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THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


An Illustrated Journal 


OF 


GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY’ _ 


EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. 


WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF 


ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.&. 

H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. 

W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. 
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.H.S., &c. 


F. W. FROHAWE, F.E.S., M.B.0.U. | G. H. VERRALL, M.P., F.E.S. 


‘*By mutual confidence and mutual aid 
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”’ 


VOLUME THE FORTY-THIRD. 


LONDON: 


WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN, 
STMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limrrep. 


1910. 


QL4 | 


E fo 


it pyareans asl 
{§ PUBLISHERS ' 


ele . 
Ue ob gy ¢ 
— D AN f ‘ y 
w go ‘ 
ny a 


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 


Apx1n, Roser, F.E.S., 36, 119, 295,315, | Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 72, 98, 126, 


353 

Anprrson, EH. Maups, F.E.S., 249 

ANDERSON, JOSEPH, 316, 354 

ARKLE, J., 38, 181, 294, 295 

Asusy, E. B., 317 

Armorg, H. A., F.E.S., 293 

Baxer, H. W., 38 

Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., F.E.S., 75 

Barracitoucy, Wm., 119 

Barravup, Puruip J., F.E.S., 298 

Baumann, R. T., 99 

Baynes, B.S. A., 294 

Bicknewu, Percy, 120 

Bissuorp, HE. F., 116 

Boyp, A. W., B.A., 170, 231 

Bunce, GEorce, 228 

Burrows, Rev. C. R. N., 125 

Cameron, P., 7, 22, 114, 131, 166,174,180 

Campton, F. W. & H., 329 

CanspaLE, W. D., F.E.S., 316 

CarpEw, Captain P.A., 202, 251 

Carter, H. F,, 237, 274 

CuHapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., &c., 193, 
202, 292, 328 

Craxton, Rey. W., 204 

Cuurren, W. G., 66 

Criurrersuck, C. GLANVILLE, F.E.S., 97, 
121 

CocKERELL, T. D.'A., 60, 90,113, 153, 
216, 238, 262, 337 

Conqusst, G. H., 252 

Day, Rev. ARCHIBALD, 65 

Distant, W. L., F.E.S., 195 

EDELSTEN, H. M., F.E. wi. 34, 313 

Farn, A. B., F.E.S., 354 

FRoHawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., 305 

GADGE, S. W., 64 

Gauan, C. J., M.A., F.E.S., 84 

Gipss, A. E., F.E.S., &e., 49 

Green, Herpert A., F.E.S., 224 

Harrison, J. W. H., B.Sc., 197 

Harvey, Wruuiam, 226 

Harwoop, W. H., 228 

Haynes, H., 250 

Hopson, Laurence 38., 351 

Houmes, Mrs. CarHEerine, 251 

Jackson, F. W. J., 66, 294 

Jongs, S., 98 

Lawson, Ropert, 145 

Lereu, G. F., F.E.S., 65, 144 

LitrLewoop, FRanK, 285 

Lowe, Rev. Frank, E., M.A., F.E.S., 59 


129, 151, 152, 185, 202, 228, 232, 256, 

257, 264, 296, 315 
Lye, G. T., 1, 249, 250, 297, 354 
MANNERING, Rey. E., 204, 319 
Manssripce, W., F.E.S., 46, 71, 125, 126 
Mason, G. W., 316, 354 
Maruew, GervasE F., F.Z.S., 

master-in-Chief, R.N., 351 
Mrapr-Waupo, Grorrrey, F.E.S., 143, 


Pay- 


354 
| Menpona, Prof. R., F.R.S., E.C.S., 
F.E.S., &e., 33, 120 
Merrnririz.p, F., F.H.8., 116 
Mertcatre, J. W., 314, 316, 317 
Monk, W. J., 295 
Moors, F. H., 141 
Mortey, Cuaupe, BYZES., Hebets LL 27, 
32, 94, 110, 127, 128, 167, 226, 281, 314 
| Morton, KENNETH dies F. E.S., 3, 321 
Moutton, J. C., F.E. S., 203, "315 


Morcu, J. P., 251 

Noakns, A., 316 

Nurse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., F.E.S., 248, 
314, 349 

Oupaker, F. A., M.A., F.E.S., 101, 147 

Prskertt, Guy EH. H., 145 

PreTHER, Wo. G., 144 

Pierce, F. N., F.E.S., 304 

PripEavx, R. M., F.E.S., 18 

Prout, Louis B., F.E.S., 5, 250 

Purvey, W., 89 

Russ) ey 20, 09, Sas Ol, Ld9,0165, 209; 
277, 303, 339 

Ricuarps, Percy, 251 

Rouuason, W. A., F.E.S., 33, 38, 53, 66, 


201 
Rotuscuiup, Hon. N. CuHaruss, M.A., 
F.L.S., &e., 105 


Rowxnanp-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 21, 
42, 66, 67, 103, 122, 150, 182, 204, 207, 
208, 233, 299, 306, 315, 320, 322, 350, 
358 

Rutan, H. S., 98 

Sauamon, D. AtRoy, 227 

Suarp, D., M.A., F.R.S., &e., 98, 130, 250 

Suexpon, W. G., F.E.S., 269 

Sicu, A., F.E.S., 291, 293, 343 

Sours, R., F.E.S., 32, 33, 34, 47, 48, 71, 
72, 73, 98, 103, 104, 116, 117, 145, 152, 
181, 184, 227, 251, 293, 296, 354, 360 

Speyer, E. R., F.E.S., 13 

Srenton, Rupert, 38, 66, 210, 294 


‘. » 
1V LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 


Stewart, A. M., 106 Warnwricut, Conpran J., F.E.S., 226 
Stonenam, Lieut. Hues F., 316 | Warrtzs, R. Everert, 316 
Sweetine, H. R., 46, 171, 125, 293 | WarTERSTON, JAMES, 37 
Swinton, A. H., F.E.S., 64 Watson, J. Henry, 143 
Tue Micration CoMMITTEE OF THE | WEBB, SYDNEY, 198, 265 
B.0.C., 318 WHEELER, Rev. Grorce, M.A., F.E.S., 
THEOBALD, F. V., M.A., 155 8, 78, 107, 133, 159, 212, 259, 334 
THURNALL, A., 251, 350 WaHirtrTakErR, Oscar, 97 
Turner, H. J., F.E.S., 45, 68, 124, 151, Wait tte, F’. G., 227, 295 
183, 230, 256, 296, 359 Witeman, A. E., F.E.S., 92, 136, 176, 
Vina, Huau J., 99 189, 220, 244, 285, 309, 344 
PLATES. 
PAGE 
I.—Cicadetta montana : ; : : - : 2 - to face 1 
II.—The Genus Polycentropus my 3 
III.—G. W. Kirkaldy (portrait) 7 73 
IV.—British Scorpion-flies 5 185 
V.—WMelitea aurinia, Rott., var. aurunca, Turati a 298 
VI.—Baétis carpatica, a new Ephemerid ¥p 321 
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. 
V. urtice ab. ioformis 55 
Anobium striatum ‘‘ tapping ” plate 64 
V. urtice ab. subtus-ornata 83 
Oxyptilus piloselle : . c : 89 
Pollinium on head of Plusia festuce and Cucullia umbratica 106 
Odontopsalis lewisi, Burr. 129 
A, levana and A. levana ab.. ‘ : 139 
Gelatine sheet: A medium for mounting the smaller Coleoptera . 142 
Oliarus oligocenus 3 : 153 
Wing of Stegomyia pseudoscutellaris, n. sp., 9 157 
Wing of Stegomyia scutellaris, Walker, 9 158 
Wing of Culex jepsoni, n. sp., 2 . - 158 
Variations of A. levana 163 
Pupa of Gonepteryx rhamni ab. : 209 
Wing of Pyretophorus transvaalensis, n. sp. . : : : : : 237, 238 
Tetrix subulatus 257 
Herculesbad and the Cserna Gorge 269 
Female palp of Stegomyia hatiensis, n. sp. 275 
Vanessa urtice and var. ichnusa . 277 


Cordyceps militaris 


INDEX. 


GENERAL. 


Aberration of Epione advenaria, 201 

Acherontia atropos at Sea, 318; in Ive- 
land, 316 

Acronycta alni in Lincolnshire, 316; 
megacephala in October, 317 

Actias selene, Hiibn., in Borneo, 314 

A Few Notes on the Diurni at La Bour- 
boule (Puy de Dome) during June, 
1909, 18 

Amphidasys betularia ab. doubledayaria 
in Essex, 204 (see also Pachys) 

An Entomological Microscope, 97 

A New Catalogue of the Coleoptera of 
the World, 33 

A New Name for the ‘‘ Bug Hunters,” 
251 

A New Species of Baétis (Ephemeride) 
from the Hastern Carpathians, 321 

A New Species of Polycentropus (Tri- 
choptera), 3 

A Note on the New Classification of 
Certain Hesperiid Butterflies, 316 

An Unrecorded Food-plant for Eupi- 
thecia virgaureata, 249 

Aporophila australis, Bdy.: a Correc- 
tion, 38 

Aquatic Hemiptera, 97 

A Rare Beetle, 66 

Argynnis lathonia at Folkestone, 227 

‘* Assembling ”’ of Algeria (Sesia) tipuli- 
formis, 248 

Athalia Group of the Genus Melitea, 
The, 8, 78, 107, 133, 159, 212, 259, 334 

August in the Valais and Vaud Can- 
tons, 99 

Biston hirtaria in Inverness-shire, 145 

Black-tipped Aberration of Gonepteryx 
rhamni, A, 209 

British Homoptera, 33 

British Odonata in 1909, 264 

British Orthoptera in 1909, 257 

British Scorpion-flies, 185, 226 

British Spiders, 33 

Butterflies of Cantal and Lozére, 21 

aes at Electric Light in June, 1910, 
AS 

Captures at Sugar in Yorkshire, 228 

Carpocapsa nimbana, H.-S., 350 

Chiastopsylla, a New Genus of Siphon- 
aptera, 105 


Cicadetta montana, 1 

Cicindelide in Borneo, The Capture of 
some, 202 

Clark Collection, The, 34 

Coleophora hemerobiella, 251 

Collecting at Kendal (Westmoreland), 
252 

Comparative Notes on Vanessa urtice, 
L., var. ichnusa, Bon., and var. tur- 
cica, Staud., 277, 339 

Cordyceps militaris, 297 

Coremia quadrifasciaria in Surrey, 227, 
251 

Culicide from Cochin China, Report 
on, 274 

Culicide of Fiji, including Two New 
Species, The, 155 

Cyaniris argiolus at Christchurch, 315 ; 
in October, 354 

Daphnis nerii at Sydenham, 316 

Darwin Medal of the Royal Society, 
294 

Description of a New Genus and Species 
of Oxyura (Hymenoptera) from Kuch- 
ing, Borneo, 22 

Descriptions of the Larva of Melanitis 
leda and of the Larva and Pupa of 
Pamphila monopaani, 224 

Descriptions of Three New Species of 
Indian Rhynchota, 195 

Dilina (Smerinthus) tilie at Chester, 
249 

Dixey, F. A., M.A., M.D., elected a 
Fellow of the Royal Society, 96 

Karly Appearance of a Dragonfly, 143 

Early Copulation of Notonecta, 97 

Early Occurrence of Agrotis puta, 66, 
145 

Early Stages of Oxyptilus piloselle, 
Notes on the, 89 


| Effects of Tropical Temperature on 


British Pups of Manduca atropos, 87 
Emergence of Cossus ligniperda, 350; 
of Eustroma silaceata, 65; of the 
second generation of Eustroma (Ci- 
daria) silaceata, 32, 180 
Entomological Club, The, 98, 119, 145 
Entomological Society of London (Con- 
versazione), The, 249, 313 
Entomology in Ireland, 120 


al INDEX. 


Hois (Acidalia) herbariata, F., in Glou- 
cestershire, 120 ; 

Ephemera danica (Ephemeroptera), 202 

Ephemera producing Living Young, 224 

Epicnaptera (Gastropacha) ilicifolia in 
Devon, 295 

Epione apiciaria in Autumn, 99; in 
October, 66 

Errata, 119, 145, 181, 256 

Hupecilia udana in Essex, 316, 350 

Euvanessa antiopa in Surrey, 119 

Fecundity of Arctia caia, 249 

Fertilization of Orchis maculata, Con- 
cerning the, 106 

Field Notes on British Sawflies, 281 

Forficuline Maternal Care, 250, 291, 315 

Fossil Crabronide, The, 60 

Fossil Insects, 34 

French Jura, In the, 49 

Genus Retinia in Devonshire, The, 314 

George Willis Kirkaldy, F.H.S. (Obitu- 
ary), 73 

Gonepteryx rhamni inearly January, 66 

Grammodes algira at Hackney, 252 

Gynandrous Agrotis puta, 123; Amorpha 
populi, 123; Celastrina argiolus, 44, 
229; Dryas paphia, 123; EKuchloé car- 
damines, 44; Gonepteryx rhamni, 
35;  Lycia (Biston) hirtaria, 144 ; 
Nyssia zonaria, 229; Oxynopterus 
audauinii (Col.), 230; Polyommatus 
icarus, 44; Saturnia pavonia, 44, 181 

Hibernaculum for Vanessa io, 116 

Hornets as Enemies of Arboriculture, 248 

Hungarian and Austrian Butterflies, 
Notes on Some, 269 

Hydrecia crinanensis in Ireland, 293 

Hymenopterous Parasites of Coccide, 
On the, 61 

Hyponomeuta irrorellus, Hiibn., in 
Lancashire: a Correction, 126 

Ichneumonide in London District, 37, 
66 

Ichneumons in Cornwall, 1909, A Few, 
53 

International Congress of Entomology, 
The, 233 

In the French Jura, 49 

Is V. urtice, L., the ‘‘reddest’’ form 
among all the ‘‘ Tortoiseshell’’ Vanes- 
side ? 277, 339 

Jottings on the British Ichneumonide 
in the National Collection, 167 

Late Date for Cyaniris argiolus, 295, 315 

Late Emergence of Plusia gamma, 33 

Lepidoptera at Chiswick and Barnes, 
293; at gas-lamps, 251; at West 
Wickham, 204 

Leucania favicolor on Hackney Marshes, 
34; loreyi, &c., in the South of Ire- 
land, 351; vitellina, &c., in Kent, 
351 

Life-history of Pamphyla fiara, 144 

Locusta viridissima (Orthoptera), 250 


Luperina gueneei, Doubl., at Southport, 
65; Notes on, 75 

Malacosoma neustria, L., in Kincardine- 
shire, 36 

Melitwa aurinia, Rott., var. aurunca, 
Turati, 298; britomartis and its An- 
cillary Appendages, 193 

Micro-Lepidoptera at Malvern Wells and 
West Malvern, 353 

Microscopes and Accessories, 64 

Mr. Selwyn Image elected Slade Pro- 
fessor, 201 

Nemobius sylvestris (Orthoptera), 98 

New American Bees—ix., 90 } 

New Anopheline from South America, 
A, 237 

New Butterflies from Formosa and 
Japan, 92 

New Hybrid Bistonine, 197 

New Genus and Species of Parasitic 
Cynipide (Eucoiline) from Cape Co- 
lony, 180 

New Lepidoptera-Heterocera from For- 
mosa, 136, 166, 189, 220, 244, 285, 
309, 344 

New Mealy-bug (Coccide) from South 
America, A, 113 

New Species of Bethyline from Borneo, 
On, 174 

New Species of Phytophagous Eurytoma 
(Chalcidide) from New Zealand, 114 

New Species of Parasitic Cynipide cap- 
tured by Mr. John Hewitt, B.A., at 
Kuching, Borneo, 131 

New Species of Trachypus from Ery- 
thrina, Red Sea, A, 166 

Noctua depuncta in Devonshire, 316 

Note on Attacus edwardsi, White, 143; 
Eupithecia assimilata, 227; on the 
situation of the pupa, and the emer- 
gence of Cossus ligniperda, 315 

Notes from South-west Cornwall, 318; 
Haslemere for 1909, 145 

Notes on a Butterfly Hunt in France in 
1910, 299, 322; on Lepidoptera in 
June, 227; on Life-history of Leu- 
cania l-album, 313; Odonata observed 
in Great Britain during the summer 
of 1908, 13; the Varieties of Peronea 
cristana (Clark Collection), 198, 265 

Notes regarding the Breeding of Chilosia 
grossa, 313, 349 

Number of Larval Stages of Lycena acis, 
305, 328 

Nyctibora sericea in the Isle of Wight, 354 

OBITUARY :— 
Bignell, George Carter, 128 
Kirkaldy, George Willis, 73 
Lang, Rev. Henry Charles, 48 
McArthur, Harry, 103 
Piffard, Albert, 104, 127 
Saunders, Edward, 103 

Occurrence of Aischna isosceles, Miill., 
near King’s Lynn, 293 


—. 


INDEX. 


Occurrence of the Ichneumonid Gidema- 
topsis ops, Morl., 294 

Ocystola «thopis, Meyr., in Devonshire, 
96 


Odontopsalis lewisi, Burr (Orthoptera), 
129 


On a New Species of Parasitic Bee 
(Nomada) from Borneo, 7 
On the Genus Zethenia, with description 
of a new species, 5 
On the Hymenopterous Parasites of 
Coccidee, 27, 94 
On the Ichneumonide of Fauna Boreali- 
Americana, 242 
On Two of Fred Smith’s Species of 
Japanese Ichneumonide, 11 
Oribatoidea of Illinois, The, 34 
Ortholitha cervinaria and Polia flavi- 
cincta in Epping Forest, 98, 119 
Oviposition and Incubation of the Ich- 
neumon Paniscus (Parabalus) virga- 
tus, Foure., On, 210 
Ovum and Young Larva of Scoparia 
murana, a Note on the, 343 
Pachys (Amphidasys) betularia ab. 
doubledayaria in Essex, 228, 252; in 
Surrey, 294 
Papilio niveus fourteen months in pupal 
state, 65 
Parasites of Callophrys rubi, 202, 226 
Phibalapteryx lapidata reared on Cle- 
matis jackmanii, 292 
Phigalia pedaria ab. monacharia, 119 
Pecilocampa populi, ab., 38; at Chester, 
38 
Polia xanthomista, Hb., = nigrocincta, 
Tr., in Cornwall, 33 
Polyploca ridens three years in pupa, 316 
Pupation of Xanthorhoé (Melanippe) 
fluctuata, 64 
Pyrameis atalanta ab. meryrifieldoides, 
303 
Recent Literature :— 
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Dobree 
Collection of European Noctux, by 
H. B. Browne, 46 
A Monographie Revision of the Coleo- 
ptera belonging to the Tenebrio- 
nide Tribe Hleodiini, by F. E. 
Blaisdell, 152 
A Monographic Revision of the Twist- 
ed-winged Insects comprising the 
Order Strepsiptera, Kirby, by W. 
Dwight Pierce, 126 
A Natural History of the British But- 
terflies, by J. W. Tutt, 207 
Annals of Scottish Natural History, 
1909, 72 
Annals of Tropical Medicine and 
Parasitology, vol. iv., No. 1, 256 
A Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Wes- 


tern Europe, by Malcolm Burr, 232 | 
Bulletin of Entomological Research | 


Committee, vol. i., pt. i., 232 


vil 


Catalogue of British Hymenoptera 
of the Family Chalcididx, by Claude 
Morley, 184 

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalenz 
in the British Museum, vol. ix., by 
Sir George F. Hampson, Bart., 183 

Catalogue of Recently described Coc- 
cide—ii., by J. G. Sanders, 152 

Catalogus Hemipterorum (Hetero- 
pterorum), vol. 1., Cimicide, by 
G. W. Kirkaldy, 126 

Dermaptera (arwigs); The Fauna of 
British India, including Ceylon and 
Burma, by M. Burr, 151 

Directions for Collecting and Preserv- 
ing Insects, by N. Banks, 71 

Dragonflies of Mississippi Valley, col- 
lected during June and August, 
1907, by C. B. Wilson, 72 

Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée, 
fasc. ili., by Charles Oberthiir, 102 

Experiments on the Generation of 
Insects, by F. Redi, 296 

Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, 


2 


Indian Insect Life, by H. Maxwell 
Lefroy, 71 

Insects and Entomologists, by J. B. 
Smith, 360 

Introduction to the Study of Rocky 
Mountain Bees, An, by T. D. A. 
Cockerell, 360 

List of the ‘‘ Clyde’’ Copeognatha, or 
Psocide, by J. J. F. X. King, 152 

Memoirs of the Department of Agri- 
culture in India, 72, 360 

On Brazilian Grasshoppers (Odonata) 
of the Genus Macromia, by H. B. 
Williamson, 72 

Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomo- 
logical Society for 1908-9, 48 

Proceedings of the South London 
Entomological Society for 1909- 
1910, 184 

The Agricultural Journal of India, 48 

The Dermaptera (Earwigs) of the 
United States, by M. Burr, 296 

The Genus Dendroctonus, by A. D. 
Hopkins, 152 

The House Mosquito: A City, Town, & 
Village Problem, by J. B. Smith, 72 

The Plume Moths of Ceylon, by T. B. 
Fletcher, 296 

The Thorax of Insects and the Arti- 
culation of the Wing, by R. E. 
Snodgrass, 48 

Transactions of the South-eastern 
Union of Societies for 1909, 47 

United States Department of Agri- 
culture; Bureau of Mntomology ; 
Bulletins, 152, 360 

Type Species of the North American 
Genera of Diptera, by D. W. Coquil- 
lett, 360 


Vlil INDEX. 


Retarded Emergence of Venilia macu- 

rs 32; of Acronycta megacephala, 
2 

Scarcity of Wasps in the New Forest 
and the Chichester District, 354 

Seasonal and Local Variation in V. ur- 
tice and VY. io, 55 

Senta maritima in Surrey, 251, 293, 294 

Sesia andreniformis in Gloucestershire, 
316 

Size Variation of Melitea athalia, 59 

SocrEriEs :— 
City of London Entomological, 124 
Entomological Society of London, 38, 

67, 121, 147, 204, 319, 354 
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo- 
gical, 45, 69, 125 
Manchester Entomological, 68, 230 
South London Entomological, 42, $7, 
122, 150, 182, 228, 256, 295, 358 

Some African Bees of the Genus Antho- 
phora, 337 

Some Bees from High Altitudes in the 
Himalaya Mountains, 238 

Some Bees of the Genus Crocisa from 
Asia and Australia, 216 

Some Insects in Baltic Amber, 153 

Some very Small Australian Bees, 262 

Spring Butterflies in Northants, Bucks, 
and Middlesex, 203 

Spring Butterflies in the Forest of Fon- 
tainebleau, 317 

Stigmonota pallifrontana and Ephestia 
semirufa in Gloucestershire, 316 

Synia musculosa in Wiltshire, 250. 

Teniocampa opima and Hipocrita jaco- 
bee, ab., in Berks, 98 

Tapping of the ‘“‘ Death-watch Beetle,” 
36, 64, 84, 116 

The Clark Collection, 116 

The National Collection of British Lepi- 
doptera, 119 

The Raynor Grossulariata and the 
Turner Collection, 352 

Thyamis brunnea and lurida, 130 

Tortrices in Essex, 295 

Transparent Gelatine Sheet : A Medium 
for Mounting the Smaller Coleoptera, 
141 

Triecphora vulnerata (Homoptera), 202, 
251 

Trichoptera: A New Species of Poly- 
centropus, 3 

Unusual Pairing: N. xanthographa 
male x L. testacea female, 43 

Value of Genitalia, 304 

Vanessa io in January, 98 

Vanesside in Cornwall, 66 

Variation of A. levana, L.: Compara- 
tive Description and Possible Signifi- 


cance of the Wing-markings in levana, 
139, 163 
Variation of Vanessa urtice, 55, 83 
Variation in Vanessa urtice, L.: Sea- 
sonal and Local Variation in V. urtice 
and in V. io, 23 
Variations of Agrion puella, Linn., On 
the, 329 
VARIETIES :— 
. Abraxas grossulariata, 43, 69, 230 
Aglais urtice, 44 
Agriades bellargus, 119 ; corydon, 43, 
124; thetis, 43, 44, 119 
Agrotis exclamationis, 45 
Angerona prunaria, 36 
Anthrocera achilles, 39; filipendule, 
44,148; meliloti, 296; trifolii, 45 
Apamea lutulenta 45 
Arctia caia, 35, 44; villica, 35, 123 
Argynnis aglaia, 35, 45; selene, 35 
Brenthis euphrosyne, 40, 44 
Chrysophanus hippothoé, 19 
Cuspidia megacephala, 45 
Cyaniris argiolus, 250 
Dasychira pudibunda, 36 
Ematurga atomaria, 36 
Epinephele hyperanthes, 35; ianira, 
35 
Epione advenaria, 201, 229 
Hipocrita jacobeex, 98 
Hylophila prasinana, 42 
Lasiocampa quercus, 69 
Limenitis sibylla, 35; 44 
Lycena adonis, 35 
Melanippe fluctuata, 45 
Nemeophila russula, 44 
Nonagria neurica, 41, 44 
Pararge megera, 44 
Phalera bucephala, 36 
Pieris brassice, 44; napi, 45; rape, 


Polyommatus damon, 40; icarus, 44, 
256 

Pyrameis cardui, 319 

Rumia cratzgata, 36 

Rumicia phleas, 39, 44 

Saturnia carpini, 36, 44 

Satyrus semele, 35 

Smerinthus tilie, 35 

Sphinx ligustri, 35 

Spilosoma mendica, 35; menthastri, 
35 

Strenia clathrata, 45 

Vanessa urtice, 34, 45 

Venilia maculata, 36 

Zeuzera xsculi, 35 

Zonosoma pendularia, 46 

Zeuzera pyrina Larve attacking Jas- 
mine, 291 


INSTRUCTIONS TO BINDER.—The Special Index, given with 
the ‘Entomologist’ early in 1911, belongs to this Volume, and 
should be placed next to this General Index. 


hf 
Ny 


SPECIAL 


New 


Order II. 


INDEX. 


Genera, Species, Sub-Species, and Varieties are marked with an asterisk. 


CAMPODEIOIDEA. 


Campodea, 126 


Order III. 


saccharina 


Order VII. 


acanthopygia (Chelidura), 232 

albopunctata (=grisea) (Metrioptera), 
258 

annulipes (Anisolabis), 257, 258 

arachidis (Labia), 257, 258 

Arixenia, 122 

auricularia (Forficula), 250, 292 

bicolor (Stauroderus), 258, 259 

bicornis (Hymenopus), 320 

biguttulus (Stauroderus), 232 

bipunctata (Anechura), 315 

bipunctatus (Tetrix), 259 

Diplatys 151 

esau (Arixenia), 121 

fasciata (Gidipoda), 101 

fuliginosus (Tettix), 232 

griseo-aptera (Pholidoptera) [=Tham- 
notrizon cinereus], 258 

grossus (Mecostethus), 259 


THYSANURA. 
(Lepisma), 123 


ORTHOPTERA. 


harmandi (Odontopsalis), 129 
Hemimerus, 122 

| lapponicus (Ectobius), 258 

lewisi (Odontopsalis), 129, 150 

| longicornis (Chorthippus), 232 
maculatus (Gomphocerus), 258, 259 
panzeri (Kctobius), 258 

parallelus (Chorthippus), 258, 259 
punctatissima (Leptophyes), 258 
riparia (Labidura), 250, 257 

rossi (Baccilus), 231 

rufus (Gomphocerus), 259 

sericea (Nyctibora), 354 
subulatus (Tetrix), 257, 259 
surinamensis (Pycnoscelus), 258 
sylvestris (Nemobius), 98, 259 
Truxalis, 206 

viridissima (Locusta), 250 
viridissima (Phasgonura), 258 


Order IX. PSOCOPTERA. 
divinatoria (Atropos), 85 


Order XII. 


bioculata (Cloé), 225, 226 
*carpatica (Baétis), 321 
Cloéon, 224 

danica (Ephemera), 202 


Entom. Vou. xxi. 1910. 


KPHEMEROPTERA. 


dipterum (Chloeon), 226 
dipterum (Cloéon), 225, 226 
Ephemera, 224 

vulgata (Ephemera), 264 


x ‘ INDEX. 


Order XIII. 


senea (Cordulia), 15, 264 

annulatum (Agrion), 332 

annulatus (Cordulegaster), 15, 265 

arctica (Somatochlora), 151 

cerulescens (Orthetrum), 14,16, 264, 265 

cancellatum (Orthetrum), 14 

cyanea (Aischna), 16 

cyathigerum (Knallagma), 17, 143, 264, 
265 

depressa (Libellula), 14,15, 143, 264, 265 

elegans (Ischnura), 17, 264, 265 

elegans var. infuseans (Ischnura), 17 

elegans var. rufescens ttschaxet 17 

fonscolombii (Sympetrum), 13, 39 

furcatum (Agrion), 331 

grandis (Avschna), 16, 265 

hafniense (Brachytron), 143 

hastulatum (Agrion), 831, 333 

imperator (Anax), 15, 265 

isosceles (A%sehna), 293 

juncea (/schna), 16, 265 

lunulatum (Agrion), 331 

mereuriale (Agrion), 17, 265, 332 

metallica (Somatochlora), 15, 16,17, 18 

mixta (Aischna), 265 


| 


| 


ODONATA. 


naias (Erythromma), 17, 264 

nymphula (Pyrrhosoma), 17, 143, 264, 
265 

nymphula var. melanotum (Pyrrho- 
soma), 17 

ornatum (Agrion), 330 

pennipes (Platyenemis), 17, 265 

pennipes var. lactea (Platyenemis), 17 

pratense (Brachytron), 16, 143 

puella (Agrion), 17, 264, 265, 329, 330, 
331, 332, 333, 359 

pulchellum (Agrion), 17, 264, 329, 330, 
382, 333 

quadrimaculata (Libellula), 14, 143, 264 

sanguineum (Sympetrum), 16 

scoticum (Sympetrum), 265 

splendens (Calopteryx), 16, 264, 265 

sponsa (Lestes), 16, 17, 18, 265 

striolatum (Sympetrum), 13, 265 

tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 17, 18, 264, 265 

tenellum var. sneatum (Pyrrhosoma), 17 

tenellum var. erythrogastrum (Pyrrho- 
soma), 265 

virgo (Calopteryx), 15, 264, 265 


Order XV. HEMIPTERA. 


abietis (Physokermes), 63 
aceris (Lecanium), 30 
aceris (Pseudococecus), 95 
albizziw (Tachardia), 112 
alni (Coceus), 110 
aurentulus (Idioeerus), 42 
azalem (Mriococcus), 95 
betulw (Pulyinaria), 28 
cambii (Coccus), 110 
capres (Leeanium), 30 
curpini (Pulvinaria), 28 
cavalliw (Phenacoceus), 112 
chelidonii (Aleurodes), 112 
corni (Aleurodes), 112 — 
corniger (Aonidia), 112 
coryli (Leeanium), 62 
cruenta (Typhlocyba), 858 
cyanm (Cicadula), 319 
delicata (Planchonia), 112 
destructor (Dactylopius), 94 
dorsalis (Odontoseslis), 45 
ephedra (Dactylopius), 94 
eriphorum (Lecanium), 62 
fureata (Mesovelia), 319 
geminus (Cyrtorrhinus), 319 
glauea (Notonecta), 97 
eracilipes (Anchomenes), 45 
grandis (Macrocerma), 67 
hemisphrericum (Saissetia), 63 
hemisphewricum (Lecanium), 62 
hesperidum (Lecanium), 380 
ilicis (Kermes), 94 
innumerabilis (Pulvinaria), 29 
insignis (Cixius), 154 

inulw (Lecanium), 61 


| 
| 
| 
| 


koebelei (Lichtensia), 111» 
leporinus (Oliarius), 358 
lisiodendris (Lecanium), 30 
longispinus (Dactylopius), 95 
maculata (Notonecta), 97 
montana (Cicadetta), 1 
olew (Saissetia), 62 
oligocenus (Oliarus), 153 
persicee (Lecanium), 61 
phalaridis (Coccus), 111 
piperis (Lecanium), 62 
pruinosum (Lecanium), 61 
pruni (Lecanium), 30 
purchasi (Icerya), 111 
quercitronis (Lecanium), 61 
quereus (Lecanium), 62 
rhodomyrti (Eriococcus), 95 
ribesiw (Pulvinaria), 27 
robiniarum (Lecanium), 62 
rose (Icerya), 111 
stactogala (Limotettix), 43 
succineus (Cixius), 154 
trivia (Ulopa), 43 

ulmi (Coceus), 111 
variolosum (Asterodiaspis), 94 
vastator (Dactylopius), 94 
viburni (Lichtensia), 111 
virgatus (Dactylopius), 94 
viride (Lecanium), 61 
viridiflorus (Oncotylis), 358 
vitis (Pulvinaria), 27 
vitreus (Cixius), 153 
vulnerata (Tricephora), 251 
yuecre (Pseudococcus), 95 


INDEX. xi 


Order XVI. NEUROPTERA. 


Ascalaphus, 45 

Boreus, 185 

Chrysopa, 43 

chrysops (Osmylus), 41, 45 


26 


cognata (Panorpa), 186, 187, 188, 189, | 
y) . 


communis (Panorpa), 186, 188, 189, 226 


diptera (Psectra), 151 


Order XVII. 


excisus (Polycentropus), 4 
flavomaculatus (Polycentropus), 4 
*intricatus (Polycentropus), 4 


Order XVIII. 


abbreviata (Eupithecia), 147 

abietella (Dioryctria), 314 

abjecta (Hama), 34 

abruptaria (Hemerophila), 68 

abyssinica (Pyrameis), 164, 303 

acacie (Thecla), 272, 325 

aceris (Acronycta), 46, 68 

aceris (Neptis), 39, 271 

acetose# (Nepticula), 47 

achilleew (Anthrocera), 39, 44, 183 

achillew (Zygena), 50, 104 

achine (Pararge), 300, 301 

acis (Lycena), 35, 304 

actwon (Thymelicus), 323, 326 

adippe (Argynnis), 11, 50, 51, 52, 100, 
182, 273, 302, 327 

admetus (Polyommatus), 323, 326 

adonis (Lycena), 35 

adrasta (Pararge), 11, 20, 327 

adusta (Hadena), 255 

adustata (Ligdia), 117 

advenaria (Epione), 201, 229 

zgon (Lyc#na), 146 

e#gon (Plebeius), 207 ° 

zgon (Rusticus), 323 

eneana (Argyrolepia), 351 

esculi (Zeuzera), 35, 295 

zestiva (Pyrameis), 303 

zthiops (Erebia), 100 

zthopis (Ocystola),.96 

affinis (Calymnia), 183 

affinitata (Emmelesia), 68 

agathina (Agrotis), 46,68, 123 

aglaia (Argynnis), 35, 45, 51, 52, 69, 99, 
101, 182, 301, 302, 318, 319, 327 

ahenella (Oncocera), 117 

alba (Rumicia), 39, 44, 124 

albicillata (Melanthia), 147, 204 

albicosta (Coleophora), 358 

*albifusa (Pydna), 345 

albipalliata (Abraxas), 352 

*albipuncta (Callimorpha), 137 


germanica (Panorpa), 151, 186, 187, 188, 
189, 226 . 

hyemalis (Borens), 188, 189, 226 

meridionalis (Panorpa), 186 

Panorpa, 185 

Raphidia, 34 

rufescens (Panorpa), 186 


TRICHOPTERA. 


| 


kingi (Polycentropus), 4 
multigattatus (Polycentropus), 4 
Polycentropus, 3 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


albipunctana (Peronea), 266 
*albisparsa (Melanastria), 137 
alboflammeana (Peronea), 266 
albomacula (Odonestis), 191 
albomarginata (Abraxas), 116 
albonigrana (Peronea), 268 
albonotaria (Selenia), 5 
albonotaria (Zethenia), 5, 6, 7 
alboruficostana (Peronea), 268 
albulalis (Nola), 36, 43, 184 
alcew (Carcharodus), 18, 301, 326 
aleetas (Everes), 207, 272 
alciope (Acr#a), 40 


_ alciphron (Chrysophanus), 21, 99, 324, 
326 


alciphron (Loweia), 43 
alcyone ae 327 
alexandrina (Melit#a), 299 


| alexanor (Papilio), 323, 325, 327 


alexis (Polyommatus), 19, 99 
alge (Archanara), 183 


| algerica (Melite#a), 355 
| algira (Grammodes), 252 


almana (Junonia), 57 


alni (Acronycta), 68, 228, 294, 316 
alpina (Melanocoma), 197 

alpina (Pachnobia), 359 

alpinana (Dicrorampha), 118 
alsines (Caradrina), 147 


| althee (Carcharodus), 99 


alveolus (Hesperia), 307 

alveus (Hesperia), 100, 301, 307, 326 
amathusia (Brenthis), 99 

ambigua (Caradrina), 230 
ambigualis (Scoparia), 71 
anachoreta (Clostera), 70 

Anaphe, 148 

andrei (Cricula), 230 

andreniformis (Sesia), 206, 229, 316 
andromed« (Hesperia), 207 
angustea (Scoparia), 71 


| anomala (Stilbia), 69 


X1l 


anthedon (EKuralia), 148 

antiopa (Euvanessa), 43, 100, 119, 343 

Apamea, 183 

apheea (Melitea), 81, 108 - 

apiciaria (Epione), 66, 99 

apollo (Parnassius), 39, 99, 100, 181, 327 

arcania (Cceenonympha), 20, 49, 51, 53, 
300, 302, 323, 327 

arcanioides (Coenonympha), 355 

Archanara, 183 

Arenostola, 183 

arete (Epinephele), 35 

arge (Melanargia), 40 

argentula (Bankia), 227 

argiades (Hveres), 50, 52, 207, 272, 302 

argiolus (Celastrina), 44, 145, 146, 204, 
929, 317, 324, 327, 359 

argiolus (Cyaniris), 256, 271, 295, 315, 
354 


argiolus (Lycena), 46 

argus (Plebeius), 207, 272, 359 

argus (Rusticus), 327 

argyrella (Selagia), 117 

argyrognomon (Plebeius), 207, 272 

argyrognomon (Rusticus), 327 

ariadne (Eryolis), 358 

arion (Lycena), 44, 99, 304, 325 

*arizana (Dasychira), 311 

*arizana (Heterolocha), 346 

*arizana (Ilema), 221 

*arizana (Metanastria), 192 

*arizana (Thyatira), 291 

armoricanus (Hesperia), 308 

arragonensis (Agriades), 148 

arsilache (Brenthis), 181 

artaxerxes (Polyommatus), 317 

arundineta (Nonagria), 43 

arundinis (Nonagria), 358 

ashworthii (Agrotis), 46, 68, 69 

assimilata (Eupithecia), 227 

asterie (Junonia), 57 

asteria (Melitea), 9, 79, 135, 261 

asteris (Cucullia), 46, 68 

astrarche (Lycena), 272 

astrarche (Polyommatus), 19, 49, 50, 52, 
203, 317, 327 

atalanta (Pyrameis), 20, 43, 51, 52, 66, 
84, 122, 164, 303, 327 

atalanta (Vanessa), 66 

atalanta-indica (Vanessa), 140 

athalia (Melitsa), 8, 9, 20, 44, 51, 52, 59, 
78, 99, 107, 133, 159, 161, 182, 212, 
259, 274, 300, 317, 323, 327, 334, 355 

atlas (Attacus), 231 

atomaria (Kmaturga), 36, 206, 229, 254 

atrana (Peronea), 268 

atrata (Odezia), 69, 99, 117 

atrebatensis (Vanessa), 24, 281 

atreus (Caligo), 45 

atropos (Acherontia), 69, 316, 318 

atropos (Manduca), 87 

attaliana (Peronea), 268 

attenuata (Callidula), 291 

augur (Noctua), 253, 255 


INDEX. 


aurantiaca (Papilio), 270 

aurantiaria (Hybernia), 99, 123, 125, 230 

aurelia (Melitwa), 9, 79, 81, 107, 135, 
181, 215, 261, 302, 335 

aurinia (Melitea), 43, 46, 120, 228, 298, 
202 

aurita (Setina), 99, 100 

aurivillii (Acrzea), 40 

aurunca (Melitea), 298, 355 

australis (Aporophyla), 38, 230 

autumnata (Oporabia), 69 

aversata (Acidalia), 70, 353 

avis (Callophrys), 41, 45, 123, 149, 206 

badia (Notolophus), 182 

badiata (Anticlea), 252, 253 

baia (Noctua), 147, 253 

bajularia (Phorodesma), 204 

ballotz (Hesperia), 308 

ballus (Thestor), 45, 206 

balteata (Vanessa), 279 

bankesiella (Epischnia), 117 

basalis (Antipha), 312 

basi-ichnusa (Vanessa), 280 

basilinea (Apamea), 68 

basi-milberti (Vanessa), 280 

basi-nigra (Vanessa), 342 

*basinotata (Notodonta), 344 

batis (Thyatira), 68, 204, 255, 319 

baton (Polyommatus), 269, 327 

baxteri (Luperina), 43, 75, 230 

beata (Melitea), 81 

belisaria (Vanessa), 24 

bella (Bithys), 44 

bellargus (Agriades), 42, 44, 119, 122, 
124, 206, 208, 229, 317, 359 

bellargus (Lyczena), 146 

bellargus (Polyommatus), 21, 50, 323, 
327 


bellidice (Pontia), 270 

bellieri (Hesperia), 308 

beltras (Caligo), 45 

berisalensis (Melita), 9,11, 80, 260, 261 

betule (Zephyrus), 19, 101 

betularia (Amphidasys), 43, 147, 204, 
228, 229, 252, 294 

betularia (Pachys), 228, 252, 254, 294 

bicolorana (Hylophila), 204 ; 

bicolorata (Melanthia), 125 

bidentata (Odontopera), 68, 125, 205, 
254, 358 

bifasciana (Sericoris), 117 

bilineata (Camptogramma), 117 

bilunaria (Selenia), 122, 236, 253 

binaria (Drepana), 147, 250 

bipunctaria (Hubolia), 117 

bisetata (Acidalia), 147 

biundularia (Tephrosia), 68 

blandiata (KEmmelesia), 69 

beeticus (Lampides), 40 

bolandii (Vanessa), 23 

bondii (Arenostola), 183 

boreata (Cheimatobia), 210, 231 

boreata (Hybernia), 67 

boyerella (Bucculatrix), 227 


INDEX. xill 


brachydactylus (Leioptilus), 118 

brachyptera (Orneodes), 296 

brachyura (Eudemonia), 67 

bractea (Plusia), 99, 120 

bradyi (Venusia), 124 

brassice (Mamestra), 298 

brassicee (Pieris), 20, 44, 123, 204, 209, 
229, 302, 317, 319, 327 

bremneri (Argynnis), 182 

brevilinea (Arenostola), 183 

brevipennis (Pterostoma), 357 

britomartis (Melitea), 9, 10, 59, 79, 107, 
109, 134, 136, 163, 193, 213, 261, 334 

*brunnea (Anonychia), 346 

brunnea (Noctua), 147, 253 

bryonis (Pieris), 20, 274 

bucephala (Phalera), 36 

buoliana (Retinia), 314 

bureyana (Araschnia), 139, 164 

cacaliz (Hesperia), 307 

ceca (Aphantopus), 44, 51 

cerulapicata (Vanessa), 281 

ceerulescens (Agriades), 148 

cesia (Diantheecia), 69, 351 

cagnagellus (Hyponomeuta), 229 

caia (Arctia), 35, 44, 45, 68, 69, 249, 328, 
359 

c-album (Grapta), 229 

c-album (Polygonia), 51, 83, 99, 161, 
300, 302, 327, 342, 357 

californica (Vanessa), 342 

callune (Lasiocampa), 69 

Calymnia, 183 

cambrica (Venusia), 68, 71, 124, 155 

camelina (Lophopteryx), 255 

camilla (Limenitis), 324, 327 

canne (Archanara), 183 

canella (Gymnancycla), 117 

capsincola (Diantheecia), 68 

capsophila (Dianthecia), 68, 351 

capucina (Miselia), 70 

capucina (Peronea), 198 

cardamines (Euchloé), 20, 44, 145, 161, 
203, 272, 317, 358 

cardui (Pyrameis), 20, 66, 303, 319, 327 

carline (Hesperia), 307 

carmelita (Lophopteryx), 253 

carniolica (Anthrocera), 44 

carpaticus (Parnassius), 181 

carpini (Saturnia), 36, 44, 68, 181, 319 

carpophaga (Diantheecia), 45, 46, 68, 69 

carthami (Hesperia), 302, 307 

carye (Pyrameis), 164 

caschmirensis (Vanessa), 278 

cassiope (Erebia), 20 

casta (Fumea), 118 

castigata (Hupithecia), 147, 250 

catalaunalis (Antigastra), 117 

*catena (Syntomoides), 220 

celerio (Chcerocampa), 69 

celerio (Hippotion), 183 

celtis (Libythea), 327 

cenea (Papilio), 65 

centauree (Hesperia), 307 


centifoliella (Nepticula), 358 

centonalis (Nola), 36 

centralipunctata (Abraxas), 352 

ceratonise (Myelois), 117 

cerella (Galleria), 117 

ceronus (Agriades), 44 

certata (Hucosmia), 298 

cerusella (Hlachista), 227 

cervinata (Ortholitha), 98, 119 

chaleogrammella (Coleophora), 41 

chalcozona (Abraxas), 69 

chi (Polia), 45, 46, 68 

Chilodes, 184 

chinensis (Vanessa), 24, 56, 278 

chrysanthemi (Anthrocera), 148, 150 

chryseis (Chrysophanus), 301 

chrysitis (Plusia), 120 

chryson (Plusia), 227 

chrysorrhcea (Porthesia), 45 

chrysostrota (Abraxas), 352 

chrysotheme (Colias), 270 

cinnus (Polyommatus), 21 

cinxia (Melitwa), 124, 182, 270, 271, 302, 
317 

circe (Satyrus), 322, 327 

circellaris (Orthosia), 230 

circuitaria (Dosithea), 120 

cirsii (Hesperia), 307 

citrago (Xanthia), 68 

*clara (Diacrisia), 189 

clara (Polyommatus), 50 

*clarkiana (Peronea), 200 

clatnrata (Strenia), 45, 254 

cleanthe (Melanargia), 326, 327 

cleodoxa (Argynnis), 11, 273, 302 

cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 324, 325, 327 

e-nigrum (Noctua), 255 

codra (Leptodontopera), 348 

celestis (Agriades), 124 

ceenobia, 184 

coenosa (Lelia), 36, 353 

comacina (Melita), 35a 

comes (Triphena), 46, 69, 253 

comitata (Pelurga), 69 

comma (Leucania), 255 

comma (Pamphila), 99 

ce. neolor (Tapinostola), 149 

conflua (Noctua), 44 

conformis (Xylina), 36 

*confusa (Stauropus), 289 

conigera (Leucania), 318 

*connexa (Miltochrista), 223 

connexa (Vanessa), 279, 340 

consobrina (Anthrocera), 325 

consociaria (Zethenia), 5, 6, 7 

consortaria (Boarmia), 204 

conspersa (Diantheecia), 318 

constanti (Agriades), 206, 320 

*contaminata (Aloa), 247 

contiguaria (Zethenia), 5, 6, 7 

conversaria (Boarmia), 72, 124, 125 

*convexa (Miltochrista), 223 

convolyuli (Agrius), 183 

conyze (Hesperia), 307 


Xv 


cordula (Satyrus), 100 

coretas (Hveres), 207, 272 

coridon (Agriades), 208 

corona (Heliconius), 72 

corticea (Agrotis), 255 

corydon (Agriades), 42, 44, 45, 67, 122, 
124, 148, 182, 206, 229, 231, 317, 320, 
359 

corydon (Polyommatus), 325, 326, 327 

corylata (Cidaria), 254 

coryli (Demas), 147 

corythalia (Melitea), 81, 108 

costalis (Pyralis), 251 

crabroniformis livochilium), 147 

crategata (Rumia), 36 

crateegi (Aporia), 20, 52, 99, 274, 301, 

cribrella (Myelophila), 117 

crinanensis (Hydrecia), 122, 124, 125 
149, 293 

crishna (Neorina), 295 

cristalana (Peronea), 267 

cristana (Peronea), 118, 198, 265 

*crocea (Huproctis), 247 

creesella (Adela), 182 

*cruda (Dasychira), 312 

cruda (Teniocampa), 203 

cucullatella (Nola), 69 

culiciformis (Aigeria), 183, 229 

culmellus (Crambus), 293 

cuneonotata (Miltochrista), 244. 

cursoria (Agrotis), 68 

curtisana (Peronea), 198 

curtisellus (Prays), 256 

curtisii (Triphena), 69 

cyllarus (Nomiades), 19, 272, 300, 302 

cynipiformis (Aigeria), 183 

cytheris (Morpho), 358 

cytisaria (Pseudoterpna), 358 

dactyloptera (Triscedecia), 296 

dahlii (Noctua), 230 

damon (Polyommatus), 40, 44, 99 

daplidice (Pieris), 183 

daplidice (Pontia), 270, 325, 327 

decrepitalis (Scopula), 43 

defoliaria (Hybernia), 99, 122, 123, 211, 
230 

degeerella (Adela), 182 

deione (Melita), 8, 9, 11, 78, 80, 81, 
108, 135, 260, 323, 327 

dejeani (Pyrameis), 164 

delius (Hypanartia), 164 

delius (Parnassius), 99 

denkami (Lycia) 197 

*dentata (Miltochrista), 223 

depuncta (Noctua), 316 

derasa (Habrosyne), 47, 255, 319 

derivata (Anticlea), 254 

desfontainiana (Peronea), 198, 267 

designata (Coremia), 147 

dia (Brenthis), 49, 50, 52, 100, 302, 
317 

dicta (Notodonta), 294 

dicteoides (Pheosia), 204, 255 


INDEX. 


dictynna (Melitwa), 9, 20, 51, 79, 99, 
107, 108, 133, 135, 163, 181, 194, 213, 
261, 300, 302, 336, 358 

dictynnoides (Melita), 9, 79, 134, 181, 
215 

didyma (Melitwa), 40, 100, 103, 326, 327 

diffinis (Eustegnia), 183 

dilutata (Oporabia), 67, 212, 297 

dimidiata (Acidalia), 147 

disjunctus (Capys), 144 

dispar (Chrysophanus), 22, 35, 118, 301, 
302, 353 

dispar (Ocneria), 42 

dissimilis (Euproctis), 286 

dissoluta (Archanara), 183 

ditrapezium (Noctua), 147, 357 

dodonea (Notodonta), 204 

dolabraria (Eurymene), 69, 147 

donzelii (Polyommatus), 100 

dorilis (Chrysophanus), 100, 101, 270, 
317, 325, 326 


| dorilis (Loweia), 43 


dorus (Cenonympha), 324 
dorus (Heliconius), 43 
doubledayaria (Amphidasys), 43, 204, 
228, 252, 254, 294 
dromedarius (Notodonta), 255 
dubia (Euralia), 148 
dubitalis (Scoparia), 71 
dubitata (Triphosa), 147 
duponcheli (Leptosia), 327 
edelsteni (Archanara), 183 
edelsteni (Nonagria), 41, 44, 124 
edusa (Colias), 20, 183, 274 
edwardsii (Attacus), 143, 231 
egea (Polygonia), 323, 327 
egeria (Pararge), 45, 272, 274, 318, 324, 
327 
egerides (Pararge), 272, 274, 318 
egerides (Satyrus), 203 
effracta (Chionsema), 178 
electa (Colias), 231 
elko (Cenonympha), 182 
elpenor (Cherocampa), 68, 120 
elymi (Arenostola), 183 
emarginata (Acidalia), 253 
ephialtes (Anthrocera), 43 
epistygne (Erebia), 327 
ergane (Pieris), 41, 319 
erganoides (Pieris), 320 
eros (Polyommatus), 21 
erysimi (Leptosia), 327 
erythromelas (Hugonia), 343 
escheri (Polyommatus), 21, 323, 327 
escherinus (Polyommatus), 21 
eupheno (Euchloé), 355 
euphendides (Euchloé), 327 
euphorbie (Hyles), 67, 358 
euphrosyne (Argynnis), 204 
euphrosyne (Brenthis), 20, 40, 44, 100, 
164, 272, 274, 317, 359 
Kuralie, 207 
euryale (Erebia), 99 
eurymedon (Papilio), 143 


INDEX. 


evias (Erebia), 237 

evonymella (Hyponomeuta), 126 

*excisa (Crinocraspeda), 192 

exclamationis (Agrotis), 45, 68 

extrema (Arenostola), 183 

exulis (Crymodes), 104 

falcataria (Drepana), 147, 253, 255 

farrella (Epischnia), 117 

fascelina (Dasychira), 68 

fasciata (Gnophos), 46 

fasciuncula (Miana), 255 

fauna (Satyrus), 103 

favicolor (Leucania), 34, 44 

ferrugata (Coremia), 147 

ferruginea (Orthosia), 230 

fervida (Callophrys), 45 

festiva (Noctua), 255 

festuce (Plusia), 106, 120 

fiara (Pamphyla), 144 

filigrammaria (Oporabia), 69 

filipendule (Anthrocera), 44, 67, 148, 
183, 358 

fimbria (Triphena), 69, 253, 353 

*finitima (Syntomoides), 220 

firmata (Thera), 147 

fischeri (Vanessa), 55, 59, 163, 277, 341 

flava (Adopga), 295 

flava (Anthrocera), 148 

flavago (Gortyna), 298 

flavago (Xanthecia), 183 

flaviciliana (Hupeecilia), 118 

flavicincta (Chionema), 177 

flavicincta (Polia), 98, 119 

flavicornis (Asphalia), 228, 253 

flavicornis (Cymatophora), 69 

flavipalliata (Abraxas), 352 

flavofasciata (Abraxas), 46, 69, 117 

flavus (Thymelicus), 326 

flexula (Aventia), 358 

*flexuosa (Euproctis), 247 

fluctuata (Melanippe), 45, 64 

fluctuata (Xanthorhoé), 64 

fluctuosa (Cymatophora), 204, 351 

fluxa (Arenostola), 183 

fontis (Bomolocha), 69, 71 

*formose (Arguda), 136 

*formosana (Callidula), 290 

*formosana (Cypa), 137 

*formosana (Fentonia), 290 

*formosana (Heterusia), 179 

fortunata (Epinephele), 45, 296 

foulquieri (Hesperia), 308 

fowleri (Agriades), 119, 124 

fraxini (Catocala), 122, 124 

fritillum (Hesperia), 307 

fugax (Rhodia), 230, 231 

*fulgida (Miresa), 192 

fuligana (Penthina), 117 

fuliginosa (Phragmatobia), 147 

fuliginosa (Spilosoma), 44, 124, 359 

fulva (Arenostola), 183 

fulva (Tapinostola), 68, 124, 149, 351 

fulvago (Xanthia), 355 

*fumida (Diacrisia), 245 


XV 


fumida (Lymantria), 310 

funebrana (Opadia), 117 

*furva (Notodonta), 313 

fusca (Nonagria), 41, 44, 124 

fuscana (Peronea), 265 

fuscata (Hybernia), 252 

galatea (Melanargia), 39, 44, 49, 50, 52, 
99, 295, 318, 324 

galaxera (Melanargia), 327 

galene (Melanargia), 324 

gamma (Plusia), 33 

geisha (Vanessa), 278, 343 

gemina (Hadena), 255 

geminipuncta (Archanara), 183 

gemmaria (Boarmia), 44 

gilvago (Xanthia), 355 

glabraria (Cleora), 100, 204 

glauca (Hadena), 254 

gloriosa (Abraxas), 352 

gloveri (Samia), 231 

glyphica (Euclidia), 101 

gonerilla (Pyrameis), 64, 303 

gordius (Chrysophanus), 21, 99, 324, 
326 


Gortyna, 183 

gothica (Teniocampa), 150, 253 

gothicina (Teniocampa), 150 

gracilis (Parnassius), 229 

gracilis (Tzniocampa), 68, 227 

grecaria (Melanocoma), 197 

grevillana (Penthina), 117 

*grisea (Panthea), 345 

*srisea suffusa (Hugoa), 222 

grisealis (Zanclognatha), 359 

grisearia (Zethenia), 6 

grisella (Achroea), 117 

griseomarginata (Eugonia), 343 

*sriseotincta (Notodonta), 312 

grossulariata (Abraxas), 25, 43, 46, 69, 
117, 124, 230, 252, 359 

gueneei (Luperina), 42, 43, 65, 75, 230, 
357 

gumpiana (Peronea), 199 

gumpinana (Peronea), 200 

Gyadroma, 5 

harrisoni (Ithysia), 197 

hastata (Larentia), 99 

hastata (Melanippe), 68 

hazeleighensis (Abraxas), 69 

hecate (Brenthis), 148 

hedysari (Anthrocera), 44 

helcita (Aletis), 181 

helenz (Pecilopsis), 197 

helice (Colias), 183 

hellmanni (Arenostola), 183 

hellmanni (Tapinostola), 149 

hemerobiella (Coleophora), 251 

hera (Callimorpha), 99, 100, 101, 301 

herbariata (Hois), 120 

herbida (Aplecta), 43, 124, 255 

hermannella (Chrysopora), 184 

hermannella (Gelechia), 67, 68 


| hermione (Satyrus), 52, 100, 322, 327 


hero (Ccenonympha), 181 


XV1 


hesperia (Myctemera), 182 

hiera (Pararge), 274 

hippocastanaria (Pachyenema), 314 

hippocrepidis (Anthrocera), 67, 100, 148, 
274, 356 

hippomedusa (Erebia), 181, 273 

hippothoé (Chrysophanus), 19, 99, 274, 
300, 301 

hirtaria (Biston), 144, 145, 229 

hirtaria (Lycia), 144, 197 

hispidaria (Apocheima), 197 

hispidaria (Nyssia), 150, 182, 204 

hispulla (Epinephele), 327 

hobleyi (Pseudacrea), 182 

hospita (Nemeophila), 255 

hunii (Peecilopsis), 198 

hyale (Colias), 20, 100, 183, 274, 317 

hybridus (Smerinthus), 124 

hylas (Polyommatus), 51, 52, 99, 328, 
327 


Hypanarta, 164 

hyperanthes (Aphantopus), 44, 50, 51, 
62, 302 

hyperanthus (Epinephele), 35 

hyperborea (Pachnobia), 359 

ianira (Epinephele), 20, 35, 319 

ianthina (Triphena), 253 

iapygia (Melanargia), 326 

iberica (Hesperia), 308 

iberica (Melitea), 11 

icarinus (Polyommatus), 43 

icarus (Lycena), 146 

icarus (Polyommatus), 43, 44, 50, 52, 
122, 123, 203, 230, 255, 256, 302, 317, 
327 

ichneumoniformis (Aigeria), 183 

ichnusa (Vanessa), 24, 45, 56, 59, 277, 
339 

ichnusoides (Vanessa), 281 

ignea (Vanessa), 28, 240 

igneaformis (Vanessa), 343 

ilia (Apatura), 93 

ilicifolia (Lasiocampa), 353 

ilicis (Thecla), 52, 300, 302, 324 

imitaria (Acidalia), 318 

imperator (Parnassius), 229 

impura (Leucania), 255 

*inaccepta (Zethenia), 6, 7 

incarnatana (Spilonota), 70 

incerta (Taniocampa), 45 

inconspicuella (Solenobia), 118 

indica (Pyrameis), 164 

ino (Brenthis), 20, 52, 302 

*inornata (Euproctis), 286 

instabilis (Teniocampa), 253 

*insulata (Euproctis), 287 

interjecta (Triphena), 353 

intermedia (Argynnis), 11 

intermedia (Melita), 272 

interrogationis (Chionema), 177 

*interrupta (Syntomis), 220 

io (Vanessa), 23, 24, 50, 52, 53, 58, 66, 
83, 100, 116, 140, 145, 163, 165, 277, 
803, 319, 341, 343 


INDEX. 


iochalea (Abraxas), 352 

ioformis (Vanessa), 24, 55, 59, 278 

liolas, 323, 326 

ioprotoformis (Vanessa), 59, 278 

iphis (Coenonympha), 51, 52 

iris (Apatura), 50, 52, 146 

irrorellus (Hyponomeuta), 70, 126 

itea (Pyrameis), 164 

jacob (Euchelia), 98, 259 

jacobee (Hipocrita), 98 

*jansoniana (Peronea), 267 

japonica (Caligula), 230 

johnstoni (Achrea), 207 

jordisi (Meliteza), 81 

juliana (Carpocapsa), 350 

juniperata (‘hera), 100 

jurtina (Epinephele), 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 
51, 52, 100, 296, 302, 327 

*kanshireia (Huproctis), 286 

kethloa (Pamphila), 224 

kuhniella (Ephestia), 117 

labda (Sterrha), 117 

*labecula (Huproctis), 285 

lacertinaria (Drepana), 255 

lacteasparsata (Abraxas), 352 

lacticolor (Abraxas), 43, 69, 352 

lacunana (Sericoris), 227 

lades (Macrocneme), 355 

l-album (Leucania), 45, 313, 357 

lanestris (Eriogaster), 206 

langei (Ithysia), 197 

lapidata (Phibalapteryx), 292 

lappona (Erebia), 100 

lapponaria (Peecilopsis), 197 

lariciata (Eupithecia), 69 

lathonia (Issoria), 50, 51, 53, 100, 227, 
302, 325 

lavandule (Anthrocera), 325 

lavatere (Carcharodus), 324, 325 

leda (Melanitis), 44, 224, 229 

leguminana (Stigmonota), 118 

leporina (Acronycta), 147, 204, 228, 294 

leucographa (Pachnobia), 45, 68, 150 

leucographa (Tseniocampa), 68, 253 

leucomelas (Melanargia), 325, 327 

leucophearia (Hybernia), 150, 252 

leucostigma (Gortyna), 183 

levana (Araschnia), 26, 27, 57, 139, 163, 
164, 165, 236, 300, 302, 341, 342 

lichenea (Kpunda), 231 

ligea (Erebia), 99, 181 

lignata (Phibalapteryx), 227 

ligniperda (Cossus), 255, 315, 350 

ligustri (Acronycta), 255 

ligustri (Sphinx), 35 

linariata (Hupithecia), 147 

linea (Adopxea), 295 

lineola (Adopza), 359 

lineola (Thymelicus), 50, 52, 100, 328, 
326 

*literata (Tyana), 345 

literosa (Miana), 68 

lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 255 

litoralis (Leucania), 68 


INDEX. 


liturata (Macaria), 125 
lofthousi (Venusia), 124 
lonicere (Anthrocera), 148, 150 
lonicere (Zygeena), 100 

loreyi (Leucania), 351 

lorquinii (Basilarchia), 123 
lotella (Anerastia), 117 

loti (Diplura), 206 


lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 45, 124 

lucens (Hydreecia), 124, 149 

*lucerna (Syntomis), 221 

*lucerna flava (Syntomis), 221 

lucernea (Agrotis), 69, 253, 318 

lucilla (Neptis), 39 

lucina (Nemeobius), 204, 271, 273, 317 

lucipara (Euplexia), 228, 255 

luctuosa (Acontia), 50 

lugubrata (Larentia), 99 

luna (Vanessa), 58 

lunigera (Agrotis), 69, 318 

luridata (Tephrosia), 204 

lurideola (Lithosia), 100 

lutea (Abraxas), 69 

lutea-lacticolor (Abraxas), 117 

lutearia (Cleogene), 100 

*luteus (Gareus), 348 

lutulenta (Aporophyla), 45 

lycaon (Epinephele), 100 

lycoa (Achrza), 207 

machaon (Papilio), 99, 100, 101, 270, 
272, 274, 317, 327 

maculata (Venilia), 32, 36, 44, 69 

*maculosa (Campylotes), 178 

mera (Pararge), 11, 20, 52, 99, 173, 327 

*magna (Diacrisia), 136 

*magnifica taiwana (Chryseglia), 189 

major (Hesperia), 308 

malve (Hesperia), 204, 269, 273, 302, 
307, 317, 326 

manni (Pieris), 41, 271, 319, 324 

manto (Erebia), 99 

margaritaria (Metrocampa), 147 

marginata (Kuproctis), 287 

*marginata (Heterolocha), 346 

marginatus (Heliothis), 68, 69 

*marginatus (Pidorus), 138 

marginipunctata (Acidalia), 318 

maritima (Chilodes), 184 

maritima (Nonagria), 184 

maritima (Senta), 251, 293 

marsyas (Polygonia), 182 

masoniana (Peronea), 199 


maturna (Melitewa), 79, 134, 300, 302 | 
| myrinna (Pyrameis), 164 

| myrmidione (Colias), 270, 273 
| nevana (Grapholitha), 353 


medesicaste (Thais), 327 

medon (Papilio), 231 

medon (Polyommatus), 317, 327 

medusa (Hrebia), 39, 181, 272, 273, 300, 
302 

megera (Pararge), 44, 45, 101, 318, 327 

megacephala (Acronycta), 201, 293, 294, 
317 

megacephala (Cuspidia), 45 

mehadiensis (Melita), 11, 60, 108, 110 

melampus (Hrebia), 99 


Xvil 


*Melanocoma, 197 

melanops (Nomiades), 327 
melanozona (Abraxas), 69 
meleager (Polyommatus), 43 
meliloti (Anthrocera), 150, 296 
mendica (Spilosoma), 35, 124 
mendosa (Dasychira), 312 
menthastri (Spilosoma), 35, 43, 124 
menyanthidis (Acronycta), 204 
merana (Ithysia), 198 
merlana (Peronea), 268 
merope (Heteronympha), 296 


| merope (Melitwa), 44 


mesoides (Vanessa), 341 

metra (Pieris), 319 

mi (Huclidia), 254 

miata (Cidaria), 122 

micacea (Hydreecia), 183, 351 
microscopica (Orneodes), 296 
*mickuni (Apatura), 93 

midas (Chrysophanus), 21, 324 
miegil oes 44 
miegii (Heodes), 39 


| milberti (Vanessa), 56, 140, 278, 341 


Mimacrea, 40 

mime (Kuralia), 148 

minima (Cupido), 19 

minimus (Cupido), 39, 44, 50, 52, 124, 
203, 273, 317, 324 

miniosa (Teniocampa), 45, 146 

minos (Zygeena), 99 

minutata (Kupithecia), 147 

mnemosyne (Parnassius), 99, 274 

mohopaani (Pamphila), 224 

monacharia (Phigalia), 119 

moneta (Plusia), 101, 230 

monoglypha (Xylophasia), 318 

montana (Loweia), 43 

moorei (Ilema), 178 

mori (Bombyx), 251 

morpheus (Caradrina), 147 

morrisii (Arenostola), 183 

munda (Teniocampa), 45, 253 

mundana (Nudaria), 69 

mundata (Gnophos), 45 

murana (Scoparia), 117 

musciformis (Sesia), 318 

musculosa (Oria), 184, 357 

musculosa (Synia), 184, 250, 357 

mussehliana (Kupeecilia), 118 


| myellus (Crambus), 117 


mylitta (Antherea), 231 
myopeformis (Aigeria), 183 


napi (Pieris), 20, 44, 45, 51, 145, 229, 
254, 271, 272, 317 

navarina (Melitza), 80, 81, 108 

nebulosa (Aplecta), 46, 68, 69, 125, 231, 
255 

nebulosa (Lymantria), 309 

neglecta (Noctua), 204 

neoridas (Erebia), 327 


XV1il 


nerii (Daphnis), 316 
neurica (Archanna), 183 
neurica (Nonagria), 41, 44, 45, 124 
neurographa (Diacrisia), 245 
neustria (Malacosoma), 36, 359 
nevadensis (Melitza), 8, 135 
nickerlii (Luperina), 42, 43, 77 
nictitans (Apamea), 183 
nictitans (Hydreecia), 122, 124, 149 
nigra (Boarmia), 46, 71, 125 
*nigra (Gargetta), 190 
nigrana (Peronea), 267 
*nigriapicata (Gonepteryx), 209 
*nigribasalis (Stauropus), 289 
nigricostata (Abraxas), 352 
nigricristana (Peronea), 265 
nigrocincta (Polia), 33 
nigrocostana (Peronea), 268 
*nigrofasciata (Fentonia), 290 
*nigropuncta (Kuproctis), 310 
nigropuncta (Odonestis), 191 
nigroruficostana (Peronea), 268 
nigrosubvittana (Peronea), 267 
nimbana (Carpocapsa), 295, 350 
niobe (Argynnis), 100, 301 
niphonica (Heterolocha), 346 
niveicostella (Coleophora), 359 
niveus (Papilio), 6 
Nonagria, 184 
notata (Macaria), 69, 204 
notulana (Eupeecilia), 227 
noverca (Pseudosphex), 355 
obfuscaria (Gnophos), 100 
obliqua (Pydna), 345 
obscura (Lycena), 44 
*obscura (Phalera), 138 
obscura (Zethenia), 6 
obscurata (Gnophos), 45, 46, 253, 318 
obscurior (Melitsa), 272 
occidentalis (Hesperia), 308 
occultana (Pidisea), 353 
ocellaris (Xanthia), 355 
ocellata (Smerinthus), 206 
ochracea (Gortyna), 313 
ochreapunctana (Peronea), 266 
*ochreipuncta (Odonestis), 191 
oleracea (Pieris), 295 
*olivacea (Dasychira), 310 
olivacea (Polia), 45, 46, 68, 69 
olympica (Agriades), 122 
onopordi (Hesperia), 307 
oo (Dicycla), 183 
oo (Hugramma), 183 
opima (Teniocampa), 98 
optilete (Polyommatus), 100 
orion (Diphthera), 68 
orion (Moma), 46 
orion (Polyommatus), 269, 271 
ornata (Polyommatus), 269, 271 
*ornata (Tyana), 291 
Orneodes, 296 
oxyacanthe (Miselia), 70 
palemon (Carterocephalus), 99, 227, 
273, 274 


INDEX. 


palemon (Cyclopides), 204 

paleeno (Colias), 100 

paleacea (Knargia), 183 

pales (Brenthis), 100, 181 

pallens (Leucania), 44 

*pallida (Hyposidra), 316 

pallifrontana (Stigmonota), 316 

palpina (Pterostoma), 357 

paludis (Hydreecia), 124, 149 

pamphilus (Coenonympha), 20, 50, 52, 
101, 146, 203, 254, 302, 318, 319 

pandora (Dryas), 355 

paphia (Argynnis), 99, 100, 302 

paphia (Dryas), 123 

papilionaria (Geometra), 147, 254 

parthenie (Melita), 8, 10, 11, 20, 40, 51, 
79, 80, 216, 261, 334, 336 

parvipenella (Coleophora), 359 

pasiphiie (Epinephele), 323, 325 

pavonia (Saturnia), 181, 254 

pedaria (Phigalia), 119, 150, 229, 252 

pendularia (Zonosoma), 46 

pennaria (Himera), 125, 231 

perla (Bryophila), 101, 293 

perlellus (Crambus), 353 

pernyi (Antherga), 231 

permutana (Peronea), 123 

persica (Vanessa), 340 

persius (Thanaos), 182 

pflugiana (Ephippiphora), 70 

pharte (Erebia), 100 

phicomone (Colias), 99 

phleas (Chrysophanus), 19, 68, 101, 254, 
303, 317, 327 

phleas (Rumicia), 39, 44, 124, 146 

phoebe (Melitea), 79, 325, 326 

phragmitidis (Arenostola), 183 

phyloxenus (Cenonympha), 69 

*picaria (Arichanna), 348 

picata (Cidaria), 229 

piceata (Cidaria), 254 

pickettaria (Angerona), 256 

*picta (Chelura), 193 

*picturata (Hrasmia), 139 

piloselle (Oxyptilus), 89 

piloselle (Zygena), 50 

pilzii (Lycia), 198 

pinicolana (Retinia), 314 

piniperda (Panolis), 204 

pinivorana (Retinia), 70, 314 

pisi (Hadena), 318 

plagioscia (Planema), 182 

Planema, 40 

plantaginis (Nemeophila), 255 

plumbana (Dicrorampha), 70 

pluvialis (Malacosoma), 182 

podalirius (Papilio), 43, 100, 269, 271, 
274, 317 

*Poecilopsis, 197 

poggei (Xanthospilopteryx), 181 

polaris (Vanessa), 56, 340 

polita (Nonagria), 183 

polychloros (Kugonia), 326, 342 

polychloros (Vanessa), 26, 83, 140, 146 


INDEX. x1X 


polygrammata (Phibalapteryx), 117 
polyodon (Xylophasia), 255 
polysperchon (Everes), 273 
pomonaria (Peecilopsis), 197 
populeti (Tseniocampa), 147 

populi (Amorpha), 123, 124, 358, 359 
populi (Limenitis), 300, 302 
populi (Peecilocampa), 38, 99 
populi (Smerinthus), 206 

porcellus (Cherocampa), 68, 120 
porphyrea (Agrotis), 318 

porima (Araschnia), 26 

*postalbida (Pida), 287 
postremana (Penthina), 117 
*postrubida (Aloa), 246 

potatoria (Odonestis), 45, 68 
potentillz (Coleophora), 359 
preecox (Agrotis), 68 

prasina (Aplecta), 124 

prasinana (Hylophila), 42 
procellata (Melanippe), 68 
processionea (Thaumetopeea), 148 
procida (Melanargia), 39, 324, 327 
profanana (Peronea), 267 

pronoé (Erebia), 99 

pronubana (Tortrix), 117, 119 
*propinqua (Chionema), 177 
prorsa (Araschnia), 26, 27, 57, 139, 165 
provincialis (Melita), 299 
proxanthovittana (Peronea), 266 
pruinata (Pseudoterpna), 254, 358 
prunaria (Angerona), 36, 45, 25€, 359 
pruni (Thecla), 272, 300, 353 
pryerella (Trachonitis), 117 
pseudonomion (Parnassius), 39 
pseudospretella (Borkhausensis), 150 
psi (Acronycta), 228 

pubicornis (Lampronia), 118 
pudibunda (Dasychira), 36 
pulchella (Deiopeia), 183 
pulchellata (Hupithecia), 319 
pulchrina (Plusia), 120 

pulveraria (Numeria), 69 
*pulverea ([iema), 178 
*pulverulenta (Stauropus), 289 
pumilata (Hupithecia), 46, 68, 147 
puncta (Agriades), 44 

punctana (Peronea), 266 

punctaria (Ephyra), 70 
*punctilinea (Diacrisia), 245 
punctilineata (Opisthograptis), 190 
punctularia (Tephrosia), 147 
*purdeyana (Peronea), 200 
purpurina (Pyrrhia), 183 

*pusilla (Chionema), 117 
pustulata (Phorodesma), 147 

puta (Agrotis), 66, 123, 145 
putrescens (Leucania), 318 
putridella (Depressaria), 40, 43, 45, 124 
putris (Axylia), 68 

pyrina (Zeuzera), 291, 295 
quadrifaria (Psodos), 100 
quadrifasciaria (Coremia), 227, 251 
quadrimaculata (Venilia), 36 


*quadripartita (Chionema), 177 

quercus (Bithys), 44, 358 

quercus (Lasiocampa), 68, 69 

quercus (Thecla), 124, 146 

rachele (Pecilopsis), 197 

radiata (Spilosoma), 124 

ramburialis (Diasemia), 117 

ramosa (Setina), 99 

*ramosa (Tristrophis), 190 

ramulanus (Sarrothripus), 35 

*rantaizana (Orthomiella), 93 

rape (Pieris), 20, 41, 44, 50, 52, 204, 
254, 271, 295, 302, 317, 319, 358 

regiella (Nepticula), 227 

repandata (Boarmia), 46, 68, 69, 124, 
147, 184, 229, 231, 253, 255 

reticulata (Cidaria), 117 

retusa (Ipimorpha), 183 

revayana (Sarrothripus), 35, 118 

rhadamanthus (Anthrocera), 325 

rhamni (Gonepteryx), 35, 66, 122, 123, 
150, 203, 209, 317 

rhomboidaria (Boarmia), 205 

ricini (Attacus), 48 

ridens (Asphalia), 46, 68 

ridens (Cymatophora), 68 

ridens (Polyploca), 316 

ripe (Agrotis), 68, 230 

rippertii (Polyommatus), 323, 324 

robsoni (Aplecta), 46, 68, 69, 231 

rorellus (Crambus), 117 

rossil (Pieris), 271, 320 

roxelana (Pararge), 39 

ruberata (Hypsipetes), 227 

rubi (Callophrys), 19, 45, 120, 123, 149, 
202, 203, 226, 272, 317 

rubi (Macrothylacia), 309 

rubi (Thecla), 253 

rubiginea (Orrhodia), 123 

rubrifera (Heterolocha), 346 

rufa (Ccenobia), 184 

rufescens (Nonagria), 41, 44, 124 

rufescentaria (Zethenia), 5, 6, 7 

ruficostana (Peronea), 268 

ruficristana (Peronea), 268 

rufina (Orthosia), 230 

rufinigrana (Peronea), 267 

rumicis (Acronycta), 68, 69, 294, 318 

rumicis (Pharetra), 42 

rumina (Thais), 327 

ruralis (Botys), 353 

rurea (Xylophasia), 147, 228, 254 

ruspina (Kuphedra), 181 

russula (Huthemonia), 68, 319 

russula (Nemeophila), 44, 100 

rustica (Spilosoma), 35 

rusticata (Acidalia), 101 

rutillus(Chrysophanus), 22, 270, 301,302 

sacraria (Sterrha), 117 

salicalis (Madopa), 117 

salicata (Malaydris), 254 

salicella (Dasystoma), 118 

salicis (Liparis), 68 

sambucaria (Urapteryx), 122, 358 


XX 


sao (Hesperia), 323 

sao (Pyrgus), 317, 326 

satellitia (Hupsilia), 230 

saucia (Agrotis), 70 

schmidtii (Rumicis), 44 

schoneia (Hypanartia), 164 

schreberiana (Argyrolepia), 118, 227 

scitella (Cemiostoma), 359 

scoliiformis (Sesia), 353 

sebrus (Cupido), 324, 326 

segetum (Agrotis), 68, 228 

selene (Actias), 231, 314 

selene (Argynnis), 35, 319 

selene (Brenthis), 20, 148 

semele (Hipparchia), 40, 50, 52,101,317, | 
327 

semele (Satyrus), 35, 45, 253 

semiargus (Cyaniris), 208, 328 

semiargus (Nomiades), 19, 52, 99, 101, 
274, 326, 328, 357 

seminigra (Melitea), 133 


semirufa (Ephestia), 117, 316 
semisyngrapha (Agriades), 124 
semiustana (Peronea), 266 
semiviolacea (Abraxas), 69 
senectana (Dicrorampha), 118 
serena (Hecatera), 318 
*sericea (Huproctis), 310 
serratule (Hesperia), 19, 308 
serva (Lymantria), 309 
sibylla (Limenitis), 35, 44, 146, 300, 302 
side (Hesperia), 307 
silaceata (Cidaria), 32, 65, 180 
silaceata (Eustroma), 32, 65, 180 
silenella (Coleophora), 295 
similis (Phiegorista), 181 
simla (Caligula), 230 
simplex (Pantana), 288 
simplonia (Anthocharis), 100 
sinapis (Leptosia), 49, 50, 52, 120, 269, 
274, 324 
sinapis (Leucophasia), 229 
sinuosa (Anonychia), 345 
smallmanii (Peecilopsis), 197 
smaragdaria (Phorodesma), 46, 68, 295 
smintheus (Parnassius), 229 
sociata (Melanippe), 44, 147, 254 
solidaginis (Cloantha), 69, 70 
*solitaria (Diacrisia), 245 
sordida (Fentonia), 290 
sparganella (Orthotelia), 353 
sparganii (Archanara), 183 
*sparsa (Huproctis), 285 
sparsa (Lelia), 288 
speyeri (Hesperia), 308 
sphegiformis (Sesia), 353 
sphinx (Asteroscopus), 99 
spini (Thecla), 50, 51, 52, 100, 327 
splendidella (Dioryctria), 117 
stabilis (Taniocampa), 68, 253 
staintoni (Bankesia), 118 
statilinus (Satyrus), 40, 103 


stellatarum (Macroglossa), 319 
stigmatica (Noctua), 204 


INDEX. 


| stonanus (Sarrothripus), 35 


straminea (Leucania), 44, 351 
straminata (Acidalia), 295 
strataria (Amphidasys), 183, 197 
striana (Peronea), 267 

*striata (Asura), 222 

*striata (Euproctis), 247 
strigata (Dasychira), 311 
strigillaria (Aspilates), 69, 147, 255 
stygne (Krebia), 20, 99, 100 
*subalba (Chionema), 176 
subalboflammana (Peronea), 266 


| subalpina (Chrysophanus), 100 


subcapucina (Peronea), 198 
sublustris (Xylophasia), 255 
*submacula (Heteropan), 310 


| subrosea (Noctua), 119 


subroseata (Zonosoma), 46 

subsericeata (Acidalia), 147 

subtusa (Plastenis), 183 

subtus-impunctata (Polyommatus), 21 

subtus-nigra (Vanessa), 278 

subtus-ornata (Vanessa), 84 

subtus-puncta (Vanessa), 278 

subtus-radiata (Polyommatus), 21 

subumbrata (Eupithecia), 295 

subviolacea (Abraxas), 69, 117 

subvittana (Peronea), 267 

suffumata (Cidaria), 254 

suspecta (Dyschorista), 69 

suspecta (Orthosia), 204 

sylvanus (Pamphila), 19, 50, 52, 302, 326 

sylvata (Abraxas), 69, 255 

sylvestrana (Retinia), 314 

syngrapha (Agriades), 44, 45, 119, 124, 
231 


syriaca (Agriades), 422 
syringaria (Pericallia), 68 
syringella (Gracilaria), 293 
tages (Nisoniades), 19, 203, 317 
*taiwana (Chrysorabdia), 178 
*taiwana (Dasychira), 311 
*taiwana (Heterolocha), 346 
*taiwana (Ilema), 222 
*taiwana (Leptodontopera), 347 
*taiwana (Ourapteryx), 179 
*taiwana (Sephisa), 92 
*taiwana (Tarsolepis), 138 
tammeamea (Pyrameis), 164 
taygetes (Danis), 123 

Taygetis, 229 

taylori (Meliteza), 123 

*tecta (Ilema), 221 

telicanus (Lampides), 327 
teloides (Vanessa), 341 
temerata (Bapta), 161 

templi (Dasypolia), 68 
tenebrata (Heliaca), 184 
tenebrata (Panemeria), 184 
tenebrosa (Rusina), 68 
terebrella (Cateremna), 117 
tersata (Phibalapteryx), 68 
testacea (Luperina), 42, 43, 46, 76, 230 
tetragona (Ephippiphora), 353 


INDEX. XX1 


thalassina (Hadena), 228, 255 
thaumas (Thymelicus), 52, 317 
theodota (Harma), 181 
thersamon (Chrysophanus), 270, 272 
thetis (Agriades), 42, 43, 44, 122, 206, 
229, 317, 359 
thibetana (Araschnia), 140, 164 
thompsoni (Aplecta), 231 
tiliz (Smerinthus), 35, 294 
tincta (Aplecta), 68, 147 
tipuliformis (Aigeria), 230, 448 
tithonus (Epinephele), 319 
tolana (Peronea), 198, 199 
tophaceata (Larentia), 101 
trabealis (Kmmelia), 227 
transalpina (Zygeena), 50 
transiens (Parnassius), 229 
transversana (Peronea), 268 
trapezina (Calymnia), 147, 183 
trauniana (Stigmonota), 118 
tremule (Limenitis), 302 
*tricolor (Miltochrista), 244 
tricolor (Heterusia), 179 
trifenestrata (Cricula), 230 
trifolii (Anthrocera), 67 
trifolii (Lasiocampa), 70 
trilineata (Zonosoma), 353 
trimacula (Drymonia), 147 
*tripuncta (Nola?), 222 
tristata (Larentia), 99 
tristata (Melanippe), 255 
tritici (Agrotis), 68 
trivia (Melita), 272 
troglodytella (Coleophora), 150 
truncata (Cidaria), 68 
turcica (Vanessa), 277, 339 
turionana a a 
turritis (Kuchloé), 4 
tyndarus (Hrebia), 99 
typhe (Nonagria), 231 
typhe (Phragmatiphila), 183 
typhon (Ccenonympha), 44, 69, 255, 274 
udana (EKupeecilia), 99 
ulvee (Senta), 251, 293 
umbellana (Depressaria), 124 
umbra (Pyrrhia), 183, 318 
umbratica (Cucullia), 68, 106, 120 
*umbrifera (Lymantria), 309 
*umbrifera (Nadagara), 347 
unanimis (Apamea), 228 
uncula (Hydrelia), 227 
unicolorana (Peronea), 266 
unifasciana (Kuproctis), 287 
upsilon (Orthosia), 69 
urtice (Aglais), 20, 23, 41, 44, 50, 52, 
66, 68, 100, 163 


urtice (Spilosoma), 183 

urtice (Vanessa), 23, 24, 25, 35, 45, 55, 
88, 140, 145, 164, 165, 277, 303, 339 

vaccinii (Orrhodia), 45 

valerianata (Eupithecia), 46 

valesina (Argynnis), 358 

valligera (Agrotis), 68 

varia (Melita), 9, 79, 81, 109, 261 

*varia (Rhagastis), 288 

*variegata (Gonodontis), 348 

varleyata (Abraxas), 26, 117, 119 

verbasci (Cucullia), 46, 68, 227, 295 

vernalis (Polyommatus), 325 

vernaria (Geometra), 295 

vernetensis (Melitza), 133, 135, 358 

versicolor (Endromis) 45, 68, 229 

vetusta (Calocampa), 70 

vidua (Aphantopus) 50 

viduaria (Cleora), 36, 353 

villica (Arctia), 35, 123 

viminalis (Cleocera), 147 

vinula (Dicranura), 122 

*virgata (Hyposidra), 347 

virgata (Mesotype), 46 

virgaurez (Chrysophanus), 44, 99 

virgaurese (Heodes), 39 

virgaureata (Hupithecia), 249 

virgularia (Acidalia), 124 

viridata (Chrysorabdia), 178 

viridata (Nemoria), 100 

*viridipicta (Stauropus), 312 

vitalbata (Phibalapteryx), 68, 101 

vitellina (Leucania), 351 

*vivida (Aloa), 246 

vulgata (Kupithecia), 250 

wahlbergi (Euralia), 148 

walkeri (Spilosoma), 35 

weirana (Stigmonota), 118 

wolfensbergeri (Melitza), 79, 80 

woodiella (Ditula), 117 

xanthographa (Noctua), 4 

xanthomelas (Kugonia), 349 

xanthomelas (Vanessa), 26, 140 

xanthomista (Polia), 33 

xanthovittana (Peronea), 266 

yeatiana (Depressaria), 124 

zancleus (Papilio), 327 

zermattensis (Chrysophanus), 44 

zermattensis (Heodes), 39 

ziczac (Notodonta), 147, 319 

Zizera, 148 

Zizeria, 148 

zollikoferi (Xylophasia), 320 

zonaria (Ithysia), 197 

zonaria (Nyssia), 68, 197, 229 


Order XTX. COLEOPTERA. 


abdominalis (Deltocephalus), 229 
acuminata (Melanophila), 39, 319 
edilis (Acanthocinus), 66 

alatus (Thyamis), 130 


albomarginata (Stiroma), 229 
Alindria, 320 

altaica (Crosita), 206 
alvearius (Tricodes), 182 


Xxil 


angelica (Anisotoma), 39 
angustatus (Dyschirius), 149 
angustatus (Sunius), 39 
apiarius (Tricodes), 182 
appendiculata (Hzemonia), 320 
argentea (Cryptophagus), 39 
aterrimus (Pterostichus), 356 
attenuata (Strangalia), 182 
audauinii (Oxynopterus), 230 
bipunctatum (Conosoma), 149 
britannica (Ptinella), 182 
brunnea (Thyamis), 130 
buprestoides (Spondylis), 182 
campestris (Cicendela), 182 
castaneus (Salpingus), 41 
castaneus (Thyamis), 130 
catenulatus (Carabus), 69 
caularum (Holoparamecus), 149 
chalybeitarsis (Actenodes), 39 
Chlorydolum, 148 
Chrysobothris, 39 
cinnamomea (Anisotoma), 39, 41 
cleistoma (Tretothorax), 356 
coccineus (Endomychus), 182 
cerulescens (Dianous), 182 
cognatus (Thyamis), 130 
coryli (Cryptocephalus), 229 
curvicornis (Lissotes), 355 
dilutum (Lathrobium), 39 
domesticum (Anobium), 31 
edwardsi (Phleophilus), 41 
exasperatus (Carabus), 320 
ferrugineum (Hetarius), 45 
ferus (Criocephalus), 39 
filirostree (Apion), 41 

frischi (Anomala), 358 
fuscum (Olophrum), 205 
germanica (Cicendela), 182 
giganteus (Goliathus), 206 
gracilipes (Austrostylops), 320 
granulatus (Thomosis), 356 
histrio (Enicmus), 356 
impressa (Crepidodera), 357 
lineola (Galerucella), 234 
longicollis (Cionus), 356 


Order XXI. 


INDEX. 


longicornis (Claviger), 357 


| longipenne (Lathrobium), 356 


lurida (Thyamis), 130 
lyonessius (Sunius), 39 
matthewsi (Mantura), 41 


_ merdigera (Crioceris), 127 


mingrelica (Luciola), 41 

minor (Molorchus), 182 

mixtus (Ceuthorrhynchidius), 206 
mollis (Calathus), 148 

moreei (Cryptocephalus), 229 
morgani (Ceratorhina), 230 
nemoralis (Carabus), 69 
nicholsoni (Olophrum), 205 
nidicola (Gnathoncus) 39 
nigricans (Epipeda), 39 

nitidula (Anthraxia), 229 
noctiluca (Lampyris), 206, 295 
Omphra, 41 

pallidus (Cryptophagus), 39 
pilosellus (Ceuthorrhynchidius), 206 
pedestris (Formicornus), 149 
puberula (Homalota), 41 
pubescens (Cryptophagus), 41 
punctatus (Lissotes), 355 
quadrifasciata (Strangalia), 355 
quadrimaculata (Ceratorhina), 230 
quadripustulatum (Bembidium), 149 
quadrituberculatus (Macronychus), 356 
regularis (Laccobius), 356 
revestita (Strangalia), 181 
rotundatus (Gnathoncus), 39 
russus (Formasimus), 206 
sanguinea (Buprestis), 39 
Scolytus, 182 

splendidulus (Phausis), 41 
striatum (Anobium), 31, 64, 85 
subdepressus (Cryptophagus), 320 
sylvatica (Cicendela), 182 
tessellatum (Anobium), 86 

tibiale (Bembidium), 357 
trepanatus (Pityogenes), 39 
trossulus (Philonthus), 39 
violaceus (Carabus), 69, 320 
ytenensis (Laccobius), 357 


DIPTERA. 


(including (6) Siphonaptera.) 


abundare (Macrocera), 155 
agaria (Sciara), 154 

aureolus (Cryptocephalus), 72 
aurites (Chrysoconops), 276 
barbirostris (Myzorhynchus), 275 
bella (Myiolepta), 155 

bella (Sciara), 154 

botuli (Sciara), 154 

bovis (Hypoderma), 235 
brevirostris (Isopogon), 359 
Ceratophyllus, 105 
*Chiastopsylla, 105 

Comtus (Xanthandrus), 150 


} 
| 
| 


debilis (Sciara), 154 
diabolica (Sciara), 154 


| domestica (Musca), 354 


electriphila (Sciara), 154 

eocenica (Sciara), 154 

errans (Sciara), 154 

fasciata (Stegomyia), 155, 235, 276 
fatigans (Culex), 276 

fatigans (Stegomyia), 155 

grossa (Chilosia), 314, 349 
*hatiensis (Stegomyia), 275 


| ignorata (Sciara), 154 


_ impellens (Culex), 276 


INDEX. 


indefinata (Myzomyia), 275 
jamesii (Nyssorhynchus), 275 
jepsoni (Stegomyia), 155, 158 
lithei (Myiolepta), 155 
meunieri (Sciara), 154 
Myzorhynchus sp. ? 275 
nocturnus (Stegomyia), 155 
nume (Chiastopsylla), 105 
obturbans (Desvoidya), 275 
octavii (Chiastopsylla), 105 
polita (Microclingsa), 45 
prolifica (Sciara), 154 
*pseudoscutellaris (Stegomyia), 276 
rara (Sciara), 154 

rossi (Chiastopsylla), 105 
rossii (Myzomyia), 274 


Order XXII. 


abdominalis (Poecilostoma), 283 
abdominator (Microcryptus), 52, 172 
*acacie (Hurytoma), 115 

aculeatus (Megastigmus), 114 
adjuncta (Hoplitis), 90 
adjustipennis (Encyrtus), 63 
adjutabilis (Blastothrix), 29 

seneus (Dolerus), 285 

feneus (Encyrtus), 61, 63, 96 

seneus (Pheenodiscus), 62 

sericeps (Dolerus), 284 

eruginosus (Encyrtus), 30 

sethiops (Pimpla), 12 

agilus (Melissodes) 91 

alberti (Aphycus), 30 

albibuccus (Notosemus), 170, 174 
albicillus (Ccelichneumon), 169 
albicinctus (Barichneumon), 37, 54 
albicornis (Cheiloneurus), 29 
albicoxa (Eucomys), 95 

albigena (Anthophora), 337 
albilarvatus (Cratichneumon), 169 
albimanus (Acolobus), 170 
albimanus ( (Ichneumon), 169 
albinotatus (Ichneumon), 171 
albinotatus (Mesosternus), 173, 174 
*albipicta (Crocisa), 217 
albosignatus (Melanichneumon), 169 
albotarsus (Xorides), 132 
aleurodinis (Amitus), 113 
alternans (Pimpla), 37 

*altissima (Melitta), 240 

ambiguus (Phygadeuon), 172, 314, 350 
amboinensis (Crocisa), 217, 219 
Amegilla, 337 

analis (Idiolispa), 53 

angelica (Encarsia), 112 

angelicus (Aphicus), 94 
annulicornis (Coccobius), 29 
*annulicornis (Paramblynotus), 132 
annulipes (Aphycus), 29 
Anomalon, 211 

anthracinus (Dolerus), 284 


XXill 


scutellaris (Stegomyia), 155, 158, 276 
sendelina (Sciara), 154 

setaria (Pegomyia), 359 

Stegomyia sp. ? 276 

talpe (Hystrichopsylla), 72 
thorntonii (Myzomyia), 275 

tibialis (Chorisops), 45 
*transvaalensis (Pyretophorus), 237 
uliginosus (Nemotelus), 72 
uniformis (Mansonia), 274, 276 
variabilis (Sciara), 154 

varipes (Myiolepta), 155 
verticillata (Sciara), 154 

villosa (Sciara), 154 


| w-alba (Stegomyia), 275 


HYMENOPTERA. 


aonidise (Encarsia), 112 
Apanteles, 37 

Aphidum (Crabro), 46 
Aphycus, 29 

apicalis (Aphycus), 28, 62 
apicalis (Joppa), 170 

apricus (Stenichneumon), 169 
areator (Hemiteles), 37 
argemonis (Andrena), 91 
argiolus (Crypturus), 174 
argiolus (Endurus), 174 
*aridula (Ashmeadiella), 91 
armatorius (Amblyteles), 37 
atalante (Theronia), 168 
aterrima (Phymatocera), 206 
atricollis (Eneyrtus), 30, 63 
audouini (Pteromalus), 110 
auriculatus (Scolobates), 38 
australiensis (Aphycus), 94 
australiensis (Tetracnemoidea), 94 
basalis (Anthophora), 339 
basalis (Crocisa), 217, 219 
basalis (Mesochorus), 37 
bellator (Lissonata), 38, 54 
bellicosus (Apzleticus), 171 
*besseyse (Osmia), 92 

bicolora (Eucomys), 30 
biguttatus (Bassus), 66 
blepyris (Tetrastichus), 112 
bohemani (Cclichneumon), 168 
borealis (Megastylus), 53 
*borneanus (Xystus), 132 
*borneanus (Goniozus), 175 
braunsiana (Crocisa), 219 
brevis (Glyphicnemis), 37 
brevicaudis (Megastigmus), 114 
brevicornis (Pimpla), 54, 66 
breviusculus (Bracon), 96 
brunnea (Pimpla), 53 
ceruleator (Ctenichneumon), 169, 174 


| calceatus (Emphytus), 283 


calcostomus (Microterys), 30, 62 
calens (Anthophora), 338 


XXIV 


californica (Tornocera), 62 
californicus (Aphycus), 29 
californicus (Coccophagus), 111 
californicus (Eretmocerus), 112 
cambrensis (Ichneumon), 170 
canaliculatus (Ichneumon), 172 
“carinifrons (Paramblynotus), 132 
carpini (Emphytus), 283 
castaneus (Stenichneumon), 168 
cephalotes (Encyrtus), 63 
Cerchysius, 95 

chrysostoma (Stilbops), 37, 53 
cinctipes (Exetastes), 37, 53 
cinctus (Emphytus), 283 
cinereipes (Selandria), 282 
cingulatus (Strongylogaster), 282 
circulata (Anthophora), 338 
circumflexum (Exochilum), 53 
coccois (Rhopus), 95 
Coccophagus, 111 

coccophagus (Encyrtus), 31 
coccivorus (Cirrospilus), 63 
coccorum (HKulophus), 63 
coccorum (Pachyneuron), 28, 30 
coccorum (Pteromalus), 63 
cognatorius (Protichneumon), 12 
cognatorius.(Stenichneumon), 12 
cognatus (Coccophagus), 30, 61 
collinsi (Atropates), 29 
consimilis (Ccelichneumon), 54 
contigua (Trimax), 282 
copelandica (Osmia), 92 
coquilleti (Kncarsia), 112 
cornigerus (Cerapterocerus), 96 
cornix (Hoplismenus), 173, 174 
coruscator (Cratichneumon), 37, 169, 172 
coxalis (Nomada), 240 

crabro (Vespa), 248 

crawfordi (Ophelosia), 111 
cretaceus (Munotus), 28, 30 
crocator (Bracon), 244 

culpator (Stenichneumon), 169 
curvimaculatus (Trachypus), 166 
curvus (Ichneumon), 172 

curvus (Phygadeuon), 172 
cyanea (Aspidocoris), 96 
cyaneiformis (Trichomasthus), 111 
cyaneus (Sceptrophorus), 30 
cyaneus (Trichomasthus), 111 
cyanocephalus (Microterys), 28 
cylindrator (Lissonota), 38, 54 
dactylopii (Aphycus), 94 
dactylopii (Cheiloneurus), 94, 112 
dactylopii (Coccophoctonus), 94 
dalmanni (Encyrtus), 94 
debellator (Alomyia), 38 
decipiens (Platylabus), 168 
decora (Crocisa), 217, 218, 219 
defraudator (Stenichneumon), 169 
degeeri (Kupelminus), 113 
delicatulus (Stromboceros), 282 
denverensis (Triepeolus), 91 
derasus (Ccelichneumon), 53 
derogator (Barichneumon), 171 


INDEX. 


detrita (Pimpla), 37 

deversor (Lissonota), 66 
digitalis (Plactocryptus), 172 
dimidiatum (Ichneumon), 170 
dimidiatus (Bassus), 38 
dimidiatus (Platylabus), 54 
dissimilis (Cratichneumon), 53 
dorsalis (Megastigmus), 115 
druparum (Syntomaspis), 114 
dubius (Cheiloneurus), 29 
dubius (Encyrtus), 111 
dumetorum (Phygadeuon), 54 
duplicatus (Encyrtus), 27, 63 
eglanteriz (Rhodites), 62 
elegans (Cheiloneurus), 30, 62 
emarginata (Crocisa), 219 
eques (Phwogenes), 171, 174 
equiseti (Taxonus), 284 
erythrocerus (Ichneumon), 171 
erythrostethus (Blastothrix), 29 
BKuryglossella, 263 

examinator (Pimpla), 37, 54 
excisa (Peecilostoma), 283 
exsecta (Formica), 320 
extensorius (Ichneumon), 37, 54 
fabricator (Cratichneumon), 37, 169 
fecundatrix (Cynips), 62 
ferrugator (Ichneumon), 243 
ferrugatus (Dolerus), 284 
ferrugineus (Banchus), 243 
flavens (Selandria), 282 
flavescens (Coccophagus), 63 
flaviceps (Aphycus), 29 
flavifrons (Coccophagus), 29 
flavimedia (Pterothrix), 112. 
flavitarsus (Protichneumon), 12 
flavoscutellatum (Coccophagus), 29, 30, 


flavus (Encyrtus), 30, 62 
formosus (Cheiloneurus), 62, 111 
fulgurans (Mesochorus), 37 
fulvitarsis (Pheeogenes), 171 
fumator (Phygadeuon), 66 
fumosus (Dolerus), 285 
funebris (Bruchophagus), 114 
fusca (Eucomys), 29 

fusca (Formica), 320 
fuscipennis (Aphycus), 29 
fuscipennis (Microterys), 63 
fuscipennis (Protichneumon), 12, 5 
fuscipes (Coccophagus), 61 
fuscus (Encyrtus), 29 

*oilberti (Turnerella), 262 
glabratus (Taxonus), 283 
glabricollis (Athalia), 282 
gonager (Dolerus), 284 
gracilicornis (Ichneumon), 169 
gracilis (Bassus), 38 

graculus (Bassus), 66 
gravidator (Proctotrypes), 53 
grindeliarum (Megachile), 91 
grossularie (Hmphytus), 283 
heematodes (Dolerus), 284 
hederaceus (Aphycus), 111 


~ 


heracleane (Barichneumon), 168 
histrio (Platylabus), 170, 174 
icery (Cerchysius), 111 

icerye (Isodromus), 111 

icerys (Lestophonus), 111 
ichneumoniodes (Methoca), 182 
immaculatus (Coccophagus), 95 
immersa (Pcecilostoma), 283 
impressor (Ccelichneumon), 171 
inanis (Pimpla), 37, 53 

incerta (Blastothrix), 29 
inclytus (Apeleticus), 171 
infidus (Encyrtus), 30, 62 
inquinatorius (Ichneumon), 168 
inquisitor (Encyrtus), 94 
insidiator (Aphelinus), 30 
instigator (Pimpla), 37, 54 
instructor (Ctenochares), 170 
*irisana (Crocisa), 217, 219 
jaculator (Foenus), 243 

japonica (Crocisa), 217, 219 
kambana (Anthophora), 239 
kollari (Cynips), 281, 359 
*kuchingensis (Epyris), 174 
“kuchingense (Isobrachium), 175 
letatorius (Bassus), 37, 54 
levigatus (Exolytus), 66 
laminatorius (Protichneumon), 12 
latrator (Ichneumon), 54 

lecanii (Aphycus), 29 

lecanii (Coccophagus), 29, 30, 61, 95 
lecanii (Tetrastichus), 29 
leopardina (Marietta), 63 
lepidus (Harpiphorus), 281 
leptoneuros (Eulophus), 62 
leucaniorum (Eucomys), 29 
leucographa (Rhyssa), 174 
leucomelas (Melanichneumon), 37 
*leucophora (Anthophora), 339 
leucostigmus (Hepiopelmus), 169 
lichtensize (Aphycus), 111 
lichtensie (Microterys), 111 
lineolata (Athalia), 282 
liogaster (Dolerus), 284 

liturata (Poecilostoma), 283 
*longevus (Crabro), 60 
longicornis (Iricydnus), 31, 62 
lohgicornis (Pecilostoma), 283 
longipennis (Blastothrix), 28, 30 
longipennis (Eusemion), 29 
lounsburyi (Aphycus), 62 
luctuosa (Pimpla), 11 

lugens (Athalia), 282 

lugubrina (Glypta), 88, 53 
lunatus (Microterys), 28, 31, 63 
luteola (Encarsia), 112 

luteus (Ophion), 38, 54 
luzonensis (Crocisa), 217, 219 
madidus (Dolerus), 284 
macheras (Encyrtus), 111 
macleayi (Crocisa), 218 
maculator (Pimpla), 37 
maculipennis (Telegraphus), 96 
maculipes (Aphycus), 29 


INDEX. XXV 


maculipes (Macroneura), 113 
maculipes (Pteromalus), 96 
maculiventris (Ichneumon), 169 
malayana (Xystus), 133 
manifestator (Ichneumon), 168 
massurii (Crocisa), 217, 219 
maurus (Hoplismenus), 173, 174 
maurus (Mesostenus), 173 
medicorum (Anthophora), 339 
megarrhiza (Anthophora), 239 
megerlei (Crabro), 61 
melanarius (Emphytus), 283 
melanopterus (Hncyrtus), 96 
melanopus (Tetrastichus), 64 
melanopygus (Hemiteles), 172 
memorator (Ichneumon), 172, 174 
*mescalerium (Hoplitis), 90 
mexicanus (Perissopterus), 30, 95 
microcephalus (Amblyteles), 168 
microneurus (Pteromalus), 96 
*minima (Euryglossella), 263 
minutus (Astichus), 29 
mirabilicornis (Encyrtus), 96 
mirabilis (Cerapterocerus), 29 
mortuellus (Crabro), 60 
mucronatus (Encyrtus), 63 
miilleri (Lissonota), 174 
musciformis (Chartocerus), 63 
nasutus (Colletes), 242 

nietneri (Eneyrtus), 63 

niger (Dolerus), 285 

nigripes (Dolerus), 285 

nigripes (EK xetastes), 37, 54 
nigritarsis (Anthopora), 338 
nigritarius (Cratichneumon), 169 
nigritus (Aphycus), 94 

nitidus (Formica), 46 

notatus (Coccobius), 61 
nudicoxa (Melanichneumon), 169 
nursei (Trachypus), 167 

obliqua (Melissodes), 91 
obscura (Hucomys), 28, 30, 62 
obscurus (Eunotus), 28 
obscurus (Aphelinus), 30 
obscurus (Cryptus), 54 
occisorius (Spilichneumon), 169 
ochraceus (Coccobius), 29 
oculatoria (Pimpla), 37, 168 
olerum (Mesochorus), 37 

opacus (Phanurus), 111 

ops (didematopsis), 294 
oratorius (Amblyteles), 54 
orbitalis (Platylabus), 172 
oregonensis (Amphycus), 27 
orientalis (Coccophagus), 61, 63, 95 
ovata (Eriocampa), 282 
pachyneuros (Eulophus), 62 
palliatorius (Amblyteles), 54 
pallidatorius (Ichneumon), 169, 170 
pallidipalpis (Oiorhinus), 171 
pallidus (Coccobius), 30 
palmatus (Loderus), 284 
paludatus (Ericydnus), 28 
palustris (Dolerus), 284 


XXVi 


pappus (Aphycus), 95 
parasema (Encyrtus), 63 
pectoralis (Plectocryptus), 172 
pedatorius (Platylabus), 37, 66 
peregrinator (Pycnocryptus), 173 
perihirta (Megachile), 91 
*perpusilla (Huryglossella), 263 
persuasoria (Rhyssa) 174, 243 
phenacocci (Blephyrus), 112 
*philorum (Anthidium), 242 
picipes (Dolerus), 285 
pictus ieeatengy 54 
pictus (Megastigmus), 114 

pilicornis (Cerapterocerus), 62 

pinus (Megastigmus), 114 

pistorius (Stenichneumon), 169 
planchonie (Encarsia), 112 
planchonie (Encyrtus), 112 
platystylus (Anisobas), 202 

plicatus (Ctenichneumon), 169, 174 
Polistes, 295 

pompiliformis (Clavelia), 206 
pratensis (Dolerus), 284 

profligator (Glyphicnemis), 54 
prosopidis (Ashmeadiella), 91 
pulchellus (Perissopterus), 112 
pulcherrima (Anthophora), 239 
pulverata (Pcecilostoma), 283 
pulvinarie (Aphycus), 27, 29 
pumilus (Pezomachus), 173 
puncticeps (Aphycus), 27, 30 
puncticeps (Encyrtus), 110 
purpureiventris (Cephaleta), 63 
quadrialbatus (Ichneumon), 169 
quadrifasciata (Anthophora), 337 
quadrispinosus (Acanthocryptus), 53 
quadrispinus (Acanthocryptus), 172 
quartine (Crocisa), 217, 219 
racemosi (Pteromalus), 63 

raptorius (Ichneumon), 169 
rhizococci (Signiphora), 112 

*ridleyi (Crocisa), 217, 218, 219 
robusta (Pimpla), 53 

rostrata (Crocisa), 217, 219 
rotundiventris (Pezomachus), 173, 174 
rubriceps (Allotria), 96 

rufa (Formica), 46, 148, 320 

rufator (Ichneumon), 171 
*rufescens (Laccomerista), 23 
rufibarbis (Formica), 148 

ruficeps (Ichneumon), 169 
*rufiventris (Paramblynotus), 131 
rufocinctus (Emphytus), 283 

rufus (Bombus), 329 

rugosulus (Dolerus), 285 

rugulosus (Phygadeuon), 54 
ruspator (Helcon), 355 

salvia (Anthophora), 337 

sambuci (Hoplitis), 90 

*sanctus (Colletes), 241 

sanguinator (Melanichneumon), 169 
sanguinicollis (Dolerus), 284 
sarcitorius (Ichneumon), 54 
saturatorius (Melanichneumon), 54 


INDEX. 


sayi (Crabro), 61 

scaurus (Encyrtus), 64 
schénherri (Blastothrix), 27, 30 
scutellata (Eucomys), 28, 30, 31 
scutellarie (Athalia), 282 
scutellaris (Encyrtus), 62 
scutellaris (Eulophus), 27 
sedulus (Stenichneumon), 169 
semipurpurea (Euryglossa), 264 
sentellaris (Cremastogaster), 149 
sericans (Encyrtus), 110 

sericea (Blastothrix), 28, 30, 61 
serotinus (Emphytus), 283 

serva (Selandria), 282 
sexmaculatus (Crabro), 61 
solidus (Kneyrtus), 96 

sperator (Microcryptus), 66 
spermatrophus (Megastigmus), 114 
spinarum (Athalia), 281 
splendens (Chrysoplatycerus), 94 
splendidulus (Microleptes), 174 
stigma (Encyrtus), 111 
*stigmatizans (Megastigmus), 115 
Stirenccela, 180 

stramineipes (Selandria), 282 
*striaticollis (Stirenccela), 180 
sublestus (Encyrtus), 29 
submicans (Osmia), 92 
succinctus (Colletes), 241 
succinctus (Cteniscus), 37 
succinalis (Crabro), 60 
sugillatorius (Ccelichneumon), 168 
sulcator (Bassus), 38, 66 
sulphurifera (Lissonota), 38, 54 
suspiciosus (Ichneumon), 37 
swederi (Hucomys), 28 

sylvius (Encyrtus), 28 

sylvius (Microterys), 29, 30, 31, 62 
tachardise (Microterys), 112 
tarsatorius (Bassus), 38, 53 
tarsatus (Cratocryptus), 172 
tarsoleucus (Cryptus), 54 

tener (Emphytus), 283 

tenuis (Encyrtus), 63 

tessellatus (Microterys), 64 
testaceipes (Encyrtus), 63 
*testaceobalteata (Nomada), 7 
testaceus (Encyrtus), 63 
texanus (Aphycus), 94 

texanus (Blephyrus), 94 
thoracica (Biglossa), 242 
tinctipennis (Dolerus), 285 
*tinctipleuris (Xystus), 133 .- 
togatus (Emphytus), 283 
tornquisti (Crabro), 60 
townsendii (Aphycus), 112 
transfuga (Mesostenus), 173 
tricinctus (Bassus), 38 

tridens (Poecilostoma), 283 
trilineatus (Stenichneumon), 37, 53 
triplicatus (Dolerus), 284 
truncata (Hoplitis), 90 
truncatus (Colobopsis), 149 
turionellze (Pimpla) 37, 54 


turionum (Entedon), 64 
*Turnerella, 262 

typica (Leucodesmia), 30 
uniguttatus (Hoplismenus), 168, 174 
urozonus (Eupelmus), 112 
variabilis (Lissonota), 66 
variabilis (Phygadeuon), 37, 54 
verticalis (Crocisa), 217, 219 
vespa (Crabro), 248 

vestalis (Atractodes), 37 
vestigialis (Loderus), 284 
vidua (Casinaria), 37 
viduatorius (Cryptus), 243 


INDEX. 


XXVll 


virgatus (Parabatus), 210 

vitis (Kneyrtus), 27 

vitis (Kroxysoma), 114 

volubilis (Cryptus), 172, 174 
volubilis (Platylabus), 172, 174 
walkeri (Ichneumon), 169 
*waltoni (Bombus), 239 

*waltoni (Nomada), 239 
xanthoceros (Strongylogaster), 282 
xanthopterus (Pteromalus), 96 
yucce (Blastothrix), 95 

zenus (Formica), 46 

*zombana (Anthophora), 338, 339 


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West, Newman proc. 


CICADETTA MONTANA. 


NYMPH-CASES AND IMAGINES. 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


You: XULIIT} JANUARY, 1910. (No. 560 


CICADETTA..MONTANA. 
By G. Lyte. 
(PuatE 1.) 


Cicada montana, Seop. = C. hematodes, Linn. = C. orni, Sulz. 
= C. tibialis, Latr. = C. anglica, Sam. Ent. Comp. et 
Curt. Brit. Ent. 


From Homer downwards poets have sung the praises of the 
Cicada, though possibly cicadas and grasshoppers were not 
distinguished by the ancients, and the words of the poet in 
honour of Tettix, the singer, may refer as much to the one as 
to the other. 

In this country, however, the Cicada appears to have been 
discovered at about the date of the Battle of Waterloo, and 
probably the first reference to the species as British occurs in 
Samoulle’s ‘Ent. Useful Compendium,’ published in 1819, 
where we read: ‘‘The only species known to inhabit this 
country was lately discovered by Mr. Daniel Bydder, near the 
New Forest” (in the New Forest according to Kirby & Spence). 
Swainson (1835) mentions C. anglica as the only British species. 
Westwood (Class. vol. ii. p. 426, 1834) tells us very httle more 
than that it is found in the New Forest; that a female was 
kept in captivity by Dale for two or three days; that Curtis’s 
name is supposed to be synonymous with C. hematodes; and 
that Weaver found the pupa-case attached by the legs to a stem 
of a fern, upon the roots of which he, as well as Curtis, sup- 
posed that the larva feeds. 

Abel Ingpen, ‘‘A.L.S. & M.E.S.,” gives it among the special 
rarities to be taken in the New Forest, in his ‘ Instructions’ of 
1839. J. R. Wise, in his ‘History of the New Forest’ (1862), 
tells us that it was taken in June, 1858, by a Mr. Farren, who 
was attracted to it by its peculiar monotonous humming noise. 
On June 2nd, 1862, he captured two others, which rose from the 
fern, and at the same time heard two more. 

Houghton says, in his ‘Sketches’ (1877, p. 35): ‘‘ The 
English Cicada (C. anglica)’’—rather well figured at pl. 1. fig, 1— 

ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1910. B 


2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


‘‘has been occasionally seen in great numbers in the New 
Forest,” while Dallas puts it pretty clearly in his ‘ Elements’ 
at p. 408. He says: ‘‘ We have only a single British represen- 
tative; this is Cicada hematodes, an insect of great rarity in 
Britain, being only found in the New Forest, and even there it 
seems to be of very uncommon occurrence.” 

According to a local guide-book, a nymph was bought from a 
collector in the forest by Mr. A. Piffard, of Hemel Hempstead, 
in 1881. 

A specimen was exhibited at a meeting of the South London 
Entomological Society, on August 13th, 1896, said to have been 
one of three taken by Mr. Heasler, in Surrey, he having been 
attracted to it by its song; and the late Mr. C. G. Barrett records 
it from the same county (HK. M. M. vol. i. 1864-1865) ; these, so 
far as I know, are the only records of captures outside the New 
Forest. 

My first introduction to the Cicada occurred on June 26th, 
1901, when I netted a specimen on the wing near Lady Cross, 
Brockenhurst, and for some years I saw nothing more of it; but 
in 1907 Mr. C. W. Colthrup informed me that on June 11th, 
1901, he took a female apparently just emerged, and sitting on 
its pupa-case, chirping merrily, at about 11.30 am. He sug- 
gested that we should pay a visit to the locality, with a view to 
obtaining other specimens. This we did on June 12th, 1907, 
the day being wet and windy. Although no imagines were forth- 
coming, we soon found three of the empty nymph-cases lying 
loose but undamaged on the grass, showing that the insects had 
but recently emerged. 

A dry sunny bank, with a south-westerly aspect and light soil, 
covered with rabbit-cropped grass, dwarf bracken, and stunted 
heather, and overhung by pine-trees, appears to be the metro- 
polis of the Cicada. This spot has clearly been occupied by it 
for many years, Dr. D. Sharp having informed me that he took 
it there in the seventies. Referring to this locality, Mr. Claude 
Morley says (in litt., August 20th, 1909): ‘On June 16th, 1907, 
I took a pair in cop. on bracken-stem: this pair 1 was able to 
trace by their song. They were sitting in cop. on the stem of a 
bracken, close to the ground. It would almost appear as though 
this copulation had taken place immediately upon emergence 
from the nymph, though, if such be the usual course, of what use 
is the song?” He also mentions that in 1907 he heard the 
species ‘‘ singing,” or, rather, ‘‘ whistling,” in several different 
parts of the forest, and that all the others appeared, without 
exception, to be in trees. 

In 1908 I searched the spot thoroughly on June 7th, in 
company Mr. W. J. Lucas, but neither of us could meet with 
any trace of the Cicada. During the past summer, however, 
the Fates have been more propitious, for on June 11th four 


sai ay 
ta tiene! 


j 
bite 


The Entomologist, January, 1910. 


THE GENUS, POLEYCENTROPUS: 


| 
West, Newman proc. | 
| 
| 
| 


A NEW SPECIES OF POLYCENTROPUS. 3 


empty nymph-cases were found, and six more within the next 
few days. Of these, six were lying on the turf, two were 
hanging from blades of grass, while the remaining two were 
firmly attached to the stalks of bracken some two or three 
inches above the ground, in a manner similar to that in which 
the nymph-cases of many dragonflies are to be found. lt 
seems clear that the last four were in the position that the 
nymphs themselves assumed, the others having probably been 
dislodged by rabbits or other browsing animals. Although none of 
the imagines were found actually at this spot, four (two males 
and two females) were captured in the near neighbourhood. 

The following particulars regarding the nymph-cases may 
be of interest :— 

Length of male, 15°5 mm.; female, 20 mm. Length of 
wing-case: female, 7 mm.; male, 5°5 mm. Dorsal split alonz 
head and thorax, through which the imagines have escaped. 
Surface slightly pubescent, especially ventral surface of abdo- 
men and legs. Colour pale ochre, with dark dorsal bands at the 
sutures. The fore legs are modified for digging, somewhat as 
in the mole-cricket, and in every case soil was adhering to them. 
The tongue appendage and wing-cases are free, as, of course, 
are the legs, and traces of the ovipositor may be discerned in 
the female. 

My best thanks are due to Dr. D. Sharp and Messrs. C. W. 
Colthrup, W. J. Lucas, and Claude Morley, for kind help in the 
preparation of these notes. 


A NEW SPECIES OF POLYCENTROPUS 
(TRICHOPTERA). 


By Kenneto J. Morton, F.E.S. 
(PuatE II.) 


In a small lot of Neuroptera (in the Linnean sense), collected 
by the Rev. A. E. Eaton in the Pyrenees in 1905, and kindly 
presented by him to me, there are included three specimens of a 
Polycentropus which is evidently undescribed, and which pos- 
sesses appendages very different from those of any of the other 
known species. 

McLachlan (Mon. Rev. and Syn., first additional supplement, 
p- 54) gave up the attempt to describe the insects of this genus 
from general characters, and relied entirely on the appendages 
as a means of separating the species. He found it practically 
impossible to give any intelligible description based on form, 
colour, and size. The present species is quite as ordinary 
looking as the others, while it takes a foremost place with 
respect to the peculiar structure of the appendages. 

B2 


4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Polycentropus intricatus, n. sp. 

Anterior wings fuscous, thickly irrorated with golden yellow 
spots, the dark portions of the anterior wings, especially the spots 
on the costal margin, being rather pronounced, as in P. kingt. In 
the male the dorsal plate, in dried specimens, is gradually dilated to 
the apex, which is shallowly excised for the greater part of the hind 
margin. At the base, on either side, ig a small triangular lobe. The 
superior appendages are elongate, their form best seen from beneath, 
concave, with a basal, inwardly directed process with rounded apex ; 
the tips inturned and hooked. Intermediate appendages slender, 
first divergent then approximated, and afterwards abruptly turned 
outwards. Inferior appendages obtuse, concave; on the inferior 
apical portion punctate in a prepared example. Expanse of anterior 
wings, 14-16 mm. 

Laruns, September 3rd and 4th. 

In studying this new species I had occasion to make prepara- 
tions of all the European forms of which I possessed adequate 
material, including all the described species excepting those 
which are known exclusively from the Iberian peninsula. The 
figures given here (3 to 7) show the apex of the abdomen from 
the under side. The dorsal plate is not shown at. all. This 
plate (tenth tergite) is in the genus a rather thin, membranous 
structure, liable to shrivel when treated with caustic potash, 
and also, from its transparency, sometimes difficult to define. 
The parts shown are the inferior appendages (genital feet of 
Klapalek and others), the superior appendages (appendices pre- 
anales), and, lastly, what McLachlan termed the intermediate 
appendages (‘‘ chitingraten’’ of Ulmer). The genital feet and 
the appendices preanales are the true genital appendages, and 
are attached to the ninth abdominal segment. The ‘“‘ chitin- 
graten”’ are probably processes of the tenth segment. The term 
‘intermediate appendages”? employed by McLachlan has no 
definite morphological meaning, having been used by him to 
designate different parts in different groups or genera. 

In the figure of jflavomaculatus the appendices preanales are 
not shown. In fig. 2 alone is the penis indicated. 


EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 


1. Polycentropus intricatus, n.sp. Apex of abdomen from above. 
2. ” » "9 2 from side. 
” ” Apex of abdomen from beneath 


3 
(more enlarged). 
4. P. kingi, McLach. Apex of abdomen from beneath (more enlarged). 
5. P. excisus, Klapalek. 
6. P. multiguttatus, Curt. 
7. P. flavomaculatus, Pict. 


99 9 ” 


a, inferior appendages; 0, superior appendages; c, intermediate appen- 
dages. 
fo) 


ee See 


ON THE GENUS ZETHENIA; WITH DESCRIPTION 
OF A NEW SPECIES. 


By doors 6; Prout, P.E.S. 


Tue eastern Asiatic genus Zethenia (family Geometride) was 
established by Motschulsky in a paper on Insects from Japan 
in Kt. Ent. ix. p. 34 (1860), and was well re-characterized by 
Meyrick (as Zettienta—name wrongly written) in Trans. Ent. 
Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 102; so that I need not discuss generic 
characters, beyond mentioning that I find the normal base of 
the first subcostal of the fore wing often weak or obsolete, leaving 
this vein to arise apparently out of the costal, as in the genus 
Gyadroma, Swinhoe—which, indeed, might perhaps be treated 
as a subgenus of Zethenia, differing only in secondary sexual 
structures on the male hind wing. 

The type of the genus is, of course, Z. rufescentaria, Motsch. 
=consociaria, Christ. I do not know on what ground Staudinger 
queries Motschulsky’s older name; if he means that he cannot 
determine it at all I would suggest that it is illogical to use the 
generic name Zethenia for other species than Motschulsky’s ; if 
he merely wishes to indicate a doubt whether the Japanese 
form is co-specific with that of the mainland (consociaria), he 
should have catalogued the two provisionally separately, or at 
least omitted Japan from the given range of the latter; but I 
would submit that his excellent figure in vol. x. of ‘Iris’ sets the 
identity of the Amur and Japanese forms at rest. 

The second species made known to science was albonotaria, 
Bremer, described as a Selenia, from East Siberia. Its range 
is similar to that of rufescentaria, and Bremer (ignorant of 
Motschulsky’s work) treated the last-named as “‘ var. c”’ of albo- 
notaria, while Staudinger suggests that the two are perhaps 
‘“‘Darwinian forms.” I see no necessity for this, though ad- 
mittedly the alliance is very close. To me they are full 
‘‘ species,” and Mr. A. EK. Wileman, who collected for about 
fourteen years in Japan, and used to beat out both species in 
abundance, tells me that he never saw any reason to doubt their 
distinctness. He found rufescentaria the more abundant of the 
two. I may point out that it is, on the average, the smaller 
species, has the elbow in the margin of the fore wing (at end 
of second radial) somewhat less strongly pronounced, usually 
has the discal spot of hind wing larger and more conspicuous, 
and the postmedial line of both wings developed (whereas in 
albonotaria it is expressed by mere series of vein-dots), and never 
possesses the characteristic mark between third radial and first 
median, which is never absent in albonotaria, and which gave 
it its name. Christoph also mentions that the antenna in 
albonotaria is much more shortly ciliated, and that this 


6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


species lacks a row of terminal dots which are present in rufe- 
scentaria. 

A third genuine Zethenia (for Staudinger’s other two are 
entirely out of place here) was described from China by Leech 
in 1897 as contiguaria (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xix. p. 223). In 
addition to its dark colour it is quite easily known from the two 
older species by the more gently convex (not elbowed) termen of 
the fore wing, and by characteristic pale marks between sub- 
median and first median veins (veins 1-3) at the postmedial 
line. Warren’s Z. obscura (Nov. Zool. vi. p. 66) from Formosa 
is either a synonym of contiquaria (so Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soe. 
Lond. 1902, p. 618), or at most a slight geographical race. 
Perhaps the termen of fore wing is even less convex (or less 
concave below the apex), and if it be separable on this ground a 
female from Chekiang in coll. Brit. Mus. should be associated 
with it. Bastelberger, in his new Catalogue of the Geometride 
of Formosa, records only one Zethenia—Z. rufescentarta—one in 
good condition in coll. Moltrecht (‘Iris,’ xxii. p. 175). No de- 
scription is given, but it hardly seems likely that he took a 
contiguaria (obscura) for a form of rufescentaria. 

Before describing the new species I may add that Leech, in 
his well-known paper, briefly mentions two aberrational forms. 
Z. rufescentaria var. [ab.] grisearia, Leech (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 
(6), xix. 228), refers to the greyer forms, which often have the 
central area darkened ; these seem more frequent in the female, 
the redder forms in the male, but the variation is not wholly 
sexual; the name can therefore stand as aberrational, consoct- 
aria being mainly synonymous with type (see Bull. Mose. 1880 
(2), p. 68). The other aberration mentioned (loc. cit.), and 
which Leech was mistaken in supposing to be Christoph’s con- 
sociaria, consisted of two light specimens which are still trace- 
able in his collection, and which must have been studied less 
closely than most of his material; one of the specimens (from 
Nagasaki) is a light albonotaria; the other (from Ningpo) belongs 
to the new species (see below). 


ZETHENIA INAccEPTA (Warren MS.), mihi, nov. sp. 


3 2,40 mm. Wings shaped nearly as in Z. contiguaria, Leech ; 
apex of fore wing acute, distal margin straight or faintly smuate inwards 
below apex, slightly gibbous behind cell ; distal margin of hind wing 
somewhat crenulate, but less strongly than in albonotaria. Ground 
colour pale yellowish brown (slightly yellower in the male), densely 
irrorated with purplish fuscous, the fuscous scales absorbing nearly 
the entire marginal area of fore wing for a breadth of about 5 mm., 
in the male leaving only a few apical scales of the ground colour, in 
the female a conspicuous pale apical mark, and irregular pale mark- 
ings elsewhere in this dark area; male in addition strongly clouded 
with purplish fuscous over the greater part of fore wing, and nearly 
the whole of hind wing (variable in individual specimens), tending to 


NEW SPECIES OF PARASITIC BEE FROM BORNEO. t 


leave pale patches behind median shade of fore wing (from costa 
nearly to third radial, and again from first median to inner margin), 
and narrowly behind postmedial line of hind wing. Discal spots 
blackish, rather distinct. Transverse lines inconspicuous, the most 
noticeable being the median shade, which, on hind wing, passes 
behind discal spot (as in contiguaria), not across it, as is so usual in 
rufescentaria and albonotarva ; inner line scarcely traceable, indicated 
by one or two blackish dots, outer (postmedial) by rows of blackish 
vein-dots, these being rather distinct towards costa of (or rarely 
throughout) fore wing and throughout hind wing. Under side practi- 
cally identical with upper. 

Types (male, August 2nd, 1909 ; female, August 26th, 1909) 
from Chungking, Szechuan, China, in coll. L. B. Prout ; collected 
by Mr. Barry, presented by Dr. M. Culpin, of Shanghai. Dr. 
Culpin also sent another pair, precisely similar but somewhat 
worn, taken at the same place on August 14th, 1909. The 
species must be widely distributed, at least along the Yang-tse- 
kiang, but it is somewhat interesting that the only known 
localities, though separated by nearly nine hundred miles, agree 
almost precisely in latitude. Besides the four specimens in my 
collection, from which the description has been made, | know 
three only, all in the British Museum. Two males, labelled 
Chekiang, collected by Pryer, and bearing the MS. name of 
inaccepta, Warr., which I have adopted, are clearly co-specific, 
though somewhat more variegated than the type-form, and one 
somewhat redder in tone; they did not come through the Leech 
collection, but were, on the presentation of that collection, 
merged in the series of contiguaria, from which they differ in the 
pale apex, absence of white mark at postmedial line, weakly 
marked under surface, &c. One almost typical female, from 
Ningpo (Leech coll.), has been mentioned above, as Leech had 
it mixed with a similarly coloured aberration of albonotaria as 
possibly representing Christoph’s consociaria. 


ON A NEW SPECIES OF PARASITIC BEE (NOMADA) 
FROM BORNEO. 


By P. CamMgEron. 


Nomada testaceobalteata, sp. n. 

Head, antenne, and abdomen black; the apex of the first abdo- 
minal segment, the basal two-thirds of the second, the apex of the 
last and the greater part of the ventral segments, dark testaceous, 
the thorax rufous; the legs black, the femora broadly testaceous. 
Wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma black, the apex with a narrow 
but distinct blackish cloud. Face, clypeus, apical half of metanotum 
and pleurze densely covered with silvery white pubescence. ¢. 
Length, 4 mm. 


8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Kuching (Mr. John Hewitt, B.A). 


The mandibles are of a paler rufo-testaceous colour than the face. 
Front and vertex closely strongly punctured. Temples straight, 
sharply obliquely narrowed. Occiput transverse, margined, as is also 
the base of the pronotum. Mesonotum and scutellum closely dis- 
tinctly punctured, the sides of the former depressed. Apex of 
scutellum obliquely sloped. Metanotal area large, reaching almost 
to the apex, its base finely closely punctured, the apex smooth and 
shining; the sides and apex of metanotum are finely distinctly 
aciculated. First abscissa of radius longer than the following two 
united, the second about one-fourth longer than the third. There is 
a distinct keel between the antenne, projecting clearly above and 
below them. Apex of clypeus bluntly broadly rounded. Flagellum 
of antennez dark brownish below. Abdomen smooth, the basal seg- 
ments more smooth and shining than the others. 


Allied to N. adusta, Sm. 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITA‘A. 


By Rev. Grorce Wueexer, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Continued from vol. xlii. p. 152.) 


Berore speaking of the unnamed forms of aberration in this 
sroup it will be well to mention one named variety of M. deione 
which had hitherto escaped my notice, viz. var. nevadensis, 
Obth., ‘ Etudes de la Lepidoptérologie comparée,’ i. p. 15 (1904), 
of which he writes as follows:—*‘‘ Elle se distingue par une 
tinte plus pale en dessus comme en dessous; par les lignes 
transversales médianes des quatre ailes plus anguleuses; par 
Vabsence, sur les ailes inférieures en dessous, prés de la base, de 
la coloration fauve qui, dans tous les autres exemplaires, remplit, 
du bord costal au bord anal des ailes, un espace compris entre 
deux lignes noires et au centre duquel reste une tache chamois 
clair, c’est-a-dire de la couleur du fond des ailes.’”’ In other 
words, the inner dark band un. s. h. w. is wanting, and the 
central and basal bands and the light spots coalesce, except for 
the usual bordering black lines. These specimens were of the 
second brood, and were taken at a considerable height in the 
Sierra Nevada. 

This is not a very unusual form of aberration in several 
species, especially when less completely carried out ; I have seen 
it more or less completely in athalia, parthenie (especially Italian 


* It is distinguished by a paler tint above and below, by the more 
angular transverse median lines on all four wings, by the absence on the 
hind wings, under side, near the base, of the fulvous colouring, which in all 
other specimens fills, from the costa to the inner margin, a space enclosed 
between two black lines, and in the centre of which is a spot of clear yellow, 
i.e. of the ground colour of the wings. 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITAA. 9 


Specimens), and asteria, and the same tendency shows itself 
occasionally even in dictynna and britomartis. I do not, how- 
ever, remember to have seen it either in awrelia or varia, and 
certainly have not done so in the case either of berisalensis or of 
dictynnoides. An opposite form of aberration in which this 
inner band is enlarged at the expense of the basal band and the 
light spot, and sometimes of the central band also, is occa- 
sionally to be seen in all the species, but is more usual in 
aurelia, varia, and the others in which the lighter aberration is 
least common. A great difference in facies is produced by the 
creat difference which exists in the breadth of the central band, 
and in the comparative breadth of the two parts into which it is 
normally divided, though the latter observation does not, of 
course, refer to deione and asteria, in which the two divisions 
are of the same shade. A not uncommon form of aberration, 
especially in athalia, is the absence of the division in this band ; 
in cases where the band itself is also unusually broad the effect 
is almost startling ; there isa magnificent example of this in the 
National Collection. The other bands of the un. s. h. w. are 
also liable to great differences in breadth and intensity of colour, 
especially perhaps in the size of the lunular portion of the 
terminal band. I have already mentioned the tendency of the 
light spot to coalesce with the third spot of the basal band. I 
have seen this occur in every species, and possess examples of it 
in all except asteria. The principal, if not the only, forms of 
aberration on the f. w. un. s. consist in the intensification or 
obsolescence of the black markings, and of the number of, and 
the greater or less prominence given to, the light submarginal 
lunules. 

On the upper side the greater or less breadth of the black 
markings, their obsolescence or exaggeration into melanism, 
their sharpness or suffusion, and to a less extent their angula- 
tion, form one great cause of aberration, the other is the intensity 
and the variegation of the ground colour. All these forms of 
aberration are, to some extent at least, common to all the species, 
but I think it may be safely asserted that variegation in the 
ground colour is confined in this group to the female. A very 
wide and difficult question is opened up by the approaches made, 
individually or racially, by one species towards another, but this 
will perhaps be best dealt with in considering the range of 
variation in each species. 

As athalia is at present the dominant species in Kurope, and 
is also that to which all the other species except those of the 
high mountains, viz. asteria and varia, are usually considered to 
approach most nearly, it will be well to take it first. With very 
few exceptions it seems hopeless to give characteristics for local 
races of this species for three reasons: first, because in many 
localities such different forms are found together; secondly, 


107 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


because in other places neighbouring valleys produce such dis- 
tinctive forms that one would require a detailed knowledge of 
all localities to cope with them ; and thirdly, because no sooner 
does one seem to have discovered a rule than it is upset by the 
next piece of knowledge acquired on the subject. As an example 
of the first difficulty 1 may refer to the specimens bred by Mr. 
South from North Devon larve, which were exhibited at the 
South London Society, and of which an account may be seen in 
the ‘ Proceedings’ of that Society for 1885, p. 33; with them 
were exhibited specimens of Swiss aurelia, parthenie, and dictynna 
to show how these English specimens approached in different 
instances one or other of these forms. These specimens having 
been long dispersed I have been unable to see them, but the 
facts adduced, together with Kane’s comments on them (Entom. 
xix. p. 145, 1886), are a striking example of the difficulty referred 
to. With regard to the differences between neighbouring localities 
I may mention the forms found in the valley of the Avencon 
behind Bex, and in the little valley behind Lavey-les-Bains, the 
very next opening from the Rhone Valley, and on the same side 
of it; the specimens from the first locality being large and 
bright, and the black markings of fairly even breadth, those 
from the other being small, of a rather pale ground colour, and 
the black markings having a tendency to form broadish central 
and narrow outer lines. This may be accounted for by the. fact 
that the valley of the Avencon is moist and the other dry, so that 
the food-plant in the former is juicier and more nutritive than 
in the latter. With regard to the third difficulty, 1 may adduce 
the observation of Ruhl and other Swiss authors to the effect that 
in Tessin and Lombardy (and generally south of the Alps) the 
tendency is to decrease in size. Now this was thoroughly borne 
out by my own experience, my specimens from Cadenabbia and 
Reazzino entirely conforming with the rule, but in the National 
Collection are a pair from Vallombrosa quite as large as the 
average of the Rhone Valley, and not differing in colour or 
markings from many of the brighter specimens from that part 
of Switzerland; and, worse still, Mr. Lowe has this year brought 
home, from Reazzino, large and brilliantly coloured examples, 
which upset not only my rule, but my actual previous personal 
experience! Again, however, it is possible that these facts 
may be accounted for. The localities both at Cadenabbia and 
Reazzino where I took my specimens were very dry ; now much 
of the neighbourhood of the latter place is very moist, not to 
say marshy, and, as Mr. Lowe also brought back specimens of 
britomartis, which is confined to the marshy parts, it is very 
likely that his athalia came from the same spot; and, whilst 
Cadenabbia is dry, Vallombrosa is not. Furthermore, it is a 
curious fact, for which I am not yet able to account, that the 
forms of Central Italy are far less southern (paradoxical as it 


SMITH’S SPECIES OF JAPANESE ICHNEUMONID®. 11 


sounds) than those of the lake district of the north—Pararge 
mera, e.g. does not approach var. adrasta, nor Argynnis adippe 
vat. cleodoxa, or even intermedia. 

It will then be readily seen that such approaches to race 
characters as can be given are merely indicative of a general 
tendency, and cannot be applied to every individual case. 
Scandinavian specimens do not seem to differ greatly from 
average English ones, but are rather lightly marked, and have 
a slightly paler ground colour; these tendencies are rather 
more strongly marked in specimens from the neighbourhood of 
St. Petersburg, which are moreover rather larger. Jinglish 
specimens are, asa rule, smaller than the plain form of Germany 
and Switzerland, but rather larger than those found in the 
mountains; the latter are also in general somewhat more heavily 
marked. Inthe lower Misox Valley, e.g. at Cama, a rather un- 
usualiy bright form is found with a divided marginal blotch, and 
I have already alluded to the form at Faido, in the Leventina, 
where the elbowed line is so thickened as to bring to mind the 
var. mehadiensis of South-eastern Hungary; the Leventina 
form is, however, rather small. The Hungarian form just men- 
tioned is, on the other hand, large as well as brilliant in ground 
colour, and heavily marked. This form is exaggerated in Bul- 
garia, and except as to size in Bosnia; the borders being some- 
times so broad as scarcely to show the fulvous lunules, thus 
approaching detone var. berisalensis; this form is very fine and 
striking. The form from Bukowina, on the contrary, is small, 
heavily marked and dull, and, notwithstanding the shape of the 
wings, I should have taken it for a form of dictynnoides had it 
not been for the biological distinctions given by Hormuzaki 
(vol. xlii. p. 6). I have seen nothing from Spain which bears 
out Staudinger’s description of var. iberica; four of the six 
specimens so labelled at the present moment in the National 
Collection are certainly parthenie, of a rather usual form, and 
the other two, though not heavily marked, are not paler in 
ground colour nor larger than usual. The females from the 
Pyrenees have a lighter ground colour, but are smaller than 
the average, as are the males, and both sexes are also rather 
heavily shaded with black. 


ON TWO OF FRED. SMITH’S SPECIES OF JAPANESE 
ICHNEUMONIDA. 
By Cuaupe Mortey, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 
Turoveu the generosity of Mr. A. E. Wileman, the British 
Museum has just acquired the second known specimen of Pimpla 


luctuosa, Smith (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 394). I have examined 
the type, brought forward by Smith in his ‘‘ Descriptions of New 


12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Species of Tenthredinide, Ichneumonide, Chrysidide, Formi- 
cide, &e., of Japan”? (loc. cit.), which is in the General Collection. 
Smith gives but a very, short description, which is, however, 
rendered sufficient by his remark that ‘‘ this species very closely 
resembles the Pimpla ethiops of Kurope”’; this is perfectly true 
and a comparison of the new specimen with the type and the 
latter species in the British Collection proves its identity with 
the former. The female in question was bred on June 27th, 
1901, from a larva of Attacus (Philosamia) walkeri, Feld., at 
Kobe, in Central Japan. 

Mr. Wileman has also presented two males of Protichnewmon 
laminatorius, Fab., bred by him at Kobe, in Central Japan, from 
the cosmopolitan Sphingid, Macroglossa stellatarum, Linn. Its 
occurrence in Asia is remarkable, though it has been known to 
occur at Yokohama, whence Kriechbaumer records three females 
(Sitzb. Nat. Ges. Leipzig, 1895, p.127). These Japanese males, 
both of which have very faint traces of a flagellar band, differ 
from the European form only in their darker wings (as noticed, 
loc. cit.), with incrassate nervures, the basal nervure slightly 
more continuous through the median and the flavidous angles of 
the postpetiole. DP. laminatorius has nowhere before been bred 
from this host, though the closely allied P. fuscipennis, Wesm., 
is known to prey upon it (cf. my ‘ British Ichneumons,’ i. 19). 

Fred. Smith says in his above-quoted paper that ‘‘it would 
be difficult to point out a specific difference’? between Ichneumon 
laminatorius and his I. cognatorius, and does not attempt to do 
so, relying solely upon the different habitat to distinguish them. 
He gives three male and one female varieties, besides the type 
form, all of which are preserved in the General Collection. 
Their synonymy needs rectifying thus :— 

I. coanatorius, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 387, male 
and female.—The single type is a large male with infumate 
wings, exactly resembling Wileman’s specimens, except that the 
apical angles of the second segment are also narrowly pale. 
Taken by ‘Lewis at Hiogo. 

Var. i.—A single large male, differing from the type only in 
having the wings less infumate, the face black with its orbits 
alone narrowly pale, and the flagellum broadly pale-banded. 
Captured with the type. 

Var. ii.—Three large females, undoubtedly those of the type 
form, and agreeing well with Kriechbaumer’s description. One 
labelled ‘‘Hiogo. Var. 2; male,” and all collected by Mr. R. 
Fortune in Japan.” 

Var. ili.—This is an entirely distinct species from the above, 
belonging to the genus Stenichneumon, with its metanotal areola 
distinctly longer than broad but not rectangular. 

ICHNEUMON FLAVITARSIS, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, 
p. 889.—This must be added to the above varieties, since it is a 


NOTES ON ODONATA. 13 


small male, much resembling the British form, with hyaline 
wings, the nervures not incrassate and the basal normal, and 
the postpetiolar angles not pale; the tarsi are white, not flavous, 
marked. Taken at Hiogo by Lewis. 


Thus, ProricHNEUMON LAMINATORIUS, Fab. = Ichneuwmon cogna- 
torius, Smith, excl. var. ill. 
PROTICHNEUMON LAMINATORIUS, Fab. = Ichneumon flavi- 
tarsis, Smith. 
STENICHNEUMON COGNATORIUS, Smith = Ichnewmon cogna- 
torius, Sm., var. i. only. 


British Museum (Nat. Hist.) : Dec. 10th, 1909. 


NOTES ON ODONATA OBSERVED IN GREAT BRITAIN 
DURING THE SUMMER OF 1908. 


By E. R. Speyer, F.E.S. 


Tur summer of 1908 will always remain pre-eminent in my 
notes and observations on British Odonata, for not only have 
twenty-four species been obtained, but two of great interest and 
rarity have been taken, and five others, hitherto unrecorded by 
me, have been met with in comparatively large numbers. The 
discovery of a wonderful locality in Sussex accounted for no fewer 
than sixteen species in two days at the beginning of August, 
including one which has up till this year been found in Scotland 
only—as far as the British Isles are concerned. 

The following is a list of the Odonata recorded, with notes on 
their duration of flight and any peculiarities in their bionomics 
which chanced to come under my observation :— 

Sympetrum striolatum, Charp.—First taken on July 28th in 
a very immature condition at the Aldenham Reservoir, in Hert- 
fordshire. At the beginning of August it was common round 
Tunbridge Wells, and on August 16th round Shenley. At the 
end of August it was exceptionally plentiful near Tunbridge 
Wells, and I then took specimens no larger than S. sangwineum. 
One male was taken in a gravel-pit near Shenley on September 
15th, and this specimen was worn. 

S. fonscolombii, Selys—On June 24th I had the pleasure 
of capturing two males of this beautiful species in a rather 
worn condition near Shenley, Herts. I did not observe it again 
until July 27th, when I netted a female at the Aldenham 
Reservoir. 

There seems little doubt that my specimens are migratory, 
and possibly belonged to a swarm which visited Switzerland this 
year. There have most probably been two movements, the 
second of which would account for the female I took in July. 


14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


So far as I know, this insect has not occurred in England since 
1903, when Mr. Boyd took a single female in Cornwall (‘ Ent. 
Month. Mag.,’ vol. 39, p. 201). 

On July 29th I thought I saw another male at Aldenham, 
but I could not capture the insect. 

Libellula depressa, Linn., was very common this year. A 
mature male was caught at Burnham Beeches on June 23rd 
while at rest on a tyre of my bicycle which was lying on the 
bank of one of the ponds there. On June 24th it was exceedingly 
abundant at Shenley, Herts. I distinctly saw a male and 
female in Ogwen Lake Valley, Carnarvonshire (North Wales) on 
June 25th. On July 12th I took a female near Shenley which 
showed obvious signs of blue powder on the abdomen. ‘The last 
specimen taken was a blue female on August 4th near Tunbridge 
Wells, in Sussex. 

L. quadrimaculata, Linn., has also been very abundant, and 
there are possibilities of a migration having taken place. It was 
observed in great numbers in June at the Capel Curig lakes, in 
North Wales, and many immature specimens were caught. 
Near Tunbridge Wells it was very common at the beginning of 
August. Having heard of a migration of dragonflies round 
Alderney, I at once communicated with my friend Sir William 
Parker, in the Isle of Wight, and he took a specimen of this 
species (the only dragonfly he saw), which has very little wing 
coloration, but it is not justifiable to assume that it was one of 
the swarm from Alderney. 

The wing-suffusion in many specimens from North Wales 
was greatly marked, whereas many from Sussex had very little 
colouring on the wings, showing that there is no foundation in 
the theory that in more northerly regions the wing-suffusion is 
diminished, and in more southerly extended. 

When on the wing I have repeatedly noticed that this 
dragonfly appears of a bright blue colour, and resembles the 
mature male of L. depressa very closely. This is probably due 
to the reflection of light from the abdomen of L. quadrimaculata, 
and is doubtless a case of two insects obtaining a similar colour- 
effect by different means; but the question as to whether the 
colour of both species is protective, or whether there is mimicry 
between the two insects, presents a problem difficult of solution, 
especially when regarding two animals so well equipped against 
the dangers which arise in their struggle for existence. 

Orthetrum cerulescens, Fabr., was very common on August 
4th and 5th in a marsh near Tunbridge Wells. The insect did 
not fly very fast, and was not difficult to net. I took several 
specimens with very dark wings, and there was a very wide 
range in the size of the male. 

O. cancellatum, Linn.—Two specimens of this uncommon 
insect were obtained at the Aldenham Reservoir (Herts), a much 


NE a 


NOTES ON ODONATA. 15 


worn female on July 27th, and a fine male on July 29th. In 
addition to these, I believe I saw a male at Shenley on July 24th, 
but it may have been Libellula depressa male. 

Somatochlora metallica, Van der Lind.—The fact that this 
insect had been found in what is practically a single locality in 
Scotland and nowhere else in the British Islands was a mystery 
in the geographical distribution of animals, and my discovery of 
it this year in a very restricted locality in Sussex has not gone 
very far to solve this mystery at present. However, I took this 
magnificent dragonfly in the above-mentioned county on August 
3rd and 4th, and I observed it there in considerable numbers, 
though I did not come across the female. I first noticed the 
males flying round the trees and bushes which overhang the 
margins of certain large ponds near Tunbridge Wells, but after- 
wards I also saw them flying about high up in the woods and 
along the hedgerows in the close neighbourhood of these ponds. 
Settling very seldom and being peculiarly adept at avoiding the 
net, they were very difficult to capture, especially as the collect- 
ing-ground was treacherous. Along the hedgerows they flew 
with remarkable rapidity. -Their food consisted of small flies, as 
far as I could make out. Another visit to the locality at the end 
of August was not wholly unsuccessful, for in addition to seeing 
a female which I was unable to capture, and which was oviposit- 
ing among some reeds, I saw other specimens. It seems_highly 
probable to me, from my observations on this and the next 
species, that the green colour of the Corduliine Odonata is protec- 
tive. It remains to be seen whether the insect has migrated from 
the Continent, but there is no reason for supposing this to be 
the case. 

Cordulia enea, Linn.—Two males were taken on June 28rd 
at Burnham Beeches, Bucks, where many others were seen flying 
at the tops of trees as well as over the water. 

Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr., was fairly common in Car- 
narvonshire at the end of June, and I took several males near 
Tunbridge Wells on August 3rd and 4th. <A female seen in 
Wales was ovipositing at about six o’clock in the evening in 
a stream of water by the side of the road, in which there was 
certainly not more than five millimetres depth of water. 

Anax imperator, Leach.—On June 23rd several specimens 
were seen at Burnham Beeches, Bucks, and on June 24th a male 
and two females were captured in a gravel-pit near Shenley, 
Herts. The male mentioned was caught with a mature male 
LL. depressa in its jaws (or perhaps it would be more accurate to 
say ‘‘in its legs,” as the legs are used for catching the prey), 
showing how voracious this interesting insect is. Another 
observation, made in Sussex on August 4th, when several 
specimens were flying over a pond near Tunbridge Wells, seems 
to point to their love of killing apparently for their own amuse- 


16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ment. Large numbers of white butterflies (Pieris brassice and 
P. rape) were flying across the water; these the Anar attacked, 
and having caught them, either divested them of a wing or two, 
or maimed them in a way I was unable to make out exactly, 
and then let them fall into the water without eating them; the 
detached wings were also let fall. I am not convinced, however, 
that this was a mere act of cruelty; it seems to me that there 
must be some reason for this habit, and there are two possible 
solutions—-(1) that the maimed insects are dropped into the 
water for the female to eat while she is ovipositing, and more 
probably (2) that they are dropped there for the young nymphs 
to feed on. Unfortunately I observed no females in Sussex, and 
I was unable to collect any of the maimed butterflies, owing to 
their having been dropped a long way from the water’s edge. 

The two females taken in Hertfordshire were ovipositing by 
dipping the abdomen deep into the water while at rest on weed. 
The green colour of the female renders her almost invisible while 
Ovipositing, and is without doubt protective. 

Brachytron pratense, Mull., was plentiful at the Marston 
Ferry, near Oxford, in May and early in June. The female 
oviposits by dipping the tip of the abdomen at random into the 
water while flying along. 

Atschna cyanea, Mill.—Common in Sussex and Hertford- 
shire during August and September, but much less common 
than usual in the latter locality. 

4. grandis, Linn., was out in considerable numbers at 
Shenley, Herts, in an immature condition on July 22nd. It was 
common in that locality and in Sussex during August. It was 
still abundant at Shenley on September 17th. 

In addition to these Anisopteride, Sympetrum sanguineum, 
Mull., was almost certainly seen near Tunbridge Wells on 
August 4th. Mr. K. J. Morton visited Carnarvonshire a short 
time after I left in June, and very kindly sent me specimens of 
O. cerulescens and Af. juncea, from Capel Curig. 

Eleven species of Zygopterids came under my notice :— 

Calopteryx virgo, Linn.—This very beautiful insect was found 
plentifully flying about bushes and in the meadows round several 
lakes in the neighbourhood of Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire. I 
found one specimen dead in a spider’s web, but I am doubtful if 
it lost its life through the agency of the tenant of the web, who 
was absent when I found the dragonfly. I observed the insect 
at the end of June. 

C. splendens, Harris, was, as usual, abundant on the Thames 
at Oxford in May and June. 

Lestes sponsa, Hans.—Near Tunbridge Wells this dragonfly 
was found in swarms during August. When flying over the 
water in the presence of Somatochlora metallica, it made darts at 
the thorax of the latter insect as it flew along, dazzled, perhaps, 


NOTES ON ODONATA. 17 


by the reflection of the sun’s rays from the metallic surface of 
that insect. 

Platycnemis pennipes, Pall.—Very abundant at Oxford in 
June. First observed on June 7th (male var. lactea), it was still 
plentiful on June 19th. 

Erythromma naias, Hans.—This dragonfly was exceptionally 
plentiful. It was taken in large numbers at Burnham Beeches, 
Bucks, on June 28rd; it was abundant at Shenley on June 24th, 
scarce during July in that locality, but exceedingly abundant at 
the Aldenham Reservoir on July 29th. 

The last specimen was taken near Tunbridge Wells on 
August 29th, a very late date for this insect; it was of the 
male sex. 

Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz.—A single male at Oxford on 
June 19th. Very plentiful in North Wales at the end of June, 
and also at Burnham Beeches, Bucks. A few were taken near 
Tunbridge Wells on August 38rd and 4th. The variety ‘‘melano- 
notum, Selys,” was found in Wales. Many specimens were found 
in spiders’ webs at a lake in Carnarvonshire in June. 

P. tenellum, Linn.—This small dragonfly was found so plenti- 
fully near Tunbridge Wells in August as to rise up out of the 
grass in swarms. The variety ‘‘ eneatum’”’ was observed. The 
insect behaved towards S. metallica like L. sponsa. 

Ischnura elegans, Van der L., was found uncommonly in 
Oxford during June, and round Tunbridge Wells in August. It 
was plentiful at Shenley from June to the end of August, the 
female var. rufescens being taken abundantly, and the var. 
infuscans once on July 25th. 

Agrion pulchellum, Van der L.—Extremely abundant at Ox- 
ford in May and June, and showing a great tendency in markings 
in many cases towards the next species. 

A. puella, Linn.—A few taken at Oxford in June. It was 
found in swarms at Burnham Beeches on June 24th, and was 
generally plentiful at Shenley through July. A few were taken 
on August 3rd in Sussex. I was greatly surprised to find no 
trace of the insect in Carnarvonshire, though I diligently searched 
for it; there is a record of it from Tan-y-Bwlch in Mr. Lucas’s 
‘British Dragonflies’ (1899, p. 289); I was unable to find it in 
that locality. 

Enallagma cyathigerwm, Charp.—This was the most plentiful 
dragonfly observed. In June, July, August, and the beginning 
of September it was very common in Hertfordshire, in June at 
many lakes in Carnarvonshire and in Sussex it was swarming 
round the ponds near Tunbridge Wells during August. All the 
varieties of the male were taken, the one with the spot on segment 
two of the abdomen resembling that of Agrion mercuriale being 
exceedingly rare, while the opposite variety with the spot reduced 
was exceptionally common. ‘The blue variety of the female was 

ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1910. Cc 


18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


observed plentifully, while a blue form with segments 3 and 
4 of the abdomen of a normal straw colour was not uncommon 
in Hertfordshire during July. It is worthy of note that a blue 
female was taken at Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire, on June 28th, 
and this specimen was distinctly immature, showing that the 
blue coloration is not always due to age. 

As described for Lestes sponsa and Pyrrhosoma tenellum, this 
insect also was attracted by Somatochlora metallica, but in no 
case did the larger insect make an attack on the smaller ones, 
but showed considerable restlessness. 

It is to be hoped that next year observations will be made to 
carry out several of the few problems mentioned in the course of 
my paper. Not the least important will be a second record of 
S. metallica from Sussex. It is to be hoved that the latter will 
not fail, although one would necessarily expect a reaction after 
this year’s good fortune. 


A FEW NOTES ON THE DIURNI AT LA BOURBOULE 
(PUY DE DOME) DURING JUNE, 1909. 


By R. M. Pripgavx, F.E.S. 


Tue butterflies observed in this locality were very scanty, 
both as to species and specimens; this disappointing condition 
of things being, no doubt, largely due to the deplorably wet and 
cold weather that prevailed here (as elsewhere) during the 
month, and which, to all appearance, in this district had been 
preceded by nearly as unfavourable conditions earlier in the 
season. 

The writer’s time and energies also were considerably re- 
stricted by the medical treatment for the benefit of which 
the place was primarily visited, though it must be admitted 
that rambles further afield from the small town of hotels, of 
which la Bourboule consists, on to the hills, bare and wooded, 
which enclose it were, even when attempted, by no means 
encouraging. 

On the whole, the lush, damp hay-fields bordering or near 
' the river Dordogne, which runs from Mont Doré (where it rises) 
through la Bourboule, were found to be most prolific in butterfly 
life, though, compared with a Swiss valley at a similar eleva- 
tion—about 3800 ft.—these meadows were barren indeed. 

The bare, rather closely cropped, steep mountain pastures, 
on which species of broom were in fine flower during the month, 
produced few specimens, even of the commonest species. 

The following is a list of the species observed :— 

Carcharodus alcee, Esp.—One rather worn and diminutive speci- 
men, June 7th, in “la Fenestre,” a small park close to the town, 


A FEW NOTES ON THE DIURNI AT LA BOURBOULE. 19 


containing some meadows only partially reclaimed and _ planted, 
and which afforded a very fair proportion of the species seen in the 
district. | 

Hesperia serratule, Rmbr.—The commonest ‘ skipper” in the 
neighbourhood, being seen in most of the meadows, the specimens 
being rather larger than those obtained near Bérisal. Guillemot, 
writing in the “ fifties” on the Auvergne Lepidoptera, points out in 
connection with this species that in fresh specimens the wings are 
thickly powdered with yellowish scales; this feature is very notice- 
able in the examples captured, especially in the fore wings of the 
females. 

Nisoniades tages.— Common, but in rather wasted condition, 
5th to 19th. 

Pamphila sylvanus.—Common after 14th. 

Chrysophanus hippothoé.—This species was fairly plentiful in all 
the meadows round the town, and at considerable elevations above 
it. All the specimens seen were of the lowland form, varying, as 
commonly, in the degree of purple sutfusion of the males, some of 
which are very splendid examples. The females varied very con- 
siderably, even from the same meadow, in the proportion of orange 
suffusion over the fore wings. Guillemot mentions the not infre- 
quent occurrence of specimens in which the black dots on the under 
side are prolonged into dashes. Three specimens were obtained, one 
male and two females, in which this is well marked; in the two 
latter cases, however, on one side of the wings only. In another 
specimen, a male, all the black spots and their encircling pale rings 
are missing on the left hind wing (under side) with the exception of 
the marginal row. The females lay pretty freely on stems of sorrel ; 
the resulting larve retired with much unanimity while still very 
small into withered leaves and crevices as early as the end of August, 
the cool, wet summer perhaps suggesting the near approach of 
winter, this being in great contrast to some examples in my 
possession in 1908, some of which fed up rapidly and endeavoured, 
though fruitlessly, to produce a second brood, two getting as far as 
pupation. 

C. phleas.—Two specimens, both wasted, June 7th and 21st. 

Cupido minima.—One wasted specimen, 19th. 

Nomiades semiargus._-Not common from 5th to 21st; very fresh 
specimens on both dates. Noticed in cop., 14th, the male carrying 
the female in flight when disturbed. 

N. cyllarus.—Two wasted specimens, male and female, 14th; one 
worn male, 19th. 

Polyommatus alexis, Hb.—Common in meadows throughout the 
month. Very variable in size, and the females in absence or presence 
of blue coloration; both these factors were noticed by Guillemot from 
specimens in this district. 

P. astrarche—Not very common, 7th to 19th. The specimens 
much resemble those captured in Surrey in the size of the red spots. 

Callophrys rwbi.—One specimen, 14th; two, 21st. 

Zephyrus betule.—Larve were obtained of this species on the 
serubby roadside sloe bushes on the way to St. Sauves, west of 


c2 


20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


la Bourboule. Contrary to the writer’s previous experience of these 
larve (British or Swiss), a large proportion proved to be ichneu- 
moned. This tendency hereabouts Guillemot thinks worth remark 
in his Catalogue. Oak bushes were examined and tapped in the 
hopes of finding other Theclid larve, but in vain; indeed, the 
astonishing freedom of this and other foliage from larval attacks of 
any sort, past or present, was very noticeable, especially when the 
recent aspect of the Kentish woodland and the ravages of larve 
therein was remembered. 

Aporia crategi.—First specimen, 13th; several seen, 19th. 

Pieris brassice, P. rape, and P. napt.—All fairly common. No 
tendency towards the var. bryonze female of the last-named species 
was detected. 

Euchloé cardanines.—Male, July 8th; one female, 14th. Both 
in good condition. 

Colias hyale.—One specimen only, 8th. ; 

C. edusa.—Not rare throughout the month, usually in poor 
condition. 

Brenthis ewphrosyne.—Pretty common though never abundant in 
the beautiful beech-woods on the south-west side of the town. 

B. selene.—Rarer, but in fresher condition, 14th and 21st. 

B. ino.—One only, a fresh male, in a damp meadow by the Dor- 
dogne, on the way to St. Sauves, 19th. 

Melitea parthenie.—A few very fresh examples on the 8th 
and 21st. 

M. athalia— Not common and, singularly enough, less fresh in 
appearance than the last-mentioned species. 

M. dictynna.—One male, 19th. 

Pyrameis cardui.—One wasted specimen, 8th. 

P. atalanta.—One, 21st. 

Aglais urtice.—A few fresh imagines; larve plentiful. 

Pararge mera.—Here and there on rocky roads west of the town. 
The examples taken are slightly under-sized, and the markings in- 
clined towards, though not quite corresponding to, the var. adrasta. 

Epinephile vanira.—One specimen, 18th. 

Erebia stygne.—The only Hrebia met with, with the exception of 
one wasted H. cassiope from the Charlanne Forest, on the 26th. 
E. stygne was fairly common, especially on the St. Sauves road ; 
only males were observed, all in very fresh condition. 

Cenonympha pamphilus—Common everywhere. 

C. arcania.—One specimen, 21st, Charlanne Forest. 

The above list could no doubt be largely augmented by an 
active entomologist in a more favourable season; at the same 
time the comparative scarcity in numbers of even the commonest 
species seen during the (all too rare) intervals of really warm 
sunshine hardly point to the district being a very rich one, 
though possibly a later period in the summer would prove to be 
a better time for visiting it. 

From the point of view of scenery, the place offers a very 
charming variety in all directions. 

Brasted Chart, Kent. 


21 


BUTTERFLIES OF CANTAL AND LOZERE. 
By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. 


A correction of mine made in revising this paper for press 
(vol. xlii. p. 297) was, by some oversight, not included. In the 
footnote descriptive of the ab. escherinus it should have been 
stated that this form of Polyommatus escheri, taken by me at 
Mende (the male) and at St. Martin-Vésubie (the female), 
appeared to be transitional to the ab. subtus-impunctata, Oberth. 
(‘ Etudes de la Variation chez les Lépidoptéres,’ livr. xxme., pl. 
iii. fig. 25). In this form from Barcelona, the whole of the under 
side black markings have disappeared, and I expect that it is the 
example ‘‘depourvu en dessous des points ocellés’’ exhibited 
before the Entomological Society of France, December 9, 1863 
(Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1863, lii.). I may add that M. Charles 
Oberthur (op. cit. pl. iii. fig. 39) figures the form of P. eros, 
included in my illustration, as ab. subtus-radiata. 

CHRYSOPHANUS ALCIPHRON, var. GORDIUS, ab. ? MIDAS, Lowe. 
—I wish also to say that my friend the Rev. F. HK. Lowe, the 
original author of this aberration, has written to me pointing 
out that in a previous paper of mine, where an under side 
aberration of the species is described, which also corresponds 
with the ab. escherinus taken at Mende, I have fallen into an 
error; the ab. midas being an aberrational form of the wpper 
and not of the wnder side. On reference to the Rev. G. Wheeler’s 
‘ Butterflies in Switzerland’ (p. 16) I find this to be the case; 
and, to put the matter straight, I cannot do better than quote the 
communication which Mr. Lowe has been good enough to make 
to me. He writes :— 

“Mr. Rowland-Brown describing an entomological visit to 
‘The Basses-Alpes in August’ (Entom. xli. p. 262) describes an 
interesting aberration of the under side of C. alciphron var. 
gordius, comparing it with the ab. cinnus of P. bellargus. On 
p. 296 he says: ‘This ab. appears in every respect to correspond 
with ab. female midas, Lowe.’ From which it is evident that 
from a chance misreading he has got a mistaken idea of this 
aberration. As the same mistake occurs again in ‘ Butterflies 
of Cantal and Lozere’ (ante, vol. xlii. p. 800), it seems better to 
correct it lest it should become stereotyped. 

“Ab. midas is not an aberration of the under side of gordius, 
but of the upper. Its peculiarities consist in the entire absence 
of black spots on the upper side of the primaries with the 
exception of the two large discoidal spots. The black border 
is very broad and entire until just before the anal angle, when 
it opens out and makes one large blotch. The hind wings have 
the dise clear with the exception of a black discoidal spot. The 
ante-marginal band, which usually in gordius consists of two or 


29, : THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


more rows of irregular spots, is in midas formed by the con- 
fluence of these spots into wedge-shaped dashes, and is suggestive 
of the markings of C. dispar var. rutilus. This row of black wedge 
marks is reproduced on the under side.” —[ Frank EK. Lows.) 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES 
OF OXYURA (HYMENOPTERA) FROM KUCHING, 
BORNEO. 

By P. Cameron. 


LaccoMERISTA, gen. nov. 


Antenne thirteen-jointed, placed near the mouth, on a swelling, 
which is obliquely sloped below them, its edges below each antennz 
projecting into a stout tooth, longer than wide; the apex is oblique. 
Head as long as it is wide at the vertex; the temples obliquely nar- 
rowed, wide, the occiput transverse, stoutly margined, as are also the 
cheeks. Eyes oval, the malar space half their length; a keel runs 
from their top on the inner side to the antenne. Ocelli in a curve. 
Pronotum large, almost twice longer than wide, narrowed towards 
the base; the latter is narrowed, clearly separated, and bears two 
broad rounded keels, separated by a distinct furrow. Parapsidal 
furrows distinct, complete. Scutellum large, almost flat, separated 
from the mesonotum by a narrow furrow. Metanotum short, its apex 
with a rather steep, oblique slope. Abdomen oval, shorter than the 
thorax, roundly convex above, flat below: the second segment very 
large, much larger than all the rest of the abdomen. Wings with a 
large, wide. stigma, rounded behind; the radial nervure is short, 
oblique, straight, and issues from the apical fourth of it; there are 
two distinct basal cellules, the posterior being shorter than the 
anterior. Legs stout, the calcaria short, slender. Spurs small, 
simple. Hind tibiz thickened towards the apex, which above ends 
ina short spine. Metatarsus stouter than the following two joints 
united. Tegule large, longish. Antennal flagellum stout, longer 
than the following three joints united, and reaching above the top of 
the head; the pedicle as wide as long; the following joint clearly 
longer than the next; all the joints elongated. The form of the 
mandibles I am unable to make out, and I have not a spare example 
for dissection ; neither can I make out the exact number of abdominal 
segments, of which I can only detect five. There are two spurs on 
the four posterior tibiz. The scutellum is almost square, and is 
bounded laterally by a furrow. 


On the whole this new genus fits best into the Bethylide, but 
it has not the one-jointed trochanters of that group, so far as I 
can make out. The neuration is more, in some respects, that of 
the Scelionide, e.g. Calliscelis; certainly the form of the radial 
nervure differs from what it is in the Bethylide, in which it is 
more or less roundly curved. The form of the head is different 


VARIATION IN VANESSA URTICA. 23 


from what it is in the latter, being shorter, not flattened, and 
lenticular. Characteristic is the form of the prothorax, par- 
ticularly the stoutly bicarinate basal part. Probably the dis- 
covery of the other sex will throw some light on the affinities 
of the genus. ; 

Laccomerista rufescens, sp.nov. 

Rufous, very smooth and shining, bare, the flagellum of antennz 
covered with a microscopic white down; wings brownish smoky to 
shortly beyond the middle, the rest more slightly smoky, especially in 
front, where there are hyaline streaks, the nervures reddish fuscous ; 
the second (and shorter) basal cellule is rounded at the apex, where 
it is wider than it is at the base; the wings are highly iridescent ; 
tegule smooth and shining; a short oblique nervure runs from the 
middle of the second basal cellule. Tuibize and tarsi (and especially 
the posterior) covered with fuscous pubescence. The apex of the 
abdomen becomes gradually narrowed. ¢?. Length, 3 mm. 


Kuching, Borneo (John Hewitt, B.A.). 


VARIATION IN VANESSA URTIC4, L.: SHASONAL 
(CLIMATICAL) AND LOCAL VARIATION IN VJ. 
URC A ANDO IN VV TO, i. BY WHICH THE 
TWO SPECIES SHOW A TENDENCY TO MEET 


IN FACIES. 
By T. Reuss. 


(Continued from vol. xlii. p. 313.) 


Fic. 8, female, perhaps trans. ab. bolandii, Lmblln., has 
narrow wedge-shaped lunules, which move away from the fringe 
instead of approaching it as in fig. 7. 

In fig. 9, male, the first costal lunule disappears, the other 
costal lunules float yet further away from the fringe, and present 
an aspect reminding of the disintegrated ocellus in the aberra- 
tion of V. 70, which I figured in September (vol. xlu. p. 223), 
especially as the black basal parts approach the costal lunules, 
but recede behind the anal lunules. 

An extreme case of this latter io-form detail, which confines 
the reddish ground colour (that is, of the same peculiar tint 
found in light-coloured specimens of V. io) to the anal parts of 
the wing, as in V. io, is shown in fig. 10, the hind wing of ab. 
ioprotoformis. Here the chain of lunules is already broken up, 
the first costal and the anal lunules disappear, so that only the 
three large costal lunules remain, which are the same that 
coalesce into an ocellus in V. io. Further i0-form details of 
this specimen, the description of which I now complete, are : 
the under side is brown-black, also the median area of the fore 


24 HE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


wings being wholly irrorated with dark brown. On the upper 
side of the fore wings the median puncta, as well as the inner 
marginal blotch, are obsolete. 

The costal blotches are united, as in V. urtice ab. atrebatensis, 
Boisd., or in extreme forms of V. io ab. belisaria, Obth. 

Held against the light the wings are much less transparent 
than-in typical urtice, and therefore approach in opaqueness 
the wings of V.i0. The long slender shape of the wings appears 
also in aberrations of V.io. The antenna, instead of being 
chequered with black and white, are uniform brownish in colour, 
and therefore more like those of V. io than of V. urtice. 

I had exposed the pupa of this io-form aberration, together 
with some others, during three days after pupation to tempera- 
tures occasionally as high as 48° C., in the endeavour to strike 
at and impair the ‘‘fixed”’’ hereditary tendencies before these 
should have found time to determine the facies on the usual 
pale-form lines.* Afterwards the pupz were climatized in 
almost tropical conditions, so as to further influence any new 
lines of development which might be in progress, in the hope of 
immediately effecting such a high degree of change in the facies 
as would by the only other possible method—that of utilizing 
the hereditary forees—take years to attain. 

When the imagines ultimately emerged I found that only 
two had defied hereditism during pupal development ; they were 
the last to emerge (after ten days), and one was the io-form 
aberration described. On the rest of the pup hereditism had 
in a great measure retained its hold. The specimens were only 
slightly io-form, being more or less transitory in markings and 
colour to the Corsican variety ichnusa, Bon., and to the Asian 
form chinensis, Leech, transitions to the all-brown, irrorated 
under side of the latter appearing in two of my aberrations of 
urtice. 


* IT suggest that the colours in the facies of a butterfly are greatly 
dependent in their kind and distribution on the manner in which the 
diffusion of the blood (pigment) into the wings is influenced by the pressure 
on the blood from the vital process in the pupa. An aberration like that 
described would have developed under abnormally high blood pressure, 
following after a temporary interruption of the vital process by extreme tem- 
perature. The overflow of black colour along the main ducts of the fore 
wings is symptomatic of this, and tells of the overthrow of hereditary 
tendencies, though the phylogenetic value of a specimen may in a sense be 
impaired by such symptomatic details (which, by the way, besides an only 
occasional infertility of the sexes, seem to offer the only and perhaps in- 
sufficient excuse for referring aberrations to teratology). I have already, in 
my description of ab. zoformis in the Ent. Record, pt. iv. 1909, tried to show 
that these details may occur together with and be distinguished from pro- 
gressive or atavic features of the facies. It is, however, often a very compli- 
cated and even impossible matter to separate such features, because when, 
for instance, an wrtice-aberration is facially transitory to V. io, such a facial 
detail as the absence of the median puncta on the fore wings is at once 
symptomatic, progressive, and atavic. 


VARIATION IN VANESSA URTICRE. O45) 


In speaking of the biological significance which might under- 
lie an io-form facies, appearing by saltation in a specimen 
of urtice reared from wild larve, it will be necessary to distin- 
suish whether the present and future only or otherwise the past 
history of such facial io-formity is under consideration. 

In the first case I suggest that the to-form facies, even if it 
occurred and were developed to perfection in an isolated group 
of urtice, would not be followed by physiological changes of such 
a nature as would link the variety also specifically to V. io. 
Unless it should be proved that a certain kind of facies is entirely 
bound up not only with a certain kind of physiological structure, 
but also with a certain sexual affinity, there is no reason to 
assume that facial io-formity also entails specific io-formity. At 
present it would appear that every variety which becomes 
separated from the type will within its own special group be 
quite free to vary—for instance, in the structural details of the 
sexual organs independently of the facies. Thus, while from a 
locally isolated group of urtice an entirely new species, facially 
resembling V. io, might be evolved, it would also be thinkable 
that another isolated group of wrtice had remained typical in 
facies, but grew to a greater size, and became specifically distinct 
from the type by extreme development of otherwise varietal 
changes in the larval habits,* and especially in the female sexual 
scent, male ancillary appendages, &c., of the imagines; while 
yet another (seasonal) group could have become completely 
changed in facies, 20-form again, for instance, and yet be 
specifically unchanged.t 


* Longer feeding-up time under the influence of cold, or not propor- 
tionately accelerating the feeding-up time in a temperature higher than 
normal, is well-known to be conducive to a considerable increase in size 
(Elwes, Standfuss). This also explains why northern ov southern forms 
of some central European species are both often notable for comparatively 
great size. The climate on mountains sometimes has a similar effect. 

+ Taken strictly, the scientific conception of ‘‘species’’ is based on, and 
will accept no other evidence than that of, wnlimited fertility (based in its 
turn on sexual affinity) among the individuals of one group to mark them 
“species.” The transmittability of any special facies by hereditism is not 
necessarily dependent on any special structural details of the genitalia, &c., 
nor is the fertility of a specimen with an aberrative facies in any way im- 
paired merely by the possession of that aberrant facies. Every breeder of 
facial varieties by artificial selection testifies to this by his success. Also 
Prof. Standfuss first proved in 1897 by pairing aberrant wrtice obtained by 
exposure of the pupe to low temperatures that the altered facies of a ‘‘ tem- 
perature form,” resulting from an experiment with pupe from wild larve, 
is transmittable by progressive hereditism in a small percentage of the brood 
even under normal conditions of temperature. The fertility of the specimens 
was unimpaired. Therefore the aberrant facies produced by the effects of 
temperature had (a) become potentially inherent in the spermatozoa and ova, 
(6) and this without necessitating an alteration in sexual affinity. Moths which 
breed freely in captivity offer better proofs than the Rhopalocera. Thus the 
best way to start breeding varieties successfully from normal wild speci- 
mens—for instance, of A. grossulariata—is to produce a few aberrations 


26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


it is, for instance, well known, from numerous examples in 
the field, that imagines almost identical in facies may be specifi- 
cally distinct (for instance, V. polychloros-xanthomelas), while 
other forms bearing not the slightest outward resemblance to 
one another facially are representatives of one and the same 
species. It would perhaps be difficult to find an entomologist 
to-day who does not know the striking examples of merely facial 
divergence afforded by extreme cases of seasonal dimorphism. 
There is, for instance, the orange black-spotted 4. levana and its 
summer (heat) form, the black white-banded ab. prorsa. I shall 
not forget the shock I got when, as a boy with primitive notions 
of entomology and possessed of a wild desire to find as many 
‘‘ different kinds” as possible for my collection, I was for the 
first time shown the orange levana and the black prorsa together, 
and then told that these two flies were of one and the same 
‘“‘ species,” and lived and paired, the one in May, the other in 
August! What little entomology I had managed to tuck into my 
brain got loose then, and when I had also seen several forms of 
ab. porruma, intermediate between levana and prorsa, my notions 
about butterflies went scattering to the winds. But I did not 
give up; I thought it worth trying to understand. So after- 
wards I went about gathering in the bits again, and then already 
I made a discovery. I found that I had lost one thing—evidently 
for ever—and that was my delightfully irresponsible belief in 
the ‘‘ constancy” of “species.” But, to use a metaphor which 
was very popular in the biological battles which raged on the 
Continent only lately, though ‘‘ the bath with the child had been 
overturned,” I did manage to save the child. I only lost the 
water, and that was well spilt. 

Ever since that time I have taken more delight in collecting 
“shocks” than butterflies, and I have, for instance, risked the 
“cabinet quality”? of the best aberrations which I reared, in 
order to study their appearance and flight in the open field. So 
far I find that Ilose or damage very few specimens, but that the 
harvest in ‘‘ shocks,’ even in this one instance, is very great and 
very calming. At least, when one comes to realize that a single 
apparently ‘‘ constant” British species—Vanessa urtice, L.—is 
evidently capable of producing a far greater number of different 
and beautiful varieties than there are different species of Rhopa- 
locera in the whole of England, then one soon begins to take 
“shocks” naturally ; and, after all, it is only “‘ thought fixed by 
custom” that could prevent one from thus taking any un- 


from the wild larve (among different broods to prevent later stagnation) by 
a moderate temperature experiment, and then to breed from these forms, 
relying on the cumulative effects of hereditism for further variation. In 
the case of, for instance, var. varleyata, it should not be distinguishable 
whether the specimen was produced by temperature effects or by hereditism. 
When both factors combine, then the most extreme forms result. 


HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF COCCIDE. 27 


expected but natural phenomena in insect-life. Or else why is 
one comparatively so little stirred by the marvels of sexual 
dimorphism if it is not because he is accustomed to these pheno- 
mena, almost from the very moment that he acquired conscious 
sight in earliest childhood by the familiar examples in picture- 
books, pets, and the useful domestic animals? I remember 
—hbefore I ever had looked into a butterfly book—showing as a 
“new different’ species my first examples of the real ‘‘ butter- 
coloured” fly, pinned in a separate box, and then being only 
mildly astonished and rather ashamed at my ignorance and 
want of penetration when it was pointed out to me that my 
beautiful ‘‘yellows’’ were identical as a species with certain 
greyish-greenish butterflies which I had placed among the 
‘common whites” because of their colour! This my first 
experience of extreme sexual dimorphism in entomology did not 
shake me up like my later meeting with levana and prorsa; it 
seemed quite ‘‘ matter of course”’! 
(To be continued.) 


ON THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF COCCIDA. 
By Cuaupe Mortey, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 
(Continued from vol. xlii. p. 278.) 


48. PuLVINARIA. 


From a species of this genus upon Oregon flowering currant 
Ashmead (p. 387) records Aphycus oregonensis, How., and from 
another, from Iowa, his A. pulvinarie (p. 388). 


44, Pulvinaria vitis, Linn. 


This well-known pest is destroyed by a variety of parasites in 
Kurope and America. First, Curtis records (Brit. Ent. pl. et 
fol. 395): ‘‘ For specimens of this insect [his Hncyrtus vitis] I 
am indebted to Mr. Samouelle, who bred them from the Coccus 
of the vine. Found on the vine in Lambeth, July 9th and 10th, 
1830.”’ Next, Goureau (Ann. Soc. France, 1863, Bull. p. iv. ; 
quoted by Gaulle, 109) brea Hulophus scutellaris, Nees. And in 
1875, Dr. Mayr gives Encyrtus duplicatus, Nees; Blastothrix 
schonherri, Westw.;t Aphycus puncticeps, Dalm., which also 


+ Quite the most circumstantial account of parasitism upon Coccids I 
have seen is given by Newstead, who says (Mon. Brit. Coccids, ii. 66) :— 
** When the colony of Pulvinaria vitis var. ribesi@ under observation was 
first established, the insects were quite free from internal parasites. But the 
second generation became infested by chalcidid parasites, which increased in 
the third generation to such an enormous extent that quite fifty per cent. of 
the coccids were destroyed by them. The few coccids which now remain are 
apparently all parasitized. .... On the 17th of October, 1901, after long and 
careful watching, I observed one of the chalcidid parasites in the act of laying 
its eggs in the body of a coccid. When first seen the parasite was running 


28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


occurs in the United States; and Hricydnus paludatus, Walk. 
(? ventralis, Dalm.) (Verh. z.-b. Ges. pp. 708, 699, 696 et 764) ; 
but the commonest enemy is probably Hucomys swedert (I. c. 
p- 741), as quoted by Gaulle, who also mentions Rondani’s 
record hence of Pachyneuron coccorum, Linn. (Bull. Soc. Ent. 
Ital. 1877, p. 181), as well as Hunotus cretaceus, Walk., which 
appears to me to be synonymised by him with EH. obscurus, 
Giraud, recorded from this host at Ann. Soc. France, 1877, 
p. 427. 
45. Pulvinaria carpini, Linn.* 


Four parasites were bred from this species by Dr. Mayr 
(Verh. z.-b. Ges. 1875): Microterys cyanocephalus, Dalm. (p. 707; 
quoted by Ashm.) ; M. lunatus, Dalm. (Cedrenus, Walk.) (p. 706 ; 
quoted by Galle); Aphycus apicalis, Dalm., and Hucomys obscura, 
Dalm. (pp. 695 et 741; quoted by both). Gaulle also mentions 
hence Ll. scutellata, Swed. (Cat. 98). 


46. Pulvinaria betule, Linn.* 


We appear to have added nothing to our knowledge of this 
species’ parasites since 1820. Nees (Mon. Pterom. 206) says of 
Eineyrtus sylvius,.Dalm.: ‘‘Exclusam e Coccis Betule albe 
Vestrogothize feminam abservavit Dalmanus; e coccis Prunt 
Frischio olim prodierunt ejusdem speciei exempla.’”’ Ratzeburg, 
however, is sceptical, adding (Ichn, d. Forst. i. 212): ‘‘ This is 


swiftly from place to place, evidently searching for a suitable host; its 
antenne were bent downwards almost at right angles to the long scape 
forming their basal half, and were moved up and down rapidly and alter- 
nately, the tips each time touching the path of the insect as it progressed. 
Many coccids were examined, and when a suitable one was found the parasite 
turned its head towards the anterior extremity of the coccid, and, resting 
with all its feet upon the body of the latter, inserted its ovipositor into the 
centre of the thoracic area; it then slowly moved its abdomen up and down, 
and apparently laid its eggs in the puncture; the parasite then withdrew its 
ovipositor, and, turning round abruptly, feeling its way again with its an- 
tenn, seized with its jaws the lips of the wound made by the ovipositor, and 
distinctly closed them upon it and apparently pressed the edges together ; 
finally it passed the palpi over the wound, and then left the coccid to its fate. 
I subsequently saw the process of ovipositing repeated by three different in- 
dividuals, each one acting precisely the same as the first.” Mr. Newstead 
states (lib. cit. p. 252) that Dr. Howard considered this parasite to be “ pro- 
bably Blastothrix sericea, Dalman,” of which the latter remarks that it ‘‘ was 
reared by Kollar from coccids on Tilia and Prunus, as well as on Atsculus, 
Acer, and Corylus. Reinhard and Tschek also reared it from bark-lice on 
plums and on Carpinus. Probably all these scale-insects belong to the 
Lecaniwm group. In this country (U.S.A.) we find Blastothrix nearly 
always coming from Lecaniwm, and this is the same with the comparatively 
few exotic species. Blastothrix longipennis, for example, has become rather 
widely distributed commercially, and is parasitic upon various species of 
Lecaniwm.” The most remarkable incident in this account is the manner 
in which the puncture was subsequently dressed, and I can recall nothing 
quite like it in any work on the Parasitica.—C. M. 


HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF COCCID®. 29 


supposed to be the species which Frisch (Beschr. v. Ins. Deutsch. 
Th. ix. p. 37) described as parasite in the brown egg-galls on 
plum and cherry trees, and which Dalman claims also to have 
bred from birch Coccus.” Ashmead, however (1900, p. 393), 
records Microterys sylvius, which oecurs both in Europe and 
United States of America, from both hosts without comment. 


47. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, Rathv.* 


Four parasites are enumerated from this species in America : 
Coccophagus flavoscutellum, Ashm. (How. Revis. 1895, p. 86) ; 
C. lecanii (I. c. 38, described by E. A. Smith, ‘ American Natura- 
list,’ 1878, p. 661, from the synonymous Lecanium acericorticis, 
Fitch) ; Aphycus pulvinarie, How. (Report Ent. U. S. Agric. 
1881, p. 865) ; and Atropates collinsi, How. (Ashm. 1900, p. 405), 
from New York. 


48. LEecaNiIum. 


I have no fewer than thirty-seven records of Hymenoptera 
bred from unidentified examples of this genus. These may be 
compressed thus:—From Kurope are four; Dalla Torre credits 
Ratzeburg with breeding Coccobius annulicornis from this genus, 
though at Ichn. d. Forst. iii. 195, the latter simply gives ‘‘ Coccus,”’ 
but Howard has found the allied C. ochraceus to attack it (Revis. 
1895, p. 38); Hucomys (which genus Ashmead says should fall 
to Hneyrtus) lecaniorum, Forst., was raised hence by Dr. Mayr 
(Verh. z.-b. Ges. 1875, p. 740), together with Blastothrix erythro- 
stethus, Walk. (l.c. p. 699); and Gaulle tells us (Cat. 99) that 
Cerapterocerus mirabilis also has been bred from species of this 
genus. In America much has been done since Howard’s 1881 
Report Ent. U.S. Agric., where he includes his Blastothrix ad- 
jutabilis (p. 865), B. incerta (p. 866), Aphycus eruptor (p. 364), 
Chiloneurus albicornis (p. 368), Hucomys fusca and Astichus 
minutus, Comst. In 1885 Ashmead contributed (Trans. Amer. 
Ent. Soc. Proc. p. xix.) his Tetrastichus lecanii, and Howard 
(Deser. N. Amer. Chal. pp. 25 et 17) his Coccophagus flavifrons 
and Chiloneurus dubius, as well as (p. 12) Encyrtus sublestus. To 
this list Ashmead adds in 1900 Eneyrtus fuscus, How., Aphycus 
annulipes from Lecaniwm on oak, A. californicus from Lecanium 
on Adenostoma fasciculatum, A. flaviceps from Illinois, A. fusci- 
pennis from Lecaniwm on Arctostaphylos pungens, A. johnsoni 
from Lecaniwm on elm, A. maculipes from Lecanium on water 
oak, A. lecanw from others on Pinus insignis, Heteromeles arbuti- 
folia, and Quercus agrifolia; and also instances his Husemion 
longipennis and Psilophrys longicornis, Walk., as attacking mem- 
bers of this genus. Newstead remarks upon his breeding several 
specimens of an apparently new Aphycus (Brit. Coccids, i. 31) 
from its members. 


30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


49. Lecanium liriodendri, Gmel.* 
From the synonymous J. tupulifere, Hill, Howard records 
Leucodesmia typica (‘ Insect Life,’ 1895, p. 404) and Coccophagus 
flavoscutellum, Ashm. (Revis. p. 36). 


50. Lecanium capree, Linn. 

Eunotus cretaceus, Walk., is recorded from this species by 
Gaulle (Cat. 103), who also mentions Chiloneurus elegans, Dalm., 
from a Lecaniwm on Salix (p. 99). The synonymous L. tilie, 
Linn., is recorded (J. c. 98) as host of Hucomys obscura, Dalm., 
and (p. 99) of Blastothrix sericea, Dalm., while Kawall adds 
(Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1855, p. 231) Hucomys scutellata to its para- 
sites, and Newstead has an interesting note ‘‘ On the Alteration 
in the Form of the Scales of Lecaniwm caused by Internal Para- 
sites” (Ent. Month. Mag. 1892, p. 267). Both Z. alni, Modeer, 
and L. esculi, Kollar, belong here; regarding the former, I am 
only aware of Gaulle’s record (Cat. 99) of Aphycus punctipes, 
Dalm., from it, but the latter is freely parasitized by Microterys 
chalcostomus, Dalm. (Mayr, Verh. z.-b. Ges. 1875, p. 706), M. 
sylvius (l. c.) and Blastothria schinherri, Westw. (l. c. p. 699), to 
which Ashmead (1900, p. 390) adds B. sericea, Dalm. (longi- 
pennis, How.), & common species both in Europe and Northern 
America. 

51. Lecanium hesperidum, Linn. 

Gaulle states (Cat. 99) Blastothria sericea, Dalm., preys upon 
the ‘Orange Scale,” while in America Howard has recorded 
Eucomys bicolor and Encyrtus flavus (Rep. Ent. U. 8. Agric. 1881, 
pp. 862-7), Perissopterus mexicanus, Coccophagus cognatus, C. 
flavoscutellum, Ashm., and C. lecanti, Smith, from it (Revis. 1895, 
p- 88, &c.). Ashmead (1900, p. 860) adds Hncyrtus bicolor, How., 
from America, and Aphycus alberti, How., from New South Wales, 
to the parasites of this species, which is abundant in British 
oreenhouses. 

52. Lecanium aceris, Bché.* 

From the Coccus of Acer platanoides, Dalla Torre gives 
Eucomys scutellata, Swed. (cf. Kawall, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1875, 
p- 281). Ratzeburg records his Hneyrtus atricollis from moths 
(Ichn. d. Forst. i. 218), but later (/. c. 11. 190) from Coccus aceris, 
whence he also states (J. c. ii. 149) that Hr. Bouché bred Cocco- 
bius pallidus. Rondani is also said by Dalla Torre to have reared 
Encyrtus infidus, Rossi, from it, but without reference; Gaulle 
adds Aphelinus insidiator, Dalm. (obscurus, Westw.), A. scutel- 
laris, Dalm., Hucomys scutellatus, Swed., Sceptrophorus cyaneus, 
Dalm., Microterys sylvius, Dalm., and Pachynewron coccorum, 
Linn. 

53. Lecanium prunt.* 


Nees von Esenbeck writes of Hncyrtus @ruginosus, Dalm. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. aie 


(Mon. Pterom. 235): ‘‘In Coccis prunt gregarium legit Geerus”’ 
(cf. De Geer, Ins. 1. 190). Ratzeburg found his Hncyrtus cocco- 
phagus to be the chief parasite of Coccus pruni (Ichn. d. Forst. 
ii. 148). The only species bred from it by Mayr (Verh. z.-b. 
Ges. 1875, p. 206) was Microterys sylvius, Dalm., which has 
since been also raised in the United States of America. Gaulle 
adds M. lunatus, Dalm., Hucomys scutellata, Swed., and, from 
** Coecids of Prunus,” Hricydnus longicornis, Dalm. 


(To be concluded.) 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


THe Taps or THE “ DeAtaH WatcH BreEtue.’—Stephens says 
in his ‘Manual’ that Anobiwm striatum, Oliv., is to be taken from 
April to August; and doubtless most coleopterists would be quite 
willing to accept the statement as correct, because the species is so 
common that few have troubled to notice its times of occurrence. I 
have recently been jotting down notes upon the Braconidous parasite 
of this injurious beetle (Spathius exarator, Linn.), and was surprised 
to note that both host and parasite put in no appearance till July 
3rd, when both began to be very common on the posts in my stable 
here. On referring to the series of this species in my collection— 
which is not complete—I find that the dates range only from 
June 21st to July 15th; it would be of interest if coleopterists 
would give us their experience of the span allotted to perfect A. 
domesticum. 

It was, consequently, with some surprise that I heard the familiar 
tapping of this beetle in an old oak bureau, I had but just acquired, 
in my study on October 16th last, and, bearing in mind the state- 
ment made in a recent popular article on the insect to the effect that 
only four or five taps were given in succession—it had struck me as 
incorrect when I read it (‘Strand Magazine,’ 1909 (Oct.), p. 475; 
a similar statement is made, if I remember aright, by Darwin in 
‘Origin of Species’)—I drew my watch and awaited a repetition. 
The first series of taps had occurred at dusk; and I caught the 
second at 5.23 p.m.; this lasted from seconds 48-57, and was 
followed by other series of continuous taps at intervals of less than 
a minute thus :—37-52, 23-33, 5-15; then came over a minute’s 
silence, and after it:—35-44. Next came a longer interval of silence, 
lasting from 5.28 to 5.32, followed by a last suecession of taps :—20- 
28. No more were heard that night, nor since. 

I attempted to count the taps, but they were too numerous; 
often one is enabled to count such quick successions of sound by 
simply listening to them in the first place and afterwards counting 
them by repeating the sound over again more slowly; but this was 
too quick, and I could do no more than guess the number to be 
approximately thirty or forty. Everyone is familiar with this por- 
tentous hammering of one’s coffin nails (they used nails when 


32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


they believed in Death-Watches!), and the fact that the successions 
of taps occupied an average time of almost exactly ten seconds each 
is ample proof of their multiplicity —CnLaupE Mortny. 


EMERGENCE OF THE SECOND GENERATION OF HusTRoMA (CIDARIA) 
SILACEATA.—Two batches of ova of H. szlaceata deposited by females 
of Huntingdonshire origin were received in May last. Larvee from 
one of these batches commenced hatching out on May 21st, and from 
the other a week later. On June 16th, the larvee, about fifty in 
number, were transferred from boxes to a roomy breeding cage, and 
pupation began a few days later, but it was not until about July 6th 
that all the larvae had spun up. 

A female moth emerged on July 2nd, and another example of the 
same sex appeared on the 4th; between the latter date and August 
3rd seventeen specimens in all had emerged. On August 14th, 
twenty-six pupze were removed from the breeding cage and placed in 
a glazed tin box. At this time a few eggs and several eggshells were 
found fixed to shreds of dried foot-plant (Hpzlobiwm) at the bottom 
of the cage. The eggs were placed in a separate box but only one 
larva hatched therefrom, and this would not feed. Between August 
21st and September 14th seven males emerged, and on the 17th an 
example of each sex appeared in the box (pairing was not observed, 
but eggs were laid during the nights of the 18th, 19th, and 20th). A 
male emerged on September 16th, followed by a female the next day. 
On the date last mentioned there were still about a dozen pup but 
no other moth emerged therefrom until October 9th, when a female 
appeared. The remaining pupz did not exhibit any indication of the 
emergence of moths up to Noy. 7th, but between that date and the 
morning of Noy. 20th, when they were again looked at, two females 
had emerged; one was dead but quite limp, the other very much alive 
and apparently just out. 

From the ova deposited September 18th—20th larve hatched out 
September 28th to October 6th, and all but one had pupated by the 
end of October; the laggard was seen alive on November 3rd, but it 
was found dead on the earth under a leaf on November 7th. 

As will be seen from the above jottings, moths of the second 
generation have been emerging, one or two at a time, over a period 
of twenty weeks; and curiously the first two imagines (July 2nd 
and 4th) and the last two (between November 7th and 20th) were 
females.—RIcHARD SouTH. 


RETARDED EMERGENCE OF VENILIA MACULATA, L.—In 1906 I 
obtained ova from a wild parent taken in this district, larvee 
hatched, fed up, and successfully pupated. Several imagines emerged 
in 1907, a few in 1908, and just a few more in 1909, the latter having 
lain over for three years. The breeding-cage in which they were 
reared contained no other species ; it was kept in a cold room and in 
the same place throughout. I can find no previous record of this 
species having lain over in the pupa state even for a second year, 
which makes the fact of some having lain over a third year the more 
worthy of record.—W. A. Rouuason; “ Lamorna,” Truro, Cornwall, 
December 13th, 1909. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 33 


Pouia XANTHOMISTA, Hb. = nicRocrnota, Tr., IN CoRNWALL.— 
I have previously recorded in the ‘ Entomologist’ (vol. xxxix. p. 292, 
and vol. xli. p. 273) captures of this insect, and have now to record in 
addition the breeding of same from wild ova obtained in 1908. Larvee 
hatched out during April and May of this year, and were fed indoors, 
until after second moult, on buds and young leaves of a common 
plum-tree, after which they were sleeved outdoors in my garden on 
the plum-tree from which the early buds, &c., were obtained. At the 
bottom of sleeve J placed a good quantity of moss, in which the larvee 
could hide by day and be sheltered from the hot sun, rains, &c. 
During August I opened the sleeve and found a number of cocoons 
among the moss from which emerged half a dozen fine insects, two 
males and four females, between August 3lst and September 12th 
last, all being of the average size of the wild insects I have taken.— 
W. A. Roxtuason; “ Lamorna,” Truro, Cornwall, December 13th, 
1909. 


Late EMERGENCE oF Puusta GAMMA.—About the middle of 
November Mr. F. E. Beddard, F.R.S., Prosector to the Zoological 
Society, informed me that he had noticed a perfectly fresh and 
apparently newly emerged specimen of the above moth on the outer 
wall of the deadhouse in the Society’s Gardens in Regent’s Park. 
Beyond noting the fact that the period of emergence appeared to be 
abnormally late no further notice was taken at the time, but a few 
days later I had forwarded to me another specimen, also in a very 
good condition, which had come into a room, attracted by light, in a 
house in the Marylebone Road on November 24th. The two records 
taken together seem to point to an abnormal retardation in the 
development of the species this year, possibly attributable to the pre- 
valence of generally low temperatures throughout the past summer. 
R. Meupora ; 6, Brunswick Square, W.C., December 10th, 1909. 


A New CaTALOGUE OF THE COLEOPTERA OF THE WortD.—The 
present number of described species of Coleoptera being about two- 
thirds greater than it was some thirty years ago, when Gemminger- 
Harold’s ‘ Catalogus Coleopterorum’ was published, the need of a 
new catalogue must be admitted. We have received a copy of the 
first part of the ‘Coleopterorum Catalogus,’ a work produced by Herr 
W. Junk of Berlin. The editor of this important work is Herr S. 
Schenkling, and among the contributors we notice the names of 
several well-known British specialists. The family treated in Part 1 
is the Rhysodidz, and the author Herr R. Gestro. We understand 
that Parts 2-9 are in the press. 


British Spipers.—As the Arachnida are occasionally adverted to 
in our pages, we may mention that in the ‘Transactions’ of the Hull 
Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club, vol. iv. part ii., Mr. T. Stain- 
forth gives a list of Hast Yorkshire Spiders, Harvestmen, and 
Pseudoscorpions added to the Hull Municipal Museum Collection 
in 1908. 


British Homorrera.—Mr. Oscar Whittaker contributes ‘‘ A Pre- 
liminary Catalogue of the Hemiptera-Homoptera of Lancashire and 


ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1910. D 


34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Cheshire” to the (thirty-second) Annual Report and Proceedings of 
the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society for 1908. 


British Oponata.—In the ‘Journal of the R.H.S. Garden Club,’ 
No. II., 1909, there is an annotated list of dragonflies found in the 
county of Surrey, contributed by Mr. W. J. Lucas. 


THE ORIBATOIDEA OF ILLINoIs.—In an article bearing this title 
Mr. Henry E. Ewing discusses the classification of the Oribatoidea, 
describes thirty-three species (twelve new) from Illinois, and gives a 
list of all the species known to occur in North America. This article 
was published in the ‘ Bulletin’ of the Hlinois State Laboratory of 
Natural History, vol. vii. pp. 8337-389, plates xxxii.—xxxy. (September, 
1909). 


Fossiz _Insrcrs.—Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. 
Hist. xxvi. pp. 67-76) describes several new species of Diptera from 
the Florissant Shales; also a new species of Laphidia (Neuroptera), 
and one of Orthoptera. Photos of five of the new flies are shown on 
plate xvi. 

The same author contributes ‘“‘ A Catalogue of the Generic Names 
based on American Insects and Arachnids from the Tertiary Rocks, 
with indications of the Type species” (l.c. pp. 77-86). 


LEUCANIA FAVICOLOR ON Hackney Marsnes.—Among the JZ. 
pallens in the second portion of Mr. J. A. Clark’s collection dispersed 
at Stevens’s last week was a specimen of L. favicolor, which evidently 
escaped the notice of most buyers. This specimen is most interest- 
ing as it is labelled ‘‘ Hackney Marshes 2 vii. 05.” Now one looks 
on DL. favicolor as a coast species, and one would not expect to find it 
at Hackney. Of course we know that these marshes in olden times 
were tidal, and the fact that Hama (Mamestra) abjecta sometimes 
occurs there makes one wonder if the old salt marsh: insects have 
hung on there in spite of these marshes being no longer of the old 
character. Iam not overlooking the fact that it is not so very far 
across to the Thames, and that these insects could fly across if they 
came up the river—H. M. Eprensten; Forty Hill, Enfield, Decem- 
ber 14th, 1909. 


Tur CnarK Co~uEction.— On December 7th and 8th a further 
portion of the collection of British Lepidoptera, formed by the late 
Mr. J. A. Clark, was disposed of at Stevens’s Auction Rooms. It 
consisted chiefly of the more recent acquisitions of its late owner, 
and although perhaps hardly so rich in extreme forms as the older 
portion, it nevertheless contained a large number of really good 
varieties and a larger proportion of the specimens were labelled with 
more or less complete data. The chief interest appeared to centre 
round some of the more remarkable forms, and, as on the former 
occasion, some of the Continental collectors were desirous of obtain- 
ing a share of them, but whereas then practically the whole of them 
were secured for one or another of our British collections, some few 
out of this later portion appear to have been more highly appreciated 
by our neighbours, and thus to have found their way across the 

- Channel. The first lot to raise any great amount of enthusiasm was 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 35 


“a curious gynandromorphous specimen” of Gonepteryx rhamni, 
which soon ran up to £4 5s.; then came several nice Argynnis selene, 
among which ‘‘a remarkable variety both on upper and under sides”’ 
brought £3 5s.; a fine pale variety, £2; a heavily blotched specimen, 
£4 8s.; “an extraordinary dark variety,’ £5 10s.; a black-dusted 
Sutherlandshire specimen, £4; a rayed under side (figured in South’s 
‘ Butterflies,’ pl. 56, fig. 3), £5; and one with black spots united into 
a band on both wings (fig. 2 of same plate), £1 1s.; while a very fine 
dark A. aglaza, also figured, pl. 61, fig. 5, of same work, reached just 
£9. A “silvery-white variety” of Vanessa urtice sold for £3, and 
two with costal blotches broadly confluent realized £2 5s. and £2 10s. 
respectively ; while a fine black Limenitis sebylla brought £1 10s., 
and one equally fine, but with the band not completely obscured on 
the fore wings, £1. A fine unicolorous Epinephele ianira made 
£1 6s.; ‘a fine white variety” of Satyrus semele, £3 3s.; a fine dark 
male and one very pale, £2 5s. the two; and two lots of three each 
of H. hyperanthes, in which one had large streaked ocelli, and the 
other two were var. arcte, £2 and £1 15s. per lot. Among the 
“blues” the more remarkable forms were a leaden-coloured male 
Lycena adonis, which brought £2 12s. 6d., and under side aberrations 
of the same species, of which one with the ground colour white sold 
for £2; one with broad black streaks on fore wing, and an almost spot- 
less male, £2 2s. the two. Ten specimens of Chrysophanus dispar, 
put up singly, realized from £3 7s. 6d. to £1 10s. each; and five 
specimens of Lycena acts, sold in two lots, brought an average of 
just over 9s. per specimen; the total realized for the butterflies being 
within a few shillings of £160. 

Among the more interesting lots of moths was a series of ten 
specimens of Smerinthus tilie (figured in the ‘ Entomologists’ Record,’ 
vol. i. pl. A, and described p. 327), which brought £5 10s., two other 
series of thirteen each of varied specimens of the same species 
realizing £2 7s. 6d. and £4 per lot; a series of six specimens of 
Sarrothripus revayana, which included Curtis’s type-specimen of var. 
stonanus, and five var. ramulanus, one of the specimens also being 
Curtis’s type, brought £3 the lot; while for four other lots of the 
same species, varying in number from sixty-six to eighty-three 
specimens, each containing many distinct forms, and the whole 
comprising the material for the revision of the species that Mr. Clark 
had in hand at the time of his death, prices ranging from £1 7s. to 
£1 per lot were obtained. 

A fine dark variety of Sphinx ligustrt sold for £3 10s. The four 
best varieties of Arctra caia, put up singly, brought £8 8s., £8 8s., 
£6, and £4 15s. each respectively ; and for half a dozen single speci- 
mens of A. villica, all being good forms, prices of £2 15s., £2 5s., 
£2 Ys., £1 6s., L1 1s., and £1 1s. each were obtained. A lot of 
twenty-two Spzlosoma mendica, which included ‘“‘a nearly white male 
but with costa and cilia of fore wings blackish,” and one var. rustica, 
realized £2 2s., and a specimen of S. menthastrt approaching var. 
walkert with three others £1 1s., while a somewhat similar lot 
reached only 10s. Three specimens of Zeuzera esculi having the 
spots large and confluent, each put in a separate lot with others, 
brought £1 4s., £2, and £3 15s., respectively, per lot ; a dark variety 

D2 


36 THK ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of Dasychira pudibunda, with others, £2 10s.; a male Saturnia 
carpint, “ with fulvous hind wings and the markings, except ocellus, 
obsolete, and a very white female,” £1 6s. the two; and a lot of five 
Phalera bucephala, including two fine dark specimens, one with and 
one without silvery lines, and other nice forms, £2 10s. Of a long 
and varied series of Angerona prunaria perhaps the most interesting 
lot was one of three specimens, which included ‘“‘an orange male, the 
fore wings shaded with golden,” and two others, which sold for 
£2 15s. the lot. A dwarf form of Rumia crategata, with white hind 
wings, and a specimen of Venilia maculata near var. quadrimaculata, 
with three others, made £2 5s.; a lot comprising one white, one dark, 
and two very light forms of R. crategata, £1 10s.; and a lot of six 
Ematurga atomaria, consisting of ‘two unicolorous dark-brown 
males, three black forms, and a light fulvous male,” £1 15s. 

Two lots of nine and ten specimens of Nola centonalis each, with 
eight N. albulalis, realized £1 12s. 6d. per lot; fine specimens of 
Lelia cenosa brought round about 17s. per pair; Noctua subrosea 
from 10s. to 22s. per pair; Xylina conformis, put up in lots of three, 
from £1 1s. to £1 10s. per lot; and Cleora viduaria, when in good 
condition, from 10s. to 15s. apiece. The total of the two days’ sale, 
which included two 40-drawer cabinets, falling just short of four 
hundred and ninety pounds.—R. A. 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 


ManacosoMA NEuSTRIA, L., IN KINCARDINESHIRE. — During the 
second week of June, 1909, when staying with my friend the Rev. 
J. R. Fraser at Kinneff, Kincardineshire, we paid a visit on the 15th 
to Fawsyde, the residence of T. L. R. Shand, Esq. His gardener, 
Mr. Wm. Cormack, had four days previously noted on a young single 
white weeping standard rose an attack which was completely new to 
him. Two twigs were affected, each showing a firm belt of lepidop- 
terous eggs beneath a short dense web which extended to the nearest 
young leaves. On the web were numerous small blackish larve. 
The appearance of the attack suggested at once the lackey moth 
(M. neustria, L.) as its author. As the plant was growing in the 
open, it was of some importance to ascertain whether the eggs had 
been deposited on it there, 7. e. whether this was a case of attack by 
a species already established in the neighbourhood, or if it were 
simply an accidental introduction. The latter was clearly proved to 
be the case. The roses had been imported by a firm of nurserymen 
from Holland about December, 1908. After remaining in their hands 
three months, the roses were sent to Fawsyde in the middle of 
March. There was a very apparent demarcation between the young 
shoot subsequently (March—-June) grown and the wood of the pre- 
vious year. It was on the latter that the eggs had been deposited. 
This must have taken place in Holland, for M. newstria emerges 
normally in July or August. However, as their identity was by no 
means certain at first the larve were reared, and the following notes 
were made. 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 37 


The first moult occurred on June 20th; immediately after the 
yellowish dorsal line became apparent. A second moult was in pro- 
gress on June 28th. A third took place on July 9th, and it was 
noticeable afterwards that the caterpillars seemed more active and 
less attached to the web. The fourth change was made on July 21st, 
and a fifth began on August 7th. Up to the fourth change every 
fresh batch of food had been regularly webbed over, but after it there 
was a less pronounced tendency to spin. By August 19th spinning 
up was in full swing. The first pupa was noticed on August 27th, 
and the last about September 18th. These dates, so much later than 
usual, made probable hybernation in the pupa. But on October 7th 
the fluttering of wings drew attention to the breeding-cages, and one 
or two imagines were seen to have emerged, probably not earlier 
than the 5th. They continued to hatch out for about a week. The 
identification of the species was effected before the imagines were 
bred. As the larval characters became more pronounced, it was 
evident they must be M. neustria, L., or some closely related Con- 
tinental form. To settle the matter, some nearly full-fed examples, 
killed extended by plunging into boiling seventy per cent. alcohol, 
were submitted to Mr. South, who pronounced them to be un- 
doubtedly M. neustria.—James Waterston; 9, Woodburn Terrace, 
Edinburgh. ¢ 


IcHNEUMONID& IN Lonpon District.—The Hwonymus bushes so 
plentiful in front gardens of this (Herne Hill) and other suburban 
localities appear every year to be a much-favoured food-plant of 
Abraxas grossulariata, and, speaking of this particular place, the 
duty of keeping within reasonable bounds the larvee of this moth 
appear to be undertaken by five species of Ichneumons, viz. Casi- 
naria vidua, Gray., Mesochorus* fulgurans, Curt., M. olerum, Curt., 
M. basalis, Curt., and a Braconid (Apanteles) of as yet doubttul 
identity, all of which make their cocoons among the branches of the 
shrub. The commonest parasite of Grossularvata—Stenichneumon 
trilineatus, Gmel.—I have not yet found here. Only single speci- 
mens are produced of Casinaria vidwa and Mesochorus fulgurans 
from a caterpillar, but more of the three other and smaller species 
from one host. Of other Ichneumons met with here, but not traced 
to their local hosts, are:—Cratichneumon coruscator, Linn., and 
C. fabricator, Fab., Ichnewmon suspiciosus, Wesm., I. extensorius, 
Linn., Barichnewmon albicinctus, Grav., Melanichnewmon leucomelas, 
Gmel., numbers of this circling round a small piece of bank on sunny 
mornings probably emerged from Noctus. Amblyteles armatorvus, 
Forst., the males of which were excessively numerous. Platylabus 
pedatorius, Fab., Glyphicnemis brevis, Grav., Phygadeuon variabilis, 
Grav., Hemeteles areator, Panz., Atractodes vestalis, Hal., Hxetastes 
cinctipes, Retz., H. nigripes, Grav., Pimpla examinator, Fab., P. tura- 
onelle, Linn., P. oculatoria, Fab., P. alternans, Grav., P. detrita, 
Holmer., P. instigator, Fab., P. inanis, Grav., P. maculator, Fab., 
Stilbops chrysostoma, Grav., Cteniscus succinctus, Gr., Bassus leta- 

* All the species of Mesochorus are known to be hyperparasitic, not in- 


frequently upon Braconids, and in this case the Apanteles was doubtless the 
host of at least the smaller species.—C. M. 


38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


torius, Fab., B. sulcator, Gray., B. gracilis, Grav., B. tricinctus, Gr., 
B. dimidiatus, Schr., B. tarsatorius, Panz., Alomyia debellator, Fab., 
typical form and var. nigra (male), Lissonota bellator, Gr., L. sulfu- 
rifera, Gr., L. cylindrator, Vill., in September, Glypta lugubrina, 
Hig., and the ubiquitous Ophion luteus, Linn., resorting to the 
street lamps when lighted. I must also mention the capture on 
Wimbledon Common ofa single female of Scolobates auriculatus, Fab., 
during August last. I am indebted to Mr. Claude Morley, F.Z.5., 
for kindly identifying the above-——Ruprrrr Srenton; Herne Hill, 
December 9th, 1909. 


P@cILOCAMPA POPULI, ab.—On Nov. 29th last, whilst working 
for moths under a very powerful electric arc lamp outside my office 
in the New Explosive Works here, I was surprised to see what I at 
first took to be a late Pistacina, but much to my surprise I found it 
to be a curious aberration of P. popult. It was equally as active on 
the wing as two or three normal specimens which were flying around, 
although it had the tip of the right fore wing slightly crumpled (this 
I drew out in the setting). The specimen is of a golden brown colour 
throughout, except the antenne, which are of the usual colour. It 
shows traces of the pale oblique transverse bars of the fore wings, 
but the pale colour is absent and replaced by the colour as above. 
During the past three years I have had some hundreds of these 
moths through my hands, the night men sometimes having as many 
as four dozen for me in the morning, the result of one night’s catch- 
ing, but never before have I observed one worth recording even as a 
slight variety. — HeERBert Wm. Baker; 73, Limetree Place, Stow- 
market, Suffolk, November 14th, 1909. 


P@cILOCAMPA POPULI AT CuESTER.—I took a fine male specimen 
off the globe of a Chester electric lamp, where it was resting, at half 
past eight on the evening of November 19th. The capture is interest- 
ing, as the November of this year was exceptionally cold.—J. ARKLE; 
Chester. 


APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS, Bdo.: A Correction.—I regret to find 
that, by an oversight, I incorrectly recorded in ‘The Entomologist,’ 
vol. xxxvill. p. 98, the capture of a specimen of this insect in 
Cornwall.—W. A. Rotnason ; “ Lamorna,” Truro, Cornwall, Decem- 
ber 13th, 1909. 


SOCIETIES. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL Society or Lonpon. — Wednesday, November 
3rd, 1909.—Dr. I’. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., President, in the chair. 
— Mr. C. Turner Clark, F.Z.8., of 90, The Mall, Newport, Isle 
of Wight; Mr. Reginald Leigh Leigh-Clare, c/o Messrs. Allen and 
Gledhill, Singapore; Mr. Thomas Dobson, of Park Avenue, The 
Park, Sharples, Bolton; Mr. Frank James Evans, of the Botani- 
cal Department, Trinidad, British West Indies; Dr. T. P. Lucas, 
Wakefield’s Buildings, Adelaide Street, Brisbane, Australia ; and Dr. 
Gilbert William Nicholson, M.A., M.D., of the Cancer Hospital, 


SOCIETIES. 39 


London, 8.W., were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. C. O. 
Waterhouse exhibited a living Buprestid beetle of the Chrysobothris, 
found in an orchid-house in the north of London. It was probably 
Brazilian, but there was nothing quite like it in the Natural History 
Museum.—Mr. A. E. Gibbs brought for exhibition a case containing 
a series of Parnassius apollo taken by him this year in the Vallée de 
Joux, Swiss Juras, at 3300 feet, and at Helépens. He pointed out 
that the species in the Jura shows a tendency toward the form 
known as ab. pseudonomion, and this is most strongly marked in 
examples from the lower level at Eclépens.—Mr. W. G. Sheldon 
showed a series of characteristic butterflies collected by him in June 
of this year at Herculesbad, South-eastern Hungary. They included 
examples of Neptis lucilla, N. aceris, Melanargia galatea vay. procida, 
Erebia medusa var. psodea, and Pararge roxelana as described by him 
in the current volume of the ‘Entomologist.—Mr. H. J. Turner 
exhibited (a) two extremely small Cupido minimus taken with normal- 
sized examples near Winchester on June 12th, 1909, the expanse 
of wings being 15 mm.; (b) an example of Anthrocera achille@, in 
which the blotches on the fore wings were all fused together, giving 
at a casual glance the appearance of a small a, captured at Gex, Ain, 
France, on August 11th, 1909; (c) a white aberration, ab. alba, of 
Rumicia phleas, taken at Brasted, Kent, on August 28th; and 
(d) examples of Heodes virgauree var. miegit taken at Zermatt in 
early August, a form said to be unusual outside Spain. Var. zermat- 
tensis was the usual form of the female met with.—Mr. G. C. 
Champion exhibited specimens of Melanophila acuminata, De Geer, 
Criocephalus ferus, Muls., and other Coleoptera found on pines near 
Woking. He called attention to the numerous interesting forms 
that had been found on pines during recent years, not only in the 
south of England, but in Scotland also. The Buprestid had probably 
not been searched for previously at the right season—during the 
driest time at the end of the summer and early autumn—at a period 
when few insects are to be found. He stated that he had met with 
various other Buprestids, both in Spain and in Tropical America 
(e.g. Buprestis sanguinea, F., and Actenodes chalybertarsis, Chevr.), 
in the dry season or when the trees had been scorched by fire.—Mr. 
Norman H. Joy showed the following new British Coleoptera : 
Epipeda mgricans, Thoms., Pityogenes trepanatus, Nordl., both taken 
at Blair Atholl, Perthshire, September 1909 ; Lathrobiwm dilutum, 
Er., captured at Dalwhinnie, Inverness-shire, September 1909 ; 
Cryptophagus pallidus var. argentea, var. noy., differing from the 
type form in having silvery pubescence; he also exhibited Philonthus 
trossulus, Nord., from Dalwhinnie; the genitalia of Gnathoncus 
nidicola, Joy, and G. rotundatus, Kugel, and of Anisotoma anglica, 
Rye, and A. cinnamomea, Er. ; and a series of Sunius lyonessius, Joy, 
from the Scilly Isles, pointing out the structural characters by which 
this species may be distinguished from S. angustatus——Mr. W. J. 
Lucas exhibited a very fine female example of Sympetrum fonsco- 
lombit, Selys, exhibited on behalf of Mr. F. W. Edwards, of Cam- 
bridge, who took it on September 24th, 1908, at Frensham Ponds, in 
Surrey. Probably this species is always an immigrant with us, and 
but few specimens have been recorded.—Professor H. B. Poulton, 


40 {HE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


F.R.S., exhibited three species of Planema (Acreine) together with 
mimetic species of Pseudacrea (Nymphalinez) captured on the same 
day in a small patch of forest near Entebbe by Mr. C. A. Wiggins, 
F.E.S. The Pseudacreeas were of two species, but the sexes of one 
were entirely different in pattern, mimicking two species of Planema. 


Wednesday, Nov.17th, 1909.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., President 
in the chair. Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, one of the Secretaries, announced 
that the Council had nominated the following Fellows to act as Officers 
and to serve on the Council of the Society for the Session 1910—11:— 
President, Dr. Frederick Augustus Dixey, M.A., M.D.; Treasurer, 
Mr. Albert Hugh Jones; Secretaries, Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., 
and Commander James J. Walker, M.A.; Librarian, Mr. George 
Charles Champion, F.Z.S.; and as other members of the Council, 
Professor T. Hudson Beare, F.R.S.E., Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, 
F.L.S., Dr. Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Mr. H. St. J. Donis- 
thorpe, F.Z.S., Mr. Albert Harrison, F.L.8., F.C.S., Mr. Selwyn 
Image, M.A., Dr. Karl Jordan, Ph.D., Mr. Hugh Main, B.Sc., Mr. 
Alfred Sich, Mr. Henry Jerome Turner, Mr. Rowland E. Turner, and 
Mr. James W. Tutt.—Mr. Gilbert E. Bryant, of The Grove, Esher, 
Surrey, and Mr. Alfred Tetley, M.A., of Avenue Road, Scarborough, 
were elected Fellows of the Society.—The decease of Dr. Gustave 
Kraatz, of Berlin, was announced, and Dr. Karl Jordan gave a short 
account of the services rendered to entomological science by the 
deceased gentleman, who was for many years a Fellow of the Society. 
—Mr. H. Eltringham exhibited a case of butterflies from African 
localities, to show that the species described as Acrea awrivillit is 
the female of A. alciope, and to illustrate the mimetic relations 
between the Acrea and the two species of Planema, and a species of 
Mimacrea included in the exhibit.—The Rev. F. D. Morice brought 
for exhibition a case of Aculeate Hymenoptera, representing many 
different groups visiting a solitary tree of Ochrademus baccatus, Del., 
in the neighbourhood of Jericho. They showed a remarkable simi- 
larity in points of colour, &c., and neither plant nor insects, in most 
cases, were to be found elsewhere in the region.—Mr. A. H. Jones 
exhibited a few butterflies collected during last summer at Formia, 
near Naples, including Melanargia arge, probably the most northerly 
limit of the species. Fine forms of Hipparchia semele, Satyrus 
statilinus, Melitea partheme, and Lampides beticus ; also various 
Lycenide, presenting little if any difference from the types found in 
the Swiss Alps.—Mr. H. J. Turner, an example of Melitea didyma in 
which the greater portion of the black pigment had more or less 
failed to develop, captured at Zermatt on August 3rd, 1909; a speci- 
men of Brenthis euphrosyne, taken in the same locality on July 31st, 
the spots composing the submarginal line well developed, and most 
of them elongated towards the base; a specimen of Polyommatus 
damon, in which there was no trace of the transverse row of eye- 
spots on the under side of the fore wings, the discoidal spot only being 
present, from near Aigle ; and two series of Melitea parthenie with 
var. ? varia, the first taken on the Riffelalp on August Ist, and the 
second up the Valley of the Zmutt, Zermatt, on July 31st.—Mr. A. 
Sich, a pair of Depressaria putridella, Schiff., bred from larve taken 


SOCIETIES. 41 


last June at Whitstable, Kent, the first British examples having been 
taken in the larval state by Mr. EK. D. Green in 1906; also a pair of 
Coleophora chalcogrammella, Zell., taken last August in Richmond 
Park, Surrey, this species formerly occurring near Scarborough, but 
not apparently taken hitherto in Britain further south than Suffolk. 
—Mr. H. M. Edelsten,a bred series of Nonagria newrica, Ub. (edelstent) 
from Sussex, including two new aberrations for which he suggested 
the names rufescens and fusca. He mentioned that, as far as he was 
aware, these two forms had not been previously noted on the Conti- 
nent. He showed, also, ova and pupa in situ, with photographs by 
Mr. Hugh Main to illustrate the life-history of the species.—Mr. 
W. G. Sheldon brought for exhibition a case containing several series 
of Pieridee taken by him this year at Herculesbad. He drew atten- 
tion to those labelled as Preris rape, suggesting that some of them 
might be P. ergane or P. mann, to which respectively they bear a 
remarkable resemblance superficially. He also exhibited the two 
“ fireflies,” Luczola mingrelica from Herculesbad, and Phausis splen- 
didulus, male and female, from Hohe Tatra.—Mr. W.J. Lucas exhibited 
two imagines and a larva of the finest of our Neuroptera, Osmylus 
chrysops ; the exhibit was made on account of the larva which was 
taken by Dr. D. Sharp, F.R.S., near Queen’s Bower in the New Forest. 
It pierces and sucks dry some small animals, but its life-history is not 
well known.—Dr. G. B. Longstaff showed a teratological specimen of 
a Carabid beetle from Ceylon (Omphra, Latr., sp.). The middle 
femur of the right side was dilated at the distal end, bearing at its 
anterior angle two supplementary tibiz coherent at the base; the 
rudimentary tarsi were also adherent.—Mr. A. W. Bacot showed two 
boxes containing pupal cases of Aglais urtice collected by Mr. Hugh 
Main in one locality. Those taken from the food-plant were yellowish 
white; those taken from the cage in which the larve pupated quite 
black ; thus demonstrating the effect of surroundings upon the pupal 
coloration. — Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.8., read a paper “On 
Callophrys avis,” a Palearctic butterfly new to Science. 


Wednesday, December 1st, 1909.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., Presi- 
dent, in the chair.—The Secretary again read out the list of nomina- 
tions published at the previous meeting.—Mr. W. C. Crawley, of 
Tollerton Hall, Nottingham, and Mr. G. H. Grosvenor, M.A., of New 
College and 3, Blackhall Road, Oxford, were elected Fellows of the 
Society.—The President announced that the Society would hold a 
Conversazione in the month of May, 1910, and invited the co-operation 
and assistance of Fellows. Commander J. J. Walker exhibited one 
hundred and twenty-eight species of Coleoptera, belonging to sixty- 
eight genera, which he had taken, by sweeping only, at Wytham 
Park, Berks, between 12.30 and 3.30 p.m. on November 5th, 1909. 
Several local and uncommon species were included among these, such 
as Homalota puberula, Sharp, Anisotonva cimnamomea, Panz. (both 
sexes), A. punctulata, Gyll., Hydnobius punctatissinvus, Steph., 
Cryptophagus pubescens, Sturm, Phle@ophilus edwardsi, Steph., Man- 
tura matthewsi, Curt., Salpingus castaneus, Panz., Apron filirostre, 
Kirby, &e.—The Rey. C. R. N. Burrows sent for exhibition examples 
of an unidentified species of Luperina taken during the past season 


42, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


on the Lancashire coast, and discussed by Mr. South in the ‘ Ento- 
mologist,’ 1889, p. 271, where he expresses the opinion that it may 
be a form of Luperina testacea intermediate between L. gueneet and 
L. nickerlit, and later on (op. cit., 1909). The exhibit also included 
three specimens of what are taken to be authentic ZL. nickerliz, the 
first two obtained from a Vienna collection, said to be Nickerl’s own 
collecting, and over fifty years old; the third belonging to Mr. 
South, and labelled ‘‘ Bohemia’; a series of undoubted JL. testacea, 
mostly labelled from about the same Lancashire district, with four 
specimens of the doubtful insects, and several specimens of undoubted 
L. testacea of the palest form, taken mostly at Rainham, and named, 
more for convenience than from conviction, LD. gueneer. Mr. Burrows 
pointed out that the form of the fore wings in the Lancashire insect 
is much narrower than in either L. testacea or (reputed) L. nickerliz, 
and said that with respect to the possible connection of these Lan- 
cashire specimens with ZL. gueneez, he had consulted what he believed 
to be Henry Doubleday’s original description in the ‘ Entomologists’ 
Annual,’ for 1864, p. 123, but that he was not acquainted with the 
“three round white dots on the costa near the apex,’ in our common 
species, and did not see them in the (reputed) L. nickerliz—In the 
absence of Mr. J. W. Tutt, who was indisposed, Dr. T. A. Chapman 
opened a disussion on the affinities of Agriades thetis (bellargus) and 
A. coridon, and exhibited a number of photographs upon the screen 
to illustrate his views, being details of species included in the 
Plebiid group. These included slides of the ova of thetis and coridon 
by Mr. F. Noad Clark and Mr. A. E. Tonge, and of the first instar of 
larve of P. argus, L., P. argyrognomon, A. coridon, and A. thetis; a 
photograph of the larve of A. thetis, by Mr. Hugh Main, showing 
the ‘‘ fan” structures remarkably well; also many slides illustrating 
the differences in the genital armature of the two species under 
review, and their aliies—The Rev. G. Wheeler, Mr. G. Bethune- 
Baker, and other Fellows continued the discussion, which was 
eventually adjourned until the February meeting.—Mr. C. P. Pickett, 
Mr. A. E. Gibbs, Mr. J. W. Tutt, and Dr. Chapman, also submitted 
series of A. cortdon and A. thetis with varietal forms and aberrations. 
—Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., communicated a paper ‘On the 
genus Deuterocopus, Zeller.’—Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, F.Z.8., 
communicated a paper on ‘‘ Some Experiments with Ants’ Nests.” — 
H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., Hon. Secretary. 


THe SourH Lonpon EntTomonogicaL AND Natura History 
Soctety.—Oct. 28th, 1909.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Percy 
Bright, of Bournemouth, and Mr. G. Bowen, B.A., of Kingston-on- 
Thames, were elected members.—Mr. Tonge exhibited living larve of 
Pharetra rumicis from Hatfield, feeding on sallow.—Mr. South, a series 
of Hylophila prasinana, bred, from Scarborough, in some of which a 
brilliant red markings had developed. — Mr. West (Greenwich), 
specimens of the Homopteron, Jdiocerus aurentulus, from Blackheath. 
It had only once before been taken in Britain.—Mr. Newman, series 
of Agrotis cinerea from Kent, Lewes, and Brighton; the Sussex races 
were much the smaller. - Mr. R. Adkin, a female of Ocneria dispar 
taken at rest on an elm-trunk at Eastbourne, and read notes on the 


SOCIETIES. a 


unusual occurrence. He also showed a series of Scopula decrepitalis 
taken near Rannoch in June last. — Mr. Buckstone mentioned the 
finding of Noctua xanthographa, male, and Luperina testacea, female, 
in cop., on Sept. 27th. — Mr. Edwards, a number of Cicadide from 
South America. — Mr. Sich, for Mr. Green, the new British species 
recently recorded, Depressaria putridella. — Mr. Step communicated 
the Report of the Field Meeting held at Oxshott on Oct. 9th. — Mr. 
R. Adkin read a Report of the Meeting of the Delegates of Societies 
affiliated to the British Association.—Myr. Andrews read a paper on 
‘‘ Diptera.” 

Nov. 11th.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Ashdown exhibited 
examples of the species of Lepidoptera taken by him during July in 
Switzerland, including Hwvanessa antiopa, Loweia aleiphron var. 
gordius, L. dorilis var. montana, Polyommatus meleager, P. icarus 
ab. icarinus, Papilio podalirius, Syntomis phegea, Anthrocera ephialtes, 
&e.—Mr. West (Greenwich), the very rare Homopteron, Ulopa trivia, 
from Chipstead ; and Limotettix stactogala from Deal, on tamarisk.— 
Mr. Barret, male and female bred specimens of Lepidoptera from Mes- 
sina, and specimens of Nonagria arundineta and its allies—Dr. Chap- 
man, a living bred example of Agriades thetis (bellargus).—Mr. Tonge 
exhibited a fine bred series of Aplecta herbida, and also some capital 
photographs of Lepidoptera at rest.—Mr. Andrews, British Syrphidee 
showing how the general appearance of the insects is ‘broken up” 
by the darkened portion of the wings and the light area at the base 
of the abdomen.—Mr. Kaye, series of Sprlosoma menthastri illustrative 
of local races, and including some aberrant forms.—Dr. Hodgson, 
specimens of Agriades corydon with white submarginal wedges and 
partial absence of spots on the under side of the hind wings, and also 
examples of A. thetis (bellargus) without discoidals.— Mr. Newman, 
nearly full-fed larvee of Pyrameis atalanta from ova laid in August.— 
Lantern-slides were exhibited, among others, by Mr. Main, life- 
history of Chrysopa and Hristalis; Mr. Adkin, life-history of Nola 
albulalis; Mr. Tonge, insects in resting positions. 

November 25th.—Annual Exhibition of Varieties.—The President 
in the chair.—Nearly a hundred members and friends were present, 
about forty of whom brought exhibits—Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a 
long series of Amphidasys betularia and var. dowbledayaria reared 
from ova obtained from a pair taken 27 cop. at Lewisham, male the 
var., female darkly speckled, and read notes on the brood. He also 
showed an Abraxas grossulariata, fore wings practically all black to 
beyond the yellow line, with the yellow line almost absent, and a rich 
specimen of var. lacticolor—Mr. South, aberrations of Polyommatus 
(Lycena) icarus (female), Chipstead and Oxted, and commented on 
the forms. He also showed Luperina testacea and var. nickerliz, and 
commented on the two forms and their genitalia; Melitea aurinia 
from Ireland and the western side of England; Hpinephele jurtina, 
showing variation in apical spot, amount of fulvous colour, and in the 
tone of fulyous in female; also the male type of Lwperina gueneei var. 
baxtert.—Mr. W. J. Kaye, a remarkable series of the South American 
Heliconius dorus, including a number of the named forms and races, 
and commented on its geographical range and dimorphism.—Mr. H. 


44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Moore, 2 series of under sides of the widely distributed Melanitis leda 
of both the wet and dry seasonal forms.—Mr. T. W. Hall, varieties 
of Agriades thetis (bellargus), including a male under side, left lower 
wing almost devoid of spots, and the right normal.—Mr. A. E. Gibbs, 
fine series of the same species, including ab. puncta and ab. ceronus 
(female) from the Swiss Jura, and a series of A. corydon with ab. 
syngrapha (female) from Wiltshire, and large very light males from 
Caux.—Mr. H. J. Turner, Rwmicia phleas ab. alba from Brasted ; 
minute specimens of Cupido minimus from Winchester and Aigle ; 
a male Polyommatus damon, with fore wing under side devoid of eye- 
spots, from Aigle; Lycena arion vare obscura from Zermatt; Chryso- 
phanus virgauree var. miegit and var. zermattensis from Zermatt ; 
Melitea aurinia var. merope from the Riffelalp ; a series of Anthrocera 
carniolica and var. hedysari from Gex; a confluent A. achillee from 
Gex, &ec.—Mr. Leeds, a Pieris brassice with under side of hind wings 
of a very distinct blue, and a dusky variety of Saturnia carpint.— 
Mr. Newman, long and varied series of the various species obtained 
in the Shetlands, including a series of Noctua conflua bred in 8. 
England from northern ova, which were decidedly not of the 
northern type. Healso showed a Leucania, which had been named 
in turn pallens, favicolor, and stramwinea; the genital indications 
were indefinite—Mr. Grosvenor, long series of the forms of Cano- 
nympha typhon from its various British leoalities.—Messrs. Harrison 
and Main, series of Boarmia gemmaria bred and captured, and of 
Melitea aurinia from N. Wales, both showing much variation, some 
of the latter resembling the Kentish form.—Mr. Harrison, for Mr. 
March, a Pararge megera with large and much emphasised ocelli on 
the under side, especially on the fore wings.—Mr. Hemming, a 
striated form of Polyommatus icarus under side; a partially gynandro- 
morphous Huchloé cardamunes ; melanic aberrations of several Argyn- 
nids; and P. zcarus of the colour of A. thetis (bellargus), &c.—Mr. 
Percy Bright, many of the magnificent and unique varieties of British 
Lepidoptera recently acquired from the collections of the late J. A. 
Clark, including Brenthis euphrosyne with white ground; Melitea 
athaha with white ground; Rumicia phleas with extraordinary 
rayed under side; Aglais urtice with white ground; black var. of 
Inmenitis sibylla; gynandrous Celastrina argiolus and Polyomma- 
tus wcarus; Anthrocera filipendule with five wings; Nemeophila 
russula devoid of markings on hind wings ; nearly unicolorous Venilia 
maculata and Saturnia carpini, a unique, strongly melanic specimen 
captured by J. A. Clark, and two gynandromorphs, &¢.—Mr. Buck- 
stone, dwarf specimens of Melanargia galatea, EH. jurtina, Pieris 
rape, P. napi, and Spilosoma fuliginosa ; R. phleas var. schnudtit, 
Bithys querctis var. bella, yellow ab. of Arctia cara, Aphantopus 
hyperanthus ab. ceca, &&.—Mr. W. West, of Greenwich, exhibited 
the Society’s collection of Anthribide and Curculionidae, which he 
had recently rearranged.Mr. Tonge, numerous stereographs of 
Lepidoptera at rest.—Mr. Edelsten, a bred series of Nonagria neurica 
(edelstent) with ab. rufescens and ab. fusca, and ova and pupa 77 siti. 
—Mr. St. Aubyn, a Melanippe sociata with the band on the fore wing 
completely severed.—Dr. Hodgson, a long series of many forms of 
Cenonympha typhon, and a specimen of Pieris rape with a blackish 


SOCIETIES. 45 


spot in the distal area of the hind wing.—Mr. Edwards, specimens 
of Caligo atreus and C. beltras from South America.—Mr. Gadge, 
Spilosoma lubricipeda, with dashes in place of spots; a Melanippe 
fluctuata with whole of central area light gray; an Agrotis exclama- 
tionis which has a very long claw to the left hind leg; a series 
of Porthesia chrysorrhea with aberrant spotting.—Dr. Chapman, 
Callophrys avis, with specimens of C. rubi var. fervida and Thestor 
ballus for comparison, and some fine Spanish dgriades corydon.—Mr. 
K. Sharp, a specimen of Leucania l-album taken on ivy bloom at 
Eastbourne on October 14th; bred Nonagria neurica, and a nice 
series of forms of Dianthecia carpophaga.—Myr. Barnett, a confluent 
pink form of Anthrocera trifolit ; Strenva clathrata with asymmetrical 
markings, a very light specimen, owing to irregular suppression of 
transverse lines.—Mr. Payne, a melanic example of Argynnis aglaa, 
and a specimen of Agriades corydon var. syngrapha.—Mv. EK. Bedwell, 
_ specimens of Odontoscelis dorsalis, a species of Hemiptera new to 
the British fauna, from Lowestoft; the rare Anchomenes gracilipes ; 
and two specimens of the myrmecophilous beetle Hetarius ferrugi- 
meum, not taken since 1853 till this year—Mr. Baumann, bred 
Polia chi var. olivacea; Gnophos obscurata var. nundata ; a very dark, 
obscurely marked ab. of Cuspidia megacephala; and a fine banded 
Angerona prunaria.—Mr. Platt Barrett, a case containing species of 
butterflies from near Messina, Sicily, including Huchloé turritis, 
Melanargia tapygia, Epinephele jurtina var. fortunata, a very large 
Pararge megera, the yellow southern P. egeria, and large and bright 
Hipparchia semele with British representatives or allies for com- 
parison.—Mr. Andrews, the Diptera Chorisops tebialis, light and 
dark forms; and Microclingsa polita, a bronze var. from Darn.—Mr. 
Lucas, a box containing the commoner species of European Ascalaphi ; 
the larva of a Chrysops; and a Pieris napi (female), in which the 
apex, two blotches, and inner marginal streak were united.—Mr. 
Sich, a bred series of the new British Depressara, D. putridella.— 
Mr. Tarbat, an extremely aberrant form of Apamea lutulenta taken at 
electric light at Fareham.—Mr. Pickett, his fine series of practically 
all the known forms of Angerona prunaria, the results of some eleven 
years’ crossing and interbreeding ; and also a very nice set of Pieris 
napt from various localities, bred and captured.—Mr. Sperring, a 
long series of Orrhodia vaccinii, taken this autumn, containing all 
the forms hitherto noted in this country.— Mr. Colthrup also exhibited 
varieties of British Lepidoptera.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SociETy.—The first 
meeting of the Session 1909-1910 was held at the Royal Institution, 
Liverpool, on Monday, Oct. 18th, Mr. C. E. Stott, Vice-President, in 
the chair.— This being the annual exhibition meeting there was a 
very good attendance, including a number of visitors. — Mr. B. H. 
Crabtree, F.E.S., Manchester, exhibited Lepidoptera, including the 
following species: T’eniocampa incerta, T. miniosa, T. munda, and 
Pachnobia leucographa, from Lakeside, Windermere; a varied series 
of Odonestis potatoria, from Berkshire; a series of Arctia cava, show- 
ing the usual range of minor variation, Vanessa urtice approaching 
var. tchnusa, and Endromis versicolor, from Aviemore; Dianthecia 


46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


carpophaga, pale forms, from Brighton; Acronycta aceris, from San- 
down, Isle of Wight; Cucullia asterts, from the London district ; 
and Phorodesma smaragdaria, from Essex. — Major Woodforde, of 
Market Drayton, brought Zonosoma pendularia var. subroseata, and 
a new variety of the same species like swbroseata, but with the pink 
area ochreous, which he had bred this year for the first time.—Mr. 
George Arnold, F.E.S., showed a number of species of Hymenoptera, 
among them being Crabro aphidum, Formica nitidus, and F’, zenus, 
the two last out of nests of #’. rufa from the New Forest.—Mr. F. N,. 
Pierce, F.E.S., exhibited, on behalf of Mr. T. Baxter, of St. Anne’s, 
the Luperina, allied to L. testacea. This species, only two specimens 
of which have been previously taken in Lancashire, both by Mr. 
Baxter, of St. Anne’s, has occurred again this year, about a dozen 
specimens having been captured. Mr. Pierce also exhibited micro- 
scope-slides of the genitalia, showing the characters he relied upon 
for differentiating the new moth from testacea. The same member 
also had Abraxas grossulariata var. flavo-fasciata, from Wallasey ; 
Orgyia gonostigma and Lycena argiolus, from Essex; Triphena 
comes, from Isle of Hig, and other local species.—Mr. W. Mansbridge, 
F.E.S., showed a long series of Boarmia repandata var. nigra, from 
Knowsley; Melitza aurinia, from Barmouth ; and a series of Hwpt- 
thecia valerianata, from Delamere Forest, this being the first record 
for Cheshire.— Mr. C. E. Raven exhibited a box of Lepidoptera from 
Rye, Kent, including a varied series of Mesotype virgata; Aplecta 
nebulosa var. robsoni, from Delamere; and Gnophos obscuraria vay. 
fasciata, from Folkestone.—Dr. Tinne exhibited a box of Ichneu- 
monide.— Mr. H. 8. Leigh, of Manchester, a box of Tachinide, and 
contributed notes on the exhibit.— Mr. Robert Tait, Jun., brought 
two drawers of Lepidoptera, the result of the season’s work, which 
included Aplecta nebulosa var. robsoni, from Delamere; Polia chi var. 
olivacea, from Huddersfield; Agrotis agathina, from North Wales ; 
A. ashworthu, very light and very dark forms, from North Wales; 
Cucullia verbasci, bred from larvee found 1907 ; Cymatophora ridens, 
from New Forest larve; Hupithecia pwmilata, from North Wales ; 
and various species from the South of England, among them Moma 
orion, from Abbott's Wood.—H. R. SwEEetTInNG and Wm. MANSBRIDGE, 
Hon. Secs. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


A Descriptive Catalogue of the Dobree Collection of European Noctue. 
Compiled by Horace B. Browne, M.A. Pp. i—xv., and 1-156, 
medium 8vo. Hull and London: A. Brown & Sons, Ltd. 1909» 
Price 1s. net. 


Tue late Henry Doubleday amassed, in addition to his historical 
collection of British moths and butterflies, a very comprehensive 
collection of European Lepidoptera. Both of these are now in the 
Bethnal Green Museum. 

At the present time the interest of many British students of 
Lepidoptera is extended—chiefly perhaps as regards butterflies— 


RECENT LITERATURE. 47 


to that larger field for observation and investigation, the Continent 
of Europe. So far, however, the moths do not seem to receive very 
close attention. 

The late Nicholas Frank Dobree, who formed his collection of 
European Noctuide between the years 1871 and 1888, may be 
regarded not only as a pioneer in specialization, but as the first advo- 
cate for breaking away from what has been termed the “insular 
prejudice”’ of the British entomologist. In gathering together the 
material for this collection Mr. Dobree obtained chiefly specimens of 
such species as were found in our islands, or of their allies, from 
various European countries and from other parts of the Palearctic 
region. As an example of this, the first entry in the Catalogue— 
Habrosyne (Gnophora) derasa, Linn.—may be taken. In the series 
of this species there are twelve specimens, of which two are from 
Germany and five from Amurland; the others are British. Justly 
appreciating the educational value of such a collection, Mr. Dobree 
(H. M. M. xiv. p. 41) endeavoured to impress upon British students 
the advantage of a knowledge of the European species and forms 
when dealing with the lepidopterous productions of their own 
country. 

To-day there is far less difficulty in obtaining natural history 
specimens from the Continent than was the case during the period 
covered by Mr. Dobree’s activities. Although but few species of 
Lepidoptera can be claimed as peculiar to Britain, still there are a 
large number of our forms that should be of interest to entomologists 
on the Continent. . 

In addition to the six hundred and fifty-four species, and more 
than three hundred named varieties in the Dobree collection, there 
are seven hundred and twenty larvz which had been preserved by 
Mr. Dobree. The collection is now in the Museum at Hull, to the 
Corporation of which city it was formally transferred at the close of 
1902, and the Catalogue thereof, which has been so ably prepared by 
Mr. Browne, is a model of what such catalogues should be. It is 
quite in accordance with its title, and is up-to-date in the matter of 
nomenclature. An alphabetical index to the species greatly facilitates 
reference to the Catalogue, and also to the collection, especially when 
one wishes to learn the position of any particular species in either. 


Transactions of the South-Eastern Union of Societies for 1909. 
Pp. 1.-lxviii. and 1-69. Plates i—xxy. 


Amona other excellent papers on organic and inorganic Nature 
there is one of special interest to the entomologist. This is by 
Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., and is entitled ‘‘ Lepidopterous Leaf-miners ” 
(pp. xlvili. and 30-37). It is illustrated by a plate showing life- 
history details of Neptecula acetose, Plate i., forming the frontispiece 
of the volume, is a reproduction of a photograph of the members of 
the Congress of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, taken 
at Wolvesey, June, 1909. Among the numerous portraits in the 
group we recognize those of several Fellows of the Entomological 
Society and Members of the South London Entomological and 
Natural History Society. 


48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The Agricultural Journal of India. Pp.408. Calcutta and London: 
Thacker & Co. Vol. iv. 1909. 


AmoneG the contents is a most interesting article entitled “Eri or 
Castor Silk,”’ by H. Maxwell-Lefroy, the Imperial Entomologist ; this 
is accompanied by ten fine coloured plates showing larve and both 
sexes of the Eri Silk Moth (Attacus ricinz); there are also six plates 
of reproductions of photographs illustrating methods of rearing the 
larvee ; the interior and exterior of the house in which the rearing is 
conducted; and spinning. An article on the cultivation of shellac 
as an agricultural product, by the above-named author, is included 
in part ii. (July, 1909) of the sarue volume; this also is liberally 
illustrated. 


Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomologicai Soctety for August, 
1908—June, 1909. With two plates and three text-figures. 
Honolulu, Hawaii. 

Tus constitutes No. 2 of volume ii. of the Proceedings, and was 
published in September, 1909. 

Among the various items, all of which are of interest, the following 
papers may be mentioned :—‘‘ Generic Synopsis of Hawaiian Macro- 
Lepidoptera,” by Otto H. Swezey; ‘“‘ A Revision of the Hemipterous 
Family Nabidz found in the Hawaiian Islands,” by G. W. Kirkaldy 
(with plate); and ‘‘A Conspectus of the Fulgoride of the Hawaiian 
Hemiptera,” by G. W. Kirkaldy. 


The Thorax of Insects and the Articulation of the Wings. By Rosert 
Evans Snoperass. No. 1687. From the Proceedings of the 
United States National Museum, vol. xxxvi. pp. 511-595, with 
plates 40-69. Published June 18th, 1909. 


THE author endeavours to show the unity of thoracic structure 
that prevails throughout all orders of insects. 


OBITUARY. 


WE regret to announce the death, on December 21st last, of The 
Rey. Henry CHArueEs Lane, M.D., Vicar of All Saints, Southend. 

Having studied at King’s College, London, he obtained his M.R.C.S. 
in 1873; three years later L.R.C.P., and L.8.A., and in 1877 the 
Brussels degree of M.D. Subsequently, however, he entered Holy 
Orders, being ordained deacon in 1885, and priest in 1886. After 
holding curacies at Reading, Plymouth, and elsewhere, he was, in 
1892, nominated to the vicarage of All Saints. 

To entomologists Dr. Lang was well known as an authority on 
the Butterflies of Europe, and he published a work, in two volumes, 
upon this subject (1881-84). In June, 1899, he commenced a series 
of articles, with illustrations, entitled ‘“‘ Butterflies of the Palearctic 
Region,” in ‘Science Gossip’ (New Series). These were continued 
monthly until publication of that journal ceased in 1902. Dr. Lang 
was elected a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London in 1900. 


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& , BRITISH ISLES is HEAD’S. 


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Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. 
- Note the Address— 


aS fo. THwA DD: Entomologtst, 
-BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. 


NATURAL HISTORY STORES IN THE HEART OF THE CITY. 
MESSRS. J. & W. DAVIS, Museum Works, Dartford, 


z beg to announce that they have now opened a London Branch at 
crag, Paternoster Row, for the sale of their specialities for naturalists, 
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' A large stock of every kind of Entomological Apparatus, Naturalist’s and 
| Taxidermist’s Requisites; also British and Exotic Lepidoptera, Birds’ Eggs 
4 (single and in clutches). Skins and Stuffed Birds, Artificial Kyes, Label 
> Lists, Natural History Books, &e., kept in stock. Illustrated Catalogues, 2d. 
___ ‘The Macro- Lepidopterists’ Calendar and Guide,’ 2s. 6d.; stiff cloth, 3s. 
* Larve Collectors’ Guide,’ 1s. _Entomologists’ ‘data.’ Books, Is. 
: Collectors in every branch of Natural History should see specimens of our 
_ “Data” Labels. Recent additions to our pr inting plant include the sMaLLEsr type 
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(Opposite Post Office.) 


QUPPLIES Collectors with every kind of apparatus for the various branches of 

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N.B.—No agents, and only one address as above, 


=<. —~ + GOING: ABROAD. 
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- and local forms, in 20 Large Store-Boxes (made to repre-» 
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_ boards, Pins, &c. £15, or nearest offer. Must sell. In- 
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ae cree eT, ‘BROAD OAK STREET, ‘NOTTINGHAM. 


sd 


CONTENTS. Baan 
Cicadetta montana (with plate), @. Lyle, 1. “A New Sp cies of Palyd 
(Trichoptera) (with plate), ios § J. Morton, 3. .On the Ge 
with Description of a New Species, Louis B, Peewee On a Ne 
Parasitic Bee (Nomada) from: Borneo, P, Cameron, 7. The Athali Gro 
the Genus Melita (continued), George Wheeler, 8. On Two of Fred. Smith 
Species of Japanese Ichneumonide, Claude Morley, 11. Notes on Odon 
observed in Great Britain during the Summer of 1908, E.R. Speyer, 18> AS 
few Notes on the Diurni at La Bourboule (Puy de Dome) during” June, 1909, : 
Rh. M. Prideaux, 18. Butterflies of Cantal and Lozére, H. Rowltand-Brown, | 
21. Description of a New Genus and Species of Oxyura (Hymenoptera) from ~ 
Kuching, Borneo, P. Cameron, 22. Variation in “Vanessa. urtice, L,: Season 
(Climatical) and Loeal Variation in V. urticr and in V. io , by which the | 
two species show a tendency to meet in facies (continued), 7. “Rewss, 23, -On# 
the Hymenopterous Parasites of Coccide (continued), Claude Morley, 27, — 
NoTes AND. OBSERVATIONS, 81, ’ CAPruRES aND Firtp Reports, 86. ; 
SociuTiEs, 38. Recent LIitERATURE, 46. Hee os, oo 48 


Excuange Notices (continwed).— “y 
Rubiginata, Ovellata, Albicillata, Hastata, Tristata, Procellata, ‘ive sans Rivata: 4 
Subtristata, Badiata, Testata, Fulvata, Lineolata, Spartiata. - Desiderata, — Offers 4 
asked.—John H. Tilly ; Kenilworth, Grosvenor Road, Chiswick. feiss koe 
Duplicates.—N. Nenrica (Arundineta). Desiderata, — Tris,. Batis 
formis, Fagi, Fluctuosa, Cann, Rubiginea, Albimacula, Czsia,- Interrogationis 
Lt:-Colonet C. G. Nurse; Timworth ‘Hall, Bury St. Edmunds, a 
Duplicates.—Pap. xuthus, Pap. bianor, I. latefasciata, Cal. davidis, Arey. Zo “a | 
Mel. bellona, Th. bieti, Chr. li, Lim. venata, Ap. bieti, and other Chinese butter- 7) 
flies. Desiderata.—Palearctic Lycenide, and od one Noctuidae. == ieha 
South; 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. ees 


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Pre ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLIIL] 


FEBRUARY, 1910. 


IN THE FRENCH JURA. 
By A. E. Gisss, F.L.S. 


Tur Department of the Jura possesses many charms. It 
is a land of mountain and valley, of rushing torrents and 
picturesque gorges, of vineyards and woodlands, of heaths 
and meadows. It is studded with old-world villages and delight- 
ful little towns which contain many ancient buildings, and boast 
a history of which they are justly proud. Although so easily 
accessible it is not often visited by English people, who, for the 
most part, are content with a passing glimpse of such of its 
beauties as can be seen from the windows of the railway train 
as they pass through the northern part of it when travelling to 
Switzerland by way of Pontarlier. The Jura Mountains consist 
of a number of parallel chains, running roughly from north-east 
to south-west. They are composed of limestone, and geological 
students are familiar with the fact that they give the name 
Jurassic to an important series of beds of the Mesozoic period. 
These chains of mountains form the retaining walls, so to speak, 
of three great plateaux, which are very characteristic features of 
Jura scenery, and being of different heights rising one above the 
other, they present very interesting faunal and floral differences. 

On the afternoon of Monday, July 11th, 1909, I alighted 
from the Pontarlier express at Mouchard, a little place of 800 
inhabitants, but of some importance to travellers as being 
the junction with the line which runs north-eastwards to 
Besancon, chief town of the Doubs, and south-westwards to 
Lons-le-Saunier, the capital of the Jura. The country appeared 
to be inviting from an entomological point of view. Walking 
through the village towards the forest I found a likely-looking 
grassy spot by the side of the railway, but it only yielded a few 
Melanargia galatea, Polyommatus astrarche, Epinephele jurtina, 
and one Cenonympha arcania, not avery promising start. In the 
forest one or two Brenthis dia were flying. The heavens were 
overcast, and although I spent the remainder of the working-day 
exploring the neighbourhood, nothing more was to be got except 
one or two specimens of Leptosia sinapis. The next morning 

ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1910. i 


50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


looked a little more hopeful, and I started in good time to work 
among the vine-clad hills on the north of the railway. Here 
Pieris rape, Hipparchia semele, Issoria lathonia, B. dia, and 
L. sinapis were met with. A large clump of the hemp-agrimony 
(Hupatorium cannabinum) in the hedgerow proved a bait for Thecla 
spint, of which a short series was obtained ; but the insect was 
getting past its best, and required careful selection. Away across 
the valley, on a wooded hill-top, were to be seen the ruins of a 
castle, and I determined to make for them. In the low-lying 
meadows which bordered the high road a single specimen of 
Everes argiades was taken, the other Lycenids noted being 
Polyommatus astrarche and Cupido minimus. In the village of 
Pagnoz a lane was found which led up the hill-side in the 
direction of the ruins, which I subsequently discovered to be 
those of the old chateau of Vaulgrenans. When nearing the top 
of the hill a fine male Apatura iris settled on the footpath, but 
he was too quick for me. A stern chase down the steep pathway 
left me the victor, and I am able to record the capture of the 
only specimen of the genus I took during my summer holiday. 
The next butterfly secured was an insect which puzzled me when 
I boxed it, but it turned out to be a worn male Polyommatus 
icarus with a decided approach to bellargus coloration. I suppose 
it would be var. clara, Tutt, of which I got a brighter and 
better example at Poligny a few days later. Among the females 
of this species, taken at Mouchard, is one in which the lower 
spots of the central row on the under sides of the fore wings 
coalesce, and form a streak running towards the anal angle. 
Aphantopus hyperanthus was rather abundant, ab. vidua being 
not uncommon. The key of the castle grounds is kept at a farm- 
house some distance below the ruins, and the girl who acted as 
custodian found on arrival at the gate that the lock had been 
changed and her key would not fit, so I had to wait while she 
returned to the house. When she came back she explained that 
she could not find the missing key, but she quickly solved the 
difficulty by pulling up the fence. In the grassy enclosure at 
the foot of the keep quite a little collection of species was to be 
found. Acontia luctuosa was in company with P. icarus, C. 
arcania, C. pamphilus, E. jurtina, Thymelicus lineola, Pamphila 
sylvanus, and, most common of all, Melanargia galatea. The 
morning’s catch also included Aglais urtice and Vanessa 10, 
while Argynnis adippe was seen. A walk in the afternoon along 
a road which led to the forest in a more westerly direction 
yielded no fresh species. Zygenids taken near Mouchard were 
Z.achille, Z. transalpina, and Z. piloselle. 

Poligny is an ancient little town lying at the entrance to one 
of the picturesque eroded valleys so frequently found in the Jura. 
Dominating the town is a lofty wooded hill surmounted by a 
huge cross and the rather steep declivity formed a very good 


IN THE FRENCH JURA. 51 


hunting ground. By the side of the path which led to the summit 
Melitea athalia and a few M. parthenie were sporting, and a 
larger insect, which proved to be Satyrus hermione, was flying 
among the rocks in a quite inaccessible spot, but after the 
exercise of a little patience it ultimately came within reach of 
the net. A couple of Thecla spini next fell victims. In a bushy 
place on the summit A. hyperanthus was much in evidence, and 
a nice ab. ceca and one or two ab. viduwa were added to the 
morning’s bag. A variety of this insect was caught here, which 
was curiously marked beneath, the one side being spotted as in 
the type, while the other side was ab. vidua, that is to say, it had 
three ocellated spots on the left fore wing and only two on the 
right. Strange to say, I took a similar specimen the next day at 
Lons. Two Cenonympha iphis were also secured, and a few 
bright specimens of C. arcania were selected from the numbers 
which were flying on all sides. After an hour’s ramble on the 
plateau, which yielded only common species, a very rough and 
precipitous track led me down to the pretty little village of 
Vaux, a mile or two from Poligny. In the afternoon the slopes 
on the west side of the valley were visited. The early morning 
had been bright, but towards noon the sky clouded over, and 
little was to be got after lunch. On a patch of greensward just 
above the vineyards a single male specimen of P. hylas was 
flying with the more numerous P. icarus and C. minimus ; other 
butterflies seen during the ramble being P. napi, P. rape, 
L. sinapis, V. io, P. atalanta, A. urtice, P. c-album, M. athalia, 
A. hyperanthus, C. pamphilus, E. jurtina, and P. sylvanus. 

In the evening I went on to Lons-le-Saunier, where I hoped 
to find some interesting insects, but on the morning of the 15th 
the meteorological conditions were far from satisfactory. No- 
thing was flying in the park, nor was anything to be seen on the 
banks of the little river Valliére until a sawmill was reached, 
where, flying by the wayside, I took a couple of specimens of 
Everes argiades. Leaving the water meadows and seeking 
higher ground I crossed the road and tramway track and found 
a path which led to the village of Perrigny, where on a railway 
bank with a sunny aspect I captured Argynnis aglaia, M. athalia 
and P. icarus, one large male of the latter species measuring 
34 mm. in expanse. 

Friday, July 16th, was spent at Champagnole, a pleasant 
town on the sceond plateau, at an altitude of 545 metres. The 
day was bright but very windy, and it was not until a steep 
bank by the side of the river was discovered, where shelter was 
obtaincd from the breeze, that any butterflies were found. But 
in this sunny spot they appeared to be all crowded together. 
Brenthis ino, B. dia, I. lathonia, M. dictynna, M. athalia, and A. 
adippe, among the fritillaries; P. hylas, P.icarus, and P. astrarche, 
among the ‘‘blues”; and C. arcania, C. iphis, C. pamphilus, 

E 


52, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and A. hyperanthus, among the Satyrids, were taken. In the 
afternoon a hillside near the Pontarlier road, which looked 
promising, was visited, but the wind was too strong for any self- 
respecting insect to venture on flight, and consequently the 
walk, so far as butterflies were concerned, proved a failure. 

Although the few days spent in the French Jura did not 
resulf in the acquisition of a great many specimens, the visit 
was a most enjoyable one, and I returned to Switzerland with 
the impression that, given better weather than we experienced 
in this most depressing summer, the district would prove a 
happy hunting ground for the entomologist. The following is a 
list of the species captured or seen :— 


Pamphila sylvanus.—Mouchard, July 13th; Poligny, July 14th; 
Lons-le-Saunier, July 15th; Champagnole, July 16th. 

Thymelicus lineola.—Mouchard, July 13th ; Lons, July 15th. 

T. thaumas.—Champagnole, July 16th. 

Cupido minimus.——Mouchard, July 13th; Poligny, July 14th; 
Champagnole, July 16th. 

Nomiades semiargus.—Lons, July 15th. 

Polyommatus hylas—Poligny, July 14th; Champagnole, July 16th. 

P. wcarus.—Mouchard, July 12th, 13th; Poligny, July 14th; Lons, 
July 15th; Champagnole, July 16th. 

P. astrarche—Champagnole, July 16th. 

Everes argiades—Mouchard, July 13th; Lons, July 15th. 

Thecla ilicis.—Poligny, July 14th. 

T. spint.—Mouchard, July 13th; Poligny, July 14th. 

Aporia crategi.—Poligny, July 14th; Champagnole, July 16th. 

Pieris rape.—Mouchard, July 13th; Poligny, July 14th; Lons, 
July 15th; Champagnole, July 16th. 

P. napi.—Poligny, July 14th; Lons, July 15th. 

Leptosia sinapis—Mouchard, July 12th, 13th; Lons, July 15th ; 
Champagnole, July 16th. 

Argynnis aglaia.—Lons, July 15th. 

A. adippe-—Mouchard, July 13th; Champagnole, July 16th. 

Issoria lathonia.—Mouchard, July 13th ; Champagnole, July 16th. 

Brenthis ino.—Champagnole, July 16th. 

B. dia.—Mouchard, July 12th, 13th; Champagnole, July 16th. 

Melitea parthenie.—Poligny, July 14th. 

M. athalia.—Poligny, July 14th; Champagnole, July 16th. 

M. dictynna.—Champagnole, July 16th. 

Vanessa io.—Mouchard, July 13th; Poligny, July 14th. 

Pyrameis atalanta.—Poligny, July 14th; Champagnole, July 16th. 

Aglais urtice.—Mouchard, July 13th ; Lons, July 15th. 

Polygonia c-album.—Lons, July 15th. 

Apatura iris.—Mouchard, July 13th. 

Pararge mera.—Poligny, July 14th. 

Satyrus hermione.—Poligny, July 14th. 

Hipparchia semele——Mouchard, July 13th. 

Epinephele jurtina.—Mouchard, July 12th, 13th; Poligny, July 
14th ; Champagnole, July 16th. 


A FEW ICHNEUMONS TAKEN IN CORNWALL. 53 


Aphantopus hyperanthus.—Mouchard, July 13th; Poligny, July 
14th; Lons, July 15th. Ab. ce@ca—Poligny, July 14th. Ab. vidua.— 
Mouchard, July 13th; Poligny, July 14th. 

Cenonympha iphis.—Poligny, July 14th; Champagnole, July 16th. 

C. arcama.—Mouchard, July 12th, 13th; Poligny, July 14th; 
Champagnole, July 16th. 

C. pamphilus.—Mouchard, July 13th; Poligny, July 14th; Lons, 
July 15th; Champagnole, July 16th. 

Melanargia galatea—Mouchard, July 12th, 13th ; Champagnole, 
July 16th. 


A FEW ICHNEUMONS TAKEN IN CORNWALL, 1909. 
By W. A. Rouuason, F.E.S. 


Tue weather for the year has been on the whole cold, wet, 
windy, and unsettled, and generally speaking unfavourable for 
entomology. I have, however, taken a fair number of insects, 
a list of which may be of interest. All the specimens have been 
determined by Mr. Claude Morley, F.E.S., F.Z.8., to whom I 
tender most grateful thanks for the valuable assistance so 
generously given. Of the returns sent me to date I have to 
record forty-six species as follows :— 


EIGHTEEN SpeciIES NEw TO CORNWALL. 


Celichnewmon cyaniventris, Wesm.— Three males, near Truro, 
August. 

C. derasus, Wesm.—Two males, near Truro, August. 

Stenichnewmon trilineatus, Gmel.—One female, Malpas, May. 

Cratichneumon dissimilis, Grav.— Two males, near Truro and 
Devoran, August. 

Microcryptus abdominator, Gravy.—Six males, Callestock, June; 
Malpas, July. 

Acanthocrypus quadrispinosus, Grav.—One female, Truro, October. 

Idiolispa analis, Gray.—Two females, Perranporth, July; Pen- 
weathers, August. 

Pimpla robusta, Morl.—Two males, Calenick, August. 

P. brunea, Brisch.—Two males, near Falmouth, September. 

P. inanis, Scop.—One male, Calenick, August. 

Glypta lugubrina, Holmgr.—One female, Penweathers, August. 

Stilbops chrysostoma, Grav.—One male, Nansavallan Wood, May. 

Exetastes cinctipes, Retz.—Truro district and Port Isaac, July and 
August, numerous. 

Bassus tarsatorius, Panz.—One male, Malpas, July. 

Megastylus borealis, Holmgr.—One male, Calenick, May. 

Exochilum circumflecum, Linn.—One, Truro, August. 

Microdus tunvidus, Nees.—One male, Malpas, May; two females, 
Calenick, May. 

Proctotrypes gravidator, Linn.— One female, Truro, October. 
This insect sharply stung my little daughter, causing a raised white 


54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


lump, a quarter of an inch in diameter, which remained for about 
four hours. 


The following list of twenty-eight species gives my further 
captures, which species, although having been previously re- 
corded, have not in some instances been reported with data for 
many years :— 


Protichneumon fuscipennis, Wesm.— One female, Perranporth, 
August. 

Celichneumon consimilis, Wesm.—Two females, Callestock, June; 
Perranporth, July. 

Melanichneumon saturatorius, Linn.—Two males, Truro, July 
and August. 

Barichnewnon vestigator, Wesm.—One male, Pencalenick, August. 

B. albicinctus, Grav.—One male, Penweathers, July. 

Ichneumon latrator, Fab.—F ive males, Penweathers, August. 

I. sarcitorius, Linn.—One male, Truro, July. 

I. extensorius, Linn.—One female, Truro, May. 

Amblyteles palliatorius, Grav.—One male and one female, Perran- 
porth, August. 

A. oratorius, Fab.—One male, Calenick, May. 

Platylabus dimidiatus, Grav.—One male, Perranporth, August. 

Phygadeuon dumetorum, Gray.— One male, Falmouth district, 
September. 

P. rugulosus, Grav.—Two males, Malpas, May; Calenick, June. 

P. variabilis, Grav.—One male, Calenick, May. 

Glyphicnenus profligator, Fab.—One female, Penweathers, July. 

Cryptus torsoleucus, Schr.—One female, Calenick, August. 

C. obscurus, Grav. — Malpas, May; Calenick, May and June; 
Callestock, June, numerous. 

Pimpla examinator, Fab. —Two males, Truro and Calenick, 
August. 

P. brevicornis, Gravy. — Six males, Calenick and Pencalenick, 
August; three females, Malpas, May; Perranporth and Penweathers, 
July. 

P. instigator, Fab.—T wo males, Calenick and Old Kea, May; two 
females, Callestock, June; and Truro, September. 

P. turionelle, Linn.—Six males, Calenick, May. 

Lissonota cylindrator, Vill—Three males, Perranporth and Pen- 
calenick, August. 

L. sulphurifera, Grav.—Three males, near Truro, September ; 
one female, near Falmouth, September. 

L. bellator, Grav.—One male, Truro, August; two females, Pen- 
weathers, August ; and near Falmouth, September. 

Banchus pictus, Fab.—One female, Truro, July. 

Exetastes nigripes, Gravy.—One female, Calenick, August. 

Bassus letatorius, Fab.—One female, Truro, August. 

Ophion luteus, Linn.—One female, Porthtowan, May; one male, 
Truro, September. 


*‘Tamorna,’’ Truro: December 14th, 1909. 


55 


VARIATION IN VANESSA URTIC4, ‘L.: SEASONAL 
(CLIMATICAL) .AND LOCAL VARIATION IN VJ. 
URLICA AND] IN: Vs lO; Li... BY WHICH THE 
TWO SPECIES SHOW A TENDENCY TO MERT 


IN FACIES. 
By T. Revss. 


(Concluded from p. 27.) 


Now, I believe that an entomologist who has digested some 
cases of extreme seasonal dimorphism would also find it nourish- 
ing to think that V. urtice would be capable of producing, under 
suitable conditions, an extreme seasonal form which would 
exhibit a perfect ocelliform facies like V. to. 


V. urtice ab. ioformis, male (cf. ‘Ent. Record,’ pt. iv. 1909). 


The pigmentation of the left pair of wings is depicted as it appears when 
the specimen is held up against the light. This shows the brightly trans- 
parent white dots at the apex of the fore wing, which are placed in the same 
way (both on the upper and wnder side, where they are yellowish), and are 
of the same kind of transparency as similar spots in normal V. io (compare 
also V. io ab. fischeri, Stdfss., figured vol. xlii. p. 811). In the hind wing 
the density of the pigmentation and its distribution is very unlike that of 
urtice, and much more like that of io, or abs. of io. The right wing pair 
in the figure shows the aspect of the markings under the usual conditions 
for comparison. The ground colour of the hind wings is a warm red-brown, 
as in io; the fore wings are orange-brown in colour. 

I bred this specimen—which might pass as a hybrid between wrtice, 
female, and io, male, just as V. io ab. fischeri, Stdfss., looks much like a 
possible hybrid of io, female, and wrtice, male—from wild Continental larve. 
The pupa was exposed to the sun’s direct rays, the heat of which like artificial 
cold or heat is capable of overthrowing hereditary tendencies, and of thus 
enabling the inherent io-formity to develop afterwards under stimulating 
temperature conditions, representing exaggerated seasonal influence. The 
‘*mechanism” of such aberrative development seems again to consist in 
alterations of the blood, and blood pressure, regulating the diffusion of the 
pigment in the wings, of a kind evidently for which V. urtice is predisposed 
(inherent to-formity). Prof. Stéphane Léduc, Nantes, has shown that even 
‘“non-vital’’ chemical substances, if allowed to diffuse in a suitable medium, 


56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


will form beautiful ornamental patterns of different kinds, according to the 
conditions under which they diffuse. 


The facially io-form aberrations which develop in a saltatory 
manner in wild pup of V. urtice when they are climatised in 
tropical conditions or exposed to contrasts of temperature offer at 
least sufficient excuse for that thought. This becomes especially 
clear when it is remembered that V. urtice actually indulges in a 
slight degree in seasonal variation, the variety of the hot season 
often showing the io-form tendency. Cold weather brings the facies 
nearer to the northern local variety polaris, while a hot season 
will produce specimens very like those found in the hot valleys 
of Spain, and even approaching var. ichnusa, Bon., of Corsica 
and Sardinia (a local heat form), and var. chinensis, Leech, of 
Asia, both of which latter varieties are io-form: ichnusa by its 
ground colour, the absence of the two puncta on the fore wings 
(and in the hot season even of the inner marginal blotch), 
chinensis by its large size and all-brown, irrorated under side. 
Thus it appears that the facial variation of V. urticea, induced by 
‘seasonal conditions of light and temperature, is in the hot season 
slightly 1o-form, and moreover tends to cover the amount of facial 
variation in local groups.* 

By a simple experiment every one can easily prove for himself 
that the facial variation of urtice is bound up with the seasonal 
amount of light and temperature, and not with any mere time of 
the year as such, nor necessarily with any particular generation. 
Let any two broods of urtice develop simultaneously, the one in 
a warm, sunny room, and the other in a cold, sunless (darkened) ~ 
room open to the night air; then, in the first case, the resulting 
imagines will be more or less transitory to the io-form var. 
ichnusa, in the second to var. polaris,+ and very likely there will 
be one or two beautiful aberrations extra in both groups. 

Now, the degree of regular variation in V. urtice is slight as 


* Local forms tend more or less, besides indulging in facial variation, to 
become sexually alien from their type; they are often ‘species in the 
making.” They are first induced by temperature, according to the local 
climate, then they are developed and “fixed” gradually by hereditism under . 
the protection of ‘local isolation” from the type, which would otherwise in- 
vade the district and swamp the varietal tendency before sexual alienation 
had time to take place and prevent this (compare the effects of regular 
migratory habits in butterflies). How necessary a factor for physiological 
divergence ‘local isolation” is, becomes apparent when it is remembered 
that nowhere on the mainland of Europe does a fairly constant and distinct 
variety of wrtice exist, while on the Isles of Corsica and Sardinia ‘‘ insular 
isolation’ has triumphantly produced var. ichnusa. 

+ ‘On the Effect of Rearing Larve of V. wrtice in Darkness,” Entom. 
antea, 1909, p. 89, recorded by Col. N. Manders. Twenty-one of fifty-five 
butterflies were var. polaris, trans. An exaggeration in the sense of var. 
polaris would bring the facies near V. milberti of North America. Even 
V. 10 sometimes indulges in a black median fascia like that of V. urtice 
var. polaris, trans. I reared several such specimens last season. 


VARIATION IN VANESSA URTICH. 57 


compared with that in A. levana—prorsa, but when the behaviour 
of these latter extreme forms is similarly tested they prove them- 
selves to be just as susceptible to the effects of light and tem- 
perature as V. urtice. When July and August belie their repu- 
tation for warmth and sunlight, then the summer form var. 
prorsa tends to drop out entirely ; the pupe, instead of emerging 
in August, hybernate and come out in the next spring as typical 
levana ;* but in the summer following, if the season is favourable 
(normal), these will produce var. prorsa as usual, though it is 
not unlikely that (the tendency being at once atavic and pro- 
tective) a small percentage of the pupe hybernate even under 
normal conditions. On the other hand, if the season is excep- 
tionally hot, and also otherwise suitable to the insects, then var. 
prorsa will generate twice, and thus tend to drop levana, though 
this seems to happen rarely, because var. prorsa is the pro- 
gressive form, and is therefore not supported in such a case by 
hereditary tendencies. If two (perhaps never full) successive 
broods of prorsa are to emerge, then already the first brood must, 
im perhaps all its stages, have been influenced by abnormally 
stimulating conditions. 

The inferences are obvious :—1 (a) Facial variation is mostly 
bound up with the conditions of light and temperature; ()) 
changes in facies, even of the most extreme kind, need not 
disturb specifical identity. 

2. On the other hand, specifical divergence appears to be de- 
pendent on an effective isolation of any one group from the type. 
The facies of the new species—which begins as a local variety 
(cf. the evidence successfully adduced by Prof. Standfuss)—may 
either remain almost typical, or may be an exaggeration of one 


** The following record by Mr. St. Quintin, F.E.S., in the Ent. Ree. pt. ii. 
1909, p. 45, adduces excellent evidence of the effect of a cool English season 
on a brood of A. levana. Mr. Quintin writes:—‘‘In July, 1907, I divided 
with a friend the ova laid in a cage by a Swiss female A. levana. When we 
returned to England my larve were kept in an wnheated greenhouse, and 
pupated, duly emerging in the spring of last year as the form levana. My 
friend kept his larve in a warmer house than I did mine, and they pupated 
quite a fortnight earlier, and all emerged in September as the form prorsa, 
with the exception of one individual, which passed the winter in the chrysalis, 
and emerged in the March following as typical levana.” Indian butterflies 
adduce conclusive proof that one species may be dimorph—in the extreme 
sense—in one locality and monomorph in another, dropping one of its forms. 
Thus, according to the communication of Dr. Seitz (cf. Ent. Zeitschr, 
Stettin, 1893, pp. 290-307), there flies on the Indian mainland Junonia asterie 
among the rich vegetation of the wet season ; asterie is marked with beauti- 
ful “eyes,” which are said to represent dewdrops. Later, when the dry 
season of withered leaves and bare trees comes round, there flies Jwnonia 
asterie again, but now the fly is dark-veined and without ‘‘eyes.” It resem- 
bles a dry leaf in adaptation to the seasonal conditions, and bears the name 
almana. Off the Indian mainland, now, there lies the evergreen Isle of 
Ceylon, and there Jwnonia asterie flourishes also, but only as the dewdrop- 
form. Again, in adaptation, it has dropped its ‘‘ dry-leaf form’”’ almana. 


58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of the seasonal dresses of the type according to the local climate. 
Also the facies of an aberration like f. inst. V. urtice ab. luna 
(cf. Entom. vol. xlii., p. 228) is no doubt ‘‘ climatic,” and could be 
thought to appear in an isolated local group as the characteristic 
feature. , 

3. An exaggeration of the regular seasonal variation of 
V. urtice points to V. milberti in one direction (var. polaris), 
and to V. io in the other (var. ichnusa, chinensis) .* 

4. Though ocelliformity in urtice appears to be bound up with 
the markings and colours peculiar to V. io, such facial io-formity 
in urtice could not guarantee also specifical io-formity, inasmuch 
as a particular kind of sexual affinity seems not to be necessarily 
bound up with any particular kind of facies.+ Therefore—in this 
sense—io-form aberrations, local (climatic) and seasonal forms 
of the present day, need not be otherwise than facially transitory 
to V. i, and the same holds good as regards their possible future 
development. 

Quite a different view spreads before us, however, if the 
significance of facial io-formity in urtice is considered in reference 
to the past history of the species. In that case all existing facts 
induce the acceptance of Prof. Standfuss’s theory put forward in 
his ‘Handbook of Palearctic Butterflies,’ that V. io branched 
off from the ancestors of V. wrtice under the influence of a 
climatical rise in temperature. 

Prof. Standfuss’s reasoning is based on analogies in the life- 
histories of the two species, on comparison of the male ancillary 
appendages, and on the fact that by exposing the pupe of V. 20 


* If these two already 20-form varieties were available for temperature 
experiments in the pupal stage, the results in facial transition to V. 10 might 
naturally be expected to be more complete than with pupe of typical urtice. 

+ It might be supposed that the sexes of a brilliantly-coloured day-flying 
species are attracted to each other mainly by the sense of sight, when sexual 
affinity would be dependent on, or be at least much influenced by, a special 
facies. But V.2o, which, with its peculiar colour and markings that distinguish 
it perfectly from every other butterfly-species, offers the best excuse for such a 
supposition is just one of those Vanessid which, being yearly single-brooded 
—except, perhaps, in Northern Italy—does not pair till after hybernation in 
the spring of the year following its emergence, when, having enjoyed life all 
the previous summer and autumn since July, it is naturally in avery sad con- 
dition facially, being often even in rags. V.urtice shares the same habit in 
its autumn broods, which, emerging as late as October, have less chance than 
V. to to get rid of their beauty before the next spring; but, mostly, wrtice 
also is badly damaged facially at the very time of its life when it must provide 
anew for the future of the species. With all the other Vanesside—which 
are among our most richly-coloured flies—the case is similar. This perhaps 
is conclusive proof that the colours and markings of the facies can have 
little influence on sexual affinity in these butterflies. I even believe that if 
a female V. io were artificially painted white or yellow, she would still be 
sought out by the males of the species. 

In the case of moths it is perhaps well known that the wings of the 
females may generally be entirely cut off without lessening their marvellous 
attractive powers for the males or their fertility. 


SIZE-VARIATION OF MELITHA ATHALIA. 59 


to low temperatures he was able, in V. io ab. fischeri, Stdfss., to 
produce strong facial transition to V. urtice, which, at least in 
the fore wings, was very great, especially if the local (‘‘ climatic ” 
and seasonal) form of V. urtice var. ichnusa is taken for com- 
parison. Normal British V. io, induced by the cool, contrastless 
climate, are more or less transitory in facies to this urtice-form 
aberration, ab. fischeri, Stdfss. On the other hand, V. wrtice pre- 
serves its facial io-form tendency, and exhibits it also in seasonal 
variation, extreme aberrations, for instance, ab. toprotoformis, ab. 
ioformis, and in existing local (climatic) varieties. In this sense 
V. io appears as a pale-entomological variety of V. urtice, which 
became a “‘species”’ by losing its sexual affinity to the type. 


SIZE-VARIATION OF MELITAA ATHALIA. 
By Rev. Frank E. Lowe, M.A., F.E.S. 


WHILE preparing notes of some of my captures last summer, 
the January issue of the ‘Entomologist’ came to hand, in 
which Mr. Wheeler refers to specimens of Melitea athalia taken 
by me at Reazzino (antea, p. 10). There can be no doubt that 
he is right in saying that at present ‘‘ with very few exceptions it 
seems hopeless to give characteristics for local races of this species, 
for three reasons,” which he enumerates. Against the asserted 
tendency to a decrease in size south of the Alpes, teste Ruhl and 
others, he adduces many exceptions from his own experience. ‘To 
me it appears that this decrease in size may be true when you get 
well away from the Alps, perhaps in the plains of which I know 
nothing, but not in the mountainous districts themselves. For 
instance, at Orta and in the Val Strona, Iselle and its neighbour- 
hood, athalia is often above the average in size and brilliancy of 
colour as compared with specimens from the Rhone Valley or 
Caux. In South France again, to my surprise, all specimens which 
I have taken at Digne or Gavarnie were small of a poor form. 
But, as Mr. Wheeler says, ‘‘in many localities such different 
forms are found together” that it is difficult often to find any- 
thing characteristic of a locality, especially in the matter of size. 
This may be exemplified from my Reazzino specimens, all of 
which I did not send to Mr. Wheeler. Some of these are 
decidedly small (he is right in supposing that they were taken 
on the same ground as the “ britoumartis’’), one female measures 
only 81 mm., while, as instances in the other direction, some 
measure 43mm.,and males 40mm. Again, some of my largest 
specimens are from Orta, males often reaching an expanse of 41. 
From the Tyrol, z.e., the Mendel, Brenner, and Trafoi, speci- 
mens appear to be uniformly smaller than those from the Swiss 
mountains. 


60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Again, as analogous with Mr. Wheeler’s instances of bright 
coloration in the lower Misox Valley, last year I took three 
examples in the Val Maggia which are so fine that on showing 
them to Mr. Jones, when we met at Digne, he exclaimed, ‘‘ Why, 
they are almost as good as mehadiensis.’”’ These are not only 
as strongly marked and as brilliant in colouring, especially on 
the under side, as var. mehadiensis, but they are also large. 
The smallest race of athalia that I have noticed is a series I took 
at the beginning of August, 1904, on Monte Bré. Does this 
indicate a partial second brood? Here we have males and 
females averaging 33 and 39 mm. respectively. Many from 
Eeclepens, Bex and Caux run decidedly small, all of which seems 
to show, for I have not quoted isolated individuals, that the 
Species varies in size equally on both sides of the Alps. 


THE FOSSIL CRABRONIDA. 
By T. D. A. CocKkEeReLu. 


Ir is evident that the fossorial wasps are of great antiquity. 
Crabro, with its curiously reduced venation, cannot be regarded 
as a primitive member of the series, and yet we have positive 
evidence that it has remained unchanged, save for the develop- 
ment of minor groups, and of course species, since the middle 
of the Tertiary period at least. The oldest known species come 
from Baltic amber, of Lower Oligocene age. I have recently 
(Mitt. Geol.-Pal. Inst. Univ. Konigsberg, 1909) described two 
of these amber species, C. succinalis, about 5 mm. long, and 
C. tornquisti, about twice as large. It cannot be said that they 
present any feature which would be considered remarkable 
in a living species. From the Miocene shales of Florissant, 
Colorado, I have described C. (Tracheliodes) mortuellus (Bull. 
Mus. Comp, Zool., 1906), a species about 7 mm. long, of quite 
ordinary type. A second Florissant species may be described 
as follows :— 

Crabro longevus, n. sp. 

About 10 mm. long, or a little less (head and thorax about 44, 
abdomen about 5), robust, black, the tegument of abdomen nearly all 
destroyed, so that it cannot be determined whether there were pale 
spots; thorax densely and minutely punctured; abdomen sessile, the 
first segment convex, the suture between it and the second depressed ; 
wings slightly reddened; venation normal; the following measure- 
ments are in microns: length of marginal cell 1649, its depth at 
middle 425, its truncate end 187; depth of stigma 204; submarginal 
cell on marginal 816; end of submarginal cell to end of marginal 
(lower corner of truncation) 850; upper end of basal nervure to base 
of marginal cell 900; basal nervure on submarginal cell 170, on dis- 


coidal 1020; basal nervure meeting transverso-medial, or almost 
doing so. 


HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF COCCID”%. 61 


Compared with C. megerlei (as figured by Kohl) it differs 
thus :— 

(1) Stigma more tapering at both ends; angle formed by stigma 
and marginal nervure smaller. 

(2) Transverse cubital joins marginal cell much nearer middle. 

(3) Basal nervure is more remote from stigma, and its upper 
section is much shorter in proportion to the lower. 

(4) Basal nervure almost exactly meets transverso-medial. 

In all these particulars the insect agrees excellently with , 
C. sayi nov. nom. (C. sexmaculatus, Say, 1824, not Olivier, 1791), 
although in C. sayi the stigma is smaller. The reddish wings 
and the punctate groove crossing the pleura are also as in 
C.sayi. C. say occurs to-day at Boulder, Colorado. 

Hab.—Miocene shales of Florissant, Station 14 (W. P. 
Cockerell). 

The genus Crabro is very abundant to-day at Florissant. 
The recent species have been studied by Mr. S. A. Rohwer, who 
has described six new ones from that locality. 


ON THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF COCCID. 


By Cuaupe Morty, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 31.) 


54. Lecanium persice, Geoff. 

Dr. Mayr raised Phenodiscus (Hncyrtus) eneus, Dalm., from 
the ‘‘ Peach Scale”? in Austria (Verh. z.-b. Ges. 1875, p. 758). 
Coccophaqus cognatus, How. (Revis. 1895, p. 85), C. lecanii, 
Smith (l.c. p. 33), and C. fuscipes, How. (Report Ent. U.S. 
Agric. 1881, p. 359) have been bred in America. From the 
synonymous L. rosarum, Voll., Gaulle (Cat. 106 et 99) records 
Aphelinus scutellaris, Dalm., and Blastothrix sericea, Dalm. Dalla 
Torre says Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ili. 106) records Coccobius 
notatus from Coccus rose, which Mr. Newstead regards as belong- 
ing here, though it is more likely referable to Diaspis, since I see 
it is bracketed ‘‘ Aspidiotus.”’ 


55. Lecanium inule.* 


From a Coccid so named in his Catalogue (p. 102), Gaulle 
records Pteromalus hemipterus, Walk. (Ent. Mag. 1836, p. 196). 


56. Lecanium pruinosum, Coquil.* 57. L. quercitronis, Fitch.* 


The omnivorous Coccophagus lecanii, Smith, is said by Howard 
(Revis. 1895, p. 33) to attack these species in Northern America. 


58. Lecanium viride, Green.* 


This species is said (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, 1896, p. 633) 
to be destroyed by Coccophagus orientalis in Ceylon. 


62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


59. Lecanium hemisphericum, Targ. 
Gaulle gives three parasites upon this species: Aphelinus 
scutellaris, Dalm., Phenodiscus eneus, Dalm., and Cerapterocerus 
pilicornis, Thoms. 


60. Lecanium robiniarum, Dougl.* 


From this species Aphelinus scutellaris, Dalm. (pulchellatus, 
Westw.) is also instanced by Gaulle (Cat. 106). 


61. Lecaniwm quercus, Linn. 


The host of Ratzeburg’s Hulophus leptoneuros seems dubious. 
He says: “‘I bred seven males and two females from Coccus 
quercus on oak, in company with several H. pachyneuros”’ (Ichn. 
d. Forst. i. 169; with four females of the latter species, cf. 1. 
167) ; later he adds that the former was bred ‘‘ by Hr. Nordlinger 
from beech-leaf galls. Hr. Wissmann bred it from Cynips 
fecundatrix” (l. ¢c. il, 170), and (l.¢. iii, 214) ‘again from 
fecundatrix, and then from eglanterie.” Mayr bred (Verh. z.-b. 
Ges. 1875, p. 706) Microterys chalcostomus, Dalm., from this 
species in Austria. And Gaulle (Cat. pp. 97-99) says Erycydnus 
longicornis, Dalm., and Chiloneurus elegans, Dalm., have both 
emerged from Lecaniwm on oak. Nees (11. 4384) quotes Fons- 
colombe (Ann. Soc. France, 1832, p. 384) in saying that Hncyrtus 
scutellaris, Dalm., emerged ‘“‘ Ei cocco tinctorio Quercus coccifere, 
Junio,” but Gaulle (Cat. 97) gives Hucomys obscura, Dalm., as 
attacking Coccids on Quercus tinctoria. 


62. Lecaniwm ertophorum.* 


Aphycus apicalis, Dalm., is said by Gaulle (Cat. 99) to have 
been bred from a species, which he designates as above. 


63. Lecanium coryli, Linn. 


Nees says of Encyrtus scutellaris, Dalm. [=E. infidus, Rossi] 
(Mon. Pterom. 223): ‘‘ Habitat in Coccis, preesertim Coryli Avel- 
lane’; quoted by Curtis (Brit. Ent. fol. 395). Chiloneurus 
formosus, Boh., is recorded from Coccus coryli by Thomson (Hym. 
Scand. iv. 149). Mayr (Verh. z.-b. Ges. 1875, p. 706) also bred 
Microterys sylvius, Dalm., from Lecaniwm coryli, in Austria, and 
is quoted by Gaulle and Ashmead. From the var. L. corni, 
Behé., Mayr also records (J. c. 696) Aphycus punctipes, Dalm. 


64. Lecanium piperis, Green.* 
_ This species is said to be attacked by Encyrtus flavus, Howard 
(Rep. Ent. U. 8. Agric. 1881, p. 367). 


65. Saissetia olee, Bern. 
Lecanium olee is the host of Tomocera californica, Comst. 
(Rep. Ent. U. §. Agric. 1881, p. 368) in America, and of Apycus 
lounsburyi, How. (Ashm. 1900, p. 887) in South Africa. 


HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF COCCIDA. 63 


66. Saissetia hemisphericum, Targ. 

Motschulsky has described his Hncyrtus adustipennis (Bull. 
Soc. Nat. Moscou, 1868, p. 55) from the synonymous Lecaniwn 
coffee, which he evidently thought distinct from Pseudococcus 
coffee, since from the latter he also brings forward (Utud. Entom. 
1859, pp. 170-78) both Encyrtus nietnert and Chartocerus musci- 
formis; but all are from Ceylon. L. coffee, Sign., is attacked 
by Cirrospilus coccivorus, Mots. (Bull. Mose. 1868, p. 68), Cocco- 
phagus flavescens, How. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1896, p. 684), 
C. orientalis from Ceylon (I. ¢. p. 683), by the Torymid Marietta 
leopardina, Mots. (Bull. Mose. 18638, p. 52), by Thoracantha 
cyanea, Mots. (Ktud. Entom. 1859, p. 172) and by Cephaleta 
purpureiventris, Mots. (I. ¢. p. 173). 


67. Physokermes abietis, Geoff. 


Most of our knowledge respecting the enemies of this species 
still comes from Ratzeburg, who says (Ichn. d. Forst. iii. 194), 
among the species bred by Hr. Reissig from Coccus racemosus I 
recently found Encyrtus cephalotes; of HE. duplicatus, Nees (ii. 
145), I have actually bred this pretty insect from Coccus race- 
mosus several times, and (ili. 188) again from Coccus racemosus— 
allthe more striking, therefore, is the anomalous breeding of Hr. 
Reissig, in which several specimens emerged from a wax-yellow 
Syrphus larva, which had been close to the Coccus racemosus ; I 
had already bred a specimen of H. parasema (ii. 149) with 
damaged antenne in the year 1845 from C. racemosus, with E. 
mucronatus ; then came a well-preserved specimen from Nérd- 
linger, also from this host; Bouché bred several H. tenuis (11. 149), 
but only males, from C. racemosus—also bred by me from male 
of this host from Neustadt; H. testaceipes (i. 146) was bred, 
together with EF. atricollis, by Hr. Reissig from C. racemosus ; 
one male Huluphus coccorum (ii. 157) bred from a male pupa of 
C. racemosus; I bred several Pteromalus racemosi from my C. 
racemosus (ii. 200, cf. i. 201) in August, 1842—in the open in the 
beginning of August the Coccus swellings full of eggs were sur- 
rounded by these Pteromali (Giraud also bred it from this host, 
cf. Ann. Soc. France, 1877, p. 480); Hr. Reissig bred many 
Encyrtus mucronatus (ii. 148) from C. racemosus, with many 
testaceus and testaceipes; and again (iii. 193) H. mucronatus is 
the female of E. parasema; formerly I received one female of 
Pteromalus coccorum (ii. 197) without abdomen, bred with 
Encyrtus eneus from Coccus—later came a male which I consider 
belongs to it and which I bred from Chermes picee. Subsequent 
authors have done little but quote the above observations ; but 
Mayr records (Verh. z.-b. Ges. 1875, pp. 691 et 706) Hncyrtus 
testaceus, Ratz., and Microterys lunatus, Ratz., from Coccus 
racemosus, Linn., and M. fuscipennis, Dalm., from Lecaniwm 
racemosus, Which Ashmead evidently regarded as distinct from 


64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Physokermes abietis, since he gives it under both host-names 
(1900, p. 391). Giraud (Ann. Soc. France, 1877, p. 433) also 
bred Tetrastichus melanopus, Forst.; but that Ratzeburg also 
raised Hntedon turionum, Htg., appears doubtful, for, though 
given under this species in the host-table, only Lepidoptera are 
specified in the text, of the significant genus Coccyx. So abun- 
dant are its parasites that fifty per cent. of this species are said 
to be destroyed in Delamere Forest by Encyrtus scaurus, Walk., 
though Newstead had not met with it elsewhere (Brit. Cocc. i. 31). 
I suspect Microterys tessellatus, Dalm., of preying largely upon it— 
though not yet bred thence—since it is an abundant species on 
the spruce trees about Brandon, Suffolk, in May. 


(To be continued.) 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


THE TAPPING oF THE “ DeEatH Watcu Brerie.’—I never could 
believe that these beetles struck up their sexual dirge by hammering 
their heads on the deal boards, and in my collection I find an 
Anobium striatum spread out so as to show a small 
horny plate, a, at the extremity of the body, which I 
believed, as I still believe, is the plectrum that sounds 
the monitory music when the beetle takes it into its 
head to scrape it over a ridge, 6, at the extremity of 
the wing-cases. I used to believe the strie in the 
hollow beyond the ridge, as previously suggested 

B (Westring), were the origin of the sound, but I now 

=3/b recognize it is the ridge; the best imitation of the 

hes: tapping has always been made with the finger-nail. 

When not in use, the horny plate is folded back. In 

Anobium tessellatwm, which is larger, these structures are better 
seen.—A. H. Swinton. 


PUPATION OF XANTHORHOE (MELANIPPE) FLUCTUATA.— With refer- 
ence to your note in the ‘ Entomologist’ (vol. xlii. p. 317), perhaps 
the following may be of interest. On November 29th I obtained 
from wallflowers in my garden two full-grown larvee of M. fluctuata, 
one light-coloured with the usual markings, the other dark and 
slightly larger. These were kept under observation in a small glass 
jar containing a little earth, the jar being covered with leno. The 
dark larva spun a cocoon on December 10th, the other on December 
1ith. On December 23rd the dark larva moved to one side of the 
cocoon, pupating during the evening; on December 26th the light 
one pupated in the evening. The pupa at first was light green with 
a cream abdomen, and has since changed to the normal brown 
colour. I might add that I tried forcing pupe of this species last 
year, but was unsuccessful—S. W. Gapce; 59, Frankfurt Road, 
Herne Hill, §.E., January 6th, 1910. 


Microscores AND ACCESSORIES.— We have received from ‘“ Leitz,” 
the well-known opticians, of Wetzlar (also 9-15, Oxford Street, W.), 


CAPTURFS AND FIELD REPORTS. 65 


two of their Catalogues—‘‘ Microscopes” and ‘ Microscope Acces- 
sories.” To entomologists the most important of the contents of 
the former is a new microscope specially designed for their use, of 
which an illustration appears on the cover of our December number. 
In the second catalogue, perhaps the most interesting things from an 
ordinary working entomologist’s point of view are the drawing and 
measuring appliances. 


EMERGENCE OF EUSTROMA SILACEATA.—I took a worn female, 
third week in August, 1909, at Folkestone. She laid about three 
dozen ova. The larve fed up on willow herb (Epzlobiwm), pupated, 
and instead of lying over till May, 1910, the imagines began to come 
out the second week in October, the last emerging by mid-November. 
A mating, and some three dozen more ova were obtained. For the 
larvee of these there was difficulty in obtaining food supplies, as all 
but odd bits of Hpilobiwm had by this time perished; but with the 
help of some old-fashioned fuchsia this brood also was got into pupa 
state. They were put in a north porch, but on December 31st an 
imago appeared, with another on January Ist, 1910, and others 
followed on by twos and threes. By January 15th, 1910, I had 
another forty ova. Larvee from these began to hatch out on the 20th. 
I think I shall be able to feed them upon young growths at the base 
of the small willow herb growing in the garden.—(Rey.) ARCHIBALD 
Day; Malvern Link. 


PAPILIO NIREUS FouRTEEN Montus In Pupan StaTe.—On Septem- 
ber 28th and 29th, 1908, five larvee of Papilio nireus pupated, and 
one attained the pupal state on October 18th; the other four all 
went over until August, 1909. On July 24th, 1909, I left Durban by 
the ‘Durham Castle’ for England, and three of the butterflies 
emerged during the passage on August 11th and 12th; the remaining 
pupa I put in a chip-box, and had it with me all the time I was in 
London (seven weeks). I returned by the ‘Dunluce Castle’ on 
October 9th, and arrived here with the pupa on November Oth. 
On November 25th, this pupa produced a small female specimen. 
Thus, all but three days, it has been fourteen months in the 
pupal state, during which time it has travelled 14,000 miles, and 
crossed the Equator twice. This is, I think, very unusual, and I 
cannot account for the butterfly not emerging, at any rate upon 
either of the occasions when in the Tropics. I may mention that I 
brought with me twenty-seven pupz of P. cenea that had pupated in 
July, 1909, and from all of these butterflies emerged on the way 
home before we got to Teneriffe——G. F. Lr1aH; Durban, Natal. 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 


LUPERINA GUENEEI AT SourHport.—It may be of interest to 
report that I have in my cabinet a specimen of L. gueneer from 
Southport (captured by the late Mr. T. Davies, of Birkdale). It 
exactly corresponds with fig. 3, pl. vii. (Entom. vol. xlii.). Although 
somewhat worn, it is easily recognizable, and I have compared it 
with Mr. Baxter’s insects; it most resembles his early captures, 

WNTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1910. F 


66 THE ENTCMOLOGIST. 


having the ochreous tint, and he agrees with me that there is no 
doubt as to its identity —W. G. CuurrEen; 132, Coal Clough Lane, 
Burnley. 

EPIONE APICIARIA IN OctoBeR.—I think the following dates 
for this species are unusual. I took one on September 13th, 1907, 
another on October 4th, 1908, and two in 1909 on September 18th 
and 19th. These are the only specimens of H. apiciaria that I have 
obtained here, although I collect all through the summer over the 
same ground.—F. W. J. Jackson ; Woodcote End House, Epsom. 


Earty Occurrence or Acrotis puta.—tIn 1905 I obtained a 
female specimen on May 29th, in 1907 a female was found on 
May 16th, and this year—1909—a male on May 18th. These 
dates would seem to point to the species being either occasionally 
or perhaps regularly double-brooded in this locality.—F. W. J. 
JACKSON. 


A Rare Bretue.—I beg to record the capture of a fine male 
specimen of Acanthocinus edilis, Linn., in Truro, which was taken 
about a quarter of a mile from a riverside timber-yard, to which a 
large quantity of foreign timber is imported, and the probability 
of its having been imported therewith is confirmed in Fowler's 
‘Coleoptera of the British Islands.” The date of capture was 
September 28th, 1909.— W. A. Rounason; ‘ Lamorna,”’ Truro, 
Cornwall, January 19th, 1910. 


VANESSIDZ IN CorNWALL.—With reference to recent reports in 
the ‘Entomologist’ as to scarcity and otherwise of this family, I 
have found atalanta, io, and wrtice to have been unusually plentiful 
in the Truro and Falmouth districts, but cardwz scarcer than usual. 
W. A. Rotuason; “ Lamorna, Truro,’ Cornwall. 


GONEPTERYX RHAMNI IN EARLY JANUARY.—It may be of interest 
to state that about mid-day on January 10th I saw a male specimen 
of Gonepteryx rhamni on the wing in some meadows near Godalming, 
Surrey. The butterfly, which was evidently by no means a fresh 
specimen, was flying rapidly, and the sun was shining almost for the 
first time since the beginning of the new year.—Miss M. EH. Founvarne. 

Mr. J. Challenor-Smith writes me that about 12.30 on January 
2nd, a bright sunny day, he noticed a specimen of this butterfly on 
the wing on Silchester Common, Hants.—H. Rownanp-Brown. 


IcCHNEUMONID& IN Lonpon District.—I am able to supplement 
the list of Ichneumonidz met with in this locality—Herne Hill— 
given in the January number of this Journal, with ten species, kindly 
identified since its publication by Mr. Claude Morley, F.Z.5. Two 
of these, Lissonota deversor, Gr., and Bassus graculus, Panz., of which 
a male of the former and a female of the latter were taken, appear 
to have been so far of uncommon occurrence in this country. The 
remaining eight are Lissonota variabilis, Hlg., Phygadeuon fumator, 
Grav., Perithous varius, Gray., Pimpla brevicornis, Gr., Bassus 
biguttatus, Prometheous sulcator, Hxolytus levigatus, Gray., Micro- 
cryptus sperator, Mill. Also, I may mention that the var. zvidipennis 
was found with the normal form of Platylabus pedatorius, Fab.— 
RupERT STENTON; January 6th, 1910. 


67 
SOCIETIES. 


EntTomonoaicaL Society or Lonpon. — The Annual General 
Meeting was held on Wednesday evening, January 19th, in the 
rooms of this Society at 11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square. The 
following were elected as officers and members of the Council for the 
Session 1910-11:—President, Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D.; Treasurer, 
Mr. A. H. Jones; Secretaries, Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., and 
Commander J. J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S.; Librarian, Mr. G. C. 
Champion, F.Z.S. Other members of the Council :—Professor 
T. Hudson-Beare, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., 
Dr. M. Burr, D.Sc., F.L.8., Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., Mr. 
A. Harrison, F.L.S., F.C.S., Mr. Selwyn Image, M.A., Dr. K. Jordan, 
Ph.D., Mr. H. Main, B.Sc., Mr. A. Sich, Mr. Henry J. Turner, Mr. 
Rowland EK. Turner, and Mr. J. W. Tutt.—The President, in his 
Address, after congratulating the Society on its continued prosperity, 
and paying a tribute to the memory of distinguished entomologists 
who had died during the past year, referred to the appointment by 
the Colonial Office of a Committee for Entomological Research, 
which, he hoped, might be taken as evidence of increased recognition 
by public authorities of the value of scientific advice and co-operation. 
The recent Darwin commemoration at Cambridge and the approach- 
ing International Congress of Entomology at Brussels were then 
noticed ; and the Address proceeded to deal with the special subject 
of the plume-scales of the Pierine, or “white butterflies.” The 
President advocated the interpretation of these structures as a scent- 
distributing apparatus, and gave a detailed account of their structure 
and distribution, pointing out their diagnostic and taxonomic value, 
and indicating their bearing on questions of bionomic importance. 
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse and Professor R. Meldola, F.R.S., having pro- 
posed a vote of thanks to the President for his Address and his 
services, which was carried unanimously, Mr. W. EH. Sharp, seconded 
by Mr. Hamilton H. Druce, proposed a similar vote of thanks to the 
other officers of the Society. This also was carried nem. con., the 
Treasurer and the Secretaries replying. — H. Rowxnanp-Browy, 
M.A., Hon. Secretary. 


THE Sourn Lonpon Entomonocican anpD Naturau History 
Society. — December 9th, 1909. — Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., President, in 
the chair.— Captain Cardew, R.A., of Wimbledon, and Mr. P. A. 
Tautz, of North Audley Street, W., were elected members.—Mr. Sich 
exhibited specimens of Gelechia hermannella in illustration of his 
paper.— Mr. Turner, male and female specimens of the rare tailed 
moth, Hudemonia brachyura, from Sierra Leone. — Mr. Edwards, a 
box of exotic Hemiptera, among which was the remarkable Hetero- 
pteron, Macrocerea grandis, from Tennasserim.—Mr. J. Platt Barrett, 
pup of Hyles ewphorbie, found by him in Sicily, and an immature 
form of a mole-cricket from Messina.—Dr. Hodgson, the most striking 
forms of Anthrocera, taken or bred by him this year, including dwarf 
A. trifolii and curiously marked examples of A. hippocrepidis and A. 
jilipendule. — Mr. Barnett, dark forms of Hybernia boreata and of 
Oporabia dilutaria from West Wickham and Wimbledon respectively. 
— Mr, Robert Adkin, series of Ayriades corydon, females, from Kast- 


68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


bourne, showing eight or nine lines of variation. He also showed a 
bred series of Polia chi from Huddersfield ova.— Mr. Sich read a 
paper entitled ‘“‘ Notes on Gelechia hermannella.” — Hy. J. TurNER, 
Hon. Rep. Sec. 


Tue Mancuester Enromonocican Socirry.—The first autumn 
meeting was held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College, on 
Wednesday, October 6th, 1909, the President, Mr. C. F. Johnson, in 
the chair. The following exhibits were made :—Mr. R. Tait, Jr., series 
of Phibalapteryx tersata, P. vitalbata, Melanippe procellata,and Chero- 
campa porcellus, taken at Wilmington, Sussex, in June, 1909; series of 
Melanippe hastata, Diphthera orion, and Cidaria truncata (the last 
showing beautiful variation), taken at Abbotswood, Sussex in June, 
1909 ; Teniocampa leucographa, from Lakeside, April, 1909 ; a series of 
Eupithecia pumilata, taken in July, 1909, at Penmaenmawr ; several 
Aplecta nebulosa var. robsoni, from Delamere, and a good series of 
Agrotis agathina bred from Welsh larve, 1909; Cymatophora ridens, 
bred from New Forest larvee; Cucullia verbasci, from larve taken in 
South Wales in July, 1907; a series of Agrotis ashworthi, showing 
the most extreme light and dark forms, and Polia chi var. olivacea, 
from Huddersfield.—Mr. A. E. Wright showed series of the following 
insects, all taken or bred at St. Anne’s-on-Sea in 1908 and 1909 :— 
Agrotis exclamationis, A. precox, A. cursoria, A. ripe, A. valligera, 
A. tritici, A. segetwm, Acronycta rumicis, Teniocampa gracilis, 
Leucania littoralis, Rusina tenebrosa, Dasychira fascelina, and Apamea 
bastlinea; also a living Dasypolia tenvpli, taken at light at Burnley. 
—Mr. B. H. Crabtree, F.E.S., bred series of Odonestis potatoria, from 
larvee taken this year at Compton, Berkshire, showing considerable 
variation, and including two very light males from Wisbech; a bred 
series of Arctia caia, from larve taken near Altrincham, showing 
some nice varieties; Acronycta aceris, bred, from Sandown (Isle of 
Wight) ; light forms of Dianthecia carpophaga, bred, from Brighton ; 
Cucullia asteris and Geometra smaragdaria, from the south-east 
coast; varieties of Vanessa urtice, from Compton, Berkshire, bred 
from a large number of larve taken there this year; a varied series 
of Teniocampa stabilis, taken at sallows, Lakeside (Windermere) 
this spring, and a short bred series of Endromis versicolor (Scotch). 
—Mr. W. Buckley showed bred series of Cherocampa elpenor, 
Saturnia carpini, Liparis salicis, and Hemerophila abruptaria, and 
also series of Nyssea zonaria, &e.—Mr. W. P. Stocks exhibited a 
series of Odontopera bidentata, bred from a Manchester melanic 
female. He also showed specimens of a number of species taken at 
Trefriw, North Wales, which included :—Huthemonia russula, Thya- 
tira batis, Acronycta runucis, Axylia putris, Miana literosa, Dian- 
thacia capsincola, Aplecta nebulosa, A. tincta, Cucullia umbratica, 
Pericallia syringaria, Tephrosia biundularia, Venusia cambrica, Bo- 
armia repandata (one a fine dark form), and Emmelesia affinitata.— 
Mr. W. B. Lees, a variable series of Polyommatus phlaas, Xanthia 
citrago, and a pupa of Acronycta alni, August, 1909, from Great Bud- 
worth, Cheshire, and Tapinostola fulva from Hough End, Clough.-— 
Mr. W. Raeper showed, among other species, series of ‘‘ Bombyx” 
quercus, bred, from Wilmslow larve, and Heliothis marginatus, bred, 


SOCIETIES. 69 


from Wallasey; a series of Aplecta nebulosa (including var. robsoni 
and intermediates), all taken at rest on tree-trunks in Delamere ; 
Cloantha solidaginis and Polia chi (including var. olivacea) taken in 
Cheshire; a specimen of Hurymene dolobraria taken at Wilmslow.— 
Mr. L. Nathan, insects taken and bred, 1909, including Cymatophora 
flavicornis, bred, from Winele, and several finely marked bred Pieris 
brassice (female, Manchester) —Mr. G. Storey exhibited Argynnis 
aglaa (female), Acherontia atropos, Triphena comes (orbona) approach- 
ing var. curtistt, Dianthecia cesia, and D. capsophila, Boarmia 
repandata, all on the Isle of Man; series of Nola cuculatella, from 
Brooklands, Cheshire, and of Nyssza zonaria, from Blackpool; 
several Aplecta nebulosa var. robsoni, from Delamere, and a specimen 
of Cherocampa celerio taken at Ashton-onMersey, Cheshire, several 
years ago.— Mr. N. H. Davison showed a varied series of Laszo- 
campa quercus var. callune, from Wilmslow.—Mr. G,. Bradburn 
showed Nola cuculatella, Agrotis nigricans, and Oporabia autumnata, 
from Brooklands, Cheshire; Hupithecia laricata, from Derbyshire 
Agrotis lunigera, A. lucernea, Stilbta anomala, and Orthosia upsilon, 
from Penmaenmawr.—Mr. C. F. Johnson, F.H.S., exhibited light forms 
of Dianthecia carpophaga, froin Brighton pup, Oporabia “filigram- 
maria, Macaria notata, Cymatophora flavicormis (Scotch), Agrotis 
lucernea (Witherslack), and Nwmeria pulveraria, bred from North 
Devon larve.—Mr. A. W. Boyd showed a bred series of Agrotis 
ashworthii, from North Wales; Acronycta rumicis var. salicis, bred 
from Delamere ova; a series of Hmmelesia blandiata and a few 
Venilia macularia, from Cumberland; series of Aspilates strigillaria 
(Delamere), of Nudaria mundana (Grasmere), and of Venusra cam- 
brica (Cheshire and Westmorland); bred Triphena fimbria (Dela- 
mere and Rudheath), Aplecta nebulosa var. robsoni, and Boarmia 
repandata, black variety (Delamere); several Lasiocampa quercus, 
from North Wales larvee, including a semi-transparent example with 
dark fringes; Cenonympha typhon var. phyloxenus, taken in Dela- 
mere; a specimen of Bomolocha fontis, taken on July 6th, in South 
Cheshire, the second record for the county. All the above taken and 
bred in 1909.—Mr. J. E. Cope showed the following Coleoptera, taken 
on Ashton Moss in September, 1909 :—Carabus catenulatus, C. nemo- 
ralis, C. granulatus, and C. violaceus. 

November 3rd. -— Mr. C. F. Johnson, F.H.S., President, in the 
chair.—An exhibition of and discussion on Abrazas grossulariata and 
A. sylvata and their varieties was opened by Mr. Crabtree, F.E.S. 
Of A. grossulariata he showed long series, including vars. varleyata, 
lacticolor, lutea, chalcozona, sub- ard sem- ialnean nugrosparsata, 
hazeleighensis, flavofasciata, and melanozona. His A. sylvata showed 
very extensive variation, including banded and light forms, and many 
of the Yorkshire leaden form, which were also ‘exhibited by Mr. R. 
Tait, Mr. A. Wright, and Mr. C. F. Johnson. Mr. C. F. Johnson’s 
grossular tata included two extremely dark forms, the wings being 
entirely suffused with dark colour, through which the ordinary mark. 
ings could be seen. Mr. A. Wright showed a most remarkable black 
and yellow aberration of grossularvata from Burnley. Other exhibits: 
Mr. Petrie, Heliothis marginatus (Wallasey), Odezia atrata (Chapel- 
en-le- Frith), Pelurga conutata, Dyschorista suspecta, and Cloantha 


70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


solidaginis (North Cheshire), Acidalia aversata and Ephyra punctaria 
(Delamere).—Mr. Bradburn showed Miselia oxyacanthe var. capucina, 
Agrotis saucta, and Calocampa vetusta, taken at sugar last October in 
Cheshire, and Clostera anachoreta, third brood, from Bournemouth. 
December 1st.— Mr. C. F. Johnson, F.E.S., in the chair. — Mr. 
H. 8. Leigh read a paper on the “ Colour of Insects,” and Mr. W. P. 
Stocks a paper entitled ‘‘ Some Remarks on the Weather as affecting 
the Appearance of Lepidoptera.”—Mr. R. Tait exhibited Boarmia 
repandata, bred during 1909, including series from North Wales, 
some of which were of the dark variety, from South Wales var. conver- 
sarva, and from Delamere.—Mr. C. F. Johnson showed butterflies taken 
at Digne and in Switzerland in July—A. W. Boyp, B.A., Hon. Sec. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTomMoLoGIcAL SocreTy.—Meetin 
held at the Royal Institution, Liverpool, November 15th, 1909. Mr. 
C. E. Stott, Vice-President, occupied the chair.—Mr. H. 8S. Leigh, of 
Manchester, delivered a lecture entitled “Leaf Insects.” Mr. Leigh 
described the life-history and development of the insect Phylliwm 
crurifolium, Serv., from the Seychelle Islands, which he had bred in 
captivity for the last three years. An exhibit of the living animals 
emphasised the truly remarkable resemblance they bear, both in 
shape and colour, to the foliage among which they live. A discussion 
ensued in which most of the members present took part.—Mr. F. N. 
Pierce exhibited the “stick” insect Bacillus rossi, alive—Mr. W. A. 
Tyerman exhibited Lasiocampa trifolii; a fine series bred from larvze 
found on the sandhills.—Mr. W. Mansbridge showed the Micro- 
Lepidoptera taken on the occasion of the Society’s Field Meeting at 
Silverdale, N. Lanes, June 26th, 1909; these included :—Argyrotoxa 
conwayana, Spilonota incarnatana (larve), Ephippiphora pflugiana, 
Letinia pinivorana, Dicrorampha plumbana, Lampronia prelatella, 
and Hyponomeuta irrorellus (pups). 

The Annual Meeting of this Society was held at the Royal 
Institution, Colquitt Street, Liverpool, on Monday, December 20th, 
1909, Dr. H. H. Corbett, of Doncaster, Vice-President, in the chair.— 
The following gentlemen were elected officers and Council of the 
Society for the ensuing year, viz. :—President, S. J. Capper, F.E.S. ; 
Vice-Presidents, E. R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S., Robert Newstead, M.Sc., 
F.E.S., W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., C. E. Stott, Claude Morley, F'.E.S., 
P. F. Tinne, M.A., M.B.; Hon. Treasurer, J. Cotton, M.R.C.S.; Hon. 
Secretaries, H. R. Sweeting, M.A.. Wm. Mansbridge, F.E.S.; Hon. 
Librarian, F. N. Pierce, F.E.S.; Council, E. G. Bayford, F.E.S., 
W. D. Harrison, W. A. Tyerman, EK. J. B. Sopp, F-R.Met.S., 
Wim. Webster, M.R.S.A.I., Geo. Arnold, F.E.S., Wm. Mallinson, 
W. T. Mellows, L. H. Lister, G. M. Taylor, M.A., J. H. Leyland.— 
An Address was delivered by Dr. H. H. Corbett, the retiring Vice- 
President, who took for his subject ‘The Evolution of the Natural 
Order Insecta.” The lecturer, by means of lantern-slides and 
diagrams, described how possibly the great family of insects had 
arisen. Beginning with the simplest animal organisms, and pro- 
ceeding to others more and more complex, Dr. Corbett constructed 
a tree showing the probable genealogy of moths, butterflies, and 
beetles. The Address was greatly appreciated by those present, and, 


RECENT LITERATURE. 71 


at the close, a vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. R. Newstead, 
which was carried with acclamation. — Mr. C. B. Williams exhibited 
a box of Lancashire Micro-Lepidoptera, including Scoparia ambiqualis 
from various localities, and S. angustea from Silverdale. — Mr. A. W, 
Boyd, a box of Cheshire Lepidoptera, the most interesting being: 
Scoparia dubitalis, Durham Park; Boarnua repandata var. nigra, 
Delamere; a curious dull form of Venusza cambricaria, and Bomo- 
locha fontis, from Peckforton.—H. R. SwEETING and Wm. MANSBRIDGE, 
Hon. Secs. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


Indian Insect Life ; a Manual of the Insects of the Plains (Tropical 
India). By H. Maxwewt-Lerroy, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.5., &e. 
Assisted by F. M. Howtert, B.A., F.E.8. 4to, pp. i-xii and 
1-786, plates 84. Calcutta and Simla: Thacker, Spink & Co. 
London: W. Thacker & Co. 1909. 


Tus beautifully illustrated volume emanates from the Agricul- 
tural Research Institute, Pusa, and is published under the authority 
of the Indian Government. 

As a general introduction to the insect fauna of a country it stands 
pre-eminent, and all who are in any way interested in the insect life 
of India are fortunate in having such a guide at their command. 

In his treatment of the subject, the author has so judiciously 
blended entomological science with popular entomology that the work 
must commend itself to student and nature lover alike. Some idea 
of the comprehensive scope of the book will be gathered from the 
following summary of pages and illustrations devoted to the orders:— 
Aptera, pp. 43-46, text-figs. 1-4. Orthoptera, pp. 47-107, text-figs. 
5-42; plates 6 col., 1 plain. Neuroptera, pp. 108-160, text-figs. 43— 
83; plates 1 plain. Hymenoptera, pp. 161-233, text-figs. 84-135; 
plates 4 col., 1 plain. Coleoptera, pp. 234-396, text-figs. 135(bzs)—272; 
plates 10 col., 4 plain. Lepidoptera, pp. 397-541, text-figs. 273-346; 
plates 27 col., 3 plain. Thysanoptera, pp. 542-544, text-fig. 347. 
Diptera, pp. 545-664, text-figs. 348-434; plates 10 col., 4 plain 
(1. Siphonaptera). Rhynchota (Hemiptera), pp. 665-764, text-figs. 
435-536 ; plates 11 col., 2 plain. Index, pp. 764-786. 


Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum. Bulletin 
67: “ Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects.” By 
NatHan Banks. 1909. 


An excellent and instructive manual, that not only describes in 
some detail the most approved methods of obtaining various kinds of 
insects, but is also a concise introduction to systematic entomology. 
It should be almost as useful to the British collector as to his 
American confrére. 

The author recognizes fifteen orders of Insecta, and each of these 
he discusses and illustrates by admirable figures of one or more 
species belonging thereto. The methods of collecting, rearing, and 
the subsequent treatment of specimens are also fully illustrated. 

Altogether there are 188 text-figures; and including bibliography 
and index, 135 pages. 


e 
72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


1. Annals of Scottish Natural History, 190%. 4 


THouGH not mainly devoted to entomology, this well got-up 
periodical contains the following papers and notes on insects :— 
‘Aquatic Coleoptera of the Solway District,” a rather lengthy paper 
by F'. Balfour Browne ; ‘‘ Coleoptera from Moles’ Nests in the South- 
east of Scotland,’ by T. Hudson Beare and W. Evans; ‘On Some 
Scottish Diptera—Stratiomyidz to Asilide,” by A. E. J. Carter and 
J. Waterston; ‘Notes on Lepidoptera in the North-east Highlands,” 
by D. Jackson; ‘ Hystrichopsylla talpe in Forth and Tweed,” by 
W. Evans; “ Nemotelus wliginosus in Forth,’ by W. Evans; “On 
Some Scottish Siphonaptera.—II.,” by J. Waterston; ‘ Cryptocepha- 
lus aureolus in Strathspey,” by EH. C. Maitland-Dougall; “Two New 
British Diptera,” by P. H. Grimshaw. 


2. The House Mosquito—a City, Town, and Village Problem. By 
J.B. Smiru, Sc.D. (New Jersey, Agr. Exper. Stations, Bull. 216). 
Nov. 24, 1908. 


Tuis is our familiar mosquito (Culex pipiens), which, though often 
common and troublesome enough out of doors, seldom becomes with 
us a household nuisance. Those who are waging war against the 
house fly should examine this well-illustrated paper, although of 
course the life-history of the mosquito is very different from that 
of the house-fly. 


3. Dragonflies of Mississippi Valley, collected July and August, 1907. 
By C. B. Winson. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxvi. pp. 653-671.) 
Washington, 1909. 7 


4. On Brazilian Grasshoppers of the Subfamilies Pyrgomorphine and 
Locustine (Acridine of authors). By J. A. G. Rexun. (Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxvi. pp. 109-163). Washington. 1909. 


A well-illustrated systematic paper. 
5. The North American Dragonflies (Odonata) of the Genus Macromia. 


By HE. B. Winuramson. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxvii. pp. 369- 
398, pl. 35-36). Washington, 1909. 


More than a simple systematic list. 


W: Tae 


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December, 1908. 

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Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. Division of Entomology. 
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@ 9s Vol. XLII] MARCH, 1910. [No. 562. 


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The Entomologist, March, 1910. Plate III. 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLITTI.] MARCH, 1910. [No. 562 


GEORGE WILLIS KIRKALDY, F.E.S. 


WE are deeply grieved to announce the death, on February 
2nd last, of our highly esteemed colleague, whose name has 
been a familiar one in the pages of this Journal for several 
years past. Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy was the youngest son of the 
late Mr. W. H. Kirkaldy, of Wimbledon, and was born at 
Clapham in 1878. A love of Natural History was evinced at a 
very early age, and later it became a passion with him. He was 
educated at the City of London School, and whilst there was 
appointed Curator of the School Museum. Joining a Debating 
Society at the Presbyterian Church, he, although only a young 
lad, read some excellent papers, notably one on the ‘‘ Coloration 
of Insects.” : 

After entering upon City life he devoted his evenings to 
Entomology either in the field or the study. Always a great 
reader, and possessing an excellent memory, he rapidly equipped 
himself for the work he proposed to undertake when he could 
devote the whole of his time toa scientific career. 

The offer of a post, under the U.S. Government, on the 
entomological staff of the Department of Agriculture and 
Forestry at Honolulu (subsequently transferred to the Hawaiian 
Sugar Planters’ Association), was readily accepted, and in 1903 
he went out to Hawaii to take up the appointment. Here he 
seems to have been quite in his element, with plenty of work of 
the quality he most desired awaiting his able investigation. 
Soon after settling down in Honolulu, however, he met with the 
unfortunate riding accident that proved a trouble to him during 
the remainder of his life. The bone of the injured leg, which 
had been fractured in five places, did not unite properly, and 
although he submitted to two separate operations later on, he 
was not satisfied with the result. When on a holiday visit to 
San Francisco at the beginning of the present year he appears 
to have been persuaded to undergo still another operation, but 
he only survived it five days. 


ENTOM.—MaRrcH, 1910. G 


74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


In 1897 Mr. Kirkaldy published in. the ‘ Entomologist’ 
‘Notes on the Genus Sigara’’ (September), and ‘‘ Synonymic 
Notes on Aquatic Rhynchota ” (October). He commenced ‘“ A 
Guide to the Study of British Waterbugs (Aquatic Rhynchota) ” 
in 1898 (Entom. xxxi. p. 177). This was continued at intervals 
extending over eight years, but was practically concluded in 
1906 (Entom. xxxix. p. 154), when it comprised sixty-six pages, 
together with two plates of structural details. 

His contributions to the literature of Hemiptera are chiefly 
concerned with the nomenclature and bibliography of the Order, 
but he also wrote articles and notes on other phases of the sub- 
ject, among which may be mentioned, in addition to the “Guide,” 
already referred to, ‘‘The Stridulatory Organs of Waterbugs”’ 
(Journ. Quekett Microse. Club, April, 1901), ‘‘ Hemiptera” 
(1902, ‘Fauna Hawaliiansis,’ vol. ili.), and ‘‘ Upon Maternal 
Solicitude in Rhynchota and Other Non-Social Insects’ (1908, 
Kntom. xxxvi. pp. 118-120; and 1904, Ann. Rep. Smith Inst., 
pp. 577-585). 

It is true perhaps that the ‘‘rule of priority’ is recognized 
by most systematists, but few, seemingly, regard the rule as 
being unalterable. Kirkaldy in Hemiptera (as also Prout in 
Lepidoptera) believing that anything approaching stability in 
nomenclature was only to be secured by the acceptance of 
names as these were written by their respective authors, rigidly 
objected to orthographic emendation being admitted on any plea 
whatever. Strict priority without exception of any kind was 
the predominant note in all his nomenclatorial work. His 
researches into the intricate subject of generic synonymy occa- 
sionally brought him into conflict with co-workers who held 
Opinions opposed to his own. He was, however, ever ready to 
admit error, and was always thankful to those who put him 
right when he went astray. His sole object was to obtain an 
approximately definite adjustment of questions affecting generic 
nomenclature upon which his ‘Catalogue of the Hemiptera’ 
might be based. The first volume of this monumental work, 
estimated to run to six or perhaps seven volumes, was published 
in 1909, and embraces the Cimicide. Volume ii., dealing with 
Thyreocoride, Urolabidide, Aradide, and Coreide, we under- 
stand, is in the press. Volume iii., treating of Pyrrhocoride, 
Myodochide, and Tingidw, was in preparation. 

Mr. Kirkaldy was elected a Fellow of the Entomological 
Society of London in 1898. In 1901 he joined the Reference 
Committee of the ‘ Entomologist.’ 

He leaves a widow and one daughter; his little son died 
about twelve months ago. 


75 


NOTES ON LUPERINA GUENEEI, Dato. 
By Eustace R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S. 


ty the course of his interesting paper on “Luperinaguenéet, Dbl., 
and var. baxteri, var. nov.,’’ published in Entom. xlii., 289-292 
(1909), Mr. Richard South says, p. 290, that the National Collection 
includes “‘a female type” of guenéei, and that “‘ a co-type”’ of it 
passed from the Mason collection into mine. Seeing, however, 
that Doubleday’s original description in Ent. Ann., 1864, pp. 
123-124, was made from these two individuals, one being of each 
sex, it follows by the ‘ Merton Rules,’ p. 18, Rule 88 (1896), that 
together they constitute the “‘ type,” my example being the type 
male, while that in the National Collection is the type female. 
The term ‘‘ co-type”’ is reserved by the authors of these Rules 
for use in cases where the description has been made either from 
two individuals, both of which represent the same sex, or from 
more than two units. At the dispersal of the Burney collection 
in 1893, the type male, as well as the type female, was purchased 
by Mr. O. E. Janson, who, in answer to my inquiries, informs me 
that he sent the former to the late Mr. P. B. Mason, and the 
latter to the Trustees of the British Museum, on whose behalf it 
had been secured. Barrett is, therefore, in error in stating 
(Lep. Brit. Isl., iv. 835 (1897)] that, after the death of the Rev. 
H. Burney, both specimens passed into the collection of ‘‘ Dr. 
P. B. Mason,’’* and that the latter gentleman deposited one of 
them in the National Collection. I have carefully compared 
these individuals with one another, and also with several of 
those taken in Lancashire, during the past season, by Messrs. 
T. Baxter and W. Yates, and all are certainly conspecific. 

Since Mr. South (loc. cit.) reproduces Hodgkinson’s note 
[Kntom. xvili., 54 (1885)], in which the writer gives the date of 
his purchase—and, by implication, of the capture—of the two 
guenéei that went into the Burney collection, as ‘‘1860 or 
1861,” it may be as well to mention that the precise year in 
which these, and the other original specimen, that was sent to 
Miss Sulivan, were secured, is somewhat uncertain. In Ent. 
Ann., 1864, p. 123, Doubleday definitely states that they were 
taken ‘‘in the autumn of 1862,”’ and Barrett, in Lep. Brit. Isl., 
iv., 3835 (1897), follows him as regards the year, though he 
informs us that they were captured ‘“‘in August,” which is not 
one of the autumn months. Miss Sulivan, however, writing 
recently to Sir George F. Hampson, says that her collection still 


* Mr. P. B. Mason, M.R.C.S., although no less distinguished as a phy- 
sician than as a surgeon, and popularly known as “ Dr. Mason,” did not 
receive the degree of ‘‘M.D.,” and consequently never assumed the title of 
‘** Doctor.”—E. R. B. 


G 2 


76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


contains the example of guenéei* received from Hodgkinson, and 
that the label belonging to it reads:—‘‘ Taken by Porter and 
Stephenson of Bolton, at Rhyl, Aust. 12th, 1860”: the year 
specified practically agrees with Hodgkinson’s ‘‘ 1860 or 1861,” 
and it seems most probable that the moths were really captured 
in 1860, and that the ‘‘ 1862” of Doubleday and Barrett is not 
accurate. Although I have examined, in my own and other 
collections, some extraordinarily pale aberrations of L. testacea, 
not one of them at all reminds me of the true guenéei, and ever 
since the acquisition, and careful comparison, of the type male 
of the latter in 1905, I have been unable to accept the opinion 
of Barrett and others that it is only a form of testacea, and 
regard it as highly satisfactory that Doubleday’s action in 
separating it has at last been proved, by the evidence of the 
genitalia, to have been fully justified. It would be of great 
interest if Mr. Sydney Webb would inform us whether the two 
reputed guenéet in the Bond collection are really referable to 
Doubleday’s species. In Lep. Brit. Isl., iv., 835 (1897), Barrett 
says that they do not fully agree with ‘‘this variety of ZL. tes- 
tacea,” that is, with L. guenéei, Dbld., which he has just stated to 
be, in his opinion, only an extreme form of its close ally. 
Besides the differences in colour, L. quenéei seems to be, on 
the whole, a rather smaller species than testacea. I have 
examined eight British examples of the former and scores of the 
latter, and although both insects vary considerably in size, the 
guenéei are, on an average, certainly smaller than the testacea ; 
they are, in addition, narrower in the fore wing, although 
strikingly narrow-winged examples of the latter are very occa- 
sionally met with. From Entom., xlii., 42 (1910), we learn that 
the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows is not acquainted with the ‘‘ three 
round white dots on the costa near the apex,” which are stated 
by Doubleday (Ent. Ann., 1864, p. 124) to be ‘‘so distinct” in 
testacea but absent in guenéei. In my experience, however, the 
three pale dots, to which Doubleday obviously refers, are, in 
nearly every instance, visible in the former, though they are not 
always equally distinct, and more frequently exhibit some shade 
of buff than of white. Three similar white dots, in precisely the 
same positions, are sometimes present in guenéet, and I can (pace 
Doubleday) even distinguish them with certainty on the left fore 
wing of the type male, though on the right fore wing they are not 
discernible. But seeing that Doubleday (tom. cit., p. 123), after 
alluding to ‘‘a pale patch on the costa near the apex,” specially 
says, ‘‘ On the costa near the apex are two oblique white spots,” 


* Hodgkinson appears to be responsible for this identification, which, 
although not yet confirmed by any authority, is presumably correct. In any 
case, no question of importance rests upon it, and the value of the evidence 
afforded by the label, in considering the question of the date of capture of 
the type specimens, would in no way be affected, even if Hodgkinson’s 
determination were proved to be incorrect.—E. R. B. 


NOTES ON LUPERINA GUENEEI. 77 


and that the type male* shows no white spots or dots in such a 
position with the exception of the three just mentioned, one is 
forced to the conclusion that Doubleday only noticed the two 
posterior dots, and did not realize that they correspond exactly 
to the two outer dots of the series of three that he knew so well 
in testacea. 

Mr. South (tom. cit., p. 292) says that the question whether 
L. nickerlii is, or is not, a form of testacea must await the result 
of further examination of the genitalia. But while fully realizing 
the immense value of the evidence afforded, in numerous in- 
stances, by these appendages, I am quite unable to subscribe to 
the idea that any two forms that appear, on other grounds, to be 
distinct species, must be considered conspecific unless the geni- 
talia show marked differences. The eight specimens of nickerlit 
in the National European Collection differ so noticeably from 
testacea in the ground-colour, which is much darker, in the 
stigmata, which are white and consequently far more con- 
spicuous, and in the hind wings, which are, like those of guenéei, 
decidedly whiter, that its specific status seems to me in no way 
jeopardised by the possibility of the genitalia yielding no proof 
of its distinctness. 

I greatly regret to find that the explanation at the foot of the 
plate accompanying Mr. South’s paper in Entom., xlii., pp. 
259-292 (1909) is incomplete, and consequently very mis- 
leading. It tells us that the figures represent “‘ Luperina nickerlit 
and L. guenéet baxter.” This is true of the imagines figured, 
but anyone, with the plate alone before him, could only conclude 
that figure 5 shows the genitalia of nickerlii (this being the 
species named first in the explanation), and that figure 6 
represents those of guenéet var. baxtert. Both conclusions would 
be erroneous, for, on turning to p. 292, we learn incidentally 
that the appendages exhibited in figure 5 are those of the ‘‘ new 
species,” while those seen in figure 6 belong to testacea! The 
““new species” of Mr. Pierce’s report, written before he became 
aware of the fact, is, of course, L. guenéet, Dbld. 

The opinion has been expressed to me that, in equally fresh 
individuals, there would be no distinction at all between typical 
guenéet and var. baxteri, South, and that the apparent difference 
is merely due to the pale grey ground-colour having, in the course 
of time, assumed a somewhat ochreous tinge. On first placing 
fine examples of var. baxteri beside the type male of guenéei, 
which, in its present condition, only differs from them in that it 
is distinctly luteous instead of distinctly grey, this same idea 
occurred to me, and I doubt whether anyone, with these indivi- 
duals alone before him, would have ventured to bestow a varietal 
name upon the former. A comparison, however, of var. baxtert 


* The point in question had not arisen when the opportunity of examining 
the type female occurred.—E. R. B. 


78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


with the type female of guenéei made it at once evident that the 
browner tone of the latter was not due to discoloration, and the 
fact that, in the original description, made within some three 
years of the capture of the type specimens, the ground-colour of 
guenéei is stated to be “pale testaceous,” which epithet is not 
applicable to that of var. baxteri, affords additional proof of this. 
The type male of guenéei, which is also somewhat larger and 
more robust in appearance, is a shade paler than the type 
female, but the former, although absolutely free from any 
suspicion of grease, is in less good condition, being rather worn. 
My firm belief, based upon careful study, is that neither has 
changed colour since the date of capture, and that Doubleday, 
holding, as I do, that the male, when fine, resembled the female 
more closely in colour, abstained from mentioning the difference 
between them, and deliberately chose the term ‘‘ pale testa- 
ceous’”’ to describe the hue which, in his opinion, had prevailed 
in both when equally fresh. Certain of my paler testacea would, 
apparently, if similarly worn, be precisely concolorous with the 
type male of guenéet. Furthermore, Mr. South informs me (in Litt., 
26, xi., 1909) that some of the specimens of guenéei taken by 
Mr. Baxter during the past season, as well as the solitary indi- 
viduals secured by him in 1889 and 1891, ‘‘ might be described 
as testaceous, and have an ochreous brown tinge,” and adds, 
‘‘The form I have named bazteri lacks this tint, and is of a paler 
erey colour than the B. M. type [t.e., the type female of quenée. 
—E. R. B.j.””. I may mention that Mr. South’s decision to 
describe baxtert as var. noy. was based on a comparison of it 
with the type female with guenée:; he has not seen the type 
male since it passed into my possession in 1905, for there was 
no opportunity of showing it him when I took it to London, last 
December, in order to compare it with the type female. 


Norden, Corfe Castle: February 8th, 1910. 


(Mr. Sidney Webb has kindly sent the two specimens of 
Luperina that stood as L. guenéei in the Bond Collection. 
Barrett was of opinion that these were only light forms of 
L. testacea, and there is no doubt whatever that this is so. 
The specimens have been submitted to Mr, K. R. Bankes, and 
he also refers them to L. testacea.—R. 8.] 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITAA. 
By Rev. George WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 11.) 


‘THE specimens of athalia from Wiesbaden in Mr. Prideaux’s 
collection approach more nearly to deione than any others I 
have seen; even the a-mark of the marginal blotch, up. 8., is 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA. 79 


exactly reproduced in one specimen, and in another the black 
lunules of the un. s. h. w. appear, whilst the contrast between 
the two divisions of the central band on the same wing is much 
slighter than usual. They are smaller and lighter than is usual 
in Switzerland, and approach nearer to average English speci- 
mens; those, however, from the Saléve (Haute Savoie) are also 
somewhat small and light. The only approach made by speci- 
mens of athalia towards parthenie appears to me to consist in the 
partial or entire absence of the extra line up. s. h. w., which 
certainly gives a superficial resemblance to the latter species, 
but I have never yet come across a specimen with this pecu- 
liarity, in which the f. w. and the palpi did not at once suffice to 
determine the species. There certainly does exist, however, 
some confusion in the minds of various authors between these 
two species, the climax of which seems to be reached in Giard’s 
paper in the ‘Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes,’ xxxill. p. 44 
(1905), on the Argynnides of Northern France, in which the 
whole account of athalia obviously refers to parthente and vice 
versa, Whilst the names are used with absolute correctness by 
Dupont in his paper on p. 80 of the same volume on the 
Argynnides of Normandy. Oberthiir’s paper in the Ent. Rec. 
xy. p. 318 really ought to dispose of any difficulty in separating 
the species, in Northern France at any rate. An occasional 
broadening of the black edging of the nervures in small speci- 
mens occasionally produces some resemblance to auwrelia, but 
the lunules of the outer band in un.s. h. w., and often also the 
shape of the wings, which as a rule are more elongated in the 
latter species, will suffice to prevent mistakes. I have never 
seen any near approach to dictynna on the part of athalia except 
from Bukowina, though the converse occurs, and the same fact 
may be stated with regard to britomartis, though of course a 
glance at the under side in either of these cases would at once 
settle the question. I have already mentioned the resemblance 
between athalia and dictynnoides in Bukowina; the specimens 
given under the latter name from the Ural in the National 
Collection are, in my opinion, probably athalia approaching even 
more closely to dictynnoides, but in the absence of exact data 
it is impossible to pronounce definitely on the subject. This 
species never approaches either varia or asteria. 

The extent of variation in the bands of the ground colour on 
the up. s. is sometimes very remarkable in the female. There 
are in the National Collection several specimens from Germany 
with a distinctly pink tint in some of these bands; in one from 
the Elwes collection, taken at Kruznach, and another with no 
distinctive label, this peculiarity is so pronounced as to remind 
one of maturna var. wolfensbergert. A similar specimen, in com- 
pany with a fairly ordinary female, both coming from the Leech 
collection, are labelled ‘“‘ hybr. Mel. Phebe and Athalia”’! with- 


80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


out a shadow of excuse. In ‘ Iris,’ xviii. p. 12, another similar 
aberration is mentioned, and illustrated on pl. i. fig. 5; this 
again approaches somewhat closely to var. wolfensbergeri; it 
was bred in 1905 from a larva found at Werdau, in Saxony, so 
that there ought to be no doubt as to the species to which it 
belongs. Specimens showing a melanie tendency, without 
reaching even approximately the navarina-form, are by no 
means uncommon ; it will suffice to refer to the specimens taken 
at Martigny, and more particularly at Luan, by Mr. Sloper, 
mentioned in Ent. xxxvili. p. 27, and those described by Aigner- 
Abafi in his paper in the ‘Annals of the Hungarian National 
Museum for 1905,’ pp. 496 et seq. 

Oberthur, in his ‘Etudes de Lépidoptérologie comparée,’ 
speaks of M. deione as a very constant species; yet its limits of 
variation hardly seem less than those of others of this group. 
On p. 11 of this work he speaks of a melanic specimen of the 
berisalensis-form, taken by Wullschlegel at Martigny, which the 
illustration, pl. 1. fig. 7, shows to be of a somewhat extreme 
character; but, apart from extreme aberrations, it varies in 
detail in all the same directions as athalia and others. Its 
variation in size, especially between the first and second broods, 
has already been mentioned, and the female exhibits a greater 
degree in difference of tint between the different bands of the 
up. s. than does any other of the group. Reference has also 
been made to its racial distinctions (vol. xlii. p. 149), but it will 
be better to speak somewhat more fully as to these at this point. 
The darkest race of all is the form of berisalensis found at Sierre 
and at Ormona, above Sion, these examples being considerably 
darker than those of Martigny. The lighter specimens from the 
latter locality are very close to those from Granada, especially 
the males; the South Spanish females are, however, more varie- 
gated on the up. s. than even the most variegated of the Swiss. 
The lightest I have seen have come from the French Pyrenees ; 
almost as light as these are those from Digne and the Riviera. 
The Spanish forms seem mostly to be darker than the type, 
with the exception of the light race from the Sierra Nevada. 
A new locality has lately been discovered for the species at 
La Grave, in the north of the Hautes Alpes, the specimens 
from which are large and lightish, the un.s. of those I have 
seen being specially light. So far the expressions light and dark 
have referred to the ground colour, but there is also a very great 
difference in the breadth and intensity of the black markings on 
the up. s., and on the f. w. of the un. s.; occasionally also the 
two portions of the central band are of slightly different shades, 
which brings the insect somewhat closer to parthenie. In the 
North of Spain the two insects become indeed very difficult to 
distinguish, but this is mostly due to the variation of parthenie, 
and will be treated of under that insect. The only other species 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA. 81 


of the group to which deione now seems to approach is athalia, 
and this only in the darker and more heavily marked forms of 
the former, and only on the up. s., the un. s. always affording 
abundant distinction. 

Few as are the varietal or aberrational names to which 
parthenie has given rise, it is a very variable insect. In Central 
France it reaches a large size, and is brightly coloured, belonging 
frequently to Caradja’s form beata—more distinctly so, indeed, 
than many of the specimens from the French Pyrenees them- 
selves. Inthe Eastern French Alps, on the contrary, they are in- 
clined to be small, though perhaps somewhat larger than those 
from Switzerland, except at a height (about 3000 ft.) where the 
species begins to be single-brooded. In Central Italy the ground 
colour becomes very light, the markings also being generally 
slighter than in other races; this is even more noticeable on 
the un.s., the broad and scarcely divided central band being 
often very remarkable, especially in the females. This race is 
not specially small, and occasional specimens have the markings 
quite up to the average, but in all I have seen the ground colour 
remains light. An extreme contrast to this form is afforded by 
the Spanish race, whose dark ground colour and heavy markings 
and variegated females bring them very near to the dark berisal- 
ensis-like form of deione, which is found in the same localities. 
These characters are apparently common to the species from 
Northern Spain to Andalusia. I am entirely at a loss what to 
say as to German specimens of parthenie, as nothing I happen 
to have seen from Germany purporting to be this species has 
any near resemblance to it. It must occur, one would think, in 
the west and south-west, but the writings of German authors on 
the subject leave one in considerable doubt. This doubt begins 
to arise when serious comparisons are made between parthenie 
and aurelia, two of the most widely different species of the whole 
group; unless, indeed, these comparisons are intended to in- 
clude varia, a species much more closely connected, in my 
opinion, with aurelia than with parthenie, but which can hardly 
occur except in the very highest elevations in Germany, though 
the earliest descriptions and illustrations of parthenie seem rather 
to represent a light form of varia. This is one of the many 
points which still requires careful investigation; the material at 
present at my disposal is wholly insufficient for the purpose, but 
I hope at some future time to be able to clear up this (and some 
few other points) satisfactorily. With regard to aberrational, as 
distinct from racial, forms, parthenie is quite as rich as athalia, 
though only two—jordisi, Ruhl, and aphea, Freyer—have been 
named, and even the latter name was given, so to speak, acci- 
dentally. Yet every form of athalia, whether of the navarina or 
the corythalia group, has its counterpart in this species also. 
Melanic forms are given by Aigner-Abafi in his paper above 


82, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


mentioned, and by Oberthur in the ‘ Bulletin de la Société Ento- 
mologique Francaise,’ vol. v. pl. i. (1900), and in this latter 
place is also illustrated one of a precisely opposite character, 
almost the whole of the wings being covered with the ground 
colour; and of the seven under sides illustrated the author says 
that four, viz. three males and one female, have the up. s. similar 
to this latter. All these four have the un.s. f. w. very slightly 
marked except for the lunules, and all have the outer two-thirds 
of the h. w. albinistic, the outer dark band being represented in 
the four specimens by (1) indistinct dots, (2) adark edging to the 
lunules of the terminal band, (8) a row of very indistinct, and 
(4) slightly more distinct lunules respectively ; the basal third is 
in all cases dark, the spots showing but little. It will be seen 
that all these belong to the jordist group of aberrations, but 
carried considerably farther on the up. s. than the specimen 
described by Ruhl, and less marked on the un.s. f. w. Of the 
other three un. s. specimens illustrated, one has the un. s. left 
h. w. of the same form, but less markedly so, whilst in the right 
h. w. the outer band is unusually dark, and invades the lunules 
of the terminal band; the greater part of the right f. w. un. s. 
is also dark. ‘The other two under sides are melanistic. The 
minor variations—tint of ground colour, variegation in the up. s. 
of the female, breadth of dark lines up. s. and of bands un. s.— 
have quite as wide a range as inathalia. With regard to the 
approach of parthenie to varia, I know how fatally easy it is to 
be misled by a superficial resemblance in the males, especially 
when one only has one or the other species before one. In the 
early days of my Swiss collecting I fell into this error myself, 
and the statement made in the ‘ Entomologist’s Record,’ vol. xii. 
p. 118, remains as a constant reminder of my mistake; but I 
am soothed by the reflection that I erred in the company of the 
nearly infallible Kane, who says (Entom. xix. p. 145) that the 
*oromorphic form of parthenie graduates insensibly into varia,” 
whereas in truth the oromorphic form of parthenie does nothing 
of the kind except with regard to size. The same observation 
is made by Bath (Ent. xxix. p. 11) with regard to specimens 
from Randa, near Zermatt, and (Ent. xxx. p. 210) from Gavarnie, 
at a height of from 5000 to 6500 ft. Now these two localities 
probably represent the extreme height to which parthenie ever 
mounts in the Valaisian Alps and the Pyrenees respectively, and 
I have seen specimens from both ranges. The superficial re- 
semblance to varia is at first sight marked, but a comparison 
made between them and the varia of the high Alps on the one 
hand, and the ordinary Swiss forms of parthenie (especially the 
subalpine forms) on the other, will serve to place the matter 
beyond dispute. The table given in vol. xli. pp. 804-307 will 
be found helpful in this matter. The very small specimens of 
parthenie in the National Collection, brought by Mrs. Nicholl 


VARIATION OF VANESSA URTICA. 83 


from the Piz Europa, serve to bring out very strongly the diffe- 
rences between the two species; though they are as small as 
the smallest varia, it would be almost impossible to confuse 
them. The only females I have ever seen about which any 
uncertainity could arise are the very light specimens taken by 
Mr. A. H. Jones at Campfer, in the Engadine. 

(To be continued.) 


VARTATION (ORS MaVURLICHAE,. Le: 
By T. Reuss. 


Since I began, in 1906, to pay some attention to the facial 
changes possible in the Vanesside, I have taken particular 
interest in any variation exhibited by the normally dusky, plain- 
hued under sides of urtice, io, polychloros, and others. As is 
well known, the under sides of these imagines are undoubtedly 
under certain conditions of protective value to their possessors, 
by causing them to resemble bits of wood, dry clay, &c. Any 
new departure in facial development, tending to paint bright 
decorative colours into such under sides and thus to deprive 
them of, or to lessen, their protective value, would naturally be 
worth while to observe. 

Now though I have reared over twelve thousand larve 
of V. urtice and io,* only three or four perfect individuals have 
come to my notice, which plainly showed the tendency to 
develop an under side facies with conspicuous colours in it. 

On September 13th last I bred the above aberration of V. urtice 
from wild Hertforshire larve, which is remarkable for the chain 
of light bluish-grey lunules on the under side of the wings. 
Groups of shining white scales in the lunules brighten them 
and, in the live insect, the lunules looked very conspicuous and 


* A specimen of V. zo (a heat-form) developed a few brilliant metallic 
blue and green scales at the apex of the fore wings, just underneath one of 
the white spots in the ocellus, and in the same place where such metallic 
seales are to be found in the under side of Polygonia (Vanessa) c-album. 


84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


decorative. I therefore suggest the descriptive name of ab. 
subtus-ornata for this form. I took the specimen out into the 
garden, soon after the wings were fully developed, and, placing 
it on tree-trunks, logs of woods, &c., I noted its appearance 
when resting with closed wings on these objects. In every case 
the decorative chain of lunules caused the insect to look ‘‘ orna- 
mental,” and quite unlike a bit of bark, rotten wood, or any of 
the other things which the normal under side of urtice seems 
to imitate. The under side of the aberration was evidently, 
therefore, much less protective than that of the normal form. 
The hind wings, and especially the central and basal area of the 
primaries, were suffused with a rich purplish brown (the colour 
of the well-known pigment ‘‘ burnt sienna’’), and the broad 
black bands looked rich and glossy in the sunshine. Soon, how- 
ever, the wings of the insect began to vibrate in the manner 
common. with butterflies when they prepare for flight; they raise 
the vitality (and temperature) in their bodies by these vibra- 
tions, expand their air-receptacles, and then suddenly fly off— 
which was precisely what the aberration did, or tried to do, thus 
putting an end to my observations. I succeeded in re-capturing 
it with the net, but not before it had made a beautiful display of 
its dark, fiery upper side, which showed a purplish gloss on the 
dark wing parts and on the white spotted margin, and reminded 
one of P. atalanta in many respects. Prof. Standfuss recorded 
on p. 54, Hdbk. of Pal. Butt., 1896: ‘‘Bruand saw in the 
collection of Mr. Peythieu, in Locle, a hybrid of atalanta and 
urtice, which had been captured three times in fifteen years, 
near Locle. A record of this is found in the Ann. Soc. Entom. 
de France, ser. 2, 1844, t. ii. Bull. p. vi.” If the three speci- 
mens in question were really the offspring of natural fertile 
pairings between the two species, then such a fact would, I think, 
suffice to show that atalanta and urtice were much more closely 
related than one had otherwise suspected, fertile pairings being 
the best of proofs in this sense—and might give signs of their 
affinity also by occasional “ parallel’ variation in facies. 

But even if the account of fertile pairings of urtice and 
atalanta were based on an error, I should yet think “ parallel” 
variation to be possible, and even capable of producing imagines 
that might be mistaken for hybrids of the two species, as, for 
instance, is certainly the case with wrtice and io. 


THE TAPS OF THE “DEATH-WATCH BHETIR:: 
By C. J. Ganan, M.A. 


In Mr. Claude Morley’s communication on this subject in the 
January number, p. 81, there are two statements of fact which 
more than suggest that the ‘‘ Death Watch ’”’ concerned was not 


THE TAPS OF THE ‘‘ DEATH-WATCH BEETLE.” 85 


an Anobium at all. The tapping was heard in the month of 
October, and the number of taps given in succession without a 
break was thirty at least, according to his own computation, and 
therefore considerably in excess of the highest number ever 
attributed to Anobium. Both facts point to the ‘‘ Lesser Death 
Watch ” (Atropos divinatoria) as the source of the noise.* It 
appears that the ticking of Anobiwm is generally heard in the 
spring; and in none of the accounts that I have read has a 
ticking, when heard late in the year, been definitely traced to the 
action of an Anobium. On the other hand, it is during the 
summer months, from July onwards, that one is most likely to 
hear the ticking of the Lesser Death Watch. I have myself 
heard it in the month of October and again at the beginning of 
December, 1891, under circumstances which are to be found 
reported in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Entomological Society for 
that year (p. xxxili). Westwood gives an account of a ticking 
noise which he heard going on in the wooden mantelpiece of his 
study throughout nearly every month of the year, including 
October. The mantelpiece was inhabited by Anobiwm striatum, 
and he attributed the noise to the action of the larve in gnawing 
the wood, thinking it very unlikely to be due to the perfect 
insects. But I strongly suspect that a good deal of the ticking 
in that case also was the work of the Lesser Death Watch. 

The Rev. W. Derham, who, a little more than two hundred 
years ago, gave one of the fullest and most accurate accounts we 
have of the ticking of the death-watches, both ‘‘ the greater ”’ 
and ‘‘ the lesser,” pointed it out as a distinction between the two 
that, whereas the one ‘‘ beats only about seven or eight strokes 
at a time and quicker,” the other ‘‘ beat some hours without 
intermission, and his strokes are more leisurely, and like the 
beats of a watch.’’+ This ‘‘ most accurate and minute observer,”’ 
as Dr. Sharp describes him, has explained in full detail exactly 
how the Anobium or Greater Death Watch makes its ticking 
noise, and his account has since been abundantly confirmed by 
other acute observers. Entomologists from time to time have 
shown a reluctance to accept all his statements as true, but 
gradually the unbelievers have been converted, and now, so far 
as I know, there is only one left. 

Mr. Swinton cannot believe that Anobium makes its ticking 
sound by hammering its head against the wood on which it 


* The very late date at which I heard these taps was, asI showed (Joc. cit.), 
what primarily led me to draw attention to the subject. At the time I was 
so sceptical—or ignorant !—of the tapping of Atropos that it did not even occur 
to me. Mr. Gahan tells me that he once heard a tapping, and traced it to a 
box on the mantelpiece, which contained nothing whatever but Atropos: this 
is very conclusive. No doubt can remain that the multi-taps of the insect I 
heard are referable to the same species.—C. M. 

+ This is both curious and interesting ; for, as I was at some pains to show, 
the taps were incalculably frequent in my case.—C. M. 


86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


stands, and this in spite of the evidence of such highly reputable 
authorities as Latreille, H. Doubleday, F. Smith, and the Rey. 
L. Jenyns, to mention only some of those who have been actual 
witnesses of the performance. His own suggestion in the 
February number (p. 64) as to the manner in which the sound 
is produced will scarcely stand the test of investigation. I have 
examined afresh both Anobium striatum and A. tessellatum; but 
in neither of these species have I been able to find the special 
structures he has figured and described. The apical area on the 
under side of the elytron which is represented in his figure as 
being crossed by oblique lines or ridges is, as a mattter of fact, 
covered by a delicate pubescence having a silvery appearance, 
and is not crossed by a single ridge. This suggests to my mind 
that there has been a mistake in the identification of the 
species, for it is true, as pointed out in my paper on the “ Stri- 
dulating Organs in Coleoptera”’ (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1900, p. 489), 
that certain species of Anobiwm show a series of ridges some- 
what in the position indicated in Mr. Swinton’s figure, but it has 
never been shown that any of these species tick like the death- 
watches. 

Although unable to agree with Mr. Swinton, I gladly recog- 
nize his very praiseworthy spirit of enquiry, and should like now 
to offer him a suggestion. 

Spring will very soon be here. April and May* are, I find, 
the months in which the plaintive notes of the Anobiids (A. tes- 
sellatum,+ in particular) have been most often heard, and their 
amours displayed before the eyes of prying enquirers. If Mr. 
Swinton will endeavour to obtain some lively specimens during 
one of those months, and keep them by him on a table, 
either in a little box or under a glass, as others have done, he 
may meet with a like success, and be able to satisfy himself as 
to how exactly the sound is made. As I have never witnessed 
the tapping of Anobium, I shall be glad to have the chance of 
trying a similar experiment, and I hope that other readers of 
the ‘ Kntomologist’’ may be induced to do likewise and let us 
know the result. 

There are one or two small points that might be settled, { 


* Ts the imago of A. domesticum = striatum emerged by April or even 
May ?—cf. my notes (loc. cit.).—C. M. 

+ Perhaps A. tessellatwm is a household insect, though not (if I correctly 
recollect) given by Mr. E. A. Butler as such. Indoors, I have it only from 
an eight-hundred-year-old beam of Ely Cathedral. At all events, such as I 
have found came from paludose willows in early May; and it does not occur 
in my old house at Monk Soham, where I have heard (this time really) A. 
domesticum tapping in the “ watches” of a toothache night, as it showld tap, 
four-to-eightly.—C. M. 

| Another is the association, parasitism or inquilinism, of Corynetes 
ceruleus on this beetle. Both are abundant in my house, but I never saw 
the former alive till I went there in 1904. It is common on ceilings and 
windows, always a little before the time of appearance of A. domesticwm in 


EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON MANDUCA ATROPOS. 87 


since there is a slight discrepancy in the accounts (most of which 
apply to A. tessellatum). First, as to the number of taps given 
in succession without a break :—Derham, as we have seen, states 
it to be seven or eight, while F’. Smith gives it as ‘‘ four to five, 
usually five,’ and Doubleday as ‘ generally about five or six.” 
And, secondly, as to how the tapping is done. According to 
some, the beetle strikes with its mandibles against the wood; 
but Derham, who seems to be on the whole the most reliable 
authority, is very explicit on this point, and says that it strikes 
with its ‘‘forehead,” not with the lower part of the face, or 
upper lip, as it was said to do by Allen who, a few years before, 
had started the discussion of the subject in a paper sent to the 
Royal Society. 


EFFECTS OF TROPICAL TEMPERATURE ON BRITISH 
PUPA, OF MANDUCA ATROPOS, AND STRIKING 
SPECTACLE AFFORDED BY THE MOVABLE 
‘*DEATH’S-HEAD” ON THE THORAX OF THE 


MOTHS. 
By T. Revss. 


Dunrine the first days in October, 1908, four large larve of 
M. atropos were brought to me from a potato-field here in the 
vicinity (Ware, Herts), but two of these proved to be injured by 
rough handling. The other two were fine full-grown specimens, 
and they began to lose their beautiful green, bluish, and yellow 
colours in exchange for a brownish yellow already on the day 
following their capture. Soon they were preparing for pupation 
by burrowing energetically in the loose sand at the bottom of 
the breeding-cage in search of a suitable hiding-place. 

After four days, observing that all movement in the sand had 
ceased, I searched for the larve, and found them each lying in 
a separate cave with firm walls, which they had made in the 
sand. Intending to climatize the pup in tropical temperature, 
I removed the larve to a suitable box, and there they pupated 
on the evening of October 8th in a temperature of 80° C. in 
artificial glass-topped sand caves. I did not allow the mercury 
to fall below 238° C., and under these conditions the pup 
emerged on October 31st in the evening, almost simultaneously, 


June, continuing for hardly a month. Another small point that might 
(inhumanely) be settled is De Geer’s affirmation that ‘‘ You may maim, pull 
limb from limb, or roast over a slow fire this pertinacious creature (Anobiwm 
pertinax), and not a joint will move in token that it suffers.”’ which appears 
contrary to the fundamental laws of self-preservation. One of the best 
figures of A. domesticum is given (bis) in that somewhat neglected, because 
unindexed, but most delightful book, ‘Episodes of Insect Life,’ by ‘‘ Acheta 
Domestica, M, E. 8.” (Miss Budgen), iii. 1851, 126.—C. M. 


88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


after only twenty-three days of pupal development. The 
temperatures were measured by thermometers sunk in the sand. 

The moths ran about after emergence for several minutes 
before their wings began to expand, thus indicating as usual 
that in the natural state the species was accustomed to encounter 
and overcome some difficulties on first leaving the pupal shell, 
which would be fatal if the wings expanded at once. 

One of the moths—the larger one—appeared to be normal 
in facies; when, however, I first saw the other—smaller 
specimen—in an uncertain light, I thought that the ‘‘skull” 
markings on the thorax were absent. Looking closely, however, 
it became evident that the usual markings were there, but that 
they were so dark in colour—of a dusky brownish tint instead of 
bright yellowish white—as to have become comparatively incon- 
spicuous ; otherwise the specimen did not appear to differ from 
the type. 

I observed these interesting motns for some time alive, and 
the larger one, with the normal and very conspicuous ‘‘ Death’s- 
head”’ on the thorax, gave me a surprise. Soon after the 
freshly emerged insects had dried their wings and settled 
themselves into the position common to most moths when at 
rest, | approached the cage, which stood in an obscure corner, 
with the intention of studying the appearance of the specimens. 
The larger one was resting against the side of the cage, a dusky 
inconspicuous shape ; the smaller moth was hanging on to the 
roof with its head towards me, and its very large eyes glowed 
like live coals in the half-light. 

Looking closer at the grey uncertain form on the side wall 
of the cage, I was struck with its likeness to the hooded, long- 
robed figure of a mediewval monk, but with a naked, bleached 
skull grinning out from the hood. With my head inside the 
breeding-cage, I inadvertently disturbed the moth on the roof, 
whereupon it uttered a series of sobbing squeaks, and then it 
suddenly seemed to me as if the white ‘‘skull”-cap in the 
dark form on the side of the cage just before my face had 
become alive, and was nodding out at me. The impression 
in the gloom was so weird and startling that I turned my head 
towards the light to see if my eyes were at fault, but nothing 
evidently was the matter with them. Looking back at the 
moth, I again saw the ‘‘ skull” nodding horribly, and both 
moths were now emitting the plaintive squeaks for which they 
are well known. 

Nothing remained but to fetch the lamp, and to bring its 
light to bear on these twentieth-century spectres. Immediately, 
then, it became plain that the white ‘‘skull”’-like disc on the 
thorax was movable, and now palpitating up and down rapidly,* 


* Evidently pumping the air necessary to cause the squeaking sounds 
into the proboscis. 


ON THE EARLY STAGES OF OXYPTILUS PILOSELL®. 89 


thus being under the above conditions capable of causing the 
impression of a head nodding out from a dark cowl. M. atropos 
is well known as a migratory insect not indigenous in the 
north ; and as the moths emerged in a temperature like that of 
their southern home, this perhaps helps to account for the 
remarkable exhibition they made. 


NOTE ON THE EARLY STAGES OF OXYPTILUS 
PILOSELLAS. 


By Wruuram Porpey. 


Oxyptilus piloselle, x 2; and cocoon-like pupal tenements, x 2. 


AurHouGH repeatedly foiled in consequence of the larve 
being so extensively ichneumoned, I have, after some years, 
succeeded in rearing British specimens of O. piloselle. The 
ovum is deposited on the under side of a leaf of Hieractum pilo- 
sella about the end of July, and is large for the size of the moth. 
The general colour is pale lemon, and the larva, which hatches 
out in about ten days from the time that the egg is laid, is at 
first a miner, and eats down the midrib of the leaf. It probably 
hybernates quite small, but from its obscure habits I doubt if it 
could then be obtained in a state of nature. Neither can it be 
. detected after hybernation until quite late in the spring, and even 
then only with difficulty, as it feeds in the heart of the plant 


ENTOM.—wMakcH, 1910. H 


90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


among the bases of the young leaves. When approaching 
maturity it is a trifle over half an inch in length, of a creamy 
colour, with pure white hairs of an equal length with the dia- 
meter of the body, and its head is slightly tinged with brown. 

At this time, about the beginning of June, the larve were 
apparently feeding, or lying dormant, preparing for the pupal 
change, on the under side of the leaves, and in the heart of the 
plant. Hach larva formed a wool-like nidus, wherein it ulti- 
mately pupated about the end of June. The imagines emerged 
about the end of July. 

There was no difference in the appearance of these bred 
moths and the newly caught wild specimens. 


Folkestone: February, 1910. 


NEW AMERICAN BEES.—IX. 
By T. D. A. CockeRELu. 


Hoplitis mescalerium, sp. nov. 

?. Length about 9mm., black, head and thorax with dull white 
hair, abdomen with conspicuous white marginal hair bands, failing 
more or less in the middle; ventral scopa white; clypeus very 
densely punctured, broadly truncate at apex, and with a median 
smooth line; punctures of vertex well separated; antennze wholly 
dark ; cheeks broad and rounded, densely punctured; under side of 
head with long curled hairs; mandibles tridentate, but the inner 
tooth very feebly developed, little more than a prominent rounded 
angle ; maxillary palpi five jointed, joints measuring in p (1) 68, (2) 
153, (3) 136, (4) 102, (5) 76; blade of maxilla very long and slender, 
length about 2635 p, but breadth near base only 100; tongue reach- 
ing to small joints of labial palpi; labial palpi with first joint about 
1105 p», second 1428, the second measured to beginning of third joint, 
not counting the hyaline process (170 ») extending beyond; meso- 
thorax shining, with the strong punctures well separated; scutellum 
not especially swollen; area of metathorax dull, minutely granular ; 
pleura densely punctured; tegule shining black; wings strongly 
infuscated ; second r. n. reaching second s. m. very near its end; 
apical spine on anterior tibia long; hair on inner side of hind 
basitarsus pale yellow; tibial spurs light ferruginous (black in 
H. sambuct) ; abdomen with distinct but sparse punctures. 

Hab. Mescalero, New Mexico, July 12, two females (C. M. 
Barber). Named after the Mescalero Apaches, in whose territory 
it is found. It is closely related to H. truncata, Cresson, and 
HT. sambuci, Titus, but separated by the dark wings, the colour 
of the spurs, and the measurements of the palpi. H. adunca of 
Kurope, the type of Hoplitis, has the tongue much longer, the 
first joint of labial palpi much shorter in proportion to second, 
and the blade of maxilla not so slender. 


NEW AMERICAN BEES. 91 


Triepeolus denverensis, sp. Nov. 

g. Length about 13 mm., black, with the legs entirely bright 
ferruginous, but the spurs of middle and hind legs black ; light mark- 
ings pale ochreous, as in allied species; wings only slightly darkened. 
Head broad ; eyes (dry) pale reddish-grey ; face with dense appressed 
white hair; labrum black; mandibles black except a little red about 
the middle; antenne black; front and vertex coarsely and densely 
punctured; ocelli large, deep reddish; mesothorax rather thinly covered 
all over with ochreous hair, the usual two bands very faintly suggested 
by a greater density of the hair; plewra densely punctured, covered 
with hair, which becomes thinner below; scutellwm very strongly 
bigibbous, lateral teeth strong, black, sharp, slightly curved inwards ; 
tegule light ferruginous; second s. m. much narrowed above, and 
receiving the first r. n. in the middle; abdomen with six broad entire 
ochreous apical bands; black band on first segment transverse, 
rounded laterally, shorter than in T. occzdentalis, connected with 
base of segment by a narrow band; band on second segment with a 
large rounded anterior lobe on each side. Related to 7’. heliantha, 
Robertson, but easily separated by the characters italicised. 

Hab.’ Denver, Colorado, at flowers of Peritoma serrulatum, 
Aug. 11, 1908 (Mrs. C. Bennett). At the same flowers, at the 
same time and place, Mrs. Bennett took Andrena argemonis, 
Ckll. (both sexes), Megachile grindeliarum, Ckll., one female; 
M. perihirta, Ckll., three males; Melissodes obliqua, Say, one 
male (a variety with green eyes, which has also been taken at 
Boulder by Mr. S. A. Rohwer); and M. agilis, Cresson, var. b., 
Ckll. (Univ. of Colorado Studies, 1907, p. 255). 

Megachile perihirta has a large tubercle on the inner side of 
the middle basitarsus near base, overlooked in the original 
description. Iam inclined to suspect that perihirta and grinde- 
larum are the sexes of one species. 


Ashmeadiella aridula, sp. nov. 


3. Length about 54 mm., black, including legs, with white 
(not in the least yellowish) pubescence, and perfectly clear, iridescent 
wings. Hyes green, black in front ; white hair dense on sides of face; 
mandibles black ; flagellum dull red beneath ; tegulze rufo-testaceous ; 
apical teeth of abdomen tipped with red, the median ones much 
longer than broad. Similar to A. cactorwm, Ckll. (which occurs at 
Florissant, Colorado), but distinguished by the colour of the tegule, 
antenne, and apical teeth of abdomen. It is perhaps only sub- 
specifically distinct from cactorum. 


Hab. HKifle, Colorado, July 8, 1908 (S. A. Rohwer). 


I have referred to A. prosopidis, Ckll., two males from 
Boulder, Colorado (May 26, S. A. Rohwer), and one from 
Olympia, Washington State (July 1, Kincaid). They are not 
precisely typical, and the Olympia one especially is rather too 
large, with the wings not perfectly clear. It is probable that 
with more material another species might be defined, but at 

H 2 


92, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


present I cannot find any satisfactory grounds for dividing 
the series. 
Osmia bessey@, sp. nov. 

2. Length 7 mm.; similar to O. copelandica, Ckll., except as 
follows: head narrower, obscurely greenish; mesothorax and scu- 
tellum dark olive green (metathorax and pleura black); hair of head 
and thorax above pale yellow; hind margins of abdominal segments 
not at all reddened. Abdomen with white hair bands, failing in the 
middle; ventral scopa white; wings dusky; antennz wholly black ; 
eyes green, blackish in front; second joint of labial palpus longer 
than first; basin of first abdominal segment with a short but evident 
transverse ridge above. 

g. Head and thorax distinctly dark greenish; hair of head and 
thorax above distinctly yellowish; eyes pale sage green. In the 
Boulder County tables (Univ. of Colorado Studies, 1907, p. 252), it 
runs to O. proxima, from which it differs by its smaller size, black 
abdomen with distinct hair bands and non-metallic legs. The 
flagellum is wholly dark. 

Hab. Female (type), Boulder, Colorado, at flowers of Besseya 
plantaginea, June 1, 1908 (S. A. Rohwer). Male, Boulder, May 26, 
1908 (S. A. Rohwer). \ 

A curious little species, rather. resembling an Ashmeadiella. 
It is really very much like the Huropean Osmia submicans, Mar., 
which I have from Brindisi (Morice), and also from Algeria and 
Teneriffe. It may perhaps be found to intergrade with O. cope- 
landica, but at present they appear distinct. O. copelandica, so 
far as known, flies in September. 


Boulder, Colorado: Dec. 1909. 


SOME NEW BUTTERFLIES FROM FORMOSA AND 
JAPAN. 


By A. E. Witeman, F.E.S. 


Sephisa taiwana, sp. nov. 


Male. Fore wings fulvous with three black spots of irregular 
shape on the costal area, the first extends to just below the middle 
of the cell, the second to the second median nervule, and the third to 
the third median nervule ; a large black patch on the inner marginal 
area extends from the base to just beyond the middle of the wing ; 
the black, wavy, submarginal line increases in width from the middle 
to the costa, and is separated from the black marginal line by a series 
of fulvous lunules ; the space between the second costal spot and the 
submarginal band is broken up by the broadly black nervules into 
three small spots. Hind wings fulvous, rather paler on the discal 
area; a black bar about the middle of the costa and a round black 
spot below it; two small black spots in the cell, that nearest the 
base obscure ; the black markings on the outer marginal area some- 


NEW BUTTERFLIES FROM FORMOSA AND JAPAN. 93 


what similar to those on the same area of the fore wings, but the 
submarginal line is preceded by a black ring and cloud and some 
blackish spots, and brownish clouding between these and the costa ; 
the abdominal fold is greyish, and the adjoining interspace is clothed 
with black and fulvous hairs. Under side of the fore wings fulvous, 
with black markings as above but smaller, the middle spot on costal 
area divided into three parts, the largest of these enclosing a pale 
dot; two whitish spots on the outer edge of the third costal spot ; 
the lunules before the marginal line merge into whitish towards the 
costa. Hind wings silvery white, with a network pattern in black 
above the cell towards base ; two black spots in the cell; beyond the 
middle there are two black, wavy lines, with the space between them 
filled in with fulyous, and enclosing a black ring in the first and a 
black spot in the second median interspaces. Expanse, 70 millim. 


One male specimen from Lalachi, June 1st, 1908, 4000 ft. 


Orthomiella rantaizana, sp. nov. 

Male. Upper side sooty black, the costal half of hind wings 
purplish with a metallic sheen, but this colour hardly extends to the 
outer margin. Under side brownish, sprinkled with bluish-grey 
scales over the discal area, but most in evidence on the basal area of 
each wing ; on the fore wings there is a spot in the cell, one at the 
outer end of the cell, and a rather curved, transverse, macular band 
beyond ; all these markings are but slightly darker than the general 
colour, and are very indistinct; the hind wings have two irregular 
dusky bands, the basal one finely edged outwardly with lilacine; a 
series of dusky marks on the outer margin, those nearest the anal 
angle black and most distinct. Hxpanse, 27 millim. 


Hab. Formosa. 

Male type from Rantaizan, Formosa, 6000 ft. Two male 
specimens from Rantaizan, May 4th, 1909, and May 14th, 1909. 

This species is near O. pontis, Elwes, and O. sinensis, Elwes. 


Apatura ilia ab. mikunt ab. nov. 


Male. On the upper side this insect very closely resembles the 
same sex of A. aris, but the general colour is browner, the three sub- 
costal white spots of the fore wings are larger, and almost confluent ; 
there are four black spots in the cell, and the black spot on the outer 
marginal area is ringed with fulvous. The white band on the hind 
wings is narrower and very irregular; the black spot in the first 
median interspace is fulvous ringed, and there is a fulvous dot above 
it ; the interrupted submarginal band is also fulvous. Under surface 
of all the wings strongly suffused with tawny, the markings pretty 
much as above, except that the black spot in first median interspace 
is reduced to a mere dot, and the dot above it is white; the outer 
marginal area has a double series of more or less confluent, lilacine 
lunules, except towards the apex of the fore wings. Expanse, 
80 millim. 


Hab. Japan. One male specimen from Mikuni, Province of 


Bungo, June, 1896. 
Possibly a dimorphic form of A. ilia var. substituta, Butler 


94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ON THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF COCCIDA. 


By Cuaupe Mortey, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 64.) 


68. Kermes ilicis, Linn.* 

No one has recorded parasites from this species since Fons- 
colombe gave his account (Ann. Soc. France, 1832, p. 297, 
quoted by Nees, ii. 427): ‘‘E. cocco Ilicis tinctorie, Junio mense, 
quo tempore colligitur, observante D. Fontanier, occitano.”’ 


69. Asterodiaspis variolosum, Ratz. 

Habrolepis (Encyrtus) dalmanni, Westw. (nubilipennis, Walk.) 
has been bred from the synonymous Lecanium quercicola, Bché., 
both in Europe (Wachtl, Wien Ent. Zeit. 1882, p. 298) and 
America (Ashmead, 1900, p. 404). 


70. DactyLortius. 

Several parasites are said by Ashmead (1900) to have emerged 
from unknown species of this genus. These are:—eleven 
Coccophoctonus dactylopii, Ashm., of both sexes, bred in Australia 
in Sept. 1894 by Albert Koebele (p. 875); Aphycus angelicus, 
How., bred from a species on passion flower in N. America, and 
A. australiensis, How., bred in Australia from another on 
eucalyptus (p. 384); T'etracnemoidea australiensis, How., from a 
species on Pittsporum (p. 857); Aphycus nigritus, How., bred in 
California from a species on Artemisia (p. 887); and Chrysoplaty- 
cerus splendens, How., from a species from the same locality. 


71. Dactylopius destructor, Comst.* 

From this pest have been raised Coccophagus flavoscutellum, 
Ashm. (Revis. Aphel. N. Amer. 1895, p. 86); Chiloneurus dacty- 
lopu, How. (Deser. N. Amer. Chal. 1885, p. 17); Encyrtus in- 
qusitor, How. (Report Ent. U. 8. Agric. 1881, p. 367); Lepto- 
mastix dactolopu, How. (Descr. p. 28). EH. inquisitor is placed in 
the genus Zarhopalus by Ashmead (1900, p. 406). 


72. Dactylopius ephedre, Coquil.* 
Signiphora dactylopti, Ashm., is recorded from this species 
by its author in Northern America (Ashm. 1900, p. 410). 
73. Dactylopius vastator, Mask.* 


In Hongkong Aphycus dactylopiit, How., has been raised 
from this species (I. c. p. 885). 


74. Dactylopius virgatus, Ckll.* 
Ashmead tells us (l.c. p. 878) that Blepyrus texanus, How., 
has been bred in Texas from this species, together with (p. 388) 
Aphycus texanus, How. 


HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF COCCIDA. 95 


75. Dactylopius longispinus, Tare. 

Two species, Coccophagus orientalis (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
1896, p. 633) in Ceylon, and Hucomys (Hncyrtus) albicoxa, Ashm. 
(Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1885, Proc. p. xvi.) from N. America, 
have been recorded from the synonymous D. adonidum, Targ., 
the ‘‘ Mealy Bug.” 

76. PsEuDococcvs. 

Newstead says (Mon. Coccid. i. 32) that he has bred Aphycus 
Pappus, Walk., freely from uninstanced species of the genus at 
Weston-super-Mare, Norfolk, and Cheshire: that it was, in fact, 
often difficult to find an unaffected female; and Howard tells 
him that he bred a specimen of the Proctotrypid Lygocerus 
hyalinatus, Thoms., from (probably some dipterous larva in) 
Pseudococcus. 

77. Pseudococcus yucce, Coquil.* 

Perissopterus mexicanus, How. (Revis. p. 22) in Mexico, and 
Blastothrix yucce, Coquil. (Ashm. 1900, p. 390) from California, 
prey upon this species. 


78. Pseudococcus aceris, Sign. 

The omnivorus Coccophagus lecanii, Smith (Revis. p. 33), 
Rhopus (Acerophagus) coccois, H. A. Smith (North. Amer. EKntom. 
1880, p. 84), have been recorded from this species. [For refer- 
ence to this species’ association with ants, cf. Ent. Month. Mag., 
May, 1892, pp. 60 et 307, and 1894, p. 87.] 


79. Riprersta. 

Two Chalcids, one belonging to the genus Cerchysius and the 
other to an apparently new genus, not far from the curious 
hemipterous Dinocarsis, Forst, have been bred from this genus 
by Newstead (Mon. Brit. Coccid. i. 32). 


80. Eriococcus azaleae, Comst.* 


Howard records his Coccophagus immaculatus (Report Ent. 
1881, p. 358) from this species. 


81. Eriococcus rhodomyrti, Green.* 
Encyrtus (Adelencyrtus) solidus, How. (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 
1896, p. 638) is given as bred from this host by Howard and 
Ashmead (1900, p. 402), in Ceylon. 


82. Coccus. 

I have been enabled to refer all the species of Coccus (sensu 
lato) from which Hymenoptera have been bred to their restricted 
genera, except the following four kinds, some of which are 
probably synonymous with others already cited. This method 


96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


is, however, of course impossible when the Coccus-host has been 
referred in the first instance to no particular species or food- 
plant, and I must briefly summarize here parasites simply given 
as raised from Coccus. Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. ii. 145) says 
Fincyrtus eneus—or EH. melanopterus, Nees—was bred by Reis- 
sig from female Coccus on the stem and branches of blackthorn 
in July, 1843; that the three females of his Telegraphus macult- 
pennis (ii. 153) which he described were bred with the above 
parasite from female Coccus, and suggests that Hneyrtus mirabili- 
cornis is also a Coccus-dweller—Cerapterocerus mirabilis, West., 
is stated by Dalla Torre to have been bred from Coccus by Dr. 
Giraud; of Bracon breviusculus, Ratzeburg says (I. c. 111. 87) that 
this specimen is interesting because it had an unheard-of host 
for a Braconid, viz. Coccus on oak-bark; he also instances (i. 
200 et 201) Pteromalus xanthopterus, P. microneurus and P. 
maculipes as also probably bred from Coccus. Costa bred his 
Eucharid Aspidocoris cyanea (Bull. Ac. Nat. Napoli, 1868, p. 24) 
from species of Coccus on Citrus, Myrtus, and Ficus. Mayr 
raised Husemion (Cerapterocerus) cornigerum, Walk. (Verh. z.-b. 
Ges. 1875, p. 749) from Coccus in Austria; this is quoted by 
Gaulle (Cat. 100), who adds the extremely doubtful record hence 
of the Cynipid Allotria rubriceps, Kieff., probably upon its 


author’s authority. 
(To be continued.) 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


WE are pleased to note in the list of candidates proposed for 
election to the Royal Society the name of Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., 
M.D., Bursar of Wadham College, Oxford, and President of the 
Entomological Society of London. Dr. Dixey has made the Pierine 
group of butterflies his own especial study, and those of us who 
were fortunate enough to hear his Presidential Address this year on 
the “‘ Plume-scales of the Pierine” have already had an opportunity 
to estimate the great value to science of what may be described as 
his “diploma” work. Dr. Dixey, however, did not deliver the whole 
of his paper of the occasion of the Annual Meeting. But it will 
appear im extenso in part y. of the Society’s publications for 1909, 
and will be illustrated by three plates—a unique addition to the 
Addresses published in previous years. Meanwhile we offer our 
sincerest congratulations to Dr. Dixey, who now joins the select 
band of Royal Society Fellows who are also entomologists. 


OcystoLa &THOPIS, Meyr., In DrvonsHirE.—I have to record 
the occurrence of this Australian moth in South Devon in September, 
1908. I yveceived the specimen, with others, in the autumn of that 
year from the captor, the Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, of Ottery St. Mary, 
who does not collect Tineina. It was first of all submitted to Mr. 
ii. A, Atmore, F'.E.8., who said that he had nothing like it, and could 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. o7 


not suggest aname. After lying for some months in my box I was 
able to find time to forward it to Mr. Edward Meyrick, F.H.S., who 
wrote me on November 14th, 1909, stating that it ‘is an Australian 
insect (Ocystola ethopis, Meyr.), described by myself in the ‘ Trans- 
actions’ of the Royal Society of South Australia for 1902, p. 136. I 
have described about forty species of the genus Ocystola, which 
belongs to the Gicophoride, and is exclusively Australian, so far as 
known. The occurrence of this species is very curious, but it must 
be undoubtedly due to accidental importation with its food-plant. 
O. ethopis is found under temperate conditions in Victoria ; its larval 
habits are unknown, but some closely allied species of the genus are 
attached to Hucalyptus, the larva feeding on the leaves in a curious 
and unusual form of portable case, consisting of a short length of 
woody twig bored down the centre; it is very probable that O. ethopis 
also feeds on Hucalyptus in the same way. You say this specimen 
came from a correspondent in Devonshire ; in the Devonshire climate 
the hardier species of Hucalyptus grow well in the open air. Perhaps 
you will kindly ask your correspondent for particulars of capture, 
and whether he has any Hucalyptus growing in the neighbourhood, 
or, failing that, since the hard larval case containing the pup could 
easily be imported with anything from Australia, whether he can 
account for its introduction by any communication coming directly 
or indirectly thence.” As suggested, I wrote to the Rev. Metcalfe, 
who replied that he believed he took the moth in September, 1908, 
at Harpford Wood, near Ottery St. Mary, but that so far as he knew 
there was no Hucalyptus in the neighbourhood. — C. GLANVILLE 
Cuurrersuck, F.E.S., Heathville Road, Gloucester, Feb. 3rd, 1910. 


Harty Copunation oF Notonrecta.—I was surprised to find, on 
January 14th, several pairs of N. glauca var. maculata in cop. in a 
small pond near Winscombe, Somerset, especially as, though it was 
very mild, on the previous day the same pond was covered with a 
thin sheet of ice.— Oscar WHITTAKER; ‘ Overstrand,’ Lancaster 
Road, Birkdale, Jan. 17th, 1910. 


Aquatic Hremrerera.—l am working on the Aquatic Hemiptera, 
and should be greatly indebted to anyone who has any specimens of 
the following to spare if he would kindly let me have them. I am 
more especially in want of males, the species I require being 4. 
estivalis, M. scholtzi, M. minutissima, Corixa lugubris, selecta, linv- 
tata, venusta, sodalis, caledonica, carinata, germart, cavifrons, bonds- 
dorfjit, and coleoptrata.—OscarR WHITTAKER. 


An Entomotocican Microscorr.—The Zeiss-Greenhough stereo- 
scopic binocular microscope is the best I know of for entomological 
purposes. Its great peculiarity is that itis a true binocular, the object 
viewed being seen with a pair of objectives so arranged that the natural 
‘“standing-up” of the object is somewhat increased. This micro- 
scope is not suited for histological purposes, as its magnification is 
limited to about 72. A complete equipment consists, in addition to 
the stand, of four pairs of eye-pieces and four paired objectives, 
hence sixteen different magnifications are obtained. This is a greater 
variety than is necessary, and anyone starting may limit himself to 


98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the stand, to the No. 1 or No. 2 eye-piece, and to the a 2 objectives. 
Other powers may be obtained subsequently. The combinations 
mentioned give a magnification of only 20 or 24; of course any other 
combination may be selected as a start, the magnifications varying 
from 8 to 65. This microscope requires a good light, especially with 
the higher powers, and particularly with the more powerful oculars. 
The pleasure of entomological work is greatly enhanced by the 
possession of one of these microscopes.—D. SHARP. 


A MEETING of the Entomological Club was held in the “ Gordon 
Room”’ of the Holborn Restaurant on February Ist, 1910. Mr. 
G. H. Verrall, M.P., was in the chair. 

Other members present were: Messrs. Adkin (R.), Donisthorpe, 
Hall (T. W.), Porritt, and Rowland-Brown. 

Including the Honorary Members—Messrs. Jones (A. H.), Sich, 
and Smith (HK. A.)—there were seventy visitors. 


A MEETING of the Entomological Club was also held at 58, Ken- 
sington Mansions, South Kensington, on February 22nd, 1910. Mr. 
Horace Donisthorpe in the chair. 

Other members present were: Messrs. Adkin (R.), Rowland- 
Brown, Verrall. Mr. A. H. Jones (Hon. Member) and thirteen other 
visitors attended. 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 


NEMOBIUS SYLVESTRIS (ORTHOPTERA). — Mr. G. T. Lyle sent me 
from the New Forest three specimens of the wood-cricket, which he 
took on February 12th crawling and hopping about on fallen sweet- 
chestnut leaves. Two were immature, but the third was a female 
apparently quite full-grown. I was surprised to see a full-grown in- 
dividual in the winter.—W. J. Lucas. 


TMHNIOCAMPA OPIMA AND HIPOCRITA JACOBEH, AB. IN BERKS.— 
It may be of interest to record the capture of Teniocampa opima 
(grey form) at light on April 24th, 1909, and of a yellow variety 
of Hipocrita (Huchelia) yacobee in June, 1909.—H. S. Rurnanp ; 
Letcombe Bassett, Wantage, Berks. 


VANESSA IO IN JANUARY.—On January 2nd of this year my father 
was walking along a street, and saw a specimen of Vanessa to fly to 
and rest upon a window. I think this is a record. — 8. JoNEs; 
‘Waimea,’ West Heath Road, King’s Norton, Worcestershire. 


ORTHOLITHA CERVINATA AND POLIA FLAVICINCTA IN EPPING FOREST. 
—My collecting in and around Epping Forest last year has yielded 
two species which during my four years’ collecting in this district I 
have not before had the good fortune to capture; they are Ortholitha 
cervinata and Polia flavicincta. O.cervinata I found in the larva 
stage feeding on hollyhock in the garden of an empty house in 
Chingford about the middle of May, and P. flavicincta came to sugar 
on September 24th. I should feel greatly interested to hear from 
your readers what the last record is for either of these insects with 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 99 


regard to Epping Forest.—R. T. Baumann ; “Glendale,” 17, Station 
Road, Chingford, Essex. 


EPIONE APICIARIA IN AuTUMN.— Referring to your correspon- 
dent’s note (ante p. 66), I may mention that I took a very fair speci- 
men of this moth on a gas-lamp in Lewes on the Ist November 
last. The insect appeared hardly in keeping with such species as 
P. populi, A. sphinz, H. defoliaria and H. aurantiaria, which were 
obtained at the lamps the same evening.—Hvueu J. Vinau; ‘ Torbay,” 
Park Road, Lewes. 


AuGust IN THE VALAIS AND VAUD Cantons.—When I found it 
possible this year, for the first time, to spend a month in Switzer- 
land, I determined to get expert advice as to the most promising 
localities, and from a number of good places most kindly suggested 
to me by the Rey. G. Wheeler and Mr. J. W. Tutt, I finally elected to 
spend the first three weeks on the Col de la Forclaz, between Martigny 
and Chamonix, and the last week on Mont Pélerin, just above Vevey. 
Travelling via Newhaven and Dieppe, we spent the night in the 
train, and our first sight of Switzerland could scarcely have been a 
more impressive one, as we came within view of Lake Leman with 
Mont Blanc in the distance, in the glorious haze of a brilliant 
summer morning on July 31st. Passing the towns on the north side 
of the lake, we entered the Rhone Valley, and arrived at Martigny, 
the end of our railway journey, at 9.30, to find a carriage waiting to 
take us up the three hours’ climb to the Col de la Forclaz. We had 
not proceeded far from the town and suburb before we began to see 
butterflies of many kinds in plenty around us, including Parnassius 
apollo, Leptosia sinapis, Dryas paphia, Argynnis aglaia, Melitea 
athalia, M. dictynna, Pararge mera, Erebia stygne, E. tyndarus, Melan- 
argia galatea, and many others, besides several fine Callimorpha 
hera. We arrived at the hotel about one o’clock, and after a hearty 
meal we unpacked our nets and went down the road to try and take 
some of the insects we had seen in the morning, and besides those 
mentioned above we took Chrysophanus aleiphron var. gordius, in 
splendid condition. The next day we devoted to an exploration of 
the Valley and Glacier du Trient, in the former of which they were 
already beginning to cut the hay, so we determined to make the most 
of the next few days there, before attempting any of the higher 
ground around us. This locality yielded us splendid bags on each 
occasion that we visited it, amongst the new things being Carcha- 
rodus althee, Pamphila comma, Carterocephalus palemon, Chryso- 
phanus virgauree, C. hippothoé, Lycena arion (very much worn), 
Cupido minima, Nomiades senuargus, Polyommatus damon, P. hylas, 
P. alexis, P. astrarche, Papilio machaon, Parnassius delius (worn), 
Aporia crategi, Colias phicomene, Brenthis amathusia, Cenonympha 
satyrion, EHrebia melampus, EL. manto, E. euryale, HE. ligea, E. pronoé, 
and H. tyndarus, as well as Zygena minos, Setina aurita var. ramosa, 
a fine specimen of Plusia bractea, Acidalia trilineata, Larentia lugu- 
brata, L. tristata, L. hastata, and Odezia atrata; and on a subsequent 
occasion we took Parnassius mnemosyne and Polygonia c-album, on 
the road between Forclaz and the village of Trient. 


100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. - 


We were fortunate in finding an enthusiastic entomologist, Mr. 
George Flemwell, living at the hotel, and as he has been collecting in 
the neighbourhood of Forclaz for many years, his experience was 
very useful, and he generously put at our disposal several of his 
books, which were enriched by his own coloured drawings and notes. 

On the afternoon of August 3rd, after a wet morning, we climbed 
up the zigzag path to the top of Arpille, which is about two thousand 
feet higher than the Forclaz. The view from the summit, towards 
the Bernese Oberland on the one side and towards the Mont Blanc 
range on the other, is magnificent, and it was especially fine on the 
day in question, owing to the rapidly changing effects of cloud and 
mist. On the way up we captured several specimens of Papilio 
machaon, and a fine female Argynnis niobe, together with Zygena 
lonicere, Setina aurita, Gnophos obfuscaria, Nemoria viridata, Cleo- 
gene lutearia, and Thera juniperata; and among the rhododendrons 
on the summit we were rewarded with a fine series of Colias paleno, 
and a good number of Hesperia alveus, Polyonumatus donzelit, P. optilete, 
Brenthis dia, B. pales, Hrebia pharte, EH. stygne, and E. ethiops; 
and we paid another visit to this spot three days afterwards, to 
extend our series of these species. By Mr. Flemwell’s advice we 
went to Martigny on August 7th, and took the train to Sion. During 
the walk down we captured Thymelicus lineola, Melitea didyma, and 
Aglais urtice, along the roadside, and two fine specimens of Papilio 
podalirius were netted in a vineyard near Martigny Bourg. It was a 
very hot day, and on reaching Sion, soon after midday, we toiled up 
to the Castle of Tourbillon, where we were glad to find a little shade. 
On a plateau outside the walls we took some more Papilio podalirius, 
as well as one or two worn Satyrus hermione, and some fine S. cor- 
dula, the males of which look very brilliant in the sunshine. Dryas 
paphia was also common here, and Callimorpha hera was observed 
between the castle and the town. 

A day spent on the Col de Balme, whence one gets a very fine 
view of Mont Blanc and the Valley of Chamonix, yielded little that 
was new except Hrebia lappona, but on Bovine, and along the Valley 
of the Durnand to the prettily situated village of Champex we 
took some more Polyommatus donzelit and P. optilete, and the pretty 
little Psodos quadrifolia. 

On August 11th we went to Chatelard, on the frontier between 
Switzerland and Savoy. On the road through Trient and round 
the Téte Noire we took a number of Erebias, with which we were 
now beginning to be familiar, and observed that Parnassius apollo 
was very plentiful; but immediately after crossing the bridge over 
the torrent where the road turns off towards Finhaut we came upon 
a patch of thistles and other wild flowers by the riverside which was 
literally alive with butterflies and moths. No fewer than thirty-two 
species of the former and seven of the latter were taken during the 
busy half-hour which we devoted to this spot, and the new ones were 
Chrysophanus dorilis var. subalpina, Thecla spim, Anthocharis sim- 
ploma, Colias hyale, Argynnis adippe, Issoria lathoma, Brenthis 
ewphrosyne, Vanessa 10, E'pinephele jurtina, and EH. lycaon; Zygena 
hippocrepidis, Lithosia lurideola, Parasemia russula, and Selidosoma 
glabraria. But by far the most interesting insect taken at this spot 


CAPTURES ‘AND FIELD REPORTS. 101 


was a magnificent variety of Argynnis aglaza, with the dark markings 
very much increased, and approaching fig. 5 on plate 61 in Mr. South’s 
‘ Butterflies of the British Isles.’ Many visits were made to this spot, 
and on every occasion the same profusion of insects was observed. On 
Saturday, August 14th, another brilliantly fine day, we walked to 
Chamonix by way of Trient, Chatelard, Barberine (where we diverged 
from the main road to see the Cascade), and Argentiére, over the low 
Col des Montets. Nothing new was noticed, but a fine specimen of 
Papilio machaon was taken as it settled in the dust of the road, and 
some good examples of Chrysophanus dorilis var. swbalpina were 
captured. Chamonix itself was almost unbearably hot, and the glare 
of the sunlight on the snow was rather trying. We walked back 
through Argentiére and over the Col de Balme, thus having accom- 
plished a walk which would have been quite impossible in our, 
English climate. Our last long expedition from Forclaz was to 
Finhaut, via the Téte Noire and Chatelard, but, entomologically 
speaking, this was a disappointing day compared with others, though 
we got some good Nomiades sennargus and another Polyommatus 
donzeliz, and saw Chrysophanus phleas, the only one observed during 
our whole visit. On Friday, August 20th, we reluctantly left the 
Forclaz, and on the road to Martigny we took a few more Calli- 
morpha hera, which was very plentiful, and a few Pyrameis atalanta. 
We also out of curiosity annexed a specimen of a large green 
Locustid and of the red-winged grasshopper, G/dipoda fasciata, 
which is so well concealed by the colour of its elytra as it settles on 
the rocks. We arrived at Chardonne, a village half-way up the 
funicular railway between Vevey and Beaumaroche, in time for 
dinner, and found that our new quarters contained a terrace over- 
looking the lake. We spent a considerable portion of our week here 
in studying this view, which we saw in brilliant sunlight and in 
gloom, by moonlight and at sunrise; at sunset, with the promise of 
a fine morrow, and at sunset-time when there was no sun to be seen. 
The fine outline of the Dent du Midi was sometimes visible and 
sometimes completely hidden, and the waters of the lake took their 
hues from the sky and mountains above them. 

On August 23rd we took out our nets and explored Mont Pélerin 
and its vicinity, the most interesting captures being Colias hyale, 
Huvanessa antiopa, and Chrysophanus dorilis. EH. antiopa had 
settled in the road among some fallen leaves under a tree, and we 
should have passed it by unnoticed had it not suddenly opened its 
wings. An interesting walk through the vineyards, where the green 
lizards kept peeping up at us from the hot walls, led us to the pretty 
village of Chexbres, where we took Zephyrus betule, Pararge megera, 
Hipparchia semele, and a single Cenonympha pamphilus, as well as 
Euclidia glyphica and Larentia tophaceata. In the house at Char- 
donne we found Bryophila perla, Plusia moneta, Hois rusticata, and 
Phibalapteryx vitalbata, but all through our visit we did not go out 
of our way to get any moths, only taking those that turned up. 

On August 27th we left Switzerland for Paris and home, and our 
eventful month was at an end. During that time we took seventy- 
five species of butterflies and twenty-six species of moths.—-F. A. 
OxupAKER, M.A.; Haslemere, December 3rd, 1909. 


102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


RECENT LITERATURE. | 


Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée, fasc. tii. CHARLES OBERTHUR. 
Rennes: June, 1909. 


WE have received from Rennes the third part of M. Charles Ober- 
thiir’s “‘ Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée,”’ an ample volume of 
415 pages, illustrated by no fewer than twenty-five coloured plates, 
and divided up into five separate papers, of which by far the most 
interesting to British readers will be the last, ‘ Notes pour servir a 
établir la Faune Francaise, et Algerienne des Lépidoptéres.’’ For 
this paper is in fact the beginning of the first comprehensive work on 
the Butterflies of France since the time of Berce—a sufficiently long 
interval filled up for the most part by authors who have busied them- 
selves with repeating the observations, and not afew of the errors, of 
their predecessors of the middle-nineteenth century. So far as we 
are aware, it is also the first attempt made by a French naturalist of 
the highest authority to summarize and explain the existence and 
meaning, the limitations and possibilities of variation in the many 
species brought under his own personal notice. Since not the least 
merit of these ‘““Fitudes” consists in their being the individual work 
of a scientist who, having unrivalled opportunities of forming a 
collection without peer among the private collections of the world, 
has turned his advantages to the use of the student. 

M. Oberthiir may not hold the same views of species, nor employ 
a nomenclature more advanced than that of Staudinger, but he 
justifies his arrangement by repeated references to the earliest autho- 
rities. Nor is the work such a one as commends itself to the 
advanced entomologist alone. Written with the ease and charm 
which seem to flourish more naturally in literary France than in 
England, M. Oberthiir delights to tarry in the flowery Breton by- 
paths, or in the splendid solitudes of the Pyrenees—his own particu- 
lar happy hunting-grounds—to discourse upon the rare virtues and 
fellowship of the many lepidopterists with whom he has taken the 
field, from Guenée onward; or to paint a charming word-picture of 
pastures and uplands wholly beyond the ken of our most enthusiastic 
butterfly hunters. His vision of Angouléme, on the threshold of the 
Midi, in the transparent sunshine of a still summer morning; the 
tender references to the father who first kindled in him the love of 
Nature ; the grateful optimism which has preserved his affection for 
men and winged things alike, fresh and untainted—all contribute to 
make these studies the more enchanting, without depreciating in the 
least their scientific value. To those deeply interested, as the writer 
of this notice, in the distribution of the Lepidoptera of Western 
Europe, and often seeking in vain for accurate and reliable informa- 
tion, they are a mine of wealth. For, although there are innumerable 
Catalogues of many departments in existence from Duponchel and 
Donzel to M. de Johannis*—that is, from the beginning of French 


* “Contribution a l’Etude des Lépidoptéres du Morbihan,” par J. de 
Johannis, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1908, pp. 689-868, a work of special value as a 
guide to the Micro-Lepidoptera of the Department, but containing some 
truly remarkable records of species among the butterflies, and the time of 
their appearance! 


OBITUARY. 103 


entomology to the last year of the French Entomological Society’s 
publications—M. Oberthiir limits his localities almost exclusively to 
those with which he is himself familiar, or those investigated by his 
distinguished brother, M. René Oberthiir, and the several friends and 
professional collectors whose captures adorn his collection, and whose 
identifications are above the suspicion not seldom inspired by the pub- 
lished lists of our own as well as of French writers. Thus avoiding 
needless repetition of descriptive matter in dealing with the typical 
insect, M. Oberthiir devotes the greater part of each notice to dis- 
cussing local races, varieties, and aberrations, in many instances 
reproduced with exquisite fidelity in the accompanying coloured 
plates. Of these, perhaps the most successful are those depicting 
the variation of Satyrus fawna, Sulz. (= statilinus, Hufn.), from 
France and other countries, with its near allies in Algeria; the two 
devoted to aberrations of Papilionide; and, best of all, the fine 
representation of ten forms of Melitea didyma—decidedly the least 
convincing of ‘“ British’ butterflies! Forms of the Zygenide also 
figure largely, and, as with the Lycznid plates, we can only hope that 
the blues and reds of modern “process” will wear better than 
those employed by the hand-painters whose often magnificent work, 
so far as the pigments are concerned, has not survived the ordeal of 
time. Lastly, we are certain that the issue of this section of the 
“Titudes,’’ when complete as regards the French and Algerian butter- 
flies, is sure to receive in book-form a warm welcome from the growing 
number of students of Palearctic Lepidoptera on this side of the 
Channel. eles 


OBITUARY. 


Epwarp Saunpers, F.R.5., F.L.S., F.E.S.—We sincerely regret 
to hear of the death, on February 6th last, of this eminent entomolo- 
gist. Although he wrote upon Buprestide and described many new 
species in this family of the Coleoptera, he was more widely and 
better known as an authority on Hymenoptera and Hemiptera. 

In the first volume of the ‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’ 
(1864) there is a note from his pen on Coleoptera near Lowestoft 
(p. 75); and in 1880 he, together with the late Mr. C. G. Barrett, 
joined the editorial association of that magazine. 

Among his separate publications are:—‘A Synopsis of British 
Hemiptera-Heteroptera’ (1876); ‘Catalogue of British Hemiptera- 
Heteroptera’ (1876 and 1890); ‘Catalogue of British Hymenoptera,’ 
(1890) ; ‘ Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the British Islands,’ with thirty- 
two coloured plates (1892); Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British 
Islands,’ with forty-nine coloured plates (1896); and ‘ Wild Bees, 
Wasps, and Ants,’ with four coloured plates. 


WirH very great regret we have to record the death, on Februar 
8th last, of Mr. Harry McArruor, aged 54 years. 

He was the son of the late Mr. Niel McArthur who during the 
greater portion of a long life had, in his spare time, been a collector 


104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. .: 


of British Lepidoptera and had acquired a considerable knowledge of 
the species occurring in the Brighton district and surrounding 
country. From early youth the son took an active interest in Nature 
study with a special leaning to entomology. He soon became ag 
expert as his father in field-work, and thus to a large extent was 
prepared for undertaking the more arduous labours he afterwards 
accomplished. 

In the year 1880 young McArthur was engaged by Mr. Meek to 
collect lepidoptera in the Shetland Isles. This trip was so successful 
that in the following year he again visited the Shetlands and then 
added thirteen species to the list of fifty-three he had previously 
obtained. In 1883 he once more journeyed to the Shetlands, but on 
this occasion Unst, the most northern isle of the group, was the 
scene of his operations. Among the half-dozen additional species he 
secured was Crymodes (Hadena) exulis. The Outer Hebrides next 
attracted his attention, and in 1887 he spent the entomological 
season of that year in the Isle of Lewis. As he added some seventy 
odd species to the list of lepidoptera known to occur in that island, 
this venture seems to have been highly successful, although he had a 
severe illness whilst there. 

In 1888 and 1889 he collected in Kashmir for the late John Henry 
Leech, Esq. ‘Travelling through Lahaul and Ladak up to the Kara- 
koram, he probably worked a good deal of country that had never 
been visited by an entomologist before. The winter of 1888-89 he 
spentin the Malay Peninsula. The difficulties attending him during 
the Kashmir journeys were great, but the fact that he, in spite of all 
obstacles and endless trouble with natives, coolies and others, attained 
his object, shows him to have been a man resolute in the perform- 
ance of whatever he undertook. A large number of insects, chiefly 
moths, were captured, and many specimens of previously described, 
but rare, species were obtained. 

In 1892 he visited the Shetlands for the fourth time, and in the 
following year he had a season in Co. Cork, Ireland. Collecting in 
Orkney during the season of 1895 he added seventeen species to the 
list of Orkney lepidoptera; and four months spent in the Isle of Lewis, 
in the year 1901, increased the number of species of lepidoptera known 
to occur in that island by seventeen species also. His last entomolo- 
gical expedition (1908) was to Aviemore, and here the initial stage 
of his fatal illness seems to have attacked him, but he would not give 
in, and even made an expedition to Harris in June, where, however, he 
was unable to obtain access to suitable collecting ground. On his 
way back to Aviemore he spent a tew days in a reputed locality for 
Zygena achillee, but as he could not obtain this species, or find a 
shelter for himself, he had to leave the inhospitable district. After 
his return to London he appeared to be in his usual health for a 
time, but subsequently he broke down and in May, 1909, he went 
into hospital, as it was found that he was suffering from cancer. 


We also regret to announce the decease, at an advanced age, of 
ALBERT PirFrarD, Hsq., F.E.S., &c.,of Felden, Boxmoor, Herts. 


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George Willis Kirkaldy (with plate), 78. Notes on amen -guenéei, Dbid.. 
HKustace R. Bankes, 75. The Athalia Group of the Genus Melita (continue 
George Wheeler, 78. Variation of Vanessa urtice, L.: 7. Reuss, 88. 
Taps of the ‘‘Death-watch Beetle,” C. J. Gahan, 84. Effects of "Tropical 
Temperature on British pupe of Manduea atropos, and striking spectacle — 
afforded by the movabie ‘‘ Death’s-head’” on the thorax of the moths, 7’. Reuss, — 
87. Note:on the Harly Stages of Oxyptilus piloselle, William Purdey, 89. 
New American Bees.—IX., 7. D. A. Cockerell,"90. Some New Butterflies — 
from Formosa and Japan, A. EH. Wileman, 92. On the Hymenopterous 
Parasites of Coccide (continued), Clawde Morley, 94. 

Norss anp Ossirvations.—Ocystola wthiopis, Meyr., in Devonshire, Glanville — 
Clutterbuck, 96. Barly Copulation of Notonecta ; Aquatic Hemiptera, Oscar 
Whittaker, ‘97. An Entomological Microscope, D. Sharp, 97. Entomo- 
logical Club Meetings, 98. 

Caprures AND Fivnp Reporrs.—Nemobius sylvestris (Orthoptera), W. J. Lucas, 
98. ‘Teeniocampa opima and Hipocrita jacobee, ab. in Berks, H. 8. Rutland, 
98. Vanessa io in January, S. Jones, 98. Ortholitha cervinata and Polia 
flavicincta in Epping Forest, Rk. T. Baumann, 98. Epione apiciaria in 
Autumn, Hugh J. Vinall, 99. August in the Valais and Vaud Cantons, F. A. 
Oldaker, 99. Recent LITERATURE, 102. OBITUARY, 103. 


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THE HNTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLITT.] APRIL, 19.10. (No. 563 


CHIASTOPSYLLA, a NEW GENUS or SIPHONAPTERA. 
By tae Hon. N. Caarues Rotuscaip, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S. 


In a small pamphlet on rat-fleas which we are going to pub- 
lish for the use of those who study the transmission of disease 
through the agency of fleas we had to mention a small group of 
South African species which were originally described as Cerato- 
phyllus, but really constitute a genus apart. As the pamphlet 
in question is not a place suitable, in our opinion, for the publi- 
cation of new names, we give here a description of the genus, 
which we propose calling : 


CHIASTOPSYLLA, NOV. gen. 


Allied to Ceratophyllus, but characterized by the following par- 
ticulars :—The labial palpi consist of four segments. The eye is well 
developed, but not strongly pigmented. The genal edge of the head 
bears two spines, one lying on top of the other. The pronotum has 
a comb of about twelve spines. The seventh abdominal tergite bears 
one long apical bristle on each side. The eighth sternite is small in 
both sexes. The hind coxa has a comb of spines on the inside. The 
mid and hind femora bear no lateral row of bristles. The fifth 
segment has in all the tarsi four lateral bristles, besides a thin sub- 
apical hair, there being no ventral bristles in between the proximal 
pair. 

Type: C. nume, Rothsch., Nov. Zool. p. 637, n. 27, pl. xi. 
fig. 58, pl. xill. figs. 59, 63, 65 (1904). 


Other species :— 

C. octavii, Rothsch., l. c. p. 688, n. 28, pl. xiii. fig. 61 (1904). 

C. rossi, Waterst., E.M.M. ii. p. 271, n. 547, pl. v. figs. 3, 4 
(1909). 


ENTOM.—APRIL, 1910. I 


106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CONCERNING THE FERTILIZATION OF ORCHIS 
MACULATA. 


By A. M. Stewart. 


Vig. 1. Fig. 2. 
Pollinium on head of Plusia festuce and Cucullia wmbratica. 


Pror. Metpoua’s note on ‘f Cucullia wmbratica, a Fertilizer of 
Orchis maculata”? (Entom. xlii. p. 281), draws attention to a 
subject of very great interest and some importance. It has 
been the custom hitherto to regard the bees as the great ferti- 
lizing agency at work amongst the flowers. Their labours are 
carried on in the sunshine, and are therefore seen and noted. 

Thirty years of moth-collecting in the dusk of summer even- 
ines, combined with a fair share of knowledge regarding the 
‘Ways of our Wild Flowers,’ have led me to somewhat modify 
that conclusion. I was always fond of collecting the Plusias ; 
they are the trout of the entomological angler, so warily have 
they to be stalked in the failing light as they speed from flower 
to flower. 

It must have been many years ago—possibly twenty—when 
I first took P. festuce with the pollinium of O. maculata fixed on 
its head. 

I know a rough hillside some miles from here where the 
spotted orchis is a much commoner plant than the ragged robin 
(Lychnis flos-cuculi), which latter is the flower most frequented 
by the Plusias in this district. 

At varying intervals I have noticed a specimen amongst my 
captures with these extra ‘‘ decorations,” but on looking over my 
series I find that only two remain with me. 

If a careful watch be kept in the future by those interested, 
not only over the species of Plusia but also over those of Dian- 
thecia and Cucullia, there is no doubt that some new records 
and facts will come to light. 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA. 107 


In the illustration (Fig. 1), which is greatly magnified, the 
sticky dise at the base of the filament is very clearly brought 
out, although the pollen mass or anther at the other end is 
somewhat frayed. 

The moth is one of the specimens of P. festuce previously 
mentioned, and the photograph has been taken from the under 
side of the head. 

[Figure 2 is from a photograph (x 10) taken by Mr. F. 
Noad Clark, showing the pollen mass on the-head of Cucullia 
umbratica. We are indebted to Professor Meldola for the loan 
of the specimen.—Ep. ] 


38, Ferguslie, Paisley. 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITAA. 
By Rev. Grorce WHEELER, M.A., F.E-S. 


(Continued from p. 83.) 


THE range of variation in aurelia is, so far as my experience 
goes, less than in any of the other species as yet considered. 
The form of the plains is decidedly lighter than that of the 
mountains in general appearance, though occasionally the hind 
wings, even in the former case, show an inclination to melanism, 
reminding one of the hind wings of dictynna. It is stated by 
Kane, following some of the German writers, that aurelia is a 
larger and finer insect in Germany than in Switzerland. This 
statement I cannot help thinking is mainly due to a general un- 
certainty obtaining amongst German authors as to what is or is 
not aurelia. It is only lately that I have come across Gillmer’s 
paper in the ‘Archiv des Vereins der Freunde der Naturgeschichte 
in Mecklenburg,’ vol. lix. pp. 59, &c., which is the first that I 
have met with which seems to display any grip of the matter, 
though I am far from asserting that I have searched all the 
local German publications, and may have missed other more or 
less satisfactory pronouncements. At any rate, if any such 
difference does exist, it must be confined to Northern Germany, 
for the South German, Swiss, and Bukowina aurelia do not differ 
except in detail from each other. The Scandinavian awrelia 
again do not appear to be larger, so that it is highly improbable 
that the species increases in size as it goes northward in 
Germany. ‘Two large specimens I have seen which I am 
inclined, on the strength of the under side in particular, to 
assign to this species, viz. a pair submitted to me by Mr. Lowe, 
which he had obtained from Staudinger as britomartis, which 
they in no way resemble, if judged, as they must be, by the 
original type. Of this pair the following is a description :-— 


12 


108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


3. Up. s. f. w.: border wide, with lunules scarcely visible; 
outer subterminal thickish, inner of same size; a very broad space 
before the elbowed line, which is narrow near the costa and slopes 
very sharply in from the angle to the large marginal blotch; stigma 
and basal lines indistinct and nearly filled up with black. 

Up. s. h. w. as in aurelia, but with broader space between inner 
and extra lines; basal spot distinct. 

@. Up.s.: ground colour in two shades (as in detone) ; f. w. as 
in aurelia, but elbowed line as in ¢, though thicker at costa; h. w. 
aS in ¢@. 

g. Un.s. f. w.: inner edging line arched, much more in third 
space than in others; lunules very small; subterminal lines very 
close together, both as dark shades; elbowed line visible throughout 
as an almost connected series of spots. (On the left side the basal 
lines are joined in the form of an H.) 

Un. s. h. w.: with all the characters of awrelia exaggerated, 
especially the lowness of the arches in the outer band; bordering line 
between outer and terminal bands black and very broad ; no trace of 
the dictynna spots in outer band. 

?. Un. s. f. w.: ground colour darker than ordinary aurelia, 
and with elbowed line as in g; otherwise as in typical awrelia. 
H. w.: as in aurelia, but with the characteristics much ex- 
aggerated ; outer band light, not differing greatly in colour from 
terminal band. 


The entire absence of the dictynna spots at once removes 
these from the possibility of being britomartis, Assmann, and if 
they represent britomartis, Staudinger, the fact of his regarding 
it as a variety of aurelia is sufficiently accounted for. The 
specimens came from Eastern Europe, and correspond in size 
with those in the Natural History Museum from Greece and 
Bulgaria, the latter, however, being somewhat brighter in tint. 
The under side of Scandinavian specimens is not so character- 
istic in the hind wing as that of Swiss and German specimens ; 
the ground colour on the upper side is somewhat lighter, and 
the black markings, as a rule, somewhat heavier. I have seen 
nothing in this species corresponding with either the corythalia 
or navarina forms of athalia, but such specimens, unless taken 
among typical aurelia, might probably pass, in the absence of 
precise data, for the other species. I have one specimen from 
near Bérisal in which the absence of the upper two-thirds of the 
‘extra’ line on the hind wing gives some slight resemblance to 
parthenie, whilst the thickened elbowed line of the fore wing 
places it in the same category of variation with Freyer’s aphea, 
or with athalia var. mehadiensis. On the under side the principal 
directions of variation are in the dark bands of the hind wing, 
the outer varying much in the extent to which the characteristic 
lowering of the ‘‘arches”’ is emphasized, and both showing a 
wide range in depth of colouring. On the whole, the mountain 
specimens have these bands darker than the lowland examples, | 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA. 109 


and the light bands are generally whiter in those specimens 
which have the deeper tint in the dark bands. The approach 
to dictynna in the more melanistic males has already been 
noticed; the more melanistic females, on the other hand, often 
approach very near to varia on the upper side. 

The next species, varia, is rich both in extreme and in minor 
aberrations, the former being both melanistic and albinistic, the 
latter of these being commoner in the male, the former in the 
female. There is a wide range of these extreme forms in the 
National Collection, and Aigner-Abafi specially mentions melanic 
forms of varia in the paper previously referred to (‘ Annals of 
the Hungarian National Museum,’ 1905). They practically 
extend over much the same range as the aberrations of athalia. 
The minor variations include in the male the extent of dark 
suffusion of the up. s. h. w., and the greater or less obsolescence 
of the markings on the upper side, and the fore wing of the 
under side, and in the female the greater or less extent of 
melanistic tendency; in both sexes the depth of the ground 
colour, and of the colouring both of the dark and light bands of 
the un. s. h. w., is subject to considerable variation. The 
presence of the greenish tint on the upper side of the female is 
due to the freshness of the specimen and soon wears off; it is 
never, in my experience, retained long in the cabinet. The 
specimens from the Stilfser Joch are described as being very 
varied in ground colour, extent of basal suffusion, and breadth 
of black markings, yet some of these variations are, to some 
extent at any rate, racial; the varia of the Heuthal, for instance, 
both male and female, exhibit much more dark suffusion than 
those of the Simplon, whereas the females from Campfer in the 
same neighbourhood are so light as to approach, on the upper 
side, somewhat closely to parthenie. The resemblance between 
the females of varia and aurelia on the upper side has already 
been touched upon, and in very small specimens an approach 
is occasionally made towards asteria; but unless the former are 
so worn as to have lost the outer line of the border, un. s. h. w., 
there is always a ready distinctive character—for instance, the 
specimen in the National Collection labelled ‘“‘ varia, teste 
Hormuzaki” is quite certainly named correctly, though some 
doubt appears to have been felt in the minds of those who 
referred the matter to his judgment. 

Britomartis is probably the most variable on the upper side 
of all the species of this group. The males of the first brood 
bear a very close resemblance to dark specimens of athalia; 
indeed, on one occasion when I was exhibiting a series at 
Geneva, a well-known lepidopterist was pointing out to a youth- 
ful collector, before the meeting began, the peculiarities by 
which he might know them to be that species, and was hugely 
surprised, when I suggested his looking at the under side, to 


110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


find there a very close approximation to dictynna. All the first 
brood males in my possession might well be taken on the upper 
side for small specimens of var. mehadiensis, though of course 
the under side is totally different; two of the females of this 
brood might equally well pass as the same variety of athalia, 
but the others are much more obsoletely marked. The second 
brood is much more varied. I have specimens taken at the 
same time and place as heavily marked as aurelia, and more 
lightly on the fore wing than parthenie ; at the same time they 
have, in series, a facies so remarkably and unmistakably their 
own that it would seem impossible to confuse them with any 
other species, if we remember that the britomartis of German 
authors (and of Kirby, who confessedly founds his ‘Kuropean 
Butterflies and Moths’ on their writings) has no recognizable 
connection with Assmann’s original description, nor with his 
type specimens. The variation of the under side is principally 
in two directions—intensity of markings and depth of colour. 
There is considerable range in the latter respect in the fore wing, 
and in both light and dark bands of the hind wing, the light 
varying in both sexes from cream or ivory to silvery-white, and 
the dark from light orange-brown to very deep cinnamon. 
There is also considerable variety in the emphasis given to the 
‘* dictynna-spots,’’ which are sometimes very strikingly deve- 
loped and sometimes almost rudimentary, as also in the com- 
parative breadth of the un. s. h. w. bands and in the proportion 
of the two parts of the outer and central bands to each other. 
The outstanding characteristic of the latter, viz. the position of 
the third and fourth spots of the outer division, thrust as it were 
out of line, is, however, always present, and often most marked. 


(To be continued.) 


ON THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF COCCIDA. 


By Cuaupe Mortey, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 
(Concluded from p. 96.) 


88. Coccus alni, Ratz.* 

Ratzeburg states (Ichn. d. Forst 11. 146): I bred male and 
female Encyrtus punctipes from the berry-like Coccus alni on 
alder twigs, and (ili. 189) Hr. Reissig has bred this pretty para- 
site again. Later (l.c. ii. 193) he says Hr. Reissig bred male 
and female Hncyrtus sericans from a Coccus on alder. 


84. Coccus cambii, Ratz.* 


The same author, after querying its parasitism upon another 
Chalcid (i. 295), tells us distinctly that Pteromalus audouinit was 
bred (ii. 191) by Hr. Reissig from Coccus cambit. 


HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF COCCIDAE. Er 


85. Coccus ulmi, Linn. 
From this species, which Mr. Newstead considers probably 
synonymous with Lecanium capree, Linn., Walker has described 
(Ann. Nat. Hist. xiv. (1844), p. 185) his Encyrtus macheras. 


86. Coccus phalaridis, Linn. 

This species is referred to the genus Lecanium by most 
authors, but Mr. Newstead tells me it is in any case unrecogniz- 
able. From it Dalla Torre gives (Cat. Hym. v. 247) T’richomas- 
thus (Sceptrophorus) cyaneus and cyaneifrons, Dalm., apparently 
upon Kollar’s authority, but cf. the synonymous Encyrtus stigma, 
Walk. (Ann. Nat. Hist. xix. (1847), p. 228) in respect to the 
former, which was also bred from ‘‘ cottony cocoons ’-—doubtless 
Coccids—on a leaf by Curtis (Brit. Ent. fol. 895). Mayr (Verh. 
z.-b. Ges. 1875, p. 745) raised Chiloneurus formosus, Boh., from 
it; together with (lib. cit. p. 695) Aphycus hederaceus, West., 
which I took on ivy at Monk Soham on 8th June, 1908. 


87. Icerya purchasi, Mask.* 

The parasites of this species are stated to be the Pirenid 
Ophelosia crawfordi, Riley (‘Insect Life,’ 1890, p. 248), Coccopha- 
gus californicus, Howard (l.c. 1889, p. 269), Hncyrtus dubius, 
How. (nec Fonsce.; l.c. 1888, p. 270) from California, and the 
Proctotrypid Phanurus (Thoron) opacus, How. (l.c. p. 268). 
[Howard’s record of his Lsodromus icerye (Report Ent. U. S. 
Agric. 1886, p. 488) is an error, the species having been raised 
from the Neuropterous genus Chrysopa (cf. Ashm. 1900, p. 378.) | 


88. Icerya rose, Riley.* 

From a host of this name Ashmead records Cerchysius icerye, 
How.—distinet from the last-named Chalcid—from Northern 
America (Ash. 1900, p. 380). (Dalla Torre (Cat. v. 415) gives 
Lestophonus iceryé as hemipterous host of Huryischia lestophoni, 
Koebele; Scudder knew no such genus, but cf. Riley, Report 
Ent. U. 8. Agric. 1889, p. 92.] 


89, Lichtensia koebelei, Mask. 

Two enemies have been bred from this species in Ceylon. 
Both Aphycus lichtensie and Encyrtus (Microterys) lichtensie, 
Howard, are described in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1896, pp. 636 
et 640. 

90. Lichtensia viburnt, Sign. 

Two specimens of a Coccophagus sp. were bred at Llandaff 
from this Coccid, and Newstead suggests (Mon. Coce. Brit. i. 31) 
that, since L. viburni is seldom attacked, the parasite is probably 
rare. It is improbably exclusive. 


112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


91. Planchonia delicata, Green. * 

From Ceylon we know two parasites of this species (Proc. 
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1896, pp. 635 et 637), named by Howard 
Encarsia planchonieé and Encyrtus (Adelencyrtus) Planchonie 
respectively. 

92. PRosopopHora.* 
An uninstanced species of a genus of this name is said by 


Howard (Revis. Aphel. 1895, p. 21) to be attacked by Perisso- 
pterus pulchellus, How. 


93. Aonidia corniger, Green.* 


From an insect of this name, Encarsia avnidie, Howard, is 
recorded (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1896, p. 636). 


94. PHEnacoccus.* . 


Ashmead has instanced (1900, p. 888) Aphycus townsendii, 
How., from a species of this genus feeding on cotton. 


95. Phenacoccus cavallie, Ckll.* 


The same author has devoted a short article to “‘ The Hym. 
Par. of P. cavallie, Ckll.” (Canadian Entom. 1902, p. 301), 
which he says include Cheiloneurus dactylopii, How., Signiphora 
dactylopti, Ashm., his new Blepyrus phenacocci, with its new 
hyperparasite, T'etrastichus blepyri, all bred in New Mexico. 


96. Tachardia albizzie, Green.* 


_ Microterys tachardie, How., is said to prey upon this species 
in Ceylon by Ashmead (1900, p. 898). 


97. Rutzococcus.* 

And from a member of this genus feeding on a composite 
plant the same author describes Signiphora rhizococci (1900, p. 
411), of which one specimen was bred by F. Noack in July, 1897, 
in Brazil. ; 

ALEURODIDA. 
98. ALEURODES. 

From members of this curious genus are recorded Howard's 
Aphelinids, Eretmocerus californicus (Bull. U. 8. Agric. Ent. 
Techn. 1895, p. 16), Pterothrix flavimedia (Rep. Ent. U. S. 
Agric. 1881, p. 869), Hucarsia coquilleti, E. luteola, and E. angelica 
(Revis. Aphel. N. America, 1895, pp. 29 et 830). Douglas remarks 
(EZ. M. M. 1894, p. 87) upon the immunity from parasitic attacks 
of his A. rubicola throughout its exposed hybernation in Britain. 


99. Aleurodes chelidonii, Linn. 


Dalla Torre gives (Cat. Hym. v. 278) Eupelmus urozonus, 
Dalm., as a parasite of this species upon Rondani’s authority ; 


A NEW MEALY-BUG FROM SOUTH AMERICA. Hs 


it appears, however, omnivorous upon Hymenoptera, Diptera, 
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. He synonymizes the female (nec 
male) of Walker’s Macroneura maculipes (Ent. Mag. 1837, p. 354) 
with this parasite, while Gaulle (Cat. Hym. France, p. 97) gives 
Walker’s species as the same as Hupelmus degeeri, Dalm., said 
by him—possibly in consequence—to also prey upon this hemip- 
teron.t 
100. Aleurodes corni, Hald.* 


The economy of his Proctotrypid Amitus aleurodinis, which 
occurs in Pennsylvania, British Columbia, and Illinois, is set 
forth by Haldeman (Amer. Journ. Se. & Arts, ix. (1850), p. 108), 
and elaborated by Forbes in 1884, Cresson in 1887, and Ashmead 
(Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., p. 298) in 1898. 


A NEW MEALY-BUG (COCCIDH) FROM SOUTH 
AMERICA. 


By T. D. A. CockeRre.u. 


Pseudococcus missionum, 0. sp. 

About 2 mm, long, of ordinary form, apparently with little mealy 
secretion; legs ‘stout, lively ferruginous; antenne 7- or 8-jointed; 
anal ring ordinary, with six short hairs. Females studied full of eggs, 
which are 275 » long and 170 broad. 

The species is especially distinguished by its small robust red 
legs, and small pale antenne. The following measurements are in 
microns :— 

Hind leg: length of trochanter, 105; of femur, 222; width of 
femur, 92; length of tibia, 182; of tarsus, 95; bristles on hind tibia, 
15; apical bristle of trochanter about 62. 

Antenne: 7-jointed, joints (1) 387-50, (2) 47-55, (8) 40-52, 
(4) 37-55, (5) 30-45, (6) 37-42, (7) 75-85. 

Antenne: 8-jointed, joints (1) 50-55, (2) 52-55, (3) 50, (4) 22-30, 
(5) 32-42, (6) 30-35, (7) 32-42, (8) 87-90. The seven and eight joints 
do not indicate two species; in one case a specimen was 7-jointed 
on one side and 8 on the other. 


The 7-jointed antenne are close to those of Ripersia minima, 
Tinsl. & King; the 8-jointed are of an ordinary type, almost 
exactly duplicated in certain specimens of Pseudococcus kingii, 
Ckll., and P. texensis, Tinsley. 

Hab. — Santa Ana Misiones, Argentine, No. 13 (Lahilie). 
The original lot has been divided between the collections of the 
U.S. Department of Agriculture and the describer. 


+ The larve of this species is said by Réaumur (ii. Mém. vii., plate 25) 
to be devoured by a minute coleopterous larva, which Westwood (Introd. ii. 
443) suggests is probably that of some species of the Coccinellid genus 
Scymnus. 


114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ON A NEW SPECIES OF PHYTOPHAGOUS EURY- 
TOMA (CHALCIDIDA) FROM NEW ZEALAND. 


By P. Cameron.. 


Waite the vast majority of the very extensive family of the 
Chalcidide are undoubtedly parasitic on other insects, it is now 
well known that at least three of the tribes—the Agaonide (Fig- 
insects), the Torymide, represented by the Idarnine (which are 
connected in some way with the Fig-Chalcids, probably as In- 
quilines), the Torymine, Syntomaspis and Megastigmus, and the 
family Kurytomide, two of whose tribes, the Isosmini and the 
Kurytomini—contain plant-feeding species. Not only do those 
Chalcid groups contain plant-feeders, but a few of them are 
injurious to the plants on which they feed. So far as I know, 
all the plant-feeding Chalcids feed in the seeds, except the 
Isosmini, “hich form galls on the stems of grasses, and the 
American genus Wurytomacharis, which also makes galls in the 
stems of the food-plant. At least four of these phytophagous 
Chaleids must be ranked among injurious insects. The damage 
done by the American ‘‘Joint-worm ”’ to wheat is too well known. 
Syntomaspis druparum, Boh., has proved injurious to apples by 
devouring the seeds, both in Europe and in the United States. 
Megastigmus spermatrophus, Wachtl (said to be really a native of 
the Western United States), has proved very destructive to the 
Douglas-fir in the North of Scotland. I once found the larve of 
M. aculeatus, Swederus, in Cheshire, in some quantity in the 
hips of a garden rose, there being no dipterous or other larve 
present. ‘This species is now found in the United States, and 
it also has been reared from rose-seed received from China 
(cf. C. R. Crosby, Bull. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Station, 
Bull. 265, p. 379).* In North America the Eurytomid, Hvoxy- 
soma vitis, Saunders, badly infests the seeds of the vine. Bruco- 
phagus funebris, How., in North America is certainly an enemy 
of the clover and alfalfa by feeding on their seeds. 

It would be interesting to know if all the species of Mega- 
stigmus are vegetable-feeders. M. pictus, Foer. (a British 
species), has been reared from the seeds of the rose, and long 
ago Mr. Parfitt (Zool. xv. 1857, p. 5548) reared M. pinus, Parf., 
from the seeds of the pine. M. brevicaudis, Ratz., has been 
bred from the seeds of the Rowan (Sorbus or Pyrus aucaparia). 
It can hardly be that all species of Megastigmus are plant- 
feeders, unless we are to suppose that they live as Inquilines, 
like Synergus, in the galls made by other insects. Thus Mayr 
(Verh. z.-b. Wien, xxv. 185) gives a list of nineteen species 


_* In this paper Mr. Crosby gives a good review of the seed-infesting flies 
with much new matter, 


PHYTOPHAGOUS EURYTOMA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 115 


of Cynipide from which M. dorsalis, F., has been bred, and of 
six from which M. stigmaticans, F., has been reared. 

The whole subject of these plant-feeding Chalcids is well 
worth the attention of entomologists, alike from an economic 
and biological point of view. In the following paper I give the 
description of a new species of phytophagous Hurytoma from 
New Zealand, the life-history of which has been worked out by 
Mr. F. W. Hilgendorf, of Lincoln College, Christchurch, New 
Zealand. The insects live in the seeds of the Black Wattle 
(Acacia decurrens), which, although now common and thoroughly 
naturalized in New Zealand, is in reality a native of New South 
Wales. Mr. Hilgendorf writes me:—‘“‘ In the autumn of 1909 
I found every seed of a certain tree occupied by a grub, and now 
in November (i. e. the spring of 1909-10) each grub has given 
rise to the Chalcid referred to. There were no other insects than 
these among those hatched out.” 


Hurytoma acacia, sp. n. 


Black; the knees, tibiw, and tarsi rufo-testaceous, the head, 
thorax, and legs thickly covered with white pubescence, the head and 
thorax strongly umbilicately punctate, the abdomen smooth and 
shining, the female antennz stout, smooth, bare, and shining, as long 
as the head and thorax united, the third joint a little enlarged, longer 
than the fourth, a little roundly narrowed towards the base and apex 
the last slightly longer and narrower than the penultimate. Wings 
hyaline, the nervures and stigma black. Female and male. Length, 
3 mm. 

The centre of the face is shining, finely, weakly, sparsely punc- 
tured, the sides opaque, rugosely, slightly, obliquely striated, the 
striz not very clearly defined or separated. Centre of front depressed, 
smooth, shining, the depression wider than long, the sides stoutly 
margined, and there is a stout keel down the centre. Apex of clypeus 
broadly rounded. Parapsidal furrows moderately distinct, shallow. 
Abdominal petiole short, distinct, not much longer than wide. Meta- 
notum with the punctures running into reticulations, the top broadly 
rounded. The sides of the scutellum are reticulated, but not so 
strongly as the apex above is rugosely punctured ; the apex above is 
more coarsely punctured than is the base. Alar nervures stout, the 
post-marginal vein thinner than the others, and extending clearly 
beyond the stigmal. 

The male has the antennal joints clearly, rather widely separated 
above, the separations almost forming incisions; the joints of the 
flagellum are somewhat thickly covered with stiff black hairs, most 
of which are as long as the joints. The abdominal petiole is longer 
than it is in the female, being more than twice longer than wide, and 
a little longer than the hind coxe. 


116 ;, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


THe Tappine oF THE “ DEataH WatcH Bretuz.’’—In reference 
to the note by Mr. A. H. Swinton (antea, p. 64), I must dispute his 
theory as to the method by which the beetle sounds the “ moni- 
tory music.” Years ago I used to stay at Felixstowe in an old stud- 
and-plaster house with my family for summer holidays. The timbers 
there were infested with ‘‘ Death Watch Beetles,” and we frequently 
heard their tapping. I could make precisely the same ‘“ monitory 
music” by tapping on my watch-case with my finger-nail, and the 
beetles would answer me. By this means I discovered the where- 
abouts of several specimens, and they were duly pill-boxed. My 
captives responded to my tapping with the lid partly open, and I saw 
they produced the noise by hitting the box with their heads. I would 
advise Mr. Swinton to experiment as above, and he will find my 
statement correct.— H. F. BissHorp; 32, Museum Street, Ipswich, 
February 2nd, 1910. 

[The above note should have appeared in our last number, but 
we regret that, owing to want of space, it had to be omitted there- 
from.—ED. ] 


I see there is an article in the March number of the ‘ Entomolo- 
gist’ by Mr. C. J. Gahan, M.A., and he states he has never witnessed 
the act of tapping by an Anobiwm, but suggests a method for the 
purpose. In my former note I not only stated how the insects might 
be found, but also how to treat them to induce them to produce the 
tapping. I may add one or two other facts from my practical 
experience :—1. The taps certainly do not exceed from five to six on 
an average, though I am not prepared to dispute Mr. Derham’s 
statement that they do go to as many as seven or eight. 2. When 
tapping, the beetle rises on its legs and rapidly hits with its head 
downwards right on the “forehead.” I can quite believe the Rev. W. 
Derham of two hundred years ago was ‘a most accurate and minute 
observer.” I should very much like to see the article where “he has 
explained in full detail how the Anobiwm, or Greater Death Watch 
[the insect to which I refer], makes its ticking noise.” — E. F. Biss- 
HOoPP: March 11th, 1910. 


HIBERNACULUM FOR VANESSA 10.—A lady living at a short dis- 
tance from Cambridge writes on March 3rd :—‘ We have a great 
many ‘tortoiseshells’ and ‘peacocks’ in the house; I found no fewer 
than eight ‘peacocks’ in an old skirt last month.”—F. MERRIFIELD ; 
14, Clifton Terrace, Brighton, March 5th, 1910. 


THE Crark ContEction.—The concluding portion of the collec- 
tion of British Lepidoptera formed by the late Mr. J. A. Clark was 
disposed of at Stevens’s Auction Rooms on Tuesday and Wed- 
nesday, February 22nd and 28rd. It consisted of the latter half 
of the Geometers, the Micros, and sundry odd lots of duplicates, 
&e. The first few lots found tardy buyers at small prices, but on the 
varieties of Abraxas grossulariata being reached some little life was 
imparted to the proceedings; a good specimen of var. albomarginata 
brought £3 5s.; a rather nice form broadly bordered with black and 
the hind wings slightly rayed £2 2s.; one with basal half of fore 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. iT 


wings black the same figure ; another in which the dise of fore wings 
was orange and blotched with black, £1 1s., and a fine specimen with 
broad black margins, £2. Some of the better-known forms, however, 
did not command high prices; thus ‘‘wltra lutea-lacticolor,” with two 
other varieties, failed to go above 16s. the lot; two varleyata brought 
10s. and 12s. respectively ; lutea-lacticolor and subviolacea together, 
6s.; flavofascrata, 8s.; ‘a very pale variety,” 3s.,and so forth. Other 
interesting varieties among the Geometers were a melanic form of 
Ligdia adustata, which, when offered with the previous lot which 
had failed to find a buyer, brought £3 3s.; four Camptogramma bi- 
lineata, including a large unicolorous brown form from Sligo, one 
with chocolate-brown fore wings, one pale banded form, anda greyish 
brown dwarf, £1 2s. the four; a fine black-banded Hubolia bipunc- 
taria, £5 5s., and an unusual form of Tanagra atrata, £1 1s. Six 
specimens of Sterrha sacraria, each with full data, realized from 5s. 
to 10s. apiece, and 15s. was obtained for var. labda; forty Phibalap- 
teryx polygrammata, put up in lots of six or five, brought an average of 
3s. 44d. per specimen, and twelve Cidaria reticulata, sold in lots of two, 
from 11s. to 20s. per lot, the average price per specimen being 8s. 2d. 

Little interest appeared to be taken in the Pyrales further than 
that a lot in which nine specimens of Madopa salicaris had been 
included fetched £1 8s.; two Diasemia ramburialis, one “ Folkestone, 
1878,” and one from ‘ Burney’s Collection,” 12s.; a lot of forty- 
three insects, among which were two Antigastra catalaunalis and 
one Margarodes unionalis, 16s.; and three M. unionalis, labelled “ F. 
Bond, 1879,” with some sixty other specimens, 12s. the lot. But the 
Crambites attracted a good deal of attention, a lot containing four 
Crambus myellus bringing 17s.; two C. rorellus (Burney Collection), 
with fifty-nine other fairly good things, £1 2s.; four C. myelluws and two 
more of the C. rorellus, £1 4s.; but four C. rorellus from the same 
source, put up with six Galleria cerella and ten Achrea grisella, made 
only 7s. Six Epischnia bankesiella, with eight Anerastia lotella and 
three Hpischnia farrella, realized £1 12s. 6d. the lot ; one Cateremna 
terebrella (C. G. Barrett, Norfolk), with other species, £1 6s.; twelve 
Ephestia semirufa, with some fifty other species, £1 8s.; a lot of 
fifty-seven, including Gymnancyla canella and sundry Phycis, &c., 
£1 12s. 6d.; five Myelois ceratoni@ in a lot with sundry Rhodophea, 
&e., £1; one Trachonitis pryerella (Nottingham, Briggs’s Collection), 
with Ephestia kuhniella and Myelophila cribrella, £1 2s.; and one 
Selagia argyrella (Mason Collection), with one Dioryctria splendidella 
and nine Oncocera ahenella, £1. 

Nor were the Tortrices by any means neglected, and although 
occasionally a lot or two of a hundred or more of the commoner 
species might be picked up for three or four shillings, anything out of 
the ordinary soon made good prices; thus the lot containing four 
Ditula woodiana realized £1 10s.; two lots, each containing two 
specimens of Penthina grevillana, £1 4s. each lot; three P. fuligana, 
with fourteen Sericoris bifasciana and others, £12s.; eight P. postre- 
mana, in a lot of forty-six insects, £1 12s. 6d., and five in one of sixty- 
eight, 15s.; while for the solitary specimen of Tortrix pronubana, a 
male captured at Bognor in October, 1908, the bidding ran up to 
£1 12s. 6d. A lot of seventy-nine specimens, including seven Opadia 


118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


funebrana and five Stigmonota leguminana, sold for £1 2s.; and a 
somewhat similar lot having one more each of these two species, 
£1 10s. Seventy-four Stegmonota, including S. weirana, S. trawnana, 
&e., brought £1 7s.; seventy-eight Dzcrorampha, including ten D. 
alpinana, eight D. senectana, &c., £1 2s.; sixty-eight Hupecilia, among 
which were included fifteen H. flaviciliana, £1 5s.; and a lot of 
sundries in which perhaps four Argyrolepia shreberiana and eighteen 
EH. mussehliana were the attractions, £1 1s. A mixed lot of Psychids 
and Tineids, seven fumea casta, eleven Dasystoma salicella, five 
Lamprona pubicornis, and fifty-six others realized £1 6s.; and 
another of ‘seventy-nine, in which Solenobia inconspiciella, Bankesia 
staintoni, &c., figured, £1 2s. ; while sundry other lots, in which some 
of the rarer Tineids were included, fetched prices of £2, £1 4s., 
£2 17s. 6d., £2 2s., and so forth. 

At the commencement of the second day’s sale the long series of 
Peronea cristana, on which the late Mr. Clark had bestowed so much 
attention, were offered ; they comprised upwards of three thousand 
specimens. Among the more interesting items were the type speci- 
mens of the varieties that he described and figured in the ‘ Entomo- 
logist’s Record,’ vol. xiii., which sold as follows :—Transversana, 
ulotana, nigroruficostana [ined], and alborwficostana, 10s. the four ; 
punctana, proxanthovittana, prostriana, subalboflammana, and fuscana, 
10s. the five; subchantana, nigrosubvittana, subfulvovittana, ngro- 
cristana, and prochantana, 10s. the five; attaliana, with another 
specimen of the same form and one of swbcapucina (Desvignes), 14s. 
the three ; masonzana, £1 1s.; charlottana, £3; nigropunctana, atrana, 
ochreapunctana, and intermediana, £1 the four; and merlana, subuni- 
colorana, ngrana, rufingrana, and albonigrana, £1 the five. We be- 
lieve that all these types are now in the possession of Mr. Sydney Webb. 
The highest price obtained for any one specimen was £3 5s.—for a form 
between curtisana and charlottana ; while among the other more in- 
teresting lots were two examples of a doubtfully new variety near var. 
gumpinana, which realized £1 1s. and £2 2s. respectively, and 
another approaching var. tolana, for which £2 was obtained; speci- 
mens of var. tolana sold for 10s. each, and one of var. curtisana for 
£2. The series of some six hundred odd of Peronea hastiana was 
offered in five lots, each containing several named forms, the prices 
per lot realized being 6s., 6s., 6s., £1 12s. 6d., and £1 2s.; and that of 
Sarothripus revayana, consisting of nearly five hundred specimens, 
brought 8s., 8s., and £1 10s. per lot for the three lots in which it was 
sold. The remainder of the Tineina which had been left over from 
the previous day contained many interesting species, and the lots in 
which they were contained frequently ran up over £1, the highest 
price given for any one lot being £2 10s., and the only lot among the 
“Plumes”? which attracted special attention was that in which a 
specimen of Leioptilus brachydactylus from the Burney Collection 
was included, which fetched £1. Among the duplicates, &c., six 
specimens of Chrysophanus dispar were offered, of which a fine male 
brought £3 15s.; a fine female, £4 10s.; another, £3 15s.; a male 
under side, £2 5s.; and the two others, £2 2s. and 18s. respectively. 
The sale of the whole collection occupied nearly six full days, and the 
total amount which it realized exceeded £1300. 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 119 


On the concluding day two other small properties were disposed 
of, the only lots of any special interest included in them being a fine 
male example of Noctua swbrosea, £3 10s. ; three lots of four each of 
Agriades corydon var. syngrapha, £2 2s., £1 10s., and £1 10s.; two 
lots, each consisting of four var. syngrapha and three intermediates, 
£2 As. and £1 12s. 6d. per lot; a specimen of A. corydon var. fowlerc, 
£1 15s., and a fine female under side of A. bellargus having the 
entire disc of the hind wings white, which ran up to £9 9s.—R. A. 


THE EnromonoaicaL Crus.—A meeting was held at ‘‘ Wellfield,” 
4, Lingard’s Road, Lewisham, on March 15th last. Mr. Robert 
Adkin in the chair. Other members present were Messrs. Donis- 
thorpe, Hall, Porritt, and Verrall. In addition to three honorary 
members—Messrs. Jones (A. H.), Sich, and Smith (A. EH)—seven 
other entomologists attended. 


Tue NAtionAL ConmLection oF British LepipopTErA.— Among 
recent additions to this collection we note four beautiful examples of 
Abraxas grossulariata ab. varleyata, presented by Mr. Porritt of 
Huddersfield ; and a lovely series of Tortriz pronubana given by Mr. 
Robert Adkin, who reared the specimens from Hastbourne larve. 


Erratum.—P. 104, line 21 from bottom, after “‘ A large number of 
insects’ insert ‘‘new to science.” 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 


FUVANESSA ANTIOPA IN SuRREY.—‘“ Mr. Eric Parker writes from 
Holmthorpe, Weybridge, under date March 5th :—‘ Entomologists 
may be interested to hear that to-day, walking in the woods of 
St. George’s-hill, I saw a Camberwell Beauty butterfly. It jumped 
up at my feet from a bank of pine-needles on which it had been 
sunning itself, flew about long enough for me to notice that the 
cream border of its wings was very pale, almost white, and then 
went away high over the pines.’’’—From the ‘Times,’ March 8th. 


PHIGALIA PEDARIA AB. MONACHARIA.—I should like to record the 
abundance of the black form of P. pedaria (pilosaria) in this district. 
Last year I found the variety but rarely. This year the black form 
outnumbers the ordinary type, indeed the latter is scarce. — Wm. 
BarractoucH; Holly Hall, Low Moor, March 15th, 1910. 


ORTHOLITHA CERVINATA AND POLIA FLAVICINCTA IN THE HPpPiInG 
Forrest Districr.—As my earliest collecting days were spent in 
this district, I am in a position to answer the question raised by Mr. 
R. T. Baumann (antea, p. 98). In 1868-1870 I collected regularly 
in a garden at Leyton (where we lived) and in the neighbouring parts 
of the forest. A complete diary of captures for that period is still in 
my possession, and the list of species recorded was published in the 
‘Essex Naturalist’ in 1891 (vol. v. p. 153). O. cervinata was taken 
at that time in a lane between our house and the Hackney Marsh, 
and P. flavicincta was taken not uncommonly in the garden at sugar. 
With respect to this latter species I am inclined to think that it has 
been getting rarer of late years. It used to be quite common in 


120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


gardens at sugar, and in 1875-1877 it could be depended upon as a 
regular autumn species in a garden at Twickenham where I used to 
collect. Since then I had not seen the species until 1908, when I 
saw two on sugar at Lyme Regis. Whether this increasing scarcity 
is real or only apparent must be decided by an appeal to wider 
experience than mine, as I have done but little autumnal collecting 
in the South of England for many years.—R. Metpora; 6, Bruns- 
wick Square, W.C., March dth, 1910. 


EntTomoLocy In IrELAND.—Entomologists are so rare in Central 
Treland that anyone seen with a butterfly-net risks being taken, as I 
have recently been, for a harmless lunatic, but he need fear nothing 
worse from sucha kindly, albeit not very entomological, people. The 
district of which I write lies between Birr (in King’s Co.) on the 
north and Nenagh (in Tipperary) on the south, a few miles east of 
Lough Derg; and the collector may there rely on finding many 
somewhat local or rare insects. L. sinapis occurs yearly in con- 
siderable numbers; M. aurinia and C. rubi also yearly, though 
more plentifully in some years than others. Last June-July, when 
sugaring was less successful than usual, I found that Centranthus 
ruber and, rather later, its white variety proved wonderfully attractive 
at dusk, alike to Sphingide, Noctuide, and Geometridae. Among 
the moths taken at the valerian, I may name C. elpenor, C. porcellus 
(plentiful), P. chrysztis, P. festuce, P. pulchrina (plentiful), P. bractea, 
C. wmbratica, and many common species. In my good-sized garden 
(containing some three hundred varieties of herbaceous plants) each 
scattered plant of Centranthus had its visitants, and a few Plusias 
were taken at Geranium pratense flore pleno; while profusely bloom- 
ing honeysuckle and all other flowers failed to yield a single moth.— 
Percy Bickneti; Lincoln Hatch, Burnham, Bucks. 


Eots (ACIDALIA) HERBARIATA, F'., IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. — Mr. 
W. B. Davis, of Stroud, has generously given me a specimen of this 
Geometer, which he took on July 11th, 1909, at Messrs. Partridge’s 
Mill, Stroud, flying over a fine species of Reseda, said to come from 
Spain, and used for dyeing cloth yellow. Mr. Meyrick, in his ‘ Hand- 
book’ (1895), at p. 235, states: ‘ H. herbariata, F., . . . is said to 
have occurred in London, but, if authentic, it was doubtless an 
accidental importation. The species inhabits S. C., and 8. Europe.” 
The late Mr. C. G. Barrett, in his ‘Lepidoptera of the British 
Islands’ (1902), vol. viii. p. 21, says: ‘‘ this moth is one of the most 
rare of our species, and indeed may not be genuinely domiciled here ; 
its sole food seems to be the dried leaves of preserved plants or 
herbs, and since it is not known to occur regularly anywhere with 
us, there is room for suspicion that our few native specimens may 
have been introduced, in the larva state, with imported herbs. This, 
however, is quite conjectural, and the insect is usually admitted into 
any British collection, the possessor of which is so fortunate as to 
secure a specimen. ‘The first record of it in these islands appears 
to be that by the late Mr. H. T. Stainton, in the ‘ Entomologist’s 
Annual’ for 1856, under the name of Dosithea circuitaria, but after- 
wards corrected by him in the ‘ Zoologist’ for 1858. This was of a 


SOCIETIES. mE 


specimen taken in Bloomsbury Street, London, and Mr. Stainton 
added that specimens already existed in the collections of Mr. F. 
Bond and Mr, A. F. Sheppard. In 1869 the capture of three or four 
specimens in the shop of a herbalist in Holborn was announced, and 
in 1873 one was taken from a shop window in Oxford Street. Six 
years later another was taken in Cannon Street, City; and from that 
time it does not seem to have been noticed here until 1898, when 
Mr. Selwyn Image had the good fortune to secure a specimen in 
Southampton Row, Bloomsbury. Thus all the recorded British 
specimens seem to have occurred within an area of from one to two 
square miles in the Metropolis. On the Continent it is said to have 
quite the same habit, being found in and about houses, and espe- 
cially herb warehouses.”’ I am indebted to Mr. Edward Meyrick, 
F.E.S., for his kindness in identifying the specimens, and for the 
suggestion that the capture should be put on record.—C. GRANVILLE 
Cuurrersuck; Heathville Road, Gloucester, March 18th, 1910. 


SOCIETIES. 


EntomooaicaL Society or Lonpon.— Wednesday, February 2nd, 
1910.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., President, in the chair.—The 
President announced that he had nominated as Vice-Presidents for 
the Session 1910-1911 Professor T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc., F.R.S.E. ; 
Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S.; and Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, M.A. 
—Mr. Edward Morrell Holmes, of Ruthven, Sevenoaks; Mr. E. G. 
Josephs, of Lincoln College, Oxford; Mr. Ernest Cooper Joy, of 
2, St. Kilda’s Road, Stoke Newington, N.; Mr. John W. Ward, of 
Rusinurbe House, Somerset Road, Coventry; and Mr. Frank C. 
Willcocks, Entomologist to the Khedivial Agricultural Society, of 
Cairo, Egypt, were elected Fellows of the Society—Dr. M. Burr 
gave an account of the Entomological Congress to be held at Brussels 
in August next, and appealed to all Fellows for their support, as 
well as to the local Natural History Societies throughout the United 
Kingdom; and Dr. K. Jordan gave an outline of the sectional 
programme of papers already arranged.—The Secretary having read a 
letter from the Entomological Society of Russia, inviting the Society 
to send a delegate to the forthcoming Jubilee Celebration in St. Peters- 
burg, it was resolved unanimously to send a letter of congratulation 
to the Society in honour of the occasion.— Mr. John Alderson, who 
was present as a visitor, exhibited the results of six weeks’ collecting 
in the Rhone Valley, Switzerland, in May and June last, representa- 
tive in all of one hundred and two species of Rhopalocera.—Mr. 
i. EH. Green sent for exhibition boxes designed for the convenient 
storage of butterflies in paper envelopes, together with the original 
model as made by a local tinsmith in Ceylon—Dr. K. Jordan 
exhibited two specimens of the earwig, Arixenia esau, lately described 
by him in Nov. Zool., p. 313, Pl. xvi-xviii (1909). The insect was 
discovered in the breast-pouch of a specimen of the naked bat 
obtained in Sarawak. Under the microscope were shown the man- 


ENTOM.—APRIL, 1910. K 


192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


dible and maxilla of Arixenia, together with the mandible of Hemu- 
merus.—Dr. Malcom Burr, D.Sc., F.L.S. F.Z.S., communicated a 
paper entitled “A Revision of the Labiduride, a Family of the 
Dermaptera.” The discussion of the affinities of Agriades thetis 
(bellargus) and A. corydon, adjourned from the December meeting, 
was resumed by Mr. J. W. Tutt, who exhibited long series of the two 
species, demonstrating in particular the several forms of A. corydon 
as occurring in the palearctic region. He pointed out in detail the 
nearness of the two Agriadid species in the structure of their eggs, 
larvee, pup, imagines, especially noting in the latter case the 
similarity in the male genitalia. Not only was their environment 
similar, and their morphological structure almost identical, but their 
actual range was practically the same. Exhibitions were also made by 
Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker of varieties of A. corydon from Spain, Greece, 
Syria, Asia Minor, and Persia, and of A. thetis (bellargus) from Spain, 
Algeria, and Greece; by the Rey. George Wheeler, of examples from 
Italy and Central Europe; and by Miss M. E. Fountaine, of A. corydon 
var. olympica, taken by herself at Amasia, Asia Minor, and of thetzs 
var. syriaca from the Lebanon. At the end of Mr. Tutt’s remarks the 
discussion was continued by Mr. A. L. Rayward, Mr. Hamilton H. 
Druce, the Rev. G. Wheeler, Dr. T. A. Chapman, Mr. W. G. Sheldon, 
Miss Fountaine, and other Fellows, the President paying a special 
tribute to Mr. Tutt’s lucid explanation and diagnosis of the various 
forms of the two closely allied butterflies. — H. Rownanp-Brown, 
M.A., Hon. Secretary. 


THe Soura Lonpon Entomotoetcan AND Naturan History 
Society.—January 13th, 1910.—A. Sich, Esq., F.E.S., President, in 
the chair.—Mr. South, on behalf of Mr. Hallam Moore, of Barnet, ex- 
hibited specimens of Coleoptera, &c., mounted on transparent gelatine 
card, allowing of ready examination.—Mr. Adkin, a series of Selena 
bilunaria, bred from Eastbourne ova, and read notes on the brood.— 
Mr. Lucas, photographs of Hybernia defoliaria, taken on January 
4th and 8th.—Mr. Turner, on behalf of Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
series of the genus Hydrecia: H. nictitans, H. palustris, H. lucens, 
and H. crinanensis, together with microscopical preparations of the 
genitalia, and photographs of the same.—Mr. Tonge, a bred series of 
Cidaria nuiata, from Chichester; a bred pair of Catocala fraxin, 
from ova laid by a female taken at Horsham; and two species of 
Hymenoptera bred from a bamboo-cane standing in a garden at 
Redhill.— Mr. Newman, living specimens of Pyrameis atalanta, 
which he was endeavouring to hybernate—Mr. A. H. Hemming, an 
under side aberration of Polyommatus icarus, taken at Redhill, in 
which the submedian spots were closely clustered around the dis- 
coidals; on the hind wings some spots were obsolete.—Mr. Enock 
gave a lantern demonstration of the life-histories of Gonepteryx 
rhamni, Dicranura vinula, and Urapteryx sambucaria, and many 
illustrations of the marvellous and delicate hymenopterous egg- 
parasites, Mymaridee. 

Annual General Meeting, January 27th, 1910.—Mr. A. Sich, 
F.E.S., President, in the chair.—A satisfactory Balance Sheet was 
read and adopted, as was also the Report of the Council. The 
President declared the following gentlemen duly elected as Officers 


SOCIETIES. 128 


and Council for the Session 1910-1911:—President, W. J. Kaye, 
F.E.8.; Vice-Presidents, A. Sich, F.E.S., and A. EH. Tonge, F.E.S.; 
Treasurer, T. W. Hall, F.E.S.; Librarian, A. W. Dods; Curator, 
W. West (Greenwich) ; Hon. Secretaries, Stanley Edwards, F'.L.8., 
F.Z.S., 7.E.S. (Corresponding), and Hy.J. Turner, F'.E.S. (Reporting) ; 
Council: R. Adkin, F.E.S., 5. R. Ashby, F.E.S., E. C. Joy, F.E.S., 
H. Main, F.E.S., A. M. Montgomery, F.E.S., R. A. R. Priske, F.E.S., 
and B. H. Smith. A letter was read from Mr. Kaye, thanking the 
Society for the honour done him, and explaining his absence for the 
next few months as due to his having undertaken an expedition to 
Southern Brazil in search of Lepidoptera and evidences for or against 
mimetic resemblance. The President then read his address, and 
hearty votes of thanks were passed to the Officers and Council. 

Ordinary Meeting: Mr. A. Sich, F.E.§S., Vice-President, in the 
chair.—Mr. R. D. Morford, of Upper Kennington Lane, was elected 
a member.—Mr. Tonge and Mr. Colthrup exhibited long series of 
Hybernia aurantiaria, H. defoliaria, and Himera pennaria, taken in 
New Forest, November 17th to 19th, 1909, where they were abun- 
dant, in spite of the weather being clear and frosty. Mr. Colthrup 
exhibited a Gonepteryx rhamni, found at the same time, hibernating 
among holly.—Mr. Turner, a short series of the beautiful Lzmonias 
(Melitea) taylori, and specimens of Basilarchia lorquinit from 
Victoria, Vancouver Island. A short discussion took place on the 
hibernating habits of G. rhamnz and Orrhodia rubiginea. 

February 10th, 1910.—Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the 
chair.—The deaths were announced of two members, Mr. Kirkaldy 
and Mr. McArthur.—Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited a series of the 
briluant Lycenid Danis taygetes from Brisbane, obtained by Dr. 
Lucas, an old member of the Society.—Mr. J. P. Barrett, a box 
of conspicuous insects of various orders from near Messina, Sicily, 
including an immature mantis and a Pieris brassice it had captured 
on a flower-head.—Mr. Coote and Mr. Barnett exhibited Hybermia 
defoliaria, which species was said to have been very abundant at 
West Wickham from November to mid-January.—Mr. Moore, a box 
of various species of Diptera, mainly from Africa, and which were 
instrumental in spreading disease.—Mr. West, Ashstead, a specimen 
of the “fish” insect, Lepisma saccharina, which had existed two 
months without food.—A number of members brought microscopes and 
slides, and the rest of the evening was spent as a microscopical one. 

February 24th—Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the 
chair.— Mr. G. S. Robertson, of Dulwich, was elected a member.— 
Dr. Chapman exhibited a bred living specimen of Callophrys avis 
from South France, and pointed out its divergence from the closely 
related C. rwbi.—Mr. Barnett, a long series of Hybernia aurantiaria 
from West Wickham Wood, where it was abundant in November of 
last year.—Capt. Cardew, gynandromorphs of Amorpha popula, 
Agrotis puta, and Dryas paphia, the last-named captured in the 
New Forest.—Mr. Russell, a strikingly aberrant form of Polyom- 
matus icarus, from Reigate ; the under side was striated on the right 
wings only.—Mr. Sperring, Agrotis agathina, from Chiselhurst, and a 
smoky example of Arctia villica—My. Adkin, a bred series of 
Peronea pernutana, from Sussex, and read notes on its occurrence 


124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and characteristics—Mr. Alderson, a large collection of butterflies 
taken by him in a six weeks’ holiday in and near the Rhone Valley 
during May and June of last year. Over one hundred species were 
represented, most of them being in very fine condition.—Mr. R. 
Adkin read a paper entitled ‘“‘ The Lepidoptera of a London Garden.” 
—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec. 


Crry or Lonpon Entromoxoaican Socrety.—January 4th, 1910.— 
Pocket-box Exhibition. Exhibits: Hydrecia nictitans, L., paludis, 
Tutt, lducens, Frr., and crinanensis, Burrows, with microscopic 
mounts, and photographs of the genitalia of both sexes of each 
species to show the specific distinction, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows.— 
Agriades corydon var. female syngrapha, and A. thetis (bellargus) 
var. female c@lestis, Obth., both from West France, Dr. T. A. 
Chapman.—Nonagria neurica, Hb. (edelstent, Tutt), from Sussex, 
with the new aberrations rwfescens, Hdelsten, var. fusca, Edelsten ; 
also the ova and pupa 2 sti, and photographs of the early stages 
by Mr. Main, to illustrate the life-history of the species, Mr. H. M. 
Edelsten.—Agriades corydon, males and females, from the South 
Downs, August, 1909; the males showing shades from steel grey to 
bright blue, and some females of ab. semi-syngrapha, Mr. A. F. 
Hemming.—Butterflies taken mainly, in 1909, in parts of Surrey and 
Sussex, showing some variation in series, Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson.— 
Catocala fraximi, bred from eggs laid by the female specimen taken at 
Horsham, Sept. 9th, 1908, Mr. G. H. Leach.—Arctia villica, Spilo- 
soma fuliginosa, S. mendica, S. lubricipeda, with var. radiata and S. 
menthastri, with its buff aberration, Mr. A. W. Mera.—Venusza 
cambrica, with its two melanic forms, ab. bradyi, bred, from Sheffield 
district, with both wings melanic, and ab. lofthoust, from the 
Middlesbrough district, with only the fore wings melanic, yet still 
streaked longitudinally with white, Mr. L. B. Prout.— Abraxas 
grossulariata, aberrations bred from larve taken wild in North 
London upon Huonymus. One other specimen, suffused and spotted 
with black, taken by Mr. Southey at Barnsbury in 1884, Mr. J. 
Riches.—Lepidoptera from Rannoch, Bude (including a remarkable 
aberration of Aplecta prasina (herbida) with the centre of the fore 
wings very pale, and Boarmia repandata var. conversaria), Reigate 
and Potters Bar, Mr. L. A. E. Sabine.—Smerinthus, Hyb., hybridus, 
three specimens bred October, 1909; Amorpha populi, a gynandro- 
morph, left side male, right side female, bred June 10th, 1909 ; and a 
series of Thecla quercus, bred from New Forest larve, July, 1909, Mr. 
V. HE. Shaw.-—Depressaria putridella, first taken in Britain by Mr. 
E. D. Green, who found the larvee at Whitstable in 1906; an interest- 
ing addition to the British fauna on account of its southern distribu- 
tion and large amount of variation ; also D. wmbellana and D. yeatiana, 
for comparison, Mr. A. Sich.—Tapinostola fulva, series taken in 
Richmond Park, September, 1909, Mr. P. W. Tautz.—Runucia 
phleas, ab. alba, taken at Brasted, Kent, August 28th, 1909; and 
several specimens of Cupido minimus, unusually small, little more than 
half the usual size, taken at Winchester, June, 1909, Mr. H. J. 
Turner.—Agriades corydon ab. fowlert from Swanage, and ab. suffusa 
from Shanklin, Mr. C. H. Williams.—Melitea cinxia, groups showing 


SOCIETIES. 125 


gradation of ground colour and intensity of markings; some of the 
specimens were distinct from the groups, and formed striking 
varieties ; the insects exhibited were picked from specimens bred 
from wild Isle of Wight larve collected over a series of years. 
Council for 1910 :—President: A. W. Mera; Vice-Presidents: Dr. 
T. A. Chapman, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, Messrs. Frederick J. Hanbury, 
and L. B. Prout; Trustees: Dr. J. 8. Sequeera and Mr. L. B. Prout; 
Treasurer: Mr. P. H. Tautz; Librarians: Messrs. V. E. Shaw and 
H. M. Hdelsten; Curators: Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson and Mr. A. J. 
Willsdon ; Hon. Secretaries: Messrs. S. J. Bell (Reporting), and 
T. H. L. Grosvenor (Corresponding), and Messrs. A. W. Bacot, F. B. 
Cross, G. H. Heath, J. Riches, and A. Sich.—C. R. N. Burrows. 


THe LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENToMOLoGICAL Socrrry.— 
Meeting held at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, 
Monday, January 17th, 1910, Dr. P. F. Tinne, Vice-President, in the 
chair.—A lecture was delivered by Mr. C. F. Walker, M.A., of the 
Liverpool University, on Mendel’s ‘Theory of Inheritance.’ The 
lecturer by means of some excellent lantern slides gave a very lucid 
and interesting account of Mendel’s discovery, and also adverted to 
the recent work which has been done by numerous investigators. 
Mr. Walker mentioned the experiments of Messrs. Prout and Bacot 
with Acidalia virgularia, instancing it as a case of “ Blended 
Inheritance,” to which the Mendelian principle did not appear to 
apply. At the close a vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. Wm. 
Mansbridge, who made a few remarks in opening the discussion 
which ensued. The motion, seconded by Mr. F. N. Pierce, was 
carried by acclamation, and Mr. Walker suitably replied —Mr. F. N. 
Pierce exhibited a female specimen of Hydrecia crinanensis captured 
at Bolton, Lancs, in 1897, by Mr. J. EH. R. Allen. This is the first 
record for Hngland. Mr. Allen also recorded the moth from 
Enniskillen, Ireland.—Mr. Wm. Mansbridge showed his series of 
Aplecta nebulosa.—The meeting was adjourned until February 21st. 

February 21st, 1910.—Meeting held at the Royal Institution, 
Colquit Street, Liverpool, Dr. P. F. Tinne, Vice-President, in the 
chair. — The following gentlemen were elected members of the 
Society :—Mr. H. 8. Leigh, of Worsley; Mr. T. A. Clarke, of Hooton. 
—Mr. Wm. Mansbridge gave an address on “ Variation in Lanca- 
shire Lepidoptera,” specially instancing such species as Boarmuia 
repandata, Aplecta nebulosa, Macaria liturata, Odontopera bidentata, 
and Melanthia bicolorata. The various local forms of these species 
were described, and their distribution within the Society’s area fully 
noted. A discussion ensued, in which the Chairman, Mr. F. N. 
Pierce, Mr. R. Tait, Jun., and others took part.—Mr. Wm. Mansbridge 
exhibited his series of B. repandata to illustrate his remarks; also 
the well-known Cheshire forms of A. nebulosa. Dr. Tinne also 
showed repandata, including vars. nigra and conversaria, the latter 
from the New Forest.—Mr. A. W. Boyd brought repandata vavr. 
migra, Hybernia defoliaria and H. aurantiaria, from Delamere 
Forest. Mr. Tait’s exhibit included a fine and varied series of 
Himera pennaria, from Monks Wood. The meeting was adjourned 
to March 21st.—H. R. Swertine and Wm. ManssripeGex, Hon. Secs. 


126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


HYPONOMEUTA IRRORELLUS, Hiib., In LANCASHIRE: A CORRECTION. 
—Referring to the record of this insect at Silverdale, in the report of 
the November meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo- 
logical Society, my ¢ attention having been directed to the fact that the 
species was only taken in a very restricted area in Surrey, and has 
not been known to occur for many years, I took an opportunity of 
comparing the specimens with Mr. Capper’s collection, and found 
them to be only the common H. evonymella, Sc. (cognatella), Hitb.— 
Wm. ManssrinGe, Hon. Recording Sec. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


A Monographic Revision of the Twisted Winged Insects, comprising the 
Order Strepsiptera, Kirby. By W. Dwiaut Prerce. Bulletin 
66, Smithsonian Institution. Washington, 1909. 


Iy this we have a most important monograph of 232 pages, illus- 
trated by fifteen plates, a map, and text-figures, treating in a most 
thorough manner with an obscure group of insects. The author tells 
us that, ‘after being tossed about from one point to another amongst 
the insect orders, it seems to be pretty generally acknowledged that 
they [the Strepsiptera] must be accorded ordinate rank.” He con- 
cludes therefore that the Strepsiptera form ‘‘a separate order, on a 
distinct line of descent from that of the Coleoptera, and nearer the 
Hymenoptera and Diptera, and as highly specialised as the highest 
insects in any of the orders.” They are of economic interest as 
being parasites on Orthoptera (Blattodea and Gryllodea), Homoptera, 
Heteroptera, and Hymenoptera. The young at first look like the 
primitive insect Campodea, ‘ being very lively little hexapods, with 
two bristles at the caudal end, and with padded clawless feet.” 
When settled on a host they lose legs and eyes and become entirely 
grub-like. The monograph treats fully of the life-cycle, structure 
and anatomy, experiments and observations in connection with the 
insects, and inter-relation of host and parasite. There is a descrip- 
tion of all the species, with many tables, list of hosts, glossary, and 
full bibliography. The author finds that there are one fossil and 
one hundred and eight recent species, four of them being queried. 
The European species are twenty-four. 


W. J. 1. 


Catalogus Hemipterorum (Heteropterorum), auctore G. W. KrirKALpy: 
volumen i. Cimicide: Berolini, sumptibus Felicis L. Dames: 
mdcccix. pp. xl. et 392. 


Auways original and sometimes apparently bizarre in his nomen- 
clatorial notions, Mr. Kirkaldy has left us the first stone—a monolith 
of no mean proportions—of his proposed general Catalogue of the 
world’s Heteroptera. It is in reality much more than alist of names, 
their synonyms, and references, for it embraces both distribution and 
the (we believe) unique feature of references to the entire biology. 
In the preface an early opportunity is taken of discussing types, geno- 
types, and classification ; tables of superfamilies (to which the curious 


OBITUARY. 137 


suffix -ovdee is applied), bibliography, dates, and other pertinent 
matters are duly noticed. Mr. Kirkaldy’s Cimicidee is what has 
hitherto been known under the name Pentatomidx, and care must 
now be exercised not to confuse our old nocturnal enemy with his 
Cimex (Picromerus, olim) bedens, concerning which references are 
given to the speratozoa, ovaries, teratology, and such varied foods as 
birch, ling, sallow, larvee of sawflies, of Chrysomelid beetles, of lace- 
wing flies, and even its erstwhile namesake. Clunocoris (Cimez, olim) 
lectwlarius, L. That Mr. Kirkaldy’s peculiar ideas respecting priority 
will stand the test of time, doubt must be expressed ; but that he has 
produced a work of the greatest and most lasting value to heter- 
opterists is undeniable. Dufour’s remark, which is claimed to be 
still true when the preface was penned, that ‘ cet ordre d’insectes se 
trouve un des plus négligés, des plus arriéres,’” is certainly falsified 
by the very production of this Catalogue. Douglas, Scott, and 
Saunders have laboured since this quotation was written, but Kirk- 
aldy attempted a greater work than them all. Stall failed to com- 
plete more than five volumes; Lethierry and Severin produced but 
three of their ‘Catalogue Général des Hémiptéres’ (1893-4-6). That 
before us is the fullest, and, unfortunately, it stands alone. Ars longa, 
vita brevis ! CM 


OBITUARY. 


Apert Prrrarp.—The deceased’s father collected Lepidoptera, 
and was a good all-round entomologist; his favourite haunts were 
the woods around Paris, before the construction of the Versailles 
Railway, long since felled. His collections passed to Mr. Bernard 
Piffard, of Brockenhurst, the deceased’s elder brother, who subse- 
quently gave them away in the New Forest. At the time of the 
Franco-Prussian War, Albert Piffard* was living in France, but he 
then took up his residence at Felden, near Boxmoor, in Herts, where 
he lived to the time of his death on December Sth last, at the age of 
seventy-five. The family are Huguenot, descending from a great- 
grandfather, a citizen of Geneva, who took out patents of English 
naturalization in order to acquire land here. There is no other 
family of the name in Britain. Albert’s mother was a Miss Sabine, 
born in December, 1834, and collected beetles in 1845; she used to 
find Crioceris merdigera, when a girl, on lilies in the garden of the 
Manor House, Islington, and noticed both its smell and stridulation. 
Our subject was articled to Robert Wilson, Q.C., at the age of 


* It is of interest to mention, since many appear under misapprehension 
on the subject (Mr. Piffard told me in 1900, while I was staying at Felden), 
that Herbert E. Cox, the author of the well-known coleopterous ‘Handbook,’ 
was an independent gentleman, who married early in lite; a very handsome 
man, whose children were off his hands about 1894, and he then permanently 
went abroad. At that time he was studying foreign Coleoptera, and bought 
somewhat largely at Stevens’s. He wrote his standard work in about two 
years, while residing at Harrow, and was a strong Unitarian—hence the in- 
teresting dedication. Should this meet his eye, we trust Mr. Cox will 
forgive the liberty taken; it is our informant’s, and not his, obituary we 
write. 


128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


eighteen, and then knew Epping Forest well (quite wild, with rabbit- 
warrens and impassable bogs); he was in the habit of visiting a 
naturalist-gamekeeper, who lived in Queen Elizabeth’s Lodge. Sub- 
sequently Mr. Piffard travelled in Spain, Asia Minor, and America. 
He lived in Algeria for some years, learnt Arabic when about twenty, 
and assimilated something of the native religion. He was a great 
sportsman and hunter, walked forty-two miles at a stretch, and 
several times narrowly escaped death in Northern Africa. He never 
earned money, for which there was no need, as his charming residence 
amply testified. His first love was the Coleoptera, but he amassed 
Diptera for the National Collection during a decade from 1892. He 
had been extremely melancholic, through severe family afiliction, for 
some years, and had long retained a house nurse ; but his final break- 
down was surprisingly sudden. He sustained a fall and injured his 
leg, though much recovered by September; during the autumn, how- 
ever, he gradually became more feeble and ill, till the end was reached 
in December. His collections and books are passed to his nephew, 
Mr. C. T. Gimingham; the former are considerable, though the 
nation is the richer for his Diptera, and the writer for his Parasitic 
Hymenoptera. Reticent in his writings and at all times retiring, his 
personality was lavish of all good things, both entomological and hos- 
pitable, to those he liked, as many entomologists both of this and the 
last generation can testify. Piffard, Chitty, Saunders, Bignell—what 
havoc is wrought in our vanguard! Ste transit gloria munde. 


Badd nai C. M. 


Grorab Carter Bianevu.—Mr. Bignell was born at Exeter on 
March Ist, 1826, and educated at St. John’s College there ; he joined 
the Royal Marines at Stonehouse in 1842. During the Civil War of 
1847 he was on board the ‘Superb,’ and took part in the capture of 
the rebel army. Later he became employed in the Office of Works, 
and filled a post in Millbay Barracks. In 1862 he was discharged 
with the rank of Barrack-Master-Sergeant, with a Long Service 
Medal. For the Stonehouse District he was almost immediately 
appointed Registrar of Births and Deaths, Poor Law Officer, and 
Vaccination Officer. In a more scientific way he contributed to the 
‘Entomologist’ from 1864, the ‘ Young Naturalist,’ and was on the 
editorial staff of the ‘British Naturalist... The consummation of 
these labours came in 1893, when he was elected President of the 
Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History 
Society. He was a first-rate field entomologist, attacking all Orders 
of insects, and received a bronze medal from the Royal Cornwall 
Polytechnic Society for a paper on Land and Freshwater Shells. 
Recently he suffered from an attack of influenza, partially recovered, 
but finally succumbed on the supervention of bronchitis at The 
Ferns, Home Park Road, Saltash, barely breathing into his eighty- 
fourth birthday. His entomological collection (in whole or part) 
was presented by him to the Municipal Museum at Plymouth last 
November. 

C. M. 


WATURAL HISTORY STORES IN THE HEART OF THE CITY. 
MESSRS. J. & W. DAVIS, Museum Works, Dartford 


beg to announce that they have now opened a London Branch at 
29, Paternoster Row, for the sale of their specialities for naturalists, 
manufactured by them at their Works. 

A large stock of every kind of Entomological Apparatus, Naturalist’s and 
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Lists, Natural History Books, &c., kept in stock. Illustrated Catalogues, 2d. 

‘The Macro-Lepidopterists’ Calendar and Guide,’ 2s. 6d.; stiff cloth, 3s. 
‘Larve Collectors’ Guide, 1s. Entomologists’ ‘‘ data ’’ Books, Is. 

Collectors in every branch of Natural History should see specimens of our 
“Data ’’ Labels. Recent additions to our printing plant include the smaLLusr type 
made, enabling us to print minute labels for the Micros, &c. The prices range from 
2s, 6d. per 1000, one to six sorts, different wordings. Showrooms, second floor, 
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ENTOMOLOGICAL AnD ALL BRANCHES OF NATURAL HISTORY 
J. T. GROCKETT & SONS ARE ACTUAL MAKERS. 


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Ee OrERS, 3d. each. — List gratis and post free. 
Apply to Ropsrr Mrusen, Janospuszta bei Szokolya, 
Hont-megye, Hungary. © ‘ 

Price List or HEMIPTERA sent post free, on application, 
to Rosert Mevuser, Janospuszta bei Szokolya, Hont-mesye, 
Hungary, = . 


CONTENTS. 


Chiastopsylla, a New Genus of Siphonaptera, Hon. N.. ‘Chasen Rothsehila, 105. 
Concerning the Fetilization of Orchis maculata, A. M. Stewart, 106. 
Athalia Group of the Genns Meliteea (continued), George Wheeler, 107. On. a 
Hymenopterous Parasites of Coecide” (concluded), Claude Morley, 110. A 4 
New Mealy-bug (Coecide) from South America, 7. D. A. Gockerell, 118. On © 
a New Species “of Phytophagous Eurytoma (Chaleidide) from New Zealand, 
P, Cameron, 114. ees 

Norges anpD OxpspRvaTions, 116. CAPTURES AND Fin.p Reports, 119. ¥ 

SocreTins, 121. Recent Lirerature, 126. OBITUARY, 127, 


[D®: STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS, Blasewitz- Dresden, in their — 
new Price List, No. LILI. for 1910, offer nore than 16,000 Species of well- 
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Discount for Cash-orders. Prices low. ~ 


Tuesday, April 26th, at One o'clock. 


M*® J.C. STEVENS will sell by auction at ie Rooms, 
38, Kine Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C., 
the Gollection of British Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, &e., formed by the 
late Rey. F. O. Morris, B-A., containing four of the extinct C. Dispar (one 
a variety), N. Swbrosea, and some Hixotit Insects, together with the carved 
oak Cabinets in which they are arranged; also a small Collection of 
British Lepidoptera and long series collected in the Orkney and Shet- 
land Islands by the late H. Mc ARTHUR: Exotic Lepidoptera, set out and 
and in paper, including numerous rare Parnassius, &e., the property of 
H. Grose-Smira, Esq.; large number of Setting Boards and other 
Apparatus, Cabinets, and various Natural History Speemen >. 
On view day prior 10 to 4 and morning of sale. Catalogues on | 
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a ee ee eee 


NOW READY. 


Illustrations of African Lycenide. 
By HAMILTON H. DRUCE, F.L.S., &. p 


Containing 8 photographic process plates with 80 figures of 40 types in in. the’ 
Imperial Zoological Musewm at Berlin, and notes on the Species, 


Invaluable to all interested in the correct identification of African Butterflies. 


Bound in cloth, size 8} in. by 64 in. Price 10s. 6d. nett. Published by mp 
Author at 48, Circus Road, London, N.W., England. FAO 


JAMES GARDNER, © 
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APES P 
52, HIGH HOLBORN, ann ie, 

29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court ‘Road. 
PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. 


All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. "Friends and Onstomers 
are requested ‘to note the Addresses, as mistakes occur Bare x 


= Subserptons for 1910 (6s, post free) should now be sent to West, 
Newman & Co., 54, Hatton Garden, London. 


I a a el a ee = LEE TET enpatntt is 


ol, XLII] = MAY, 1910. —— (No. 564. 


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THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


(No. 564 


Ton KDI|: MAY, 1910. 


ODONTOPSALIS LEWISI, Burr (OrtuHoptera). 
By We: J. Lucss, B.A. FH-S: 


Ty January, 1904, a specimen of this earwig was taken amongst 
- ‘““sweepings”’ in St. John’s Market, Liverpool. Though of course the 
capture is interesting, it does not constitute the insect a British one, 
and we must not add the name to our list. Recently I have had the 
opportunity of photographing the specimen, which is in good condi- 


O. lewisi (x 3°25). 


tion, and am therefore able to give a figure of it. Both genus and 
species were described by Burr in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, 
pp. 315 and 317, from specimens taken in Japan. His description is 
as follows :—‘ Nigra, vel fusco-castanea, alis flavescentibus, nigro- 
maculatis. O. harmandi vicina; ab eo differt statura majore, minus 
depresso, colore fusciori, abdomine minus dilatato ac deplanato, seg- 
mento ultimo dorsali ¢ tuberculis minimis instructo, forcipe graciliori, 


ENTOM.—may, 1910. i 


130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


longiori, dentibus minus validis, pedibus longioribus, gracilioribus. 
Long. corporis ¢ 14 mm. Long. forcipis 4 mm.” In size and 
general appearance it is somewhat like our common Forficula auri- 
cularia, but the callipers are very different, as the figure shews. 


THYAMIS BRUNNEA AND LURIDA. 
By Davin SHarp, M.A., F.R.S., &e. 


Tues two insects have always been a great trouble to cole- 
opterists, as is made clear enough by the remarks of Mr. Rye, 
quoted by Canon Fowler (Brit. Col. iv. p. 842). Since then 
Weise’s important work (Ins. Deutschlands, Col. vi.) has become 
known to us, and, as his views are not only of great importance 
but of much interest, I revert to the subject. 

Weise considers the luridus of our Catalogues to be a winged 
form of our brunneus. And he has also changed the names, 
applying brunneus to our castaneus. According to him the forms 
stand :— 


1. brunneus. 
castaneus, Brit. Cat. 
2. luridus. 
brunneus, Brit. Cat. 
var. (alatus) = luridus var. cognatus Weise, = luridus, 
Brit. Cat. 


The matter is even more complicated, as he considers that 
the wingless form is the original ‘‘luridus’’ of Scop. But I 
think we ought not to follow Weise in the changes of names he 
proposes. These result from the fact that he interprets the old 
description of brunneus Duftsch., differently from his pre- 
decessors, with the result that the literature for three generations 
would become a chaos. It is possible Weise may be right, and 
it is possible Weise may be wrong, and I think in such a case 
the opinion of his predecessors should be maintained. 

As regards the question whether luridus and brunneus are 
distinct species, or winged and apterous forms, respectively, of 
one species, decision is much more difficult. 

Weise’s work is a comprehensive and masterly one, and his 
opinion is entitled to the greatest respect. He says that our 
luridus is a winged form that does not extend northwards beyond 
55°, though the wingless form goes farther north. In this he 
may be correct; at any rate, our brunneus occurs in profusion in 
the South of Scotland, as well as all over England, but our lwridus 
has not been found even in Southern Scotland, though it is not 
rare in England, and has been recorded as far north as North- 
umberland, 7. e. just about the 55th parallel. 


ON NEW SPECIES OF PARASITIC CYNIPID2. HOW 


But besides the distribution being different, the variation of 
the two insects is dissimilar. For our brunneus is a most puzzling 
creature on account of its variation, while our lwridus is, for a 
Thyamis, remarkably constant. 

Hence, if the two be really one species, as Weise maintains, 
we have the remarkable condition that a variable wingless species 
produces winged individuals in the case of only one of its 
varieties, as well as over only a portion of the area of its distri- 
bution. 

This is certainly far from impossible ; but we know nothing 
of the life-histories, and until we do so I do not think we can 
accept Weise’s opinion as certainly established. It is true that 
the sedeagus of the male is extremely similar in the two forms, 
but the structure of this organ is very simple and very much 
alike in the different species of T’hyamis, so that I feel by no 
means sure that this character is decisive. 

I consider the question, therefore, to be one still requiring 
elucidation. 


Brockenhurst, April 10th, 1910. 


ON NEW SPECIES OF PARASITIC CYNIPIDA 
CAPTURED, BY ME. JOHN HEWITT, B.A.) aE 
KUCHING, BORNEO, 


By P. Cameron. 


Paramblynotus rufiventris, sp. n. 

Black, the abdomen rufous, the wings hyaline, the radial and first 
cubital cellules smoky, the nervures black. Pro- and mesonotum 
closely, somewhat strongly reticulated, the scutellum much more 
widely and irregularly reticulated; propleure reticulated like the 
pronotum, the mesopleure almost smooth, densely covered with 
depressed silvery pubescence; the metapleure irregularly areolated. 
Metanotum areolated, the lateral aree larger and wider than the 
central; its sides and lower part covered with silvery pubescence. 
Face rugosely punctured ; there is a stout keel between the antenne ; 
it is, as is also the oral region, densely covered with silvery pubes- 
cence. Ocellar region raised, margined, rounded in front. Collar 
margined behind by a smooth keel. Apical abdominal segments 
fringed with white pubescence. ¢@. Length 4 mm. 

The legs are stout, and are densely covered with silvery pile. The 
puncturation on the thorax is stronger than it is on the other 
Bornean species, from which it may be further known by the red 
abdomen. 


For a synopsis of the previously described Bornean species 

of Paramblynotus see the Deutsch Ent. Zeitsch. 1909, p. 18. 
_ The ocellar region in Paramblynotus is raised, clearly separated, 
triangular; the ocelli are in a curve. The male has the antennze 


Lo 


132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


fourteen-jointed; they are shorter than the body, of almost equal 
thickness, the third joint is a little shorter than the fourth, and is 
neither thickened nor curved. The abdomen is somewhat compressed 
and has the petiole longer than it is in the female. 


Paramblynotus carinifrons, sp. n. 


Black; the abdomen, except the first segment, red, densely 
covered with white stiff pubescence, densely so on the sides of the 
head, on the pleura, tibiz, and tarsi; wings, to the transverse basal 
nervure, hyaline, the rest fuscous violaceous, the nervures black. 
@. Length 8 mm. 

Face rugosely punctured above, the rest covered with stout 
curved striz. Front and vertex smooth, the sides raised, margined 
on the inner side, the raised part becoming gradually widened below 
and covered densely with white pubescence. Pronotum coarsely, 
irregularly reticulated. Mesonotum less coarsely, irregularly striated 
at the base, the rest irregularly reticulated. Scutellum more strongly 
and regularly striated than the mesonotum. Metanotum very short, 
perpendicular, reticulated. Propleure coarsely reticulated, the meso- 
and metapleuree smooth, sparsely haired. 


Paramblynotus annulicornis, sp. n. 


Ferruginous, the antennz, except the scape, which is ferruginous, 
and the eighth, ninth, and tenth joints of the flagellum, which are 
white, the four anterior cox, the greater part of the femora, apex of 
hind cox, and the hind femora, tibiz and tarsi, the sternum and the 
abdomen, black; wings hyaline, the nervures black, a black cloud 
covering the radial cellule and extending backwards to shortly 
beyond the middle of the wing, becoming gradually narrowed and 
forming a longish triangle. 

Face closely reticulated, the front and vertex smooth, the sides 
raised, irregularly reticulated and margined on the inner side. 
Temples stoutly irregularly, longitudinally striated. Pro- and meso- 
notum with scutellum and propleurz coarsely reticulated. Meso- 
pleuree smooth, the metapleure coarsely reticulated. Metanotum 
with a depressed area, narrowed above in the centre, the sides 
widely reticulated. Abdominal petiole more than twice longer than 
wide and bearing stout longitudinal keels. g. Length 5 mm. 

Abdomen smooth and shining, somewhat compressed, as long as 
the thorax. Cubitus narrow, not very distinct, roundly curved. 
Frontal keel stout, and it is continued, but more narrowly, down the 
face. Cheeks stoutly keeled. 


Xystus borneanus, sp. Nn. 


Black, smooth, and shining, the third joint of antenne testaceous, 
the legs pallid yellow, tinged with fuscous ; wings hyaline, iridescent, 
the nervures fuscous, the outer edges distinctly ciliated; radial 
cellule closed along the fore margin, where it is clearly longer than it 
is from the margin to the second cubital cellule; the apical abscissa 
of radius roundly curved, longer than the basal and thicker than it ; 
second cubital cellule not defined, the cubitus obsolete. Antenne 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELIT@A. tas 


almost twice the length of the body; the third joint straight, twice 
the length of the following. Head large, clearly wider than the 
thorax. g. Length 1 mm. 

The coxe are darker coloured than the rest of the hind legs, 
almost black. The antenne are lighter coloured, 7. e. almost fuscous 
underneath. 


The species of Xystus, so far as we know, are parasitic on 
Aphide. This is the first species of Xystint I have seen from 
the Oriental Zoological Region. 


Xystus tinctipleuris, sp. D. 

Black, bare, shining, the pronotum and pleurz rufous, the legs 
rufo-testaceous, the hind tarsi darker coloured; wings hyaline, the 
nervures black, the radial cellule more than twice longer than it is 
wide at the commencement of the cubitus; basal abscissa of radius 
straight, the apical roundly curved, fully one-third longer than the 
basal; cubitus distinct to the apex of the wing; the apex of the 
wings shortly ciliated. The antennz twice the length of the body, 
bare, the third joint not curved or dilated, one-fourth longer than the 
following joint. ¢. Length 1 mm. 

A larger, stouter species than X. malayana, with larger radial 
cellule, owing to the apical abscission of radius being longer com- 
pared with the basal, the nervures, too, being black; and the legs 
are of a deeper red colour. 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITAA. 


By Rev. Grorcr WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 110.) 


Tue range of variation in dictynna is considerably greater 
than its very special facies would lead one to expect, but the 
development does not take place in any unusual direction. The 
depth of colouring, extent of suffusion both of the dark bands 
and of the base, variegation of the bands of the ground colour 
on the upper side, depth and extent of the markings on the f. w., 
and the colour and proportion of the bands of the h. w. form, 
as in other species, the elements of variation. With regard to 
the proportion of the black and the ground colour, every 
imaginable distribution is to be found, from the light f. w. of 
vernetensis to the black h. w. of seminigra; nor does it at all 
follow that the fore and hind wings present anything approach- 
ing parallel variation; neither can I find any rule, either of 
altitude or latitude, which seems to govern this distribution 
of coloration, though the mountain forms are on the whole both 
smaller and darker than those of the plains; the exceptions, 
however, are so many, that to formulate a law on the matter 
would be impossible, the var. vernetensis alone being apparently 


134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


confined to that part of the Pyrenees to which it owes ifs name. 
The depth of the ground colour varies from a deep red-brown to 
a pale yellow ochre shade, the latter being confined to light 
specimens of the female, and being more usual on the hind than 
on the fore wing. The variegation of the ground colour into 
lighter and darker bands is not entirely confined to the female, 
though its appearance in the male is rare. In the former it is 
sometimes carried to a surprising extent, so much so that 
Bergstrasser, in his ‘ Nomenklatur,’ iii. pl. Ixxviii. fig. 6, depicts 
it under the name of maturna, and then is not unnaturally sur- 
prised at its absence of red. The finest specimens I have met 
with come from Bouveret, at the upper end of the Lake of 
Geneva, the most beautifully varied on the upper side from 
Weesen on the Walensee, and from Austria. On the under side 
there is great variety in the colour and proportion of the bands 
of the hind wing. There is nearly always a considerable diffe- 
rence between the colouring of the edging and the lunular 
portion of the terminal band, and usually, but not always, 
between the two portions of the central band as well. Some- 
times the lunules of the terminal band, sometimes the outer 
division of the central band, sometimes the light spot and the 
basal band, or two, or all three of these, are dead-white, or 
almost as silver as the spots of the Argynnids, sometimes only 
the spots near the inner margin; in other cases these bands are 
of various shades of pale or rich buff; the dark bands vary 
equally in colour, they may be of a deep, rich, cinnamon-brown, 
of a lighter orange-brown, of a dirty yellow-brown, or even of a 
rich orange containing only a brown tinge. The characteristic 
spots of the outer band are generally very conspicuous, but 
occasionally they are somewhat obscured by the darkness of the 
band, as in some specimens from Bouveret and from Hinter- 
zarten in the Black Forest; or they may be ill-marked, as in 
some of the very orange-banded specimens from Eclépens in the 
Jura. There is a specimen in the National Collection labelled 
“Germania,” with the basal band and the light spot almost 
black, in which the upper side has broad tawny dashes inside the 
outer line, and a faint tawny suffusion over the fore wings. 
There are also among those from Germany some of both sexes 
which seem to me to belong to britomartis, and of which one 
regrets not to have more data. 

The specimens of dictynnoides with which I am acquainted 
are somewhat few from which to make generalizations; they 
consist only of some ten specimens sent to me by Freiherr v. 
Hormuzaki, of the few in the National Collection, and of the 
specimens, again few in number, brought by Mr. Sheldon last 
year from the Tatra, the latter, however, being in first-rate 
condition. These, however, vary considerably on the upper side 
in the extent of their dark suffusion, especially on the hind wing. 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA. 135 


I have, for example, one female in which only a single row of 
spots of the ground colour, viz. that within the inner line, 
remains, and a male with only the same row of spots and an 
intimation of a few more within the extra line. Many of them, 
however, approach the darker forms of britomartis on the upper 
side, and occasionally are not much darker than dark specimens 
of athalia. Mr. Sheldon has a female beautifully variegated on 
the upper side, reminding one of the best Bouveret or Weesen 
dictynna. The under side seems to vary less, having always a 
general look of athalia, the dictynna spots being always entirely 
absent; the outer portion of the central band is, however, 
almost always much broader than the inner, and I have one 
female in which, by reason of the light colour and total lack 
of division in this band, a distinct reminder of deione is afforded, 
which is, oddly enough, enhanced by the somewhat triangular 
shape of the light spot. The colouring of these light bands is, 
however, generally somewhat lighter than is usual in athalia, 
especially in the male. 

Asteria, when regarded in detail, is by no means so constant 
as I supposed when writing my ‘ Butterflies of Switzerland, &c.’ 
It is often much suffused on the up. s. almost to the extinction 
of the ground colour, while in other specimens the lines and 
nervures are very clear, giving quite the appearance of a very 
tiny aurelia. The approach of varia female to asteria has already 
been noticed; the converse is much more rarely the case, but 
both male and female are sometimes wonderfully close to merope 
on the up.s. It is, I imagine, the nearest approach to the 
ancestral Meliteid form. On the un. s. there is occasionally an 
indication of the second marginal line, but as a rule the charac- 
teristic absence of this is complete. In many cases the narrow- 
ness of the dark bands and the lack of division in the central as 
well as in the terminal band gives a very albinistic effect to the 
un. s. ; the breadth of the dark bands is, however, very variable, 
as is also their colour; indeed, in the latter respect, asteria is 
quite as variable as any others of the group. 

On p. 8 of the ‘ Entomologist’ for this year I noticed Ober- 
thiir’s var. nevadensis of deione. Lately, however, Mr. Powell, 
of Hyéres, has drawn my attention by letter to the fact that 
Oberthtur has since, in the third part of his ‘ Etudes,’ pp. 251, 
252, declared his conviction that the form there described is 
either a race of athalia or a new species altogether. Having no 
material on which to found an opinion, it is impossible to express 
one, further than by saying that from all that is known of the 
distribution of athalia, it is not likely that any form of it is to be 
found in the South of Spain. Certainly nevadensis would form 
a strong contrast to other southern Spanish forms of detone, but, 
then, so does vernetensis to other Pyrenean forms of dictynna. 

To another point I must also briefly refer, viz. to Dr. Chap- 


136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


man’s note on the Reazzino Melitea in the March number of the 
Ent. Record, p.71. Those who have followed my papers on this 
group will be aware of the grounds on which I pronounced this 
to be britomartis, Assmann. They still appear to me to be amply 
sufficient, which I cannot say for the grounds of Dr. Chapman’s 
correction.” I shall, however, take the whole question of the 
genitalia of the group next, explaining my attitude towards the 
whole question, and the uses and abuses to which, in my 
opinion, this method of determination of species may be put, 
as illustrated by the group at present under discussion. 


(To be continued.) 


SOME NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM 
FORMOSA. 


By A. EK. Wireman, F.E.S. 


Diacrisia magna, sp. n. 

Head and thorax creamy white, the latter spotted and striped with 
dark brown; prothorax edged with crimson ; abdomen crimson above, 
ochreous grey beneath, dorsal spots blackish. Fore wings creamy 
white with dark brown, almost black. Markings disposed as follows: 
an almost triangular spot on costa towards the apex; a longitudinal 
stripe from the base, of uniform width to the blackish discoidal spot, 
thence expanded into a large triangular patch enclosing a small tri- 
angle of the ground colour on the outer margin; a large patch along 
the inner marginal area. Hind wings pale yellowish buff, the hairs 
towards the base crimson tinted ; discoidal and two large spots near 
the anal angle blackish, between the latter there is a small blackish 
spot, and two others lie on the outer margin above the middle. 
Expanse, 74 millim. 


Collection number, 1772. 


Two males from Rantaizan, May, 1909. Taken at light. 
Hab. Formosa. 


Arguda formosa, sp. n. 

g. Fore wings reddish ochreous, with a small dark ringed white 
spot at end of the discal cell; postmedial line and the veins beyond 
leaden grey ; the outer margin clouded with dark leaden grey ; beyond 
the postmedial line (which is almost parallel with the outer margin) 
there is a dusky, crenulated, transverse line. Hind wings reddish 
brown, darker and mixed with leaden grey on outer area, paler on the 
costal area. Under surface reddish brown, paler on the inner margin 
of each wing; the markings of the fore wings as above but thicker ; 
on the hind wings the ante- and postmedial lines are blackish, and 
the latter is irregular. Expanse, 50 millim. 


Collection number, 1184. 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. ior 


Two male specimens, Kanshirei, March, 1908; 1000 feet. 
Taken at light. 
Hab. Formosa. 


Metunastria albisparsa, sp.n. 


3g. Head and thorax reddish brown ; patagia thickly mixed with 
whitish; body rather paler reddish brown. Fore wings reddish 
brown, sprinkled with whitish scales on the veins; along the inner 
marginal area are three oblique dark streaks representing transverse 
lines, and these are whitish edged; a white discal dot, and beyond 
this is a dusky, interrupted streak running towards apex. Hind 
wings brown. Under surface brown. 

Female paler, especially the hind wings, and the patagia are 
whiter. 

Expanse, 58 millim. ¢; 82 millim. 9. 

Collection number, 1178. 

Three specimens—two males, one female—from Arizan 
(7300 feet), August, 1908. Taken at light. 

Hab. Formosa. 


Callimorpha albipuncta, sp.n. 


g. Fore wings deep bronzy-green ; a white spot in the discoidal 
cell, and a smaller one below it ; seven white spots on the outer mar- 
gin, three, four, and six rather nearer the margin than the others, 
spots one and seven minute. Hind wings bluish, costa broadly 
fuscous from base to beyond the middle. Fringes of all the wings 
black. Under side similar to above, but the fore wings are bluish. 
Head and palpi crimson, marked with bronzy-green; thorax bronzy- 
green, inner edge and front of patagia crimson. Body crimson, with 
a velvety black patch on the back of each segment, the fourth and 
fifth confluent, and the seventh small, and black spots on the sides ; 
the under side black except the last segment. 

?. Agrees with the male, but has only four white spots on the 
outer margin of the fore wings, the first, third, and seventh being 
absent. 

Expanse, 88 millim. 


Collection number, 1175. 

One example of each sex from Arizan, August 15th, 1908 ; 
7300 feet. Taken at light only. Has a slow, heavy, fluttering 
flight. 

Hab. Formosa. 


Cypa (2?) formosana, sp. 0. 

?. Head and thorax reddish brown finely mixed with greyish ; 
abdomen rather paler. Fore wings violet-grey sprinkled with reddish 
brown scales ; there are five dark brown transverse lines, the first is 
not well defined, the second and third are outwardly angled at cell, the 
fourth is rather oblique, and the fifth is wavy; the space between 
lines three and four reddish brown except near the inner margin; on 
the outer margin there is a brownish crescent-shaped patch below the 
apex ; fringes brown marked with white between the veins. Hind 


1388 ~ THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


wings obscure reddish, fringes white marked with brown at ends of 
the veins. Under side obscure reddish suffused with greyish; the 
fore wings are bordered with reddish brown, inwardly limited by a 
brown, slightly wavy line; the hind wings have two brown lines, the 
first medial, the other limiting the reddish brown outer border. Ex- 
panse, 56 millim. 


Collection number, 1673. 

A female specimen from Taiko (2000 feet), October 8th, 1908. 

Hab. Formosa. 

Phalera obscura, sp. n. 

3. Head reddish brown; thorax grey with a dark brown patch 
above, marked with reddish in front. Fore wings greyish, finely 
stippled with blackish; antemedial and postmedial lines rather 
obscure, before the latter are three fairly distinct, wavy, blackish 
lines; submarginal line represented by a series of black dots ; reni- 
form and orbicular mark outlined in white; apical patch obscure 
dark purplish brown. Hind wings fuscous grey, the abdominal 
area clothed with long fuscous hair. Under side greyish, basal 
half of each wing suffused with fuscous. Expanse, 56 millim. ¢ ; 
64 millim. ¢?. 


Collection number, 1188. 

Three male specimens and one female from Kanshirei, April, 
1908. The female is rather rubbed, but seems to agree in 
colour and markings with the male. 

Hab. Formosa. 


Tarsolepis taiwana, sp. n. 

$. Head dark brown; thorax pale brown transversely marked 
with dark brown; metathorax and abdomen dark brown, segmental 
divisions pale brown. Fore wings ochreous brown streaked with 
darker, outer margin broadly blackish mixed with grey, tapered to 
apex; four brilliant silvery marks, the two largest placed as in 
T'. remicauda, Butl., a smaller one on the inner margin, one above 
the lower large mark and united with it by a slender silvery line; 
the area enclosing the silvery marks is streaked with dark brown. 
Hind wings ochreous brown clouded with blackish on the inner two- 
thirds; a blackish spot at end of the cell. Under side ochreous 
brown, suffused with blackish below the cell and towards the inner 
angle of the fore wings; hind wings rather paler, with a black dash 
in the cell, and a black spot at end of the cell; undulated post- 
medial line brown. Expanse, 62 millim. ¢; 76 millim. @. 

Collection number, 1773. 

One example of each sex from Rantaizan, May, 1909. Ex- 
cept in its larger size the female agrees with the male. 

Hab. Formosa. 


Pidorus marginatus, sp. n. 
g. Fore wings pale fuscous brown, the marginal edges black, 
bordered inwardly with crimson-red except on the inner margin ; 
apical patch black. Hind wings yellowish brown, margined with 


VARIATION OF A. LEVANA. 139 


black broadest at outer angle, and inwardly clouded with crimson- 
red; the abdominal area fuscous brown. Under side similar to above 
but with more crimson-red. Expanse, 34 millim. 


Collection number, 706. 

Six males and one female taken at Daitozan (8500 ft.), Sept. 
11th, 1906. 

Hab. Formosa. 

Hrasmia picturata, sp. n. 

g. Fore wings white, basal two outer thirds blackish, veins 
whitish ; the basal third is traversed by three bands, the central one 
yellow, and the others metallic blue; the costal portion of the 
blackish outer third extends to the middle of the wing and encloses 
a round spot of the ground colour. Hind wings white, broadly 
bordered with blackish on outer margin, the edges of this border, 
and the veins, powdered with metallic blue. Fringes of all the wings 
whitish. Expanse, 56 millim. 


Jollection number, 1195. 

One male specimen from Suisha (Lake Candidius), October 
Ist, 1907. 

Hab. Formosa. 


VARIATION OF A. LEVANA, L.: COMPARATIVE 
DESCRIPTION AND POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE OF 
THE WING MARKINGS IN LEVANA. 


By T. Reuss. 


A, levana and A. levana ab. 


On February 6th last I bred the above aberration* of A. levana 
from a summer pupa,t which should have produced var. prorsa 
last August, but had hybernated instead. It emerged after 
being taken indoors for some days and then given an “ early 

* The figure is somewhat enlarged. 


+ One of twenty-one summer pup from wild Mecklenburg larve that 
were kindly sent to me by Mr. Merrifield. 


140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


spring” with temperatures of 8°-15° C. at night, and 16°-25° C. 
by day, from January 29th onwards. The aberration exhibits 
exceptionally large blue markings (lunules) on the upper side of 
the orange black-spotted hind wings, and in the median and 
anal parts of the wing these blue markings form into a band, 
such as, in the EKntom. vol. xlii. p. 811, I had suggested might 
decorate the wings of V. urtice. There are blue lunules also on 
the forewings near the apex. The levana under side has the 
broad violet culour patches which in the large-sized Araschnia 
bureyana, Brem., var. thibetana, Obth. (which is facially connected 
with levana by bureyana and the large levana-variety of the 
Sayan mountains), help to form an apical ocellus reminding one of 
the ocellus in the force wings of V.io. As the markings of the 
upper and under sides are interchangeable to a certain extent, 
the comparison is, perhaps, not quite vain. ‘Two of the ocelli 
in the anal wing parts are shaped strikingly like those of 
P. atalanta-indica, and also otherwise the under side facies 
pictures details characteristic of the subtropical or tropical 
Pyrameid group of Vanesside—for instance, of indica-carye- 
terpsichore-virginiensis-myrinna.* 

On the other hand, the upper side resembles the ‘‘ tortoise- 
shell”’ forms of the Vanessids, which are characteristic of northern 
climatical conditions, such as the many forms of c-album-urtice 
(milbertt), canthomelas-polychloros. Mixed with these markings, 
the white Pyrameid spots show brightly on the fore wings, but 
these spots, though changed in appearance, occur also in the 
several ‘‘ tortoiseshell’’ species or their aberrations, and espe- 
cially in V.i0. The third costal spot in levana is also—together 
with the distribution of yellow along the costa—ioform. I 
would suggest that the small-sized polymorph A. levana, with 
its whitish-ringed body and light-veined harmoniously coloured 
under side, pictures a comparatively primitive stage of facial 
development in the Vanesside, that, indeed, the very dark under 
sides of, for instance, wrtice, io, polychloros, are of comparatively 
recent origin and representative of high specialization in adap- 
tation to the habit of these forms to hybernate in the imago state, 
for all the Vanesside that hybernate in earlier stages of deve- 
lopment, and the non-hybernating tropical Pyrameid species, 
particularly those of South America, preserve the light-veined, 
fine-toned under side facies, which, among rich vegetation 
and in every kind of light, may be supposed to be more in 
harmony with its surroundings,+ and therefore, also, more 


* See ‘Ent. Ree.,’ pt. 1, pl. 1, 1910, ‘‘ Comparative View of Vanessid 
Species,” for text see pts. 3 and 4. 

+ The wing parts of a butterfly, which are exposed when the insect is at 
rest, most distinctly show a tendency to ‘‘ colourphotograph”’ their surround- 
ings (Poulton, Standfuss, Wiener). The influence of colour on the wing- 
cells may be either direct or indirect through the eyes of the butterfly. 
Thus the colours and even the patterns of favourite resting-places, flowers, 


TRANSPARENT GELATINE SHEET. 141 


protective than a plain dark under side. I have, indeed, often 
found that V. io, for instance, may appear as one of the most - 
conspicuous of insects by its black-brown under side. Perhaps 
the (polymorph!) A. levana with its next relatives comes very near 
picturing to us what the ancestral form of the Vanesside was 
like. If, then, the ancestors of levana were also ‘‘ the ancestors 
of V. urtice and V. 10” (see antea, pt. 2, p. 58), then the latter 
species would have separated (1) from levana (which hyber- 
nates in the pupal stage) by adopting the habit of hybernating in 
the tmago stage, and (2) from each other by different reaction to 
climatic influence (Standfuss), V. wrtice remaining smaller and 
many-brooded under temperature conditions which leave the 
larger V. io single-brooded. 


(To be continued.) 


TRANSPARENT GELATINE SHEET: A MEDIUM FOR 
MOUNTING THE SMALLER COLEOPTERA. 


By F. H. Moore. 


THE preference which coleopterists show for pinning their 
specimens, whenever size permits, argues a defect in the carding 
method. 

An obvious disadvantage of carding is the concealment of the 
insect’s ventral side, and since pinning is out of the question for 
a vast number of small Coleoptera, the advantages of a trans- 
parent medium for mounting must be evident; indeed, for 
species bearing peculiar ventral characters, such a medium 
becomes very necessary. 

Now a transparent gelatine mount permits of a clear inspec- 
tion of one’s specimens dorsally and ventrally, and obviates the 
risks to which fragile insects fixed on pins are exposed. The 
material is exceedingly clean and easy to work with, and no gum 
is required in the actual process of mounting. 

The modus operandi is as follows:—Set the specimen in the 
ordinary way by gumming on card. When set, remove from 
the card, cleanse, dry, and place on a gelatine mount. Then 
proceed to touch down the tarsi and antenne with the point of 


blance of the under sides of V. urtice and V. io to the dry twigs and dead 
leaves of winter could be explained, while the suppression of colour 
development in the wnder sides would account for the transference of 
brilliant colours to the wpper sides and the reduction of the black upper side 
markings. V.to0a.d antiopa which have the blackest under sides exhibit 
the minimum amount of black in their upper sides. 


142, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


a minute or two, when the insect will be found firmly and cleanly 
attached. 

Some difficulty may be experienced with the larger species, 
if their tarsi do not lie evenly on the mount at all points; in 
such cases the insect should be relaxed, if necessary, and care 
taken when mounting to fix each tarsus firmly before proceeding 
to the next. 

Soft-limbed species may be mounted without previously 
being set. 


C. mawillosus, L. nebulosus, L. melanopa, and M. atricapillus, mounted 
on gelatine (enlarged). 


A glance at the illustrations (somewhat enlarged) of L. me- 
lanopa, C. maxillosus, and L. nebulosus on gelatine mounts, and 
a pinned specimen of M. atricapillus on a disc of the same 
material, will give some idea of the pleasing results obtainable 
by the gelatine method, which is especially useful for smaller 
species than those shown in the photographs. 

No doubt Diptera, Hemiptera, &c., could easily be mounted 
on gelatine without pins, but as there are few insects abroad 
at the moment of writing I am unable to make the experiment. 

I might mention that Messrs. Watkins & Doncaster have 
undertaken to supply these mounts. 


148 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


Earty APPEARANCE OF A Draconriy.—I was fortunate enough 
to get a good view of a dragonfly on Easter Sunday (March 27th), 
which appears to be a most extraordinarily early date for any of the 
Odonata. My father was accompanying me, and also saw the insect, 
which was flying briskly about on a sheltered bank in the bright 
sunshine about midday at Hever in Kent (some nine miles south- 
west of Tunbridge Wells). On mentioning the fact to Mr. Herbert 
Campion, a well-known authority on dragonflies, I was given to 
understand that a dragonfly in March was worth recording, especially 
as there does not appear to be another instance recorded. I cannot 
do better than quote from a letter on the subject received from 
Mr. Campion, to whom I must tender my very best thanks. He 
writes :—‘ I find I have no note of any observation or capture of any 
British Odonate earlier than April 22nd, 1900 (see the ‘Entomologist’ 
for 1901, p. 65). On the date named some dragonflies were seen, but 
not taken, and were considered to be Libellula quadrimaculata. 
This identification is rendered probable by the fact that the same 
species was taken on April 25th, 1894. JZ. depressa has also occurred 
in April (April 28th, 1902). . . . I rather gathered from your remarks, 
however, that you considered your dragonfly to belong to the Adschnid 
series. The only spring A’schnid is what is generally known as 
Brachytron pratense (recte B. hafniense), but I have no positive 
record for that earlier than May 5th. Such Agrionine as Pyrrhosoma 
nymphula and Enallagma cyathigerum have also occurred in April, 
but these, of course, are small species.’ Thus it will be seen the 
only large spring dragonfly is the A’schnid B. pratense. Assuming 
the insect seen to belong to this species (and it certainly was quite as 
large), the earliest records are—vide “ British Dragonflies”’ (W. J. 
Lucas), p. 176—* seen at Egham, but not captured, April 29th, 1893 
(C. A. Briggs) ; captured at Dover, May 5th (C. G. Hall); May 14th 
(W. J. Lucas).” There does not appear to be any reason why dragon- 
flies should not appear more commonly after such mild weather as 
we experienced during the latter half of March.—Grorrrry MBADE- 
WALDO. 


Notre on ArtTacus EDWARDSI (White).—In the May, 1909, 
‘Entomologist,’ I had a note on the pupating larva of the above. 
The secret of this particular larva was that it was infested with 
a dipterous parasite, feeding internally, and which emerged during 
May. This winter I have had a further consignment of wild collected 
cocoons of Attacus edwardsi, and I have a few more of this dipteron 
in pup and hatching. I shall be glad to forward them as long as 
they will last to any dipterists who send small box and postage. I 
cannot, however, offer any hope that this species is rare, as over 
twenty per cent. of the imported Himalayan cocoons of edwardsi 
were infested. I retained, however, some of the infested larve for 
distributing the dipteron. I have also a few living dipteron cocoons, 
ex the Nevada Papilio ewrymedon to give away—Diptera not interest- 
ing me, as I only collect the Saturnide moths.—J. Henry Warson. 


144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Gynanprous LyciA (BisTon) HIRTARIAA—Amongst a number of 
Lycia (Biston) hirtaria I have been taking in this neighbourhood 
from trunks of lime (linden) during the last few days, one appears to 
be worthy of notice. The fore wings are of the normal female outline 
and markings, as also are the hind wings, except that they are rather 
more densely scaled with black. Abdomen of female character, but 
much less in girth than usual (probably from the absence of developed 
ova), with ovipositor slightly protruding. Right antenna female, but 
the left is pectinated as in the male, though rather less strongly than 
usual. It is a fairly well-developed example, but rather small for a 
female, being only 14 inches in expanse. C. G. Barrett’s work refers 
to a similar gynandrous specimen from the Bond collection, which 
was taken in Regent’s Parki—Wm. G. Preruer; 4, Willow Bridge 
Road, Canonbury, London, N., 23rd April, 1910. 


Lire History or Pampuynta Fiara.—As nothing has yet been 
published of the early stages of this butterfly, and as the change in 
colour of the larve are very great, I think a description of the same 
may be of interest to collectors of South African insects. The egg, 
which is yellow-green in colour, is laid upon the upper side of the 
leaves of the Strelitza (wild banana), and the larva, when it emerges, 
is brilliant red in colour, with a black head; it immediately rolls 
itself up in a small piece of the leaf, leaving the ends open, and feeds 
upon the edges. The first moult takes place about the fourth day; the 
larva is then dark-brown in colour, and the head still black; it 
makes a new house this time, turning a piece of the leaf flat over 
itself and fixing the sides down with a strong white silky web. It 
is some three-quarters of an inch in length before the second moult 
takes place, in about five days. The larva is then a dark green in 
colour, except the head, which is black, and the last segment which 
has a brown, hard patch above the last claspers; the spiracular spots 
are orange-red in colour. The third moult takes place in about six 
days and the larva is similar in appearance to the previous stage. 
The fourth moult takes place about seven days later; the larva is then 
very pale green in colour, and the intestine can be plainly seen 
through the skin; the head is then very large and the colour half 
black and half white, while the last segment is black upon the upper 
half, and the spiracular spots are bright orange-red in colour. When 
full-fed this larva is two and a quarter to two and a half inches in 
length, and is very strong, being able to cement firmly together the 
two sides of a whole leaf, which is often twenty-four to thirty-six inches 
in length. When about to pupate, the larva rolls itself up, generally 
in a dead portion of the leaf, fixing itself entirely all round with silk, 
turns a pale pink colour, and in about seven days it changes toa 
light brown pupa; it is then covered with white powder which easily 
rubs off. The time before the butterfly emerges varies greatly: in 
one instance only twelve days elapsed, but others have been twenty- 
six days in the pupal state. I found the eggs at Pinetown, Natal, on 
February 4th of this year, this is the second new larva of a butterfly I 
have found there, in twelve months. Last year in the same locality 
I got Capys disjunctus (see Entom., 1909, p. 184).—G. F. Leia, 
F.E.8.; Durban, Natal, March 26th, 1910. 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 145 


Enromonoaican Crus.—A meeting was held at the Savage Club, 
Adelphi Terrace, on April 20th, 1910, Mr. H. Rowland-Brown in the 
chair. Other members present were Messrs. Adkin (R.), Donis- 
thorpe, Hall, and Verrall. Among the nine other guests were the 
honorary members Messrs. Jones (A. H.) and Sich. 


Erratum.—Antea, p. 78, lines 7-8 from top. For “larger and 
more robust’ read ‘‘ smaller and less robust.” 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 


BISTON HIRTARIA IN INVERNESS-SHIRE.—Harly in April I came 
across the above species iz cop. Both specimens were large and of 
a very dark greenish brown, and black markings very strong. At 
first sight I was doubtful as to what species it was ; however, after 
examination, I found it to be the above-named species. I am not 
aware whether hirtaria has been recorded from Inverness-shire 
before.—Rospert Lawson; Croft Park, Craigie, Perth, N.B. 


Earty OccurrENCE oF Aqcroris puta.—Seeing Mr. Jackson’s 
note on the occurrence of Agrotis puta in May (antea, p. 66), the 
following may be of interest as throwing some light on the question 
as to whether this insect is double-brooded or not. I find on 
looking at my diary that Agrotis puta has occurred here at sugar in 
May and June in 1905, 1907, 1908, and 1909. In 1906 I did not do 
any sugaring in May, and in June only on the 9th, 16th and 28rd. 
I have also taken the species in August in 1904 and 1905, so that I 
should think it is almost certainly double-brooded in this locality. 
My earliest date is in 1907, May 21st (one male and one female), 
and in that year I also took specimens on June 10th, 11th, and 19th. 
—Guy E. H. Peskxerr; Simla, Preston, Brighton, Feb. 22nd, 1910. 


Notes rromM HAstEMERE FoR 1909.—F or various reasons my 
collecting in this neighbourhood last year ceased at the end of July, 
but in spite of the unpropitious weather, one or two things may be 
worth recording. On the whole, sugar was a failure, and save for a 
bright exception here and there, the same may be said of the lamps. 
The most noteworthy thing was the immense profusion of the 
commoner larve on the oaks, sallows, and hazels about the end of 
May: the leaves were stripped entirely off the trees in many places, 
and in some instances second crops were noticed later on. Other 
facts worth recording are that Calestrina argiolus appeared in great 
profusion during May, that the larvae of Vanessa io and V. urtice 
were swarming everywhere up to about the end of July, and that 
many species were later than usual in appearance. 

A few ova of Pieris napi were taken on Alliaria officinalis on 
May 30th. The resultant larvee, which appeared on June 7th, fed up 
quickly, and had pupated by July 6th. I took them to Switzerland 
with me, thinking they would emerge in August, but they have 
passed the winter as pupe. Ova of Huchloé cardamines found on 


ENTOM.—MAY, 1910. M 


146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the same day also produced larve on June 7th, and pupated on 
July 5th. This species did not seem so plentiful as usual, and very 
few females were observed. Females of Vanessa urtice were seen 
ovipositing on April 15th, and the first young larvee were noticed on 
May 6th, from which date until the end of July almost every patch 
of nettles swarmed with them. Many full-grown larve were taken 
for the purpose of studying their ichneumon parasites, and three 
species of these were obtained. In July the larve of V. io were in 
great profusion too, and one ichneumon was obtained from these. A 
full-fed larva of V. polychloros was taken on a road near some elm 
trees, and this duly pupated, but an ichneumon was the only result. 
This is, however, the first time I have noticed the species here. 
Limenitis sibylla seems to be fairly well established in the locality, 
and several specimens of Apatura iris have been seen. It may be 
remembered that I had ova of Cenonympha pamphilus on June 15th, 
1908, from which larve appeared on June 28th. None pupated that 
year, but those that survived the winter, eating continuously, though 
very sparingly, the whole time, began to pupate on May 12th, 1909, 
and the resultant imagines came out on June Oth, z. e. only ten days 
short of a year to complete the cycle. Larve of Thecla quercus 
emerged from the egg on March 23rd, but died owing to the im- 
possibility of procuring oak-buds for them. Full-grown larvee were 
plentiful during the early part of June, and imagines from July 22nd 
onwards. Two complete broods of Rwmicia phleas were bred from 
ova deposited by captured females, but no striking varieties were 
obtained. The dates of emergence were :—First brood: ova, May 
21st; larve, May 31st; pup, July 10th; imagines, July 27th. 
Second brood: ova, June 17th; larve, July 3rd; pups, August 6th ; 
imagines, August 21st. 

Ova of Lycena @gon appeared on April 8th, when they readily | 
ate the flowers of gorse. Later they were transferred to broom 
flowers, and later still to bird’s-foot trefoil. But they fed very slowly, 
and the first date for pupation was August 2nd. The pup were 
small and they unfortunately shrivelled up and died. A good batch 
of ova of ZL. icarus was obtained on June 16th, and the larve fed 
from June 26th till August 15th, when the first pupated; and 
imagines began to appear on September Ist. It was noticed that a 
few larve far outstripped the rest, which seemed to be retarded in 
their growth, and never reached maturity. 

During a week-end visit to Dorking at the beginning of May, a 
search was made for full-fed larvee of L. bellargus, and about a dozen 
were found. They pupated on May 13th, and imagines appeared from 
June 9th to June 11th—nine females and three males. C. argiolus, 
first seen on May 8th, oviposited May 21st; the larvee appeared in 
eight days, and began to pupate on July 8th, producing imagines 
July 26th. 

A female Teniocampa miniosa was taken at a lamp, and she 
obliged with a large number of ova on April 17th; the resultant 
larvee, which emerged on May 2nd, fed up very rapidly, especially 
after their last moult, and went down on June 2nd. 

A visit to some sallows during the night of April 28th yielded a 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 147 


number of full-fed larve, which began to go down the next day, 
and the following species resulted from them later on :—Boarmia 
repandata, June 13th; Aplecta tincta, June 15th; Noctua brunnea, 
June 18th; N. ditrapezium, June 24th; N. baia, July 8th; and on 
July 18th Cleoceris viminalis came out from larve beaten out of 
sallow in the daytime. Some sections were removed from sallow 
trees infested with Trochiliwm crabroniformis, and imagines began 
to appear on June Ldth. 

A female Phragmatobia fuliginosa, taken on July 13th, laid a 
quantity of ova, and the larve, which came out on July 21st, look 
quite healthy at the time of writing. The larvee of Calymnia trape- 
zima were a perfect pest at the end of May, in company with other 
common things. Larve of Aspilates strigillaria, obtained on heather, 
pupated on May 8th, and produced imagines on June 11th, a fort- 
night before they were observed wild. Some ova of Melanippe 
sociata and Coremia ferrugata were obtained, and the resultant larvee 
fed together on bedstraw from June 20th till July 15th, the imagines 
appearing on July 30th and August Ist respectively. 

The above partially represents, but by no means exhausts, an 
account of my breeding for the year, which may be considered fairly 
satisfactory. One night at the lamps stands out among a host of 
bad ones—June 9th—when several specimens of Drymonia trimacula, 
in first-class condition, were taken, as well as Acronycta leporina, 
Demas corylt, Notodonta ziczac, Drepana binaria, D. falcataria, 
Amphidasys betularia, and many others. All these were taken from 
one lamp during an hour’s stay between eleven and twelve. Many 
good geometers were taken by day, notably Metrocampa margaritaria, 
in great numbers, Hurymene dolabraria, Geometra papilionaria, 
Phorodesma pustulata (for the first time in this locality), Acidalia 
bisetata, A. dimidiata, A. subsericeata, Hupithecia pumilata, Thera 
jirmata, Melanthia albicillata, and Coremia designata; and in addi- 
tion to those mentioned above, the following were taken here for the 
first time :—Xylophasva rurea, May 29th; Caradrina morpheus, June 
29th; C. alsines, July 20th; Teniocampa populeti, April 16th ; 
Tephrosia punctularia, June 8th; Acidalia sylvata, July 20th; 
Hupithecia linariata, July 10th; EH. castigata, June 1st; H. minutata, 
July 20th; H. abbreviata, May 8th; Triphosa dubitata, May 20th.— 
F. A. Oupaxer; Haslemere, February 14th, 1910. 


SOCIETIES. 


Entomontoaican Socrsty oF Lonpon.—Wednesday, March 2nd, 
1910.— Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., President, in the 
chair.—It was announced that the Society would be represented 
at the forthcoming Jubilee Celebration of the Entomological 
Society of Russia, by Dr. Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 
&e., and that he would deliver an address of congratulation.—Mr. 
John C. Eales- White, of 47, Chester Terrace, Eaton Square, S.W., 
was elected a Fellow of the Society. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon ex- 


. 


148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


hibited various forms of Agriades (Polyommatus) corydon from 
Southern Europe, including A. var. arragonensis, and its form c@ru- 
lescens from Albarracin, Spain; also a pair of Brenthis selene from 
La Granja, and a pair of B. hecate from Hungary, showing the 
remarkable approximation of the two species in the markings of the 
wings.—Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe brought for exhibition a case con- 
taining a small nest of about thirty to forty hermaphrodite living 
examples of Formica rufibarbis var. fusco-rufibarbis from Whitsand 
Bay, August,1909, into which had been introduced a queen of Formica 
rufa from Nethy Bridge (May, 1909). The queen had been accepted 
by the other ants in a few days.—Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, on behalf 
of Mr. J. C. Moulton, of the Sarawak Museum, exhibited a Longi- 
corn beetle of the genus Chlorydolwm, in which the right antenna 
was much shorter than the left. The specimen appeared to be a 
male in every respect except in the length of the right antenna, the 
joints of which were a trifle shorter than those of a female. Mr. 
Moulton was inclined to think that the specimen might be gynandro- 
morphous. Mr. Waterhouse suggested that it might rather be 
regarded as a malformation.—Mr. W. E. Sharp exhibited an example 
of Calathus mollis, having the right anterior tibie and tarsus in 
triplicate. He said that such reduplication was not uncommon, but 
that it was seldom so perfect in detail—Mr. L. W. Newman showed 
a case containing the following forms of Anthrocera hippocreprdis, all 
taken in June, 1908, in one small field in the neighbourhood of 
Bristol: (a) analogous to A. filipendule var. chrysanthemi, (b and c) 
analogous to A. filipendule ab. flava, Robson, and a pink form, with 
(d) an example with yellowish spots, otherwise normal. Also a 
specimen of A. lonicere captured at the same place, with the 
markings broadly confluent.—Mr. G. Bethune-Baker brought for 
exhibition three nests of a species of Lasiocampid from Mount 
Elgon, Albert Nyanza, belonging to the same group as T'hawmetopa@a 
processionea. He had been consulted relative to the possibilities of 
using the silk of which the long pouch-like ‘nests’? were con- 
structed. Mr. G. A. K. Marshall said that they belonged to a species 
of Anaphe.—Professor EH. B. Poulton, F.R.S., read a ‘“ Preliminary 
Note on Mr. A. D. Millar’s experimental breeding of forms of the 
Nymphaline genus Hwralia in Natal,” by Mr. Roland Trimen, M.A., 
F.R.S., and exhibited examples of the species and forms referred to. 
He said that Mr. Millar was greatly to be congratulated on his 
success in obtaining the long-wished-for proof that Huralia wahl- 
bergi and H. mame were forms of the same species. Professor 
Poulton also exhibited a set of six Huralia anthedon, Doubl., and 
four H. dubia from Lagos, the western representatives of H. wahl- 
bergi and H. mime respectively, giving it as his opinion that after 
the proof obtained by Mr. Millar, the western butterflies were also the 
dimorphic forms of a single species. The following papers were 
read :—‘ Third Paper on the Tetriginze (Orthoptera) in the Oxford 
University Museum,” by J. L. Hancock, M.D. ‘ Descriptions of New 
Algerian Hymenoptera-Aculeata (Sphegide),” by the late Kdward 
Saunders, F.R.S., and the Rey. F. D. Morice, M.A. ‘On JZizeria, 
Chapm. (= 4izera, Moore), a group of Lycenid Butterflies,” by 


SOCIETIES. 149 


Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S. ‘Further Notes on two Osmia 
species of the Adunca group,” by the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A. 
“A Few Words respecting Insects and their Natural Enemies,” 
by Arthur G. Butler, Ph.D., F.LS., ¥.Z.8., M.B.O.U. The Rev. 
F. D. Morice M.A., then delivered an address ‘‘On the Saws of 
Saw-flies,” illustrated by many lantern slides prepared and arranged 
by him. 

Wednesday, March 16th, 1910.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., E.R.S., 
President, in the chair.—Dr. Malcolm Burr, D.Sce., gave an account 
of his reception in St. Petersburg by the Entomological Society of 
Russia, to whom he had presented the address of congratulation, 
published at the last meeting —Mr. Edmond Wace Carlier, M.5.C., 
M.D., F.R.S.E., of the University, Birmingham; Mr. Herbert Alfred 
Green, of the Central Fire Station, Durban, Natal; Mr. Philip 
Harwood, of 23, Northgate End, Bishop’s Stortford; Mr. J. iene 
derson, of Clifton, Ashbourne, Derby; Mr. Lionel Leslie Jacobs, 
Shelford, Copers Cope Road, Beckenham; Mr. William Laidlaw, 
73, Endsleigh Gardens, Ilford, Essex, and 74, Great Tower Street, 
E.C.;° Mr. H. 8. Leigh, of the University, Manchester ; Mr. #. 
Graham Millar, of ‘“ Seafield,” Batu Tiga, Selangor; Mr. Francis 
Alleock Oldaker, M.A., of the Red House, Haslemere; Mr. Aiyappa 
Raman Pillai, Trivandrum, India, and 13, Buccleuch Place, Hdin- 
burgh; Professor Reginald Crundall Punnett, M.A., of Gonville and 
Caius College, Cambridge; Mr. James M. Williams, F.R.Scott.G.S., 
of the Howard Motor Garage, Cardiff, and Canford Cliffs, Hants, 
were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. H. St. John Donisthorpe 
exhibited examples of Cremastogaster sentellaris hermaphrodites, 
Colobopsis truncatus hermaphrodites, and a beetle, Mormecornus 
pedestris, a good mimic of the latter ant, all taken in virgin cork at 
Kew, May, 1909.—Commander J. J. Walker, R.N., a living specimen 
of Holoparamecus caularum, Aubé, taken commonly in refuse hay- 
stack at Water Eaton, Oxon, on March 14th.—Mr. H. M. Hdelsten 
brought for exhibition photographs of the anal appendages of Tapo- 
nostola hellmannt, T’. concolor, and T. fulva, showing their remarkable 
similarity ; also ova of the same species 2m situ. The photographs 
were the work of Mr. H. Main and Mr. A. E. Tonge.—Mr. G. W. 
Nicholson showed a specimen of Dyschirius angustatus, Ahrens, 
from Littlestone, Kent, taken in July, 1906; two specimens of Bem- 
bidium 4-pustulatum, Dj., taken at Pulborough in June, 1909; and 
two specimens of Conosoma bipunctatum, Gr., found by Mr. Jennings 
and himself at Broxbourne, Essex, in January of this year.—Dr. T. A. 
Chapman exhibited series of Callophrys avis, Chapm., bred this 
spring, together with series of C. rubz for comparison, and pointed out 
the principal superficial differences between the two species.—Mr. 
J. W. Tutt read a paper on the several forms of Hydrwcia occurring 
in Britain, and illustrated the superficial differences where discover- 
able, and the marked difference in the anal appendages of the several 
species, Hydrecia nictitans, H. paludis, H. lucens, and H. crinanensis. 
He made an appeal to Fellows to try, during the coming season, to 
obtain eggs, larvae and pup of the four British species for com- 
parison, and to discover, if possible, structural differences in their 


150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


stages, in support of those shown by the superficial imaginal charac- 
ters, and those of the ancillary appendages in H. nictitans, H. palu- 
dis, and H. lucens, but more particularly to detect, if possible, diffe- 
rentiating characters in the early stages of the two species H. lucens 
and H. crinanensts, the genitalic characters of which are so entirely 
different in both sexes and yet whose facial characters so far appear 
practically indistinguishable. Excellent photographs of the genital 
organs of the four British species (both sexes), made by Mr. F. N. 
Pierce, were handed round for examination.—The Rey. C. R. N. 
Burrows, to whose research the discovery of H. crinanensis is really 
due, stated that he had little to add to what Mr. Tutt had said; 
it seemed to him amazing that two species showing so much diffe- 
rence as H. lucens and H. crinanensis in their genitalia, should 
present no definitely marked superficial character in the imago.—Dr. 
Karl Jordan considered that the four species, as proved by the diffe- 
rences in the genitalic structures, were abundantly distinct, and 
brought forward a parallel case among the Attacids.—Mr. J. C. 
Kershaw contributed a paper on ‘The Oothecz of an Asilid (Pro- 
machus, sp.).’—Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., read a paper 
entitled ‘‘ Xanthandrus comtus, Namr., a Correction.””—H. Rownanp- 
Brown, M.A., Hon. Secretary. 


THE SoutH Lonpon EntTomMoLoGicaL AND Natura HIsToRY 
Socrety.— March 2nd, 1910.—Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., Vice-President, 
in the chair. Mr. Sich exhibited specimens of Coleophora troglody- 
tella bred from larve fed on Achillea millefoliwm, and also larve 
feeding on mignonette seeds, probably those of Borkhausenia pseudo- 
spretella.—Mr. R. Adkin, series of Teniocampa gothica var. gothicina, 
selected from a large number of bred and captured specimens.— 
Captain Cardew, a bred series of Pachnobia leucographa, very dark in 
colour; a series of typical 7’. gothica, bred from var. gothicina 
parents; and specimens of Phigalia pedaria from Wimbledon, one 
taken on January 2nd, worn; two on March 18th, in good condition. 
Mr. P. Barrett reported Brephos parthenias and Gonepteryx rhamne 
in woods near London. 


March 10th.—Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the chair.— 
—Mr. West exhibited two cabinet drawers of the Society’s collection 
of Coleoptera which he had just remounted and arranged.—Mr. 
Barrett, specimens of Nyssia hispidaria, Phygalia pedaria, and 
Hybernia leucophearia, from Richmond Park, and noted that he took 
the first-named species in the same locality forty years ago, and that 
quite one-third of the last species seen were more or less crippled.— 
Mr. Lucas, the photograph of a very rare earwig, O. lewist, from a 
specimen obtained in the Liverpool Docks (see p. 129)—Mr. Bonham, 
two bred, intensely black, females of Nyssia hispidaria.—Mr. L. W. 
Newman, an interesting series of Anthrocera species from Bristol, 
taken by Messrs. Smallcombe, including A. hippocrepidis var. chry- 
santhemi, a yellow form, a fine pink form, and a red form with yellow 
spots, with a confluent form of A. lonicere. He also showed a con- 
fluent specimen of A. melzloti, and reported that pupz of a second 
brood of Abraxas grossulariata kept out of doors were still alive. 
The remainder of the evening was devoted to the exhibition of 


RECENT LITERATURE. 151 


lantern slides by Messrs. Tonge, West (Ashstead), Lucas, Dennis, 
and Edwards, including series illustrative of the resting attitudes of 
insects, the crystals formed from various solutions, rare plants from 
the New Forest, details of insect structure, various plants attacked 
by galls, and the natural history and structure of the cockroach.— 
Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


Dermaptera (Harwigs): the Fauna of British India, including Ceylon 
and Burma. By M. Burr, D.Sc.,M.A., &. London. 1910. 


Apart from its first-rate importance in connection with the Fauna 
of British India, there are two special ways in which this work will 
be of very great use to entomologists generally. For one thing, we 
have at last a satisfactory classification of the whole of the earwigs, 
the author treating them as he intends doing in the general revision 
and monograph of the earwigs of the world, which he has in hand. 
He is inclined to consider these insects as a distinct order (in which 
we scarcely agree with him) consisting of five families—Apachyide, 
Pygidicranide, Labiduride, Labiide, and Forficulide. The other 
feature of interest to all is the full, interesting, and very readable in- 
troduction giving the description and life-story of the earwig in 
general. The now well-known case of the jointed cerci of the imma- 
ture Diplatys is adequately referred to. This, it appears to us, is one 
feature amongst others linking up the earwigs with other Orthoptera. 
The species described are one hundred and thirty-five in number, in- 
cluding two with a query ; fifty-four of these are not represented in 
the British Museum. The book is illustrated by ten fine plates (one 
coloured), containing one hundred and four figures, and by sixteen 
figures in the text; it contains a full bibliography. 

Wide Ps 


A Inst of the Neuwroptera of Ireland (‘ Proceedings’ of the Royal Irish 
Academy, vol. xxviii. Branch B, No. 2). By J. J. F. X. Kine and 
J.N.Haupert. Dublin. 1910. 


Tuts publication of eighty-three pages, which is considerably more 
than a mere list, brings us up to date with the known distribution of 
the Irish Neuroptera in the older wide sense of the word. It appears 
that there are two hundred and forty species known as compared 
with three hundred and eighty-four for Great Britain ; it is therefore 
clear that much work remains to be done. Specially interesting 
results may be expected from the south-west of the island, when that 
district comes to be systematically worked. Since the dragonfly 
Somatochlora arctica occurs there, what may not be expected? We 
note that the peculiar insect, Psectra diptera, has been found in 
Co. Wicklow, and that at last a scorpion-fly (Panorpa germanica), 
from Co. Cork, may be added to the Irish list. The paper contains a 
useful bibliography. 


We de Ee 


152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


List of the “ Clyde’’ Copeognatha, or Psocide (from the ‘Glasgow 
Naturalist’). By J.J. F. X. Kine. 1910. 


TWENTY-ONE species (out of forty-three known to be British) are 
here given, with their distribution as far as known. 


Ss Whe 


Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum. Bulle- 
tin 63. ‘A Monographie Revision of the Coleoptera belonging 
to the Tenebrionide Tribe Eleodiini inhabiting the United 
States, Lower California, and Adjacent Islands.” By Frank BE. 
BLAISDELL, Sr. Pp. i—xi. and 1-524. 


Tus revision of the Eleodiini has been based on a study of the 
primary characters, and, when possible, the mouth-parts; the data 
thus obtained being then correlated with the other known characters. 
It is the outcome of the author’s labours during the past five years, 
in the course of which he has dissected about one thousand speci- 
mens, and studied the superficial characters of five thousand. There 
are eight genealogical diagrams in the text, and thirteen plates show- 
ing genital and other structural details of the Eleodiini. 


United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Entomology :— 


Technical Series, No. 16, part iii.: ‘Catalogue of Recently De- 
scribed Coccide.—II.” By J.G. Sanders, M.A. 


Technical Series, No. 17, part i.: ‘The Genus Dendroctonus.” 
By A. D. Hopkins, Ph.D. 


Bulletin No. 58, part iv.: ‘‘ The Southern Pine Sawyer.” By J. L. 
Webb, M.S. Part v.: ‘ Insect Depredations in North American 
Forests, and Practical Methods of Prevention and Control.” By 
A. D. Hopkins, Ph.D. 


Bulletin No. 77.: ‘‘Hibernation of the Mexican Cotton Boll 
Weevil.” By W. EH. Hinds & W. W. Yothers. 


Bulletin No. 82, part ii.: ‘“‘The Parsnip Leaf Miner. The Parsley 
Stalk Weevil. The Celery Caterpillar.” By EF. H. Chittenden, 
Se.D. Part iii.: “The Lima-bean Pod-borer. The Yellow- 
necked Flea-beetle.” By F. H. Chittenden, Se.D. 


Bulletin No. 83, part i.: ‘“ Bark-beetles of the Genus Dendroc- 
tonus.” By A. D. Hopkins, Ph.D. 


Bulletin No. 85, part i.: “‘The Lesser Clover-leaf Weevil.” By 
F. M. Webster, M.S. Part ii.: ‘‘ The Slender Seed-corn Ground- 
beetle.’ By W. J. Phillips. 


. Je ‘ee w. DAVIS, Moccia Works, Dartford, 

‘announce that they have now opened a London Branch at 

ister Row, for the salé of their specialities for naturalists, 

factured by them at their Works. . 

New ‘Illustrated Catalogue of Entomological Apparatus. post 
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a the Macero-Lepidopterists’ Calendar and Guide,’ 2s. 6d.; stiff cloth, 3s. 

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1€ \ ailles Gata F H. ravines ii. oy: ea Ng 5 
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Vol. XLII} JUNE, 1910. So { Wo. BOD: 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


AN 


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7 ararcrentmeneas erm Seeerapemee- ses : St eo oe 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLITT.] JUNE; 190. (No. 565 


SOME INSECTS IN BALTIC AMBER. 
By T. D. A. CockERELL. 


THE insects now described are chiefly of interest as showing 
the immense antiquity of many existing forms of insect-life. 
Although of Oligocene age, none of these species would excite 
any surprise in the modern fauna. 


HomoprEra. 
Oliarus oligocenus, n. sp. (Fulgoride : Cixiine.) 

Length about 83 mm.; head broad, rounded 
in front, not much produced; a delicate carina 
extends from near the level of the front of the 
eyes backward to the apex of the mesonotum ; 
eyes prominent, not very large (smaller, for in- 
stance, than in Cixius vitrews) ; lateral carine of 
mesonotum delicate, with more or less of a 
double curve; exterior to the lateral carina is a 
straight groove; tegmina broad, obtuse, clouded 
with dark brown in the whole anal field, in the 
upper apical region, and an irregular band con- 
necting these areas; nervures not punctate; no 
definable stigma ; hind wings dilute fuscous. 
Oliarus oligocenus, Ckll. The venation of the tegmina is not un- 

like that of Lamenia, which Kirkaldy holds 
to be a Cixiine. The subcosta and radius separate before 
the middle of the tegmen, but have a longer common stalk 
than in Lamenia kulia; the media leaves them about as in 
Lamenia; the eubitus branches at about the same level as 
the subcosta and radius, and has a long fork before joining 
any other vein; the anals are nearly as in Lamenia, Dictyo- 
phora, Dicranotropis, &c., but the first anal is modified api- 
cally, so as to become practically lost in a couple of strong 
cross-veins; the apical field is much smaller than in Lamenia, 
and the inner series of gradate veins is zigzag and little oblique. 
The head behind is very distinctly angled, as in Oliarus, and not 
as in Cixius. Among the species described from amber, this is 


ENTOM.—JUNE, 1910. N 


154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


rather similar to Cixius insignis and C. succineus of Germar and 
Berendt (1856), but it is clearly distinct from all. 

Hab. In Prussian (Baltic) amber; purchased from Mr. 
Janson. The same piece of amber contains trichomes and an 
anther of Quercus, such as are figured by Conwentz. 


DIPTERA. 
Sciara meunieri, n.n. (Mycetophilide: Sciarine.) 


Sciara prolifica, Meunier, Ann. Soc. Sc. Bruxelles, 1904, p. 65 
(not of Felt, 1897). 


Sciara electriphila, n. sp. 


g. Length nearly 3 mm. (head and thorax 1020 », abdomen 
about 1700); ferruginous, antenne pale at base; antenne 1900 » 
long, 16-jointed, the middle joints cylindrical, four times as long as 
wide; claspers thick, obtuse. In the following description all the 
measurements are in microns: middle antennal joints about 125 long, 
with short bristles (about 20 long) of about equal length; last joint 
144, penultimate 110; first and second together about 120; third 
joint about 100, longer than fourth (as in S. villosa) ; halteres about 
340 long, with a large elongate-oval knob, which is about 220 long 
and 93 broad; claws simple; hind legs with coxa about 355, femur 
about 830, tibia 930, tarsus 1000, of which 476 is basitarsus; first 
vein ending 270 before level of forking of fourth, and third ending 
about 440 beyond that level; width of fork of fourth in middle about 
170. In Williston’s table of St. Vincent species (Trans. Ent. Soc. 
Lond. 1896) this runs to Sczara sp.; the anterior furcation (of fourth 
vein) is about as in S. debilis, except that it is not at all contracted 
apically. 

Among the species described by Felt (1897), the venation is 
essentially as in S. agraria, Felt, except that the anal curves 
downwards more abruptly at end. The genitalia are as in 
S. agraria, but more robust. 

I cannot identify this with any of Meunier’s species from 
amber. It is too large for S. variabilis, verticillata, eocenica, 
diabolica, rara, bella, ignorata, &e. The second antennal joint is 
much too broad for S. botuli, which is also a smaller species. 
The third joint is too short for S. errans, but agrees with that of 
S. splendida, which, however, has longer hair on antenne. The 
terminal joints are nearly as in S. villosa, but the last joint is 
not quite so long as in that species. The joints are quite dis- 
tinctly petiolate, as in villosa, but not so much s0 as in S. eocenica. 
The last joint is too long for botuli. Compared with S. sendelina 
the hair of antenne is too short, and the apical joint differs in 
not being tapering. 

Hab. Baltic (Prussian) amber ; purchased from Mr. Janson. 
Trichomes of Quercus are in the same piece. 


THE CULICIDA. OF FIJI. 155 


Macrocera abundare, Meunier. (Mycetophilidee.) 
In Baltic amber, purchased from Mr. Janson. Trichomes of 
Quercus are in the same piece. This is not a typical Macrocera ; 
it should perhaps constitute a distinct genus. 


Myiolepta lithet, n. sp. (Syrphide.) 

Probable length about 11 mm., wing 9 mm., or a fraction less ; 
legs rather robust, black, with dark hair; a dark cloud traverses the 
wing in the region of the forking of veins 2 and 3, and above and 
below (the same is seen, less developed, in the living M. varzpes) ; 
venation agreeing with M. varipes, Lw., in nearly all respects. The 
following table brings out the venational characters :— 


Second vein ending nearer to third than to first 
M. bella, Williston. 
Second vein ending much nearer to first than to third if, 
1. First posterior celi ending almost on margin of wing 
outer side of discal cell nearly straight ; fourth 
vein more strongly bent near end of discal cell 
M. liihei, n. sp. 
First posterior cell ending some little distance from 
margin of wing; outer side of discal cell bent in- 
wards; fourth vein less piano bent near end of 
diseal cell. ; ; . M. varipes, Lw. 


Hxb. Baltic (Prussian) amber; in the University Museum 
at Konigsberg. 
Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.: Jan. 1910. 


THE CULICIDA OF FIJI, INCLUDING ie 
NEW SPECIES. Tt 


By F. V. THeopaup, M.A. 


Up to the present time only four species of mosquitoes have 
been recorded from the Fiji Islands, namely, Stegomyia fasciata, 
Fabricius; S. scutellaris, Walker; Culex nocturnus, Theobald, 
and C. fatigans, Wiedemann. 

Mr. F. Jepson, the Government Hntomologist, has recently 
sent me a small consignment which contains two new species, 
described here. 

One of the commonest mosquitoes in Fijiis the Tiger Mosquito 
(S. fasciata). The specimens I have received from the islands 
are all rather small, but otherwise quite typical. Mr. Jepson 
writes that this species is supposed to convey dengue fever there. 
Dr. Bancroft, in Australia, also regards this insect as the trans- 
mitter of ‘‘dengue.”’ 

Culex fatigans, Wiedemann, is also very common, and is 
probably the species connected with Fiiariasis. 

N 2 


156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Culex nocturnus, Theobald (Mono. Culicide ii1., p. 159), was 
received from Dr. Hall and taken at Ba, where it was found 
active at night in houses. It can be told by the abdominal 
ornamentation, the ground colour deep brown, the base of the 
second, third, and fourth segments having white bands, the 
fifth and sixth with white basal median patches, constricted 
in the middle, the sixth and seventh with narrow apical yellow 
bands, laterally are median white spots, and the venter is 
ochreous. The legs have basal pale bands, which are narrow on 
the fore and mid pairs, broad on the hind, and the ungues of 
the two front pairs are uniserrate, whilst those of the hind 
are simple. 

These characters will at once separate it from the new 
species of Culex, described here (C. jepsoni). The specimens 
sent were taken in April, May, and June. 

With regard to Stegomyia scutellaris, Walker, 1 do not feel 
certain. Some much rubbed specimens sent me were taken to be 
that species, but I noticed at the time that there were three 
more or less parallel white scaled lines on the sides of the 
thorax. On comparing Mr. Jepson’s specimens, | find they are 
distinct from the true S. scutellaris of Walker, and I have 
described them here as a new species. 

The original record of scutellaris for these islands was made 
on some specimens sent to the British Museum by Mr. B. G. 
Corney (Mono. Culicide, iii., p. 144, 1903), who also sent the 
Tollowing note :—‘‘ Diurnal mosquito, disappearing entirely at 
night, taken in a wooden hut five yards from high water line of 
sea coast, on sandy soil, forest adjoining and high land; locality, 
Island of Bega.” 

Walker’s species can easily be told by its having the sides 
with white puncta, not lines, and by the basally white banded 
abdomen and longer wings; otherwise, the general appearance 
is very similar. 

Culex fatigans, Wiedemann, is the common brown, unbanded- 
legged household mosquito, which seems to occur like S. fasciata 
all over the tropics and sub-tropics, and on most oceanic islands. 

One specimen sent by Mr. Jepson near Culex jepsoni, nov. 
sp., was too damaged to describe, but is apparently distinct, 
having an ochraceous scaled venter to the abdomen. 


Stegomyta pseudoscutellaris, n. sp. 


Head black, with white median line and a white patch on each 
side. Thorax blackish brown, with brown scales, a narrow median 
white line, a thin white line on each side above pleura, extending 
lateral from the head to root of wings; pleura bright brown, with one 
long and one short parallel white lines, which are also parallel with 
the one above the pleura. Abdomen black, unbanded above, but with 
curved white spots ending about the middle of the segments; basal 
white bands ventrally. Legs black, with narrow basal white bands 


THE CULICIDE OF FIJI. 157 


to the metatarsi and first tarsals on fore and mid pair; the hind 
with broad basal white bands and the last tarsal all white. 

?. Head black, clothed with flat black and white scales, the 
latter forming a broad median line and a patch on each side and 
small white scales around the eyes; chet black; the white median 
area passes well between the eyes. Proboscis and clypeus black ; 
palpi black, the upper surface with snow-white scales for about half 


Wing of Stegomyia pseudoscutellaris, n. sp., 2 - 


their length from the apex; clypeus black, with bronzy sheen and 
with a transverse carina ending each side in a slight swelling; 
antenn black; basal segments black, with silvery white flat scales 
on the inner side; second segment slightly paler at’the base. 

Thorax dark brown, with bronzy-brown narrow-curved scales, a 
narrow median white line extending from the fore border of the 
mesothorax to the bare space in front of the scutellum; a thin 
white line on each side between the mesonotum and the pleura 
composed of small flat scales, extending just past and over the base of 
the wings; pleura rich brown, with a long thin white line with a small 
one below it both running parallel to the white line above, composed 
of flat scales; scutellum brown, with flat white scales; metanotum 
deep brown. Abdomen deep black, the segments with curved white 
lateral areas which end in the mid or posterior third of each 
segment; posterior border-bristles dark ; venter black, with prominent 
basal white bands; legs black, with white basal bands; femora pale 
at base and below with white apical spots, base of metatarsi and first 
tarsals of fore and mid legs with narrow basal white bands, other 
tarsals unbanded, in hind legs basal bands white and broad, the last 
tarsal all white; ungues all equal and simple. 

Wings with rather short fork-cells, the first longer and narrower 
than the second, its base slightly nearer the base of the wing, its 
stem about half as long as the cell; stem of the second posterior 
nearly as long as the cell; posterior cross-vein a little longer than 
the mid, about twice its own length distant from it; scales brown, 
and rather dense. Length, 3 to 4 mm. 

Hab. Suva, Fiji (F. Jepson). 

Observations. Described from three females. This species 
may easily be mistaken for S. scutellaris, Walker, as its general 
thoracic ornamentation is very similar, but in scutellaris there 
are white puncta on the pleura, in this two white lines, which 
together with the mesothoracic one, show as three parallel well- 


158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


marked lines mentioned in the third volume (p. 144) of my 
‘Monoeraph of Culicide.’ The abdominal ornamentation also 


Wing of Stegomyia scutellaris, Walker, 9° . 


differs and the wings are relatively much shorter, as shown in 
the figures given here. 


Culex jepsoni, n. sp. 

Head rich brown, a narrow pale border around the eyes, broaden- 
ing out laterally. Proboscis black, with a distinct narrow median 
creamy-white band. Thorax brown, with darker lines and some 
patches of indistinct paler scales. Abdomen blackish, with basal 
white bands above and below, the latter broadest. Legs deep brown, 
with narrow apical and basal pale banding; ungues equal and 
simple. 

@. - Head deep shiny black, with narrow-curved dusky and dull 
creamy scales, the latter especially forming a narrow border around 
the eyes which runs at the sides into a dull white scaled area, the 
whole area (except the flat white scaled lateral patches) with very 
numerous dusky upright forked scales; a row of long dark chet 


Wing of Culex jvpsoni, n. sp., 2. 


project forwards over the eyes. Proboscis jet black, with a narrow 
median creamy-white band; palpi black; the apex creamy-white and 
black cheetee ; antennz deep blackish-brown, base of second segment 
reddish-brown; clypeus black. Thorax deep brown, with a median 
and sub-median darker lines, clothed with narrow-curved brown and 
dull golden-brown scales and four indistinet paler scaled spots, 
almost golden in some lights; chaete black, with golden reflections 
at their apices, especially dense and short and thick over the roots of 
the wings; around the bare space in front of the scutellum are pale 
scales which spread on to the dark scutellum; posterior border-bristles 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA. 159 


long, dark brown, golden reflections apically, eight to the mid lobe; 
metanotum black; pleurze dusky, with patches of flat white scales 
and some golden chet, one prominent patch. Abdomen steely 
black, with dusky black scales and basal white scaled bands and 
basal white lateral spots, which run a little along the sides of the 
segments; border-bristles golden, short in the middle, long at the 
sides; basal segment all dark scaled with two patches of short dusky 
hairs, golden at their apices and longer ones at the sides of similar 
hue; venter black, with broad basal white bands. 

Legs dark blackish-brown ; the fore pair with a small pale spot 
at the apex of the femora and tibiz, and a narrow pale band at the 
junction of the metatarsus and first tarsal; mid legs similar, but 
traces of banding at the junction of the first and second tarsals as 
well; hind legs with the narrow banding more pronounced; ungues 
all equal and simple. 

Wings with the fork-cells rather short, the first sub-marginal 
longer and narrower than the second posterior, its base if anything 
slightly nearer the apex of the wing, its stem about half the length 
of the cell; stem of the second posterior also about half the length of 
the cell; posterior cross-vein longer than the mid, about two and a 
half times its own length distant from it. Scales brown, dense, 
median ones of short broad Teniorhynchus type, lateral ones straight, 
narrow, but broader than in Culex. Length, 5 mm. 

Hab. Suva, Fiji (F. Jepson). 

Time of Capture, February 8th, 1910. 

Observations. Described from a perfect female, caught by Mr. 
Jepson in his laboratory. A very distinct species, near to Culex 
nocturnus, Theobald, from the same island, but the ungues 
being simple, not uniserrate on the fore and mid legs as in that 
species, at once separate it. In the latter also the abdominal 
bands bend in the middle, and on some segments do not form 
actual bands. Nor has jepsont the well-marked median lateral 
spots seen in C. nocturnus. 

Another female shows the venter of the abdomen mostly pale 
scaled, and the pale lateral spots are much larger than in the 
type, and is probably a distinct species but too damaged to 
describe. 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITAA. 


By Rev. Grorce Wueeter, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 136.) 


Brrore considering the question of the male genitalia, with 
special reference to the group before us, it seems to me necessary 
to make certain observations and to venture certain opinions on 
the subject at large. There can, I think, be no doubt that the 
likenesses and differences between these structures are of great 
phylogenetic value, and are moreover in most cases an important 


160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


auxiliary, and in some possibly the decisive factor, in the deter- 
mination of species. But I cannot help thinking that extravagant 
claims have been made both as to their actual value, and per- 
haps even more as to their comparative value with regard to 
other structures, in differentiating species. Of course, if the 
differences were such as to debar insects from pairing, no claim 
based upon them for the differentiation of species could possibly 
be regarded as extravagant, for the circumstance would of neces- 
sity act automatically in keeping species apart; and I readily 
admit that there was a time when I was a full believer in this 
‘lock and key” theory, as it has been called, and was under the 
impression that only the most closely connected species would 
ever pair in a wild state, and that the fact of insects of different 
species ever pairing (except in captivity) was in itself enough to 
show that they were at least congeneric. But this was in the 
days when a@ priori reasoning was in vogue, and when, moreover, 
I had access to few facts other than those which entered into my 
own very limited experience. It is now of course a matter of 
common knowledge that scarcely any pairing, even in a wild 
state, is out of the question, unless some obvious reason should 
render it physically impossible; and it would be a mere matter 
of searching in periodicals and the ‘Zoological Record’ if one 
wished to produce along list of what would otherwise be astound- 
ing cases. Here are a few picked up at random in the course of 
searching for information on a widely different subject :—T'enio- 
campa stabilis g and T’. gothica 2 (Ent. xxi. p. 158) ; Cerastis 
vaccint g and Miselia oxyacanthe ¢ (loc. cit. p. 188) ; Xylophasia 
monoglypha 3 and Hadena trifolit 2 (loc. cit. p. 282); Melitea 
athalia 3 and Polygonia c-album 2 (Schneider, ‘Iris,’ xix. p. 107) ; 
Aglais urtice 3 and EHpinephele janira 9 (Ent. xxxili. p. 224) ; 
Melitea cynthia $ and Erebia lappona ° (Rebel, ‘ Societas Jinto- 
mologica,’ il. p. 73); Attacus cecropia 3 and Sphinx ligustri 
(Ent. xix. p. 186); Dryas paphia 3 and Parnassius apollo & 
(this I saw myself at Faido, in the Leventina, in company with Mr. 
Warren); Salamis anacardii $ and Aphelia apollinaris 2 (Trimen, 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880, pp. 28, 24, the moth being a day- 
flier, and bearing a general resemblance to the butterfly) ; Huchloé 
cardamines & and Bapta temerata ? (Ent. xxi. p. 188—here there 
is no such excuse). I have arranged these in an ascending scale 
of significance, at least as the instances strike me, and it will be 
readily seen that they are not the result of search, by the very 
small number of publications mentioned. If I had the time, and 
the search seemed sufficiently profitable, I could certainly make 
the list several times as long, but quite enough has been said to 
support my assertion that the differences, even between the most 
widely separated insects of the order, are not such as to preclude 
pairing, and therefore cannot be treated as being of the same 
importance as if they were so. In reply to this argument it was 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMHA. 161 


remarked to me, by an enthusiastic supporter of the claims of 
this means of differentiation, that the important question was 
not that of mere pairing, but of fertile pairing. In answer to this 
there are two things to be considered. First, we do not know 
whether, or how far, these pairings are infertile. We do know 
that no insect has ever been taken which could possibly be a 
hybrid between Kuchloé cardamines and Bapta temerata, for in- 
stance, or even between Melitea athalia and Polygonia c-album, 
but, on the other hand, we know that hybridity interferes greatly 
with vitality, and even should some of the less violently abnormal 
pairings prove fertile, the chances of the progeny reaching ma- 
turity would be exceedingly small, and of those that reached the 
perfect state—if any did so—it is improbable that any would 
happen to be the specimens seen by lepidopterists, as they would 
probably be weak and fall an easy prey to marauders within the 
first few hours of their imaginal existence. But giving the fullest 
possible weight to this aspect of the argument, and granting 
that none of the above pairings (with the probable exception of 
the two T'zeniocampids) could prove fertile, the very important 
fact still remains that it is not the differences of the structures in 
question which per se are the cause of the infertility, as they 
could only produce this effect directly by making pairing itself 
impossible, and that at the most they can only be a secondary 
and correlated cause, not to be compared in importance with 
such facts as species appearing at different times, inhabiting 
different altitudes or latitudes, feeding on different (or at any rate 
on unrelated) food-plants, hybernating at a different stage of 
existence, flying at a different time of day, or possessing any 
other habit which must either effectually keep them apart, or be 
practically certain to cause the early death of any hybrid pro- 
geny which might manage to struggle into existence. 

‘These considerations appear to me to reduce the importance of 
these organs, which prima facie seem to be on such a vastly higher 
plane, to the same level as any other structural details, and as 
the differences are usually very slight, often actually and almost 
always relatively so, I should be inclined to assign to them, in 
general, an importance distinctly below neuration, still more 
markedly below that of the number of fully-developed legs, but 
possibly above that of scale-forms, even of the androconia, 
and probably above most other imaginal characteristics which 
have been used for purposes of classification, such as hairy or 
glabrous eyes, details of wing-shape and markings (including 
the presence or absence of ‘‘ tails’”’—a very unimportant matter, 
I believe, especially when the ‘‘tail”’ is filamentous)—markings 
of the body, number of rings in the antenne, &c.; on the other 
hand, I do not believe their phylogenetic and consequent classifi- 
catory importance to be nearly so great as that of many points 
in the earlier, especially the egg and newly-hatched larval, stages; 


162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


as these would seem, to some extent at any rate, to recapitulate 
the evolutionary history of species, genera, &c., or at least to 
point the way to a partial reconstruction of such history. 

But putting all this aside, and granting for the sake of argu- 
ment that this is the most important—nay, far the most im- 
portant—of all structural differences, it is still liable to abuse ; 
for it cannot for a moment be conceded (or even claimed) that 
this is tie only mode of divergence, and parallel differences in 
this respect may have been evolved after other divergences had 
taken place, the dormant tendency having been retained, and we 
might thus find parallel groups exhibiting the same aifferent 
forms of clasp, &c., even when these groups had in other respects 
diverged somewhat widely from each other; and, on the other 
hand, likenesses, or even identity of structure, in this respect 
might be retained, especially in closely related species, even after 
they were specifically separated by differences of habit, food- 
plant, habitat, &c. In the first case we should find two or more 
groups of insects, different members of which appeared, judging 
by the genitalia alone, to be more closely related to members of 
the other groups than to those of their own; and in the second 
case we should find insects, obviously from other reasons specifi- 
cally distinct, ‘‘lumped”’ together as a single species, on the 
sround that they were not yet differentiated in this one par- 
ticular. We have in fact no reason to suppose either that 
differentiation necessarily takes place simultaneously along 
various lines, or that it follows a certain routine order in the 
various lines along which it takes place; on the contrary, all 
such evidence as we at present possess would seem to point in an 
opposite direction. A further consideration tending towards the 
same conclusion is the fact that it is possible in this matter, as 
in others, that a similarity or even an identity of structure may 
sometimes be reached along different evolutionary lines. Just 
as I have wished to give the greatest possible weight to the 
arguments of those who have advanced the strongest claims as 
to the importance of these structures—a weight far greater than 
in point of fact I consider them capable of supporting—so here 
I feel my position to be so strong that I can afford to minimize 
the results that might fairly be made to rest upon the argu- 
ments that I have used, and to say only that it is manifestly 
unsafe to rest any part of a classification, whether generic or 
specific, upon the likeness or unlikeness, the difference or identity, 
of the genital armature alone. I should wish to forestall the 
possible objection, that nobody in point of fact does found any 
part of their classification on the testimony of these structures 
alone, by answering that though they generally appear to be un- 
conscious of doing so in theory, yet some of the ablest exponents 
of the system certainly do so in practice, even if they call in 
other considerations afterwards in support of their results. If 


VARIATION OF A. LEVANA. 168 


anyone should feel disposed to question this statement, the 
proofs are to be found in almost all writings on the subject; as 
an instance—let us hope an extreme instance—I would mention 
my friend Dr. Chapman’s notice in the Knt. Record of the 
current year, p. 71, where the Meliteas that I brought from 
Reazzino, and believe to be britomartis, Assmann, are definitely 
pronounced to be dictynna on this character alone, and in total 
disregard of the many differences which I have already enume- 
rated. ‘'l'o this, however, it will be necessary to recur. 

It seems also necessary to remark that this means of dis- 
tinction, in common with all others, is of far greater value in 
some groups than in others. In a group, for instance, where 
there is close resemblance between the members with regard to 
the appendages, a slighter difference will be of importance than 
in a group where the divergences are generally considerable, and 
in the same way these characters are of much greater value for 
specific distinction where little or no variation occurs in the un- 
doubted specimens of a single species, than in a case where their 
characteristics are by no means so constant. 


(To be continued.) 


VARIATION OF A. CLEVANA, L.: COMPARATIVE 
DESCRIPTION AND POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE OF 
THE WING MARKINGS IN LEVANA. 


By T. Reuss. 


(Continued from p. 141.) 


10 4 


“a tk a 5 x SE ee APR RS By i % P ane Ap 
Mo 4D 13 14 1h 16 a 
SMAEGDS ¢- 
f F Fis St . 


Tue above figures give a comparative view of some of the 
facial details in the different species to which I have referred. 
Fig. 1 is a form of V. io ab. fischeri, and discloses the normal io- 
form shape of the third (apical) costal blotch. A similar develop- 
ment of the marking is shown in the aberration of V. urtice, 


aé 


164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


fig. 2, which was bred by heat, and in 4d. levana, fig. 8. The 
latter is an apparently very primitively marked female specimen 
from the Ussuri regions in Hastern Siberia (for hind wing, see 
fig. 4 in the next row of figures), and not only exhibits the 
second costal blotch divided into three parts (counting the light 
median part, which is of the original ground colour), as in the 
fritillaries—(fig. 11 is drawn from B. euphrosyne ab.; see pl. 56, 
fis. 1, in Mr. South’s ‘ Butterflies of the British Isles’)—but 
also the black inner marginal spot is broken up into three parts. 
That the second costal blotches of V. io and V. urtice originally 
consisted of three such parts, as are shown in the upper side of 
A. levana, is betrayed by the corresponding parts in the under 
sides of these species: fig. 8 (V. io), and figs. 9, 10 (V. urtice). 
All other ‘“‘tortoiseshell”’ forms of the Vanesside have similar 
under side markings. In the Pyrameid groups the same parts 
are responsible for the beautiful differently shaped metallic-blue 
markings in the atalanta-form species—itea-gonerilla (with con- 
spicuous blue rings), indica-tammeamea, dejeani-atalanta. In 
these species the blue colour demarcates the median part belong- 
ing to the second costal blotch. In the Araschnids, and in the 
cardui-form Pyrameids, these demarcations show a yellowish or 
greyish colour, and are therefore comparatively inconspicuous. 
They are all, however, easy to compare when drawn in “ black 
and white.” Fig. 12 shows these markings in the under side of 
P. carye, fig. 18 is drawn from P. myrinna, fig. 16 from P. cardut, 
fig. 14 from P. atalanta, and fig. 15 from P. indica. The beauti- 
ful blue ring in itea-gonerilla arises in the same way as the 
nearly ring-shaped (yellow) demarcation in the second costal 
blotch of A. bureyana, fig. 6 (under side). The—especially 
characteristic—markings in the basal and apical parts in the 
fore wing under sides of Hypanartia* (closely allied to Pyramets) 
delius (from Sierra Leone), H. schoneia (Natal), correspond 
especially well with the markings in the same wing parts in 
A. levana. The figures 4, 5, 7 represent under side markings of 
A. levana and A. bureyana var. thibetana 2 (fig. 7),t which latter 
is the ‘‘under side io”’ of the Araschnids (compare fig. 1); 
fig. 4 is taken from a female levana from Berlin, fig. 5 from 
a male levana from the Sayan Mountains (Irkutsk), which latter 
local form shows an increase in size. While exhibiting further 
variation of the median part in the second costal blotch, these 
specimens also show how the shape of this costal marking is 
altered as a whole—(1) when the apex becomes ocelliform 
(figs. 1, 7), or (2) when the wing is fasciated (fig. 6). Figs. 4 
and 5 exhibit intermediate markings. 


* The only wholly African species of Pyrameis—P. abyssinica—is in- 
teresting for resembling the African species of Hypanartia in its upper side. 

} The facial differences between bureyana and var. thibetana are so great 
that one suspects them to be different species. 


VARIATION OF A. LEVANA. 165 


Of the six hind wings shown above, figs. 1, 2, 3 are drawn 
from the upper sides of levana aberrations. Fig. 1 was bred by 
low temperature (breeder unknown to me) in Koslin, on the 
Baltic. The marginal band is atalanta-form, the colours are 
exceptionally rich, the markings in the fore wings resemble 
those of levana, but the very dark brown under side is without 
the violet colour-splashes of levana. Fig. 2, ab. porima, from 
Hichstiidt, north of Ingalstadt, on the Danube, almost exactly 
copies the markings of A. bureyana. As a whole, the specimen 
has just the appearance of a ‘“‘cross”’ between levana and prorsa ; 
all the markings and colours of the two varieties are combined 
in the facies. Fig. 3 dates from Augsburg-on-the-Lech, south 
of the Danube. There are blue spots in the margin of the wing. 
The vestiges of the fascia are creamy-white, the median lines 
marking the position of the levana spots are orange, the fore 
wings show markings like prorsa, but the colour of the central 
band is orange, though the costal blotch is creamy-white. The 
under side is that of prorsa. Fig. 4 shows a specimen of 
A. levana from the Ussuri regions, north of Vladivostok (the 
fore wing is shown in the preceding set of figures). The large 
isolated costal blotch (composed of three parts) reminds one of the 
markings in V. io and in aberrations of V. urtice, of which latter 
I have bred several specimens in which the discal cell is orange- 
coloured. Similar markings are found in other ‘‘ tortoiseshell ”’ 
forms of Vanesside. The transversal row of black markings 
usually adjoining the costal blotch in levana is nearly obsolete 
in fig. 4, but the second row of spots is strongly developed, and 
when one remembers that some of these spots are often blue- 
centred in levana, the two spots in the outer angle cannot fail to 
suggest that the ocellus of V. io may have developed from similar 
markings. The under side of normal V. io exhibits details which 
support this inference in every way. In fig. 4 the third row of spots 
(lunules) is powdered with blue, but already the spots are shaped 
like the corresponding markings in the under side of V.io. In 
the hind wing of the aberration of V. io (figured in antea, 
vol. xlii. p. 223), the three (five) separate spots correspond in 
position with the median row of spots in levana, and need not, 
therefore, be referred to the third row of spots (the lunules of 
urtice). This V.io ab. is moreover remarkable for possessing 
a complete corresponding row of median spots in the under side, 


166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


while in normal V. to only the large spots in the outer angle, two 
shown also in A. levana, fig. 4, are plainly marked in the under 
side. The “ tortoiseshell” Vanessids develop the whole chain 
of spots also—sometimes both in the upper and under side—but 
the spots are only rudimentary, their real centres being visible 
mostly only in Grapta-species. In the Pyrameids two of these 
spots—in each wing part one—are usually far advanced by de- 
velopment. The Araschnids develop these markings much as 
they are found in the atalanta-form Pyrameids. All the 
Araschnids mentioned hitherto were fasciated at least in their 
under sides, but fig. 8 shows the normal facies of A. davidis 
(male), in which the central fascia is masked, and it may be of 
interest to note the markings by which the process of masking 
up is accomplished. 

Fig. 6 (drawn three-quarter size) represents an aberration of 
P. atalanta (reared on September 22nd, 1908), which shows one 
of the most characteristic Araschnid markings—a light line bor- 
dering the median ocelli. The Araschnid fascia is also traceable, 
and its upper part can be seen to have wandered towards the base of 
the wing; P. imdica and the cardui-form species (also species of 
Hypanartia) show transitory stages of this movement. If the 
under side hind wings of JV. io and of the “ tortoiseshell” 
Vanessids are compared, it will be found that also in these 
the Araschnid fascia is plainly traceable, and that it occupies 
exactly the same position in every wing as shown in the aberration of 
P. atalanta, fig. 6. In normal P. atalanta the fascia is found in 
the same position, but it is not so plainly marked by lighter 

colours as in fig. 6 


(To be continued.) Sota S21 yo 


A NEW SPECIES OF -27RACHYPUS: FROM 
ERYTHRINA, RED SEA. 


By P. CamMErRon. 


Trachypus curvimaculatus, sp. ni. 


Black, shining, a transverse broad line on the top of the face, the 
sides obliquely narrowed below, the incision forming a curve, the 
central lower part rounded; the part below the antenne, except for 
a longish triangular black spot below each antenne, the spot continued 
below along the suture and ending in a rounded spot which is dilated 
outwardly ; laterally the mark is continued to the middle of the eyes, 
the upper half being obliquely narrowed, and the mandibles broadly 
at the base, pale yellow. The following markings are bright orange 
yellow: a large transverse spot, broadly rounded above, the apex 
transverse in the middle, the sides (this part wider than the central) 
roundly obliquely narrowed, a curved line behind the ocelli reaching 


JOTTINGS ON BRITISH ICHNEUMONID&E. 167 


close to the eyes, an oblique line in the centre of the upper half of 
the outer orbits, obliquely narrowed below, the raised apical part of 
the pronotum, tegule, scutellums, a spot on the sides of the centre 
of the metanotum, rounded aboye, dilated outwardly and gradually 
narrowed, tubercles, a curved spot behind them, narrowed to a fine 
oblique point above, dilated in the centre at the base, a large semi- 
circular spot on the middle of the apex of first abdominal segment, 
the second almost entirely, the yellow rounded at the base, the apex 
with a slight incision, the apical three-fourths of the fourth segment, 
its apex incised broadly, but not deeply in the centre, the fifth with 
a four lobate line, the fifth and sixth entirely, the apical half of the 
second segment, the base trilobate, the central lobe the larger, a 
mark, with the inner side roundly obliquely narrowed on the sides of 
the fourth and fifth segments and with a transverse line on the base 
between them, and a narrow oblique line on the sides of the apical 
legs of a brighter sulphur yellow colour, the hind cox broadly black 
at the base, the fore femora narrowly black at the base above, the 
middle at the base all round and the hind femora, black. Wings 
hyaline, the stigma and nervures black. Basal three joints of the 
antennze sulphur yellow, the third black at the apex above, the 
fourth yellow, black above, the rest brown, black ontop. ?. Length 
9 mm. 


Erythria, Red Sea. 


Front and vertex punctured, closely, finely obliquely striated 
at the ocelli, the striae commencing at the outer ones. Face finely 
punctured. Mesonotum and scutellum shining, sparsely, distinctly 
punctured in rows. Metanotum in the centre at the base finely, 
closely transversely striated, ending in a depression with its apex 
acutely pointed. Upper third of mesopleure raised, smooth, bordered 
below by an oblique furrow, the rest closely coarsely punctured. 
Metapleure closely, obliquely striated, first abdominal segment 
semisessile, broadly rounded above, wider that it is long at the apex, 
a little longer than the second. 


Allied to 7’. nursei, Bingham. 


JOTTINGS ON THE BRITISH ICHNEUMONIDA IN 
THE NATIONAL COLLECTION. 


By Cuaupe Mortey, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


WuiLe engaged in the rearrangement of the National 
Collection in the British Museum last winter, I noted various 
points bearing upon the British List that may be of interest 
in resolving some of the enigmas which always surround a 
partially studied group of insects. In my Preface to the first 
volume of ‘Ichneumonologia Britannica,’ I was careful to 
present that work in the form of a basis, not a termination, 
of investigation into the subject. Since then I have studiously 


168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


refrained from publishing anything, unless of moment, respect- 
ing our Ichneumonide for fear of confusing the many acolytes 
who were beginning the study, since I had myself suffered from 
surfeit of scattered information. Only five papers having refer- 
ence to the three published volumes of my book have appeared 
since 1903.* Perhaps, however, it were better to present the 
following notes at once, rather than store them up, perdu, till 
such problematical time as a supplementary volume might 
appear. As a whole the National Collection, though sufficiently 
full in the commoner kinds, is distinctly lacking in interest 
through the specimens emanating, for the very great majority, 
from Stephens’s and Desvignes’s collections, neither of which 
bore locality labels; Fred. Bond, many years ago, presented his 
collection, duly ticketed with biologic details, which were de- 
plorably destroyed; there is a small amalgamated collection 
from Dr. Heysham of Carlisle, together with that of Rev. T. A. 
Marshall, and a good many odd and localised specimens from 
various sources ; the latest addition is from Mr. C. G. Champion, 
who presented his small collection last January. As a whole, 
however, it had not been touched since 1856, and contributions 
are still badly needed, especially in the smaller species of 
Cryptine, which group, as will be seen, presented little of note. 


ICHNEUMONINZ. 


Colichneumon.—There is no representative of C. Bohemani, 
and Stephens’s mention of it must refer to something else. 
There are several C. sugillatortus from Heysham’s, Desvignes’s, 
and a female ex Stephens’s collections. 

Hoplismenus uniguttatus.—This has no doubt stood in our 
fauna on the strength of a single Platylabus decipiens, Wesm., 
which had long done duty for it, having been erroneously so 
named by Desvignes (Cat. 1856, p. 50). The former must be 
deleted. 

Stenichneumon.—Several species of this genus are most un- 
satisfactorily established as British, but a pair of the four 
S. castaneus appear correct: at least, it is a species which I 
do not possess (till Mr. Champion kindly gave it me) myself, 
and which agrees very well with the descriptions of that insect ; 


* (1) ‘On Barichneumon heracleane, Bridg., with a Description of the 
Male,” E. M. M. 1904, p. 87. (2) “ Ichnewmon inquinatorius, Wesm. and 
Amblyteles microcephalus, Steph.” lib. cit. p. 239. (3) ‘* Theronia atalante, 
Poda, as British,’”’ Entom. 1909, p. 65. (4) Mr. Collins’s ‘*‘ Note on the 
supposed Larva of Pimpla oculatoria, F., figured in Morley’s British 
Ichneumons, vol. iii, 1908, and its Location.” (5) ‘‘ The Antipodean Genus 
Proboloides, Morl.” lib. cit. p. 119. My paper ‘* On the Ichneumonide of 
the Banksian Collection in the British Museum,’’ Entom. 1909, pp. 131-1387; 
and my ‘‘ Observations on the Giconomy of the Ichnewmon manifestator, 
Marsham (nec Linn.).’”’ Journ, Linn. Soc. 1909, pp. 271-274, may also be 
consulted. 


JOTTINGS ON BRITISH ICHNEUMONID™. 169 


but the other two specimens belong to distinct species under the 
genus Ichneumon, s.s. S. defraudator is probably included on 
the strength of I. sedulus of Desv. Cat., but all its exponents 
belong to Barichnewmon. Of S. apricus there is no trace, though 
introduced by Stephens in his illustrations of 1835. ‘There are 
nice series of both S. culpator and S. pistorius, which must be, 
or have been, much commoner elsewhere than is now the case 
in the east and south of England; a fine male of the latter, 
taken by Fred. Smith in N. Devon, is suggestive. 

Ichneumon ruficeps, Steph. = Melanichneumon sanguinator, 
Rossi. 

Ichneumon pallidatorius, Steph. = Cratichneumon coruscator, 
Linn., male. 

Celichneumon albicillus, Grav.—There is a male Cratichneu- 
mon fabricator, F., ex coll. Steph., bearing a printed label 
“ Albicillus, Grav.”, which probably constituted the species 
brought forward by Stephens, and, as no one has found the 
Simon Pure since the latter’s record, it should be regarded 
as doubtfully indigenous. 

Ichneumon albimanus, Steph. vii. 183 = Cratichnewmon fabri- 
cator, F., male. 

This is not the place to go into the distinctions between 
Cratichneumon nigritarius and C. albilarvatus, which appear 
little more than colorational; if they be distinct, my details 
of capture, &c., in Ichn. Brit. i, must be referred to the latter 
and not the former. 

Ichneumon Walkert.—The single male in the collection is 
labelled ‘‘ Ich. Walkeri”’ in Francis Walker’s writing ; this is 
not the type, but the supposititious alternate sex as described by 
me. The type is a female, of which Wesmael simply says (Bull. 
Ac. Brux. 1848, p. 184): “‘ Specimen unicum ab oculatissimo 
entomologo Do Walker ex Londino accepi.” Iam glad to learn 
from Dr. H. Schonteden that the type is still extant in Wesmael’s 
collection in the Musée Royale d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. 

Ichneumon raptorius, Steph.—The author’s ‘‘ type” is a 
large female I. gracilicornis ; and his I. quadrinotatus is, as I 
have pointed out, referable to the same species. 

Ichneumon quadrialbatus.x—The five males that were doing 
duty here are all referable to Melanichnewmon nudicoxa, Thoms. 
(= albosignatus, Steph., nec Grav.). 

Ichneumon maculiventris, Desv.—A re-examination of Des- 
vignes’s typical and unique female proves, without possibility of 
error, that it is synonymous with Hepiopelmus leucostigmus, 
Grav., var. melanogaster, and not (as ignorantly stated by me, 
EK. M. M. 1902, p. 122 et Ichn. Brit. 1.170) with Ctenichnewmon 
ceruleator, Zett, which must consequently be deleted. 

Ctenichneumon plicatus, Mor]. = Spilichneumonoccisorius, Fab., 
var. nigrinus, Berth. Ann. Soc. Fr. 1895, p. 646. Professor 

ENTOM.—JUNE, 1910. ) 


170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Brauns has called my attention to this fact by determining a 
male taken by the late Mr. C. J. Watkins of Painswick, Glos., 
under the latter name. The two forms look very different 
superficially, hence my error. 

Acolobus.—There is no representative of this genus in the 
Collection ; the specimens recorded under this name by Stephens 
consequently belong elsewhere: [cf. L. albimanus, supra] . 


GENUS AND SPECIES DOUBrFULLY NEW To Brrrarn.—I dis- 
covered a single specimen of Ctenochares (Joppites) instructor, 
Fab., female, among the “‘ Reputed British Species”’ in Stephens’s 
cabinet. Berthoumieu records it under the name J. xanthomelas, 
Brullé (Ann. Soe. Fr. 1894, p. 511), from Greece, Italy, Southern 
France, Spain, and Algeria; Dalla Torre says it also occurs 
throughout nearly the whole of Africa; and there is a capital 
figure of it by Guérin Menneyville in Théophile Lefebre’s ‘‘ Voyage 
en Abyssinie,” Paris, 1848, pl. vii, fig. 1, under the name 
Ichneumon dimidiatum. In the General Collection in Brit. Mus. 
are five other specimens thus :—Male from the Cape of Good 
Hope, ex coll. F. Smith; female from Sicilia, ex coll. F. Smith; 
two males from Spain, ex coll. Cameron; and a female ‘‘ Joppa 
apicalis, Brullé: Zante (Greece), May, 1889: Dr. O. Schmie- 
deknecht,” who, however, is certainly in error in placing it in 
the Listrodromini ; I consider it should be placed in the Platyu- 
rini, near Platylabus. No suggestion of an indigenous origin has 
before been brought forward for this species, nor is such likely 
to be the case. 


A New British Sprecres.—Under Ichneumon, Desv. Cat. 
No. 46 (pallidatorius), I found a female Platylabus mixed: a 
black species with white-cinctured hind tibia, leaving no doubt 
respecting its identity with P. histrio, Wesm. (Bull. Ac. Brux. 
1855, p. 412 = P. varupedalis, Wesm. lI. c. 1857, p. 408). It is 
known to occur in Prussia, Bavaria, Belgium and Hungary, to 
which must now be added Britain, since I never have reason to 
doubt the native origin of Desvignes’s insects, whence came this 
individual. I find I possess three others, taken by Mr. E. C. 
Bedwell at Boxhill on September 17, 1905, by Dr. Capron about 
Shere some twenty years ago, and by the late Mr. J. A. Clark, 
from whose collection I have but just acquired it. 

Pheogenes stipator, Wesm.—The two males of Ichnewmon 
Cambrensis, Desv., in his collection, are not the types of his 
species, as I had very naturally supposed to be the case (EK. M. M. 
1902, p. 123 et Ichn. Brit. i. 249). These are on gilt pins; but 
the types, also two males, were returned by Desvignes to 
Marshall, and are carded in the latter’s collection, which I 
have merged with the other Britishers. 

Notosemus (Ischnidium) albibuccus, Kriech.—This may now be 


JOTTINGS ON BRITISH ICHNEUMONID2. L71 


definitely enrolled as British, since I find the specimen lightly 
mentioned by me (Ichn. Brit. i, Addenda, 293) to bein Marshall’s 
collection, where it is labelled as captured by him at Bishops 
Teignton in Devon. It is probably the same as referred to by 
Thomson (Opuse. Ent. xv. 1627):—‘‘Jag har endast sett en 
hanne af N. albibucca (Kriechb.), hvilken 6fverensstammer med 
ett exemplar fran England utom deri att den sednare har 
brostets undersida blek.”’ 

Ichneumon erythrocerus, Grav., may certainly be synonymous 
with Oiorhinus pallidipalpis, Wesm., as I indicated (/.¢.) upon 
Marshall’s authority; but his exponents are all Pheogenes 
fulvitarsis ! , 


PH®OGENES EQUES, Wesm.—The male, hitherto undescribed, 
may be characterised :-— 

Head normal and not strongly dilated posteriorily; face not 
strongly, but closely and distinctly, punctate; cheeks neither sinuate 
nor produced; frons closely, distinctly and somewhat deeply punc- 
tate; clypeus distinctly sinuate on either side; mandibles except 
apically, and the facial orbits very broadly stramineous. Antennz 
nearly as long as body, fulvescent with the scape apically stramineous 
beneath. Thorax with the pronotum, small pre- and sub-radical 
lines, and the apical half of scutellum transversely stramineous ; 
metathoracic areze complete with the areola subcircular-hexagonal, 
but slightly longer than broad, and emitting costule before its centre. 
Abdomen badious with the distinct thyridii, and apices of the follow- 
ing segments paler; postpetiole subglabrous and laterally elevated, 
Legs fulvous with the anterior coxe and trochanters entirely, and 
the hind ones apically, white; hind legs otherwise unicolorous 
infuscate ferrugineous. Wings normal with the tegulz white, stigma 
fulvous and nervellus intercepted. Length, 64 mm. 

I brought the above species forward as British in 1903 on 
the strength of an indigenous female. The above diagnosis is 
drawn from a single male in the National Collection from that 
of Desvignes’s, who had named it doubtfully as a variety of 
Ichneumon albinotatus, Gray. (Barichneumon derogator, Wesm. ?). 
Its association with the female is arbitrary. 

Apeleticus bellicosus, Wesm.—The unique British female 
from Desvignes’s collection is correctly named by Fred. Smith; 
and there is a male of A. inclytus, Wesm., from the same 
collection. 

Ichneumon rufator, Steph.—I cannot yet place this male, 
which I again examined and confirmed as belonging to the 
Pheeogenini. 

Celichneumon impressor, Zett.—The malformed specimen 
with the right areolet wanting (referred to by Bridg.-Fitch, 
Entom. 1880, p. 297; ef. Ichn. Brit. i. 37) has nothing to do 
with this species, which is a misnomer. It is certainly a 
Cratichneumon, and can be nothing but an extraordinary freak 

02 


172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of C. coruscator, Linn., male, though the metathorax is curiously 
convex. 

Ichnewmon memorator, Wesm., 1844.—The female which led 
Marshall to a knowledge of this species as British (cf. Ichn. 
Brit. i. Addenda 292) is in his collection, and was captured by 
him at Govilon, a village on the River Usk, near Abergavenny. 
It is entirely typical, except that the third segment is broadly 
black on the dise, and is new to Britain. 

Platylabus volubilis, Gravy.—There are three males in the 
Collection: one from Stephens’s, one from Desvignes’s, and one 
from the Linnean Society’s collections. The last was named 
Cryptus volubilis by Gravenhorst himself, and there can be no 
doubt that it is correctly assigned to the genus Platylabus. The 
metathoracic spiracles, however, are distinctly elongate, and the 
red abdomen combined with large gastroceli, punctate frons, 
elliptic spiracles, and pale marked anus, leave little doubt that 
it is synonymous with P. orbitalis, Grav. The differentiation of 
authors rests on the supposititious shape of the metathoracic 
spiracles, which were erroneously stated to be circular by 
Bridg.-Fitch. (Entom. 1881, p. 208). P. volubilis must, I think, 
sink as a mere synonym of P. orbitalis. 


CRrYPTINE. 


Ichneumon canaliculatus, Desv. Cat. No. 22.—Three males 
standing under this name are certainly Plectocryptus lewcopsis, 
Gray. et Morl. (Ichn. Brit. ii. 8): possibly Gravenhorst’s earlier 
name should stand for this species, since the present males 
exhibit, though typically Cryptid, distinct carine on the second 
segment. 

Cratocryptus (Phygadeuon) tarsatus, Bridg. Trans. Ent. Soe. 
1881, p. 150 = Plectocryptus pectoralis, Thoms. Opusc. Ent. xxi. 
(1896), 2883, male and female, and should be relegated to the 
latter genus (cf. Ichn. Brit. ii. 17). It is very closely allied to 
P. digitatus, Gmel.; and the types of both sexes are in the 
National Collection. 

Phygadeuon ambiguus.—The two male Cryptids thus named 
by Desvignes, upon the strength of which he brought forward 
this Gravenhorstian species as British, are de facto referable to 
nothing rarer than Microcryptus abdominator. I can at present 
say nothing more respecting Bignell’s example (cf. Ichn. Brit. ii. 
93); but, if retained, P. ambiguus must be regarded as extremely 
doubtfully indigenous. 

Phygadewon curvus, Steph. Illus. Man. vii. 299, is nothing 
but the male of his P. (Acanthocryptus) 4-spinus (l.c. 298), and 
quite distinct from Ichnewmon curvus, Schr.; a co-specific speci- 
men in his collection bears the MS. name “ P. 4-dentatus.” 

Hemiteles melanopygus, Grav.—No doubt can remain that 
Marshall’s inclusion of this species in his 1872 Catalogue rests 


JOTTINGS ON BRITISH ICHNEUMONID. 173 


entirely on the single female Cryptid in the National Collection, 
from that of Desvignes; I have no previous knowledge of this 
species, but the example in question agrees admirably with the 
short description of authors (Ichn. Brit. ii. 170). 

Pezomachus rotundiventris, Fst.—This female has, I believe, 
not been mentioned in literature since first described from a 
German specimen in the Wiegm. Archiv. 1850, p. 129; it has 
hitherto been unknown with us, and is certainly not in my own 
collection. One female was detected by Mr. Ernest A. Elliott 
among Rey. T. A. Marshall’s insects, incorrectly named by the 
latter P. pumilus. The species is, comparatively, very distinct, 
and came from Deal. 

Mesostenus transfuga.—This species (finally instated as British 
at E. M. M. 1907, p. 273) is represented by four females, none 
of which I had seen when writing my notes (/.c.). Two are from 
Marshall’s collection, and were taken at Milford Haven about 
1870; one is from the collection of Desvignes, who labelled it 
** Phygadeuon nov. sp.”; and the last was named for the Linnean 
Society by Gravenhorst himself, and may consequently be con- 
sidered a subtype. With these was mixed a small female 
Pyncocryptus peregrinator, Linn., labelled ‘‘ transfuga’”’ by 
Stephens, showing it to be the type of that species in his 
collection. In Marshall’s own collection I found a single pair, 
evidently taken at the same time and place as his two females 
above, and agreeing with them ad amussim, but labelled “‘ albi- 
notatus”’! Here is the solution of the introduction of J. albv- 
notatus as British : M. transfuga was mistaken for it by Marshall ; 
and it must be omitted from our fauna. 

Mesostenus maurus, Marsh. E. M. M. ix. p. 241.—Marshall 
did not examine the five females in the British Collection (from 
Dr. Heysham’s, and taken, presumably, in the neighbourhood of 
Carlisle), but simply added a name to Fred. Smith’s meagre 
description. It was the latter, doubtless, who erroneously 
referred them to Mesostenus, as I pointed out in 1903 (Ichn. 
Brit. i. 220), though the position I there tentatively assigned 
the species is also incorrect—since I had not then time to 
examine the hypopygium, which does not extend to the terebral 
base. Consequently, this species must be referred to Hoplismenus 
(which had already been done in MS. in the Collection by Bu- 
checker), wherein it can be but the unknown female of H. cornix, 
Kriech., among the known species. The latter was bred in Austria 
by Dorfmeister from Pararge mera (cf. Ann. Nat. Hofmus. Wien. 
1890, p. 481 et Berth. Ann. Soc. Fr. 1894, p. 514, male). 
Unfortunately we know nothing of the origin of these Heysham 
specimens; but I possess a female myself from the collection of 
Alfred Beaumont, which he took at Courten, in Ireland, on 
September 1, 1898, and I have seen others or another in 
Bignell’s, from South Devon. It is, of course, not an addition 


174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


to our fauna, exceptin so far that its position has not previously 
been decided. 

Relegating species to their correct location is no simple task 
in the Ichneumonide. Microplites splendidulus is treated as an 
Ichneumonid by Bridg.-Fitch ; Stephens’s figure of it looks like 
an Atractodes (Cryptid); Berthoumieu tells us it is a Tryphonid, 
and the two specimens standing under this name in Desvignes’s 
collection certainly belong to the Exochini. Mesoleptus Mullert 
(White) Butler, Voy. Erebus, 1874, p. 27, pl. vii, fig. 2, is a 
Lissonota, as I am enabled to say from an examination of the 
typical single male and female in the General Collection. 


PIMPLIN2E. 

Rhyssa leucographa.—The specimens in the British Collection 
from that of Desvignes, which I have mentioned (Ichn. Brit. iii. 
29) as our only possible representatives of this species, have 
the clypeus produced and the central segments not apically 
emarginate; they are nothing but somewhat small Rh. per- 
suasoria, and the former must, consequently, be expunged from 
our indigenous fauna. 

Xorides albitarsus must also be deleted from the British List: 
the only representative being a female Crypturus (Hndurus) 
argiolus, Grav., which is not yet recorded elsewhere as British, 
and probably crept in by accident, since it bears no resemblance 
to any Xorides, nor hint of its origin, beyond the simple number 
“©2923” (of lost meaning) on the pin. It is a native of Southern 
Kurope, said by Giraud to attack Polistes diadema, and is very 
unlikely to extend so far north as Britain. 

The above shows the species to be added and omitted to our 
indigenous fauna to be as follows :— 


DELECTI. DELETI. 

Platylabus histrio, Wesm. Platylabus volubilis, Grav. 
Hoplismenus mawrus, Marsh. Hoplismenus uniguttatus, Grav. 

=? H. corm, Kriech. Ctenichneumon ceruleator, Zett. 
Ichnewmon memorator, Wesm. Ctenichnewmon plicatus, Mor). 
[Pheogenes eques, Wesm., male.} — Mesostenus albinotatus, Grav. 
Notosemus albibuccus, Kriech. Ehyssa leucographa, Grav. 
Pezomachus rotundiventris, Est. Xorides albitarsus, Grav. 


March 10th, 1910. 


ON NEW SPECIES OF BETHYLINA FROM BORNEO. 
By P. Cameron. 


Epyris kuchingensis, sp. n. 
Black; the flagellum, clypeus, mandibles, palpi, the tarsi, anterior 
tibiae, the apex of the others and the tegule, rufo-testaceous ; wings 
hyaline, tinged with fulyous at the base, the nervures rufo-testaceous. 


NEW SPECIES OF BETHYLINEZ FROM BORNEO. 175 


Metanotum closely, somewhat strongly transversely striated; the 
central keel straight, the lateral with the basal half roundly dilated 
outwardly, the sides dilated at the apex into a blunt tooth, below 
which is a rounded incision. Metapleure, except at the top, closely 
longitudinally striated; the base and lower part of the mesopleurs bor- 
dered by a keel, inside of which is a distinct furrow. 9°. Length 4 mm. 

Shining ; the head weakly but distinctly punctured, the punctures 
clearly separated. Ocelli in pits, forming a triangle; the pubescence 
is moderately thick. Pro- and mesothorax covered sparsely with 
pale pubescence. Parapsidal furrows curving towards each other at 
the apex. Scutellar fovezxe deep, oblique, oval. The sides of the 
metanotum are bordered by a keel, inside of which is another, the 
two uniting at the base; the space between them, except at the base, 
is striated; there is a large depression at the base of these two keels. 


Gontozus borneanus, sp. n. 

Black ; the antenne yellowish-testaceous, the tibize and tarsi of a 
more reddish testaceous colour; the wings hyaline, clearer behind 
the stigma than beyond it, the nervures pale testaceous, the stigma 
and parastigma dark fuscous, the former pale at the base, the apical 
margin ciliated. @. Length 2 mm. 


Kuching, Borneo (John Hewitt). 


Scape thickened, narrowed at the base, as long as the following 
two joints united; the latter are longer than wide, thinner and 
longer than the others, which are wider than long, the last conical, 
longer than the preceding. Head distinctly longer than wide, 
bearing scattered shallow punctures above, the temples smooth and 
shining; the part below the antenne is bluntly triangularly pro- 
duced, that above them indistinctly keeled. Temples obliquely 
narrowed, the occiput transverse; the hinder ocelli are placed close 
to the edge of the latter, behind the eyes, from which they are 
separated by about the same distance as they are from each other. 
Pronotum wider than long, longer than the mesonotum. The top of 
the thorax is smooth, shining; the apex of the propleure finely 
striated; the mesopleuree shagreened; the metapleure finely, dis- 
tinctly, closely longitudinally punctured. Sternum thickly covered 
with white pubescence. Abdomen as long as the thorax, smooth and 
shining, sharply pointed at the apex; the basal three segments of 
almost equal length, longer than the fourth. 

There are no keels on the centre of the metanotum; the sides of 
the apical slope are keeled; it has a straight, oblique slope; the top 
part of the metanotum is shorter than the mesonotum and scutellum 
united. The transverse discoidal nervure leaves the basal shortly 
above the middle of the latter, and is as long as the upper part of the 
latter. Eyes large, placed on the middle of the head. There are no 
parapsidal furrows; the scutellum large, wider than long, almost as 
long as the mesonotum. 


Isobrachium kuchingense, sp. n. 


Black; the basal three or four basal joints of the flagellum, tegule, 
and the legs, except the coxew and the greater part of the femora, 


176 - THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


testaceous, the head, thorax and legs sparsely covered with fuscous 
pubescence ; wings hyaline, iridescent, slightly but distinctly tinged 
with fuscous, the stigma and nervures black. ¢g. Length 3:5 mm. 


Kuching, Borneo (John Hewitt, B.A.). 


Head and pronotum covered with shallow, clearly separated 
punctures, the latter more sparsely and weakly than the former and 
having a distinct row of transverse punctures across the apex. 
Basal half of mesonotum smooth and shining, the apical irregularly, 
rather strongly aciculated; there are no parapsidal furrows. Scu- 
tellum smooth, its basal furrow wide, deep. Middle of metanotum 
irregularly transversely striated; there is in the centre a straight 
keel extending to the apex; there is a shorter one on either side of 
it, about three-fourths of its length; outside these, one which 
roundly converges towards the apex, and which reaches to the apical 
transverse keel; the outer part of the metanotum is irregular, 
striated to near the apex, which is entirely striated and with a stout 
keel down the middle. Propleure aciculated. On the lower basal 
half of the mesopleure is a curved furrow, its straight lower branch 
divided by keels; beyond this is a rounded, curved, crenulated 
furrow, extending from near the tegule to the lower part of the 
apex; beyond this, on the upper half, is a shorter, wider, deeper 
oblique furrow, without striz. The mesopleure are weakly reticu- 
lated, the vertical striz stronger than the longitudinal. The antenne 
are stout, shortly densely pilose. 


SOME NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM 
FORMOSA. 


By A. E. Wiueman, F.E.S. 


(Continued from p. 139.) 


Chionema subalba, sp. n. 


g. Head and thorax white, the latter with three reddish bands, 
the posterior one short ; abdomen whitish, tinged with reddish before 
the white anal segment. Fore wings white with four reddish bands ; 
the subbasal not extending to inner margin; the antemedial nearly 
straight, but slightly turned inwards on the costa; the postmedial 
outwardly curved below the cell; the submarginal curved and almost 
parallel with the outer margin. The costal tuft with a black spot at 
its outer edge, and two black spots below it, the outer one linear. 
Hind wings white suffused with pale reddish except on the costal 
area ; a faint fuscous lunule at end of the cell. Fringes white. Under 
side white, the costa of fore wings streaked with reddish from the 
base to the sexual mark; the reddish bands show but faintly ; the 
lunule at end of cell of the hind wings is more distinct than on the 
upper side. 

@. Similar but with three black spots; the bands are rather 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. V7 


narrower, and the antemedial has a slight inward angle above the 
middle. 
Expanse, g¢ 42 millim., 9 52 millim. 


Collection number, 1788. 

Two male specimens and one female from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), 
May, 1909. 

Chionema propinqua, sp. n. 

3. Head and thorax white, the latter spotted with reddish; abdo- 
men whitish, mixed with reddish hairs on the anal segment. Fore 
wings white with three reddish bands, and a narrow border on outer 
margin ; sexual mark of moderate size with three black spots below 
it; the first of the bands is broadly angled below the costa, the second 
is inwardly angled below the middle, and the third is outwardly 
angled above the middle. Hind wings reddish. Under side reddish, 
the fore wings with a whitish streak along the inner margin, and a 
blackish patch in the cell. Fringes of all the wings whitish, those of 
the hind wings tinged with yellow on both surfaces. 

?. Except that the postmedial band of the fore wings is rather 
wavy, this sex agrees with the male in colour and markings. 

Expanse, ¢ 32 millim., ? 40 millim. 


Collection number, 760. 

A female specimen, May 15th, 1906, and a male, August 2nd, 
1906; both from Kanshirei (1000 ft.). 

Somewhat similar to C. interrogationis, Poujade, but easily 
recognized by the characters indicated. 


Chionema quadripartita, sp. nN. 


3g. Head and thorax white; collar, two bars across thorax, and 
tips of the patagia crimson; abdomen whitish. Fore wings white 
with three slightly oblique, almost parallel, crimson bands, the 
antemedial rather nearer the basal than to the postmedial; three 
black spots ; outer margin bordered with crimson. Hind wings red- 
dish, inclining to whitish towards the base; fringes yellow tinged. 
Under side reddish, inner margin of fore wings and fringes of all the 
wings whitish. 

@. Agrees with the male, except that there are only two black 
spots on the fore wings, and the inner edge of the antemedial band is 
marked with black. 

Expanse, ¢ 34 millim., 2 40 millim. 

Collection number, 759. 

A female specimen, May Ist, 1907, and a male, August 21st, 
1908 ; both from Kanshirei (1000 ft.). 

This species is rather like C. flavicincta, Hampson, but the 
male sexual mark is different. 


Chionema pusilla, sp. n. 


g. Whitish, thmly scaled, with reddish markings. Fore wings 
have four transverse lines, the first not extending to the inner margin; 
a submarginal line represented by three spots; a narrow and in- 
terrupted marginal line; a spot in the cell and two spots at end of 


178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the cell; the sexual mark is well developed both above and below. 
Hind wings have a small dusky spot at end of the cell. 

?. In this sex the markings are paler. 

Expanse, $ 18 millim., 9 22 millim. 

Collection number, 758. 

One male specimen, April 22nd, 1906, and a female, May 2nd, 
1907 ; both from Kanshirei. 

Very close to C. effracta, Walk., of which species C. pusilla 
may prove to be a small local form. 


Ilema pulverea, sp. n. 


3$. Head, thorax, and fore wings fuliginous, dusted with pale grey ; 
hind wings and abdomen pale fuscous grey. Under side as above, but 
the fore wings are not dusted with grey. 

Expanse, 40 millim. 


Collection number, 1791. 

One male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May, 1909. 

This species comes near to I. moorei, Leech, from Central and 
Western China. 

Chrysorabdia taiwana, sp. 0. 

3. Head and thorax pale yellowish buff, the latter with a large 
blue-black spot on the back; abdomen yellowish buff. Fore wings pale 
yellowish buff, the costa edged with blue-black, narrowly on basal 
two-thirds and rather broadly on apical third; a broad blue-black 
streak above the inner margin, the inner end pointed and upturned, 
but not extended to the base of the wing, the outer end rounded before 
the hind margin. Hind wings pale yellowish buff. Under side 
similar to the upper side, but the markings on fore wings are without 
blue tint. 

?. Differs from the male in the patagia being blue-black ; the 
costa of the fore wings is broadly blue-black, and the streak above 
the inner margin is longer. 

Expanse, g 44 millim., ? 54 millim. 


Collection number, 750. 

One male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 20th, 1908, 
and a female from Rantaizan (7500 ft)., May 9th, 1909. 

In colour and markings of the fore wings the female of this 
species is very like the same sex of C. viridata, Walk. 


Campylotes maculosa, sp. n. 


9. Headand thorax black ; abdomen black above, greyish banded 
with black beneath. Fore wings black, the veins bluish; a whitish 
streak on the inner margin from the base to beyond the middle, and 
two whitish streaks in the interspaces above ; a short red streak from 
base under the costa, this is crossed by the black subbasal line ; in 
the cell are two streaks divided transversely by an undulated black 
line ; the inner portion of the upper of these streaks is red, and that 
of the lower marked with red, the outer portions of both are white, 
and there is an elongate white spot above; a postmedial curved 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 179 


series of four white spots and eight others (four dot-like) beyond. 
Hind wings white; veins, submarginal line, and margins black; the 
upper part of the cell and the outer extremity of the lower part, also 
the internervular spaces within the submarginal line, from vein two 
to costa, red. Under side similar to the upper. 

Expanse, 49 millim. 


Collection number, 1214. 
One female specimen from Suizan (8000 ft.), August 8th, 1908. 


Heterusia formosana, sp. n. 


3. Fore wings dark green, with three large creamy-white spots 
(two in the cell and one below), and an irregular series of nine similar 
coloured marks before the outer margin; the latter marks are small in 
size, two, three, and eight are linear, the others round. Hind wings 
pale yellowish, black at extreme base; outer border blue, broad on 
costa, tapered towards anal angle, enclosing three creamy-white spots 
(the largest at end of the cell), and an irregular series of black marks. 
Under side of the fore wings blackish ; the central area suffused with 
bluish; outer area of hind wings blackish suffused with bluish; 
markings are similar to above, except that those on the outer area are 
larger. 

2 . Agrees with the male, but it has a creamy-white patch at the 
base of the fore wings, and there is less blue and more black on outer 
area of the hind wings. 

Expanse, ¢ 58 millim., 2 66 millim. 


Collection number, 658. 

One male specimen from Suisha (Lake Candidius (2000 ft.) ), 
October 1st, 1907, and a female taken July 26th, 1908, in the 
same locality. 

The close similarity of the female of H. formosana to that 
of tricolor suggests that the former may possibly be a local form 
of the latter. 

Ourapteryx taiwana, sp.n. 

3. Head white, face and palpi brownish; thorax white; abdo- 
men greyish brown. Fore wings white, apical third blackish; ante- 
and postmedial bands oblique, blackish, slightly approximating on the 
inner margin ; the inner edge of the blackish apical third parallel with 
the postmedial band; blackish streaks on costal area between the 
bands and towards the base; fringes dark brownish on outer margin, 
white on the inner margin. Hind wings white shaded with blackish 
grey on outer area; a black ringed golden-brown spot on the outer 
margin above the tail, and two blackish spots below the tail; fringes 
golden-brown, preceded by a black wavy line. Under side similar to 
above, but the shading on the hind wings is darker and the marks on 
the outer margin near the tail are absent. 

Expanse, 62 millim. 


Collection number, 1666. 
One male specimen from Arizan, September, 1908 (7300 ft.). 


180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ON A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF PARASITIC 
CYNIPIDA (EUCOILINA) FROM CAPE COLONY. 


By P. Camgsron. 


STIRENC@LA, gen. nov. 

g. Antenne fifteen-jointed, the third joint as thick and slightly 
shorter than the fourth, not incised; the other joints a little longer 
and thinner than the third or fourth. Scutellum prominent, roundly 
gradually raised from the base; the cup small, broadly ovate, placed 
on the apical slope above, the. lower margin projecting as a rim. 
Post-scutellum large, projecting roundly above, obliquely sloped 
inwardly from near the top to the bottom; the post-scutellum is 
below the scutellum; both project over the metanotum. Meso- 
pleuree margined below; the apex of the metapleure broadly 
margined, the top roundly projecting. Base of pronotum stoutly 
margined round the top. Radial cellule closed on basal margin, the 
rest open; completely separated from costal cellule; the areolet 
obsolete, as is also the cubitus; an oblique nervure runs into the 
costal close to its base and another near its apex, the latter being 
bullated and longer than the space between it and the areolet; the 
margins are not ciliated, the wings being quite bare; the apex 
broadly rounded. Base of abdomen with a broad hair girdle. Malar 
space distinct, half the length of the eyes. 

The ocelli are prominent and are placed on the margin of the 
vertex. Parapsidal furrows obsolete. The first abscissa of the radius 
is rounded and is distinctly shorter than the second, the costal 
nervure is bullated at its apex. Scutellar fovew large, deep, divided 
by a distinct keel; the lateral partition is transparent in the middle. 


Comes nearest to Diranchis, Foer., which may be known from 
it by the antenne in the male having the first joint of the flagellum 
one and a half times longer than the second, the scutellum 
rugose not smooth and shining, and the wings pilose with a long 
ciliated border. 

Stirencela striaticollis, sp. n. 


Black, shining, the flagellum of antenne, legs and abdomen 
bright red ; smooth, except the basal half of the pronotum which is 
distinctly, closely obliquely striated, wings brownish black to the 
radius and areolet, clear hyaline beyond; the nervures black; the 
cubitus very faint, almost obsolete. g. Length 4 mm. Antenne 
bare, tapering towards the apex, longer by about one-third than the 
body. ‘The hair on the metathorax sparse, long and white; the hair 
girdle of a darker white colour, tinged slightly with fulvous. The 
mandibles are dark rufous. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


EMERGENCE OF THE SECOND GENERATION OF HusTRoMA (C1IDARIA) 
SILACEATA.—In my note upon this matter (antea, p. 32) I find that I 
omitted to enter a male specimen that emerged on December 15th, 


SOCIETIES. 181 


1909. This addition extends the period of emergence of the second 
generation to some twenty-three weeks. With regard to imagines 
resulting from the October pupz mentioned in the note referred to, 
I may state that a male emerged on January 38rd last, another ex- 
ample of the same sex on March 4th, and finally a male on 27th of 
that month. I might add that I am again rearing the species from 
a fresh batch of Huntingdonshire ova. Larve from these com- 
menced to hatch out on May 18th.—Ricuarp Sours. 


GYNANDROUS SATURNIA PAVONIA (CARPINI).-—On April 26th a 
gynandrous S. pavonia emerged from a Denbighshire cocoon which 
had lain over two winters.- The right half of the moth (antenna, 
thorax, and wings) male, the left half female. The rest of the insect 
also appears to be a compromise between the sexes. Another 
curiosity is a cocoon from last year’s larvee which is entirely round, 
and without vent for the emergence of the perfect insect.—J. ARKLE; 
Chester. 


Errata.—P. 136, |. 19, for ‘almost black. Markings” read 
“almost black, markings.’ P. 139, line 9, for ‘‘ basal two outer” 
read ‘‘ basal and outer.” 


SOCIETIES. 


EntomotoaicaL Society or Lonpon.— Wednesday, April 6th, 
1910.—Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., Vice-President, in the chair.— 
Mr. Horace B. Browne, M.A., of 118, Sunny. Bank, Hull; Mr. 
William George Dawson, of 31, King’s Gardens, West End Lane, 
West Hampstead, N.W.; Mr. Alfred Nander Hedges, of 42, Ken- 
sington Park Gardens, W.; the Rev. Hubert George Stanley, of 
Marshfield Vicarage, Cardiff; and Mr. Rupert Stenton, of Southwell, 
Notts, were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. W. G. Sheldon 
exhibited several series of the butterflies taken by him last July in 
the Hohe Tatra region of the Carpathians, Hastern Hungary. They 
included examples of Melitea dictynnoides, Hormuzaki, with WM. au- 
relia and M. dictynna for comparison; Brenthis pales var. arsilache 
from the forest zone at 3000 ft., and a form of B. pales from 5000 ft., 
with the upper side approaching in colour and markings to var. ars?- 
lache, but of smaller size, the under side being typical; also Swiss 
examples for comparison; Parnassius apollo var. carpaticus, Aigner, 
Erebia medusa var. hippomedusa, EH. ligea, and Cenonympha hero.— 
The Rev. G. Wheeler expressed a decided opinion that M. dictyn- 
noides constitutes a good species, and is not a form of M. aurelia.— 
Mr. P. Harwood brought for exhibition an example of Strangalia 
revestita, taken on a flower-head near Andover in 1909.—Mr. W. F. H. 
Rosenberg exhibited (a) a “combination” consisting of a Nym- 
phaline butterfly, Huphedra ruspina, and three species of moths 
belonging to as many different families, viz. Phegorista similis 
(Hypside), Xanthospilopteryx pogger (Agaristile), and a Geometer, 
Aletis helcita. These insects bear a close superficial resemblance to 
each other in colour and pattern of markings, the wings being tawny 
orange, with black marginal borders and white apical and marginal 
spots; (b) a pair of the Nymphaline butterfly, Harma theodota, a 


182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


strikingly dimorphic species, the female of which bears some resem- 
blance, especially on the upper side of the hind wings, to a moth, 
Myctemera hesperia, of the family Lymantriadx ; and (c) five species 
of Planema (family Acreida) and an equal number of species of 
Pseudacrea (family Nymphalid#) mimicking them, the superficial 
resemblance being very close in each case. Special attention was 
called to the specimens of Planema plagioscia, the males of which, 
with tawny bands on the fore wings, are mimicked by the males of 
Pseudacrea hobleyi, whilst the females of the Planema with white 
bands are mimicked by the females of the same species of Pseudacrea. 
A discussion followed, in which Mr. J. W. Tutt, Mr. G. A. K. Mar- 
shall, and other Fellows joined.—Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited 
examples of Methoca ichnewmonides, parasitic on the larva of the 
tiger-beetle, taken by him in the Isle of Wight. He said that it was 
apparently unknown in this country that Methoca ichnewmonides is 
parasitic on this larva. But he had taken it at Blackgang Chine, 
where it would be parasitic on C. germanica. With these examples 
he also showed the hosts, C. campestris, C. sylvatica, C. germanica, 
and a tiger-beetle larva. Mr. Donisthorpe also exhibited an example 
of Ptinella britannica, Mat., found in a mole’s nest at Burwell Fen 
last month. This is only the third British specimen that has yet 
been recorded, and apparently the fourth only in Europe, one having 
been reported from France.—Mr. Norman H. Joy, M.R.C.S., read a 
paper ‘‘On the Behaviour of Coleoptera during Floods,” and exhibited 
living specimens to illustrate the remarkable power of Dzanouws 
cerulescens in “skimming” on the surface of water. The following 
papers were also read:—‘ A Revision of the genus Diplatys, Serv.,” 
by Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &&; “On the Geometride 
of the Argentine Republic,” by Louis B. Prout—H. Rownanp-Browny, 
M.A., Hon. Secretary. 


THE SoutH Lonpon Enromonoeican AnD Natura History 
Sociery.— April 14th, 1910.—Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., Vice-President, 
in the chair.—Mr. Ashdown exhibited a large number of Coleoptera 
taken in Switzerland during July, 1909, including Staphylinus fossor, 
Tricodes alvearius, T. apiarius, Spondylis buprestoides, Endomychus 
coccineus, Molorchus minor, Strangalia attenuata, &e.—Mr. R. Adkin, 
long series of the various forms of Hepialus hwmult, including some 
very fine Shetland specimens. — Mr. Cowham, portions of ash-stems 
showing extensive marks of the depredations of a species of Scolytus 
beetle.—Mr. Dennis, a long series of photographs of British lichens. 
—Mr. Turner, a number of species of Lepidoptera sent him from 
Saskatchewan and Vancouver by Mr. Croker, and commented on 
their British-like appearance; included were Argynnis bremneri, 
Polygonia marsyas, Cenonympha elko, Notolophus badia, Malacosoma 
pluvialis, Thanaos persius, &e.—Mr. Newman, larve of Dryas paphia, 
Melitea conxia, M. athalia, Argynnis adippe, A. aglaia, and Agriades 
corydon, which he had been forcing. Argynnis adippe and A.aglaza had 
scarcely responded to the treatment, but the rest were practically all 
full fed.—Mr. Coote, a bred series of Nyssia hispidaria from ova laid 
in 1909.— Mr. Sich, the two species of Adela with entire yellow 
fascisa—Adela cresella (sulzella) and A. degeerella—and pointed out 
their differences. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 1838 


April 28th.—Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the chair.— 
Mr. W. West (Greenwich) exhibited numerous rare and interesting 
specimens taken mainly by himself forty or fifty years ago. Many 
were of local interest to entomologists of S.E. London. Included 
were Pieris daplidice (Folkestone), Agrius convolvult (Greenwich 
Park), Hippotion celerio (Greenwich), Deiopera pulchella (St. Mar- 
garet’s Bay), Spilosoma urtice (Greenwich), A’. cynipiformis and 
AY. nyopeformis (Greenwich), 44. culiciformis (Darenth), 4. ichneu- 
moniformis (Lee), Colias hyale, C. edusa, and var. helzce from the 
Brockley railway-banks.— Mr. R. Adkin exhibited specimens of 
Anthrocera, including the form supposed to be a hybrid between 
A. achillee and A. filipendule, and stated that an examination of the 
genitalia by Mr. Pierce had shown that the example in question 
was the latter species. —- Mr. Turner, a large number of Diptera, 
Ichneumonidex, and other Hymenoptera, sent to him from Waroona, 
West Australia. — Mr. Sperring, specimens of Amphydasis strataria 
bred from ova, all having extremely dark bands. — Mr. Sich read a 
paper entitled “The Legs of Lepidopterous Larve.”—Hy. J. TURNER, 
Hon. Report. Sec. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalene in the British Museum. 
Vol. ix. By Sir Grorer F. Hampson, Bart. Pp. i-xv, 1-552. 
London. Printed by Order of the Trustees. 1910. 


THE present volume concludes the Acronyctine, subfamily of the 
Noctuide. Including those in the Addenda, 727 species are here 
catalogued and described, and these are distributed among some 187 
genera, of which sixty are new. The British species included are 
the following :— 

Gortyna, Treit. (1825), t. lewcostigma, Hiibn. (also type of 
Helotropha, Led., 1857). Apamea, Ochs. (1816), t. nictitans, L. 
Xanthecia, Hampson (1910), t. flavago, Schiff. Hydrecia, Dup. 
(1844), t. mzcacea, Esp. Pyrrhia, Hiibn. (1827), t. purpurina, Esp., 
includes wmbra, Huin. Ipimorpha, Hiibn. (1827), t. retusa, L., in 
which is sunk Plastenis, Boisd. (1840), t. swbtwsa, Schiff. Mervstis, 
Hiibn. (1827), t. trigrammica, Hufn., also the type of Grammesia, 
Steph. (1829). Calymnia, Hiibn. (1827), t. trapezina, L., also of 
Euperia, Guen. (1839); the other British species in the genus are 
diffinis, L. (t. of Hustegnia, Hiibn. (1827)), pyralina, Schiff., and 
afjints, L. Dicycla, Guen. (1852), t. 00, L. (also type of Hugramma, 
Steph. (1850)). Hnargia, Hiibn. (1827), t. paleacea, Esp. (also type 
of Huperia, Guen. (1841)). Phragmatiphila, Hamps. (1910), t. typhe, 
Thnb. (also type of Nonagria, Hiibn. (1827) ). Arenostola, Hamps. 
(1910), t. phragmitidis, Hiibn.; the other British species included in 
this genus are lwtosa, Hiibn., brevilinea, Fenn., elymi, Treit., fluxa, 
Hiibn., = hellmanni, Ev., pygmina, Haw., = fulva, Hiibn., bondi, 
Knaggs, = morrisiz, Tutt, and extrema, Hiibn., = concolor, Guen. 
Archanara, Walk. (1866), t. Nonagria polita, Walk. (E. Asia); the 
British species referred to this genus are geminipwncta, Haw., 
dissoluta, Treit., = neurica, Hiibn., figs. 659-661, newrica, Hibn., 
fig.381, = edelstenr, Tutt, sparganii, Esp., alge, Esp., = canne, Ochs. 


184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Cenobia, Steph. (1856), t. rufa, Haw.  Nonagria, Ochs. (1816), 
t. maritima, Tausch (also type of Chilodes, H.-S. (1845)). Oria, 
Hiibn. (1827), t. muscwlosa, Hitbn. (also type of Synva, Dup. (1844), and 
of Tapinostola, Led. (1857)). Panemeria, Hiibn. (1827), t. tenebrata, 
Scop. (also type of Heliaca, H.-S. (1852) ). 


The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 1909- 
1910. With Thirteen Plates. Pp. i-xvi, 1-133. The Society, 
Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. 


CoNSIDERED either from the literary or from the pictorial point 
of view, the present volume of ‘ Proceedings’ must be acknowledged 
as one of the best, if not the best, this eminently progressive Society 
has produced. In addition to the instructive matter detailed in the 
“Abstract,” there are nine papers (of which we can only enumerate 
the titles) of considerable interest :—‘ Stray Notes on the Variation 
and Distribution of Boarmia repandata in Britain” (pp. 1-4, plate i.), 
and ‘‘Notes on the Harlier Stages of Nola albulalis” (pp. 41-42, 
plates xi., xii.), by Robert Adkin, F.E.S.; ‘Resting Attitudes 
of Lepidoptera,” by A. EK. Tonge, F.E.S. (pp. 5-8, plates ii. iii.) ; 
“Notes on Diptera,” by H. W. Andrews, F'.E.S. (pp. 84-40); “Larval 
Stages of Chrysopora hermannella, Fab.,” by Alfred Sich, F.E.S. 
(pp. 43-49, plate xili.); ‘Stray Notes on Ticks,” by F. Noad Clark 
(pp. 29-33, plates ix., x.); “The Scotch Fir (Pznus sylvestris),” by 
W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (pp. 9-18, plates iv., v.); ‘ Fruits,” + by 
Hugh Main, B.Se., F.E.S. (pp. 14-20, plates vi—vii.); “ Our 
Authorities: an Introduction to the Karly Literature of Entomology,” 
by Henry J. Turner, F.E.S. (pp. 21-28). 

All the plates (except xil., which is from drawings) are from 
photographs by the authors of the respective papers they illustrate, 
and are of great merit. 

The President (Mr. A. Sich) devotes a large portion of his address 
to the interesting subject ‘‘ Lepidopterous Evolution.” 


Catalogue of British Hymenoptera of the Family Chalcidide. By 
CuaubvE Mortey, F.Z.8., F.E.S. Published by the Trustees of 
the British Museum. 1910. 


Mr. Moruey has published the first complete synonymic Cata- 
logue of the British species of this well-known though little- 
worked family of Hymenoptera, uniformly with the defunct ‘General 
Catalogue of the Insects of the British Isles,’ begun by the Entomo- 
logical Society. In the preface he tells us that this Catalogue 
completes our lists of the indigenous Hymenoptera, a vast order of 
insects, which numbers some 4830 species in Britain alone. Of 
these, the present list includes references to a hundred and forty- 
eight genera, comprising 1424 species, as is indicated in the summary, 
corrected to March 15, 1910. The whole is comprised in seventy-four 
pages, with index to the correct and the synonymic genera. A 
catalogue is the precursor of a monograph; with this basis we trust 
some student will ere long arise and give us a detailed account of 
these multitudinous and beautiful parasites. 


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from Cape Colony, P. Cameron, 180. 

Nores AND OBSERVATIONS, 180. SocrEerrEs, 181. RECENT ‘LIrerature, 183, 


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The Entomologist, July, 1910. Plate IV. 


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W. J. Lucas photo. aut del. 


BRITISH SCORPION-FLIES. 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Wor. SLED | Te 19.10. 


[No. 566 


BRITISH SCORPION-FLIES. 
By W. J. Lucdss, B.A5 F.H.S. 
(Puate LY.) 


Wiruin the natural order Neuroptera is to be found a distinct 
little group of insects, the typical members of which are most 
appropriately named ‘‘ Scorpion-flies.””. McLachlan, in his mono- 
eraph of the British Planipennia* (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1868), 
designates them Panorpina, thus giving them more than family 
rank, while some systematists go the length of constituting them 
a distinct order under the name of Mecaptera; but this seems 
scarcely necessary for ordinary purposes. In Britain we have, 
so far as is known, but four representatives of the group— 
three belonging to the typical genus, Panorpa, the scorpion- 
flies proper, and one species representing the peculiar genus 
Boreus. 

Carnivorous habits characterise both of the active stages of 
these insects. The larve somewhat resemble those of sawflies, 
since they possess prolegs as well as true ones. Besides the 
scorpion-like tip to the abdomen of the male, perhaps the most 
distinctive feature of the imago is the beak-shaped head (Plate IV. 
fig. 1f), which is turned downwards when in its normal position. 
At its distal extremity are the mandibles and maxille, while the 
eyes and long antenne are at its base. The wings are long, and 
in shape not unlike those of many dragonflies. It seems clear 
that the eggs are laid in moist soil, and that they hatch in about 
seven days. After feeding for about four weeks they become 
quiescent, but it is only after a further period of some weeks that 
they change into pup, which are motionless, although their 
limbs are free. 

For much of what is known concerning the life-history of the 
scorpion-flies we are indebted to Brauer’s two papers in Sitz. 
Akad. Wissensch. of Vienna, 1851, and in Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. 
of Vienna, 1868. McLachlan has given a translation of part of 


** = Neuroptera (Entom. xlii. p. 271). 
ENTOM.—JULY, 1910. P 


186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the latter paper in the monograph referred to above. Another 
paper on the scorpion-flies of very general interest is one by 
HK. P. Felt, D.Sc. (Report of New York State Entomologist, 1894, 
x. 96), in which he gives a full account of the habits and life- 
history of a North American species, Panorpa rufescens. 

Though these writers are able to tell us something about the 
curious insects under consideration, still we know really very 
little about them, and entomologists who observe any points in 
connection with their economy should record them whether they 
study the Neuroptera or not. It seems clear that the larve are 
carnivorous, and as they are subterraneous they probably live on 
larve, worms, and so on. Whether they are predaceous, in 
the true sense of the word, we would like to know. It is 
perhaps established that in the imago stage they suck the juices 
of dead or injured animals, but do not hunt them down them- 
selves. 

Prof. EH. B. Poulton, in his paper ‘‘ Predaceous Insects and 
their Prey’’ (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1906), gives five instances 
of scorpion-flies with their prey: P. meridionalis surrounding 
and sucking adead worm ; P. communis with a Telephorid beetle ; 
and three cases of P. germanica,* one with an Empid fly, and two 
each with a Bibionid fly. The P. meridionalis were clearly feed- 
ing on dead prey; as regards the others no inference may be 
drawn. Only once have I myself come across a scorpion-fly with 
its prey. On June 14th, 1908, near Oxshott, Surrey, one had 
possession of what appeared to be a whitish grub, which it 
seemed to be sucking. On my attempting to make a capture 
both dropped and could not be found. ‘These insects always 
seem sensitive of one’s approach, and often drop in this way. 
If followed, they usually dive into the matted herbage on 
the soil. 

When handled, scorpion-flies eject a dark brown fluid and 
emit a somewhat offensive smell, the former perhaps being the 
cause of the latter. As further weapons of offence they possess 
the scopion-like forceps at the extremity of the abdomen, with 
which they are able to give a very effective nip. 

As regards distribution, we again have very incomplete 
evidence, though probably P. germanica and P. communis are 
universal and common, while P. cognata is equally scarce. My 
own casual records, with dates, follow :— 


P. communis.—May 2nd, 1908, one male, Hurst Hill, New 
Forest ; May 27th, 1903, a specimen with markings reduced, 
Horsley, Surrey ; June 1st, 1901, Byfleet Canal, Surrey; June 
7th, 1903, June 5th and 12th, 1910, Oxshott district, Surrey ; 
June 6th, 1903, Horsley ; June 19th, 1909, between Ashtead and 


* Fig. 3d in the Plate accompanying this note represents one of these, 
its prey being Hmpis tessellata. 


BRITISH SCORPION-FLIES. 187 


Burford Bridge, Surrey; June 20th, 1896, a fair number at 
Byfleet Canal, common on June 24th, 1903; June 24th, 1908, 
near Hindhead, Surrey; July 9th, 1904, a female near Ashtead ; 
July 25th, 1908, one only, Byfleet Canal; August 8th, 1906, New 
Forest ; August 27th, 1903, a male with rather suffused appear- 
ance to wings, New Forest; a female, August, 1907, High Cliff, 
Hants (from A. L. Simmons) ; a large bright female, September 
3rd, 1907, New Forest. 


P. gerMANIcA.—One female, May 10th, 1905, between Clay- 
gate and Black Pond, Surrey; one male, May 12th, 1906, between 
Horsley and Clandon ; two males, May 15th, 1897, near Claygate, 
Surrey ; a female, May 16th, 1897, and a male, May 19th, 1902, 
Ksher Common, Surrey; a pair, May 17th, 1902, near Kffingham 
Station, Surrey; a male, May 18th, 1910, near Oxshott ; a male, 
May 18th, 1907, New Forest ; rather common near Oxshott, May 
20th, 1910; May 22nd, 1897, near Horsley; May 25th, 1910, 
Netley Heath, Surrey ; a male, May 25th, 1907, Tetcham Com- 
mon, and a specimen, May 28th, 1910, near the same place ; one 
male, May 28th, 1908, Bude, Cornwall (from Dr. T. A. Chapman) ; 
a male, June Ist, 1901, Byfleet Canal; June 2nd, 1897, Oxshott ; 
a male, June 4th, 1904, Bookham Common; June 6th, 1903, 
Horsley ; a female, June 10th, 1902, Kew Gardens, Surrey ; 
June 12th, 1910, between Claygate and Oxshott; a male,* June 
13th, 1906, near Haslemere, Surrey ; afemale, June 19th, 1909, 
between Ashford and Burford Bridge; June 20th, 1896, one, 
Byfleet Canal, and some specimens in the same locality, June 
24th, 1903; June 24th, 1908, near Hindhead; two females, 
July 6th, 1904, near Hindhead ; Swanage, Dorset, August 15th, 
1902; afemale, August 17th, 1907, New Forest, and the species 
again in New Forest, at Hurst Hill, August 19th, 1906; a few, 
August 23rd, 1899, between Lynmouth and Brendon, Devon; 
August 26th, 1897, and August 29th, 1900, Bagley Wood, Berks ; 
September 10th, 1900, the Coverts, near Claygate. 


P. cocnata.—On one occasion only have I taken this 
species—a female, July 28rd, 1904, at Byfleet Canal, Surrey. 
Folkestone, Kent, is another locality ; while McLachlan thought 
it was most frequent in the New Forest. Perhaps it is a later 
insect than the other two. 

Although it involves a considerable amount of repetition, I 
have given the list almost without condensation in order to 
shew the time of the year when the imagines appear to be most 
frequent. Perhaps other naturalists may be able to supply 
similar dated locality lists, and so add to our knowledge of the 
distribution and period of flight of these insects. 


* Almost immaculate, the chief markings being a black apex to all the 
wings, and a spot on the costa at the pterostigma. 


Pp 2 


188 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


P. cOMMUNIsS. 


P. COGNATA: 


P. GERMANICA. 


1, Size larger. 1. Size intermediate. 1. Size smaller. 

2. Markings on wings | 2. General appearance |2. Wings have the ap- 
arranged more or of markings rather pearance of being 
less in bands. suffused. spotted, rather than 

banded. 

3. Colour of markings | 8. Ditto, brown. 3. Ditto, as P. com- 
on wings approach- munis. 
ing black. 

4, Antepenultimate seg- | 4. Ditto, cylindrical. | 4. Ditto, conical (last two 


ment conical. (Plate 


(Plate IV. fig. 2c.) 


joints and forceps 


IV. fig. 1d.) hairy.) (Plate IV. 


fig. 3e.) 


. Ditto, linear, straight. | 5. Ditto, flattened, di- 


iat 


. Appendices of male 


or 


linear, curved. (Plate IV. fig. 2d.) lated and truncated 
(Plate IY. fig. le.) at apex. (PlateIV. 

fig. 3f.) 
6. Rostrum castaneous, | 6. Ditto, reddish, with | 6. Ditto, testaceous, 


with two longitudi- 
nal indistinct fus- 
cous stripes. 


scarcely darker 


stripes. 


with two longitudi- 
nal blackish stripes. 


[No. 6 can scarcely be relied upon; but the species may be distinguished 
with certainty by means of Nos. 4 and 5.| 


Boreus HYEMALIS (Plate IV. 4), the remaining British repre- 
sentative of the group, I have never succeeded in finding, although 
I have occasionally made search for it. Mr. K. J. Morton, who 
finds it near Edinburgh, once (in litt. Nov. 20th, 1908) sent me 
suggestions with regard to searching for the elusive little 
creature, and no doubt he will not mind my publishing them. 
He says:—‘‘ Boreus may be a little local, but it is certainly 
widely distributed. I suppose the mode of taking it is that 
adopted by coleopterists for catching moss-frequenting beetles. 
Try moss-covered walls, both top and base, mossy banks, and 
open woods where there is a good growth of moss around the 
foot of the trees. The best moss is not that which grows in close 
cushions, but the more luxuriant sorts which allow of a good 
handful being torn away from the earth. This should be care- 
fully separated with the hands and shaken, the operation being 
performed over a newspaper. If the little beast is there, he 
usually shews his presence by jumping.” 

Compared with the scorpion-flies, Boreus is a tiny creature, the 
figure (Plate IV. 4) being magnified about two and a half times. 
The wings are quite rudimentary, but the beak-like head reveals 
its relationship with Panorpa. Again we have to look to Brauer 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 189 


(Verh. d. zool.-bot. Ver. in Wien, 1855, pp. 711-712, and 1862, 
pp. 820-323) for much of what little we know of the insect. 
The larva lives in earth or amongst moss. Pupation takes 
place also in the earth early in the autumn, and the imago is 
found in the winter from about October till March. The northern 
part of Great Britain seems to be its headquarters, though it 
has been taken in the London district—at Southgate and near 
Croydon, for instance—and there is little doubt that coleo- 
pterists who work in the winter could without difficulty supply 
us with fresh localities. 


FXXPLANATION OF PLATE. 


1. Panorpa communis. a, typical male (nat. size), Byfleet, Surrey, 
June 1, 1901; 6, typical female (nat. size), Oxshott, Surrey, June 21, 1901; 
c, female with aberrant wing coloration (nat. size), Castle Howard, Yorks ; 
d, extremity of abdomen of male (magnified); e, appendages of ventral sur- 
face of forceps of male (much magnified) ; f, head (x 11). 

2. P. cognata. a, male (nat. size), Folkestone, Kent, August 16, 1895 ; 
b, female (nat. size), Folkestone, August 10, 1895; c, extremity of abdomen 
of male; d, appendages of ventral surface of forceps of male. 

3. P.germanica. a, typical male (nat. size), Bookham Common, Surrey, 
June 4, 1904; 0, typical female (nat. size), Swanage, Dorset, August 15, 1902; 
c, var. of male (nat. size), Huddersfield, Yorks; d, var. of female, Tongue, 
Sutherlandshire (nat. size); e, extremity of abdomen of male; /, appendages 
of ventral surface of forceps of male. 

4. Borews hyemalis, female (x 2°4). 

[Figs. 1d, e; 2c, d; 3e, f, are after McLachlan. | 

I have to thank Mr. G. T. Porritt for the loan of the insects numbered 

lc, 2a,26, 8c, and Prof. E. B. Poulton for that of 3d. 


28, Knight’s Park, Kingston-on-Thames: 
June, 1910. 


SOME NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM 
FORMOSA. 


By A. E. Wiueman, F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 179.) 


Chryseglia magnifica taiwana, ab. n. 

The ground colour is paler than in typical magnifica, and the 
markings are bluer and more metallic ; the spot on the inner margin 
of the fore wings unites with the costal border. 

Collection number, 751a. 

A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), August 13th, 1908. 


Diacrisia clava, sp. n. 
3. Head and thorax brownish buff, the latter with a black dot 
on each side; abdomen reddish above, suffused with blackish, except 
at the base, and barred with black. Fore wings brownish buff with 


190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


a faint pinkish tinge on the basal two-thirds, and a fuscous suffusion 
on the outer third; the costa black on basal third; a small black 
mark, with spot below it, on the middle of the costa; a black club- 
like mark on middle of the inner margin, the end nearest the base of 
the wing surmounted by a black dot; from the other extremity a 
dusky shade runs to a series of five black dots from the apex. Hind 
wings paler buff, suffused with reddish towards the base; a black 
spot in the cell, one above the middle of outer margin, and two 
towards the anal angle. Under side as above, but the basal half of 
the fore wings clouded with reddish. 

Eixpanse, 54 millim. 

Collection number, 1786. 

One male specimen from Rantaizan, May 10th, 1909. 

This species is near D. abdominalis, from the North-west 
Himalayas. : 

Gargetta (?) nigra, sp.n. 

S$. Head, thorax, and fore wings fuliginous, the latter with some 
white scales on the discocellulars. Hind wings smoky grey. 

Expanse, ¢ 42 millim., 2 40 millim. 


Collection number, 705. 

One example of each sex from Arizan, September 11th, 1906. 

The antenne, which are two-thirds the length of costa, are 
bipectinated in both sexes, but in the female the branches are 
only about half the length of those of the male. 


Opisthograptis punctilineata, sp. n. 

3. Canary-yellow. Fore wings with two sinuous, dusky lines 
before the middle, and an obscure dentate line beyond the middle; 
the outer line is dotted with chocolate-brown at the veins, and the 
others commence in small purplish brown marks on the costa; a 
purplish brown mark at the base, and a larger one on the costa just 
beyond the middle; from the costal mark a somewhat pyriform spot, 
outlined in chocolate-brown, extends downwards to the median ner- 
vure, and encloses a transparent crescent. Hind wings have a blackish 
discal mark, a dusky central line, and traces of a faint submarginal 
line. Fringes of all the wings dotted with chocolate-brown at ends 
of the veins, but not below vein three on fore wings. Under side as 
above, except that the submarginal line of the hind wings is more 
distinct, and the central line very faint. 

Expanse, 50 millim. 


Collection number, 1671. 
One male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 11th, 1909. 
Near mélleri, Warr, but differs chiefly in the maculation of 
the postmedial line. 
Tristrophis (?) ramosa, sp. 0. 
3. Fore wings yellowish white; ante- and postmedial bands 
narrow, blackish, the first oblique from costa to inner margin, along 


which it is continued to the curved second band; the bands are also 
united by blackish along the median nervure and its third branch ; 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 191 


the costal area between the bands and the outer area beyond the 
postmedial streaked with blackish ;. marginal band and _ fringes 
blackish. Hind wings whitish, with the dark markings of the under 
side showing through ; outer area with dark greyish strie, the veins 
yellowish, and two black spots near the margin. Under side similar 
to above, but the hind wings are yellow tinted and irregularly spotted 
with blackish. 
Expanse, 44 millim. 


Collection number, 1672. 
One male, Arizan, 1908 (7300 ft.). 


Odonestis ochreipuncta, sp.n. 

$. Fore wings red-brown, paler and sprinkled with violet-grey 
on the outer area beyond the oblique line; the latter, which is blackish 
faintly edged inwardly with violet-grey, runs from about middle of 
the inner margin to the costa just before the apex ; the submarginal 
line is blackish and serrated ; discoidal mark pale ochreous, minute. 
Hind wings brown, the inner area clothed with red-brown hair. 
Fringes of all the wings paler, and faintly chequered with darker. 
Under side brown, inclining to reddish on inner area of all the wings, 
veins reddish; the hind wings have a diffuse, dusky, median shade, 
and the oblique line of the fore wings is represented by a dusky 
shade. 

@. Similar, but on the upper side there is less red in the general 
colour, and on the under side the reddish tint is entirely absent. 

Expanse, 9 48 millim., 2 60 millim. 


Collection number, 719. 


A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), September 13th, 
1906 ; and a female from Jujimichi (6500 ft.), September 17th 
of the same year. 


A common species, near albomaculata, Brem. 


Odonestis nigropuncta, sp. 0. 


$. Fore wings pale ochreous brown, clouded with darker brown 
at the base, and between the veins on outer margin; the costal area 
is broadly suffused with darker brown, inclining to reddish ; a dark 
oblique band runs from about the middle of inner margin to the costa 
near apex—it is composed of an outer series of brown spots between 
the veins, and an inner series of blackish lunules; discoidal spot 
black, with a dusky mark before it and another above it; a double 
series of black submarginal dots (failing towards the costa), those of 
the inner series are under the veins, and those of the outer series are 
above the veins; fringes dark brown, paler at ends of the veins. 
Hind wings brown with a slight cupreous tinge ; fringes paler. Under 
side pale brown; fore wing suffused with darker brown on costal 
area, oblique postmedial band dusky; hind wings with a dusky 
curved postmedial band. 

Expanse, 46 millim. 


Collection number, 1192. 


192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Three male specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), June 7th, 
1907, April and August, 1908. 
An extremely common species at light. 


Crinocraspeda (?) excisa, sp. Nn. 


g. Antenne with long dark brown branches, graduated to the 
tip. Fore wings brown, tinged with reddish on the central area, 
mottled and suffused with greyish, especially on the costal area; a 
pale, wavy, transverse line on the outer marginal area is deeply 
incurved about the middle, and again before the inner margin; this 
line is inwardly bordered by a fuscous shade; apical half of the outer 
margin clouded with fuscous ; a black discal dot, beyond which the 
veins are finely marked with blackish. Hind wings deeply excised 
on the middle of costa, crenulate on the outer margin, and deeply 
notched above vein six; brown with a blackish patch, outwardly 
edged with white, on middle of costal area; the veins beyond the 
patch black flecked with white; abdominal area clothed with pale 
brown hairs. Under side of the fore wings much as above, but rather 
paler, veins clearly defined; hind wings pale brown, mottled and 
clouded with blackish ; a black antemedial line, veins beyond the line 
black flecked with white. 

Expanse, 46 millim. 


Collection number, 1675. 
One male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 23rd, 1908. 


Metanastria arizana, sp. un. 


3. Fore wings reddish brown; a whitish dot at end of the cell ; 
ante- and postmedial lines black, serrate, the latter curved, the former 
angled about middle and inwardly edged with whitish ; space between 
the lines dark red-brown; submarginal series of blackish marks con- 
nected by a dusky line, and outwardly edged with greyish, most 
distinct towards the inner margin ; on the middle of the outer margin 
is a dark red-brown cloud. Hind wings pale reddish brown, with 
narrow central bands of a darker hue on each wing. 

@. Much darker brown, the reddish tint only in evidence on the 
basal area and beyond the postmedial. 

Expanse, g¢ 54 millim., ? 62 millim. 


Collection number, 720. 

One example of each sex from Arizan (7800 ft.); the male 
taken in September, 1906, and the female in August, 1908. 

A common species at light. 


Miresa fulgida, sp. n. 


g. Face and antenne red-brown, head and thorax golden yellow ; 
abdomen yellowish, edges of the segments tinged with red-brown dor- 
sally. Hore wings red-brown, darker on costal area; a diffuse patch of 
silvery scales in the cell, and a triangular silvery patch beyond the 
cell—the latter has its base on the silvery postmedial line between 
veins three and five, which at this point and inwards are also silvery ; 


MELITMHA BRITOMARTIS AND ITS ANCILLARY APPENDAGES. 193 


the area beyond the postmedial is suffused with greyish, and out- 
wardly edged with silvery. Hind wings ochreous brown. Under 
side ochreous brown, veins paler; costal area of the fore wings suffused 
with reddish brown. 

@. Similar, but the silvery patch in the cell is less diffuse, and 
the under sides of all the wings are rather darker. 

Expanse, $ 34 millim., 2 40 millim. 

Collection number, 666. 

One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.) ; the male 
was captured April 24th, 1908, and the female June 17th, 1907. 
Allied to M. bracteata, Butl. 


Chelura pica, sp. n. 

3g. Antenne black, branches rather long; head and thorax 
blackish, the latter brown tinged in front. Fore wings black, with 
four white spots in the cell, one at the outer end of the cell, and 
a series of four white spots between veins two and six; the spaces 
below vein two white, except on the outer marginal area, each broken 
by a blackish line. Hind wings white, outer margin with a rather 
diffuse blackish border; veins blackish. Under side similar to the 
upper side. 

Expanse, 43 millim. 


Collection number, 1678. 
A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), July, 1908. 


(To be continued.) 


MELITHA BRITOMARTIS AND ITS ANCILLARY 
APPENDAGES. 


By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.Z.§., &e. 


Ir is no doubt somewhat rash to differ from Mr. Wheeler on 
a question affecting the Meliteas, and I do not write this to do 
more than call attention to the fact that Mr. Wheeler (‘ Ento- 
mologist,’ p. 168, 1910) does me rather less than justice in 
citing my opinion on M. britomartis (Reazzino) as an instance 
of founding an opinion on the characters of the male appen- 
dages alone. 

This is far from being the case. I did not recite at length 
the whole question as to the claims of britomartis to specific 
rank, but perhaps I ought to have mentioned my own position 
in the matter. I also failed to say that I am fully assured of 
the extent of my own ignorance, and that my opinion is open 
to revision by myself or anyone else, on the appearance of any 
new evidence. 1 often make some such statement, but with a 
feeling that it is rather absurd to do so, since it is only under 
such conditions that either I or anyone else can make any 


194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


statement, either as to fact or opinion, and to recite these 
conditions is, as mathematicians use the word, not significant, 
and is mere verbiage. It clearly, however, possesses uses on 
occasion, as I might thereby have avoided ruffling my friend’s 
amiable serenity. 

My position in the matter is, however, more apposite; it 
was this: Hxamining the specimens and taking into account all 
that Mr. Wheeler has told us about them, I was strongly of 
opinion that britomartis (Reazzino) was a form of dictynna, not 
of course identical with dictynna, but a special form or race. I 
had doubts about it, founded rather on deference to Mr. Wheeler’s 
opinion than on my own weighing of the facts. I wanted some 
further evidence, and felt that further evidence one way would 
strengthen these doubts; the other way, would do away with 
them. 

The new item was the structure of the male appendages, 
and as these agreed with those of dictynna, I was satisfied 
that, so far as I could form an opinion, britomartis was a form 
of dictynna. 

That I was fully justified in my attitude of doubt, pending 
this reference, may be deduced from the opinion of Mr. Wheeler 
himself, given to the Entomological Society. He is reported in 
the ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xli. p. 94, as saying that ‘‘the close 
affinity with M. dictynna made separation superficially very 
difficult, and until all forms were reared from the ovum it would 
be impossible to determine whether britomartis constituted a 
separate species or not.” 

There can be no doubt, of course, that definite evidence from 
the early stages would put the question on a new and firmer 
basis. 

I was unable to accept, on the facts Mr. Wheeler advanced, 
that britomartis is ‘‘ undoubtedly double-brooded.” He took it 
in June and in July in different seasons, and considered the 
June season a late one, and that these were first and second 
broods. The season 1907 was possibly not so late south of the 
Alps, as in the Rhine Valley; on the Riviera, it was fairly 
average. Assuming it to be double-brooded, this is an impor- 
tant fact, but far from conclusive as to the specific position of 
britomartis. I do not know whether Mr. Wheeler intended to 
describe the palpi and antenne of the two forms as different ; 
he uses different phrases, and seems to imply that we have here 
good specific characters. My observation is to the effect that 
the antenne and palpi in the two are identical. I might go 
over the other items; but this is unnecessary, since the point 
we are discussing is that they left me fairly satisfied that brito- 
martis is dictynna. 

Il may mention, however, that in Mr. Lang’s series of 
dictynna, which I have, are several specimens, curiously without 


THREE NEW. SPECIES OF INDIAN RHYNCHOTA. 195 


data, but which agree very closely indeed with Dritomartis, 
showing that Lang was of opinion that this form was only one 
of dictynna. Tutt has also expressed a similar opinion as to 
britomartis. 

I cite this, since Mr. Wheeler’s datum seems to be that the 
proof that britomartis was a good species was so strong that 
nobody could possibly be of a contrary opinion ; and that when 
I cited the last straw as determining my views, I was making it 
outweigh the whole of the rest of the load, instead of merely 
adding a trifle to it. 

On the general question on which I am held up to censure, 
my position has always been that the male armature presents 
useful characters, just as any other part of the insect does, and 
that these characters are to be valued at neither more nor less 
than any others. They have the advantage of being those of 
hard chitinous parts, with none of the indecision of wing 
markings and colours. They often present decisive characters 
when others fail; they also fail sometimes where other characters 
leave us in no doubt. The only ground on which they appear 
to claim superior value is that they are often the last referred 
to, and seem therefore to be regarded as decisive in a way that 
would not at all occur had they been taken into account at first 
instead of last. 

Betuia, Reigate. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF 
INDIAN RHYNCHOTA. 


By W. L. Distant. 


HETEROPTERA. 
Fam. PENTATOMIDA. 
Subfam. ASOPIN A‘. 
Anasida orientalis, sp. n. 

Black ; a central castaneous spot on basal margin of head; head 
rugosely punctate, about two-thirds the length of pronotum, lobes of 
equal length, lateral margins moderately concavely sinuate, ocelli 
reddish, the basal area less rugosely punctate than the anterior area ; 
antenne slightly pilose, with the first joint short, not reaching apex 
of head, second shorter than either third or fourth, which are subequal 
in length, fifth scarcely shorter than fourth ; pronotum rugosely punc- 
tate, the lateral margins remotely crenulate and somewhat strongly 
sinuate, the posterior lateral angles prominent and inwardly longi- 
tudinally depressed, before anterior margin two transverse obscurely 
opaque slightly punctate cicatrices ; scutellum transversely rugosely 
punctate; the apex truncately rounded ; corium opaque, finely punc- 
tate, the costal area more coarsely and thickly punctate ; membrane 
moderately passing the abdominal apex ; rostrum reaching the inter- 


196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


mediate coxe ; sternum coarsely and somewhat sparingly punctate, 
the abdomen thickly and rugosely punctate; legs unarmed, tibiz 
above longitudinally sulcate. Long. § 17 millim., ¢ 18 millim. 

Hab. Bombay Province; Dharwar. 

This first discovered Oriental species of the hitherto regarded 
Ethiopian genus Anasida was found by Dr. Harold Mann among 
stones in a railway cutting. 

‘his species is allied to A. funebris, Dist., from Natal, and 
is the first species of the genus described from outside the 
Ethiopian region. 

HOMOPTERA. 

Fam. JASSIDA. 

Subfam. LEDRINAL. 
Petalocephala granulosa, sp. n. 

Pale virescent ; vertex shorter than breadth between eyes, finely 
punctate, centrally longitudinally finely subcarinate, the lateral mar- 
gins oblique froma little in front of eyes, and narrowing to apex which 
is subacute ; eyes brownish; pronotum with the basal area a little 
darker in hue, where it is finely granulose, the lateral and anterior 
margins distinctly narrowly darker, the posterior margin strongly 
concave before scutellum, which is somewhat thickly finely punctate ; 
clavus thickly punctate, and with a few fine granules; tegmina sub- 
hyaline, thickly finely punctate, the apical margin narrowly black, 
inwardly narrowly longly dentate; body beneath and legs virescent. 
Long. incl. tegm. 8 millim. 

Hab. Bengal; Pusa (Lefroy). 

Most nearly allied to P. nigrilinea, Walk. 

Mr. Maxwell-Lefroy, in forwarding me specimens of this 
species, says :—‘‘ We have reared this from nymphs which are 
fixed to mango-leaf, very tightly pressed down on to it so as to 
be very difficult to see; they are more or less transparent, and 
sit motionless very much as a scale-insect does. They are not 
common.” 

Subfam. TYPHLOCYBINA. 
Empoascea thea, sp. n. 

Bright pale olivaceous green; eyes black; tegmina either with 
the apical area greyish white, or greyish white with the basal area 
and costal margin green; body beneath and legs pale olivaceous 
green ; vertex rounded, more than twice as broad than long; scutellum 
strongly transversely impressed before apex; tegmina considerably 
passing abdominal apex, with a distinct elongate discal cell before the 
apical cells. Long. incl. tegm. 4 millim. 

Hab. Cachar (Antram). 

Mr. Charles B. Antram sent me this species, found as a 
very destructive pest to tea-gardens in company with EL. flave- 
scens, Fabr. 

I use the genus Hmpoasca in the comprehensive sense ex- 
plained in my ‘Indian Rhynchota,’ iv. p. 401. 


197 


NEW HYBRID BISTONINA. 
By J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc. 


I wAVE succeeded in producing several ‘‘ Biston’’ hybrids, 
and in order to secure leisure for an extended and detailed study 
of their early stages, and at the same time to protect myself 
from being forestalled, I am publishing this preliminary state- 
ment of their names. 

Before doing so I must point out that Mr. L. B. Prout has 
shown that our ordinary English applications ‘of the various 
generic names are incorrect, and that the following are the 
valid names :— 


(1) Biston is inapplicable to hirtaria; as strataria was selected 
as the type, Amphidasys sinks to this as a synonym. 

Lycia, Hiibner, 1826 (type hirtaria, selected by Hulst in 
1896), must be accepted. 

(2) Apocheima, type hispidaria, cannot be used for zonaria, 
which is generically distinct. 

Ithysia, Hubner (1826), must be used, therefore, instead. 
Type zonaria (Hulst, 1896). Nyssia, Duponchel, sinks 
to Ithysia. 

(3) This leaves the three species, pomonaria, lapponaria, and 
rachele without a generic name. 

In anticipation of my detailed paper, I propose the name 
Pecilopsis for the rough-haired, red-speckled forms 
named above, with type pomonaria. 

(4) Although I am not dealing with the species usually 
known as “ Biston” grecaria and ‘‘B.” alpina, as they 
also require a generic name, I propose Melanocoma. 
Type alpina. 


The hybrids, of which a list appears below, are without 
exception named after those who have taken an interest in and 
have supplied material in the past for their production. In 
England my special thanks are due to Messrs. Denham and 
Smallman for help with zonaria and lapponaria, whilst for 
pomonaria I have to thank my esteemed friend Herr Lange, 
of Freiberg. 

Ithysia, hybrid langet = I. zonaria $ X Peecilopsis pomo- 
naria 2. 

Ithysia, hybrid harrisoni = I. zonaria & X Lycia hirtaria ¢. 

Pecilopsis, hybrid smallmani = P. lapponaria 3 x Ithysia 
zonaria 2. 

Pecilopsis, hybrid helene = P. pomonaria $ X Ithysia 
zonarla 2. 

Lycia, hybrid denhami = L. hirtaria 3 X Ithysia zonaria ?. 


198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The bulk of the specimens reared were wasted in further 
experiments with practically no result. In one case Ithysia, 
hybrid harrisoni ¢ x Lycia hirtaria ¢ , two ova proved fertile, 
and of these one hatched and may feed up. For convenience I 
call this hybrid larva hybrid goodwini. 

I have not attempted to repeat Mera’s experiments with 
Ithysia zonaria 8 X Pacilopsis lapponaria 2? (= hybrid merana, 
Burrows), but have reared several very large broods of the 
hirtaria-pomonaria hybrids. These are :— 

Lycia, hybrid pilzw (Standfuss) = L. hirtaria $ X Pecilopsis 

pomonaria &. j 
Pecilopsis, hybrid hunit (Oberthur) = P. pomonaria 3 xX 
Lycia hirtaria °. 

I have found it so very difficult to obtain the former cross 
that I have often thought that the original specimen taken wild 
by Pilz might have been a specimen of the latter hybrid. 


NOTES ON THE VARIETIES OF PERONEA CRIS- 
TANA LATELY IN THE COLLECTION OF THE 
LATE MR. J. A. CLARK. 


By Sypney Wess. 


CapucInaA GROUP. 


THe variety which gives its name to this group of pale 
coloured forms P. cristana was captured by the late Rev. Mr. 
Johnson, and described by him in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, 
three years before Desvignes discovered the far commoner sub- 
capucina. Both are well known to collectors, and it is therefore 
unnecessary to go into further details concerning these two 
aberrations. 

Curtisana, Desv.—The very rare examples that have stood so 
long in our cabinets under this name are similar to subcapucina, 
but the vitta is very pale yellow. Desvignes gave the name, it 
would appear, to a variety with a faint fulvous streak from the 
base to the button, which is of the same colour. He does not 
mention the vitta, but inasmuch as he speaks of the moth as 
similar to the last (swbcapucina), we may presume it to be pure 
white. I know of no specimen that answers his description, and 
evidently our old collectors thought there was an error in de- 
scription, or they would not one and all* have adopted the 
mistake, particularly as each one prided himself on his accuracy 
of nomenclature. The curtisana recently sold (Clark sale 38, 
lot 827) was tolana, of which Desvignes writes: ‘‘ Between 
curtisana and desfontainiana.” 


* §. Stevens, Shepherd, Burney, Mason, Vaughan. 


VARIETIES OF PERONEA CRISTANA. 199 


Tolana, Desv.—The last curt description is not sufficient. 
Tolana has a few—from three to five—short pale striz on the 
inner third of the costa, of which we see no trace in desfon- 
tainana, and there is a marked difference in the subsidiary 
small tufts of scales towards the end of the wings, which we all 
know are arranged two above longitudinally (occasionally seen in 
desfontainana, but always in tolana), and white in colour, and 
three perpendicularly near the anal angle, also conspicuously 
white in tolana, but if present at all, and that very rarely, fuscous 
in the other moth. There may also be noticed a white streak 
near the apex of the wing of tolana, never seen in its compeer, 
and of course the distinguishing white vitta. ‘The central tuft 
of scales, too, is somewhat paler. It would seem then that the 
comparison between the two moths by Desvignes was very super- 
ficial, adopted only from a casual resemblance of the upper 
part of the wing, possibly to avoid difficulties of expressing the 
coloration. 

Masoniana.—Clark, n. ab., fig. 17. There were two speci- 
mens under this name in the collection quite dissimilar, the 
lower being an example of the cwrtisana of our cabinets, but the 
ends of its wings are more mottled with white, which runs down 
in a series of spots touching each other, so forming a line to the 
anal angle, whilst the tuft is also pure white. It is labelled 
‘** New Forest.”’ 

The type specimen, however, is sufficiently described, except 
in one or two minor particulars; thus, writing of the darker 
ends of the wings, paler clouds would better have expressed the 
markings than white spots, and “‘ the fine orange-coloured line 
which extends along the margin towards the apex’ should have 
been omitted, as it refers to the coloration of the cilia alone, and 
is not a wing marking. The pin is an ordinary white one, 
slanting backwards, and no clue is given whence the specimen 
was derived. A combination of unfortunate circumstances con- 
nected with a newly named moth, which we have, however, 
gathered was formerly in Dr. Mason’s collection. 

Charlottana, Clark.—Unless this should prove to be identical 
with the original curtisana, now lost to knowledge, we must 
recognize it as a good variety, and the most beautiful of all. It 
differs from those forms usually called curtisana by an absence 
of the fascia from the costa before the button, by the white striz 
and paler clouds along the costa, and the substantial reddish 
orange streak from the base to the central tuft, which under no 
conditions could possibly be called a ‘‘ faint fulvous one.” A few 
specimens only are known. 

Gumpiana, Ciark. — Specimens have hitherto been incor- 
porated with our series of subcapucina, more uniformly sprinkled 
with grey and white, of a smoother aspect, and wanting the two 
white square blotches towards the hind margin, whilst the 


200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


central tuft was either very small or entirely wanting. These 
were pointed out to friends years ago as deserving a varietal 
name, but it was a great surprise, I suspect, to others as well 
as myself when Mr. Clark gave it this one. Of course he was 
in error when he said this plain coloured moth had been known 
many years in our sale-rooms under this name, and Clark after- 
wards (‘ Record,’ vol. xvi. p. 145) corrects the impression his first 
article may have made upon his readers by giving Mr. Johnson’s 
definition of gumpinana as originally described, but unfortu- 
nately he does not withdraw his own erroneous name, so that 
this well-marked and distinctive variety still awaits a befitting 
title, and I would propose that it be known as ab. clarkiana. 

The gumpinana, not gumpiana, of our older collectors has the 
central tuft, vitta, and smaller five tufts white, the < angle 
enclosed between the apex and anal angle, narrowing to the tuft, 
of the palest violet slate colour, with a narrow red line from 
the central tuft to near the apex, and an interrupted white dash 
dividing into two lines below it. The basal part of the wing 
tinged with reddish brown, and the first two-thirds of the upper 
part of the wing towards the costa a dirty yellow; this is divided 
from the central tuft by an extremely pale inconspicuous yellow 
fascia which seldom crosses the wing. All the colours are very 
subdued, and the moths thin sealed generally. Head and thorax 
white. Totally unlike any other form excepting the next, which 
is somewhat like it. 

Two specimens, of which one was labelled ‘“‘New Forest, 
2.10.05,” were in Mr. Clark’s cabinet as tolana ; they constituted 
lots 325, 326 in the catalogue at his sale. Smaller than qumpinana, 
Johnson, they are very strongly coloured. The basal half of the 
wings of a dirty yellow, with a few reddish markings at the base ; 
the red line from the button terminates on the costa before the 
apex, and is strongly pronounced; it is continued towards the 
base after having been interrupted by the central white tuft and 
pale fascia, then along the top of the nether end of the white 
vitta to the base of the wing. The white clouds in the hinder 
third of the wings are distinct and well-defined, as they are in 
subcapucina, and the ends of the wings are red-brown; hence 
this handsome variety has a much more mottled appearance than 
gumpinana. The button and vitta are pure white, as are the small 
subsidiary dots towards the hind margin. Of course they have 
no affinity with tolana. | 

A similar variety to that named gumpiana by Clark, but with 
darker scaling, thus making a slaty-grey or roan-coloured insect 
of uniform coloration, but large white tuft and vitta, lots 837, 
338 were sold as ‘‘ gumpiana or new var.’’; they were unlabelled, 
but captured at Folkestone by Mr. William Purdey, who alone 
has taken this form. As there are now seven specimens known, 
all precisely similar, it is well they should possess a varietal 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 201 


name, and I propose to call them after their captor. The good 
work Mr. Purdey has dene for entomology in clearing up points 
of difficulty and original research in the life-histories of many of 
our Lepidoptera deserve this slight recognition of his services, 
and the variety will henceforth be known as purdeyana. 


(To be continued.) 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


Our readers will learn with interest that Mr. Selwyn Image, 
M.A., Fellow and Member of the Council of the Entomological Society 
of London, has been elected to the Slade Professorship of Fine Art 
in the University of Oxford, where, as an enthusiastic disciple of 
John Ruskin, he graduated in 1872; Ruskin being the first occupant 
of this particular Chair. Latterly, as Master of the Art Workers 
Guild, he has done much to develop a taste for art among the more 
highly educated members of the community, while his love for 
entomology finds continual expression in the work of designing, 
upon which his energies are largely concentrated. A poet and an 
artist, he has among other charming subjects embodied Hybernia 
leucophearia as the ideal ‘‘ Spring Usher’’; and, at the moment, is 
putting the finishing touches to the beautiful new seal of the Ento- 
mological Society—a labour of love, which, we are sure, will be as 
much admired as it will be appreciated by all his colleagues and 
friends who are also of “ the brotherhood of the net.” 


RETARDED EMERGENCE OF ACRONYCTA MEGACEPHALA.—On Sep- 
tember 4th, 1907, a single larva of this species gnawed out a hole in 
a piece of virgin cork, and therein formed its cocoon. As no moth 
had emerged by October, 1908, I partially opened the cocoon, and 
found the chrysalis alive and healthy. Throughout 1909 I frequently 
looked in the box, but only to find a healthy pupa. On May 27th 
last the moth emerged—a fine female, it having lain over three 
winters, and been in a cocoon for a period of two years and eight 
and three-quarter months. The box containing same was kept in a 
cold room, and in the same position, throughout this period. As 
Barrett in ‘ Lepidoptera of the British Islands’ says ‘this species 
sometimes remains in cocoon through a second winter,’ I have 
thought the above worth recording.—W. A. Ronuason; ‘“ Lamorna,”’ 
Truro, June 10th, 1910. 


ABERRATION OF EH. ADVENARIA.—Among some insects taken for 
me by my brother near Godalming, Surrey, which I received June 
5th last, is an almost unicolorous male of this species; it is very 
much the colour of worn H. muricata, and has white fringes. It is 
of smaller size than usual, and must be very similar to the specimen 
mentioned by Mr. Oldaker (Entom. xli. p. 157) as having been bred 
by him in 1907 from ova obtained near Haslemere. The insect seems 
to swarm in that part of the country, where there is a good under- 
growth of bilberry, and I took a series of it there lately. But for 


ENTOM.—JULY, 1910. Q 


202 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the cabinet it should be bred, as really fine specimens are few and 
far between. — (Captain) P. A. Carpew; 50, Melbury Gardens, 
Cottenham Park, Wimbledon. 


PARASITE OF CALLOPHRYS RUBI.—Somewhere in Switzerland—I 
think in the Val d’Herens—I picked up a larva of C. rubi last year, 
which this spring produced an ichneumon fly. I ought perhaps to 
say that the pupa of C. rwbi is so distinct that the determination of 
the species is not in the least doubtful. The fly emerged by cutting 
a lid off, consisting of the front of the pupa-case. The specimen is 
now in the collection of Mr. C. Morley, who says the parasite ‘‘is a 
true ichneumon (Anisobas platystylus, Thoms., Ann. Soc. Fr. 1888, 
p- 122), and is the first parasite ever bred from T'hecla rubt, so far as 
Tam aware. It was only known from Sweden and France.’’—T. A. 
CuapMAn; Betula, Reigate, June 17th, 1910. 


EPHEMERA DANICA (EHPHEMEROPTERA).—On May 28th last this may- 
fly was emerging near Slyfield, Surrey, and a few sub-imagines were 
taken home. One male I watched for a quarter of an hour or so as it 
was tryingtoemerge. The thorax-skin split longitudinally, and, as in 
the Odonata, emergence commenced in that region ; next appeared the 
head. Wings, abdomen, and legs seemed to be coming out more or 
less together, the legs being perhaps a little behind the rest. The 
abdomen was arched up, and apparently stuck. Ultimately I tried 
to help, but without success as regards fore wings and some of the 
legs. Just before emergence commenced the wings were spread 
horizontally, while the insect twitched and jerked its abdomen, &c. ; 
it seemed clear that a change was going to take place. Throbbing 
was noticed in the freshly exposed and shining dorsal part of the 
thorax. If this emergence was normal, it is clearly a very gradual 
process, and in some ways resembles that of a dragonfly.—W. J. 
Lucas. 


TRIECPHORA VULNERATA (Homoprrra).— At the beginning of 
June, in the coverts between Claygate and Oxshott, Surrey, this 
rather strikingly coloured froghopper seemed fairly abundant. — 
W. J. Lucas. 


Tur CarrurE OF SOME CICINDELIDZ IN Borneo.— While on a 
collecting expedition in the early part of this year in the upper waters 
of the Limbang—one of the great rivers of Sarawak—I witnessed a 
curious method of capturing Coleoptera, which may perhaps be of 
interest to entomologists in England who still use the prosaic net. 
It came about in this way. After a hard day’s work paddling ‘up the 
river against a strong current, we (i.e. my five Dyak collectors, six 
Bisaya coolies, and myself) arrived at a native house, where we 
determined to pass the night. Accordingly, the two boats were 
hauled up on to a high sand-bank at the river’s edge and we pro- 
ceeded to disembark. I noticed at once several Cicindelide flying 
over the sand, and soon discovered there were three species, viz. the 
ubiquitous Crcindela aurulenta, Fab.—about the commonest beetle 
in Sarawak—a smaller, red-spotted species, Cicindela crespigny?, 
Bates, and a third species, new to me, which turned out to be 
Cicindela opigrapha, Dejean, a rather local species. After seeing me 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 2038 


catch several with my net, a young Bisaya began to do so too, but 
using a diminutive fishing-rod. His ‘apparatus’ consisted of a 
thin stick some three feet long, to the end of which he had tied a 
long hair (it is the custom of the Bisaya men to wear their hair long, 
and sometimes it reaches well below the waist); to this hair was 
fastened a bait, made from a small grasshopper. Armed with this, he 
slowly walked across the sand-bank, dangling his bait carefully over 
or near any Cicindelid he saw. Whereupon, in nine cases out of ten, 
the Cicindelid, with feminine curiosity, would walk slowly towards 
it, and, after slight hesitation, seize the morsel, and thus fall an easy 
prey to my native entomologist. He had to exercise great care in 
drawing up the rod evenly, so as to prevent any jerks which might 
frighten the insect away. In this way he caught quite a number 
for me, and once the insect had seized the bait, he seldom failed 
to bring it to the killing-bottle. They told me they had learnt it 
as a game which they used to play when they were children. I 
tried it, but without much success; and I warn intending disciples 
that it is a game that wants practice—J. C. Mounton; Sarawak, 
May 11th, 1910. 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 


Sprinc Butrrerruies IN Nortuants., Bucks., AND MipDLESEX.— 
After the miserable experience of last year’s summer, followed by a 
wet, cool autumn, and an open winter, it is something of a surprise 
to find butterflies generally so plentiful both here and the one or two 
localities which I have had an opportunity of visiting so far. Insects 
of all kinds were late in making an appearance in this part of 
Middlesex—among the hybernators in the house the death-roll was 
unusually large—but once the warm days began they quickly re- 
sponded, and, compared with the dates of previous years, one or two 
butterflies are even early. For example, I was on the Bucks. Chiltern 
Hills for an hour or two last Saturday (June 4th), and although there 
was not much sun, the commoner sorts were well in evidence— 
Euchloé cardamines and Nisoniades tages in even greater profusion 
than usual; as also the three ordinary “ whites.” Callophrys yubr 
was swarming, every hawthorn bush and sapling oak when tapped 
distributing a multitude of worn males, while the females were as 
common, flitting over the low herbage. Canonympha pamphilus, 
a large form and brightly coloured, was also much in evidence; but 
of the Lycenids, Polyommatus icarus did not seem fully out,-though 
I took a specially finely marked female. P. astrarche, on the other 
hand, was well emerged; while I was most pleased to turn up two 
or three perfect examples of Cupido minimus, which for some years 
has been getting scarcer and scarcer in the several localities here- 
abouts where the Anthyllis blooms freely, and where I am accustomed 
to look for it. 

In a wood on the borders of Northamptonshire and Hunts. a 
week previously (May 28th) I had the good fortune also to note a 
similar abundance of ordinary butterflies, the glades being particularly 
affected by Satyrus var. egerides and Gonepteryx rhamni, with occa- 


204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


sional Argynnis ewphrosyne. Cyclopides palemon was also seen in 
such numbers as to promise a plentiful season for this loveliest and 
rarest of our ‘‘ skippers,” while the last capture of a very short day’s 
work—due to a disappointing change of weather—was a perfectly 
fresh male Nemeobius lucina. 

Two days previously, in Oxhey Wood (Herts.), Hesperia malve was 
as common as ever I have known it, though I fear all collecting on 
this once “ happy hunting-ground” is doomed, as the builders are at 
work, and Civilization in the form of a three-foot sewer has invaded 
this last surviving part of the primitive woodland of our Middlesex 
north border! Lastly, it is satisfactory to find that Celastrina 
argiolus still holds its own, and despite the drenching of ivy and 
holly-buds last year made a welcome reappearance in our garden 
on May 22nd; the females a couple of days later. 

It is, perhaps, worth recording also (though scarcely a ‘“ field” 
report!) how extremely common were Pieris brassice and P. rape in 
the streets of London on the day of the King’s funeral, May 20th; 
from quite an early hour these butterflies crossing and recrossing un- 
molested above the thousands of close-packed humanity in Piccadilly, 
where I happened to be stationed.-—H. Rownanp-Brown ; Harrow- 
Weald, June 6th, 1910. 


AMPHIDASYS BETULARIA ab. DOUBLEDAYARIA IN Essex.—I have 
to-day, May 21st, taken here a fine female specimen of A. dowbleday- 
aria. This is perhaps a record for Essex, but some of your readers 
will know better than I—(Rey.) W. Cuaxton ; Navestock Vicarage, 
Romford. 


LEPIDOPTERA AT West WicKHAM.—It may be of some interest 
to record that on June 6th I took a specimen of P. piniperda at 
sugar at West Wickham. This seems a very late date for this 
species, but in spite of that it was in very fair condition. The 
same evening I also took by “lamping’’ N. dodonea, C. fluctuosa, 
L. dicteoides, T. batis, B. consortaria, and M. albicillata. I have 
had some opportunity of working this once famous locality during 
the past few years, and amongst the better captures the following 
may be mentioned:—H. bicolorana, A. flavicornis, A. leporina, 
O. suspecta (sugar), N. neglecta, N. stigmatica, B. parthenias, N. hispi- 
daria (larve), C. glabraria (one larva), EH. dolobraria, P. bajularia, 
T’. luridata, and M. notata. But my experience is that you have to 
work pretty hard for what you get. Sugar, for the most part, has 
been a dismal failure, and more often than not the trees sugared have 
failed to produce a dozen insects altogether.—(Rev.) E. MANNERING ; 
74, Bolsover Street, W., June 9th, 1910. 


SOCIETIES. 


EntomontocicaAL Society or Lonpon.—Wednesday, May 4th, 
1910.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., President, in the chair.— 
The decease was announced of Mr. G. S. Saunders, F.L.S., a Fellow 
of the Society —Mr. J. J. Ward brought for exhibition an example of 


SOCIETIES. 205 


the ichneumon-fly, Rhyssa perswasoria, female, together with a 
photograph of the living insect. The specimen was captured at 
Coventry; but whether that place was its natural habitat is doubtful, 
as some packing straw from Geneva was lying in the vicinity.—Mr. 
H. St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited, on behalf of Dr. Nicholson, Mr. 
Dollman, and himself, examples of a beetle new to science, an 
Olophrum and Scotch specimens of Olophrum fuscum, the species to 
which it comes nearest, for comparison. The new beetle had been 
discovered by him and Dr. Nicholson in Wicken Fen under sedge 
refuse, and subsequently by Mr. Dollman in some numbers in the 
same locality.—Mr. Donisthorpe pointed out the characters in which 
it differed, and said he had described it, and proposed for it the name 
of Olophrum nicholsont.—Myr. H. Hltringham stated that in reference 
to his previous paper describing experiments on the edibility of 
certain lepidopterous larve (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1909, pp. 471-478), the 

caterpillars there referred to as Boarmia rhomboidaria had proved to 
be Odontapera bidentata. Further, that some of the moths had been 
bred from larvee fed exclusively on ivy, and though similar larvee had, 
as explained in the paper referred to, proved extremely distasteful to 
the lizards with which he had experimented, the moths were found 
to be palatable. His lizards having failed to survive the winter, he 
had sent the moths to the Zoological Gardens, where Mr Pocock had 
given one to a bird and two to some lizards (Lacerta viridis), and all 
of the moths were devoured at once. The result appeared to show 
that the distastefulness of the larvae was due to the particles of the 
food plant contained in the digestive tract.—Mr. HE. Meyrick, B.A., 
F.R.S., communicated a paper entitled ‘‘ Descriptions of Micro- 
Lepidoptera from Mauritius, and the Chagos Isles.” 


Wednesday, June Ist, 1910.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., E.R.S., 
President, in the chair.—The President proposed that an Address of 
Condolence and Congratulation should be presented by the Society 
to His Majesty King George V. on his accession to the throne. 
The proposal was seconded by Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, one of the 
Hon. Secretaries, and carried unanimously, all Fellows present stand- 
ing.—Mr. Arnold Whitworth Boyd, The Alton, Altrincham, Cheshire; 
Mr. Emile Garcke, M.I.E.E., Witton House, Maidenhead; Mr. Henry 
Oliver Holford, Elstead Lodge, Godalming; Count Briger Morner, 
Consul for H. M. the King of Sweden, Sydney, New South Wales ; 
Mr. C. W. Mason, S.H.A.C., St. Denis, Shaftesbury, Dorset; Mr. 
Martin E. Mosely, 13, Addison Road, London, W.; Mr. Robert 
Tait, junior, Roseneath, Harboro’ Road, Ashton-on-Mersey, Cheshire; 
Mr. Frank Wray Terry, The Planters’ Association, Honolulu, 
Hawaiian Islands; Mr. F. V. Theobald, M.A., South Eastern 
Agricultural College, Wye Court, near Ashford, Kent; Mr. Charles 
Henry Rudge, Assoc.M.Inst.C.H., 15, Newton Road, Bayswater, 
W.; and Miss Carlotta Rudge, 15, Newton Road, Bayswater, W., 
were elected Fellows of the Society.—The President announced that 
the Conversazione, postponed from Friday, May 27th last, by reason 
of the general mourning for his late Majesty King Edward VIL., 
would be held during the forthcoming session on some date not 
earlier than the last week in November.—Commander J. J. Walker 


206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


exhibited examples of Ceuthorrhynchideus mixtus and C. pilosellus 
taken by him during May last at Tubney, Berkshire.—The Rev. F. D. 
Morice showed a specimen of the Pompilid Clavelia pompiliformis, 
Luc., male; probably the only fossorial wasp with pectinated antenne, 
taken by him this spring in the province of Oran, Algeria; also 
examples of the saw-fly Phymatocera aterrima, Klug, with photo- 
graphs of the insect in the act of ovipositing on ‘‘Solomon’s Seal,” 
and gave an account of the way in which the saws are employed for 
the purpose. Instead of cutting vertically the saws are turned side- 
ways.—-Mr. H. Main brought for exhibition an empty larva skin of a 
male Lampyris noctiluea with a living pupa, which was seen to be 
intermittent luminous.—Mr. L. Newman showed a long and varied 
series of Hmaturga atomaria, bred from a melanic female taken im 
cop. with a dark typical male at Bury, Lancashire. It was noticeable 
that the melanic and semi-melanic forms predominated in the off- 
spring.—Mr. Newman also exhibited a male and female of (?) hybrid 
Agriades thetis (bellargus) x A. corydon, taken wild in North Kent, 
June, 1909, by Sergt.-Major W. Crocker, and ova im situ of Sesva 
andremformis, of which also Mr. A. E. Tonge handed round a 
photograph, x 26.—Mr. O. E. Janson showed a remarkable gynan- 
dromorphous example of Golathus giganteus and other Cetoniide 
recently collected by Mr. EK. Brown in Uganda, British East Africa, 
including both sexes of the rare Formasimus russus. Nearly all the 
species exhibited were West African forms, proving the great 
similarity of the central African fauna, extending over a district of 
two to three thousand miles across that continent.—The Rev. 
G. Wheeler brought for exhibition a case containing many examples, 
bred from identical parents, of Smerinthus popult, taken in Lancashire, 
showing a wide range of variation; also a curious pale dwarf example 
of S. ocellata from the same locality.—Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited 
specimens of a beetle of the family Chrysomelide, Crosita altaica, 
found by a poulterer at Bournemouth in the crop of a pheasant from 
Russia. He remarked on the brilliancy of the metallic coppery-red 
and green colours, held by some to be warning-colours.—-Dr. T. A. 
Chapman exhibited specimens of the spring emergence of double- 
brooded Agriades corydon, taken in April and May last in the Riviera, 
at various dates from April 23rd to May 11th, displaying considerable 
variation, but all apparently of one race. He also showed larve of 
Thestor ballus in the last instar, feeding on flowers of Ulex ewropeus ; 
a larva of Agriades corydon var. constanti, from eggs laid at Ste. 
Maxime at the beginning of May, and now in the third instar; and 
a living imago of Callophrys avis, Chpmn., a somewhat belated 
specimen, emerged June Ist, 1910; the delay no doubt due to an 
unsuccessful attempt at forcing in February.—Dr. K. Jordan exhibited 
a live male specimen of a species of Zruxalis obtained by him at 
Portimao, South Portugal, and also showed living larve and the 
cocoon of a moth, Diplwra lott, found on Cistus in the Serra de 
Monchique, Algarve, South Portugal, on May 13th. They resem- 
ble the caterpillar of Hriogaster lanestris so closely that a generic 
separation is hardly justified—Mr. H. H. C. J. Druce communicated 
some notes received from Mr. J.C. Moulton, of the Sarawak Museum, 


RECENT LITERATURE. 207 


on the association of a Homopteron with a Lycenid butterfly ob- 
served in Borneo. The following papers were read:—‘ Mr. A. D. 
Millar’s Experimental Breeding of Huralia,”’ by Roland Trimen, 
M.A., F.B.S., F.L.S.; ‘‘ Notes on the Scoliide,”’ and ‘“‘ New Fossorial 
Hymenoptera from Australia,” by Rowland EH. Turner, F.E.S.; “On 
the position of the Rhopalosomide, with Description of a Second 
New Species,” by Claude Morley, F.E.S.; ‘‘ Descriptions of Malayan 
Micro-Lepidoptera,”” by Edward Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.; “On 
the Specific Distinctions between Achrea lycoa, Godt., and Achrea 
johnstont, Godm.,” by Harry Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.8.—The follow- 
ing Fellows will represent the Society as delegates to the Interna- 
tional Congress of Entomology at Brussels: Dr. F'. A. Dixey, M.A., 
M.D., F.R.S., President; Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., Mr. F. 
Merrifield, and Mr. R. Trimen, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.8.—H. Rownanp- 
Brown, M.A., Hon. Secretary. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


A Natural History of the British Butterflies. By J. W.Turt, F.E.S. 
Vol. ui. London: Elliot Stock, 62, Paternoster Row, E.C. 


THe third volume of Mr. Tutt’s monumental work on the British 
Butterflies will appeal not only to native collectors and students of 
the rather limited butterfly fauna of these islands, but to the many 
who are extending their researches to the wider sphere of the pale- 
arctic region generally. For example, there are two species, now for 
the first time exhaustively treated, which have proved something of 
a stumbling-block to most of us—Hveres argiades and Plebeius arqus 
(egon). Continental authorities have expressed their suspicions about 
var. alcetas, Hb. (coretas, O.), for some time; and M. Charles Oberthir 
has already pointed out the main differences between the hitherto 
so-called variety and the type. Mr. Tutt completely diagnoses both 
as separate species; and we can only say that we wish L. argiades 
had a better claim to be regarded as an indigenous species. So 
elaborately is the subject treated, however, that no entomologist who 
has read these closely printed pages of life-history should fail to 
recognize his capture at whatever stage effected; and it is to be 
hoped that something of the meticulous industry displayed by the 
author in the study will communicate itself to the observer in the 
field on the look-out for what, with fine insular exclusiveness, we 
have dubbed ‘the Bloxworth Blue.’ Yet the confusion, hitherto 
existing in the case of the two Everids, is as nothing compared with 
that involved with Plebeius argus (@gon, Schiff.) and P. argyrognomon 
(argus, auctorum), though British writers have not been quite so 
hopelessly inconsistent in their classification of the two species as 
those of the Continent; for the good reason, probably, that so far 
P. argyrognomon has not turned up in the United Kingdom, even in 
the imaginative literature of the early Aurelians! Now we know, 
however, that structurally the two butterflies, which some have 
found so difficult to separate, present sufficiently striking differ- 


208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ences; while all sorts of varieties and forms referred to one should 
by rights have been attributed to the other. Mr. Tutt, beginning 
from the beginning, considers these in detail; and, by the employ- 
ment of scientific methods, disposes of the several errors, we trust, 
for good. 

Throughout the three volumes published, also, he has been able 
to furnish us with first-hand life-histories of all his subjects, thanks 
in large measure to the diligence and skill of Dr. T. A. Chapman and 
the other scientific entomologists who have collected so much useful 
material for him in each instance. There has been no necessity, 
therefore, to draw upon doubtful foreign authorities, or to repeat 
slavishly what experience proves so often to be entirely inaccurate 
and fanciful. Of the association of Agriades thetis (bellargus) and 
A: coridon (alas! for the ““y’’) entomologists are continually reminded ; 
of the offspring of cross-pairings we have indubitable examples. Yet 
how close the association actually is we have never realized so com- 
pletely as after a perusal of the pages devoted by Mr. Tutt to the 
“Clifden Blue.” With Cyaniris semiargus (we have long since 
dropped the improper ‘‘aczs,” no doubt because the “‘ Mazarine Blue” 
can no more be accounted British!), the four species mentioned 
complete this particular instalment of Mr. Tutt’s work, and it may 
be said truly, therefore, that it represents quality as well as quantity. 
We may venture to suggest, however, that as there is to be an 
Entomological Congress in August at Brussels, Mr. Tutt should take 
the opportunity to impress upon his brother lepidopterists abroad 
their nomenclatorial shortcomings, and the desirability of some sort 
of fixity. As it is, we owe him a debt of gratitude for helping to 
unknit an extremely “ravelled skein’’; while at the same time 
descanting on the British butterflies in something better than the 
pedantic spirit of the book-naturalist. 

The fifty-eight black-and-white plates, moreover, are not entirely 
devoted to the very important but highly specialized subjects of 
the microscope. Mr. F. Noad Clark, Mr. A. E. Tonge, and Mr. 
Hugh Main excel as exponents of the art of photo-micrography, 
but to the average reader their studies of the “blues” and their 
surroundings, of their larvee and pupes—many of them now authenti- 
cally illustrated for the first time, in the earlier stages—will commend 
themselves even more than the highly technical biological details. 
We are glad to observe, further, that Mr. Tutt is not content merely 
to catalogue and describe the multifarious aberrations of the larger 
Lycenids. Where possible, he adds a figure which leaves us in no 
doubt as to the accuracy of the letterpress—a test which cannot 
always be applied to other writers. Thus it will be seen that 
Volume iii. of the British butterflies is an altogether worthy successor 
to those already published, and it is to be hoped, therefore, that 
liberal support will be forthcoming to continue the series, both in 
the form of an increased subscription list and of extended co-opera- 
tion by entomologists who have acquired material that may assist 
the solution of the many problems which arise when any species, 
however common, comes to be examined by other than the casual 
methods of the ‘mere collector.” 

(H. R.-B.) 


a 


2 


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British Seorpion- flies (with plate), W. J. Lucas, 185. ‘ans New Lepido ietee : 
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLITTI.] AUGUST, 1910. (No. 567 


A BLACK-TIPPED ABERRATION OF GONEPTERYX 
(RHODOCERA) RHAMNI, Mate. 


By T. Reuss. 


1 2 3 


On June 6th last, two fine larvee of Rhodocera rhamni pupated 
in a heated breeding cage. One of the two pup, which hung 
side by side, emerged on the 15th as a large male specimen 
with unusually elongated and pointed wing-tips. The other 
pupa had already on the 14th attracted my attention by ‘“‘colour- 
ing up” in an unusual way, as shown in the first of the above 
figures. While the wing-cases grew opaque with the bright 
yellow pigment deposited beneath them in the normal way, the 
tips of the wings remained transparent in the same way as do 
the wing-tips in pupx of Pieris brassice and other species when 
the colouring begins to show itself. The pupa did not emerge on 
the 15th but continued to develop. The wing-tips began to 
srow greyish and opaque—on the 16th they were nearly black 
and by the evening they were jet black as in figs. 2 and 3. Also 
the wing-bases turned black, though hardly more than normal, 
and the discal spot remained orange. Early on the morning of the 
17th, the pupa which, except for the black wing-tips, looked quite 
normal and promised a fine specimen, emerged unexpectedly as 
a cripple. Compared with aberrations of other species, the 
black-tipped R. rhamni (ab. nigriapicata n. ab.) would perhaps 
rank in the category with forms which have been described of 

ENTOM.—avuGusT, 1910. R 


210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Colias hyale, Anthocharis belia, and others in which the fore 
wings from the discal cell to the apex had changed to black. 
But these species are normally already marked with black, while 
in R. rhamni the black apical coloration marks a new depart- 
ture in development. 


ON THE OVIPOSITION AND INCUBATION OF THE 
ICHNEUMONID PANISCUS (PARABATUS) VIR- 
GATUS, Fourc. 


By Rurvert Stenron, F.E.S. 


I BELIEVE it is generally thought that when a female ichneu- 
mon meets with a lepidopvterous caterpillar fulfilling the neces- 
sary qualifications to serve as a pabulum for its own larva, the 
fate of that caterpillar is irrevocably sealed. Though this may 
be true as a rule, it is by no means invariably the case when the 
parasite is the above species and its intended victim Cheimatobia 
boreata, for the latter can and does fairly often come off victorious 
in the encounter. 

In the first place, this caterpillar’s habit of spinning together 
leaves and living between them is its best possible protection 
against an external parasite such as P. virgatus, which places its 
ova on and not in its host, having no long ovipositor wherewith 
to reach it in its habitation, and so evidently dependent on 
coming across it in the open. It was on supplying captive 
virgatus females on May 26th and onwards with boreata larve 
that I was able to witness the caterpillar’s method of defence 
when attacked away from its abode; and on its tenacity in the 
battle which then takes place depends with which shall lie the 
victory. 

It is the ichneumon’s endeavour to place the egg as near as 
possible behind the head of its host, no doubt to prevent removal, 
which I found could sometimes be done if put too far towards 
the anal end. In this direction it faces after pouncing upon 
the caterpllar, who almost invariably then seizes one of its 
enemy’s posterior legs ; this is its main defence, but it will also 
lash itself to and fro and turn on its back, the parasite 
eripping tightly hold with its mandibles. To obtain sufficient 
force to drive in the ovipositor, or in a case like this merely to 
expel the egg, I have noticed that a female ichneumon exerts a 
strong upward pull, particularly with the powerful posterior legs, 
corresponding to the force it is necessary to put into the down- 
ward pressure of the abdomen, and so by holding one leg the 
caterpillar destroys the even balance of power, and renders the 
parasite utterly incapable of ovipositing. The matter is thus 
reduced to one of endurance, and should the caterpillar prove to 


OVIPOSITION AND INCUBATION OF PANISCUS (PAR.) VIRGATUS. 211 


possess the greater share of this, the ichneumon will not again 
interfere for a long time; not at all, I suspect, in a state of 
nature, as they would go their separate ways. 

That this seizing of the enemy by the leg is a strongly 
instinctive action I should think probable, from having seen a 
larva of Hybernia defoliaria do it every time a species of 
Anomalon I kept in the same box with it approached, though 
without any sinister intent on the parasite’s part. 

The ovum itself of P. virgatus is long, black, and shining, 
somewhat rounded at one end, and very pointed at the other, and 
is attached to the host at this pointed end by a fine foot-stalk. 
In this light red, semi-transparent parasite, the ova can be seen 
lying as a dark mass towards the apex of the abdomen; on dis- 
secting a captured female I counted thirty-seven, but this may 
not represent the full batch, as it is likely some might have 
already been deposited. Those nearest to the apex and ready 
for ejection were quite dark, but higher up they were whitish, 
beginning to turn black at the blunt end, and higher still they 
were quite light. 

Oviposition takes place upon boreata larve usually from one 
to two days before they are about to commence pupation, the 
ova hatching when they have spun their cocoon ; until this time 
the egg has remained in a more or less perpendicular position, 
but the young grub, partly emerging from the rounded end, 
causes a top-heaviness, which bends over the foot-stalk, allowing 
the parasite’s mouth to come in contact with its food. It does 
not emerge entirely from the egg-shell for some time, but 
continues to feed, growing rapidly, until the shell is merely 
attached to the apical segment. By this time death has over- 
taken the caterpillar, and the parasite, which has hitherto been 
lying round its neck, now alters its position, withdraws its last 
segment from the shell, and lies alongside its victim in the 
cocoon, continuing to feed on its body. 

The length of incubation varies according to the state of 
advancement of the host towards pupation, the time of hatching 
being when the Cheimatobia has spun its cocoon, and before it 
has assumed the pupal state. Normally, as before mentioned, 
the ova are deposited shortly preceding the host’s retirement to 
its cocoon; should they almost immediately do this, I found the 
ova would hatch on the morning of the third day after 
parasitization. 

That the desire of the host for pupation does influence the 
parasite within the egg, and that it can and does await the 
psychological moment when to emerge is evident, as by substi- 
tuting Hybernia defoliaria larve, not nearly full-fed, for those of 
Cheimatobia boreata, and thus compelling Paniscus virgatus, who 
were anxious to be rid of their ova, to reluctantly oviposit 
upon them, I found that the length of incubation could be 

R 2 


212 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


extended to fourteen days, and on the defoliaria showing a 
disposition to pupate, the ova duly hatched. Between the 
minimum length of time mentioned above and this maximum I 
found various degrees with C. boreata, C. brumata—which they 
would almost as freely parasitize—and Oporabia dilutata; though 
in one instance one of the last-named did manage to safely 
pupate, casting off the ova with the larval skin. The reason for 
the variability in the times of incubation is thus easily under- 
stood; but I have been unable to determine the cause which 
enables the embryo to await and choose with precision the 
correct time to split the shell. 

P.virgatus females do not seem able to retain their ova for 
any length of time in the absence of a host; if deprived of the 
latter the ova are excreted, and cleaned off the apex of the 
abdomen with the posterior legs. I do not think, when at large, 
more than one egg at a time is deposited on a single caterpillar, 
and once only did one of my captives place two on a boreata 
without moving, though if a fresh supply cf larve is not kept 
up they will continue to deposit ova at intervals on those already 
parasitized. One larva I had left for some time in a box with 
a female parasite had nine attached to its skin. 

I have been unable to dip further into the economy of this 
interesting species owing to lack of material, the opening of a 
cocoon invariably occasioning the death of the parasite, partly, no 
doubt, owing to the drying up of its food, and with continual ob- 
servations my stock has now almost reached the vanishing point. 

(Mr. Stenton brings forward many interesting and novel 
points in the economy of this species, for which compare 
Newport (Trans. Linn. Soe. xxi. pp. 71-77, pl. viii. figg. 18-19) ; 
Westwood (Introd. ii. 145-7, figg. 76, 7-15); Adler (Ent. Nachr. 
v. p. 205); and Poulton (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1886, pp. 162-168 et 
1888, p. 588). The first remarks that the larve “in the earlier 
stages of growth more resemble cotyledonous vegetables than 
animal organisms,” and regards them as the representatives 
among insects of the prematurely liberated foetus of the kan- 
garoo. None of Mr. Stenton’s three hosts has previously been 
noted for this species, his examples of which I have examined.— 
CruaupE Mor-ey.| 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITAA. 


By Rey. Grorcre WHEELER, M.A., F.ES. 
(Continued from p. 163.) 


[Tue following portion of this paper was in print before Dr. 
Chapman’s explanation appeared in the July number of the ‘ Ento- 
mologist,’ and I should be very sorry if either he or any other 
reader of the magazine should wrongly suppose that it had been 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITAA. o18 


written, as might appear, as an implied refusal to accept that ex- 
planation. At the same time, I adhere to the general principles 
which I have expressed; and with regard to the particular case in 
point, Dr. Chapman must indeed be hard to convince if he does not 
consider the evidence sufficient for the double-broodedness of what I 
must continue to call britomartis at Reazzino. Nothing could be 
more misleading (unintentionally, I am sure) than the statement that 
I « took it in June and in July in different seasons, and considered the 
June season a late one, and that these were the first and second 
broods,” especially with the implication that this was my sole reason. 
This might mean that I took it one year at the end of June and 
another year at the beginning of July, and considered that sufficient 
evidence of the insect being double-brooded ! a madly rash conclusion, 
even though my entries of dates with regard to other insects show 
that the season was a late one. The facts, however, are very different. 
I first found this Melitea at Reazzino on July 25th, 1904, in fair 
numbers on ground which I had hunted thoroughly on the 22nd 
without seeing a single specimen of this insect, though there was no 
lack of others. This would imply that in all probability the species, 
all the specimens of which were very fresh, had come out between 
the 22nd and the 25th. I had no opportunity of visiting the same 
ground till July, 1906, when britomartis did not become really common 
till the 24th, though both sexes were taken the previous day, and one 
or two males as much as nine days before. So far I had no idea of 
its being double-brooded, but finding myself at Reazzino at the end 
of June, 1907, I unexpectedly came across a few worn specimens of 
a Melitea, the under side of which showed at once that it was the 
same species, whilst the condition and date combined, when com- 
pared with the late July specimens of 1904 and 1906, made it obvious 
that they could not belong to the same brood. But this is by no 
means all. The two broods, though so much alike on the under side, 
differ greatly in the appearance of the upper side, especially in the 
males; whilst in the matter of size the very great difference has 
already been remarked upon (‘ Entomologist,’ xli. pp. 181, 269). 
Indeed, with the exception of one or two unusually large females of 
the second brood, it would be impossible to mistake the specimens 
of one brood for those of the other. I should add that the specimens 
taken in June last year by Mr. Lowe on the same ground were like 
those I took at the same time in 1907, and, like mine, were by no 
means freshly emerged. I think also that Dr. Chapman has over- 
looked the fact that all the June females which I kept for ova proved 
to have already laid their eggs, whilst I was able to obtain eggs 
by dissection from the July females, which died without laying, 
probably through my ignorance of their food-plant. I still cannot 
help thinking that this evidence for the double-broodedness of this 
Melitea is, as I previously called it, not merely sufficient but over- 
whelming. 

I certainly used the expressions to which Dr. Chapman refers 
with regard to the palpi and antenne quite intentionally, and can 
only express surprise at his regarding them as identical in this insect 
and dictynna. But this is nothing to the surprise I felt at the 
opinion attributed to me, as taken from my reported observations to 


214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the Entomological Society on March 4th, 1908, which opinion I was 
at once certain that I had never expressed, because it was one which 
I never held, viz. that “the close affinity with M. dictynna made 
separation superficially very difficult, and until all forms were reared 
from the ovum it would be impossible to determine whether brito- 
martis constituted a separate species or not.” I observe that Dr. 
Chapman guards himself by saying that I am “reported as saying ” 
so, but on looking up the reference, I see that even this is hardly the 
case; no quotation marks are used, and it may quite well merely 
represent the impression left on the mind of the secretary. I am 
well aware that I am to blame in the matter, as I never supplied the 
secretary with notes as to what I did say, but I cannot too forcibly 
repeat that this is an opinion which I never for a moment held, 
though I consider it very important that all forms should be bred 
from the ovum. What my real views on the matter are is set forth 
in the following paragraphs.] 


It would seem to be the peculiar snare of the specialist, or 
at least of those who have made a long and detailed study of 
any one organ, that they are apt to magnify the importance of 
the special object of their study, and to regard it as the standard 
by which everything is to be measured, to the exclusion of other 
structures which may in numerous instances be of greater 
significance. One of the most unfortunate consequences of this 
tendency of human nature is that those who have not specialized 
in the same direction are apt to lose sight of the real value 
which often underlies exaggerated claims, just as one instinc- 
tively (and often quite wrongly) rejects for all purposes the 
patent remedies which profess to effect universal cures. Yet it 
would probably be impossible to make a careful and detailed 
study of any organ without discovering facts which were of some 
biological value, or which were in some cases of use for purposes 
of classification, and with regard to the genital armature this is 
peculiarly the case. But, as with all other structures, the 
knowledge acquired on this subject cannot stand alone, and it 
will often rather afford hints as to the directions in which further 
search should be made, than supply students with the means 
of delivering infallible judgments on questions of phylogeny or 
classification. Although it is always possible that similarity of 
structure may be reached along different lines of evolution, yet 
this will always be the exception and not the rule, so that 
similarity in these structures will always be prima facie evidence 
for close relationship, and identity will be still stronger evidence 
in the same direction, and, unless contradicted by other facts, 
will argue strongly in favour of identity of species; but before 
such identity can be assumed, other circumstances must be 
taken into consideration, or wrong conclusions are likely to be 
reached. 

Now it so happens that in this comparatively small group 
two cases occur which illustrate this fact somewhat remarkably ; 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELIT#A. 215 


these cases are britomartis and dictynnoides. If we trusted to 
the genitalia alone, we should consider the former (as represented 
by the Reazzino specimens) to be cospecifie with dictynna and the 
latter with aurelia. I state this on the authority of Dr. Chap- 
man, and on this matter I believe there is no higher. Now it 
appears to me unthinkable that any person acquainted with this 
group could see an upper side series of the Reazzino Melitea side 
by side with a similarly set series of dictynna, and suppose on 
that evidence that they were the-same species, or even believe it 
without indisputable proof; the same thing being equally true 
with regard to dictynnoides and aurelia. If only first brood 
specimens of britomartis were available (the second brood being 
much more distinctive), it would not be surprising if they were 
taken for athalia, and dictynnoides on the upper side might 
equally well in many cases be taken for dictynna, though the 
under side, especially in the case of britomartis, tends more to 
support the evidence of the genitalia. Now, if this evidence 
were final and conclusive, as some specialists would seemingly 
have us believe, we should be compelled to distrust the evidence 
of the wing-markings, size, shape, &c. (which, in default of any 
other facts, we should probably be justified in doing), and to 
regard the one as a variety of dictynna, and the other as a 
variety of aurelia. Indeed, we should probably go one step 
further, and speak of them as ‘‘local races’’ of these insects. 
But here facts would at once contradict us. At Reazzino there 
is a single brood of dictynna, which is also single-brooded every- 
where else, and this single brood comes out, as we should 
expect, between the two broods of britomartis on the same 
ground. In the same way, both on Mt. Cecina, where Hormuzaki 
originally discovered dictynnoides, and on the Tatra, where Mr. 
Sheldon took it last year, specimens of aurelia indistinguishable 
from Swiss or South German examples are also taken, and 
though both insects are in this case single-brooded, the time of 
emergence is not identical for the two. In both these cases 
these facts appear to me to amount to an overwhelming proof 
that, the evidence of the genitalia notwithstanding, britomartis, 
as represented by the Reazzino specimens, is not a form of 
dictynna, nor dictynnoides of aurelta. 

Unfortunately, neither of the two species under discussion 
has so far been bred ab ovo, but even if the earlier stages 
should be indistinguishable from those of dictynna and aurelia 
respectively, that fact would not seem to me, in this group, the 
ijarve of which are so similar, to outweigh the evidence already 
adduced for their specific distinctness, while if the earlier stages 
differed at all materially from those of their nearest relatives, 
the question would of course be settled to the satisfaction of 
everyone that they are good species. The only scrap of evidence 
on this part of the subject which I have been able to acquire 


216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


points, so far as it goes, in this latter direction. I cannot 
induce the female of the Reazzino Melitea to lay on any of the 
usual food-plants of this group, though others of the group 
lay freely in captivity, which may point to some specializa- 
tion in the matter of food-plant, or may have no significance 
whatever. These latter remarks apply only to the Reazzino 
insect, for Assmann has given a brief description of the larva of 
britomartis from Klarenkrantz, which, if trustworthy, is sufficiently 
distinctive, though in some points it approaches more closely to 
dictynna, and in others to parthenie or aurelia. 

I must not, however, be taken to suppose that the anatomical 
evidence is in these cases of no importance, merely because 1 
believe that a wrong deduction has been drawn from the facts; on 
the contrary, I believe that they give a valuable indication of the 
phylogeny of the species in question, and in the absence, so far, 
of any evidence compelling us to believe the contrary, we may 
at present assume that the connection between britomartis and 
dictynna on the one hand, and dictynnoides and aurelia on the 
other, is much closer than the double-brooded habit of the first- 
named species and the general appearance of each pair of 
species would lead us to suppose. The scarcity of dictynna at 
Reazzino and of awrelia on the Cecina and Tatra gives some 
slight support to the same theory, since it is well recognized 
that the struggle for existence is most severe between the 
most closely related species. 


(To be continued.) 


SOME BEES OF THE GENUS CROCISA FROM 
ASIA AND AUSTRALIA. 


By T. D. A. CockERELL. 


Tue beautiful parasitic bees of the genus Crocisa abound in 
the tropics of the Old World, and extend in diminished numbers 
into the warm temperate regions north and south. Their study 
has been considered difficult, owing to the supposed wide range 
and great variability of many of the species. Having paid some 
attention to the genus for a number of years, I am convinced 
that the species are more numerous and restricted in range than 
has been generally supposed. The identification of the described 
forms is not altogether easy, owing to the brevity of most of the 
descriptions ; in some cases, when I have not seen material from 
the type locality or its vicinity, I may have erred in my deter- 
minations, being obliged to suppose identity when there is sub- 
stantial agreement with the descriptions, and nothing is known 
to the contrary. 


SOME BEES OF THE GENUS CROCISA. 217 


The material on which this paper is based is all in the British 
Museum; it may be tabulated as follows :— 


First three abdominal segments each with four widely 
separated white spots; first segment also with a 


basal spot. : C. albopicta, CkIl. 
Abdomen not thus ornamented, but more or less 
banded . 1. 
1. Markings strongly metallic ; wings very dark 2. 
Markings not or hardly metallic 3. 
2, Abdominal markings violet; first segment with a broad 
continuous, or almost continuous, basal band 
C. quartine, Gribodo, var. a. 
Abdominal markings blue; first segment with only 
lateral marks . : .  C. verticalas, Ckll. 
3. First abdominal segment practically covered with blue 
hair : : C. basalis, Friese. 
First segment showing at least a . large patch of black 4, 


4. Scutellum with a pair of blue spots; abdomen with 
narrow bands 
Scutellum not or not clearly spotted ; abdominal bands 
broad, or widely interrupted . 
5. Apical and basal bands of first abdominal segment 
united laterally : fe) ee rostrata, Friese. 
Apical and basal bands not united laterally C. japonica, Friese. 
6. Basal band of abdomen complete or with a linear in- 


terruption . ie 
Basal band of abdomen widely interrupted, or if not 
so, the median part hidden by scutellum . 8. 
7. Anterior margin of pleura rey covered with light 
hair : : C. ridleyt, Ckll. 
Anterior margin of pleura dark in middle . C. decora, Smith. 
8. Abdominal bands bright azure blue, wings very dark 
(Philippine Islands) : : : .  C. luzonensis, CkIl. 
Abdominal bands pale 9. 


9. First abdominal segment with about middle third and 


hind margin dark . . C. irisana, Ckll. 

First abdominal segment broadly dark se tO: 
10. Pleura with lower half black-haired . C. amboinensis, Rads. 
Pleura with the lower part pale-haired . C. massurit, Rads. 


Crocisa albopicta, sp. nov. 


?. Length about 12 mm., expanse 244; intense black, with white 
spots; scutellum W-shaped, but the median angle much greater than 
a right angle; wings dark fuscous, with the usual hyaline spots ; 
mesothorax 9- spotted, the anterior lateral spots mainly on prothorax, 
the median anterior line short, four discal spots forming the corners 
of a quadrangle, and a small spot above each tegula anteriorly 
scutellum unspotted, the hair projecting from under its hind margin 
black, except a little white in the middle ; pleura with a broad zigzag 
transverse white band, and two spots below ; sides of metathorax with 
a patch of white hair; tegule black, with a patch of white hair pos- 


218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


teriorly ; anterior tibia and basitarsus each with a large white patch 
on outer side, and long black hairs; middle femur with a pair of 
almost or quite contiguous white spots behind beyond the middle ; 
hind femur with a large triangular white patch above at apex ; middle 
tibia with a very large white patch on outer side; hind tibia with a 
smaller, subtriangular, median patch ; hind basitarsus white on outer 
side except the basal fourth; anterior and middle basitarsi with a 
little white hair on outer side; abdomen with more or less round, 
widely separated, white spots, one at middle of base of first segment, 
four subapical on segments one to three, and two each on segments 
four and five; second and third ventral segments with a white spot 
on each side. Inmy table i. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. xxii. p. 232, 
this runs out because of the different ornamentation of the tibie. 
Compared with C. macleay?, Ckll., it differs by the white spots not 
being stained with ferruginous, the ornamentation of pleura, the 
anterior wings dark practically to base, &e. The ornamentation of 
the face is rather peculiar, consisting of a large thick U in white 
(leaving the lower half of the clypeus dark), and small geminate white 
spots below the antenne. 


Hab. Mackay, Queensland (Turner, 450). 


Crocisa ridleyi, sp. nov. 

@. Length about 124 mm.; black with bluish-white markings, 
on face quite white, but on abdomen, legs, &c., a very delicate pale 
bluish; scutellum W-like, but the median angle much greater than a 
right angle ; anterior wings dark fuscous, with the usual spots, the 
basal region largely hyaline, but the fuscous extending strongly along 
the basal nervure and the region of the transverso-medial, but a 
sharply defined hyaline line along the upper side of the anal nervure, 
the anal cell also mainly hyaline; posterior wings hyaline, slightly 
brownish ; pygidial plate with a very sharp median carina; clypeus 
densely punctured; face covered with white hair, scanty on upper 
part, and wanting on lower third of clypeus ; mesothorax with a light 
margin, broken (abraded ?) behind ; median mesothoracic stripe broad, 
narrowing posteriorly, ending about middle of disc, with a spot on 
each side; scutellum sparsely punctured, black, much white hair 
coming from beneath the notch; pleura light-haired, with a large 
central very strongly punctured bare patch; anterior and middle 
femora with light hair behind; tibie light-haired on outer side, 
anterior ones with a shining apical bare spot, hind ones with about 
the apical third black-haired ; tarsi light-haired on outer side, ever 
on the small joints; abdomen obscurely metallic, especially on first 
segment ; first segment with broad basal and subapical bands, inter- 
rupted medially, the two joined by a vertical band on lateral margins ; 
the other segments with broadly interrupted bands, that on the 
second having a lateral process extending to base of segment; ventral 
segments two to four with much light hair at sides. 


Resembles C. decora, but known by the paler markings, 
the posterior band of first segment only rather narrowly inter- 
rupted, the light margin of mesothorax continuous laterally, &c. 


SOME BEES OF THE GENUS CROCISA. 219 


The pattern of the abdomen is nearly as in the African C. braun- 
siana, Friese. 


Hab. Penang (H.N. Ridley). 


Crocisa irisand, Sp. NOV. 

@. Length about 10 mm., expanse about 21 ; black, the colour of 
the markings as in C. ridley ; scutellum W-like, but the median angle 
very broad ; wings brownish, only moderately dark, the colour nearly 
uniform on anterior pair; pygidial plate small; clypeus very minutely 
punctured ; a strong keel between antenne ; face covered with light 
hair, but most of clypeus bare; mesothorax with six large spots, the 
anterior ones largest, transverse, about half on prothorax ; median 
line reduced to a small inconspicuous isolated longitudinally elongated 
spot; a small patch above each tegula, the tegule minutely punc- 
tured, and with a white patch behind; scutellum dark, with some 
bluish-white hair above the notch, and long white hair (not at all 
bluish) projecting from beneath ; pleura white-haired (very densely 
above), with a very broad transverse strongly punctured black band ; 
anterior and middle femora with some white hair at apex behind ; 
tibiz and tarsi marked practically as in C. ridleyz ; abdomen marked 
essentially as in C. ridley, except that the first segment is all light- 
haired at sides, except along hind margin, the light area notched on 
each side within. 

Hab. Irisan, Benquet Province, Philippine Islands, May Ist. 
Collector unknown to me. C. emarginata, C. lamprosoma, and 
C. nitidula have been listed from the Philippine Islands, but 
their presence there needs confirmation. 


The following species have been previously described :— 

C. quartine, Gribodo, var. a. Markings of abdomen violet. 
Koepang, Timor. No. 483. 

C. verticalis, Ckll. Amboyna. 

C. basalis, Friese. Semao Island (off Timor). No. 480. 

C. rostrata, Friese. Singapore (H. N. Ridley). 

C. japonica, Friese. Japan. 

C. decora, Smith. Singapore (H. N. Ridley) ; Tjigombong, 
Java (C. W. Andrews) ; Sadia (=I suppose Sadiya in Assam). 
This is C. emarginata of authors, but not the true emarginata of 
Lepeletier. Bingham (‘Fasciculi Malayenses,’ Zool., iil. p. 56) 
-refers what I suppose to be the same insect to C. decora, and I 
follow him, not without recognizing a possibility that the true 
(Chinese) decora is different. The abdominal markings are of a 
fine turquoise blue, of the same colour as those of C. basalis. 

C. luzonensis, Ckll. Irisan, Philippine Islands, May 380th. 
Evidently obtained by the same collector as that of C. irisana. 
The blue of first abdominal segment is deeply squarely incised 
basally, and there are four broad entire bands. 

C. amboinensis, Rads. Amboyna. 

C. massurii, Rads. Dalhousie, N.W. India, July 7th, 1906 


220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


(H. J. W. Barrow); Kangra Valley, 4500 ft., October, 1899 
(Dudgeon). The Kangra Valley specimen has the abdominal 
bands much more widely interrupted than the other, but it is of 
the opposite (female) sex. 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 
By A. K. Wineman, F.E.S. 


(Continued from p. 193.) 


Syntomoides catena, sp. n. 


@. Head and body blackish, a yellow patch on prothorax, and 
traces of a yellow belt on middle segment of the abdomen. Fore wings 
blackish, hyaline spots somewhat as in S. finctima, but smaller, and 
the outer series more uniform and chain-like. Hind wings have 
three hyaline spots, one below the cell, and two, separated by a vein, 
beyond end of cell. 

Expanse, 22 millim. 


Collection number, 20. 
Two specimens from Garambi, October, 1904. 
Possibly this may be the female sex of S. finitima. 


Syntomoides finitima, sp. n. 

3. Head and thorax blackish, the latter marked with yellow ; 
abdomen blackish, dorsally marked with yellow, and laterally with 
yellowish orange. Fore wings blackish with seven hyaline spots, 
separated by the veins and placed as follows: one in the cell, a 
smaller one below, a larger one in the interno-median interspace; a 
series of four beyond end of cell, the second minute. Hind wings 
have the central area hyaline, broken up by the blackish veins ; mar- 
gins broadly blackish. 

Expanse, 22 millim. 

Collection number, 20 a. 

Two male specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.); one taken 
April 16th, 1906, the other (the type), July 21st, 1908. The 
1906 example expands 25 millim., and the hyaline spots are 
larger than those of the type. 


Syntomis interrupta, sp. n. 

Head black, face yellow, antenne black tipped with white above ; 
thorax black, collar, patagia, and posterior edge yellow; abdomen 
black with seven yellow belts, the first incomplete, and the last three 
confluent above. Fore wings black ; five hyaline spots—one near the 
base yellow tinged, a triangular one in the cell, one divided by vein 
two below the cell, two beyond the cell each traversed by a vein (the 
basal spot is separated from the spot below cell by a square patch of 
the ground colour, and both these spots are only divided from that in 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 221 


the cell by the median vein). Hind wings hyaline with some yellow 
scales on inner margin; the rather broad black border projects 
inwards about middle. 

Expanse, 37 millim. 


Collection number, 24. 
A male specimen from Garambi, November 5th, 1904. 


Syntomis lucerna, sp. n. 

gS. Head black, face pale ochreous; thorax black spotted with 
yellow ; abdomen black with eight yellow belts, the first and last in- 
complete. Fore wings black, some yellowish scales at base; five 
hyaline spots—a triangular one near the base, one in the cell and one 
below, two beyond the cell, each divided by a vein. Hind wings 
hyaline with rather broad costal and outer marginal borders, the 
latter projected inwards about the middle; the inner margin edged 
with black and tinged with yellow at anal angle. Under side similar 
to above, but the fore wings have whitish apical spots. 

?. Agrees with the male, but the hyaline spots are somewhat 
larger; there are only seven yellow belts on abdomen, the first and 
last incomplete, and the latter broad. 

Expanse, ¢ 46 millim., 2? 44 millim. 


Collection number, 24a. 
A pair from Kanshirei (3200 ft.), May 9th, 1908. 


Syntomis lucerna flava, subsp. nov. 

Except that the hyaline spots and the hind wing are more or less 
covered with yellow scales this is almost identical with the type. It 
is, however, rather smaller, the eighth ring of abdomen is represented 
by a small yellow spot, and the apical spot is absent on the under 
side of the fore wings. 

Expanse, 40 millim. 

Collection number, 24 b. 

One male specimen from Banshoryo, September 15th, 1908. 


‘Ilema arizana, sp. n. 

$. Fore wings pale whitey-brown, with a faint grey tinge in 
certain lights; costa towards apex ochreous tinted. Hind wings 
paler and slightly tinged with yellow. Under side of fore wings 
suffused with fuscous, costa narrowly ochreous. 

?. Fore wings paler than in the male; hind wings whiter. 

Expanse, ¢ 38 millim., 2? 40 millim. 

Collection number, 753. 

One example of each sex from Arizan (7300 ft.), September, 
1906. 

Allied to I. deplana, Esp. 


Ilema tecta, sp. n. 


Head and thorax pale ochreous grey, abdomen whitish grey, pos- 
terior segments and anal tuft ochreous. Fore wings whitish, rather 


299, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


silky, costa yellowish tinged, inner margins suffused with dusky. 
Hind wings whitish, slightly tinged with ochreous grey. Under side 
of fore wings dark grey, almost black; a pale streak above the cell 
from near base to beyond middle of costa, thence along the costa 
itself to apex. 

Expanse, 35 millim. 

Collection number, 753 b. 

One male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 8th, 
1909. 

Allied to I. varana, Moore, from Sikkim. 


Ilema taiwana, sp. v. 

Head and collar orange, thorax blackish grey; abdomen grey, 
terminal segments tinged with orange. Fore wings narrow, blackish 
grey, costal stripe orange, terminating in a point at apex; fringes 
tinged with orange. Hind wings pale whitey brown, costal area 
suffused with fuscous. 

Expanse, 34 millim. 


Collection number, 72). 

One male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 9th, 1909. 

In some respects this species resembles Lithosia japonica, 
Leech, but the fore wings are narrower, the costal stripe is 
deeper in colour, and extends to the apex. 


Asura striata, sp.n. 


gd. Head and thorax pale salmon-pink, the latter black dotted. 
Fore wings pale salmon-pink ; antemedial band black, its outer edge 
nearly straight, its inner edge diffuse towards costa, and an inward 
projection about middle ; a postmedial series of black streaks on the 
veins, the inner ends of the upper streaks connected by a short, 
irregular, transverse line, which represents the postmedial; black 
dots on the outer margin. Hind wings paler. 

Expanse, 21 millim. 


Collection number, 76a. 
One male from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), November 7th, 1908. 


Eugoa grisea ab. suffusa. 

Fore wings rather more violet tinted, and dark sprinkled; the 
dots on postmedial line are more directly one over the other, and the 
area beyond the line is much suffused. 

Collection number, 696. 

One male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 14th, 
1909, and two males from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 18th, 1908. 


Nola (?) tripuncta, sp.n. 

3. Head and thorax white, abdomen whitish. Fore wings white, 
sparingly flecked with fuscous indicating irregular transverse lines ; 
three black dots on the costa, the middle one largest and triangular 
in shape; a linear blackish mark at end of the cell. Hind wings 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 223 


whitish, tinged with fuscous. Under side of fore wings blackish, 
except on the margins. 
Expanse, 22 millim. 


Collection number, 1275. 
One male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 18th, 1908. 


Miltochrista convexa, sp.n. 

Fore wings orange-red, costa and fringes black; basal dot and 
streak black ; three black transverse lines, the first and third excurved ; 
the second incurved, touching (or approximating) the third at each 
extremity, and united with the first above the middle; beyond the 
third line is a series of eight black streaks on the veins, the third and 
fifth longer than the others and touching the line; a black dot in the 
cell. Hind wings paler ; fringes, and cloud on outer margin towards 
costa, blackish. Under side as above, but the markings are blurred. 

Expanse, g 23 millim., 2 28 millim. 


Collection number, 762. 

One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.) ; the male 
captured in April, 1906, and the female in August, 1905. 

Near M. exclusa, Butl. 


Miltochrista connexa, sp. n. 

Differs from M. convera in having the first and third transverse 
lines obtusely angled below costa, and the third is also sharply angled 
before its termination on the inner margin ; the black streaks on the 
outer area start from the third line, and the third and fifth of these 
streaks are continued inwards to a black dot in the cell. On the 
under side of the fore wings the black streaks towards the costa are 
confluent, forming a blackish cloud. 

Expanse, 24 millim. 


Collection number, 762 b. 
One male from Arizan (7300 ft.), August, 1908. 
This may prove to be an aberration of M. convexa. 


Miltochrista dentata, sp. n. 


Head and thorax orange-red ; abdomen blackish, anal tuft orange- 
red. Fore wings orange-red, costa and fringes black; antemedial 
line black, indented and angled under costa, thence inwardly oblique 
to the inner margin; postmedial line black, sharply dentate, followed 
by a series of black dots; medial line black, almost straight. Hind 
wings crimson-red, blackish clouds on outer margin; fringes black. 
Under side similar to above in colour, but the fore wings have a 
black spot with dot below it towards apex, and the transverse lines 
are absent. 

Expanse, 19 millim. 


Collection number, 761. 
One female specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), September 19th, 
1906. 


(To be continued.) 


224 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LARVA OF MELANITIS 
LEDA, AND OF THE LARVA AND THE PUPA 
OF PAMPHILA MOHOPAANI. 


By Herpert A. Green, F.E.S. 


Melanitis leda. 


Larva. Ground colour yellow, a median dorsal green stripe and 
some narrower ones on each side from head to tail. The surface of 
the body is roughened. The head is the only variable feature in the 
numerous specimens I have had. In some cases this is entirely 
black except for two small white spots, one on either side of the 
head at the lower angle close to the mandibles; in others there 
is only a narrow black line from the base of the horns, or pro- 
jections, down the side of the head to lower angle. In all cases 
there is a narrow white line immediately behind and touching black 
on the head. Horns black in front, reddish-brown behind, and 
covered with bristles. Caudal processes not as long as cephalic 
horns, very slightly divergent. Several have been ‘‘ichneumoned ”’ 
by a common dipterous fly. 


Pamphila mohopaani. 


Larva. Pale green with two white lines, divided by an equal 
width of ground colour, dorsally narrowing gradually at head and 
tail until they disappear. Head black, with four whitish marks, 
two small at lower angle of head, two larger extending from crown 
to half way down head; these two spots are divided by a thin pro- 
jection of the black. Length about two inches. 

Pupa. The pupa is pale greenish white, the head prolonged to a 
point about an eighth of an inch in length. On the under side is a fine 
projection starting from the middle and extending nearly to tail. 
One curious feature about this pupa is that the white efflorescence 
is deposited on the leaf before pupation and not, as in keithloa, 
appearing after pupation on the pupa itself. Feeds on Bush Guinea 
Grass. 


Durban (Natal). 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


EPHEMERA PRODUCING Livina Youne.—It seems by the following 
extracts from well-known books that information with regard to the 
first stages of Ephemera is still wanting. 

Leland O. Howard in ‘The Insect Book’ says of May-flies, “In 
one case a female has been seen to deposit living larve.” 

Dr. Sharp in the ‘Cambridge Natural History,’ vol. v., pages 
432-3, speaking of the description given by Sir John Lubbock of the 
metamorphosis of Cloéon, says: ‘‘ His observations were made on 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. J25 


captured specimens, so that it is not certain that what he calls the 
first stage is really such.” With regard to the eggs, Dr. Sharp says, 
on page 441, “The eggs are very numerous, and it is thought may 
sometimes remain in the water as much as six or seven months 
before they hatch.” 

In view of this want of information, perhaps an experience I had 
some years ago may be worth recording, although my ignorance at 
the time of its being anything worth special notice prevented my 
preserving any of the young in the very first stages, by mounting 
them as micro slides, or taking detailed notes of formation, which I 
much regret. I may mention that from 1871 I had been much 
interested in pond-life in Turkey—had several small aquaria always 
under observation, and as the larval forms of May-flies were to be 
found in every pond and ditch, I kept aquaria well-stocked with 
them as food for other forms of pond-life. Those most common 
agreed with what Wilson in ‘Chapters on Evolution’ called ‘“ Cloe 
bioculata,” except that, in the figure given on page 266, the tail-hairs 
are shown all three-feathered on both sides: my Turkish larve had 
the middle hair feathered on both sides, but the other two only on 
the inside; the figure of Cloéon dipterwm, given on page 432, vol. v. 
of ‘Cambridge Natural History,’ is exactly like the Turkish forms. 
I frequently had the flies (both male and female) emerge from my 
aquaria, so I knew them well by sight as Cloe biocwlata. I find by 
my note-book that it was on September 27th, 1901, I caught a 
female May-fly (Cloe bioculata) on the glass of my window, by taking 
hold of her wings. She at once flicked her body round, and 
deposited a fairly large mass of something on my finger. Thinking 
it might be her eggs, I put a drop of water on it, and examined it 
with a pocket lens. To my great surprise I found it was a “squirm- 
ing mass” of living young ones. I washed them off into a small 
aquarium, where they found plenty of food, as an hour later when 
I placed some in a small tank for examination under the microscope, 
I could see they had been eating freely. They had only two tail- 
hairs, no “gills,” five dark spots on the head, two on each side near 
the top of the head, and one lower down in the centre of the head 
nearly over the mouth: this looked as if much deeper in the tissue 
of the head, the others seemed to be on the skin. The next day 
(28th), I caught another female, she did the same thing, but in this 
case only a small number were larve, the bulk of the mass being 
eggs; still, on putting some under the microscope, I could see they 
were on the point of hatching, and some did hatch while I had them 
under observation. I placed these in the same aquarium with the 
others. After about a week, in which no changes worth taking 
note of took place, pressure of business and absence from home 
prevented my making more observations until November 7th, when 
on examination of the aquarium I found plenty of the May-flies alive, 
and grown considerably. They had three tail-hairs and gills. I 
found a number of cast skins, and have reason to think that at least 
three moults had taken place since the centre tail-hair had developed, 
as I found skins with this hair of various lengths. Evidently, 
having come into the room, these flies were unable to find their way 


ENTOM.—avuausT, 1910. 8 


2.26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


out again, and, unable to find water, retained their eggs until they 
hatched in the body, but the speed with which this happened hardly 
agrees with the idea that, if laid in water, they would have taken 
“six or seven months to hatch.” 

I shall be much obliged by information as to name. Are Cloe 
bioculata and Cloéon dipterwm synonyms? I notice that Miall in 
his ‘ Natural History of Aquatic Insects’ gives the name as Chloeon 
dipterum. When Doctors and Professors differ, where does the 


poor student come in? — Wint1am Harvey; Eastbourne, July 8th, 
1910. 


PARASITES OF CALLOPHRYS RUBI.—In the July ‘ Entomologist,’ 
Dr. Chapman, when recording the breeding of an ichneumon from 
this species, quotes Mr. Claude Morley as saying that it “is the 
first parasite ever bred from Thecla rubi, so far as | am aware.” Mr. 
Morley was probably thinking of hymenopterous parasites only, as 
dipterous parasites have been recorded. Brauer and von Bergans- 
tamm in the ‘ Zweifliigler des Kaiserl Museums zu Wien,’ part vii., 
p. 72, give Hxorista confinis, Fall, and Exorista triteniata, Rond. ; 
and Mr. Verrall has a specimen of the latter species, the laconic 
label of which reads—if I remember rightly—‘‘ex rub: Barrett.” — 
Conpran J. Wainwricut; 45, Handsworth Wood Road, Birmingham. 


British Scorprion-Fuies.—I have paid but scant attention to 
this group of insects, but Mr. Lucas’s note in the last number 
induces me to send you the following jottings from my collection, 
which is named by McLachlan and Morton. Panorpa communis 
occurs in Suffolk from May 21st, through June to July 5th (once on 
July 26th); it is abundant, but I have never seen it with prey, always 
sitting on bushes or swept from herbage at Bentley, Barnby, Assington, 
Southwold, Henstead, Lavenham, Stanstead, Barham, Woolpit and 
Monks Soham. Helpston Heath, near Peterborough, June 13th, 1908. 
On July 2nd, 1910, I saw one in my garden here, sucking blackberry 
flower and standing vertically in it; on August 8th, 1901, I took one 
sucking Angelica flower at Matley Bog, New Forest. Panorpa ger- 
manica occurs in Suffolk from May 11th to June 14th only (though 
once on August 24th); it is common, but I have never seen it with 
prey, always sitting on bushes or swept from herbage at Bentley, 
Bramford, Henstead and Assington. Helpston Heath, near Peter- 
borough, June 13th, 1908; Knight Wood, New Forest, June 14th, 
1907. Panorpa cognata is very rare, and I have but once met with 
it; two specimens were beaten from alder bushes in Barnby Broad, 
Suffolk, along with P. communis, on July 5th, 1906. Of Boreus 
hyemalis, I possess but a single female, given me some years ago by 
Mr. Albert Piffard, who took it at Felden, Boxmoor, Herts; it cer- 
tainly does not occur about Ipswich, whence I have examined cart- 
loads of moss and debris, and I should be surprised to learn that it is 


to be found at allin the Hastern Counties.—CuaupE Moruey; Monks 
Soham. 


227 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 


Notes on LEPIDOPTERA IN JUNE.—I was able to pay a short 
visit to Wansford on June Ist, but saw nothing of Carterocephalus 
palemon until I was about to return to the railway station, when one 
example, just emerged, allowed itself to be taken. I saw no others. 
I paid an afternoon visit to Chippenham Fen on the 15th inst., and 
was very pleased to see and take for the first time Hmmelia trabealis, 
one individual only occurring at the roadside just beyond the green 
road leading to the fen. Bankia argentula occurred freely ; Hydrelia 
uncula sparingly; small larve of Cucullia verbasct were on the 
Scrophularia, but my efforts to find either larve or pup of Plusia 
chryson were quite fruitless. During the greater part of June I was 
sugaring in Hye and found things rather backward and Lepidoptera 
far from common. Hypsipetes ruberata occurred sparingly on trunks 
of willows; Phibalapteryx lignata at rest after dark and at sugar. 
The fine dark fen form of Sericoris lacunana was occasionally netted. 
Argyrolepia schretberstana was very scarce on trunks of black poplar, 
Hupecilia notulana was not uncommon. Baccalatrix boyerella was 
not common on elm-trunks. Hlachista cerusella was taken com- 
monly, flying over ditches, and Nepticula regiella occurred among 
hawthorn. Larve of Teniocampa gracilis appeared to be common 
in tops of Spirea.—C. H. Wuirtne; 7, Marine Avenue, Southend, 
June 29th, 1910. 


CoOREMIA QUADRIFASCIARIA IN SURREY.—On June 24th last, Mr. 
Norman Riley netted a male specimen of this species. It had been 
disturbed from a hedgerow by my beating-stick, so the captor very 
kindly gave it to me. In the Victoria History of Surrey (List of 
Lepidoptera, p. 126) C. quadrifasciaria is stated to be rare in the 
county, and the only localities mentioned are Gomshall, Guildford, 
and Whitley. To these may now be added—Byfleet (R.5., July 23rd, 
1904), Oxshott (A. Scollick, August 17th, 1907), Aldershot (B. Tul- 
loch, Entom. 1908, p. 274), and Ockham (as above). — RicHArp 
SoutH; 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, 5.W. 


Note on EvurirHecia ASstmiLATA.—In a previous note on this 
species (Entom. xlii. 261) I mentioned that, from larvee collected from 
hop in the garden, one imago emerged on August 22nd, 1909. No 
other moth came up that year. One appeared on June 16th, two on 
June 20th, and one on June 24th this year. About May 3rd a moth that 
seemed to be H. assimilata was seen on the fence, but as capture was 
not effected, its identity was not established. A half-grown larva of the 
species was found on the under side of a hop leaf, quite close to the 
ground, on July Ist last; another, in last instar, on July 3rd; anda 
third, almost full grown, under a leaf of black currant, on July 17th. 
—RicuHarp Soutu. 


ARGYNNIS LATHONIA AT FoLKEsSTONE. — Messrs. Watkins and 
Doncaster tell me you will like to know that I captured a fine speci- 
men of Argynnis lathonia (Queen of Spain Fritillary) at Folkestone 
Warren, on June 27th last.—D. Atroy Satamon; 86, Tower Hill, 
July 7th, 1910. 


228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


CAPTURES AT SuGAR IN YORKSHIRE.—On June 7th, 1902, I had 
the good fortune to take Acronycta alnt, and on the same date this 
year another good specimen was secured. Two days later, June 9th, 
I again sugared in the same locality, and was successful in taking 
three more good specimens, one of them strongly inclined to 
melanism. I also took two A. leporina and missed another specimen 
of the same species. Hadena thalassina, Huplexia lucipara, Xylo- 
phasta rurea, and other common moths were very plentiful. I also 
took several melanic varieties of A. pst and Agrotis segetum. Apamea 
unanmmis was also plentiful—Gro. Bunce; 1, Johnston Street, 
Wakefield, June 12th, 1910. 


Pacuys (AMPHIDASYS) BETULARIA ab, DOUBLEDAYARIA IN HssEx.— 
In the ‘Entomologist’ for July, 1910, p. 204, the Rev. W. Claxton 
announces the capture of a fine specimen of this form at Navestock, 
on May 21st, and suggests it may be a record for Essex, but he is 
nearer the mark when he further suggests that some of your readers 
may know better than himself. Several years ago I put out an 
ordinary bred female on an apple-tree in my garden, and was not a 
little surprised to find a black male paired with it the next morning. 
Since then I have found similar pairings on trees hereabouts, and 
have bred many fine black and intermediate forms. The specimens 
obtained from wild larve and pupe collected here are far finer than 
any I have received from northern correspondents. In recent years 
there has been such a demand for these larvee that I have had very few 
left. This spring I had only three and these produced one ordinary 
male and two large, intensely black females. This black form is so 
frequently turning up here now that it appears to be gradually 
superseding the light one. If I remember rightly, there is a record 
by Paymaster-in-Chief Mathew, R.N., of the occurrence of double- 
dayarva at Dovercourt, and I have an impression that it has oc- 
curred to some of my other Essex friends elsewhere in the county. 
One of my black females paired in my garden with an ordinary male 
this year, and I have now a good brood of the resulting larve feeding 
on Salia viminalts—W. H. Harwoop; 94, Station Road, Colchester, 
July 4th, 1910. 


PACHYS BETULARIA var. DOUBLEDAYARIA (LEPIDOPTERA). — On 
May 31st last, in Kingston-on-Thames, I found on the pavement a 
large female of the Peppered Moth. It was quite alive, but had 
received a little damage. In greatest expanse from tip to tip of the 
fore wings it measured 60 millim.—W. J. Lucas. 


SOCIETIES. 


THe Soutn Lonpon EnromotoaicaAL AND Naturau History 
Socinry.— May 12th.—Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the 
chair.—Mr. Yonge exhibited a series of Melitea awrinia, taken at 
Verney Junction about 1890, but apparently now it is extinct there.— 
Mr. Ashdown, a specimen of Asphalia flavicornis, from Mickleham, 
having a large dark blotch in the disc of the fore wings. — Mr. 


SOCIETIES. 229 


Edwards, numerous species of the genus Parnassius, including 
P. transiens, P. smintheus, P. gracilis, P. imperator, &e.— Mr. Main, 
specimens of two species of scorpion, sent him from South France 
by Dr. Chapman.—Mr. Coulson, a very pale buff example of Phigalha 
pedaria from Epping Forest.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a number of species 
of Lepidoptera from Zermatt, and read a paper entitled “A Few Days 
with the Butterflies of Zermatt.” 

May 26th.—Mr. J. W. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair.— 
Mr. Newman exhibited ova of Sesta andreniformis and two speci- 
mens of a blue butterfly, male and female, from the late Mr. Sabine’s 
collection, supposed to be a natural hybrid between Agriades corydon 
and A. thetis (bellargus).— Mrs. Hemmings, a very fine gynandrous 
specimen of Celastrina argiolus taken in Surrey on March 10th, 1910. 
—Mr. Edwards, numerous species of the South American genus of 
Satyride Taygetis, and a number of under sides of Melanitis leda, 
showing extreme variation in colour and markings. — Mr. Adkin, the 
series of Boarmia repandata referred to in Proc. 8. Lond. Ent. Soe. 
1909, p. 3, and read further notes on them. He also reported an 
instance of a butterfly, Pzerts brassice (?), being captured and carried 
off by a bird.—Mr. Step, a number of the carnivorous slug Testacella 
haliotidea, found by Mr. West in his garden at Ashtead. — Mr. Sich, 
the small winter tents of the hybernating larve of Hyponomeuta 
cagnagellus.—Dr. Hodgson, specimens of C. argiolus and Pieris nape 
recently bred or taken by him, as noteworthy in the colour investi- 
gations he has been carrying on for some years. 

June 9th.—Mr. J. W. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—Mr. 
Edwards exhibited a large number of species.of American Pzerin@.— 
Captain Cardew, a short series of Hpzone advenaria, including a uni- 
colorous specimen from Godalming.— Dr. Hodgson, the imagines bred 
from a brood of Pieris napi from ova laid in May, 1909. Some emerged 
in July-August, 1909, but most of the insects did not appear till the 
spring of 1910.—Mr. Harrison reported the assembling of twenty- 
one males of Amphidasys betularia, fourteen of which were var. 
doubledayaria, at Woodford. 

June 23rd.—The President in the chair—Mr. Ashdown exhibited 
a specimen of Avgeria culiciformis and the rare Coleopteron, An- 
thraxia nitidula, from the New Forest, in May.—Mr. Newman, a 
very long bred series of Hmaturga atomaria, with a large proportion 
of melanic specimens.—Mr. West, specimens of Coleoptera and 
Hemiptera taken during the field-meeting at Ranmore on June 18th, 
including Cryptocephalus cory, C. moret, Stroma albomarginata 
(developed forms), Deltocephalus abdominals, &e.—My. Carr, a collec- 
tion of Lepidoptera taken in the Wye Valley during July and 
August, 1909, including Lewcophasia sinapis, Grapta c-album, a fine 
series of Cidaria picata, &c.—Mr. R. Adkin, a series of Hndromis 
versicolor and Biston hirtaria, reared from ova sent him from Avie- 
more in 1908, and read notes on the emergences in 1909 and 1910. 
Several, of the former species, and many of the latter, were appa- 
rently going over another year.—Mr. Sich, a beetle reared from a 
yellow silken cocoon found at Ranmore Common on Hzppocrepis 
comosa.—Mr. Cowham, a Nyssia zonaria, mainly female, but having 


230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


antenne slightly pectinated, and unusually large wings. — Mr. 
Kdwards, a number of large species of Coleoptera, among which were 
Oxynopterus audauinit (a gynandromorph) from N. Borneo, Cerato- 
rhina morgan, and C. quadrimaculata from W. Africa.—Mr. J. W. 
Kaye, numerous aberrant specimens of Polyommatus icarus, varying 
in ground colour, with confluent spots, developed marginal spots, &c. 
—Mr. F. Noad Clark reported that 41. tipuliformis had been common 
in his garden at Wembley, the females ‘‘ assembling” about half-past 
one to two.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Secretary. 


THE MANcHESTER EnromouoaicaL Socinty.—January 5th, 1910. 
—Meetings held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.— 
Election of officers for 1910: President, Mr. C. F. Johnson, F.E.S.; 
Vice President, Mr. W. P. Stocks, F.R.C.S.; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. W. 
Buckley; Hon. Librarian, Mr. B. H. Crabtree, F.E.S.; Hon. Secre- 
tary, Mr. A. W. Boyd; Council, the above, and Messrs. J. Ray Hardy, 
J. H. Cope, and A. KE. Wright. Mr. J. Ray Hardy, Curator in Ento- 
mology to the University of Manchester, was elected an honorary 
member.—Mr. C. F. Johnson, F.E.S., gave the Annual Presidential 
Address :—‘‘ The Apparent Increase and Decrease of Certain Species 
of Lepidoptera during the last Fifty Years.’”’ Mr. Johnson took the 
works of Newman and Coleman as a basis, and showed in detail that 
many species had disappeared from old localities. He drew the con- 
clusion that most of these cases were due to closer cultivation and 
the reclamation of land. In many cases, however, an adequate 
explanation seems to be impossible. On the other hand, he showed 
that a number of species (e.g., P. moneta and C. ambigua, &c.) have 
increased their numbers quite lately. Mr. Johnson expressed the 
hope that this interesting and important subject would receive 
greater attention in the future—Mr. J. Watson made a most 
interesting exhibit of the newly described silk-moth, Cricula andrez. 
He explained that odd specimens had been bred previously from 
among the gregarious cocoons of Cricula trifenestrata from Assam, 
but were thought to be varieties of the latter. By selecting from a 
number of C. trifenestrata cocoons four or five which appeared to 
be slightly different, he had bred the moth, and two pairings had 
resulted in a fine series. C. andrez is of a rich crimson colour, while 
C. trifenestrata is a dull brown or buff. The larve, too (of which 
preserved examples were shown), are quite different. He also 
showed series of Rhodia fugax and Caligula simla and japonica, with 
fertile eggs of fugax and japonica.—My. A. E. Wright exhibited an 
example of Luperina queneer var. baxtert, taken in the Fylde in 1909; 
and, for comparison, series of Luperina testacea, Agrotis ripe, and 
Aporophyla australis.—Mr. J. E. R. Allen exhibited a fine aberration 
of Abraxas grossulariata, bred in 1908 from a wild Enniskillen larva. 
This was almost without black markings, having a few small spots 
only.—Mr. W. Buckley showed series of Hybernia defoliaria and 
HT. wurantiaria, Hupsilia satellitia, Orthosia rufina, Noctua dahlit, and 
Orthosia circellaris ( ferruginea), from near Stoke. 

February 2nd, 1910.—Mr. Johnson, F.E.S., the President, in the 
chair.—The following exhibits were made:—Mr. R. Tait, Jr., long 
series of Hybernia defoliarta and aurantiaria taken in Delamere 


SOCIETIES. 231 


last November. The defoliaria showed great variation, and included 
a dark specimen with black markings on a dark brown ground. He 
also showed a series of H. pennaria, bred from Monkswood larve, 
and taken in Delamere.—Mr. A. W. Boyd, series of H. defoliaria and 
aurantiaria from Delamere and Borrowdale, C. boreata from Dela- 
mere, Hpunda lichenea from Penmaemawy larve, Orthosia rufina 
from Delamere larve, and Hadena contigua from Borrowdale.—My. 
J. Watson, specimens and live cocoons of Attacus edwardsi from 
Assam, and several examples of a dipteron bred from a moribund 
larva found in a cocoon. He pointed out the difference between 
A. edwardsi and A. atlas. He also showed several specimens of a 
species of Colas taken in Southern Uganda, at a height of 11,000 ft. 
on Mount Ruwenzori. These were very near C. electra of the Cape, 
and resembled our C. edusa closely —My. A. E. Salmon read a note 
on N. typhe, describing how imagines had emerged, on June 2nd, 
from pup found four days previously at Ashley, Cheshire. In the 
same locality he observed half-grown larve on July 14th, and new 
pup on July 31st, from which imagines emerged on September 4th. 
This seems to point to two broods in the year. 


March 2nd, 1910.—Mr. Johnson, F.E.S., the President, in the 
chair.—Mr. J. Watson read a paper on the Saturniide, or silk-bearing 
moths. After dealing with the nature of silk, he gave a detailed 
account of the various families and species of the Saturniide, 
referring particularly to Antherea mylitta (Tussore silk) and Antherea 
pernyt (Shantung silk), which are of great commercial importance 
in view of the possible failure of degenerate Bombyx mort. He 
illustrated his paper with long series of many species, a number of 
live cocoons of Khodia fugaz, Samia gloveri, Antherea mylitta, 
T. selene, and others, showing the various methods of emergence, and 
live larvee of the new Cricula andrei. Mr. Watson also exhibited a 
specimen of Antherea mylitta, showing the first known case of 
regeneration of the lost part of an insect. The antenne and mem- 
branes of one wing had been cut in opening the pupa. After emer- 
gence one antenna was perfect, and of the other only half remained, 
with the pectinations partly regenerated; the wound in the wing 
also had healed.—Mr. B. H. Crabtree, F.E.S., exhibited specimens of 
Lycena corydon with female varieties, syngrapha and intermediates. 


April 6th, 1910.—Mr. Johnson, F.H.S., the President, in the 
chair.—Mr. Mansbridge, F'.E.S., gave a paper on ‘ Mendel’s Theory 
of Heredity, with Special Reference to Lancashire and Cheshire 
Variation.” By means of diagrams he showed his experiments in 
breeding Aplecta nebulosa and its black varieties (thompsoni and 
robsont), which seemed to follow Mendel’s theory exactly. He also 
gave in detail his experiments in breeding Boarmia repandata and 
its black variety. He exhibited these and other species to illustrate 
his paper.—Mr. J. Ray Hardy exhibited a drawer of Coleoptera to 
illustrate the new arrangement of the collection in the Manchester 
Museum.—Mr. J. Watson showed living Hymenoptera bred from 
pup of Papilio medon, from Sierra Nevada.—Mr. A. E. Salmon 
exhibited living Baccilus rossz, an Indian stick-insect.—A. W. Boyp, 
Hon, Sec. 


232 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


A Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe. By M. Burr, D.Sc. 
London. 1910. 


“To work as a specialist is necessary; to think as a specialist 
may be dangerous”’ (Macfadyan). Burr’s neat and handy volume 
on the Orthoptera of Western Europe is one that should help the 
naturalist, who likes to get a general bird’s-eye view of that region of 
the field of Nature in which he works, as well as the specialist 
in Orthoptera, who will need to make a closer inspection of that small 
area he has chosen for his own. Almost of necessity our small total 
of some thirty-nine Orthoptera are contained in the four hundred or 
thereabout to be met with on the western fringe of the Old World ; 
but who knows whether a British naturalist, armed with this 
‘pocket’ handbook, may not be able to add to our restricted list 
the names of some species which ought to occur with us, and possibly 
only need looking for to reveal their presence. I refer to such species 
as Chelidura acanthopygia, Stauroderus biguttulus, Chorthippus longi- 
cornis, Tettix fuliginosus, and several others. It goes without saying 
that the work would have been enhanced by illustrations, but so also 
would the price. A structural plate explanatory of terms used does, 
however, seem a desideratum, especially for such as do not make a 
speciality of the Orthoptera. The 398 species are distributed as 
follows :—Earwigs, 25; Cockroaches, 22; Mantids, 13; Phasmids, 
4; Acridians, 134; Locustids, 164; Crickets, 36. An appendix brings 
the nomenclature up to date.-—W. J. Lucas. 


Bulletin of Entomological Research Committee ; issued by the Ento- 
mological Research Committee (Tropical Africa) appointed by 
the Colonial Office. Vol. i. pt. 1, pp. 1-88. 4s. London: 
Longmans, Green & Co. April, 1910. 


In this bulletin we have the first record of the doings of the 
Committee, of which the Earl of Cromer is chairman and Mr. Guy 
A. K. Marshall is scientific secretary, whose object is “ to procure the 
fullest possible knowledge of the insects of tropical and subtropical 
Africa.” That this is a formidable but at the same time most useful 
task can easily be imagined, and any doubt with regard to it will be 
removed after reading Dr. A. EH. Shipley’s admirable introduction to 
the part before us. Some of the richest tracts of Africa are almost 
closed to the white man by the presence of inimical insects and ticks. 
This state of things the Committee intend to alter, by means of the 
closest study of these animals and their life-histories, and of the 
organisms which prey upon them in their turn. Two experienced 
entomologists, Messrs. 8. A. Neave and J. J. Simpson, have already 
left England to work upon the spot, while the Committee are further 
prepared to cope with the material which reaches them from Africa. 
In addition to the foreword the present part contains articles on 
African Fruit-flies (EH. EH. Austen), Blood-sucking Diptera (Dr. R. E. 
Drake-Brockman), Hemiptera injurious to Cocoa (G. C. Dudgeon), 
Parasites on Silkworms (zbid.), Scale Insects from Uganda (R. New- 
stead), Larval and Pupal Stages of Culicidee (W. Wesché), &c. There 
are eight fine plates and other illustrations —W. J. L. 


ESSRS. J. & W. DAVIS, Museum: Works, Dartford, 

beg to announce that they haye now opened a London Branch at 
29, Paternoster Row, for the sale of their specialities for naturalists, 
manufactured by them at their Works. 

New Illustrated Catalogue of Entomological Apparatus post 
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CONTENTS. ss | 


A Black-tipped Aberration of Ricsapharye (Bhoaene ata Male ee illustra- 
~ tion), 7. Rewss, 209. On the Oviposition and Incubation of the T Rehinonea se 
Paniscus (Parabatus) virgatus, Foure., Rupert Stenton, 210. The Athalia — 
Group of the Genus Melita (continued), George Wheeler, 212. Some Bees 
of the Genus Crocisa from Asia and Australia, 7’. D. A. Cockerell, 216. Some — 
New Lepidoptera-Heterocera from Formosa (continued), A. E. Waleman, 220. a 
Deseriptions of the Larva of Melanitis leda, and of the Larva and the Pupa 
of Pamphila mohopaani, Herbert A. Green, 224. 

NoTEs AND OBSERVATIONS.—Ephemera producing Living Young, Wiliam Harvey, 
224. Parasites of Callophrys rubi, Colbran J. Wainwright, 226. . British 
Scorpion-Flies, Claude Morley, 226. — 

CapruREs AND Firtp Reporrs.—Notes on Lepidoptera in June, C. H. Whittle, 
227.  Coremia quadrifasciaria in Surrey; Note on Eupithecia assimilata, 
Richard South, 227. Argynnis lathonia at Folkestone, D. Alroy Salamon, 
227. Captures at Sugar in Yorkshire, Geo. Bunce, 228. Pachys (Amphidasys) 
betularia ab. doubledayaria i in Essex, W. H. Harwood, 228. Pachys betularia 
var. doubledayaria (Lepidoptera), W. J. Lucas, 228. 

Socinties.—South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 228. The i 

4 


PL ohn Me eee Bs 


a ae eee ee ee 


Manchester Entomological Society, 230. RECENT LITERATURE, 232. 


TO ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


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S. W. DAWSON, M.P.S., CHEMIST, WEST NORWOOD, LONDON, 8.8. 


JAMES GARDNER, 
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A © subsoriptons a 1910 (és. post reas) should be sent to West, 
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Vol. XLII) Saaauase 1910. [No. 568. 


aS THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST 


AN 


Illustrated Fournal 


OF 


GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. 


EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH,-F-.E.S. 


WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF 


ROBERY ADKIN, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, V.L.S., FES. 

H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.S.| W. J; LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. 

W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S.,F.Z.S. 
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLITI.] SEPTEMBER, 1910. [No. 568 


THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
By H. Rowxanp-Browy, M.A., F.E.S. 


As the first Congress of Entomology ever held, the Inter- 
national Congress which met at Brussels on August Ist, and 
continued in session for the whole of the following week, marks 
an epoch in the history of our science. We owe, therefore, a 
deep debt of gratitude to Mr. Walter Rothschild, Dr. K. Jordan, 
and those others who took the initiative in the matter, and now 
that all is over we congratulate them heartily on the success 
which has attended their endeavours. The muster of members 
(260 men and 33 ladies) was in every way gratifying ; the number 
of Universities, Museums, Institutes, and Societies (270 in all) 
who have given their names also as supporters, is agreeable proof 
that Entomology is recognized as entitled to rank with the pro- 
gressive forces of the scientific as well as the economic and 
commercial world. Our only regret is that so comparatively few 
of the active field- workers in our own country should have found 
it possible to attend. But when we remember that the first 
week in August is usually the first—and sometimes the only— 
week’s holiday vouchsafed to many of us, we are the better able 
to understand why so many faces familiar at our London, 
Birmingham, and Manchester meetings were conspicuous by 
their absence. The next Congress, we are pleased to hear, is 
fixed for Oxford in 1912 ; we trust that it may be convenient to 
select a date in September, when we are less loth to exchange 
the open country for the conference chamber. 

Among those who assisted, however, Great Britain and 
Ireland achieved a large majority, including the following 
Fellows of the Entomological Society of London :—Messrs. 
G. J. Arrow, R. 8. Bagnall, Dr. Malcolm Burr (an indefatigable 
International Secretary), G. C. Champion, E. M. Dadd, Dr. 
¥. A. Dixey, H. St. J. Donisthorpe, H. Eltringham, C. J. 
Gahan, A. 'T’. Gillanders, Sir Archibald Buchan-Hepburn, Bart., 
J. M. Howlett, A. H. Jones, Dr. K. Jordan, KE. G. Joseph, Dr. 
G. b. Longstaff, G. A. K. Marshall, G. Meade-Waldo, F. 
Merrifield, Professor E. B. Poulton, Professor R. C. Punnett, the 

ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1910. T 


234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Hon. Walter Rothschild, the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, H. Rowland- 
Brown, W. Schaus, Professor F. V. Theobald, R. Trimen, and 
C.J. Wainwright; while to these may be added the names of 
Dr. G. H. Carpenter, Dr. R. 8S. MacDougall, Sir Daniel Morris, 
Mr. W. B. Sturgess, and Mr. R. Vaughan-Williams ; and of the 
following ladies :—Mrs. Malcolm Burr, Mrs. Donisthorpe, Mrs. 
Longstaff, Mrs. Morris, Miss Merrifield, Mrs. and Miss Poulton, 
Miss Rowland-Brown, and Miss Trimen. 

Proceedings opened on the evening of July 31st, with an 
informal gathering at the Taverne Royale, where Professor 
Lameere, Rector of the Free University of Brussels and Presi- 
dent of the Entomological Society of Belgium, and Madame 
Lameere, received such members as had already arrived, with 
the charming grace which is characteristic of Belgian hospi- 
tality. Meanwhile, M. Severin, in whose hands the arrange- 
ments for the Congress had been largely confided, assisted by 
Madame and Mademoiselle Severin, handed to each of us the 
‘“‘orders of the day,’ and the prettily designed silver badges to 
be worn by those assisting, together with several invitation 
cards for reunions and receptions at the Museums, &c., with 
which Brussels is particularly well equipped. 

At half-past ten next morning, August Ist, Professor 
Lameere, in a pleasant speech of welcome, declared the Congress 
open. M. Severin, the General Secretary, read his report, and 
M. Y. Sjostedt, the famous Swedish explorer and orthopterist, 
speaking in German, explained the entomological work done by 
the Swedish Kilimanjaro Expedition, of which he was the 
leader, illustrating his remarks with many extremely interesting 
lantern pictures. Over eleven hundred new species of insects, 
he said, had been added to our knowledge of the insect fauna of 
Africa, as a result of the exploration of the great mountain and 
its surrounding districts. 

In the afternoon, in the Economic Section, among other 
papers, Professor F. V. Theobald discoursed on the ‘ Artificial 
Distribution of Insect Pests”; Dr. R. 8. MacDougall read a 
paper on “ Galerucella lineola,”’ explaining the damage done to 
osiers by this particular beetle, and suggesting measures for 
prevention and cure; and Sir Daniel Morris detailed the excellent 
work done by his department in the West Indies to control the 
introduction of insect pests by means of insecticides, and pre- 
caution of quarantine and inspection after the admission of seeds 
and plants; paying a high tribute to the discoveries made by 
Mr. H. Maxwell-Lefroy, F.E.S., at present Entomologist to the 
Government of India. Meanwhile, Sectionsii. and iii. were busy 
discussing Systematics and Nomenclature respectively. 

On Tuesday the General Meeting listened with rapt attention 
to the oratory of Dr. R. Blanchard, of Paris, who spoke at great 
length, and with admirable clearness and force, upon the 


THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 935 


relations of entomology to medical science, his speech being in 
fact a summing-up of our present knowledge of bacteriological 
medicine, and the part played by the mosquito and other insects 
in the dissemination of disease. Hardly less eloquent was 
Father Wasmann, on the popular subject of ‘‘ Ants and their 
Guests,” but, to the general disappointment, M. Forel, who was 
to have spoken on ‘‘ The Geography and Philogeny of Ants,” 
was unable to be present. In the afternoon three Sections were 
again formed: one for the discussion of Insect Bionomies, 
Physiology, and Psychology; one for Economic and Medical 
Entomology; and a third for the further consideration of the vexed 
problem of Nomenclature. In the second, among others, Pro- 
fessor F. V. Theobald read a paper on ‘“‘ The Distribution of the 
Yellow Fever Mosquito, Stegomyia fasciata,” and Dr. G. H. Car- 
penter “‘ Notes on the Cistride”’; being an account of experi- 
ments to elucidate the life-history of Hypoderma bovis, and the 
economic value of preventive treatment, with further observa- 
tions on the warble-fly of the reindeer, Cidemagena tarandt. 
In the third Section Dr. K. Jordan assisted the discussion upon 
Nomenclature. 

Wednesday was a field-day for the evolutionists, and here 
Dr. F. A. Dixey’s address on ‘‘Mimicry”’ drew one of the 
largest audiences of the Congress. Indeed, it was early apparent 
that the arrangement whereby six speakers were put down to 
sive their views on this and kindred subjects could by no means 
be followed out, and after Professor R. C. Punnett, of Cambridge 
University, had delivered his lecture on ‘‘ Mendelism and Lepi- 
doptera’’—a lucid summary of Mr. Bateson’s and his own 
researches in this highly technical branch of entomology—there 
was only time for Dr. Jordan to read his paper on ‘ The 
Systematics of certain Lepidoptera which resemble each other, 
and their bearing on General Questions of Evolution,’ the 
afternoon being devoted to expeditions not strictly entomological 
—to the Tervueren Museum, replete with exhibits of all sorts 
exclusively from the Congo; to the field of Waterloo; and to 
the Forest of Soignes. A special Section was announced for 
Thursday, to supplement the day’s unfinished programme. 

Thursday, in consequence, was an exceptionally busy day, 
for, apart from the General Meeting of the morning, when Dr. 
Burr delivered Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe’s address on “ Ants 
and their Guests,’ and the President of the Entomological 
Society of France, M. Kinkel d’Herculais, read a paper on 
‘Locust Ravages and their Prevention,’ members of the Con- 
gress were invited to inspect the Natural History Museum of 
Brussels, and to be photographed thereat, as soon as the after- 
noon Sections had concluded their work. , 

So, after the veteran Mr. Merrifield had summed up with 
admirable lucidity and conciseness the results of his tempera- 

nD 


236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ture experiments on Araschnia levana and Selene bilunaria, 
showing that by the control of the larva and not the pupa 
it was possible to produce ‘‘ first-phase’’ forms in the second 
brood, Mr. W. Schaus opened the battle against Professor 
Poulton, F.R.S., basing his contrary views on the subject of 
mimicry and its meaning upon observations made during many 
years passed in the neo-tropical regions of America. Unfortu- 
nately, after Mr. Schaus had spoken there was no one to take up 
the cudgels for him. A one-sided contest terminated after further 
remarks from Mr. R. Trimen, F.R.S., Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, 
Dr. Dixey, F.R.S., and other recognized British and German 
authorities on the subject. 

Meanwhile, other Sections were at work (1) upon Bionomies, 
Physiology, and Psychology, and (2) upon Systematics, many of 
the most distinguished Continental entomologists assisting, 
including Dr. W. Horn, of Berlin, M. E. L. Bouvier, of the Paris 
Zoological Museum, and M. P. Bachmetjew, of Sofia. 

On Friday, August 5th, the morning was once more de- 
voted to general business, M. Lameere, the President, giving a 
résumé of the work done by the Congress, and the important 
questions being settled of the time and place of the next 
meeting. By a large majority it was decided to hold a Triennial 
Congress, but as this year’s proceedings clashed with those of 
the Zoological Congress, and it is undesirable that this should 
again occur, it was agreed to accept the kind invitation of the 
University of Oxford, conveyed through Professor Poulton, and 
to convene the next international assembly in 1912. The 
technical work of the Congress, however, was not quite finished, 
and in the afternoon Sections were at work on ‘‘ Museology, and 
the History of Entomology,’ and Zoogeography; Mr. J. M. 
Howlett, F.E.S., among others, speaking on the ‘‘ Preservation 
of Collections in Tropical Climates,’ and Dr. W. J. Holland, 
F.E.S., of Pittsburg, U.S.A., contributing a valuable paper 
‘*On the Conservation of Types in Museums.” 

In the evening a banquet at the Taverne Royale, attended by 
some two hundred members, was made the occasion of some 
pleasant after-dinner speeches, realizing in every particular that 
‘brevity is the soul of wit,’ and this brought the formal pro- 
ceedings to a close, although many of the foreign visitors remained 
to take part in the charming Saturday excursions to the old 
Flemish towns, arranged and led by members of the Entomo- 
logical Society of Belgium, and the Sunday State reception at the 
historic ‘‘ Hotel de Ville,” by the Mayor and Corporation, His 
Majesty King Albert being of course prevented from receiving 
this or any other Congress by reason of the Court mourning. 

In conclusion, the writer of this necessarily brief report 
would like to point out that space alone prevents him from 
enumerating more precisely the work of the Congress, and 


A NEW ANOPHELINE FROM SOUTH AFRICA. 237 


from mentioning even the titles of the many valuable contri- 
butions made by authors other than those who are his fellow- 
countrymen. In a few months’ time the ‘‘ Transactions and 
Proceedings of the First International Congress of HKntomo- 
logy’ * will make their appearance, and then it will be for the 
general public to decide how far entomology, from being the 
Cinderella of the Natural Sciences, has established a claim to take 
rank as a leading lady ! 


A NEW ANOPHELINE FROM SOUTH AFRICA. 
By H. F. Carter. 


Pyretophorus transvaalensis, sp. Nov. 

Head with white scales in front, black behind; palpi with two 
broad apical white bands and a narrow basal band. Thorax grey in 
the middle, dark at the sides; covered with narrow-curved pale grey 
scales. Abdomen brown with golden hairs. Legs brown with very 
faint apical banding. Wings with light and dark scales; six costal 
spots, the first and fourth spreading evenly on the first long vein, the 
two basal ones small. 

?. Head dark, densely clothed with upright-forked white scales 
in front, black ones behind; a tuft of long white hairs projecting 
forward between the eyes; antennze brown with white pubescence ; 
palpi, thin, dark brown with two broad apical white bands and a 
narrow basal band. 


Fig. 1, wing of Pyretophorus transvaalensis, n. sp. 


Thorax grey in the middle with three longitudinal dark lines, 
deep brown at the sides, clothed with pale grey, somewhat elongated, 
narrow-curved scales; scutellum dark in the centre, greyish brown, 
laterally with scales similar to those on the thorax, border bristles 
missing. Abdomen deep brown with golden hairs. Legs brown, 
He very faint white apical spots, rather larger at the apices of the 
tibiee. 

Wings with six costal spots, the two basal ones somewhat small ; 
the first and fourth spot spread evenly on to the first long vein, the 
second and third are larger than the others, and the corresponding 


_ * A detailed account of the Congress and its work was published in ‘ The 
Times’ of Wednesday, August 10. 


938 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


area of the former on the first long vein is interrupted by a few 
yellow scales, the latter spot spreads evenly on to the ‘sub-costal vein, 
but on the first long vein the end nearest the base of the wing is 
replaced by yellow scales; the upper branch of the first fork cell has 
two dark areas, one a short distance from the apex, the other a 
similar distance from the base of the cell, the lower branch also with 
two dark areas, the apical one small, reaching to the costa, the basal 
one large; the stem with a dark-scaled area just before and one 
just after the supernumerary cross-vein; third long vein with two 
spots, one large and reaching almost to the costa, the other small 
and situated just in front of the mid cross-vein; the fourth long vein 
with a dark area just after the base of the cell and one towards the 


Fig. 2, wing of Pyretophorus transvaalensis, n. sp. 


base of the wing; the cell has two spots on each branch, two being 
basal and two apical; on the fifth vein there is a spot at the base of 
the wing, and on the upper branch of the cell three dark areas, the 
first very near the apex, the third at the base and extending a short 
distance on to the stem, there is also a dark patch at the apex of the 
lower branch; the sixth vein has three small spots; fringe with 
pale spots where the veins join the costa; apex yellow; first sub- 
marginal cell longer than the second posterior, its stem about half 
the length of the cell; stem of second posterior cell rather longer 
than the cell; supernumerary cross-vein placed slightly in front of 
the mid, posterior about its own length distant from the mid. 
Length 4 mm. (rather over). 


Hab.—Leysdorp, Transvaal (sent by Dr. Copland to Mr. 
F. V. Theobald). 


Observations.—Described from two females. It comes near 
P. sergentu, Theobald, but differs from it in the wing-spotting 
and the leg-banding. 


Pe SOME BEES FROM HIGH ALTITUDES IN THE 
S HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS. 


By T. D. A. CockEretu. 


Amone the various materials which pass through one’s hands 
from time to time, some excite unusual interest on account of 
the place they come from. After reading the published account 


SOME BEES FROM THE HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS. 239 


of the adventures of the British Thibet Expedition in the higher 
passes of the Himalayas, it was naturally a great pleasure to be 
able to study some of the bees collected at those high altitudes, 
representing a hitherto unknown series of species, wholly diffe- 
rent from those of the lower and well-known slopes of the 
mountains. 

All the specimens are of course in the British Museum. 


be Bombus waltoni, sp.nov. 

?. Length about 174 mm.; expanse about 34; hair of head and 
thorax black, with a slight admixture of greyish on mesothorax and 
scutellum, only noticed under a lens ; hair of first abdominal segment 
and base of second appearing a sort of grizzled black, the black hairs 
being tipped with greyish white ; hair of apex of second segment, and 
all the following ones bright ferruginous tipped with dull white, 
giving an obscurely banded effect; legs black, with black hair, the 
middle and hind tarsi ferruginous, with ferruginous hair; hind tibie 
with some ferruginous hairs. Head long; ocelli rather large ; area 
below lateral ocelli smooth, with sparse very distinct punctures ; 
third antennal joint long, a trifle longer than the next two combined ; 
malar space smooth and shining, very long, though less than twice 
as long as apical width ; clypeus convex, the dise smooth, with faint 
rudimentary punctures; mandibles with a straight cutting edge, apex 
covered with light yellow tomentum; wings translucent, reddish- 
tinged ; last ventral segment with a delicate median groove. 

This is quite different from all the Indian species. In Friese’s 
table of European species it runs straight to B. pomorwm, from 
which it is easily known by the much longer third antennal 
joint. In Friese’s table of Arctic species it runs to b. hyper- 
boreus, which it does not much resemble. The colour-arrange- 
ment is like that of B. alpinus, B. lapponicus v. lugubris, and 
B. rufus. The Chinese B. rufus, Friese, is evidently different 
by the short velvety hair, our insect having the hair long and 
loose, especially on the abdomen; rufus also has the malar 
space shorter. B. alpinus is considerably larger, with shorter 
malar space. B. lapponicus has the malar space much shorter. 

Hab. Khamba Jong, Sikkim, 15-16,000 ft., July 15th—80th, 
1903 (Thibet Expedition). British Museum. 

Also from Khamba Jong were Anthophora pulcherrima, Bing- 
ham (variety), A. khambana, Ckll., and A. megarrhiza, Ckll. 
From Gyangtse came A. megarrhiza soluta, Ckll. These are de- 
scribed in a paper dealing with the genus Anthophora, sent to 
‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’ 

\ 


Nomada waltont, sp. nov. 

?. Length 94 mm., expanse about 174; head and thorax strongly 
punctured, black with light markings; pubescence scanty; head 
broad; eyes reddish grey; mandibles simple, labrum with a small 
tooth next to lower border; clypeus (except upper margin, especially 


240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


sublaterally), labrum, lateral marks, mandibles except tips, and a 
narrow band up posterior orbits (omitting upper quarter) all light 
yellowish ferruginous ; lateral marks broad below, with an inner pro- 
jection pointing toward upper end of clypeus, and above ending in a 
point, separated from orbital margin, at about the level of antenne ; 
clypeus with minute punctures, and the lower half, especially toward 
sides, with scattered large ones ; scape in front and flagellum beneath 
yellowish ferruginous, but the latter becoming dusky beyond the 
basal third ; upper side of antennx dark, the second and third joints 
reddish ; third joint longer than fourth, but not greatly so; meso- 
thorax closely punctured, but shining between the punctures ; scu- 
tellum pale yellow, flattened, not at all gibbous; postscutellum 
obscurely reddish; area of metathorax dull, minutely roughened ; 
upper border of prothorax, tubercles, and a large transverse patch on 
pleura pale yellow, the pleural patch suffused with red around the 
edges; no metathoracic spots; sternum ending between the hind 
cox in a triangular shining process, which is truncate at the end; 
tegulz pale reddish, light yellow anteriorly ; wings rather dusky, 
slightly reddish, the slender stigma ferruginous, nervures fuscous ; 
b.n. barely falling short of t.m.; second s.m. broad, receiving r. n. 
beyond the middle; third s. m. greatly narrowed above ; legs bright 
ferruginous, the tibiz a little suffused with yellow; outer side of hind 
cox yellow; anterior coxe with stout spies; abdomen finely but 
very distinctly punctured, with entire cream-coloured bands on all 
the segments, that on the first with a ferruginous mark on each side, 
that on the second very broad laterally, but much narrowed in the 
middle; ground coiour before the second band ferruginous, after 
it black or nearly; pygidial plate black, extremely broad; venter 
with four broad cream-coloured bands. 


Hab. Gyangtse, 13,000 ft., June, 1904 (H. J. Walton ; Thibet 
Expedition). British Museum. 

This is a typical member of the subgenus Micronomada, 
related to such species as the American N. snowti and N. 
ridings. In Schmiedeknecht’s table of Palearctic species it 
runs to N. coxalis, Morawitz, to which it appears to be allied, 
differing, however, greatly in coloration, and in the flattened 
scutellum. In the table of Indian species given by Nurse (Ann. 
Mag. Nat. Hist. June, 1908, p. 545) it runs nearest to N. arida, 
but differs in many particulars. 


Melitta altissuma, sp. nov. 

?. Length 13-15 mm.; black, with black and greyish white 
hair, the abdomen beyond the second segment covered with bright 
ferruginous hair; head and thorax shining, with close shallow punc- 
tures ; a smooth space on each side of ocelli; clypeus densely punc- 
tured above, sparsely and irregularly, but more or less grooved, below, 
and with a median smooth line; labrum with a shining median 
tubercle ; tongue slender dagger-shaped, formed, with the small para- 
gloss, as usual in the genus, but rather longer than in M. leporina ; 
first joint of labial palpi not so long as the next two together; 
antenne black, the flagellum obscurely ferruginous beneath; hair of 


SOME BEES FROM THE HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS. 941 


head long and black, strongly mixed with pale grey on the face, of 
thorax also long and black, with a broad grey band (mixed with 
black) extending from tubercles across anterior part of mesothorax, 
and some long white or pale grey hair at sides of metathorax ; middle 
of dise of mesothorax, anterior part of scutellum, and postscutellum 
smooth and shining; metathorax dullish ; pleura closely punctured ; 
tegula small, piceous; wings a little dusky, especially along apical 
margin ; nervures brown, stigma ferruginous; b. n. meeting t. m., 
or failing to reach it by a short distance ; first r.n. joining second 
s.m. at end of first third; third s. m. narrowed more than half above, 
receiving second r.n. about as far from apex as first r. n.is from apex 
of second s.m.; stigma small; marginal cell pointed; legs black, 
with black hair, that on inner side of tarsi variably reddish, and 
sometimes orange on inner side of middle tibiz ; claw-joints ferru- 
ginous ; spurs ferruginous ; abdomen finely punctured ; first segment 
with mostly white hair, but black posteriorly, second with black, the 
others with appressed bright fox-red hair, but that on sides of fifth 
white ; venter with black hair, white on sides of apical palpi; pygidial 
plate small. 


This might be taken for an Andrena, but it has the Melitta 
venation, no facial fovee, and straight hairs, but no floccus, on 
hind trochanters. 

Hab. Gyangtse, 13,000 ft. June, 1904 (H. J. Walton ; Thibet 
Expedition). British Museum. ‘Two females. 

Kasily known from all other species by its coloration. The 
genus is now first recorded from the Himalayas, but years ago 
Colonel Bingham showed me an undescribed Melitta from this 

\ region. 
ny Colletes sanctus, sp. nov. 


?. Length about 12 mm., expanse about 22; black, the head 
and thorax above covered with bright fox-red hair; at sides and 
beneath, and on legs, it is pale yellowish, but the bright red extends 
down beyond and over the tubercles. Abdomen shining black, finely 
punctured, with scanty pale hair at base, but beyond that with black 
hair, which is very inconspicuous; no indication of pale bands. 
Mandibles reddish at apex; antenne entirely black, the third joint 
not quite so long as the next two together; front densely punctured ; 
facial foveze much as in C. succinctus, but narrower, and well-defined 
on the inner side; clypeus prominent, densely and coarsely striato- 
punctate ; malar space large, but broader than long ; mesothorax and 
scutellum with dense large punctures, except discally, where they 
become smooth and sparsely punctured (scutellum) or impunctate 
(mesothorax) ; pleura with close strong punctures ; area of metathorax 
with coarse ridges bounded as usual by a transverse keel, the enclosed 
spaces small, irregular, longer than broad ; sides of metathorax rough ; 
tegulz piceous; wings dusky hyaline, nervures and stigma dark red- 
dish; second s.m. very broad, receiving first r.n. a short distance 
beyond middle; legs normal, hind spur ciliate ; first abdominal seg- 
ment shining, with small scattered punctures; the others with 
minute, much closer punctures. 


242 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


A species rather suggestive of the American C. myront, Ckll., 
but that is smaller, and has the malar space much shorter, and 
the face with black hair. The colour-effect is very like that of 
the South American Biglossa thoracica, Friese. I dco not know 
any closely allied species among the Old World Colletes. 

Hab. Gyangtse, 18,000 ft. June, 1904 (H.J. Walton ; Thibet 
Expedition). British Museum. 

While on this genus I take the opportunity to propose a new 
subgenus Rhinocolletes for Colletes nasutus, Smith. This species 
is not only remarkable for the long face, but the lobes of the 
tongue are excessively long and narrow, suggesting some Eumenid 
wasp. 

Anthidium philorum, sp. nov. 


?. Length 10 mm.; black, with rather dull white hair, that on 
abdomen yellowish except first segment and sides of the following 
two; ventral scopa orange; head and thorax very densely punctured, 
their tegument all black except a small pyriform pale yellow spot 
above each eye, and sometimes two short marks on scutellum ; man- 
dibles with a long apical tooth and four very distinct inner ones; 
antenne black; eyes green; tegule black; wings dusky but trans- 
lucent, b.n. going basad of t. m.; legs without light markings, but the 
tarsi brownish to dark ferruginous, with orange hair on the inner 
side; no trace of pulvilli; abdomen with six entire cream-coloured 
bands, the first two having a black spot on each side, the others with 
an anterior notch, or the first band divided into four transverse spots, 
and the second notched like the third, while the second to fourth are 
much constricted in the middle; apical segment with a triangular 
tooth on each side. 

An ordinary looking little species of Anthidium, s. str., re- 
sembling the American A. emarginatum. It is quite distinct 
from all the recorded Indian species, and also from the Pale- 
arctic forms. In Friese’s table it runs to 20 (obscuratum and 
septemspinosum), and runs out because of the orange scopa. 

Hab. Gyangtse, 13,000 ft., June, 1904 (H. J. Walton ; Thibet 
Expedition). British Museum. ‘Two females. 


ON THE ICHNEUMONIDA OF ‘FAUNA BOREALI- 
AMERICANA.’ 


By CuaupE Mortey, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


‘Fauna Borzaui-Amertoana ; or, the Zoology of the Northern 
Parts of British America,’ by John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S., 
F'.L.8., assisted by William Swainson, F.R.S.; F.L.S., and The 
Reverend William Kirby, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.; Norwich, 1837. 
pa the Fourth and Last :—The Insects, by the Rev. William 
Airby.’ 


ICHNEUMONID® OF ‘ FAUNA BOREALI-AMERICANA.’ 243 


This is a rare book, and the Insects (vol. iv.) is now quoted 
by Quaritch at £5 10s. It was William Kirby’s (thirty-fifth 
and) last publication, when in his seventy-eighth year, and 
it immediately followed his Bridgwater Treatise of 1835, so un- 
necessarily adversely criticised in the old Ent. Mag. Kirby had 
no especial knowledge of the Ichneumonide, which appears 
strange in view of his wide acquaintance with the Aculeata, till 
one remembers the chaos then obtaining in this family ; and he 
was not a subscriber to Gravenhorst’s work of 1829. 

In Sir John Franklin’s first and second expeditions to the 
Polar Seas, Dr. Richardson was associated with him and en- 
trusted with the charge of the Natural History department, a 
feature of which was the insects collected during the brief 
summers of the Arctic regions. Richardson on his return 
applied to Sir W. J. Hooker to describe the insects, and the 
latter immediately wrote to Kirby and induced him to undertake 
the task. The insects were forwarded to Barham Parsonage, 
Suffolk. Richardson wrote to Kirby from Chatham on May 
15th, 1829, that the majority of the collection consisted of 
Coleoptera, owing purely to the inconvenience of preserving the 
more fragile insects, and this probably accounts for the paucity 
of Ichneumonide, of which some two hundred species were 
known from the same district in 1842 (cf. Sir John Richardson’s 
‘ Arctic Searching Expedition,’ 1. 352). 

“The insects were presented, in the joint names of Dr. 
Richardson and Mr. Kirby, to the British Museum” (Freeman’s 
‘Life of Kirby’ [1852], 449) ; but there is no mention whatever 
of their reception in the official ‘‘ Accession Book” nowadays. 
The specimens are, however, recognizable by the fact that they 
are ticketed with a small green, diamond-shaped label, bearing 
an MS. capital R. Only tive species of parasitic Hymenoptera 
are enumerated by Kirby :— 

Fenus jaculator, Linn. 

Ichneumon ferrugator, sp.u., p. 258; no sex nor number of 
specimens indicated.—Since my remark upon this species was 
published (Kntom. 1909, p. 183), I have found in the General 
Collection four specimens of Banchus ferrugineus, Provancher 
(Nat. Canad. 1877, p. 14, &c.), bearing the characteristic green 
labels, and well representing Kirby’s description. One of these 
is the type, and the species, which is merely referred to by 
Cresson (J'rans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 207), must be known 
as Banchus ferrugator, Kirby. 

Cryptus viduatorius, Fab., p. 259; one specimen taken in 
lat. 54.—I cannot find this in the British Museum; Fabricius’ 
species is, I believe, unknown outside Kurope. 

Cryptocentrum lineolatum, sp. n., p. 260 (2 sic). = Rhyssa 
persuasoria, Linn. 3’, var. areola alarum nulla.—In the Collection 
is a specimen of this species agreeing so entirely with Kirby’s 


244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


description and figure, especially in its lack of areolet and dark 
hind femoral coloration, as to leave no doubt that the labels of 
this and that specimen regarded by me as the type (Kntom. 1909, 
p- 133) had become accidentally transposed. This point, with 
Mr. Waterhouse’s concurrence, I have rectified. 

Bracon crocator, sp. n., p. 261.—Type in coll. Brit. Mus. 

Dr. L. O. Howard tglls me that he does not believe these 
species were known to Cresson when he wrote his ‘ Notes on 
Species of Ichneumon found in America North of Mexico’ 
(Philad. 1877), and he also hardly thought Provancher knew 
them, which is now evident. 


Clare Island, Co. Mayo: July 27th, 1910. 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 


By A. E. Wiueman, F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 223.) 


Miltochrista tricolor, sp.n. 

g. Head and thorax crimson, the latter marked with dark grey ; 
abdomen cinereous, faintly tinged with reddish, anal segment pale 
ochreous brown. Fore wings crimson with yellow patches on the 
central and outer areas, and four dark grey transverse bands ; sub- 
basal and antemedial bands curved towards each other, touching 
about middle; postmedial line curved, hardly separate from the 
sinuous and interrupted submarginal band. Hind wings pale ochre- 
ous, suffused with reddish. 

Expanse, 28 millim. 


Collection number, 762 a. 
A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), October, 1908. 
Somewhat near J/. cuneonotata, Walk. 


Miltochrista tridens, sp. n. 

3. Fore wings orange-red, markings black; medial line almost 
straight, not reaching the costa; lower half of postmedial almost 
parallel with the medial line to the middle, where it is bent outwards, 
thence broadly dentate to costa; a dot at base of the wing, and 
another at end of the cell; from the latter is a dash, which with two 
teeth of the postmedial roughly represent a trident; three dots on 
outer margin towards apex, and one about the middle. Hind wings 
pale ochreous brown, suffused with pinkish; three dusky dots on 
outer margin near costa; fringes pink. Under side paler than above, 
the black dots on outer margin fairly distinct, but the other markings 
very faint. 

Expanse, 32 millim. 

Collection number, 763. 

One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), October 29th, 
1908. 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 945 


Diacrisia fumida, sp. n. 

g. Head and thorax brownish buff, face and palpi blackish ; 
abdomen reddish above, buff beneath, an interrupted black dorsal 
line and black lateral spots, anal tuft brownish buff. Fore wings 
brownish buff, smoky tinged; discal mark and oblique postmedial 
line dusky, indistinct, marked with black towards apex and inner 
margin. Hind wings rather paler, a few reddish hairs towards the 
base; a large blackish spot at end of cell, a small one on outer area 
between veins five and six, a double one near anal angle, and one on 
the interspace above. Under side brownish buff; in addition to the 
markings of the upper side, which here are more distinct, there are a 
blackish streak above the inner margin and a small blackish cloud 
in the cell of fore wings; the hind wings also have a short blackish 
bar in the cell in addition to the other markings. 

?. Similar to the male, but the markings on the hind wings are 
larger, and there are four spots before the anal angle. A black spot 
on the back of each segment of the abdomen. 

Expanse, g 44 millim., 9 52 millim. 


Collection number, 1787. 


The female of this species was described by Hampson as the 
female of Diacrisia neurographa (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), iv 
p- 361, 1909); the female of the latter species, however, has so 
far not been discovered. 

Several specimens from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May, 1909. 


Diacrisia solitaria, sp. n. 

?. Antenne black, apical fourth pale grey-brown; head and 
thorax, prothorax, edged with yellowish, a blackish central line on 
rest of thorax ; abdomen yellow, barred and spotted with black, except 
on first and last segments. Fore wings pale grey-brown with a faint 
pink tinge; a black dot at base below costa; a black spot on costa at 
one-third, and a black spot below it on the inner margin; a black 
spot on costa at two-thirds, two below it in the cell, and four towards 
the inner margin—the upper two of the latter are much smaller than 
the others. Hind wings suffused with fuscous; a black spot at end 
of the cell and a dusky mark in the cell; a series of black spots, 
between the veins, on outer margin, the upper ones faint, and the 
others more or less quadrate. 

Expanse, 52 millim. 


Collection number, eas 

One female specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 20th, 
1906. 

Diacrisia punctilinea, sp. n. 

g. Head and thorax orange-red, face paler; abdomen pale 
reddish, dotted on back and sides with black. Fore wings reddish 
orange; a black spot at base of the costa; ante-, postmedial, and 
submarginal lines represented by black spots between the veins, the 
first line curved, the second inwardly oblique, and the third undu- 
lated. Hind wings paler, a black spot on the outer area before the 


246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


anal angle. On the under surface, which is paler than above, the 
only distinct black marks on the fore wings are—a spot on costa, one 
at end of cell, and four upper spots of the submarginal series. 

Expanse, 34 millim. 

Collection number, 768. 

One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 18th, 
1906. 

Aloa vivida, sp. n. 


3. Head and thorax brownish buff; abdomen scarlet with 
medial and lateral series of black dots. Fore wings brownish buff 
with a taint pink tinge; a black dot on vein one before the middle, an 
obscure blackish shade-like streak runs from just beyond the middle 
of the inner margin almost to the apex, and on this are some black 
dots at each extremity; on the inner marginal area of the right fore 
wing there is a black dot on vein three, and on the left fore wing 
vein four divides an indistinct black dot; discal dot blackish, indis- 
tinct ; fringes pale buff. Hind wings scarlet, paler towards the base ; 
fringes yellowish buff. Under side deep pinkish buff, the fore wings 
suffused with scarlet. 

?. Similar to the male but larger; the fore wings have black 
dots on veins three and four; the hind wings have a distinct black 
discal spot, and two blackish dots towards anal angle. 

Expanse, 3 46 millim., ? 62 millim. 


Collection number, 1204. 

The male described above was taken at Kanshirei (1000 ft.), 
April 19th, 1908, and the female at Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 9th, 
1909. Another male specimen from Kanshirei (March 7th, 1908) 
has the oblique streak on fore wings less distinct; and a second 
example of the female (Kanshirei, April 21st, 1908) has the 
black markings somewhat heavier, but the dots towards anal 
angle are absent. 


Aloa postrubida, sp.n. 


?. Head and thorax pale buff, the latter with a central velvety 
black spot; abdomen yellowish buff with medial and lateral series of 
black spots. Fore wings pale buff, slightly tinged with pink; a black 
dot at base near the costa, two black dots placed obliquely on inner 
margin, a postmedial series of five black dots, anda sixth dot at upper 
angle of cell, and out of line with the postmedial series. Hind wings 
pinkish red, base, abdominal margin, outer extremities of the veins, 
and the veins pale buff. Under side buff, discal area of the fore wings 
between the veins pinkish red; a black dot at upper angle of the 
cell, and a smaller point above it ; hind wings tinged with pinkish red 
towards base of the costal area; a black triangular discal spot, and 
two black dots on the inner margin before the anal angle. 

Eixpanse, 50 millim. 


Collection number, 1205. 
One female specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), July 27th, 
1908. 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 247 


Aloa contaminata, sp.n. 


3. Head and thorax whitish buff: abdomen scarlet with medial 
and lateral series of black dots. Hore wings whitish buff, streaked 
with fuscous between the veins, except on costal and inner marginal 
areas. Hind wings whitish buff suffused with scarlet, especially 
towards the abdominal margin; a blackish discal dot. Under side 
whitish buff, the fore wings strongly suffused with scarlet, and the hind 
wings slightly tinged with scarlet towards the abdominal margin. 

Hxpanse, 48-52 millim. 

Collection number, 1209. 

Two male specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 28th, 
1908 (type), and May 5th, 1908. 


EHuproctis crocea, sp. n. 

3. Head yellowish; thorax and abdomen pale buff, the anal tuft 
tinged with reddish. Fore wings bright yellow; a bifurcate trans- 
verse band is indicated by three clusters of black scales in the cell, 
and three other clusters of black scales arranged obliquely below the 
cell; a postmedial band represented by scattered black scales; three 
black spots on the outer marginal area towards apex, one towards the 
inner margin, and some black scales between. Hind wings whitish, 
fringes yellow. Under side whitish, costa and outer margin of the 
fore wings, and the fringes of all the wings, yellow. 

?. The clusters of black scales forming the upper portion of the 
band on fore wings are less compact, the first and third of the apical 
black spots are larger, and the spot towards inner angle is double. 

Expanse, ¢ 36 millim., ? 46 millim. 


Collection number, 665. 
A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 15th, 1908 ; 
and a female from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 22nd, 1908. 


Huproctis flexuosa, sp.n. 


3. Fore wings yellow; antemedial band slightly curved, but not 
extending to costa or inner margin; postmedial band flexuous, not 
reaching costa; both bands formed of scattered black scales, the first 
is followed by a pale line, and a similar line precedes the second; a 
black dot between the antemedial band and base of the wing; two 
black dots on the outer margin, one towards the apex, the other 
towards the inner angle. Hind wings rather orange tinted; fringes 
paler. Under side orange-yellow without markings. 

?. Similar to the male, but owing to condition of specimen only 
the central parts of the bands can be traced. 

Eixpanse, ¢ 25 millim., 2 28 millim. 

Collection number, 35. 

One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 29th, 
1906; and a female from Tainan (on the plains), July 138th, 
1904. 

Kuproctis striata, sp. n. 

Fore wings yellowish butf, slightly mottled with russet; some 

irregular streaks, formed of black scales, between the veins on outer 


248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


marginal area; a few scattered black scales on the disc. Hind wings 
russet tinged, as also is the under side of all wings ; fringes paler. 
Expanse, 21 millim. 
Collection number, 35a. 
A male specimen from Garambi, October 23rd, 1904. 


(To be continued.) 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


Hornets As ENEMIES OF ARBORICULTURE.—One of my neigh- 
bours, a Suffolk landed proprietor, is much interested in afforestation, 
and has planted several hundred acres with trees of various kinds. 
The other day, in the course of conversation regarding injurious 
insects, he informed me, much to my surprise, that the insects that 
did his trees the most harm were hornets, and that his men had been 
obliged to seek out and destroy all the nests of this species that they 
could find. The trees specially attacked are young ashes, when they 
attain the height of ten or fifteen feet, and that the same trouble had 
been experienced on the Duke of Grafton’s estate at Huston. I 
visited the plantation indicated, and found several individuals of 
Vespa crabro at work, and evident signs of their depredations on the 
young trees. They remove the bark, at the height of ten or twelve 
feet from the ground, using it, no doubt, in the construction of their 
nests. Many of the young trees had three or four feet at the top 
entirely killed by the bark being gnawed off all round, and others 
had branches withered away from the same cause. The amount of 
damage was considerable, and there is no possible doubt as to the 
cause, as | saw the insects at their work, several of them removing 
and flying away with pieces of the bark while I watched them. I do 
not think it is generally known that hornets in this country do an 
appreciable amount of damage, and I think the matter is worthy of 
record.—(Lt.-Colonel) C. G. Nurse; Timworth Hall, Bury St. 
Edmunds, August 11th, 1910. 


On THE ‘‘ ASSEMBLING” OF AUGERIA (SESIA) TIPULIFORMIS.—In 
the report of the Meeting of the South London Entomological 
Society on June 23rd (antea, p. 230), Mr. Noad Clark notes the 
“assembling” of Algeria tipuliformis as taking place between one 
and two o’clock in the afternoon. I had an opportunity of observing 
the same interesting fact this year, though previously unaware that 
Af. tipuliformis was an “assembling ”’ species. 

On Sunday, June 26th, the morning was hot and sunny, and 
about 9 a.m. I found a fine female AV. tapuliformis, newly-emerged, 
on a currant-leaf in the garden. I boxed her for observation pur- 
poses, meaning to liberate her later in the day. About 2.30 p.m. I 
carried her down to the same currant fence from which I had taken 
her, and was immediately aware on opening the box of some insects, 
which at first I took to be Diptera, flying around me, and backwards 
and forwards in a very excited state. I soon saw they were 4. tipu- 
liformis males, and almost immediately my fe:nale was seized upon 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 249 


by one of them. I think the actual pairing took place in the air, 
but am not sure of this. The couple immediately settled down on a 
currant-leaf, and, to my surprise, on going to look at them an 
hour later, I found three other pairs within a couple of yards of the 
first, all quietly settled in the same position, vzz. on the upper sur- 
face of the fourth or fifth leaf from the growing joint of the currant- 
shoot. The topmost shoots were in every case selected; I could not 
find any on the lower branches. The four pairs remained 7 cop. all 
the afternoon, though the sun shone brightly and continuously. By 
6.45 p.m. one pair had separated, and I found the female resting 
underneath a leaf near by. Immediately afterwards, the pair first 
observed also separated; and at 7.20 this pair was still on the same 
leaf, but slightly farther apart. At 9.20 one of the two remain- 
ing pairs had separated; the other still remained 7 cop., and it was 
too dark to make any further observations that night. The next 
morning was dull; at 8.45 the last pair had separated, the three other 
females being left alone, practically in the same positions as on the 
previous night. By 10 a.m. one of these had flown, and by 11 a.m., 
the sun having come out, all save the last separated female had dis- 
appeared. A little later, she too had gone, and though I looked for 
them many times later, hoping to see the females ovipositing, I 
never saw them again—E. Maupe Auprrson, F.E.S.; Worksop, 
Notts, August 16th, 1910. 


Frounpiry or AroriA catA.—On Aug. 11th a small boy brought 
mea battered female specimen of the garden tiger moth (Arcéva cara) 
in a match box. As I noticed that she was ovipositing I left her, 
and by the evening of Aug. 12th she had laid some two hundred ova ; 
a further batch of four hundred and fifty or so was laid on the 13th, 
and by the evening of the 14th the number had increased to 1150. 
On the 15th one hundred and thirty only were deposited, and on the 
16th twenty-three, the insect then dying. I made a post-mortem 
examination, and found numbers of eggs still unlaid, and had no 
difficulty in counting one hundred and fifty. Even supposing that 
no eggs were laid before the moth was brought to me, surely this 
huge number of 1453 approaches a record?—G. Lyne; Brocken- 
hurst, August 17th, 1910. 


AN UNRECORDED Foop-PLANT FOR HUPITHECIA VIRGAUREATA.— 
In my “Notes on the Genus Hupithecia” I discussed (Entom. xl. 
pp- 210, 211) the various recorded food-plants of this interesting and 
probably much-overlooked species; but I have only just discovered 
to-day that I ought to have been able to add another from my own 
personal experience. On August 15th, 1902, I beat from oak at 
Forres a single larva, which I entered in my diary as E. castigata. 
This duly produced a pupa, very unlike that of castigata, and the 
moth emerged on May 6th, 1903. I was struck by its close agree- 
ment with my (few and poor) virgaureata, and even placed it among 
these at first; but my ignorance of this species was at that time, as 
Mr. Tutt would say, “colossal,” and believing it to be exclusively a 
golden-rod feeder, I kept reproaching myself for what I felt must be 
an absurd misidentification. Then, by an unfortunate chance, I 


ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1910. U 


950 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


discovered that the empty pupa-case closely resembled that of 
E. vulgata; and as the size and shape of my moth seemed to agree 
with that species, the date of emergence was about right, and 
remembering that its larva was similar to that of castigata, I trans- 
ferred it to my series of vulgata as a fine ‘“‘ab.”! This was of course 
a gross mistake, and it is unpardonable that it has remained un- 
discovered until now; I can only plead in extenuation that it is 
notorious that Scottish vulgata are very different in colour and aspect 
from our southern ones. Now that I am more familiar with the 
facies of virgaureata, | can give the name of my long misidentified 
specimen with certainty. As it happens, it is a male, so that I was 
able to follow up my determination by the facies with an examination 
of the antenne, and thus ‘“‘ make assurance doubly sure.’”—Lovis B. 
Prout; 62, Graham Road, N.H., August 22nd, 1910. 


ForricuninE Maternat Care.—I recently noticed the following 
case. On the shore at Hayling Island I lifted a small stone—some 
6-9 cubic inches—rather firmly fixed in the tenacious soil a little 
above the tide-line, and found under it a female earwig. The creature 
was covering a small cavity, and this cavity was filled with numerous 
minute young earwigs; only one young one was at large, and this 
was close to the mother. As the little family was evidently disturbed 
by the discovery I replaced the stone, and did not take possession of 
the mother. I feel pretty sure, however, that the species was 
Forficula awricularia, the common earwig. I noticed something of 
the same sort in the eastern Pyrenees many years ago, the species in 
that case being Labidura riparia. The psychology of these cases 
might give rise to interesting discussions. But at present I think all 
that can be considered certain is that association between mother 
and offspring is continued after deposition of the eggs, and is pro- 
longed even after the hatching of the young.—D. Suarp; Brocken- 
hurst, August 22nd, 1910. 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 


SyNIA MUscULOSA IN WintsHIrE.—In classifying up a lot of my 
last season’s insects from your ‘ Moths of the British Isles,’ I came 
across enclosed specimens. So far as I can judge, they agree with the 
illustration (plate 149, fig. 7) of Synza musculosa. I would like your 
opinion of same. I took six specimens last season, and have one 
this season “last night” at light—H. Haynus; 6, Nelson Road, 
Salisbury, August 13th, 1910. 

(The specimens (three males) are certainly S. musculosa. In a 
letter dated August 17th, Mr. Haynes notes the capture of two other 
specimens.— ED. ] 


Locusta VIRIDISSIMA (ORTHOPTERA).—During the last fortnight 
of July I found the nymph of this grasshopper in numbers at a 
certain spot on the cliffs at Beer, South Devon.—G. Lye. 


LeripopTperA AT Gas Lamps.—We have taken a good many 
specimens of Drepana binaria off the gas lamps during the last 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. O5t 


fortnight. We also took a beautifully fresh specimen of Pyralis 
costalis at light, on August 16th.—CatTHERINE Honmes; Ruthven, 
Sevenoaks, Kent, August 18th, 1910. 


TRIECPHORA VULNERATA (HomorrTEerA).—In mid-June last I took 
a specimen of this pretty scarlet-and-black bug, at rest on a grass- 
stem in Perry Wood, New Forest.—G. Lynx; Brockenhurst. 


‘A NEW NAME FOR THE ‘Bua’ Hunrers.”—Whilst staying at a 
most comfortable hotel in Forfarshire with my friends Mr. Horn of 
Aberdeen, and Mr. Craske of Slough, our nets attracted considerable 
notice, evidently never having been seen on those hills before, 
although much frequented by botanists. Our worthy and kind 
hostess, when appealed to by them as to what we were catching, 
replied, ‘Oh! butterflies, ‘bumble’ bees and those kind o’ beasties!” 
“Ah!” said the botanists, ‘they have some scientific name, I think.” 
“Yes,” replied our most resourceful landlady, ‘but I forgot what it 
is. I believe they call themselves ‘Thessalonians.’”’ Hvidently she 
was of a Biblical turn of mind, and never lacked a reply to all 
queries! Needless to say, we were known during our stay there 
as the ‘Three Thessalonians” (amusing, if not scientific)—J. P. 
Murcu; 405, Hornsey Road, London, N. 


CoLEOPHORA HEMEROBIELLA.—On Tuesday last I was watching 
a very wasp-like creature (a species of Cerceris, 1 suppose) dragging 
a dipteron almost as large as itself along the base of an old cherry 
tree trunk, when I noticed at rest thereon a Coleophora, which upon 
examination proved to be the above-named local insect. Although 
it was not uncommon in this district many years ago I believe, I 
began to think it had reached the vanishing point. On referring to 
my note-book, I find that it is just twenty years (July, 1890) 
‘since I last met with C. hemerobiella in the perfect state. Upon 
further search I found another specimen on the same tree, but was 
unable to find any more; however, it is very satisfactory to know 
that the species is still to be found in this disirict—A. THURNALL ; 
Wanstead, August 4th, 1910. 


CoREMIA QUADRIFASCIARIA IN SuRREY.—I took a fine male of this 
species on June 24th last at Godalming, but having to leave next day 
I had no opportunity of working for it. Although near Guildford 
and Gomshall, this locality is, perhaps, worth recording, as the soil is 
quite different.—(Captain) P. A. Carpew; 50, Melbury Gardens, 
Cottenham Park, Wimbledon, August 16th, 1910. 


SENTA MARITIMA IN SuRREY.—I was surprised to take last even- 
ing on a lamp opposite the racecourse, Sandown Park, a fine male 
specimen of Senta maritima (ulve). My friend Mr. Warner, of 
Felixstowe, was with me. Possibly the insect may have flown from 
the Black Pond at HEsher.—Prrcy Ricuarps; Wellesley, Queen’s 
Road, Kingston Hill, August 10th, 1910. 

[We believe that there is no previous record of S. maritima in 
Surrey. Until its occurrence in Sussex was noted in 1908 (Hntom. 
xli. 204, 231), the species was supposed to be almost entirely confined, 
in britain, to the Hastern Counties.—Eb. | 


252 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


GRAMMODES ALGIRA AT HAcKNEY.—We are informed that at the 
meeting of the Chingford Branch of the North London Natural History 
Society held at Chingford on Friday, July 29th last, the Secretary, Mr. 
J. O. Braithwaite, exhibited a fine specimen of the above Continental 
moth, taken alive by him in the stores at Ash Grove Works, Ash 
Grove, Hackney, on July 12th. The insect was in perfect condition, 
and had evidently just emerged from the pupa. It had probably 
been imported in some cases of ‘ Verdelli” lemons, about two 
hundred packages of which were in the stores at the time of its 
capture. It was subsequently identified by Mr. L. B. Prout, F.E.S. 


PacHys (AMPHIDASYS) BETULARIA ab. DOUBLEDAYARIA IN EssEx.— 
Referring to the communications from the Rev. W. Claxton in the 
‘Entomologist’ for July last (p. 204), and from Mr. W. H. Harwood 
in this month’s issue (p. 228), with regard to the capture of the above 
insect, | may say that I have taken ab. dowbledayaria in Essex on 
three occasions: once at Brentwood, June 2nd, 1907, and twice here 
at Westclitf-on-Sea, in June last. I think the probability is that 
wherever P. betwlaria occurs in this part of Essex you may also expect 
to find ab. dowbledayaria occasionally. How much more abundant 
this variety would now appear to be than formerly! Some thirty- 
five years ago, and for some years after, I used to dig the pup 
(under elm-trees mostly) of P. betwlaria commonly at Tottenham, 
Wood Green, and other localities in the North of London. I have a 
good series of the specimens so obtained still in my collection ; some 
are somewhat darker in their coloration than others, but there is 
nothing approaching the variety in question among them, indeed I 
never saw ab. dowbledayaria alive until I met with it at Brentwood, 
as above mentioned.—G. H. Conquest; 10, Meteor Road, Westcliff- 
on-Sea, Kssex, August 19th, 1910. 


CoLLEcTING AT KenpAL (WeEstTMoRLAND), 1910.—Active work 
began on February 18th, for until this date the severe character of 
the winter prohibited collecting in any form. Our first visit to an 
oak wood after dark produced four specimens of Hybernia leuco- 
phearia and one example of Phigalia pedaria, resting on the tree- 
trunks, whilst H. rwpicapraria was found commonly sitting on the 
twigs of the hedgerows. Subsequent search with the lamp between 
this date and March 5th resulted in a fair series of both the first- 
named species, though neither ever occurred plentifully. The 
number of “crippled” H. lewcophearia was astonishing, and so also 
was the total lack of females. Careful examination of the oak-trunks, 
lower branches, and the grass round about the tree failed to discover 
a single specimen. In this wood, strongly banded male P. pedaria 
and black females are fairly numerous. Hybernia marginaria 
appeared early in March, and some beautiful smoky and banded 
forms of the male (evidently the progeny of a cross between one of 
the lighter forms and var. fuscata) were obtained by careful picking. 
The var. fuscata appears to be more plentiful each year. On the 
evening of March 22nd examination of the rose and adjacent bushes 
of the hedgerow produced Anticlea badiata, resting after flight on the 
prominent twigs. This species is pretty active, and one has to be 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 258 


ready with the net when attempting to pill-box it. On the same 
night young larve of Noctua augur were taken feeding on honey- 
suckle. A visit to a disused limestone quarry on the 23rd resulted in 
a few larvee of Agrotis lucernea, all resting on the rock face, well away 
from the coarse grass on which the larva feeds. The local form of 
this insect is a dark and constant grey. 

On March 25th I journeyed to the ‘ Mosses,” and there on the 
birches found Asphalia flavicornis in numbers, though the males were 
nearly all somewhat worn. With a single exception, all were resting 
on the slender upright stems of the dwarf bushes, and on the dark 
brown bark were easily seen. Several pairs 7m cop. were noted. 
Half a dozen pupe of Drepana falcataria were discovered spun up 
in odd leaves that had braved the winter’s blast and still remained 
attached to the trees. Sallows, on March 31st, were very productive 
of the commoner things. Zeniocampa stabilis fell to our shaking, 
literally in hundreds; TZ. imstabilis, gothica, cruda, and munda in 
more moderate numbers. JI’. lewcographa I did not see at all, 
though it is present in the district. April 8th found Anticlea badiata 
still fresh, and several male Selenia bzlunaria (one exceptionally large 
and richly coloured) were taken resting, newly emerged, in the hedge 
bottom. A long succession of cold wet days and nights interfered 
sadly with April collecting, but on the night of the 19th the larve of 
Gnophos obscurata were found about half grown, feeding on wild 
thyme at the extreme edge of the limestone quarry. The most inac- 
cessible situations are chosen by the larve of G. obscuwrata and 
Agrotis lucernea, for although the food of both grows luxuriantly on 
the level ground at the top of the rocks, it is only the isolated 
patches situated on the narrow ledges of the rock-face that appeal to 
these larve, and creeping about by lamplight with a drop of thirty 
or forty feet below is somewhat risky work. Towards the end of 
April, night-hunting in the hedgerows with an acetylene lamp (what 
a blessing these bright lights are to the entomologist!) gave an 
abundance of larvee of Triphena fimbria, T. wanthina, T’. comes, Noctua 
triangulum, N. brunnea, N. augur, N. bara, and Boarmia repandata. 

May lst was a fine bright morning, and I was early on the 
“carmelita’. ground; but several hours’ careful trunk-hunting went 
unrewarded. This interesting species was discovered here, resting 
on the birch, in the year 1903, but we have had many a barren search 
since. Unfortunately, the small plantation of old birches, the 
original habitat, has been cut down, and the young trees growing in 
the vicinity either do not offer sufficient attractions to the moths as 
resting-places, or else the task of finding them thereon is a more 
difficult one. This year, larvee of Satyrus semele, generally plentiful 
on the fine grass which clothes the rim of the quarries, was nowhere 
to be found. May 14th, a scorching day, was spent on a heather- 
covered eminence of some thousand feet elevation, close to the town 
of Kendal, a veritable paradise for the lepidopterist. Here, on the 
bilberry, Thecla rubt abounded, and a long series was obtained. The 
best time to take 7’. rwbz is undoubtedly towards evening, when they 
rest on the top of the heather preparatory to descending for the night 
into the inner recesses of the bushes. Looking around, one may see 
hundreds basking in the last rays of the departing sun; and so 


954 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


quietly do they sit after the day’s gambol, that a careful selection of 
the more perfect specimens is an easy matter. Ova were laid by 
several females on the leaves and stems of the bilberry, and the 
resulting larvee, hatched in six days, were sleeved on the same plant 
until two-thirds grown, and then transferred to bramble. They took 
the latter food readily, but neglected the leaves for the unopened 
flower-buds, into which they burrowed after the manner of Dzan- 
thecia larve. The same habit was noticed when on bilberry. The 
larvee invariably sought out the seed capsule, entering it usually from 
the top, but sometimes boring through the side. I observed also 
that the upper and more succulent portion of the bilberry-stem was 
eaten readily. The most exciting feature of the day’s sport was 
assembling with a newly emerged female Saturnia pavonia, which 
was found about midday at rest on the heather. About 5 p.m. she 
was placed on a prominent twig of heather and commenced calling 
almost immediately. From far and wide the amorous males re- 
sponded, and we could have secured a hundred with ease. Helpless 
in their infatuation, they were readily caught without the aid of the 
net. After some time we allowed copulation to take place, but still 
more males crowded upon and completely covered the hapless 
couple; and even after the pair had been removed, the part of the 
bush where the female had been sitting proved equally attractive. 
Ematurga atomarva flew in abundance, and some nice banded females 
were secured. Hadena glauca and Malanydris salicata were both 
out, sitting on the alder-trunks, but we were a little early for 
Acronycta menyanthidis, which occurs here in quantity and nice 
variety. Anticlea derivata appeared on the 20th. It is not an early 
insect in this part of the country; I have never taken it before the 
17th of May. On the 22nd a long series of perfectly fresh Strenia 
clathrata was obtained. <A female Pieris napit with rich yellow 
under side, and a male Pierts rape with large discal spot, fell to the 
net on the 23rd. Dusking on the 24th resulted in a nice series of 
Lampropteryx suffumata with var. piceata. 

In a fine open wood, abounding in oak, birch, sallow, alder, 
heather, and bilberry—an ideal hunting-ground and a favourite spot 
for sugaring—I found Chrysophanus phleas, Cenonympha pamphilus, 
Huclidia mi, and Melanippe sociata, all in excellent order, on May 
26th, and on the same day beat larvee of Pseudoterpna pruinata from 
the gorse. May was a grand month, nearly every day fine, and many 
of them gloriously hot, and by the end of the month our beautiful 
country looked luxuriant and attractive. 

Things now began to move in the pupez-cage. Hach day saw 
emerging Xylophasia rurea with dark forms, Anuphidasys betularia, 
Odontopera bidentata, and Cidaria corylata. Nearly all my betwlaria 
are var. dowbledayaria, and all the larve were beaten from birch on 
the mosses, at least a dozen miles from any factory chimney! Var. 
doubledayarva is commoner here than the type, and so far from its 
sombre colour being a protection, it appears only to render it more 
conspicuous. I have frequently observed it resting in the daytime 
high up on the light limestone walls of the Kendal houses. Larve of 
Geometra papilionaria, beaten from birch last September, and wintered 
on cut birch twigs kept in a muslin-covered jam-jar outside (but pro- 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 955 


tected from rain), were sleeved on a growing birch early in May, and 
pupated in the folds of the muslin on June 11th. Wherever possible, 
I sleeve all larvae. Open-air treatment is the best preventive 
of disease. Baked in sunshine one day and nearly drowned with 
thunder-rain the next, my sleeved papilionaria stood the ordeal well, 
and fed up, pupated, and emerged early in July, in a most exemplary 
fashion. 

Good sugaring was experienced on June 4th, captures including 
Acronycta ligustri and A. rumicis, both with acceptable dark forms, 
A. pst, Hadena adusta (dark), H. thalassina, and Xylophasia rurea. 
On the 10th Melanippe tristata and Nemeophila plantagims, together 
with a dozen beautiful var. hospita, were taken close to the town. 
Var. hospita is certainly not confined to the mountain-tops. It 
occurs in several places near to Kendal, and at no great elevation. 

On June 12th fresh Polyommatus icarus appeared, several males 
and one female being netted. Our local icarus are large and bright, 
and the females are well splashed with blue. Sugar on the 15th 
produced, in addition to species mentioned before, Thyatira batis, 
Habrosyne derasa, Rusina tenebrosa (some nearly black), Triphena 
pronuba, Hadena gemina, Agrotis exclamationis, A. corticea, Aplecta 
herbida, Miana strigilis (in endless variety), Noctwa plecta, N. augur, 
and Huplexia lucipara. Venusia cambrica was taken resting on the 
stem of a mountain-ash. Honeydew has been entirely absent this 
season, a condition that contributes no doubt largely to our success 
at sugar. No such numbers of moths have been seen on the patches 
since 1899. 

On June 18th Caenonympha typhon was plentiful on the mosses, 
but even on this date wanted “picking.”  Aspilates strigillaria 
occurred at the same time in nice order. Sugar on the 23rd was 
again successful, the feature of the night being the abundance and 
variety of Aplecta herbida. Some of them were really handsome 
insects, the vivid green of the fore wings contrasting with the nearly 
black hind wings in a pleasing manner. New species observed were 
Aplecta nebulosa, Xylophasia polyodon in great variety (brown forms 
common and an occasional one almost black), X. lithorylea, X. swb- 
lustris, Miana fasciuncula, Leucania comma, and L. vmpura, Noctua 
festiva (very variable), N. c-nigrwm, Boarmia repandata, Abraxas 
sylvata (both sipping the sweets), and last, but not least, one Cossus 
ligniperda (we had no pill-box big enough !). 

In the pupe-cage Drepana falcataria, D. lacertinaria, Notodonta 
dromedarius, and N. camelina continue to emerge in a desultory 
fashion. N. dictg@oides (beaten from birch last September) appeared 
on July 2nd, another on the 16th, and I have more to come. I 
should say that only the earliest emergences of these species produce 
a second brood. June 6th saw the first of my D. falcatarza out, and 
they are still emerging, July 17th. My pup are kept out of doors 
all the time, exposed to natural conditions of temperature, but are 
protected from rain. With some few exceptions they are never 
damped, beyond the placing of a wet cloth over the gauze-covered lid 
of the pupe-cage during the period of emergence. _This last may 
easily be a superfluous precaution, but at any rate it can do no harm. 
Frank Lirrnewoop; 10, Aynam Road, Kendal, Westmorland. 


bo 
Or 
or) 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


SOCIETIES. 


THe SoutH Lonpon EntomonoaicaL AND Naturau History 
Soctery.— July 14th.—Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the 
chair.—Mr. Scorer, of Chilworth, was elected a member.—There was 
a special exhibition of Polyonmatus icarus.—Dr. Hodgson exhibited 
a large number of selected specimens, many of them being blue 
females and aberrant under sides.—Mr. R. Adkin, geographical series, 
the most striking of which were those from the West of Iveland.— 
Mr. Joy, long series of the spring and summer brood, illustrative of 
the seasonal dimorphism in size-——Mr. B. Adkin, some very fine 
examples from the Hebrides, Isles of Scilly, North Cornwall, Ireland, | 
&c.—Mr. Kaye, selected examples from various localities. — Mr. 
Turner, a few aberrations in colour, including specimens from several 
Swiss localities—Mrs. Hemmings, one or two remarkable aberra- 
tions, including a thetis-like male and an under side female, with the 
eye-spots showing extreme displacement.—Mr. Pickett, a drawer 
containing the results of many years’ selection of forms. Mr. Tutt, 
in summing up the exhibit, considered it one of the finest and most 
complete ever got together, and stated that nowhere throughout its 
range was the species so extremely variable as in the British Isles.— 
Mr. R. Adkin, some bred examples of Cyaniris argiolus female, with 
much reduced borders.—Mr. Edwards, a box of exotic species of 
Apatura, Adelpha, and Limenitis.—Mr. Sich, specimens of Prays 
curtisellus, with var. rustica, from Westerham.—Mr. Pickett, an 
extremely fine bred series of Angerona prunaria, this year’s result 
after twelve years’ selection, crossing, and interbreeding. Many of 
the forms were extreme var. pickettaria.—Mr. Step read the report 
of the Delegates to the Guildford Congress of the South Hasteyn 
Union of Scientific Societies. Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Secretary. 


t 
o 


— w 


J 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. iv. No.1. Issued 
by the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. June, 1910. 


In this number there is but one purely entomological paper— 
“The Mosquitos of the Amazon Region” (R. Newstead and H. 
Wolferstan Thomas)—consisting of nine pages illustrated by one 
coloured plate. In the other articles insects are referred to only ag 
they effect diseases, in which connection, however, their influence is 
very great. The number is beautifully printed, and amongst thé 
illustrations are thirteen fine plates.—W. J. Lucas. * 
tc 

es 0- 
3. 
Errata.—Page 227, line 12, for “Hye” read “ Ely’’; line 17, fort 


«“ Baccalatrix”’ read “ Bucculatriz.” 
” 


“ 


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Price, with one pair of objectives 
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a * ‘CONTENTS. 
22 ie Thternamendl Congress of Entomology, A. R 
Roi Anopheline from South Africa (with illustrations), H i 

Bees from High Altitudes in the Himalaya Mountains, She De A. Coe € 
On the Ichneumonide of ‘Fauna Boreali-Amerieana,’ Claude Morley, 24 
New Lepidoptera-Heterocera from Formosa (continued), A. HE. Waleman, 244. — 
_ Norres anp OBseRvATIoNsS.—Hornets as Enemies of Arboriculture, C. G. Nurse, - 
248. On the ‘‘Assembling’’ of Algeria (Sesia) tipuliformis, H. Maude — 
Alderson, 249. Fecundity of Arctia caia, G. Lyle, 249. An Unrecorded — 
Food-plant for Eupithecia virgaureata, Louis B. Prout, 249. Forficuline — 
Maternal Care, D. Sharp, 250. “ 
CapruREs AND Fietp Rerortrs.—Synia musculosa i in Wiltshire, H, Haynes, 250. 
Locusta viridissima (Orthoptera), G. Lyle, 250. Lepidoptera at ep Lamps, 
Catherine Holmes, 250. Trieephora vulnerata (Homoptera), G. Lyle, 2651. 
* A New Name for the ‘Bug’ Hunters,” J. P. Mutch, 261. Coleophora hemero- 
biella, A. Thwrnall, 251. Coremia quadrifasciaria. in Surrey, P. A. Cardew, © 
251, Senta maritima in Surrey, Percy Richards, 251. Grammodes algira at 
Hackney, 252. Pachys (Amphidasys) betularia ab. doubledayaria in Hssex, 
G. H. Conquest, 252. Collecting at Kendal (Westmorland), - 1910, Frank 
_- Littlewood, 252. 
Societies, 256. Recent UNEASE 256. 


Tuesday, ‘September. 27th, at One xe) ’Clock. 


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co Ah will sell by Auction, on September 27th, by order of | 
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“OCTOBER, 1910. = (Nb: 669, 


| Mlustrated Journal 


GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. 


EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E:S. 
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF 


- ROBERY ADKIN, F.E.S. UW. F. KIRBY, V.L.8., F.E.S. 
_ H.ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., HES. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. 
W. L. DISTANT, ¥.E.S., xc. ' CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S.,F.Z.S. 
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLIIL.] OCTOBER, 1910. (No. 569 


BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1909. 
Br W.jd. Lucts, B.A... B.E-S. 


W. J. Lueas, photo. 


Tetrix subulatus, with wings expanded ( x 3°25). 


Noraine of first-rate importance seems to have been noted 
in connection with the British Orthoptera during the season of 
1909; but the following short notes may nevertheless be of 
interest. 

Forficulodea.—On August 8rd, in one of its known localities 
near Christchurch, Hants, I found three examples of Labidura 
riparia—two females and a poorly developed male, with callipers 
of a not very pronounced type. A pair I retained for observa- 
tion, and noticed on the morning of August 10th that the female 
had eaten the greater part of the male. On December 24th 
Commander J. J. Walker gave me a fine pair of Anisolabis 
annulipes, taken at Queenborough on August 17th. It seems 
that both this species and Labia arachidis are found in this 
locality, not only indoors, but also in the open amongst old 
sacks. As, however, these sacks are to some extent decom- 
posing, there is perhaps a temperature above the normal, just as 


ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1910. x 


258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


there would be ina manure heap. A. annulipes is common out 
of doors, whereas L. arachidis is more common in the works. 

Blattodea.—Ectobius lapponicus was taken on July 15th in 
the Devil’s Punch-bowl, at Hindhead, Surrey. On July 30th, 
at Aldridge Hill, in the New Forest, I captured a male of the 
same species, which readily took to flight, this being, I believe, 
the first time I had seen a cockroach of any kind upon the wing. 
On Beaulieu Heath, in the New Forest, a female Hctobius panzert 
was taken on September Ist, carrying its ootheca. The wings 
of this species are rudimentary in the mature female, so there 
is nothing out-of-the-way in a short-winged insect, as was this 
one, possessing an ootheca. On September 29th I received from 
Kew Gardens a mature example of Pycnoscelus surinamensis, 
which was remarkable for its very small size. 

Locustodea.—On July 7th I received from Mr. J. R. le B. 
Tomlin a “long-horned” grasshopper caught just previously at 
Streatley, Berks. It was probably a nymph of Phasgonura 
viridissima. When put in a breeding-cage it commenced to 
crawl up the vertical surface of the glass front, and repeatedly 
put its tarsi into its mouth, for all the world as if it was 
making them wet so that they might cling to the glass the 
better. A mayfly put into the same cage to mature was found 
afterwards to have its head much damaged, presumably having 
been attacked by the grasshopper, though whether the mayfly 
had previously died I cannot say. On September 8rd two 
females of Metrioptera albopunctata (= grisea), one of which had 
the dorsal surface of head and thorax rust-coloured, were taken 
at Chapman’s Pool, Dorset. This species seems fond of a 
clayey sliding cliff-side, where its colouring assimilates well 
with that of the rough vegetation. On September 9th, near 
Claygate, Surrey, four specimens, including both sexes, of Lepto- 
phyes punctatissima were found on leaves of alder, some two or 
three feet from the ground, from which position they evinced 
very little desire to escape when the camera was brought into 
play. A female of Pholidoptera griseo-aptera (= Thamnotrizon 
cinereus) brought home from the New Forest at the beginning of 
September lived in captivity till October 6th. 

Acridiodea.—Gomphocerus maculatus was the first grass- 
hopper found mature, the date being June 15th and the place 
Oxshott, Surrey; a dark female was taken there on September 
22nd. Stawroderus bicolor and Chorthipphus parallelus, which 
shewed much diversity of colour, were taken on September 8rd, 
at Chapman’s Pool, on the Dorset coast; and both sexes of the 
latter were taken on September 19th, in Ashtead Woods, 
Surrey, where the specimens varied much in colour, one being 
very rosy. Several colour-forms of S. bicolor have received 
varietal names, but it would be hardly an exaggeration to say 
that scarcely two are exactly alike in colour. One feels certain, 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITA. 259 


whatever may be the agency that brings about the result, that 
their colour, whenever the surroundings are sufficiently definite, 
assimilates—sometimes most accurately—to such surroundings. 
C. parallelus also varies much, but perhaps not so much as 
S. bicolor; on August 24th I took, in the New Forest, a green 
female with yellow-brown dorsal streak along thorax, elytra, and 
abdomen—this being a very striking form. The other British 
relatives of these two species do not appear to vary to the same 
extent, but perhaps this is because I have met with them in 
fewer localities, or the nature of their habitat is less varied. Of 
G. maculatus much the same may be said as of S. bicolor. On 
August 21st, near Holm Hill, in the New Forest, on dark 
soil which was not yet covered with vegetation after a fire, one 
or two very dark specimens of G. maculatus were noticed, while 
bright colours appeared to be absent; amongst heather, on the 
other hand, they are sometimes very prettily marked with 
crimson and green. Gomphocerus rufus is much more constant 
in the only locality in which I know it—Bookham Common, 
Surrey—where, moreover, it does not seem to be very plentiful. 

In hot sunshine in the New Forest one hears much chirping. 
Is this always due to the wood cricket, Nemobius sylvestris, or is 
Tennyson incorrect, when he says :— 

“For now the noonday quiet holds the hill; 
The grasshopper is silent in the grass.”’ 

On August 6th Mecostethus grossus was taken in the New 
Forest, and appeared to be but just becoming mature. It was 
not easy to secure females whenever I was in search of this 
species, though males were plentiful enough. 

Of the somewhat scarce grasshopper, Tetrix subulatus, 
Messrs. D. Sharp and C. G. Lamb took two pairs by sweeping, 
at Holmsley, in the New Forest, and the latter writes (in litt. 
Oct. 8, 1909): ‘‘ We have run across both 7’. bipunctatus and 
T. subulatus here (Padstow, Cornwall), where they vary enor- 
mously in size. The figure depicts one of Mr. Lamb’s specimens 
of T’. subulatus ( x 8°25) with wings expanded. Such ample wings 
are little suspected in so small an insect. 


28, Knight’s Park, Kingston-on-Thames. 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITAA. 


By Rev. Grorce WuHeewer, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 216.) 


THERE is a further point with regard to the genital armature 
to which it seems to me important to refer, because it is a case 
in which the defects are mechanical and well within the possi- 
bility of remedy. I allude to the utility (or in most cases the 

x 2 


2.60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


lack of it) of illustrations comparing the armature of different 
species with each other. A few weeks ago I should have said 
little or nothing on the subject, because I believed it to be im- 
possible to produce anything which could be of practical value to 
those who had not made a long and very special study of the 
organs in question, and this in spite (or perhaps I should say 
because) of the fact that I had seen the reproductions, and in 
some cases the originals, of the photographs made by our most 
eminent and successful micro-photographers from the prepara- 
tions of the most learned and painstaking of our microscopists 
who have specialized in this direction. I have also in my 
possession the original photographs taken by M. Jullien, of 
Geneva, from his own preparations of the genitalia of this group 
of the Melitzas, three of which were shown at the first exhibition 
of the Geneva Lepidopterological Society to illustrate the con- 
nection between athalia, deione, and berisalensis. All these are 
far too complicated, in my opinion, to be of any considerable 
value to the average entomologist who, without being a specialist, 
is anxious to have a general working knowledge of all parts of 
his subject so far as possible. Now, I am perfectly well aware 
that my opinion as an individual has no particular value, but it 
is just because I am not a specialist in this direction that I dare 
to put forward a claim to speak on behalf of those who, like 
myself, are merely interested students of fairly average intelli- 
sence, and who have managed to reach a somewhat higher 
entomological level than that of the very unduly despised ‘‘ mere 
collector.”” I would say, then, that the following points are 
essential if such illustrations are to be of value to any but the 
advanced specialist :—(1) They must all be in the same position, 
and if in profile must be turned in the same direction; (2) the 
preparations must all be made by the same person, for practi- 
cally no two people make their preparations quite alike ; (3) they 
must all be magnified to the same degree, and it will conduce to 
further clearness if the photographs are all by the same photo- 
srapher. This, until recently, was the utmost that I thought 
might be hoped for, but far more has now been accomplished. 
In the ‘Bulletin de la Sociéte Lépidoptérologique de Geneve,’ 
published this summer, Dr. Reverdin’s and M. Charles Lacreuze’s 
illustrations of the genitalia of the Hesperids show how abso- 
lutely intelligible such reproductions can be made in two different 
ways. Not only have all the above points been carefully attended 
to, but in both cases the armature, given in profile, is presented 
with one side removed, so that only the essential structure is 
shown without any unnecessary complications. The illustra- 
tions to Dr. Reverdin’s paper are reproductions of carefully 
finished micro-photographs, those to M. Lacreuze’s are much 
more diagrammatic. For most purposes, indeed, it seems to 
me that the more diagrammatic the illustrations the more gene- 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA. 261 


rally useful they will be found, and personally I have learnt 
more from ,the pencil sketches drawn by Mr. Heron, partly for 
his own guidance and partly for my information, than from all 
the complicated illustrations that I have ever seen. A further 
advantage that the new Geneva preparations have over M. 
Jullien’s and the usual English split and spread forms is that 
they are presented as nearly as possible in the natural position. 
Details of structure are best compared by means of micro- 
photographs of the separate parts, the greatest care, of course, 
being again necessary to present them for comparison in exactly 
the same position; this also is to some extent provided for in the 
illustrations to Dr. Reverdin’s paper. No such illustrations, 
however, exist as yet, so far as I am aware, of the group now 
under consideration, and the very incomplete information which 
I have been able to get together has been drawn from various 
sources of varying degrees of trustworthiness, so that I feel it 
impossible for the present to go into details on the matter, and 
merely regard the few following notes as suggestions which may 
very possibly require further modification. In some respects, at 
any rate, the armature of M. asteria supports the theory that 
this is the oldest form of this group, some details appearing to 
be modified from it in some species, and others in others ; 
M. parthenie comes nearer to it than M. athalia, a fact that did 
not surprise me, as I had concluded on other grounds that it was 
probably the older form; M. deione, contrary to expectation, is 
apparently nearer to M. athalia than to M. parthenie; M. varva 
adds to the otherwise extreme probability of its specific dis- 
tinctness from M. parthenie, and possibly may be held to sup- 
port its nearness to M. aurelia. The identity of M. dictynnoides 
in this respect with M. aurelia seems to indicate a less recent 
date for the former species than Hormuzaki has supposed on 
other, and in my opinion probably sufficient, grounds, to which 
I must refer again; the identity, again, of M. britomartis (from 
Reazzino) with M. dictynna certainly shows the close relation- 
ship between the two, though I have previously given reasons 
which still appear to me sufficient to place their specific distinct- 
ness beyond question; it would also seem to indicate a greater 
distance between M. athalia and M. britomartis than might 
otherwise have been expected; and, lastly, the comparative 
anatomy in this respect of M. deione var. berisalensis gives some 
slight support to the theory that the latter is a distinct species, 
and is perhaps an indication that it is at any rate on its way to 
becoming so; though, comparing the two with M. athalia, it 
would probably be truer to derive M. deione from M. berisalensis 
than the latter from the former, a theory to which their geo- 
graphical distribution certainly lends support. I must, however, 
be allowed to repeat that the second-hand material at my dis- 
posal is drawn from sources too varied to make comparisons very 


262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


certain, and to add that I dare not as yet put any reliance on 
first-hand investigations in a matter in which my experience is 
still so slight; and, indeed, it is mostly for the sake of obiter 
dicta, and with the hope of throwing out suggestions on which 
more competent seekers may work, that I have thought it worth 
while to enter on this part of the subject at all. 


(To be continued.) 


SOME VERY SMALL AUSTRALIAN BEES. 
By T. D. A. CockEeReE.u. 


In the vicinity of Mackay, Queensland, in March, 1900, 
Messrs. Gilbert and Rowland Turner obtained three species of 
very small bees at the flowers of Hucalyptus. They are all of 
the Huryglossa type, but two of them are so peculiar in their 
venation that they must be assigned to new genera. The 
smallest of the three is only a little over 24 mm. long, and is 
smaller than any bee previously made known.* 


TURNERELLA, n. gen. 


Minute bees allied to Huryglossa, but with only one submarginal 
cell and two discoidals; marginal cell sharply pointed on costa ; 
stigma large; section of basal nervure bounding first discoidal cell 
strongly arched ; claws bidentate; base of mandible making an angle 


of about 45° with base of eye, so that the malar space cannot be 
defined as in most bees. 


Turnerella gilberti, n. sp. 

g. Length about 2550 »; head and thorax shining dark sepia 
brown ; clypeus and mandibles (except apex) dull yellow; legs pale 
brownish yellow, anterior pair orange; abdomen shining, the basal 
half pale reddish brown, the apical much darker; mesothorax minutely 
tessellate, with scattered very feeble hair-punctures ; front and vertex 
sculptured like mesothorax; abdomen microscopically transversely 
lineolate ; eyes coarsely facetted ; ocelli large; facial foveze repre- 
sented by very short grooves, about 35 » long; antenne placed close 
together ; scape very short; flagellum thick, long-claviform, minutely 
hairy ; second antennal joint very large, oval, third very minute ; 
mandibles bidentate ; scanty plumose hairs on face; hairs at end of 
abdomen with about three short branches, all on one side. Wings 
clear hyaline, minutely hairy, stigma large, dilute brownish ; marginal 
cell sharply pointed on costa, about 510 long (all the wing measure- 
ments of this and the other species are in microns); depth of stigma 
about 100; submarginal cell about 290 long, more than twice as long 


* Turnerella gilberti is not the smallest bee. Since writing the above I ° 
have noted that T'vrigona duckei, Friese, from Brazil, is only 2 mm. long. 
It may perhaps exceed 7’, gilberti in bulk, however. 


SOME VERY SMALL AUSTRALIAN BEES. 263 


as high; basal nervure falling about 50 short of transversomedial, 
which is vertical; recurrent nervure to transversocubital about 35. 


Named after Gilbert Turner, who collected so many new 
insects in Queensland.* 
Type in British Museum. 


5 EURYGLOSSELLA, 0. gen. 


Small bees allied to Huryglossa, but with only one submarginal 
cell and one (the first) discoidal; the basal nervure ends a long way 
from the transversomedial, and its lower section is hardly arched ; 
claws bidentate, pulvillus very large. 


Huryglossella minima, n. sp. 

?. Length about 34 mm.; head and thorax black or brown- 
black, shining; clypeus and mandibles (except apex) dull rufofulvous ; 
antenn dark above, pale fulvous beneath ; face broad, eyes slightly 
converging below ; fovee linear, short, close to eye; base of mandible 
makes an angle of about 50° with base of eye; clypeus very broad and 
low, its straight upper margin about 290 p long, the lower about 620 ; 
labrum with a pair of nodules; scape rather long (about 255 p) ; 
second antennal joint large, pyriform, third minute; flagellum short 
and thick, minutely hairy ; femora, except knees, very dark brown ; 
middle and hind tibizw dark brown, pale reddish at base and apex, 
anterior tibiz fulvous ; tarsi pallid, slightly yellowish ; small joints 
of anterior tarsi, and apices of their basitarsi, with curious hooked 
bristles; mesothorax, front and vertex microscopically tessellate ; 
abdomen shining, practically hairless, dark brown with a slight purple 
lustre ; wings clear hyaline, iridescent, the large stigma (its depth 
rather over 100) margined with brown; marginal cell 425 long, 
sharply pointed on costa, deep for its length; submarginal cell from 
lower basal to upper apical corner 340; discoidal measured in the 
same way 270; basal nervure ending 150 from transversomedial. 


Euryglossa perpusilla,-n. sp. 


?. Length about 34 mm.; head and thorax shining black, abdo- 
men dark reddish, with a strong purple lustre, and without evident 
hair; antenne fuscous above, pale below; legs clear pale yellow, 
middle tibize mainly fuscous behind ; hind tibize fuscous behind, pale 
ferruginous in front, their tarsi pale ferruginous; eyes very strongly 
converging below ; clypeus about 230 » across at top, and 275 below 
(the shape thus entirely different from that of Huryglossella), wholly 
dark, with sparse punctures ; supraclypeal area with a broad trans- 
verse orange band, bounding lower suture ; mandibles set at an angle 


* Mr. Rowland Turner kindly gives me the following information about 
his brother :—‘‘ He was resident at Mackay from 1883 to 1901 with me, and 
made a very large collection. We afterwards did a season’s collecting at 
Cairns, after which I went to Cape York and Assam, while he went round by 
Cooktown and Port Darwin, but caught cold at Hongkong, and died of rapid 
consumption after joining me at Assam in 1903. It had been his intention 
i fee to England and work up his collection, probably beginning with 
the bees.” 


264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of about 50° with base of eye; last joint of maxillary palpi 75 p, as 
long as the two before put together; ocelli large; facial fovez linear 
grooves, about 190 p» long; antenne formed essentially as in Hury- 
glossella, the flagellum very minutely bristly; second joint pyriform ; 
joints three to eleven broader than long; sculpture of head, thorax, 
and abdomen as in Huryglossella ; claws simple (bidentate in Hury- 
glossella), pulvillus large; thick curved bristles on small joints of 
anterior tarsi; hind spurs orange, thick, spinulose, or denticulate on 
both margins; two submarginal and three discoidal cells ; marginal 
cell like that of Huryglossella, about 510 long; first submarginal 
410 long ; second submarginal 120 long below and 90 above, its depth 
about 70; first recurrent nervure to first transversocubital 35 ; second 
recurrent reaching apical corner of second submarginal ; basal ner- 
vure on first discoidal strongly arched ; length of first discoidal 425 ; 
basal nervure falling about 70 short of transversomedial. 


Very near to H. semipurpurea, Ckll., but smaller, with diffe- 
rently coloured legs, &e. 


BRITISH ODONATA IN _ 1909. 
By Wo ds Gucas, BoA. “EES. 


Bur little of interest in connection with the British Odonata 
came to my notice in 1909. The season certainly commenced 
early, for specimens of Pyrrhosoma nymphula were secured by 
Mr. B. Piffard near Brockenhurst, in the New Forest, as early as 
April 22nd. I have no further record, however, till May 8th, 
when Libellula quadrimaculata, in teneral condition, was taken 
at the Black Pond on Esher Common, Surrey. At the same 
place on the following day it was taken again with P. nymphula, 
Enallagma cyathigerum, and one female Cordulia enea, all being 
more or less teneral. Of these P. nymphula was commonest 
and most mature. On May 22nd a female Libellula depressa 
was taken at Oxshott in the same district of Surrey. 

Between Byfleet and Wisley, in Surrey, on the following day, 
Calopteryx splendens, Hrythromma naias, P. nymphula, Ischnura 
elegans, Agrion pulchellum, A. puella, and EH. cyathigerum at 
least were on the wing; but many were in teneral condition. 
On this occasion a female C. splendens was secured with its 
captured prey—a mayfly, Ephemera vulgata, which appeared to 
be in the sub-imago stage. 

T'wo days spent in the New Forest (May 30th-81st) brought 
to notice Orthetrum cerulescens just emerging, a fair number of 
Calopteryx virgo, P. nymphula in plenty, and A. puella. Ona visit 
to Bookham Common, in Surrey (June 9th), J. elegans alone was 
noted. On June 13th a female Pyrrhosoma tenellum was taken 
at the Black Pond, where also L. quadrimaculata was common, 
and a C. enea was secured by Mr. Fenwick, junior. My first 


VARIETIES OF PERONEA CRISTANA. 965 


Anax imperator was sighted on this day in the same neighbour- 
hood. On July 28rd, Sympetrum striolatum and Afschna grandis 
were met with at the North Downs near Albury. 

During a stay in the New Forest from July 30th to 
September 7th there were seen:—P. tenellum, with its var. 
erythrogastrum, O. caerulescens, Platycnemis pennipes, P. nym- 
phula, I. elegans, Sympetrum scoticum, Lestes sponsa, S. striolatum, 
C. virgo, Cordulegaster annulatus, Agrion mercuriale, L. depressa 
(August 8th), H. cyathigerum, A. puella, Aischna mixta, A. um- 
perator. The date, August 8th, for L. depressa is a late one for 
the species. A. mercuriale was found to have a more extended 
range along Oberwater Stream than was previously supposed. 

My last record for the season was S. striolatum, S. scoticum, 
Aischna juncea, At. grandis and EH. cyathigerum at the Black 
Pond on September 12th. 

I should add that I received C. splendens, taken at Alice Holt 
Wood on June 18th by M. Warriner, EH. cyathigerum from 
Nethy Bridge in July (D. Sharp), and a note of A‘. mixta taken 
by F. Enock in a garden in Tufnell Park Road, London, about 
9.20 a.m. on August 21st. Whence did the last come, as Mr. 
Knock had not himself bred a nymph during the season? 


28, Knight’s Park, Kingston-on-Thames. 


NOTES ON THE VARIETIES OF PERONEA CRIS- 
TANA LATELY IN THE COLLECTION OF THE 
LATE MR. J. A. CLARK. 


By Sypney WEBB. 


(Continued from p. 201.) 


CRISTANA GROUP. 
A. Button conspicuous. 
Fore wing unicolorous brown to black, with white, brown, or 
cream-coloured button, and pure white or cream vitta. 


Cristana, Fab. nec Dup.—|[Is too well known to require 
notice. Distinguished by its snow-white button and vitta. It 
would appear that the ground colour of the wings is at the 
present day becoming darker than formerly. | 

Nigrocristana, Clk.—Readily separated from the last by the 
central tuft of scales being black, brown, or rusty brown, 
although Clark mentions black only. There are no subsidiary 
small tufts of white scales. This form appears to be in almost 
every collection mixed with the last. 

Fuscana, Clk.—Is identical with nigrocristana, but slightly 
lighter in hue. His type specimen does not agree with his 


266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


named series, and the central tuft instead of being very large is 
almost wanting, whilst a red line from the tuft to the costa 
near the apex is very noticeable. Not one of his series of six 
shows this red line, and the disc of their wings is in each 
case unicolorous light brown, vitta pure white, and the central 
tuft large and rust-coloured. This new name had better be 
dropped. 

[Albipunctana, Steph.—A well-known and well-described form, 
but the central tuft is rarely white, owing to cream scales being 
intermixed, which make it appear white in some lights only, and 
distinctly cream in others. At other times the ground colour is 
darker, nearly black on the costa, and one specimen in the 
writer’s series is very like semiustana, with white tuft and 
Vitta. | 

Ochreapunctana, Clk.— Similar to albipunctana, Steph., but 
button more decidedly yellow, and vitta distinctly ochreous. 

Proxanthovittana, Clk. = xanthovittana, Desv. — Desvignes’ 
description is curt; he says it is like wnicolorana and albojflam- 
mana, with a yellow dash or vitta, but it is not like unicolorana, 
inasmuch as that form is entirely without vitta, and it is not like 
_ alboflammana, Curt., for that form has a broad white vitta. It 
must then have some other character possessed in common with 
them other than a vitta, or they would not have been classed 
together by him. Looking for this feature in common, we at 
once see it to be the absence of the central tuft—the very point 
of distinction that Clark claims for his var. proxanthovittana. By 
the law of priority Clark’s name must then sink in favour of 
xanthovittana, Desy., but we may transfer it to the similarly 
coloured brown-tufted insect, which has long stood in a mixed 
series in our cabinets under the name “‘ anthovittana.”’ 


B. Button wanting or extremely small. 


[Alboflammana, Curt.—Unicolorous light to dark brown, button 
entirely wanting, vitta snow-white.]| A well-known variety. 

Subalboflammana, Clk.—Unicolorous pale brown, with snow- 
white vitta, button only represented by a white dot. 

[Unicolorana, Desv.—Ground colour as last, but no button 
and no vitta.] 

Subunicolorana, Clk. — Differs from wnicolorana, Desv., by 
conspicuous large dark button. From its large button this 
obviously should not be placed here ; yet only differing as it does 
from the last in this respect, I have reluctantly included it. 
It seems impossible to graduate the varieties of cristana in 
any satisfactory sequence, and collectors would do well to 
observe Desvignes’ plan, and arrange them as much as possible 
in groups, rather than according to their own individual 
pleasure. 


VARIETIES OF PERONEA CRISTANA. 267 


c. Vitta confined to base of inner margin only. 
Subvittana, Steph.—Well known to all collectors. 
Punctana,.Clk.—Ground colour darker, and button and short 
vitia more cream-coloured; small pale scales more numerous, 
two on disc before tuft, four along inner fold, several along 
costal fold, and others towards the end of the wing, giving a 
very speckled appearance to the insect. But these minor addi- 
tions scarcely seem to warrant a distinctive name variety. 

Nigrosubvittana, Clk.— Blacker ground colour. The short 
pale vitta more obsolete, pale grey rather than white; central 
tuft black. 

NiGRANA GROUP. 
Ground colour black. 


This phase of aberration in P. cristana seems quite a modern 
development. ‘The form first appeared in the New Forest a year 
or two earlier than 1890, and we saw only one of the form 
among a series of nearly two hundred specimens examined in 
the following year. The commonest varieties at that time were 
cristalana, striana, and defontainana, with some of the unicclorous 
brown examples. Now it is equally common with all of these, 
and at Epping it is easily first among the scarcer aberrations. 
Black, with a shining surface and unicolorous, excepting for the 
deeper blue-black of the markings, button, and tufts; it is well- 
named and unmistakable, but after allis only an intensified form 
of profanana. 

Rujfinigrana, Clk.—A distinction without a difference. Of 
this form Clark remarks: ‘‘ The chocolate-coloured marking, 
which is totally absent in nigrana, constitutes the difference.” 
Possessing both the type (quite unlike the figure) and his series, 
we are forced to say there is no chocolate line whatever as 
described. The main difference is that in this the darker black 
curved line from the black tuft, which terminates upon the dise 
in nigrana, becomes in rufinigrana a straight line to the costa 
near the apex; whilst in certain lights we see a reddish blush 
over the black scaling of the wings between the base and the 
tuft, but this is not sufficiently pronounced to be esteemed a 
difference such as ought to be recognized by a varietal name. 
Moreover, the specimen chosen for description and figuring differs 
per se from Clark’s own assorted series, being paler in colour 
generally, and brown-red near the body. The name rujfinigrana 
as one of non-importance should be dropped altogether. 

Jansoniana, ab. nov.—Another of the nigrana group, all of 
which are absolutely identical in depth of colour, is distinguished 
by the dark grey head and thorax, and reddish grey vitta always 
distinct, and never degenerating into the several pale lines we 
see in striana. Mr. Clark had eight of these, and we propose for 
this rather striking form the above name, after Mr. Oliver E. 


268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Janson, who accompanied him in many of his excursions, and 
introduced him to the locality where these nigrana varieties were 
mostly captured. 

Merlana, Clk.—His description is sufficient to identify this. 
The head and thorax is more ash-coloured than the last, whilst 
the striana-like lines on the inner margin are quite unlike the 
consistent unicolorous band which distinguishes Jansonana. 

Atrana, Clk.—A good variety. The author’s description of 
the vitta as orange-coloured scarcely, however, hits the mark, as 
it is difficult to give a colour term to it; really it is scarlet, with 
a yellow margin either side, a combination that makes the 
general aspect of the vitta much richer in colour than the term 
which is expressed by orange. 

Albonigrana, Clk., does not belong to this group, but to that 
of ruficostana, whilst nigroruficostana (nigrocostana), Clk., is only a 
very black nigrocristana. Neither would be mentioned here but 
for the names, which are misleading. By some extraordinary 
blunder, Clark’s plate, showing these aberrations, has the names 
and figures reversed. 

RvuFIcosTaNa GROUP. 

Upper part of wing rich rufous brown. Button wanting or 

extremely small. 

Curtis says of the type of ruficostana, ‘“‘inner margin white,” 
but Clark, ‘‘ that the true rujficostana is yellow.” Which 1s 
correct ? If Curtis stands, alboruficostana, Clk., must fall. But 
for many years that with the white vitta has been in our cabinets 
as the typical form. The description must stand before any 
plate. 

Ruficristana, Johnson.—He describes this as precisely similar 
to ruficostana, Curt., of which he says his (Curtis’s) description 
would do for the two, but there is a very small red tuft in rujfi- 
cristana, John., which is absent in Curtis’s moth, and it is very 
seldom seen. Our authorities have been right in sinking this 
name. 

Attaliana. — Clark says it is the only aberration in this 
lovely group of four which has the white dots on the superior 
wings in the marginal area; and inasmuch as Clark had but two 
specimens, and one of these he made his type, whilst the other 
has no white dots on the superior wings, it must be left to our 
readers whether or not a varietal name should be admitted for a 
single example. 

Transversana, Clk.—Well-founded and distinct, without any 
vitta ; altogether a dull-looking insect, of which there are several 
in cabinets, but not hitherto differentiated. 

Albonigrana, Clk.— Wings deep slate-coloured, the upper 
third of the wing velvety black, vitta pure white; a chaste and 


beautiful form. 
(To be continued.) 


269 


NOTES ON SOME HUNGARIAN AND AUSTRIAN 
BUTTERFLIES IN 1910. 


By W. G. SuHeupon, F.E.S. 


A raminy holiday, spent wandering in various countries 
south-east of these islands, enable me to pen a few notes on 
certain Diurni observed there. 

We arrived at Budapest on May 10th, and the following day 
visited Svab-hegy. The day was not very favourable, with but 


HERcULESBAD AND THE CserNA GorGcr From THE ‘“ WerIsses Krevze” Woop. 


little sun and a good deal of wind, consequently butterflies were 
not abundant. Pyrgqus orbifer was, however, well out, and in 
perfect condition, flying with plenty of Hesperia malve; males 
of Polyommatus baton were not infrequent, and one example of 
P. orion var. ornata was observed but not netted. Here and 
there Papilio podalirius sailed along in its inimitable manner ; 
Leptosia sinapis was frequent. 


270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


On the morning of May 12th I visited the Promontor 
Marshes with Professor Schmidt, chiefly with the view of ob- 
taining a series of Chrysophanus thersamon. It was a very 
pleasant experience—after last year’s June visits to these 
marshes, which resulted in a few battered specimens only—to 
net in a short hour twenty-three fine examples, the sexes being 
about equally represented; a solitary C. rutilus male seemed 
about the first emergence of his generation. I was fortunate to 
add a not very good male Colias chrysotheme to my list, the first 
time I had seen this species; Papilio machaon was frequent, 
with at least one var. aurantiaca; plenty of Pontia daplidice var. 
bellidice ; some Chrysophanus dorilis; and a few Melitea cinxia 
completed my list of species other than those of universal 
distribution. 

Proceeding towards the lower reaches of the Danube, the 
train stopped for half an hour some twenty miles north of 
Temesvar, and enabled me, in not a very happy frame of mind, 
to watch the gambols of a pair of Colias myrmidione on the 
railway bank, in apparently perfect condition, for I had searched 
for this species long, and so far unsuccessfully, and to see it for 
the first time under these conditions was distinctly tantalizing. 

That portion of the Danube gorge between Bazias and 
Orsova impressed me as being good ground, with plenty of well- 
wooded transverse ravines, and one passes several villages on 
the Hungarian side of the river where accommodation might be 
obtained. 

I reached Hereulesbad on May 18th, and was favoured with 
four practically cloudless days. It has often impressed me that 
one of the most charming aspects of the study of Kuropean 
butterflies is that it almost invariably takes one into such 
exquisite surroundings; and that the best localities for butter- 
flies are usually those of the greatest scenic beauty. Albarracin, 
Berisal, Zermatt, Ronda, Granada, and the ‘‘ Cote d’Azur,” 
amongst others, each in its way are amongst the fairest spots 
in Kurope; and they have all produced for me, at different 
times, shoals of butterflies, many interesting and beautiful 
species hardly to be met with elsewhere. 

Herculesbad can take its place with any of these, and just 
at the period of my visit it was looking its very best. The 
luxuriant woods clothing the sides of the great gorge, except 
where these are sheer rock and precipice, were in the vivid and 
varied green of late spring, and the air was laden with the 
perfume of blossom of tree, shrub, and plant. Prominent 
amongst these was the wild lilac; these regions are the home 
of that exquisite shrub, and the mountains round, when the 
woods are not too dense, are thickly overgrown with it. Another 
noticeable tree was a species of ash with large trusses of 
odorous cream-coloured flowers, and one tree was sufficient to 


HUNGARIAN AND AUSTRIAN BUTTERFLIES IN 1910. O71 


scent the air for many yards around. Altogether I do not 
remember ever wandering in more delightful woods. 

Driving from Orsova, a distance of twenty-seven kilométres, 
we did not reach Hereulesbad much before noon, and with un- 
packing and lunch, I was not fairly started on my way up the 
Cserna before two o’clock, too late on most occasions for much 
hope of meeting with many butterflies. On this day, however, 
I was in luck; the day previous there had evidently been a 
heavy fall of rain, and the road was still damp, with puddles in 
places; at most of these, Neptis aceris, in twos and threes, in 
most perfect condition, was drinking. I selected my specimens, 
for N. aceris, even when newly emerged, is apt to be chipped or 
rubbed, but, after allowing for rejections, by four o’clock 1 
mustered thirty perfect in all respects. Last year, a month 
later, I had to work hard for a whole morning to get half a 
dozen battered examples. 

Last year I recorded in ‘ Entomologist’ (xlii. p. 274) certain 
specimens of Pieris rape from Herculesbad. After considerable 
trouble I find, thanks to the Rev. G. Wheeler, that these are 
not Pieris rape, but P. manni var. rossit. They impressed me 
at the time of capture as something different from any forms of 
P. rape I had ever seen, but I could not then identify them as 
anything else. P.manni is at Herculesbad, as I understand is 
the case elsewhere, purely a woodland species, feeding, no 
doubt, on one or more of the numerous Crucifere which abound 
amongst the undergrowth. It is most abundant at the level of 
the road, but one or two specimens were netted at an altitude 
of quite one thousand feet above it. The spring brood was well 
out at the time of my visit, but was not very abundant. The 
tips of the wings and spots are not so dark as those of the 
second brood, which are var. rossii. A fine form of Leptosia 
sinapis, With strongly marked under sides, was abundant at the 
puddles in the road. Polyommatus orion var. ornata was just 
emerging. Nemeobius lucina, very large and ranging up to 
38 mm., flitted about the glades a mile or so above the Bad. 
The spring brood of Pieris napi was also abundant, the females 
much suffused on the upper sides with grey; and amongst other 
species observed in the Cserna Valley were Papilio podalirius, 
Cyaniris argiolus, and Pararge egeria var. egerides ; all of them 
frequent. 

A visit to the Coronini the next day, May 17th, was not 
remarkable for the number of specimens seen or captured. 
Amongst other species, Melitea cinxia, with the tawny form of 
the male usual in South Europe, and a particularly fine female, 
with ground of wings pale straw colour, all the dark markings 
on upper side more pronounced than in the type, and a conse- 
quent reduction in area of ground colour. I find on comparing 
these with the series in the British Museum Collection that 


272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


there are in it two examples taken in Bulgaria by Mr. H. J. 
Elwes, and labelled var. obscurior, Seitz, which resemble the 
Herculesbad form, except that in them the ground colour is 
somewhat whiter, and the dark markings more extended on the 
wing surface. I presume the Herculesbad form should therefore 
be called intermedia. 

The only other things worthy of note taken on this day were 
a pair of Chrysophanus thersamon and an example of Pyrgus 
orbifer, in good condition, larger and darker than my Budapest 
specimens. 

Last year, at the end of June, worn females of Thecla acacie 
were abundant flying round some blackthorn bushes, which, on 
my visit this year, I beat vigorously for larve; the only larva I 
succeeded in finding, however, came out as an imago of 7’. pruni 
on May 30th. Apparently the larve of J’. acacie had pupated 
at the time of my visit. 

Parnassius mnemosyne was abundant about a couple of miles 
up the Cserna Valley, at an altitude of about 800 ft., surely a 
very low elevation for this butterfly. The form was similar to 
that occurring at Budapest; that is to say, with small very dark 
spots. Fine large Nomiades cyllarus, with an expanse of 86 mm., 
were seen here and there, and the ubiquitous Callophrys rubi 
flitted about with occasional Brenthis ewphrosyne, local and not 
common. 

I made an observation that somewhat puzzles me. Last 
year, in one small dingle, and there only, I came across a few 
rather worn but unmistakable examples of Hveres alcetas (coretas). 
This year, being six weeks earlier, I looked in this place for 
fresh specimens, and what I did get was three perfect male 
Eiveres argiades. I have been told that in Hungary these 
species, or forms of one species, are mixed up, and occur in the 
same localities, and my observation seems to confirm this view. 

An ascent of the Domogled on May 19th was, from an 
entomological point of view, singularly barren. One would have 
expected to meet with Hrebia medusa var. psodea, and other 
species ; but with the exception of half a dozen specimens of 
Papilio machaon, the peak was entirely devoid of butterflies. On 
the way up, at the well-known Quelle, I netted a fine Neptis 
aceris, and saw plenty of Pieris napi and Pararge egeria var. 
egerides, and some Huchloé cardamines. 

May 21st found me back in the Promontor Marshes. Chryso- 
phanus thersamon was getting passé, quite seventy-five per cent. 
of those taken showing defects of one kind or another. Plebius 
argus was abundant and perfect, and a male of the fine Budapest 
form of P. argyrognomon was taken. I captured one Melitea 
trivia by no means perfect. Lycena astrarche was abundant. 

We spent May 22nd at Szada on a visit to Baron Vecsey. 
The day was sunny, but butterflies were scarce. The Baron 


HUNGARIAN AND AUSTRIAN BUTTERFLIES IN 1910. 273 


informed me they had been so all the season, and I have a much 
more vivid appreciation of the kind hospitality we received than 
of the specimens captured. Before lunch we took our nets and 
wandered through some very likely country ; a few Melita trivia, 
C. thersamon, Argynnis adippe var. cleodoxa, P. argyrognomon, 
and EH. argiades var. polysperchon were all we observed. 

Journeying from Budapest to Vienna, an unfortunate break- 
down in the health of one of my party necessitated a fortnight’s 
stay at the latter place. During this period the only entomology 
I could manage was a few hours on May 31st at Modling. Most 
of this time was spent in trying to get out of the long streets of 
the town into the country, which was unknown to me, conse- 
quently my time with the net was very limited, the event of the 
day being the capture of a splendid male of C. myrmidone, un- 
expectedly met with in a lane, too narrow for him to evade me, 
and netted before he realized his danger. The only other 
capture here worthy of note was a specimen of Carterocephalus 
palemon. Hrebia medusa was not infrequent. 

The doctor at Vienna found that it was necessary for the 
invalid to go to a mountain resort for a time in order to re- 
cuperate. On June 7th we moved on to Semmering accordingly. 
Semmering is situated in the old Austrian Province of Styria, 
some seventy miles south-west of Vienna, and on the direct 
railway route from that place to Trieste, at an altitude of about 
3000 ft., and as it is amongst the extreme eastern spurs of the 
Alps, [ hoped to meet with some interesting butterflies ; but in 
this respect I was considerably disappointed, though for what 
reason | do not quite understand. 

The surroundings—a maze of valleys, woods, subalpine 
meadows ablaze with flowers, swamps, and levels of from 
2000 ft. to 5000 ft.—seemed ideal ground for a June locality; 
but whether it was owing to a bad season, or some other cause, 
I never saw butterflies so scarce in Continental Europe. I was 
out each day from June 7th to June 19th, but my entire efforts 
could only account for thirty-one species, and the number seen 
of each species was in almost every case very few; so few, in 
fact, that it was no unusual event for me to spend a morning 
amongst ideal surroundings, and come back with half a dozen 
specimens. 

The northern slope of the railway valley leading to Murz- 
zuschlag was perhaps the locality in which occurred the most 
specimens ; pre-eminent in numbers amongst those was Hrebia 
medusa of the hippomedusa form—the only Erebia seen at 
Semmering—and Cupido minimus, and both of these species, 
especially the latter, were in great numbers, and newly emerged 
at the commencement of my visit. With them Nemeobius lucina 
flitted about here and there, and Hesperia malve was common. 
Other species occurring in this valley were Chrysophanus 


ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1910. ¥ 


274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


hippothoé in the meadows; Colias hyale, frequent; C. edusa, one 
female observed; Aporia crategi; and Brenthis euphrosyne. 

Perhaps the best collecting-ground I found at Semmering 
was the cross valley leading out of the railway valley to the left, 
about a mile from Semmering, and known as the Durr Graben, 
or deer valley. The sides of this valley were clothed with woods 
of spruce and pine, and down the centre ran a small stream and 
a cart-road ; alongside this, at intervals, were small clearings, 
and in these I found practically all the butterflies I cared to 
take. Prominent amongst them were Pararge hiera, which was 
not uncommon flitting by the side of the road; the specimens 
were in good condition, and I captured a good series of both 
sexes, and obtained ova, from which I have now larve feeding. 
With these occurred here and there C. palemon, flying briskly 
about in the clearings, or drinking at the damp spots in the 
road. A rather fine form of Pieris napi var. bryonie was not 
infrequent, and from ova deposited by captured females I have 
now some three dozen pupe. P. egeria var. egerides was abun- 
dant amongst the woods, and in good condition. 

On June 18th I discovered a swamp on the east side of the 
Myrten Graben that contained a colony of Canonympha typhon, 
and also one of Anthocera hippocrepidis; in some of the ex- 
amples of this latter species the sixth spot is well developed, in 
others it is barely indicated. Melitea athalia, a form with the 
dark markings all very pronounced, became common generally ; 
and amongst other species observed were Papilio podalirius, 
P.machaon, Leptosia sinapis, and Nomiades semiargus—none of 
them abundant. P. mnemosyne was plentiful at about 4000 ft., 
but did not apparently descend below this altitude. 


Youlgreave, South Croydon: July 28rd, 1910. 


REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF CULICIDZ FROM 
COCHIN CHINA. 


By H. F. Carter. 


Tuts collection, sent to Mr. F. V. Theobald by Dr. Broquet 
of the Pasteur Institute, Saigon, was found to contain a good 
variety of species, including a new one belonging to the genus 
Stegomyia. It would appear that the subfamily Anopheline is 
well represented, especially the genera Myzomyia and Myzo- 
rhynchus; and, further, that Mansonia uniformis is comparatively 
abundant. 

SPECIES FOUND IN THE COLLECTION. 

Myzomyia rossii, Giles (1899), Journ. Trop. Med. (Oct. 1899). 

Localities. — Five females, South Annam; five females, 
two males, Bien-hoa; one female, Giadink ; one female, Ha-tien. 


COLLECTION OF CULICIDH FROM COCHIN CHINA. 275 


Myzomyia thorntonii, Ludlow (1904), Canad. Ento. p. 69 
(1904). 


Localities.—One female, Bien-hoa; four females, Ha-tien. 


Myzomyia indefinata, Ludlow (1904), Canad. Ento. p. 299 
(1904). 


Localities.—One female, Saigon ; one female, Ha-tien. 


Myzorhynchus barbirostris, Van de Wulp (1884), Leyden Mus. 
Notes vi. p. 46 (1884). 

Localities.—One female, Ha-tien; one female, Phu-My ; six 
females, Tan-chau. 

Myzorhynchus (sp ?). 

Localities—One male and one female, Saigon; one female, 
Ha-tien. 

These specimens appear to be near M. vanus, Walker, but 
have not yet been definitely placed. 


Nyssorhynchus jamesti, Theobald (1901), Mono. Culicid. i. 
p. 134 (1901), Theobald. : 
Locality.x—One female, Giadink. 


Desvoidya obturbans, Walker (1860), Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. 
Lond. iv. p. 91 (1860). 
Locality.—One female, Giadink. 


Stegomyia w-alba, Theobald (1905), Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 
ill. 74 (1905). 
Locality.—One female, Ha-tien. 


STEGOMYIA HATIENSIS, N. sp. 


Head, thorax and abdomen dark, uni- 
formly coloured. Palpi small and covered 
with dark scales. Legs almost black, un- 
banded. 

2. Head yellowish brown, covered 
mostly with dull blackish brown small flat 
scales; there is, however, a very small area 
in the centre line of the head composed of 
flat whitish scales and similar areas late- 
rally ; the former appears to be the remains 
of a median line of white scales; a row of 
nine black bristles project over the eyes, 
the three central ones being much longer 
and extending straight in front, the lateral 
ones curving towards the vertex; palpi 
blackish brown, three jointed, the apical 
joint the largest, with numerous small 
bristles ; proboscis completely dark scaled ; 
antenne dark brown. 

Thorax with dark brown narrow curved 
scales ; prothoracic lobes denuded of scales 
but with strong bristles; pleurze also much rubbed, but small patches 

V2 


Female palp of Stegomyia 
hatiensis, n. sp. 


276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of flat white scales may be seen; bristles on the mesothorax chiefly 
at the wing-roots and projecting over the head; scutellum with a 
very marked median lobe, with scales similar to those covering the 
greater part of the head, border bristles missing; metanotum nude, 
dark brown. 

Abdomen with blackish scales, unbanded. 

Legs uniformly dark-coloured, with numerous small bristles; 
fore ungues equal and uniserrate, mid and hind pairs equal and 
simple. 

Wings with typical Stegomyia venation, the veins clothed with 
dense brown scales; first submarginal cell longer than the second 
posterior, their bases almost level, the stem of the first submarginal 
rather more than half the length of the cell, that of the second 
posterior as long as the cell; the posterior cross-vein slightly more 
than its own length distant from the mid. 

Halteres with light stems and dark knobs. 

Length 3-3-5 mm. 

Habitat.—One female, Saigon; four females, Ha-tien (Dr. 
Broquet). 

Observations. — This description was drawn up from five 
females, all of which were in rather poor condition. It is a 
somewhat obscure species, and at first sight appears to belong 
to the genus Verrallina or Skusea rather than Stegomyia. 

Note.—In two specimens the posterior cross-vein was practi- 
cally twice its own length distant from the mid. 


Stegomyia (sp. ?). 

Localities.—One male, Giadink ; one female, Ha-tien. 

These specimens were both rather badly rubbed, but were 
most probably either S. scutellaris, Wlk., or S. fasctata, Fab. 
Dr. Broquet notes that one of them is “‘ the common Stegomyia 
of Saigon.” 


Culex fatigans, Wiedmann (1828), Auss. 2 weit, Ins. p. 10 
(1828). 
Localitykx—One male and one female, Giadink. 


Culex impellens, Walker (1860), Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. iv. 
91 (1860). 
Locality.n—One female, Ha-tien. 


Chrysoconops aurites, Theobald (1901), Mono. Culicid. 11. 
p. 209 (1901), Theobald. 

Locality.—One female, Saigon. 

According to Dr. Broquet this species is apparently rare in 
Cochin China. 


Mansonia uniformis, Theobald (1901), Mono. Culicid. i. p. 180 
(1901), Theobald. 
Localites.—Six females, Ha-tien ; four females, Tan-chau. 


se 


277 


COMPARATIVE NOTES ON | V. (\URTICAL, Iu; var: 
ICHNUSA, Bon., AND var. TURCICA, Stanp. IS 
Vv URTICZ, i., THE “REDDEST” FORM AMONG 
ALL THE ‘“TORTOISESHELL” VANESSIDA ? 


By T. Reuss. 


1 2 la 2a 


Arrer studying specimens of V. wrtice var. ichnusa from 
Corsica and Sardinia, and of var. turcica from Greece and Asia 
Minor for purposes of comparison with the more northern type 
and with the many aberrations of the latter, 1 venture to offer 
the following notes. 

Upper sides:—1. Ground colour. In V. urtice (a) pure or 
reddish orange, male and female; ()) brownish, yellowish orange 
(tawny), male and female. In var. ichnusa (a) pure or reddish 
orange (male, with slight puncta), the same colour as in urtice, 
type, and not redder, mostly less red; (b) pure orange, brownish 
orange (tawny), male and female. In var. turcica the colour is 
the same as in ichnusa, female, the reddish tinge, to which 
urtice tends so often, is less marked; in some specimens from 
Amasia, for instance, the colour is often dulled. ° 

2. Yellow markings. In wrtice the well-known yellow spots 
are large, well-defined and light in colour, standing in strong 
contrast with the ground colour. In var. ichnusa the spots are 
reduced by the spread of the ground colour, and are more orange 
than yellow, thus lessening the contrast with the ground colour 
and enhancing the brightness of the latter. The var. turcica 
exhibits these markings as described for ichnusa. The inner 
marginal yellow spot is often quite obsolete in both varieties. 

3. Outer margins. Var. ichnusa, female, differs often from 
the other forms by exhibiting a margin strikingly resembling 
that in V. vo ab. fischeri, Stdfss. 

4. Black markings. V. urtice shows the black markings as 
in figs. 2, 2a; the lined markings in fig. 2 indicate which parts 
of the black spots fail to appear in var. ichnusa, male (with 
indications of puncta, but these are not in the position of the 
puncta in urtice—they are farther removed from the wing- 


278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


margins), figs. 1, la. It will also be seen that the outer part 
of the inner marginal blotch of urtice is ‘bitten off’? in var. 
ichnusa. In var. turcica the black markings are in the identical 
position as in urtice, and in specimens in which the puncta and 
inner marginal blotch tend to disappear, they disintegrate exactly 
in the manner seen in aberrations of V. urtice—the inner mar- 
ginal spot jirst in its basal portion—which is just the part that 
remains intact in ichnusa, so that the black spot in turcica falls 
partially in front of the same blotch in ichnusa. This is 
shown in fig. 2 by the lined and by the black portion of the spot 
in urtice. The distribution of colour in the hind wing is inter- 
mediate in turcica between figs. 1a (an extreme form) and 2a. 

5. Base of the fore wings. These parts are suffused with 
black and yellowish scales in all three forms, but, as the figures 
show, the basal and inner central area in ichnusa is covered as 
far as the first costal blotch; while in wrtice and var. turcica 
the basal parts show much of the ground colour as in fig. 2. 
The basal suffusion in ichnusa is quite unlike that in the American 
V. milberti, and must not be confounded with it. Both kinds of 
basal colouring appear in aberrations of V. urtice. In V. urtice 
var. caschmirensis the basal suffusion reaches as far as the inner 
marginal blotch, but does not cover the space before the first 
costal blotch. 

Under sides :—6. As compared with Central European urtice, 
these parts are of a somewhat richer brown in the two southern 
forms and the light area of the fore wings is conspicuously 
darker and warmer yellow in colour. British specimens of 
V.urtice appear to be distinguished from most Central Huropean 
forms and from the southern specimens by exhibiting much 
black (not brown-black) in the basal and median portions of the 
wings. These black markings often become very conspicuous 
and brilliant (ab. subtus-nigra), and the tendency to them makes 
it more difficult to obtain aberrations from British larve, which 
resemble ichnusa-turcica in their under sides, than from most 
Continental larve. Thus all my best aberrations from the latter 
larvee—for instance, ab. ioformis, ab. ioprotoformis—exhibit rich 
brown-black under sides, with the lighter parts warm brownish 
yellow, as in var. ichnusa (it should also be here remembered 
that atavic forms of V. io show brown under sides and a tawny 
orange upper side—compare var. geisha, male and female, from 
Japan); while, with few exceptions, of which my ab. subtus- 
puncta (antea vol. xli. p. 310) is a fair example, my aberrations 
from British larve exhibit black under sides tending to grey, 
instead of brown and yellow.* The ochreous, occasionally almost 


* The Asian varieties caschmirensis, chinensis, connexa have brown 
under sides. The brown may in the large var. chinensis either cover the 
whole wing surface, as in the brown V. zo var. geisha, or be restricted to 
the same wing parts as in V. urtice. 


COMPARATIVE NOTES ON V. URTICS, ETC. 279 


white (light greenish grey, violet-grey, yellowish grey) outer 
area of the under side hind wings in northern forms of urtice is 
the effect of a tendency further distinguishing them from 
southern varieties. Hxtreme forms, which are very conspicuous 
and somewhat rare, could be distinguished as ab. subtus-ochrea 
balteata. I bred several fine examples of this form in July, 1909, 
from one particular brood of wild Herts larve under normal 
conditions, and the experience did not repeat itself since. 

The under side fore wing of the normal zchnusa is interesting 
for exhibiting conspicuously a row of light ochreous spots near 
the lunules of the fore wing. These markings correspond with 
similar spots in V.io; in V. urtice they are less conspicuous 
than in ichnusa, while the American milbertt female exhibits the 
full chain of these Vanessid spots. 

lf then V. urtice and var. turcica clearly belong together, the 
facial relations of urtice-ichnusa, on the other hand, would read 
as follows :— 

Under sides:—In V. urtice these wing parts are whitish, 
ochreous and black (greyish) or brown-black ; in var. ichnusa 
warmer brownish yellow, brown-black. 

Upper sides :—{a) In ichnusa the inner marginal blotch and 
median puncta (when these appear in the male) are not in the 
same position as in wrtice—they are farther removed from the 
outer margin, and also they are placed in a more slanting 
position, 7. e. not in a line almost parallel to the margin as in 
urtice. The marginal markings are different. 

(b) The basal portion of the fore wings is covered with 
yellow and black scales (which together to the eye look greenish, 
a well-known effect of the two colours when so “‘ mixed’’) right 
up to the first costal spot; while in urtice these parts contain 
the richest and darkest portion of the ground colour. 

(c) In ichnusa the light yellow markings of wrtice are darker 
and much reduced in size by the spread of the ground colour. 

(d) The ground colour in ichnusa is much as in typical 
urtice ; the tendency to red is less in ichnusa, however. If 
ichnusa does to the eye appear more brilliantly coloured, more 
red than urtice, then this effect is simply caused by the greater 
unbroken expanse of one colour in the median and outer area of 
the wings at the expense of other markings or colours. The 
‘“‘oreenish’”’ (black and yellow) basal wing area greatly assists 
in producing a brilliant colour-effect in the other wing parts. 

To prove these points, which had puzzled me till at last I 
brought some specimens of ichnusa into my possession for direct 
comparison with my specimens of urtice, 1 took two normal 
orange specimens of urtice, and patched out the black markings 
of the right wing pair of one with pieces cut from the wings of 
the other specimen. The patches were put on as indicated in 
fig. 2 by the lined markings. Also the yellow inner marginal 


280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


spot was covered by a piece of the ground colour. I found, 
however, that the colour-effect of ichnusa did not appear till I 
had, with the help of a light orange-yellow specimen of urtice, 
also patched out the light yellow costal spots with the darker 
colour and filled in the basal wing part as in ichnusa. The 
hind wing was also made to look like fig. 1a, and then it was 
interesting to see how different in colour the two wing pairs, of 
which the left one had remained untouched urtice, appeared 
to have become. The ground colour in the right wing pair was 
the same as in the left, yet it looked more fiery, more brilliant. 
Still, the shape of the wings, the less dentate outer margin, 
more ‘‘ pointed”’ apical projection, and the peculiar arrangement 
of the blue spots disturbed the effect slightly ; but the resem- 
blance to ichnusa was sufficiently striking, and the alterations 
necessary to obtain this resemblance were great enough to show 
how hopelessly far from ichnusa were the aberrations of urtice, 
which merely exhibited a reduction of the black and yellow 
markings. Not yet, as far as I could learn, have the black 
markings of wrtice aberrations appeared in the relative position 
they occupy in ichnusa. I will here note, however, that when 
in V.io the black inner marginal spot appears, as it occasionally 
does, then it occupies the same relative position in the wing as 
in ichnusa. I possess a few specimens of aberrative V. urtice, 
which show this spot much as in ichnusa, but the puncta do not 
follow suit, nor does any other part of the facies, except the 
basal suffusion, do so. The eorresponding parts of the under 
side in urtice are generally nearer ichnusa than the upper side ; 
this can be easily seen by holding the specimens against the 
light, when very often the inner marginal spot will be found to 
jut out far beyond the correlated black under side markings. 
The basal portions of the fore wings in urtice cloud up occasion- 
ally under the influence of retarded pupal development (pupal 
aberration), or of retarded larval development, also if caused 
by imsufficient food (larval aberration), exactly as in ichnusa. 
I have examples of both categories with the base like ichnusa 
(ab. basi-ichnusa—not to be mistaken for a dark form in 
which the wing base is much suffused with black and dark 
brown-red scales mostly extending to the median wing-area, as 
in V. milberti—ab. basi-milberti*), but they are otherwise little 
different from normal urtice. 

In different aberrations of V. urtice I also found most of the 
other ichnusa-form details, but I have not yet seen them all 
together in one specimen, and the important displacement of the 


* An extreme form of this fine aberration emerged last year, on the 
25th of July, in my cases together with some transitional forms, from pupe 
of one brood of wild Herts larva, which developed under normal conditions 
in the mean temperature of the season. I had expected to rear only normal 
specimens, which I wanted for purposes of comparison. 


FIELD NOTES ON BRITISH SAWFLIES. 281 


median puncta has perhaps not yet been caused in urtice, as also 
not yet the development of the margin of female ichnusa. 

Altogether it appears tbat aberrations of V. urtice, which are 
facially transitional to ichnusa (not merely to var. turcica), are 
very rare indeed, much rarer than such aberrations as ab. 
atrebatensis, ab. ichnusoides (a misleading name rather), c@rul- 
apicata, ignea, and others. 

(To be continued.) 


FIELD NOTES ON BRITISH SAWFLIES. 
By Cuaupe Mortey, F.Z.S., &e. 


(Continued from vol. xli. p. 192.) 


Tue Selandriades comprise ten genera and fifty-three species, 
very many of which are extremely abundant everywnere, and 
among the first to be acquired by the collector. Harpiphorus 
lepidus, a very distinct insect, is, however, rare in my experience. 
I beat it from undergrowth in the Bentley Woods, near Ipswich, 
in the middle of May, 1897, and on April 22nd, 1901, discovered 
a larva in a cell, apparently of its own construction, in a gall of 
Cynips kollart on oak in the same locality. This larva became 
a green pupa on the 25th and remained green till May 11th, 
when the colour changed to yellow and black, those of the 
imago. It subsequently appeared to develop into its perfect 
condition in a curiously gradual manner. On May 12th the 
pupa could walk with a certain amount of ease, and during the 
same evening it was yet more active; on the 13th it had changed 
little in appearance, but was certainly an imago with legs, 
antenne, and mouth-organs fully developed, though the wings 
remained somewhat immature. I still possess the larval skin, 
which is too shrivelled for description. Cameron (Phyt. Hym. 
i. 265) had no personal knowledge of the ecdysis of this species ; 
but Fitch records (Entom. 1880, p. 258) four specimens bred 
from galls of the same species of Cynipid. 

The Suffolk coast is especially cursed with Athalia spinarum, 
whence it has been recorded ‘“‘in such numbers in July as to 
render the turnip crops leafless in August” (Hnt. Ann. 1860, 
p- 91); crops were damaged at Hulver in 1838, and at Cove- 
hithe (Curt. Farm Ins. 59); Bloomfield found it commonly at 
Rendham about 1850; Smith, abundant at Lowestoft; Tuck, at 
Southwold and Aldeburgh—he noticed that the autumn brood 
consists mainly of males (Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc. 1902, p. 331). 
It has occurred to me mainly at Southwold in July, 1901, and 
I have never seen it out of the county (cf. McLachlan on its 
scarcity, EH. M. M. 1901, p. 128). Singly it occurred at Tudden- 
ham at the end of August, 1900, and at Claydon in the following 


282, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


September. Of d4.lugens I have recently made the acquaintance, 
in the person of a female, at Tuddenham Fen in the middle of 
last June, though Tuck took it at Southwold in August, 1900, and 
Chitty at Brandon early in June, 1908. A. glabricollis is doubt- 
less often overlooked and mistaken for the next species, though 
Tuck has thrice found it in Finborough Park and Tostock in 
this county, and I took it at Brandon, Wherstead, and 'Tudden- 
ham, Suffolk. Such quantities of d. lineolata are everywhere 
seen that it is only necessary to say that it has occurred to 
me in Cambs, Lines, Hants, Isle of Wight, and is ubiquitous 
throughout Suffolk, where a single somewhat doubtful A. scutel- 
larie was swept in Tuddenham Fen on June 19th, 1901. 
Selandria has no common species, all are abundant or quite 
rare. My only S. jflavens was captured by Alfred Beaumont 
towards the end of August, 1899, at Harting, in Sussex; S. serva, 
on the other hand, is to be seen everywhere throughout the 
summer months; and S. stramineipes is abundant in woods in 
Sussex, Isle of Wight, Suffolk, and the New Forest up to July 
llth. S. morto appears confined to marshy situations, and is 
said to feed on willow; I have found it in the Norfolk and 
Suffolk Broads, the Isle of Wight and New Forest, mainly in 
June. SS. cineretpes is much more local in my experience, being 
especially abundant at Brandon, where Chitty also took it in 
1903, from June 3rd to August 12th; it has, too, turned up 
singly at Tuddenham and Barton Mills in the same district, 
and once near Ipswich on June 29th, 1895, by sweeping reeds 
at Bramford. 

Fred. Smith is not the only author who has remarked (Ent. 
Ann. 1856, p. 100) upon the disparity of the sexes of Strongylo- 
gaster cingulatus: he regarded it as about a thousand to one, 
i.e. a single male ‘during a diligent search of twenty years’! 
But I have not found the female in the profusion he intimates, 
and the male has twice occurred to me in the Bentley Woods in 
May, as well as at Denny Wood in the New Forest, whence Miss 
Chawner has given it me. ‘The only specimen of S. xanthoceros 
I have seen is that referred to by Mr. Morice (K. M. M. 1908, 
p. 192), captured by Rev. H. 8. Gorham at Great Malvern. Of 
our four Thrinaces, I possess but a single 7’. contigua, taken by 
Beaumont at Blackheath on May 22nd, 1898. Strombocerus 
delicatulus is a beautiful species, by no means rare during June 
in woods by beating birch at Assington, oak (a pair) at Staverton 
in Suffolk, at Hursthill and Matley Bog in the New Forest. I 
have rarely met with Hriocampa ovata: near Ipswich in 1894 ; 
on Heracleum sphondylium flowers at Farnham, in Suffolk, on 
July 24th, 1899; and Elliott found it at Matley Bog on June 
18th, 1907. Our ten species of Pawcilostoma—a correctly com- 
pounded word, whatever one surmise its author may have 
intended to convey—all appear to be of uncommon occurrence. 


FIELD NOTES ON BRITISH SAWFLIES. 283 


P. excisa and P. liturata are probably common, however, in the 
Norfolk Broads, where I took them in June, 1901; P. abdomi- 
nalis has turned up singly at Matley Bog, Brandon Staunch, 
and in an elm-hedge at Southwold during June and July ; once 
I swept P. pulverata towards the end of the former month at 
Foxhall, in Suffolk; P. excisa has also occurred in the Reydon 
and Henstead Marshes, near Southwold, on rushes during early 
June; and P. liturata at both Brandon and Wicken Fen in the 
course of the same month. P. immersa is rare, and I possess 
but a male from Barton Mills in Suffolk, and a female from 
Bentley Woods; a male of P. longicornis was swept at Henstead 
with P. excisa on June 2nd, 1905; and P. tridens turned up in 
the New Forest during May, 1895, and at Barnby Broad on 
July 15th, 1906. 

Ten of our thirteen species of Hmphytus are represented in 
my collection, and I believe the majority to be not uncommon, 
though H. calceatus is the only one I have met with in any 
numbers; this is frequent in the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads at 
Rockland, Oulton, and Barnby, and it also occurs at Brandon 
and Claydon, in Suffolk, in August, very rarely in June, and 
always in swamps. Mr. F.C. Adams has taken HH. togatus at 
Lyndhurst, and I beat a single specimen (the only one in twelve 
years’ constant collecting there) in the Bentley Woods in June, 
1898. H. cinctus is a garden insect, occurring to me in my 
carden here and in Chitty’s at Huntingfield, in the Blean Woods, 
and at Lyndhurst. My single H. melanarius was taken by 
Beaumont at Oxshott in September, 1891. HH. rufocinctus also 
occurs in gardens: I have it from Monks Wood, Hunts, June 
4th, 1905 (Chitty), Buckfastleigh, June, 1905 (de la Garde), and 
Monks Soham. A couple of l. braccatus turned up on August 
13th, 1901, at Brockenhurst and Denny Wood; and | have 
another pair from Beaumont’s collection, taken by him in 
September at Courten, in Ireland, and Taynuitt, in Scotland. 
The curiously autumnal /. serotinus occurred to Tuck at Bungay 
on September 24th, 1898; Sich has given me one found in 
Richmond Park on October 29th, 1900; and I took it by sweep- 
ing in a very swampy wood at Bramford, near Ipswich, on 
October 18th, 1899. . tener is probably not rare: Brandon 
(Chitty), Southwold (Tuck), Lowestoft, Ipswich, and on birch in 
Tuddenham Fen. E. carpini and FE. grossularie should not be 
rare, but of the former I have found one flying in the sunshine 
in my garden here on May 8th, one at Brockenhurst in early 
July, and possess one taken at Chobham by Beaumont, only ; 
and of the latter, two examples from woods at Bentley and 
Assington, in Suffolk, are all I have obtained. Taxonus glabratus 
is one of our commonest sawflies, and I often see it basking on 
the leaves of Alisma in my moat here; I have it from all over 
Suffolk, from Cambs (Wicken Fen), Northants (Castor), and 


284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Southampton (Gorham). T’. equiseti is hardly rarer in Suffolk 
and the New Forest; Elliott found it at Clunie, in Scotland, on 
August 16th, 1907. But I do not know the other two species 
of the genus. 

The Dolerides mark the beginning of the end of these 
remarks, for after them are only the Tenthredinides, which I 
shall reserve for a final note. Two of our three Loderi are 
known to me: L. palmatus by a pair captured at Tostock, in 
Suffolk, by Tuck in June, 1899, and a doubtful male from Bram- 
ford; L. vestigialis is not uncommon in marshes at Foxhall, 
Barton Mills, and Farnham, in Suffolk, from the end of May to 
middle of June. The genus Dolerus is one of the best known 
and most difficult of elucidation; some of its species are 
ubiquitous and others extremely rare. I possess but a single 
female of D. triplicatus, captured by the late A. J. Chitty at 
Colchester in May, 1907; but D. madidus is not infrequent from 
the end of April to beginning of July in marshes at Ipswich, 
Tostock, Matley Bog, and Burley, in Hants, being sometimes 
swept at dusk. My single D. ferrugatus was found at Gosfield, 
in Hssex, early in June, 1908, by Alfred Beaumont. D. pratensis 
is extremely abundant everywhere; I have found it at all times 
from April 1st to August 29th about Dover, the Norfolk Broads, 
and all over Suffolk. On the wing it has a peculiarly straight 
and sustained flight, accompanied by a distinct humming noise, 
buzzing along like a Zygenid moth. My only D. e@riceps was 
swept at Hursthill, or Queen’s Bower, in the New Forest, on 
July 11th, 1909; but D. palustris is much commoner, and 
turned up at Rookley Wilderness, in the Isle of Wight; at 
Dunwich, Bentley, Bramford, and Stanstead, in Suffolk; and 
Gorham found it in Herefordshire. Many of the black-bodied 
species are abundant, though difficult to name. Of these, 
D. gonager 1s among the commonest, and usually turns up by 
sweeping reeds; I have it from Norfolk, Suffolk, Hants, and 
Kent, the dates of capture varying from May 9th to July 14th. 
D. liogaster seems, on the contrary, to be very rare, since my 
single specimen turned up on reeds at Theberton, in Suffolk, on 
July 10th, 1900; but the handsome D. hematodes is by no 
means infrequent in my paddock and even on the windows here. 
I have received it from Doncaster, and used to find it on aquatic 
plants about Ipswich at Foxhall, and on the banks of the Gipping 
from April 19th to June 5th. The var. ravus of D. sangwn- 
collis is common in Suffolk at Brandon, Lavenham, and Stoke- 
by-Clare at the end of May; I have also taken it at Burley, in 
the New Forest, early in July. D. niger is a large and fine 
species, unknown in Suffolk, though it has occurred to me at 
Setley and Rhinefields, in the New Forest, on July 12th, and at 
Helpston Heath, near Peterborough, on June 13th. D. anthra- 
cinus is the earliest of all species in my experience, since I have 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 285 


swept it in woods as early as March 23rd. I took several in 
1895, but have never seen it since that year, when it extended 
only to May Ist, on reeds on the banks of the Gipping, near 
Ipswich. A single old female, taken in the same district in 
1893, is my only exponent of D. nitens; but D. picipes is common 
about Southwold, Tuddenham, and Ipswich, in Suffolk, and at 
Peterborough, from April 11th to the middle of June. My best 
species is D. tinctipennis, Cam., of which a single female was 
swept from last year’s dry reeds in a brackish ditch on the coast 
at Southwold on April 26th, 1909; this is the second known 
specimen, but a very diligent search about the same ditch, and 
within three miles of it, on April 20th—21st, 1910, did not 
produce a single representative of the genus. D. fumosus I have 
only found in the New Forest, in Matley Bog and Denny Wood, 
in the middle of June, 1907. Our commonest kind here is 
D. nigratus, which abounds in my paddock throughout May, 
extending into June. The males fly swiftly in the morning sun 
about a foot above the grass-tops. I have swept it at Foxhall 
as early as April 8th, and found it sucking the flowers of a box 
bush here on the 23rd of that month; it also occurs at Peter- 
borough, Bentley Woods, and in the Isle of Wight. I need say 
nothing of D. eneus, which I have from Skene, on the borders 
of the Scottish Highlands, to the Isle of Wight and Somerset. 
It is commonest in June, and does not appear very early. Of 
D. rugosulus I possess but a single example, swept from a hedge- 
bottom at Blakenham, Suffolk, on April 11th, 1898. 


Monks Soham House, Suffolk. 
(To be concluded.) 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 


By A. E. Wiueman, F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 248.) 


Euproctis labecula, sp. n. 

Fore wings yellow-buff, faintly mottled with rusty on the disc; 
antemedial band represented by some brownish scales above the inner 
margin; postmedial band narrow, dark brown, incurved and most 
distinct from below middle to the inner margin, preceded by a whitish 
line. Hind wings paler. 

Expanse, 24 millim. 

Collection number, 36a. 

One male specimen from Takow (on the plains), May 19th, 
1906. 

Euproctis sparsa, sp.n. 

Fore wings yellow, no transverse lines, but the medial area is 

sparsely sprinkled with black scales except near the costa. Hind 


286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


wings whitish slightly tinged with creamy along the veins. Under 
side of fore wings yellowish and of hind wings whitish. 
Expanse, 34 millim. 


Collection number, 745a. 
A male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 14th, 1909. 


Euproctis dissimilis, sp.n. 

3S. Head, thorax, and abdomen cinnamon-brown, the latter 
whitish mixed. Fore wings cinnamon-brown, thinly powdered with 
darker scales ; ante- and postmedial lines whitish, the former angled 
above middle, and the latter curved towards costa. Hind wings and 
under side of all the wings whitish sprinkled with fuscous. 

?. Head, thorax, and fore wings yellow; the whitish transverse 
lines on the fore wings only faintly in evidence. Hind wings, and 
under side of all the wings, yellowish white ; abdomen whitish buff, 
anal segment and edges of the others darker. 

Expanse, ¢ 26 millim., 9 34 millim. 


Collection number, 33a. 
Two specimens reared, August 30th, 1906, from larve found 
at Anping (on the plains) earlier in the month. 


Huproctis kanshireia, sp. n. 

$. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous, anal tuft orange- 
brown, and the two segments immediately before it dark brown. 
Fore wings pale ochreous, clouded with greyish on the costal area, 
and sprinkled, except on outer margin, with dark brown scales; 
ante- and postmedial lines of the ground colour, without dark brown 
scales; the first line is slightly oblique, and preceded by a greyish 
band sprinkled with dark brown scales; the second line is followed 
by a greyish band, from which two spurs run to the outer margin; a 
black spot at apex has a dot above it and another below, the latter 
rather indistinct. Hind wings fuscous grey, outer margin whitish. 
Under side of fore wings fuscous with a twice interrupted pale yellow 
border to outer margin; hind wings whitish clouded with fuscous at 
the extreme base. 

?. Pale sulphur yellow, the dark grey band following postmedial 
is sprinkled with dark brown scales; the abdomen is fuscous grey 
with orange-brown anal tuft. 

Expanse, g 30 millim., 9 44 millim. 


Collection numbers 747 and 1201a. 
One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.); the male 
captured in April, 1908, and the female in May, 1907. 


Huproctis inornata, sp.n. 


?. “Head and thorax pale brown, rusty tinged; abdomen greyish 
brown, anal segment yellow. Fore wings pale brown, sprinkled with 
black scales; three double whitish spots on the outer margin; an 
obscure dark central band, interrupted above the inner margin and 
bifurecate towards the costa, the outer arm indistinct, the inner 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 287 


enclosing a discal dot. Hind wings fuscous merging into whitish on 
the outer margin. 
Expanse, 52 millim. 


Collection number, 1202. 

One female specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), May 29th, 
1908. 

Euproctis unifascia, sp. n. 

3. Fore wings yellowish buff; postmedial band brownish, 
slightly turned inwards towards the costa, edged on each side by a 
whitish line. Hind wings paler, as also is the under side of all the 
wings. 

Expanse, 21 millim. 

Collection number, 36. 

Two male specimens, one from Tainan (on the plains), April 
17th, 1906; the other from Kanshirei, July 1st, 1908. 

The band of the fore wings in the Tainan specimen is 
narrower than that of the Kanshirei type, the under side of the 
fore wings is clouded with fuscous, and it measures 24 millim. 
in expanse. 

Euproctis insulata, sp. n. 

3. Head pale brown, thorax reddish brown; abdomen paler, 
anal tuft yellow buff. Fore wings pale purplish brown, finely sprinkled 
with black scales; a yellow buff discal spot, around which the black 
scales are more numerous; outer margins bordered with yellow buff, 
enclosing a series of black dots (5-7), not extending to the costa; a 
projection of the ground colour intersects the yellow border one-third 
from apex. Hind wings pale buff with dusky central shade. 

?. Similar to the male, but the outer marginal border of fore 
wings is of a deeper colour, and the anal tuft is browner. 

Hxpanse, ¢ 48 millim., ? 60 millim. 


Collection number, 1781. 

Two male specimens and one female taken in May, 1909, at 
Rantaizan (7500 ft.). 

Allied to H. marginata, Moore, from Sikkim. 


Pida postalba, sp. n. 


g. Head and thorax brown inclining to reddish, palpi blackish 
above, tawny beneath; abdomen blackish, segmental divisions whitish, 
anal tuft yellow. Fore wings greyish brown, sprinkled with blackish 
scales, and with indications of pale ante- and postmedial lines; a 
large creamy white apical patch, and a narrow white lunule at outer 
extremity of the cell. Hind wings white, with some fuscous hairs 
on the abdominal area. 

?. Fore wings greyish brown, without apical patch ; antemedial 
and outwardly angled postmedial lines pale grey but not distinct 
except towards the inner margin and the costa; the space between 
the lines is of an obscure olive brown tint; lunule at end of the cell 
very faint ; hind wings white. 

Expanse, g§ 54 millim., ¢ 57-60 millim. 


288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Collection number, 1782. 

One male in rather poor condition and two females from 
Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 9th-11th, 1909. 

Allied to P. apicalis, Walk., from Sikkim. 


Lelia striata, sp.n. 

$. Head and thorax whitish with a pinkish brown tinge, the 
former marked with red at base of the antenne; palpi pale brown 
above, marked with blackish, reddish below. Fore wings greyish 
brown, veins, streaks between the veins, and the fringes whitish 
tinged with pink; a series of seven black spots on the outer margin, 
four and six linear. Hind wings and abdomen whitish. Under side 
whitish, fore wings clouded with fuscous. 

Expanse, 48 millim. 


Collection number, 1200. 
One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 28th, 
1908. 
Pantana simplex, Leech. 


?. Fore wings whitish with a faint ochreous tinge along the 
veins and margins; four brownish spots below the cell. Hind wings 
white, finely powdered with ochreous scales on the outer margin ; 
fringes ochreous tinted, preceded by an ochreous line. 

Expanse, 39 millim. 


Collection number, 40. 

Three specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), August, 1905. 

Two of the specimens are without the brownish spots below 
cell of fore wings, and are rather paler than the type described 
above. 

Leech only received male specimens of P. simplex from 
Western China. I obtained both sexes of the species in For- 
mosa; the males do not differ in any material respect from 
Chinese examples of the same sex. 


Rhagastis varia, sp. n. 

Head and thorax rich olive-brown, laterally edged with whitish 
mixed with brown; some reddish seales on the metathorax ; abdomen 
paler marked with reddish on the sides, two black dots on each of 
the last three segments. Fore wings pale brown with a violet tinge, 
the costa paler; basal third, and a stripe along costal area to near 
apex, olive-brown, the former clouded with blackish towards inner 
margin; antemedial line black, medial band blackish, both angled 
about the middle, the latter diffuse near inner margin; postmedial 
line indicated by two blackish chevrons near costa and some blackish 
dots thence to inner margin; a black dot at end of cell, a blackish 
cloud between veins five and six, a smaller one below on inner margin, 
and a triangular one at apex. Hind wings fuliginous brown, darker 
towards outer margin and paler on costa. Under side reddish orange, 
freckled with brown; a smoky grey patch below the costa of fore 
wings extends from the base of the wing to the almost straight, 
dusky, postmedial line; border of outer margin greyish brown, 


NEW LEPIDOPTFERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 289 


tapered towards apex, projecting inwards between veins four and 
five to postmedial line. 
Expanse, 55 millim. 


Collection number, 711. 
A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), June 7th, 1907. 


Stauropus nigribasalis, sp. n. 

Head grey, thorax blackish mixed with grey, a whitish mark on 
the metathorax; abdomen grey, darker on the back of anterior 
segment. Fore wings grey, the basal third, except near costa, black, 
enclosing a greyish patch at base of the inner margin ; stigmata out- 
lined in whitish; antemedial line blackish, waved, indented at median 
vein, thence oblique to middle of the inner margin, inwardly edged 
with whitish ; postmedial line blackish, edged outwardly with whitish, 
serrate, incurved at end of cell, a blackish cloud beyond on the inner 
margin ; submarginal line blackish, not clear above vein seven, but 
thence to vein three nearly straight, lunulate, and marginal from vein 
three to inner margin. Hind wings whitish suffused with fuscous, 
hairs on inner area brownish ; a patch of grey mixed with whitish at 
outer angle; fringes whitish. 

Hxpanse, 52 millim. 

Collection number, 1778. 

One male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 9th, 1909. 


Stauropus pulverulenta, sp. n. 

Head, thorax, and fore wings grey dusted with blackish; ante- 
medial line ochreous, indistinct ; postmedial line ochreous, indented 
at middle, brownish spots upon it. Hind wings grey dusted with 
blackish, basal area suffused with darker. 

Expanse, ¢ 52 millim. 


Collection number, 1219. 

One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 27th, 
1908. 

Stauropus confusa, sp. n. 

Head grey, thorax whitish mixed with grey; abdomen brown, 
erey mixed towards base, terminal segments grey. Fore wings grey, 
slightly tinged with ochreous on the disc; a black mark near base of 
the wing under the median vein; the costal area above the mark 
white flecked with black; two wavy transverse lines before the 
middle, and two others, with traces of a third, beyond the middle ; 
all the lines are dark grey but not very distinct; submarginal line 
dark grey, intersected by dark grey veins. Hind wings whitish 
clouded with grey on costal area; hairs on basal area grey-brown ; a 
dark grey line before the white fringes. 

Expanse, 54-56 millim. 

Collection number, 1777. 

Two male specimens from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May, 
1909. 

In the cotype the transverse lines are less distinct than in 


ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1910. Z 


290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the specimen described above, but the black mark on the first 
postmedial is bidentate and more conspicuous. 


Fentonia variegata, sp. n., sordida, Wileman, ined. ab. formo- 
sana, nov. 

$. Antenne pale reddishebrown, shaft darker; head grey, thorax 
dark grey finely mixed with paler grey ; abdomen greyish, brownish 
towards thorax. Fore wings grey, basal area darker, dusted with 
whitish, and limited by a blackish crenulate line from costa at one- 
quarter to middle of the inner margin; postmedial line whitish, 
black-edged, wavy, dentate about middle, followed by a dark shade- 
like band which is interrupted below the middle; medial area clouded 
with brownish towards the postmedial, and with whitish towards the 
basal patch; a series of black lunules before the outer margin. Hind 
wings fuscous, browner towards the base. 

?. Head and collar grey, the latter dark edged; abdomen 
brownish, last three segments greyish. Fore wings grey, as in the 
male from Formosa, but all the markings more distinct, and more 
white on the medial area. 

Expanse, f 48 millim., ? 54 millim. 

Collection number, 1217. 

One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.). The 
male was secured May 11th, 1907; the female, which is in better 
condition than the male, was taken in August, 1908. The typical 
male of this species has already been described by me from Japan 
in a paper not yet published. The Formosan male is greyer in 
colour; the female, which sex had not been captured by me in 
Japan, is now described. 

General distribution: Japan; Formosa. 


Fentonia nigrofasciata, sp. n. 

Antenne pale reddish brown, head and thorax blackish grey ; 
abdomen brownish. Fore wings grey, sprinkled with darker ; a broad, 
oblique, whitish sprinkled, black band precedes a dark-brown ante- 
medial line, the latter wavy to middle, thence outwardly oblique to 
the inner margin, between it and the band is a narrow space of 
ground colour; postmedial line, double, wavy, almost parallel with 
the outer margin ; submarginal line blackish, lunular. Hind wings 
fuscous brown. Under side greyish suffused with fuscous, especially 
on the fore wings. 

Expanse, 50 millim. 


Collection number, 1218. 
One male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 15th, 1908. 


Callidula formosana, sp. Nn. 


@. Brown; an oblong and slightly curved orange band on fore 
wings, extending from beyond middle of costa to vein two, narrowed 
at each extremity, widest between veins three and six. Under side 
of fore wings orange freckled with brown on costal and outer margins; 
band paler, limited by brown lines; three dark ringed grey spots in 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 291 


the cell, the smaller one nearest the base, and the larger one at outer 
end of cell; hind wings yellowish freckled with orange and brown; 
two, almost central, dark ringed grey spots, and a similar but smaller 
spot nearer the base. 

Expanse, 34 millim. 


Collection number, 3i. 

One female specimen from Kagi (on the plains), November 
24th, 1904. 

Closely allied to C. attenuata, Moore; possibly a local form 
of that species. 

Thyatira arizana, sp. n. 

3g. Fore wings smoky brown with five ochreous brown spots— 
one at the base produced outwards and enclosing a small fulvous 
cloud, one on the costa just beyond middle, a double one below it on 
the inner margin, a large one at apex, and a smaller one at inner 
angle. Hind wings and under side smoky brown. 

Expanse, 44 millim. 


Collection number, 1686. 
One male specimen, in rather poor condition, from Arizan 
(7300 ft.), September 15th, 1908. 


Tyana ornata, sp. n. 


3. Head and collar pale pinkish brown, thorax green, abdomen 
pale brown. Fore wings green, costa narrowly pale pinkish brown; 
a pale pinkish brown dot in the cell, and one below, both margined 
with darker; a series of similar dots forming a sinuous submarginal 
band. Hind wings, and under side of all the wings whitish, silky. 

@. Head and thorax pale pinkish brown; abdomen whitish 
brown. Fore wings green, pale pinkish brown at base and along 
edge of costa; a pinkish brown dot at end of the cell, this is ringed 
with darker, and between it and the inner margin are two more or 
less confluent marks of a similar colour; an irregular pinkish brown 
patch on the outer marginal area, not extending to costa, reddish 
points between the veins on the outer margin. Hind wings whitish, 
silky. Under side whitish, fore wings tinged with fuscous. 

Expanse, g 19 millim., 2 29 millim. 


Collection number, 71. 
One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.) ; the male 
captured July 6th, 1908, and the female in May, 1907. 


(To be continued.) 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


ZEUZERA PYRINA LARVA ATTACKING JASMINE.—In July last I bred 
a specimen of Z. pyrina from a larva found feeding on the stem of a 
yellow jasmine.—ALFRED SicH; Chiswick. 


ForFIcuLINE MATERNAL CArRE.—At Hereford, some time, I think, 
in the seventies, when entomology was almost laid aside, I made an 


299, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


observation of which Dr. Sharp’s note on the habits of an earwig 
reminds me. I remember writing about it to Prof. Westwood, chiefly 
as regards the joints added to the antennz with each moult in the 
young earwigs, but I think I sent no notice to any magazine. I 
found more than one earwig’s nest in which the young and pale 
earwigs were at home with their mother till quite half grown. But 
the point I remember as most attracting my attention was the 
presence in the nest of bits of grass; the details I forget, but I felt 
no doubt that these were brought in by the mother earwig, and were 
food for the young, which were too small and soft to forage for 
themselves, but whether they nibbled this grass, or whether the 
mother further prepared it for them, I do not recollect ascertaining. 
It curiously happens that last July 2nd, on the Eggishorn, I ob- 
served an earwig, looking to me like awricularia but possibly some 
other species (I enclose the specimen so that it may be identified),* 
carrying a piece of grass, no doubt, I imagined, to take it to its nest 
for its brood. The piece of grass was rather slender, and of a length 
to project some 2 or 3 mm. in front and rather more behind the 
insect as it carried it underneath and parallel with its length. I 
watched it for some time, and came to the conclusion, owing to its 
uncertain wanderings, that it had lost its way. It was on a foot- 
path, and as it examined different hollows, it seemed probable that 
the nest was in the path, but that the entrance had been damaged or 
closed either by me or some other passer-by. This was shortly after 
midday, an unusual time for an earwig to be at large, so that possibly 
it had been wandering since early morning, though, if so, one would 
hardly expect it to have stuck to the bit of grass all the time. Once 
an-impediment made it drop the grass and pick it up so that it was 
transverse to the line of march, but as soon as it was clear it again 
dropped it and picked it up, so as to replace it in its position longi- 
tudinally beneath it, obviously the one in which it could be most 
easily transported. There must surely be somewhere some record of 
how the young earwigs are fed in the nest, but no reference is made 
to the point in De Geer (as quoted by Kirby & Spence) or by Dr. 
Sharp either in the note in the ‘ Entomologist’ or in the Cambridge 
Natural History. My observations show that the mother provides 
the food, but details are much to be desired.—T. A. CHapMaNn; Betula, 
Reigate, September 10th, 1910. 


PHIBALAPTERYX LAPIDATA REARED ON CLEMATIS JACKMANII.— 
During the present month (September) I have had the pleasure of 
rearing seven specimens (two males, five females) of P. lapidata. 
The larvee hatched (March 9th-30th) from ova deposited by a female 
captured in the Glasgow district during the previous autumn. About 
a score of the earlier hatched larve were provided with leaves of a 
rue (Thalictrum adiantifoliwm), buttercup, and a coarse kind of grass; 
but although they seemed to eat the rue they did not thrive, and 
ultimately died. The later larve were supplied with shoots of 
Clematis gackmanti and Thalictrum, and they at once took to the 
former, entirely neglecting the rue. On May 11th there were eight 
alive, and these varied in size, the largest being about three-quarters 


* [Species not yet determined; name will be given in November.—Eb. | 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 293 


of an inch in length when resting. One larva spun up on May 15th, 
and all the others had prepared for pupation by the 28th of that 
month. <A female specimen emerged on September 9th, followed by 
two males and a female on the 14th. The seventh specimen (female) 
appeared on the 25th. Forty-three eggs were deposited during the 
nights of the 15th and 16th by the female that emerged on the 14th; 
these, which appear to be fertile, were laid loosely. Hellins, in his 
excellent life-history of P. lapidata (KE. M. M. viii. 165), states that 
the larva he had under observation did not make a cocoon, but 
merely spun a few threads of silk. All my larvee constructed cocoons 
of silk, sand, and tiny stones; in one case four of these were attached 
side by side, and in another two. One I disturbed before pupation 
had been effected, and the bottom of the cocoon being more tender 
than the top, broke open and exposed the larva. The next day the 
pupa was formed, and it was then of a light orange colour. Shortly 
afterwards it changed to a rather pale chestnut red, with the wing- 
cases slightly greenish for a time. Later it became reddish brown, 
as are the empty pupa-shells at the present time.—-RicHarD SouTH. 


s 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 


HypRa@CIA CRINANENSIS IN [RELAND.—During August last I was 
fortunate enough to find specimens of Hydracia crinanensis, of the 
melanic form, near Londonderry. They were taken about the end of 
the month. Mr. Pierce has examined all the specimens, so there 
can be no doubt as to their being correctly named.—H. R. SwEETING. 


OccURRENCE OF AUSCHNA ISOSCELES, Miill., NEAR Kine’s Lynn.— 
On June 15th of this year, a large dragonfly flew into a house about 
three miles from King’s Lynn, and was brought to me two days 
later. From its early appearance, I at once thought it to be A’schna 
zsosceles, and a reference to Mr. W. J. Lucas’s work on British 
Dragonflies soon convinced me that it could be none other than a 
female of that extremely local species. The Norfolk Broads, so far 
as this country is concerned, must, I suppose, be considered the 
home of this fine insect; but so far as I know this is the first time it 
has been met with in this part of Norfolk.—H. A. Armor, F.E.S. ; 
King’s Lynn, Norfolk, September 19th, 1910. 


LEPIDOPTERA AT CHISWICK AND BArnes.—With the exception of 
three species, lepidoptera have been scarce here this season. Gract- 
laria syringella has been perhaps more abundant than usual, and I 
have seen a larger number of Crambus culmellus than I remember 
previously, though this species is usually very abundant. The third 
species, which has been more common this year, is Bryophila perla. 
On a wall, where I usually see two or three specimens, I counted 
twelve, on August 24th. I have never seen any but the grey typical 
form here. At Barnes, August 31st, I saw a fine fresh example of 
Acronycta megacephala.—ALFRED SicuH ; Chiswick. 


Senta Maritima In Surrey.—In confirmation of Mr. Percy 
Richards’s note (Entom. xliii., 251), I should like to add that I took 
three specimens of Senta maritima (ulve@) on July 17th of this year, 


294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


at the Black Pond, Esher, the locality Mr. Richards suggests.— 
E. S. A. Baynes; 120, Warwick Street, S.W. 


Senta Maririma 1x Surrey.—With reference to the note (antea, 
p. 251) on Senta maritima (ulve) in Surrey, the following will be of 
interest. On July 13th, 1906, I took a damaged male at light here. 
Although I have worked lamps each year since then, I have not met 
with it again. Meyrick in his handbook gives, as its range, Surrey 
to Norfolk and Cambridge, but the Victoria History of Surrey does 
not record it as occurring in the county.—F. W. J. Jackson; Wood- 
cote End House, Epsom. 


PACHYS BETULARIA ab. DOUBLEDAYARIA IN SuRREY.—Perhaps the 
following notes on the occurrence of Pachys betularia ab. doubleday- 
aria may be of interest. Commencing to collect here in 1904, I only 
met typical betwlaria till 1907, when I bred a very nice dark inter- 
mediate female. In 1909, I bred a female doubledayaria and took 
five typical males, and this year I have taken a doubledayaria male 
at light, and also a typical male and a doubledayaria female in cop., 
from which pairing I have some twenty or thirty pupe.—F. W. J. 
JACKSON. 


OccURRENCE OF THE ICHNEUMONID CiDEMATOPSIS OPS, Morl.—I 
have this year captured five specimens, all females, of the above 
Pimplid, at Wimbledon, by sweeping birches on the Common. The 
first was taken on May 23rd, two on July 19th, and two more on 
July 28th. The only known specimen, a female, was taken by Dr. 
Capron, it is thought possibly at Shere, in Surrey (Ichn. Brit. vol. iii., 
p. 273), and is now in the collection of Mr. Claude Morley, who very 
kindly determined my own captures.—Rurert Stenton, F.H.S. 


Dinina (SMERINTHUS) TILIZ AT CHESTER.—On the morning of 
September 8th, while walking in an avenue of lime trees on the 
south borders of the city and on the banks of the Dee, I saw a robin 
two or three yards off about to pick up a large green caterpillar, 
which had evidently dropped from the boughs overhead. The robin 
unwillingly allowed itself to be driven away, and then I found the 
larva to be a full-grown Lime Hawk caterpillar. The species is very 
rare in the Chester district. The only previous records I can find 
are an imago captured at electric light in 1899 in the north part of 
the city, and one in Flintshire in 1870. On reaching home, I put 
the caterpillar in a flowerpot three parts full of soil, and it imme- 
diately began burrowing. It is worth mentioning that the trees 
forming the avenue are not old ones. Their age will not be more 
than fifteen years at the outside.—J. ARKLE; Chester. 


Captures AT Exnectric Licut 1n June, 1910.—The following 
results from an occasional midnight visit to a couple of street lamps 
near my home may be of interest. All the moths referred to were 
found resting on the walls within three or four yards of the lamps, or 
on the pavement :—Amphidasys betularia, one type, one intermediate 
between the type and doubledayarta, and several doubledayaria ; 
Acronycta alnt, one; A. pst, many; A. rumicis, several; A. megace- 
phala, four; <A. leporina, one; Notodonta dictea, one—all in fine 


SOCIETIES. 295 


condition. Of course these are only the pick of the total captures.— 
J. ARKLE; Chester. 


Late Date For CyAniris ARGIoLUS.—While collecting in ths 
Abbot’s Wood district on Thursday last I netted a female Cyanira 
argiolus, which, although a good deal worn, was quite active. On 
the same date last year I took full-fed larvee from the ivy-buds within 
a few miles of the same spot.—R. Apxin; Sept. 19th, 1910. 


EPICNAPTERA (GASTROPACHA) ILICIFOLIA IN DEvoNsHIRE.—I had 
the good fortune, on Sept. 2nd, to take a female H. (G.) clicifolva at 
light about 11.15; a very late time of the year, I think, for this 
moth. The weather was thick, misty rain—W. J. Monx; Tavistock, 
Sept. 15th, 1910. 


TortTRICES IN Essex.—I was pleased to find Hupecilia udana at 
Bowers Gifford on July 9th last, as it is a species I had not pre- 
viously met with. Two dark narrow-winged moths, with ocellus 
obscurely defined, were bred from some beech-mast gathered near 
Thornden Park; these seem to answer the description, given by 
Barrett, of Carpocapsa nimbana.—F. G. WuiTTLE; 7, Marine Avenue, 
Southend. 


SOCIETIES. 


THe SoutH Lonpon EnromonocicaL AnD Natura History 
Sociery.— July 28th.—Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the 
chair.—Mr. Main, the larve and luminous ova of the glowworm, 
Lampyris noctiluca.—Mr. Clark, on behalf of Mr. Gadge, a specimen 
of a species of mite found at Ventnor on a specimen of Melanargia 
galatea. It was a species of the genus Z’rembidiwm.— Mr. B. H. 
Smith reported the larve of Cucullia verbasci found feeding on 
Budleya variabilis—Myr. Edwards, a box of exotic Satyrine, includ- 
ing Neorina crishna from Java, and several species of the genus 
Citherias from Central America. — Mr. Sich reported finding a larva 
of Zeuzera pyrina (escult) attacking jasmine. 

August 11th.—The President in the chair—Mr. Carr exhibited 
the ova of Acidalia straminata, from Oxshott, on heather.—Mr. Sich, 
sallow-catkins met with during the past week, and ova of Hupithecia 
subumbrata laid on leaves of yarrow.—Mr. Rayward, a specimen of 
Adopea flava (linea) in a moribund condition from being attacked by 
no fewer than twenty-one mites. He also showed the egg-shells of 
Phorodesma smaragdaria and Geometra vernaria, and made com- 
parison of the surface structure and the method of oviposition.— Mr. 
West (Greenwich), specimens of Coleoptera and Hemiptera recently 
met with by him attacked by mites—Mr. R. Adkin, a number of 
“white butterflies’ from North America, sent him by Mr. Lachlan 
Gibb, including a series of the introduced Pieris rap@, a series 
of P. oleracea, and three specimens taken near Lost River, Canada, 
in May last, about which comment and opinion were requested.—Mr. 
Turner, a short series of Coleophora silenella (?) bred from the heads 
of wild sweet-william sent him by Dr. Chapman from the South of 
France. He also exhibited the nest of a species of Polistes wasp, 


296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


found at Zermatt in July, 1909, suspended in a bush of alpine-rose 
(Lhododendron).— Captain Cardew, an extremely fine confluent ex- 
ample of Anthrocera vicie (melilotz), taken in July in the New Forest. 
Mr. A. EK. Gibbs, a series of Hpinephele jurtina from Algeria, having 
the females of the extremely large and bright form, var. fortwnata.— 
Mr. Edwards, a box of Satyrine, including a series of the extremely 
dimorphic species, Heteronympha merope, from Australia.—Mr. Enoch, 
living specimens of the egg-parasites, Mymaride, taken in Richmond 
Park.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Secretary. 


RECENT LITERATURE. 
The Dermaptera (Earwigs) of the United States National Musewm. 
(From Proc. of the U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. 38, pp. 443-467.) By 
M. Burr, D.Sc. Washington. 1910. 
A VALUABLE paper to students of the Orthoptera in general and 
Karwigs in particular. 


W. J. Lucas. 


Experiments on the Generation of Insects. A translation, by Mas 
Bicgetow, of Francesco Repi’s Italian Treatise of 1688. 
Chicago. 1909. 

WE are pleased to see this translation of one of the works of the 
older school of naturalists, and hope that others of a similar kind 
will follow. The period when Redi wrote marks the commencement 
of a new epoch in the history of biology. The theory of ‘spontaneous 
generation’ was beginning to be discredited, and Redi was one of 
those who looked with favour on the dictum, ‘‘omne vivum ex ovo.” 
He, however, stands out pre-eminent at this early date, in that he put 
to the test of experiment the theory he advocated. In the main, the 
truth of this dictum was borne out by his experiments, though he 
was led to waver in the matter of gall-insects. If somewhat crude, 
most of the numerous large woodcuts are singularly suggestive of 
what they are intended to portray. 


Wd. 


The Plume-Moths of Ceylon. Part ii. By T. B. Fuetcuer, R.N., 
F.E.S., F.Z.S. (Reprinted from ‘Spolia Zeylanica,’ vol. vi. 
part xxiv., May, 1910.) 

Tue first part (pp. 39, five plates and a map) of this important 
work appeared in March, 1909. It treated of the Pterophoride, 
thirty-seven species of which were then known to occur in Ceylon. 

In the part now under notice (pp. 22 and two plates) the Orneo- 
did are discussed. Twelve of the thirteen species belonging to this 
group found in Ceylon are referred to the genus Orneodes, Latr.; but 
the author remarks that two of these—brachyptera, Meyr., and 
mvicroscopicad, n: 8.—present structural characters upon which new 
genera might be founded. 

The plates are admirable, and all but two of the species dealt 
with in the text are figured thereon. Diagrams of wing structure, in 
the case of one species not portrayed on the plate, are given in the 
text; and T'riscedecia dactyloptera is represented by a cut. 


2 
or: 
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oa 


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4 
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4 
3 
3 


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BRITISH AND EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. 
‘Tuesday & Wednesday, Oct. 25th & 26th, at One o’Clock each day. 


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Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 
‘The Collection a BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA forthedl by E. Porat: 
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< 


CONTENTS, 


British Orthoptera in 1909 (with illustration), W. Fi Lucas, 57. The Athali 
Group of the Genus Melita, George Wheeler, 259. Some very sma! at 
tralian Bees, 7. D. A, Cockerell, 262. British Odonata in 1909, W. J. Luca. 
264. Notes on the Varieties of Peronea Oristana lately in the career 
the late Mr. J. A. Olark, Sydney Webb, 265. Notes’ ‘on some Hungarian and — 
Austrian Butterflies in-1910 (with illustration), WwGe ‘Sheldon, 269. Report 
on a Collection of Culicide from Cochin China (with illustration), H.F. Carter, 
274. Comparative Notes on V. Urtice, L., var. Ichnusa, Bon., and var. — 
Turcica, Stand. Is V. Urticwe, L., the ‘* Reddest ” form - among ‘ull the “'Tor- 
toiseshell” Vanesside ? (with illustration). T. Reuss, 277. Field Notes on- 
British Sawflies, Claude Morley, 281. New Lepidoptera: “Heterocera oe 
Formosa (continued), A. H. Wileman, 285. 

Norges AND OBSERVATIONS, 291. CAprurRES AND FIELD Rupons, 293. 

Sociterizs, 295. REcENT LITERATURE, 296. 


we 


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A. FORD, South View, Irving Road, Bournemoatie: 


The Entomologist, Nov., 1910. Plate V, 


MELITAEA AURINIA Rott., Var. AURUNCA. Turati. (x 1). 


land2 3. Sek aa 4 3 underside. 


Gisss & BamrortH, Lrp., St. ALBANS. Photo: P. J. Barraud. 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLITI.) NOVEMBER, 1910. [No. 570 


CORDYCEPS MILITARIS. 
By G. T. Lye. 


G. T. Lyle, photo. 


Ir is well known that certain species of fungi are developed 
on pup, generally in the ground, but it would seem that the 
occurrence of these fungi growing in captivity is somewhat 
rare, so 1 was much surprised to find recently a well-developed 
specimen attached to a silk and earth cocoon containing a dead 
Geometrid pupa (probably Oporabia dilutata) in one of my glass- 
topped metal boxes which contained a little mould. The speci- 
men has been kindly identified for me by Mr. J. F. Rayner, of 
Southampton, as Isaria farinosa, the conoidal state of Cordyceps 
militaris. The colour was creamy white, texture mealy. The 
photograph is twice natural size. 


Bank House, Brockenhurst. 
ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1910. 


bo 
Po 


298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


(Folsom, in his remarks on insects in relation to plants,* 
writes :—‘‘ Those who rear insects know how frequently cater- 
pillars and other larve are destroyed by fungi that give the 
insects a powdered appearance. These fungi, referred to the 
genus Isaria, are in some cases known to be asexual stages of 
forms of Cordyceps, which forms appear from the bodies of 
various larve, pupe, and imagines, as long, conspicuous, 
fructifying sprouts.” 

Of the life-cycle of fungi parasitic on the various stages of 
Lepidoptera, the entomologist, as a rule, knows very little. 
Possibly the study is one that appeals more especially to the 
botanist, but the subject is not without entomological interest. 
In the ‘ Entomologist’ for 1878 (vol. xi.), p. 121, there is an 
article by the late Dr. F. Buchanan White entitled ‘‘ Notes on 
Certain Parasitic Fungi which attack Insects’; a figure of a 
larva of Mamestra brassice, with fungus thereon, is given. The 
late Mr. W. H. Tugwell, in 1891, at a meeting of the South 
London Entomological and Natural History Society, exhibited 
some parasitic fungi that had destroyed a number of pupe of 
Eucosmia certata in one of his breeding-cages. Some pupe of 
Gortyna flavago, afterwards placed as an experiment in the same 
soil, were also attacked by the fungus and killed (Entom. xxiv. 
306). Another exceedingly interesting contribution to our know- 
ledge of the vegetal enemies of insects is by Mr. F'. V. Theobald, 
published in the ‘ Entomologist’ for 1897 (vol. xxx.) p. 162; this 
is also illustrated. Scattered through the volumes of this 
Journal are several notes and articles on the ‘‘ Vegetable Cater- 
pillar of New Zealand ”’; the latest, by Mr. Alfred Philpott, was 
published in volume xxxix. p. 174 (1906). 

We may add that in future British ‘‘ Vegetable Cater- 
pillars’ will have a place in the National Collections at the 
Natural History Museum, South Kensington, and Mr. Hartley 
Durrant, of the Museum, will be glad to receive such material. 
—KEp.] 


MELITA(A AURINIA, Rott., var. AURUNCA, Toratt. 
By Putte J. Barravup, F.E.S. 
(PuatE V.) 


Tuis interesting form of Melitea aurinia was discovered by 
my friend Signore Orazio Querci, of Formia, on May 25th, 1909, 
in the Aurunci Mountains at about 2500 ft. elevation, and a 
month later on Monte Petrella at about 5000 ft. The Aurunci 
Mountains are in southern central Italy, and lie towards the 
Mediterranean coast, about mid-way between Rome and Naples. 


* * Entomology, with Special Reference to its Biological and Economic 
Aspects,’ p. 258 (1906). 


NOTES ON A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN FRANCE IN 1910. 299 


They are divided from the main system of the Apennines by the 
river Garigliano (the Liris of the ancients). Specimens were 
submitted to Count Emilio Turati, of Milan, who has given this 
form the name of aurunca. 

The most striking feature is the wide median line on the 
upper side fore wing (fig. 1), but this is a variable character, and 
occasionally it is much reduced, with a consequent darkening in 
other parts of the wing (fig. 2). The ground colour is rather 
pale yellow, the outer band fore wing and the hind wing being 
more fulvous. The hind wing upper side also has a row of 
bluish, submarginal, lunular markings, corresponding in this 
respect with var. provincialis, Bsdv. Otherwise the appearance 
of the upper side reminds one more of var. alexandrina, Stgn. 
The under side is very similar to var. provincialis, Bsdv. The 
males measure from 33-86 mm. in expanse, and the females 
37-43 mm. 

When visiting Signore Querci, last year, I had the pleasure 
of taking a fair number of specimens on Monte Petrella. 


NOTES ON A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN FRANCE 
IN 1910. 


J.—In toe Nortu-Hast. 
By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. 


Tur May weather of the south-eastern and midland districts 
of England had been so beautiful, the number of insects on the 
wing so numerous, that if was with more than the ordinary 
anticipation of favours to come that I set out for a summer 
holiday in France towards the end of June with Mr. B. C. 8. 
Warren as my companion. 

Our first objective was the Forest of Samoussy, a fine tract of 
State woodland in the Department of the Aisne, within a few 
minutes railway travel of Laon, the second stopping place be- 
tween Calais and Bale of the trans-continental expresses. A 
perfect crossing, with sunshine and blue sky, just a passing 
shower soon after landing, and a warm clear night filled with 
stars, seemed to justify hopes of a successful chase on the 
morrow. The small inn and ‘‘marine”’ store at which we had 
engaged quarters is about ten minutes’ walk from a siding in 
the midst of the forest, and as ‘‘ the domestic’’ wheeled our 
bags and entomological impedimenta down a velvet-dark alley 
of overhanging trees, we congratulated ourselves on the certainty 
of meeting some at least of the numerous interesting species 
detailed by Mr. W. G. Sheldon (Entom. xl., pp. 75-77, and 
pp. 197-199), which, also on the authority of Mr. Henry Brown, 
of Paris, are known to occur plentifully at Samoussy. But, alas! 

2a 2 


300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


for our calculations. When the morning of the 24th broke— 
Midsummer Day !—the wind had settled in the south-west ; 
heavy clouds were rolling up from the direction of the sea, and 
the towers of Laon Cathedral, which we had visited and admired 
so much the night before, though ten miles away, seemed, “ like 
Birnam Wooa,” to have come to our own particular ‘‘ Dunsi- 
nane.”’ For five mortal days the wind blew, and the clouds 
gathered to discharge upon us endless falls of unwelcome rain, 
and rare, indeed, were the intervals of sunshine when we could 
unfurl our nets and take a modest toll of the few butterflies in 
evidence. We had been expecting M. René Oberthur, also, to 
join us, but much to our regret he determined to postpone 
his visit in view of the uncongenial weather which extended 
right across Northern France from west to east, and far 
down beyond Paris. Whenever there was the least hope of 
taking anything we sallied out, but in the days of our visit our 
combined efforts produced barely a hundred examples. Of 
Limenitis populi, the first and foremost object of my desire, we 
saw but one single example, seated on the warm, wet sand, which 
is the prevailing soil, fanning its wings in a momentary gleam 
of sunlight. It proved too nimble, however, for our nets, and 
we left Samoussy without so much as a glimpse of another. 
Chrysophanus hippothoé, which Mr. Sheldon had reported very 
common in the marshes, was also unaccountably absent, while 
Araschnia levana of the first generation was represented by a 
couple of battered females. Of T’hecla prunit we saw no trace, 
which was the more remarkable as the privet was in full 
blossom, and swarming with splendid Diptera. On the flower- 
heads of the same shrub I captured one or two belated females of 
Melitea maturna, one alone being considered of ‘‘ cabinet rank,” 
while a second we caged on its food-plant, eventually taking her 
off to the Midi, where she died without depositing a single egg: 
no doubt from want of sufficient sun warmth to encourage ovi- 
position. Thecla ilicis was, however, in perfect condition and 
not uncommon. Of Erebia medusa we found no trace, but 
evidently common enough, ‘‘ weather permitting,” were Lime- 
nitis sybilla, Melitea athalia, M. dictynna, and Cenonympha 
arcania, the three last-mentioned presenting somewhat interest- 
ing forms: the Meliteas with a strong melanic tendency, C. 
arcania (which was going over) displaying a marked inclination 
in the females to develop the brownish-yellow markings of the 
fore wings on the lower wings as well—a form, as I am told by 
M. Charles Oberthur, characteristic of Samoussy and, no doubt, 
the other fine forests which exist between Laon and Paris. A 
pupa of Polygonia c-album, found by Mr. Warren, emerged a few 
days later at Lyons. Most abundant of all the butterflies, how- 
ever, was Pararge achine, as a rule settling high on the White- 
poplar trees, to which we looked in vain for L. popult, but not 


NOTES ON A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN FRANCE IN 1910. 301 


superior to the attractions of a long-defunct rabbit, over which 
they flitted incessantly, settling finally, as one sees the Lycenids 
at the water’s edge of a hot July day in the mountains. We 
also bagged odd specimens of Nomiades cyllarus, Hesperia alveus, 
and N. semiargus, while here and there rain-soaked Aporia crategi 
and Argynnis aglaia would be seen glued to the flower-heads of 
Centaurea nigra. With Adopea sylvanus and occasional Argynnis 
selene our meagre captures came to an end, and, as the weather 
showed no sign of amendment, and the barometer refused to 
budge the fortieth fraction of an inch in the right direction, we 
reluctantly packed up our traps on the 27th and took the train 
to Paris. 

Generally speaking, and from experience gained elsewhere in 
France, and latterly at Rennes, what must strike the British 
collector as inexplicable is the absence in our own country of 
certain butterflies common enough in the northern French 
woods and plains. The conditions, geographically and geologi- 
cally, appear identical; the climate of the forest region of the 
north approximates sufficiently to that of our southern and 
midland enclosures; the winters are not as a rule more humid 
in the South of England. Chrysophanus hippothoe, L. (= chryseis, 
Hb.) has a traditional connection with the southern counties. 
But why, if it ever really existed otherwise than as an importa- 
tion, should it have disappeared as effectually as its greater con- 
gener, C. dispar? The larva is not dependent on the Great 
Water-dock, as was the case with dispar, though C. var. rutilus 
in its Continental habitats affects sorrel and bistort; nor is it 
exclusively a fen species. It occurs in France to the very coasts 
of the Channel, namely, at Eu, in Seine-Inferieure ; it is gene- 
rally prolific. In the same way Carcharodus alcee, a much 
stronger winged butterfly, might have been expected to cross the 
sea and establish itself on our south-coast mallows, as it also 
reaches to the water’s edge at Cancale, in Brittany, where, 
M. Charles Oberthir informs me, it is common in the garden of 
his villa; the haunt also of that successful Devon immigrant, 
Callimorpha hera. In the same way Hesperia alveus (a doubtful 
British capture)—a stout aviator—seems to frequent the entire 
line of Departments through Ille-et-Vilaine, Seine-Inférieure, and 
Somme to the embrochure of the Somme.* Pararge achine also 
suggests itself as an ought-to-be British insect, while the occur- 
rence of Argynnis niobet on the sand-dunes of Calais lends pro- 


_ *My authorities for the above observations are M. Charles Oberthiir 
(Etudes de Lépid. Comparée), M. P. Noel (Cat. des Lépid. de la Seine-Infér.), 
and M. Postel, late of Mailly-Maillet, Somme (in ltt.) respectively. 

+ Recorded by M. Paux (Bull. Sci. de France et de la Belgique, sér. 6, 
tom. iv. Nord) as ‘ not rare’’ at Malo-les-Bains (Nord) ; and by M. Giard in 
the Boulonaise (Pas de Calais) on the dunes, the food-plant of the larva being 
Viola sabulosa, exclusive in this locality to the coast of these two north- 
eastern Departments. 


3802 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


bability to the doubtful records of this butterfly in Kent. Possibly 
the Hesperiids have been overlooked, just as for so many years 
was Lveres argiades until its chance discovery by the Rev. 
Pickard-Cambridge added this charming little ‘‘ blue” to our 
scanty and diminishing list of British Lycenas. 

Our list of observations for Samoussy includes the following 
species :—Hesperia malve, Pamphila sylvanus ; Nomiades cyllarus, 
Polyommatus icarus; Thecla ilicis; Pieris brassice, P. rape ; 
Aporia crategi ; Dryas paphia, Argynnis aglaia, A. adippe var. 
cleodoxa, Issoria lathonia; Brenthis ino, B. dia; Melitea ma- 
turna, M. athalia, M. dictynna; Araschnia levana; Polygonia 
c-album (pupa) ; Limenitis populi ab. tremule (1), ZL. sibylla; 
Pararge achine ; Epinephele jurtina; Aphantopus hyperanthus ; 
Canonympha arcania, C. pamphilus. Imay add also that I have 
seen recently, in M. Charles Oberthur’s collection, what appear 
to be undoubted examples of M. aurelia from this locality; and 
the same authority gives us in the last instalment of his ‘ Etudes 
de Lépidoptérologie Comparée’ (fase. iv. p. 142) an account of 
an expedition to this lovely forest on June 18th of last year, 
made by Mr. Harold Powell, F.E.S., M. René Oberthur, F.E.S., 
and Mr. Henry Brown, in search of Chrysophanus dispar var. 
rutilus. This beautiful insect they did not find in the marshes, 
nor in the recorded habitats of the species near St. Quentin, 
from which it has disappeared altogether apparently. In addi- 
tion to the butterflies enumerated above, however, they observed 
C. hippothoé (= chryseis), quite fresh; Hrebia medusa, going 
over; Melitea aurinia, passé; M. cinxia, rare and in bad con- 
dition; the above-mentioned M. aurelia ; and Hesperia carthami. 
From which it will be seen that the forest is particularly rich in 
Melitewas as well as Apaturids, and that, given normal June 
weather, a very decent bag may be made at this particular 
season of the year. 

Before concluding this brief account of our first experi- 
ences of the Aisne, I should like to say that Samoussy and the 
forests further west towards the Belgian frontier, as well as 
eastwards, offer a fine field for collectors of all Orders. The 
ponds, marshes, and meadow-sweet bordered runnels which 
march with the several main rides of Samoussy teem with 
insect-life, especially Odonata. My French friends inform me 
that the coleopterous fauna is hardly less rich. But I would 
advise entomologists who contemplate a visit securing their 
accommodation well ahead. There is one auberge only, kept by 
M. Hemmery, the local agent des vins, and but two or three bed- 
rooms at the most. Nevertheless, for a country inn the accom- 
modation is excellent, the rooms spotlessly clean, the cooking 
surprisingly good, considering the remoteness of the place, and 
a pleasant contrast to that of the hotel we dined at in Laon, 
which was both dear and none too well “found.” Above all, it is 


P. ATALANTA AB. MERRIFIELDOIDES. 308 


on the verge of the forest, and the name of the proprietor is 
sufficient password in such parts of it as are preserved under the 
eye of the garde-forestiers. 


(To be continued.) 


P. ATALANTA as. MERRIFIELDOIDES. 
By T. Reuss. 


Tus season I was not able to find any larve of P. atalanta 
till the last days of August. Then, by the middle of September 
I captured fifty-eight larve, mostly full-fed, belonging to two 
different broods, but I never once saw an imago on the wing. 

Ten of the smaller larve and half of all the resulting pupe 
(fifty-six, two were ichneumoned) were forced in + 380 to 42° C. 
These produced fine red or rose-banded specimens, often with a 
well-known rusty red suffusion at the apex and at the base of 
the fore wings (ab. estiva). Among the imagines, from pupe of 
which the larve had not been forced, I found one specimen with 
small violet-blue centres in the black spots just beyond the 
orange-red band in the hind wings. 

The other twenty-eight pupe were kept in the shade tem- 
perature of the season—rarely above 16° C.—and when they 
began to emerge, I found that several of the imagines, which 
were very fine in colour, had actual ocelli in the hind wings. 

From my previous experiences with this and other Vanessid 
species, I think it is very probable that these blue-centred hind 
wing ocelli in P. atalanta (found also in two other Pyrameid 
species distantly resembling P. atalanta, viz. P. abyssinica, Atrica,* 
and P. gonerilla of New Zealand) are the result of a cool mari- 
time climate, influencing already the oval and larval stages, and 
that if P. atalanta became at home in England (Mr. L. W. New- 
man, Bexley, succeeded in hybernating some specimens indoors 
last winter; it will be remembered that ‘‘wild” V. 20, wrtice also 
hybernate ‘‘indoors”), then the species would develop ocelli in 
the hind wings as described.t Blue spots in the hind wings were, 


* The Vanessids of the tropics mostly seek out the mountainous dis- 
tricts, where they find the more temperate conditions of climate necessary 
to them. FP. cardwi and P. atalanta, of which single specimens (not 
necessarily swarms) appear to migrate far and wide every year, show this 
fondness of, and preference for, mountainous regions most markedly by 
seeking out the hill-lands of the countries which they visit. It will be 
remembered that in Polynesia (maritime climate) there flies an ocellated 
form of P. cardwi, though not to the exclusion of the normal form. 

+ Chrysophanus phleas shows similar blue spots in the hind wings, 
which, however, occwr independent of climate (vide Prof. Weissman, Ent. 
1896, ‘‘ New Experiments”’). 


304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


I think, first mentioned in connection with P. atalanta ab. merri- 
jieldi, Stdfss., bred in the year 1892 by Mr. Merrifield for the 
first time, and I will therefore call the ocellated aberrations, 
resulting evidently from the influence of a cool season on already 
the larval (and oval) stages—P. atalanta ab. merrifieldoides. The 
duration of the pupal stage ranged from eight to twenty-seven 
days. The aberration appeared in both broods. 


VALUE OF GENITALIA. 
By F. N. Pierce, F.E.S. 


I am glad to see that at last we have a distinguished entomo- 
logist like the Rev. George Wheeler who has the courage to voice 
what must be in the thoughts of every entomologist attempting 
to decipher the weird photographs of genitalia that have lately 
been appearing. 

First, illustrations in profile are utterly useless by themselves, 
because in a vast number of cases the right and left sides differ— 
that is, they are asymmetrical. Therefore, if anything like an 
intelligent idea is to be obtained, the objects must be spread. 

There igs no more difficulty in spreading the majority of 
genitalia of the Lepidoptera so that anyone can understand and 
compare them than there is in setting a moth or a butterfly. It 
is impossible to imagine a collection of Lepidoptera pinned, 
some vertically through the thorax, some horizontally, some 
with wings folded over the body like a butterfly, others with 
them lying close to the sides, &e. Can we imagine any but one 
who has “‘made a long and very special study” of insects being 
able to make head or tail of such a collection? But we know 
a properly set collection of insects can be compared, part for 
part and point for point, until the minutest difference is easily 
observable. Hence the incipient entomologist is first taught to 
set decently. But this in students of genitalia seems to go for 
nothing, so that it would seem as if the preparations were pur- 
posely made to prevent people from understanding them. 

I cannot agree with Mr. Wheeler that no two people can 
make their preparations quite alike, any more than that no two 
individuals can set insects the same. Yet, if genitalia are pro- 
perly spread, I am confident that neither Mr. Wheeler or anyone 
else could distinguish any difference in the mount. Unlike the 
wings of Lepidoptera, the parts of the genitalia are mostly fixed, 
and are bound to lie at the same angle, and assume the same 
position. 


The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool, Oct. 11th, 1910. 


305 


THE NUMBER OF LARVAL STAGES OF LYCAiNA 
ACIS. 


By F. W. Fronawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S. 


In Mr. Tutt’s new work on ‘British Butterflies,’ vol. ii, 
pp. 287-8, dealing with the larval stages of Lycena acis—— 
Cyaniris semiargus, he quotes my description of the different 
stages of the larve which I published in the ‘ Kntomologist,’ 
July, 1908. To these the author has added footnotes, doubting 
the accuracy of my statements respecting the number of stages 
which this larva passes through. This, I think, calls for some 
comment. The two notes in question are as follows : — 

Note 1.—‘‘ Frohawk calls this the ‘ fifth instar,’ but seems to 
have judged this to be so entirely from its different size and its 
greener tint, changes that occur apparently in this stage without 
a moult.” 

Note. 3.—‘‘ Frohawk calls this the ‘ sixth instar’; it is most 
probably the jifth. Chapman only notes five instars for those 
he reared at the same time.” 

First, I may point out that I have avoided the use of the 
word ‘‘instar’’ for that of ‘‘ stage,” and no such word as 
‘instar’ occurs in tne life-history I published. 

In working out the life-histories of certain species, especially 
the Lycenide, unless the greatest care is taken in observing 
most critically the different moults, one is very apt to miss a 
stage completely, especially when the larve are very young, and 
for this reason I always keep a few separate, from the moment 
of hatching until pupation, for special observation; these few 
I examine with a lens several times daily, and when necessary 
at night also, to note exactly what is happening ; in this way I 
ascertain precisely when they moult, and at once note it down, 
and after each moult I make a microscopical examination of 
each individual and compare them with others of the same 
brood, so as to check any individual variation that might occur. 
(This way of working out species is hardly what Mr. Tutt calls 
in his preface ‘‘ Frohawk’s ontogenetic outlines.) Therefore 
in this manner I not only see the actual moults taking place, 
but also see the cast skins beside the larve, which I think no 
one can doubt is sufficient proof. Regarding L. acis, I not only 
noted each moult and stage in this way, but also made careful 
drawings of each stage. 

These particular L. acis larve, which I worked out from the 
ega to the imagines, moulted five times, as stated in the 
published life-history in the ‘ Entomologist,’ July, 1908, p. 165, 
where I stated—‘ after fifth and last moult fully grown about 
two hundred and seventy-five days old. .... 

I do not wish to infer that Dr. Chapman (whose description 


306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Tutt also quotes) is wrong in stating he only noted “‘five instars,”’ 
as possibly his larve may perhaps have moulted only four times 
under perhaps different conditions in which they were kept. I 
merely wish to point out the fact that my Z. acis passed through 
six separate stages, t.e. they moulted five times. It must be 
borne in mind that larve of several of the Lycenide, during 
their earlier stages, feed on flowers, &c., and are then frequently 
hidden from view, which makes it no easy matter to detect the 
changes taking place within. This evidently led former authors 
into error respecting the young larve of L. arion, who stated 
that the larva refuses wild thyme as its food after its first 
moult, whereas it is not until after its third moult that it 
discontinues to feed on thyme. 

As Mr. Merrifield pointed out in his interesting lecture 
delivered at Brussels this year, during the visit of the Entomo- 
logical Congress to that city, the number of moults a larva 
undergoes may vary according to the brood. The larve of the 
summer brood of several species undergo fewer moults than 
those turning to pup which hybernate. By missing a moult 
the larva develops more rapidly, and the perfect insect is then 
able to lay the eggs for the hybernating brood in good time for 
the resulting larve to feed up in the late summer and autumn. 
I do not claim that this fact explains the discrepancy between 
Dr. Chapman’s observations and my own, but it is a point ento- 
mologists should bear in mind when criticising life-histories 
which are the work of two different observers. 

I may add, however, that in my experience I have never 
found a species to vary in the number of moults, in those carefully 
worked through. 


A NOTE ON THE NEW CLASSIFICATION OF CERTAIN 
HESPERID BUTTERFLIES. 


By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. 


We have received the ‘ Bulletin de la Société lépidoptéro- 
logique de Genéve’ (fase. i., June, 1910) containing Dr. J. L. 
Reverdin’s ‘‘Note on the Male Genital Armature of several 
Palearctic Hesperiids,” illustrated by one coloured and two 
photographic plates. At the same time comes a welcome further 
instalment of M. Charles Oberthir’s ‘Htudes de Lépidoptérologie 
Comparée,’ fasc. iv., 1910, containing, among others, no less than 
four coloured plates, almost wholly devoted to the same exces- 
sively difficult group. In both instances the coloured plates 
have been executed by M. J. Culot, of the Geneva Society, and 
for accuracy excel anything that we have yet seen upon this 
particular subject. In both cases the authors have co-operated 
with results which will be found eminently satisfactory. 


NEW CLASSIFICATION OF CERTAIN HESPERIID BUTTERFLIES. 307 


As all collectors are aware, the ‘‘ Black and White Skippers ” 
of the palearctic region, especially those of the west, present 
difficulties of identification which have been augmented to a 
great extent by hopeless confusion of nomenclature. A certain 
number of them, however, are easy enough to distinguish, and, 
being so, have been allowed to retain their original names. 
These are Hesperia side, H. carthami, H. cacalie, H. andromede, 
and H. centauree, and, so far as Great Britain is concerned, 
H. malve (alveolus). But, as Dr. Reverdin and M. Oberthur 
point out, it is quite another matter when we come to deal with 
the alveus group, and the malve fritillum forms. Superficially 
alveus, carline, cirsii, onopordi, and conyze may so closely 
resemble one another in their markings and general appearance 
as to defy separation at sight. Hitherto, therefore, authors 
have been content to group each one of them from such differ- 
ences of marking as examples under their immediate supervision 
seemed to present: the majority, avoiding originality altogether, 
have satisfied themselves with a repetition of the conclusions 
arrived at by a few of their more conscientious and painstaking 
predecessors. 

Speaking from experience, the idea of identification by means 
of the genital armature has been rejected in the case of the 
Hesperiids under the impression that, to make confusion worse 
confounded, the structure of these organs varied with individuals 
of the same species so much that differentiation thereby was un- 
reliable. In the case of the several species under review, at all 
events, Dr. Reverdin disposes of any such objection in the 
alveus group. Preparations of the appendages of several alveus 
show that, inter se, the form of the armature may vary in detail, 
but that it still retains specific characters distinguishing it from 
the armature of others associated with the alveus group. Dr. 
Reverdin demonstrates, in fact, that the appendages of each 
species present characteristic forms; that they can be separated 
thereby; and that Rambur, who originally described cirsii, car- 
line, and onopordi as distinct from alveus, was right in his 
classification, and that his diagnosis formed upon the appen- 
dages themselves was correct in almost every instance, despite 
the insufficient and meagre scientific apparatus at his disposal. 
For the author of the ‘ Catalogue des Lépidoptéres de l’Anda- 
lousie’ and the ‘ Faune d’Andalousie ’ was the first lepidopterist 
to attempt the differentiation of species in the manner indicated, 
and to publish the results of his observations with the drawings 
of the butterflies themselves. Of conyze, of course, Rambur 
makes no mention, the insect, at the time when his books were 
published, being still undiscovered.* It is worth noticing, how- 


* Described by Guenée from examples taken at Voirons, Savoie, as a 
new species, ‘ Petites Nouvelles Entomologiques,’ 1877. 


308 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ever, that while Dr. Reverdin has unravelled the tangled alveus 
skein by the same entirely scientific methods, M. Charles Ober- 
thiir, from personal field-knowledge of the so-called “‘ varieties ”’ 
of alveus and serratule, and a close study of the series in his 
museum, has arrived at almost similar conclusions, with the 
addition of a new species, which, from its association with 
western France, he names Hesperia armoricanus. Both authors 
refer Conyz@ to onopordi; cirsii, Rbr., retained as a separate 
species by M. Oberthur, is found by Dr. Reverdin to belong to 
carline, Rbr., the whole group working out as follows :— 

HesPERIA ALVEuS, Hb. (mountain form and type). 

(a) var. (lowland form). 

(b) var. speyert, Stgr. (Advanced to the rank of a 
species in Staudinger’s 1901 Catalogue on extremely 
slender evidence.) 

H. caruina&, Rbr. 

(a) var. cursi, Rbr. 

(b) var. iberica, Gr. Gr. 

H. onoporpi, Rbr. 

(a) ? var. conyze, Guenée. 

H. Fritintum, Rbr. (? = fritdlwm, Hb.). 

H. seERRATULE, Rbr. 

(a) var. occidentalis, Lucas.* 

H. armoricanus is described by M. Oberthur as ‘‘ more 
nearly approaching carline than cirsw,’’ and, pending further 
investigation, should therefore follow carline in the above list. 
So far it is reported only from Bretagne and the western littoral 
Departments—as far south as Charente-Inférieure. 

Local races of H. alveus M. Oberthur also describes and 
figures as follows :— 

(c) var. constans, belliert (Larche, Basses-Alpes, and Pyré- 

nées-Orientales). 

(d) var. ? ab. nwmida (Lambese, Algeria). 

(e) var. ? ab. foulquiert (Basses-Alpes and Bouches-du- 

Rhone). 

(7) var. ballote, Bsdv., an litt. (Dovrefjeld, Norway). 

It remains only for entomologists on the spot to breed out the 
several species and these local forms, in order to put their 
identity upon an entirely satisfactory and final basis. 

Meanwhile, in presenting the summarized results of these 
two important contributions to our knowledge of the Hesperiid 
group, I have refrained purposely from entering into details. 
In the case of the appendages, Dr. Reverdin leaves no shadow 
of doubt in our mind as to the scientific value and accuracy of 


* Described by M. Daniel Lucas, ‘Bull. Ent. Soc. France,’ 1910, as a 
new variety of serratul@ from examples taken by himself in the Forest of 
Vouvant, Vendée. ‘‘ Almost var. major, Stgr.’”’—Oberthiir. 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 309 


his experiments. Of M. Oberthur’s descriptions, with the 
exquisite illustrations attached, we can only add that they bring 
to bear upon the facts corroborative evidence of the highest im- 
portance. Many of us during our wanderings abroad have col- 
lected ample material to test for ourselves the accuracy, if not the 
finality, of these respective conclusions. Our cabinets and store- 
boxes teem with unnamed or wrongly-named Hesperiide, whose 
proper identification we have either shirked altogether, or given 
up as a hopeless task with the text-books at our disposal. In 
the long winter evenings, furnished with this new information, 
we may hope to reduce chaos to order before once more betaking 
ourselves to the mountains and flowery lowlands which are our 
own particular happy hunting-grounds across the Channel. 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 


By A. E. Witeman, F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 291.) 


Lymantria umbrifera, sp.n. 

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey, the latter with reddish 
lateral hairs. Fore wings grey, clouded with darker at base and on 
median third ; transverse lines blackish—subbasal not reaching inner 
margin; antemedial undulated, rather broad, especially on the costa ; 
postmedial slender, wavy, deeply indented opposite end of cell; sub- 
marginal wavy, strongly so towards costa; a black lunule at end of 
cell, and a black dot in cell near the antemedial line ; a series of black 
dots on the outer margin, placed between the veins. Hind wings 
fuscous, darker on the outer marginal area, black dot on the margin. 
Under side fuscous with a pinkish tinge; fore wings with blackish 
discal suffusion ; the hind wings have a black lunule at end of the 
cell, and traces of two dusky, curved, transverse lines beyond. 

Expanse, 44 millim. 


Collection number, 32a. 
A male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 14th, 1909. 
Allied to L. serva, Fab. 


Lymantria nebulosa, sp. n. 


g. Fore wings pale grey, suffused and clouded with darker on 
outer two-thirds; subbasal line black, not continued to the inner 
margin, its upper end merged in a blackish dash on the costa; ante- 
medial line black, serrate, slightly oblique, followed by a blackish 
shade, which reaches the blackish discoidal mark; a short black bar 
under the discoidal; postmedial line sinuous, whitish partly edged 
with black; fringes dotted with black. Hind wings fuscous, darker 
on outer margin ; fringes paler. 

2. Fore wings whitish, slightly brownish tinged on the costal 
and inner marginal areas; subbasal line black, not extending to inner 


310 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


margin ; antemedial line black, diffuse on costa, waved, angled at 
vein one, terminating in a short black bar on the inner margin ; post- 
medial line black, strongly waved, commencing in a black spot on the 
costa; submarginal line black, lunulate, interrupted ; a black dash 
under the black discoidal mark; fringes dotted with black. Hind 
wings whitish, suffused with fuscous, darker on outer margin. 

Expanse, ¢ 43 millim., ? 54-64 millim. 

Collection number, 668 a. 

Four specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.). One male, April 
16th, 1906; another (type), May 24th, 1908; two females, 
August, 1905. 

The April male has the fore wings less distinctly clouded, the 
transverse lines are very faint, and the outer marginal area is 
suffused with blackish. 

Allied to L. fumida, Butler. 


Huproctis sericea, sp. ni. 

Head and body faintly yellowish tinged; anal tuft distinctly 
yellowish. Wings silky white without markings. 

Expanse, 34 millim. 

Collection number, 742. 

One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), November 16th, 
1908. 

EHuproctis nigropuncta, sp. n. 

Similar to HL. servcea, but larger; a small blackish mark at end of 
the cell of fore wings ; anal tuft brown. 

Expanse, 40 millim. 

Collection number, 742 a. 

One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April, 1908. 


Heteropan submacula, sp. n. 

g. Antenne blackish. Head, thorax, and abdomen brown ; 
collar crimson. Fore wings brown; fringes dark brown, tips paler. 
Hind wings brown; an obscure, pale, longitudinal streak through 
cell to outer margin, where it is broadest; fringes pale brown. 
Under side of fore wings brown with pale ochreous brown patches in 
and below cell, near apex, and above the inner margin; hind wings 
pale ochreous brown, fringes dark brown at base. 

Expanse, 22—24 millim. 

Collection number, 702. 

Two male specimens—one from Kanshirei (4700 ft.), May 
15th, 1908 ; the other from Daitozan (8500 ft.), September 14th, 
1906. ‘The latter is smaller and darker than the type, the pale 
streak on the hind wings expands into a blotch beyond the cell, 
and is more conspicuous; on the under side the whole of the 
cell of fore wings is filled with pale ochreous brown. 


Dasychira olivacea, sp. n. 
3. Head and thorax olivaceous; abdomen darker. Fore wings 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. Sil 


olivaceous with black transverse lines; subbasal line double, angled 
below the costa, space enclosed paler shade of the ground colour; 
antemedial line double, sinuous, preceded by a black cloud on costal 
area ; postmedial line wavy ; submarginal line interrupted ; lunulated 
line before the black-marked brownish fringes. Hind wings fuliginous 
brown, fringes paler at the tips. Under side brown, the fore wings 
suffused with blackish, except on inner area; all the wings have 
two, waved, blackish postmedial lines; a dusky discal mark on the 
hind wings. 

Expanse, 44 millim. 

Collection number, 668. 

A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 22nd, 1908. 


Dasychira taiwana, sp.n. 

g. Antenne dark brown, shaft greyish; head and thorax pale 
grey mixed with darker; abdomen greyish, pale at base, darker on 
anal segments, and tinged with tawny on the middle segments. Fore 
wings pale grey, clouded and suffused with darker; subbasal and 
antemedial lines black, wavy, the first only distinct towards the 
costa, a blackish shade-like band between the lines; reniform mark 
outlined in black; postmedial line black, strongly waved, followed by 
a faint blackish shade; submarginal line wavy, interrupted. Hind 
wings dark fuscous, inner area tawny; a dusky discal mark and 
traces of a darker, diffuse postmedial line; fringes greyish. 

@. Fore wings pale greyish, with transverse lines asin the male, 
but the postmedial and submarginal are more clearly defined, and the 
darker clouds are less in evidence. Hind wings pale fuscous ; discal 
dot and postmedial band dusky. 

Expanse, ¢ 56 millim., 2 67 millim. 


Collection number, 1210a. 
One male from Arizar (7300 ft.), August, 1908; and a female 
from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May, 1909. 
Allied to D. strigata, Moore, and possibly a local form of that 
species. 
Dasychira arizana, sp. 0. 


gd. Antenne reddish brown, shaft whitish; head and thorax 
whitish grey ; abdomen greyish brown, paler at the base. Fore wings 
whitish grey, clouded and suffused with darker, except at basal fourth 
and along the costa to the black-outlined reniform mark ; subbasal 
line black, indistinct; antemedial line blackish, double, inwardly 
shaded with black; postmedial line black, wavy, inwardly edged 
with clear ground colour, outwardly shaded with darker, followed by 
a sinuous line of the ground colour; submarginal line black, wavy 
and interrupted ; fringes pale grey chequered with darker. Hind 
wings dark fuscous, brown tinged on the inner area; discal mark 
darker, indistinct ; fringes paler. 

Expanse, 44 millim. 

Collection number, 1210. 

One male from Arizan (7300 ft.), August, 1908. 

Perhaps only a form of D. taiwana. 


312 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Dasychira (?) cruda, sp. n. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish, faintly brown tinged. Fore 
wings whitish tinged with pale brown, obscurely clouded with darker 
on the outer area; traces of a dark brown subbasal line below costa, 
followed by an elongate dark brown spot. Hind wings whitish. 

Expanse, 37 millim. 


Collection number, 661 a. 

A female specimen reared on April 6th, 1908, from a larva 
obtained at Kanshirei, which had white tussocks of hair. Found 
on a rock, March 8th of the same year. The wings are thinly 
scaled and semi-transparent, owing no doubt to the fact that the 
imago was not observed for some days in the breeding-cage, and 
had time to damage itself. 

In some respects the insect superficially resembles ‘‘ Antipha”’ 
basalis, Walk. = Dasychira mendosa, Hubn. 


Stauropus viridipicta, sp. n. 

3g. Fore wings greyish brown, thickly sprinkled with bright 
green scales on the basal area, and sparingly over the rest of the 
wing; a dusky mark at end of the cell; transverse lines are not 
clearly defined, but the postmedial is blackish, wavy, and bent out- 
wards at middle. Hind wings fuscous, darker on the costal area; 
fringes rather paler, preceded by a dusky line. Under side whitish, 
suffused with brown. 

Expanse, 36-40 millim. 


Collection number, 1235. 
Two male specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.) ; one taken in 
May, 1907, the other in May, 1908. 


Notodonta griseotincta, sp.n. 


3g. Head and thorax dark grey; abdomen brown, mixed with 
dark grey on the hinder segments. Fore wings dark grey, clouded 
with brown on basal and outer marginal areas; a black indented 
mark at end of the cell, preceded by a pale grey cloud; subbasal 
line black, extending from costa only to middle, where it meets 
a short black longitudinal and slightly curved streak; antemedial 
line blackish, wavy, inwardly edged with brown, elbowed near costa, 
and crossed by a short black streak ; postmedial line blackish, serrate, 
indented near costa, edged with pale grey at costa, and with brown 
at inner margin, followed by a pale grey point on each vein; sub- 
marginal line dark brown, marked with blackish, wavy. Hind wings 
dark fuscous. Under side dark fuscous; fore wings tinged with 
brown on costal area, a blackish spot edged on each side with grey 
beyond middle of costa; a blackish lunule at end of the cell on 
hind wings. 

Expanse, 42 millim. 


Collection number, 1795. 
One male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 13th, 
1909. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 318 


Notodonta furva, sp.n. 

Fore wings brown mottled with paler ; ante- and postmedial lines 
blackish, diffuse, the former outwardly oblique, the latter elbowed 
above middle and terminating on inner margin near the antemedial ; 
some blackish streaks on basal and outer marginalareas. Hind wings 
pale fuscous brown. Under side pale brown; fore wings suffused 
with fuscous, postmedial line darker, almost straight; a dusky medial 
line on hind wings, almost parallel with outer margin. 

Eixpanse, 50 millim. 


One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 29th, 1908. 


(To be continued.) 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


EntTomonocican Socirety oF LonpoN (CONVERSAZIONE).—We are 
asked to announce that the Conversazione of the Entomological 
Society of London, postponed from May last to December, has again 
been unavoidably postponed until next year. Due notice will be 
given as soon as a date has been fixed on some day either in May or 
early June. 


Notes oN Lire-History or LEUCANIA L-ALBUM.—In the ‘ Ento- 
mologist’ for December, 1909, vol. xlii. p. 322, Mr. E. P. Sharp 
recorded the capture of a female specimen of Leucania l-album. He 
obtained a few ova. On November 4th he noticed they had begun 
to turn colour; on the 5th they went quite black and began to hatch 
in the evening. The larve ate up the empty egg-shells and some 
infertile eggs, but refused any other food, although he tried almost 
everything. They wandered about, and on being supplied with a 
section of an old reed stem they promptly entered it, and finding 
their way into the inner lining commenced to hybernate. The larva 
was about two and a half mm. in length, of a brownish grey 
colour, head and plate on prothoracic segment yellowish brown, 
and it had a few small bristles from tubercles. Mr. Sharp very 
kindly sent me five larvee, and on February 22nd I noticed three had 
come out of the reed and were moving about (the other two had 
perished). They immediately changed their skins, and when this 
was over, they at once began to nibble some Poa annua which I 
gave them. Two more died during the second moult, but the 
remaining one grew up slowly, pupated on June 12th, and produced 
a fine female on July 14th. Mr. Sharp unfortunately lost all his 
larvee. This species is double-brooded on the Continent, emerging in 
May-June and August-September. I think we may overlook the 
first brood in this country, as not many people work the south coast 
then. The larve seem hardy enough—mine were kept in an out- 
house, facing north, and it was not a particularly mild winter.— 
H. M. Epeusten; October 12th, 1910. 


NoTES REGARDING THE BREEDING OF CHILOSIA GRossA,— In 
August, 1909, when searching for larve and pupx of Gortyna 
ochracea, I found, in stems of Cnicus palustris, some dipterous-look- 


ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1910. 2B 


314 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ing larvee, which I fed up on the same thistle. The larve eat the 
pith, and I found them up to two or three feet from the ground. 
They pupate in the hollow skin at or near the ground level, as I 
subsequently found pup in this situation. This spring I bred 
from these pup two specimens of Chilosia grossa, and four ichneu- 
mons, which Mr. Morley has kindly identified for me as Phygadeuon 
ambiguus (Gray.).—C. G. Nurse (Lt.-Colonel); Timworth Hall, 
Bury St. Edmunds. 

[The rediscovery of Chilosia grossa by Col. Nurse is extremely 
interesting on account of its economy, and most valuable scientifi- 
cally, since it was on the highway to the oblivion so many 
insufficiently described species must inevitably attain, in spite of 
Taschenberg’s details, elaborated by Brischke. My description of 
both sexes (Ichn. Brit. ii. 93) fits the present example exactly, though 
the species has never previously been found in Britain, since those 
upon which it was introduced by Desvignes in 1856 were referable 
to a distinct species, as I have pointed out (Entom. 1910, p. 172), 
and those taken by Bignell are very different. Probably our ignor- 
ance of the majority of Phygadeuonid hosts is accounted for by their 
dipterous, and consequently little-worked, nature.—C. M.] 


THE Genus RetiniA in DevonsHire.—On April 30th, at Wood- 
bury Common, near Exmouth, I found thirty pupe of R. turionana 
in shoots of Pinus sylvestris. This was the result of not much more 
than an hour’s search. They began to emerge on May 17th, and not 
one failed to produce an imago. The same happy result was obtained 
last year, and seems to prove that in this locality, at any rate, this 
species is not subject to ichneumon attack. On the same date, a 
large number of larvee were found feeding in the shoots of Pinus pinea. 
These subsequently emerged and turned out to be Lf. sylvestrana. Only 
six shoots of the pine were taken home, and these produced over 
twenty insects. As some larve were found dead, this confirms the 
statement that several larvee feed in each shoot. From shoots of Pans 
sylvestris in the same locality, R. pinivorana and Ff. pinicolana have 
been bred both this year and last insmall numbers. I have not seen a 
published record for Devon of any of these four species of Retinia. 
Strangely enough, the much commoner JK. buoliana has not yet been 
met with. Some larvee were also found feeding on the dead stems 
of P. sylvestris. One only of these came through, and proved to be 
D. abietella. It may also be worth recording that in the same locality 
P. hippocastanaria occurs, as I see that Barrett does not give any 
more western county than Somerset and Dorset.—J. W. METcALFE. 


ACTIAS SELENE, Hiibn., iy Borneo.—A fine male example of this 
large Atlas moth was brought into the Museum recently, having 
been taken in a house on the outskirts of Kuching. As the Museum 
possessed but a single specimen taken some nine years ago, I thought 
it must be rather rare in this country. On looking up Sir G. F. 
Hampson’s remarks in ‘Fauna British India,’ I find the geo- 
graphical distribution given as ‘‘ China; throughout India, Ceylon, 
and Burma”; and apparently it has not been recorded from the 
Malay Archipelago before. The distribution of the genus Actzas 
includes North America, Natal, Japan, and the Andamans, besides 


i 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 315 


the countries mentioned above. Exp. al. 158 mm. This is rather 
large for a male.—J. C. Mouton; Sarawak Museum, September 
12th, 1910. 


Nove ON THE SITUATION OF THE Pups, AND THE EMERGENCE OF 
Cossus LIGNIPERDA.—During the past few years I have had the 
opportunity of observing some numbers of Cossus ligniperda just 
after their emergence from pup, and of finding their empty pupa- 
skins a situ. In the great majority of cases, the empty pupa-skins 
were protruding from the loose, friable earth that had collected in 
the space between the bottom of the staves of which the fence, on 
which the moths were drying their wings, was built, and a stout 
skirting that at some time had been placed along the bottom of the 
fence; but in two cases the pupa-skins were sticking out from round 
holes in the staves, and in another from the stout skirting board, 
through which the larve had evidently bored when making their 
cocoons for final hybernation or pupation. All these were within a 
few feet of the trees where the larve had fed; but one other case is 
worthy of note as showing the distance to which the larva of this 
species will travel in order to find a suitable situation for spinning 
up. Hvidently this larva had, when starting on its wanderings, got 
on to the asphalt path at the foot of the fence, and having reached 
the end of the skirting board, before finding a soft place, had en- 
countered a brick wall along which it must have travelled for nearly 
a hundred yards until it found another fence; in the soft earth 
collected in the corner formed by the junction of the wall and the 
fence it had made up and from which the pupa-skin was protruding, 
the moth with wings still limp sitting on the fence just above it. 
The fences, on which all the moths were found, face due south, and 
therefore receive the full benefit of the noonday and afternoon sun, 
and the emergences all took place between five and seven o’clock in 
the evening.—RogseErt Apxkin; Lewisham, October, 1910. 


ForFICULINE MaterNnauL Care.—The earwig referred to by Dr. 
Chapman (antea, p. 292) is a female specimen of Anechura bipunctata, 
Fabr. It is a mountain species in the palwarctic region; sufficiently 
common in much elevated districts in summer and autumn. It 
occurs in South France, Spain, Germany, and Austria at least.— 
W. J. Lucas. 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 


Late Date For Cyanrris ArGiotus.—Following Mr. R. Adkin’s 
note at page 295 upon the late appearance of Cyaniris argiolus in 
Abbot’s Wood, Sussex, it may be of interest to report that on 
September 19th I observed females of this pretty Lycenid, in good 
condition, flying round the laurestinus bushes of a villa in the neigh- 
bourhood of Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), the home of one of the sons of 
M. Charles Oberthiir—H. Rownanp-Brown; Oxhey Grove, Harrow 
Weald, October 7th, 1910. 


CYANIRIS ARGIOLUS AT CHICHESTER.—Both broods of Cyaniris 
argiolus have occurred here this year. The earliest date recorded in 


316 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


my diary is May 20th, when I noticed it flying round hollies in the 
garden. Of the autumnal brood specimens were seen on the wing as 
late as the third week in September.—JosmPH ANDERSON. 


ACRONYCTA ALNI IN LINCOLNSHIRE.—On September 17th I took 
a larva of Acronycta alni on the upper side of an oak-leaf in the 
Pelham’s Pillar Wood; and in the same month another larva was 
taken in Bradley Wood by Mr. F. W. Sowerby, of Cleethorpes. The 
keeper in Bradley Wood, who pointed it out to Mr. Sowerby, said it 
had been on the same leaf for the last three days. Both larvee spun 
up successfully.—G. W. Mason; Barton-on-Humber. 


DaAPHNIS NERIT AT SYDENHAM.—A perfect specimen of D. neri 
was taken at Sydenham on September 24th, 1910, and is now in the 
collection of Mr. Joicey, Bourne End, Bucks.—A. Noakes; The 
Homestead, Bourne End, Bucks. 


PoLYPLOCA RIDENS THREE YEARS IN Pupa.—A fine Polyploca 
ridens emerged in my breeding-cage on March 22nd last, from a 
number of pupz obtained in 1907.—JosEpH ANDERSON. 


ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN IRELAND.—On Tuesday the East Surrey 
Regiment left Plymouth, where they had been stationed for about 
two and a half years, for Kinsale. We arrived at Queenstown about 
9.30 a.m. on Wednesday, where about half a battalion disembarked. 
On leaving Queenstown about 12 p.m. the Sergeant Drummer 
discovered a very large specimen of Acherontia atropos running about 
the deck. I seized it and brought it here with me. It is a very 
large specimen but much damaged, the left fore wing being nearly 
without scales. It gave the well-known mouse-like squeak when 
handled or irritated. This makes the third I have got in the last 
two years in the British Isles—Huvcu F. Sronenam; (Lieut.) 
Ist Hast Surrey Regiment, Kinsale Barracks, County Cork, Ireland. 


KUP@CILIA UDANA IN Essex.—Referring to Mr. Whittle’s note 
(antea, p. 295), it may be interesting to him to know that I have 
occasionally taken this species in the neighbourhood of Witham, 
Essex. My first capture of it was in June, 1874.—W. D. CANsDALE ; 
Sunny Bank, South Norwood, 8.E. 


SESIA ANDRENIFORMIS IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—On July 7th last I 
had the good fortune to take a specimen of S. andreniformis amongst 
Viburnum lantana.—JoHn W. METCALFE. 


Noctua DEPUNCTA IN DEVONSHIRE.—The capture of a fine speci- 
men of N. depuncta at sugar, in a wood near Sidmouth, may be 
mentioned, as it seems to be a rare event in this county. The speci- 
men is much greyer than those I have from the north—Joun W. 
METCALFE. 


STIGMONOTA PALLIFRONTANA AND EPHESTIA SEMIRUFA IN GLOU- 
CESTERSHIRE.—The capture of two specimens of S. pallefrontana at 
Nailsworth, Gloucestershire, is perhaps of interest. I took them on 
July 4th and 7th, flying over some kind of vetch. Ina garden at 
the same place I also took this year one H. semarufa, on the exact 
spot where I took a specimen of this species two years ago. Both 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 317 


were flying at dusk near some old ivy, and I have seen no record of 
its occurrence in Gloucestershire—JoHn W. Metcaure; Ottery 
St. Mary. 


ACRONYCTA MEGACEPHALA IN OcToBER.—In ‘ Moths of the British 
Isles,’ vol. i. p. 193, it is mentioned that A. megacephala once 
emerged on September 10th, from a larva taken on July llth. It 
may interest you to know that one emerged to-day (Saturday) from a 
larva taken, almost fully grown, on August 31st, in the Old Kent 
Road district of Peckham.—R. Evererr Warries; 6, Lytcott 
Grove, East Dulwich, S.E., October 10th, 1910. 


Spring BUTTERFLIES IN THE ForeEST oF FONTAINEBLEAU, 1910. 
—I had the good fortune to enjoy a perfectly fine day in the Forest 
of Fontainebleau on May 27th last, and I write this note in the hope 
of inducing entomologists to try a day’s collecting there in 1911, en 
route for Switzerland or the South of France, or in returning. It 
makes a long journey much less tedious, and saves much sunlight, 
given the correct weather. The best plan is to catch the nine p.m. 
train from Charing Cross, by which you are able to reach the station 
of Fontainebleau-Avon next morning at 8.30 a.m., leaving Paris 
from the Gare du Lyon at 7.20 a.m., and this allows for a nice long day 
in the forest. If proceeding further south, there is a suitable train 
from Fontainebleau at 5.13 p.m. or thereabouts, which connects at 
Dijon for south or east; or there is an equally suitable afternoon 
train from Fontainebleau to Paris to catch the night ‘“ Rapides’”’ 
thence. Arrived at Fontainebleau Station, you are within a few 
minutes’ walk of excellent collecting ground in the forest, which is 
practically all open ground to the entomologist. As you get out of 
the train from Paris at Fontainebleau Station, walk back in the 
direction of Paris, without crossing the line, for a very short distance, 
then cross the first bridge over the railway and take the first turn 
immediately to the right, and continue walking by the side of the 
railway without deviating, until an excellent clearing opens up, 
facing which, just across the railway, are some large advertisements, 
too obvious to be missed. It was in this clearing at the edge of the 
forest that I took a total of eighty-nine perfect examples of the 
following :—Pyrgus sao, Nisoniades tages, Thymelicus thaumas, 
Hesperia malve, Chrysophanus phlieas, C. dorilis, Cupido minimus, 
Agriades thetis (= bellargus), A. coridon, Polyommatus icarus, P. 
medon (astrarche),* Celastrina argiolus, Callophrys rubi, Nemeobius 
lucina, Iphiclides podalirius, Papilio machaon, Aporia crategi, Pieris 
brassice, P. rape, P. nap, Huchloé cardamines (almost equal 
quantity of both sexes), Colias hyale, Gonepteryx rhamni, Brenthis 
euphrosyne, B. selene, B. dia, Melitea cinxia, M. athalia, Pararge 


“It is interesting, in connection with Mr. Ashby’s note on the occur- 
rence of P. medon here, to observe that in a recent number of the ‘ Feuilles 
des Jeunes Naturalistes’ (An. xxxix. sér. iv. p. 24) MM. Guiry and Guignon 
report the capture by them of var. artaxerxes in the Forest of Fontaine- 
bleau ; but of course it is impossible, without seeing these examples, to say 
whether they are the real artawerwes of the North Britain form or ‘‘ approx1- 
mates.’ So far as Iam aware, there is no record of this form having ever 
been found in France hitherto.—H. R.-B. 


318 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


megera, P. egeria var. egerides,* Coanonympha pamphilus, besides 
several interesting specimens of Heterocera, Diptera, and Coleoptera. 
I intend to revisit the same locality iater in the year, in 1911, as I 
regard it as an excellent ground to commence the study of the butter- 
flies of Fontainebleau. A little farther on by the railway side 
towards Paris go under the first railway-bridge, which leads you to 
some excellent glades, where I expect the Nymphalide will also be 
flying gracefully in the height of summer.—E. B. Asupy; 33, Park 
Road, Whitton, Middlesex. 


ACHERONTIA ATROPOS TAKEN AT SxA.—It may be worth noting 
that the Migration Committee of the British Ornithologists’ Club 
have twice had a specimen of the Death’s-head moth sent to them, 
which had been taken at the Kentish Knock Lighthouse, vzz., one on 
May 27th, 1905, and one on September 15th, 1909. This light- 
vessel is situated well out, off the mouth of the Thames, and is about 
thirty-five miles from the nearest points of the Essex and Kent 
coasts. Were these true over-sea migrants? — THe Micrarion 
CoMMITTEE OF THE B.O.C. 


Norges From SouTH-west Cornwauu.—The following summary 
of a fortnight’s collecting in South-west Cornwall, in July of this 
year, may possibly be of interest. The locality mainly worked was a 
small stretch of rocky coast to the east of Cadgwith Cove, about two 
miles east of the Lizard Point. On leaving London on July 7th the 
sky was overcast and the temperature low, but as the express carried 
us westwards the weather improved, and when we reached Cornwall 
we found blue skies and warm sunshine awaiting us. A visit to a 
stretch of Szlene maritema in the evening resulted in a few Dian- 
thecia larve, which are no doubt D. conspersa. M. galiata and 
H. serena were taken flying. The next day was cloudless and hot, so 
I sought for S. musczformis along a sunny and sheltered path on the 
top of the cliff. A short series of eight was obtained, though it was 
not always easy to detect the clearwing amid the bewildering mass 
of insect life that besieged the flowers, and having “ spotted” him, 
it was not always easy to bring off a capture. I hoped to secure a 
number of this pretty little insect, but evidently I only came in for 
the tail-end of the flight, as two were taken on the 9th and one on 
the 10th, after that no more. Sugaring flower-heads in a gap in the 
cliff on the 8th and 9th only resulted in one or two Agrotis lucernea 
and A. lumgera, amongst a host of commoner insects. A dark 
variety of Argynnis aglaia was taken on the 9th. On the 11th, 
12th, and 14th, sugared flower-heads along the top of the cliff proved 
fairly attractive. In addition to a few more A. lunigera, L. putrescens 
was taken sparingly, and one H. wmbra, which I failed to box. 
Beyond doubt the commonest insect, except X. monoglypha, was 
LL. conigera, which was in fine condition. <Acronycta rwnucis, Agrotis 
porphyrea, Hadena pist on sugar, and Acidalia marginepunctata, 
Gnophos obscuraria, Acidalia inutaria taken flying, and D. conspersa, 
seen but not captured, may perhaps be mentioned. About the 14th 
the weather, which had been good, broke up, and sea-fog, known 


* Probably these would be examples of a second brood, as I found 
egerides quite common in the forest on April 18th, of the by-no-means- 
forward season of 1909.—H. R.-B. 


5 
: 
P 
} 


SOCIETIES. 3819 


locally as ‘‘ dew,” held sway for a few days. On the 18th sugar on 
the cliff again attracted A. lunigera (2) and L. putrescens (4), with a 
whole host of common insects. On the 19th trees and flower-heads 
were sugared, but nothing better than H. derasa and T. batis, A. ru- 
micis, &e., resulted. The 20th, 21st, and 22nd being cold, wet, and 
windy in the main, no sugaring was attempted. Day-work produced 
nothing of much interest. The only butterflies seen were A. aglaia, 
A. selene, EH. tithonus, EH. janira, C. pamphilus, H. sylvanus, H. thaumas, 
L. egon, S. semele, P. brassice, P. rape, P. nam, V. urtice, and 
V. cardut (worn); and of day-flying moths, M. stellatarwm, and a 
female H. russula (22nd). Collecting from the seed-capsules of the 
various kinds of Silene resulted in a fair number of Dianthecia larve, 
and other larve taken included S. carpini, A. rwmicis, N. ziczac, 
B. rubi, and E. pulchellata. I did not come across a single colony 
of zolarve. I might perhaps, even at this late date, record that on 
August 17th, 1898, I took a fine variety of P. cardui, in a clover- 
field near Cadgwith. It is something like the var. that is, or used to 
be, figured on the cover of Greene’s ‘ Insect Hunter’s Companion,’ 
though, if anything, rather more aberrant. Unfortunately it is some- 
what worn.—E. MAnnERING; 74, Bolsover Street, W. 


SOCIETIES. 


EntomoxnoaicaL Society or Lonpon.—Wednesday, October 5th, 
1910.— Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., President, in the 
chair.—The Secretary read the reply to the Address to the King 
and to Queen Alexandra.—The President announced that the Conver- 
sazione postponed from last May was unavoidably postponed until 
next year. He also exhibited and passed round for inspection an 
impression of the new seal of the Society, prepared from a design 
made by Professor Selwyn Image, M.A., Slade Professor of Fine Art 
in the University of Oxford, and a Fellow of the Society.—Mr 
George William Vitalli de Rhe Philipe, of Calcutta; and Dr. Charles 
Ernest Lakin, M.D., M.R.C.S., F.R.C.S., of 2, Park Crescent, 
Portland Place, W., were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. G. C. 
Champion brought for exhibition two living examples of Melanophila 
acuminata, captured at Woking on September 17th last.—Mr. EH. A. 
Butler exhibited specimens of three species of rare British Hemiptera, 
viz. (a) Mesovelia furcata M. & R., and (b) Crcadula cyane, Boh., 


_ both from leaves of Potamogeton natans in Epping Forest; and 


(c) Cyrtorrhinus genunus, Flor., from Broxbourne—a recent addition 


' to the British list. He also exhibited living examples of Mesovelia 


furcata, and drew attention to the extraordinarily rapid movements 
of the species, which quite defy the eye.—Mr. A. H. Jones showed a 
series of Prerzs mannii, males only, from the valleys of the lower 
slopes of Mont Canigou, near Vernet-les-Bains, taken at the end of 
June last, with examples of P. rape, and P. ergane from Italy for 
comparison.—Mr. P. J. Barraud brought for exhibition a case con- 
taining Pieride from the neighbourhood of Formia, Central Italy, 
including Pieris rape, ., and var. metra, Stephens; Preris manni, 


320 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Meyer, and var. ross77, Stefanelli, and ab. erganoides, Stefanelli; and 
Pieris ergane, Hiibn. With these examples he showed also enlarged 
photographs of male and female specimens of the summer forms of 
the above-named species to illustrate the difference in the character 
of the markings and shape of the wing.—Commander J. J. Walker 
exhibited (a) a ‘‘co-type’’ of Austrostylops gracilipes, Lea., from 
Bridgetown, W. Australia; (6) a series of Carabus violaceus, L., var. 
exasperatus, Curtis, taken by Mr. F. C. Woodforde, at Bude, where 
this race appears entirely to replace the ordinary form of violaceus ; 
and (c) four examples of Hemonia appendiculata, Panz., taken near 
Kidlington, Oxon, August, 1910; also (d) a specimen of Cryptophagus 
subdepressus, Gyll, from Wytham Park, Berks, with the right 
antenna duplicated from the third joint.—Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg 
showed a living beetle of the genus Alindria, received in a collection 
of preserved Coleoptera from Abyssinia. The insect has the habit of 
simulating death on being alarmed, which probably accounts for the 
collector having packed it up without noticing that it was alive— 
Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited two nests of ants to illustrate 
his observations on the founding of nests of Formica rufa by a 
female of that species in nests of F’. fusca, and also made some 
remarks on the association in nature of F’. rufa and F’. exsecta.— 
Mr. J. W. Tutt brought for exhibition a fourth British example 
of Xylophasia zollikofert sent him for determination, taken in 
September, 1905, at Norwich, by Mr. Plunkett.— Dr. T. A. Chap- 
man exhibited several cases containing series of Agriades coridon, 
var. meridionalis, Tutt, male ( = constantz, Reverdin), and gave an 
account of his breeding experiments made to show that this form is 
double-brooded.—Mr. J. W. Tutt said the Rivieran race of A. coridon 
was exceedingly interesting, as providing the only case recorded 
where the species is certainly double-brooded. He also gave an 
account of the geographical distribution of the species, and the 
differences of marking in the various races.—Mr. G. Meade-Waldo 
exhibited an example of the Mantis Hymenopus bicornis in the 
larval state, and read a note on the subject of the ‘‘praying”’ attitude 
communicated by Mr. J. C. Moulton.—The Rev. G. Wheeler gave 
an account of an entomological excursion made by him this summer 
in the Abruzzi, and exhibited two drawers containing specimens 
taken at Assergi, Sulmona, Aquila, Roccaraso, Palena, Scanno and 
Villalago; and a few also from Subiaco in the Latian Apennines.— 
Mr. E. Dukinfield Jones brought for exhibition lantern slides of 
Lepidoptera in natural colours, photographed by the Dufay Diopti- 
chrome process. The advantages over other plates, he said, were the 
greater transparency and the facility of working: they were, in fact, 
very little more trouble than an ordinary negative-—Miss Margaret 
KE. Fountaine communicated a paper on ‘ Descriptions of some 
hitherto unknown, or little known, Larvee and Pupz of South African 
Rhopalocera, with Notes on their Life Histories.’—Professor 
A. Jacobi communicated a paper, ‘‘ Remarks on the Cicadoid Genera 
Lambeja, Dist., and Drepanopsaltria, Bredd.”—Mr. Arthur M. Lea 
communicated a paper, ““On the new Genus of Siyloprde from 
Australia.” —H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., Hon. See. 


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’ CONTENTS.© 6) eee 


Cordyceps militaris (with illustration), G. 7. Lyle, 297. Melitres bcpale ae, "ia 
var. Aurunca, Turati, Philip J. Barraud (with plate), 298. Notes ona But- — 
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flies, H. Rowland- Brown, 306.. New Lepidoptera- Heterocera. from: Formosa- 
(continued), A. H.. Wrleman, 309. i 
NoTEs AND OBSERVATIONS, 313. _ CarPruREs AND Firtp Reports, 815, 
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| ENTOMOLOGIST 

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| Illustrated Journal 


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EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. 


N92 etl ina ee id elle inbeas 


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BAEINS GCARPADICA, WN. SE. 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST 


Vou. XLIII.] 


DECEMBER, 1910. (No. 571 


A NEW SPECIES OF BAETIS (KPHEMERIDA) FROM 
THE EASTERN CARPATHIANS. 


By Kennetu J. Morton, F.E.S. 
(Prate VI.) 


Mr. Joser DziepzIELEwicz, Gerichtsrat (retired), in Lemberg, 
a zealous student of the Neuroptera of his country, who has 
added a number of most interesting new species to our know- 
ledge of the fauna of the Hastern Carpathians, some time ago 
sent to me a representative collection of the Ephemeride for 
confirmation by the Rey. A. HE. Eaton. Mr. Haton very kindly 
examined the collection and made a most useful report, but at 
the time circumstances did not admit of his undertaking the 
publication of anything concerning them. 

Included is a species of Baétis which was not known to Mr. 
Eaton, and which is apparently new. At the request of the 
discoverer I now describe it as 


Baétis carpatica, n. sp. 


Imago (dried) ¢. Notum mainly piceous, sometimes with paler 
sutures and paler sides. Dorsum of abdomen brown passing to 
brownish piceous at the apex. Metasternum and abdomen beneath 
and the sets paler. Forceps with the large basal joints fuscous or 
blackish, the other joints fuscescent. Wings hyaline, with brownish 
neuration, faintly amber-tinted, slightly darker in the costal region. 

?. Almost entirely brown above; three terminal segments 
beneath pale yellowish. 

Length of fore wing: ¢, 10-11 mm.; 2, about 13mm. Length 
of caudal sete of ¢ about 22 mm. 


Loc. In the region of Chomiak, in the Kastern Carpathians 
(a peak in the “ Flussgebiet ” of the Prut, 1544 metres). 


EXPLANATION OF PLaTE.—1. Apex of abdomen from beneath. 2. Apex 
of abdomen from above. 3. Hind wing of male (nat. length, 2‘75 mm.). 


ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1910. 20 


322, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


NOTES ON A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN FRANCE 
IN oo; 


II.—In tHe Soutu-EKast. 


By H. Rownanp-Browy, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 303.) 


Leaving Samoussy on June 27th, and travelling by Laon, 
we took the night express from Paris for Lyons and the south, 
arriving at the junction of Pierrelatte about eleven o’clock 
of such a clear blue day as we count upon in the Midi at this 
time of the year. With three hours to wait for the Nyons 
‘parliamentary,’ we were glad to take our déjeuner under the 
oleander-shaded verandah of the little inn which seemed for the 
nonce to be tenanted chiefly by flies! Later in the day we 
completed the last stage of a decidedly long journey, and 
covered the remaining twenty miles or so in about three hours! 
The afternoon heat was terrific, and, as the coaches are in- 
variably shunted in the blazing sun, ours was suffocating with 
its low-down roof, against which the head of my companion 
was continually brought in contact. Prospecting a new line 
of country, however, is always an agreeable occupation, ento- 
mologically speaking, and as we approached the limestone 
stone hills—the far-flung outposts of the Central Alps—we saw 
our first Satyrids—plenty of them—males of Satyrus hermione, 
and S. circe flying by the side of the railway, and had we been 
so minded I do not think a descent from the train in motion 
would have left us too far behind to resume our seats after 
a leisurely bottling of such examples as we might have wished to 
secure! But it was the true Midi—that was some consolation— 
with its almond trees, grey slanting olives, and burnt-ochre 
fallows: its white villages sheltered by hedges of laurestinus 
and tamarisk, with here and there the lofty spires of funereal 
cypress piercing the universal blue. Dry watercourses and 
stunted forests of ilex-oak, with tufts of lavender still unflowered, 
suggested also the southerness of the department of the Drome, 
though I was quite unprepared for the further proof of this we 
were presently to experience among its butterflies. 

Nyons is a very old-world picturesque town built in a sword- 
cut in the surrounding hills where the Eygues has cleft a way 
through from the mountains to the wide valley of the Rhone. 
Our most comfortable Hotel-Colombiers at some time of remote 
history had been evidently a castle or a monastery, with its 
vaulted rooms and three-foot walls of solid stone. On the front 
it opened upon the public square, where until far into the night 
a company of strolling players screamed through interminable 
dramas, which never failed to draw good ‘‘ houses,” largely due 
to the fact that the majority of seats, being al fresco, were free ! 


NOTES ON A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN FRANCE IN 1910. $23 


But there were no fire-flies as I have seen them even higher up 
at St. Martin-Vésubie, and an extraordinary absence of Noctuids 
round the many electric lights. The restaurant of the hotel opened 
at the back upon an extremely Italian arcaded market-square, 
where three times a week a brisk business was done in silkworm 
cocoons, piled waist-high in primrose-coloured pyramids under 
the arches, and the gay umbrellas of the merchants. 

In the late sunlight a few Polygonia egea were still fanning 
their wings on the roadway. The Diptera of Pierrelatte were, 
however, pleasantly conspicuous by their absence, and I may 
add that never once in the whole of July did we suffer the 
torment and inconvenience which in normal seasons the collector 
in the Midi may not hope to escape. We counted no fewer than 
fifty species of butterflies next day—June 29th—on our first 
expedition, following up the well-wooded, bamboo-fringed stream 
which falls into the main river half a mile, perhaps, away across 
the Roman bridge on the left bank. Again we encountered isolated 
examples of P. egea, and there was a long torrid wall facing the 
sun which we presently found to be much affected by this hand- 
some ‘‘Comma.” Yet it is a very hard butterfly to catch, and 
after many years’ collecting I have still but a meagre series of 
decent specimens. 

Following the watercourse amid luscious scented brooms and 
tall green rushes, we found a few battered Melitea deione of the 
first brood, and evidently almost ended. Cenonympha arcania, 
in contradistinction to the Samoussy race, was but freshly 
emerged, while Hesperia sao, Thymelicus acteon, and T’. lineola 
were in the pink of condition. M. athalia, much lighter than 
those of the north, was also common, and most abundant of all 
Rusticus egon ; while of the other ‘‘ blues,” P. bellargus was nearly 
over, P. hylas, males and females superb, with equally resplendent 
P. escheri. And then the surprises began, Mr. Warren, who was 
in front, bidding me come and look at a wonderful Swallowtail 
which had fallen to his net. This was, of course, Papilio 
alexanor, though I could hardly believe my eyes; while a minute 
later I was busy with a perfectly fresh male example of Hpinephele 
pasiphaé, presently found to be one of the commonest butterflies 
on the wing—all the more remarkable because at Hyeres pasiphaé 
is an early May insect, and here were we on the threshold of 
July! After this I was prepared for anything in the way of true 
southern species, but still not for the two females of that loveliest 
of Lycenids, Lycena iolas, secured by Mr. Warren, nor for the 
single Polyommatus admetus var. rippertii, the only one met with 
in the Drome, which I took from a spike of lavender. 

Evidently LZ. iolas only wants looking for to turn up in a 
much wider area than it is now known to inhabit in France. 
Between its most northerly habitat in the well-known Sierre 
locality and the Colutea-clad slopes of Digne, the heaths of Aix- 

2c2 


324 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


en-Provence, and the hot hills of the Bouches-du-Rhone, there 
are plenty of likely spots still wholly unexplored. But it is evi- 
dently a species requiring meridional heat for successful develop- 
ment, and just as it has not yet been reported west of the Rhone, 
I fancy Nyons will be found essentially to be its ‘‘ furthest 
north” in this direction. And the same remark, no doubt, is 
applicable to P. var. rippertit, common enough in certain parts 
of the Basses-Alpes and the Alpes Maritimes, but hitherto 
reported by no collectors or writers west of the Durance Valley. 
Had we stayed on at Nyons later than we did, it is probable that 
we should have found it, the single male being obviously a pre- 
cocious emergence. That it should be absent from Lozere—a 
country in many aspects exactly reproducing tle eastern Rhone 
region—is also remarkable. Dr. Kane, I know, gives Lozere 
(‘ Handbook of European Butterflies,’ p.47), following Duponchel, 
who recorded a single female specimen from the Val d’Arriges 
Florac, or Berce, who incorporated Duponchel’s statement with- 
out investigation. But M. Oberthir, in his last volume of 
‘ Lépidoptérologie Comparée’ (fasc. iv. pp. 257-8), leaves us in no 
doubt that Duponchel was mistaken; while I myself have twice 
collected in the Cévennes, in this locality, and so has Mr. A. H. 
Jones, without coming across anything but the female of L. 
damon, so easily confounded in the cabinet with rippertu, but 
in the field occurring quite a fortnight later than the last laggard 
of that species. 

Another welcome capture was Cenonympha dorus, the males 
becoming commoner and commoner every day; Chrysophanus 
alciphron var. gordius was not rare; and Mr. Warren took an 
unexpected male of the female ab. midas, Lowe, with Cupido 
minimus. Survivals of the first brood of C. sebrus were also in 
evidence, with occasional isolated specimens of Carcharodus 
lavatere. Once or twice also a vision of Gonepteryx cleopatra 
greeted our eyes, and it was interesting to identify on the wing 
for the first time the much-discussed Pieris manni, now unani- 
mously ‘‘gazetted” to the rank of a true species. A few 
Limenitis camilla skimmed over the willows of the brook, where 
also Leptosia sinapis and male Celestrina argiolus moved restlessly 
from tree to tree. A fine light form of Pararge egeria haunted 
the shadier side of the valley, but by far the commonest butterfly 
on the wing was Melanargia galatea var. procida. Of these 
Mr. Warren took an interesting series, several individuals of 
which came as near to Ochsenheimer’s ab. galene as any French 
specimens I have examined.* Thecla ilicis swarmed on the 

** The tendency to local variation with this butterfly within extremely 
restricted areas is very curious. M. Postel (in litt.) tells me that M. galatea 
occurs throughout the department of the Somme, but at Mailly-Maillet he 
has never met with the typical female of Guenée, which is common enough 


on the cliffs of Tréport and Mesnile Val (towards Dieppe). ‘ The female of 
the Upper Somme is the ab. galene, Ochs., with all the intermediates.” 


NOTES ON A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN FRANCE IN 1910. 8235 


bramble-blossoms, and with them, worn and much less frequent, 
T’. acacie. 

To all appearances the weather had now settled, but in the 
‘night there was a change, and thenceforward the summer seemed 
to have taken wings. After a tremendous thunderstorm about 
ten o’clock next morning a walk up the Mirabel road revealed 
two broods of Polyommatus corydon overlapping, for we took very 
broken and old females flying with quite fresh male examples ; 
Nyons, no doubt, with Mont Ventoux, producing the gen. vernalis, 
of which so much information has been recently made available 
by Dr. T. A. Chapman (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909 and 1910), 
Dr. J. L. Reverdin, of Geneva, and Mr. J. W. Tutt. Flying 
about the low ivy-covered walls, H. pasiphaé was also not uncom- 
mon, but it is a short-lived insect, and before we left Nyons the 
females were already wasted. 

A French engineer, who happened to be in the hotel, having 
informed us that Papilio alexanor was flying on the hills above 
les Pilles, six kilometres higher up the river, and presented us 
with a match-box containing two hopelessly damaged yet still 
living males, we made this the objective of our walk on July Ist. 
But the weather was overcast, and the long dusty road yielded 
literally nothing beyond a few Pontia daplidice. Nor did we 
encounter alexanor at the spot indicated, and returning on the 
opposite bank of the Eygues by midday had taken nothing 
worth recording, except two beautifully fresh and _ strongly 
marked Anthrocera rhadamanthus, a fine southern Zygenid not 
met with again. But after lunch, finding ourselves back at the 
entrance to our valley of June 29th, we again ascended, and late 
in the day, on one of the many grassy footways for the use of 
the foresters through the hillside woods, Mr. Warren came upon 
what we afterwards found to be the headquarters of P. alexanor. 
Here on the white melilot and scented scabious-heads this beautiful 
butterfly occurred not infrequently with occasional C. lavatere and 
females of G. cleopatra, and Mr. Warren took a single example 
of the essentially southern Anthrocera lavandule ab. consobrina, 
Germ. A tuft of early-flowering lavender also provided the first 
perfect example of Lycena arion, while in the lower meadows a 
very fine bright form of Chrysophanus dorilis, with fresh Issoria 
lathonia and Melitea phebe, divided attention with several 
pretty specimens of M. galatea ab. leucomelas. The weather 
of July 8rd and 4th was entirely against collecting: cloud 
and wind and heavy thunder-rain, a long expedition in the 
hills to the north-west, returning by the cart-track, which is also 
for the most part the rough river-bed of a stream, past the 
tumble-down towers of Aubres, resulting in practically no cap- 
tures. A final visit to the alexanor ground on the 5th, under 
same conditions, being hardly more successful, we determined 


326 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


to change our ground again, and try the old familiar hunting- 
grounds of the Basses Alpes. 

Accordingly, on the 6th we packed up our things, and drove . 
to Serres in the Hautes-Alpes, some sixty-five kilometres to the 
east, the nearest point on the line from Grenoble to Digne, and, 
the morning being fine until about eleven o’clock, we spotted 
not a few alexanor on the precipitous cliffs and rough stony 
slopes which characterize the whole intervening country until 
the defiles of St. May, with its imposing ruins, are passed. By 
midday we had reached Rosans (Hautes-Alpes), and while wait- 
ing for déjeuner took advantage of a momentary gleam of sun to 
unfurl our nets. Hugonia polychloros was now observed, while a 
piece of rough ground near the village we found teeming with 
butterflies, principally a form of Hesperia alveus, Melitea phebe, 
M. didyma, and P. corydon. But we were not so fortunate as 
Dr. Vogt, of Paris, who followed us with M. Guerry, of Roanne, 
two days later, and took quite a number of the rarest of French 
Melanargias, M. iapygia var. cleanthe, not hitherto reported 
from the Hautes-Alpes, but apparently occurring throughout the 
hot uplands among the corn-tields, just as I found it some years 
since under precisely similar conditions on the arid Causse 
Méjean above Florac, in Lozére. From Rosans to Serres is but 
a matter of twenty-four kilometres, and collectors in search of 
cleanthe, who have hitherto failed to reach its other known head- 
quarters by reason of the difficult approach to the Montagne de 
Lure from Sisteron, would do well to make a halt at Serres 
on their way south, and spend a day or two at the homely 
Rosans inn, which provided us with an excellent repast, and 
seemed well adapted for not too-exacting pensionnaires. As far 
as I can gather there is also decidedly promising country for 
the entomologist all round Serres, which, like Nyons, is well 
within the line dividing the Midi from the north of France. 
Meanwhile, as the Drome appears to have received little atten- 
tion from lepidopterists, and the late M. Rouast, of Nyons, 
author of a ‘Catalogue des chenilles européenes connues,’ pub- 
lished at Lyons. in 1888, who lived some time at Nyons, left no 
record of his work in this particular locality, I venture to add 
in detail a list of all the butterflies observed by Mr. Warren 
and myself during our visit to the southern part of the depart- 
ment, June 28th to July 6th :— 


Hxsrerups.—Carcharodus lavatere, C.alcee; Hesperia alveus 
(Rosans), H. malve ; Pyrgus sao; Pamphila sylvanus ; Thymeli- 
cus acteon, T’. lineola, T’. flavus. 


LycaNnipmE.—Chrysophanus alciphron var. gordius (one ab. 
midas, male, taken by Mr. Warren, July 3rd); C. dorilis, C. 
phleas; Lycena arion, L. iolas; Cupido minimus, C. sebrus ; 
Nomiades semiargus ; Polyommatus admetus var. rippertu, P. 


NOTES ON A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN FRANCE IN 1910. 327 


corydon, P. bellargus, P. hylas, P. escheri, P. icarus, P. medon 
(astrarche), P. baton; Rusticus argus, R. argyrognomon ; Celes- 
trina argiolus ; Thecla ilicis, T. spini, T’. acacia. 


PapPrLionipm. — P. podalirius ab. zancleus, P. machaon, P. 
alexanor ; Aporia crategi; Pieris brassice, P. rape, P. manni 
(Mr. Warren informs me that all the ‘‘ whites ’’ brought home by 
him are referable to this species); Pontia daplidice ; Leptosia 
sinapis, and ab. erysimi; Colas hyale, C. edusa; Gonepteryx 
cleopatra. 


NympHaLip®.—Dryas paphia; Argynnis aglaia, A. adippe ; 
Issoria lathonia ; Melitea phebe (and Rosans), M. didyma, M. 
deione, M. athalia, M. parthenie (one) ; Pyrameis cardui, P. ata- 
lanta; Eugonia polychloros (and Rosans) ; Polygonia egea, P. 
c-album ; Limenitis camilla. 


Satyrip#.—Pararge mera var. adrasta, P. megera, P. egeria ; 
Satyrus hermione, S. alcyone, S. circe; Hipparchia semele ; 
Epinephele jurtina and var. hispulla, H. pasiphaé ; Cenonympha 
arcania, C.dorus, C. pamphilus ; Melanargia galatea var. procida, 
ab. leucomelas, ab. galaxera, Esp., and trs. ad ab. galene, Ochs., 
and M. iapygia var. cleanthe (Rosans, Dr. Vogt). 


Before concluding this paper I should like to draw the atten- 
tion of British “ travelling” collectors also to the possibilities of 
the country immediately south of our little area of occupation. 
From several of the higher hills in the vicinity we could see 
Mont Ventoux, the last ‘“‘alp” of any size west of the central 
chain; our French friends in a motor-car actually did a whole 
day’s collecting there from Nyons. During the past few years 
my friend Mr. Henry Brown, of Paris, has worked assiduously 
both on the northern and southern slopes of this extremely in- 
teresting mountain, which seems to combine the southern fauna 
of the plains with not a few of the butterflies associated with the 
higher Alps. At some future time I hope to deal exhaustively 
with the Rhopalocera of the beautiful, and entomologically 
fertile region, east of the Rhone valley, bounded on the north 
by the Isere and the Drac; on the south by the Verdon and the 
Durance. Meanwhile, it is an encouragement to closer investi- 
gation to know that Vaucluse maintains a butterfly fauna hardly 
less rich and varied than that of the Mediterranean littoral 
itself, for while the lower elevations yield such characteristic 
meridionals as Thais rumina var. medesicaste, Huchloé euphe- 
noides, Leptosia duponcheli, Libythea celtis, Nomiades melanops, 
and Lampides telicanus, on the mountain itself occur, besides 
Erebia epistygne, EH. scipio (at 1500 m.), EH. neoridas, EH. evias, 
and Parnassius apollo. 
(To be continued.) 


328 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE NUMBER OF LARVAL INSTARS OF CYANIRIS 
(LYCAINA) SHMIARGUS. 


By T. A. Cuapman, M.D. 


I oveut, perhaps, to say a word in elucidation of Mr. Fro- 
hawk’s paper in the ‘Entomologist’ for November (p. 805). Mr. 
Frohawk had a larger number of larve surviving in the spring 
than I had, so that the presumption is in favour of his being 
able to make more satisfactory observations, as I could not 
afford to take undue liberties with my examples. 

The discrepancy between us is not as to the autumnal his- 
tory, where, Mr. Frohawk very truly says, observation is often 
difficult—we agree that hybernation takes place in the third 
stage. If 1am in error, I missed a spring moult, which is not 
impossible, owing to my scanty material, though it is not out of 
place to say that this rendered me very unlikely to confound one 
specimen with another—and I kept a very close watch on my 
specimens. 

On the simple question whether Mr. Frohawk or I have 
fallen into error, I think the probabilities are in favour of the 
lapse having been on my part. Though variation in the number 
of moults is by no means uncommon in many Lepidoptera, I 
cannot remember any butterfly clearly proved so to vary, and, 
certainly so far as my experience goes, no Lycenid ; still, it is 
of course possible. 

That 1 am perchance right has a rather weak support from 
the fact that most Lycenids have five stages, not a few only 
four. I cannot at the moment remember one with six, but this 
is no reason why L. semiargus should not have six. 

There is, however, one very important point that convinces 
me that my observations are correct. It is one with which I 
did not supply Mr. Tutt; indeed, I fear I too often do not make 
my notes for his use so complete as they ought to be. 

This point is one I have worked out in a number of species, 
and always found it determine correctly any case of doubt like 
the present as tv number of moults. Whatever may be the case 
in such instances as Arctia caja, where the number of moults 
varies in different individuals to a great extent, apparently to 
meet various exigencies arising in hybernation, I find, wherever 
the number of moults is constant, that the size of the larval 
head after each moult shows a constant percentage of increase 
on that of the head in the preceding instar. 

Now, on looking up my preserved specimens of larve and 
larva-skins of L. semiargus, and measuring as closely as I can 
the heads at each stage that I have preserved, I find the following 
results. The measurements are from the base of the jaws to 
the vertex, as I found that this was the easiest measurement to 


ON THE VARIATIONS OF AGRION PUELLA. 329 


take on my specimens, having regard to the necessity that it 
should be the same as nearly as was possible in each specimen. 
From base of mandible to vertex :— 


In first instar 0°16 mm. In fourth instar 0°51 mm. 
» second ,, 0°24 mm. », fifth 3 0°81 mam. 
3 third) {fy °°OS6' mime 
(hybernating instar) 
If we assume that the increased size of the head at each moult 
in the case of L. semiargus is as 8 to 2 (fifty per cent.) in linear 
measure, we find we can construct a series thus :— 


First instar 0°16 mm. Fourth instar 0°54 mm. 
Second ,, 0°24 mm. Fifth ss) OFS mem. 
Third) «3, > O8S6imm: 


I certainly did not expect the actual measurements and the 
calculated ones to agree so closely; that, I think, is a matter of 
(fortunate) accident. There might have been considerable dis- 
erepancies, and yet the point to be shown would have remained 
equally clear. It is obvious that no further instar could be 
interpolated without entirely destroying the regular rate of 
erowth that obtains in all such cases. 

I don’t know whether Mr. Frohawk’s last paragraph is in- 
tended to suggest that error underlies most observations as to 
variations in the numbers of moults, notwithstanding his imme- 
diately preceding appreciation of Mr. Merrifield’s lecture ; if so, 
it is obvious that Mr. Frohawk’s work amongst the butterflies, 
where, I believe, his view would be, so far as I know, quite 
correct, should not lead him to generalize in the same sense ; 
anyone working only with Arctiids might plausibly assert that 
there are no fixed stages in lepidopterous larve. 


ON THE VARIATIONS OF AGRION PUELLA, Liyxy. 
(OpoNATA.) 


By F. W. & H. Campion. 


Tue colour characters of Agrion puella are, in both the sexes, 
subject to a considerable amount of variation, and most, but not 
all, of the aberrant markings which occur in the species impart 
to the individuals exhibiting them a more or less close resem- 
blance to the nearly related species A. pulchellum. The most 
striking resemblance of this description is borne by the varia- 
tions of the male and female which are numbered herein 3 and 
2 respectively. There can be little doubt that these two forms 
have been sometimes mistaken for the species which they 
simulate, and it may be remarked that both sexes of pulchellum 


330 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


tend to vary in the direction of puwella. But of course in all 
their disguises the two species can be readily identified by 
anatomical characters, such as the form of the posterior margin 
of the prothorax, and, in the male, the structure of the anal 
appendages. 

The following are the principal variations which have come 
to our notice :— 


MALE. 


Variation 1.—In discussing the female forms presently, we 
shall have occasion to mention a specimen in the De Selys- 
Longchamps Collection without antehumeral blue stripes; 
this aberration finds a parallel in the sex now under con- 
sideration in two very aberrant males which we took in Epping 
Forest on July 22nd, 1905, and which also lack antehumeral 
stripes. 

Variation 2.— Notwithstanding De Selys’ declaration con- 
cerning this and some other species that ‘‘la répartition du noir 
sur le premier segment est aussi trés-fixe et d’un grand secours 
pour la détermination,”’ we have found that the basal black spot 
on segment 1 of the abdomen is liable to some variation both as 
to shape and size. The posterior edge may be almost straight 
instead of rounded, and may touch the black ring at the apical 
suture at one or more points. 

Variation 8.—The U-shaped marking on the second segment 
may be connected with the posterior circlet, as in A. pulchellum. 
In the ‘Entomologist’ for 1906 (p. 278) we recorded the capture 
in Epping Forest in that year of four males exhibiting this 
variation, and in 1907 we took a similar male at Byfleet, Surrey 
(Entom. xl. p. 213), and another at Hartford, near Huntingdon 
(ib., p. 257). Mr. E. R. Speyer has been so good as to send us 
a fine example of the same description taken by himself in a 
Sussex locality on August 38rd, 1908. Furthermore, Mr. K. J. 
Morton is kind enough to inform us that he possesses a male 
of puella from Austria with the second segment marked as in 
pulchellum, or rather as in A. ornatum. It appears from a foot- 
note on pages 165 and 166 of De Selys’ Monog. Libell. Hur. 
that Fonscolombe had lately reported a variety of this kind from 
Provence, but that De Selys was unacquainted with it, and was 
not prepared to accept the correctness of Fonscolombe’s identi- 
fication without further investigation. 

In Mr. Speyer’s Sussex specimen the connecting longitudinal 
black line is as strongly marked as it is in normal pulchellum, 
but in most of the other examples which we have examined the 
connection has been slender, and has exactly corresponded with 
a condition not infrequently occurring in pulchellum, in which 
species the connection varies considerably in strength, and may 
be wanting altogether. 


ON THE VARIATIONS OF AGRION PUELLA. 301 


The variations in the shape of the spot on the second seg- 
ment, numbered 4, 5, and 6, are represented in the De Selys 
Collection, at Brussels, and the specimens are labelled ‘‘ Lch.,”’ 
no doubt an abbreviation of Longchamps, the name of De Selys’ 
home near Liége. Variations 4 and 5 are also figured by De 
Selys in Bull. Acad. Brux. x. (2) p. 162, fig. 3 (1843). 

Variation 4.—Sometimes the lateral branches of the spot are 
entirely separated from the transverse line; this modification 
resembles the spot in A. lunulatum, male, and also in an 
analogous variation of A. hastulatum. Another specimen of this 
variety was taken by Mr. H. J. Watts at Lechlade, Gloucester- 
shire, on June 15th, 1910, and is now, through the courtesy oi 
Mr. Watts, in our own collection. 

Variation 5.—More rarely the transverse line is strongly 
interrupted in the middle, and the spot then consists of two 
distinct portions. 

Variation 6.—Again, the transverse line may carry a third 
branch, lying in the median position between the usual lateral 
branches ; the spot is then converted into a trident. A male 
taken by ourselves in Epping Forest on July 14th, 1901 (Entom. 
1902, p. 87), exhibits a similar variation, as well as other 
abnormalities, but in that specimen the trident-mark is neither 
so clear nor so symmetrical as it is in De Selys’ beautiful 
example. 

Variation 7.—The figure of Charpentier’s Agrion furcatum, 
male (=A. puella, Linn.), in ‘ Libelluline HKuropee’ (pl. xl.), 
shows the U spot connected with the posterior circlet by two 
widely separated curved lines. It is true that in this respect 
the figure is in conflict with the description—‘‘ |[Segmentum|} 
secundum macula furciformi, cum margine postico nusyuam 
coherente”’ (p. 158)—and that De Selys characterized it as 
‘‘inexacte,” but we have at least two males agreeing fairly well 
with the figure. 

Variation 8.—The proportions of blue and black in the 
coloration of segment 6 vary a good deal, and the segment may 
be mostly blue or mostly black. 

Variation 9.—The petasus-like black spot on segment 9 
occasionally undergoes a good deal of change in shape and size ; 
sometimes, for example, it may nearly cover the entire segment, 
and at other times it may be represented merely by a pair of 
separate lateral comma-like marks. 

Cases are not infrequent in which supernumerary black dots 
and lines, irregular in outline and position, appear upon various 
parts of the abdomen. Such markings seem to be of a more 
accidental character than the variations previously considered, 
and may be so numerous as to cause a more or less general 
blackening of the insect, as in the cases recorded by us in 
Entom. 1909, p. 294. 


332 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


FEMALE. 

Variation 1.—As we have said already, tlhe De Selys Collec- 
tion contains a remarkable female, in which the antehumeral 
stripes on the thorax are practically obsolete. According to the 
labels attached to it, the specimen is unique, and was taken at 
Dolhain, in Belgium. The aberration is thus described by De 
Selys:—‘‘ J’ai pris une seule fois une curieuse aberration, chez 
laquelle les deux bandes jaunes antéhumérales étaient oblitérées, 
réduites a une petite tache basale au bord mésothoracique ” 
(Bull. Acad. Belg. (2) xli. p. 1259, 1876). 

We have a single female in which the antehumeral stripes 
are present, but interrupted as in normal pulchellum. The 
specimen was taken at Staines on May 22nd, 1910, at a pond 
yielding both puella and pulchellum, but we refer it to the former 
species by reason of the shape of the prothorax. 

Variation 2.—A pair of conspicuous cuneiform green or blue 
spots may occur on abdominal segments 8, 4, 5, and 6; smaller 
spots of the like kind may be repeated on segment 7, and some- 
times on segment 8. The normal thistle-spot on the second 
segment is not infrequently replaced by a mercury-spot. One 
of the descriptions of this variety written by De Selys is in the 
following terms :— 

‘La répartition du bronzé sur l’abdomen est aussi sujette a 
une variation analogue a ce qui existe chez le pulchellum, avec 
cette différence que, la variété la plus commune chez le pul- 
chellum est la plus rare chez la puella. Voici Vindication du 
dessin chez un individu ou il s’écarte le plus de la femelle type 
que j'ai décrite plus haut: 2° segment bleu, avec une tache 
trifide en avant bronzée (dans le genre de celle du male de 
YA. mercuriale) touchant le bord postérieur; 3°, 4°, 5° et 6° seg- 
ments, avec une tache dorsale, basale, bleue, bifide en arriére, 
occupant le quart ou le tiers du segment. Le 8° avec une tache 
semblable occupant sa moitié antérieure et le bord postérieur de 
méme couleur.—Ces taches peuvent étre vertes, blanchatres ou 
aunatres’’ (Rev. Odon. p. 202). 

A specimen preserved in the British Museum Collection 
carries three labels, as follows:—‘‘ Agr. puella var. ? annu- 
latum,” “‘ , $$,” and “369.” The first is a large oblong label 
in De Selys’ own handwriting, but the others are printed labels, 
and reference to the Museum Register shows that the specimen 
is a Belgian one and was presented by De Selys, with other 
dragonflies, late in 1846. So far as we can ascertain, the name 
annulatum was never published, and it is possible that De Selys 
refrained from doing so in consequence of the varying extent to 
which different individuals of the variety approximate towards 
pulchellum. 

The variety cannot be accounted a rare one. In addition to 
taking it in Epping Forest in 1904, 1908, and 1909, and in 


ON THE VARIATIONS OF AGRION PUELLA. 338 


Huntingdonshire in 1907, we have seen specimens from Sutton 
(Mr. W. J. Lucas, 1896), and Ockham Common (Mr. Lucas, 
June 28rd, 1900), Surrey; from Staines, Middlesex (Mr. H. J. 
Watts, June 13th, 1909); and from Hever, Kent (Mr. G. Meade- 
Waldo, June 18th, 1910). 

The cuneiform spots are always present on segments 38 to 6; 
they are often repeated in an abbreviated form on segment 7, 
and occasionally on segment 8 also. When the spots extend 
from segments 38 to 8, as they do in the De Selys specimen, the 
two examples in Mr. Lucas’ collection, and the specimen received 
from Mr. Meade-Waldo, the normal condition subsisting in the 
corresponding form of pulchellum, female, is exactly reproduced. 

In some examples of the variety the cuneiform spots are 
green, whereas in other examples they are blue. It is not quite 
clear whether one colour passes into the other in time, or 
whether, as we are inclined to think is the fact, the green or the 
blue, as the case may be, remains unchanged throughout the 
life of the insect. We have never met with an individual whose 
coloration was of a transitional character, and we possess both a 
green-spotted specimen and a blue-spotted specimen which are 
so fully matured that the supposition that any future change of 
coloration might have taken place in those particular instances 
seems to be excluded. As to the dates of occurrence, we have 
so far taken green-spotted females in the month of July only, 
but our captures of blue-spotted females have ranged from 
June 21st (1908) to August 22nd (1909), and have therefore 
been earlier as well as later in the year than our captures of the 
green females; it has been already mentioned that the Hever 
female, which is also blue, was taken on June 18th (1910). 

The superficial resemblance of this insect to one of the forms 
of pulchellum, female, is at all times very close. But when, as 
sometimes happens in the same individual, a mercury-spot is 
present on segment 2 and the cuneiform spots reach to the 
eighth segment, that resemblance is so much enhanced that it 
constitutes a very fertile source of confusion. Curiously enough, 
however, Stephens mistook the variety for Agrion hastulatum, 
as we learn from a specimen in the British Museum labelled 
‘* hastulatum, Charp.,’’ and taken from his collection. 

Now and again females of puella are found with the normal 
green ground colour replaced by blue on the anterior parts of 
the body, such as the postocular spots, the thorax, and the basal 
segments of the abdomen. Cases of this description, however, 
cannot be regarded as varieties, and the females of several other 
species of Odonata are apt to assume the andromorphic dress, 
especially in advanced life. 


58, Ranelagh Road, Ealing, W. 


334 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITAA. 


By Rev. Grorce WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 262.) 


Tuer information at my disposal with regard to the earlier 
stages of this group is so fragmentary that I hardly know whether 
it is worth offering ; still, so far as it goes, it may help towards 
the elucidation of some doubtful points. There are but two 
species with the eggs of which I am acquainted, parthenie and 
aureia. Hxcellent photographs of them were made by Mr. 
Tonge from ova laid in captivity which I sent to him. Those of 
parthenie are very noticeably larger than those of aurelia; the 
latter are laid more apart from each other, and consequently 
retain the regularity of their shape much more fully than the 
former. Both are somewhat lemon-shaped, the micropylar end 
being smaller than the base, and have a very slight sculpturing 
of longitudinal lines. Mr. Tonge also photographed some eggs, 
obtained by dissection from Reazzino britomartis, but they were 
so dried up that very little can be made out from them. They 
are of course of the same general shape, and in size seem to 
come between the other two; there appears also to be a greater 
difference in size between the micropylar and basal ends. 

With regard to the larve, I should have liked’to use Buckler’s 
description of the larva of athalia as a standard of comparison, 
but as the expressions used for the positions of the spines do not 
all seem quite suitable, and as moreover the segments are not 
named in accordance with the usual practice, and one or two 
other points appear not quite satisfactory, I have modified this 
description somewhat, and shall call attention to any differences 
other than those of nomenclature. He says that the full-grown 
larva is about an inch in length and moderately stout. The head 
is indented on the crown, widest at the sides near the mouth, 
and rather flattened in front; the body is thickly covered with 
obtuse conical spines to the number of one hundred and thirteen, 
arranged as follows: there are eleven rows of spines on the first 
seven abdominal segments, one dorsal, two subdorsal, two supra- 
spiracular, two sub-spiracular, and four (or two double) ventral. 
The prothorax, he says, bears only two spines on each side—the 
two lowest—-but this is not, strictly speaking, the case; only the 
dorsal is really absent, the remaining six being placed close 
together in the middle of the segment, but all quite distinctly 
visible with a lens (these six of course are not included in the 
total of one hundred and thirteen) ; the dorsal spine is absent on 
the meso- and metathorax, and on the latter the upper ventral 
pair are also represented. The eighth abdominal he describes 
as bearing ten spines, the lateral (i.e. upper ventral) pair being 
absent and the dorsal being doubled, one being placed in front of 


THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITAA. 385 


the other; whilst on the ninth abdominal, he says, there are four 
spines, two on each side, in a line with the supra-spiracular row. 
It would, I believe, be more exact to say that the eighth abdomi- 
nal bears nine spines, the lower ventral pair being absent and the 
dorsal being placed far forward on the segment—that the ninth 
bears three, viz. the supra-spiracular pair and the dorsal, the 
latter again being on the very front of the segment, and the 
tenth abdominal bearing the supra-spiracular pair only. With 
these modifications the description so far would apply equally 
well to the larvee of parthenie and aurelia, except that the central 
rows of spines are much less developed in the former on the 
prothorax, better developed in the latter ; in parthenie also the 
upper ventral pair are very slightly represented, and the lower 
ventral absent on the metathorax. I find also in my notes made 
from the living larve that in parthenie the supra-spiracular and 
in aurelia the sub-spiracular pair are present on the ninth abdo- 
minal, but as there is no spiracle on this segment this merely 
means that the pair present are placed somewhat higher in the 
former than in the latter. ‘Of all these spines,” says Buckler 
of athalia, and it would be equally true of parthenie and aurelia, 
“‘those in the two lowest rows are the most slender and the 
smallest, and those in the subdorsal rows are rather the largest.”’ 
With regard to colour, he continues :—‘‘ The ground colour of 
the back is black, becoming gradually blackish olive on the sides, 
the belly olive-brown, the anal flap and also the segmental 
divisions olive ; all the skin is thickly covered with whitish spots 
that are very slightly raised, giving it a tessellated appearance, 
except that a dorsal stripe of the black ground is left.” This 
latter is not conspicuous. ‘‘ There is a lateral series of three 
large irregular spots on each segment below the spiracles, which 
almost forms a broadish longitudinal stripe.’’ These spots are 
not raised like the small ones, and would, I think, have been 
better described as a rather broad, irregular, whitish stripe 
below the spiracles. ‘‘ The head is black, with a transverse 
whitish stripe just above the mouth, and a group of whitish 
spots on the crown of each lobe, which, as does the rest of the 
head, emit fine black bristly hairs; on the front of the prothorax 
is a narrow, raised, semi-circular plate of greyish flesh-colour, 
also emitting black bristly hairs; the colour of the spines of the 
dorsal and subdorsal rows is orange-ochreous, growing whitish 
at the tip, and of the dorsal row also rather pale at the base; 
those of the supra-spiracular row are of a paler ochreous tint, 
with more of their tips whitish; all the spines are thickly set 
with straight, short, pointed black bristles at an acute angle, 
and, for the most part, each white spot on the body emits a fine, 
short black hair ; the spiracles are black, ringed with whitish ; 
the anterior legs black, the ventral prolegs of a pellucid drab 
colour, tipped with darker drab hooks.”’ 


336 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The following notes on larve I took from living specimens in 
my own possession :— 


Aurelia.—Larve found at Sion, April 25th, in the middle of 
plantain-leaves, only one being found beneath. General appear- 
ance grey with white spines, apparently set on yellow-brown 
lines; rather closely resembling fallen alder-catkins. Seen 
through lens, the ground colour is shown to be black, thickly 
studded with white dots in transverse lines. There are eleven 
transverse rows of short spines or papille, the five central 
yellowish brown at the base, all being very white at the tips, the 
two lowest on each side white throughout. The five central 
rows have many black sete pointing upwards, the sub-spiracular 
(which is placed on a white line) has the black sete# spreading 
out laterally. The double ventral row is much smaller, with few 
hairs. The arrangement of the spines is, except as described 
above, the same as in Buckler’s description of the larva of 
athalia. Spiracles black surrounded by white. Head shiny, 
black with white dots. True legs black and shiny. Prolegs white, 
with slight greenish tinge. Head and prothorax retractile. 

First went up April 27th ; found as pupa (fallen) April 30th. 

Parthenie.—Larve found at Charpigny, April 29th, on plan- 
tain-leaves, not disposed like aurelia to eat out the middle of the 
plant, but more frequently found on the edges or under the leaves. 
General appearance darker, brighter, and rather larger, also 
with browner spines than the aurelia larve from Sion. Spines 
arranged as in athalia, with the exceptions mentioned above. 
The white lateral line is less visible than in awrelia, and is 
succeeded beneath by a purplish-chocolate band, more or less 
broken, which is much less visible in aurelia. The larva is not 
unlike the last year’s seeds of the plantain. 

First went up April 29th, one on May Ist, two more on the 
2nd, &e. 

Dictynna.—Larva found at Caux, June 8rd. General appear- 
ance grey, with yellow-brown spines. Through lens, black 
ground with much white in spots and streaks. Spines yellow- 
brown to tip, which is just touched with white. Prolegs light 
semi-transparent greenish, hooks black. Legs black. Head 
black, with only a few white spots on the top, and a white 
streak above the mouth. Spines, as usual, in eleven rows. Only 
double ventral and slight indication of central* rows on pro- 
thorax; dorsal and sub-spiracular rows absent on meso- and 
metathorax, and the upper ventral truncated, especially on the 
latter. The long pair on the tenth abdominal appear to be the 
upper ventral. Otherwise as in athalia. The ventral pairs, 
especially the lower, much whiter than the other spines. 

Full-fed larva of var. berisalensis, received from Wullschlegel, 


* This does not include, I think, anything to represent the dorsal row. 


SOME AFRICAN BEES OF THE GENUS ANTHOPHORA. 387 


May 17th. General appearance darker than parthenie ; spines 
more orange. Through lens, the double row of ventral spines 
larger and more closely covered with sete than aurelia or par- 
shenie. No white line at the sides. Abdominal prolegs whitish 
with black hooks. White spots on body fewer and smaller than 
in the other species. Dorsal row of spines very noticeably 
smaller than the two rows on each side of it. Spiracles large 
and black, narrowly ringed with leaden grey. Not much white 
on head. Prothorax, double ventral spine and sete of central 
rows present. On meso- and metathorax the double ventral row 
has the lower spine rudimentary and placed before the other. 
Dorsal spine absent. The former has a fairly well-developed, 
the latter a rudimentary, sub-spiracular. Spines whitish orange, 
and placed on rather brighter orange patches, the tips of the 
spines only being whitish; the two ventral rows are, how- 
ever, white throughout. Sur-anal flap semi-transparent dark 
grey; anal prolegs the same colour, with whitish band above 
black hooks. 
First larva pupated May 17th. 


(To be continued.) 


SOME AFRICAN BEES OF THE GENUS 
ANTHOPHORA. 


By T. D. A. CockERELL. 


Tue Ethiopian region is very rich in the swift-flying bees 
with banded abdomen, belonging to the group of Anthophora 
which Friese has named Amegilla. The typical member of this 
series, A. quadrifusciata, Villers, is very widely distributed, from 
Germany to South Africa. There are, however, very numerous 
closely allied forms of local distribution, which probably are 
adapted to different genera of tropical plants. In the north 
A. quadrifasciata and the related A. albigena are especially found 
at flowers of Anchusa, while another member of the group, 
A. salvia, is said to regularly visit Salvia. Some day, no doubt, 
observations of this sort will be made on the many tropical 
species, but at present all that students of bees can do is to 
describe the insects as they occur in museums, leaving the more 
interesting work of elucidating their natural history to others 
and to the future. The material on which this paper is based is 
in the British Museum. 


Anthophora medicorum, n. sp. 


?. Length about 11 mm., expanse 20; mandibles (except apex), 
labrum (except a dusky spot in each upper corner) and clypeus 
(except a large quadrate black area on each side above) pale ochery 


WNTOM.—DECEMBER, 1910. 2D 


338 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


yellow ; a very broadly triangular supraclypeal mark of same colour ; 
scape ferruginous, mainly pale yellowish in front; flagellum ferru- 
ginous above and below ; third antennal joint about or almost as long 
as the next three together, fourth very short ; hair of head and thorax 
above very pale fulvous, with black intermixed; abdominal bands 
broad and very distinct, dull greyish white with a creamy tint; apex 
of fifth segment broadly tufted with dark fuscous hair; tegule clear 
rufofulvous; wings slightly dusky, stigma obsolete, nervures dark 
rufofuscous ; hair of front legs white; of middle pair black on under 
side of femora and tibiz, white on outer side of tibiz, brown-black on 
tarsi, except the basal two-thirds of basitarsus on outer side, where 
it is white; hind legs with hair black, white on knees, posterior side 
of tibize (except a ferruginous stain below knee-plate), and tuft on base 
of basitarsus. Runs in Friese’s table of Palearctic species to A. albi- 
gena, to which it is closely allied, differing by the redder tint of the 
thoracic hair; the very much greater amount of yellow on clypeus ; 
the lower edge of clypeus narrowly brown, but not black; the interval 
between clypeus and eyes yellow throughout; and the red antenne. 
The colour and arrangement of the hair on the hind legs is about the 
same in both. From A. quadrifasciata it is easily known by having 
the area between clypeus and eyes yellow, the antenne red, &c. From 
A. circulata (Fabr.), which it much resembles, it differs by the nar- 
rower face, the light ochre-yellow eyes, and the much shorter third 
antennal joint. From A. calens, Lep., it differs by the broader and 
much whiter abdominal bands, &c. 


Hab. Bohotle, Somaliland, 1903 (Vety.-Major A. F. Apple- 
ton). This has the aspect of a desert insect. 


Anthophora zombana, n. sp. 


?. Length about 12 mm., expanse 19; base of mandibles, 
labrum, and clypeus a sort of pinkish white, the clypeus with a pair 
of small brownish spots above, but otherwise unmarked ; mandibles 
dark red in middle, and beyond that most of the outer side straw- 
yellow; supraclypeal mark a narrow band; no lateral face-marks ; 
antenne dark, flagellum very obscurely reddish beneath, especially 
at apex; hair of head and thorax above, including face above clypeus, 
brilliant orange fulvous, mixed with black on thorax; beneath the 
hair is white as usual; tegule clear rufotestaceous ; wings dusky, 
nervures piceous ; hair of femora pale, but that of middle and hind 
tibiee and tarsi black, except a very narrow line of white along hind 
edge of hind tibiz ; abdominal bands distinct but dullish, the first 
two or three orange fulvous, the fourth, and third at sides, purplish 
white ; sides of fifth segment with white hair. This would be taken 
at first sight for A. quadrifasciata, but it is easily known by the light 
clypeus and the black hair of hind tibiz and tarsi. The closest affinity 
seems to be with A. negritarsis, Friese, but it is larger than that, and 
has the colour of the legs differently distributed. The labrum is 
coarsely rugose, and the third antennal joint is about as long as the 
following three together. The eyes are grey-purple. 


Hab. Zomba, British Central Africa, April, 1906 (J. E. 5S. 
Old). 


COMPARATIVE NOTES ON V. URTICH, ETC. 339 


Anthophora leucophora, n. sp. 


$. Length about 15 mm., expanse about 24; hair of head and 
thorax coloured as in A. zombana ; hair-band on first abdominal seg- 
ment narrow and fulvous; segments two to four with very well- 
marked white hair-bands (not so broad as in A. medicorum), strongly 
contrasting with the black background ; wings dilute fuliginous, about 
as in A. basalis, Sm.; anterior femora and tibiz with much fulvous 
hair behind, and their tarsi on outer side covered with the same hair, 
otherwise the hair of the legs is black (a little pale along hind margin 
of middle tibiz), including all of posterior tibiee and tarsi. Basal half 
of mandibles, labrum, lateral face-marks (filling space between clypeus 
and eyes), clypeus (except two very large black areas, leaving a 
dagger-shaped central light band), and a very low supraclypeal tri- 
angle, all brownish or pinkish white, the lower margin of clypeus 
narrowly ferruginous ; scape rather stout, with a large white mark in 
front ; flagellum black, very faintly reddish beneath; third antennal 
joint about as long as the next three together, the fourth very short ; 
mesothorax densely punctured ; tegulze ferruginous; apex of abdomen 
broadly shallowly emarginate. 

Var. a. Clypeal marks reduced, emarginate below; posterior 
tibiz with a patch of fulvous hair on middle of outer side, and a 
small white apical tuft. 

Hab. YGomba, British Central Africa, April, 1906 (J. E. S. 
Old). This cannot be the male of A. zombana, for not only is it 
much larger, with differently coloured abdominal bands, but 
there is a difference in the venation. The third submarginal 
cell is very broad below, and conspicuously narrower above, 
whereas in A. zombana it is broader above than below. Super- 
ficially, A. leucophora looks exactly like A. quadrifasciata from 
Oran, but the dark clypeal marks, much more slender third 
antennal joint, and colour of hair on hind tibie readily dis- 
tinguish it. 


COMPARATIVE NOTES ON V. URTICA, L., var. 
ICHNUSA, Bon., AND var. TURCICA, Stanp. IS 
V. URTICA, L., THE “REDDEST” FORM AMONG 
ALL THE “TORTOISESHELL” VANESSIDA ? 


By T. Reuss. 
(Concluded from p. 281.) 


THE var. turcica* is, on the other hand, often most faithfully 
pictured in a single aberrative specimen of urtice, the form 
often emerging under normal external conditions; and if only 
the upper side is considered, this aberration is perhaps a little 
more frequent in England than in Central Europe, but the 


* Considered as a local race, variable in itself. 


2n2 


‘340 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


under side of British specimens is often too black.* The extreme 
form of var. turcica, with almost obsolete inner marginal spot 
and puncta, also appears in aberrations of V. urtice, but only 
under the influence of high temperature or of strong contrasts 
of temperature, and not every brood of V. urtice larve will 
produce it, the influence of temperature often not being suffi- 
cient to overcome possible hereditary tendencies in another 
direction. 

The ‘‘tawny”’ appearance of var. turcica is produced by the 
darkening of the yellow spots with orange; in addition, this 
form has a brownish tinge in the ground colour, which, however, 
also appears often in the ground colour of specimens of northern 
V. urtice. This browning of the ground colour must not be 
confounded with the yellowish colouring often produced by less 
favourable temperature conditions abnormally retarding the 
larval and pupal period, or with the dulling of the ground colour 
caused by extreme conditions; compare var. polaris, Stdgr., 
always assuming that under this name specimens from Northern 
Europe are understood, which among themselves may vary con- 
siderably,t and specimens of var. turcica from Syria may also be 
compared, as often showing the effects of extreme conditions of 
another kind. 

In this connection it is also necessary to remember that an 
upper side facies like that of turcica, with the yellow parts 
almost obsolete and changed to the ground colour, appears as 
an atavism, as is shown by the developing wing in every pupa 
of urtice, in which the yellow spots are at first not differentiated 
from the ground colour. 

Fiery specimens of urtice, such as ab. ignea, Rynr., are very 
different from the southern varieties; but I do not wish to imply 
that ichnusa and turcica might not also develop red aberrations 
under suitable conditions. I would note, however, that V. urtice 
from Persia seems also to be distinguishable by a warmer 
coloured yellow-brown under side and a very clear orange-golden 
upper side with somewhat reduced black and yellow markings 
(var. persica), so that, generally, these southern forms appear 
less red—but more brilliant from a greater unbroken expanse of 
colour—than their northern kindred. The actual colowr seems 
to be least different from V. urtice of Central Europe in var. 
ichnusa; but to the eye the difference is greatest just in this 
variety, which, by the character of its facial detail, again invites 
two questions which have arisen before: Is ichnusa an insular 
‘relic’? ? May it claim specific rank ? 


** Also specimens from the western parts of continental Kurope seem to 
exhibit the black under side facies oftener than specimens from more eastern 
parts. In Tuscany the brown form is already the most common, if I may 
trust my experience. 

+ To me the var. connexa of Japan has little to do with the var. polaris. 


COMPARATIVE NOTES ON V. URTICH, ETC. 341 


Aberration in urtice, type, shows that ichnusa is much more 
than merely a climatical variety—like, for instance, turcica, 
persica, polaris—and forms of urtice with small or obsolete 
puncta or inner marginal spot can scarcely be considered to be 
ichnusa if the spots are not also displaced, as in ichnusa also 
the ground colour of urtice must not be changed in such forms, 
for it is already ichnusa-form in all normal bright specimens ; 
instead, a spread of the ground colour would be wanted, and in 
addition a spread also of the basal suffusion. And this, as has 
already been shown, isnotall. Still other alterations of the facies 
would be needed before it could be said that an aberration of urtice 
deserved—by its facies—the name of the Corsican form zehnusa. 
Thus the description of ichnusa quoted by Mr. Raynor in the Ent. 
Rec. pt. 1, 1909, ‘‘ Variation of V. urtice,” was quite insufficient 
to characterize this form, and if he based the statement upon it 
that ichnusa had appeared in England (made on page 7), then 
perhaps it would be found that the specimens Mr. Raynor 
referred to were only in some ways ichnusa-form, but were 
perhaps more like turcica, for reasons already dealt with. 

No doubt the var. turcica is ichnusa-form, at least in the 
spread of the ground colour. This “‘all-orange”’ facies appears 
occasionally by aberration in urtice under almost all kinds of 
external conditions of development; most easily, however, does 
it show itself after development (both larval and pupal) has 
taken place in a low, contrastless temperature. This colouring 
is no doubt atavic, as already noted. And also, from other 
facial details, it seems that ichnusa and turcica represent old 
forms, while urtice is comparatively progressive, so that its only 
excuse for posing as the ‘“‘type” rests with the fact that it is 
the most common and widely distributed modern form among 
its kindred. The resemblance noticeable in ichnusa, female, to 
the atavic V. io ab. fischeri* gives evidence of atavic features 
retained in the facies by ichnusa. It may also be not without 
interest to note that, whereas shadowy median puncta appear in 
male ichnusa, but are absent in the female, the reverse is the 
case in the American milberti. This species, which is usually 
without puncta, shows traces of them first in the female speci- 
mens, and in these they appear in the same relative position as 
in urtice. When comparing the position of the puncta in other 
‘‘tortoiseshell’’ Vanesside, one finds that the variable levana 
shows these markings in almost every possible form of variation, 
as they are found in other Araschnids and in some Pyrameids, 


* In antea, vol. xlii. pt. 12, p. 311, I figured V. zo ab. fischert together 
with two forms of V. io common in the field. In the accompanying text I 
had suggested that each of the latter forms was mainly dependent on certain 
conditions of temperature. Having satisfied myself of the truth of this by 
suitably conducted experiments on ova, larva, and pupa, I will now name the 
spotted form, fig. 2, ab. mesoides, and the banded form, fig. 3, ab. teloides. 


342 {HE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


but also as in ichnusa and as in urtice; and usually the ichnusa- 
form puncta are found in the female. 

The Grapta-species also in their female forms show the puncta 
mostly in the same position as in ichnusa. These species, with 
their ‘‘ four puncta,” are of special interest, one puncta coin- 
ciding with the ‘‘nota”’ of ichnusa-urtice, the fourth near the 
costa reminding of the projection to the second costal blotch of 
V. io, which helps to round off the ocellus in that species. I 
have found this fourth spot to occur separately in urtice-aber- 
rations. Polygonia-species show the puncta too near the 
margin to be quite ichnusa-form, but the puncta are placed 
in the same slanting position as in ichnusa, those in the many 
forms of c-album approaching nearest to the corresponding 
markings in Grapta-species. The puncta of Hugonia polychloros, 
of canthomelas, and of L. album are quite urtice-form ; only the 
puncta in californica, together with the small inner marginal 
spot, remind of the markings in ichnusa. The interesting 
yellowish and black basal suffusion in ichnusa can be found 
developed to a similar degree in L. album, and is also fairly well 
marked in californica; it is less conspicuous in normal poly- 
chloros, and still less apparent in xanthomelas, in which species 
it resembles more a darkening of the ground colour, and this is 
also the case in the Grapta-species. The forms of Polygonia 
usually exhibit a very clear basal area, but c-album is an excep- 
tion, and occasionally shows the black and yellowish basal 
suffusion very strongly. In A. levana the basal upper side parts 
show up the under side markings—a yellowish ring, which is 
black in the under side of V. urtice; the general yellowish basal 
suffusion is almost wanting, thus leaving the base black. This 
black basal colouring, which is very variable in extent, turns up 
also in aberrations of V. urtice (ab. basi-nigra). As regards the 
marginal developments in the ‘‘ tortoiseshell’’ Vanessids, most 
of these also are suggested by the facies of A. levana and its 
many forms. 

Thus the outer margin will be found to be dark, unmarked 
(as in V. io, ichnusa female, xanthomelas), but with a white border 
fringe in levana; or usually the margin will be of the ground 
colour, marked by a dark line, as in most forms; or occasionally 
almost wholly of the ground colour. The ‘“lunules” either 
appear as separate black spots or form a continuous black (or 
brown) band—for instance, in species of Grapta (brown mark- 
ings), Polygonia (brown, brown-black), Hugonia; or they are 
marked by straight or irregular blue lines (only in the hind 
wings as in other Araschnids, in normal E. polychloros, xantho- 
melas); or they appear as well-defined blue lunules in both 
wings (or only in the hind wings), as in urtice and many of its 
local forms. By aberration, specimens of xanthomelas from 
Asia (Amur, Tianschan) occur with yellowish grey outer mar- 


NOTE ON OVUM AND YOUNG LARVA OF SCOPARIA MURANA. 9843 


gins (ab. griseomarginata, parallel to V. urtice ab. griseomargi- 
nata), which look strikingly antiopa-form.* 

No marginal markings in a “ normal”’ tortoiseshell Vanessid 
approach nearer to those in JV. io ab. fischeri than the markings 
in female ichnusa. 

Comparing, now, the ground colour of all the tortoiseshell 
Vanessids, it becomes apparent that various shades of more or 
less brilliant yellow-brown, sometimes orange or golden in tint, 
are common to them all, including V. urtice and its related 
varieties; but that V. urtice differs from all the other forms by its 
marked tendency to develop a reddish and even a red ground colour 
at slight inducement. Even the finest, most brilliant examples 
of xanthomelas from Japan (large) or from Switzerland (smaller), 
which I have, are rich yellow-brown, not red-brown in colour, 
and the same is the case with E. polychloros var. erythromelas 
(Algiers). Comparison with reddish specimens of V’. urtice (for 
which I suggest the name var. igneaformis, as the extreme ab. 
ignea, Rynr., is either extremely rare or unknown even in the 
field) quickly dispels any possible doubt. I do not wish to imply, 
however, that red forms are quite impossible in the other species 
as exceptional aberrations, though I have so far not been able 
to find any tendency to red in their ground colour. And it is 
not without interest, perhaps, to note that the ‘“‘ brown” xantho- 
melas seems facially related to the ‘‘ brown” antiopa, much as 
the “‘red”’ urtice is related to the ‘‘red”’ V. io. 


A NOTE ON THE OVUM AND YOUNG LARVA OF 
SCOPARIA MURANA. 


By Aurrep Sicu, F.E.S. 


In July, 1909, Mr. South kindly handed me some ova of 
Scoparia murana, laid by a moth he had taken at Bishop Auck- 
land on the 15th of that month. They were laid in groups of 
three to five and some singly, not very firmly attached. From 
the manner in which some of the eggs were laid round a 
puncture in the lid of the box, I should imagine that in nature 


* The peculiar facies of Huvanessa antiopa, like that of V. io, is de- 
veloped from the ‘‘tortoiseshell” facies, as was shown by Prof. Standfuss in 
his ‘ Handbook of Palearctic Macro-Lepidoptera,’ with the help of an excel- 
lent atavic aberration of antiopa (figured pl. vil. fig. 3), showing traces of the 
median puncta on the fore wings, and of the orange-brown ground colour; 
also the specimen exhibited a narrow grey margin. The ground colour of 
antiopa may be called a deep rich brown tinged with violet, that of to a rich 
orange-brown tinged with red. In Japan, V. io var. geisha, female, occurs 
with a brown ground colour, tinged orange—probably an atavism—and in 
America antiopa often exhibits a purely brown colour and a darkened mar- 
gin, which also, perhaps, are atavic features. 


344 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


they would be thrust down into the moss. When first laid they 
were, as Mr. South informed me, pale straw colour. When I 
examined them about ten days later, the black head and red 
body of the larva were visible through the shell. In shape 
ovoid, rounded at both ends; length about 0°5 mm., and greatest 
width 0°37 mm. They varied somewhat in size. The whole 
surface was very minutely pitted and broken up into irregular 
pentagonal cells. The newly hatched larva measured 1°5 mm. 
and the width of the head was 0°25 mm. The body tapers 
gradually to the anal extremity and is slightly flattened. The 
segmental and subsegmental divisions are very well marked. 
The head is dark olive-brown, the prothoracic shield brown with 
a pink tinge, meso- and metathorax greenish-grey. The abdo- 
minal segments are red with a scarlet tinge, except the ninth 
and tenth, which are again greenish-grey. The legs are large, 
and the prolegs rather long and slender. The spiracles are 
large, circular, and dark ringed. The meso- and metathorax 
have each three subsegments, the tubercles being on the second 
subsegment. In the abdominal segments, tubercles one and 
three are on the first subsegment, while two is on the second 
subsegment. Tubercle four is below and slightly behind the 
spiracle; five, quite separate, below and in front of four. 
Tubercle six not seen, probably absent; seventh represented by 
a pair of tubercles. The tubercles are grey, and, I believe, bear 
a single simple rather long seta, but of this I have no note. 
There are a few rows of spicules on each subsegment. 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 


By A. E. Wizeman, F.E.S. 
(Continued from p. 313.) 


Notodonta (?) basinotata, sp. n. 

Fore wings brownish, greyish on costal area, a black patch on 
basal fourth ; a whitish patch at end of cell, enclosing a black dot; 
antemedial line black, twice angled towards the inner margin diffuse 
towards the costa ; postmedial line black, crenulate, terminating on 
inner margin near the antemedial; veins marked with black, blackish 
streaks between them on the outer area ; fringes brownish, chequered 
with black. Hind wings pale fuscous, brownish hairs on the inner 
margin, veins darker, a black cell spot. Under side whitish buff, 
suffused with blackish on costal two-thirds of fore wings, powdered 
with blackish on costa of hind wings; all the wings have a blackish 
cell mark, and an incomplete postmedial line. 

Expanse, 56 millim. 


Collection number, 1197. 
One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 27th, 1908. 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 345 


Pydna albifusa, sp. n. 

3. Head and thorax pale brown, whitish mixed; abdomen 
whitish, anal tuft pale brownish. Fore wings ochreous brown, 
suffused with whitish on the basal area; veins and a streak from 
middle of the base to the apex rather darker, the latter tapered at 
each end; some darker transverse lines on the outer margin. Hind 
wings and the under side of all wings whitish. 

@. Rather larger and without anal tuft. 

Expanse, 3 43 millim., @ 48 millim. 


Collection number, 1230. 

One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.) ; the male 
taken April 30th, 1908, and the female in August, 1907. 

Near Pydna obliqua, Hampson. 


Tyana acypera literata. 

Fore wings green, costa and fringes yellowish white; apex 
flecked with purplish brown; a purplish brown §-like mark about 
middle of the wing. Hind wings and the under side of all wings white. 

Eixpanse, 34 millim. 


Collection number, 731 a. 

A female specimen from Daitozan (8500 ft.), September 20th, 
1906. 

Panthea grisea, sp. n. 

Head and thorax grey ; abdomen blackish, posterior edges of seg- 
ments greyish. Fore wings grey, orbicular stigma represented by a 
black point, reniform outlined in black, with a black spot at lower 
end; subbasal and antemedial lines black, the former not extended 
to the inner margin, the latter angled above the inner margin, bent 
towards the costa, and inwardly edged with white; medial line black, 
irregular; postmedial line black, crenulate, bent inwards below middle, 
angled on inner margin, outwardly edged with white; submarginal 
line white, sinuous, partly shaded inwardly with black; fringes 
chequered. Hind wings smoky grey; a dusky discoidal spot, and 
two dusky bands enclosing a paler one beyond. Under side of the 
fore wings blackish inclining to greyish on the margins, postmedial 
line darker, followed by a whitish band; hind wings whitish grey 
with blackish discoidal mark, and three transverse bands. 

Expanse, 42 millim. 


Collection number, 1794. - 
One male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 11th, 1909. 


Anonychia sinuosa, sp. n. 

g. Fore wings blackish brown, striated with ochreous on costal 
area, and sprinkled with paler on basal area ; antemedial line whitish, 
sinuous, not distinct, edged with black at each extremity; post- 
medial line whitish, slightly angled near costa, thence sinuous to 
inner margin; a dusky central shade enclosing a black discoidal 
mark. Hind wings fuscous, discoidal spot blackish, traces of a dark 
edged white postmedial line. Fringes dark brown marked with pale 
brown. 


346 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


?. Agrees with the male, except that the postmedial line of hind 
wings is traceable to the costa. 
Expanse, g 34 millim., 2 39 mm. 


Collection number, 837. 

An example of each sex from Arizan (7300 ft.), September, 
1906. 

There are three specimens from Tokio, Japan, in the British 
Museum Collection. 

Ab. brunnea, nov. 

The general colour of all the wings is browner, and the middle 
sinus of the postmedial line is rather deeper. 

A male specimen and also a female taken at Arizan with the 
type. 

Heterolocha arizana, sp. n. 

Fore wings yellow; antemedial line pinkish, wavy; postmedial 
line pinkish, incurved at middle, very slender, and dotted with black 
from costa to vein four, followed by a pinkish cloud towards the 
inner margin; discoidal mark ringed with pinkish. Hind wings 
yellow; a diffuse pinkish cloud on outer marginal area towards 
dorsum. Under side yellow, heavily freckled with pale violet-brown ; 
inner margin of fore wings whitish ; postmedial band violet-brown, 
interrupted by the veins. 

Expanse, 31 millim. 

Collection number, 864 a. 

A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 8th, 1908. 

Near H. rubrifera, Hampson, and may be only a local form 
of that species. 

Heterolocha marginata, sp. n. 

Differs from H. arizana in having the yellow ground colour 
faintly green tinged; the area beyond postmedial line is purplish ; 
fringes yellow. Under side purplish, costal area of the fore wings 
yellowish ; fringes yellow. 

Expanse, 34 millim. 

Collection number, 865 a. 

A male specimen from Arizan (7800 ft.), August 18th, 1908. 

Quite possibly this also may prove to be a form of H. rubrifera. 


Heterolocha tawwana, sp. n. 

3. Fore wings pale brown, violet tinged; ante- and postmedial 
lines purplish brown, bent towards each other below the middle, 
enclosed space rather darker brown, slightly yellow tinged in some 
lights; discoidal mark faintly darker, indistinct. Hind wings paler 
and more violet tinged; discoidal dot dusky, faint; postmedial line 
brownish, faint towards the costa. Fringes and under side brown, 
reddish tinged. 

Expanse, 33 millim. 

Collection number, 865. 

A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), September 28rd, 1906. 

Near HH. niphonica, Butler. 


g 


NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 347 


Nadagara umbrifera, sp. n. 
$. Fore wings greyish brown, clouded with darker brown, costa 
ochreous, strigulated with brown; antemedial line brown, diffuse 
and indistinct, excurved in the cell; postmedial line brown, nearly 
straight ; a brown slightly curved line from costa, near apex, to 
below vein six, a few whitish scales on its outer edge, space between 
it and postmedial line brownish; a brownish cloud from postmedial 
line to tornus ; fringes pale brown marked with darker. Hind wings 
greyish brown, a central ochreous cloud, outer area suffused with 
ochreous, basal area dusky ; a brownish medial line, slightly sinuous; 
fringes brown, tips paler. Under side greyish, violet tinged; costa 
of fore wings and veins of all the wings ochreous. 
Expanse, 34 millim. 


Collection number, 873. 
A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 80th, 1908. 


Hyposidra virgata, sp. n. 

Pale cinnamon-brown, clouded and suffused with darker. Fore 
wings violet-brown at base and along costal area almost to a 
similar coloured dash over the postmedial line; a violet-brown 
apical patch ; antemedial line dark brown, edging the basal patch ; 
postmedial line dark brown, nearly straight, slightly angled near 
costa; submarginal series of whitish marks, partly edged with 
blackish, the two nearest inner margin black and punctiform. Hind 
wings have indications of a dusky antemedial line, and a well-defined 
dark brown postmedia! line; traces of a submarginal series of pale- 
edged dusky marks. 

Expanse, 36 millim. 


Collection number, 855. 
A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), June 18th, 1906. 


Ab. pallida, nov. 

Pale whity brown sprinkled with brownish; the markings, 
except basal patch of fore wings and postmedial line of all wings, 
less clearly defined. 

Expanse, 33 millim. 


Collection number, 854. 
A male specimen from Kanshirei, September 26th, 1906. 


Leptodontopera (?) taiwana, sp. n. 

Fore wings pale brown on basal two-thirds and along costa to 
apex, tinged with ochreous below the cell; antemedial line dark 
brown, slender and flexuous to lower end of cell, where it is sharply 
angled, thence oblique, inwardly shaded with brown, to inner margin 
near base; postmedial line dark brown, angled below costa, gently 
curved towards the inner margin, closely followed by a diffuse 
blackish line, which curves from the angle of the line to the apex of 
the wing ; the outer marginal area, limited by the postmedial line and 
the apical continuation, is suffused with dusky ; a black dot at end of 
cell; two black marks beyond the postmedial line, one above the 


348 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


middle, the other towards the inner margin, both outwardly flecked 
with whitish. Hind wings brown, paler towards the base, and darker 
towards the outer margin; a black dot at end of cell; a dark brown, 
curved, slender submarginal line, followed by a whitish line, which 
does not extend to the costa. 

Expanse, 34 millim. 


Collection number, 874. 

An example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.). The male 
taken in May, and the female in August, 1908. 

In colour and markings very close to L. codra, Swinhoe, but 
the fore wings are not scalloped, and the hind wings are less 
crenulate on outer margin. 


Gonodontis variegata, sp. n. 

Fore wings pale brown, faintly mottled with ochreous, and 
sprinkled with blackish scales except on outer margin; ante- and 
postmedial lines blackish, flecked and spotted with whitish, the 
largest spot at the costal end of each line; space between lines red- 
dish brown, enclosing ochreous clouds; postmedial line followed by a 
brownish shade, most distinct on the costa, less distinct between 
veins four and six; discoidal spot blackish, oval, flecked with 
whitish. Hind wings pale brown much flecked with darker; an 
almost round discoidal spot, and straight postmedial line, both black- 
ish, the latter partially edged outwardly with whitish. Under side 
pale brown, clouded and freckled with blackish, chiefly on basal three- 
fourths ; a black discoidal spot, and postmedial line on all the wings. 

Expanse, 42 millim. 


Collection number, 856. 
A male specimen from Arizan (73800 ft.), September 16th, 
1906. 
Gareus luteus, sp. n. 


?. Orange-yellow, clouded with darker orange. Fore wings 
have a black discoidal dot, and two purplish transverse lines ; first 
line wavy, slightly curved; second line elbowed below the costa, 
thence parallel with outer margin; a wavy orange-brown line tra- 
verses the outer marginal area, commencing in a small patch of the 
same colour at the apex. Hind wings have a black discoidal dot, and 
a straight purplish postmedial line. Fringes brownish, tips varie- 
gated with whitish. 

Expanse, 36 millim. 


Collection number, 858. 
A female from Daitozan (8500 ft.), September 25th, 1906. 


Arichanna picaria, sp. n. 

3. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, spotted with black; anal 
tuft yellowish, mixed with black at base. Fore wings white, with 
four bands composed of more or less confluent black spots; the 
medial band is most complete, the third band is short, and there are 
scattered black dots between the bands. Hind wings white with a 
few black dots and spots on the disc, traces of black bands on the 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 349 


inner marginal area, and an interrupted black border on the outer 
margin. 

@. Similar to the male, but the medial band of fore wings en- 
closes three spots of the ground colour—one on the costa, one about 
middle, and one on the inner margin. 

Expanse, ¢ 63 millim., ? 69 millim. 


Collection number, 1667. 


A male from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 8th, 1909; and a 
female from Toroyen, Arizan district, (4000 ft.), June, 1908. 


Note.—Page 290, line 3, delete ‘‘ variegata, sp. n.” 


(To be continued.) 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


Darwin Mepat oF THE Royat Socrety.—Our readers will be 
interested to know that this year the ‘Darwin Medal” of the 
Royal Society is presented to Mr. Roland Trimen, M.A., F.R.S., 
F.E.S., in recognition of the services rendered by him to entomo- 
logical science, especially in connection with the work of the author 
of the ‘Origin of Species.’ As Mr, Trimen’s labours have been concen- 
trated almost wholly upon Lepidoptera, the honour bestowed upon 
him will be generally appreciated by Lepidopterists throughout the 
United Kingdom. It may be observed, also, that the Entomological 
Society of London, at their meeting on November 16th, unanimously 
approved the despatch of a letter of congratulation to the recipient 
of what is regarded as one of the highest distinctions in the gift of 
the Royal Society.—H. R.-B. 


EntTomotoaicaL Society oF Lonpon.—Mr. H. Rowland-Brown 
asks us to state that he will not seek re-election as one of the 
Honorary Secretaries of the Entomological Society of London at the 
Annual General Meeting to be held on January 18th, 1911. His 
successor-designate is the Rev. George Wheeler, M.A., known to 
many of us as the author of that very useful handbook ‘The Butter- 
flies of Switzerland and the Alps of Central Europe,’ and a valued 
contributor to the pages of the ‘ Entomologist’ as a high authority on 
the western palaarctic Meliteids. 


Furtuer Notes REGARDING THE BREEDING OF CHILOSIA 
a@Rrossa.—In my note on the breeding of this dipteron, in the 
‘Entomologist’ for November, line 3, p. 314, should read : « They 
pupate in the hollow stem.” But from my experience of this year it 
appears that this is not invariably, or perhaps even generally, the 
case. I found in August last a patch of Cnicus palustris, in which 
were larvee of Chilosia grossa in some numbers. I took only about 
half-a-dozen, intending to take the pupz later on in the hope of 
breeding more specimens of the ichneumon for Mr. Morley. To-day, 
November 5th, I visited the place, but only succeeded in finding one 
pupa, though the working of the larve was apparent in many of 
the thistle stems. Most of the stems which had contained larve 


350 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


were eaten through near the base, and the larve had disappeared, 
probably having pupated in the ground. I also find that the 
working of the larva is usually confined to the lowest portion of the 
thistle stems, though they are sometimes found in the upper portion. 
Mr. Morley’s remarks on my note on p. 314 of the ‘ Entomologist’ 
for November should read “The re-discovery of Phygadewon ambi- 
guus,” &e., as, of course, Chilosza is a well-known insect.—C. G. NuRSE 
(Lt.-Colonel) ; Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds. 


CARPOCAPSA NIMBANA, H. 8.—The two dark moths Mr. Whittle 
bred from beech-mast are no doubt this moth, so much wanted in 
nearly all collections. I first bred it, a single specimen, in May, 
1889, and since those days have bred a fair quantity but always in 
small numbers; one lucky season I bred fifteen, but never so many 
before or since. I have never seen the feeding larva, but no doubt 
it feeds in beech-mast. I only on one occasion met with the imago, 
four specimens, at rest on the beech-trunks, after a heavy gale the 
previous night. Although I have spent very many hours in search- 
ing the trunks of beech-trees at all hours of the day from 6 a.m. till 
dusk, I never found any other specimens. To breed the moth I 
prise off any little pieces of loose bark I can find on the trunks of 
the large trees during the month of April, and once in a while a little 
cocoon will be found, sometimes containing a larva, or later in the 
month a pupa, but very much more frequently it will be an empty 
one! Searching for these cocoons where there is no lichen or moss 
to peel off, as is alas! generally the case in the London district, is 
one of the most dreary, monotonous occupations imaginable, and 
often a very disappointing one. Always use silver pins, as the moth, 
unlike its near relative, C. juliana, is very subject to grease and 
verdigris. The imago comes out early in May.—A. THuRNALL. 


Eupamcruia uUDANA, Gn.—I was much surprised to read in 
the October number of the ‘Entomologist’ (p. 295) that so experienced 
a collector as Mr. Whittle had not met with this species until July 
last. I found the larva the first time I looked for it! This was on 
Hackney marshes as far back as 1885. Since then I have hardly 
ever failed to find larvee wherever the food-plant (Alisma plantago) 
grows freely. The perfect insect is not so often seen. The best way 
to obtain the species is to search by splitting open a few of the dead 
stems, and the larvee, if present, will be found throughout the winter 
months spun up in little cocoons attached to the side of the stem; 
they are easily overlooked, but if the pith shows signs of having 
been gnawn and frass is scattered about, one may be sure that the 
larva is somewhere in the stem, usually in the upper half. Now 
gather a good bundle, trimming off the branches, and stick the main 
stems in the garden; towards the end of May bring them into the 
house and they will soon come straggling out, often over a period of 
many weeks. Pin them with szlver pins to avoid verdigris.— 
A. TuurnAtL; Wanstead, November 12th, 1910. 


EMERGENCE OF Cossus LIGNIPERDA.—With reference to Mr. 
Robert Adkin’s note on Cossus ligniperda (ante, pp. 315), I have 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 351 


had some little experience in breeding and noting the emergence of 
this interesting moth. I have always noticed that the pupa pro- 
trudes a great part of its length during and after the emergence of 
the moth through the cocoon, and in some cases where the cocoon is 
buried at some little depth, either in earth or wood, showing through 
this also. On numerous occasions in the breeding cage I have been 
able to watch the commencement of the emergence, when the head 
of the pupa breaks through the cocoon and gradually by movements 
almost imperceptible works itself partly out of the cocoon, then 
resting awhile before the moth actually commences to burst away 
the head of the pupa and work its way out and crawl to some 
suitable spot to expand and dry its wings, though in a good many 
cases if will cling to the cocoon to dry these. I have a piece of 
decayed willow with cocoons and earth, measuring 54 in. x 4 in. x 
3 in., from which fourteen Cossus emerged this year, and I think I had 
every one under observation while they came out: seven on June 
26th; one male on the 27th; one male and two females on the 28th; 
one female on the 30th and two females on July Ist. In all cases 
they commenced breaking through the cocoon between 1.15 and 
2 p.m. and were clear and commencing to expand, the earliest at 
2 p.m., and the latest at 2.40.—Laurence 8. Hopson; Maisonnette, 
Palmers Green, N., November 14th, 1910. 


LEUCANIA LOREYI, &c., IN THE SoutTH OF IRELAND; LEUCANIA 
VITELLINA, &c., IN KentT.—Among a number of Lepidoptera captured 
this year in the neighbourhood of Queenstown by my friend Com- 
mander R. S. Gwatkin- Williams, R.N., and which he sent to me to 
determine for him, was a fresh-looking example of Leucania loreyt. 
Upon writing for further particulars, Commander Gwatkin- Williams 
informs me that he beat the moth from ivy-bloom on his garden 
wall, about thirty yards from the sea, on October 6th. The night 
was fine and clear but rather cold, and calm, after a succession of 
south-easterly gales. It was a male in bright and perfect condition, 
with the exception of a small slit in one of the hind wings, which 
was probably done at the time of capture; the fringes were entire, 
and I should imagine it had not flown far. It is much paler than 
the figure given in South’s ‘Moths of the British Isles,’ plate 149, 
fig. 6; but Newman’s figure, No. 444, of ‘Illustrated Natural 
History of British Moths,’ gives a very good idea of it. The larva 
and food-plant are apparently unknown, so far as I can ascertain 
from books in my possession. If, however, anything should be 
known about either, I shall be glad of information on the subject. 
Among the other insects sent for determination I found Dianthecia 
cesta, D. capsophila, Leucama straminea, Tapinostola fulua, Hydrecia 
micaced, &e., all captured in the same locality. Commander Gwatkin- 
Williams only began collecting two or three years ago, and last year he 
sent me some insects he had taken in Kent to name for him, and 
among them I found a couple of Leucania vitellina, C. fluctuosa, 
Argyrolepia eneana, &c. The vetellina were taken at sugar, near 
Sheerness, late in September. It is proverbial how lucky beginners 
are !—GeErRvASE F. MatHew; Dovercourt, Essex, November 16th, 
1SL0: 


352 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


THE Raynor GROSSULARIATA, AND THE TURNER CoLLECTION.—On 
Tuesday, October 25th, just over two hundred specimens, all more or 
less remarkable varieties of Abraxas grossulariata reared by the Rey. 
Gilbert H. Raynor, were offered at auction at Stevens’s Rooms. 
It was not the first time that such varieties of the species had been 
disposed of. It will be remembered that some three years ago 
(October 22nd, 1907, Entom. xl. p. 294) Mr. Raynor sold his col- 
lection of British Lepidoptera, and included with it were a number 
of aberrations of A. grossulariata that he had accumulated during his 
pedigree breeding experiments with this species. The more direct 
results of the said experiments were, we believe, presented with 
their data to the Cambridge University Museum. Since that time 
Mr. Raynor appears to have devoted a large measure of his energies 
to rearing this species with a view to obtaining varieties, and those 
offered on October 25th included the more abnormal forms. Among 
them were some truly remarkable specimens, but it is doubtful, 
having regard to the very scanty data with which each of the two 
hundred and odd lots into which they were divided was accompanied, 
whether they were of any great scientific value. ‘‘ Lancs. ex No. 4. 
08. Bred 22. vi. 09. Raynor,” for example, may be all very well in its 
way, but it conveys no intelligible meaning to one’s mind. Indeed, 
one would suppose that, to fully appreciate their bearing upon any 
particular lines of variation that the species might be taking, it 
would be necessary to have the whole of the specimens comprised 
in the various generations leading up to these extreme forms before 
one; but as they stood, lot by lot, they conveyed little information 
beyond the fact that in certain conditions of interbreeding, which 
were not disclosed, forms dissimilar to any found under natural 
conditions might be produced. No doubt Mr. Raynor has this in- 
formation, and it is to be hoped that some day he may see his way to 
publish it in such a form that the meaning of these remarkable 
aberrations may be apparent. This present lack of detail did not, 
however, prevent very high prices being obtained. A large, almost 
unicolorous, pale buff, example with black markings along the costa, 
catalogued as ‘‘ Wonderful female, combining nzgricostata with 
lacteasparsata,”’ brought £11, which is, we believe, a record for any 
variety of this species; and a somewhat similar but slightly smaller 
specimen £7 10s. Three typical pairs of ab. lactzcolor sold at 15s., 
14s., and 14s. per pair, respectively, while various modifications of 
this form sold separately brought from 5s. to 37s. 6d. each, the latter 
price being for an ‘extreme var., with all markings on fore wings 
much suffused.” Ab. chrysostrota varied between 8s. and 30s. apiece, 
and ab. zochalca between 7s. and 52s. 6d., the more typical specimens 
apparently being the least sought after. Two female glorzosa sold 
for 45s. and 42s. each, and one described as ‘‘ Magnificent, with 
three-fourths of fore wings solid black and chocolate intermixed,” 
ran up to six guineas, while several ab. nzgricostata brought from 35s. 
to 70s. apiece, and sundry centralipunctata and its modifications 
realized from 14s. to 30s. per specimen. Three pairs of ab. albi- 
palliata sold at 17s. to 22s. per pair, ab. flavipalliata at 11s. to 30s. 
each, while a couple of fine richly-coloured examples brought 60s. 
and 55s., respectively, and ‘‘an extraordinary iridescent female” 65s., 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 358 


the total realized for the two hundred and odd lots being nearly as 
many pounds. 

In contrast with the scramble for the above-mentioned curios 
was the apparent apathy displayed towards the collection of Lepi- 
doptera formed by Mr. E. Turner which was then offered. The 
specimens were, as a rule, in good order, but, except in the case of 
some few of the rarer speciés, without any data; and perhaps for this 
reason, aS on some former occasions, many of the lots of the more 
ordinary species were disposed of with difficulty, sometimes two or 
three lots having to be lumped together before a buyer could be 
found even at a few shillings. The highest price given for Polyom- 
matus dispar was 65s., others going at 63s., 60s., 20s., and two 
together for 18s. A lot containing eight Thecla prunt and some 
seventy other hairstreaks brought 20s., and another in which seven 
Sesia scoliwformis and six S. sphegiformis (bred; Sussex) were 
included, 18s. Two pairs of Lelia cenosa (H. Doubleday, 1851, from 
Rev. Joseph Green’s collection), 30s. per pair; a rather nice specimen 
of Lasiocampa tlictfolia (R. Weaver, from Rey. J. Green’s collection), 
45s.; and Hydrilla palustris taken by EK. Turner, Wicken Fen, June 
7th, 1907, 35s. Two males of Cleora Viduaria (H. Doubleday, 1851) 
were sold for 18s.; a lot of 147 geometers, in which a variety of 
Zonosoma trilinearia without markings was included, made 7s. ; 
and one of 111, among which was a “black” form of Aczdalia 
aversata, 14s.; and a fine light variety of Trzphena fimbria, one of 
two taken at Folkestone, July, 1905, 47s. 6d.—R. A. 


CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 


Micro-LepipopTerRA AT ManverN WELLS AND West MaAtvern.— 
I spent the last week of July, 1910, at Malvern Wells, and I took or 
observed the following species:—Botys ruralis, Crambus perlellus, 
C. culmellus, Mimeseoptilus pterodactylus, Tortria wunifasciana, 
T. viridana, Dictyopieryx leflingiana, Grapholitha penkleriana, 
G. nevana, Symethis oxyacanthella, Swammerdammia griseo-capt- 
tella, Orthotelia sparganella (pupa), Monochroa tenebrella, and Argy- 
resthia nitidella. These were all taken on the Worcestershire side 
of the hills. In the Croft Farm Woods I took, on July 27th, 
Scopula olivalis, Crambus culmellus, Dictyopteryx forskaleana, 
Hedya dealbana, Grapholitha penkleriana, Padisca corticana, 
P. occultana, Ephippiphora tetragonana and Argyresthia nitidella. 
As so few lepidopterists collect Micros, I make it a practice to send 
my list of observations when away from home, however meagre they 
may be, for the benefit of those who keep the records for their 
respective counties. Much pleasure is to be derived from studying 
these small creatures, and they help to swell the bag when Macros 
are few and far between. Among the latter the two best things 
observed were Aczdalia emarginata (a female) and Triphena interjecta, 
both near Malvern Wells, the former laying several ova, from which 
IT have larve hybernating. Mr. E. A. Atmore, King’s Lynn, has 


ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1910. 2 


354 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


kindly verified a few of my captures about which I was not reason-. 
ably certain.—G. W. Mason; Barton-on-Humber. 


Scarcity or Wasps In THE NEw Forest.—During the past 
summer and autumn wasps have been more than scarce; in fact, I 
have seen only two—the one flew into the house during the latter 
part of September, and the other I found in my sweeping net about 
the same date. This seems all the more curious as in the spring the 
queens were exceptionally common. Members of the local horti- 
cultural society are congratulating themselves on having exterminated 
wasps, as prizes are given each year to those persons who kill the 
largest number of queens; the number sent in this season being 
over three thousand. Although this slaughter may account for the 
scarcity in a measure, it is not a satisfactory explanation, as I hear 
reports of a similar dearth of wasps from other parts of the New 
Forest, where insect-hunting horticultural societies do not exist.— 
G. T. Lyte; Brockenhurst, October 22nd, 1910. 


Scarcity oF Wasps IN THE CHICHESTER DistRict.—There has 
been a great scarcity of wasps here, and in the neighbourhood, this 
year. My gardener tells me that he has not seen a single nest. In 
contrast with the paucity of wasps has been the extraordinary 
number of flies (Musca domestica), which have been a cause of 
considerable annoyance in many ways.—JosEPH ANDERSON; Alre 
Villa, Chichester, October 26th, 1910. 


OccURRENCE OF NYCTIBORA SERICEA, Burm., A West-INDIAN 
CockRoAcH, IN THE IsLE or Wicut.—A fine specimen of this 
cockroach has been recently presented to the British Museum by 
J. Taylor, Esq., of Sandown, Isle of Wight. It was found in that 
town among bananas imported from Jamaica about mid-summer, 
1906. I have not been able to find any previous record of this 
species in Britain, no mention being made of it in Barr’s ‘ British 
Orthoptera.—G. MrapE-WaAtpo. 


CYANIRIS ARGIOLUS IN OcTOBER—J have a specimen of C. argiolus 
taken on October 29th, 1899, in my kitchen garden at Greenhithe. 
It is a female, absolutely perfect; in fact, it had only just dried its 
wings on some ivy in the hedge.—A. B. Farn; Breinton Lodge, 
near Hereford, November 3rd, 1910. 

(Mr. Dennis (Proc. 8. Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc. 1902, p. 106) 
states that on October 9th of that year he found all stages of C. argiolus 
among ivy at Harl’s Colne, Essex.—Ep.] 


SOCIETIES. 


Entomonoaican Society or Lonpon.— Wednesday, October 19th, 
1910.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., President, in the chair. 
—Dr. A. Feynes, M.D., of 61, East Colorado Street, Paradena, 
California, U.S.A.; Mr. Thomas Henry Geary, of Enderby, Leicester- 
shire; and Mr. Edward Barton White, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., of the 
City Mental Hospital, Cardiff, were elected Fellows of the Society.— 


SOCIETIES. 855 


Mr. A. M. Lea sent for exhibition two interesting examples of 
Lissotes beetles, which he had presented to the British Museum 
(Natural History) Teratological Collection: L. curvicornis, Ber. var. 3, 
with an additional leg jutting out from the left front coxa; and 
L. punctatus, Lea, an hermaphrodite having the left side male and the 
right female.—Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited an example of 
Helcon ruspator, L., a Braconid new to Britain, taken at Cannock 
Chase on the 16th July last, in a cell of Strangalia 4-fasciata in a 
fallen birch tree, and an example of the host captured at the same 
time. He pointed out that this very fine addition to the British 
List is recorded as parasitic on the same beetle on the Continent.— 
Mr. P. J. Barraud showed examples of two new forms of Melitea 
aurinia from Italy :—(a) var. aurunca, Turati, from the Aurunci Moun- 
tains, southern central Italy, first discovered in May, 1909, by Sig. 
Querci, of Formia, the most striking feature of which is the wide 
black median band on the upper side, contrasting with a rather pale 
ground colour, and (b) var. comacina, Turati, from above Como.— 
Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited a case of butterflies containing a represen- 
tative collection of the twenty-eight species met with by him at 
Blidah and Hammam R’Irha, &c., during an entomological excursion 
to Algeria made at the end of May and the beginning of June this 
year. The weather was extremely bad throughout, being cold, wet, 
and windy ; the most interesting species taken in the first-mentioned 
locality were Huchloé ewpheno and Cenonympha arcanioides; in the 
latter, Dryas pandora and Melitea etheria var. algerica.— Mr. W. J. 
Kaye exhibited many remarkable wasp-like and beetle-like Syntomide, 
with their models, the wasps and beetles from British Guiana, South- 
east Brazil, and Venezuela. Attention was particularly drawn to the 
wonderfully close habits of the one to the other, so much so that it 
was impossible in some instances to distinguish the moth from the 
model until it settled. This was especially the case with Pseudo- 
sphex noverca and the wasp Zethus binodis which Mr. Kaye had 
caught on Ageratuwm flowers at Fernandes Pinheiro, in Parana. A 
new species of Pseudosphex was taken with the Vespid Meganthopus 
cassununga. These two insects so closely resembled one another 
that, even at a distance of eighteen inches or less, it was not an easy 
matter to distinguish them. From Caracas, Venezuela, were shown 
the Syntomid Macrocneme lades, with a Pompilid wasp of an unde- 
scribed species. The two insects had been caught flying together. 
In the discussion which followed, the President said that cases of 
close similarity with insects of different orders were always welcome, 
and that in this instance Mr. Kaye had shown that the resemblance 
extended not only to outside appearances, but to the habits of the 
several mimics and their models. Arguments based upon cabinet speci- 
mens alone as to the supposed resemblance of originals in the field 
were to be accepted with caution. Mr. J. W. Tutt, Mr. C. J. Gahan, 
Mr. G. C. Champion, the Rev. F. D. Morice, Mr. A. Sich, and Dr. Chap- 
man also joined in the discussion.—Mr. EH. D. Nevinson showed bred 
series of Xanthia ocellaris developing three distinct aberrant forms, 
and examples of X. fulvago and X. gilvago for comparison, the exhibit 
demonstrating the apparent transition from one species to the other 


356 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


through the typical and variant forms. The only other series bred 
from British ova by Mr. Mills in 1908 displayed no variation of any 
kind, and were all typical specimens.—The Hon. N. C. Rothschild 
exhibited a number of Anthrocerids captured in Great Britain, and 
called attention to some remarkable specimens secured at Ashton 
Wold, Oundle, which belonged to the form known as Anthrocera 
hippocrepidis. The exhibitor also showed some very large specimens 
of A. filipendule from the same locality, and pointed out that this 
large race had apparently exterminated A. hippocrepidis in a locality 
where that species had only recently appeared.—Mr. J. W. Tutt said 
that he had also found A. hippocrepidis confined to rough pastures, 
. and also with a tendency to die out in one spot and appear in a 
similar at no great distance. It was usually on the wing in June, 
early or late, according to season, but in the same season well ahead 
of A. filipendule. The two other sets of Anthrocerids exhibited by 
Mr. Rothschild he thought were A. filipendule.—Sir George H. 
Kenrick communicated a paper ‘‘On some Undescribed Butterflies 
from Dutch New Guinea.’—Mr. A. E. Wileman read a paper on 
‘‘ New Species of Heterocera from Japan.” 


Wednesday, November 2nd, 1910.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., 
F.R.S., President, in the chair—Mr. H. E. Andrewes, of 8, North 
Grove, Highgate, N.; Mr. J. R. Charnley, of Lyndhurst, Fulwood, 
Preston ; the Rey. Archibald Downes-Shaw, of Kettlestone Rectory, 
Fakenham, Norfolk; Mr. G. E. Frisby, of 40, Windmill Street, 
Gravesend; Mr. O. M. Schmidt Gottmann, of 2, Forest Villas, 
Whipps Cross Road, Leytonstone, N.E.; Mr. Ernest Purnell Jones, 
of 7, Nantwich Road, Crewe; and Count Emilio Turati, of 4, Piazza 
S. Alessandro, Milan, were elected Fellows of the Society.—The 
President handed round for inspection a copy of the plaquetite 
designed in honour of M. J. H. Fabre, of Sérignan, Vaucluse, an 
Honorary Fellow of the Society. — Professor T. Hudson Beare 
exhibited examples of the rare British beetle Pterostichus aterrimus, 
recently taken by him at Stalham, Norfolk——Commander J. J. 
Walker brought for exhibition the following rare Coleoptera :—(a) a 
specimen of Lathrobiwm longipenne, Fairm., a beetle recently intro- 
duced as a British species, taken at Tubney, Berks; (b) a specimen 
of a remarkable ants’-nest beetle, communicated by Mr. C. French, 
from the Atherton district, N.S.W., and described by Mr. A. M. Lea 
under the name T'retothorax cleistoma, representing a new family of 
Coleoptera, the Tretothoracid; also the ant with which the beetle was 
found; and (c) two specimens of T’homosis guanicola, Broun, a beetle 
allied to Spheridiwm, &e., taken by Dr. L. Cockayne among penguin 
guano on the Bounty Islands, 490 miles south-east of New Zealand. 
Mr. G. C. Champion was of opinion that this beetle was a member of 
the Heteromrous section of the Coleoptera, and Mr. G. J. Gahan that 
it belonged to the newly constituted family Rhypsopausside.—Mr. R. J. 
Je B, Tomlin brought for exhibition examples of the following British 
Coleoptera :—(a) Macronychus 4-tuberculatus, Miill., recently re- 
discovered in the River Teme; (6) Hnicmus histrio, Joy and Tomlin, 
sp. noy.; (c) Laccobius regularis, Rey, from small sphagnum pools 
at Newbury ; (d) Cronus longicollis, Bris., taken at Harewood Forest on 


SOCIETIES. 30 


Verbascum thapsus on June 26th, 1909, the only previous capture in 
Britain being by Mr. Moncreaff at Portsmouth in 1871; and (e) Bem- 
bidium tibiale, Duft., a melanic example taken this summer by the 
River Monnow. Mr. Tomlin also exhibited, on behalf of Dr. David 
Sharp, F.R.S., examples of Laccobius ytenensis, Sharp, sp. nov.; and 
Creprdodera impressa, Fab., a littoral species recently introduced to 
the British list by Dr. Sharp from Hayling Island, since found 
in an exactly similar locality at Poole Harbour by Colonel Yerbury. 
—Mr. G. T. Bethune Baker showed an Asilid which he had taken 
at Macugnaga in August, with a dead female Nomzades semiargus in 
its mouth.—Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., said that undoubtedly 
the Asilids inject, through the proboscis, a poison into their prey 
which kills them immediately.—Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe showed a 
specimen of Claviger longicornis, Mull., with its host Laszus wmbratus, 
Nyll., taken by Father Schmitz in Germany. He said this species 
should occur in Britain with the same ant, and Father Schmitz 
had told him that April was the best month in which to look for it 
in the nests of wnbratus, under deeply embedded, heavy stones.— 
Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited a teratological example of Pterostoma 
palpina, one of a number of similar specimens bred from one brood 
of larve, and which may be called as a varietal (or aberrational ?) 
name, var. brevipennis ; also, on behalf of the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 
a specimen of malformation of the male appendages in Acronycta 
tridens, no similar specimen having been recorded.— Mr. H. M. Kdelsten 
exhibited a bred example of Lewcania l-album, obtained from ova laid 
by a female specimen taken by Mr. E. P. Sharp (Entom. vol. xl. 
p. 322 (1909)). The species is double-brooded on the Continent, 
emerging in May to June and August to September; the first brood in 
this country might therefore have been overlooked, as the larvee seem 
hardy enough.—Mr. R. South showed an exceedingly interesting and 
rather variable series of Luperina guenéet, Doubleday, sent him by 
Mr. W. Yates, of St. Anne’s-on-Sea, who obtained them, chiefly 
this year, on the Lancashire coast. The first specimen in the series 
agreed well with the original description of L. guenéet, the others 
showed the typical ochreous coloration but were variable in marking. 
Mr. Yates considered four of the specimens melanic forms of L. guenéet, 
but the exhibitor expressed his opinion that they were certainly dark 
aberrations of L. testacea, probably referable to ab. negrescens, Tutt. 
Mr. South also exhibited three of six specimens of Oria (Synia) 
musculosa, taken in the Salisbury district, in August, 1909, by Mr. H. 
Haynes, who captured others in August of the present year. The 
hind wings of the specimens exhibited were darker than those of most 
British or Continental specimens in collection.—Mr. F. C. Oldaker 
showed a case containing various aberrant forms of Lepidoptera, in- 
cluding (a) a very darkly marked example of Argynnisa glaca, from 
Switzerland ; (b) examples of Polygonza c-albuwm bred from ova, includ- 
ing one specimen, a female, of a very pale form; (c) a series of Noctua 
ditrapeziwm, including a form in which the ground colour of the fore 
wings is almost uniform dark reddish brown, the usual black mark- 
ings being only slightly darker than the rest of the wing, and very 
faintly discernible; and (d) a series of Hpione advenaria, bred from 


358 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


ova at Haslemere, 1907; one of a remarkable race very much 
smaller than usual, and of a uniform dull brown colour, with white 
fringes, but no markings on the wings (Entom. vol. xli. p. 157), 
being similar to the male recorded (Entom. vol. xliii. p. 201) by 
Captain Cardew.—Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited a series of Melitea 
dictynna var. vernetensis, Obth., taken by him this year at Vernet-les- 
Bains, Pyrénées-Orientales, and said that he regarded the so-called 
variety as probably a distinct species. With it he also showed 
examples of M. dictynna type, and M. athalia for comparison.—Dr. 
Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., M.A., communicated a paper entitled «‘ A Revi- 
sion of the Labiide, a Family of Dermaptera.”—The Rev. F. D. 
Morice read a paper entitled ‘‘ Hymenoptera Aculeata collected in 
Algeria: The Sphegide,” being part v. of the work commenced by the 
late Edward Saunders, F.R.S., F.E.S., in the Trans. Ent. Soc., 1904, 
p. 515.—Professor E. B. Poulton, D.Se., M.A., F.R.S., communicated 
a paper entitled ‘‘ Experiments with the Larva and Pupa of Uropteryx 
sambucarva in Connection with their Colour Surroundings,” by Eliza- 
beth Bridges. At the close of the discussion which followed, the 
President proposed a special vote of thanks to Miss Bridges, who 
was present, and this was carried unanimously.—H. Rowxanp- 
Brown, M.A., Hon. Secretary. 


THE South Lonpon EntomouoeicaL AND Natura History 
Society.— August 25th.—The President in the chair—Mr. Adkin 
exhibited a series of Hesperia malve, and read notes on the peculiar 
resting habit of the species—Mr. Edwards, a box of Satyrine, and 
called attention to the varied local forms of Hrgolis ariadne.—My. 
West (Greenwich), a series of the rare homopteron, Typhlocyba cruenta, 
from Box Hill, and specimens of Oncotylis viridiflorus from Ranmore. 
—Mr. Newman, an intermediate form of Odontopera bidentata; a 
female Bithys quercus with adonis-blue blotches on fore wings; bred 
examples of Argynnis paphia var. valesina; a female Huchloé carda- 
mines with a thin streak of bright yellow scaling on the left fore wing, 
and another much darker at base of wings, with aberrant marbling 
on the under side; a partially gynandromorph of Amorpha popult ; 
and a very darkly marked specimen of Pseudoterpna pruinata (cyti- 
saria).—Mr. Hugh Main, the larva of a glowworm.—Mr. W. J. Kaye, 
a long series of Morpho cytheris (thamyris), taken by him at Castro 
Parana, South America.— Dr. Chapman, rich brassy examples of 
Anthrocera filipendule, and specimens of Pieris rape from near 
Hospenthal, of large size and single-brooded. — Mr. Sich, a specimen 
of Aventula flecula from Wisley, a series of Coleophora albicosta from 
Sheen, and a cocoon and imago of Nepticula centifoliella. 


September 8th.—Mr. A. Sich, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the 
chair.—Mr. P. Barrett exhibited bred Hyles ewphorbie from Sicily ; 
also a number of reeds from which larve and pupe of Nonagria 
arundinis had been extracted by birds.—Mr. Ashby, a series of 
Anomala frischt from the New Forest, three-fourths of which were 
of the beautiful blue-green variety.—Mr. West (Greenwich), a short 
series of the rare Homopteron, Olzarius leporinus, from Holmsley, 
New Forest.—Mr Newman, long varied series of Agrotis cinerea 


SOCIETIES. 359 


from N. Kent, and Pachnobia alpina from Rannoch, Huchelia yacobee 
with red markings united, a number of Spilosoma fuliginosa bred 
in August from Aberdeen ova, laid in June, of the red southern form, 
and a varied series of Amorpha popult, including a unicolorous speci- 
men and one with a greenish band.—Mr. Step, for Mr. Bishop, a 
cluster of Drosera intermedia from Cut-mill, which had captured a 
dragonfly Agrion puella.—Dr. Hodgson, a gynandromorphous Brenthis 
euphrosyne from Ashdown Forest.—Mr. Sich, shells of the ova of 
Coleophora niveicostella on thyme, cases of C. potentille (?) and of 
C. parvipennella, and mines of the larve of Cemostoma scitella, 
in hawthorn.—Dr. Chapman showed a series of slides illustrating 
various, chiefly structural, points in relation to the ‘ blues,” especially 
P. argus, A. corydon, and A. thetis (bellargus): their larvee at various 
stages, characteristic hairs, honey glands, &c.; pupal structure, such 
as the curious pocket in P. argus and A. thetis between segments 
four and five of the abdomen, to receive the ends of the legs and 
antenne; the male appendages, to illustrate their characteristic 
forms in the Plebeiids; a series of specimens of the teeth at the end 
of the clasp of P. argus and also of a number of allied species, showing 
the great variation of these parts in P. argus and quite impossible to 
confound with the other species, where variation might be equally 
great, but specimens were not available for this. The specimens 
were all pressed quite flat so as to be perfectly comparable. 


September 22nd.—Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the 
chair.—Dr. Chapman exhibited a bred series of a second brood of 
Agriades corydon from ova laid by spring imagines taken in the 
Riviera.—Mr. West (Ashtead), a bred series of Malacosoma neustria, 
containing a good proportion of very light and very dark forms in 
both sexes.—Mr. Andrews, short series of the Diptera, Pegomyia 
setaria and Isopogon brevirostris from Chattenden and Shoreham, 
Kent, respectively —Mr. Newman, a Celastrina argiolus female with 
very wide black margin and spotted fringe, a Pachnobia hyperborea 
in which a radial segment of the hind wing has the rich markings of 
the fore wing, an orange Arctia caja with fore wings having only a 
few small blotches of dark marking, several forms of Angerona 
prunaria uniform and rich marbled, an Adopea lineola with xanthic 
discal patches on all wings, and an Abraxas grossulariata extremely 
pale, with only a few scattered traces of black and yellow markings.— 
Mr. Kaye, for Mr. Percy Richards, a curious and unique specimen of 
the genus Zanclognatha with a combination of the markings of both 
Z. grisealis and Z. tarstipennalis, but considered as being the former 
species.—Mr. Step, the galls of Comps kollari (?) from Bookham 
and compared them with C. tenctorza (?) brought from the Riviera 
by Dr. Chapman.—Mr. Turner, a box of Geometers which he had 
received from West Australia and was going to hand to Mr. Prout 
for identification.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Secretary. 


360 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 


My 


RECENT LITERATURE. 


Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India. Entomological 
Series, vol. ii., No. 8. “ Life-Histories of Indian Insects.— 
Coleoptera I.” By H. Maxweun-Lerroy, M.A., F.E.S., &e. 
Pp. 139-163, plates xili.-xix. (June, 1910.) Thacker, Spink & 
Co., Calcutta and London. 

DrAts with the life-histories of seven Indian beetles—Phyllogna- 
thus dionysius, Anomala varians, Galerucella singhara, G. rugosa, 
Apomecyna pertigera, A. histrio, Cylas formicarius, and Cionus hortu- 
lanus var. major. The various stages of all these insects, except 
A. histrio, are beautifully depicted on the plates. 


The following have also been received :— 


An Introduction to the Study of Rocky Mountain Bees. By T. D. A. 
CockERELL and W. W. Rossins. Pp. 179-195, with eight 
plates of figures showing wing and other structural details. 
(Reprint from ‘University of Colorado Studies,’ vol. vii., No. 3; 
Boulder, Colorado, March, 1910.) 


The Type-Species of the North American Genera of Diptera. By 
D. W. Coquinuert. (Reprint from ‘Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,’ 
vol. 37, pp. 499-647, Aug. 4th, 1910.) 


Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. Division of Entomology. 
Bulletin 207.— Army Worms and Cut Worms on Sugar-Cane 
in the Hawaiian Islands,” by O. H. SwErzey (pp. 32, plates 3). 
Bull. No. 8.—‘A Bibliography of Sugar-Cane Entomology,” by 
G. W. KirKaupy (pp. 72). 


Insects and Entomologists: their Relations to the Community at Large. 
By Professor Joun B. Smiru. Pp. 209-226 and 467-477. (Re- 
print from the ‘Popular Science Monthly,’ March, May, 1910.) 


Inyuries to Forest Trees by Flat-headed Borers. By H.*E. Burke. 
(From ‘Year-book of Department of Agriculture for 1909,’ 
pp. 399-415.) 


U.S. Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Entomology : Technical 
Serves :—No. 18: ‘“‘The Anatomy of the Honey Bee,” by R. E. 
Snodgrass. No.19, pt. i.: “‘The Parasites Reared or supposed 
to have been Reared from the Eggs of the Gipsy Moth,” by 
L. O. Howard, Ph.D. Part ii.: ‘Descriptions of Certain 
Chalcidoid Parasites,” by J. C. Crawford. 

Bulletins :—64, pt. viii.: ‘The Woolly White Fly: a New Enemy 
of the Florida Orange,” by E. A. Back, Ph.D. 80, pt. v.: “On 
the Nut-feeding Habits of the Codlin Moth,” by 8. W. Foster. 
82, pt. iv.: “The Life-History and Control of the Hop Flea 
Beetle” (Psylliodes punctulata), by William B. Parker. 88, 
pt. ili.: “The Clover-root Curculio,” by V. L. Wildermath. 
pt.iv.: “The Sorghum Midge (Contarinia sorghicola, Coq.),” 
by W. Harper Dean. Pt. vi.: ‘‘ Contributions to a Knowledge 
of the Corn Root-Aphis,” by R. A. Vickery. Pt. vill.: “The 
Cow Pea Curculio,” by Geo. G. Ainslie. 


tion of ‘Notices. of Wixchitge: or as Advertisements, in n the ‘Ento! 0 
“no way a guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good cond 
mn of the Species. This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of — 
Exchangers or Advertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, i in case the liberty — 
allowed should be abused.] Marked * are bred. 


Duplicates.—Paniscus and Betule*; finest precurable; black pins; 1910. 
Desiderata.—Local and uncommon insects only.— C. Jolly; 12, Cheltenham 
Street, Old Basford, Nottingham. 

Desider ata.—Atomalis, Basistrigalis, Ulmella, Cembre, Greyillana, Paludana, 
De Greyana, Anthemidana, Conspurcatella, Reticella, Douglasi, Birdella, Bison- 

fella, Politella—Hon. N. Charles Rothschild ; Arundel House, Kensington Palace — 
¢ ardens, London, W., England. é 
Duplicates. —Cardamines,** Selene, Saperanthys (under sides), Rubi, Argiolus, ; 
Malvi, Tages, Linea, Sylvanus, Hamula* (2), Fagi (1), Trepida (3), Ditrapezium,* 
Triangulum,* Festiva, Herbida, Tenebrata, Promigsa (2), Silageatat (8), ‘Albulata, 
Plagiata, &e. Desiderata. —Asiliformis, Ligniperda, Adseuli, Trifolii, Alni, Oceulta, - 
and many others.—F’. A. Oldaker; The Red House, Haslemere. is 
_ Duplicates.—Some butterflies in papers from several countries. Deside- 
rata.—Butterflies from anywhere; many EHuropeans wanted.—L. D. Symingieres ; 
I ooe, Cornwall. Se 

Duplicates. — Most of the Macros well-set in fine condition. Wanted 
Specially—Fine Pupe. S. Ligustri, Porcellus, Orion, Dodonea, Dictea, Dicte- 


‘oides, Carmelita, Vinula, Furcula, and many others; liberal exchange.—L. W. 3: 


ewman; Bexley, Kent. 
_* Duplicates.—Micacea, Tiliaria, Fuscantaria, Bipunctaria, Rivata (6), Conigera, — 
4), Lithoxylea, (4), Interjectaria (4), Uncula (4), C-Nigrum (5), Plecta (6), Caniola 
(4), Oleracea (6), Bisetata (4), Nictitans (4), Literosa (4), Canitata (5), Unidentaria 


(7). Desideratu.u—Numerous. — Stanley A. Blenkarn; ‘* Norham,” Cromwell = 


Road, Beckenham. : 
Duplicates. —Pupe: S. Populi, Ocellatus, Versicolor, Ligniperda, Prasinana, 


E amula, Subumbrata, Obliquaria. Desiderata.—Pupe of Bidentata and A. Betu- oe f 


laria, especially melanic forms. — W. Bowater; 20, Russell Road, Moseley, 
Birmingham. 


Duplicates.—Calysisme Justinella, Orsotriena Medus, Ypthima Stellera, and - 


: ampides Ailianus. Desiderata.—Named British or Foreign insects of any order. 
F. W. Sowerby ; Stafford House, Cleethorpes. 
_ Duplicates. —Campanulata,* Subciliata,* Absinthiata,* Acton, Geryon, 
Griseola, B. Quercus, Derasa, Megacephala, Lithargyria, Sublustris, Gemina, 
z] ‘riangulum, Trapezina (red var.), Affinis, Lucipara, Apiciaria,* Tiliaria, Fuscan- 
ta aria,” Pennaria, Dilutata,* Aiphorillata® Rubidata,* Tersata,* R besaria,* = 
Mensuraria, Palumbaria, ova of Fuscantaria. Desiderata.—Numerous.—(Rev.) 
. M. Downes ; Batheaston Vicarage, Bath. RiGe 


Duplicates. —Ova: Tiliaria (Forres), Chi (var.), Olivacea from. very dark 
females, Elinguaria. Larve: Unanimis. Pupe:; S. Populi, Pisi, Bidentata. 


Imagines : Bidentata, Chrysitis, Pulchrina, Batis, Orbona,** Chi, var. Olivacea — 
(very dark forms), Nebulosa. Desiderata.—Ova, larvee, or pupe of Syringaria, 
Bilunaria, Fuscantaria, Autumnaria, Erosaria, and Pennaria; ‘also numerous 
imagines.—Alfred Wm. Lynn ; 37, Rodsley Avenue, Gateshead. 

5 “Duplicates. — Chrysorrheea,* Consortaria,* Llustraria,* Cervinaria,*_ : Pree 
mutata,* Rivata,* Silaceata,* Moneta,* Comitata,* Subnotata,* Seabiosata, Macu- 
lata, Bipuctaria, Actzon, Bondii, Punctulata. Desiderata—Numerous.—ZJ. Hen: 
u ard ; 1, Norfolk Gardens, Lower Addiscombe Road, Croydon. 

= Duplicates. —Popularis, Ceruleocephala,* Pisi,* C. Nigr um, Cruda, Brannon te 


Baja,* Oleracea, Fimbria,* i. Alniaria* (from wild Britisli parents), Belgiaria, | a 


efoliaria, Aurantiaria, Boreata, Leucophearia, Prunaria,* Obliquaria,* Strigil- _ 


ia. Destderata.—Numerous, especially Seside.—J. B. Morris; 14, Ranelaghe: a 


venue, Barnes. s 
ie Duplicates. —Melanopa. Desiderata.—Strigula, Sericea, Hamula, Ridens, 
a, Bondii, Cribralis, Manisa: Glabraria, Muricata, Asthena, Sylvata, Pygme- 
Pr necanentn, Sexalata, Associata, and Griseata. Black pins and Ae 

s Cc. Woodbridge ; The Briars, Gerrards Cross, Bucks, 


Divina A fom of the re variety (Wig 
Desiderata.—N. reticulata (Sap prEnas Lychnitis, varie les | 
2, George Street, Chester. ; : 

Duplicates. _Fiammea, Bondii DN Neurica (2), patent (3), Sheers 
Putrescens, Leucophea (2), Porphyrea, Populeti, Croceago, Gilvago, “Aurago, ca 
Conspersa, Geniste, Lychnitis, Asteris, Absinthii, Petrificata, Cracce, Fluviata, 
Prunata, and (not black pins) Agathina and Ashworthii, and many others. 
Desiderata.—F luctuosa, Conspicillaris, Bajularia, and Fraxinata (1), and to im- 
prove rows, Trepida, Suspecta, Pygmeata, Rhamnata, and Gracilis (red).—(Rev.) 
A, Day; The Vicarage, Malvern Link. a 

Duplicates.—Very fine bred Repandata, var. Nigra, ditto Nebulosa, var. 
Robsoni, Papilionaria. Desiderata.-—Melanic vars. A. Ligustri, Menyanthidis, 
Arundinis, Morpheus, Agathina, Cruda, Abruptaria, Gemmaria, Roboraria, Con- 
sortaria, Consonaria, Cambricaria (W. Riding); also pallid forms of many species, 
fine well-set species only.— Wm. Mansbridge; 4, Norwich Road, Wavertree, 
Liverpool. 

Duplicates.—Cardamines, Aéigon, Puirescens, Hispidus, Anomala, Caniola, 
Carpophaga,* Lichenea,* Dominula,* Mendica,* Nigra, Chi, Gracilis, Ripe, 
Preecox, Fimbria, Renihiaa., Tritici, Saucia. Chamomille, ova or bee of Lichenea, 
Nigra, and Lucernea, pup of Absinthii and Hirtaria. Desiderata. —Lychnuitis, 
Bractea, Paleacea, Muscerda, Promissa, Fagi, Bicuspis, Fureula, Sicyla, pupe or 
ova of Gonostigma, Porcellus, Elpenor, Orion, Machaon, Carmelita, Ridens, and 
unset Exotics, or books on Exotic Insects.—J. Walker; 7, Mownt Hermon Road, 
Torqua 

CRaaiates: —Plantaginis,* Lubricipeda var. Fasciata,* H. Sylvinis, Hectus, 
Fulva, Cordigera, Cracce (4), Carbonaria, Sobrinata,* Vespertaria, Elymi, Capti-— 
uncula, Comes var. Curtisii,* &c., Graminis, Lunaria* (Northern form), Bicolorata 
var. Plumbata, Subfulvata™ vars., Isogrammata,* Fluviata,* Cambrica (dark — 
vars.), Trifasciata (dark), Olivata, Tristata, Cervinata,* Czsiata,* Badiata,* 
Rumicis,* Suasa,* Glareosa, Lutosa, Nigricans. Desiderata.—Same as last 

onth, and the following :—Paniscus, Leporina, Myricx, Lychnitis, Promissa, — 
Sexalisata, Simulata, &e.—T. Ashton Lofthouse; The Croft, Linthorpe, Middles- | 
brough. aa 

Duplicates.—Cilialis, Margaritellus, Pascuellus, Inquinatellus, Phragmitellus, — 
Hastiana, Caledoniana, Sordidana, Bimaculana, Opthalmicana, Geminana, Foe- — 
nella (2), &e. Desiderata. —Fureatellus, Ericellus, and many Pyrales, Crambi, 
Tortrices, and Pterophori.—T. Ashton Lofthouse ; The Croft, Linthorpe, Middles- 
brough. _ 
Desiderata.—Scolieformis, Sphegiformis, Centonalis, Ccoenosa, Sicula, Strigosa, 4 
Simulans, Flammatus, Saneosen: Sobrina, Alpina, Barrettii, Armigera, Flexula, &e. 
and offers in early stages. Hxchange.—Owen Wilson’s larvee, forty coloured 
plates. ‘Entomologists’ Record,’ from commencement to date, bound; and other 
works on Lepidoptera and other branches of Natural History.—LHrnest ‘A, Rogers ; 

“ Thorndale,’ Hermosa Road, Teignmouth. P 

Duplicates. —Pupe ; Ocellatus, Sagittata (a few). Imagines: Ocellatus,* | 
- Elpenor,* Ravida (a few), Unanimis, Fimbria,* Gracilis, Iota, Xerampelina,* — 
Gilvago, Advena, Sambucaria, Prodromaria, Unangulata. Desiderata.—Pinastri, © 
Galii, Euphorbie, Bombyliformis, Apiformis, many of the Clearwings, Chlorana, — 
Senex, Urticw, Binaria, Cultraria, Ridens, Chryson, Bractea, Promissa, Roboraria, — 
Cytisaria, Porata, Blomeri, and very many others.—James D. Coward ; Haver- — 
holme Gardens, Sleaford. é 

Duplicates—Precox,* Cursoria, Ripx,* Tritici, Valligera,* Litoralis,* Tike a 
Blanda, Morpheus, Zonaria, E. Sie combarain: E. Absinthiata. Desiderata.—Or, — 
Quercana, and numerous others. Preserved larve.—I'. Baxter; Min-y-Don, — 
Bromley Road, St. Anne’s-on-Sea, Lanes. ae 

Duplicates.—Chi* and vars., Vetusta,* Juliaria,* Rhomboidaria* (dark), Pudi- — 
bunda* (large), Spartiata and pupe, Mendica, &c. Desiderata.—Selene, Sinapis 
Alsus, Lucina, Actzon, Paniscus, Senex, Mundana, Caniola, Testudo, Flavicornis 
Ridens, Muralis, Parthenias, and Notha. None but well black-pinned and set 
required or sent. Harly stages preferred. Accepted offers answered, threé days. - 
—H. W. Baker; 73, Limetree Place, Stowmarket, Suffolk. ; 

Duplicates. ‘—Blandina, /Kgon, Salicis,* Mundana, Flavicornis, Fuligin sa 


Ics. 
= Duplicates.—Caniola, Geryon, Lacertula, Puta, etbigan: Obelisca, Putrescents Pe 
Literosa, Serena, Obscurata, Pedaria, Pennaria, Defoliaria, Designata, and, Prass 
naria (4). Desiderata.—Numerous.—H. Woodhead ; 55, West End Road, Southall, 
Middlesex. — 
_ _Duplicates.—Muralis, Sphinx, L. Comma, Geryon, Aurata, Mareihepuneene 
Perla, Galatea, Jasioneata.* Desiderata.—Stellatarum, Plantaginis, Pigra, Alsines, 
] figricans, Triangulum, Populeti, Macilenta, Citrago, Carpophaga, Cucubali, Adusta, 
Consonaria, Porata, Certata, Prunata, N. Strioula, Muscerda, Sericea, S. Urtice, 
Asella, Furcula, Bifida, Dodonea, Cuculla, Ridens, Myricze, Albovenosa, Canna, 
Neurica, N. Reticulata, Depuncta, Caliginosa, Rectilinea, Venustula, Lychnitis, | Hi 
Glabraria, Diffinis, Brunneata, Sagittata—H. A. McNaught ; Hazeldene, cena 
Street, Worcester. 
Duplicates. —Corydon, Z. Trifolii, Sylvinus (very large females), Derasa, Batis, 
Diluta, Flavicornis, Ochracea,* Puiris,* Rurea and var. Combusta, Hepatica, Per- | 
icaria,”* Gemina, Vestigialis, Tritici, Glareosa, Augur,* Ditrapezium,* Triangu- 
lum,* Brunnea,* Dahlii, Ianthina,* Fimbria,* Parthenias, Unea, Albicillata, 
Ulmata, Repandata,* Fulva (red and white forms), Vetusta, Exoleta, Oxyacanthe 
and var. Capucina. Desiderata.—Very numerous.—W. H. C. Bolton; 48, Phil- 
each Gardens, Harl’s Court, S.W. 
_.. Duplicates.—Io,* Blandira, Sylvanus, Caia,* Dispar,* Pennaria, Pilogakiae 
Atomaria, Ulmata, Rupicapraria,” Leucophearia (males), Aurantiaria (males), 
Defoliaria, Aiscularia,* Multistrigaria, Albulata, Suffumata, Badiata, Falcula, 
Blavicornis, Perla, Rumicis, Fulva, Rurea and var. Combusta, Graminis, Gemina, 
Brunnea, Baja, Gothica,* Rubricosa, Instabilis, Cruda, Macilenta, Rufina, Litura, 
Satellitia, Cerago,* Silago,* Ferruginea, Chi, Nebulosa, Typica,”* &e. Desiderata.— 
Very numerous, to extend and renew. Only fine insects, well-set on blackpins.— 
7. Fleming: 9, Fairview Terrace, Merthyr Tydfil. 
 Duplicates.—Connexa (Yorks, 1895), Rectilnea,* Exigua (6, fine), C. Reticu- 
ta (1), S. Andreniformis (1), Conspicilaris (5), Geniste,* Furva,* Albicolon,* 
: Jontigua,* Geryon,* Thalassina,* Meliloti, Umbra,* Flammea,* Scolapacina, Abie- 
faria,* -Tasioneata™ (few), Cespitis,* Dear Argentula, Dolobrania,, Luctuosa, 
Aurago,* Ditrapezium,* Abjecta, Anceps, Basilinea,* Ochroleuca, Cinerea (6), 
uithorhiza,* Fuscula, Arbuti,* Interrogationis, Persicariz, Orichalcea* (8), Craccee,* oe 
Rubricata, I araie atte: Biserata, Repandata and vars. Rdases, Salicis, Leporina,* 
Humuli var. Hathlandiea (2), Arundinis (Castanea), Dodonea,* Trepida, Porcellus,* 
Orbona var. Curtisii (3), Dominula,* Dispar,* Festuce (3), Carpini* (4), Straminea; Wisp 
D. oo (1), Nigra, Alni-(1), Rufa, Quercana* (4), Lapponaria (2 females), Ambigua, 
and the following (on white and gilt pins): Sulphuralis, Venustula, Lichenaria, — 
Glabraria, and Asellus, all good cabinet specimens. Desiderata.—Many local — 
species for renewal (bred where possible, and well set), especially Sesias, various: 
pupie, ova and larve, especially Grossulariata from Midlands.—Lavwrance ; 
Arthur Street, New Oxford Street, London, W.C. _ 

: Duplicates.— Iris, Polychloros,* Sibylla,* Lucina,* Bombyliformis,* : Meliloti,* ae mee 
Undulanus,* Quadra,* Plantaginis,* Fuliginosa var. Borealis,* Humuli var, — 
Hethlandica, Velleda, Fascelina,* Cratzgi* (dark), Callunz,* Versicolor,* Carpini,* -_ 
Duplaris, Orion, Menyanthidis,* Turca, “Haworthii, Lunigera, Agathina,* Glareosa 
ck), ‘Subsequa, Piniperda,* Gracilis* (red), Rubiginea,* Conspersa** (black), 
weal, * ‘ Rectilinea, Solidaginis, Absinthii,* Bractea, Interrogationis,* Melanopa, _ 
missa,** Cracce,* Fasciaria,” Dolobraria,* Syringaria,* Alniaria,* Glabraria,* = 

henaria,* Repandata var. Conversaria,* Abietaria,* pear a * Orbicularia,* 
morata, Pictaria,* Alternata,* Grossularata® (fine vars.), Cesiata,* Salicata, 
ulata var. Thules,* Blandiata, Dubitata,* Undulata,* Psittacata,* Populata,* | 
Desiderata.—Many Geometrie to extend, and varieties or local forms of any. 
es.—Arthur Horne; 60, Gladstone Place, Aberdeen, N.B. ; 
Duplicates.—Rare Saturnidie and ‘Parnassius. Cocoons: Saturnia Pyretorum,’. 
h China; Attacus Ricinii, Edwardsi, Atlas. Imagines: Edwardsi, Ricinii, — 
giants ex Java), Crieula Andrei (new sp.) life- histories ; also Nudaurelia ‘eg 
eeripye, Caffraria, E. Bauhine, Argema, Mimosw, Leto, Selene, Luna; pu 


$i 


Thatheres Mycitte a aad var. Grass Hemileuc 
-nassius Romanori (male and female), Nubilosus lesa aa ema 
(male and female), Appolonius (male and female) and ab. Flavoma 
Staudingeri (male and female), Clodius (male and female), and many « ‘Sag 
- Cocoons of many of above shortly. Desiderata. —Cocoons, pupe, ova,. set or 
papered specimens of rare and interesting Saturnide and Parnassiine. Correspon- 
dence desired with collectors in West Africa.—J. Henry Watson; 70, Ashford * 
Road, Withington, Manchester. | 
Duplicates. —Paphia (white pins), Selene, Aurinia (2), Io, Galatea, ieee g.5 
Populi, Ligustri (1), Elpenor (1), Apiformis (5, fair), Salicis (4), Carpini, Versicolor 
(2, white “pins), Vinula (4), Nubeculosa dd, fair), Derasa, Flavago, Popularis, — 
Graminis, Cespitis (fair), Valligera, Puta, Lunigera (1), Lucernea (1), Lunosa, 
Irregularis (2), Herbida (5), Nebulosa (pale form, 4), Vetusta, Melanopa (8), Craccx. — 
Desiderata.—Cardui, Lucina, Acton, Tipuliformis, Arundinis, Velleda, Asellus, 
Testudo, Strigula, Centonalis, Mendiea, Rubi, Fasciaria, Tiliaria, Lapponaria, é 
- Glabraria, Extersaria, Obfuscata, Auroraria, Luteola, Omnaria, Piniaria, Sacraria, — 
Gilvaria, Cassiopa, Soehlieata, Viretata, Firmata, Unangulata, Psitticata, Corylata, — 
Spinula, Plumigera, Dodonea, Ceruleocephala, Tridens, Venosa, Lutosa, Petasitis, z 
Abjecta, Anceps, Agathina, Simulans, Depuncta, Sobrina, Neglecta, Leucographa, — 
Satellita, Gusanan: Lupulenta, Oacilta! Advena, Glaues, Rectilinea, Cordigera, 
Myrtilli, Sulphuralis, Luctuosa, Venustula, Fuscula, Argentula, Notha, Urtica, — 
Triplana, Fulvex, Acrea.—L. T. B. Fieece ; 185, Newport Road, Cardiff. x 


THe SourH Lonpon ENntToMoLoGicAL AND NatursAL History Socrery.— — 
November 10th. — Lantern Evening. November 24th. — Annual Exhibitions. — 
December 8th.—Paper, with Lantern: ‘‘An Entomological Tour in 8. Brazil, by — 
Messrs. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., and Dukinfield Jones, F. E. S. ¢ 


To CorRESPONDENTS.—AI1I notes, papers, books for review, &e., sand notices of — 
change should be sent to the Kditor— ; 


RICHARD SOUTH, 96, DRAKEFIELD ROAD, UPPER TOOTING. 8.W. 


‘THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’ 
SYNONYMIC LIST OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 


By RicHarp Sout, F.H.S. 


Demy 8vo. For Reference only, 6d., postage 1d.; in’ duplicate. 
spies on one side only for Labels, and on both sides for Reference), — 

, postage 2d. zs 

The Exchange List (containing the whole of the British Lepido- x 
ptera complete on a single sheet of note-paper), 1d., post free 14d.; one 
penny is sufficient postage for any number of copies. 


Alphabetical List of Changes from Doubleday’s Nomenclature. 
made in the above List, 6d., postage 1d. ; 


EXPERIMENTS ON THE 


SEASONAL DIMORPHISM of LEPIDOPTERA 


By Dr. AUGUST WEHISMANN. 


Translated from the German by W. E, Nicuouson, F.H.S. This very interesting paper | 
appeared in seven numbers of the ‘Entomologist’ in 1896, and occupies 60 pages I 
its more convenient form as a ee. pamphlet. Paige Is., postage? igs aces 


ation of Notices of Eechausa: or at e laterigatent in the Bitonotenere 

y a guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good condition of 

e Species. This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of Exchangers or 

AC We eiciscia: put to absolve the Editor from responsibility, i in case the liberty allowed s pon 
be 2 abused.) Marked * are bred. 


r, - Duplicates. —Larve: Betularia, Pudibunda. Pupwe: Mendica. Desiderata.— ae 
Larve: Chlorana, Monacha, Fascelina, Fuliginosa, Dictzoides, Ziezac, and Ana- 
choreta.—Herbert M. Baker ; 73, Limetree Place, Stowmarket, Suffolk. 
Duplicates.—Few bred specimens of Sesia Andreniformis (N. Kent) and 
. Bicuspis; also a quantity of bred Precox (Lanes.). Desiderata.—Rare and 
Toca species in exchange for 8. Andreniformis and D. es and many local © 
118, Darling Place, 
Prestwick, Ayrshire. a 
Duplicates. —Corydon, Adonis, Aigon, Astrarche, Malye, Tages, Lineola, — 
Aglaia, Semele, Caniola, Batis, Diluta, L. Comma, Putrescens, Favicolor (fair, ‘ 
Bes): Hepatica, Anceps, Gemina, Suasa, Instabilis, Munda, Miniosa, Rubiginea* 
(few), Lutulenta (4), Anomala (male), Umbratica, Glyphica, Absinthii (4), Dodonea ree 
2), Chrysomuchellus, and many odd insects. Desiderata. — Micacea, Rurea, 
Aquilina, Agathina, Umbrosa, Subsequa, Retusa, Oo, Diffinis (3), Semibrunnea, 
Tota, Triplasia, Dipsacea (4), Interrogationis, and many Geometra.—W. Crocker ; 
63, Park Terrace, Gillingham, Kent. 
_ Duplicates. —Larve: Lucipara, Jacobeex. Imagines: numerous. — Desi- 
derata.—Numerous.— S.A. Wallis ; 84, Melton Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham. 
 Duplicates—Larve: Vinula. Pupe: Geminipuncta (Sussex). Imagines: 
Obscurata (Lewes forms). Desiderata.—Betule (males), Pruni, Paniscus, Sinapis, — 
‘Furva, Elymi, Obsoleta, Littoralis, Pudorina, Pinastri, Unanimis, Ophiogramma, 
Fibrosa, Ravida, Ripe, and many others.—Guy H. H. Peskett ; Simla, Preston, 
Brighton. 
_ Duplicates.—Cinxia* (under sides), Aurinia,* Selene, Adgon, Paphia, Corde 
T. Rubi,* Cardamines (under sides), Galatea, Piniarius, Tipuliformis, Z. Trifolii.* 
Be cctdorata —Numerous.—Sydney T. Thorne ; Holmdale, Acland Road, Boda 
mouth. Ves 
_  Duplicates.—Fine, well-set Scopula, Decrepitalis, and Alpinalis. Desiderata. 
—Well-set local Macros, larve, pupe, &¢.—Thos. Salvage ; The Plaquet, Arling- 
ton, Sussex. 
_ Dwplicates—Imagines: Pisi,* Moneta,* Lythoxylea, Typica, Caja, Io, Stri- 
gilis, Plecta, Pallens, C-Nigrum. Desiderata.—Larve: Lanestris, Ligustri, Domi- _ 
nula, Machaon, Bicuspis, “Ligniperda, Dispar, Ocellatus, Senecio, Dromedarius: ee 
Cucullia, Vinula. Ova: Quercifolia and numerous others.—(Rev.) H. Everett; 
Broughton Hill, Letchworth, Herts. ‘ 
_ _ Duplicates. _Tarve of Picata, Rivata, Unangulata, Thymiaria ; pupe of — 
Rubidata; imagos of Putrescens, Nigra,* Fibrosa, Cespitis, Suspecta,* Haworthii,« 
‘Cinxia,* 1d, Polychloros,* ‘ Aglaia, Selene, Tages, Malvee, Comma, Lineola, Acton, _ 
. Quercus,* Minima, Galatea, Anomala, Adustata, Pyraliata, Affinitata var. Com- — 
busta, Oxyacanthez var. Capucina,® Dealbata (2). Desitderata.—Fine and well-set — 
pairs of insects, numerous.—7’. Blandford ; 6, Weirfield Road, Exeter. ee? 
9 Desiderata.—Crambus Contaminellus. Can offer Andrenxforme, a few only. 
—Hon. N. Charles Rothschild; Arundel House, Kensington Palace Care 


ondon, W. 


: rie 
_ THe South Lonpon EnromonoeicaL anD Naturst History Sociery.— 
August 11th.—Exhibits. August 25th.—Exhibits. aes 


To CorRESPONDENTS.—AII notes, papers, books for review, &c., and notices of 
change should be sent to the Editor— 
_ RICHARD SOUTH, 96, DRAKEFIELD ROAD, UPPER TOOTING. 8.W. 


Himatavan ee ake ere ie and Moths. = 
Collection for Sale, aoa Also. Land nas : 
: water Shells. Apply— pee: | 


J. T. DAY, 41, THE DRIVE, ILFORD. ; e| 


REMEMBER! | 
The ORIGINAL and LARGEST BUTTERFLY FARM in’ the) 
| BRITISH ISLES is HEAD’S. eal 


(ESTABLISHED 1884.) 


Many GOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. } 
_ Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied, Price List sent free. a 
_ Note the Address— 


AS VV HEAD, Entomolog ; 
BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBO Cad 1 


PRICE 6s. Bolan 4d. 


~ Leech’s BRITISH a 


INCLUDING THE 
AVENTIIDA, HERMINIIDA, HYPENIDA, AND PTEROPHORIDA. 


_ With Eighteen Fine Lithographic Plates. Copies with the plates coloured | 
are very scarce, and only a few copies with plain plates now remain. 


_&. SOUTH; 96, Drakeriznp Roap, Upper Toorine, Lonpon, §.W. 


eae 


NEW AND REVISED HEDITION.—Cloth. Price 1s. 6d. Postage 2d. 


PP ber HUNTER’S COMPANION 


INSTRUCTIONS FOR 


ee ae REARING, SETTING, AND PRESERVING, 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. 
BY the late Rev. JOSEPH GREENE, M.A. Revised and Extended by A. B. FARN. 
3 ‘© So full of practical information that everyone interested in this phase of Ento- 
mology ought to have a copy of it by them.’’—Western Mail. 


“The little brochure seems to be practical and useful to the young collector.’’— 
Naturalists’ Quarterly, Review. 


London: -WEST, NEWMAN «& CO., 54, Hatton Garden, E.C. 


‘The aabiicasian of Notices of Ex erihaun : or of Lascciiembnte in the ‘ptomologist! 
is in no way a guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good condition of — 
the Species. This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of Exchangers or — 


A dvertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, i in case the liberty allowed should — rigs 
1 be abused.] Marked * are bred. TR 


- Duplicates. EOval Bidentatas. Larva: Hirtabia. Pupa: Typica. Imagines: 

gon, Pudorina, Hirtaria,* Bidentata,* Pedaria, Strigillaria, Atomaria, Piniaria, 
Exanthemata, Dilutata, Leucophearia. Desiderata.—Very numerous.—G. Brooks ; 
Ivyside, North Finchley. i 
 Duplicates.—Imagines* : 8. Cecropia, A. Tau, A. Cynthia, A. Atlas, 8S. Scaliee! tf 
_ formis, melanic A. Betularia and Bidentata. Larve: Bidentata (melanic), 
_ Cecropia, Japonica. Desiderata.—Larve of melanic forms of Geometers, or old 
_ numbers of ‘ Entomologist’ or ‘ Barrett..—W. Bowater; Brandon Lodge, Russelt : 
- Road, Moseley, Birmingham. 

Duplicates.—Larve: Tilie, Carpini, Hirtaria, Bidentata. Pupa: Z. Trifoliie 
-Imagines: Selene, Cinxia (6). Agon, Tipulifcrmis, Trifolii (and fresh killed), | 
_ Pudorina, Lucipara,** Derasa,* Moneta,* Bidentata,* Betularia and vars. At« maria, — 

_ Piniaria, Strigillaria, Palumbaria. Desiderata.— Numerous.—G. Brooks ; Ivyside, ‘ 
~ North Finchley. 2 a 
Duplicates.—Pupx: Quercana, Potatoria. Imagines: Caja, Io, Pisi, Litho- — 
a ees Moneta (very fine). Desiderata.—Ova: Tilix, Ligustri, Ocellatus, Crcceago. — 
- Larve: Bifida, Furcula, Tremula, Cuculla, Batis, Monacha, Carpini, Nupta, — % 
_ Machaon, Lanestris. Imagines: Trifolii, Burraria, Parthenias, Luctuosa, Semele, aah 
_ Epiphron, Sibylla, G. C-Album, T. Betule, Edura, Sinayis, Athalia. Hope to get 
> Salicis larve’ and pupe in a week; glad to exchange. — Rev. E. Everett ; Broughton 
Hill, Letchworth, Hitchin. i 
= Duplicates. see Crategi,* Rapea,* Paphia* var. Valezina,* Edusa, Davus, 
_ Cinxia,* Euphrosyne, Aglaia, Artemis,* Polychloros,”* Urtice,* Io,* Galatea,* 
oe Albom,” T. Quercus,* Phleeas,* Adonis,* Corydon,* Minima, © 
eee Malve, Tages, Linea, Lineola,* Acteon, Comma, Villica,* Prunata,* 
- Putrescens, Jarve of Russata (nice forms), Pulveiaria, Viridata, pupx of Suffumata, 
- Unidentaria. Desiderata.— Fine and well-set pairs of insects; numerous.— 
_ F. Blanchford ; 6, Weirfield Road, Ezeter. 
Duplicates. Numerous Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, &e. 
_ Many good species. Desiderata.—Pyrales, Crambi, and local Micros; Badge 
_ Tortrices, Northern Biting Flies (Tabanus, &c.), Lophyrus Pini (any stage), § See 
- Rhyssa Pereuasoria ; also numerous Fen insects.— Bernard Smith Harwood ; 
94, Station Road, Colchester. 
G Duplicates. — Bimetii, Mendica, Pastinum, Persicaria. Larve: Casirensis. 
_ Desiderata. —Numerous.— Postmaster ; Frindsbury, Rochester. : 
4 Duplicates.—Paphia, Valezina, Artemis, W-Album, Betule, Artaxerxes, Tilise, ; 
 Cribrum, Meliloti, Carniola, Orion, Herbida, Abietaria, Cinctaiia, Orbicularia,*® 
 Albulata var. Thules, Immanata (Shetland vars.), Venerata (Shetland var.), Con-_ 
’ spersa (fine melanic vars.), Humuli (fine Shetland vars.), Conflua (Shetland, unset, 
1909), Emutaria, Senex, Trepidaria, and many others. Desiderata.—Pupe only 
of the following: Grossulariata, Caja, Paphia, Adippe, Villica and Fascelina 
(Northern). Fertile females or ova only: Atcmaria (Northein), Clatbrata, Grossu-_ 
- lariata (Northern).—Percy M. Bright ; Fairfield, Wimborne Road, Bournemouth. 
.. See MLE | 
Tur SourH Lonpon ENToMoLocicaL aND NatursL History SOCIETY.— — 
_ July Ind. — Field Meeting: Westerham, Hy. J. Turner, F. E.S., Conductor. — 
July 14th—Exhibits. June 23rd. —Field Meeting: Wisley, W. J. pnees Bea 
_F.E.S., Conductor. July 28th.—Exhibits. 
4 a 
To CorrRESPONDENTS.—AIll notes, papers, books for review, &c.. and notices of 
Bac should be sent to the Editor— 


RICHARD SOUTH, 96, DRAKEFIELD ROAD, UPPER TOOTING. 8.W. 


ta 
Be 
Se 


REMEMBER! | 


The ORIGINAL and LARGEST BUTTERFLY FARM. in “the! 


BRITISH ISLES is HEAD’S. 


(ESTABLISHED 1884.) 


An Immense Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larve & Pupe, & Set Specimens always on Sale, : 


Many GOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. 


Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. 


Note the Address— 


Ei WV: Pie A Db, Gitamslagae 
BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. 


pele OF WIGHT (a paradise for entomologists).—Board- 
residence offered by an entomologist to married couple, 


-or two gentlemen. Lofty rooms; bath. Bilhards. Apply— 
‘White Admiral,” c/o ‘Entomologist,’ 54, Hatton Garden, London. 


ANTED.—A Second-hand 40-Drawer MAHOGANY or 


WALNUT ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET. Apply— 
_E. S. A. BAYNES, 120, WARWICK STREET, LONDON, S.W. 


Price 6s. Postage 4d. 


ieech’s BRITISCH PYRALIDES, 


INCLUDING THE 


AVENTIIDA, HERMINIIDA, HYPENIDA, AND PTEROPHORIDA. 


With Highteen Fine Lithographic Plates. Copies with the plates coloured 


are very scarce, and only a few copies with plain plates now remain. 
R. SOUTH, 96, DrakeriELD Roap, Upper Toorine, Lonpon, 8. W. 


NEW AND REVISED EDITION.—Cloth. Price 1s. 6d. Postage 2d. 


INSECT HUNTER’S COMPANION 


INSTRUCTIONS FOR 


COLLECTING, REARING, SETTING, AND PRESERVING, 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. : 
By the late Rev. JOSEPH GREENE, M.A. Revised and Extended by A. B. FARN, 


‘So full of practical information that everyone interested in this phase of Ento- 


mology ought to have a copy of it by them.’’—Western Mail. 
_. he little brochure seems to be practical and useful to the young collector.’’— 
Naturalists’ Quarterly Review. 


London: WEST, NEWMAN ¢& CO., 54, Hatton Garden, E.C. 


| 


mare Oe 


Ls oe Se EXCHANG Ee: ; mF) 
[he pub ication of Notices of Exchange, or of Advertisements, in the ‘ Entomo- 
is in no way a guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good condi-. 
m of the Species. This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of 
3xchangers or Advertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, in case the liberty 
owed should be abused.] Maz‘ked * are bred. 


_ Duplicates.—Andreniformis* (few), Vitellina (1, good). , Desiderata.—Scolii- 
‘ormis, Sphegiformis, Albimacula,* rare Noctue. — P. P. Milman; Cyprina, 
Paignton, South Devon. 

_ Duplicates.—Carniola,* Villica,** Fuliginosa,* B. Quercus, Potatoria,* Vitellina 

(1, fair), Elymi (fair), Matura, N. Rubi, Typica,* Verbasci,* Umbratica, Flavocincta, 
Chi, Nigra, Lun»sa, Bidentata, Immorata (4), Fluviata,* Tersata, &c. Desiderata.— _ 

Formiciformis, Sericea, Ocularis, Aceris, Alni, Coryli, Oo, Cxsia, Olivacea, Iota, 
Glabraria, Rubricata, Berberata, Munitata, Lapidata, Griseata, &e.; Deltoides, 
Pugs on black pins, cr rare British marine shells.—P. P. Milman; Cyprina, 
Paignton, South Devon. 

Duplicates.—Galatea, Lucina, Tages, Malve, Tithonus, Phleas, W-Album, 
Cinxia,* Egeria, Euphrosyne, Actzon, Selene, Adonis, Corydon, T. Quercus,” 
uinea, Lineola,* Comma, Salmacis (few), Flammea (few), Helmanni (few), Casta- 
new (few), Aprilina,* Suspecta,* Fulva, Fuliginosa,* Mesomella, Io,** Polychloros,* 
laia, Prunata, Adustata, Piniaria, Luteata, Arbuti, Russata* (nice forms), 
omala, Mendica. Desiderata.—Fine and well-set pairs of insects, especially 
learwings.—I’, Blanchford ; 6, Weirfield Road, Exeter. 

_ Duplicates. — Cinxia,* Astrarche (Surrey), A. Comma, Lonicere,* Meliloti,. 
Lacertinaria,* Pigra,* Persicarie,* Capsincola,* Tritici, Triplasia,* Geminipuncta,* 
Macularia, Pulveraria,* Ulmata, Autumnaria,* Alniaria,* Tetralunaria (A‘stiva),* 
Ferrugata, Siderata, and many others. Desiderata.—Lycenidx from N. England, 
Scotland, and Ireland.—Richard South ; 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, 

London, S.W. x he % 

_ _Duplicates.—Larve: Salicis. Pupe: Hirtaria. Imagines: S. Ligustri,* 
S. Populi,* Lurideola, Jacobex, Humuli (female). Salicis,** Monacha, Pudibunda,* 
tatoria,* Vinula* (female), Derasa, Perla, Ceruléocephala, Lithargyria, Pudorina, 
_Flammea, Straminea, Canne, Gemina, Arcuosa, Puta, Augur, Pistacina, 
reellaris, Viminalis, Aprilina,* Lucipara,* Meticulosa, Nebulosa, Protea, Pru- 
varia, Alniaria, Pennaria, Hispidaria* (male and female), Roboraria, Piniaria 
male). Leucophezaria (male), Bipunctaria. Desiderata.—Sesiide, Dianthecie, 
Kupithecie, and many others. List on application.—Lloyd Chadwick ; 7, North- 
gate Street, Warwick. : 
- Duplicates.—Campanulata,* Absinthiata,* Fuscantaria,* Gemina, Derasa, 
Duplaris (2), Autumnaria* (large thorn), Popularis, Affinis. Desiderata.— 
Numerous. (Rev.) A. M. Downes; Batheaston Vicarage, Bath. 9 
_ Duplicates.—Fine, well-set Scopula, Decrepitalis, and Alpinalis. Desiderata. 
-Well-set local Macros, larve, pupe, &e.—Z'hos. Salvage ; The Plaquet, Arling- 
ton, Sussex. p 
_ Duplicates.—Barrettii var. Ficklini, a few fine.. Desiderata.—Pronubana, and 
other local Tortrices.—(fev.) W. Claxton ; Navestock Vicarage, Romford. 

Duplicates.—Ficklini, some moderate specimens, Cracce,* Philanthiformis, 
iov. Constricta, Debiliata,* some aberrations of various species. Desiderata. — 
rtrices, any but the most common.—(Rev.) W. Claxton; Navestock Vicarage, 
Romford. 

_ Luplicates—Minima, Argiolus, Tages, Lineola, Neustria, Cultraria, Binaria, 
tlaucata, Derasa, Hepatica, Pyramidea, Plecta, Festiva, Oxyacanthe, Trifolii, 
Jhrysitis, Syringaria, Quercinaria, Crepuscularia, Pruinata, Linearia, Adustata, 
Bicol»rata, Ocellata. Designata, Testata, Plumbaria, Albicillata. Desiderata.— 
Numerous.—D. P. Betts ; 65, Waterloo Road, Leyton, Essex. ae 
_ Duplicates.—Nebulosa var. Robsoni, Suspecta, Scolopacina, and other local maby la 
cis. Desiderata.—Many southern insects.—G. Bunce; 1, Johnston Street, ~— — 


Daven tes. Sadat, inalndiie one ‘Allous, E . 7 1 
Ruberata, Lupluviaia (black), Menyanthidis (black form), Salicella (some inl ; 
Ova: Cervinata, Chi var. Olivacea, &. Desiderata.—Pupe only of Gothi 
Galiata, Stabilis, Munda, Rivata, Hispidaria, Hirtaria, Propugnata, or offers. 
John Baxter; 18, Birtley Lane, Birtley, S.O., Durham. » | 

Duplicates. Ahi, Perla, Lucipara, Psi (a few), Galatea. Desiderata,Onke 
the following ova or young larve of 8. Populi, Ocellatus, Ligustri. Larve;: Planta-— 
gins, Dominula, Villica. Imagines: Hyale, Stellatarum, Porcellus.—C. B. Holland; 

, Watson Road, Broomhill, Sheffield. f 

Duplicates. —Endomychus Coccineus, Rhagium Bifasciatum, Grammoptera 
Ruficornis, Strangalia Armata, S. Melanura, &e. Desiderata.—Very numerous in 
all orders of insects.—F’. W. Sowerby ; Stafford House, Cleethorpes. 

Duplicates.—Larve of Bractea. Desiderata.—Local species and varieties.— 
J. H. R. Allen; 16, Richmond Road, Altrincham. 

Duplicates. —Caja, Literosa, Blanda, Sublustris, Rivata, Interjectaria, Gdni: 
gera, Putris, Sibylla, Oleracea, Tages (5), Lithoxylea (6), Juniperata (3), Gemini-— 
puncta,* Griseola (4), Caniola (4), Polyodon var. Aithiops (4), Rurea var. Combusta 
(3), Cribrum (2), Helveticaria* (1), Togata* (2), Geryon (3), Stramineola (1), 
Picata (8), Bipunctaria, Incanaria. Larve: Chenopodii. Desiderata.—Nearly all 
the Clearwings, many Eupithecia, Fuciformis, Bombyliformis, Apiformis, Crabro- 
niformis, Annulata (6), Pendularia (6), Auroraria, Belgiaria, Humiliata, Strami-_ 
nata, Holosericata, Subsericeata, Degeneraria, Trigeminata, Rubiginata, and 
many others.—Stanley A. Blenkarn ; Norham, Cronwell Road, Beckenham. 

Duplicates.—Alpina,* Tincta* (Scotch), Melanopa, Myrice, Carbonaria, Im- 
morata, Halterata and pupe of Myrice, Menyanthidis and Glauca. Desiderata.— 
Sphegiformis, Bicolorana, Muscerda, Asella, B. Trifolii, Octogesima, Fluctuosa, | 
Cannwx, Sparganii, Arundineta, Furva, Captiuncula, Agathina, Simulans, Sobrina, 
Paleacea, Oo, Pyralina, Albomacula, Csia, Irregularis, Lychnitis, Dipsacea, — 


‘Venustula, Degeneraria, Helveticaria, Irriguata, and Lapidata. Black pins and 


good condition only, with data.—Francis C. Woodbridge; The Briars, Gerrards 
Cross, Bucks. 

Duplicates. — About one hundred back numbers of the ‘ Entomologist. ’ 
Desiderata.—Any Tortrices.—(Rev.) W. Claxton ; Navestock Vicarage, Romford. 

Duplicates.— Paphia, Galatea, Blandina, Sibylla, Ilo, W-Album, T. Rubi, 
Adonis, Lucina, Tilie, Meliloti, Undulanus, Senex, Plantaginis, Monacha, Faleula, 
Hamula, Dictwa, Palpina, Ziczac, Dromedarius, Consortaria, Irrorella, Albulata 
var. Thules, Rubiginata, Montanata (Shetland vars.), Fiuctuata (melanic Shetland), 
Tmmanata (Shetland ones), Venusta (Shetland var.), Batis, Pudorina, Graminis, 
Serena, Oxyacanthe, Herbida, Miniosa, Prunaria, Llustraria, Orbicularia, Emu- 
taria, Belgiaria, Pictaria, Albicillata, Psitticata, Absinthiata. Desiderata. —Pupe, 
especially. V. Urtice, Machaon, Conspersa, Punctaria, Pendularia, Ocellatus, — 
S. Populi, Tiliz, ova or larve of Atomaria and Clathrata.—P. M. Bright ; Fawrfield, 

Wimborne Road, Bournemouth. 

Offered. —Larvee of the following silk-moths :—Cecropia, Ceanothi, Ceeropia 
male x Ceanothi female (hybrid); and also of the following new hybrid (Cecropia 
male x Ceanothi female) male x Ceanothi female; and possibly of (Cecropia male x — 
Ceanothi female) male x Cecropia female. Wanted volumes of ‘ Entomologist’ 
and ‘ Entomologist’s Record’ previous to 1898, or offers in entomological periodicals — 
or books.—J. W. H. Harrison ; 181, Abingdon Road, Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates.—Selene, gon, Tilix (3), Tipuliformis, Trifolii,* Senex, Griseola, — 
Pudorina, Straminea, Phragmitidis, Putris, Lithoxylea, Persicarix,”* Arcuosa, 
Blanda, Lunigera- (5), Nigricans, Augur,* Orbona,* Typica,* Affinis, Viminalis, — 
Lucipara,*: Cassinea (5), Moneta, * Chrysitis, Bidentata,*-Zonaria* (4), Pennaria, — 
Pedaria, Betularia (vars.), Clathrata, Atomaria, Piniaria, Strigillaria, Leuco- 
phearia, Dilutata, Russata,* Testata, Plumbaria. Desiderata. — Globularie, — 
Ridens, Populeti, Opima, Tincta, Lichenaria, Luridata, Punctularia, Vernaria, 
Pendularia, Sylvata, Blomeri, Cambrica, Ornata, Inornata, Alternata, Notata, | 
Murinata, Dealbata, Salicata, Alchemillata, many Pugs, Berberata, Certata, Undu- © 
lata, Paludata, and very many others.—G. Brooks; Ivyside, Nor th Finchley. 


is Mens f 


ss 


“Duplicates. Ae To Blandinay Belystius, Dispar,* Monacha,* Atomaria, Ulnagat 


~Brunnea, Festiva, Cruda, Nebulosa, Parthenias, Typica,* &c. Desiderata:— 
Numerous; fine and well-set on black pins.—G. Fleming; 9, Fairview Terrace, 
Merthyr T yafil. 

Duplicates.— Pilosaria (black), Leucophearia var. Marmorinaria.—Deside- 
rata. — Sesias, Mamestra, Dianthecia, and Eupithecia. — Sam Hainsworth ; 
60, George Street, Saltaire, Yorkshire. 

s Duplicates. —Globularis, Melanopa, and very many other uncommon or local 
species and forms; also P. Dispar (type), Exulis, and a few other rarities. Desi- 
_derata.—Carpophaga*™ (dark), Nana* (not Shetland). Local and extreme forms of 
_ many common insects, good varieties and rarities. Lists on application.— B. W. 
_Adkin; 8, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent. 

_ Duplicates.—Andreniformis* (1910). Desiderata.—Local butterflies; good 
moths and vars. Data.—G. B. Oliver; Tettenhall, Wolverhampton. 

: Duplicates.—Larve : Pudibunda. Imagines: S. Ligustri,* Salicis,* O, Dispar* 
5 (females, normal size), Pudibunda.* Desiderata. —Sinapis, Euphrosyne, Cinxia, 
_ Athalia, Polychloros, Egeria, Astrarche (Medon) Icarus (Alexis), Bellargus (Adonis), 
~ Minima (Alsus), Lucina, Malve (Alv eolus), Lineola, Comma, Fascelina, Pavonia 
_ (Garpini), and many common species. — R. Laddiman; 25, Drayton Road, 

Norwich. 

Duplicates——Fine bred specimens of S. Andreniformis, D. Bicuspis, and 
_D. Rubiginea; also Concolor (4), Precox,* and pup of E. Absinthiata.—Deside- 
rata. —Iris, Scolizeformis, Sphegiformis, Centonalis, Castanee, Trifolii, Harpagula 
(Sicula), Alge, Impar, Musculosa, Albipuncta, Cinerea, Sobrina, Ocellaris, Cxsia, 
-Albimacula, Xanthomista, Empyrea, Exulis, Atriplicis, Semibrunnea, Gnaphalii, 
Orichalcea, Ni, Peltigera, Armigera, Gonostigma, Lapponaria (males), Limbaria, 
- Consignata, Trriguata, Subciliata, Dodoneata, Tocata, Lapidata, Rufata, &e. Only 


_ the rarer species in exchange for Andreniformis, Bicuspis, Rubiginea, and Con-~ 


color. —Norman Detheir ; c/o Post Office, Lynmouth, N. Devon, till Sept. 12th, 
then ‘* The Beech Wood,’ Beaconsfield, Bucks. 

Duplicates.—Imagines: Plecta. Gothica, Impura, Strigilis, C- Nigrum, Dispar 
(female), Salicis, Caja, Humili, Tanthina. Desider ata.—Numerous imagines, Geo- 
meters, and Noctuas. Larve: S. Ligustri, Ocellatus, Elpenor, Porcellus, Carpini, 


Broughton Hill, Letchworth. 


| September 8th.—Lantern Demonstration: ‘Details of the Blue Butterflies,” by 
a A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S. September 10th.— Field Meeting: Bookham, 
Conductor, E. Step, F. L.S. September 22nd.—Paper with Lantern : ‘* Notes on 
i phe cee Order Neuroptera,”’ by W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. 


To CorRESPONDENTS.—Al] notes, papers, books for review, &c., and notices BS 
change should be sent to the Editor— 


RICHARD SOUTH, 96, DRAKEFIELD ROAD. UPPER TOOTING. 8.W. 


oe, 3d. each. — List gratis and post free. 
Apply to Ropsert Meuse, Janospuszta bei Szokolva, 
Hont-megye, Hungary. 

Price List or HEMIPTERA sent post free, on application, 
to Roserrt Meuse, Janospuszta bei Szokolya, Hont-mevve, 
Hungary. 


Leucophearia, Aiscularia,* Multistrigaria, Albulata, Suffumata, Flavicornis, Ru- “s 
micis, Rurea and var. Combusta, Graminis, Gemina, Strigilis, Tenebrosa, Corticea, 


B. Rubi, Batis. Derasa. Pupz: Lanestris, Vinula, Piniperda.—(Rev.) E. Everett ;. 


THe SourH Lonpon EnromonogicaL anp NatursL History Soctery.— — 


* oy ae 


Coes ae i 
a 


ie 
a ty ea 


ae 
Gee % 
3 $e 


The ORIGINAL and LARGEST “BUTTERFLY FAR in 
BRITISH ISLES is HEAD’ S. nee 


(EstTaBLISHED 1884.) 


An Immense Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larve & Pupa, & Set specimens always on ‘Sale. | 


Many GOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. 
Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent free. 
Note the Address— 


a ELEVA Y), Guiomalogine 
BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH. 


MESSRS. J. & W. DAVIS, Museum Works, Dartiord, 


beg to announce that they have now opened a London Branch at — 

29, Paternoster Row, for the sale of their specialities for pee 
manufactured by them at their Works. te 
New Illustrated Catalogue of Entomological Apparatus a 


free on application. ‘Bargains for Buyers’ issued monthly, free. See — 


this for List of clutches of Birds’ Eggs, Stuffed Birds, Museum Cases, 
&c. Egg Drills and Blowpipe, 1s. ‘Egg Collector's Guide,’ 1s. 

‘The Macro-Lepidopterists’ Calendar and Guide,’ 2s. 6d.; stiff cloth, 3s- 
‘ Larvee Collectors’ Guide,’ 1s. Entomologists’ ‘data ”’ Books, ls. 

Collectors in every branch of Natural History should see specimens of our 
“Data” Labels. Recent additions to our printing plant include the sMALLEST type 
made, enabling us to print minute labels for the Micros, &. The prices range from 
2s. 6d. per 1000, one to six sorts, different wordings. Showrooms, second floor, 
29, Paternoster Row, London, E.C. Orders direct to Museum Works, Dartford. 


Price 6s. Postage 4d. 


feech’s BRITISH: PY RALIDES 


INCLUDING THE 


AVENTIIDA, HERMINIIDA, HYPENIDA, AND PTEROPHORIDA. 


With Highteen Fine Lithographic Plates. Copies with the plates coloured — 


are very scarce, and only a few copies with plain plates now remain. 
R. SOUTH, 96, DrakerinrtD Roap, Upper Tootine, Lonpon, 8.W. 


NEW AND REVISED EDITION.—Cloth. Price 1s. 6d. Postage 2d. 


INSECT HUNTER’S COMPANION — 


INSTRUCTIONS FOR 
COLLECTING, REARING, SETTING, AND PRESERVING, 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. 
By the late Rev. JOSEPH GREENE, M.A. Revised and Extended by A. B. RARN, 


‘So full of practical information that everyone interested in this phase of Ento- 
mology ought to have a copy of it by them.’”’—Western Mail. 


“The little brochure seems to be practical and useful to the young collector.’— — 


Naturalists’ Quarterly Review. 


London: WEST, NEWMAN ¢«& CO., 54, Hatton Garden, EG; “ 


shed = ae Notices OF Six one ‘should be received by ‘the o5TH OF EACH : 
M Monta ‘to insure insertion. Not more than Srx Lives can be allowed for each. 


pe Ds, rapieation of Notices of Exchange, or of Aaverneamnente, in the “Entomay 
logist’ is in no way a guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good condi- 
tion of the Species. This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of 
Exchangers or Advertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, in case the he 
allowed should be abused.} Marked * are bred. 


__ Duplicates.—Imagines : Strigilis, Psi,** Impura, Dispar,* C. Nigrum, Gothica. — 
- Desiderata.—Imagines : Spartiata, Lacertula, Hamula, Flavicornis, and many 
Geometers. Pup numerous, especially Elpenor, Lanestris, Carpini, Ligustri. — 
_Larve; Quereus and Quercifolia.—H. Everett; ‘‘ Ashleigh,” Broughton Hull, 
_ Letchworth, Herts. 

Duplicates.—Z, Trifoli,* Autumnaria* (8). Pupe of following : Pudibunda, 
- Jacobee, Lucipara, Persicaria, Bidentata, ova of Pistacina and Antiqua, and larve ~ 
of Lunosa and C. Nigrum. Desiderata.—Very numerous; ova, larve, pupe, and — 
-imagos.—B. 8S. Williams : 77, Durham Road, East Finchley, N. 

“Duplicates. —Valezina, Lathonia (3 types), W. Album, H. Urtice, Coryli,** 
_Fuscantaria,* Cinctaria, Consortaria, Extersaria,* Rusticata, Inornata, Degener- 
4 aria, Unifasciata,* Pulchellata,* WVenosata,* Fluviata,* Lapidata, Vitalbata,* ve 
~ Rhamnata, Curtula,* Plumigera,* Trepida,* Tridens,* Leporina (2), Myrice * (2), 
- Scolopacina,* Abjecta, Arcuosa, Ambigua,* Cursoria, Depuncta, Miniosa,* Rubi- 
- ginea (2), Aurago, Xerampelina, &e. Desiderata.—Gueneei, Lutulenta (dark Irish ~ 
forms), Empyrea, Gnaphalii, Grotiana, Ocellaris, and many Pyralides and Tortrices 
_ to complete series.—C. Fenn ; Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, Kent. 

Duplicates.—Cinxia, Lanestris. Desiderata. —Betula, W. Album, Lineola, — 
Arion, H. Comma, &ce.—(Miss) L. Wood; The Red House, Rushams Road, 
- Horsham. 

P Duplicates. — Most of the Macros well-set, in fine condition. Wanted 
_ Specrally.—Fine Pupe: S. Ligustri, Porcellus, Orion, Dodonea, Dictzea, Dicte- 
_oides, Carmelita, Vinula, Furcula, and many others; liberal exchange.—L. W. 
Newman; Bexley, Kent. 

Duplicates. —Templii (fair). Desiderata.—Pupe of S. Urtice, D. Mendiea, 
_ A. Sylvata, and other pup of variable Le es —IL. G. Esson ; 376, George Street, 
_ Aberdeen, N.B. 

Duplicates.—Plecta, Hectus, Serena, Promissa, Croceago, Lacertula, Fulvago, 
Caniola, C. Nigrum, Xerampelina, Tiliaria, Sponsa, Gilvago, Falcula, Citrago, Chi, 
_Aurago, 8. Urtice (fair), Arundinis, Flavicincta, Moneta, Flavago, Dominula, 
Humuli var. Hethlandica, Desiderata.—Testudo, Tincta, Muscerda, T. Crategi, 
- Pygmeola, Strigula, Hera, Centonalis, B. Trifolii, Furcula, Fagi, Or, Bifida, 
Dodonea, Fluctuosa, and many others; also larve of Grossulariata and pupe of 

_ many species.—Stanley A. Blenkarn; “* Norham,” Cromwell Road, Beckenham. — 

Duplicates.—Central African butterflies (in papers). Desiderata. British and © 
_ Exotic Lepidoptera, Leaf and Stick Insects, Exotie Coleoptera.—Joseph Andere 
Alre Villa, Chichester. E 

Duplicates—Pupx: Bidentata, Fraxinata, Minutata, Impluviata. Ova: Chi, 
Olivacea, Pyraliata, Filigrammaria, Autumnata (melanie and type), Spartiata, — 
~Tiliaria. Desiderata.—Pupe of any Hawk Moth, Illunaria, Lunaria, Illustraria, — 
 Pilosaria, Absinthiata, Rivata, Stabilis, Tnstabilis, Gothica, &¢.—H. Preston ; 
110, Abingdon Road, Middlesbrough. 

Duplicates. —Rare Saturnide and Parnassius. Cocoons: Saturnia Pyretorum, 

South China; Attacus Ricinii, Edwardsi, Atlas. Imagines: Edwardsi, Ricinii, 

Atlas (giants ex Java), Cricula Andrei (new sp.) life-histories; also Nudaurelia, 

Ringleri, Menippe, Caffraria, E. Bauhine, Argema Mimose, Leto, Selene Luna; 

_§. Ceanothi, Gloveri, Colombia; Caligula Simla and Japonica; also ova of same. 

Antherea Mylitta and var. Silvatica; Hemileuca Maia, Hera, Nevadensis; Par- 

-nassius Romanoyi (male and female), Nubilosus (male and female), Intermedius 

(male and female), Apollonius (male and female) and ab. Flavomaculata (male), 

‘Staudingeri (male and female), Clodius (male and female), and many others. 

_ Cocoons of many of above shortly. Desiderata.—Cocoons, pup, ova, set or 


papered we of rare and. , 
dence desired with collectors in West. ! 
Road, Withington, Manchester. , 
Duplicates.—Plantaginis,* Lubricipeda var. *Fesiathy* ei ‘Sylvinis, x 
Fulva, Cordigera, Cracce (4), Carbonaria, Sobrinata,’ + Sespertaria, Elymi, C } 
uncula (fair), Comes var. Curtisii,* &e., Graminis, Lu 
Bicolorata var. Plumbata, Subfulvata* vars., Isogrammata,* Fluviata,* Cambricay 
(dark vars.), Trifasciata (dark), Olivata, Tristata, Cervinata,* Czxsiata, Badiata,* 
Nigra, Rumicis,** Suasa,* Glareosa, Lutosa, Nigricans. Desiderata.—Same as | 


month, and the following :—Tilie (pupe), Myopiformis, Sphegiformis, Formics- } 


formis, Gueneei, Ligniperda, Flexula, Obfuscata, Lapponaria, Sagittata, Salicalis, 
Alpinalis, Decrepitalis, Extimalis, Niveus, Rhododactylus, Paludum, Pinellus, 


Semialbana, Umbrana, Logiana, and many others.—T. Ashton Lofthouse ; The | 


Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. 
Duplicates—T. Concolor (fine). Desiderata.—Many rare and local species ; 


accepted offers only answered.—R. Geoffrey Todd; The Limes, Hadley Seta : 


Barnet. 

Duplicates. —Brassier,* Napi, Cardamines, Euphrosyne, Selene, Rhamnig 
Urtice, Janira, Lucina, Hyperanthus, Tages, Alveolus, Sylvanus, Atalanta, Io,* 
Fuciformis, B.B., Z. Trifolii, Caja, Dispar, Potatoria,* Bucephala,* Tridens,* Psi,* si 
Pallens, Postacen; Segetum, Typica, Augur, C-Nigrum, Rubi, Stabilis. Deside- 
rata.—Adsculi, Sylvinus, Senex, Mundana, Irrorella, Miniata, Mesomella, Hel- 
veola, Dominula; Fascelina, Gonostigma, Coryli, Castrensis, Lacertula, Hamula, 
Unguicula, Diluta, Or, Flavicornis, Aceris, Ligustri, Menyanthidis, Venosa, and 
many others.—f’. J. Rasell; Weedon Road, Northampton. : 

Duplicates. — Campanulata,** Subciliata,** Absinthiata,* Acteon, Geryon, 
Griseola, B. Quercus, Derasa, Megacephala, Lithargyria, Sublustris, Gemina, 
Triangulum, Trapezina (red var.), Affinis, Lucipara, Apiciaria,* Tiliaria, Fuscan-— 
taria,* Penner: Dilutata,* Rubidata,* Tersata,* Ribesaria,* Mensuraria, Palum-~ 
baria, ova of Fuscantaria. Desiderata.—Numerous.—(Rev.) A. M. Downes; 
Batheaston Vicarage, Bath. 8 

Duplicates.—Napi,* Selene, Hyperanthus, Rubi, Argiolus, Malve, Tages, 


Linea, Sylvanus, Carpini, Falcula, Trepida, Psi, Leporina, Megacephala, Ditra- | 


pezium,* Triangulum,* Festiva, Dentina, Viminalis, Arbuti, Ainea, Margaritaria, 
Nigrofasciaria, “Promissa (2), Plagiata. Desiderata. — Vespertaria, Glabraria, 
Lichenaria, Roboraria, Extersaria, Obfuscaria, Trepidaria, Filigrammaria, O. Au-— 
tumnaria, Flavicinetata, Salicata, Affinitata, Decolorata, Unifasciata, Blandiata, 
Pimpinellata, Valerianata, Indigata, Hexapterata, Sexalata, Sparsata.—F. A. 
Oldaker ; The Red House, Haslemere. 


naria* (Northern form), 


| 


Duplicates.—Galatea, Hgon, Acteon, T. Populi (2), Diluta (8), Filipendule,* | 


Hepatica, Anceps, Rurea and var. Combusta, Thalassina, Basilinea, Segetum, Ole-— 
racea, Augur, Lucipara, Comitata. Desiderata.—Very numerous. —(Miss) B. a 3 
Coney ; Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire. 

Duplicates. —Euphrosyne, Galatea, Corydon, Acton, Alveolus, Festiva, Ta: - 
stabilis,* Gothica,* Derasa,* Hepatica, Lucipara, Aprilina,* Moneta,* Trijimea, — 
Fasciuncula, &e. Desiderata.—Very numerous.—W. Wallace Macmillan; Belle-_ 
vue, Castle Cary, Somerset. ae 

Duplicates.—P. Brassice,* Napi,* Paphia, Ilo, Galatea, Spmete, Davus,_ aoa 
Quereus,* Corydon, Aigon, Action, Malvx, S. Populi,* Lonicere,* Griseola, 
Lurideola, Jacobex, Caja, Hectus, Auriflua, Potatoria,* Pavonia (2, males), 
Spinula, Palpina, Ziezac,* Ceruleocephala, Puta, Impura, Fulva, Nictitans, Mica-— 
cea, Popularis, Basilinea, Strigilis, Plecta, Festiva, Brunnea* (Scotch), N. Rubi, 


Comes, Rubricosa, Incerta, Gothica, Cruda, Stabilis, Pistacina, Lunosa, Vaccinii, — 


Ligula, Satellitia, Silago, Trapezina, Oxyacanthe,* Oleracea,* Pisi, Glyphica, 
Bilunaria, Aversata, Taminata, Grossulariata,* Assimilata, Marginaria, Adscularia, 
Didymata, Viridaria, Elutata, Albicillata, Unidentaria, Badiata, Immanata, Rus- 
sata, Prunata,* Testata, and odd specimens of many others. Desiderata.—Very 
numerous indeed. Exchange lists invited.—Leslie H. Mosse Robinson; 2, Mar-— 
garet Villas, Portchester, Hants. 

Duplicates.—Blandina, Adippe, Fascelina, Dominula, Ziezac, Anachoreta, 
Cruda, Gracilis, Flavicornis, Tincta,* Moneta,* Straminea (fair), Arcuosa, Hepatica, ; 
Suspecta (fair), Caja, Alsines, Nigra (fair), Anceps, Parthenias, Advenaria, Macu-— 


eae 
Per 32 ; 
Sat tA 


ae aria,* Aurantiaria, Consonaria (3), Obscuraria _ 
Bes enclg F Winser ; Kent House, pet Pi 


tehatae —M. Cinxia, well set on black pins; bred condition, 1910. Pupe pei 
sortaria. Desiderata.—H. Blandina, EK. Epiphron, M. Athalia, L. Sinapis, and 
other local species, on black pins.—G. Nobbs ; North Lodge, Hast Cowes, Isle of 
Wight. 
# | paeptieaten. —Numerous imagines; send lists of desiderata. Desiderata.—: 
Fine healthy pup of very many species.—Arthur Horne; 60, Gladstone Place, 
Aberdeen, N.B. ; 
Duplicates.—P. Brassice,* Napi,* T. Betule,* Apiformis (a few), Dominula,* 
‘Aprilina, Litura, Scabriuscula, Fimbria,* Comes,* Triangulum,* Pendularia, Cer- 
tata, * Miata,* Juniperata, Russata,** Repandata,* Ochroleuca (a few), Farinalis, 
Cagnagellus,* &. Desiderata.--Numerous; fine condition and black pins indis- 
pensable. —A. EH. Tonge ; Aincroft, Reigate. vasa 
___ Duplicates.—Io,* Rubricosa, B. Rubi, B. Quercus, Carpini, Repandata, Pista.  ~— 
‘cina, Fasciaria (few), and many odd specimens. Desiderata. — Numerous. — 
Sydney T. Thorne ; Holmdale, Acland Road, Bournemouth. 
q Duplicates—Ova : Sponsa. Desiderata. ‘—Numerous ; ; especially Northern 
_types.—C. H. Newnham; “ Netheravon,” Ringwood. 
4 Duplicates.—Corydon, Z. Trifolii, Sylvinus (very large females), Derasa, Batis, 
-Flavicornis, Ochracea,* Putris,* Rurea and var. Combusta, Hepatica, Persicaria,* 
Gemina, Vestigialis, Tritici, Glareosa, Ditrapezium,* Triangulum,* Brunnea,”* 
Dahilii, Ianthina,* Parthenias, Exoleta, Vetusta, Oxyacanthe and var. Capucina, 
Fulva (red and white forms), Repandata.* Desiderata.— Very numerous.— 
W. H.C. Bolton; 48, Philbeach Gardens, Harl’s Court, S.W. 

Duplicates. —Ripe, Precox,* Valligera, Tritici, Cursoria, Littoralis, Blanda, 
iterosa, &c. Desiderata.—Numerous; lists exchanged.—T. ae Min-y-don, 
Bromley Road, St. Anne’s-on-Sea,- Lancs. 

Duplicates. —Ocellatus,* Ravida (fair), Lutosa, Xerampelina,* Ditrapezium (3), 

BE iicaco, Gyracilis, Fimbria,* Advena, Iota, Bilunaria and Fulicaria,* Pilosaria, 
(males), Prodromaria,* Unangulata, Aglaia. Desiderata.—Sinapis, Hyale, Athalia 
Argiolus, Lucina, H. Comma, Undulata, Rhamnata, Sinuata, and many others, 
especially Pugs.—James D. Coward ; Haverholme Gardens, Sleaford. 

: Duplicates. —Flavicornis var. Scotica, Advenaria, Glareosa, Galatea, Bell- 
argus, H. Comma, Ulmata, Triangulum, C-Nigrum, Nictitans (Aberdeen), Ferru- 
ginea, Haworthii (very fair), Olivata (very fair), Hirtaria, Illustraria, Capsincola, 
‘Fulva (Aberdeen), &c. Desiderata.—Piniaria (Irish, Welsh, North England, Isle 
of Man), Lucens.—H. A. Cockayne; 16, Cambridge Square, London, W. 

Duplicates. — Edusa, Aigeria,* C- Album ,* Valesina, Cinxia,* Caja,* Villica,* 
‘Ziezac,* Rumicis, Lucernea, Suffusa, Illustraria.* Desiderata.—Pruni, Paniscus, 29 
Convoivuli (1, male), Versicolor (2, females), Typha, Lutosa, Anomala, Ambigua, 
“Caliginosa, Lunigera, Ravida, Precox, Ashworthii, Pyrophila, Sobrina, Opima, and ~ 
Bex others. —Guy Hi. A. Peskett ; 138, Harley Street, London, W. 


2 “THE SouraH Lonpon ENtTomoLOoGIcaL aND Naturat History: Soctrery.— — 
December 8th.—Paper, with Lantern: ‘‘An Entomological Tour in §. Brazil, by 
Messrs. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., and Dukinfield Jones, F. E, 8. 


_ ‘To CorresponpENTS.—AII notes, papers, books for review, &c., and notices of 
change should be sent to the Editor— 


RICHARD SOUTH, 96, DRAKEFIELD ROAD, UPPER TOOTING. 8.W. 


- 


] APLAND BUTTERFLIES. — This year’s Colias 


Werdandi s. Heola in series with great variation. Oan a 
be delivered at once. Price on agreement. ‘ 
0. DUHRKOOP, FRUCHTALLEE 28, HAMBURG, GERMANY. a 


‘ 


_shades which predominate among the British. 
For list apply to GHARLES D. HEAD, 14, Hollybrook Terrace, Howth Road, Dublin. 


| eS 3d. each. CMT et gratis and post free. 


pxoric INSECTS, pet Een mae. -specim 
either Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, ‘Homoptera, — 
Orthoptera, or other orders, including many unusual and splendid” 
species for purposes of study, comparison, &c. Assorted parcels, 
safely consigned, post free, 3s. 6d., 5s. 6d., Ts. 6d., &e. 

_W. BUTHN, HOPE, JAMAICA, WEST INDIES. 


Letters and post-cards cost 1d., and reach us in twelve days. 


LANTERN SLIDES IN NATURAL COLOURS. 
LEPIDOPTERA & LARV4 A SPECIALITY. Photos from Life. 


ANIMALS AND BIRDS BY SAME COLOUR PROCESS. 


THESE SLIDES CAN BE MADE FROM ANY SPECIMEN OR COLOURED DRAWING. 


The dazzling brillianey of colouring of the Tropical Birds and 
Insects are reproduced in these Slides as pure as the more delicate 


J. & W. DAVIS, “sso works: 
- - MANUFACTURERS OF -. - 


HIGH GRADE APPARATUS FOR NATURALISTS. 


New Illustrated Gatalogue of Entomological 
Apparatus ; also Lists, Artificial Eyes, Taxidermists’ 
Requisites, Birds’ Eggs, etc., now ready, either post 
free, or Full Catalogue (all departments) 2d. post free. 
Bargains for Buyers. ‘usm fey, See iis fo tof dutces 
“The Macro-Lepidopterists’ Guide and Calendar, 2s. 6d.; stiff cloth, 3s. 


“ Larvee Collectors’ Guide, 1s. Entomologists’ “data” books, Is. 


* Collectors in every branch of Natural History should see sp Ge, of our Data” Labels, Recent 
additions to our printing plant include the sMALLEsT type made, enabling us to print minute labels for ~ 
the Micros, &c. The prices range from 2s, 6d. per 1000, one to six sorts, different wordings. 


Apply to Roserr Mervss1, Janospuszta bei pee 
Hont-megye, Hungary. 

Price List or HEMIPTERA sent post free, on application, 

to Rosurt Muusen, Janospuszta bei Szokolya, Hont- ~megyes4 

Hungary. 


>, 


Prick 6s. Postace 4d. 


Leech’s BRP iISH PYRALIDES, 


INCLUDING THE 
AVENTHDA, HERMINIIDA, HYPENIDA, AND PTEROPHORIDA. 


With Eighteen Fine Lithographic Plates. Copies with the plates an 
are very scarce, and only a few copies with plain plates now remain. | 


R. SOUTH, 96, DrakerienD Roap, Upper Tootine, Lonpon, S.W.. 4 


EXCHANGE. 


2) 
- [Phe publication of Notices of Exchange, or of Advertisements, inthe ‘Entomo-  — * 
logist’ is in no way a guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good condi- e 
tion of the Species. This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of 
Exchangers or Advertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, in case the liberty — 
allowed should be abused.] Marked * are bred. 


Duplicates. —Fine well-set P. Brassice,** Napi, V. Urtice,* Atalanta, Selene, 
’ Typhon, Pamphilus, Artaxerxes (also few var. Quadripuncta), Carpini,* T. Crateegi,* 
- Fascelina,* Caia,* Fuliginosa* (dark), Vinula,* Fureula,* Dictwa,* Zicezae,* Meny- 
_ anthidis,* Myrice,* Myrtilli,* Coryli,* Psi,* Glauea,* A. Urtices,* Pulchrina, 
- Grossulariata* (very fine dark and other forms). Desiderata.—Local forms and 
E vars. of most butterflies in perfect condition; also old British and Colonial postage 
- stamps.—G. H. Hartley ; 46, Chapel Street, Aberdeen, N.B. 
— Duplicates.—Ova: Nupta, Antiqua. Pups: Tiliz, Jacobea. Imagines: Rhamni A 
2 (a pair), Selene, Tiliz (3), Tipuliformis, Trifolii,* Senex, Griseola, Dictewa, Hectus;<1.9 
~ Monacha,** Pudorina, Straminea, Hellmanni, Phragmitidis, Putris, Lithoxylea, 
‘ Scoloparia, Persicaria, Orbona,* Typica,* Suspecta, Affinis, Viminalis, Lucipara,* 
- Moneta,* Chrysitis, Bidentata,* Zonaria,** Pennaria, Pedaria, Betularia and Double- _ 
 dayaria, Orbicularia, Clathrata, Atomaria, Piniaria, Strigillaria, Leucophzaria, — 
iS Dilutata, Ericetata, Dubitata, Testata, Plumbaria. Desiderata.—Populeti,Opima, 
~ Tincta, Trabealis, Lichenaria’ Luridata, Punctularia, Vernaria, Pendularia, Sylvata, 
_ Blomeri, Cambrica, Ornata, Inornata, Mipraaia: Notata, Murinata, Salicata, Alche-» 
— millata, Berberata, ‘Paludata, most Pugs, &e.—G. Brooks; Ivyside, ‘North Finchley. 
E Duplicates. — Most of the Macros well-set in fine condition. Wanted 
~ Specially. —Fine Pupe. S. Ligustri, Porcellus, Orion, Dodonea, Dictza, Dicte- — 
_ oides, Carmelita, Vinula, Furcula, and many others; liberal exchange. Sh WwW. 
Newman; Bexley, Kent. 
a Duplicates. —Cinxia,* C. Album,* A. Comma, Lonicere,* Meliloti, Lacerti- 
_ naria,* Pigra,* Tritici, Triplasia,* Pulveraria,* Punctularia, ab. Sylvata, Alniaria,* 
~ Orbicularia,* Bidarata, Gilvaria, Ochrearia, Juniperata (Scotch), and many others. _ 
- Desiderata.—Defoliaria, Dilutata, Filigrammaria, Autumnata, Citrago, Aurago, 
 Gilvago, Circellaris, Diffinis.— Richard South; 96, Drakefield Road, Upper 
By Tooting, London, S.W. 
3 Duplicates. —Valezina, Muralis, Gilvago, Batis,** Cucubali,* Derasa, Arcuosa, 
~ Capsincola,* Cytherea, Cespitis, Aurago, Duplaris, Ambigua,”* Anceps, Cracce, 
_ Abjecta, Pudorina, Saponaria, Depuncta, Elymi (4), Scolopacina,** Miniosa,* 
- Micacea, Myricz (2), Straminea (3), Tridens,* Saucia, Leporina (4), Lucernea (3), 
 Rhizolitha (4), Serena, Valligera, Phragmitidis, Landss: Menyanthidis,* Xeram- 
 pelina (5); Xanthomista (2), Leneophiea (2), Impluviata, Psittacata, Cinctaria, 
 Ziezac,* Trepida,* Curtula,* Reclusa,* Chrysorrhca,* Monacha, Fascelina,** Domi- ~~ 
-nula, H. Urtice (8), Bifida (1),* Sylvinus, Palpina,* Plumigera,* Testudo (2), — 
- Dicteea,* Coryli,* Furva (4), Haworthii, Hispidus, Cursoria, Consortaria, Dubitata, 
- Quercinaria,* Fuscantaria,* Alniaria,* Tiliaria,* Delobraria (4), Emarginata, Rusti- 
- cata (4), Immutata, Degeneraria, Inorata, Ornata (4), Certata, Cervinata, Gilvaria, = 
 Citvaria, Tersata,* Hispidaria @ males), Pulveraria, Vitalbata,* Extersaria,* Conso- 
~naria, Pulchellata,* Venosata,* Amataria, Rhamnata, Undulata, Isogrammata, &e. 
_ Desiderata.—Lutulenta (dark Irish and Scotch forms), Atriplicis and Gnaphalii. — 
CC. Fenn; 83, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, Kent. Wee 
Duplicates. —Nebulosa (Melanic vars.), Suspecta, Scolopacina (a few). Desi- tise 
derata.—Numerous.—W. Fletcher; 5, Johnston Street, Wakefield. ae 
2 Duplicates.—British Fraxini.* Desiderata. —Daplidice, Lathonia, Acis,Galii, 
_ Lineata, Celerio, Nerii, Formiciformis, Andreniformis, Scoliiformis, Sphegiformis,. 
- Arundinis, Asellus, Cosnosa, Albulalis, Bicuspis, Nubsculoss: Crenata, Carmelita, 
-Bicolor, Trilophus, Algz, Dodonea. Fluctuosa, Ocellaris, Strigosa, Auricoma, 
Flammea, Agathina, Ditrapezium, Rhomboidea, Albimacula, Olegina, Occulta, 
-Zinekenii, Lychnitis, Gnaphalii, Ni, Chamomille, Absinthii, Interrogationis, 
_Alchymista, Lapponaria, Aiternata.—F. J. Rasell; Weedon Road, Nor thampton. 
_ Duplicates.—Machaon,* Crategi, Brassice, Rape, Napi, Cardamines, Selene, 
Euphrosyne, Paphia, Cinxia, Urtice, To,* Atalanta,* Galatea,” Blandina (Forres), 
Semele, Davus (Forres), fe Quercus, Lonicera, Filipendule,* Mundana, Senex, 
Griseola, Jacobxe,* Caja,* Auriflua,* Fascelina,* Carpini,* Palpina,* Camelina,* 
Ziezac,* Bucephala,* Perla,* Rumicis,* Czruleocephala, Putrescens, Littoralis,* 


; 


_. Chrysorrhea, Lanestris, Prunaria, Fuscantaria, Hir taria, Consonaria, Ulmata, Mini 


CC. Levett; 12, Borneo Street, Putney, London, S.W. 


. HK. Debilitata, Fumata, Fasciaria, Variata, Liturata, Piniaria, Repandata,* &e 
_ Desiderata.—Promissa, Notha, Flexula, Lychnitis, Bractea, Palecea, Suspecta, — 


Testacea, Alpieolon, oe ee Basilinea, Gemina 1 
Trilinea, Morpheus, Cubicularis, Tenebrosa, Valligera,* Segetum, Exel 
Corticea, Rips, Cursoria,* Tritici* var. Aquilina, Precox,* Lucernea, - 
Plecta, C. Nigrum, N. Rubi, Umbrosa, Fimbria,* Orbona,”* Tragopogonis, Ty 
Rubricosa, Gothica, Gracilis (dark), Munda, Lota,* Lunosa, Litura, Croceag 
Citrago, Cerago, Silago, Aurago, Capsincola, Chi, Viminalis, Oxyacanthx. va 
Capucina, Lucipara, Pisi, Sam bucaria,* Apiciaria, Prunaria, LIllunaria, Tiliar 
Pennaria, Pilosaria (and Melanic forms), Zonaria,* Abruptaria, Repandata, Conson- 
aria, Crepuscularia, Biundularia, Aversata, Grossulariata (vars.) Ulmata, Ruprica-_ 
praria, Leucophearia, Aurantiaria, Progemmaria (Melanic), Defoliaria, Aiscularia, — 
Brumata, Dilutata, Filigrammaria, Didymata, Multristrigaria (dark), Cxsiata, Oli- 
vata, Pectinitaria, Nanata, Subnotata, Vulgata, Absinthiata,* Tenuiata, Elutata, | 
Rubiginata var. Plumbata, Ocellata, Procellata, Montanata, Munitata, Fluviata, | 
Tersata, Miata, Russata (Forres), Immanata (Forres), Testata, Pyraliata, Cervi-— 
naria,* Palumbaria. Larve: Bractea, Orbona var. Curtissii, Fuliginosa, Rubi, 
Pisi. Ova: Tiliaria (dark forms, Forres). Desiderata.—Numerous.—W,. Yates ; 
Summerfield, St. Anne’s-on-Sea, Lanes. 4 
Dwuplicates.—Galatea (3), Minima (females), Linea, Octzeon (4 males), Tidal 
Quercinaria, Testata, Cultraria, Suffusa, Oxyacanthe, Pyramidea, Corticea, Quadri- 4 
punctata, Lunosa. Desiderata.—Sinapis, Cinxia, Rubi, Betule, Lunaria, Fasciaria 
Lichenaria, Hamula, Duplaris, Flavicornis, Ligustri, Turea, Littoralis, Comina, 
Leucophea and numerous others.—Hrnest C. Harding ; 16, Cowley Road, liford. 
- Duplicates.—Ocellatus, Tilie, Globularize (38), Tr fohe Dominula, Mendica 


tata, Subnotata, Puta, Gorkicon: Myrtilli, Pariionias. ‘Dagiee ihe: —Numerous.— 


Duplicates.—Fine, well-set Scopula, Decrepitalis, and Alpinalis. Desiderata 
—Well-set local Macros, larve, pupe, &e.—Thos. Salvage ; The Plaquet, Arling ; 
ton, Sussex. ; 

Duplicates.—W. Album,** Hyperanthus, Thaumas, Ocellatus,** Z. Trifolii,* Or,* ; 
Tmpura, Augur, Gemina, Popularis (8), Chenopodii, Fimbria, Litura, Pistacina, 


‘Munda, Palncea; Sambucata,* EK. Autumnaria,* Syringaria,”* Ilunaria,** Smarag- 


daria,* Papilionaria,* Punctularia (8), Certata,* Rubidata,* Badiata, Silaceata,” 
Corylata, Petraria, Prunata.* Desiderata.—Very numerous, fine well-set insects — 
only, also early stages.—A. Simmons ; 42, Loughborough Road, West Bridgrords | 
Nottingham. iB 
Duplicates.—Kuphrosyne, Cardamines, Aigon, Caniola, Hispidus, Putrescens, 
Carpophaga,* Anomala, Lichenea,* Nigra,* Gracilis,* Dominula,* Mundana,* 


3 * 


Fagi, Fluctuosa, Ccenosa, Muscerda, Lutarella, Iris, or Exotic Butterflies. J. 
Walker ; 7, Mount Hermon Road, Torquay. y 
Duplicates: —Carpini (gilt pins), Versicolor (2 fair), Potatoria, Agiene Gaels 3 
tus, Gemina, Rumicis, Literosa, Baja,* Fimbria,* Pisi,* Brunnea,* Thalassin 
Rufina, Nebulosa* var. Robsoni,* Lupulinus, Augur,* Pudibunda* (6), Phragmitidi 
(gilt pins), Alniaria (large thorn), Subtristata, Myrtilli, Unidentata, Biundularia* vy. 
Delamerensis, Cerago, Didymata, Perla, Repandata,* Leucophvearia, Strigillar 
Haworthii, Orion (fair), Aprilina,** Suspecta, Ziezac, Festiva, Caja* (2), Arion te 
Plecta, Porphyria, Falcula (2), B. Quercus (2 fair). Desiderata. — Numerous. — 
Accepted offers answered.— John Robinson ; 24, Greenall Street, Warrington, Lancs. — 
Duplicates.—J asioneata,* Sphinx, Campanulata,* Muralis (Cornwall). Deside- — 
rata.—Muscerda, Sericea, Urtice, Depuncta, Paleacea, Sobrina, Furva, Ashworthi, — 
Caliginosa, Nana, Cesia, Irregularis, Occulta, Lychnitis, Interrogationis, N, Reti-— 
culata, Breviines; Tridens, Albovenosa, Maritima, Cuculla, Dodonea, Plumigera, — 
B. Rubi, B. Trifolii, Ligniperda, Gonostigma, Bicolorana, Miopiformis, Ichneumoni- 4 
formis, Philamthiforais, N. Strigula, Giabraria, Minorata, Ericetaria, Firmata, 
Ruberata, Berberata, Coronata, Togata, Sexalisata, Sagittata, Literata, Paluda 
&e.—H. A. McNaught ; Haxeldene, Penbury Street, Worcester. : 
Ae Tee ely V. eee Ashworthii.* Rae oe Denbig 


$ aay 
offsr (including Ova, ee and varietests 
reek.—J, Arkle ; 2, George Street, Chester. 
Du wplicates.—O. Or,* Chi,* Basilinea, Pallens,* Baja, Augur, Persicariz,* 

=O . Nigrum (6), Pisi,* Gemini, Oculea, Lithargyria, Leucophearia, Marginata. 
Wesidoradi- Bugs or Ova of local insects.—G. Henderson; 57, Arnold ” Road, 
Old Basford, Nottingham. “: . 
% Duplicates.—Io,* Blandina, Sylvanus, Caja,* Dispar,* Atomaria, Ulmata, 
- Rupiecapraria,** Leucopharia (males), Auscularia,* Multistrigaria, Albulata, Suffa- 
mata, Badiata, Faleula, Flavicornis, Rumicis, Fulva, Rurea and var. Combusta, 
Graminis, Gemina, Brunnea, Festiva, Baja, Gothioa,,** Rubricosa, Instabilis, Stabi- 
_lis,* Cruda, Bufina, Litura, Cerago,* Silago,* Chi, Lucipara, Nebulosa, Typica,* 
and a few of many other species. Desiderata. —Hyale, Athalia, Pruni, Paniscus, 
ae Cinerea, Ravida, &c.--G. Fleming; 9, Fairview Terr ace, Merthyr 
Tydfil 
Duplicates. —Guenei (2), Exulis, Auricoma (2), Gnaphalii, Newmanni (2), 
Bicuspis (2), Burethii, Conspicillaris, Ccenosa (2), Centonalis, Favicolor, Connexa, _ 
Gali (1), Exigua, T. Pruni, Alexis (Hermaphrodite, fair 1), Alpina,* Strigillata se 
(white pins), Sparganii,* Ashworthii. Desiderata.—Reticulata, and fine varieties. in! 
—Percy M. Bright ; Fairfield, Wimborne Road, Bournemouth. 
4 Duplicates.—A. Crategi, Iris,* Athalia, Valezina, Arion, Blandina, Cassiope, 
Sibylla, Betule, T. Rubi, W. Album, Lucina, Minima, Lineola, Asiliformis, 
Exulans, Meliloti (8), Trifolii, Nudulanus, Quadra, Gxribrunk Caniola, Miniata, — 
bulalis, Chrysorrheea, Fascelina,* Gonostigma, Falcula, Hamula, Palpina, Drome- _ 
‘darius, Anachoreta, Ziczac; fine Shetland vars. of Humuli, Conspersa, Albulata, 
% -Venosata, Fluctuata, Montanata and Trumanata, Batis,* Rubiginea,* Cracce,* 
ubsequa, Templi, Capsophila, Moneta,* Nigrocincta, Orion, Pudorina, Fimbria, | 
Absinthii,* Petrificata, Ravida, Xerampeliua, Gilvago, Haworthii, Venustula, Cesia, | 
~Pandularia var. Subroseta,”* Roboraria, Abietaria,* Consortaria, Cinctaria, Belgi- 
— aria, Trepidaria, Advenaria, Illustraria, Alniaria, Prunaria, Orbicularia, Emutaria, 
Alternata,* Fluviata,* Albicillata, Sinuata, Campanulata,* Absinthiata, Chrysorr- — 
_ chuellus, Carpodactyla,* Graphodactyla,* Cristana, Literana, Thuleana, Dalella. 
- Desiderata.—Pupe : Ocellatus, Tiliz, Carpini, Populi. Imagines: Extreme forms 
~ black and white Conyersaria, and scarce and local Pyrales, Tortrices and Tineina.— 
Perey y M. Bright ; Fairyield, Wimborne Road, Bournemouth. 
3 _Duplicates.—Corydon, H. Comma, Porcellus, Z. Trifolii, Bicolorana,* Hera,“ 
: Sylvinus (very large females), Derasa, Batis, Duplaris, Diluta, Flavicornis, Ocbra- 
cea, Putris, Rurea, and var. Combusta,. Hepatica, Persicaria,** Gemina, Vestigialis, 
- Tritici, Glareosa, Augur,* Ditrapezium,* Triangulum,* Brunnea,* Dablii,* Baja,’ sats 
anthina,”* Fimbria,* Suspecta, Parthenias, Urica, Protea, Hispidaria, Abietaria* — 
-(Melanic), Albicillata, Ulmata, Blomeri, Repandata,* Consortaria. Desiderata.— 
Very numerous.—W. H. C. Bolton ; 48, Philbeach Gardens, Earl's Court, S.W. 
Duplicates.—Larve: C. Cytherea. Pup: Carpophaga (pale Sussex). Ima- 
 gines: Straminea* (few). Desiderata,—Carpophaga* (dark forms) or Pupex, also 
a: magines of Betulz (males), Pruni, Paniscus, Salmacis, Valesina, Littoralis, - 
udorina, Maritima, Ophiogramma, and many others, especially northern Noctua 
and varieties.—_Guy HE. H. Peskett; Simla, Preston, Br ighton. 
 Duplicates.—Blandina, Mundana, Salicis, Flavicornis, Cambrica, Filigram- 

aria and Ova, Impluviata (dark), Atrata, Rurea,* Preecox, Nictitans, Chi, Capsin-— 
ola,* Carpophaga, Augur, Festiva,* eee Baja, Captiuncula (fair), Tritici. - 
esiderata.—Numerous.— W. G. Clutten; 132, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley, Lancs. — 
Z Duplicates.—C. Reticulata* (a few). ae, —Iris, Galii, and the raver 
local species—Liewt.-Colonel Nurse; Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds. Re 
Duplicates. —A. Pygmeaua. Desiderata. —Loeal Tortrices, &c. — Lieut- 
- Colonel Nurse; Limworth Hail, Bury St. Edmunds. 
; Duplicates. —Valezina, Polychloros, * Selene, Galatea, Russula (male), Mona- — 
cha, Nebulosa, Herbida, Pudorina, Contigua, Scolopacina, -Viminalis, Suffusa. — 
‘ew each of Ocellatus, S. Populi, Quadra, Mesomella, Miniata, Helveola, Geryon, © 
Lacertula, Orion (2), Batis, Derasa, Vestigialis, Rumicis, Saucia, Hepatica, Plu- 
‘maria, Consortaria, Albicillata, and types of many. Larve: few each of Hera, 
Herbida. Pup: few each of Chaonia, Contigua, Absinthii. Desiderata.—Inis, © 
Sesiide, Oo, Leucophea, Nigrocincta, Ochroleuca, Asteris, Tincta, Rubiginea, 
armelita, Pyrina and many other local species. Black pins. Good setting — 
oe —(Dr.) Beckwith Whitehouse ; 52, Newhall Street, Bur UHC 


Accepted offers replied "s 


7 


g 


Duplicates. 4 Wianbantenes ubsicipeda var. Fasciata,* : 


wale, Comes var. Curtisii,* ‘&e. .. Graminis, Lunaria* (northern tor) ico) 
var. Plumbata, Subfulvata* vars., Isogrammata,* Succenturiata,* | Fiavaint a 
Cambrica (dark vars.), Trifasciata (dark), Olivata, many others. Desiderata.— 
Iris, Pruni, Muscerda, Fagi, Asellus, Apiformis, A Alf; Connexa, Dipsacea, Sagittata, | : 
Fluctuosa, Albipuncta, Alpina, Sabana, Nubeculosa, Irregularis, Albimacula, — 
Barrettii, Semibrunnea, Bractea, Lapponaria, Conspicuata, Ruficinctata, Tzeniata, — 
Consignata, Virgaureata, Curzoni, Expallidata, Stevensata, Reticulata, and Baodss 
varieties.—T’. Ashton Lofthouse; The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. . 

Duplicates—Autumnaria* (pilosaria, dark types), [lunaria* (3 repandabinil i 
melanie, fair), Incanaria, Leucophearia, Grossulariata, Defoliaria, Aisularia, — 
Boreata, Progemmaria, Dilutata, Salicis,* Neustria,* Psi, Lithoxylea, Brunnea,* 
Pronuba,* Fimbria,* Trapezina, Rufina, Nace. Chi, Polyodon, Gamma, Lubrici- 
peda. Desiderata.—Numerous; also preserved Larve.—S. Hainsworth; 60, 
George Street, Saltaire, Yorkshire. . A 

Duplicates.—Littoralis, Umbra, Conspersa, Succenturiata, Porcellus im : 
Moneta (1), Tersata (1), Irrorella (2), Tritici, Seabiosata; mostly black pins; _ 
data given. Desiderata. —Captiuncula, Diffinis, Dysodea, Consonaria, Rabianeee 
Urticx, Aisculi and Eupithecia.—B. Tulloch (Major); St. Stephen’s, COTE 4 
fioad, Dover. 

Duplicates. —Blethisa Multipunctata, Broscus Cephalotes, Gyrinus Opacus, 
Pederus Fuscipes, P. Riparius, Bruchus Pisi, Aphodius Stricticus, Donacia ~ 
Typhe, Adimonia Tanaceti, Salpingus Adratus. Desiderata. — Numerous. AS 4 
Ford ; 36, Irving Road, Bournemouth. 

Duplicates. —Prunaria,* Papilionaria.* Desiderata.—O. Autumnata,* “Fie b 
grammaria* and many others. Only good specimens well-set on black pins re- — 
quired. —(Miss) A. D. Edwards; The Homestead, Coombe Hill, Hast Grinstead. “A 
_. Duplicates.—A very large number of duplicates of many species. . Desiderata,.— — 
Numerous. Lists exchanged. good specimens, well-set only sent and required.— — 
(Miss) A. D. Edwards ; The Homestead, Coombe Hill, East Grinstead. ‘ 

Duplicates.—A few extra fine Paniseus and Butule (1910). Desiderata.— 
Rare and local insects, bred, or in bred condition, also Ova or Pupx.—Olem Jolly, — 
12, Cheltenham Street, Old Basford, Nottingham. . 

Duplicates.—Imagines : Rhamni, Psi,* Plecta, Meéticulosa, C. Nionee Fili- — 
pendula,* Impura, Strigilis, Moneta,” Flavago, Dispar (female), Gothia Pape : Res 
S. Populi (4), Salicis.* Desiderata _—Imagines: Numerous Noctuids and Geome- — 
ters. Pupe: §. Ligustri, Ocellatus, Lanestris, Quercifolia, Quercus. Larve: — 
B. Rubi and many others.—H. Hverett ; Ashleigh, Broughton Hull, Letchworth. 


oe: 
oe 
é 


Tur Sovran Lonpon Enromouocica, “&Np NatursL History Socimry.— 
October 13th.—Paper, with Lantern: ‘‘ The Lepidoptera of Sicily,” by J. P. Barsbet: 
Fungus Foray: (Date and locality arranged according to age October 27th.— . 

: 


Bxhibits and Discussion. Se 
Sys. 


To CorRRESPONDENTS.—AII notes, papers, books for review, &c., and notices at : 
change should be sent to the Editor— 


RICHARD SOUTH, 96, DRAKEFIELD ROAD, UPPER TOOTING, 8.W. 


BRITISH pile cae & Le LEPIDOPTERA, 


other Hymenoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Hemiptera, BE 4 
For Price Lists (SePARATE) APPLY TO enw 


W. H. HARWOOD & SON, 94, Station Road, Golehester. a 


EXCHANGE, 


1 (The publication of Notices of Exchange, or of Advertisements, in the ‘Entomo- 
- logist’ is in no way a guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good condi- 
tion of the Species. This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of 
_ Exchangers or Advertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, in case the liberty 
- allowed should be abused.} Marked * are bred. 


<= Novices or Excnancr should be received by the 25TH oF EACH 
Monts to insure insertion. Not more than S1x Liyzs can be allowed for each. 


Duplicates. —Dissimilis,* Velleda, Sylvinus, Captiuncula, Fibrosa, Ambigua,* 
_ Lutosa, Rufa, Lubricipeda var. Fasciata,* Plantaginis,** Cambrica and dark vars., 
Curtisii var.,* Coracina, Blandiata, Pumilata, Bicolorata var. Plumbata, &c., 
Elymi (6), Phragmitidis, Nigra, Mundana, Autumnaria,* Satyrata, Isogrammata, * 
Subfulvata,* Corylata, Badiata, * Ceesiata, Lunaria,** Decolorata, Cervinata, Tris- 
tata, Luteata, Impluviata, Designata, Olivata, Cilialis, Margaritellus, Pascuellus, 
_Inquinatellus, Cribrella, Schulziana (8), Pinivorana (6), P. Mereuriana, Angusti- 
- orana, A, Osseana, E. Cerusella, A. Atmoriella, P. Occultana, &e. Desiderata.— 
Flexula, Salicalis, Turfosalis, Ericellus, and many Pyrales, Tortrices, Andreni- 
formis, Albimacula, Glabraria, Ridens, Alni, Leporina, &e.— 7’. Ashton Lofthouse ; 
The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. 
Duplicates.—Pup of black Impluviata and Inturgo: full-grown larve of 
Formiceformis. Desiderata.— Pupe of Chaonia, Dodonea, Fluctuata, &c.— 
Edward Harrison; The Avenue, Birtley S.O, 


Duplicates._-Imagines: Pronubana, Chi var. Olivacea, Preecox, Salmacis, ie 
~Cesia, Athalia. Pups: Fraxinata, Hastata, Minutata, Bidentata, Glaucata, ee 
-Centaureata, Linariata. Ova: Dispar, Chi var. Olivacea, Apiciaria (Irish). —. ae 
, Desiderata.—Imagines of Lunosa and Agrotids. Pupe of Punctaria, Porata, — ae 
’ Trilinearia, Pendularia, Myricz, Oleracea, and offers in pupe ; also old vols. of the Tes 
-* Boys’ Own Paper.’—J. Baxter ; 13, Birtley Lane, Birtley S.O. gaat 


Duplicates.—Aporia Crategi, Hast Kent bred or captured; Pygmeola (Luta- | 
rella); Helveola (Deplana), Orion, Albovenosa, Aceris, Bondii, Sparganii, Straminea, 

_ Pudorina, and many other species. Desiderata.—Numerous for renewals. Lists 
‘of Duplicates and Desiderata exchanged.—J. Platt Barrett ; 30, Endwell Road, 
Brockley, S.H. (till January 25th, 1912), afterwards: ‘‘ Westcroft,’ South Road, 
Forest Hill, London, S.E. 

Duplicates. — Many British Lepidoptera, in fine condition, Desiderata. — 
British Hymenoptera-Aculeata.—V. H#. Shaw ; ‘“‘ Betula,’ Fallow Court Avenue, 
North Finchley, N. 

Duplicates.—Machaon,* ‘Arion, Vanessa, Comma,* Elpenor,* Hera, Pota- 

_ toria, Sublustris (fine), Lunigera, Saucia, and very many others. Desiderata.— 

_ Sinapis, Hyale, Helice, Aglaia, Adippe, Paphia var. Valesina, Athalia, Iris, ~~ 
-Epiphron, Aithiops, Typhon, Betula, Rubi, Argiolus (4, females), Lucina, Malve, 
Actzon, Palemon, Fuliginosa, &c.; mostly for renewal.—fR. Benton ; Cotswold, ~ 

— Queen's Avenue, Muswell Hill, N. 

Duplicates. _L, Gueneei and its vars. Desiderata.—Numerous local moths 

s and butterflies, especially vars.—T’. Baxter; Min-y-don, Bromley Road, St. Anne’s- 


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- on-Sea, Lancashire. pee 
Duplicates. —Pudibunda, P. Populi, Flavicincta, Pennaria, ‘ finest obtainable. ” nel 
Ade Mendica. Desiderata.—Gonostigma, Castrensis, B. Rubi, B. Trifolii. a 
_ Davus, Sinapis, T. Betule, and Batis—Herbert W. Baker ; 73, Limetree Place, os 

- Stowmarket, Suffolk. cate 


Duplicates.—Very numerpus; lists of desiderata requested. Desiderata.— 
~ Good vars. of Obscurata ; well-set, black pins.—(Miss) A. D. Edwards; The 
_ Homestead, Coombe Hill, East Grinstead, 

Duplicates. —Galatea Citrago, Dispar* (male), Monacha,* Aprilina,* Oxy- 
acantha, Petrificata (2) , Satellitia, lL. Pallens, L. Conigera, Pistacina, Vaccinil, 
~ Macilenta, Ziezac, Gemina, Cubicularis, Autumnaria,* Juliaria, Glyphica, Affini- » — 

= Suffumata, Tersata. Desideratan—Very numerous.—W. Wallace Mac- 
millan ; Castle Cay Somerset. 


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Duplicates. 2 Pannehneee Pudibunda,* Prot p 
Gracilis,* Subtusa* (2), Silago,* Immutata, Variata,™*~ 
Linariata,* Absinthiata.* Desiderata.— Many common species ta: re 
Lt.-Colonel C. G. Nurse; Timworth Hail, Bury St. Edmunds. 

Duplicates.—N. Arundineta, Chryson.** Desiderata.—Tityrus, Fagi, Car- 
melita, Fluctuosa, Strigula, Albula, Csia, Caliginosa, Pyralina, Degeneraria. - 
Lt.-Colonel C. G. Nurse; Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds. ear 

Duplicates. — To,* Blandina, Pennaria, Pilosaria, Ulmata, Tieucopienaes 
(males), Aurantiaria,* Defoliaria, A‘scularia,* Dilutata, Multistrigaria, Albulata,. . 
Pyraliata, Flavicornis, Rumici, Fulva, Rurea, Graminis,* Augur, Festiva,* 
Munda.* Macilenta, Rufina, Litura, Chi, Pisi, Typica,* and many others. Deside- 
rata.—Very numerous.—G. Fleming ; 9, Fairview Terrace, Merthyr Tydjil. 

Duplicates.—Gothica, Pistacina, Impura, Suffusa, Plecta (1), Chrysitis (ly; * 
Gilvago (3), Trapezium, Linea, Nictitans (2), Oculea, Fasciuncula, Strigilis, Fili- 
pendula, S. Populi,* Quereus,* Caia* (dark), Typica, Faleula, Napi, Nupta (1): 
Desiderata.—Sybilla, Duplaris, Ocularis, Hispidus, Glyphica, Luctuosa, Sulphu- — 
ralis, Villica, Proteus, Herbida, Cassinea, Roboraria. Ova: Dispar, numerous 


 larve; specially pup of Carpini, Piniperda, Quercifolia. Any beginner, or ~ 


wishing to renew, can have any of the above, if box and postage are sent, or 
exchange. Only a few of the same left.—(Rev.) H. Everett; Ashleigh, Broughton — 
Hall, Letchworth. * eae 
Duplicates. —British Zinckenii, Lathonia (2), Exulis, Leucophea, C. Reticu- — 
lata, Atriplices, Alpina. Exotic Diurnals. Desiderata.—Sicula, Bicolor, Erythro- — 
cephala, and others. _ Exotic Diurnals.—W. Dannatt; 75, Vanbrugh Park, — 
Blackheath, S.E. Sey 


CHANGE or AppREss.—J. Platt Barrett, from 80, Endwell Road, Brockley, a 
London, S.E., after January 25th, 1912, to “ Westeroth ” South Road, Forest ae es 
London, 8.E. 


City oF LonpoN ENTomoLOGICAL AND Naturat History Society, London 
Institution, Finsbury Circus, London.—January 2nd: Special. Exhibition and — 
Discussion, ‘‘Rwmicia phleas.” January 16th: Annual “ Pocket-box” Exhibi- — 
tion. All entomologists are cordially invited to attend with exhibits—V, Eric — 
SHAW. 


To CorRESPONDENTS.—AII notes, papers, books for review, &c. and notices of — 
change should be sent to the Editor— eo 


RICHARD SOUTH, 96, DRAKEFIELD ROAD, UPPER TOOTING. 5: W. 


LEONARD TATCHELL & Co. ENTOMOLOGISTS, 


23, THE ARCADE, BOURNEMOUTH. 


IMPORTANT OFFER. BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. me 

E. AUTUMNARIA. Grand Melanic Forms from 10s. 6d. to 15s. each. 
Having purchased the mntire strain of ‘‘The Grand Melanic form of E. autumnaria’’ — 
bred for several years by Mr. Newman, we now offer them at a price within the reach of — 
all entomologists. : 
On receipt of card we will send a selection on approval. Fe 
NATURE STUDY. — Cases illustrating Life-History of British Butterflies and — 
Moths, mounted on natural food-plants, 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s. 9d., and 4s. 6d. each. acca? 
terms to Muszums and ScHoots. i 
LITERATURE,—Vols. and unbound copies of the ‘ Entomologist,’ palettes s ‘Larve, 

‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World,’ Seitz, and many others. ae 


LISTS oF PUPA, IMAGINES, NATURE-STUDY CASES, AND APPARATUS FREE 
ON. APPLICATION, ne 


an USEFUL ' NEW YEAR’S PRESENTS. 
SEND for our ‘*‘ BARGAINS FOR BUYERS,”’ containing special y 
offers of many new and second-hand Insect and Egg Cabinets from 7 
10s. each. Second-hand Store Boxes 10 x 8, 1s. 9d.; 14 x 10, 2s. 9d,; 16 x 11, 
_ 8s. 6d. ; 174 x 12, 4s.; postage 4d. The New Dartford Carton Store Box, Cork: oa: 
lined top and bottom, 14 x 10, 2s. 6d.; post 4d. it: 
CHEAP BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 
Hera (Dawlish), 4d. (8s. 6d. per doz.) ; Octogesima, Alni, Strigosa, 1s.; Atro- 
pos, 2s.; Castrensis, 5d. (4s. per doz.). Vars. Radiata, all different, 1s. For other 
bargains see our Catalogue, post-free on application. Label List, Macro-Lepido- 
_ptera, 6d. Lepidopterist’s Calendar, 2s. 6d. ‘‘ Data” Labels from Ys. 6d. per 
- 1000, one to six sorts. 


J. & W. DAVIS, Naturalists’ Museum Works, Dartford. 


Bp es: SALVAGE, Arlington, Berwick, Sussex, 
has for Sale, fine lot of well set Lepidoptera, : 
including Arion, Alveolus (var. Taras), Musciformis, N. Albulalis, 

_ Fuliginosa, Nubeculosa var. T'ridens, Myrice, T’. Fulva, Concolor, 

L. Gueneet (light and dark), fine vars. of Gothicina and Nebulosa, 

- Melanopa, Cordigera, B. Roboraria, Trepidaria, Carbonaria, Decrepi- 

 talis, and very many others, vars., &c., fine pupa (all wild, none bred 

in), Orion, A. Ligustri, dark Glauca, Gothicina (all vars.) Dolobraria, 

_Consortaria, Lapponaria, Zonaria, Lobulata (Rannoch forms), black 

~Progemmaria, H. Isogrammata, &&. Many ova. Larve of Scotch 

Tincta. For Prices apply to above T. 8., who has supplied fine 

Insects for over thirty years. 


THE PRACTICAL SCIENTIFIC CABINET MAKERS. 


J -_ TT. CROCE ETT & SON 


(EsTABLISHED 1847). 
Makers of every Description and Size of Cabinets, Cases, Store Boxes, Apparatus, 
and Appliances. 
“And Dealers in all kinds of Specimens for Entomologists, Botanists, Ornithologists, 
ee Geologists, Mineralogists, Numismatists, Conchologists, &e., and for the 
use of Lecturers, Science Teachers, Colleges, Students, &e. 
MUSEUMS FITTED AND ARRANGED. 
"Specially made Cabinet for Birds’ Eggs and Skins. The Drawers graduate in — 
depth, and are all interchangeable. 
he ALL BEST WORK. ESTIMATES GIVEN. 
= All Goods at Store Prices. Great advantages in dealing direct with the Makers. 
it Send for Full Detailed Price List before ordering elsewhere. 


34, RIDING HOUSE STREET, PORTLAND PLACE, w. 


ate PAR ae NG ee oe 


-EIRST Steps in the Principles of Flower Classi= 
4 fication according to the Natural System. By 
“Rey. A. C. Morris. | 


Price 7d. post free. 
London: WHST, NEWMAN ¢ CO., 54, Hatton Garden. 


Paes. 6s. 


Leech’s BRITISH PYRALI ; )E 
INCLUDING THE f ea 
AVENTHDA, HERMINIIDA, HYPENIDA, AND PTEROPHORIDA. | 


With Kighteen Fine Lithographic Plates. Copies with the plates coloured | 
are very scarce, and only a few copies with plain plates now remain. | 


R. SOUTH, 96, Drakerrenp Roap, Upper Toorine, Lonpon, ou 


+ aes 


€ EXPERIMENTS ON THE 


SEASONAL DIMORPHISM of LEPIDOPTERA 


By Dr. AUGUST WEISMANN. 


Translated from the German by W. E. Nicnouson, F.E.S. This very interesting paper | 
“appeared in seven numbers of the ‘Entomologist’ in 1896, and occupies 60 pages in 
its more convenient form as a separate pamphlet. Price 1s., postage: Id. 


x 


A CATALOGUE OF THE 


LEPIDOPTERA OF IRELAND 


By W. F. Ds VISMES KANE) -M.AL)) FES, ke. ay 


- This cloth-bound volume contains 166 pages, and a ee Plate, preceded. by ‘an ' 
' Introduction, in which questions of climate, soil, &c., and their infltience upon toons 
distribution, are considered. Price 5s., postage 4d. 


Feap. 8vo0, Cloth, gilt top, 160 pp. + blanks for Notes. Price 2s, 6d. 


POCKET-BOOK of BRITISH BIRDS 
By EK. F. M. ELMS. 


With Description of British Species and Distinguishing Cheresiet 
Habits; Food; Language or Song; Nest and Begs. ; 


NEW AND .REVISED EDITION.—Cloth. Price 1s. 6d. Postage 2d. 


INSECT HUNTER’S COMPANION 


INSTRUCTIONS FOR 


COLLECTING, REARING, SETTING, AND PRESERVING, 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. . 


By the late Rev. JOSEPH GREENE, M.A. Revised and Extended by A. Be FARN, 


‘So full of practical information that everyone interested in this phase of Ento_ af 
mology ought to have a copy of it by them.” —JVestern Mail. at | 
“The little brochure seems to be practical and useful to the young collenter: ya 
Naturalists’ Quarterly Review. . | 


WEST, NEWMAN & GO., 54, Hatton Garden, London, B.C, 


4 ie > . x J % 
-OOMS, ESTABLISHED 1760. pce 


TI vill sell at his Rooms, 38, ar On 2 
ent Garden, ondon, W. C., about the. third 2 


BUTTERFLIES from the Taney CoLLECTION, com- Seu: 
| ost of the orders down to the Lycewnide. Many 

» specimens from the H. Grosg-Smita Connection will be 

ided. See January Journals for further particulars. 

Catalogues i in course of preparation. — 


FIRST TIME OFFERED. . Ges 
TURNIA PYRETORUM, South China.—Fine — 
wild cocoons of this desirable species, 2s. 6d. each, 25s. 
dozen, free; or will exchange only me good species of 23 
wrnassune or core nide. Se 


HENRY “WATSON, 70, Ashford Road, Withington, wana andes 


IGREENHOUGH’S 
STEREOSCOPIC 

BINOCULAR 
| MICROSCOPE. 


‘Pera, Rel oranone biibas are 
so arranged as to bring the 
same object into focus in the 
axis of each tube, the tubes 
being set at an angle to each 
‘other for this purpose. The 
‘stand is provided with rack 
p and pinion adjustment. The 
image is erected by Porro 


, with one pair of objectives 
and Syereenes ww ed0 0-0 


dditional gh per pair 
: £2 0 0 


Aaakionat repieces per pair 
eee £0 10 0 


= "OXFORD. HOUSE, 
| 9, OXFORD ST., LONDON, W. 
4 ES ee Cae 1674. 


CONTENTS. 


A New Species Bf Baétis (Bphemerids) from the dakavn Ciombinte ( Ath 
Kenneth J. Morton, 821, Notes on a Butterfly Hunt in France in 
Il.—In the South-East, H. Rowland-Brown, 322. The Number of L 


a 2 


Instars of Cyaniris. (Ly cena) semiargus, 7’. A. Cha man, 328. On. the i 
tions of Agrion puella, #. W. ¢ H. Campion, 329. The Athalia Group of a4 
Genus Melitwa, George Wheeler, 334. Some African Bees of the Gen} ? 
Authophora, T. D. A. Cockerell, 387, Comparative Notes on V. urtice, 
var. ichnusa, Bon., and var. turcica, Stand. Is V. urticw, L., the “ Reddes| 
Form among: all the “ Tortoiseshell ” Vanesside ? T. Reuss, 339, A Nd} 
on the Oyum and Young Larva of Scoparia murana, Alfred Sich, 343. Ne} 
Lepidoptera- Heterocera from Formosa, A. 4. Wileman, 344. 7 
Notes AND OBSERVATIONS, 849. CAPTURES AND FIELD Reports, 853. 
SocieTixs, 354. Recent Lrrerature, 360. 


a 


ay 


kf q 

| DON’T FORGET W 

| COLLECT nearly all the species I sell, and now has 

for sale fine Selene, Cassiope, Arion, Siatheas Globulari\ 

N. Albulalis, Caniola, T'. Fulva vars., Cespitis, Anceps, Ripe, P. Alpin| Hl 
(real Grampians), a pair of L. Guenees, Nebulosa vars., Cordiger 
Melanopa, Carbonaria, Pulveraria, Polyommata, E. Satyrata, Derivali 
Albistrigalis, S. Alpinalis, Decrepitalis, and many others, vars., & 
Fine wild. Pups (none bred in) of Ocellatus, Mendica, Gotkicine (fin 
yars.), dark Glauca, Genista, Lapponaria (fine), Pimpinelata, Obliquarr« 
qnd others, Fine lot of Ova. For Price Lists apply to— i$ 


THOS. SALVAGE, THE PLAQUET, ARLINGTON, SUSSEX : 


REMEMBER! 


The ORIGINAL and LARGEST BUTTERFLY FARM in hil 
BRITISH ISLES is HEAD’S. se | 


(HsTABLISHED 1884.) 
~ An Immense Stock of Fertile Ova, Living Larve & Pupa, & Set Specimens always on sal 
Many GOOD VARIETIES and HYBRIDS frequently in Stock. 
Apparatus and Cabinets of the best quality supplied. Price List sent pa 4 
Note the Address— ‘E 


the WV s HEAD. Entomologist, — i 
BURNISTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH 


JAMES GARDNER, =) 
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL geek | 
52, HIGH HOLBORN, ann. 

29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road 
PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION. 


All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customer f 
are requested to note the eae as mistakes occur daily. } 
“Ailes 


Car 


GPO 16—6959 


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