n rp''''^^'^'/'. I Z. p. METCALF LIBRARY OF 1885- 1056 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ^n HUuatratfb j0urnal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF EGBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BEOWN, M.A., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S, G. W. KIRKALDY, F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Dk. D. sharp, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. "By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made." VOLUME THE FORTY-SECOND. LONDON: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited. 1909. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Adkin, Robert, F.E.S., 32.1, 321 Andekson, Joseph, 282, 318, 322 Arkle, J., 125, 212 Bakeb, C, 260 Baker, Herbert W., 18, 40 Bankes, Eustace E., M.A., F.E.S., &c., 60, 137, 145, 322 Barrett, J. Platt, 42, 215 Baumann, E. T., 260 Baynes, E.S.A., 235, 286 Bell, S. J., 21, 45, 76, 128, 166, 191 Blathwayt, Eev. F. L., 212, 323 Buss, M. F., 186 Bogue, W. a., 41, 159 Boyd, A. W., 76, 166 Brown, Henry H., 186 Bdxton, p. a., 235 Buxton, D. A. J., 235 Cameron, P., 16, 146, 174, 180,206,209, 229 Campion, F. W., 7, 178, 242, 285, 293 Campion, H., 7, 178, 242, 293 Cardew, Capt. P.A., 160 Carlier, E. Wage, 283 Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., 47, 104, ' 105, 118, 121, 221 Clutterbuck, C. Granville, F.E.S., 101 Cockayne, E. A., M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S.. 169 ' Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A., 92, 100, 144, 147, 170, 308, 313 Collin, J. E., F.E.S., 1, 97 Coney, Miss B., 40 Dannatt, Walter, F.Z.S., &c., 71 ■ Distant, W. L., F.E.S., 58, 91, 207,252, 278 Doughty, C. G., 125 Edelsten, H. M., F.E.S., 323 Eltringham, Harry, 237 Enock, Fred, F.L.S., F.E.S., 217 Everett, E., 235, 323 Fisher, Frank W., 160 Fleming, G., 18, 322 Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge, R.N., F.E.S., 253 Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., 49, 213, 214, 258, 259, 260 Gibes, A.E., F.L.S., F.E.S., 81, 115, 153 Goodwin, Edward, F.E.S., 39, 41 Graham, W. M., M.B., 86, 157 Green, Jos. F., F.E.S., 224 Hall, T. W., F.E.S., 288 Harcourt-Bath, W., 195, 234 Har\-ey, p. H., 260 Harwood, W. H., 40 Hebbicrt, E. S., 261 Holmes, D. C, 40 Jacobson, George, 10, 32 Jacobs, Lieut. J. J., E.E., 160, Janson, Oliver, F.E.S., 48, 225 Jarvis, W., 18, 323 John, Oscar, 175 Jones, P. H., 259 Kershavs, G. Bertram, 233 Kirkaldy, G. W., 35, 89, 100, 227, 296 L.iTHY, Percy I., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 272 Leigh, J. F., F.E.S., 184 Littler, FRAryi M., 38 Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 17, 23, 37, 41, 47, 104, 129, 176, 191, 193, 241, 259, 263, 282, 293 Manders, Lieut.-Col. N., R.A.M.C, 39 Mansbridge, Wm., F.E.S., 22, 75, 128, 139, 166, 190 M.ATnEw,GERVASEF.,F.E.S., 66,161, 322 Me.ade-Waldo, Geoffrey, F.E.S., 18, 233 Meldola, Prof. E., F.E.S., F.E.S., &c., 183, 281, 284 Mellows, C, 102, 161 Melvill, J. Cosmo, M.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 283 Miller, N. C. E., 283 Morley, Claude, F.E.S., 47, 61, 65, 79, 96,119,131,141,167,168,212,254,276 Morris, J. B., 280 Nethercot, A. H. G., 282, 283 Newstead, Alfred, 42 Nicholson, C, 323 Oldaker, F. a., M.A., 67 Pickard-Cambridge, Rev. 0., 318, 321 Pope, F., 236 PoRRiTT. Geo. T., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 65, 183, 259 Prout, Louis B., F.E.S., 3, 212, 281 Eaven, E. C, 239 Eeuss, T.. 223, 309 EoBiNSON, C. G., 125 EOLLASON, W. A., 41 EosA, A. F., M.D., 108 Eothschild, Hon. N. C, M.A., F.Z.S., &c., 25 Routledge, Geo. B., F.E.S., 185 Rowland-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 20, 43, 72, 78, 127, 164, 186, 189, 236, 265, 288, 297, 325, 327 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Bylands, Kalph, 234 St. QuiNTiN, W. H., F.E.S., 281 Shaup, David, M.A., M.B., F.K.S., &c., 213, 270, 280 Sharp, Edwin P., 323 Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S., 219, 243, 272, 302 Shepherd, T. H., 283 SicH, Alfrbd, F.E.S., 236, 237 Smith, Robt. S., 186 SoDTH, Richard, F.E.S., 18, 23, 24, 40, 41, 63, 65, 66, 80, 101, 121, 122, 168, 184, 185, 192, 214, 224, 225. 234, 237, 240, 258, 261, 263, 269, 280, 289, 318, 327, 328 Stedman, S.wignac B., 66 Studd, E. F., M.A., F.E.S., 37 Sweeting, H. R., 22, 75, 128, 166, 190 SwiNTON, A. H., F.E.S., 17 Talbot, George, F.E.S., 282 Tarbat, Rev. J. E., 185 Thdrnall, a., 28 Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S., 21, 45, 73, 128, 165, 190, 216, 263, 288, 326 Verrall, G. H., F.E.S., 183 Vinall, Hugh J., 260 Watson, J. Henry, 106 Wheeler, Rev. George, M.A., F.E.S., 4, 29, 54, 98 Whitley, P. W., 233 Whittaker, Oscar, 39 Whittingham, Rev. W. G., 125, 126 Whittle, F. G., 235, 260, 282 WoRSSAM, Cecil, 185 Young, Orford, 40 PLATES. I. — Five-combed Bat-fleas {XyctcyidopfujUa) . Il.~Aigynnis laodicc III.— St. Maurice-sui--Moselle IV. — Rapliidia macnlicollis ...... V. — Epicnaptcra alice, Jolin Varieties of Nyssia lapponaria .... \1.— Anihomyia spreta on Epichloe typhina VII. — Luperina nickeiiii, Freyer, and Z. gucncci ba.vtcii, v. n. tof PAGE 25 49 81 129 169 169 241 289 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Hair of the larva of Aryynnis laodicc ....... 119 Cydiiopsis handlirscln 170 Jadera (?) iiUcrita 171 Eofulgorclla hradburyi . 172 Abnormal callipers of For/!CH/(( «H;if»?(nv'rt ...... 194 Wheat-stalk showing larvfe in situ of Clinodiplods C(2uci:tris, Wagner . 217 Vanessa urticce ab. luna, n. ab., and V. io, ab. 223 Spilosoma mentJiastri, ab.i ^ 242 Zygcena trifolii, ab. ) Aberrations of Folyommaius eschcri and P. cros 267 INDEX. GENERAL. Aberration of Arctia caia, 318 ; of Mala- cosoma neustria, 37 Aberrations of Vanessa urticffi and V. io, •223, 309 Abraxas grossulariata ab. lacticolor, 260, 283 ; in Warwickshire, 233 Abundance of Nola cucullatella and Peronea variegana, 235 ; of Vanessa io, 260, 282 Abundance of larvje, 323 ; of Pieris brassica3, 213, 320, 321 Acentropus niveus, 235 Acherontia atropos in May, 161 Acidalia degeneraria, 318 ; in Devon- shire, 280 Acidalia, Tlie Generic Name, 3 Acrolita consequana, H. S., in Devon- shire, 100; in Devon, with stray notes on its habits, etc., 137 Acronycta aceris larvre feeding on labur- num, 237 ; on plum, 21'i Acronycta alni and Cirrhcedia xeram- pelina near Shrewsbury, 283 A Few Insects from Braemar, 282 A Little Work on Spiders, 100 Amoebe olivata in April, 125 A Morning at Amelie-les-Bains, 120 Antithesia salicella in Warwickshire, 235 A Nature Study Exhibition, IGO A New Bee of the Genus Habropoda from Assam, 308 ; of Megachile from Africa, 141 A New Species of Morphotenaris from Dutch New Guinea, 272 A New Genus and Species of Orneo- didie, 253 Antipodean Genus Proboloides, Mori., The, 119 An Unusual Phase of Variation in Lepi- doptera, 224 A. paphia var. valesina, 318 Apatura iris and Vanessa antiopa in Essex, 282 Argyrolepia schreibersiana in Cam- bridgeshire, 185 A Species of the Noctuidas New to Science, 258 Athalia Group of the Genus Melitaea, The, 4, 29, 54, 98, 112, 149 Bapta bimaculata in Lincolnshire, 66 Bee from Borneo, New Parasitic, 16 Brephos parthenias at Sallow-bloom, 125 British Carabidfp, 280 British Eaphidiidre, 183 Campodea staphylinus, 40 Captures at light in the Chester Dis- trict, 41 Calocala fraxini in Sussex, IGO Celastrina (Cyaniris) argiolus in Middle- sex, 186, 236 Charfeas graminis in South Wales, 1909, 322 Cheimatobia brumata, 38 Cidaria miata emerging in July, 214 Clinodiplosis equestris (Wagner) ; an insect new to Great Britain, 217 Coccid Genus Ceroputo, The, ICO Colias edusa in May, 160 ; at East- bourne, 321 Collecting in Hungary, 108 Comacla senex, Hb., ab. fumosa, n. ab., 60 Contributions to a Knowledge of Ethio- pian Economic Entomology, 252, 278 CucuUia umbratica, a Fertilizer of Orchis maculata, 281 Curious place chosen by Triphasna pro- nuba for ovipositing, 236 Curious Sexual Conduct of Weevils, 212 Current Notes, 1908, 35, 89, 227 ; 1909, 296 Daphnis nerii in Devonshire, 260 Deferred Emergence of Eupithecia to- gata, 182 Description of a New Cicada from Cen- tral China, 91 Description of a New Lasiocampid Moth from Turkestan, 175 Description of a New Parasitic Bee (Nomada) from Borneo, 16 Descriptions of Four New Species of Pompilidas from Sarawak, Borneo, 180 ■■^Descriptions of Three New Species of Cicadidae, 207 Descriptions of Three New Species of Cetoniidte from the Indian Empire, 225 VI INDEX. Descriptions of Two New Species of Muiilla from Kuching, Borneo, 146 Dipteron, a New British, 1 Dragonflies in 1908, 176 Dragonflies of Epping Forest in 19''8, 7 ; in 1909, 293 Dyschorista suspecta in Surrey, 66 Early Appearance of Eupitliecia pumi- lata, 65 ; of Hybernia rupicapraria, 40 ; of Triph.nena pronuba, 260 Editorial, 1 Enicmus minutus, Linn., attacking Cryptococcus fagi, Bar., 212 Ennomos autumnaria at Eamsgate, 283 Entomological Club, The, 65, 120, 185, 234 Entomology in Cornwall and Devon, July, 1908, 67 Errata, 185 Eupithecia togata going over two sea- sons in Pupal Stage, 233 Eurymene dolabraria in Cumberland, 185 Extended Pupal Periods in the Genus Eupithecia, 212 Extraordinary Abundance of, and De- struction by, the Larva of Pieris brassicfe, 282 Five Weeks in the Vosges, 81, 115, 153 Food-plant of Lycrvua orbitulus, The, 105, 221 ; of Lycajna pheretes, 281 Fossil Bees, Some, 313 "Fossil Lisects from Colorado, 170 Four New Species of the Genus Eretma- podites (Theobald) from Ashanti, 86, 157 Further Variation in Nyssia lapponaria, 169 Genitalia of the British Noctuidffi, 18, 121 Gonodontis (Odontopera) bidentata ab. nigra in Surrey, 185 Gynandrous Abraxas grossulariata ab. varleyata, 259 ; Amorpha populi, 123, 159; Bupalus piniaria, 76; Chryso- phanus hippothoe, 161 ; Euchloe car- damines, 161; I.ycfena ffigon, 123; L. icarus, 123; L. zephyrus, 19; Pieris napi, 43 ; Saturnia pavonia, 212 ; Smerinthus ocellata, 21 ; S. popuU, 123, 159 Habitat of Argynuis laodice. The, 258 Honorary Members of the Entomologi- cal Club, 121 Huntingdonshire Dragonflies, 1909, 284 Hybernia defoliaria, 41 ; leucophtearia on Jan. 8th, 40; marginaria var. fuscata, 125 Hybrid zj'gasna filipendulfe x achillefe, 126 Insects in Sicily, 214 Larval Water-mites, 242 Larvae of Argynnis laodice, 118 ; of Manduca atropos at Chichester, 282 Larvae of Cirrhoedia xerampelina hatch- ing in December, 18; of Hadena pisi on Bog Myrtle, 323 ; of Lepidoptera in November, 101 Lasiocampid Moth from Turkestan, A New, 175 Lepidoptera from the Isle of Anglesea, 285 ; in East Sussex, 237 Leucania favicolor in Sussex, 323 ; 1-album at Eastbourne, 322 Leucophaea surinamensis, 37 Life-history of Argynnis laodice, 49, 118 List of papers of the late Martin Jacoby, 10, 32 Lomographa, The Generic Name, 280 Longevity of Epinephele ianira, 259 Luperina gueneei, Dbl., and var. bax- teri, var. nov., 289 Luperina nickerlii, Freyer, ab. or New Species?, 269 Lycffinacorydon in Devonshire, 211, 323 Mamestra (Hadena) glauca and Acro- nycta menyanthidis in Glamorgan- shire, 18 Martin Jacoby, List of Papers of the late, 10, 32 Meconema varium, 38; a Correction, 17 Melitffia, The Athalia Group of the Genus, 4, 29 Members of the Entomological Club, 63 Mendelian inheritance, 126 Natural Orders of Insects, 293 New American Bees — viii., 92 Nonagria neurica in the Maddison Col- lection, 159 Note on Evetria (Retinia) buoliana, Schilif., 145 ; Eupithecia assimilata, 261 ; Lyctus caualiculatus, F., 37 ; Nonagria geminipuncta, 260, 323 Note on the Pupating Larva of Attacus edwardsii, 106 ; Supposed larva of Pimpla oculatoria, F., 97 Notes on Braconidre — viii. : On a part of Marshall's Collection, 61 ; ix. 96 Notes on Dragonfly Parasites, 242 Notes from Haslemere for 1908, 66 ; Inverness, 1909, 283 ; from Messina, 42 ; Sidmouth, 260 ; the South Mid- lands, 160 Notes on the Five-combed Bat-fleas, 25 Notes on the Life-history of Capys dis- junctus, 184 Note on the Pupa of Nonagria gemini- puncta, 260, 323 Notes on the Season, 282 Note on Vanessa io, 322 Obituary :— Barker, H. W., 264, 288 Clark, J. A., 24, 48 Davies, Edwin C. H., 168 Occurrence of Plusia moneta, 185 Ocneria dispar at Eastbourne, 321 On a New Species of Zeuthus (Eume- nidffi) from Borneo, 206 INDEX. VI I On the Effect of Rearing Larvae of Va- nessa urticEe in darkness, 39 On the Hymenopterous Parasites of Coccidie, 254, 276 On the Ichneumonidffi of the Banksian Collection in the British Museum, 131 On the Perpendicular Distribution of the Papilionidffi in the Himalayas, 195, 234 On the Neuropterous Genus Raphidia, Linn., 141 On Two New Genera and Seven Species of Chalcididffi from Borneo, 229 On Two New Genera (one representing a New Tribe) from Borneo, 209 On the Trimorphism of Pyrrhosoma nymphula, 178 On two Undescribed Species of Scoliidse from Borneo, 174 Orange var. of Zygana filipendula?, 235 Orders of Insects, The, 270 Oriental Capsidte, 58 Orthoptera in 1908, 193 Palimpsestis (Oymatophora) octogesima in London district, 186 Panchlora nivea, L., 186 Periplaneta australasiie in Cornwall, 41 Peronea variegana and aberrations in Durham, 234 Phigalia pedaria, 41 ; ab. monacharia, 125 Phryxns (Deilephila) livornicaat Black- pool, 283; at Exeter, 236 Pieris brassier in December, 18 ; napi var., 40 ; rapae in December, 18 Plecoptera, Neuroptera, and Tricho- ptera from the Pyrenees Orientales, 258 Plusia moneta in North Lincolnshire, 236 Proboloides, Mori., The Antipodean Ge- nus, 119 Proportionate Number of Sexes of Thanaos tages, 213 Pterophorus mouodactylus in January, 40 Pupation of Xanthorrhoe (Melanippe) fluctuata, 307 Pyrameis atalanta in January, 40 Raphidia maculicoUis, 129, 259 Rearing Chrysophanus rutilus in Eng- land, 233 Recent Sales of Lepidoptera at Stevens', 101, 122, 318, 320 Recent Liter.\.ture : — Three Related American Species of iEschna (Odonata), by E. B. Wil- liamson, 23 A New Dragonfly belonging to the Cordulinae, and a Revision of the Classification of the Subfamily, by E. B. Williamson, 23 The Annals of Scottish Natural His- tory, 23 Descriptions of Tertiary Insects, by T. D. A. Cockerell, 23 Some Results of the Florissant Expe- dition of 1908, by T. D. A. Cock- erell, 23 The Agricultural Journal of India, 23 Memoirs of the Department of Agri- culture in India, 24 United States Department of Agri- culture : Bureau of I'lntomology, 24 Report of the Entomological Depart- ment of the New Jersey Agricultural College, 24 Moths of the British Isles, Series ii., by R. South, 45 The Evaniidas, Ensign-flies : an Ar- chaic Family of Hymenoptera, by J. Chester Bradley, 47 Report of the Entomological Field Station conducted at Old Forge, N.Y., in the summer of 1905, by J. G. Needham, 47 A Natural History of the British Butterflies : their World-wide Vari- ation and Geographical Distribu- tion : a Text-book for Students and Collectors, by J. W. Tutt, 76 Catalogue Syst^matique etBiologique des Hymenopteres de France, par Jules de Gaulle, 78 Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, vol. ii., No. 4, 79 Ichneumonologia Britannica, vol. iii., by Claude Moriey, 80 Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Dur- ham, and Newcastle - upou-Tyne (N.S.), vol. iii., pt. i, 80 Twelfth Report of the State Entomo- logist of Minnesota for the years 1907-1008, by F. L. Washburn, 80 The Genitalia of the Group Noctuidse of the Lepidoptera of the British Islands, by F. N. Pierce, 102 Critical Notes on the Classification of the Corduliinte (Odonata), by J. G. Needham, 104 A Guide to the Natural History of the Isle of Wight, 167 Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenfe in the British Museum, vol. vii., by Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., 167 Note on the Classification of the Der- maptera, by M. Burr, 191 Neuropteros nuevos de la fauna ibe- rica, by R. P. Longinos Navas, 191 Mantispidos nuevos, by R. P. Longinos Navas, 191 Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1908, 191 Christ's Hospital Natural History So- ciety Report for 1908, 191 Ants found in Great Britain, by H. St. J. Donisthorpe, 191 Yin INDEX. Proceedings of the South London En- tomological and Natural History Society, 1908-9, 191 A Survey and Record of Woolwich and West Kent, edited by C. H. Grin- ling, T. A. Ingram, B. C. Polking- ton, and others, 192 Plant Galls of Great Britain : a Na- ture Study Handbook, by E. T. Connold, 239 The Scaly-Winged, by R. B. Hender- son, 240 Transactions of the Carlisle Natural History Society, 240 Illustrated Guide to the Trees and Flowers of England and Wales, by H. G. Jameson, 240 Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phala?- nffi in the British Museum, vol. viii., by Sir G. F. Hampson, 263 Appendages of the Second Abdominal Segment of Male Dragonflies, by Oliver S. Thompson, 2(54 Les Raphidides (Ins. N6vr.) du Musee de Paris, by Longinos Navds, 264 Neuropteros y Ortopteros nuevos de Aragon, by Longinos NavAs, 264 Monografia de la Familia de los Dild- ridos, by Longinos Navas, 264 Noctuelles et Geometres d'Europe : Iconographie Complete de toutes les Esp^ces Europeennes, by J. Coulot. Part I. Noctuelles, 326 Butterflies and Moths of the United Kingdom, by W. Egmont Kirby, 327 On Certain Seed-infesting Chalcis- flies, by Cyrus R. Crosby, 328 United States Department of Agri- culture Bulletins, 328 Rhopalocera of Java, 184 Saturnia pavonia ab., 159 Scarcity of Vanessids, 322 Scoliidffi from Borneo, New Species, 174 Selidosema ericetaria in Scotland, 235 Short Duration of Egg-state of A. ul- mata, 184 Sirex noctilio and S. gigas at Chi- chester, 322 Six Weeks amongst Hungarian Butter- flies, 246, 272, 302 Societies : — City of London Entomological, 21, 45, 75, 128, 165, 190 Entomological Club, 65, 120, 185, 234 Entomological Society of London, 19, 42, 71, 126, 161, 186, 286, 324 Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo- gical, 21, 73, 128, 166, 190 Manchester Entomological, 76, 166 South London Entomological, 21, 43, 72, 127, 164, 189, 215, 261, 288, 325 Some August Butterflies of Cantal and Loz^re, 265, 297 Some European Fossil Bees, 313 Some Points in the Life-history of An- thomyia spreta, Meig., 241 Spanish chestnut as a Food-plant of Thecla quercus, 233 Sphinx convolvuli in Wiltshire, 41 Spilosoma lubricipeda var. zatima in Warwickshire, 260 Stauro]3us fagi, 321 Stenocephalus agilis and Corixa aflinis (atomaria) in Lancashire, 39 Sugaring a failure, 235, 259, 283 Tasniocampa gothiea in June and Octo- ber, 40 The ab. porrittii of Cidaria suffumata, 64 The Influence of Temperature on the hatching of lepidopterous eggs, 259 The " Large Copper " Butterfly (Chryso- phanus dispar), 183; its habits, and one of its present haunts, 219 Theronia atalantffi, Poda, as British, 65 Three New Anthophorid Bees from Texas, 65 Thyphlocyba debilis, Dongl. in Lanca- shire, 39 Tortrices near Liverpool in 1907-8, 139 Vanessa antiopa in Kent, 260 Vanessa io and Gonepteryx rhamni, 323 Variation in Vanessa urtica;, L. : Sea- sonal (Climatical) and Local Varia- tion in V. urticaB and in V. io, by which the two species show a tendency to meet in Facies, 309 Varieties : — Abraxas grossulariata, 44, 75, 233, 260, 28:j ; vaiieyata, 20, 43 Acidalia degeneraria, 280, 318 Aglais (Vanessa) urticfe, 43 Agriades bellargus, 324 ; corydon, 164 Antlirocera trifolii, 21 Apamea oculea, 75 Apatura iris, 101 Arctia caia, 101, 123, 166, 318, 319 ; villica, 166, 319, 320 Argynnis aglaia, 101,122, 319: euphio- syne, 101, 122 ; latona, 122 ; paphia, 101, 122, 124 ; selene, 75, 122 Asphalia ridens, 319 Bithys quercus, 190 Boarmia gemmaria, 43 Callimorpha dominula, 166 Celastrina argiolus, 127 Chrysophanus phlaDas, 43, 123, 819 Cleora glabraria, 21 Co3nonympha pa■ handlirschi (Cydnopsis), 170 hederas (Aspidiotus), 255 **interita (Jadera), 171 lanuginosa (Schizoneura), 263 lichtensteinii (Eriopeltes), 278 ^*ma\vi (Terpnosis), 208 maximus (Lophococcus), 162 monoceros (Armachanus), 60 Monophlcebus, 162 Mytilaspis, 277 nervosus (Paramesus), 262 *nilgiriensis (Armachanus), 60 Oliarus, 172 ostrefeformis (Aspidiotus), 255 pentagona (Aulacaspis), 257 permutans (Chionaspis), 277 perniciosus (Aspidiotus), 255 Philorites, 171, 172 pinifoliffi (Chionaspis), 276 pinifolifB (Leucaspis), 277 pomorum (Mytilaspis), 277 *princeps (Micostratus), 60 pselaphiformis (Microphysa), 212 INDEX. Xlll quercus (Chionaspis), 277 quinquespinosa (Acanthaspis), 188 *repandus (Zaratus), 59 *Ehodoclia, 58 vosse (Diaspis), 257 Vrotundatus (Neurocoris), 171 rusci (Ceroplastes), 278 rutilans (Idiocerus), 44 Sahlbergella, 252 salicis (Chionaspis), 257 saprosomfe (Fioriiiia), 256 secreta (Odonaspis), 256 «'*seminiger (Rihama), 208 singularis (Sahlbergella), 252 spumarius (PhilsBnus), 44 stellifera (Vinsonia), 278 vstipata (Terpnosia), 208 ^•Taona, 91 •^tertiaria (C), 171 •theobroma (Sahlbergella), 252 trivenosus (Monophloebus), 100 uvfe (Aspidiotus), 255 •^versicolor (Taona), 91 * Zaratus, 59 zonatus (Aspidiotus), 256 Zosippus, 59 (22.) HYMENOPTEEA. abavus (Xylocopa), 314 abdominalis (Aphelinus), 278 abnormis (Aphelinus), 277 abscissor (Bracon), 62 Acanthosmioides, 95 acarorum (Cryptus), 135 accepta (Nomada), 92 acerba (Tetralonia), 147 aculeatus (Megastigmus), 328 adamiticus (Lithurgus), 313, 314 teneus (Encyrtus), 257 feneus (Piia3iiadiscus), 257 agilis (Melissodes), 148 agriope (Aphelinus), 255 agynia (Nomada), 93 albicans (Andrena), 316 alboguttatus (Antomalus), 134 albolateralis (Osrnia), 95 ambulatorius (Ichneumon), 132 amicta (Schizoloma), 137 amictus (Ophion), 137 Animophila, 128 Ampulex, 128 *Ancylotropus, 229 angelica (Agathis), 62 annexa (Mutilla), 146 annulata (Pimpla), 133 annulatorius (Ichneumon), 133 annulicornis ( \phelinus), 255 antiqua (Osmia), 316 Apanteles, 79 AiDhir-nogaster, 128 aptenodytes (Blacus), 96 areolatas (Tritypus), 257 *argyrophila (Tetralonia), 147 armatorius (Ambly teles), 133 ashmeadii (Osmia), 95 aspidiotii (Signiphora), 255 assimilator (Ichneumon), 137 atalantae (Theronia), 65 atrabulus (Anergates), 128 atratiformis (Lithurgus), 313 attila (Mutilla), 146 aurantii (Prospalta), 255, 277, 278 aurigenia (Melissodes), 148 Barichneumon, 79 bicolor (Archenomus), 255 bidentorius (Ichneumon), 133 bistigmaticus (Euphorus), 287 bolus (Microterys), 257 borneana (Tiphia), 175 brassicarisB (Pimpla), 136 brevicaudis (Megastigmus), 328 brevipes (Meteorus), 96 brevisetis (Agathis), 62 brunneus (Aphycus), 257 buccata (Pachylomma), 287 *casruleiceps (Schizaspidia), 231 capitator (Ichneumon), 137 caricina (Megachile), 144 cariniscutis (Ancylotropus), 229 caudator (Cryphis), 134 caudatus (Sirex), 188 cephalotes (Aphsereta), 96 cerinthius (Ambly teles), 132 ceroplastis (Aphycus), 278 cespitum (Telramorium), 187 ceylonensis (Anicetus), 278 ceylonica (Pimpla), 136 chionaspidis (Adelencyrtus), 257 chionaspidis (Anthemus), 257 chionaspidis (Arrhenophagus), 255,256, 257, 277 cimiciformis (Paracletes), 187 circumscriptus (Coccobius), 255 citrinus (Aspidiotiphagus), 255, 256, 257 citrinus (Rhopoideus), 255 *civilis (Nomada), 93 clisiocampse (Ablerus), 255, 277 Coccidencyrtus, 256 coccorum (Callimome), 256 comitator (Cirlichneumon), 132 comitator (Ichneumon), 132 compunctor (Pimpla), 136 concolor (Bassus), 96 con tr acta (Alloa), 96 cordata (Megachile), 144 Cratichneumon, 79 cristata (Homalopoda), 256 culpator (Stenichneumon), 132 XIV INDEX. cyanifrons (Sceptrophorus), 278 cyaniventris (Coelichneumon), 134 cylindrator (Lissonota), 136 cymbalaria) (Nomada), 92 dalmani (Habrolepis), 256 debellator (Alomyia), 134 debellator (Ichneumon), 134 deceptus (Ichneumon), 119 decipiens (Ca3lioxys), 314 decoralorius (Eryptus), 134 defensor (Ichneumon), 137 delusor (Ichneumon), 134 dendripennis (Encyrtus), 255 denigrator (Bracon), 61 denunciator (Ichneumon), 137 desvitor (Ichneumon), 137 devia (Mutilla), 147 diaspidinarum (Chiloneurus), 277 diaspidis (Aphelinus), 256, 257, 277 distracta (Aspilota), 96 dolosus (Zenthus), 207 donisthorpei (Tetramoferia), 187 druparum (Syntomaspis), 328 dubitorius (Cryptus), 134 Echthromorpha, 135 edwardsii (Tetralonia), 147 *ekuivella (Megachile), 144 Elemba, 211 elongator (Ichneumon), 134 *Eltolada, 230 ensifer (Encyrtus), 256 errans (Andrena), 316 erythrogaster (Protichneumon), 132 erythrothorax (Allotria), 257 *etchellsii (Zenthus), 206 exaltatorius (Trogus), 134 exsecta (Formica), 186, 188 extensor (Ephialtes), 136 extensor (Pimpla), 136 extensorius (Ichneumon), 132 *Eutanycormus, 209 fabricator (Cratichneumon), 132 falcator (Banchus), 137 falcator (Ophion), 137 falconivibrans (Spilomma), 287 fastidiator (Ichneumon), 137 fedoris (Tetralonia), 148 femoralis (Tetramoferia), 187 fereus (Coelichneumon), 134 ferrugator (Ichneumon), 133 filator (Meteorus), 96 flavator (Bracon), 61 flavus (Aphycus), 277 flavus (Lasius), 187 flavopalliata (Signiphora), 256, 277 florissantenis (Calyptapis), 23 forticornis (Colobacis), 133 fossorius (Ichneumon), 182 fulvipes (Apan teles), 62 fulvipes (Bracon), 62 fulvipes (Habropoda), 308 fusca (Formica), 287 fuscator (Cryptus), 131, 136 fuscipennis (Aphelinus), 255 277 fuscipennis (Lithurgus), 313 fusorius (Ichneumon), 132 Gasteruption, 47 gigas (Sirex), 322 giliarum (Osmia), 95 glabratus (Proboloides), 119 glaucopterus (Opheltes), 137 glaucopterus (Ophion), 137 glomeratus (Apanteles), 321, 824 gracilis (Anaphes), 277 greenii (Anagyrus), 256 hattorfiana (Andrena), 316 hero (Zenthus), 207 heros (Osprynchotus), 135 hirsutus (Encyrtus), 255 *hirticaudis (Salnis), 182 hurailis (Blacus), 96 ignita (Chrysis), 128 immaculatus (Aphycus), 256 impostor (Bracon), 01 incertus (Exothecus), 62 inconspicuus (Coccobius), 255 infractorius (Ambly teles), 132 infractorius (Ichneumon), 132 initiator (Bracon), 61 insidiator (Ichneumon), 133, 137 instabilis (Bracon), 61 intercessor (Bracon), 62 invectus (Ichneumon), 119, 133 irritator (Pimpla), 135 jaculator (Fcenus), 47 jurinei (Xylocopa), 315 kallstroemite (Melissodes), 149 Iffitatorius (Bassus), 20, 72, 184 laminatorius (Protichneumon), 132 latrator (Ophion), 131 *leucopoda (Elfcolada), 231 *Ieviceps (Eucharis), 232 lindus (Ectroma), 278 lineata (Ichneumon), 134 lineolatum (Cryptocentrum), 183 lissonotus (Pompilus), 180 *locna (Melissodes), 148 longasva (Anthophorites), 315 longicornis (Encyrtus), 255 longicornis (Ericydnus), 255 lotatorius (Ichneumon), 132, 133 luctatorius (Ichneumon), 132 lunulatus (Coccophagus), 256 luteopicta (Nomada), 92 luteus (Coccobius), 255 luteus (Ophion), 131, 136 maculator (Cryptus), 134 maculatus (Proboloides), 119 major (Aphcereta), 96 *malayana (Nomada), 16 *malina (Osmia), 94 malvacearum (Agathis), 62 mamillanus (Blacus), 96 manifestator (Pimpla), 135 marchali (Azotus), 255 margarettii (Habropoda), 308 *masuca (Melissodes), 148 Maura (Tenthredo), 242 INDEX. XV Melanichnenmon, 133 melanocephala (Rlyrmosa), 135 melfordi (Authopliora), 23 melioratorius (Ichneumon), 131 mellifera (Apis), 317 niellona (Anthophorites), 315 mera (Nomada), 92 mesocentrus (Ephialtes), 135 mexicana (Signiphora), 255 mexicanus (Aphycus), 278 minutus (FcBnus), •47| mirabilis (Glyptapis), 314 moelleri (Habropoda) , 308 molitorius (Ichneumon), 132 montana (Habropoda), 308 morio (Andrena), 316 murinus (Meniscus), 79 murtfeldtii (Prospalta), 255 mutator (Ichneumon), 137 myaspidis (Aplielinus), 277 mytilaspidis (Aphelinus), 276, 277 mytilaspidis (Chalcis), 257 negatorius (Ichneumon), 132 neglectorius (Amblyteles), 132 *nifrata (Osmia), 95 niger (Lasius), 287 nigra (Agathis), 62 nigripennis (Proterops), 61 nigrocyaneus (Catadelphus), 134 noctilio rSirex), 23, 322 notatus (Coccobius), 257 novatorius (Ichneumon), 134 nutatorius (Cryptus), 131 Qutatorius (Ichneumon), 132 objugator (Bassus), 135 obscurus (Cryptus), 134 occidentalis (Signiphora), 256 oculator (Ichneumon), 131 odontogaster (Osmia), 95 oratorius (Amblyteles), 133 orientalis (Coccophagus), '278 *ornaticollis (Discolia), 174 ornatipes (Chrysopimiala), 135 osmite (Chrysis), 128 palliatorius (Amblyteles), 133 *pallidipes (I'^ucharis), 232 parvispinosus (Pompilus), 181 pascoei (Priocnemis), 132 " peronatus," 137 perscurator (Melanichneumon), 132 Pezomachus, 79 piger (Bracon), 62 pikei (Osmia), 95 *pilicornis (Eulanycornus), 210 pimplator (Meniscus), 75 prserogator (Bassus), 135 *prim£eva (Andrena), 316 primus (Asteropseus), 278 Proboloides, 119 proficiscator (Ichneumon), 137 profligator (Cryptus), 135 *properans (Pompilus), 181 Prosapha, 96 Psilogaster, 229 pubescens (Antennophorus), 187 pulchellus (Perissopterus), 255, 276 pumilus (Microdus), 62 punctata (Xanthopimpla) , 136 punctatus (Pimpla), 136 punctatorius (Ichneunaon), 133 *punctifrons (Tiphia), 175 purpureoventris (Eucharis), 232 quercicola (Anagyrus), 256 raptorius (Ichneumon), 132 reluctator (Ichneumon), 184 roberti (Bracon) , 61 rufa (Formica), 287 ruficollis (Ditherus), 96 rulicoxis (Calyptus), 96 *rufipes (Taoga), 211 rufum (Ectroma), 278 rutilator (Ichneumon), 134 Saccharissa, 229 saltator (Cardiochiles), 96 saltator (Ophion), 131 sanguinea (Formica), 325 sarcitorius (Ichneumon), 132 saturator (Ichneumon), 132 sayi (Nomada), 93 scabrinodis (Myrmica), 325 scanica (Pimpla), 135 Schizaspidia, 230 scolyticida (CcEliodes), 61 sculpturata (Pimpla), 136 scutellaris (Bracon), 62 semirugosus (Allodorus), 62 senilis (Xylocopa), 315 smaragdina ((Ecophylla), 188 sollicitorius (Ichneumon), 119, 133 sollicitorius (Proboloides), 119 speculum (Prosapha), 96 spernotrophus (Megastigmus), 328 spinipes (Odynerus), 128 Stibula, 230 stigmaticus (Clinocentrus), 62 strobilellffi (Pimpla), 136 subcylindricus (Bracon), 62 subsericans (Amblyteles), 132 suffusa (Melissodes), 148 sugillatorius (Coelichneumon), 131 *Taoga, 210 tarsata (Habropoda), 308 tenebrosus (Apanteles), 62 testaceipes (Lamadatha), 96 these (Aphelinus), 256 Thyreodon, 136 tibialis (Agathis), 62 tinctorius (Ichneumon), 133 titania (Anthophorites), 315, 316 Trigonalys, 47 trilineatus (Stenichneumon), 132 *trimacula (Eltolada), 230 trinodis (Melissodes), 148 trivialis (Blacus), 96 *truttarum (Nomada), 94 *turneri (Habropoda), 308 vadatorius (Amblyteles), 132 vaginatorius (Ichneumon), 133 XVI INDEX. variator (Bracon), 75 variegator (Pinipla), 135 variicoi-nis (Physcus). 255, 257, 277 venusta (Megachile). 144 vestigator (Clinocentrus), 62 *vexator (Nomacia), 92 vicinalis (Nomada), 94 vigilator (Ichneumon), 134 viridiceps (Ctenoplectrella), 314 viridula (Cln-ysis), 128 vitis (Euoxysoma), 328 wilmattre (0.), 95 *wootonella (Nomada), 93 Xanthidium, 94 zetterstedtii (Habrolepis), 255, 257 zonatula (Habropoda), 308 (18.) LEPIDOPTEEA. abietaria (Boarmia), 263 abietella (Dioryctria), 43 abjecta (Trachea), 167, 168 absinthiata (Eupithecia), 212 abtecta (HeUconius), 324 abutella (Anerastria), 24 acacia3 (Thecla), 112, 251, 273, 302 acco (Parnassius), 202, 206 aceriana (Antithesia), 140 aceris (Acronycta), 67, 214, 237, 263 aceris (Neptis), lu9, 273, 275 achilleffi (Anthrocera), 19, 43, 46, 263, 327 achiUeae (Zygaena), 19, 126, 303, 327 achine (Pararge), 117, 156 acis (Lycasna), 123, 319 Acosmetia, 264 Acronicta, 203 Acronycta, 263 actJEon (Adopsea), 212, 260 actteon (Thymehcus), 268, 299, 302 actias (Parnassius), 206 *adarasi (Morphotenaris), 272 adippe (Argynnis), 44, 49, 82, 109, 112, 155, 190, 236, 250, 263, 269, 285, 301, 302 adonides (Hehconius), 72 adonis (LycEena), 212, 319, 320 adusta (Hadena), 68 adustata (Ligdia), 286 advenaria (Epione), 66 adyte (Erebia), 305 segeria (Pararge), 120, 188, 190 ffigerides (Pararge), 188 segon (Lycaena), 45, 75, 82, 123, 319 aj-gon (Plebius), 44, 104, 162, 325 aigon (Rusticus), 118, 247, 308 senea (P.), 239 aello (CEneis), 21 ffiscularia (Anisopteryx), 164, 286 ffiscuh (Zeuzera), 42 aethiops (Erebia), 269 afhnis (Calymnia), 239 agamemnon (Zehdes), 200, 206 agathina (Agrotis), 22, 286 agathina (Mylothris), 20 agenor (Iliades), 200, 201, 205 agestor (Cadugoides), 200, 205 agetes (Pathysa), 199, 205 aglaia (Argynnis), 82, 101, 111, 122, 155, 190, 236, 239, 263, 269, 285, 301, 302, 307, 319 aglaopa (Heliconius), 72 Agriopis, 264 aidoneus (Papiho), 197, 234 alba (Mehtffia), 99 alba (Rumicia), 262 albana (Peronea), 139, 234 albinus (Danais), 187 albulalis (Nola), 43, 325 alceae (Carcharodus), 120, 302 alcetas (Everes), 102, 104 alchemillata (Perizoma), 286 alciphron (Chrysophauus), 19, 82, 109, 112, 116, 154, 250, 251, 268, 273, 302, 324 alcippoides (Danais), 187 alcippus (Danais), 187 alcon (Lycffina), 266, 268 alcyone (Satyrus), 299, 302 alexis (Polyommatus), 116, 154, 236, 265, 269, 300, 302, 327 alice (Epicuaptera), 175 alni (Acronycta), 263, 283 alniaria (Ennomos), 286 alpina (Agrotis), 124 alsines (Athetis), 263 althea; (Carcharodus), 82, 153. 273 alveus (Hesperia), 153, 248, 268, 302 ambigua (Caradrina), 263 americanus (Chrysophanus), 161 anceps (Hama), 167 andreniforinis (^Egeria), 127, 288 andreniformis (Sesia), 75, 216 anguinalis (Pyrausta), 282 angularia (Cleora), 164 angustalis (Cledeobia), 238 angustiorana (Batodes), 2, 140 anomala (Stilbia), 284, 286 *antennatus (Microschismns), 253 anticrates (Pathysa), 199, 205 antiopa (Euvanessa), 153, 156, 307 antiopa (Vanessa), 101, 121, 122, 260, 282 antiphates (Pathysa), 199, 205 antodyca (Pereute), 19 Apatela, 263 Apatura, 44 INDEX. XVll aphfea (Melitasa), 57, 149 apiciaria (Epione), 286 apiformis (Sesia), 325 apollo (Parnassius), 84, 154, 268, 300, 302, 307 aprilina (Agriopus), 67, 262 aquilina (Agrotis), 74 arborea (Epicnaptera), 176 arcania (Coenonympha), 85, 112, 116, 117, 156, 247, 302 areas (Lycajna), 268 Arctomyscis, 263 arcturus (Achillides), 200, 201, 205 areola (Xylocampa), 285 argiades (Everes), 102, 104, 115, 116, 117, 154, 273 argiolus (Celastrina), 21, 127, 186, 236, 262, 288, 302, 325 argiolus (Cyaniris), 66, 154, 186, 319 argiolus (Lycivna), 120 argus (Plebius), 44, 161, 162, 163, 325 argus (Kusticus), 82, 112, 118, 154, 247, 250, 302, 308 argyrana (Coccyx), 141 art,'yrana (Pammene), 38 argyrognomon (Plebius), 161, 162, 163, 324 argyrognomon (Rusticus), 112, 250 argyrotoxus (Plebius), 162 arion (Lycasua), 73, 82, 85, 117, 154, 265, 268, 273, 306, 307 aristolochite (Menelaides), 199, 205 Arrliosta, 4 arsilache (Brenthis), 306 artaxerxes (Polyommatus), 327 arundineta (Nonagria), 44, 216 Aslauga, 324 asperana (Peronea), 139, 282 assimilis (Cry modes), 124 assimilata (Eupithecia), 239, 261 asteria (Melitaja), 30, 98 asteriades (Melitaea), 98 asteris (Cucullia), 22 astorion (Paugerana), 200, 205 astrarche (Lycajna), 285, 327 astrarche (Polyommatus), 154, 236, 302 atalanta (Pyrameis), 20,40, 42, 120, 122, 156, 236, 269, 299, 302, 307, 322 atalanta (Vanessa), 284, 285, 2S8, 322 athalia (Melitasa), 5, 29, 44, 56, 57, 58, 82, 83, 98, 101, 109, 113, 115, 149, 248, 269, 273, 301, 302 atlas (Attacus), 75 atomaria fEmaturga), 239 atra (Laverna), 235 atrebatensis (Vanessa), 312 atriplicis (Achatia), 167 atriplicis (Trachea), 167 atropos (Acherontia), 42, 74, 75, 161 atropos (Manduca), 282 aurantia (Polyommatus), 299 aurantia (Zygiena), 235 aurelia (Melitisa), 4, 20, 115, 149, 151, 248, 305, 306 auricilia (Chilo), 24 auricoma (Acronycta), 123, 263 auriflua (Scirpophaga), 24 aurigera (Berrhfea), 167 aurinia (Melitasa), 21, 29, 44, 122, 319 autumnaria (Ennomos), 46, 72, 283 aversata (Acidalia), 3, 239, 286 avis (Callophrys), 188 badiata (Anticlea), 286 baia (Noctua), 285 ballus (Thestor), 121 Bapta, 281 barrettii (Dianthoecia), 69 basilinea (Apamea), 67 basinigra (Pieris), 40 bathycles(Zetides), 199, 206 batis (Thyatira), 45, 67, 286 baton (Lycffiua), 120, 121 baton (Polyommatus), 300, 302 baxteri (Luperina), 270, 290 beata (Melitasa), 149, 151 belia (Authocharis), 188 bella (Bithys), 190 bella (Plebius), 161 bellargus(Agriades),72, 263, 288, 324, 325 bellargus (Lycasna), 123, 239, 247, 263 bellargus (Polyommatus), 112, 300, 302 bellezina (Anthocharis), 188 berisalensis (Melitasa), 149, 287 berolinensis (Odonestis), 75 betanimena (Charaxes), 19 betsimiseraka (Charaxes), 19 betulas (Euralis), 72, 127 betulas (Zephyrus), 212, 280, 302 betularia (Amphidasys), 45, 166, 285 bieolorana (Hylophila), 43, 66, 238 bicoloraria (Miana), 286 bicuspis (Cerura), 123 bicuspis (Dicranura), 216, 288 bidentata (Odoutopera), 185, 216, 286 bifasciana (Sericoris), 140 bifida (Cerura), 42, 160 bilineata (Camptogramma), 286 bilunana (Pa;disca), 141, 185 bilunaria (Selenia), 44, 286 bimaculata (Bapta), 66, 285 binaria (Drej^ana), 66 bipunctaria (Eubolia), 164 bipunctaria (Ortholiiha), 239 bipunctella (Psecadia), 2 biselliella (Tinea), 262 biselliella (Tineola), 297 bisetata (Acidalia), 239, 286 bistriga (Cryptoblabes), 38 borana (Peronea), 139 brassicae (Pieris), 18, 21, 40, 42, 122, 154, 186, 213, 236, 259, 262, 282, 285, 297, 302, 320, 321, 324 brassiere (Barathra), 286 briseis (Hipparchia), 302 britomartis (Melitasa), 5, 19, 114, 152 bruraata (Acidalia), 3 brumata (Cheimatobia), 38, 286 brunnea (Noctua), 102 XVlll INDEX. brunnea (Noctua), 286 bryonise (Pieris), 19, 126, 268, 269 bucephala (Phalera), 285 buoliana (Evetria), 145 buoliana (Retinia), 145 cacaliffi (Hesperia), 268, 269 cffii'ulea-angulata (Polyommatus), 236 caia (Aictia), 101, 123, 166, 216, 238, 262, 318, 319, 320 C-album (Grapta), 43 C-albura (Polygonia), 19, 45, 82, 84, 121, 122, 156, 165, 216, 266, 269, 307 calceata (Gnophos), 76 callunte (Lasiocampa), 262 camelina (Lophopteryx), 285 Camilla (Limenitis), 82, 84, 85, 109, 156 campanulata (Eupithecia), 212 cannus (Papilio), 44 capsincola (Dianthcecia), 285 captiuncula (Phothedes), 168 cardamines (Euchloe), 73, 111, 122, 161, 263, 285, 307 cardui (Pyrameis), 42, 118, 121, 156, 269, 285, 299, 302, 319, 322 carniolica (Antlirocera), 262 carniolica (Zygsena), 301, 303 carpathica (Painassius), 307 carpini (Saturnia), 72,212, 216, 819 carpophaga (Dianthcecia), 216, 288 cai-thami (Hesperia), 247, 251, 267, 268, 302 Cassandra (Thestor), 121 cassinea (Petasia), 42 cassiope (Krebia), 267, 269 castanea (Noctua), 284 castigata (Eupithecia), 190, 212, 284 castor (Tamera), 199, 205 caunus (Papilio), 71 Celastriua, 77 celestis (Danais), 72 celtis (Libythea), 110, 112, 120, 121, 274, 276 centaureata (Eupithecia), 284 centonalis (Nola), 43 cerago (Xanthia), 67 cerbeius (Ornithoptera), 200, 205 cerri (Thecla), 85, 117, 154 cervina (Crymodes), 168 cespitis (Luperina), 22, 44, 286 ceto (Erebia), 21, 269 chalcitis (Plusia), 328 chalcogramniella (Coleophora), 288 chalcozona (Abraxas), 166 chamomillte (Cucullia), 190 chaon (Char us), 200, 205 charltonius (Parnassius), 202, 206 Chattendenia, 77 chenopodii (Hadena), 238, 239 chestertonii (Heliconius), 324 cbi (Polia), 22, 74, 286 christi (Erebia), 45 chrysippus (Danaida), 187 chrysitis (Plusia), 286 chrysorrhcea (Porthesia), 288 cinerea (Agrotis), 22 cinnamomeana (Tortrix), 139 cinxia (Melitfea), 302 Circe (Satyrus), 266, 269, 302 circellaris (Xanthia), 286 cirrana (Peronea), 139 cirsii (Hesperia), 302 citrago (Tiliacea), 72, 127 citrana (Aspilates), 72, 238 clearchus (Painlio), 128 cleodoxa (Argynnis), 44, 82, 84, 109, 250 Cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 120, 268, 298, 302 climene (Pararge), 303 cloanthus (Dalchina), 200, 205 clytia (Chilasa), 205 clytia (Papilio), 71 clytie (Apatura), 108, 117, 156, 273 c-nigrum (Noctua), 286 coenosa (Lslia), 123, 124, 319 comes (TriphaBua), 21, 285 comma (Augiades), 283 comma (Pamphila), 153, 286, 268, 302 comma (Urbicola), 325 concavilinea (Nemoria), 127 concolor (Tapinostola), 124 confiua (Noctua), 104 conformis (Xylina), 165 conigera (Leucania), 239, 286 consequana (Acrolita), 100, 137 consociella (Acrobasis), 2 consonaria (Tephrosia), 22 consperga (DianthcEcia), 128, 216, 288 contaminana (Teras), 140 conversaria (Boarraia), 22, 288 convolvuli (Sphinx), 41, 42 cordigera (Anarta), 128 cordula (Satyrus), 44, 301 coretas (Everes), 273 corona (Heliconius), 72 coronata (Eupithecia), 239 Corsica (I'lebius), 161 corticana (Paedisca), 166 Corycia, 281 corydon (Agriades), 44, 164, 263, 824 corydon (Lycajna), 75, 123, 188, 211, 239, 263, 320, 323 corydon (Polyommatus), 118, 154, 286, 299, 802 coryli (Demas), 66, 285 corythalia (Melitasa), 30, 31, 54, 150 costana (Grapholitha), 140 craccse (Toxocampa), 70 crataegana (Tortrix), 139 cratsegata (Rumia), 288, 319 cratffigi (Aporia), 82, 108, 154, 249, 268, 802, 807 cretaceata (Eupithecia), 212 crinanensis (Hydrcecia), 73, 104 cristana (Peronea), 48 cuculiatella (Nola), 285, 285 cursoria (Agrotis), 74, 286 Cuspidia, 263 Cyaniris, 77 INDEX. XIX cydippe (Cethosia), 72 cyllarus (Nomiades), 108, 112 cynthia (Attacus), 229 cytberea (Cerigo), 238, 239 cytisaria (Pseudoterpna), 165, 239 damon (Polyommatus), 41, 269, 299, 302 daphne (Brenthis), 84, 109, 111, 155, 302 daplidice (Pieris), 45, 124, 297 daplidice (Pontia), 42, 120 dasarada (Byasa), 200, 205 Daseochasta, 264 defoliaria (Hybernia), 38, 41 degeneraria (Acidalia), 280, 318 degenerata (Acidalia), 164 deione (Melita3a), 5, 149, 287 delamerensis (Tephrosia), 22 denotata (Eupithecia), 212 deplana (Lithosia), 263 depuncta (Noctua), 286 derasa (Habrosyne), 286 derogata (Sylepta), 24 designata (Coremia), 67 dia (Brentliis), 115, 117, 155, 302 diadema (Heliconius), 72 dictsea (Notodonta), 67 dictffia (Pheosia), 286 dictffioides (Plieosia), 239, 285 dictynna (Melitfea), 5, 19, 30, 56, 82, 85, 99, 113, 152, 155, 302, 305, 306 dictynnoides (Melitaa), 4, 19, 115, 152, 306 dido (E.), 326 didoneus (Pangerana), 199, 205, 234 didyma (Apamea), 239 didyma (Meliti^a), 19, 84, 85, 95, 155, 215, 248, 287, 301, 302 didymata (Malenydris), 286 diffinis (Calymnia), 239 dilucidana (Lozopera), 282 dimidiana (Penthina), 140 dimidiana (Teras), 140 Diphtera, 264 Diphthera, 264 Dipbtherocome, 264 dipsacea (Heliotbis), 247 disjunctus (Capys), 184 dispar (Cbrysopbanus), 108, 112, 122, 319, 324 dispar (Lymantra), 183 dispar (Ocneria), 321 dissimilis (Papilio), 71 dissoluta (Nonagria), 44 ditrapezium (Noctua), 284 dolabraria (Eurymene), 66, 185 dolus (Polyommatus), 299, 302 domasepe (Papilio), 44 dominula (Callimorpba), 22, 72, 166 donzelii (Polyommatus), 112 dorcas (Cbrysopbanus), 228, 287, 301 dorilis (Cbrysopbanus), 116, 118, 154 doris (Heliconius), 324 dor us (Coenonympba), 302 Dosithea, 4 doubledayaria (Amphidasys), 451, 66, 285 dromedarius (Notodonta), 44, 160, 239, 285 dryas (Enodia), 117, 156 dubitana (Eupcecilia), 141 dubitata (Tripbosa), 286 dumerilii (Luperina), 124, 168 duplaris (Cymatopbora), 288 Dysmilichia, 264 edelsteni (Nonagria), 216, 288 edusa (Colias), 42, 45, 111, 115, 116, 118, 120, 155, 160, 251, 260, 268, 285, 301, 302, 321 Edwardsia, 77 edwardsii (Attacus), 106, 198 egeria (Pararge), 42, 45, 112, 156, 260, 283, 306 egerides (Pararge), 112, 306 ekinkei (Charaxes), 19 electa (Catocala), 328 eleus (Polyommatus), 165 elinguana (Crocallis), 239, 286 elymi (Tapinostola), 282 Emmiltis, 4 emutaria (Acidalia), 238 eos (Melitasa), 32, 150 epbipbron (Erebia), 156, 267, 269 epbipbron (Melampias) 127 epycides (Menamopsis), 199, 205 erato (Heliconius), 72 ericetaria (Selidosema), 235 erichtbonius (Orpbeides), 199, 205 Eridania, 264 erinus (Papilio), 261 eris (Argynnis), 82, 112, 153, 249, 301, 302 eros (Polyommatus), 267 erosaria (Ennomos), 44 erysimi (Leptosia), 302 erytbrocephala (Orrhodia), 320 escberi (Polyommatus), 267, 269, 297, 300, 302 escberinus (Polyommatus), 297, 300 estrella (Heliconius), 72 ethiopica (Ompbaletis), 263 eupbemus (Lycaena), 268 eupborbiffi (Deilepbila), 124 euphrosyne (Argynnis), 101, 122 euphrosyne (Brenthis), 21, 84, 111, 155, 165, 269, 306 euryale (Erebia), 268, 269 eurybia (Cbrysopbanus). 305 eurypylus (Zetides), 199, 206 evan (Meandrusa), 199, 206 Everes, 77 exclamationis (Agrotis), 166, 286 exigua (Caradrina), 124 exigua (Lapbygma), 238 exoleta (Calocampa), 67, 75, 285 expallidana (Catoptria), 141 expallidata (Eupitbecia), 212, 284 extensaria (Eupithecia), 262 extranea (Leucania), 44 exulans (Anthrocera), 19 exulis (Crymodes), 124, 168, 319 XX INDEX. fagi (Stauropus), 44, 127, 190, 262, 321 falcataria (Drepana), 2S6 fascelina (Dasychira), 22 fasciana (Erastria), 6(J fasciata (Gnophos), 76, 239 faseiuncula (Miana), 67 fausta (Zygffina), 301 faustina (Zygffiua), 301 favicolor (Leucania), 103, 124, 323, 328 feisthamelii (Papilio), 120 fenestrata (Eupithecia), 212 ferrugata (Coremia), 21, 239, 286 fenuginea (Eusina), 168 festiva (Noctua), 67, 104 feyeri (Heliconius), 72 filipendulte (Anthrocera), 19, 73, 263 filipendulaj (Zygsena), 123, 126,235, 303 fimbria (TripliEena), 285 fimbiiana (Heusimene), 38, 141 fischeri (Vanessa), 311 fissipuncta (Sidemia), 168 flavago (Xanthia), 286 Havescens (Xanthia), 67 flavocinctata (Polyomraatus), 300 flavus (Thymelicus), 153, 236, 302 flexula (Aventia), 263 florescens (Omishaletis), 263 floridalis (Syngamia), 188 fluctuata (Melanippe), 76, 239, 286, 317 fluctuata (Xanthorhoe), 286, 317 fiuctuosa (Cymatophora), 67, 288, 320 fluviata (Camptogramma), 127, 1G6, 190 fluviata (Phibalapteryx), 164 forficalis (S.), 238 forskaleana (Dictyopteryx), 140 forsterana (Tortrix), 139 fortis (Microschismus), 253 fowleri (Agnades), 44, 75 francillana (Lozopera), 282 fraxini (Catocala), 160, 165 fuliginaria (Boletobia), 320 fuliginosa (A.), 214 fuliginosa (Phragmatobia), 101 fuliginosa (Spilosoma), 190 fulva (Tapinostola), 75, 162, 280 fulvago (Xanthia), 286 fumosa (Comacla), 60 furcata (Hydriomena), 286 furcifera (Xylina), 165 furcula (Ceri-ura), 239, 285 furuncula (Miana), 238, 239 fusca (Ccenobia), 128 fuscana (Tortrix), 140 fuscantaria (Ennomos), 44 fuscata (Hybernia), 125 fusconebulosa (Hepialus), 286 galatea (Melanargia), 82, 84, 85, 109, 239, 266, 268, 283, 301, 302, 324 galiata (Xanthorhoe), 286 galii (Deilephila), 22 gallicolaua (Pammene), 38 gallicus (Hepialus), 286 gamma (Plusia), 286 ganesa (Warbaria), 200, 205 gemella (Perigea), 264 gemina (Apamea), 67, 168 geminana (Pajdisca), 74, 140 geminipuncta (Nonagria), 239, 260, 262, 323 gemmaria (Boarmia), 43, 286 geryon (Adscita), 236 gigantellus (Schccnobius), 238 gilvaria (Aspilates), 239 gisela (Heliconius), 72 glabraria (Cleora), 21 glandifera (Bryophila), 239 glareosa (Noctua), 22, 128, 284, 286 glasunovi (Epicnaptera), 176 glauca (Hadena), 18, 22 glauca (Mamestra), 18 glaucata (Cilix), 239, 285, 286 glycerion (Pazala), 199, 205 gnaphalii (Cucullia), 124, 288 gonostigma (Orgyia), 75 gordius (Chrysophanus), 19, 268, 273, 300, 302 gorge (Erebia), 21 gothica (Tffiniocampa), 40, 44, 285 govindra (Cadugoides), 200, 205 gracilis (Taeniocampa), 42, 285 graminis (Chara-as), 236, 286, 322 griseata (Lithostege), 247 griseola (Lithosia), 238 grossulariata (Abraxas), 20, 22, 43, 44, 72, 74, 75, 118, 124, 166, 188, 233, 259, 260, 283, 286 gueneei (Luperina), 269, 270, 289 gustavi (Heliconius), 324 gyas (Debasa), 200, 206 haggarti (Taeniocampa), 190 hardwicldi (Parnassius), 201, 206 harpagula (Drepana), 123 hastiana (Peronea), 140, 166, 284 hawkerana (Pcecilochroma), 100 haworthiata (Eupithecia), 212 haworthii (Celtena), 22, 168 heeate (Brenthis), 251,273, 324 hectorides (Papilio), 162 heleuus (Cliarus), 200, 205 Heliconius, 288 heliopa (Gnorimoschema), 23 hellerella (Blastodacna), 235 helvetica (Melitsa), 55 hepatica (Parastichtis), 168 hera (Callimorpha), 70 hero (CcBnonympha), 305, 306 herbida (Aplecta), 22, 166 hermione (Satyrus), 299, 302 hertha (Melitsea), 31, 54 hiera (Pararge), 109, 112, 306 hippocastanaria (Pachycnema), 67 hippocrepidis (Zygajna), 45 hippomedusa (Erebia), 305 hippothoe (Chrysophanus), 84, 153, 161, 268, 305 hirtaria (Biston), 160 hisopa (MelitfT?a), 54 hispidaria (Apocheima), 161 INDEX. XXI hispidaiia (Nyssia), 164 homey eri (Charaxes), 19 liumiliata (Acidalia), 22, 328 huniuli (Hepialus), (36, 286 hutchinsoni (Grapta), 44 hutcbinsoni (Polygouia), 19, 45 hyale (Colias), 78, 111, 115, 118, 155, 801, 302 hyalinalis (Botys), 263 hyalinalis (Psammotis), 263 Hyboma, 263 hylas (Lycaena), 247 hylas (Polyommatus), 154, 269, 299, 302 hyperanthus (Aphaiitopus), 156, 236, 283, 307 hyperanthus (Epinephele), 75 hyperbius (Argynnis), 187 hypophlseas (Chrysophanus), 161, 287 ianira (Epinephele), 75, 101, 122, 259, 283 ianihina (Triphaena), 234 iapygia (Melanargia), 111 iberica (Melitiea), 55 icarinus (Polyommatus), 112 icarus (Lyctena), 123, 147, 285, 319 icarus (Polyommatus), 73, 112, 288 ichnusa (Aglais), 128 ichnusa (Vanessa), 310, 311 Idjea, 4 ilia (Apatura), 108, 111, 116, 118, 156, 273 ilicifolia (Epicnaptera), 176 ilicifolia (Gastropacha), 319 ilicis (Thecla), 117, 154, 251, 273, 302 illustris (Danais), 72 imitaria (Acidalia), 239 immanata (Cidaria), 327 imperialis (Teniopalpus), 200, 201, 206 impura (Leucania), 288, 286 incerta (Luperina), 269, 270, 290 incerta (Tasniocampa), 285 infernalis (Styx), 162 ino (Bienthis), 83, 85, 155, 306, 307 insulata (Cidaria), 67 interjeeta (Triphasna), 68, 286 intermedia (Odonestis), 75 interrogationis (Plusia), 284, 286 io (Vanessa), 39, 42, 85, 120, 122, 156, 223, 236, 260, 269, 282, 285, 302, 309, 311, 312, 313, 322, 323, 325 iolas (Lycaena), 251 ioprotoformis (Vanessa), 112, 309 iphis (Coenonympha), 108, 112, 247, 305, 308 iris (Apatura), 85, 101, 109, 111, 116, 118, 156, 282 irrorella (Setina), 22, 319 ismenius (Heliconius), 324 isogrammaria (Eupithecia), 212 isolda (Heliconius), 72 jacobffiae (Euchelia), 73, 128 jacquemonti (Parnassius), 202, 206 janaka (Panosmiopsis), 200, 205 janira (Epinephele), 285 jasioneata (Eupithecia), 212 jasius (Charaxes), 215 Jochea;ra, 263 jordisi (Melitaa), 149, 150 Juliana (Carpocapsa), 38 jurtina (Epinephele), 21, 109, 156, 236, 302 kahldeni (Charaxes), 19 krishna (Achillides), 200, 201, 205 lacticolor (Abraxas), 166, 188, 233, 260, 283 1-album (Leucania), 322 lancealis (Botys), 327 lanceolana (Bactra), 140 laodice (Argynnis), 49, 118, 258 lappona (Erebia), 21 lapponaria (Nyssia), 169, 210 lathonia (Issoria), 49, 83, 84, 85, 99, 111, 115, 120, 122, 155, 269 Latirostrum, 227 latona (Argynnis), 122, 124 latreillii (Byasa), 200, 201, 205 lavaterte (Carcharodus), 251, 268 leander(Ca'nonympha), 110, 112, 306 leporina (Acronycta), 22, 285 Leptomeris, 4 leucippe (Melitaea), 98 leucomelas (Melanargia), 301 leucoijhaaaria (Hybernia), 40, 160, 166 levana (Araschnia), 115 libatrix (S.), 285 lichenea (Epunda), 285, 286 lidderdalii (Armandia), 200, 206 ligea (Erebia), 83, 84, 110, 112, 156, 268, 269, 305, 307 ligula (Cerastis), 67 ligula (Cirrhcfidia), 43 limitata (Ortholitha), 286 linea (Adopaa), 239, 283 linea (Pamphila), 251 lineata (Scoria), 247 lineola (Coenobia), 128 lineola (Pamphila), 251 lineola (Thymelicus), 153, 268, 302 lipsiana (Peronea), 284 literana (Teras), 48 literosa (Miana), 168, 286 lithargyria (Leucania), 286 lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 168, 286 litoralis (Leucania), 238 liturata (Macaria), 22 livornica (Deilephila), 75, 124, 236, 283 livornica (Phryxus), 44, 236, 283 lixella (Coleophora), 282 Lomographa, 280 lonicerte (Zygtena), 301 lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 260, 286, 326 lucens (Hydroecia), 22, 73, 104 lucernea (Agrctis), 102 lucilla (Nepiis), 109, 110, 248, 275, 276 luctuosa (Acontia), 247 luculella (Gelechia), 38 luna (Vanessa), 223, 311 lundana (Phoxopteryx), 140 lunigera (Agrctis), 22, 68 xxu INDEX. lunosa (Anchocelis), 286 lupulina (Botys), 327 lupiilina (Hepialus), 286 lurideola (Lithosia), 238, 28G lutarea (Swammeidamia), 235 luteolata (Opisthograptis), 286 lutulenta (Aporophyla), 286 lutulenta (Epunda), 284 lycaon (Epinephele), 21, 300, 302 lychnidis (Amathes), 286 lychnitis (Cucullia), 43 lycidas (Lycsena), 19 lysithous (Papilio), 162 macareus (Paranticopsis), 199, 205 machaon (Papilio), 121, 153, 154, 200, 201, 206, 215, 262, 268, 301, 302, 325 maculata (Venilia), 319 maculosana (Eupoecilia), 141 msera (Pararge), 82, 109, 121, 156, 266, 302, 303, 306, 307 niafa (Hesperia), 44 magnilunulata (Vanessa), 310 maillardi (Cry modes), 168 malvffi (Hesperia), 123, 247 manni (Pieris), 120, 187, 216 margaritaria (Metrocampa), 66, 286 marginaria (Hybernia), 125, 286 margiuata (Lomaspilis), 286 matura (Cerigo), 286 maturna (Melitiva), 98, 110, 151, 275 maura (Mormo), 286 mechowiaiius (Papilio), 128 medesicaste (Thais), 121 medusa (Erebia), 110, 269, 275, 305 megffira (Pararge), 42, 45, 116, 120, 216, 285, 302 megarus (Paranticopsis), 199, 205 mehadiensis (Melitaea), 57, 109, 273 melanocephala (Acronycta), 22 melanops (Nomiades), 121 melanotoxa (Lyciena), 75 meliloti (Zygiuna), 123 melpomene (Heliconius), 20 mendica (Spilosoma), 190, 320, 324 menthastri (Spilosoma), 224, 286 menyanthidis (Acronycta), 18, 284 mesomella (Lithosia), 22, 66 meticulosa (Phlogophora), 128, 286 miata (Cidaria), 67, 74, 214, 286 micacea (Hydra'cia), 286 *Microschismus, 253 midas (Chrysophanus), 19, 300 Milichia, 264 minima (Cupido), 104, 117, 154, 262 minima (Petilampa), 264 minima (Ciipido), 308 minimus (Cupido), 102 miniosa (Tfeniocampa), 161 minoides (Zygsena), 224 misippus (Hypolimnas), 189 mitterpacheriana (Phoxopteryx), 140 mixtana (Peronea), 75 mnemosyne (Parnassius), 110, 248 mnestra (Erebia), 21 122, 154, 307, 319 127, monacharia (Phigalia), 125, 166 moneta (Plusia), 185, 236 monodactylus (Pterophorus), 40 Monodes, 264 monoglypha (Xylophasia), 239, 286 monostigma (Scirpophaga), 24 montanata (Xanthorhoe), 286 morrisii (Acosmetia), 264 Morrisonia, 258 munda (Tfeniocampa), 161, 285 mundata (Gnophos), 76 musculana (Cnephasia), 140 myrmidione (Culias), 251 myrtilli (Anarta), 285 najvana (Paedisca), 74 nana (Eupoecila), 141 nanata (Eupithecia), 284 napajffi (Pieris), 109, 274 napi (Pieris), 40, 43, 109, 116 236, 268, 269, 274, 285, 302, navarina (Melitaea), 54, 56, 57, neanthes (Charaxes), 19, 287 nebulosa (Aplecta), 22, 43, 72, 102 166 nebulosa (Eurois), 286 nelamus (Erebia), 267 neoridas (Erebia), 268, 269, 302 nerii (Daphnis), 260 neurica (Nonagria), 44, 159, 216 neustria (Malacosoma), 37, 44, 124, 285 nevadensis (Parnassius), 300 nickerlii (Luperina), 168, 269, 270, 290, 291, 292 nictitans (Hydrcecia), 22, 73, 104, 286 niepelti (Heliconius), 72 nigra (Agrotis), 166 nigra (Epunda), 44, 67 nigra (Gonodontis), 185 nigra (Polyommatus), 109 nigra (Vanessa), 312 nigricans (Agrotis), 22, 74, 239 nigricans (Trachea), 167 nigrina (Delias), nigrofulvata (Macaria), 22 nigromaculana (Grapholitha), 284 niobe (Argynnis), 21, 82, 112, 153, 155, 249, 301, 302 niphe (Argynnis), 187 niveus (Acentropus), 235 niveus (Papilio), 261 nomius (Pathysa), 199, 205 norvegica (Melitwa), 151 nubeculosa (Asteroscopus), 165 nysa (Delias), 72 obelisca (Agrotis), 74 oblonga (Trachea), 168 oblongata (Eupithecia), 239, 284 obscuraria (Gnophos), 44, 76 obscurata (Gnophos), 239, 286 obsoleta (Camptogramma), 164 obsoleta (Epinephele), 75 obsoleta (Lycfena), 320 obsoleta (Melitaea), 55 obsoletella (Gelechia), 62 INDEX. XXlll occulta (Aplecta), 166 occulta (Eurois), 286 ocellata (Smerinthus), 21 ocellatus (Smerinthus), 21, 44, 123, 128, 227, 285 ochracca (Gortyna), 67 ochracea (Ochria), 286 ochrearia (Aspilates), 72 ochroleuca (Eremobia), 168 octogesima (Cymatophora), 186 octogesima (Palimpsestis), 186 oculea (Apaniea), 75 oleracea (Mamestra), 286 olivacea (Phibalapteryx), 164 olivacea (Polia), 22 olivata (Amoebe), 125 Omphaletis, 2G3 Operophteva, 4 ophiogramma (Apamea), 168 optilete (Polyommatus), 307, 308 orbifer (Pyrgus), 108, 112, 247, 248, 324 orbitulus (Lycsena), 105, 221 orion (Diphlhera), 264 orion (Moma), 22 orion (Polyommatus), 109, 112, 248, 273, 324 ornata (Acidalia), 239 ornata (Dosithea), 4 ornata (Polyommatus), 109, 112, 248, 273, 324 Orneodes, 253 ornithopus (Xylina), 74 oxyacanth;i} (Miselia), 67, 104 palasmon (Carterocephalus), 123, 305, 308 palffimon (Cyclopides), 165, 216, 288,253 Pajlia, 253 pales (Brenthis), 306 pallens (Leucania), 22, 103, 286 pallescens (Coenobia), 128 pallida (Aplecta), 22 pallida (Diphtera), 264 palpina (Pterostoma). 239 paludis (Hydrcecia), 22, 73, 104, 239 palustris (Hydrilla), 124 pamphilus (Coenonympha), 26, 75, 112, 121, 156, 186, 216, 236, 285, 302 pandora (Argynnis), 215 pandora (Dryas), 110, 112 paniscus (Cyclopides), 216 panope (Chilasa). 205 paphia (Argynnis), 44, 49, 53, 82, 84, 101, 112, 124, 128, 153, 190, 283, 285, 301, 302, 318, 319, 325 paphia (Dryas), 153, 155, 325 paphus (Pathysa), 200, 205 papilionaria (Geometra), 166, 286 paradoxa (Papilio), 71 paris (Achillides), 200, 205 paris (Papilio), 75 parthenias (Brephos), 125 parthenie (Melitsea), 19, 51, 82, 113, 149, 151, 155, 248, 266, 269, 301, 302 parthenoides (Melitffia), 149 partita (Chandata), 167 parvilunulata (Vanessa), 310_^' pascuana (Sciaiahila), 140 pastinum (Toxocampa), 70 pavonia (Saturnia), 72, 123, 159, 212 pedaria (Phigalia), 41, 125, 160 pennaria (Himera), 42, 74 IDerfumaria (Boarmia), 43 perfusca (Xylophasia), 286 perla (Bryophila), 239 permulana (Peronea), 22 persicarise (Mamestra), 236 petasitis (Hydrcecia), 22 Petilampa, 264 petiverella (Dicrorampha), 141 petiverella (Phalacra), 264 phanara (Gharaxes), 19 Pharetra, 263 phegea (Syntomis), 214, 303 pheretes (Lycajna), 281 philoxenus (Byasa), 200, 205 phlaeas (Chrysophaniis), 42, 43, 45, 75, 116, 118, 121, 123, 128, 154, 161, 165, 236, 268, 285, 302, 319 phlseas (Polyommatus), 165 phlssas (Kuniicia), 261, 262, 268 phcebe (Melitaea), 151, 247 phragmitellus (Chilo), 238 phyllis (Heliconius), 20 pinastri (Hyloicus), 123 piniaria (Bupalus), 66, 76 pinicolana (Evetria), 145 pinicolana (Uetinia), 145 piniperda (Panolis), 67 pisi (Hadena), 284, 285, 328 plagiata (Anaitis), 07 plantaginis (Paraseniia), 101, 236, 262 plecta (Noctua), 75, 286 plesseni (Heliconius), 72 plumbeolata (Eupithecia), 212 plutonius (Byasa), 200, 205 podalirius (Papilio), 120, 154, 215, 268 podana (lortrix), 2, 140 polaris (Vanessa), 39 politana (Dicrorampha), 141 polonus (Agriades), 324 polychloros (Eugonia), 83, 101, 110, 110, 121, 156, 302, 322 polyctor (Achillides), 200, 205, 234 polygrammata (Phibalapteryx), 164 polymnestor (Iliades), 199, 205 polynome (Melitfea), 151 polyodon (Xylophasia), 75 polytes (Lfertias), 199, 205 polyxena (Thais), 108, 249, 250, 274 popularis (Epineuronia), 286 populi (Amorpha), 159 populi (Limenitis), 83, 109, 111, 156, 216, 273 populi (Poecilocampa), 67 populi (Smerinthus), 21, 44, 123, 285 porrittii (Gidaria), 64 potatoria (Gosmotriche), 102, 164, 286 potatoria (Odonestis), 75, 238 XXIV INDEX. l^rfficox (Agrotis), 286 prasina (Aplecta), 67, 166 l^rasina (Eurois), 286 l^rasinana (Hylophila), 66 pratti (Epa), 167 primuliE (Noctua), 285 pronuba(Triphffina), 236, 239, 260, 285, 323 pronubana (Tortrix), 1, 2, 48 proisa (Araschnia), 115, 155 protea (Hadena), 67 Ijrotenor (Sainia), 200, 205 provincialis (Melita'a), 21 pruinata (Pseudoterpna) , 286 prunai'ia (Angerona), 216 prunata (Lygris), 286 psi (Acronycta), 40, 67, 164, 239, 285 psodea (Erebia), 110, 112, 275 pudibunda (Dasychira), 166, 285 pulchella (Deiopeia), 124 pulchellata (Eupithecia), 22, 212 pulveraria (Numeria), 22, 66 pulverulenta (Tfeniocampa), 190, 285 pumilata (Eupithecia), 65 punctidactylus (Amblyptilus), 23 punicealis (Pyrausta), 260 pusaria (Cabera), 286 puta (Agrotis). 239 putrescens (Leucania), 70 pygniii'a (Vanessa), 309 Ijygmseana (Stigmonota), 141 pyralina (Calynmia), 127 pyrouia (Melitaja), 31, 32 quadra (ffinestis), 286 quadripunctata (Caradrina), 286 quercifolia (Gastropacha), 216 quercus (Bithys), 190 quercus (Lasiocampa), 18, 22, 42 quercus (Thecla), 233 quercus (Zephyrus), 154 ramella (Grapholitha), 140 rapas (Pieris), 18, 21, 40, 42, 70, 109, 120, 126, 154, 186, 187, 213, 274, 285, 297, 307 ravana (Byasa), 205 rectangulata (Eupithecia), 286 repandata (Boarmia), 22, 165, 286, 288 resinella (Retinia), 43 reticulata (Cidaria), 75, 288 revayana (Sarrothripa), 48, 238 rhadamanthus (Ornithoptera), 199, 205 rhastica (Melitaea), 152 rhamni (Gonepteryx), 84, 101, 122, 155, 298, 302, 307, 323 rhetenor (Panosmiopsis), 200, 205 rhomboidaria (Boarmia), 43, 239 ricini (Attacus), 229 ridens (Asphaha), 319 ridens (Polyploca), 76 ripas (Agrotis), 258, 291 rivata (Melanippe), 68 rivillei (Helocacista), 188 robsoni (Aplecta), 22, 43, 72, 127, 166 rosana (Tortrix), 2 rossii (Pieris), 109 rothliebi (Coenonympha), 75 roxelana (Pararge), 110, 112, 276, 302 rubi (Bombyx), 116 rubi (Callophrys), 66, 121, 262 rubi (Macrothylacia), 18, 116 rubi (Noctua), 238, 258 rubricosa (Pachnobia), 285 rubripicta (Heliconius), 72 rufa (Ccenobia), 62, 128 rufata (Chesias), 07 rumicis (Acronycta), 239, 285 rupicapraria (Hybernia), 40 ruralis (Botys), 327 ruralis (Sylepta), 2 russula (Nemeophila), 66, 320 rustica (Spilosoma), 320 rusticana (Clepsis), 140 rusticata (Acidalia), 239 rutillus (Chrysophanus), 108, 183, 220, 233, 249, 250, 321 saccharella (Polyocha), 24 salicella (Antithesia), 235 salmacis (Polyonmiatus), 327 sambucaria (Ourapteryx), 286 samonica (Melitasa), 55 sanguinalis (Rhodaria), 141 sao (Pyrgus), 302 saponarias (Neuria), 68 sardoa (Vanessa), 311 sarpedon (Dalchina), 200, 206 sarpedou (I'apilio), 72 sarpedon (Zygfena), 300 satellitia (Scopelosoma), 285 saturnana (Dicrorampha), 141 scabiosfe (Zyga'na), 303 scabriuscula (Dipterygia), 67 schonbergi (Morphotenaris), 272 schreibersiana (Argyrolepia), 185 scolopacina (Oliga), 168 Scopula, 4 seb;e (Danais), 72 sebrus (Cupido), 268 selene (Argynnis), 75, 102, 301 selene (Brenthis), 82, 84, 99, 111, 127, 155, 302, 306 semele (Hipparchia), 84, 156, 267, 269, 299, 302 semele (Satyrus), 122, 285 semiargus (Lyca-na), 124 semiargus (Nomiades), 116, 118, 154, 269. 306, 308 semibrunnea (Xylina), 67 seminigra (Melitaea), 5, 152 senex (Comacla), 00 senex (Nudaria), 238 sericea (Lithosia), 22 sericealis (Eivula), 263 serratulre (Hesperia), 267, 268 sibilla (Limenitis), 109 Sibylla (Limenitis), 66, 117, 122, 124, 128, 156, 319 sicula (Drepana), 123 silaceata (Cidaria), 67, 216 INDEX. XXV silago (Xanthia), 104 similis (Porthesia), 22, 285 simplex (Chilo), 24 sinapis (Leptosia), 84, 85, 111, 115, 116, 120, 121, 154, 301, 302 sinapis (Leucophasia), 212, 247, 307 sinuata (Glyphodes), 165 siterata (Cidaria), 67, 286 slateri (Menamopsis), 199, 205 slateri (Papilio), 44 socia (X.), 285 sociata (Xanthorhoe), 286 solandiiana (Predisca), 141 solidaginis (Cloantha), 74 spartiata (Chesias), 67 speciosa (Sidemia), 168 sphinx (Asteroscopus), 67, 74 spini (Thecla), 300, 302 splendens (Vanessa), 311 sponsana (Peronea), 284 stabilis (Taeniocampa), 285 Stegania, 281 stellatarum (Maeroglossa), 70, 286 steueles (Victorina), 326 Sterrha, 4 stoliczkanus (Parnassius), 202, 206 straminea (Leucania), 238 strataria (Ampliidasys), 166 striata (IjycTjna), 75 strigaria (Acidalia), 3 strigata (Hemitliea), 286 strigilis (Miana), 45, 67, 168, 286 strigosa (Acronycta), 123 strigula (Agrotis), 286 strobilella (Coccyx), 2 stygne (Erebia), 82, 83, 84, 156, 267, 269 suavella (Rhodophfea), 2 subbiniaculella (Nepticula), 38 suberifolia (Epicnaptera), 176 subrosea (Noctua), 124, 319 subtuspuncta (Vanessa), 310 succentaureata (Eupitliecia), 67 suffumata (Cidaria), 64, 67, 216 suffumata (Lampropteryx), 286 suffusa (Agrotis ), 42 sulphuralis (Agrophila), 247 sulphurella (CEcophora), 38 suspecta (Dyschorista), 66 suspecta (Orthosia), 22 suwarovius (Melanargia), 111, 251 sylvanus (Aiigiades), 239, 285 sylvanus (Pamphila), 153, 251, 266, 268, 302, 308 sylvata (Abraxas), 22, 286 sylvina (H.), 286 syme (Opsiphanes), 216 tages (Nisoniades), 121, 153, 308 tagis (Anthocharis), 188 taras (Hesperia), 44, 123, 128 taraxaci (Caradrina), 286 telearchus (Isaraiopsis), 199, 205 telearchus (Papilio), 44 telesiphe (Coltenis), 19, 20, 326 telesiphe (Heliconius), 19, 20, 326 temerata (Bapta), 285 teinpli (Dasypolia), 42 tenebrata (Heliaca), 66 tenebrosa (Rusina), 67 tenebrosa (Stygiostola), 168 Terpnomicta, 281 tessellata (Melitasa), 112 testacea (Luperina), 168, 238, 269, 286, 290, 326 testata (Lygris), 286 tetralunaria (Selenia), 44 thalassina (Hadena), 67, 286 Thanaos, 213 thaumas (Adopea), 239 thaumas (Thymelicus), 112 therapon (Castnia), 189 thersamon (Chrysophanus), 108, 112, 248, 249, 273, 324 thetis (Agriades), 324 thompsoni (Aplecta), 43, 72, 127, 166 thulei (Noctua), 104 thysa (Belenois), 20 tilife (Dilina), 123 tincta (Aplecta), 102 tithonus (Epinephele), 36, 101, 156, 283, 285, 301, 302 togata (Eupithecia), 182, 212, 233 tragopogonis (M.), 286 trapezina (Calymnia), 239 tremulffi (Limenitis), 83, 109, 156, 273 treniulifolia (Epicnaptera), 176 treueriana (Peronea), 234 triangulum (Noctua), 102 Triffina, 263 trifolii (Anthrocera), 21 trifolii (Zygajna), 45, 123, 224, 303 trimacula (Nolodonta), 67 triplasia (Abrostola), 286 Trisc£edecia, 253 tristata (Melanipi^e), 72 tritici (Agrotis), 74, 238, 239, 286 trivia (Melita-a), 108, 248, 250, 251, 275, 324 truncata (Cidaria), 286, 327 turbulenta (Phosphila), 167 typhfe (Nonagria), 44 typhon (Coenonympha), 75, 156, 190 typica (Naenia), 286 ulmata (Abraxas), 184 ulmella (Bucculatrix), 38 ulmella (Scoparia), 282 ulysses (Papilio), 72 umbratica (Cucullia), 281 umbratica (Stygiostola), 168 umbrosa (Noctua), 70, 238, 286 undularis (Elymnias), 187 unifasciana (Tortrix), 139 uniformis (Nonagria), 24 urticffi (Aglais), 20, 43, 128, 155, 262, 269, 302, 307, 325 urticaj (Vanessa), 39, 42, 84, 121, 122, 125, 223, 284, 285, 309, 312, 319, 322 vaccinii (Cirrhcedia), 43, 166, 285 XXVI INDEX. valesiana (Krebia), 267 valesina (Argynnis), 313, 325 valligera (Agrotis), 68, 238 varia (Melitiea), 151, 248 variegana (Penthina), 140 variegana (Peronea), 139, 234, 235, 826 varleyata (Abraxas), 20, 21, 72, 75, 259 velleda (Hepialus), 263 venosata (Eupithecia), 212 venosata (Eupithecia), 212 verbasci (Cucullia), 43 vernetensis (Melitaea), 152 veronica (Melit.va), 110, 114, 152 versicolor (Kndromis), 262 vestigialis (Agrotis), 71, 286 vetusta (Calocampa), 285 viburnana (Tortrix), 139 viduaria (Cleora), 164, 320 villica (Arctia), 263, 319, 320 Viminia, 263 vinula (Dicranura), 101, 319 virgata (Melittea), 55 virgata (Mesotype), 138 virgaurea (Chrysophanus), 110, 112, 266, 268, 273 virgularia (Acidalia), 126, 239 virgulata (Acidalia), 3, 4 viridaria (Amcebe), 286 viridata (Nemoria), 127 viridis (Agriopis), 264 vitellina (Leucania), 124, 216 vittata (Polyommatus), 299 vulgata (EupiQiecia), 286 vulgella ((ielechia), 235 w-album (Thecla), 109, 112, 273 walkeri (Spilosoraa), 224 wauaria (Thamnonoma), 239 weymeri (Heliconius), 324 xanthographa (Noctua), 285 xanthomelas (Eugonia), 110, 273 xanthomelas (Vanessa), 310 xenoclea (Heliconius), 72 xenocles (Paranticopsis), 199, 205 xerampelina (Cirrhcedia), 18, 283, 286 Xylomyges, 264 ypsilon (Agrotis), 286 ypsilon (Sidemia), 168 zatima (Spilosoma), 260 zephyrus (Lycfena), 19 ziczac (Notodonta), 44, 67, 164 zinckenii (Xylina), 320 zoUikoferi (Sidemia), 168, 285 zonaria (Nyssia), 22, 262 zoolina (Charaxes), 19, 287 Zygaena, 36 (16.) NEUKOPTERA. aspersa (Chrysopa), 258 Chauliodes, 271. coccajns (Ascalaphus), 287 coccajus var. leucocilius (Ascalaphus), 287 cognata (Raphidia), 130, 142, 183 germanica (Panorpa), 243 londinensis (Raphidia), 142 maculicollis (Raphidia), 130, 142, 183, 259, 282 meridionalis (Panorpa), 258 notata (Raphidia), 130, 142, 183 Panorpa, 141 Raphidia, 143, 183 Sialis, 271 Sisyra, 262 subnebulosus (Hemerobius), 258 xanthostigma (Raphidia), 130, 142, 183 (13.) ODONATA. fenea (Cordulia), 7, 176, 246, 293, 294 iEschna, 177, 178 aliena (Trichonemis), 23 Amphiagrion, 173 annexum (Enallagma), 173 annulatus (Cordulegaster), 177 basilaris (Tramea), 71 bimaculata (Libellula), 284 cserulescens (Orthetrum), 177 Calopteryx, 10 calverti (Enallagma), 173 carunculatum (Enallagma), 173 chloridion (Agrion), 179, 180 civile (Enallagma), 173 cyanea (.Eschna), 9, 177, 295, 296 cyathigerum (Enallagma), 8, 176, 177, 178, 244, 245, 246, 295, 296 depressa (Libellula), 7, 8, 176, 178, 294 dolabratus (Platygomphus), 244 dryas (Lestes), 284 elegans (Ischnura), 8, 177, 244, 285, 294, 296 elegans var. infuscans (Ischnura), 285, 294 elegans var. rufescens (Ischnura), 285, 294 Enallagma, 173 fischeri (Enallagma), 173 flaveolum (Sympetrum), 244 florissantella (Enallagma), 23 INDEX. XXVll fonscolombii (Sympetrum), 244, 240 fulva (Libellula), 284 fulvipes (Agrion), 178, 293 grandis (.Eschna), 7, 9, 177, 295, 296 hafniense (=:pratense)(Bi-achytron), 294 hageni (Enallagma), 173 hyalinum (Lithagrion), 23 imperator (Anax), 9, 293, 295, 301 jalapensis (jEschna), 23 Lestes, 244 Leucorrhinia, 246 lincolniensis (Agvion), 180 lincolniense (Agrion), 179 mascescens (Agrion), 173 mercuriale (Agrion), 176, 177 meridionale (Sympetrum), 243, 244, 246 minium (Agrion), 179 minium var. ffineatum (Pyrrhosoma), 180 mixta (jEschna), 10 *mortuella (Enallagma), 172 multicolor (^schna), 23 mutata (^Eschna), 23, 177 naias (Erythromma), 7, 8, 180, 244, 285, 293, 295 nigripes (— sanguineum) (Libellula), 295 nymphula (Pj'rrhosoma), 7, 176, 177, 178, 244, 245, 293, 296 nymphula var. aeneatum (Pyrrhosoma), 180 nymphula var. melanotum (Pyrrho- soma), 179, 180 parallelus (Phenacolestes), 23 pennipes (Platycnemis), 177 pollutum (Enallagma), 173 puella (Agrion), 8, 177, 244, 245, 285, 293, 294, 296 pulchellum (Agrion), 244, 245, 285 quadrimaculata (Libellula), 9, 176, 177, 178, 246 sanguineum (Sympetrum), 9, 246, 295, 296 scoticum (Sympetrum), 177, 178 siguatum (Enallagma), 173 spleudens (Calopteryx), 285, 295 sponsa (Lestes), 10, 177, 285, 295, 296 striolatum (Sympetrum), 9, 177, 178, 244, 295 Telagrion, 173 tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 176, 177, 244 virgo (Calopteryx), 176, 177 viridis (Lestes), 296 vulgatissunus (Gomphus), 177 xanthosoma (I'latycordulia), 23 (7.) ORTHOPTEEA. americana (Blatta), 166 americana (Periplaneta), 41 auricularia (Forficula), 194 australasi:!! (Periplaneta), 41 bicolor (Stenobothrus), 195 bimaculatus (Gryllus), 74 bipunctatus (Tettix), 195 circumvagans (Nauphaeta), 262 dorsale (Xiphidium), 195 grossus (Mecostethus), 195 intricatus (Stauroderus), 264 maculatus (Gomphocerus), 195 maderas (Rhyparobia), 194 minor (Labia), 194 nivea (Panchlora), 18<1 nugatorius (Pamphagus), 264 orientalis (Blatta), 317 panzeri (Ectobia), 194 parallelus (Stenobothrus), 195 peregrinum (Acridium), 71 punctatissima (Leptophyes), 17, 38, 194 punctatissima (Odoutura), 17 riparia (Labidura), 44, 193 roesellii (Platycleis), 195 rufipes var. rulitarsis (Omocestus), 264 rufus (Gomphocerus), 195 subulatus (Tettix), 195 surinamensis (Leucophtea), 37, 194 varium (Meconema), 17, 38, 194 viridissima (Locusta), 195, 262 (8.) PLBCOPTERA. grammatica (Chloroperla), 282 kheili (Perla), 264 marginata (Nemoura), 258 mortoni (Dictyopteryx), 282 recta (Dictyopterygella), 282 risi (Tainiopteryx), 282 seticornis (Tieniopteryx), 258 variegata (Nemoura), 282 (17.) TRICHOPTERA. montanus (Philopotamus), 258 pellucidula (Hydropsyche), 258 persimilis (Rhyacophila), 258 subnubilus (Brachycentrus), 282 tristis (Rhyacophila), 258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLIL] JANUAEY, 1909. [No, 548 EDITOEIAL. We have very great pleasure in adding the name of Mr. Claude Morley to the list of specialists who are good enough to advise and assist us in their particular departments of Entomo- logy. Mr. Morley, who is the author of ' The Ichneumons of Great Britain,' and of other works on Hymenoptera, has already contributed various instructive and helpful papers to our pages, and it is hoped that his closer connection with the magazine may be followed by the appearance of many other articles from his pen. ZENILLIA (MYXEXORISTA) ROSE AN M, B. & B., A NEW BKITISH DIPTERON. By James E. Collin, F.E.S. In November last I received from Mr. R. Adkin several specimens of the dipteron to which he refers in the subjoined note as having been reared from pupae of Tortrix pronuhana, Hb. They were submitted to Mr. C. J. Wainwright, who has made a special study of the Tachinid group to which they clearly belonged, and he is of opinion that they are undoubtedly referable to Zenillia roseancB, B. & B., a species not hitherto recognised as British and which may be known by the following characters : — A small to moderate sized species of the usual Tachinid appear- ance, black with greyish reflections. Face and orbits whitish. Eyes sparsely hairy. Frons only slightly produced, at the vertex about one quarter the width of the head (female), slightly less in the male ; two pairs of orbital bristles in the female, none in the male ; frontal bristles in a single row extending scarcely beyond the level of the insertion of the arista, outside this row for its entire length there are a number of fine hairs, scattered in the male, but less numerous and almost in a single row'in the female. Ocellar bristles developed, pointing forwards. Mouth margin not produced, one strong pair of vibrissae placed just above the mouth opening, the smaller oral bristles continued in a row ENTOM. JANUARY, 1909. B 2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. quite halfway up the face. Cheeks bare, jowls narrow, about one sixth the height of eye. Palpi stout and black. Antennae very long, third joint quite four times the length of second, arista bare, distinctly thickened to about the middle, second joint not much lengthened. Scutellum blackish grey, terminal bristles crossed and not erect, though sHghtly upturned. Abdomen ovate, with discal and marginal macrochetae. Hind tibiae with unequal bristles, ungues microscopi- cally pubescent, nearly as long as last tarsal joint (male), much shorter (female). Wings with first posterior cell open, ending just before wing tip, angle of cubital vein slightly rounded and without an appendix, radial vein bristly at base only. Length 4-6 mm. Zenillia {Myxexorista) roseana was described by Brauer & Bergenstamm in Denkschr. Akad. Wien Iviii. (1891) p. 332. It was known to them in the female sex only, the specimens having been bred from Tortrix roseana, Hw., and no one appears to have recognised the species since. Mr. Adkin has also reared another parasitic dipteron from Tortrix pronuhana which appeared with the above ; this second species is Nemorilla maculosa, Mg., which is reported as having been bred on the Continent from Acrohasis consociella, Hb., Cacoecia murinana, Hb., Psecadia hipunctella, F., Rhodophaa suavella, Zk., Sylepta ruralis, Scop., and Pyralis sp. Newmarket: December, 1908. The first traces of the parasite referred to above were seen in June last, when, in the cage in which I was keeping the pupae of Tortrix pronuhana, I found several dipterous not unlike small houseflies in general appearance. Upon closer investigation I found among the leaves in which the Tortrix had pupated the puparia from which the dipterons had emerged. In the autumn I again collected wild larvae of T. pronuhana, which in due course pupated, and the dipterons again began to appear. I therefore made a careful examination of the pupal webs, and in many cases found a dipterous puparium in the web alongside the lepidopterous pupa; in every case the pupa had been fully formed before the parasitic larva emerged from it. The number of pupae infested I should estimate at fully twenty per cent. Tortrix roseana, the species from which Bergenstamm reared the original specimens of Zenillia roseana, occurs in the same gardens where T. pronuhana is found, and is also pretty generally distributed throughout the surrounding country ; it is therefore quite likely that the dipteron may all along have infested that species, but been overlooked, and that having found a more suitable host in the double-brooded T. pronuhana, has been able to multiply more rapidly, and even become a serious menace to its existence; yet it should be noted that larvae of Tortrix podana and Batodes angustiorana, taken in some numbers at the same time and place as the spring larvae of T. pronuhana, showed no signs of the parasite. — Egbert Adkin. THE GENEEIC NAME ACID ALIA. By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. Now that we have the excellent "International Code" of nomenclature to guide us, together with the supplementary re- port which appeared in the American ' Science' for Oct. 15th, 1907 (pp. 520-523), there is some hope of definite progress towards a correct application of generic names, and I trust we can give a decent burial alike to the Scudderian phantom of "restriction" of one name by another, and the fetich of " page-priority." In my own work under this code I have found exceedingly few cases of perplexity, and most of those long academic discussions which have delighted some of us will no more be necessary. Of Treitschke's genera, mostly founded in 1825 on "bibliographic references " to Schiffermiiller, and therefore prior to those of Hiibner's ' Verzeichniss ' (apparently not published till 1826), nearly all had types selected for them by Duponchel in 1829, and only three or four of his selections were really unhappy on diagnostic grounds. At the moment I am only concerned with Acidalia. Assuming that the date 1826 will be definitely accepted for Hiibner's ' Verzeichniss,' the name Acidalia really belongs to the Geometridse. In my "Notes on the Wave Moths" (Entom. xxxviii. 6) I pointed out that the only logical type for Acidalia according to the diagnosis was hrumata, Linn., and I strongly adhere to that as my own personal opinion. But Duponchel in 1829 selected strigaria, Hb. ; Curtis in 1831 aversata ; and Stephens in 1835 (111. Haust. iv. 393) ochrata. By the strict rule Duponchel's selection must stand unless (1) the genus already possessed a type " on the basis of the original pubh- cafcion"; or (2) strigaria v^as "not included under the generic name at the time of its original publication," or was a species inquirenda from Treitschke's standpoint, or was doubtfully referred by him to Acidalia (vide ' Science,' 1907, p. 521). The first was certainly not the case; of the contingencies under (2), only the question of the species inquirenda could apply, for Treitschke did include strigaria in 1825, and not with a query. I believe, however, that he was fairly well acquainted with the species. If, then, Duponchel's action can be set aside, it can only be on the ground of the nature of the "indication" of the genus. Acidalia, Tr., was, at its original publication in 1825, mainly a name for an unnamed genus of Schiffermiiller's (1775), and Schiffermiiller did not include strigaria therein (if, as I believe, strig iria, Hb., Tr. = virgulata, Schiff., the last-named placed it in a different genus). But it is, I suppose, better that a few generic names should B 2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. be illogically applied than that complicating exceptions should be allowed into a simple system ; and in any case ochrata, Scop. (Stephens' choice — Curtis' is tiltra vires, for aversata was placed in Idcsa, Tr.), which would have to be accepted under the Code, would no better fulfil the evident original intention of Schiffer- miiller and Treitschke than does strigaria. Therefore, I accept strigaria, Hiib., as the type of Acidalia, Tr., Dup. restr. Perhaps it is a just retribution on Treitschke for creating such a " mixed genus," and it saves the name of Operophtera, Hiib., for hrumata. I showed in 'The Entomologist' for 1906 (xxxix. 266) that on every conceivable ground then known to me ornata, Scop., was the type of Schrank's genus Scopula ; and as I believe no one had ever previously " selected a type" from Schrank's two species, I claim that this action can stand, in spite of the indifference of the Code to generic diagnosis. The genus, if we give it Hampson's scope, will be Scopida = Acidalia = Arrhostia =. Lcptomeris = Craspedia = Emmiltis = Dosithea ; but as it is possible to make a separate genus, on wing form, for the ornata group, I would suggest that believers in small genera subdivide thus : — A. Scopula, Schrank = Craspedia, Hb. = Dosithea, Dup. (type, ornata, Scop.). Hind wing with margin more or less scolloped, especially between vein 4 and 6. B. Acidalia, Tr. = Arrhostia (Hb.), H.-S. = Leptomeris (Hb.), Meyr. = Emmiltis (Hb.)Warr., (type, virgulata, Schiff. = strigaria, Hb.). Hind wing with margin not scolloped. Sterrha, Hb., and Ptychopoda, Stph., abide unmoved amidst all these changes. December 9th, 1908. THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELIT^EA. By George Wheeler, M.A., F.E.S. (Continued from vol. xli. p. 307.) Before entering upon the general question of variation, and especially upon the original descriptions of the named varieties, there is one of the latter which seems to me to merit special attention on the ground that it is almost certainly a distinct species, viz. the Bukowina form generally knoM'n as aurelia var. dictynndides, Horm. This form is described very completely and at great length in 'Iris,' x., pp. 2 et seq. (1898). Finding that no specimen at my disposal really corresponded with this description, particularly in the matter of the remarkably elongated wings, on which great stress is laid in the description, I wrote to Herr von Hormuzaki, who courteously replied, sending me a pair taken on Mt. Cecina, near Czernowitz, the same locality from which the THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELIT^A. O originally described specimens came. These are of course absolutely authentic, and I exhibited them the day after their arrival {i.e. Nov. 18th) at the meeting of the Ent. Soc. of London, and also on the 26th at the South London Meeting. They may be most readily described as the converse of britomartis, having the upper side of dictynna, but the under side, as Hormuzaki says, generally nearest to parthenie, but often to athalia and sometimes even to deione, " but never," as he remarks, "like aurelia," and, one may add, still less like dictynna. Hormuzaki's account is too long for transcription, and also unfortunately treats the dark part as the ground-colour (excusably enough in the Bukowina Melitaas of this group), so that the simplest plan would seem to be to describe it from his specimens in terms of the general description of the group (vol. xli., pp. 200, 201, 221), noting those respects in which he mentions this form as being variable. Up. s. f. w. : Lunules replaced by small quadrangular or irregularly triangular spots in the male, occasionally regularly triangular in the female, the lowest always absent and the third always somewhat the largest. Subterminal and elbowed lines thick, leaving small, more or less quadrangular spots of the ground colour ; inner subterminal almost as much bent as in athalia ; marginal blotch very large but sometimes containing a patch of the ground colour, especially in the female. Stigma oval, containing traces of the ground colour, or only thickly outlined ; basal lines thick, or, in the male, included in the basal suffusion which almost reaches the marginal blotch. Up. s. h. w. : Outer line coalescing with border, so as to form a broad marginal band, rarely showing traces of a row of spots of the ground colour in the male, oftener in the female, where they are sometimes fairly distinct, round, triangular, or even lunular, whitish in some females and in one male, especially near the costa ; inner line included in the large basal suffusion, which in some males extends over the whole wing, as in dictynna ab. seminigra (Musch.), though occasion- ally it only reaches to the extra line, giving another line of spots of the ground colour, or sometimes of a lighter shade, some of which are in rare cases lengthened out towards the base. Un. s. f. w. : Inner line of border bearing (in both my specimens) small dark triangles as in deione ; lunules light, especially towards the costa, and two or three light spots between the subterminal lines, the outer of which is distinct, the inner traceable, throughout ; elbowed line represented by a row of spots, most conspicuous, as is the inner subterminal, near the costa ; marginal blotch very small, the other dark markings clear but fine. Un. s. h. w. : Inner edge of border slightly angulated, both parts of terminal band nearly (or quite) unicolorous, which is also the case in my specimens with the central band ; outer band interrupted near costa, the lunules almost reaching the central band, and being utterly destitute of the black points of dictynna and britomartis ; central band very broad, the third and fourth spots not projecting far beyond the others ; inner band rather narrow, with small light spot, basal band also narrow, with very small central spot and the fifth spot absent. b THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Antennae as in athalia, but with even less white edging at the joints above ; beneatli, the white sometimes runs into the side of the tip. As the palpi appear to vary it will be best to give Hormuzaki's own description. He says that they are black from above, with occasionally a few red-brown hairs, never with whitish or greyish- yellow hairs, though he has two specimens whose palpi, seen from above, are reddish. The outer side is occasionally red- brown throughout, the terminal joint being generally of this colour, or reddish-yellow, but occasionally black, the middle and lower joints are, however, generally black towards the base, rarely sprinkled with yellow, but the yellow becomes much more noticeable on the middle joint, and towards the terminal joint merges into red-brown. The hair forms a reddish-yellow or black brush towards the end of the middle joint. The inner side of the lower and middle joints is bright yellow but towards the terminal joint generally reddish, though sometimes blackish or red-brown. Much stress is laid by Hormuzaki on the elongated shape of the wings and a number of measurements given to show how con- stant is this peculiarity in comparison with athalia ; this is certainly very noticeable in the case of a pair of Bukowina athalia kindly sent to me by him with the dictynnoides, but I possess athalia from the Rhone Valley and the lower Vaudois Alps with wings quite as elongated, especially in the female. The Bukowina examples have a remarkably square and "cobby" appearance, even more so than the mountain specimens from Switzerland. I think that if I were exclusively a " study-lepidopterist " without any " field " experience (such people really do still exist, and even propound theories in more than one European language), I should be inclined on the mere face of things to regard dictynnoides as a very dark form of athalia, but the field knowledge which Hormuzaki brings to bear on the subject puts this theory out of the question ; for he tells us that these are the only two Melitaas of this group that are common in Bukowina and the neighbouring districts ; that dictynnoides, the commoner of the two, is found in some places where athalia is not ; that in others athalia only is found ; but that in many places both occur together. More- over, dictynnoides flies from the beginning of June, or sometimes the end of May, and never later than mid-July, whereas athalia appears about June 30th and continues till near the end of July. With aurelia, with which it is generally placed, it has nothing whatever in common, and even if it had, the case of those who hold this theory would be put out of court by the fact that typical aurelia, differing very little from the Valais form, is also taken at Czernowitz, where it comes out from three weeks to a month later than dictynnoides ; it is, however, scarce, and this is its only known locality in Bukowina. The upper side is certainly near dictynna, but the under side separates it entirely from that species ; DRAGONFLIBS OF EPPING FOREST IN 1908. 7 it is still further from varia, further still (in spite of some resem- blance on the under side) from deione and parthenie, is the very converse of britomartis, and has not even a superficial resem- blance to any form of asteria. The earlier stages, when they become known — which there is reason to hope may be during next season — may give cause for the reconsideration of any opinion now expressed, but so far as our present knowledge extends, I feel no doubt that we should regard it as a distinct species. The question of its phylogeny is most interestingly disjussed in the same paper, and to this reference will have to be made again. THE DRAGONFLIES OF EPPING FOREST IN 1908. By F. W. & H. Campion. The season began with a backward spring, but at least the usual number of dragonflies appeared with the beautiful weather which came in June. By the end of August dragonflies had become decidedly scarce, although a few of the common kinds survived to enjoy the warm summer-like days of early October. Unusually late dates were recorded for Libellida depressa and jEschna grandis. Erijthromma naias was added to the list of Odonata collected by ourselves in Epping Forest. That list now consists of twenty- one species, or exactly one half the total for the British Islands. An account of the captures made during the year is given below, the species being named in the order in which they came under our observation. (1) Pt/rrhosoma nymphidayvas, as is usual in our district, the dragonfly earliest on the wing, and a single immature female was obtained on May 10th. On May 31st a male was discovered to have the right hind wing in a very rudimentary state. It is a remarkable fact that we have in our collection quite a number of dragonflies, belonging to various species, having the same wing in a more or less undeveloped condition. P. nymphida was not noticed after July 12th (2) Cordulia ceaea occurred very early in the season, a some- what immature male being taken on May 17th. A week later (May 24th) we obtained two newly-emerged females, from which we learned that at that stage of development the abdomen is emphatically purple, although the front of the thorax is already green. The eyes were opaque brown, and the band between segments two and three, instead of being yellow, was dirty white. The wings were brownish, and the basal saffron was pale and indistinct. The accessory membranes were satin-white, and the pterostigmata grey. On June 7th two more females were taken, both fine adult specimens. One of them had the wings very 8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. dark and the saffron strongly marked. On this occasion we were able to confirm what we had observed in a previous year, that the eyes of the female are wholly green, little if at all inferior, in richness of colour, to the splendid eyes of the male. De Selys is quoted in Mr. Lucas's book as stating that in the female there is a "chestnut tint to upper surface of eyes," but, so far as the adult insect is concerned, this statement is not in accord with the observations here recorded. A female was observed to be ovipositing on June 21st. By July 12th, when the last specimen was obtained, the species had become very scarce, and it was noticed that the eyes of the male then taken were losing the translucent green observed so recently as a week before, and were acquiring a tinge of chestnut. (3) Agrion puella, — The first specimens were taken on May 31st and the last on August 16th. On June 28th a male was obtained while feeding upon a small moth, which had already lost its head and its left hind wing. The prey was identified as Tortrix viridana, and the identification was kindly confirmed by Mr. E. South. The form of the female having cuneiform blue spots on segments three to six occurred on June 21st and July 5th and 12th. (4) Ischnura elegans, first taken on May 31st, continued to be met with until August 30th. The form of the female known as riifescens was taken on July 12th and 26th, and the form named infuscans on June 14th and 2l8t, July 5th and 25th, and August 30th. (5) Enallagma cyathigerum was found in flight from May 31st to Sept. 12th. On June 8th a male was taken with the anterior portion of the spot on segment two entirely disconnected from the circlet behind ; the spot closely resembled the exceptional marking numbered 1 on plate xxvii. of 'British Dragonflies.' A female of the type (blue) form was collected on July 12th. (6) Lihellula depressa was first seen on the wing on May 31st, but no specimens were taken before June 28th. The latest capture was that of a single male on September 7th, an extremely late date for the species. Notwithstanding the fact that this year's specimens (four males) were obtained from widely separ- ated parts of the Forest, they all differ in a marked degree from those taken in other seasons in having the abdomen narrow and strongly triquetrous, instead of broad and flattened, (7) Erythromma naias was met with by us for the first time in Epping Forest on June 14th, when it was in fine condition and fairly well distributed along the margins of one of the Forest ponds. It was seen again on several occasions, at that and other ponds, but specimens were then difficult to get, owing to their usually flying well away from the banks, and resting upon the floating leaves of Potamogeton. In such circumstances they were very liable to be mistaken for I. elegans or overlooked DRAGONFLIES OF BPPING FOREST IN 1908. 9 altogether, and herein may lie the explanation of their having escaped our notice in previous years, although in 1900 Mr. F. Enock bred the species from nymphs taken at Loughton (Entom. 1901, p. 68). No captures were made after June 28th, but the species probably lasted for some time longer. (8) L. quadrimaculata was not uncommon in the central parts of the Forest, where captures were made on June 28th. (9) Anax imperator was first met with on June 28th, when two males were taken, one of them with wings in poor condition. We think it incorrect to describe the eyes of this species as blue, and that a truer description would be : — Eyes opaque green, lightly shot with translucent blue on their upper surface. On the same occasion a male, not taken, was observed to dash through a swarm of Tortrix viridana, which were flying about an oak-tree, and was seen to seize and fly ofif with one of the moths. A specimen was noticed as late as August 2nd. (10) Mschna cyanea, usually such a common insect, was decidedly scarce. A newly-emerged male was taken, with its discarded nymph-skin, on July 5th, and provided us with a date for the species earlier by sixteen days than our previous earliest date. No specimen with the mature coloration was obtained before August 16th (a male), but we continued to meet with the insect until October 18th, when another male was taken. (11) M. grandis was first seen in flight on July 25th, and a very immature female was taken on August 2nd, although the species, in fully adult condition, was already common. On Aug. 9th, by which time this insect had become extraordinarily abundant everywhere in the Forest, a female taken while ovipositing had segment six and the following segments of the abdomen wet from immersion in the water. Another female, similarly engaged, was netted on September 6th, and had more than half the seg- ments (Nos. 5-10) in a wet state. On September 27th we watched for a considerable time a specimen of M. grandis hawking over a pond, and saw it take several insects in succession, some of which it deliberately discarded after examination : this observa- tion was interesting as showing that all is not prey that comes to a dragonfly's jaws. A female was obtained as late as October 11th, and the species was again seen even a week after that. (12) Sijmpetriim striolatum. — Immature females made their appearance on July 25th, but no males could be found before August 9th. The species was never really common, and the last capture was effected on October 18th. (13) S. sanguineum. — The only examples secured were a freshly-emerged female (July 26th) and an adult male (Sept. 12th). The first was obviously a native of the pond at which it occurred. In the matter of coloration, the chief points which distinguished this specimen from adult females appeared to be these : — Saffron at base of wings inconspicuous ; pterostigmata greenish grey ; 10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. dorsal aspect of thorax and abdomen brownish yellow ; abdomen without white powder on ventral surface. (14) Lestes sponsa was plentiful in one locality on August 10th ; a few of the males were immature, and deficient in blue powder on those parts which take on a pruinose condition in later life. The species was again met with, at another locality, on August 16th. Among dragonflies seen but not taken may be mentioned a single Calopteryx (June 14th), and an iEschnid with which we got to very close quarters on September 10th ; judged by its size and manner of flight, it must have been ^E. mixta. 33, Maude Terrace, Walthamstow : Dec. 1st, 1908. LIST OF PAPERS OF THE LATE MARTIN JACOBY. By Geobge Jacobson. All the numerous entomological publications (one hundred and forty-one in number) of the late Martin Jacoby (who died Dec. 24th, 1907) are devoted to one faniily of beetles only, to the Chry- somelida" or Phytophagous beetles. The author has described 238 genera, 5094 species, and 7 varieties in this family. According to this enormous number of described species, which embraces one-fourth of all the known species of the family, we must range M. Jacoby in the first place among workers in the field of descriptive morphology of Chrysomelidse.* Jacoby's influence as authority within the narrow limits of this family is particularly great, because he concentrated his attention on the study of the Chrysomelidse exclusively, and never went beyond it. Even in the family he seems to have ignored two large subfamilies : Cassidini and Hispini. More- over,, of Pala?arctic forms he described only one species from the Island of Crete, and a few species from Japan and North China. The great majority of his papers are purely descriptive, except Nos. 68, 88, 90, 123, 124, and 127 (concerning external morpho- logy of separate groups and genera), Nos. 11 and 140 (repre- senting two faunistic revi-eions with some descriptive material), and Nos. 106, 116, 117, 130, 131, and 136 (of general systematic interest). 1. Description of New Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876, pp. 807-817. [1 new genus, 21 new species, 1 new variety.] ''■ We possess no data concerning the numbers of species described within limits of this family by other specialists, but there is no doubt that no other coleoptevist (even Baly in England) has described so many forms as the late jMarrin Jacobv. LIST OF PAPERS OF THE LATE MAPvTIN JACOBY. 11 2. Descriptions of New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, pp. 510-520. [18 new species.] 3. Descriptions of New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, pp. 144-153. [21 new species.] 4. Description of New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Central and South x\merica. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, pp. 982-996. [29 new species.] 5. Verzeichniss der von Herrn Ed. Steinheil in Neu-Granada gesammelten Cryptocephahni und Criocerini. Mitth. Mimchen. Ent. Ver. ii. 1878, pp. 134-162. [25 new species.] 6. Descriptions of New Species of Coleoptera of the Family Halticidte. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, pp. 439-446. [16 new species.] 7. On Phytophagous Coleoptera collected by Mr. Thamm at Chanchamayo, Peru. Cist. Ent. ii. 1879, pp. 513-527. [26 new species.] 8. Descriptions of New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, pp. 773-793. [38 new species.] 9. Descriptions of New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, pp. 166-182, pi. xviii. [32 new species.] 10. On a Collection of Phytophagous Coleoptera made by Mr. Buckley at Eastern Ecuador. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, pp. 588-609, pis. liv.-lv. [36 new species.] 11. Biologia Centrah-Americana, edited by D. Godman and 0. Salvin. Insecta ; Coleoptera. Vol. vi. Part 1. Phytophaga (part). London, 1880-92. 4to, xx.-625 pp. 43 pis. [26 new genera, 826 new species, 2 new varieties.] — Supplement .... 1888-92, 374 pp. [16 new genera, 350 new species.] 12. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1881, pp. 439-450. [2 new genera, 20 new species.] 13. Decriptions of New Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1882, pp. 50-58. [3 new genera, 15 new species.] 14. Descriptions of some New Species of Beetles of the Family Galerucidjfi. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, pp. 399-406, pi. xlv. [12 new species.] 15. Zur Kenntniss der Gattung Microlema, Baly. Stettin. Ent. Zeitg. xliv. 1883, pp. 125-127. 16. Beschreibungen neuer Phytophagen. Stettin. Ent. Zeit. xlv. 1884, pp. 126-128. [3 new species.] 17. Two New Species of Malayan Phytophagous Coleoptera. Notes Leyden Mus. vi. 1884, pp. 7-8. [2 new species.] 18. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Sumatra. Notes Leyden Mus. vi. 1884, pp. 9-70. [8 new genera, 55 new species.] 19. A New Species of the Phytophagous Genus Haplosonyx. Notes Leyden Mus. vi. 1884, p. 71. [1 new species.] 20. On Haplosomjx sexplagiatus, Balv. Notes Leyden Mus. vi. 1884, p. 72. 12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 21. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera Collected by Dr. B. Hagen at Serdang (East Sumatra). Notes Leyden Mus. vi. 1884, pp. 201-230. [5 new genera, 26 new species.] 22. Description of two New Species of the Phytophagous Genus Pachytoma. Notes Leyden Mus. vi. 1884, pp. 231-232. [2 new species.] 23. Description of a New Genus and three New Species of Malayan Galerucinae. Notes Leyden Mus. vi. 1884, pp. 234-235. [1 new genus, 3 new species.] 24. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from the Indo-Malayan and Austro-Malayan subregions, contained in the Genoa Civic Museum, I. -III. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xx. 1884, pp. 183-233 ; (2) ii. 1885, pp. 20-57, (2) iv. 1886, pp. 41-121. [16 new genera, 212 new species, 1 new variety.] 25. Descriptions of the Phytophagous Coleoptera of Japan, obtained by Mr. George Lewis during his Second Journey, from February, 1880 to September, 1881, I.-II. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1885, pp. 190-211, 719-755, pi. xi. xlvi. [1 new genus, 82 new species, 1 new variety.] 26. Beschreibung einer neuer (Edionychis-Art von der Insel Creta. Stettin. Ent. Zeitg. xlvii. 1885, pp. 215-216. [1 new species.] 27. Descriptions of some New Species and a New Genus of Phytophagous Coleoptera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1885 (1886), pp. 925-929. [1 new genus, 8 new species.] 28. Descriptions of some Undescribed Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Abyssinia contained in the Genoa Civic Museum. Ann. Museo Civ. Genova (2) iv. 1886, pp. 129-128. [8 new species.] 29. [and Bates, H. W.] List of a small Collection of Coleoptera obtained by Mr. W. L. Sclater in British Guiana. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 490, fig. 30. Description of two New Species of ^sernia. Notes Leyden Mus. ix. 1887, pp. 300-302. [2 new species.] 31. Descriptions of some New Genera and Species of Phyto- phagous Coleoptera contained in the Leyden Museum. Notes, Leyden Mus. ix. 1887, pp. 229-243. [2 new genera, 14 new species.] 32. Descriptions of the Phytophagous Coleoptera of Ceylon, obtained by Mr. George Lewis during the years 1881-82. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, pp. 65-119, pis. x.-xi. [16 new genera, 90 new species.] 33. Notes on Some North American Species of Halticinoe (Group Monoplati). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xv. 1888, pp. 302-303. 34. Some New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Brazil (Colony Blumenau). Notes, Leyden Mus. x. 1888, pp. 153-160. [6 new species.] 35. Descriptions of New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Kiukiang (China). Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1888, pp. 339-351. [18 new species.] 36. Descriptions of New or Little-known Species of Phyto- phagous Coleoptera from Africa and Madagascar. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888, pp. 189-206, pi. vii. [4 new genera, 21 new species.] 37. Descriptions of some New Species of Phytophagous Coleo- LIST OF PAPERS OF THE LATE MARTIN JACOBY. 13 ptera. Entom. Monthly Mag. xxv. 1889, pp. 203-206. [6 new species.] 38. List of the Phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Signor Modighani at Nias and Sumatra, with Descriptions of the New Species. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) vii. 1889 (1890), pp. 278-287 pi. iv. [1 genus, 6 species.] 39. List of Crioceridffi, Cryptocephalidae, Chrysomelidae, and Galerucidge collected in Venezuela by M. Simon, wdth Descriptions of the New Species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1889, pp. 263-292 [43 new species.] 40. List of the Phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Signor L. Fea at Burmah and Tenasserim, with Descriptions of the New Species. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) vii. 1889 (1890), pp. 147-237. [5 new genera, 81 new species.] 41. Descriptions of some New Species of South American Halti- cid£e of the group (Edipodes. Ent. Monthly Mag. (2) i.-xxvii. 1890, pp. 45-47, 67-69. [9 new species.] 42. Descriptions of New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera received by Mr. J. H. Leech from Chang Yang, China. Entom. xxiii. 1890, pp. 84-89, 114-118, 161-167, 193-197, 214-217, pis. i.-ii. [2 new genera, 39 new species.] 43. Descriptions of Two New Species of Phytophagous Coleo- ptera from the East. Entom. xxiii. 1890, pp. 253-254. [2 new species.] 44. Descriptions of some New Species of Phytophagous Coleo- ptera from India. Entom. xxiv. 1891, Suppl. pp. 31-34. [10 new species.] 45. On some New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Various Eegions. Entom. xxiv. 1891, Suppl. pp. 35-41. [14 new species.] 46. Descriptions of some New Species of Phytophagous Coleo- ptera. Entom. xxiv. 1891, Suppl. pp. 62-65. [7 new species.] 47. Descriptions of some New Species of Phytophagous Coleo- ptera, and Synonymic Notes. Entom. xxv. 1892, Suppl. pp. 86-88. [7 new species.] 48. Descriptions of some New Genera and Species of Phyto- phagous Coleoptera from Madagascar. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1892, pp. 564-579, pi. xxxix. [5 new genera, 28 new species.] 49. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. LI. Description of the New Genera and Species of the Phytophagous Coleoptera. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) xii. 1892, pp. 869-999. [6 new genera, 155 new species.] 50. Description of a New Genus of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Africa. Ent. Monthly Mag. xxix. 1893, pp. 275-276. [1 new genus, 1 new species.] 51. Descriptions of some New Species of Donaciinae and Crio- ceringe contained in the Brussels Museum and that of my own. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxvii. 1893, pp. 261-271. [16 new species.] 52. Descriptions of some New Genera and New Species of Halticidae. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1893, pp. 145-158. [2 new genera, 22 new species.] 14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 53. Descriptions of some New Species of Eumolpidoe and Halti- cidse from Africa (Gaboon). Entom. xxvi. 1893, Suppl. pp. 97-101. [1 new genera, 10 new species.] 54. Notes on some Species of Galerucidse. Entom. xxvi. 1893, Suppl. 102-103. [1 new genus.] 55. Descriptions of some New Species of Phytophagous Coleo- ptera from the East. Entom. xxvi.-xxviii. 1893-95, Suppl. pp. 105- 111. [13 new species.] 56. Descriptions of some New Species of Phytophagous Coleo- ptera from Bohvia. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxvii. 1893, pp. 272-281 [18 new species.] 57. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by W. Doherty in the Malayan Archipelago. Novit. Zool. i. 1894, pp. 267-330. [4 new genera, 140 new species.] 58. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Africa and Madagascar. Novit. Zool. i. 1894, pp. 508-554. [2 new genera, 45 new species.] 59. Descriptions of some New Genera and Species of Phyto- phagous Coleoptera contained in the Collection of the Brussels Museum and my own. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxviii. 1894, pp. 184- 197. [2 new genera, 18 new species.] 60. Descriptions of New Species of Coleoptera of the Genera CEdionychis and Asphaera. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1894, pp. 609- 631, pi. xxxviii. [43 new species.] 61. Contributions to the Knowledge of African Phytophagous Coleoptera, I.-II. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1895, pp. 159-179, 317- 341. [1 new genus, 65 new species.] 62. Chrysomeliden von Togo (Bismarckburg). Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1895, pp. 165-188. [29 new species.] 63. Descriptions of New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from the Indo- and Austro-Malayan Eegions. Stettin. Ent. Zeitg. Ivi. 1895, pp. 52-80. [41 new species.] 64. [ = 129] . New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Madagascar, collected by E. and B. Perrot, in the Collection of E. Oberthur. Novit. Coleopt. i. 1895, pp. 1-6.^'= [1 new genus, 5 new species.] 65. Descriptions of the New Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Mr. Andrewes in India, I.-II. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxxix. 1895, pp. 252-288 ; xl. 1896, pp. 250-304. [8 new genera, 115 new species.] 66. Description of the New Genera and Species of Phyto- phagous Coleoptera obtained by Dr. Modigliani in Sumatra. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) xvi.-xxxvi. 1896, pp. 377-501. [3 new genera, 145 new species.] 67. List and Descriptions of the Phytophagous Coleoptera by Dr. Modigliani from Mentawei Islands. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) xvii.-xxxvii. 1896, pp. 126-148. [28 new species.] 68. Eemarks on the System of Coloration and Punctuation in the Beetles of the Genus Calligrapha. Pi'oc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, pp. 224-225. '■' Non vkli. LIST OF PAPERS OF THE r,ATB MARTIN JACOBY. 15 69. Descriptions of some New Species of Phytophagous Coleo- ptera from the Loo-choo Islands. Entom. xxix. 1896, pp. 5-8. [7 new species.] 70. On some Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera collected by Captain V. Bottego in Central and Southern Somaliland. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) xvii.-xxxviii. 1897, pp. 336-338. [2 new species.] 71. New Species of South American Eumolpidge. Entom. xxx. 1897, pp. 168-170, 193-196, 216-218. [11 new species.] 72. Descriptions of Some New Species of Clythridae and Eumol- pidse. Entom. xxx. 1897, pp. 261-264. [5 new species.] 73. A List of the Phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Mr. H. H. Smith at St. Vincent, Grenada and the Grenadines, with Descrip- tions of New Species : Crioceridse ; Galerucidae. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1897, pp. 249-376. [21 new species.] 74. List of the Phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Mr. H. Eaap in the Batu Islands, with Descriptions of the New Species. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) xviii.-xxxviii. 1897, pp. 405-411. [1 new genus, 5 new species.] 75. Further Contributions to the Knowledge of the Phytophagous Coleoptera of Africa, including Madagascar, I.-II. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, pp. 238-265, 527-577, pis. xvii. xxxiv. [10 new genera, 115 new species.] 76. Descriptions of some New Species of Phytophagous Coleo- ptera from India. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xH. 1897, pp. 420-424. [6 new species.] 77. List of the Phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Mr. W. L. Distant in the Transvaal, with Descriptions of the New Species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) i. 1898, pp. 344-360. [1 new genus, 13 new species.] 78. Descriptions of some New Species of Indian Phytophagous Coleoptera. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlii. 1898, pp. 185-190. [10 new species.] 79. New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Australia and the Malay Kegions. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlii. 1898, pp. 350-380. [4 new genera, 51 new species.] 80. On some Phytophagous Coleoptera (Eumolpidae) from the Islands of Mauritius and Eeunion. Trans. Entom. Soc. London, 1898, pp. 113-120. [6 new species.] 81. Additions to the Knowledge of the Phytophagous Coleoptera of Africa, I.-II. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1898, pp. 212-242, pi. xxii. ; 1899, pp. 339-380, pi. xxi. [6 new genera, 93 new species.] 82. Descriptions of some New Species of Doryphora. Entom. xxxi. 1898, pp. 52-56. [7 new species.] 83. Descriptions of Eight New Species of South American Chry- somelidae. Entom. xxxi. 1898, pp. 162-166. [7 new species, 1 new variety.] 84. Descriptions of New Species of South American Phyto- phagous Coleoptera. Entom. xxxii. 1899, pp. 247-250, 270-273. [13 new species.] 85. Some New Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera collected during Captain Bottego's last Expedition. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) xix.-xxxix. 1899, pp. 521-535. [2 new genera, 16 new species.] 16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 86. Descriptions of Two New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from the Island of Nias. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2), xix.-xxxix. 1899, pp. 625-627. [2 new species.] 87. Some New Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from India and Ceylon. Entom. xxxii. 1899, pp. 67-70, 80-83. [1 new genus, 11 new species.] 88. Eemarkable Position of Eves of Chalcenus. Entom. xxxii. 1899, p. 98. 89. Descriptions of the New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Dr. Dohrn in Sumatra. Stett. Ent. Zeitg. Ix. 1899, pp. 259- 312, pl. [4 new genera, 62 new species.] 90. Bemerkungen liber einige alDnorme Structur-Verhaltnisse einer Kafergruppe. Ins.-Borse, xvi. 1899, p. 46. 91. New Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Paraguay. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2), xx.-xl. 1899, pp. 177-190. [16 new species.] 92. Descriptions of New Species and a New Genus of South American Eumolpidse, with Eemarks on some of the Genera. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1900, pp. 453-510. [1 new genus, 77 new species.] 93. On New Genera and Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera from South and Central Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1900, pp. 203- 266, pl. XX. [3 new genera, 98 new species.] 94. New Species of Indian Phytophaga principally from Mandar in Bengal. M6m. Soc. Ent. Belg. vii. 1900, pp. 95-140. [4 genera, 67 species.] 95. Descriptions of some New Species of Criocerini from the Malayan Eegion. Stett. Ent. Zeitg. Ivi. 1900, pp. 382-388. [8 new species.] 96. Descriptions of Two New Species of Hermesia (Chrysomelidse, fam. Eumolpidae). Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2), xx.-xl. 1900, pp. 351- 353. [2 new species.] 97. Descriptions of some New Species of Phytophagous Coleo- ptera of the Family Chlamydae. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1901, pp. 153-164, pl. xiv. [14 new species.] 98. Descriptions of some New Genera and Species of Phyto- phagous Coleoptera from Madagascar. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xlv. 1901, pp. 287-303. [3 new genera, 21 new species.] (To be continued.) DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PARASITIC BEE {NOMADA) FROM BORNEO. By P. Cameron. Nomada malayana, sp. nov. Black ; the thorax red, the second abdominal segment with a somewhat pyriform transverse white mark, broad and rounded on the inner side, gradually narrow^ed from the inner to the outer side ; there is a broad transverse line on the fifth and sixth segments ; base of NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 17 antennal scape, the terminal antennal joint, the anterior tarsi, and the apex of clypeus, rufous ; mandibles of a paler rufous colour, their base tinged with yellow. Wings hyaline, their apex with a narrow cloud ; the stigma dark fuscous, the nervures black. $ . Length, 5-6 mm. Kuching, Borneo (John Hewitt, B.K.). Face, front, pleurae, and lower half of the sides of metanotum broadly covered with white pubescence. Head and thorax closely, distinctly punctured, the former more strongly than the latter. Metanotal area clearly defined, broadly roundly narrowed behind, closely reticulated, its centre black. Legs covered thickly with white pubescence ; the calcaria white. The first transverse cubital nervure is sharply, obliquely sloped from below the middle in front ; the shorter posterior part is less steeply, obhquely sloped ; the second is broadly roundly curved outwardly; the first recurrent nervure is received near the base of the apical fourth of the cellule. Abdomen very smooth and shining, the apical margins of the segments not depressed. The clypeus is more strongly punctured than the front, its apex is a little raised ; narrowly rufous, there being also a wider rufous line down the centre. There is no keel between the antennae. A distinct species. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Meconema varium ; a Correction. — In the ' Entomologist ' for November, 1880, p. 252, the httle leaf-cricket bred from the galls made on the oaks by Gynips koUari, and which Mr. Bignell saw emerge in the month of May, were, as is evident from the spotted legs of the one that has served for illustration, the young of Odon- tttra lounctatissima, said to frequent oak-trees, and not those of the verdant Meconema variitm found on limes and on rose-bushes. This mistake has taken its origin from a remark made by Leopold Fischer in his ' Orthoptera Europsea,' p. 241. I have found both these little creatures in the garden here in Devonshire at the close of the year. — A. H. SwiNTON ; Totnes. [Whether the Orthoptera bred from galls of Cijnvps kollari were Meconema varium or Leptophyes punctatissima, they were in either case Locustid grasshoppers and not crickets. As regards the full- grown grasshoppers, L. punctatissima is spotted, or rather irrorated, while M. varium is not. But these specimens were so young that unless both species had been bred from the egg and we could make a comparison, it would scarcely be safe to say that Fitch (who wrote the article) is wrong. Possibly, too, Bignell may have bred them through. Meconema varium is very common on oaks in the New Forest ; it would fare badly there for lime-trees. L. punctatissima is generally found on low-growing plants. Still the spotted appearance of the insect figured leads one to suspect L. punctatissima. — W.J.L.] ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1909. C 18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Genitalia of the British Noctuid^. — We have received intimation that Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., is about to pubhsh a \york under the above title. As practically the genitalia of all the British species of Noctuidae have been examined by Mr. Pierce, and as drawings of these will be given, the work should be indispensable to entomologists. The cost of production will be considerable no doubt, and the author, who proposes to issue the book at the low figure of five shillings, will be glad to secure as large a number of subscribers ^as possible. His address is The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool. CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. Mamestea (Hadena) glauca and Aceonycta menyanthides in Glamorgan. — While looking for MacrotJiylacia ruhi on May 22nd, 1907, on the hills between Merthyr and Aberdare, I came upon two fine specimens of M. (H.) glauca sitting on a clump of heather. Further searching on subsequent occasions produced a few more specimens resting on an old wall which runs across the hill. In May of this year several specimens of the insect were again taken in the same place, and while searcliing for it on June 6th in another locality on the same hill I found both it and several fine specimens of A. menyanthides sitting on heaps of stones which are scattered over the mountain side. Other specimens of the latter species were observed at intervals up to June 20th, I am not aware that either of these species has been taken previously in this district. — G. Fleming ; 9, Fairview Terrace, Merthyr Tydfil. Larv^ of Cirehcedia xerampelina hatching in December. — From some ova of G. xerampelina, which I had kept outdoors under usual conditions, larvae hatched out on the 13th inst. Is not this unusual, seeing that the ash-buds at present are very small and apparently too hard for such young larvae to penetrate ? On 10th inst. I took (here) a larva of Lasiocampa quercus ; it was unusually active, and crawling across a sunny doorstep. — Herbert W. Baker ; 73, Limetree Place, Stowmarket, Suffolk, December 12th, 1908. PiERis BRASSic^ IN DECEMBER. — On December 16th I found a number of larvae of P. brassicce feeding on cabbage in my garden here. — W. Jarvis ; 22, Leicester Road, Lewes, Sussex. [Our correspondent kindly sent half a dozen of these larvae, one or two of which were then nearly full grown, and have since pupated. It will be remembered that Mr. Frohawk (Entom. xli. 39) recorded three larvae of P. brassica at Rayleigh, Essex, on January 4th, 1908.] PiERis RAP^ in December. — I have an evidently fresh specimen of P. rapa, which was captured on December 10th of this year. This seems to be a most extraordinary time of year for this butterfly to be on the wing, and I can only account for it by the fact that we have had such a phenomenally mild autumn, though I have not heard of other examples having been seen. I may add the butterfly is still alive (December 15th, 1908). — Geoffrey Meade-Waldo; Hever Warren, Hever, Kent. 19 SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, Nov. IQth, 1908.— Mr. H. Eowlancl-Brown, M.A., Vice-President, in the chair. —Dr. Millais Culpin, M.B. (Lend.), F.E.C.S., of the Palace Hotel, Shanghai : Mr. E. M. Eustace, of Challacombe Eectory, Parracombe, E.S.O., North D^von; Captain F. H. Hardy, E.A.M.C, Medical Officer of the British Central Africa Protectorate ; Mr. Jens M. A. Knudsen, of Noerre Nebel, Denmark ; Captain Leonard Paul, of Brook House, Eastry, S.O., Kent; and Mr. B. C. S. Warren, of The Avenue, Amersham, Bucks, were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. E. C. Bedwell exhibited examples of the rare weevil Procas armillatus, taken in Sherwood Forest in 1908 ; and specimens of Phyllobius argentatiis and P. maculicornis with deciduous mandibles attached. — Mr. P. de la Garde sent for exhibition specimens of the following new and rare Coleoptera: — Laccohius imrpurascens, New- bery, recently described as new to science; CeutJwrrhynchus parvu- Itis ; and Phyllotreta diademata, recent additions to the British list ; Arena octavii, Sibiiiia sodalis, Neuraphes longicollis, CardwpJiorus eqitisiti, rare and local species ; and a species of Choleva, right-hand maxillary palpus in triplicate. — Mr. W. S. Sheldon exhibited a speci- men of Anthrocera achiUece, from Oban, one of those taken by Mr. Eenton and recently recorded as British, with forms of the species from the South of France; and of A. filipendulce and A. exulans from Scotland, for comparison. — Mr. E. M. Prideaux, a gynandro- morphous specimen of Lyccena zephyrus var. lycidas from the Simp- Ion, taken in July last ; an example of Ghrysophanus alciphron var. gordius ab. female viidas, Lowe, from below Salvan in the Ehone Valley ; and a striking aberration of Melitaa didyvia with the spots of the lower wings coalescent in thick splashes, captured near Berisal in July, 1905. — Mr. A. Harrison, the resulting series obtained by cross pairings of successive broods of Pier is napi var. hryonice. He said that as a demonstration of Mendelian proportions they were quite negative. So far it would appear that the bryonicB characters were not transmitted by the male, but in an exaggerated degree by the female. — Mr. L. W. Newman read a note on the life-history, and ex- hibited examples, of the imago of Polygonia c-album. He said that his observations led him to conclude that the first twelve to twenty ova laid by the hybernated females are the only ova which produce the var. hutchinsoni, and that this variety is the only form which pairs and produces the second brood. — Dr. Karl Jordan exhibited examples of Charaxes zoolina, and its nearest allies C. betsiviiscraka and betaniinena from Madagascar, zoolina and neanthes from East Africa, phanara and ekinkei from West Africa, and kahldeni and home- yeri from West Africa. This exhibit confirmed the result of Mr. G. F. Leigh's breeding experiment mentioned by Professor E. B. Poulton at the last meeting. — Dr. F. A. Dixey, specimens of the genera Golaenis, Heliconius and Pereute, to illustrate a mimetic relation between G. telesiphe, Hew., H. telesiphe, Doubl., and P. antodyca, Boisd. — The Eev. G. Wheeler, a pair of Melitcea dictynna var. dictyn- no'ides Horm., received from Herr Hormuzaki. They are the con- verse of M. britomartis, having the upper side of dictynna but the Vinder much nearer to parthenie. This form is usually described as a 20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. var. of aurelia, Nick., but as almost typical aurelia, a specimen of which was exhibited, are found at the same place, Mt. Cecina, near Czernowitz, Bukowina, this seems unlikely. — Mr. Edward Meyrick B.A., F.R.S., communicated a paper entitled " Descriptions of Micro- Lepidoptera from Bolivia and Peru." December 2nd, 1908. — Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse, President, in the chair. — Mr. Sydney Douglas Crompton, of Carlton House, Kew Gardens, S.W., and Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis, of Aysgarth, Poole, Dorset, were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited some examples of predaceous Diptera and their victims, taken during the year ; and a specimen of Bassus latatorius, Fab., female, bred from a pupa of the dipteron Syrphus haUeatus, Dej. — Professor T. Hudson Beare and Mr. H. St. John Donisthorpe brought for exhibition speci- mens of Olophrum assimile, Payk., a beetle new to the British fauna, taken by them in September, 1908, at Nethy Bridge. Mr. Donis- thorpe also showed examples of TrecJius longicornis, Stm., from Kelton, near Dumfries ; and of an Anaspis, either referable to septentrionaUs, Champion, or new to the British list, taken in woody fungus at Nethy Bridge, this being probably the third specimen discovered. — Mr. G. C. Champion expressed his opinion that the Anaspis in question did not belong to the species described by himself or by Schilsky, but was A. melanostoma, an identification rejected by the exhibitor on account of the male characters.— Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited forms of Abraxas grossulariata bred from wild Huddersfield larvse during the past year, with two males of the var. varleyata, showing how wide a range of varia- tion there is, even in the variety. — Mr. L. W. Newman also exhibited an extreme form of varleyata, the whole of the fore wings being coal- black, and only a very narrow white band on hind wings. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a fine series of Heliconius species from Mapiri Eiver, North Bolivia, to show the close parallel variation between the very variable forms oimelpoviene with the equally variable forms of jj%//is. Mr. E. J. Beck brought for exhilDition variant forms of Adalia bipunc- tata L., from Alton and Farnham ; examples of Lixus paraplecticus taken on Slum angustifolium, resembling small pieces of driftwood ; and a specimen of Leptura sanguinolenta, taken at Southampton, by sweep- ing Umbelliferae. — Mr. W. Schmassman showed a case containing specimens of Pyravieis atalanta, which had been subjected in the pupal stage to various degrees of temperature. — Mr. F. Merrilield exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Eeuss, of Ware, Herts, a remarkable aberration of Aglais urticce, bred in October, 1906, from wild autumn larvae, the pupa being exposed to the direct rays of the sun ; and interesting as showing the transition of one form of Vanessa markings to the other. — Dr. F. A. Dixey, specimens of South American and African butter- flies, remarking that since the last meeting Mr. W. F. H. Eosenberg had kindly furnished him with fresh evidence tending to show that Colaenis telesiphe, though cryptically coloured beneath, was at least as common as IleUconius telesiphe, and was therefore not likely to be a Batesian mimic of that species. He added that Belenois tliysa, which had often been spoken of as a Batesian mimic of Mylothris agathina, had been found by Mr. H. W. Simmonds to be much commoner at Berea, Durban, than its model. This confirmed an observation made by Dr. Longstaff and the speaker at Congella, near Durban, in 1905. — H. Eowland-Brown, M.A., Hon. Secretary. SOCIETIES. 21 The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.— Novevibcr 12th, 1908.— Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. P. N. Baker, of Stratford, was elected a member. — Mr. Kaye exhibited bred and captured series of MelitcBCi aurinia from Kent ; the formei", large and of vivid colour, were reared in a humid orchid house, and were referable to vav. jjrovinciaUs. — Messrs. Harrison and Main, several extensively xanthic specimens of Epine- phele jurtina {janira) taken in North Cornwall. — Mr. E. Adkin, a series of Coremia ferrugata, bred from ova ; the larvas were fed on common Galium, and would not touch ground ivy. — Mr. H. Moore, specimens of the tsetse-Hy [Glossinia palpalis ?) from near Lake Chad, one of the mediums of the terrible " sleeping sickness." — Mr. Newman, a series of the hybrid SmerintJius ocellata-'populi, bred in August, 1908, from a pairing in June, 1908, including two perfect gynandromorphs ; and also a rayed specimen of Abraxas grossulariata ab. varleijata, female bred on November 11th, a second-brood speci- men.— Mr. West (Greenwich), a series of the rare and recently discovered species Aleochara crassiuscula, taken at Lewisham, a new locality. — Mr. Main, a series of photographs of the life-history of Pieris brassiccB. — Dr. Hodgson and Mr. Grosvenor, a long series of Anthrocera trifolii, illustrative of their recent investigation of the species, and including, among other forms, some dozen fine ab. obscura. — Mr. Coote, a specimen of a third brood of Gelastrina argiolm, bred on October 18th from a September larva. — -Mr. Smith, a bred melanic example of Cleora glab)xiria from the New Forest. — Mr. H. J. Turner, a considerable number of species of Lepidoptera taken in Switzerland (Zermatt, Vissoye, Binn, and Saas Feej by Dr. Chapman, including a small race of Erebia ceto, E. mnestra, E. gorge, E. lappona, (Eneis aello, very silvery Argynnis niobe, a three-spotted female of Epinephele hjcaon, and a curious aberration of Brenthis euphrosyne. The remainder of the evening was devoted to the exhibition of lantern slides by Messrs. Dennis, West (Ashstead), Tonge and Main. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec. City of London Entomological Society. — November ^tli. — Mr. K. G. Benton exhibited Tryphana comes with hind wings clouded with black, Folkestone, July, 1908. — Mr. G. G. C. Hodgson, Pieris rapcB bred from Eedhill larvte, the pupae having been subjected to alternate spells of high and low temperatures; the imagines showed an intensification of the yellow coloration on the under sides, thus resembling Scotch specimens. — Mr. L. W. Newman, a long series of hybrids from Smerinthus ocellatus male and S. populi female, the percentage of females being very small. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows stated that an examination of the genitalia showed that while the males were fully developed, the females were gynandromorphous. — Mr. A. E. Tonge, a specimen of P. brassicm from Surrey, with a partial narrow black border on the hind wings. — S. J. Bell, iJon. Sec. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The opening meeting of this Society was held on October 19th, at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, Mr. William Mans- bridge, Vice-President, in the chair. The meeting was exhibitional in character, the members showing results of the season's work. — 22 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Mr. Robert Tait, Jr., brought a long series of Agrotis agatliina bred from Welsh larvae, and noted that the red form occurred much more frequently among wild imagines than among moths bred at Man- chester from larviB taken on the same ground earlier in the year. From the Isle of Wight, fine species of the following : — Agrotis lunigera, A. cinerea, Acidalia humiliata, Setina irroreUa. From Pendine, South Wales : — Boarmia repandata var. conversaria, Calli- morpha domimda. From Lakeside: — Numeria p)ulveraria, Tephrosia consonaria, and a very long series of S biimditlaria, varying from almost white to the extreme form of var. delamerensis. Mr. Tait stated that he had bred a partial second brood of the following species, viz. : — B. repandata var. conversaria, Aplecta herbida, and A. humiliata, a living example of which he exhibited at the meeting. — Mr. Mounfield, of Warrington, showed a fine series of LitJwsia sericea, and Leucania pallens, a red variety from Warrington ; Ma- caria liturata var. nigrofulvata, a short series from Delamere Forest. • — Mr. Kobinson, of Warrington, also exhibited L. sericea, as well as Hijdrcecia petasitis, H. lucens, H. nictitans, H. 2)aludis, Hadena glauca, Orthosia suspecta, Agrotis nigricans, and Acronycta leporina var. melanocephala, all from Warrington and neighbourhood ; while from Delamere Forest he showed Aplecta nehulosa var. rohsoni and LitJwsia mesomella. — Mr. T. Baxter, of St. i^nne's, sent a long series of Abraxas grossulariata and varieties, from St. Anne's, and short series of Folia chi vars., including olivacea and melanic forms from Yorkshire ; also strongly marked typical specimens of this variable moth from Barmouth. — Dr. Edwards had series of Abraxas sylvata and Noctua glareosa, from Carnarvon ; Eupithecia j^iilchellata from the Lake District; Dasychira fascelina, from Formby ; Gelcena haworthii and Luperina cespitis, from Delamere Forest. — Mr. Prince sent several boxes of local insects, including a very long series of Nyssia zonaria. — Mr. H. R. Sweeting exhibited Aplecta nebulosa and var. robsoni, and Boarmia repandata, from Delamere ; Cucullia asteris, from Essex ; Moma orion, bred from New Forest pupae which had laid over two winters. — Mr. W. J. Lucas, of Kingston-on-Thames, sent a number of excellent photographs of Lepidoptera. — Dr. Bell had several varieties of Bombyx quercus from Wallasey, including the olive variety ; Dr. Bell stated that the larvae from which the olive forms were bred were black with very dark brown hairs ; this had also been noted by other collectoi's, and was supported by a further exhibit, by the same member, of young larvae from olive parents, and from typical parents in which this difference was well seen. — Mr. Mallinson brought a specimen of Deilephila galii, bred from one of the two larvte found at Wallasey, September, 1907. — Mr. W. Mans- bridge exhibited a series of Aplecta nebidosa var. robsoni, very dark grey forms, and var. pallida, bred 1908; Folia chi var. olivacea, from near Leeds ; and stated that this form had increased from about five per cent, noted in 1890-1, to about twenty per cent, noted this year. A series of black Boarmia repandata, from Knowsley, Lancashire, and a male Porthesia similis, from Simonswood, without the black spots on the hind margin of the fore wings ; a short series of Feronea per- viutana, from Wallasey. — H. R. Sweeting & Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sees. 23 RECENT LITERATURE. 1. Three Belated American Species of ^■Eschna (Odonata) — ^^. multi- color, Hag., ^.mutata, Hag., Sind ^^ . jalapens is, nov. sp. 2. A New Dragonfly [Odonata) belonging to the Cordulina, and a Bevision of the Classification of the Subfamili/. [The new species is Platycordidia xanthosoma.'] Both by E. B. William- son, ' Entomological News,' June, July, and November, 1908. PeobaBLY the general notes embodied in these two papers will be of most interest to English readers. W. J. L. The Annals of Scottish Natural History. Edinburgh. 1908. Not a great amount of entomological matter appears this year, but some of the articles and notes are of importance. These are — Notes on Coleoptera of St. Kilda (T. H. Beare) ; do. : mainly from Birds' Nests (N. H. Joy) ; Scottish Species of Oxyura (Procto- trypidae), pt. iii. (P. Cameron) ; Lepidoptera of East Ross, &c., and on Amhlyptilus punctidactylus (D. Jackson) ; Insect Fauna of Isle of May (P. H. Grimshaw) ; Sirex noctilio (Sawfly) in Forth, Aleochara spadicea (Coleopteron) in Scotland, Quedius longicornis (Coleopteron), in Forth, and Bethylus cephalotes (Proctotrypidae) in Scotland (W. Evans) ; Death's Head in Kircudbrightshire (R. Service) ; Palloptera ustulata in Edinburgh and Ceratophyllus borealis in Berwickshire (J. Waterston). W T I Descriptions of Tertiary Insects. By T. D. A. Cockeeell. (From ' The American Journal of Science,' vol. xxvi. pp. 69-75, July, 1908.) These descriptions are illustrated by figures of three fossil dragon- Hies — Lithagrionhyalinum, Scudder, Enallagma florissantella, sp. nov., and Trichonemis aliena, Scudder. Some Besults of the Florissant Expedition of 1908. By Professor T. D. A. Cockeeell. (Reprinted from ' The American Natura- list,' vol. xHi. pp. 569-81, September, 1908.) Some of the most interesting fossils found in 1908 in the Floris- sant beds are discussed and illustrated by photographs. Among these are a dragonfly (Phenacolestes parallelus, Ckll.), and two bees {Galyptapis florissantenis, Ckll., and Anthophora melfordi, Ckll.). The Agricultural Journal of India. Vol. iii., parts 1 and 2. Calcutta and London : Thacker k Spink and W. Thacker & Co. 1908. The contents of part i. (January, 1908) comprises an article by H. Maxwell-Lefroy, M.A., the Imperial Entomologist, on " The To- bacco Stem Borer (Gnorimoschema heliopa, Low.)." This is accom- panied by an excellent coloured plate showing the insect in all stages. 24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. In part ii. (April, 1908) the principal entomological contribution is that by M. Mackenzie and H. Maxwell-Lefroy, entitled "The Sugar- cane Borers of Behar." These borers are the larvae of moths that attack the sugar-cane. Two species, Scirpophaga axiriflua and S. vionostigma, injure the shoots. Four others — Gkilo simplex, C. auri- cilia, Nonagria uniformis, and Anerastria ahutcUa — are described as " side-borers." Tlie larva of Polyocha saccharella destroys the roots, and seems to be capable of causing moi"e permanent mischief than either of the other "borers." All the moths, together with ova, larva3, and pupae, are well figured in colour on plate xx., and the methods of larval attack are shown on plates xxi. and xxii. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Vol. ii., Nos. 1. 2, 6. Calcutta and London : Thacker & Spink and W. Thacker & Co. No. 1 (April, 1908, pp. 1-13). "The Eice Bug {Leptocorisa vari- cornis, Fabr.)." By H. Maxwell-Lefroy, M.A. The perfect insect and various stages from the egg are depicted in colour on plate i. No. 2 (April, 1908, pp. 14-46). " Eemarks on Indian Scale Insects (Coccidae)." Part iii. By E. E. Green, F.E.S. Plates ii.-iv. No. 6 (August, 1908, pp. 95-110). "The Cotton Leaf-roller {Sylepta derogata, Fabr.)." By H. Maxwell-Lefroy, M.A. The moth and its early stages are shown on plate ix., which is well executed in colour. United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Entomology : — Bulletin No. 64, pt. iv. : " An Injurious North American Species of Apion, with Notes of Related Forms." By F. H. Chittenden. Pt. V. : " Insects Injurious to the Loco "Weeds." By F. H. Chittenden, Sc.D. Bu.lletin No. 68, pt. vi. : " Grape Root-worm Investigations in 1907." By Fred Johnson. Pt. vii. : " Demonstration Spraying for the Codhn Moth." Bulletin No. 75. pt. iii. : " Bee Diseases in Massachusetts." By Burton N. Gates. Technical Series, No. 15 : " A Revision of the Ixodoidea, or Ticks, of the United States." By Nathan Banks (June, 1908). No. 16, pt. i. : " The National Collection of Coccidae." By C. L. Mar- latt, M.S. (April, 1908). Pt. ii. : "New Species of Diaspine Scale Insects." By C. L. Marlatt, M.S. (August, 1908). No. 12, pt. vi. : "A Record of Results from Roarings and Dissections of Tachinidae." By C. H. T. Townsend (September, 1908). Beport of the Entomological Department of the New Jersey Agri- cultural College Experimental Station, New Brunswick, N. J. By John B. Smith, Sc.D. For the year 1907. Trenton : MacCrellish Quigley. 1908. Obituary. — We are very grieved to announce the death of Mr. J. A. Clark. A further notice will appear in the February number. The Entomologist, February, 1909. Plate Fig. 2. rig a Fig. 4. K.J. del. FigS, West, Newman proc. FIVE-COMBED BAT-FLEAS (NYCTERIDOPSYLLA). THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLIL] FEBEUAEY, 1909. [No. 549 NOTES ON THE FIVE-COMBED BAT-FLEAS FOEMING THE GENUS NYCTERIDOPSYLLA* Oudemans. By the Hon. N. C. Eothschild, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. » (Plate I.) In the December number of the 'Entomologist' for 1908, p. 281, we described a new species of five-combed bat-flea under the name of Nycteridojpsylla longiceps, comparing it with another British species which we identified at that time as pentactejius, Kolenati. Oar identification was based on specimens from Kolenati's collection preserved in the Vienna Museum, with which the British ones agree fairly well. This identification has now proved to be erroneous, and we think therefore that a general survey of all the known species of the genus Nycteri- dopsylla may be attempted with advantage. 1. Nycteridopsylla pentactenus, Kol. Ceratopsyllus p)entactenus, Kol., Parasiten der Chiropteren, p. 32, no. 3 (1856, Briinn). C. tetractenus, Kol., Parasiten der Chiropteren, p. 32, no. 4 (1856, Briinn) ; id., Hor. Soc. Ent. Eoss. vol. ii. p. 39 (1863). Nycteridopsylla pentactena (!), Oudemans, Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, Verslag, p. lix (1906) ; Dampf, Schrift. Phys.-okon. Ges. vol. il. p. 42 (1908, Konigsberg). Kolenati originally described two species in ' Die Parasiten der Chiropteren ' under the names of pentactenus and tetractenus, which he subsequently united under the latter name in the ' Horse Societatis Entomologicae EossicaB.' The description and figure are insufiicient, but two characters are mentioned which refer to this species only. In the ' Parasiten der Chiropteren ' Kolenati states, under pentactenus, that the second segment of "-■= Nycterido2)sylla, Oudemans, Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, Verslag, p. Iviii (1906). BNTOM. FEBRUARY, 1909. D '26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the antenna bears six long bristles, while in the ' Horae ' the six bristles placed before the eye are noted as a character. In the s}'ecimens kindly forwarded to us by Dr. Oudemans there are five or six long bristles on the second segment of the antenna, while in the other two species of Ni/cteridopsi/lla there are only one to three of these long bristles. The second character, again, applies only to this species. We therefore concur with Dr. Oudemans in identifying this insect with N . pentactenus of Kolenati. N. pentactenus is easily recognized by the head (PI. I. fig. 1, 2?^" / mm - * ^ F.W.Frohawk del. Werner iVTinter, Frankfurt'-W Argynnis laodice THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLII.] MARCH, 1909. [No. 550 LIFE-HISTORY OF ARGYNNIS LAODICE. By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. (Plate IL) On September 17th, 1907, I received from the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild a number of eggs of Argynnis laodice, obtained from four females captured by himself near Cs6htelek, in the Bihar Comitat, Hungary. The four specimens were placed on potted- up plants of dog-violet {Viola caiiina), with the satisfactory result that about one hundred and seventy eggs were deposited on various parts of the leaves and stems. By acquiring this consignment of ova I have been enabled, through Mr. Rothschild's kindness, to have the pleasure of successfully working out the complete life-history of this rare species, which I believe has never been previously accomplished, and, excepting the full- grown larva and pupa that were described and figured twenty- six years ago by G. Kiinow (' Schriften d. Physik, Oekon Geselbech, zu Konigsberg,' vol. xiii. p. 147, 1872), nothing hitherto was known of any of the earlier stages. Aigner has already recorded (' Rovartani Lapok,' vol. xiv. p. 222, 1907) the capture of the specimens of this Argynnis by Mr. Rothschild. This species, which apparently only occurs in the R6z Moun- tains and not on the plain, frequents open spaces in the forest in the neighbourhood of streams, where it flies in company with A. paphia, A. adippe, and A. lathonia, frequenting the blossoms of bramble and of hemp-agrimony. All the specimens that Mr. Rothschild secured were worn, being taken from about the middle of August onwards, and were mostly females. Apparently the locality where these were captured is the most western point in Hungary, and possibly in Europe, at which this species has been observed. The egg resembles that of Argynnis adippe in shape and general structare, but in the number of keels it is more similar to A. aglaia. It is conical in form but rather straight-sided, and 3^2 in- in height ; the base is twice the width of the crown, which BNTOM. MARCH, 1909. F 50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. is sunken, the micropyle finely reticulated. There are about twenty strongly developed longitudinal keels, eight of which run the entire length, starting at the edge of the micropyle, where they rise high above the surface ; others start about one-fourth down, and run to the base, which is flattened ; the intervening spaces, which are deeply concaved, are transversely ribbed by about fifteen in number ; the surface is finely pitted. Mr, Eothschild informs me, when first laid, the eggs are "a very pale straw-colour, but get gradually darker." This is the case with all the Argynnidae eggs. When they first reached me some had already assumed two purplish zones, one at the crown, the other near the base ; these gradually darken to a deep purplish hue, especially near the crown, the basal one being much paler. The rest of the egg is an olive ochreous colour, excepting the extreme summit, which is transparent ; the colour- ing changes with the maturing of the larva, which is apparently well-developed by the beginning of October, when the above de- scription was made. During winter the egg appears to deepen somewhat in colour, and assuming a generally rather deeper purplish drab before hatching. On examining the eggs February 19th, 1908, I found some had just hatched, and others on the point of hatching. The larva^eats its way out by making a large hole in the side of the shell. Directly after emergence it measures -^^ in. long. It very closely resembles A. paphia in structure. The head is shining olive-black, beset with pale ochreous, finely serrated bristles ; on the first segment is a dark dorsal disc, each segment bears a series of large warts, on the summit of each rises a long, finely serrated, club-tipped ochreous brown bristle, with a shining black and brown bulbous base ; the dorsal series of bristles are in pairs, both situated on a large wart on each segment ; the other two large globular subdorsal warts have each a single hair. There are in all eight hairs and six warts on each segment above the spiracles; below each of the latter is a large globose wart bear- ing five long, fine serrated hairs projecting laterally; excepting on the last three segments, all the dorsal hairs curve forwards, while those on these last segments are straighter and project backwards ; on the ventral surface, claspers, and legs are simple, white, finely-pointed bristles. The entire body (including the legs and claspers) is a pale olive-ochreous colour, densely covered with extremely fine black points, producing a very fine granulated surface. The colouring gradually becomes slightly darker when a day or two old, and the large body-warts assume an olive- green-grey hue. When touched they fall and roll up, remaining so for many minutes. The young larva exactly resembles that of A. paphia in LTPE-HISTOEY OF AKGYNNIS LAODICE. 51 structure, having the hairs and warts of similar number and formation. Owing to dull, sunless weather for about a week from the time of hatching the little larvae remained inactive, and it was several days before I could detect that they had fed at all, and then they fed only on the cuticle of the more tender parts of the shoots and young leaves of violet [Viola canina). They are very sluggish in movement, and only show signs of activity during sunshine. When a month old, i. e. on March 19th, the larva only measured ^in. long ; it is then more uniformly darker in colour, being of a light olive-brown. They now feed along the edges of the young leaves, eating the entire substance. On April 1st some prepared for first moult, when they measure I in. long. The colour is pale ochreous, mottled with purplish brown, chiefly arranged so as to form longitudinal bands, ex- cepting along the dorsal surface, where they are V-shaped on each segment, with a very fine medio-dorsal line running through the V-markings. First moult took place on April 3rd. After first moult, sixty-five days old, it measures ^^ in. long. There are six longitudinal rows of dusky tubercles with ochreous bases, each bearing several finely serrated bristles, the largest ones having the apex slightly knobbed ; each tubercle terminates with the longest bristle. The head is shining black, and beset with bristles ; the ground colour is very pale ochreous, streaked and chequered with purplish brown, with a fine medio-dorsal line of the same colour, and a dark dorsal blotch on each side of it, on the anterior part of each segment ; a dark spiracular band borders a conspicuous whitish lateral stripe, including the lateral series of tubercles ; the under surface, claspers, and legs are also ochreous and chequered with brown. On April 25th one moulted the second time. After second moult, eighty-six days old, the larva is |- in. long. The tubercles are all pale ochreous, and all the dark markings are outlined with whitish ; the medio-dorsal line is bordered on either side by a fine white line ; the lateral lobes form a whitish band. After feeding they usually crawl down the stems, upon which they rest. Several moulted third time the middle of May. After third moult, ninety-four days old, it measures ^ in. long ; it is similar to the previous stage, but all the markings are clearly defined. The dorsal tubercles are cream-coloured, those on the first two segments are coppery ; the subdorsal and lateral tubercles whitish ; legs ochreous ; head ochreous, mottled with brown ; eye-spots black. Just before fourth moult it measures j% in. On May 23rd I noticed two had moulted fourth time. After fourth moult, one hundred and eleven days old, it is f2 52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. f in, long. Similar to previous stage, excepting the tubercles, which are of a delicate lilac-pink, bearing black bristles ; head and legs ochreous, former speckled with brown, and a central V-shaped mark and black eye-spots. During the greater part of the day they rest at the base of the plant and under the leaves ; towards evening they ascend the leaves to feed. After fifth and last moult, fully grown, it measures about Ij in. long. The body slightly tapers at each end. There are in all sixty-two rather long tubercles (spines), four on the first segment, two on the second, four on the third and twelfth ; on all the remaining segments, fourth to eleventh inclusive, have each six spines ; these run in longitudinal rows, being dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral ; the first pair on the anterior segment are slightly longer than the rest, and project over the head, but curve gently backwards ; the second and third pairs are only slightly curved ; all the other spines are straight. All bear numerous black, shining bristles, and each terminates with the same. The outline of all the spines is undulating, the space be- tween each bristle being convex ; most of the spines are of a semi-transparent, pearly, milk-white colour, with the bases more or less lilac-pink ; those on the first segment are wholly rose- pink, and the succeeding ones gradually become paler, while those on the anal segment are likewise rose-pink ; all have dull rose or lilac-pink bases. The general ground colour of the body is olive-brown, being composed of a cream-coloured ground, finely mottled with dull black, forming an irregular chequered pattern ; the ventral surface is much darker, mostly of a deep olive-brown ; there is a medio-dorsal cream-coloured longi- tudinal stripe, divided by a fine blackish line ; on each segment bordering the stripe is a conspicuous, bold, velvety-black mark, divided in the centre by the dorsal spine ; the anterior portion is quadrangular and posterior half triangular ; a slightly oblique elongated mark below and behind each dorsal spine excepting the first ; along the side is a subdorsal series of dusky markings, bordered on each side by a cream-coloured line forming a wavy band, broken up by the subdorsal spines ; below each of these spines, surrounding the spiracles, are bold black mottlings; the subspiracular spines are situated on the dilated lateral undu- lating ridge, which is dull milky white. The- head is flesh- colour, freckled with brown; eye-spots black; a rose-coloured spot on each side of the crown, which is brown in front, with a central ^-shaped whitish mark outlining the head-pieces. The legs are coloured like the head ; the claspers are rich red-brown. The anal segment terminates in a conical point of a rust- reddish colour ; on the ventral surface of this segment are warty emi- nences clustered with black bristles, as well as on the anal point ; the head and claspers are all bristle-bearing. Kiinow's figure of the enlargement of the segment does not LIFE-HISTORY OF ARGYNNIS LAODICB. 63 accurately portray the structure or markings of this larva ; he represents the spines as straight-edged, and the bristles much too small, and the colouring of the spines of the sixth segment, which he figures as being wholly pink, are in all the larvae in my possession as I have described. He neither shows the second dorsal slightly oblique mark, nor the subdorsal markings forming a band. In his figure of the larva there is wanting much detail of markings ; the first and last spines are much too short, and represented as being quite straight, which should be longest and curved on the anterior segment, and they are all too dull in colour. On June 22nd the first larva attached itself by its hind claspers to a pad of silk spun on the gauze cover, and pupated on the 24th. Just after pupation it is mostly of a brownish- pink colour, which gradually deepens into a shining bronze-black, with a few ochreous-brown speckles appearing on the abdomen. The metallic spots of the mature pupa are at first exactly similar to mother-of-pearl. The pupa averages in length ^f in. ; it so closely resembles A. paphia in structure and markings that they are almost in- distinguishable, and as regards colouring A. laodice and the dark forms of A. jmphia are exactly alike. The only slight diffe- rence between the two species is that in paphia the subdorsal angular projections on the third abdominal segment are rather larger than those of laodice, and when viewed dorsally paphia is rather wider across the base of the wings. A. laodice pupa, dorsal view : Head with two pointed lateral horns, a similar but smaller angular point at base of wings ; con- tinued along the base is a convex ridge, then concave across the middle, and bulging at hind margin ; abdomen attenuated to anal extremity. Side view : Head beaked, thorax keeled and angular, sunken at base of abdomen and metathorax ; abdomen curving to anal segment, which terminates in a truncated pro- jection bearing the cremastral hooks ; ventral surface of abdomen contracted ; wings bulging near apex ; antennae serrated ; leg- joints prominent. Colouring : Ground colour pale buff-brown, inclining to pinkish over the head and thorax ; there are two subdorsal rows of sharply pointed conical projections commencing on the prothorax ; the first five pairs are of a beautiful metallic silver-gilt ; these are placed on the three thoracic segments and the first two abdominal segments ; the remaining pairs are without metallic lustre, being shining variegated brown ; those on the third segment are largest, and those on the ninth are very minute ; on the fifth, sixth, and seventh segments are very small medio-dorsal points. The whole surface is very finely reticulated with dark brown, forming a delicate fibrous pattern ; across the wing are two wavy brown bands, exactlj' similar to paphia ; the dark spiracles are 54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. placed on a dusky stripe, and the ventral abdominal surface is indistinctly striped. Kiinow says a striking point about this pupa is the extreme prominence of the feet and feelers. I do not, however, find any striking difference from that of A. paphia in either the legs or antennae. Explanation of Plate :— Fig. 1. Egg, drawn 4/10/1907. Fig. 2. Seventh segment of larva directly after emergence, drawn 20/2/1908. Fig. 3. Larva, first- stage, 27 days old, drawn 18/3/1908. Fig. 4. Larva, 21 days after 1st moult, 65 days old, drawn 24/4/1908. Fig. 5. Larva, after 2nd moult, 86 days old, drawn 15/5/1908. Fig. 6. Larva, after 3rd moult, 94 days old, drawn 23/5/1908. Fig. 7. Larva, after 4th moult. 111 days old, drawn 9/6/1908. Fig. 8. Larva, after 5th moult, fully grown, 124 days old, drawn 22/6/1908. Fig. 9. Larva, after 5th moult, fully-grown, seventh segment, drawn 23/6/1908. Fig. 10. Pupa, five days old, light- form, drawn 29/6/1908. Fig. 11. Pupa, eight days old, dark form, drawn 9/7/1908. Fig. 12. Imago, ^ , upper and under side. THE ATHALIA GEOUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA. By George Wheeler, M.A., F.E.S. (Continued from p. 32.) The next two forms do not so clearly belong to this group, but still they are remarkable for presenting a greater display of the fulvous ground colour, the one on the fore, the other on the hind wing, though in the former case the hind wing seems to be- long rather to the other or navarina-gvoxi^, as, indeed, is the case with hertha, and even with corythalia itself. The first of the two is : — ab. hisopa, Selys-Longchamps, " Enumeration des Insectes L^pidopteres de la Belgique," p. 19 (published in the * M6moires de la Societe Scieutifique de Liege, 1845). It is described as follows: — "Dessus* des ailes brun. Les superieures avec trois bandes de taches fauves tres larges, les inferieures avec une bande seule analogue anteterminale. Dessous des inferieures avec quatre taches arrondies noires a la base qui est fauve. Cette couleur termin^e par du noir. Le reste d'un jaune clair, avec les nervures et une raie anteterminale noires et une serie trans- verse de cinq taches fauves non cercl6es de noir." This series of five transverse fulvous spots evidently repre- sents the outer band. I know no illustration of this aberration, but the description is sufficiently clear. The name is spelt nisopa in the ' Annales de la Soci6t6 Ento- mologique Beige,' i. p. 19 (1857), in the list of Belgian forms of Lepidoptera. * Up. s. brown. F. w. with three very broad bands of fulvous spots, h. w. with only one corresponding antemarginal baud, Un. s. h. w. with four rounded black spots at the base, which is fulvous edged with black. The rest of the wing is light yellow, with the nervures and one antemarginal line black, and a transverse series of five fulvous spots, without any black edging. THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELIT^A. 55 The second of these forms is the — var. helvetica, Eiihl, ' Societas Entomologica,' iii. p. 137 (1888), which he also describes in his ' Palaarktische Gross- Schmetterhnge,' p. 405 (1892-1895). In the former work there is a long Latin description which my respect for the author compels me to refrain from giving in the original, so startling is its construction, and which I will therefore, contrary to my usual practice, translate as follows : — " Wings scarcely rounded, ful- vous above, partially reticulated with fuscous, the hind wmgs with the central band enlarged, in distinct streaks, and forming five definitely separate streaks, of which the second and third are longer than the first, fourth, and fifth. The hind wings beneath yellowish, with the middle band silvery white. This form is so far remarkable for a very noticeable mark in the second basal cell of the hind wings beneath, a yellow oblong spot bordered with black, alike in both wings." This form is remarkable for three things : the complete absence of the extra line, up. s. h. w., in combination with a very restricted basal suffusion, leaving a broad central band of the ground colour, such as is usual in parthenie ; the silvery white central band, un. s. h. w., in the male as well as the female ; and the size, shape, and colour of the second spot of the basal band. It appears to be a local form found at Bergiin and Stalla, in the Grisons, in July. The upper side gives a remarkable facies, which I have several times noticed in Rhone Valley specimens, but without the peculiarities of the under side, though I have also taken at Frenieres, above Bex, a very fresh male with quite white terminal, central, and basal bands, the light spot also being white ; this specimen, however, has a normal upper side. To this group of aberrant forms also belong three others, viz. : — ab. samonica, Riesen, ' Stettin Entomologische Zeitung,' 1891, p. 357, which is described as having the upper side of corythalia, but the under side normal. ab. virgata, Tutt, ' British Butterflies,' p. 305 (1896), which " has the spots forming the central band of the fore and hind wings lengthened, and these make a distinctly marked central band." ab. obsoleta, Tutt, I.e., is thus noted : "Occasionally there is a failure, or partial failure, of the dark transverse lines, the wings becoming largely fulvous." We must also add the local Spanish form : — ab. iberica, Staudinger, ' Catalogue,' 3rd ed. p. 32 (1901), which is thus shortly described : " Plerumque major, dilutior, minus nigro picta." Coming now to the second group of aberrations in which the fuscous predominates, the oldest named form which belongs with certainty to this species (athalia) seems to be : — 66 THte ENTOMOLOGIST. ab. navarina, Selys-Longchamps, * Enumeration des Insectes L^pidopteres de la Belgique' {v. supra), p. 19, 1845. His de- scription reads as follows* : — " Toute brune en dessus avec une serie anteterminale de taches fauves. Le dessous des ailes plus noir qu'a I'ordinaire." He states that he is describing the insect figured by Ernst & Engramelle, * Papillons de I'Europe,' vol. ii. pi. Ixii. suppl. viii. figs. 31 c,/(1780), and referred by them, p. 252, to Esper, ' Schmetterlinge Europas,' i. p. 382, which is his description of dictynna illustrated on pi. xlviii. (suppl. xxiv.). S6lys-Longchamps consequently remarks that the absence of the black spots in the outer band un. s. h. w. at once removes it from dictynna, and, indeed, Ernst & Engramelle refer their figures back to their first volume, pi. xix. fig. 31, and the corresponding letterpress, pp. 67, 68 (1779), where a further reference is made to the previous plate of Esper (i. pi. xlvii. suppl. xxiii.), which represents athalia. The following descrip- tion is made from the figure to which Selys-Longchamps refers : — Up. s. f. w. : Ground colour only shows between the subterminal lines and in a single spot outside, and two inside the stigma; on h. w. only between the outer and inrier lines, and in the Hght spot. Un. s. f. w. : Lunules yellow, with a few yellow spots below the costa and about half-way down the wing inside the outer sub- terminal ; beyond this the whole wing is fulvous, with a series of six long, rather wedge-shaped, black dashes starting from the inner sub- terminal, a square black spot taking the place of the stigma, and an oblong black spot in the middle of the base representing the basal dash. Un. s. h. w. : Terminal band shows dull grey spots near the arch of the lunules except at anal angle ; inner part of the outer and central bands black ; outer part of central band pale yellow : rest of wing fulvous, except the light spot and the first, third, and fourth spots of the basal band, which are of the same shade as the spots in the terminal lunules. (This colour may have changed in the plate.) A variant of this aberration is figured, without name, by Hiibner, ' Beitrage,' ii. pi. iv. fig. W. 1, 2, the underside of which has the outer part of the fore wing very pale, the spots forming the elbowed line prolonged into dashes, the stigma and the space between the basal lines being filled in with black, and the basal dash being represented by a triangular black spot. The hind wing appears to have the usual bands, but the outer has the dark lunules very slightly represented, and failing altogether to- wards the costa, the space between them and the central band being filled in with black in the lower half of the wing ; most of the base is also black. A Dutch specimen referable to this form is also illustrated * "Entirely brown above, with an antemarginal series of orange-brown spots. The under side with more black than usual." THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELIT^A. 57 for a paper by Capper in the * Tijdschrift voor Entomologie,' vol. xlii. pi. ii. fig. 3, the upper side of which is definitel.y nava- rina, but the under side is nearly normal, except that the elbowed line is again represented by a series of black dashes. Fig. 4 on the same plate represents a transitional female, showing on the upper side two rows of fulvous spots on the fore wing, and part of a third row on the hind wing. The under side is like that of the male, except that the black dashes representing the elbowed line are shorter. ab. aphcea, Hiibner, * Sammlung,' vol. i. pi. 147, figs. 738, 739, probably represents an aberrant form of this species, but in the absence of date and locality it is impossible to speak with con- fidence. Most authors have, however, accepted it as such with- out question. The following is a description : — Un. s. f. w. : Outer subterminal coalescing with border ; inner subterminal very fine ; elbowed line very broad, almost reaching the inner subterminal ; the basal suffusion forms two large black spots, one above the median nervure reaching to the inner basal line, and another below it joining the marginal blotch ; beyond the outer basal line is a black blotch followed by yet another surrounded by a thin line of the ground colour, which expands into a bar towards the inner margin. Up. s. h. VI. : Has a broad black border, followed by a narrow lunular line of the ground colour, edged with an equally narrow lunular line of black representing the outer line ; the basal suffusion extends to the inner line, but shows just within the latter a row and part of a second row of very small spots of the ground colour ; the light basal spot is prolonged into a scimitar-shaped curve up to the costa. Un. s. f. w. : Has black lunules almost filling the usual terminal lunules, whose arrangement rather suggests parthenie. This peculi- arity is exaggerated on the hind wing. The elbowed line is repre- sented by large elongated spots, and the basal band of the hind wing is completely invaded by the dark inner band ; otherwise the under side is fairly normal. This must not be confounded with Freyer's aphaa, ' Neiiere Beitrage,' vii. p. 169, pi. 696, fig. 1 (1858), which appears to be a form of parthenie which one meets with occasionally in the Ehone Valley, and doubtless elsewhere. Its sole distinction, which, however, produces a very remarkable facies, is the great breadth of the elbowed line, and the unusual size of the marginal blotch on the upper side. This form brings us by a natural sequence, though somewhat out of chronological order, to the corresponding form of athalia, var. mehadiensis, Gerhardt, ' Berliner Entomologischer Zeit- schrift,' vol. xxvi. p. 126 (1882). It is described as follows* : — • * A very beautiful aberration of athalia, striking in consequence of its pronounced markings ; from Viertlau, Mehadia (Hungary) ; ratlier larger than ordinary athalia ; the black band crossing the middle of the fore wing 58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. "Eine sehr schone, durch deutlicb ausgesprachte Zeicbnung auffallende Abart von Athalia : von Viertlau, Mebadia : etwas grosser als die gewobnliche Athalia ; die in der Mitte der Ober- fliigel iiber den ganzen Fliigel sicb ziehende scbwarze Binde ist breiter als bei der Stammart, und endet am Innenrand in einen langlicb viereckigen Fleck, der bei der Stammart gewobnlicli nur durcbbrochen erscheint. Auch auf der Unterseite ist die Binde weit deutlicber markirt als bei der gewobnlichen Athalia.'" Here again tbe breadtb of tbe elbowed line and the large oblong marginal blotch are tbe special characteristics. It ap- pears to be rather a variety than an aberration, and so far as the upper side is concerned it is, apart from size, the usual form at Faido, in the Leventina, and indeed, in a more or less modi- fied condition, the only form I have seen from that locality. (To be continued.) OEIENTAL CAPSID^. By W. L. Distant. Mr. E. I. PococK, who is working out the mimetic relation- ship between various insects and spiders included in a collection from tbe Nilgiri Hills, has asked me to identify the following Kbynchota, in order that he may be able to refer to them in his paper shortly to be published in the ' Transactions ' of the Lin- nean Society of London. All tbe species belong to the Capsidse, are apparently undescribed, and will be figured in the Appendix to my Khynchotal portion of the Faun. Brit. India. Rhodoclia, gen. nov. Head broad and convex, a little more anteriorly produced in male than in female, the postocular longer than the anteocular area, strongly constricted at base, slightly longitudinally incised on centre of disk, the apex subangularly produced in front of the insertion of the antennae, eyes of moderate size and rounded ; antennae long, longer than the body, first joint longer than either the second or third which are subequal in length, fourth longest, moderately thick- ened and a little curved ; rostrum passing the intermediate coxae, first joint thickened and about reaching eyes, second longest ; pro- notum short, armed with a long horizontal or slightly backwardly directed slender spine on each side ; hemelytra more or less rudi- mentary, more developed in the male than in the female ; abdomen is broader than in the type, and ends on the inner margin in a longish four- cornered spot, which in the type generally appears broken up. On the under side also the band is far more strongly marked than in ordinary athalia. OEIENTAL CAPSID.'E. 59 short and broad, pedunculate at base ; legs long and slender, basal and apical joints of tarsi about equally long, tibiae distinctly longer than the femora. This genus may be placed in the Division Myrmecophyaria, Eeut. Rhodoclia convictionis, sp. n. Head, pronotum, scutellum, and hemelytra piceous-brown ; head with a pale ochraceous line extending centrally and perpendicularly for a short distance from base, and then curved and diverging on each side to the anterior margins of eyes ; scutellum with a central pale longitudinal line ; abdomen greyish ochraceous ; head beneath, ster- num, rostrum, and legs pale brownish ochraceous ; the pedunculate base of abdomen centrally piceous, with the lateral margins greyish ; legs and antennse thinly spinously hirsute, the head also margined with pale long hairs. Long. tei'on, Anthomyia spreta, Meig.* This fly lays its eggs on the surface of the fungus. They are somewhat cylindrical pale bodies, one of which may be seen unhatched on fig. 2a magnified about six times. When it hatches, the egg splits along the side attached to the fungus, and the egg-shell does not fall away, but remains where it was first laid. An egg-shell may be seen at fig. 2& a little above and to the left of the unhatched egg. When they enter the world the little larvsG find beneath them an immediate supply of suitable food, on which they literally make incursions, traces of which may be seen below the egg-shell. As the larva (fig. 6a, b) grows, the egg-shell does not properly cover it, and it builds a waxy tunnel with the egg-shell on its surface, and within this it shelters when not making incursions into its food. In consequence of this the egg-shell, which was cylindrical at first, now has its two broken edges separated from one another. The upper surface falls in as it becomes approxi- mately fiat, and then a ridge in the shape of a long ellipse is formed surrounding the depression. This is very well shewn in fig. 4. The traces of the incursions made by the larva to obtain food are also very clear in this figure, and in the preceding one * The first aud fairly full account of the life-history of this fly is given by M. le Docteur Giraud in the ' Annales de la Soc. Ent. de France,' 1872, p. 503. ENTOM. — OCTOBER, 1909. X 242 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. also (fig. 3), where the tunnel is inhabited by a larva of smaller size. In fig. 5 is depicted the tunnel of a large (if not full- grown) larva, the scale of magnification being the same as that of figs. 3 and 4. Partly grown larvae are shewn in fig. 6, a and h. Like so many dipterous larvae they are simple maggots, means of extended locomotion and so forth being unnecessary, since they are surrounded by a good supply of suitable food. When full- fed the larvae fall to the ground, and form around themselves a reddish-brown puparium between 3 and 4 mm. long (fig. 7), which is again very characteristic of certain groups of the Diptera. From this puparium emerges in the following spring (though there is probably a partial autumn brood sometimes) a little blackish fly (fig. 8), in general appearance not unlike a small house-fly, though smaller, for it is but some 9 mm. in expanse of wing. Explanation of Plate, Fig. 1. The fungus, Einchlo'e tyxtliina, in situ, on cuhns of grass. Fig. 2, a. Unhatched egg of Anthomyia sjrrcta; b. Egg-shell of A. spreta (x 6). Fig. 3. Egg-shell, tunnel, and tracks of larva of A. spreta (x 4^). Fig. 4. Egg-shell at a later stage ( x 4A). Fig. 5. Egg-shell and tunnel of a large larva (x A\). Fig. 6, h. Larva of A. sp)reta ; a. larger larva of A. spireta, photo- graphed from microscope slides prepared by Dr. T. A. Chapman (x 6). Fig. 7. Puparium of A. spreta, drawn from living or recently dead specimens (x 9). Fig. 8. Imago of ^. sjpreta, drawn from dead specimens (x 4^). NOTES ON DEAGONFLY PARASITES (LARVAL WATER-MITES). By F. W. & H. Campion. The presence of parasitic Arachnida has been detected upon insects representing each of the seven great orders. As an ex- ample of Hymenoptera attacked in this way, we may mention a European sawfly {Tenthredo maura) in the National Collection, to which Mr. W. F. Kirby has kindly drawn our attention. The Acari found parasitic upon ants and bees are so numerous, both in species and in number of individuals, that quite a large literature exists upon the subject. More than one collector has informed us that mite-attacked Lepidoptera are not infrequently met with. Among Diptera, Mr. Charles D. Soar "^ has figured a specimen of Ccenia ohscura, Mg., with a larval Hydraclmid wedged between the thorax and abdomen. Among Coleoptera, the same author mentions several species of Dytucus which serve as hosts, and figures an example of D. marginalis with numerous mites on its ventral surface, and with some even on one of its '^' See his paper " Notes and Observations on the Life-history of Fresh- water Mites," in Journal Quekett Micro. Club, 1906, pp. 359-370, and plates 26-30. NOTES ON DRAGONFLY PARASITES. ^\k^^ 243 legs. All known species of Acari belonging to the genus Ca7iestrinia, Berlese, are found upon insects, and mostly upon Coleoptera ; numerous Gamasidae, when in the immature stages, are found wholly or chiefly upon Coleoptera. Prof. C. V. Kiley has published an interesting account ('American Naturalist,' xii. p. 139, 1878) of his researches into the life-history of the North American locust-mite, to which he gives the name Trom- hidium locustannn. Speaking of the newly-hatched larvae, he says : " These little six-legged specks crawl upon the locusts and fasten to them, mostly at the base of the wings or along their principal veins." He adds : " That they are often so numerous as to weaken and kill their victim, reports clearly prove." Most aquatic Khynchota are subject to the attacks of water-mites, and Prof. Eiley says that over five hundred have sometimes been counted on a single specimen of' Zaitha (Belostoma) fluminea, Say, a large American species. Coming to the Neuroptera, we may cite a female scorpionfly {Panorpa gennanica) taken by ourselves in Epping Forest, and having a mite located on the under side of the right hind wing. It must, however, always be remembered that the word " parasitic " is used in different senses by various writers, and that the meaning of the word as used by most biologists is wider in its signification than that attached to it by the popular idea. It is necessary to remember this when dealing with the Acari, as so many of that group of creatures, particularly in the imma- ture stages, seek only conveyance from the host on which they are found, and not nourishment ; the parasitism being temporary and apparently for the purpose of the distribution of the species of mites : this is chiefly confined to terrestrial Acari, as far as is at present known. There are numerous other variations in the nature of the relations of the so-called Acarine parasite to the host upon which it is found. Although water-mites attach themselves so freely to many kinds of aquatic insects, we have not yet met with any instance of a nymphal dragonfly being attacked by them. We are acquainted with eases in which Acari have attacked imaginal dragonflies belonging to the sub-families Libellulinse, Gomphinte, and Agrioninae. Among the Libellulinae, Sympetrum meridionale is a notorious instance: indeed, McLachlan wrote of it that "its liability to have the well-known red Acari attached to the wings (sometimes in enormous numbers) is so marked as to be almost a specific character of the insect itself, few specimens being en- tirely free from them " (Ent. Mo. Mag. xx. p. 253, 1884). Thir- teen examples of this species taken casually in France were ex- hibited by Mr. McLachlan at a meeting of the Entomological Society of London. Only one of them had escaped attack, but the remaining twelve carried between them no fewer than four hun- dred and eighty-one parasites. Single specimens had as many as x2 244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. seventy-three, ninety-six, or even one hundred and eleven of them. "They were firmly fixed on the nervures towards, and at, the base of the wing, and almost (but not quite) invariably on the under side, and whatever might be the number on any particular dragonfly it was always divided nearly symmetrically on the two sides of the insect, those much infested having a very pretty ai3pearance, from the wings appearing as if spotted with blood- red " (Ent. Mo. Mag. xiii. p. 95, 1876). Two excellent plates ac- company a paper by M. Krendovsky on the economy of the larvae of Hydrachnidfe published in a Russian periodical (Trud. Charkov Univ., 1878, Tom. xii, pp. 221-286). Figure 7 on Plate 1 shows a specimen of S. meridionale having numerous mites, coloured red, distributed in a remarkably symmetrical manner along the principal nervures of the wings. Another figure (8) on the same plate represents, again in colour, three of the mites on a large scale. These mites are described as the six-legged larvae of Arrhenurus papillator (Miill.), but, as will appear later, this determination is by no means certain. Krendovsky also states that Hydrachnid larvae occur on the sternum of S. flaveolum. This is the only case which has come to our knowledge in which larvae have been found on the body of an Anisopterid dragonfly. Some of the specimens of S. fons- colomhii taken by Mr. C. A. Briggs in Surrey in 1892 were much affected by a dark carmine-coloured Acarus; on one of the dragonflies he counted as many as eighty-five parasites. Mr. Briggs asks, "Do these Acari extract any colouring matter from their host ? They exactly match the colouring of the nervures, and one that I squeezed gave out a similar coloured fluid " (Ent. Mo. Mag., ss. iii. p. 194, 1892). S. striolatum has also been mentioned in this connection, but apparently in error for S. meridionale. An example among the Gomphinae is afforded by a female of Platygomphus dolahratus from India in the British Museum, which has a red parasite on the left hind wing. But it is among the Agrioninae that Acari are met with most abundantly, and our own collection furnishes examples of six species which are infested to a greater or smaller extent. Those species are Erythromma naias, Pyrrhosoina nymphida, Ischnura elegans, Agrion pidchellum, A.jmclla, and Enallagma cyathigerum. We have also noticed an immature female of P. tenellum in the Stephens cabinet carrying a single mite on the sternum. Furthermore, Krendovsky includes Lestes in the category of mite-attacked dragonflies. In all the cases which have come under our personal observation, the parasites are attached to the under side of the thorax or abdomen, or both (but never to the wings), sometimes in twos and threes, sometimes covering the entire surface affected. In life they appear to the unaided eye as globose bodies less than a millimetre in diameter when fully NOTES ON DRAGONFLY PARASITKS. 245 grown, colourless at first, but usually reddish or reddish-brown in later life. Unless they are placed immediately in a preserva- tive fluid, however, they quickly lose both their colour and rotundity. We have always noticed that mites occur most plentifully when their Zygopterid hosts are but newly on the wing, and it would seem that dragonflies rid themselves of their parasites to a great extent as the season advances. We have, however, a mite-attacked male of E. cyathigcricm taken at the Black Pond, Surrey, as late as September 3rd. It would also seem that some larvae leave the egg much sooner than do others, for we have met with teneral specimens of P. mjmphula early in May and teneral examples of E. cyathigenim towards the end of July carrying larvre in the same colourless and ungrown condi- tion. Although, as we have seen, locusts are weakened and even killed by the attacks of parasites, there is no evidence before us of injury done to Odonata in this way. The occasional presence of mites upon Odonata was known so long ago as 1778, when De Geer figured and described red parasites from the thorax of a small dragonfly under the name Acai'us lihellulce, and identified them with the A. gymnopteronim of Linnseus. By these and other old writers they were regarded as adult forms, but it was subsequently recognised that these six-legged creatures were larval forms which in later life acquired the fourth pair of legs proper to Arachnida. As we have seen, Krendovsky called some larvae from the wings of an Anisopterid dragonfly Arrhenurus papillator, and, following him, Mr. Soar considered parasites from the bodies of such dragonflies as Agrion pidchellum and A.puella to be no other than Arrhenurus globator. We have made several enquiries with a view to clearing up the doubts which still exist respecting the affinities of dragonfly parasites with other larval Hydrachnidse, but we have failed to elicit any definite information, owing to these parasitic stages being so little understood. Three species of Zygopterides with mites attached to their bodies were submitted for examination to the eminent Hydrachnologist, Herr F. Koenike, of Bremen. He has kindly informed us tbat the parasites belong to different species of Hydrachnidae, but to the same genus. At present he is unable to say with certainty into which genus the larvae fall, but in any case he does not agree with those authors who have referred them to Arrhenurus. Attempts made by Herr Koenike to rear dragonfly parasites have not been successful, but he has bred the real larva of ^. globator, and he is satisfied that the parasites in question have nothing whatever to do with Arrhenurus larvae. It was suggested by McLachlan that the parasites may attain their position on the body or wings of a dragonfly by climbing up the legs of their host while it is at rest. This suggestion, in itself a likely one, is rendered the more probable by the fact tbat in our experience of Zygopterides the mites 246 THE ENTOMOLOGISt. appear on the sternum of their host earher than on the abdomen. Moreover, all the Odonata carrying Acari on their wings which have come under our notice belong to the Anisopterid division, whereas all the Zygopterid dragonflies which we have known to be infested have borne their parasites upon the inferior surface of the thorax or abdomen, or both, but never on the wings. Also, as we have seen in the case of the Anisopterid Sympetrum meridionale, mites attach themselves to the lower surface of the wings more readily than to the upper surface. These circum- stances will be better understood when it is remembered that Anisopterid dragonflies rest with their wings spread out hori- zontally, while Zygopterid dragonflies in a state of repose generally hold their wings erect. And the frequency with which the smaller dragonflies are attacked is no doubt accounted for by the fact that they habitually cling to rushes and other aquatic vegetation when not in flight, while the larger species usually take shelter among the branches of trees, high above the level of the water. Our cordial thanks are due to Mr. Albert D. Michael both for directing our correspondence with specialists and for perusing these notes in draft ; to Mr. Francis P. Marchant for helping with the Kussian literature consulted ; and to Mr. W. F. Kirby for kind and ready assistance rendered on this and many other occasions. Note. — Since the foregoing was written, I have had the advantage of dis- cussing this matter with Dr. F. Ris during an interview with him at i3russels. Although Sympetrum meridionale and S.fonscolovihii are the only Odonata he has met with carrying Acari on the wings, he has found several imaginal Anisopterids — such as Cordulia cenea, Libellula quadrimaculata, and species of Leucorrliinia — having Acari on the thorax and abdomen. Furthermore, he told me that a large proportion of the nymphs collected by him in Swit- zerland have been infested with Acariue parasites, and, in the cases of Syni- 2ietrum sanguincum and Enallagma cyathigeru?)i, he has actually' witnessed the mites passing from the nymphal skin on to the skin of the imago while the emergence of the dragonfly has been taking place. — H. C. 33, Maude Terrace, Walthamstow : Sept. 6th, 1909. SIX WEEKS AMONGST HUNGARIAN BUTTERFLIES.* By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S. With so much of Eastern Europe at present closed to the lepidopterist who values his safe return home, Hungary offers one of the chief centres for observing certain butterflies, the area of distribution of which does not extend so far west as the Alps ; and for this reason most of us get there sooner or later. * Among other comparatively recent papers on Hungarian butterflies may be mentioned two published in this Journal :— " A Fortnight's Collecting at Budapest," by W. E. Nicholson, F.E.S. (vol. xxv. pp. 191-193, 210-212) ; " Two Seasons among the Butterflies of Hungary and Austria," by Margaret E. Fountaine, F.E.S. (vol. xxxi. pp. 281-89). SIX WEEKS AMONGST HUNGARIAN BUTTERFLIES. 247 With the companion of several previous expeditions, Mr. E. F. S. Tylecote, I reached Budapest on May 29th last. The next day the net was unfurled on the Schwabenberg, or Svab- hegy as it is called in Magyar, a hill several miles west of Budapest, best reached by taking the electric tram from the west end of the Franz Josef Bridge over the Danube as far as the Varos Major terminus of the rack and pinion railway, by which one then travels to the station of Svab-hegy itself. Svab-hegy is a large rounded hill, rising to perhaps six or eight hundred feet above the surrounding country, fast becoming a suburb of Budapest, and already covered in parts with villas. But it has still considerable stretches of uncultivated land, con- sisting of grassy slopes, rough ground thickly covered with a growth of herbs and flowers, and stretches of wood, chiefly oak, with open glades in places ; the subsoil is calcareous. On leaving the station one follows the line which terminates at the top of the hill further on by taking the road on the left side, running parallel to it for a few hundred yards, until a flight of wooden steps is seen leading to the left up the hill- side, at the top of which is a patch of oak scrub of several acres in extent, with some nice glades running through and amongst it. Here were plenty of butterflies, amongst them Coenonympha iphis and C. arcania being abundant ; the latter a fine, large, bright form ; the former with the ocelli much larger than in French or Swiss examples ; MelitcEa phoebe was frequent, and the slow flight of Leucophasia sbiapis was unmistakable. A large Hesperiid flying plentifully rapidly to and fro M'as netted, and proved to be H. carthami ; various species of the Lyctenidae were seen, including Lyccena hylas, L hellargus, L. icarus, and Rusticus argils {(egon), which was abundant. Proceeding further I came to a large open space thickly covered with flowering plants, almost to the exclusion of grass, and including the fine purple Salvia pratensis (a rare British plant), various species of vicia, and numerous composites. The wealth of insect life here was quite unusual, and, in addition to butterflies, one came across many moths found in Britain, including Lithostege griseata, Agrophila sidphuralis, Scoria lineata, Heliothis dipsacea, and Acontia luctiiosa ; an assemblage which it would be difficult to meet with in our islands in one field. With them occurred in abundance the butterfly which was the chief object of my visit to Svab-hegy— the lively little black and white skipper Pyrgus orhifer, which reaches at Budapest almost its western limit. My predecessors, who had visited Hungary in early June, had invariably found this species passe. On this day it was considerably past its best, and I had to use much selection to get a good series. I should give the middle of May as the best time ; its habits of flight are similar to Hesperia malvce, which was equally common with it ; on the wing 248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. one has difficulty in separating the two species, except that P. orbifer is somewhat browner in colour ; a few examples also of Hesperia alueus were flitting about with the other two specie?. The hill culminates in a bare ridge, commanding a fine view of the plain and the river Danube ; here freshly emerged Parnassius mnemosyne were not infrequent, these being distinctly larger than my Swiss examples, and having the black blotches in both sexes smaller, darker, and better defined. An odd Chysophanid turned out to be a female of C. thersamon, a new species to me, and also a good example of Melitcea trivia was netted, but not recognised until I got home. We paid further visits to Svab-hegy on the 3rd, 5th and 7th of June, and were rewarded each day by interesting species, including the fine form of Polyommatus orion var. ornata, not uncommon in the oak glades amongst the sedum plants; Melitaa trivia was not infrequent, but very local, some of the specimens being already past their best. But by hard work I managed to get together eighteen or twenty good examples. M. trivia is easily recognised in flight from its confreres, for it is the swiftest species of the genus I have seen ; and this habit, with its small size, makes it difficult sometimes to follow with the eye. From its nearest relation M. didyma, the lesser size and darker colour serve to distinguish M. trivia at once, whilst from the only species of its size flying at the same date, M. aurclia, it is at once separated by the more rapid flight. In one field M. aurelia was abundant. I used to think that specimens of this species, or those that I could not separate from it, taken at high altitudes in Switzerland, flying with M. parthenie var. varia, were only forms of the latter, and I do not know that this opinion has been much changed since ; but certainly M. aurelia seems distinct enough in Hungary from any other species of the genus, the specimens being strictly typical and showing no approach to M. parthenie or to any other species ; and being at once distinguished from M. athalia, which was flying at Buda- pest in early June, by size and general appearance. M. didyma was Just emerging; the examples were brightly coloured and of good size. I was much surprised to net, in a glade at the top of the steps before-mentioned, a fine example of Neptis lucilla, a species I had not expected to come across at Budapest. I had been provided by my friend Mr. A. H. Jones, who most kindly placed at my disposal the results of his successful visit to Hungary two years previously, a letter of introduction to Herr Aigner of the Budapest National Museum. Accordingly we called there on May 31st, but learnt that Herr Aigner had been unable to follow his duties at the Museum for a consider- able time ; and I am sure all who are interested in entomology, especially those who have visited Hungary, will greatly regret that his long illness terminated fatally in June. SIX WEEKS AMONGST HUNGARIAN BUTTERFLIES. 249 On making known that we wished to see the Museum collec- tion of Hungarian butterflies, we were most kindly welcomed by Dr. Soos, and introduced to Professor Schmidt, who was in charge of the insect department. To this gentleman we are deeply indebted for his great kindness to us during our stay at Budapest, for during that time he placed himself and his know- ledge entirely at our disposal, acquainting us with the best localities for the species we wished to get, and accompanying us there, interpreting, and assisting us in every possible manner. This assistance was exceptionally valuable, for Buda- pest is a most difficult district to work, primarily because all the best localities are at some distance, and also because there does not appear to exist a suitable map of the environs. On the 1st of June we accompanied Professor Schmidt to Kamaraerdo, our chief object being to obtain series of the two local species of Chri/sophaniis found in the Danube marshes, C. dispar var. rutilus, and C. thersamon. To my note on the former species (see ' Entomologist,' antea, pp. 219-220) I will only add that on this day I captured twelve 'males and three females, most of them in perfect condition. Of C. thersamon I obtained eleven males and one female, all in good order. C. tliersamon, unlike C. var. rutilus, frequents flowers, chiefly those of Salvia pratensis, settling on them and exposing its bril- liant upper side to catch the warmth of the sun. Great quantities of Aporia cratagi were flying everywhere, and some of the assem- blies congregated on the damp patches on the road were enor- mous, and must have consisted of several hundred individuals. The country collected over was a valley extending from Kamaraerdo station to the village of Promontor, some three miles distant, and from which electric trams conveyed us to the foot of the Franz Josef Bridge at Budapest ; as a matter of fact, after our first journey we travelled by tram, which we found much quicker and more convenient than by taking the train. On a subsequent visit to this locality (June 4th), Professor Schmidt being unable to accompany us, Dr. Soos most kindly acted as our chaperon. This was very desirable and probably saved us some unpleasantness, for the butterflies were on cultivated ground, the owners of" which I understand have been known to object strongly to strangers wandering amongst their crops, but the Museum authorities can go anywhere. On this occasion Chrysophanus var. rutilus was abundant, and my bag of twenty-three examples included half a dozen females. I also captured a fair example of Thais polyxena, and saw a few small larvae of that species on the food-plant, Aristolochia clematitis. Argynnis niohe var. eris was just coming out. Chrysophanus thersamon was by this date practically over, and all the examples observed were hopeless as cabinet specimens. On the 6th of June we again visited the marsh ; but the day 250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. was a bad one with little sun, and beyond a few more Chri/so- phanus var. rutilus we did not observe anything worthy of note. On the 8th of June we took the early morning train to Szada, a residence of Baron V6csez, who had invited us to spend the day there. We were met at the station by a carriage, in which we drove several miles to the house, where we were received with characteristic Hungarian kindness and hospitality, and enjoyed a most delightful visit. In the morning we were con- ducted by Baron V^csez through a tract of country consisting chiefly of vineyards and orchards, in which many of the bare- footed and picturesquely clad peasantry of both sexes were work- ing, to some fine woods crowning rising ground ; here we were pleased to come across ClirijsopJianus alciphron in large numbers and in splendid condition. The day unfortunately was cloudy with rain, and we had only a few minutes sun, but during that time managed to secure about thirty specimens and also some jSIelitcea trivia and Argynnis adippe var. cleodoxa. I found at rest a female of Rusticus argyronomon {argus), which is certainly the finest form I have ever seen of that species, and has a very pronounced and brilliant orange band on the under side of the hind wings. In returning we were shown some banks covered with Aristolochia clentatitis, on which the larvae of Tliais polyxena were feeding in enormous numbers ; it would not have been difiicult, I believe, to collect 1000 larvae or even more, but I contented myself with about five dozen full-grown examples, which have since produced over fifty fine pupae. In the after- noon we looked through Baron V6csez's collection of Hungarian lepidoptera, which contained some interesting specimens. Our last day in the neighbourhood of Budapest (June 12th) was devoted to the famous locality of Peszer. Before visiting Hungary I had a very indefinite idea where this place was situated ; for beyond stating that you took the train from Buda- pest to Dabas, a two hours' journey, all the accounts I could find of those that had visited P6szer were silent, and as Baedeker does not mention Dabas and Bradshaw knows it not, I had not the remotest idea of the direction in which it lay or how to get there. It may therefore not be out of place to state that the station in the railway guide is named Also Dabas, which means Lower Dabas, and is situated about thirty miles south-east of Budapest, on the railway to Lajosmizse. Leaving Budapest by the early morning train we arrived on the ground about 10.30 a.m. I can quite understand the enthusiasm which this wood produces on all who visit it. Peszer is indeed a wonderful locality for Diurni, which were far more plentiful than I saw elsewhere in Hungary; in fact, I have not seen anywhere in Europe a locality in which butter- flies were in greater abundance. Various causes have probably SIX WEEKS AMONGST HUNGARIAN BUTTERFLIES. 251 produced this luxuriance of individuals. Peszer is one of the few spots which has probably alwaj'S been uncultivated, a remnant of the old Pannonian Forest which once covered the whole of the country ; the soil is of a warm sandy nature, and the vegetation luxuriant and varied. Immediately on unfolding our nets we were confronted with the difficulty, amidst such riches, of not knowing what to choose. Swarms of Brentliis hecate, in perfect condition, hovered over the grass, and B. hecate is not an easy species to ol)tain. A series of it was therefore one of our first objects ; they were very different to my Spanish examples, with much smaller blotches on the upper side, and with the chestnut blotches and the mark- ings generally on the under side of the hind wings much more brilliant. The fine Chrysophanus alciphroii was almost equally numerous, flitting about in the clearings and settling on the flowers. A series of two dozen was soon secured, including nine or ten females, and then one found that numerous Theclas were flying round and settling on the oak bushes, presently identified as Thecla acacice, the first time I had seen it alive, and T.ilicis ; both of them in the finest condition. Melitcea trivia was abundant, but going over, and good specimens required con- siderable selection. Bright yellow Coliads flew wildly here and there ; several I caught were certainly only Colias edusa, but one I missed looked very like C. myrmidone, and was the only example of the species I came across in Hungary, if it was it. To the Skippers flitting briskly to and fro I had not much time to devote ; but Hesperia carthami was abundant, also Pamphila sylvanus, and either P. linea or P. lineola, or both ; Carcharodus lavaterce was also not infrequent. Naturally we made a careful search for Melanargia var. suwarovius, but with not much anticipation of success, for this species has of late years become very rare at Peszer — the cumula- tive bag for the last three years consisting, so far as I could learn, of only seven examples, and our search was unsuccessful. I may here mention that Professor Schmidt informed me on my return to Budapest in July that M. var. suivarovius has not been seen this year. Intending visitors to P6szer should note that it is Crown property, and that a permit, difficult to obtain, has this year for the first time been required ; and they should before going enquire at the Budapest Museum, the authorities of which can, and no doubt would, do their best to assist. On my return to Budapest on July 2ud I searched carefully the capsules of Colutea arhorescens at Farkas Volgy for larvae of Lyccena iolas, which I was informed should there be plentiful, but without success ; probably the bad season was responsible for the failure. (To be continued.) 252 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. CONTKIBUTIONS TO A KNOWLEDGE OF ETHIOPIAN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.* By W. L. Distant. The genus Sahlbergella, Hagl. (Earn. Capsidae) is now known by two species, both of which are injurious to the Cocoa-tree {Theobroina, sp.) Genus Sahlbergella. Sahlbergella, Hagl. Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1895, p. 469 ; Eeut. Zool. Anz. xxxi. p. 102 (1907). Deimatostages, Kuhlg. Zool. Anz. xxx. p. 29 (1906). Gen. ? nov. Grab. Journ. Econ. Biol. iii. p. 113 (1898). Type S. singularis, Hagl. Sahlbergella singularis. Sahlbergella singularis, Hagl. Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1895, p. 469 ; Kirk, Wien. Ent. Zeit. xxii. p. 13, fig. 1 (1903); Eeut. Zool. Anz. xxxi. 102 (1907). Deimatostages contuma.v, Kuhlg. Zool. Anz. xxx. p. 31, figs. 1-4 (1906). Gen.? nov. longicornis, Grab. Journ. Econ. Biol. iii. p. 113, pi. viii. figs. 1-2 (1908). In S. Ashanti, according to Dr. Graham (sapi-a), " very large numbers of these insects were found on the diseased trees, and not on the healthy ones. They appear to damage the trees by perforating the bark and so producing ' gumming.'" Sahlbergella theohroma, sp. n. Black ; posterior lateral margins to pronotum, base and costal margin to cerium, irregular segmental spots to connexivum, lateral areas of meso- and metasterna and disk of abdomen beneath fuscous or brownish-ochraceous ; antennae incrassate, basal joint considerably thickened and shorter than fourth joint, second gradually thickened from base, globosely incrassate at apex and about as long as head and pronotum together, second and third joints very stout and pyri- form, third longer than fourth ; pronotum slightly but distinctly gibbous behind the anterior pronotal angles, rugose, with scattered tubercles ; scutellum prominently raised, rugose and tuberculate, the apex robustly posteriorly produced and slightly curved downward ; membrane opaque, considerably passing the abdominal apex ; tibiae robust and strongly shortly pilose, the tarsi stramineous. Long inch tegm. 8^ to 10 millim. Hab. Gold Coast : Fancheneko (Dudgeon — type Brit. Mus.) Allied to S. singularis, Hagl., but differing in the black coloration, the shorter second joint of the antennae, rugose pronotum and scutellum, and the more apically recurved scutellum. ■■'■ A previous communication as regards cotton pests will be found in ' Entomologist,' 1906, p. 269. A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF ORNEODID^. 253 Mr. Dudgeon calls the species the " Cocoa-bark Sapper," and it is thus referred to in his * Fourth Report on Agricultural and Forest Products of the Gold Coast to Secretary of State Colonies, 1909.' A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF ORNEODID^ (Lep.). By T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, E.N., F.E.S. MiCROscHiSMUs, nov. gen. (/.'.ixjC/J?. short ; a-xj.au.o<;^ a cleft.) Maxillary palpi absent. Labial palpi very long, at least twice length of head, densely scaled. Fore wing cleft into six segments from beyond two-fifths ; hind wing cleft into six segments within half. Type.— M./oramphilus ; Erebia neoridas ; Melanargia galatea. Dryas paphia and Melitcea pavthenie I did not observe after the 7tb, except in the neighbourhood of Bort. Harrow Weald : September 20th, 1-909. SIX WEEKS AMONGST HUNGAEIAN BUTTERFLIES. By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S. (Concluded from p. 276.) Shortly afterwards, the storm having ceased, I proceeded towards the hotel, to which I had only gone a few yards when another example was observed on the trunk of a tree. This was rendered practically torpid by the hail, and allowed me without difficulty to scrape it into the net, the only instance in which I succeeded in effecting a capture by this method. The first example was taken on June 19th, after which I did not see another until June 25th, on which day two were taken ; after this date, until I left Herculesbad, a few were taken each day, the total amassed being fourteen fine specimens, all males, and which I suppose involved about as many hours' work. I believe P. roxelana is in some years quite abundant in the Kreuze wood ; but it certainly was not so in 1909, and except at two spots i did not see more than three or four examples each day. At each of tbose exceptions grew a large oak tree, the upper parts of which were dead and preyed upon by various insects, chiefly the larvae of Coleoptera, and no doubt it was the SIX WEEKS AMONGST HUNGAHIAN BUTTERFLIES. 303 frass exuding that was the attraction to butterflies ; on these trees every time I passed some five or six P. roxelana were to he seen; but, except on one occasion when I netted two of tbem, they refused to come within reach, and, if disturbed by stones, flew away. I saw two examples at the top of the Coronini wood, one of which I captured. When not disturbed P. roxelana has a typically satyrid flight, and is much like in appearance a large P. mara, which haunts the same localities at the time of its emer- gence : when alarmed it makes a headlong rush through the sur- rounding trees and undergrowth, usually straight uphill or straight downhill, and on such ground as it frequents it is quite useless to pursue it if missed at the first stroke. I did not see anything that I could consider looked at all like Pararge climene, and I was told by Professor Schmidt that this species, for which Hercules- bad was noted, has not been seen there for the last ten years. The handsome Siintomis phegaa was very abundant at Hercu- lesbad, contrary to the usual habits of the Zygfenidse, frequent- ing chiefly the shade of thick woods ; on one occasion I observed an unusual instance of assembling with this species, sixteen males of which were flying and crawling round a space of a few inches on a bank in a wood. On looking for the cause I found a crevice partly filled with a spider's web, and in it, in the clutches of a large spider, an unfortunate female of S. 23he(jc€a. Other Zygsenidse noticed here were Zygcena Jilipen- diilce, Z. trifolii, Z. scabioscs, Z. caniiolica, and Z. achillece. A quite unexpected and gratifying sight at dusk was the quantities of fireflies which frequented the banks and woods. I captured a few of these, and found they were the male of a Coleopteron, Luciola mingrelica, Yevy similar in size and general appearance to the male of our own glowworm. The light was not continuous, but as the insect flew along, at intervals of about three seconds, it had the power to cause a flash like that of an electric spark, and a very bright one, to issue from the under side of the anal segments of the abdomen. I was told that the majority of Hungarian entomologists were coleopterists, and when one sees the magnificent coleopterous fauna of that country one is not surprised ; the Longicorns and rose beetles were especially grand, one species of the former, which was not uncommon, was as large as our stag beetle, and had antennae at least three inches in length. I left Herculesbad for Budapest en route for the Hohe Tatra on July 1st, Mr. Tylecote having returned to England a week previously. A rather quaint incident arose in connection with the visitor's tax. This is payable by all who stay in the Bad for more than five days ; the amount, varying from 2 to H krones, is assessed by the local authorities on their views as to each person's means and position ; the evidence on which they proceed being contained in the form which all visitors are asked to fill up 304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. immediately on their arrivcil, and which includes their occupa- tion. I filled mine in without any thought of the result, but on my fifth day found myself called upon to pay 16 krones, whilst my friend, who is fortunate enough not to have an occupation, got off for 8 krones. I strongly protested at this manifest injustice, but was met by the argument : " But you put yourself down as a * director.' " I hastened to explain that however digni- fied such an occupation might be in Hungary, in England there were plenty of very poor directors ; but it was of no use, I had to pay the 16 krones, and to console myself with thinking that some at least of my entomological predecessors visiting Herculesbad had paid considerably more. The Hohe Tatra is that portion of the great chain of moun- tains, the Carpathians, which rises out of the plain north-east of Budapest, at a distance of some 140 miles as the crow flies ; it is the highest portion of the chain, rising in some of its peaks to an altitude of nearly 9000 ft., and although not covering a large area — which I suppose may measure roughly twenty miles by ten — it contains some of the finest mountain scenery to be found in Europe. Strange to say, in spite of this and that it also con- tains some of the best hotels I have seen anywhere in Europe, the Tatra is very little known to British tourists, and hardly at all to those of us who are entomologists. For although I happen to know that one or two British lepidopterists have visited it, there do not seem to be any published reports in English of the insect fauna of the region ; at least I have been unable to dis- cover any, though of course it is well known to the Hungarians, and in a lesser degree to the Germans.* It was therefore with considerable curiosity and anticipation of something interesting that I proceeded thither. Unfortunately during my stay of eleven days, from the 3rd to the 13th of July, the weather was the very worst I have ever experienced in continental Europe, and I was only able to get amongst the alpine species on two occasions ; on the first I only had a few minutes' sunshine, and on the second occasion, although there was a fair amount of it, the temperature was so low I did not see a single butterfly on the wing. Eventually, after several days of almost continuous rain and mist, I had to give it up and come away. The Tatra from the treeless plain, which has an altitude of about 2000 ft. up to about 5000 ft., is thickly covered with forests of spruce ; the hotels, of which there are a number, are principally scattered about these forests at an altitude of about 3000 ft. The climate is much colder than at a corresponding level in the Alps, and the whole district reminds one forcibly of some parts of Scotland. The moun- tains are chiefly of a granite formation, though in the east - Cf. ' Iris,' vol. xiv, p. 365, et seq. [H. R.-B.] SIX WREKS AMONGST HUNGARIAN BUTTERFLIES. 305 there is a limestone range. The flora is a most interesting one, including many species familiar in the garden at home, especially of the Campanula group, whilst the great stretches of Spircea arunciis in the forest glades are among the finest natural floral effects I have seen. The cold climate and abundant rainfall is accountable no doubt for the rather scanty insect fauna, as compared with other parts of Hungary ; and the specimens, though many of them are very interesting, have a tendency to run to obscurely marked forms and small size. I speak of the sub- alpine species, for it was only amongst these that I was able to make any observations. I arrived at the Palace Hotel, Tatra Lomnitz, about 7 a.m. on the 3rd July, after travelling all night from Budapest ; the rain which had descended continuously for thirty-six hours was still in evidence, and after selecting a room and having a con- versation with the manager, during which he imparted to me the cheerful intelligence that it had rained off and on for the last three weeks, 1 decided to get some sleep. Awaking about noon I was delighted to see that the sun was shining, and after partaking of lunch sallied forth. I may mention here that the ground immediately around the Palace Hotel, " Nagy Szal- loda," in Magyar, especially on the side nearest Tatra Pured, is the best I could find in the Tatra. Leaving the hotel I bore to the left, and found myself in a grassy ride running through the spruce forest, with seats at intervals, and plenty of flowers; here butterflies were quite abundant, the first one netted being Erebia medusa var. hippomedusa, perhaps the most abundant species met with in the Tatra, and occurring everywhere I collected. E. ligea var. adyte was not infrequent, and equally widely spread; a dark form of Coenonympha iphis, with the ocelli on the under side strongly developed, flitted here and there ; and around a swampy spot covered with rough tussocky grass I saw a Coenonympha of slightly different flight and somewhat browner tint ; netting this I was delighted to find I had run to earth a butterfly taken by but few Britishers— C. hero ; this species, which had evidently been out some time, was widely spread on the granite, wherever swamps covered with the rush- like grass were to be found. A flight familiar, but not seen for years, was that ol Carterocephalus palcemon, of which I came across a few specimens each day. I was surprised also to meet with Chry- sophanus hippothoe, type, and with no approach to the mountain form var. eurybia ; the females had a fair amount of copper on the upper side, and the males well marked dark margins to the wings, and in one or two of them the inferiors are more strongly shot with purple than any specimens I have seen. Perhaps the most interesting species I took in the Tatra was a Melitcea with the upper side as dark as M. dictynna, but which has an under side very suggestive of M. aurelia, which the Rev. G. ENTOM. DECEMBER, 1909. 2 0 306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Wheeler, who has seen the specimens, informs me are the M. var. ? dictynnoides of Horrnuzaki, inchided b}^ Staiidinger in his Catalogue as a var. of M. aurelia, but which Mr. Wheeler believes to be a di-tinct species, an opinion receiving support from ver_y typical specimens of M. aurelia, taken at Tatra Lomnitz, for which I am indebted to Baron Vecsez. The dark Hungarian form oi Pararge mcira, which somewhat resembles P. hiera, but is not that species, was common and in good condition ; Nomiades semiargus was fine and typical ; Brenthis ino was found at rest not infrequently on the raspberry bushes ; Pararge egeria var. egerides flew here and there, but was going over ; Brenthis selene was still in good order; B. enphrosyne plentiful but passe. On July 4th I paid a visit to Count Teleki, who has a, residence at Tatra Fured, and who is interested in entomology and Nature study generally. I was very kindly welcomed and hospitably treated by the Count, who knows the district thoroughly, and whom I have to thank for much useful informa- tion as to localities and species. On this day not much collect- ing was done, but Count Teleki proposed that w^e should take our nets and work a email swamp in the neighbourhood of his house for Coenonym.plia hero until lunch was ready ; only one or two of this species was met with, but I was delighted to find here the fine form of Brenthis pales var. arsilache, which was abundant and in fine order. I was anxious to try the chalk range at the eastern end of the Tatra, where I had been informed; that, amongst other species, the much-wanted Cccnonympha Icandcr was to be found ; accordingly on the evening of this day I took a carriage and moved on to Tatra Hohlenhaim or, as it is more usually called, Barlangliget, its Hungarian name. This locality, judging from the flora, looks a very good one, given fine weather, but the four days of my stay were almost continuously dull or rainy, and I did not see very much, and very little indeed that was new to me. The only species taken here, not found at Tatra Lomnitz, were Lyc(ena arion, a small but bright blue form, and one or two Melitcea dictynna, which were quite typical. The morning of July 9th broke fairly cloudless, and I made an attempt to get at the higher-ground-frequenting species, but by the time I arrived at the upper edge of the forest clouds had gathered, and with the exception of a glint of sunshine for a few minutes, during which I netted two specimens of Brenthis pales, collecting was hopeless for the rest of the day. This form of B. -pales does not appear to correspond with any of the named forms very closely; the upper sides resemble var. arsilache in the large blotches, but the speci- mens are smaller than those of that form taken on the lower ground at Tatra Fured, whilst the under sides are quite distinct and resemble closely the type ; I suppose they might most correctly be styled as intermediate between the type and var. arsilache. SIX WEEKS AMONGST HUNGARIAN BUTTERFLIES. 307 On July 9fch I removed my quarters to Tatra Fured, which is distant from Barlangliget about fifteen miles, and to get to which one has to go through Tatra Lomnitz. The weather during my stay at Tatra Fured was equally bad with that I had experienced elsewhere in the Tatra, and not much could be done. The day after my arrival, although there was some sun in the morning, the signs were ominous, and I could only get a few more Brenthis pales var. arsilache in the swamp where I had previously found them. Then the rain commenced to descend in torrents, and continued for the rest of the day. Professor Schmidt had told me that there was a good locality for Pa7'iiassiiis apollo var. carpathica between Tatra Fured and Tatra Lomnitz, about midway between the two places and on the left side of the road travelling from the former to the latter, and there being glimpses of sun on the morning of July 11th I made my way thither. After beating about on some foothills, which approach close to the road, and rise perhaps 300 ft. above it, I kicked up a pair of this magnificent form, one of which I captured ; I afterwards saw some half dozen others, of which two were netted. The specimens, which are all males, expand 88 mm. as against 78 mm., which is the average of my Swiss specimens, although they are not quite so large as my largest Albarracin Sierra example, which expands 92 mm. On the same ground I came across Polyommatus optilete. On July 12th the weather broke up again, and the outlook was so hopeless that I felt it was no use my staying longer, and accordingly on the following morning I entrained for Vienna on my route to England. At Tatra Fured I again came across luminous Coleoptera of two forms, one of these was the apterous female of Phausis splen didula which was abundant, sitting amongst the herbage on the roadsides in the forest ; the whole of the abdomen of this sex, which was white in colour, was phosphorescent, and the light resembled that of our glowworm. The other form was the male of the same species, which flew slowly amongst the trees in the forest, the phosphorescent portion, which was only small, being on the under side of the abdomen ; the light, which was much less than in the female, was continuous, and as the flight was steady and in a straight line it had the appearance of an electric spark running along a wire. The species of Ehopalocera observed in the Hohe Tatra, thirty-three in number, were : Parnassius apollo var. carpathica, Apori cratcegi, Pieris rapce, P. napi, Euchloe cardamines, Leuco- phasia sinapis, Gonepteryx rhamni, Melitaa dictynnoides, M. dic- tyima, Brenthis selene, B.euphrosyne, B. pales and var. arsilache, B. ino, Argynnis aglaia, Aglais urticce, Eiivanessa antiopa (hybernated), Pyrameis atalanta, Polygonia c-album, Erebia medusa var. liippo- medusa, E. liqea var. adyte, Enodia hyperanthus, Pararqe mara, 2 c 2 308 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. JP. eqeria var. egerides, Coenonympha hero, C. ipJiis, Chryaophanus hippothoe, Lyccena avion, Ciipido minima, Nomiadea scmiargus, Polyommatus optilete, Rusticus argiis {agon), Nisoniades tages, Pamphila sylvanus, and Carter ocephalus palamon. The number of species of Rhopalocera observed in the Buda- pest district was sixty, and at Herculesbad seventy-six ; the total observed in the various districts in Hungary, in which I collected, was one hundred. Yoiilgreave, South Croydon : Sept. 5th, 1909. A NEW BEE OF THE GENUS TIABROPODA FROM ASSAM. By T. D. a. Cockehell. When collecting in Assam in September 1903, Mr. Rowland E. Turner obtained a very fine species of the genus Hahroyoda, which was recognized by the late Colonel Bingham as unde- scribed. The type, herewith described, will be placed in the collection of the British Museum. Hahropoda tunieri, n. sp. ? . Length about 17 mm., anterior wing 11 ; robust, but with the abdomen much longer in proportion to its breadth than in H. zonatula, Sm. ; black, with the pubescence of the head, and thorax above as far back as the level of the hind wings, black ; posterior to this, beginning abruptly, the pubescence is sulphur- yellow, and the same, very dense, covers the first two segments of the abdomen ; the third segment has the hair short, dense and coal- black ; the fourth and fifth have it reddish, more or less black at sides ; there is a little pale tomentum at sides of face, and the lower part of the cheeks is covered with long white hair ; a peculiar feature is a small patch of appressed white hair just above (a little mesad of) each antenna, surrounded on all sides by erect long black hair ; the pleura is covered with long white hair ; hair of legs mainly black, but some long white hair on anterior femora beneath ; brush at end of hind basitarsus orange-fulvous. Clypeus prominently densely punctured, but the punctures irregular and largely in grooves ; antennse black, third joint a little longer than 4 -f 5 ; tegulae black ; wings fuliginous, third s. m. broader than second ; marginal cell long ; hind tibiae broad and flat, not produced at end, the scopa coarse and dense. Hah. Shillong, Assam. A very distinct species, not closely resembling any of the four {H. montana, Rad., H. magrettii, Biugh., H. moelleri, Bingh., H. fulvipes, Cam.) known from India. There is a certain general resemblance to H. tarsata, but that has the hair of the thorax entirely orange-fulvous above. 309 VARIATION IN VANESSA URTIC.E, L. : SEASONAL (CLIMATICAL) AND LOCAL VARIATION IN V. URTIC/E AND IN V. 10, L., BY WHICH THE TWO SPECIES SHOW A TENDENCY TO MEET IN FACIES. By T. Reuss. 12 3 4 Variation in lVnies-s« urdcce, L. The above figures represent the marginal marlsings on the hind wings of nine varieties — figs. 1-9 — of V. urticce, L., which I reared this season from wild Hertfordshire larvae. Fig. 10 is the hind wing of an aberration I bred on the 14th of August, 1906, from wild Continental larvae, and figured as ab. ioproto- formis in the Ent, Rec. pi. vii. fig. 5, last April, without at the time describing the specimen. All the marginal markings depicted are those of female imagines, with two exceptions — figs. 1 and 9. The markings of each specimen in figs. 1-7 were otherwise, as in typical vrticce, and the ground colour exhibited its usual variability in different shades of brownish, reddish, and yellowish orange. Figs. 8 and 9 are only slightly aberrative in other details, but in fig. 10 the whole facies is changed. The width of these marginal markings, as I measured them across the fourth median lunule in different specimens, varied from 2'5 mm. in ab. injgmaa, Riihl, measuring 18 mm. along costa of each fore wing, to a little over 4 mm. in a giant form with the fore wings each measuring 28'5 mm. from base to tip. In medium-sized specimens the margin seems to be most often just under 4 mm. broad — almost as broad therefore as in the largest forms. All the margins here figured vary only very slightly in width, despite the differences not only in the shape and size of the lunules, but also in the size- of the whole wings. In fig. 3 the large lunules narrow the outer border (which together with the costal lunules is typical in fig. 1), while in fig. 8 the border is widened and disintegrated, the original brownish suffusion becoming plainly visible, which (also in the other figures) links 310 THE ENTOMOLOGCST. up the limules in a band. In the Corsican variety ichnusa, Bon., the brownish suffusion often confines itself to the parts between the fringe and the base of the luuules, leaving the black triangles round the luuules separated towards the apex by the red ground colour. The margin consequently has a very jagged outline. Occasionally it appears also in British specimens. The opposite development is shown in fig. 2 (parvilunulata, Eynr.). Besides appearing in an otherwise typical facies, fig. 2, the margin associated itself with a fine brown ground colour. A specimen of this kind, which I reared in the beginning of last June from larvae collected full-sized on May 23rd (this is perhaps an early date for full-grown larvae of urticcB in England) exhibited a very dark under side, with the two median puncta of the fore wings each marked by a deep brown blotch, in the same manner as is often exhibited in the under side of another species, V. xanthomelas. On the upper side of the fore wings the puncta are large and conspicuous; the inner marginal blotch is, however, obsolete. I suggest for this aberration the name ab. suhtuspuncla (female). Fig, 3, for which the varietal name ab. magtiilunulata,F\,yni'., appears appropriate, has a yellowish ground colour, and the lunules are sometimes greenish. I reared three specimens of this variety, which were all females, and I am inclined to think that this form with the broad, almost trapeze-shaped blue spots is in truth a "female variety," and perhaps the same may be said of fig. 4. The ground colour of fig. 4 is brownish with shining light blue lunules. I have also reared this form with violet markings, and sometimes groups of white scales form conspicuous spots among the violet or blue scales of the lunules. In the ocellus of the hind wings in V. iu occasionally white spots or streaks appear in a somewhat similar manner, and three of thes-e spots aie there so placed that they evidently form a continuation of the chain of white spots already present on the fore wings, which sometimes is made complete by an extra spot near the inner angle. Fig. 5, female, with crescent shaped lunules is associated with a fiery red or rich orange ground colour, and all the finest specimens I reared were females. Fig. 6, female, has violet lunules, and only on one hind wing do the anal lunules coalesce as depicted. Fig. 1 shows a transitory form in a male ; in transitory females no points protrude from the lunules, but instead they are separated by a narrow black line, the "lean to " of the lunules being quite diffe- rent. Such transitory females occur sometimes with lunules shaped as in fig. 2. In other specimens the two largest median lunules tend to coalesce, and on the fore wings, at the apex, broad square blue VARIATION IN VANESSA URTIC^. 311 spots show a similar tendency. This sort of development — very different from that in ab. lima (see antea, p. 223, fig. 1), which presents quite another aspect with its isolated crescent — points out the possibihty that a continuous blue hand might border the wings. I beheve that such a variety (if it does not exist ah'eady '?) could soon be hred by pairing some of the transitory specimens obtainable from wild larvae. I would mention here that normal British V. io, male and female — as, for instance, they are figured from photographs in Mr. South's ' Butterflies of the British Isles' — have a black-hlue spotted margin at the apex of the fore wings, as in urticcB, but that a variety may some- times be ca[)tured in which these blue spots spread and form an unbroken blue band with black outer border (see figures of V. io, 2 and 3). Climatical (Seasonal) and Local Variation in Vane