hi
fe SMALL COLLEC 4 TION, setstae ‘ink Pa s a iat es | 4% over Two Hundred § seers and including, among other Species _ described by Oberthiir and tects the following :—Papilio lama, P. erie ae rinus, P. tamerlanus, Armandia thaidina, Blanch. =thaitina, Ob., Parnassi ve imperator, P. thibetanus, Aporia sah eerie goutellei, ~ largeteaui, M. oberthiirii, Pieris bieti, Anthocharis thibetana, A. bieti, } = essa _ Z. procne, Z. armandia, , gracilis, Lethe camilla, Lh Gate ra elistophi, _L. butleri, L. davidis, Neope agrestis, N. romanovi, N. chisti, N. fusca, Neorina patria, Enispe lunatus, haphicera dumicola, Callerebia_ ratorum, Pa Stor Erebia rurigena, Pararge thibetanus, I . dumetorum, he og ie s,P.preusta, _ Satyrus arvensis, Amecera majuscula, Mycalesis magna, pthima rfecta, = Y. methorina, Y. conjuncta, Y. iris, Clerome wrope, Stichophthalmia suffusi, Argynnis gong, Melitwa yuenti, M. bellona, M. as M. jezal ‘ol: yerona, sae lama, Calinaga davidis, Limenitis venata, L. cottini, Nantis armandia, Euthalia consobrina, E. omeia, Dodona maculosa, Bei peed C. pang,
evens lanty, Cyaniris oreas, Dipsas seraphim eae tsanglic,' bieti, T. v-al bum, Ilerda marica, Everes xuthus, E Wi, potar = A ae reetifaseia, Celenorrhinus consanguinea, C. omeia, C. davic
pelias, N. montanus, sc vo Lae oe a aed A. Se os Bee from—
— = z — = oe ESS: te eee
OVA, TARY, “PUPA, ia. mKOnIG *LEIDOPTERA, 5 hess FERTILE ova. —Per is Sos Fuscantaria, Brosaria, 9d. Nupta, Pistacina, = Ceryinaria, Pyramidea, 4d. sey a fonacha, Angularia, Bd. = . Crata tegi, z Aurantiaria, Litura, Tragopogonis, 4d. Och roleuca, Fulvago, 9d. ‘Sphinx, 1s. — aa PUPAG.—Each.—Machaon, Elpenor, — Seles Ligustri, Vinula, Ana Spree Tetralunaria, Isogrammata, Porata, Callunw, Testudo, Dromedarius, 3d. Tilie, prea oe Hamula, Umbra, Asellus, Chry om » Orion Rubricollis, 4d. Absynthii, Legere lora, Porcellus, riathencerr, ifida, Flammea, peg thes 6d. Sinuata, 9d. Trima- — ae eula, Cuculla, Chaonia, 10d. , Verbasei, Curtula, Ziezac, Camelina, Lacertula, Flavicornis, Prasinana, Pudibunda, Psi, Punctaria, Pius Tene Lanestris, 2d. P Seg Omieronaria, 24d. Megacephala, Multistrigaria, Bucephala, ne ‘aleula, Mer Pease Pi the Ses ha Srp eee in papers, te rom Ladysmith, S.A. as ee at 6d. doz. Indian do., 1s. doz. Papilio, Eva. Anticrate a Agetes, 6d. Anticrates, 4d. A. one 6d. Children, ls. E. yous Re | BRITISH LEPIDOPTE mabe ar. 50s. air (fai Confor is, Antiopa, ee ee eth eee Meru on Bat Siesta” Sphogsticni, = _ Exulans, Arion, ‘Is. 6d. Viduaia 1h. a “Oatrian, ae “6d Somrent ne _ Leucophea, Erythrocephala, 3s. 6d.
"All the above are splendid value. Inspection vital aaee. oe ner is m Box aa e, 2d. extra. One Year Lists of Ova, Larve, Pope, Inseets, ae Surplus Stock, § — Wants, &c., as issued, 1s. Cabinet Cork, 11 x 34, 1s. ae ee 3 best ditto, 1s. 10d. per doz. Chip Boxes, nested, 1s. 6d. per gross. oe Ss . ‘Bird Stuffing and Mounting’ (Milustrated, Cloth), 1s. Siomcaaa ees,
- ‘The Larvae Collector’s Guide and Calendar’ (Cloth Cover, Feap 8vo), 18.
4 & W. DAVIS, 31-33, Hythe Street, DARTF ORD.
es OE TE St mre
SP NF OINE BSD INE Seo
Editorial, Richard South, 325. Lepidoptera in South Devonshire, J. Jager, 326. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland—Supplementary List, W. F. de Vismes Kane, 828. On the Morphology and Classification of the Auchenorrhynchous Homoptera, Dr. H. J. Hansen, 334. British Dragonflies of the Older English Authors, W. J. Lweas, 338. Synopsis of Experiments in Hybridization and Temperature made with Lepidoptera up to the end of 1898, Prof. Dr. Max Standfuss, 340.
Norges anp Ogpsrrvations.—Colias edusa, C. hyale, and Acherontia atropos in 1900, Richard South, 348. Eretmoptera, 1 new Dipterous Genus, G. W. Kirkaldy, 349. The Insect Fauna of Hampshire, 34%. Local Scarcity of Teniocampa incerta (Hufn.), H. R. Bankes, 349. Moults in the Odonata, P. P. Calvert, 850. Argynnis aglaia var. charlotta (Haw.), R. S. Standen, 350. Universal List of Entomologists, 350. Epinephele tithonus in Large Numbers, W. J. Lucas, 85 :
CapTURES AND Fir~p Reports.—Epinephele (Hipparchia) hyperanthes in Fife- shire, H. H. Brown, 351. Lycena argiolus and Macroglossa stellatarum, L. L. Turner, 351. Early and Late Dates for Euchloé cardamines and other Butterflies, C. W. Dale, 351. Acherontia atropos in Hampshire, /?. S. More, 351; in October, H. Garrett, 351. Macroglossa stellatarum, W. T. Harris, Rev. A. Nash, 352. Chcerocampa nerii at Teignmouth, J. J. O. Evans, 352. Lycena bellargus in Hertfordshire, N. C. Rothschild, 352. Colias edusa in October, G. W. Kirkaldy, C. W. Colthrup, P. E. Freke, 352. Colias hyale in Essex, G. H. Conquest, 352; in Kent, H. Sabine, 353. Colias edusa and C. hyale in Hertfordshire, N. C. Rothschild, 353; in Nottinghamshire, A. Simmons, G. Henderson, 353; in Somersetshire, W. H. Tapp, 353. Colias edusa in Surrey, &. S. More, 353; in Scotland, J. A. Nix, 354. Colias edusa and Acherontia atropos in Kendal District, Rev. A. M. Moss, 553. Vanessa cardui in Bucks, W. A. Barton, 354; Vanessa antiopa in Essex, R. Meldola, 354, Sirex juvencus at Chichester, J. Anderson, 854. Neuropteron (Linn) at Sugar, 354; Late Grasshopper, 355; W. J. Lucas. Cirrhcedia xerampelina, G. Henderson, 355. Note on Gonoptera libatrix, Ff’. Littlewood, 355. Caradrina ambigua at Pagham, &. Meldola, 355. Gerris lacustris nymph in Qctober, G. W. Kirkaldy, 355. Sugaring in a Garden, P. J. Barraud, +55. Notes from the Lake District, O. Whittaker, 355. Three Days’ Collecting at Deal, R. HE. James, 356.
Socreties, 359. Recent Lireraturn, 861. Opnrruary.—Josef Mik, 364.
Communications Recervep.-—Alfred Sich, W. F. Johnson, W. J. Jennings, F. A. Small, J. Arkle, Ambrose Quail, A. J. Lawrance, G. W. Kirkaldy, Perey Lathy, C. W. Dale, Robert Adkin, Thos. B. Blakeborough, F. W. Frohawk, F. M. B. Carr, L. B. Prout, P. W. Ridley, G. F. Leigh, and others; Reports of Societies.
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WEST, NEWMAN AND ae ne GARDEN, LONDON, E.C. Re
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