■r o'^r/^^-'-op

^. p

METCALP

LIBRARY OF

1885- IQ56

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

OF

GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.

EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.

WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF

EGBERT ADKIN, F.E.S.
H. EOWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S.
W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S.

F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U.
W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S.
W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S.

Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c.

'By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made."

VOLUME THE FORTY-FOURTH.

LONDON:

WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN,

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited.

1911.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Adams, Feedk. C, F.E.S., 274

Adkin, B. W., P.E.S., 324

Adkin, Egbert, F.E.S., 67, 112, 186

Alderson, Miss E. Maude, F.E.S., 126

Anderson, Joseph, 363, 364

Archer, G. D., 323, 326

Arkle, J., 69, 303

Baker, Herbert Wm., 325

Baumann, R. T., 365, 366

Baynes, E. S. a., 2<M, 406

Baynes, Thomas, 34, 225

Bell, Sidney J., 159, 192,230, 376, 416

Bolton, Captain W. H. C, 323

BOWDITCH, C., 67

Boyd, A. W., F.E.S., 47, 406, 410

Briggs, Eev. Fred Julian, 114

Brockbank, Helena, 187

Burr, Malcolm, D.Sc, M.A., F.E.S.,

&c., 199
Burt, L. F., 322

Butler, W. E., F.E.S., 226, 325,411, 412
Buxton, P. A. & D. A. J., 407, 408
Cameron, P., 56, 63, 28C
Campion, F. W. & H., 237
Campion, Herbert, 275
Capper, Charles, 184
Carter, J. S., 154, 321, 326
Chadwick, Lloyd, 322, 325, 327
Champion, H. G., 405
Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., &c., 80
Chittenden, Fred. J., 225
Claxton, The Rev. W., 184, 320
Clutten, W. G., 363
Clutterbuck, C. Glanville, F.E.S., 69,

155, 228
Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A., 34, 100, 140,

176, 233, 327, 340
Cockayne, E. A., F.E.S., 253
Conquest, G. H., 157, 366
Coward, T. A., 406
Crabtkee, B. H., F.E.S., 319
Croft, E. 0., M.D., F.E.S., 406
David, E. N., 226, 327
Day, The Eev. A., 406
Delves, Wm., 326
Distant, W. L., F.E.S., 22, 104, 213,

269, 310
DoLTON, H. L., 301, 325, 405
DoNiSTHOEPE, Horace, F.Z.S., F.E.S.,

389
Edelsten, H. M., F.E.S., 364, 365, 405,

409, 410
Ellis, H. Willoughby, F.Z.S., F.E.S.,

256

EssoN, L. G., 299

Everett, The Rev. E., 226, 363

Exeter, A. J., 410, 411

Farn, a. B., 363

Fitch, Edward A., F.E.S., 410

Fleet, H., 323, 326

Fletcher, T. Bainbeigge, E.N., F.E.S.,

281, 346
Fountaine, Miss Margaret E., F.E.S.,

14, 154, 404
Feohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., F.E.S., 13,

35, 103, 155, 225, 226, 248, 322, 323,

377
Gahan, C. J., M.A., F.E.S., 121, 165,

214, 245, 259, 312, 348, 392
Gandy, W., 322
Garrett, H., 321
Gerrard, v., 252
GiEBS, A. E., F.E.S., 135
GiEAULT, A. A., 178, 197
Goodchild, Walter, 323
GuNTON, J. C, 324
Hammond, L.F., 273
Harrison, J., 413
Haewood, W. H., 320, 321, 324, 326,

362, 363, 364, 410
Hebbut, E. G., 325
Higgins, L. G., 406
Hodge, Harold, 409, 410, 412
Holmes-Taen, Captain H., 225
Hudson, C, 300
HuGGiNS, H., 323
Jackson, F. W. J., 408
Jones, A. H., F.E.S., 34, 112, 301
Jones, Laurence, 113
Joy, E. C, F.E.S., 365
Jupp, Beetram E., 252, 273, 274,

326
Kaye, W. J., F.E.S., 142, 170
Keeshaw, G. B., F.E.S., 324, 325, 367
KiDNEE, A. E., 409
Laddiman, Eobt., 300
Leigh, Geo. F., F.E.S., 115
Leigh, S.H.,F.E.S., 162
Lekay, H. G., 300
Littlewood, Frank, 75
Lowe, The Eev. F. E., M.A., F.E.S., 367
Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 48, 51, 96,

113, 157, 187, 192, 208, 225, 255, 257,

267, 279, 280, 299, 406
-Lyle, G. T., 332, 365, 404
Lynn, Alfred Wm., 363
Mansbridge, Wm., F.E.S., 45, 76, 118,
191, 230, 375

IV

Mason, G. W., 409

Mathew, Gervase F., F.Z.S., 67, 68,

327, 407
Meade-Waldo, Geoffrey, F.E.S., 326
Meldola, Professor B., D.Sc, F.R.S.,

F.E.S., &c., 146
Mellows, C, 275, 319, 321, 323, 365
Metcalfe, The Eev. John W., 300, 410,

411
Miyake, T., 90
Milman, p. p., 252
Morgan, Ethel M., 300
Morley, Claude, F.E.S., 34, 66, 108,

153, 161, 211, 224, 273, 299, 317
Morris, A. C, 406

Morton, Kenneth J., F.E.S., 81, 134
Moulton, J. C, F.E.S., 183
Mdirhead, J. W., 320, 321, 364
Newman, L. W., F.E.S., 99, 113, 321,

322, 324
NicHOLL, Mrs. M. D. B., 299
Nicholl, The Rev. D. S. W., 325
Nicholson, C, 184
NoBBs, G., 35, 225, 407
Nurse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., F.E.S., 94,

184, 219
Nurse, The Rev. E. J., 300, 302
Oldaker, F. a., M.A., F.E.S., 37
Perkins, V. R., F.E.S., 185
Pierce, F. N., F.E.S., 309
Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., 227,

302
Prout, Louis B., F.E.S., 26, 59, 292
Raven, The Rev. C. E., 276
Eeid, Percy C, 228, 365, 369
Reuss, T., 4, 195
Richards, A., 367
Robertson, Geo. S., 300
Robertson, Major R. B., 319. 326
Robinson, Leslie H. Mosse, 40, 71
Rollason, W. A., F.K.S., 206
Rose, Arthur J.,F.E.S., 324
Rothschild, The Hon. N. Charles,

M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., 49, 403
Rowland-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S.,4, 5,

40, 69, 76, 184, 194, 223, 227, 305,

318, 329, 334, 365, 385
Ryland, Ralph, 252
St. Aubyn, J., 274
Sharp, D., M.A., F.R.S., &c., 185

Sharpe, E., 322

Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S., 1, 357, 391,

399
Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., 318
Smith, B. Harold, 404, 406, 409, 410,

411, 412
Smith, Robt. S., 411
I South, Richard, F.E.S., 1, 97, 119,

154, 160, 187, 192, 232, 252, 256, 276,

280, 300, 303, 304, 328, 376, 4C4, 405,

413
i Speyer, E. R.,F.E.S., 283
Spiller, a. J., 320, 323, 404
Stallman, F. H., 324, 364
Stenton, Rupert, F.E.S., 87
Stewart, A. M., 229, 243
Stiff, Alfred T., 155
Stbeeter, Ernest, 274
Strickland, E. H., 130, 179, 201, 249,

268
Studd, E. F., F.E.S. , 319
Sweeting, H. R.. 45, 76, 118, 191, 230
Tarbat, The Rev. J. E., Ill, 112, 274,

407
Tatchell, Leonard, 325
Theobald, Fred W., M.A., F.E.S., &c.,

16, 351, 397
Thompson, J., 412
Thurnall, a., 228, 319
Todd, R. Geoffrey, 34
Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S., 44, 117, 158,

191, 230, 255, 304, 374
Walker, J., 325
Warburg, J. C, 183, 302
Waters, R. R., 274
Webb, Sydney, 120, 268, 308
Wheeler, The Rev. George,, M.A.,

F.E.S., 10, 116, 190, 241, 254, 264,

278, 372, 382, 416
Whitehouse, Dr. Beckwith, 366, 367,

407
Whittaker, Oscar, 375
Whittle, F. G., 224, 368, 408
Wigan, John T., 34
Wileman, a. E., F.E.S., 29, 55, 60, 109,

148, 174, 204, 263, 271, 295, 314,343,

362, 400
Williams, Harold B., 320
Woodbridge, Francis C, F.E.S., 300
Worsley Wood, H., 363

INDEX.

GENERAL.

Aberration of Acronycta rumicis and A.

alni, 97 ; of three Japanese Butter-
flies, 55
Abnormal Emergence of Coremia desig-

nata, 67
Abnormal Union of Butterflies, 403
A Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Un-
explored France, 305 (Charente), 334

(Basses-Pyrenees), 385 (Marshland of

Gironde)
Acherontia atropos in Berks, 405 ; in

Bucks, 325; in Cornwall, 325, 405;

in Hants, 407 ; in Norfolk, 405 ; in

Suffolk, 325
Acronycta alni and Abraxas grossu-

lariata ab. lacticolor in Warwick, 322
.^geria andrenaformis in Viburnum

opulus, 252
Agrotis exclamationis in September, 321,

407, 408, 409
Amphidasys betularia ab. doubledayaria

in Essex, 67, 155
An Algerian Holiday, 135, 170
An Autumn Morning in the Alleghany

Mountains, 14
An interesting aberration of Eustroma

reticulata (Schiff.), 59
A New Aphid-infesting Aphelinus which

is not black, 178
A New Mosquito from Paraguay, 268
A New Species of PimplinsB, 161
Apatura iris, &c., in Haslemere District,

273
A possible Hybrid of Agriades thetis,

male, and Polyommatus icarus, fe-
male, 4
Arctia caia in October, 411
A Revised List of the British Ants, 389
Argynnis lathonia in Guernsey, 300 ; in

Kent, 324
A Second List of the Aphididte found in

Kent, 351, 397
Athalia Group of the Genus Melitffia,

The, 10, 241, 264, 382
Autumnal Emergence of Polygonia

c-album var. hutchinsoni, 112
Bees from the Himalaya Mountains, 176
Biological Inquiry into the Nature of

Melanism in Amphidasys betularia,

Linn., 162

Black Aberration of Dasychira pudi-

bunda, 319
Brachypterous Earwigs, 199
Breeding Trochilium apiformis, 228
Butterflies in a garden at Chichester,

364 ; in October, 364
By the Way, 223, 272, 297, 303, 316
Capper Collection, The, 186
Captures at Light in Isle of Wight, 35
Caradrina exigua in Devonshire, 366
Carnivorous feeding of Platycleis brachy-

ptera, 275
Cateremna terebrella in East Devon,

300
Catocala nupta, ab., 412
Cerura furcula in August, 322
Cheshire and Lancashire Odonata, 102
Chcerocampa nerii at Eastbourne, 66
Chcerocampa (Eumorpha) elpenor in

November, 411
Chrysopa flava (Neuroptera), 252
Chrysophanus dispar — A Memory, 226
Chrysophanus phlteas, 364 ; in the City,
364 ; ab. alba in I3ucks, 320 ; var.
eleus at Colchester, 320 ; var. schmidtii
in Lanes, 320 ; in Wales, 300 ; varie-
ties, 364, 412
Clytus arcuatus in North-east London,

252
Coccidae affectmg Rubber Trees, 327
Colias edusa in Cheshire, 409 ; in Corn-
wall, 409 ; in Essex, 409; in Sussex,
300
CoUas hyale in Bucks, 299, 322; in
Cheshire, 410; in Cornwall, 324,
409, 410; in Essex, 322, 323, 324,
410 ; in Isle of Wight, 299 ; in
Kent, 322, 323, 324, 410 ; in Norfolk,
323 ; in Oxford, 300 ; in Scilly, 324 ;
in Suffolk, 323 ; in Sussex, 300 ; in
Wales, 299 ; near Norwich, 299
Collecting at Kendal (Westmorland), 71
Continental Neuroptera, &c., taken by

Dr. Chapman in 1909 and 1910, 96
Conversazione of the Entomological

Society of London, 222
Corcyra (Melasoblaptes) cephalonica at

Colchester, 362
Corrections in names of three species of
Phytophaga, 67

Cyaniris argiolus, 274, 363 ; and L.

ai'ion, 367
Dates of Emergence of Certain Butter-
flies in 1911, 301
Description of Ova and Young Larva of

Clirysoplianus amphidamus, 399
Descriptions of Three New Species of

Odynerinse from Japan, 286
Dipterous Parasite bred from Imago of

Nyssia lapponaria, 253
Dragonflies bred in 1911, 412
Dragonflies of the New Forest, 267
Duration of the Larval Stage in some of

the SesiidiE, 94
Early Appearance of Erebia epiphron

var. cassiope and Parasemia planta-

ginis in Westmorland, 319
Early Date for Ccenonympha typhon,

319
Emergence of a Bornean Cicada, 182
Ephyra pendularia var. subroseata in

Lincolnshire, 409
Eristalis oestraceus, L., in North Ame-
rica (Diptera), 252
Errata, 115, 187, 369
Euripus fulguralis, 263, 362
Food of Vanessa antiopa larvae, 154
Formalin a Kemedy for Mould on

Cabinet Specimens, 391
Four New Pterophoridse, 281, 346
Further Notes on the British Cicada,

Cicadetta montana (Hemiptera), 332
Geographical Distribution of Macaria

liturata var. nigrofulvata, 302, 322,

363
George Henry Verrall (Obit.), 329
Gloucestershire Lepidoptera, 227
Gynandrous Lycaana icarus (alexis), 273
Hadena pisi in September, 321
Hatching of the Eggs of Argynnis

laodice, 103
Heliothis armigera in Glamorganshire,

327 ; in Isle of Wight, 410
Hemerobius stigma (Neuroptera), 113
Heterusia taiwana, 362
Hippotion (Chserocampa) celerio at Bir-
kenhead, 252
Humble-bees of Formosa, The, 100
Hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta in

captivity, 99, 183, 224, 301, 319
Hydrilla palustris, &c., at Wicken, 111
Hygrochroa (Pericallia) syringaria in

September, 322
Ichneumonidffi taken in Cornwall, 1910,

206
Insects taken by Dr. T. A. Chapman in

Switzerland, 1911, 356
Italian Forms of Zygeena transalpina,

Esp., 154
Lampides bcEticus in Guernsey, 367
Laphygma exigua in Cornwall, 409
Larva of Arctia caia full-grown in

September, 321 ; of Vanessa antiopa,

226

Late Autumn and Winter Emergence of

Ematurga atomaria, 113
Lepidoptera at Light, 274 ; at Sallows
at Windermere, 187 ; in the Hasle-
mere District, 252 ; in the Isle of
Wight, 225 ; in West Suffolk, 219 ; of
Lincolnshire, The, 405 ; of Scotland
in August, 368 ; of the Brecksand
District, 275 ; of the Portsmouth Dis-
trict, 275 ; of the Swedish Provinces
of Jemtland and Lapland, 357 ; of
Torquay, 404
Leucania unipuncta. Haw., extranea,

Guen., in Devon, 366
Life-history of Anosia plexippus, 377
Limenitis sibylla in September, 363,

364 ; in Surrey, 299
Lophopteryx carmelita in North Lan-
cashire, 225
Lyctena icarus, ab., 320
Macaria liturata, ab. nigrofulvata at

Oxshott, 363 ; in Warwickshire, 322
Macaria liturata in North Lancashire, 34
Macroglossa stellatarum in Cornwall,

410
Mamestra brassicse in September, 409
Mamestra persicariaj in Scotland, 225
Mamestra trifolii in September, 409
Melanic Ematurga atomaria at Burnley,

363 ; at Oxshott, 363
Natural History Museum for Natura-
lists, The, 193
Nemoura dubitans, Morton, a Species
of Plecoptera new to the British
Fauna, 134
New African Geometridte, 292
New Genus of Australian Bees, A., 140
New Lepidoptera-Heterocera from For-
mosa, 29, 60, 109, 148, 174, 204, 271,
295, 314
New Species of Boarmiinas from For-
mosa, 343
New Species of GeometridsB from For-
mosa, 271, 295, 314, 400
New Species of Hemitheinas (Geome-

trinaj, auctt.), 26
New Species of Syntomidag from British

Guiana and South Brazil, 142
Nonagria sparganii in Sussex, 300
Non-hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta,

248
Notes on Durham Lepidoptera, 412
Note on Larvae of Agrotis ripa, 319
Note on Larva of Merodon equestris,

225, 274
Note on the Boosting Habits of Heli-

conius charitonia, 403
Note on Trochilium apiforme, 154
Notes by the Way, 32, 65, 108, 152
Notes from Haslemere for 1910, 35
Notes on Agrion armatus, Charp., 302
Notes on Amphidasys betularia, Te-
phrosia biundularia, and Trichiura
cratsegi, 301

Vll

Notes on a Butterfly Hunt in France in

1910, 5
Notes on British Odonata in 1910, 257
Notes on British Orthoptera in 1910,

208
Notes on Chilosia grossa, Cordyceps,

and Smerintlius tilite, 113
Notes on Lepidoptera in various Loca-
lities, 368
Notes on Odonata observed in Great

Britain during the Summer of 1909

and 1910, 283
Notes on the Dragonfly Season of 1910,

237
Notes on the Life-history of Antitropa

erinnys, 114
Notes on the Life-history of Chrysopa

flava, Scopoli. 126
Notes on the Life-history of Pararge

hiera, Fabr., with Description of the

Pull-grown Larva, 1
Notes on the Varieties of Peronea cris-

tana, 289, 308
Notodonta dromedarius in late July, 322
Number of Larval Stages of Lyctena

acis, 13
Obituary : —

Albert Harrison, 304, 328

George Henry Verrall, 328, 329

Gerald George Hodgson, 120

John William Tutt, 77

Samuel Scudder, 376

W. A. Rollason, 192
Odonata, Lancashire and Cheshire, 102
Odynerus callosus, 185
On Some Recent Attempts to Classify

the Coleoptera in Accordance with

their Phylogeny, 121, 165, 214, 245,

259, 312, 348, 392
On Treniopteryx putata, Newman (Plec-

optera), with Notes on other Species

of the Genus, 81
On the Economy of the Ichneumonid,

Monoblastes palustris, Illgr., 87
On Two Undescribed Genera and Three

New Species of Ichneumonidie from

Borneo, 63
On Undescribed Evaniidae taken at Ku-

ching, Borneo, by Mr. John Hewitt,

B.A., 56
Optical Instruments, 157
Ovipositing of Sesia apiformis, 362
Papilio machaon at Colchester, 320 ; in

Essex, 365; in Herts, 365 ; in Middle-
sex, 365
Pararge megffira, 364
Perizoma (Emmelesia) tasniata in North

De\on, 410
Phasgonura viridissima (Orthoptera),

113
Phryxus (Deilephila) livornica in Corn-
wall, 274, 411 ; in Devon, 411 ; in

Surrey, 365 ; in Sussex, 274 ; in the

New Forest, 365

Phtheochroa (Argyrolepia) schreibersi-

ana, Frrd., in Gloucestershire, 69
Pieris rapffi and P. napi triple-brooded

in 1911, 321
Plusia moneta, 184 ; at Reading, 225 ;
in Balham, 322 ; in Herts, 226 ; in
Wales, 226
Plusia ni in Cornwall, 411
Polia xanthomista in Cornwall, 410
Preliminary List of the Aphididee found

in Kent, 16
Public Exhibition of Butterflies, 303
Pyrameis atalanta, ab., 362, 412
Pyrameis atalanta and Vanessa io in

1910, 184
Query respecting Sesia sphegiformis, 228
Rare Coleoptera at Hindhead, Surrey,

367
Recent Litebatdre : —

Annals of Scottish Natural History, 48
Monographia de los Nemopteridos,

by R. P. Longinos Navas, 48
Dermaptera of the Seychelles, by Dr.

Malcolm Burr, 48
Annals of Tropical Medicine and

Parasitology, 48, 192
Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,

48
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phal-
lemB in the British Museum, vol. x.,
by Sir George Hampson, 118
Annual Report of the New Jersey

State Museum, 119
A Book of Nimble Beasts, by D. En-
glish, 119
The Rhopalocera of Java ; Hesperidfe,
by M. C. Piepers, and P. C. T.
Snellen, 159
Diptera Danica, Part iii., by W.

Lundbeck, 160
On Some New Species of Leaf-hopper

on Sugar-cane, by F. Muir, 192
Fossil Insects and a Crustacean from
Florissant, Colorado, by T. D. A.
Cockerell, 232
The Thorax of the Hymenoptera, by

R. Evans Snodgrass, 232
A Handbook of the Tsetse-flies, by

Ernest E. Austen, 256
Our Insect Friends and Foes, byF.

Martin Duncan, 278
Proceedings of the South London
Entomological and Natural History
Society, 1910-11, 280
St. Albans and its Neighbourhood;
an Account of the Topography,
Geology, Fauna, Flora, &c., 304
Regular Temperature Variation in

Vanessa urticae, 195, 318
Remarkable Aberration of Terias

elathea, 153
Retarded Development on Emergence

of Chesias rufata (obliquaria), 274
Rhopalocera of Cyprus, 404

Ehynchota Indica (Heteroptera), 22,

104, 213, 269, 310
Scarcity of Pyrameis atalanta in 1910,
225 ; of Wasps in the Cheshire Dis-
trict, 69
Second Brood of Boarmia repandata,
412 ; of Cerura furcula, 302 ; of
Eurois prasina, 366 ; of L. sibylla,
327

Second International Congress of
Entomology, 403

Senta maritima, 184

Sirex gigas, 35

Six days at Glen Tilt, Perthshire, 155

Smerinthus ocellatus in the North Sea,
34

Societies:—
Birmingham Natural History, 255
City of London Entomological, 158,

192, 230, 375, 416
Entomological Society of London, 37,

75, 115, 187, 253, 276, 369, 413.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo-
gical, 44, 76, 117, 191, 231, 374
Manchester Entomological, 45
South London Entomological, 40,
116, 157, 190, 230, 254, 303, 372

Some Asiatic Bees of the Genus
Anthophora, 233

Some Bees from Formosa, 1, 340

Some Ichneumonidous Synonyms, 211

Some New Culicidro from Western
Australia, South Queensland, and
Tasmania, 130, 179, 201, 249

Some Notes on Melanism, 243

Some Species of Crambi, with descrip-
tions of two New Ones, 49

Species new to the Gloucestershire List,
155

Sphinx convolvuli in Bedfordshire, 406 ;
in Bucks, 325 ; in Cornwall, 325 ; in
Devon, 325, 406 •,^in Dorset, 325 ; in
Essex, 325, 365, 407 ; in Glamorgan-
shire, 327 ; in Hants, 326, 406, 407 ; I
in Isle of Man, 406 ; in Isle of Wight,
326, 405 ; in Kent, 300, 324, 326, 407 ; i
in Manchester, 405 ; in Scilly, 324 ;
in Suffolk, 326 ; in Surrey, 326, 406,
407; in Sussex, 326; in Warwick,
326 ; in Worcestershire, 406

Sphinx convolvuli reared from Ova to
Pupa, 407

Spilosomalubricipedain September, 411

Sterrha sacraria in Cornwall, 410 ; in '
Scotland, 2i)9

Stridulation in the Pupa of an
Ichneumonid, 404

Surrey Orthoptera, 51, 185, 225

Synonymic List of the Panorpidse of
Japan, A, and Description of a New
Species, 90 '

Syntomis rubicunda, 34

Teratological Specimen of Noctua c-
nigrum, 363

The Entomological Club, 187, 276, 413
The Macro-Lepidoptera of the World,

402
The Nature of Melanism, 318
The Scents of Butterflies, 303
The Tapping of Anobium tessellatum,

185
The Tutt Collection, 185
Third Brood of Notodonta ziczac, 365 ;

of Papilio machaon, 321
Time of Appearance of Stilbia anomala,

411
Tortrix pronubana, 320 ; in Essex, 866
Triphaena pronubana in January, 113
Trochilium apiforme, 183; crabroni-

formis, 229
Two New Species of Trichogrammatidse
from the United States and West
Australia, 197
Unrecorded Occurrences of Envanessa
antiopa, 68 ; of Vanessa antiopa, 35,
112
Unusual dates of Occurrence and Emer-
gence of Lepidoptera in 1911, 405
Unusual Emergence of Noctua plecta,

112
Unusual Pairing of Moths, 34
Vanessa antiopa in England, 184 ; at
Berkhamstead, 324 ; in Essex, 324 ;
in Isle of Wight, 324
Vanessa io Double-brooded in 1911, 321
Varietal Names, 227
Varieties : —
Abraxas grossulariata, 40, 43, 44, 45,

47, 416
Acronycta alni, 97 ; rumicis, 97
Agabus bipustulatus (Col.), 116
Agriades newmani (Hybrid), 5, 38 ;

thetis, 43
Agrotis cursoria, 118 ; exclamationis,

42
Anarta cordigera, 303
Anosia plexippus (Terat.), 116
Anthous hasmorrhoidalis (Col.), 116
Anthrocera trifolii, 40
Arctia caia, 191, 373
Argynnis paphia, 159
Badister bipustulatus (Col.), 39
Boarmia repandata, 158
Brenthis euphrosyne, 42
Bryophila glandifera, 47 ; perla, 40
Callophrys rubi, 40
Catocala nupta, 375
Cidaria populata, 244 ; truncata, 76
Coenobia rufa, 159; ccenonympha

pamphilus, 416
Colias edusa, 415
Cosmotriche potatoria, 42
Ephyra sp. ?, 43
Epione advenaria, 43
Ematurga atomaria, 43, 46
Ennomos alniaria, 230 ; angularia, 158
Epinephele tithonus, 191
Eubolia bipunctaria, 43

INDEX.

IX

Euchelia jacobreffi, 43, 76

Euchloe cardamines, 43

Fidonia atomaria (Gynand.), 43

Gnophos obscurata, 159

Grammesia trilinearia, 43

Hesperia linea, 159

Hydriomene impluviata, 412 ; ruber-

ata, 412
Lithosia deplana, 374, 414
Luperina gueneei, 115, 158
Lycasna astrarche, 45 ; corydon, 375 ;

or ion, 44
Malacosoma castrensis, 116; neustria,

116
Melanargia galatea, 376, 413
Meliana flammea, 40
Melitffia artemis, 44 ; athalia, 44 ;

aurinia, 158 ; varia, 40
Noctua augur, 192 ; dahlii, 76
NemeoiJhila plantaginis, 43, 76
Nemoria viridata, 45
Nola albulalis, 191
Panolis piniperda, 116
Phlogophora meticulosa, 116
Pieris napi (Gynand.), 43, 159, 374
Polygonia c-album, 43, 116, 158

Polyommatus icarus, 43 ; phlaeas, 375,
376

Prosena sybarita (Dipt.), 43

Pseudopterpna pruinata, 43

Smerinthus populi, 192, 231

Spilosoma menthastri, 40

Tffiniocampa gothica, 44

Thera variata, 244

Trichiura crata3gi, 159

Triphfena fimbria, 43

Vanessa atalanta, 43 ; urticffi, 195

Zanclognatha grisealis, 1

Zygaena filipendulas, 159
Varieties of Chrysophanus phlceas and

Dianthcecia conspersa, 320
Viviparity in Lepidoptera, 309
Wanted, Living Larvre of Vanessa poly-

chloros, 155
What has become of the British Saty-

ridm?, 146
Xanthia ocellaris near Downham Mar-
ket, 411
Xylophasia zoUikoferi in Britain, 1910, 34
Zanclognatha grisealis ab., 1
Zygffina filipendulse ab. flava in Surrey,

274

INSTRUCTIONS TO BINDER.— The Special Index, given
with the 'Entomologist' early in 1912, belongs to this Volume,
and must be placed next to this General Index.

PLATES.

I. — Some Species of Crambi ....
II. — The Genus Taniopteryx \
III. — Fore wings of Tcuniopteryx ] ' ' '
IV. — Chrysopa fiava, Scopoli ....

V. — Where Eupheno flies

VI.~From the Walls of Tlem^en .

VII. — Agrion armatum

VIII. — Portrait of the late George Henry Verrall .

to face

PAGE

49

121
137
161
257
329

ILLUSTBATIONS IN THE TEXT.

Zanclognatha grisealis, ab 1

Agriades hybrid 4

Taprobanus gravelyi, sp. n. (Heterop.) 25

Eustroma reticulata, ah 59

Monoblastus palustris,Illgv. (Rymen.) 89

Aulops galloisi sp. n. (Neurop.) 93

Acronycta rumicis, ab 98

Metacanthus bihaviatiis, Dist. 105

Wing Venation in Coleoptera 124, 125

Portion of Wing of Grabhamia australis, sp. n 133

Sexual Organs in Coleoptera 168

Vanessa urticce var. amploides var. falcoides 195

Culicada vandema, Portion of Wing of 203

Thorax of 204

Forjicula auricularia var. forcipata 209

Melitcea berisalensis (neuration) 241

Female palp of Andcrsonia tasmaniensis, denuded of scales .... 250

Thorax of Andersonia tasmaniensis, n. sp 251

Euripiis fulgiiralis, Wileman (not Matsumura) 263

SPECIAL INDEX.

New Genera, Species, Suh-Species, and Varieties are marked loith an asterisk.

Order IV. MALLOPHAGA.

cygni (Ornithobius), 48
goniopleurus (Ornithobius), 48

Order VII. ORTHOPTERA.

aculeatus (Nesogaster) , 199
albipennis (Apterygida), 52
albopunctata [=grisea] (Metriopteryx),

53
americana (Periplaueta), 53, 210
annulipes (Anisolabis), 52
arachidis (Labia), 52
auricularia (Forlicula), 52, 199, 200, 208
auricularia var. forcipata (Forficula),

52, 208
australasiffi (Periplaneta), 53
bicolor (Stauroderus), 54, 210
bicolor (Stenobothrus), 373
bipunctata (Arechura), 356
bipunctatus (Tetrix), 55, 211, 225
brachyptera (Metrioptera), 54, 187, 225
brachyptera (Platycleis), 275, 373
campestris (Gryllus), 53, 187
crurifolium (Pulchnphyllium), 47
decipiens (Forficula), 200
Demogorgon, 199
domesticus (Gryllus), 53, 187
dorsalis (Conocephalus), 53, 187, 210
elegans (Chorthipphus), 54, 225
germanica (Blattella), 53
grandis (Marava), 199
griseo-aptera [=cinereug] (Pholido-

ptera), 54, 210, 225
grossus (Mecostethus), 54, 211
Gryllotalpa, 298

gryllotalpa (Gryllotalpa), 53, 187
indicum (Allostethus), 199
Labiduridfe, 280
lapponicus (Ectobius), 53, 209
Entom. Vol. xliv. 1911.

lesnei (Forficula), 52, 187, 209, 280

lineatus (Stenobothrus), 54

lurida (Forficula), 200

maculatus (Gomphocerus), 54, 210, 225,

275
minor (Labia), 52, 187, 225
miranda (Forficula), 199
moesta (Euborellia), 254
morosus (Dixippus), 373
nivea (Panchlora), 232
orientalis (Blatta), 53
panzeri (Ectobius), 52, 187, 209
parallelus (Chorthipphus), 54, 211
parvulum (Echinosoma), 199
perspicillaris j;=lividus] (Ectobius), 53
punctatissima (Leptophyes), 53, 187,

225
riparia (Labidura), 199, 208
roeselii (Metrioptera) , 53
roeselii (Platycleis), 275
rufipes (Omocestus), 54
rufus (Gomphocerus), 54
silana [ = targionii] (Forficula), 199,200
subulatus (Tetrix), 55
surinamensis (Pycnoscelus), 53
sylvestris (Nemobius), 52, 210
tetragona (Labia), 199
thalassina [ = varium] (Meconema) 53,

187
unidentata (Labia), 199
verrucivora (Tettigonia), 53
viridissima (Phasgonura), 54, 113, 187,

210
viridulus (Omocestus); 54, 210, 211
b

Order VIII. PLECOPTEEA.

alpina (Dictyopteryx), 96, 35G
braueri (Tieniopteryx), 85, 86, 87
dubitans (Nemoura), 134
inermis (Leuctra), 96
intricata (Dictyopteryx), 96
kempnyi (TaBniopteryx), 86, 87
marginata (Nemoura), 96
monilicornis (Tseniopteryx), 86
montana (Isopteryx), 356
mortoni (Nemoura), 97
nebulosa (Tseniopteryx), 83, 84, 87
neglecta (Tjeniopteryx), 96, 356

Nephelopteryx, 83

obtusa (Nemoura), 356

putata (Nemoura), 81, 82

putata (Ta?niopteryx), 83, 84, 85, 86, 87

risi (Tffiiiiopteryx) 81, 83, 84, 86, 87

rivulorum (Chloroperla), 356

seticornis (Tteniopteryx), 86, 96

sinuata (Nemoura), 96

Ta^niopteryx, 83

trifasciata (Tajniopteryx), 81, 83, 85, 86,

87
tristis (Tffiniopteryx), 85

Order XII. EPHEMEEOPTEEA.

Baetis sp., 856

helveticus (Ecdyurus), 96,356

Order XIII. ODONATA. [ = Paraneuroptera.]

ffinea (Cordulia), 238, 258, 268
alpestris (Somatochlora), 356
annulatus (Cordulegaster), 268, 284
armatum (Agrion), 257, 267, 302
caerulescens (Orthetrum), 267
cancellatum (Orthetrum), 267
curtisii (Oxygastra), 267
cyanea (iEschna), 102, 239, 258, 268,

285, 286, 412
cyathigerum (Enallagma), 102, 240,

258, 268, 285, 286
depressa (Libellula), 238, 258, 267, 284,

286, 332
dryas (Lestes), 239, 267, 285
dubia (Leucorrhinia), 102
elegans (Ischnura), 102, 239, 257, 258,

268, 285, 286, 412
elegans var. infuscans (Ischnura), 240
elegans var. rufescens (Ischnui-a), 240
flaveolum (Sympetrum), 102, 267
fonscolombii (Sympetrum), 267, 415
fulva (Libellula), 238, 257, 267
grandis (.Eschna), 102, 239, 268, 285,

412
hafniense [ = pratense] (Brachytron),

239
hastulatum (Agrion), 267, 356
imperator (Anax), 258, 268, 286
juncea (.Eschna), 258, 268, 356
mercuriale (Agrion), 268
metallica (Somatochlora), 238, 267, 284,

286
mixta (^schna), 239, 258, 268, 285
naias (Erythromma), 239, 257, 258, 267,

285, 286, 412
nymphula (Pyrrhosoma), 97, 102, 239,

257, 258, 268, 285, 286, 412

nymphula var. fulvipes (Pyrrhosoma),
239

nymphula var. melanotum (Pyrrho-
soma), 268

pennipes (Platycnemis), 239, 258, 268,
285

pratense (Brachytron), 97, 257, 268, 412

puella (Agrion), 102, 240, 257, 258, 268,
285, 286, 302, 412

pulchellum (Agrion), 102, 240, 257, 267,
285

pumilio (Ischnura), 268

pumilio var. aurantiacum (Ischnura),
268

quadrimaculata (Libellula), 238, 257,
258, 267, 284

quadrimaculata var. prsenubila (Libel-
lula), 258

sanguineum (Sympetrum), 238, 258,
284

scoticum (Sympetrum), 102, 238, 258,
267

splendens (Calopteryx), 102, 239, 258,
268, 285, 286

sponsa (Lestes), 102, 239, 258, 268, 285

striolatum (Sympetrum), 238, 258, 267,
284

tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 258, 268, 285

tenellum var. erythrogastrum (Pyrrho-
soma), 268

tenellum var. melanogastrum (Pyrrho-
soma), 258, 268

virgo (Calopteryx), 102, 268, 286

virgo var. anceps (Calopteryx), 102

vulgatissinius (Gomphus), 239, 268

vulgatum (Sympetrum), 267

Order XV. HEMIPTERA.

abietana (Aphis), 355
abietis (Chermes), 21
absinthii (Macrosiphum), 353
aceris (Caitophorus), 19
asneus (Eysarcoris), 372
albipennis (Plagiogiiathus), 373
*ali (Anisops), 107
alliaiiffi (Macrosiphum), 353
antennatus (Teratocoris), 37'±
artemisiffi (Macrosiphum), 353
ati'icapilla (Serenthia), 269
atriplicis (Aphis), 18, 397, 398
avellanse (Siphonophora), 16
avenas (Aphis), 398
bellosus (Cryptus), 213
berberidis (Rhopalosiphum), 354
bicolor (Pseudobryocoris), 311
bihamatus (Metacanthus), 105
brassicse (Aphis), 18
bursarius (Pemphigus), 21
calthae (Rhopalosiphum), 354
campanulae (Macrosiphum), 353
caprea3 (Siphocoryne), 18
capsellse (Aphis), 355
Capyella, 214

cardamomi (Hubertiella), 269
cardamomum (Elettaria), 269
cardui (Aphis), 19
*carinata (Serenthia), 269
carnosa (Endeis), 21
carnosa (Siphonophora), 17
carolffi (Aphis), 18
CastilloEe (Cardiococcus), 327
castillofe (Inglisia), 327
centaurete (Macrosiphum), 353
cerasi (Myzus), 18
chasrophyllii (Aphis), 398
chamomillffi (Aphis), 398
cheUdonii (Siphonophora), 17
chenopodii (Aspis), 355
"chilawensis (Acanthaspis), 106
chrysanthemi (Aphis), 398
cichonii (Macrosiphum), 353
circumflexa (Siphonophora), 17
convolvuli (Macrosiphum), 353
coryli (Callipterus), 20
craccte (Aphis), 397
crassiceps (Zethasus), 311
cratiegi (Aphis), 18, 397
cratsegiella (Aphis), 397
eucurbiti (Aphis), 19
dianthi (Rhopalosiphum), 18
diroda (Siphonophora), 17
*eliyanus (Hegesidemus), 270
epilobii (Aphis), 355
eragrostidis (Tychea), 21
*Ernestinus, 311
evonymi (Aphis), 355
fabne (Aphis), 19
fagi (Psyllaphis), 20
fasciata (Mytilaspis), 327

fitchii (Aphis), 18
*fletcheri (^liomorpha), 22
fodiens (Schizoneura), 20
formicaria (Forda), 21
fracticollis (Plociomerus), 273
fragariffi (Siphonophora), 17
fragariella (Siphonophora), 17
fuliginosa (Schizoneura), 20
galeopsidis (Phorodon), 354
gei (Macrosiphum), 352
genista) (Aphis), 355
gibba (Serenthia), 270
glycerise (Siphonoiihora), 354
*gracilis (Capys), 213
granaria (Siphonophora), 17
gravelyi (Taprobanus), 25
grossularife (Aphis), 18
hederte (Aphis), 18
*Hegesidemu3, 270
hieracii (Macrosiphum), 353
horni (Capys), 25
humuli (Phorodon), 17
hybridus (Pirates), 370
ilicis (Aphis), 397
"illuminata (Halyomorpha), 22
imperatoria (Pomponia). 183
jaceaj (Macrosiphum), 352
'iacobififfi (Aphis), 398
juglandicola (Pterocallis), 20
juglandis (Ptychodes), 20
laburni (Aphis), 356
lactuarius (Pemphigus), 21
lactucas (Aphis), 397
lactucEe (tihopalosiphum), 18
lactucaB (Siphonophora), 17
lanigera (Schizoneura), 20
lantanffi (Aphis), 354
lappse (Aphis), 397
laricis (Chermes), 21
lathyri (Macrosiphum), 353
ligustri (Rhopalosiphum), 18
*limbatipenni3 (Henicocephalus) ,

106
lineatus (Nabis), 374
loti (Aphis), 398
lychnidis (Aphis), 354
lythri (Aphis), 355
macrinus (Scylax), 23
mahaleb (Aphis), 355
majusculus (Henicocephalus), 106
malacaipus (Capys), 25, 213
mail (Aphis), 18
malvaj (Aphis), 397
millefolii (Siphonophora), 17
*mimicus (Ernestinus), 311
montana (Cicadetta), 332, 372
montandoni (Elasmucha), 104
*myosotidis (Aphis), 254
*nigrcscens (Prionaca), 24
*notabilis (Lethffinus), 310
nymphtene. (Rhopalosiphum), 18

b 2

XIV

ochropus (Aphis), 397

olivata (Macrosiphum), 353

opima (Aphis), 397

oxycanthfe (Aphis), 398

papaveris (Aphis), 19

pelargonii (Siphonophora), 17

pellucida (Endeis), 21

Persicae (Myzus), 18

piceas (Lachnus), 20

picridis (Aphis), 355

pilosa (Pterocomma), 19

pini (Chermes), 21

pinicolus (Lachnus), 20

pisi (Megoura), 353

pisi (Siphonophora), 17, 352

porrectus (Scylax), 23

pruni (Aphis), 19

"Pseudobryocoris, 311

punctatus (Macropes), 106

pyraria (Aphis), 19

pyri (Aphis), 19

quadripunctatus (Amulius), 107

quercus (Phylloxera), 21

quinquespinosa (Acanthaspis), 106

rhei (Aphisi, 355

ribicola (Macrosiphum), 353

ribis (Myzus), 18

rosse (Siphonophora), 16

rosarum (Siphonophora), 17

rubi (Siphonophora), 17

rubrovittatus (Lepidosapthes), 327

ruficeps (Hebrus), 273

*rufipes (Macropes), 105

rumicis (Aphis), 19, 253
salicis (Melanoxanthus), 18
salicti (Aphis), 350
sambucaria (Aphis), 19
sanguinea (Huechys), 182
scabiosa3 (Macrosiphum), 352
setaria (Tychea), 21
setulosa (Tychea), 21
signatorius (Aritanis), 213
solani (Aphis), 397
sonchii (Siphonophora), 17
sorbi (Aphis), 19
spirothecas (Pemphigus), 21
stictogala (Linotettix), 40
stellaria; (Macrosiphum), 352
strobilobium (Chermes), 21
symphyti (Aphis), 399
•Taprobanus, 24, 105
*tauriformis (Elasniucha), 104
*taurus (Compastes), 23
Teleonemia, 270
tilise (PterocalUs), 20
tra^opogonis (Aphis), 397
trivialis (Tychea), 21
troglodytes (Trama), 20
tussilaginis (Macrosiphum), 353
ulmariffi (Macrosiphum), 352
ulmi (Tetraneura), 21
umbellatarum (Aphis), 354
vicios (Megoura), 353
viminalis (Lachnus), 20
*viscus (Amulius), 107
xylostei (Rhopalosiphum), 354

Order XVI. NEUROPTEKA.

alpina (Panorpa), 96, 356
annexa (Panorpa), 94
apicalis (Panorpodes), 90, 91
aspersa (Chrysopa), 96
bicornuta (Aulops), 92
bicornuta (Panorpa), 91
bouvieri (Panorpa), 91
brachypennis (Panorpa), 90, 92
chuzenjiensis (Panorpa), 91, 92
communis (Panorpa), 91, 93
cornigera (Aulops), 91
cornigera (Panorpa), 91, 93, 94
decorata (Panorpodes), 92
drouarti (Aulops), 92
dyscola (Aulops), 92
flava (Chrysopa), 126, 129, 189, 252
flavipes (Kaphidia), 96
germanica (Panorpa), 94, 96
galloisi (Aulops), 93
*galloisi (Panorpa), 91, 93, 94
gokaensis (Panorpa), 91, 94
hageni (Panorpa), 91
irregularis (Aulops), 92
japonica (Aulops), 91
japonica (Panorpa), 93
klugi (Aulops), 91

laevipes (Bittacus), 92
leucoptera (Aulops), 91
lewisi (Aulops), 92
lewisi (Panorpa), 91
limbata (Panorpa), 90
limbata (Panorpodes), 92
lutaria (Sialis), 97, 356
macrogaster (Aulops), 91
magnicauda (Panorpa), 91, 22
Mantispidse, 279
meridionalis (Panorpa), 96
multifasciaria (Aulops), 92
nasvia (Panorpa), 90, 91
nasvia (Panorpodes), 92
nikkcensis (Aulops), 92
niphonensis (Aulops), 92
nipponensis (Aulops), 90, 92
nipponicus (Bittacus), 92
notata (Panorpodes), 92
notata (Raphidia), 97
obscura (Aulops), 92
ochracea (Aulops), 92
ochraceopennis (Aulops), 92
Osmylus, 273
paganus (Micromus), 96
Panorpidae, 279

paradoxa (Panorpodes), 92
parthenopteus (Dilar), 279
perla (Chrysopa), 96
pryeri (Aulops), 91
pulclira (Aulops), 92
rectifasciata (Aulops), 92
ritseraffi (Leptopanorpa), 92
sieboldi (Leptopanorpa), 92
sinancensis (Aulops), 92
sinense (Bittacus), 91, 92
singularis (Panorpodes), 90, 92

stigma (Hemerobius), 113
striata (Aulops), 92
subnebulosus (Hemerobius), 96
takenouchii (Aulops), 92
tortricoides (Megalomus), 96
trizonata (Aulops), 92
vittata (Ghrysopa), 126
vulgaris (Chrysopa), 97
vulgaris (Panorpa), 356
wormaldi (Aulops), 92

Order XVII. TEICHOPTEEA.

alpestris (Stenophylax), 356
alpinus (Drusus), 97, 98
azurea (Mystacides), 356
bicolor (Triajnodes), 239
biguttatus (Potamorites), 97 bis
chrysotus (Drusus), 97, 356
eonspersa (Plectrocnemia), 97
discolor (Drusus), 97, 356
flavicornis (Limnophilus), 356
melanchffites (Drusus), 97 bis
montanus (Philopotamus), 96
muelleri (Drusus), 97

nebulicola (Cryptothrix), 97
i niger (Lithax), 97, 356
j nigreseens (Drusus), 97

obsoleta (Phryganea), 356
I pedemontanum (Sericostoma), 97
j pellucidula (Hydropsyclie), 96
I persimilis (Rhyaeophila), 96
rhombicus (Limnophilus), 356
tristis (Rhyaeophila), 96
vulgaris (Rhyaeophila), 97 bis
zerberus (Acrophylax), 97

Order XVIII. LEPIDOPTEEA.

abdelkader (Satyrus), 172
abietaria (Boarmia), 41, 45, 164
abietella (Dioryctria), 319
abyla (Adelpha), 191
acaci;B (Theela), 8
acis (Lycsena), 13
actaeou (Adopaea), 173
actffion (Thymelieus), 7, 307, 335
aetinote (Dimorphia), o8
*aculeata (Lobogonia), 61
adffiquata (Emmelesia), 156
adippe (Argynnis), 103
admetus (Polyommatus), 7, 8
adonides (Heliconius), 115
adrasta (Pararge), 340
advena (Aplecta), 255, 276, 375
advenaria (Epione), 43, 70
advenella (Rhodophrea), 221
adyte (Erebia), 255
ffiga (Morpho), 41
ffigon (Plebeius), 41, 116, 389
aegon (Rusticus), 41, 306, 307
*aenea (Polyploca), 150
ffiscularia (Anisopteryx), 187
ffitherie (Melitiea), 170, 173
sethiops (Erebia), 71, 155
agathina (Agrotis), 44, 74
agathon (Aporia), 40
aglaia (Argynnis), 55, 71, 307, 373
aglaope (Helieonius), 115
Agraptochlora, 28
ajax (Papilio), 15

alba (Chrysophanus), 320
albicillata (Melanthia), 46, 47
albiclausa (Plerocymia), 294
albicollis (Acontia), 119
albicollis (Tarache), 119
albicolon (Melanchra), 276
*albicorpus (Mystrocneme), 143
albicostana (Peronea), 309
albifusa (Thalassodes), 27
*albipuncta (Thyatira), 30
*albipunctella (Sochchora), 347
*albofasciata (Deilemera), 31
albostriana (Peronea), 290
albovenosa (Arsilonche), 46, 111
albovittana (Peronea), 289
albulalis (Nola), 191
albulata (Emmelesia), 375
albulata ^Emmelesia), 36
alcffias (Carcharodus), 173, 389
alchemillata (Perizoma), 46
alciope (Acrsea), 415
alciphron (Chrysophanus), 8, 307
alcippina (Acraa), 40
alcippus (Limnas), 40
alexanor (Papilio), 6, 8
alexis (Lycjena), 273
algae (Bryophila), 186
algira (Zygsena), 174
algirica (Hipparchia), 414
algirica (Melitsea), 170, 173
allous (LycEena), 45
alni (Acronycta), 46, 97, 274, 322

XVI

alniaria (Ennomos), 43, 73, 230

altheffi (Carcharodus), 338

alticola (Hepialus), H40

alveus (Hespena), 173

ambusta (Lobogonia), 61

amphidaraas (Chrysophanus), 359, 399

*amphitioraera (Ectiopis), 294

*amplana (Alcis), 345

amploides (Vanessa), 195

amyntas (Everes), 307, 335

anacreon (Heliconius), 44

anaxibia (Morpho), 41

anceps (Mamestra), 70

Anchocelis, 186

andrei (Philosamia), 47

andreniformis (.Egeria), 44

andrena^formis (Sesia), 228, 230, 252,

278
andromedte (Hesperia), 337, 340
andromediP (Syrichthiis), 338
angularia (Ennomos), 158, 369
Anisogamia, 26
anomala (Sorocaba), 278
anomala (Stilbia), 368, 369, 411
anthea (Acerbas), 160
anlhedon (Euralia), 371
antinorii (Deilemera), 372, 415
antiopa (Euvanessa), 42, 68, 112
antiopa (Vanessa), 15, 35, 112, 154, 158,

183, 184, 226, 324
antiqua (Orgyia), 369
aphirape (Brenthis), 350
apiciaria (Epione), 44, 46, 72, 375
apiformis (Trochilium), 94, 154, 183,

228, 229, 362
apoUo (Parnassius), 6, 9, 303, 309
apta (Argadea), 158
aquata (Horisme), 294
arcania (Ccenonympha), 135, 308
arcanioides (Ccenonympha), 135, 137,

173
ardates (Naeaduba), 277
arenaria (Onychia), 293
areola (Xylocampa), 35
arete (Aphantopus), 255
argentana (Aphelia), 156
argentea (I'olyommatus), 375
argentula (Bankia), 44, 46, 119
*argia insolita (Zizera), 55
argiades (Everes), 137, 307, 335, 336,

387
*argillacearia (Alcis), 315
argiolus (Celastrina), 40, 230, 373, 387
argiolus (Cyaniris), 35, 274, 301, 363,

367
argiolus (Lyctena), 375
argus (Plebeius), 41, 116, 389
argus (Eusticus), 6, 306, 307, 334, 335,

340
arion (Lycffina), 306, 307, 337, 367
*arizana (Acidalia), 400
*arizana (Alcis), 271
•arizana (Cidaria), 61
*arizana (Deroca), 149

*arizana (Mifchuna), 109

armigera (Heliothis), 327, 410

artemis (Melitsa), 44

arundineta (Nonagria), 220

arundinis (Macrogaster), 111, 255

arundinis (PhragmaloBcia), 46

ascauia (Papilio), 41

ashworthii (Agrotis), 46, 374

asiliformis (Sesia), 94

aspersana (Peronea), 221

associata (Cidaria), 30

asteria (Melitasa), 242, 264, 382

asteris (Cucullia), 72

astrarche (Lyc^na), 45

astrarche (Polyommatus), 170, 173

astyanax (Limenitis), 15

astyoche (Dismorphia), 41

atalanta (I'yrameis), 99, 173, 183, 184,

225, 248, 301, 308, 319, 322, 324, 337,

340, 362, 364, 412
atalanta (Vanessa), 15, 40, 43, 99
aterrima (Hydriomene), 413
athalia (Melita3a), 10, 11, 44, 242, 255,

264, 306, 308, 382, 403
atomaria (Ematurga), 43, 46, 113, 363
atropos (Acherontia), 325, 405, 407
■atropos (Manduca), 303
*attilia (Zephyrus), 55
aurago (Xanthia), 220
aurantiaca (Papilio), 42
aurantiaria (Hybernia), 74
aurelia (Melitasa), 12, 242, 264, 383
augur (Graphiphora), 191
augur (Noctua), 192
auricoma (Acronycta), 186
aurinia (Melitrea), 44, 45, 116, 117, 158,

383
aurivillii (Acrsa), 415
auroraria (Hyria), 255
ausonia (Authocharis), 137, 171, 173
australis (Aporophyla), 104
autumnaria (Ennomos), 374, 375
autumnata (Oporabia), 412
aversata (Acidalia), 41
avis (Callophrys), 303, 370
badiata (Anticlea), 187
baia (Noctua), 35, 230
barrettii (Dianthoecia), 40, 42, 255
baxteri (Luperina), 44, 158
belemia (Anthocharis), 139, 140, 173
belia (Anthocharis), 137, 173
*bella (Leucotmemis), 144
bellargus (Agriades), 38, 41, 277, 306
bellicula (Lithacodia), 119
bembeciformis (Trochilium), 188, 190,

192, 228, 255
bentleyana (Peronea), 291
berberata (Anticlea), 220
berisalensis (Melita3a), 10, 12, 241, 264,

384
betulie (Ruralis), 116
betularia (Amphidasys), 46, 67, 73, 155,

163, 164, 301
betularia (Pachys), 375

XVll

bicolorana (Hylophila), 220

bicomma (Dysethia), 60

bidentata (Odontopera), 36, 46, 74,

164
bifida (Cerura), 220
bilineata (Camptograimiia), 191, 276
*bilineaia (Ijobogonia), 61
bilunavia (Selenia), 72, 189, 232, 375
binffivella (Homceosoma), 221
binaria (Drepana), 36
biplagiata (P.), 62
bipunctai'ia (Eubolia), 43
bipunctata (Senta), 159
*bisigua (Pheia), 146
bistortata (Tephrosia), 35
bistrigella (Cryptoblaptes), 410
biundularia (Tephrosia), 45, 46, 301
blandiata (Emmelesia), 156
blomeri (Asthena), 46, 231
bceticus (Lampides), 334, 336, 367, 387
boreata (Cheimatobia), 255
*braconida (Ehyncopyga), 143
bractea (Plusia), 368, 374
brassicte (Mamestra), 407, 408, 409
brassicffi (Pieris), 170, 172, 173, 324, 364
*brevifasciata (Alcis), 271
brevilinea (Nonagria), 34
britannicus (Papilio), 42
britomartis (Melitjea). 13, 242, 264, 383
brizfe (Anthrocera), 339
brochella (Argyresthia), 156
brumata (Cheimatobia), 74, 75
brunnea (Noctua), 35, 44
*bruunea (Oreta), 149
brunnea (Peronea), 309
*brunnea (Trilocha), 175
brunnearia (Selenia), 232, 375
bryoniffi (Pieris), 328
bucephala (Phalera), 37, 46, 71, 369
c-album (Polygonia), 41, 48, 112, 116,

158, 195
coeruleocephala (Diloba), 70, 303
csuruleopuncta (Chrysophanus), 364
cresiata (Larentia), 71, 156, 369
caffraria (Tarache), 119
caia (Arctia), 41,70, 190, 191, 321, 373,

411
calida (Polyommatus), 170, 171, 173
cambrica (Venusia), 47, 373
camehna (Lophopteryx), 36, 46
camelina (Notodonta), 72, 73, 225
Camilla (Limenitis), 7, 41, 335, 365
caniola (Lithosia), 41
capsincola (Dianthoecia), 45, 276, 304
captiuncula (Phothedes), 71
carbonaria (Fidonia), 43
cardamines (Euchloe), 35, 43, 414
cardui (Pyrameis), 136, 139, 172, 173,

219, 224, 230, 248, 302, 308, 340, 364,

368, 387
cardui (Vanessa), 324, 416
carmelita (Lophopteryx), 225
carola (Acronycta), 99

carpophaga (Dianthoecia), 36, 47, 159,

276
carthami (Hesperia), 7, 307
cassinea (Asteroscopus), 35
cassinea (Petasia). 70, 275
cassioides (Erebia), 337, 340
cassiope (Erebia), 319, 337, 340
castanese (Macrogaster), 111, 118
castaneas (Phragmatcecia), 46
*castanea (Thosea), 204
castigata (Eupithecia), 244
castrensis (Malacosoma), 116, 192
cecropia (Samia), 373
celerio (Charocampa), 252
eelerio (Hippotion), 252
cenea (Papilio), 371
centaureata (Eupithecia), 408
centaure:v (Hesperia), 359
centumnotata (Cidaria), 76
cephalariffi (Saturnia), 47
cephalonica (Corcyra), 362
cephalouica (Melissoblaptes), 362
cerasicolella (Lithocolletis), 228
certata (Eucosmia), 47
cervinata (Plerocyma), 294
cespitana (Sericoris), 368
eespitis (Luperina), 70, 190
ceto (Erebia), 188, 255
chalybeata (Chlorodontopera), 297
chantana (Peronea), 290
chaonia (Drymonia), 47, 225, 274
Charaxes, 370

charitonia (Heliconius), 403
chenopodii (Hadena), 408
Chi (Polia), 73, 369
chlorana (Earias), 46
christyi (Oporabia), 412
chryseis (Chrysophanus), 388
chrysippus (Limnas), 40, 372
chrysitis (Plusia), 275, 276, 408
chrysorrhoea (Porthesia) , 112
ciliahs (Nascia), 255
cineracea (B.), 344
cinerella (I3rachyerossata), 156
cingulata (Herse), 158
*cinnamomia (Phragmatcecia), 151
cinxia (Melitsa), 10, 242, 383, 387
circe (Satyrus), 307, 308
circellaris (Xanthia), 74
citrago (Xanthia), 220
clarkii (Triphsena), 230
Claudia (Euptoieta), 15
clavaria (Plerocyma), 294
clavipennis (Pterygopterus), 142
Cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 7. 38, 135, 136,

173, 307, 414
clerkella (Lyonetia), 40
cnicana (Argyrolepia), 227
cnicana (Phalonia), 227
c-nigrum (Noctua), 363
codrus (Papilio), 373
ccelestis (Agriades), 277, 306, 307
cognatellus (Yponoraeuta), 41

xvm

Colias, 415

colquhounana (Sciaphila), 230
combiiiaia (Senla), 159, 184
coinbasta (Xylopliasia). 36, 46
combiislaiia (Peionea), i91
comma (Grapta), 14
comma (Leucania), 70, 276
comma (Pamphila), 38
comes (Triphffina), 35, 230, 408
complana (Lithosia), 44
conformis (Xylina), 191
confusa (Anthrocera), 43
confusalis (Nola), 4G, 47, 375
confusella (Tinea), 42
conjugella (Argyresthia), 156
connexa (Apamea), 186
consignata (Eupithecia), 46
coDsimilana (Peronea), 289
consimilis (Euripus), 277
consortaria (Boarmia), 36
conspersa (Dianthoecia), 159, 320
conspersana (8ciaphila), 368
conspicuata (Lobogonia), 61
conlaminellus (Crambus), 49, 50, 51
contigua (Hadena), 374
contigua (Mamestra), 46
conversaria (Boarmia), 158, 375
convolvuli (Agrius), 374
convolvuli (Sphinx), 300, 324, 325, 3'.

327, 365, 406, 407, 416
cordigera (Anarta), 303
cordula (Satyrus), 7
coretas (Everes), 7
Corgatha, 119

coridon (Agriades), 38, 41, 42, 277
corydon (Agriades), 4, 38, 307
corydon (Lyca^na), 147, 375
corydon (Polyommatus), 340
Cornelia (Argyresthia), 155
corticea (Agrotis), 321, 409
corylata (Cidaria), 36, 46, 73
coryli (Demas), 36, 369
*corusca (Narosa), 205
Cosmosoma, 278
costffistrigalis (Hypena), 256
costaestrigahs (Hypnodes), 368
•costata (Xanthorhoe), 62
crabroniforme (Trochilium), 94, 229
craccse (Toxocampa), 231
crassa (Ectropis), 295
cratffigana (Tortrix), 368
cratsegi (Aporia), 307
crat£Egi (Trichiura), 159, 255, 301
crenata (Gluphisia), 186
crepuscularia (Tephrosia), 375
cribralis (Herminia), 44, 255
crinanensis (Hydroecia), 44, 76
cristalana (Peronea), 290, 309
criscana (Peronea), 308, 309
cubicularis (Caradrina), 69, 408
cucubali (DianthcEcia), 45, 70
Cucullia, 372, 373
culiciformis (uEgeria), 44

culiciformis (Sesia), 94, 158, 188, 190,

192, 219
culminellus (Crambus), 49
*cuneiUnearia (Hemerophila), 272
cursoria (Agrotis), 118, 368
curtisana (Peronea), 309
curtisii (Triphaaia), 230, 368
curvella (Argyresthia), 155
*curvilinea (Norraca), 174
cyanosticta (Vanessa), 159
cybele (Argynnis), 15
Cyclotorna, 369
Cymothoe, 43
cynthia (Melita?a), 241, 383
cynthia (Philosamia), 47
cytheris (Morpho), 41
dahlii (Noctua), 71, 76, 368, 369
damon (Polyommatus), 8, 9
damone (Euchloe), 414
daphne (Argynnis), 7, 403
daplidice (I'ontia), 389
dardanus (Papiho), 371
davus (Ccenonympha), 319, 374
debiliata (Chloroclystis), 47
decorata (Perizoma), 29
•decrepitata (Alois), 344
defoliaria (Hybernia), 74, 191, 255
deione (Melitsa), 10, 12, 242, 264, 382
delamerensis (Tephrosia), 301
delosaria (Ectropis), 295
delunaria (Selenia), 116
demantria (Cosmosoma), 158
'dentata (Hyposiccia), 110
deplana (Lithosia), 374, 414
depuncta (Noctua), 368
desfontainana (Peronea), 289, 309
designata (Coremia), 67, 156
dia (Brenthis), 307, 334, 337, 340
diaphanus (Hymenitis), 191
dictsea (Notodonta), 255
dictfea (Pheosia), 225
dictseoides (Notodonta), 71, 72, 73, 369
dictaBoides (Pheosia), 36, 46, 220
dictynna (Melitaea), 242, 264, 382
dictynnoides (Melitaea), 242, 264, 382
didyma (MeHtaea), 10, 307, 308, 383
didymata (Larentia), 41, 156
diffusizona (Acidalia), 293
dilutata (Oporabia), 74
dima (Nacaduba). 277
'dimota (Agathia), 26
dirce (Gynoecia), 191
dispar (Chrysophanus), 226, 386, 388
disippus (L.), 15
dissimilis (Mamestra), 46
dissoluta (Nonagria), 220
distans (Oxyptilus), 221
distincta (Bryophila), 185
ditrapezium (Noctua), 35, 220
*divisaria (Alcis), 344
dodonea (Drymonia), 225, 252
dodoneata (Eupithecia), 220
dolobraria (Eurymene), 274
dominula (Callimorpha), 190, 230, 373

INDEX.

dorilis (Chrysophanus), 8
dorilis (Loweia), 387, 389
dorus (CcBDonympha), 43
doubledayaria (Amphidasys), 67, 155,

163, 301
dromedaiius (Notodonta), 36, 72, 73,

255, 322, 369
dromus (Erebia), 337
duarseri (Euploja), 277
dubia (Euralia), 371
dubia (Orgyia), 39
duplana (Rhyacionia), 414, 415
duplaris (Cymatophora), 255, 369
*duplicata (Ectropis), 344
*duplicilinea (Chrysocraspeda), 401
ediisa (Colias), 38, 138, 139, 140, 172,
173, 219, 300, 307, 310, 323, 324, 334,
340, 387, 389, 409, 410, 415, 416
egeria (Pararge), 42, 135, 138, 147, 170,

173, 187, 219, 307, 308, 336
egerides (Pararge), 135
elathea (Terias), 153
electra (Hemileuca), 47
eleus (Chrysophanus), 364
elinguaria (Crocallis), 72
elpenor (Chsrocampa), 411
elpenor (Euniorpha), 411
embla (Erebia), 359
encedon (Aeraea), 40
encedon (Acrsea), 415
eurydiscaria (Alois), 297
epiphron (Erebia), 319, 337, 340,

374
erato (Heliconius), 115
ericetata (Emmelesia), 156
erinnys (Antitropa), 114
erosaria (Ennomos), 70
*erythroclactylus (Oxyptilus), 281
escheri (Polyommatus), 7, 43
Eublemma, 119
*eumixis (Thalassodes), 27
euphemus (Lycsena), 307
eupheno (Euchloe), 137, 171, 173
euphenoides (Euchloe), 137
euphrosyne (Argynnis), 219, 405
euphrosyne (Brenthis), 42, 307, 337,

340, 359
Euploea, 372
Eustrotia, 119
evelina (Stalachtis), 372
Evetria, 414
evias (Erebia), 7, 340
exanthemata (Cabera), 47, 276
exclamationis (Agrotis), 42, 276, 321,

407, 408, 409, 410
exigua (Caradrina), 366
exigua (Laphygma), 409
exililinea (Anisozyga), 26
exoleta (Calocampa), 74, 187
extensaria (Eupithecia), 375
extersaria (Tephrosia), 70
extranea (Leucania), 366
extrema (Tapinostola), 40, 42, 186
fagella (Chimabacche), 318

fagi (Stauropus), 36, 220, 252
falcataria (Drepana), 36, 73, 375
falcoides (Vanessa), 195

faseiana (Erastria), 119

fasciana (Lithacodia), 119

fasciata (Gnophos), 159

feisthamelii (Papilio), 373

ferulffi (Depressaria), 41

festaliella (Chrysocoris), 227

festaliella (Schreckensteinia), 227

festiva (Noctua), 35, 44, 70, 276, 368

festucfe (Plusia), 255

feyeri (Heliconius), 115

fiara (Plcetzia), 114

ficus (Pachylus), 158

fidia (Satyrus), 8

filigrammaria (Oporabia), 44, 46, 47,
74, 412

filipendul£E (Anthrocera), 373

filipendulfe (Zyg^na), 147, 159, 274

fimbria (Triphajna), 35, 43, 158, 255

*fininigra (Loxophlebia), 145

flammea (Meliana), 40, 46, 111, 255

flammeana (Peronea), 289

flava (Adopsea), 116

flava (Zygaena), 274

flavago (Gortyna), 37

flavescens (Bryophila), 185

flavicincta (Polia), 410

flavicinctata (Larentia), 369

flavicornis (Polyplocha), 35, 187

*flavicornis (Pterygopterus), 142

*flavipicta (Hirasa), 343

flavofasciata (Perizoma), 276

fiavo-rufa (Xylophasia), 186

flavostriana (Peronea), 291

fluctuosa (Cymatophora), 36, 45

fluctuosa (Palimpsestis), 252

fontis (Bomolocha), 47

forficellus (Schcenobius), 221

formosana (Heternsia), 362

•formosana (Susica), 151

fortuua (Argynnis), 56

fortunata (Epinephele), 138, 139, 171,
173

fowleri (Lycasna), 376

fractifascia (Deilemera), 31
fraxinata (Eupithecia), 412
freija (Brenthis), 359
frigga (Brenthis), 359
fritillum (Hesperia), 335
friihstorferi (Parnassius), 38
*fucataria (Alois), 315
fulgens (Narosa), 205
fulguralis (Euripus), 263, 362
fuliginosa (Spilosoma), 73
fulva (Tapinostola), 36, 74
fulvago (Xanthia), 72
fulvapicata (Abraxas), 416
fulvimitrella (Tinea), 42
•fulvipicta (Alois), 296
*fulvipicta (Heliura), 146
fulvocristana (Peronea), 289
fulvostriana (Peronea), 289

INDEX.

fulvovittaua (Peronea), 290

fumosa (Agrotis), 190

funebris (Euripus), 263

furcula (Cerura), 47

furciila (Dicranura), 71, 220, 302, 322,

369
*furva (Natada), 205
fusca (Coenobia), 159
fusca (Luperina), 115, 158
fusca (Lygranoa), 61
*fusca (Phragmatcecia), 151
fuscana (Coenobia), 43
fuscalis (Botys), 227
fuscalis (Pyrausta), 227
•fuscifimbria (Gelasma), 28
*fuscifusa (Acidalia), 291
fuscula (Erastria), 70
gasdartella (Argyresthia), 156
galactodactyla (Aciptilia), 221
galatea (Melanargia), 42, 308, 340, 376,

413
galbanella (Gelechia), 156
galiata (Melanippe), 71
gallica (Antbrocera), 7
gamma (Plusia), 74, 275, 276
gemina (Apamea), 70, 255
geminana (Grapholitha), 232
gemmaria (Alcis), 345
gemmaria (Boarmia), 41, 44, 116
gemmella (Stenolochia), 221
geniculeus (Crambus), 49
geuistffi (Hadena), 36, 70
gei-yon (Ino), 46
gigantellus (Scboenobius), 221
glabraria (Cleora), 231, 368
glandifera (Bryopbila), 47
glareosa (Noctua), 73, 369
glauce (Antbocharis), 139, 140, 172, 173
glaucus (Papilio), 230
gleichenella (Elacbista), 228
gordius (Cbrysopbanus), 8, 307
gothica (Taeniocampa), 44, 46
graminis (Cbarseas), 73
'grandis (Tricbura), 144
grisealis (Zanclognatha), 1
griseata (Litbostege), 111, 276
griseola (Litbosia), 70
"griseoviridata (Boarmia), 295
grossulariata (Abraxas), 38, 40, 43, 44,

47, 158, 230, 304, 322, 373, 374, 375,

416
gueneei (Luperina), 43, 44, 115, 158,

231
*gutta (Argynnis), 55
haggertii (Tteniocampa), 159
bamula (Drepana), 70, 255
harpagula (Drepana), 186
hastiana (Peronea), 290
haversoni (Saturnia), 47
hawortbii (Celfena), 74
hecla (Colias), 361
bectus (Hepialus), 70
belice (Cobas), 38, 140, 172, 173, 415,

416

belicina (Colias), 415
bellmanni (Tapinostola), 40, 44, 255
belveola (Litbosia), 368, 374
i belvetina (Agrotis), 191
bepatica (Xylopbasia), 70, 304
hera (Callimorpba), 304
berbida (Aplecta), 255, 366, 374
hercules (Morpbo), 41
bermione (Satyrus), 307, 308
hetblandica (Hepialus), 280
beydena (Anisodes), 30
hexapterata (Lobopbora), 70
biera (Pararge), 1, 7, 340
bilaris (Zygjena), 174
bippocoon (Papilio), 371
bippocrates (Papilio), 43
bippocrepidis (Antbrocera), 306, 374
bippotboe (Cbrysopbanus), 8, 386, 388
*birta (Cbamaita), 110
birtaria (Biston), 42, 231, 255, 304
birtaria (Lycia), 46
hispidaria (Apocheima), 191
hispidaria (Nyssia), 191
bispuUa (Epinepbele), 138, 374
bomerus (Papilio), 191
Horisme, 294
bospita (Arctia), 374
hospita (Parasemia), 319
humuli (Hepialus), 280
bungaricus (Crambus), 49
huntera (Vanessa), 15
hutcbinsoni (Polygonia), 112, 116, 158
byale (Colias), 7, 299, 300, 307, 322,

323, 373, 389, 410, 415, 416
bybridana (Sciapbila), 221
bylas (Polyommatus), 7, 340
byperantbus (Apbantopus), 71, 116, 230,

255, 308
byperantbus (Epinepbele), 147, 230,

254
bypericella (Depressaria), 221
Hypocbrysops, 278
ianira (Epinepbele), 147, 158, 324
iantbina (Tripbtena), 35
icarus (Lycrona), 76, 320, 324
icarus (Polyommatus), 4, 38, 42, 43,

171, 172, 173, 306, 307, 340, 387
icasia (Ecpantberia), 158
icbnusa (Vanessa), 195
iduna (Melitaja), 241, 383
ilia (Heliconius), 115
ilicis (Strymon), 306, 307, 335, 340
ilicis (Thecla), 7
illunaria (Selenia), 375
imbutata (Carsia), 369
imitaria (Acidalia), 70, 408
immanata (Cidaria), 230
impluviata (Hydriomene), 46, 413 ,
impudens (Leucania), 255
impura (Leucania), 34, 186
iucarnatana (Spilonota), 368
incerta (Taeniocampa), 44, 187
*inconspicuata (Loxopblebia), 145
*indigenata (Craspedia), 400

INDEX.

XXI

indistincta (Ectropis), 344
innotata (Eupithecia), 412
inornata (Miresa), 206
inornatana (Phoxopteryx), 368
inquinatellus (Crambus), 49
insulana (Peronea), 308
*interalbata (Thalassodes), 27
interjecta (Triphaena), 70

intermedia (Pararge), 135
intermedia (Xylophasia), 186
intermediana (Peronea), 291
intermediella (Fumea), 221
iuterrogationis (Grapta), 14
•interrupta (Cidaria), 62
io (Vanessa), 40, 41, 159, 184, 196, 303,

308, 321, 364
iota (Plusia) 275, 276
iris fApatura), 41, 45, 273, 368, 392
irregularis (Dianthoccia), 111
irriguata (Eupithecia), 220
jacobasfe (Euchelia), 43, 76
japonica (Caligula), 47
javanica (Acerbas), 160
jermyni (Parhestina), 40
*jonesi (Pseudosphex), 142
jurtina (Epinephele), 138, 173, 308, 335,

374
jutta ((Eneis), 359
kadeni (Dysdaemonia), 278

kahri (Oreopsyclie), 41

kuehniella (Ephestia), 155
labruscffi (Pholus), 158
lacertinaria (Drepana), 37, 73
Isertes (Morpho), 41

1-album (Leucania), 42, 158

*lamprammodes (Onychia), 294

lanestris (Eriogaster), 78
laodice (Argynnis), 103
lapidata (Phibalapteryx), 43

lappona (Erebia), 41, 337, 339, 360

lapponaria (Nyssia), 47, 253

Larentia, 294

lariciata (Eupithecia), 74, 220

lathonia (Argynnis), 300, 324

lathonia (Issoria), 41, 340

laticolor (Abraxas), 322, 416

lefebvrei (Erebia), 337, 340

lemnalis (Cataclysta), 255

*lentiginosaria (Anisodes), 401

leporiua (Acronycta), 36, 72

leucographa (Pachnobia), 45, 187

leucographa (Tsniocampa), 47

Libythea, 373

lichenana (Peronea), 309

lichenaria (Cleora), 368

lichenea (Epunda), 255

ligea (Erebia), 9

lignata (Phibalapteryx), 369

ligniperda (Cossus), 40, 45, 220

ligula (Cerastis), 74

ligustri (Craniopbora), 220

ligustri (Sphinx), 114, 219, 368

*limbata (Asura), 110, 111

limitata (Eubolia), 72

limniace (Danais), 42

linea (Hesperia), 159

lineola (Adopsa), 301, 307

lineola (Hesperia), 118

lineola (Thymelicus), 340

literana (Leptogramma), 221

Lithacodia, 119

lithargyria (Leucania), 186

lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 276

liturata (Macaria), 34, 74, 302, 322

livornica (Deilephila), 274, 365

livornica (Phryxus), 274, 365, 411

logtea (Rhyacionia), 414

lorquinii (Cupido), 173

lota (Orthosia), 74

lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 190, 245, 275,

411
lucasi (Melanargia), 139, 173
lucernea (Agrotis). 374
lucida (Acontia), 119
lucida (Tarache), 119
luciua (Nemeobius), 40
lugens (Melanargia), 413
lunaria (Selenia), 116
•lunatimargo (Antharmostes), 28
Luperina, 190

lupulina (Hepialus), 340, 408
luridata (Tephrosia), 45
lurideola (Lithosia), 36, 70
luteago (Dianthcecia), 40, 42
lutealis (Pionea), 41
lutealis (Scopula), 41
lutosa (Calamia), 116
lutulenta (Epunda), 255, 369
Lycffinopsis, 40

lyllus (Coenonympha), 172, 173
lysimnia (Mechanitis), 41
machaon (Papilio), 42, 230, 320, 321
macilenta (Orthosia), 74
maetata (Cidaria), 62
mfera (Pararge), 340
maia (Hemileuca), 47
malvse (Hesperia), 335, 373
malvoides (Hesperia), 335
manni (Pieris), 307
marcata (Pseudohazis), 47
margaritalis (Pionea), 221
marginaria (Hybernia), 187, 191, 221,

277
marginata (Chrysocraspeda), 401
marginepunctata (Acidalia), 373
maritima (Senta), 159, 184
marmorea (Perciana), 175
*mediorubra (Saurita), 144
medon (Polyommatus), 389
raeeki (Ogyris), 278
megacephala (Acronycta). 26
megffira (Pararge), 72, 138. 147, 170,

173, 187, 364, 374, 389
megaspilaria gibbosa (Rhomborista), 27
melampus (Erebia), 255
melancholica (Cidaria), 62
•melanifera (Saurita), 144
meleager (Polyommatus), 8

XXll

INDEX.

Melitffia, 382

melpomene (Heliconius), 115

menelaus (Morpho), 41

menthastri (Spilosoma), 40, 191

merlana (Peronea), 309

merope (Melitaa), 241, 264, 383

mesoides (Vanessa), 196

mesomela (Cybosia), 375

Mesosemia, 372

mesozonata (Hyposiccia), 110

meticulosa (Phlogophora), 74, 116

miata (Cidaria), 74

micacea (Hydroycia), 220

mimosfB (Argema), 47

miniata (Calligenia), 70

miuimus(Cupido), 7, 45, 306, 307, 337,340

minima (Lycasna), 147

minorata (Emmelesia), 156

minuata (Horisme), 294

misippus (Hypolimnas), 415

mnemosyne (Parnassius), 7, 38

monacharia (Pliigalia), 46

moneta (Plusia), 46, 118, 184, 225, 226,
;V22, 408

montivaga (Hesperia), 15

morpheus (Caradrina), 276

morpheus (Heteropterus), 336

mulciber (Euploea), 277

munda (Taeniocampa), 45, 47, 187

munitata (Cidaria), 369

munitata (Coremia), 156

murana (Myelobius), 116

murana (Scoparia), 156

murinata (Minoa), 375

murinipennella (Coleophora), 227

murrayi (Luperina), 115, 158, 231

musculosa (Oria), 43

musculosa (Synia), 43

myelins (Crambus), 156

mylitta (Antherea), 231

myrica3 (Acronycta), 186

nsevana (Grapholitha), 232

napi (Piei-is), 43, 136, 158, 173, 321, 324,

328, 373, 374
nebulella (Homa'osoma), 2213
nebulosa (Aplecta), 35, 44, 254, 277, 328,

374, 375
nelamus (Erebia), 337, 340
nerii (Charocampa), 66
neustria (Malacosoma), 112, 116
nevadensis (Hemilenea), 47
newmoegeni (Hemileuca), 47
ni (Plusia), 411
niavius (Amauris), 372
nicippe (Terias), 14
nictitans (HydrcEcia), 44, 72
nigerrima (Hydriomene), 413
nigra (Agrotis), 190
nigra (Boarmia), 44, 46
nigra (Epunda), 255, 410
nigrescens (Papilio), 373
nigrescens (Triphsena), 230
nigricans (Agrotis), 190, 368
*nigrisigna (Narosa), 204

nigrocnerulea (Abraxas), 47

nigrocincta (Polia), 255

•nigrofascia (Aroa), 149

nigrofulvata(Macaria), 34, 302, 322, 363

*nigronotaria (Alcis), 296

nigropunctana (Peronea), 289

nigrorubida (Xylophasia), 186

nigro-striata (Senta), 159

nimbana (Carpocapsa), 221

noctualis (Eublemma), 119

nocturna (Parasiccia), 174

noma (CEneis), 361

notabilis (Heliconius), 115

nubeculosa (Asteroscopus), 47

nubeculosa (Petasia), 275

nupta (Catocala), 375, 412

nympha (Chamaita), 110

obfuscaria (Dasydia), 156

obliquaria (Chesias), 274

oblongata (Eupithecia), 36

obscura (Agrotis), 186

obscura (Chrysophanus), 359

"obscura (Hydrelia), 401, 402

*obscura (Phragmatoecia), 151

obscuraria (Gnopbos), 164

obscurata (Gnophos), 159, 231

obsoleta (Leucania), 46

*obsoleta (Palimpsestis), 150

occulta (Aplecta), 73

ocellaris (Xanthia), 411

ocelldta (Smerinthus), 34, 43, 369

ochrea (Xylophasia), 186

ochracella (Laverna), 227

ocbracella (Mompba), 227

octogesima (Palimpsestis), 220

ocyptaria (Dysethia), 60

odius (Aganisthos), 191

cedipus (Coenonympha), 306, 308,334

*olbia (Onychia), 293

oleracea (Hadena), 408

oleracea (Pieris), 253

o!ga (Oreta), 149

olivacea (Polia), 73

olivana (Eustrotia), 119

olivata (Larentia), 156

omega (Noctua), 192

ophiogramma (Apamea), 118, 255, 273

opima (Tasniocampa), 187

optilete (Vacciniiana), 374, 414

or (Cyniatophora), 369

orbiciilosa (Oxytripia), 37

orbitulus (Latiorina), 374, 414

orbitulus (Lycrena), 39

orbona (Triphrena), 72, 368

orion (Lyca?na), 44

ornata (Gloriana), 190

ornata (Papilio), 373

ornata (Phyllode), 190

*ornatissima (Polia), 175

ornatrix (Deiopeia), 158

ornithopus (Xylina), 35

*ornithospila (Mnesithetis), 292

osiris (Cupido), 41

osseana (Apbelia), 156, 221

ossianus (Brenthis), 359

ostrina (Eublemma), 119

ostrina (Thalpochares), 119

ostrinalis (Pyrausta), 221

ovulata (Eustroma), 59

oxyacantha3 (Miselia), 74

Oxyptilus, 281, 347

Ozarba, 119

palarica (Erebia), 186

pales (Brenthis), 337, 340

pallens (Leucania), 255, 276

pallida (Colias), 334, 387, 389

pallida (Leucania), 186

pallida (Susica), 151

pallida (Triphffina), 230

palpina (Pterostoma), 46, 70

paludum (Aciptilia), 368

pallidum (Trichoptilus), 405

palustrana (Mixodia), i56

palustris (Hydrilla), 111

pamphilus (Ccenonympha), 36, 147, 172,

173, 308, 340, 389, 416
pandora (Dryas), 139, 170, 171, 173
paphia (Argynnis), 103, 159, 368
paphia (Dryas), 355
Papilio, 230
papilionaria (Geometra), 70, 72, 73,

375
parishii (Cyaniris), 277
parthenie (Melitsea), 8, 9, 11, 12, 40,

242, 264, 382, 387
parva (Eublemma), 119
*parva (Mithuna), 109
parva (Thalpochares), 119
parvidactyla (Oxyptilus), 368
passiphiie (Epinephele), 139, 172, 173
pastinum (Toxocampa), 70
pavana (Eueides), 38
pavonia (Saturnia), 35, 47
pavonia-major (Saturnia), 116
pedaria (Phigalia), 35, 45
peltigera (Heliothis), 255
pendularia (Ephyra), 276, 374, 409
pennaria (Himera), 74, 255
*perflava (Mesothen), 145
perfumaria (Boarmia), 41, 44
perla (Bryophila), 40, 185
perlellus (Crambus), 49
perlepidana (Stigmonota), 221
persicarise (Mamestra), 225
phegea (Syntomis), 374
pheretes (Albula), 374
pheretes (Albulina), 414
pherusa (Melanargia), 42
phicomone (Colias), 41
philenor (Papilio), 15
philippina (Epinephele), 139, 172, 173
philodice (Colias), 14
phlseas (Chrysophanus), 72, 300, 320,

364, 412
phlaeas (Polyommatus), 375, 376
phlasas (Eumicia), 136, 170, 173, 373,

374, 389
phcebe (Melitasa), 41, 170, 383

phragmitella (Laverna), 227

phragmitella (Limnivcia), 227

phragmitellus (Chilo), 221

phragmitidis (Calamia), 255, 376

phryganella (Lemnatophila), 221

phryxe (Aporia), 40

phyllis (Heliconius), 44

'pica (Asura), 111

picarella (Tinea), 42

picata (Cidaria), 36

piceata (Cidaria), 244

pilosaria (Phigalia), 164

pinastri (IJyloicus), 278

pinicolana (Retinia), 221

piniperda (I'anolis), 116

pisi (Hadena), 191, 321

plagiata (Anaitis), 71

planemoides (Papilio), 371

plantaginis (Arctia), 374

plantaginis (Nemeophila). 36, 43, 46,
76

plantaginis (Parasemia), 319

Platyptilia, 281

plecta (Noctua), 70, 112

plesseni (Heliconius), 115

plexippus (Anosia), 42, 116, 377

plexippus (Danaida), 415

plexippus (Danais), 15

plotina (Melitsa), 383

plumbata (Melanthia), 368

podalirius (Iphiclides), 387

podalirius (Papiho), 170, 173, 373

"polybia (Pseudosphex), 142

polychloros (Eugonia), 308

polychloros (Vanessa), 219

popularis (Neuronia), 73

populata (Cidaria), 156, 231, 244

populeti (Ta?niocampa), 187

populi (Amorpha), 43

populi (Limenitis), 42

populi (Pcecilocampa), 35, 37, 46, 70, 75
1 populi (Smerinthus), 192, 369, 416
! porata (Ephyra), 43

posticana (Rhyacionia), 414, 415

potatoria (Cosmotriche), 42, 220, 372

potatoria (Odonestis), 70

prseclara (Melitaja), 159

prasina (Aplecta), 374

prasinana (Hylophila), 72, 220

procristalana (Peronea), 290

prodromaria (Amphidasys), 164, 187

profanana (Pei'onea), 291

profugella (Asychna), 155

profugella (Cataplectica), 155

progemmaria (Hybernia), 164

promissa (Catocala), 368

pronuba (Triph»na), 72, 113, 191, 231,
408

pronubana (Tortrix), 320, 366

propugnata (Coremia), 156

prosapiaria (Ellopia), 45

protea (Hadena), 374, 408

proto (Pyrgus), 5

pruinata (Pseudoterpna), 43

prunaria (Angerona), 70, 231

pseuclobombycella (Talffiporia), 221

Pseudosphex, 191

psi (Acronycta), 276, 408

psyttalea (Amauris), 371

pudibuncia (Dasychira), 36, 37

pudorina (Leucania), 70

pulcherrimella (Dei)ressaria), 156

pulchrina (Plusia), 275

pulveraria (Numeria), ib, 70

pulverulenta (Taniocampa), 35, 159

punctaiia (p]phyra), 43

punotipera (Ozarba), 119

*punctilinea (Parassicia), 174

punctuJaria (Tephrosia), 47

purdeyi (Rhyacionia), 414

*purpureofascia (Oreta), 149

pusaria (Cabera), 73

puta (Agrotis), 408

putrescens (Leucania), 45

pygmseana (Asthena), 221

pyretorum (Saturnia), 47, 231

pyrina (Zeuzera), 220

pyrivorella (LithocoUetis), 228

pyrophila (Agrotis), 186

pyrrha (Peirlaybris), 42

quadra (Gnophria), 368

quadriplaga (Mithuna), 109

quercifolia ((iastropacha), 46, 255

quercus (Bombyx), 230

radiata (Spilosoma), 245

raidhaka (Charaxes), 277

•rantaizana (Prorhinia), 343

rapaj (Pieris), 135, 136, 139, 172, 173,

253, 321, 324, 340, 374, 376
ravida (Agrotis), 186
rectangnlata (Chloroclystis), 36
remissa (Apamea), 70, 255
repandata (Boarmia). 35, 42, 44, 155,

158, 164, 276, 374, 375, 412
reticulata (Cidaria), 44
reticulata (Eustroma), 59
Eetinia, 414
retusa (Tetliea), 70
rhamni (Gonepteryx), 278, 337, 340, 389,

414
rhoio (Melitsea), 40
rhomboidaria (Boarmia), 164
Rhyacionia," 414
ricini (Philosamia), 47
*rimosaria (Alois), 345
ripae (Agrotis), 44, 319, 376
rippertii (Polyomniatus), 7, 8
robsoni (Aplecta), 44, 254, 277, 328, 374,

375
rogenhoferi (Mesothen), 145
rossiana (Peronea), 309
rothlebii (Coenonynipha), 319
ruberata (Hydriomena), 373, 412
rubi (Callophrys), 36, 40, 307
rubi (Macrothylacia), 230
rubi (Noctua), 70, 72, 373
rubi (Thecla), 47
*rubricorpus (Mystrocneme), 143

rubicunda (Syntomis), 34

rubidata (Anticlea), 192

rubiginata (Acidalia), 111, 275

rubiginata (Anticlea), 220

rubiginata (Melanthia), 368

rubiginea (Dasycampa), 405

rubiginosana (Pivdisca). 221

rubricosa (Pachnobia), 44, 187

*rubridisca (Spilopera), 400

rubripicta (Heliconius), 115

*rubriveua (Hydrelia), 401

rufa (Ccenobia), 43, 44, 159, 368

rufata (Chesias), 191, 274

rufescens (Leucania), 255

rufescens (Triphaena), 230

ruficincta (Larentia), 156

ruficristana (Peronea), 309

•rufilimbata (Callerinnys), 30

rufimitrella (Adela), 221

*rugosa (Tetraphleps), 205

ruraicis (Acronycta), 97, 274

rurea (Xylophasia), 36, 186, 276

russata (Cidaria), 245

russula (Diacrisia), 375

russula (Nemeophila), 71

rutilus (Chrysophanus), 386, 387

sacraria (Sterrha), 299, 410

salicata (Malenydris), 46

salicella (Antithesia), 221

salicis (Acronycta), 98

salicis (Stilpnotia), 69, 112

*salinellus nepos (Crambus), 50, 51

sanibucaria (Uropteryx), 375, 409

sac (Hesperia), 335

sao (Pyrgus), 7, 387

saponaria (Neuronia), 276

satellitia (Scopelosoma), 74

schmidtii (Chrysophanus), 300, 320,
364

schreibersiana (Argyrolepia), 69

schreibersiana (Phtheochroa), 69

scipio (Erebia), 7

scolopacina (Xylophasia), 70, 231

Scoparia, 190
j sebrus (Cupido), 41
i *sectum (Mystrocneme), 143
i segetum (Agrotis), 276, 407, 408

selasellus (Crambus), 49

selene (Argynnis), 71, 158, 374

selene (Brenthis), 230
1 semele (Hipparchia), 308, 414
t semele (Satyrus), 147, 364
I semiargus (Nomiades), 7, 340, 389
I semifuscana (Psdisca), 221
! *semilutea (Nudaria), 110

semistriana (Peronea), 291

semisyngrapha (Lycsna), 375

semiustana (Peronea), 291, 309

senex (Comacla), 255

senex (Nudaria), 44, 70

sequana (Peronea), 290

sequella (Cerostoma), 221
' Serena (Hecatera), 111, 276

sericana (Peronea), 289

XXV

•serrata (Aracima), 271

Sibylla (Limenitis), 36, 273, 299, 327,

335, 363, 364, 368
sicula (Drepana), 186
sidffi (Hesperia), 278
sidiB (Syrichthus), 278
silaceata (Cidaria), 70, 231
silaceata (Eustroma), 36, 46
silhetana (Terias), 277
similis (Porthesia), 405, 411
*simplex (Kuproctis), loO
simplonia (Anthocharis), 338
simulans (Agrotis), 186
*simulata (Perizoma), 29
sinapis (Leptosia), 7, 339, 340, 414
sinuata (Anticlea), 220
sinuella (Homceosoma), 221
siterata (Cidaria), 368
sobrinata (Eupitliecia), 46
Sochchoi-a, 281, 347
sociata (Melanippe), 71
Solaris (Acontia), 119
Solaris (Tarache), 119
solidaginis (Calocampa), 73
sorbiella (Argyresthia), 155
sordida (Melanchra), 276
sordidata (Hypsipetes), 72
spadiceana (Peronea), 291
sparganiella (Ortliotselia), 221
sparganii (Nonagria), 300
sparsata (Colix), 255
spheciformis (iEgeria), 372
sphegiformis (:?esia), 158, 228
sphinx (Asteroscopus), 35, 46
spilotella (Monopis), 41
spini (Saturnia), 47
spini (Strymou), 306, 307
spini (Thecla), 7
spissicella (Nephopteryx), 221
splendida (Orgyia), 39
splendidella (Dioryctria), 319
sponsana (Peronea), 368
stabilis (Tfeniocampa), 44
statilinus (Satyrus), 38
steinerti (Acronycta), 98
stellatarum (Macroglossa), 410
stenodactylus (Oxyptilus), 282
sthennyo (Erebia), 337
stipella (CEcophora), 156
straminea (Leucania), 44, 220, 255
strataria (Ampbidasys), 35, 45
striana (Peronea), 289, 308, 309
strigilis (Miana), 70
strigillaria (Aspilates), 375
strigosa (Acronycta), 186
strobilella (Cydia), 300, 318
stygne (Erebia), 7, 9, 336, 338, 340
suasa (Hadena), 374, 408
suava (Eublemma), 119
subchantana (Peronea), 290
subcristalana (Peronea), 289
*subflava (Trisuloides), 31
*subflavescens (Napata), 143
subfulvovittana (Peronea), 290, 309

*subgrisea (Zephyrus), 55

sublustris (Gelasma), 28

sublustris (Xylophasia), 70, 255

subplagiata (Hemerophila), 272

*subpunctata (Alcis), 296

subrosea (Noctua), 44, 186

subroseata (Ephyra), 374, 409

substriana (Peronea), 291

subtristata (Melanippe), 71

subvittana (Peronea), 309

succenturiata (Eupitliecia), 67

suti'umata (Cidaria), 244

suti'usa (Bryophila), 186

subrianna (Acronycta), 98

suspecta (Dyschorista), 369

suspecta (Ortbosia), 73, 255

sylvata (Abraxas), 46

sylvanus (Augiades), 36, 307, 335

sylvanus (Hepialus), 255

sylvestrana (Khyacionia), 414

syngrapha (Agriades), 277, 307

syringaria (Hygrochroa), 36

syringaria (Pericallia), 116, 322

syringella (Gracilaria), 156

tasniata (Emmelesia), 410

tasniata (Perizoma), 410

tages (Nisoniades), 340, 373

*tai\vana (Anisodes), 30

•taiwana (Artona), 174

*taiwana (Dysethia), 60

*taiwana (Episoptbalma), 297

taiwana (Heterusia), 362

*taiwana (Macrocilix), 148

*taiwana (Palimpsestis), 150

*taiwana (Perciana), 175

•taiwana (Perizoma), 29

*taiwana (Siccia), 109

Tarache, 119

teloides (Vanessa), 196

temerata (Bapta), 70

templi (Dasypolia), 47

tendinosaria (Alcis), 315

tenebrosa (Rusina), 276

tenuiata (Eupithecia), 220

Teracolus, 415

terebrella (Cateremna), 300, 318

testacea (Luperina), 43

testaceata lAsthena), 47

testata (Cidaria), 72

tetradactyla (Aciptilia), 221

tetralunaria (Selenia), 368, 413

Tetraschalis, 282

teucrii (Oxyptilus), 155

thalia (Actinote), 38

thapsialla (Depressaria), 41

tharos (Phyciodes), 15

thaumas (Adoptea), 173

tbetis (Agriades), 4, 38, 41, 42, 43, 277,

306, 307
thompsoni (Aplecta), 44, 254, 277, 328,
thulensis (Hepialus), 280
thyrsides (Coenonympha), 172, 173
tigelius (Pararge), 374
tiliffi (Mimas), 304

XXVI

tilifp (Smerinthus), 113

tiliaria (Ennomos), 369

tincta (Aplecta), 375

tithonus (Epinephele), 147, 191, 301

torsa (lOuripus), 277

trabealis (Agrophila), 111, 119, 275

trabealis (Emmelia), 220

trabealis (Erastria), 119

transalpina (Zygasna), 154

tremula (Pheosia), 225

trepida (Notodonta), 36, 70, 225

triangulum (Noctua), 35

tricolor (Heterusia), 362

'tricolor (Ilema), 109

trifolii (Anthrocera), 40, 372

trifolii JMamestra), 409

trifolii (Zygasna), 368

trikotaria (Alcis), 315

trilinea (Grammesia), 43

trilophus (Notodonta), 186

trimacula (Drymonia), 36, 225, 252

*tripartaria (Alcis), 314

tripartita (Habrostola), 276

triplasia (Abrostola), 275

tristellus (Crambus), 49

*tristitia (Correbidia), 145

tritici (Agrotis), 186, 190, 368

troilus (Papilio), 15

trophonius (Papilio), 371

truncata (Cidaria), 76

turionana (Ketinia), 221

tyndarus (Erebia), 337, 340

typhon (Coenonympba), 45

typhon (Pholus), 373

typica (Mania), 36

*ubryki (Crambus), 50

ulmata (Abraxas), 231

ulotana (Peronea), 289

umbra (Cliariclea), 255

umbrosa (Noctua), 72

uncula (Eustrotia). 119

uncula (Hydrelia), 119, 276

undecemlineatus (Papilio), 373

'undularia (Alcis), 315

undulata (Eucosmia), 47

*unicolor (Oreta), 149

unicolorana (Peronea), 309

unicolorata (Ematurga), 363

unidentaria (Coremia), 41, 45, 70

unipuncta (Leucania), 366

unipunctata (Hydriomene), 413

urticse (Aglais), 42

urtic£e (Vanessa), 195, 324, 340, 364, 389

ustomaculana (Coccyx), 156

vaccinii (Cerastis), 74

*vagilinea (Anisozyga), 26

valezina (Argynnis), 159, 368

valligera (Agrotis), 368

varia (Melita3a), 40, 241, 264, 382

variata (Thera), 45, 74, 244, 276

variegana (Peronea), 416

*variegata (Argyroeides), 145

*variegata (Dysetbia), 60

*vaughaniana (Peronea), 290

venosata (Eupithecia), 45

venustata (Heliconius), 144

versicolor (Endromis), 372

vespiformis (Sesia), 94, 183, 219

vestigialis (Agrotis), 46, 276

vici£e (Antbrocera), 43

villica (Arctia), 45

vinula (Dicranura), 275

*violescens (Lygranoa), 60

virgaureae (Chrysophanus), 8, 9

virgularia (Acidalia), 36

vividana (Tortrix), 273

viridata (Nemoria), 45, 405

vitis (Pbolus), 158

vittana (Peronea), 291

*vulpina (Miresa), 206

vuteria (Sesamia), 368

walkeri (Spilosoma), 40

*wallacei (Oxyptilus), 346

weaverella (Monopis), 41

wismariensis (Senta), 159

xanthographa (Noctua), 72, 408

xanthomista (Polia), 410

xerampelina (CirrhcEdia), 71, 255

yama-mai (Antherea), 231

zatima (Spilosoma), 190, 275

zaugis (Calisto), 191

ziczac (Notodonta), 72, 255, 365, 369

zollikoferi (Xylophasia), 34

zonalis (Corgatha), 119

zonaria (Apocbeima), 191

zonaria (Nyssia), 42, 191, 231, 255

Order XIX. COLEOPTERA.

aeneofasciata (Doryphora), 67
ffineus (Corymbites), 47
aetbiops (Erirrhinus), 38
algirica (I>iodes), 414
arcuatus (Clytus), 252
asphodeli (Agapanthia), 254
aurata (Cetonia), 47
balteatus (Elater), 47
bipustulatus (Agabus), 116
bipustulatus (Badister), 39
campestris (Cicendela), 47
catenulatus (Carabus), 47
Ceroplastus, 351

chalybeofasciata (Doryphora), 67
chrysomelinus (Tachyporus), 115
constans (Apbodius), 273
Cremastochilides, 277
dubia (Liodes), 414
duplicatus (Barypithes), 369
emarginatus (Atemeles), 391
fagi (Orchestes). 273
fasciatus (Tachyporus), 115
fergussoni (Galerucella), 372
flavipes (Tachypus), 124
fuliginosa (Choleva), 188
funesta (Myrmedonia), 255

graminis (Chrysomela), 273
granulatus (Carabus), 47
hffimorrhoidalis (Athous), 115
interruptus (Necrophorus), 373
insularis (Hermaeophaga), 67
intrudens (Syagrius), 39
laqueatus (Oxytelus), 414
longipenne (Lathrobium), 37
lugubris (Morimus), 277
luperus (Cistela), 273
madidus (Pterostichus), 42
marginalis (Dytiscus), 47
moschata (Aromia), 190
nemoralis (Carabus), 47, 372
nigrita (Choleva), 188
noctiluca (Larapyris), 125, 280
nucuna (Balaninus), 373
paradoxus (Atemeles), 391
pallida (Phytodecta), 373
pectinicornis (Brucbus), 39
pellucidus (Barypithes), 369
Phenace, 350
Phyllocerus, 351
picea (Liodes), 414
pilula (Byrrhus), 47
Plastocerus, 351
pomorum (Anthonomus), 16

populnea (Saperda), 158
purpureas (Corymbites), 277
pygmffia (Dinarda), 391
rufovillosum (Xestobium), 185
rusticus (Criocephalus), 38
sabulosus (Trox), 273
sanguineus (Lygistopterus), 125
sanguinipennis (Doryphora), 67
sculptus (Oxytelus), 414
serricorne (Lasioderma), 158
socius (Cathormiocerus), 255
solutus (Tachyporus), 115
Stanley! (Omnia), 124
stenocoryphe (Liodes), 414
striatum (Asemum), 373
sulcatus (Onthophilus), 273
sutor (Monohammus). 373
sylvatica (Cicindela), 373
talparum (Quedius), 373
tessellatum (Anobium), 185
tuberculatus (Helophorus), 277, 372
turneri (Zeugophora), 38
vespilloides (Necrophorus), 125
viridicoUis (Phyllobius), 273
violaceus (Carabus), 47
vulgaris (Pterostichus), 47

Order XXI.

(including (6)
alboannulatus (Culicelsa), 131
*Andersonia, 250
australis (Culex), 180
australis (Grabhamia), 133
brevipalpis (Glossina), 117, 256
canis (Ctenocephalus), 37, 188
demansis (Culicada), 202
equestris (Merodon), 225, 274
fasciatus (Ctenocephalus), 188
feUs (Ctenocephalus), 37, 188
frenchii (Culex), 180
frontalis (Trigonometopus), 273
fuscipes (Glossina), 117
Glossina, 192
grossa (Chilosia), 113
grossa (Glossina), 117
guttularis (Carphotricha), 39
Hypoderma, 370
*inornata (Culicada), 201
irritans (Pulex), 188
klebsiana (Palaopsylla) 279
longipennis (Glossina), 117, 256
luteolateralis (Banksinella), 251
medicorum (Glossina), 256
morsitans ((ilossina), 118
nemorosa (Culicada), 182

DIPTEEA.

Siphonaptera.)
nigrithorax (Culex), 180
cestraceus (Eristalis), 252
omissus (Ceroxys), 373
pallicera (Glossina), 118
palpalis (Glossina), 118, 256
paraguayensis (Janthinosoma), 268
pictus (Ceroxys), 373
"queenslandii (Culicelsa), 179
rubithorax (Culex), 180
signata (Conops), 39
•similis (Culicelsa), 132
speiserianura (Ascodipteron), 254
submorsitans (Glossina), 118
sybarita (Prosena), 39
*tasmaniensis (Andersonia), 250
♦tasmaniensis (Culicada), 181
*tasmaniensis (Stegomyia), 249
togoi (Culicelsa), 132
ulicis (Aspondylia), 161
*uniformis (Cuhcelsa), 131
variipes (Janthinosoma), 269
*vandema (Culicada), 203
*vandema var. variegatans, 204
vulgaris (Phyxe), 253
*westralis (Culicelsa), 130

Order XXII. HYMENOPTERA.

abominator (Microcryptus), 208
acervorum (Leptothorax), 390
afra (Coelioxys), 342
albatorius (Cryptus), 207

albicinctus (Barichneumon), 207
albigena (Anthophora), 236
albiceps (Technomyrmex), 39
albovarius (Bassus), 212

XXVlll

alienus (Lasius), 39, 390
alpina (Formica), 390
akicola (Piobolus), 207
americana (Westwoodella), 197
*amolita (Anthophora), 237
analis (Idiolispa), 208
andreffi (Bombus), 101
andreusi (Anthophora), 234
angustatus (Canipoplex), 212
anomalus (Picrostigeus), 211
*apiciornatus (Ancistroeerus), 288
argentatum (Ilhynchium), 287
armatoriiis (Amblyteles), 207
*atramentau (Anthophora), 177
•automatus (Aphelinus), 178
bellicosus (Cryptus), 212
bicoloratus (Bombus), 101, 142
bifoveolata (Glypta), 208
bilineata (Callojoppa), 212
bi/ouatus (Bombus), 176
braueri (Prenolepis), 39
brevilineatum (Khynchium), 286
brevis (Coelioxys), 343
brookise (Anthophora), 342
burmeisteri (Amomma), 118
cserulans (Canipoplex), 213
Cffispitum (Tetramorium), 390
calcifera (Anthophora), 233
caldwelli (Anthophora), 233
calens (Anthophora), 236
callosus (Odynerus), 18.5
camelorum (Anthophora), 236
carinata (Tetrachrysis), 213
chinensis (Bombus), 176
chrysostoma (Stilbops), 208
cinctus (Emphytus), 87
*claripennis (Megischus), 56
coarctata (Ponera), 389
confusorius (Ichneumon), 207
congerens (Formica), 413
contracta (Ponera), 389
corticaUs (Leptothorax), 390
coryphffius (Phytodiffitus), 208
Cosmocoma, 47
cunicularia (Formica), 391
decorata (Nomada), 176
*delicata (Anthophora), 235, 237
•delicata (Heterapis), 140, 141
•densepiloseUus (Ancistroeerus), 288
dimidiatus (Bassus), 207
divinator (Perithous), 207
doederleinii (Megachile), 101
donisthorpei (Prenolepis), 39
dorsalis (Lissonota), 212
emarginata (Coelioxys), 342
errabunda (Cryptopimpla), 207
erraticum (Tapinoma), :>90
erythrsea (Clistopyga), 212
*erythrostomum (Gasteruption), 57
exaltatorius (Trogus), 212
exsecta (Lasius), 390
falcator (Campoplex), 208
flavus (Lasius), 39, 390
florea (Anthophora), 342

formosus (Pepsis), 118

fugax (Solenopsis), 389

fugitivus (Campoplex), 213

fuliginosus (Lasius), 38, 189, 255, 390

fulviventris (Olesicampa), 207

*fulvolateralis (Bombus), 101

*fukaii (Rhynchium), 287

fusca (Lasius), 39i)

fusco-rufibarbis (Lasius), 390

fuscus (Salius), 118

gagates (Lasius), 390

gallica (Polistes), 370

gallicola (Pimpla), 162

garrula (Anthophora), 234

gigas (Leucospis), 416

gigas (Sirex), 35

glebaria (Lasius), 390

graminicola (Myrmecina), 389

*gyangensis (Nomada), 176

htemorrhoidale (Rhynchium), 287

harmaiffi (Anthophora), 234

*Hemiphatnus, 63

*Heterapis, 140

hilaris (Exephanes), 207

Holonomada, 177

imperialis (Trachysphyrus), 212

incarnatus (Anagrus), 47

incitator (Clistopyga), 208

insularis (Anthophora), 342

kambana (Anthophora), 177

kollari (Cynips), 117

Lactolus, 63

laetatorius (Bassus), 212

Iffivinodis (Myrmica), 390

lateralis (Ephialtes), 212

latissimus (Bombus), 101

latreillei (Myrmecina), 389

lepidus (Barichneumon), 206

leucomelas (Melanichneumon), 207,212

lineator (Coelichneuraon), 207

lineatus (Ephialteles), 212

lobicornis (Myrmica), 390

*longispina (Palmerella), 64

ludovicus (Amblyteles), 212

*luna (Ufeus), 198

luteus (Ophion), 213

lutorius (Trogus), 212

madderensis (Misoleptus), 211

magellansis (Colpognathus), 212

malayana (Noniada), 16

Maldivense (Rhynchium), 287

mansuetor (Exochus), 207

mansuetor (Polyclistus), 207

mediator (Perithous), 207, 212

melanocastanus (Ctenichneumon), 212

melanobatus (Erigorgus), 207

mendax (Bombus), 176

metallicum (Rhynchium), 287

mikado (Hoplismenus), 212

mixtus (Lasius), 277, 390

raonocerus (Glypta), 208

motatorius (Chasmias), 207

raurinus (Meniscus), 208

mytilaspidis (Aphelinus), 178

neoniger (Lasius), 39
niger (Lasius), 39, 39, 189, 390, 41i
nigra (Palmerella), 65
nigricornis (Anthophora), 235
nigripalpis (Hemiphatnus), 63
niveocincta (Anthophora), 236, 237
nitidipenuis (Cryptus), 212
nitidulus (Formicoxenus), 389
norvegica (Vespa), 317
nucum (Pimpla), 207
nylanderi (Leptothorax), 390
'nympha (Abbella), 197
occidentalis (Anthophora), 177
oculatoria (Pimpla), 207
ostaeus (Andricus), 374
*palUditarsus (Megischus), 56
palustris (Monoblastus), 87, 89
parietina (Anthophora), 177
patricius (Ichneumon), 212
pedatorius (Platylabus), 207
pellucidator (Panargyrops), 206
peregrinus (Extastes), 211
peregrinator (Pycnocryptus), 206
perpusilla (Euryglossa), 141
persicorum (Anthophora), 284
pharaonis (Monomorium), 415
picicornis (Anthophora), 235
pictus (Banchus), 208
pimplator (Meniscus), 207
plebeius (Ichneumon), 212
polyzonias (Phytodietus), 404
pomorum (Bombus), 101
postica (Hemiteles), 211
prffilatus (Phygadeuou), 212
pratensis (Formica), 413
pratensis (Lasius), 390
proserpina (Anthophora), 342
pulchellus (Mymar), 370
pulcherrimus (Cryptus), 212
punetatissima (Ponera), 389
*quadrata (Anthophora), 236
quadrifasciata (Anthophora), 234, 237
regalis (Mymar), 370
*rhinosus (Ccelioxys), 342
robusta (Pimpla). 208
rubescens (Lasius), 390
rufa (Formica), 390, 413
rufescens (Clistopyga), 212

ruticoUis (Ephialtes), 212

"ruficollis (Megischus), 57

ruticoUis (Pimpla), 207

vuficornis (Anthophora), 236

rufobarbis (Lasius), 390

rufocaudata (Ccelioxys), 343

rufo-pratensis (Lasius), 390

ruginodis (Myrmica), 390

salviffi (Anthophora), 236

sanguinea (Formica), 413

sanguinea (Lasius), 390

*sauteri (Ccelioxys). 342

savignyi (Anthophora), 236

scabriiiodis (Myrmica), 390

schenkii (Anthophora), 177

•sculpta (Heterapis), 141

seulpturata (Glypta), 208

sericans (Microcryptus), 206

sexifasciata (Nomada), 177

siamensis (Ccelioxys), 343

*spinipes (Talorga), 64

sponsa (Pimpla), 213

•siantoni (Anthophora), 233

sulcinodis (Myrmica), 390

superans (Anthophora), 234

*Talorga 63

terminatorius (Ichneumon), 207

theresiffi (Neoponera), 254

*trichiosoma (Erania), 58

tristis (Eurylabus), 207

tuberum (Leptothorax), 390
Turnerella. 140
•ulicicida (Pimpla), 161
i umbratus (Lasius), 38, 189, 277, 369,
390, 414
unicolor (Ceratina), 341
unifasciata (Leptothorax), 390
*urens (Anthophora), 341
vagans (Phygadeuon), 211
variitarsus (Polyblastus), 208
velocissima (Anthophora), 235
vulpina waltoni (Anthophora), 177
waltoni (Bombus), 176
westwoodi (Stenamma), 390
*wilemani (Bombus), 100
xanthorrhceus (Ichneumon), 212
♦xerophila (Anthophora). 234, 237
zonata (Anthophora), 233

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLIV.], JANUAEY, 1911. [No. 572

ZANCLOGNATHA GRISEALIS, ab.

Tpie above curious aberration of Zanclognatha grisealis was
captured at Wye, in Kent, by Mr. Percy Richards, on June 3rd,
1910. Compared with normal specimens it is rather larger in
size and somewhat paler in colour; the lines are blacker and
thicker. The chief peculiarity of the specimen is that the first
and second lines are close to each other ; the former is straight
as usual, but nearer the middle of the wing ; the latter is
obtusely angled at end of the cell, touches the first line on the
costa, and approximates thereto on the inner margin.

This species is a fairly constant one. It certainly exhibits
slight variation in the tone of ground colour, but aberration, in
marking would seem to be very exceptional.

Richard South.

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF PARARGE
HIERA, Fabr., with DESCRIPTION OF THE
FULL-GROWN LARVA.

By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S.

Whilst at Semmering last June I confined several females
of Pararge hiera over plants of various grasses for ova, which
were deposited sparingly ; in all I obtained about three dozen,
the ova, which were light green in colour, being of the usual
round Satyrid form, and affixed in ones and twos by the parents
to a blade of grass very near the apex ; in no case were they
more than one inch from it.

ENTOM. — January, 1911. b

iS THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The ova, on my return to England, were kept in a room which
had an average indoors summer temperature, and the larvte
emerged at the end of the month. Shortly after emergence
they were transferred to a greenhouse which in the summer is
kept without artificial heat, the door and top-lights in the day
open, and the roof shaded hy tomato-plants. Under these
conditions the average temperature would he somewhat warmer
than that of the surrounding atmosphere not protected hy glass,
especially at night. The larvae throughout fed slowly, showing
no tendency to produce an autumnal emergence of imagines, and
the first one did not pupate until the end of August ; two others,
the only ones to reach maturity, did not commence to change
until the middle of September. I tried them on various grasses,
but the only one they would eat freely was Dactylis glomcrata,
and, so far as I was able to see, they fed exclusively by night,
remaining stretched out at full length on their food-plant during
the day.

The full-grown larva is about 30 mm. in length when stretched
at rest on a blade of grass. The head is very rounded and
prominent, and much wider than the second segment, which
gives the larva the appearance of having a distinct neck ; it is
grass-green in colour, thickly sprinkled with lighter tubercles,
each one of which emits a green spine ; the ground colour of the
remainder of the segments is of the same tint of green as the
head, but lighter, and the tubercles and spines are at much
greater intervals. The centre of the dorsal area from second to
anal segments is darker than the rest, and is bounded on the
sides by green stripes of lighter colour than that of the general
area ; these two stripes are each about one millimetre in width
in the centre, and taper off at each end, those towards the anus
terminating in points ; half-way between these stripes and the
spiracles are another pair of stripes which have the upper mar-
gins of the same dark colour as the mid dorsal area, and which
gradually shade off below to the colour of the general surface,
the spiracles being green and inconspicuous. In the spiracular
area is another pair of stripes of the same tint as those previously
described. The anal points are light green and very spiny ; the
ventral is of the same colour as the dorsal area.

Pupation is certainly not subterraneous ; the three larvae
which eventually became pupae attached themselves by the anal
extremity to a pad of silk spun on the roof of the cage, but did
not seem to have the strength to retain that position, and before
changing, or possibly in the act of changing, fell to the soil on
the floor of the cage and changed there ; probably a cold
snap which just then intervened was responsible for this. The
pupa is green, of the same tint as the larva, and is about
12mm. long.

There seems some doubt as to whether this species is usually

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OP PARARGE HIERA. 6

double-brooded. It is true that Dr. Kane and Dr. Lang give
the emergence as from May to July, but, as the species occurs
in Central Europe from about 2000 ft. to considerably over
5000 ft., the difference of altitude would account for this varia-
tion of dates, without assuming that there was more than one
brood ; but Mr. Wheeler, in his ' Butterflies of Switzerland and
the Alps of Central Europe,' gives two records which seem to
prove conclusively that — in some instances, at any rate — Pararge
hiera is double-brooded ; they are " Gruyeres, August 30th,
1897 (Eowland-Brown)," and " Certosa di Pesio, June and end
of August, 1892 (Norris)." Both of these localities are at about
2000 ft., and therefore it seems probable that P. hiera is a
single-brooded species everywhere except at the lowest levels on
which it is found. I may mention that the females captured by
me at Semmering were taken at an altitude of from 3000 ft.
to 3500 ft.

[Prior to the publication of Mr. Sheldon's paper it may be
safely assumed that no British entomologist had successfully
bred Pararge hiera through all its earlier stages. However,
Herr J. Peyron, a member of the Entomological Society of
Stockholm (Ent. Tidskrift, 1905, pp. 249-251), supplements
Spuler's scanty note on the larva (Raupen Gross-Schmette.
Europas, p. 50) with an excellent life-history of the species, in-
cluding many interesting observations additional to and con-
firming Mr. Sheldon's.

The larva is hatched eight days after oviposition, and pupates
after three moults only, *' as is the rule in the genus Pararge,"
extended over six weeks in all. Under natural conditions the
pupa is suspended head downwards from a blade of the food-
plant {Phlemn -pratense), without other attachment ("fritt"), and
in Scandinavia, as douiotless elsewhere where there is but one
brood, passes the winter in this stage.

Spuler, quoting Dorfmeister, of Vienna, but without reference
to any particular publication, gives festuca as the food-plant.
Frionnet (Premiers Etats des Lepids. Fr., p. 263) supplements
this with holcus, probably on the same authority, adding " larva
from September to April," which, in the light of Herr Peyron's
and Mr. Sheldon's researches, is obviously inaccurate.

As to the two emergences, Frey (Lepid. der Schweitz, Le-
mann's translation, p. 36) leaves us in no doubt. He writes :
" Butterfly twice a year in the plains and hilly districts. First
brood from the first days of May, and then in July and August."
At greater altitudes there is only one emergence, as, for instance,
in the Balkans, where Mrs. Nicholl found it very common on
the Rilo Dagh, at about 5-6000 ft., in June (Elwes, "Butterflies
of Bulgaria," Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1900). I myself took it on
the summit of the Stelvio in mid-July, 1900, but I regret to say
that, on looking over my series, I can find none of those recorded

4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

as from Gruyeres, my impression now being that certain small
and dark examples of Pararge mcera, since arranged in their
proper place and bearing a Gruyeres label, are the then-supposed
hiera. But, of course, this does not in any way affect the evi-
dence of hiera being double-brooded there, and elsewhere at suit-
able levels.— H. Rowland-Brown. 1

A POSSIBLE HYBRID OF AGRIADES THETIS <?
AND POLYOMMATUS ICARUS 2, OR OF A.
CORY DON <? AND P. ICARUS ?.

By T. Reuss.

Agriades hybrid.

The above figure represents an interesting "blue" taken
by Mr. L. W. Newman, of Bexley, in mid-September last at
Folkestone while drying its wings after emerging from the pupa.
In the upper side facies the brilliant blue, the marginal black-
and-white spotting in the hind wings,* strongly suggest the
parentage of A. thetis, while the almost pure white (aberrative)
fringes with some signs of the inner grey border of P. tear us in the
apex and slight black projection of the veining in the anal and
outer angle of the hind wing suggest the influence of icarus. The
strong blackening of the nervures, however, reaches as far into
the wing area as in A. corydon ; the first black spot in the outer
angle of the hind wing is also like that in corydon, and there are
black and whitish scales mixed in with the blue ones in the
margin of the fore wings, especially near the apex. These
details may be aberrative,! but it is perhaps thinkable that a
hybrid between A. corydon <? and P. icarus 2 would exhibit a
thetis-Vike facies, as described, with intensified black markings.
The wings are less rounded than in icarus — they are more

•■■ I possess a male P. icarus aberration, recorded in the Ent. Rec,
vol. xxi. pt. 9, which is strongly spotted in the hind wings upper side, and
which, as I onh now noticed and could verify with a lens, has some white
scales mixed with the blue ones beneath some of tlie black spots, especially
of those in the anal angle of the left wing.

f One must also be on the look-out for secondary sexual characters of
both sexes in hybrids ; hybridism favours their mixture. A black suffusion
o the fore wing margin occurs sometimes in ^ P. icarus ab.

NOTES ON A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN FRANCE IN 1910. 5

angular, as in thetis ; their shape suggests the issue of a crossing
between two differently- sized species. I do not know whether
the displacement of the spots in the under side may be also
counted as evidence in this direction.

In the under side there is something of corijdon as well as of
thetis and icarus ; the colouring is very light, the hind wings are
distinctly more yellowish than the fore wings, which are whitish,
thus reminding of corydon <? . There is no orange in the mar-
ginal luuules of the fore wings.

I am told that in the locality where the specimen was cap-
tured, at a time when icarus were worn and thetis were fresh,
these A. thetis and P. icarus swarm, while corydon is rare. As
the case stands, evidence seems very much to favour the verdict
of A. thetis ^ and P. icarus ? in decision of the parentage ;
but, on the other hand, I think that the traits of A. corydon in
the specimen, if not readily explainable by aberration, are still
sufScient to maintain a doubt.

I will name this interesting form after its captor, Agriades
hybr. newmani.

NOTES ON A BUTTEEFLY HUNT IN FRANCE
IN 1910.

III. — BaSSES-AlPES AND ISERE.

By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.

(Concluded from vol. xliii. p. 327.)

Since the publication of my last paper in December (' Ento-
mologist,' xliii. pp. 322-327) 1 have had an opportunity of in-
specting the little collection of butterflies made by Mr. Warren
during our brief halt at Rosans (Hautes-Alpes). A Hesperiid
taken by him there turns out to be a male of Pyrgus proto, in
splendid condition, showing a decidedly greener under side than
the specimens in my collection from Albarracin, and on the
upper rather lighter than true Spanish forms. So far as I can
gather, the discovery of this unmistakable species in the Hautes-
Alpes constitutes a record, though it occurs at Digne, in the
southern adjoining Department.

Meanwhile, it is with some diffidence that I proceed to give
a short account of our entomological experiences in the Basses-
Alpes. Digne is nowadays almost as well known to lepido-
pterists interested in the extra-British fauna as the New Forest
district to those who confine their attention to the United King-
dom. Every year the number of those who " take their walks
abroad " increases, and as surely as the fly gravitates to the
honey-pot, or perhaps I should say, the moth to the treacle, so

6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

surely the " palaearctic " collector turns his steps towards the
pretty little capital of the Basses-Alpes. I myself have visited
Digne on six separate occasions during the past eleven years,
but, curiously enough, this was the first July I ever spent "there.
Early April, mid-May, and mid- June, twice in August, and once
even in October— these are my seasons, and as it had always
been a case of "semper aliquid novi " in the past, so I looked
forward to turning up something new again this year,
especially as I was to spend considerably over a fortnight ^n the
lavender-grown valleys, and upon the hot hills which surround
the town.

We arrived at Digne in as heavy a thunderstorm as I ever
remember to have encountered, the rain descending tropically ;
the night decidedly cool and pitch dark, and it was not until I
threw open the shutters of my favourite room in the " Boyer-
Mistre" next morning that I reaHzed the surprises were not
to be altogether entomological ! The splendid plane avenue, the
delight of so many summer evening's shade, had been shorn of
its magnificence ; the upper branches levelled with the house-
tops, and the trunks left hopeless and forlorn ! But the sky was
clear, and municipal zeal had not extended itself to reforming
the characteristic odours of the "Eue de Paradis" and the other
crabbed alleys which lead to the Dourbes and the Eaux-Ther-
males roads. Yet here was another unwelcome spectacle. The
garden espaliers, normally laden with fruit, were almost empty ;
the long lines of walnut trees covered with the charred fes-
toons sered by a late phenomenal May frost— the cause of
havoc to crops, orchards, and vines throughout the district,
and, as we were soon to discover, to the insect life and wild flora
as well.

With regard to emergences, everything appeared to be topsy-
turvy. The earlier warm weather of spring had apparently
brought out half a brood, leaving the other in abeyance until
July. Some of the usually butterfly-haunted spots round Digne
for several days produced next to nothing except shoals of Eus-
ticus argus {cecjon), of which I had actually a full-fed larva at
the time I was taking perfectly fresh males and females, both
sexes, as with other butterflies, appearing simultaneously.
On July 7th, in the Eaux-Thermales Valley, males of Painlio
alexanor, which in 1899 was out in the second week of
June, were still quite fresh, this species, with Parnassms
apollo, also in fine condition, practically constituting our bag
that day; the wind being high and the temperature anything
but suggestive of the southern summer. Remarkable also
was the scarcity of Anthrocerids. Usually abundant in the
abandoned vineyards and garrigues at the back of La CoUette,
on the 8th they'were conspicuous only by their absence, and
although we spent the whole of a fine warm morning there,

NOTES ON A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN FRANCE IN 1910. 7

hardly any butterflies were on the wing except R. argiis, Leptosia
sinapis, Colias hyale, Satyrus cordiila, and Polyoinmatus escheri,
Mr. Warren netting a single P. adinetiis var. ripcrtii. Matters
mended, however, somewhat later in the day, when the Eaux-
Thermales Valley yielded, in addition to the Papilionidge men-
tioned above, Argynnis daphne — some worn, some quite perfect —
Gonepteryx cleopatra, Thecla ilicis, T. spini, Polyoinmatus hylas,
and the following "skippers": Hesperia carthami, Thymelicus
actceon (males only, very common), and Pyrgus sac. Magnifi-
cently coloured females of P. escheri were also not infrequent.
It was curious to observe, however, that of the earlier butterflies
their size was abnormally small, and this in a locality noted for
the grandeur of its examples. Aporia craUegi we came across
here, as well as at the higher levels, were no larger than the
males of Limenitis Camilla. A male P. hylas, normally as large
as our finest P. corydon at home, measures hardly more than a
normal British male PI. argus.

Our first expedition to the Dourbes was made on July 10th,
but unfortunately after a brilliant morning — we started soon
after 5 a.m. — the weather became cloudy at noon; that is to
say, when we had been at the top somewhere about an hour,
having missed the more direct road up the cliffs. Added to
this, a furious wind preceded the departure of the sun, and it
was with difficulty that we made any captures at all upon the
actual ridge. Evidently here above, as on the lower ground
round Digne, the emergence of many species had been arrested
by the low temperatures of May. We were, in fact, among the
spring butterflies again ; though very few were in good condition.
Kemnants of Erehia evias indicated a rather plentiful generation,
and there were quite a lot of Parnassius mnemosyne about, nearly
all decidedly passes, but one or two males quite perfect ! More
remarkable still was the apparition of Pararge hiera, also wholly
dilapidated ; a species I do not remember to have seen recorded
from the Dourbes heretofore, the reason no doubt being that
few collectors who visit Digne earlier in the year think it
worth while to ascend so high. The lavender, of course, was
not out at this altitude, but the sides of the steep precipitous
cliffs where Erehia scipio is fabled (?) to fly, were covered with
flowers, and for the first time the Anthrocerids were seen in
profusion ; a particularly welcome find being the pretty little
A. gallica, Obth., a new species to me. Erehia stygne was, how-
ever, the only butterfly in good condition that we came across
otherwise than singly until we had once more returned to
the glades of the pine forest, where, among the lush-green
grasses and vetches, Nomiades semiargus, Cupido minimus, and
Everes coretas were common enough, though we did not dis-
cover that we were disturbing the latter until almost out of the
wood.

8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Five days later, on July 20tli, a second expedition over the
same ground produced little besides the butterflies already men-
tioned, with Melitcea iMrthenie, and, near Villars, on the way
home after a very hot walk, Polyommatus damon (which curi-
ously enough had not yet put in an appearance lower down in
the Eaux-Thermales Valley at this date) and one or two fresh
Thecla acacia:.

Four days earlier, opposite the Bath Establishment Hotel
{"auberge" would be a better name for it !), I encountered for
the first time at Digne Lihythea celtis, a single male of which,
after hovering over some wild clematis just out of net-reach,
flew up into the cherry trees and disappeared. But at the back
of La Collette next morning Mr. Warren secured another male,
and on the road that day we saw our first and last Satyrus
fidia. Most collecting days were devoted, however, to the
valleys of the Eaux-Thermales, and right in the river-bed, having
scrambled down from the road after a fine female P. alexanor,
we came upon what was evidently a favourite haunt of the
hitherto elusive Polyommatus admetus var. ripertii, for with
the males of P. meleager, now in all their glory, this was
here the commonest of "blues." Both males, and in lesser
numbers females, were flying in abundance over a dry, sandy
promontory at the edge of a wood-path, where also the fine
brilliant southern form of the female Chrysophanus dorilis fre-
quented the flowers of a golden daisy, Mr. Warren netting
one specimen almost of the ruddy copper-red of the male
C. hippothoe. Nor did his successes with the Chrysophanids end
here, for, as at Nyons, he was able to count among his spoils
male examples of C. alciphron var. gonlius, female ab. midas,
Lowe. C. virgaurece was hardly out, and I saw only an occasional
male before leaving on July 23rd.

On the whole, P. alexanor was plentiful, and it was a great
pleasure to watch the females ovipositing on the young plants of
Seseli montanum practically wherever they grew, and on both
sides of the Bleone Ptiver. They would hover a moment over
an unoccupied stem, then settle, bowing the delicate filamentary
shoots to the ground, and deposit a single egg at the junction of
the leaf with the stem. On no occasion did I find two laid side
by side, or anywhere near to one another, and the females
seemed instinctively to discriminate plants already visited. About
a dozen ova I carried home at difi'erent dates, and when Mr.
Warren left for England on the 21st he took with him a
small colony, some already in the second instar, of which I had
small hopes, having been assured that a change of food-plant
would be fatal to them. Yet they took quite kindly to the
Amersham carrots; though all died from some unexplained cause
in the third instar, leaving the life-history of the species still to
be written and illustrated by a British authority ! The range

NOTES ON A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN FRANCE IN 1910. 9

of this splendid Papilio no doubt is far more extended west and
north in France than the local catalogues suggest. Mr. Warren
tells me that he saw several from the train windows far north of
Serres on the Digne-Grenoble line.

Very little rain fell during the whole time we were at Digne,
but there was nearly always a high gusty wind, and at the com-
mencement of our stay a disagreeable preponderance of cloud.
And just as we arrived in a storm, so I left in a downpour,
accompanied by thunder and lightning, the rain lasting right up
to Clelles (Isere), my next stopping- place, and the night so cold
that it might have been early spring instead of the height
of the calendar summer. Grey and black, indeed, was the 24th,
and so discouraging the outlook, that I did not take my net with
me when at length I made up my mind for an afternoon walk.
But the unexpected happened of course, and crossing a heap of
stones covered with flowering-plants, I put up a magnificent
black variety of M. ijarthenie — so black that I thought at first it
must be an Erehia. I had my hat oft' in a minute ; actually got
it over my parthenie, and was just boxing it when a terrific puff
of wind blew hat, pill-box, and butterfly out of my hand, and I
saw the latter borne swiftly over a deep precipice ! And that
was about the only insect I saw on the wing that day, though
there is plenty of good collecting ground all up the western
valley, which opens on the railroad and the lower levels some
little distance in the direction of Grenoble.

The next day being still cold but fine, I decided, therefore, to
try over the same ground on the very off-chance as I thought of
a similar encounter. To this extent I may count myself fortu-
nate, for, at the very spot where I had missed ^yarthenie the day
before, I took the self-same specimen — recognized by certain
rubbings of the wings ; and on the way back, a couple of hours
later, another almost identical, but absolutely perfect, suggesting
that hereabouts a race of " black" parthenie was established, of
almost the form which I find named and exquisitely figured
(* Lepidopterologie Comparee,' fasc. iv. plate xliv.) by M. C.
Oberthiir as ab. rhoio, Obth. And in this connection I may add
that I have yet another but much smaller example, apparently
a like aberration of M. parthenie var. varia, M.-D., which was
taken by me when collecting with my friend Mr. C. J. Johnson
at the top of the Simplon Pass in July, 1907 — another very
fine dark aberration from the same ground being referable, I
think, rather to M. aurelia. A few typical parthenie were also noted
on the outskirts of the woods which were carpeted with Melam-
pijriim in full flower, and with them not a few males of Polyom-
niatus damoH and Chrysophanus virgaurea ; the road attracting
Satyrus circe, and the steep shaley banks Parnassius apollo and
Erehia stygne, with occasional E. ligea.

But this was the last day of my collecting abroad for the

10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

season of 1910, which will be remembered by me as far the
wettest and most disappointing for many years, in a country
where sunshine, as a rule, can be relied upon throughout the
summer, at all events out of the higher mountain districts.

Harrow, Weald : Dec. 1910.

THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA.
By Rev. George Wheeler, M.A., F.E.S.

(Continued from vol. xliii. p. 337.)

I HAVE notes by Mr. Powell, with comments thereon by Mr.
Sloper, on the larva of M. deione from the South of France.
They are, however, written from such a different point of view,
the comparison being made with M. didyma, and not with M.
athalia, of whose earlier stages Mr. Powell, at the time these
notes were written (1904), said that he had no distinct recol-
lection, that I do not think anything would be gained in the
present connection by copying them as they stand. Most of the
details given would apply equally well to other species of this
group, and there is no point specially remarked upon in which
they differ from var. berisalensis. In sending these notes to
Mr. Sloper, Mr. Powell enclosed some specimens of the food-
plant, observing that the larvae, when he received them from
M. Foulquier, had eaten all the flowers of the plants sent with
them ; on this Mr. Sloper remarks that the food-plant is the
same species of Linaria as that on which the larva of beri-
salensis feeds, and that the latter also eat the flowers in pre-
ference to the leaves. Mr. Powell's larvae must, from the date
(June 13th), have belonged to the second brood, and it may be
observed that the first brood larvae, after hybernation, can have
no opportunity of indulging this taste, as their food-plant is not
in flower during the early spring.

The larva of britomartis was described by Assmann as fol-
lows : — Size of a small cinxia ; head and legs black, the former
possessed on the upper surface of small raised spots of a white
colour, on which are short black hairs ; the cylindrical body,
abdominal and anal legs pearly white, generally finely latticed
with violet-grey ; only one stripe on the back and two on the
sides are somewhat strongly marked. The clean white warts
have black hairs, and stand on fairly large rust-yellow spots,
which often coalesce and then form a broken band on each
separate segment. On this Riihl remarks (Soc. Ent. v. p. 106) :
" According to this description the larva is strongly separated
from all Melitcea larvae known to me, and Assmann would be
right in making it a separate species." One cannot read this

THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELIT^A. 11

observation of Eiihl's without some feeling of surprise, since, so
far as one can judge from the description, the larva is quite of
the usual type of the group, differing only in having more white
in the ground colour, going in this respect apparently somewhat
further than the larva of its nearest relative, dictynna, which
shows more white than any other of the group with whose larva
I am acquainted.

It does not appear to me to be worth while to quote the short
descriptions of the larvae of " I'eronica," athalia, a,nd ^^ imrthenie''
given by Dorfmeister in the ' Verhandlung des zool.-bot. Vereins,'
iii. p. 136, since the first two might as well refer to one as
to another of the group, and the third in which the spines are
said to stand on pale flesh-coloured bases merely serves to show
that he was quite unacquainted with the larva of parthenie,
a fact which is made absolutely certain by his description of the
corresponding pupa, which differs in every characteristic from
that of real parthenie.

It is a matter of great regret to me that I have so far been
unable to obtain any information on the early stages of varia,
but of the only two friends from whom I should have been likely
to obtain reliable information on the subject, the one, Chanoine
Favre, died some time ago, and the other, his collaborator,
M. Arnold Wullschlegel, has now for many months been com-
pletely paralysed, a fact which many English collectors in the
Ehone Valley will, I am sure, learn with the greatest regret.

The name of M. Wullschlegel reminds me of a rather absurd
discussion which took place some few years back as to whether
the larva of athalia hybernates gregariously. Knowing how
frequently he had bred the species, I inquired as to his expe-
rience, and he informed me that they invariably hybernated in
a common "tent" like the other Melitseas, remaining together
after hybernation until they had eaten the plant at the roots of
which (of course not underground) they had passed the winter,
and then separating. I had only asked him the question in
confirmation of my own experience, having found many "nests"
of athalia larvae at the early period of their hybernation.

Buckler describes the pupa of athalia as follows : — ** Half an
inch in length, very plump, with the usual angles much rounded
off ; the abdominal rings bear little rounded eminences — traces
of the larval spines ; the tip of the abdomen is bent back at
nearly a right angle, and there is a slight depression between
the abdomen and thorax, which is broad and rounded. The
wing-covers are well defined and rather prominent, the warmish
white colour and texture of the pupa- skin may be compared to
that of biscuit china ; each abdominal ring is adorned with a
transverse brownish orange bar, having on its hinder edge
squarish black spots, or sometimes a black bar with orange
spots, and followed by a row of tiny black dots. The back of

12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the thorax is marked with triangular streaks of black outlined
with orange ; the antenna-cases and wing-nervures are faintly
marked with orange-brown, and the wing-covers and eye- and
leg-pieces with strong black blotches and dashes."

All the above remarks, so far as shape, general appearance,
and so forth are concerned, refer equally to the pupa of other
members of the group.

The following notes have been made from pupae bred by
myself : —

.-Im'cZia.— Pupa : General appearance very pale blue-grey,
with transverse lines of orange, and black dots. Wing-cases
darker blue-grey, with a row of very short black lines at the edge,
interrupted below the middle and at lower end. Poulton's line
distinctly visible. Under a lens the ground colour is seen to be
white slightly tinged with blue, with line black reticulations.
Spiracles black, surrounded by white, patched with orange-brown.
Anal segments recurved ; tendency to pupate suspended (not
universal).

Parthenie. — The pupa is very like aiirelia, but darker, and
has the border of black dashes on the wing-cases uninterrupted.
The tendency is to pupate under the leaves.

With regard to the distinction in the markings on the wing-
cases of aiirelia and parthenie, it is, I think, reliable. When
Mr. Sloper and I were breeding these two species from larvae
which we had found, he kept the two species in separate cages ;
some of mine were also kept separate, but some were intentionally
mixed together. When we carefully examined his pupsG this
was the most noticeable distinction, and by this I separated my
pupaG, which in every instance bred true. As these larvae only
represented one locality for each of the species (Sion and Char-
pigny respectively), the distinction may nothe of universal appli-
cation, but it seems likely to be constant, judging by this test.

Var. berisalensis. — Pupa : General appearance dull dark
bluish grey with orange tubercles ; wing-cases dark mottled
brown, except when too dark to show markings. Under lens :
No blue colour as in the other two species {aiirelia and -parthenie),
but intersegmental bands of slate-colour, with white and slightly
pinkish spots ; orange humps in the positions of the larval
spines arranged on black and white spotted transverse bands ;
wing-cases of white ground colour, but almost (sometimes en-
tirely) covered with brown markings ; anal end recurved, with
two scarlet humps (sometimes dull) ; humps on thoracic seg-
ments white tipped with orange ; the pupae vary considerably
in amount of slate-colour, black and white ; also in dejDth of
wing-markings, sometimes having a reddish tinge, sometimes
being almost jet-black. The pupae are only very slightly sus-
pended.

Mr. Powell's description of deione, which was made from a

NUMBER OF LARVAL STAGES OF LYC.ENA ACTS. 13

single specimen, corresponds in colour and markings with some
of my specimens of berisalensis. He adds the following measure-
ments : Total length of pupa under observation, 11*5 mm. ; from
anterior extremity to apices of wing-cases, 8"3 mm. Depth of
thorax, 3*5 mm. ; of third ahdominal segment, 4*55 mm. Width
of thorax, 3'9 mm. ; of third abdominal segment, 3'8 mm.

The following are my notes on a pupa of dictijnna which I
bred : Ground colour whitish, with black interrupted transverse
bars with orange humps, the central hump being in advance of
the others ; posterior segments black ; fifth white segment,
counting from the black segments, bears a diamond- shaped
black patch ; wing-cases white with broad black markings, but
no row of black dashes at the margin ; spiracles black in yellow
rings ; antenna-cases black.

Assmann describes the pupa of britoniartis as follows : White,
wdth small rust-yellow warts and pale- or black-brown spots and
dots between them and in the intersegmental spaces. The wing-
cases are of the same pale or dark brown colour, with the excep-
tion of two rows of lunules, a spot in the disc, another in the
middle of the outer margin, and the fine nervures.

It may be worth while to give Dorfmeister's account of the
pupa which he wrongly ascribes to parthenie, as it might lead to
the identification of the species to which he assigned this name.
It is as follows : Pearl-coloured, mostly shining, with black
markings, back of the abdomen smooth, without raised points,
and without yellow spots.

(To be continued.)

THE NUMBER OF LARVAL STAGES OF LYC.^NA
AC IS.

By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.

To bear out my previous statements in the * Entomologist '
for November (vol. xliii. p. 305), I should like to add the following
notes which I have copied from those accompanying each draw-
ing I made, showing the different stages of the larva of acis.
These may be of some interest to Dr. Chapman, and I trust he
will consider them sufficient to show that I am correct in saying
the larvffi under my observation passed through five distinct
moults ; but I feel sure, if he saw the drawings, he would be still
further convinced that I am not in error.

I can only repeat vay previous statement that the appearance
of the cast skin beside the particular isolated individual after
each moult must be taken as adequate proof that the particular
larva, so kept under critical observation, moulted at the time.

14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Of course, as Dr. Chapman remarks, the enlargement of the
head after a moult is indicative of another stage.

Notes accompanying the drawings as follow :' —

Fig. 4. Segment directly after emergence ; drawn July 15th,
1907.

Fig. 5. Shortly before first moult ; drawn July 23rd, 1907.

Fig. 6 a, b. Before second moult {a, after first moult) ; drawn
July 31st, 1907.

Fig. 7. Before third moult ; drawn August 6th, 1907.

Fig. 8. Hybernating (after second moult) ; drawn Jan. 21st,
1908. Entered into hybernation about August 10th, 1907.

Fig. 9. Fixed for third moult; drawn April 11th, 1908.
This one left its hybernaculum March 20th, and has since been
feeding on furze-blossoms twenty-two days after hybernation ;
239 days old.

Fig. 10. After third moult, 245 days old, moulted third time
April 8th, 1908; drawn April 17th, 1908.

Fig. 11. After fourth moult and fixed for fifth moult, about
260 days old ; drawn May 2nd, 1908.

Fig. 12. Fully grown, Q,(tev fifth moult, about 275 days old;
drawn May 19th, 1908.

Figs. 9, 10, and 11 are different individuals, but each kept
separate for observation with full data.

AN AUTUMN MOENING IN THE ALLEGHANY
MOUNTAINS.

By Margaret E. Fountaine, F.E.S.

The morning mists are thick and heavy in the valleys
through which the Jackson River flows on towards the big
Atlantic Ocean far away ; but these misty mornings are almost
invariably the forerunner of a glorious autumn day. And it is
good to climb up the creeks and amongst the lower spurs of the
Alleghany Mountains, notwithstanding that there is almost
" nothing doing " here now amongst the butterflies, for the fall
is fast coming on, and the green leaves are rapidly turning red
and gold, as the sunset of the year approaches ; and the butter-
flies, too, for the most part, are of sunset colours — the deep
golden Terias nicip2)e being one of the commonest to be met
with, perhaps only to be outnumbered by Colias philodice, more
especially if in the neighbourhood of some strip of clover-land.
Two species of Grapta are still worth netting — G. interrogationis
(I always regret its name !) being a very fine species, with its
pale blue borders to its wings, and G. comma (a very close ally
I should think of our G. c-alhiim) are sometimes well in evidence,
though very wary and difficult to catch. But what we are most

AUTUMN MORNING IN THE ALLEGHANY MOUNTAINS. 15

looking out for is the dark apparition of tlie iridescent Papilio
philenor fluttering in ecstasy over some thistle-head, and pro-
bably quite freshly emerged, though P. troilm is already almost
vanished altogether, only perhaps some shattered female seeking
spice- wood whereon to deposit her eggs is to be seen. The larvae
of this fine Pajnlio are to be found, after much searching, coiled
up in the leaves of the spice-wood bushes, though far from
abundant, and now getting more and more scarce, most of them
being already in pupa for the winter. Papilio ajax is still to be
seen, though rarel}', and sometimes a freshly-emerged s^Decimen,
very darkly coloured, will fall a victim to my net ; the papaw
bushes {Asimina triloba) have fed numbers of ajax larvas, but all
these are in pupa now for the winter, only an occasional straggler
being tempted to emerge to enjoy the warmth and sunshine of
these short autumn days, instead of waiting in patience till
the spring. Danais p)lexippus is to be seen everywhere ; these
huge butterflies fly plentifully even in the streets of the little
town of Covington, an abundant brood having only just recently
sprung upon us. Sometimes we are reminded of our friends
across the water by the sudden joy of beholding Vanessa antiopa
sail majestically by, and then the glorious scenery of the
Alleghanies grows dim, and our eyes and our thoughts are
dreaming of autumn forests in Central Europe, where this
lovely insect is no doubt now still on the wing, and indeed
probably much more abundant than here, where it is decidedly
scarce. V. atalanta is also here, just as gay and gladsome as it
ever is over there in the Old World, and presenting, as far as I
can see, no variation whatever. V. huntera, too, was here a
fortnight ago, but they are gone now ; though worn specimens
of Eaptoieta daiidia are still to be met with, and even Argynnis
cyhele is not absolutely vanished, and females in shocking con-
dition are still fluttering about looking for violet leaves to lay
their eggs on, the habits of the larvae being exactly similar to
those of our closely allied fritillaries. Limenitis astyanax is over
now, and their larvae are preparing to go into hybernation on
the wild cherry and other woodland trees. Only once did we
take a specimen of L. disippus, and then it so closely resembled
its model, Danais plexippiis, that it was caught under the im-
pression that it was that species ; this specimen laid nine ova,
but though they all hatched out, they refused to feed on the
leaves of the wild cherry, whereon a young astyanax larva was
flourishing, and therefore all died. Phyciodes tharos may still
be seen in woodland districts, and Hesperia viontivaga, old and
faded now, about completes all we have, or can hope to have,
during this autumn ramble in the Alleghany Mountains.

Covington, Virginia : October 1st, 1910.

16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

PRELIMINARY LIST OF APHIDID/E FOUND IN KENT.
By Fred V. Theobald, M.A., &e.

Little seems to be known of the Apbididte found in Kent.
The records are very few and yet the species undoubtedly very
numerous. During the last fifteen years specimens have been
collected or observed in dift'ereot parts of the county. Many of
these have not yet been identified. Careful collecting would
probably reveal a very large number more, many new to Britain,
and probably some new to science. Eighty species are shown
here to have occurred in the county, and thirty remain un-
identified.

These insects are of great economic importance and deserve
more attention. At present we know but very little of their
life-cycles, their varied migrations, or of the numerous subter-
ranean forms. When one considers the enormous loss caused
by these insects it is strange that they are so neglected. Pro-
bably this is for two reasons — first, that they are most difiicult
to get named, and, secondly, their bionomics are so abstruse that
one dare not call any form a species.

Where such well-known aphides as we find in orchards on
pear, apple, currants, &c.,come from or go to we cannot say. A
sudden " blight " attacks currants, and as suddenly, later on,
leaves the currants. Where do they go to? what is their other
host-plant ? Probably we shall find that most of the Aphididfe
have two host-plants, just as we see in the hop aphis, the elm
leaf-curling aphis, the mealy plum aphis, and others.

The following is merely a preliminary list of the aphides I
have found in Kent, and it is hoped a second will be complete
in another few years.

One reason I record these insects is because in a brochure I
have recently bought in Berlin on the ' Insects of Kent ' — a
paged proof of some ' County History ' — no mention is made of
the Aphididse. In the same county list one also notices that
some of the most abundant insects, and some which annually
cause thousands of pounds of loss are not even mentioned, such
as the apple sucker (Psylla mali) or the apple-blossom weevil
{Anthonomus pomorum) , and others of great economic importance.

APHIDIN^.-
Genus Siphonophora, Koch.

Siphoyiophora roses, Reaumur. — Common generally over the county,
judging from the wide localities it has been seen in or sent from.
This species is a migrant to and from the teazle ; at least I can
detect no difference between the two insects.

* I have followed here the nomenclature used by Buckton, as his is the
only British work we have to refer to, but I do so with some hesitation.

PRELIMINARY LIST OF APHiniDvTl FOUND IN KENT. 17

S. granaria, Kirby. — Found all over the corn districts and else-
where. I have never known any serious damage caused by it to corn
in this county. Found on meadow foxtail grass at Wye. The green
apple aphis [Aphis fitcUii) placed in a cage with corn and grasses
became winged and went to the latter. The progeny seemed to me
the same as S. granaria. It is probable that these are merely
dimorphic forms.

*S'. chelidonii, Kaltenbach. — Wye, July, 1901, 1904, on raspberry
and on celandine in May in 1904 ; Crundale, on celandine, in May,
1909.

S. fragarice, Koch.— Wye, July, 1905, 1906; Swanley, 1902;
Sevenoaks. On wild and cultivated strawberries.

S. millefolii, Fabricius. — Wye, August and September, 1910 ;
thickly coating the stems of the common yarrow (Achillea niilli-
folium).

S. circumflexa, Buckton. — ^Wye, December to May, under glass ;
Swanley, June ; Sellinge, July ; Canterbury, May. On geraniums,
arums, and other plants in greenhouses.

*S'. diroda, Walker. — Wye, June, July, August, on roses and on
wheat and barley ; Tonbridge ; Ash ; Canterbury. I feel sure there
is a migration between the rose and Graminacecs of this species.
Generally common on roses.

S. pisi, Kaltenbach. — ^Wye, abundant always, very harmful in
some seasons, notably 1908, to field and garden peas ; Dover, 1904 ;
Appledore, 1901 ; Tenterden, 1899.

S. pelargonii, Kaltenbach. — Wye, Sellinge, Ashford, Linton, on
geraniums and calceolarias in the open and under glass.

*S'. lactiLCOs, Kaltenbach. — I have seen this in most gardens I have
visited in the county, and think the same species occurs on red
currants.

*S'. ruhi, Kaltenbach. — Wye, Dartford, Tollbridge, Sellinge, West-
well, on the raspberry and also on bramble in May and June; it
occurs on tlie raspberries later. Curls the leaves of the latter, but
never does much harm.

*S'. urticcB, Kaltenbach. — Wye, Westwell, Ashford, Whitstable,
Tunbridge Wells. Often very common on nettle.

S. carnosa, Buckton. — Wye, 1900, on stinging-nettles.

*S'. avellancB, Schr. — Common all over the county where nuts are
cultivated, and may be found on wild hazels. It often swarms on
cobs and filberts, but seems to do little harm.

*S'. rosaruvi, Walker. — Common on wild and cultivated roses. I
have found it in most localities where looked for.

>S'. sonchil, Linnaeus. — Wye, Hastingleigh, on Sonchus and Cen-
taurea nigra in 1902 ; heads of the latter smothered by it.

S. fragariella, Theobald. — Swanley, 1905, on strawberries under
glass.

Genus Phorodon, Passerini.

Phorodon hnmnli, Schrank. — The common hop aphis, found in all
hop-gardens in Kent, and also on sloe, damson, bullace, and plums.
Migrates between the hops and prunes. Frequently causes endless
loss to hop-growers and much expense in w^ashing every year.

ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1911. C

18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Genus Myzus, Passerini.

Myzus cerasi, Fabricius. — Widely distributed over tbe county.
Sometimes does considerable harm to cherries.

M. jjersicce, Sulzer. — Wye, 1901 and 1907, on peaches and
nectarines, not seen since.

M. ribis, Linnaeus. — Common all over the county on red currants
and on gooseberries. Often very harmful.

Genus Ehopalosiphum, Koch.

Bliopalosiphum ribis, Linn. — Common on red and black currants,
but mostly on the former in all parts of the county, June and July.
I do not think that the red blisters on the leaves are caused by this
aphis at all.

B. lactuccB, Kaltenbach. — Paddock Wood, Wye, Sellinge, Lin-
ton, Swanley, Sevenoaks, Dover, Ash. This species occurs on
sow-thistle and lettuce, and appears to be the same as the former
species.

B. nymi^hcBce, Linnaeus. — I saw this on some yellow water-lilies
on the military canal near Hythe in 1899, but have failed to find
it since.

B. ligustri Kaltenbach. — Wye, August, 1901 and 1905, and Chil-
ham, 1904, on privet in small numbers.

B. dianthi, Schrank ? — I am not sure of the species, but it is
apparently the common turnip aphis, and has occurred all over
the county.

Genus Melanoxanthus, Buckton.

Melanoxanthns salicis, Linnaeus. — This large and beautiful aphis
I have found in abundance at Wye in osier-beds, where it does con-
siderable damage some years, often occurring in enormous colonies.

Genus Siphocoryne, Passerini.
Sipliocoryne caprea, Fabricius. — Wye, June and July, 1901 to
1907, abundant on various Salix, most so on the goat willow ; Chil-
ham, 1900 ; Woodchurch, 1899.

Genus Aphis, Linnaeus.

Ajjhis hrassiccB, Linngeus. — Scattered all over the county, appear-
ing mostly in late July and August, and often doing much harm.

A. cratcBgi, Kaltenbach. — Wye, Chilham, Whitstable, Canterbury,
Linton, Dartford, Tonbridge, Sellinge, often abundant on the haw-
thorn hedges.

A. carotcB, Koch. — Wye, Paddock Wood, Canterbury, Horsmon-
den. On the roots and leaves of carrots. Walker's A. subterranca
is evidently the same.

A. grossularicB, Kaltenbach. — Maidstone, Wye, Sellinge, Faver-
sham, Swanley, Orpington, Canterbury. Common on gooseberries
and red currants, doing much harm.

A. viali, Fabricius.— A common pest in all Kent orchards.

A. fitchii, Sanderson. — Wye, Orpington, Swanley, Linton, Dart-
ford, Newington, Sellinge, Hythe, &c. Common on apple; probably
occurs everywhere.

PRELIMINARY IJST OF APHIDID^. FOUND IN KENT. 19

A. i^yraria, Kaltenbach. — Wye, very common and harmful in my
garden.

A. cucurbiti, Buckton. — Wye, on marrows in August, 1910.

A. sorbi, Kaltenbach. — Common in most districts, but espe-
cially so in the Harden area on apples, where it does much harm.
Also on hawthorn. The red blistered and rolled leaves are most
marked.

A. 'pruni Reaumur. — Common all over the county and often doing
much harm to plums. I am almost certain this species also migrates
to the hop.

A. heeler (B, Kaltenbach. — Occurs annually on ivy in my garden at
Wye from July to September, and then disappears as a winged brood,
first seen, 1901 ; Blackheath, June, 1906.

A. rumicis, Linnaeus. — On docks and thistles all over the county.
It is undoubtedly one form of the destructive bean aphis or black
fly, A.fabce, KirlDy & Spence.

A. atriplicis, Linnaeus. — Wye and Stour Valley in 1904. It
occurred in vast swarms in July, and settled on hops, leeks, onions,
beet, wild chenopodia, mangolds, cabbage, dahlias, &c., coating the
leaves with masses of winged females, which at once produced living
young. Soon after a fungoid disease swept them all off, but not
before great damage was done. I have not seen the species since.

A. pajjaveris, Fabricius. — -Wye, June and July. I have found
this twice in my garden. One of the two dull olive-green aphides
found in July, August, and September on asparagus is clearly the
same.

A. sambuci, Linnasus. — Swanley, 1904, swarming on elder trees.

A. cardui, Linnaeus. — Wye, Crundale, Sellinge, in August, on
thistles.

A. sambucaria, Passerini.— Wye, 1900, 1901, 1907; Swanley, 1905.
June and July, and then disappears. Forms dense black masses on
the top shoots of the elder trees.

A. ciraimfiexa, Buckton. — -Lee, June, 1906, on salvias.

A. pyri, Boyer de Fonscolombe. — Wye, July, 1908 ; curling the
leaves of pears and changing them to pale yellow^ or pale rich red.

Genus Hyalopterus, Koch.
Hyalopterus pruni, Fabricius. — Wye and district, Linton, Dartford.
Probably all over the county. Undoubtedly the same as H. arundinis,
Fabricius. I have followed the leaving of the latter from reeds
(Juncus) and rushes [Arundo) to the plums. Mr. Willcocks tells me
the same happens in Cairo. Quite harmful to plums in Worcester
and Herefordshire and at Wye in 1903 and 1905.

Genus Caitophorus, Koch.
Caitopliorus aceris, Linnaeus. — Wye, 1905 to present year, in
abundance on sycamore in all stages. Seems to do but little harm
even when swarming beneath the leaves.

Genus Pterocomma, Buckton.
Pterocomma pilosa, Buckton. — Wye, with MelanoxantJius salicis

c2

20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

in small numbers; Eynsford, 1898, on weeping willows ; Canterbm-y,
1897, Ac.

Genus Callipterus, Koch.
Callipterus coryli, Goetze. — Wye, Linton, June to October, on
hazel and on cultivated cob and filbert nuts.

Genus Pterocallis, Passerini.

Pterocallis juglandicola, Kaltenbach. — Wye, on walnuts, in 1894.
Not seen since.

P. tilicB, Linnaeus. — Wye, Ashford, Canterbury, Tunbridge Wells,
Ramsgate. Frequently in enormous numbers on limes.

Genus Psyllaphis, Koch.
Psyllaphis fagi, Linnaeus. — Wye, Kennington, Canterbury, Linton,
on copper beech and common beech ; sometimes harmful.

Genus Ptychodes, Buckton.
Ptijchodes jnglcmdis, Finch. — Wye, in 1897, 1901, and 1907, on
the upper surface of walnut leaves in swarms, but doing no apparent
damage. One colony found in August, 1910.

Genus Lachnus, lUiger.

Lachmis iiinicoUis, Kaltenbach. — Kennington, in 1904, East
Peckham, on Scotch fir, 1906, July.

L. viminalis, Boyer de Fonscolombe. — Wye, in profusion in my
garden and along railway on various Salix in 1904 ; some colonies
eight inches long.

L. picece, Walker. — Wye, Kennington, 1901 and 1906, both years
in July, and after August 7th in 1901, and August 20th, 1906, they
all disappeared. On the silver fir and the spruce.

Genus Trama, Heyden.
Trama troglodytes, Heyden. — Wye, on the roots of sow-thistle
and on lettuce, often common.

SCHIZONEURIN^.
Genus Schizoneura, Hartig.

SchizDiieiira lanigera, Hausman. — All over the county on apple,
both root and stem forms occurring and doing much harm. Occa-
sionally found on the pear and on wild crabs.

S. fttliginosa, Buckton. — Wye, in Olantigh Gardens, in 1908, in
numbers on Pinus sylvestris from June to September. Not seen
since.

S. ulmi, Linnaeus. — Wye, Canterbury, Bearstead, Maidstone,
Ashford, on elms.

S. fodiens, Buckton. — Wye, Bearstead, Swanley, Canterbury,
Tenterden, Paddock Wood, Faversham, Maidstone, Longfield (1908).
Common on currant roots. Buckton's S. fodiens on currant roots is
one form of the leaf -curling elm ScJiizoneura mentioned above.

PRELIMINARY LIST OF APHIDID^ FOUND IN KENT. 21

S. lanuginosa, Hartig. — -Wye, Chartham, Ulcombe, Swanley, Ash-
ford, Hothiield, Davtford, Canterbury, Petham. The large galls they
form are often very abundant on the elms.

PEMPHIGIN^.

Genus Pemphigus, Hartig.

Pemphigus hursarius, Hartig. — Wye, Ulcombe, Ashford, Sitting-
bourne, on poplars. The galls are often very numerous.

P. sinrothecce, Koch.— Wye, 1901, 1907 to 1910, on poplars.

P. lactuarius, Passerini. — Wye, Paddock Wood, on roots of weeds
and lettuce.

Genus Tetraneura, Hartig.

Tetraneura nlmi, De Geer. — Old Eomney, 1879 (Buckton) ; Bear-
stead, 1905 ; Wye, 1901 to 1910 ; very abundant and doing much
harm to young elms, many killed by it. Some galls reached over
one inch in length.

CHEEMESINiE.
Genus Chermes, Linnaeus.

Chermes corticalis, Kaltenbach. — Wye, on Scotch fir ; Chartham
and Hothfield.

C. abietis, Linnaeus. — Common all over the county on spruce.

C. laricis, Hartig. — This form of the former is generally common
on larch all over the county.

C. pini, Koch. — Wye, on Pinus sylvestris ; Hothfield, 1900,

C. strohilobius. — Wye, common on spruce ; Hothfield ; Milton
Chapel ; Sevenoaks ; Tonbridge ; x\ppledore.

Genus Phylloxera, Boyer de Fonscolombe.
Phylloxera quercus, Boyer de Fonscolombe. — Bearstead, 1906,
smothering a small oak near railway station ; Hastingleigh, on two
small oaks, evidently very destructive ; Wye, on two young oaks in
a plantation, both killed by them.

imiZOBIINiE.
Genus Forda, Heyden.
Forcla foiinicaria, Heyden. — Beckenham (Lord Avebury in
Buckton).

Genus Tychea, Passerini.
Tychca trivialis, Passerini. — Beckenham (from Buckton).
T. setiUosa, Passerini. — Beckenham (Lord Avebury).
T. setaria, Passerini. — Beckenham (Lord Avebury in Buckton).
T. eragrostidis, Buckton. — Beckenham (Lord Avebury in Buckton).

Genus Endeis, Koch.
Endeis pellucida, Buckton. — Beckenham (Loi'd Avebury in
Buckton).

E. carnosa, Buckton. — Beckenham (Buckton).

22 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

EHYNCHOTA INDICA (HETEROPTERA).
By W. L. Distant.

With vol. v. of my Rhynchotal portion of the ' Fauna of
British India,' the Heteroptera, so far as that publication is
concerned, must be considered as a completed subject. Fresh
material, however, continues to reach my hands, and, as the
Editor of this Magazine has offered me the hospitality of his
pages, I propose from time to time to continue the description
and enumeration of such species as have not previously been
included in the fauna.

The Homoptera will be supplemented in another volume of
the original work.

Fam. PENTATOMID^.

Mliomorpha jietcheri, sp. n.

$ . Body and legs pale brownish-ochraceous ; head punctate,
the lateral margins strongly sinuate, central lobe prominent, de-
pressed at apex ; antennae ochraceous, the second and third joints
infuscate, first joint short, not reaching apex of head, second very
short and subobsolete, third slightly longer than either fourth or
fifth, which are subequal in length ; pronotum granulose, more dis-
tinctly so on basal half, a central narrow levigate hne, the lateral
margins sinuate, the lateral angles subprominent and broadly sub-
acute ; scutellum more or less wrinkled and finely punctate, a small
pale levigate spot near each basal angle; corium thickly finely punc-
tate, inner margin at apical area of scutellum narrowly blackish ;
membrane hyaline, distinctly passing abdominal apex ; connexivum
ochraceous with large segmental brownish spots ; lateral areas of
sternum and abdomen beneath thickly punctate ; rostrum reaching
posterior coxae, its apex black. Long, i millim.

Hob. Ceylon ; Hambantota (Bainbrigge Fletcher— Brit.
Mus.).

This is the second species of the genus at present described
from Britisii India.

Hahjomorpha illuminata, sp. n.

Ochraceous, more or less punctured with olivaceous-green or
fuscous ; head thickly olivaceously punctate, the margins moderately
reflexed, the apex subtruncate, lateral lobes very slightly longer than
the central lobe ; antennae blackish, basal joint ochraceous with an
outer black line, first joint almost but not quite reaching apex of
head, second shorter than third, third and fourth subequal in length,
fifth a little longest with the base ochraceous ; pronotum ochraceous,
thickly olivaceously punctate, excepting a discal transverse ochraceous
area between but not reaching the latei-al angles, this area is almost
impunctate, but usually contains two maculate chisters of dark punc-
tures, extreme margins narrowly ochraceous, lateral angles sub-

KHYNCHOTA INDICA (hETEROPTEKa). 23

prominent and broadly subangulate, lateral margins slightly reflexed ;
scutellum thickly darkly punctate, a levigate ochraceous spot at
eacli basal angle, the apex stramineous with concolorous punctures ;
corium thickly but more finely darkly punctate ; meml^rane passing
the abdominal apex, pale fuliginous but reflecting the dark abdomen
beneath ; body beneath and legs pale ochraceous ; two spots on each
side of pro- and mesosterna, one on each side of metasternum, abdo-
minal spiracles and elongate spots on lateral margins, spots on apical
areas of femora, apical third of anterior tibiae, and apices of tarsi,
black. Long. 14 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 8 millim.

Ilab. Travancore (G. S. Imray — Brit. Mus.)-

Scylax porrectus, Dist., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1887, p. 345,
pi. xii. f. 7 ; id., Faun. Brit. Ind. Ehynch. i. p. 161, f. 97 (1902).

Since describing and figuring this species I have received, by
the kindness of Dr. Montandon, a male specimen from Kurseong,
Bengal.

<y . Smaller than female, the lateral lobes of the head somewhat
widely separated before the apex of the central lobe as in the female ;
anal segment in male somewhat longiy produced, on each side in
a robust curved spine, these spines are laterally very broad, and
are provided beneath, near base, with a small tooth [projecting in-
wardly.

This effectually disposes of the contention of Breddin (Wien.
Ent. Zeit. xxvi. p. 93 (1907) ), repeated by Kirkaldy (Cat. Hem.
(Heteropt.) i. p. 371, 1909), that S. porrectus, Dist., and S.
macrinus, Dist., were the sexes of one species. As both these
species were figured (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1887, pi. xii.
figs. 7 and 9), where they can both be seen to be female speci-
mens, the suggestion always appeared to me to be bizarre, but
until I received the male of porrectus the refutation could there-
fore well be deferred.

Compastes taurus, sp. n.

Body above castaneous-brown ; apex of scutellum, body beneath,
and legs ochraceous ; head coarsely darkly punctate, the lateral lobes
divergent at their apices, lateral margins slightly sinuate, apex
broadly rounded ; antennae with the first and second joints ochra-
ceous, mottled with brownish, third black, ochraceous at base (re-
mainder mutilated in type), first joint not reaching apex of head, second
slightly shorter than third ; pronotum coarsely darkly punctate, the
lateral angles broad, short, a little dii'ected upwardly and forwardly,
their apices trisinuate, the anterior and posterior angles subacute,
the lateral pronotal margins sparingly dentate, an obscure central
pale levigate line, and between the lateral angles transversely sub-
rugulose ; scutellum more finely punctate and transversely wrinkled,
the basal area moderately elevated ; corium thickly, somewhat finely
punctate ; membrane bronzy brown, a little passing the abdominal
apex, an obscure ochraceous spot at the outer basal angle ; sternum

24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

blackly punctate, orificial areas broadly blackish ; abdomen beneath
finely mottled with pale brownish, spiracles and linear marginal spots
black ; legs finely mottled with brownish ; rostrum reaching the pos-
terior coxae, its apex black ; mesosternum centrally sulcate. Long.
? 17 mm. Exp. pronot. angl. 11 millim.

Hah. Bengal ; Kurseong.

The comparatively short, apically tricarinate lateral angles
of the pronotum will distinguish this species. I received it
through Dr. Montandon.

Prionaca nigrescens, sp. n.

Black, more or less mottled with ochraceous ; head punctate,
transversely wrinkled, with fine more or less distinct longitudinal
carinate lines, the most prominent at the middle of the central lobe,
the apex rounded, the lateral lobes very slightly longer than the
central lobe and cleft at their apices ; antenna3 black, first joint
not reaching apex of head, second longest, third and fourth subequal,
the latter ochraceous at base ; pronotum coarsely punctate and rugu-
lose with scattered ochraceous mottlings, a central ochraceous line
not reaching base, on each side of which is a levigate ochraceous
spot, lateral angles robust, somewhat strongly, laterally, and a little
upwardly produced, their apices shortly acute, their margins serrate,
lateral pronotal margins shortly obtusely dentate ; scutellum thickly
punctate, three levigate ochraceous spots at base, one at each basal
angle and the third central, the lateral and apical margins very nar-
rowly and obscurely dull ochraceous ; corium thickly punctate, a
somewhat large irregular impunctate ochraceous spot a little behind
middle of disk ; membrane pale bronzy brown ; connexivum pale
testaceous, spotted with black ; sternum black, greyishly tomentose,
finely punctate ; abdomen dull ochraceous, the spiracles and lateral
marginal spots black ; coxae and femora ochraceous, apical areas of
femora, and the whole of the tibiae and tarsi, black ; rostrum just
reaching the posterior coxae, its apex black ; abdominal spine not
extending beyond the posterior coxtc ; sternum distinctly centrally
sulcate. Long. 3- S)h, $ lOi milhm. Exp. pronot. angl. g 7,
? 8 milhm.

Hah. Bengal ; Kurseong.

For the possession of this species I have to thank my friend
Dr. Montandon.

Fam. BEEYTID^.
Genus Taprobanus, nov.

Body long and narrow ; posterior femora passing apex of abdo-
men ; hemelytra shorter than abdomen ; head longer than broad,
deflected and narrowed anteriorly, moderately globose ; ocelli at a
short distance from base, nearer lateral margins than to each other ;
eyes about midway between base and apex ; antennas with the first
joint longest, a little shorter than the body, its apex shghtly incras-
sated, second a little longer than third, fourth short and moderately
incrassated ; pronotum about one and a half times as long as head,

RIIYNCHOTA INDICA (HETEROPTERa).

25

distinctly transversely impressed and narrowed at about one-third
from anterior margin, remaining two-thirds moderately convex and
distinctly declivous from base, the lateral margins a little rounded,
basal margin truncate, anterior margin moderately convex ; scutellum
longer than broad ; hemelytra extending to about the base of the
penultimate abdominal segment ; rostrum reaching the posterior
coxcB, basal joint stoutest and reaching middle of head, legs long and
slender, femora incrassated at apices, anterior legs with the tibiae as
long as femora, intermediate and posterior legs with the tibiee dis-
tinctly longer than femora.

Tajjrohanus gravelyi, sp. n.

Shining ochraceous ; apical joint of antennae black, its apex
white ; head smooth, glabrous ; eyes black ; pronotum thickly coarsely
punctate, the anterior area elevated, depressed interiorly, a little
nodulose at middle of anterior margin, basal margin narrowly lami-

TaPKOBANUS GltAVELYI.

nate ; hemelytra pale ochraceous, the corium a little darker ; femora
finely spotted with black, the incrassated apices pale testaceous, tibiae
and tarsi fuscous. Long. 7 millim.

Hab. Ceylon; Peradeniya (F. H. Gravely).

Capys malacaipus (Faun. B. I. Ehynch. vol. iv. p. 490).
Capyella horni, Bredd. Deutsch. Ent. Zeitscbr. 1907, p. 37.

26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

NEW SPECIES OF HEMITHEINiE (GEOMETEIN.E, Auctt.).
By Louis B. Pkout.

Agathia dimota, Prout, nov. sp.

2 . 42 mm. Structure and coloration of insina, But!., &c. ;
abdomen not appreciably crested, dorsally red-brown, with quite
indistinct pale spots. Fore wang wath the red-brown markings
arranged as follows : — basal patch obhquely bounded, broadening
costad ; median band consisting of three large, well-separated spots,
the middle (between M^ and M"-^) elongate distad, and scarcely enter-
ing the cell, hence appearing more out of alignment than in the
other known forms, the inner-marginal spot trilobed, a rounded lobe
standing between SM- and the fold, a rounded (proximal) and a
smaller, less regular (distal) one between SM^ and inner margin ;
sub-apical band consisting of an irregular blotch from the costal
shade to R^, and a second one from W, joining the terminal shade
below M^ ; terminal shade irregular in width, narrowing to a fine
line about R^ forming two rather large triangles on R^ and R^ and
extending rather broadly along inner margin to a distance of about
4 mm. from tornus. Hind wing, with the red-brown markings
normally formed. Under side with the markings similar, but some-
what weaker and reduced in extent.
Fiji. Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

Anisozyga* vagilinea, Prout, nov. sp.
? . 40 mm. Face and occiput green ; vertex white. Palpus
rather slender, less long than in typical Anisozyga, hardly over 1|,
green, beneath white. Antenna on its dorsal (scaled) area white
proximally, green distally. Thorax and abdomen green above, white
beneath, abdomen with w^hite anal end and white dorsal dots.
Fore wing longer and narrower, and hind wing with costa longer than
in typical Anisozyga. Colour rich deep bluish green, costa of fore
wing pure white, lines yellow, very slender. Fore wing with ante-
median line from costa near base to inner margin just beyond one-
third, very oblique outwards, forming a tooth outwards in lower half
of cell, broadly outcurved in submedian area, and again oblique out-
wards to inner margin ; postraedian line from costa at three-fourths,
dentate and zigzag, approaching termen at R'' and M\ and to a less
extent at M^, then running basad for some distance along that vein
and sharply bent to run to inner margin at nearly three-fourths ;
termen with conspicuous pure white dots which extend into the
fringe ; fringe mostly dark grey, varied with reddish at tornus.
Hind wing similar. Under side uniformly very pale green.

Fak-Fak, Dutch New Guinea, December, 1907 (A. E. Pratt).
Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

Very close to Anisozyga exililinca, Warr., Nov. Zool. xiii. 89
{Rhomhorista), differing in the possession of a white dot at the

-■■• Anisosyga (Turn., MS.), Prout, nov. nom. — Anisogamia, Warr., Nov.
Zool. iii. 286, nee Saussure, 1893.

NEW SPECIES OF HEMITHEIN.E. 27

base of fore wing, in the quite different inner line of both wings
(strongly outcurved in submedian area) and especially in the
shorter palpus. Both species are aberrant in shape and in
having DC^ of the hind wing not very obhque.

Rhoinhorista inegaspilarla gibhosa, Prout, nov. subsp.

Like Guenee's type form except in the shape of the wings ; fore
wing with termen strongly bulged in middle, very oblique below,
tornus sometimes considerably cut away ; hind wing somewhat
narrower than in the type.

Fak-Fak, Dutch New Guinea, 1700 ft., December, 1907.
Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

Thalassodes eumixis, Prout, nov. sp.

S- . 40-43 mm. Extremely like Th. albifusa, Warr. Nov. Zool.
iii. 293, of which I at first regarded it as a local race ; but as I have
learned that albifusa also occurs at Fak-Fak, I believe it will prove
a separate species. Differs in its usually larger size ■■'' and restriction
of the white markings ; head nearly all green, only very narrowhj
white between the antennae ; antennal shaft with less white than in
albifusa ; wings with the white markings narrowed and a good deal
dusted wuth green.

Fak-Fak, Dutch New Guinea, 1700 ft., December, 1907
(A. E. Pratt). Type and two other males in coll. L. B. Prout;
others seen. Also from British New Guinea.

Thalassodes intei'albata, Prout, nov. sp.

c? . 45 mm. Sbape and structure normal, palpus with third
joint quite moderate, hind tibia dilated with hair-pencil, termen of
hind wing with elbow moderately pronounced. Face green ; vertex
and occiput white; palpus green, white beneath. Antenna ochreous,
proximally white-scaled. Thorax and abdomen green above, white
beneath. Fore leg ochreous, other legs whitish. Wings of the same
green as Th. albifusa ; fore wing with two broad white bands which
are coarsely speckled with green in places, especially at their
boundaries, hence rather ill-defined; the antemedian band from near
base, reaching on costa to nearly one-fourth, on inner margin to
nearly one-third ; the postmedian occupying about one-half of the
terminal third of wing, shading off' into green (white-speckled)
costally and distally ; fringe concolorous with termen ; no cell-spot.
Hind wing with similar white bands ; the first occupying the cell
and approximately the inner-marginal one-third of wing, the margin
itself narrowly green ; second band continuing the postmedian of
fore wing, running near the distal margin and terminating at E^ ;
fringe as in fore wing ; no cell-spot. Under side similar, but much
paler.

Fak-Fak, Dutch New Guinea, 1700 ft., January to February,
1908 (A. E. Pratt). Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

•■= I have seen one undersized example, no larger than average albifusa.

28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Closely related to Th. olbifusa, Warr., differing chiefly in the
broader white bands and absence of discal spots.

Anthnrmostcs (?) Innatimargo, Prout, nov. sp.

<? . 82 mm. Face reddish mixed with fuscous (abraded), vertex
narrowly pale ochreous brow'n, occiput, palpus and shaft of antenna
red-brown. Thorax and base of abdomen dorsally concolorous with
wings, dorsum of abdomen otherwise reddish brow^i mixed wath pale
ochreous brown ; thorax and abdomen beneath pale ochreous brown ;
fore leg mixed with reddish. Wings blue-green, without lines ; fore
wing with costal margin red-brow^n, coarsely and irregularly marked
with fuscous, becoming pale ochreous brown against SC ; both
wings with the termen narrowly of the same red-brown colour,
preceded by a thick, lunulate pale "line, and this again by an extremely
line dark line ; terminal line fine, dark ; fringe pale ochreous slightly
marked with reddish. Under side very pale, dirty greenish, the
margins with suggestions of the ornamentation of upper surface.

Near Baringa, Liilongo Eiver, Congo, long. 21° E. (Rev.
E. Cartwright). Type in coll. L. B. Prout, kindly presented by
Mr. G. R. Baldock, F.E.S. A female from Lagos, July 80th,
1906 (G. L. Boag), much smaller and in inferior condition, in
coll. Brit. Mus.

Will almost certainly require separating generically from
Antharmostes, in spite of superficial resemblance; palpus in
both sexes more slender, in male shorter, in female with third
joint elongate, exposed ; fore wing with E^ short-stalked with all
five subcostals ; hind wing with the angle at B^ very slight, not
produced into a tail ; both wings with DC^ very oblique below,
as in Agraptochlora, &e. ; female antenna pectinate.

Gelasma fuscifimhria, Prout, nov. sp.

(J . 44 mm. Face and palpus black, palpus light beneath ;
vertex and basal part of antennal shaft wdiitish, pectinations brownish
grey, extreme back of head, with thorax dorsally, greenish grey (slightly
discoloured), abdomen grey. Legs pale, fore leg fuscous-marked
above. Wings glaucous grey, scarcely greenish, not iridescent.
Fore wing with the lines pale, rather indistinct ; antemedian slender,
waved, from nearly one-fourth costa to one-third inner margin, very
faintly dark-shaded distally ; postmedian from nearly two-thirds
costa to tw^o-thirds inner margin, lunulate-dentate (the teeth pointing
outwards on veins, the deepest lunule between M^ and SM^), very
faintly dark-shaded proximally ; an indistinct elongate, slightly
curved, dark cell-mark ; fringe concolorous distally, slightly darker
proximally. Hind wing similar, without the antemedian line.
Under side uniform dirty whitish, the fringes fuscous.

Khasis. Type in coll. L. B. Prout. Three females (some-
what smaller) in coll. Swinhoe.

Bather near G. suhlustris, Warr., Nov. Zool. vi. 24, but
larger and greyer, lines less clear white, discal marks dark, not

NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 29

whitish ; also in structure, the third palpal joint is less long
and slender than in the male of that species.

Seems to have been confounded with glaucaria, Walk., from
which the larger size, somewhat darker colour, blackish palpus
and dark fringe beneath readily distinguish it.

NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

(Continued from vol. xliii. p. 349.)

Perizoma taiwana, sp. n.

Fore wings with a blackish basal patch and medial band, outer
edge of the former and the inner of the latter white, space between
patch and band ochreous brown clouded with darker brown ; the
black outer edge of medial band is slightly angled near costa, and
bidentate at middle, followed by a narrow white band outwardly
tinged with ochreous brown ; the area beyond is brownish, with a
large irrorated white spot between veins three and five, some black
bars above the spot and some black scales below it ; submarginal line
formed of white dots, more or less connected towards the costa ;
fringes pale brown, marked with darker. Hind wings whitish,
fuscous tinged.

Expanse, 26 millim.

Collection number, 824.

A female specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), September 15th,
190(3.

Perizoma simulata, sp. n.

(? . Fore wings whitish, flecked with pale brownish; basal patch
and medial band blackish brown, the middle of the latter strongly
bidentate ; apical fourth of costa blackish ; submarginal line repre-
sented by five white dots towards the costa, the fourth preceded by a
blackish bar ; a blackish discal mark ; fringes chequered with blackish
brown. Hind wings whitish, outer margin fuscous tinged. Under
side of the fore wings fuscous, ochreous tinged ; the markings of
upper side faintly showing, the five submarginal spots clearly de-
fined ; of the hind wings pale fuscous, mottled with darker ; a black
discal spot, a whitish postmedial line, and a submarginal series of
white dots.

Expanse, 19 millim.

Collection number, 827.

One male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), September 26th,
1906.

Allied to P. decorata, Moore, from Sikkim. Some specimens,
also from Sikkim, in the British Museum Collection, seem to be
identical with the Formosan insect now described.

30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Anisodcs taiwana, sp. n.

$ . Whitish ochreous, irrorated with ochreous brown. Fore
wings have four purpHsh transverse hnes ; the first hne wavy, indis-
tinct; the second hne shghtly angled and indistinct above the darker
discoidal mark ; the third Hne dentate, appearing to terminate in a
purphsh cloud about the middle of the wing ; the fourth line slender,
wavy, dotted with black ; a purplish loop from fourth line, between
veins five to six on the outer marginal area ; black marginal dots at
the ends of the veins. Hind wings have four lines somewhat similar
to those of fore wings, but the first is even less distinct ; outer mar-
gin dotted with black.

Expanse, 30 millim.

Collection number, 869.

A male specimen from Kansbirei (1000 ft.), April 28th, 1908.

Nearly allied to A. heydena, Swinboe.

Callerinnys riLfolimhata , sp, n.

Orange-yellow, sprinkled with brown scales; outer area of all
wings, beyond the dark brown postmedial line, purplish brown,
enclosing a patch of the ground colour. Fore wings have a black
discal dot ; antemedial line dark brown, curved, indented near costa
and again towards inner margin ; on the hind wings the antemedial
line is angled near costa and at middle. Fringes orange-yellow,
chequered with brown.

Expanse, 3 28 millim., $ 32 millim.

Collection number, 637.

A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), August 20th,
1905, and a female from Suisha Taisar (3000-4000 ft. ?),
July 13th, 1908.

There are two examples of this species from Ceylon and one
from the Andamans in the British Museum.

Thyatira albipuncta, sj). n.

Head and thorax brown, collar and crest tipped with chestnut.
Fore wings brown shaded with darker ; a pinkish brown patch on
basal fourth of costal area, enclosing a brown linear spot on the
costa; a conspicuous white subbasal spot below the median nervure ;
stigmata slightly darker but not distinct ; antemedial line blackish,
wavy, indented below costa, inwardly edged with whitish ; post-
medial line black, double, enclosing a white thread, originating in a
pinkish brown patch on the costa, outwardly edged with red from
vein three to dorsum ; three or four other wavy, dusky lines between
the ante- and postmedial lines, all most distinct on the costa ; sub-
terminal line whitish, marked and interrupted with blackish, wavy ;
an oblique whitish cloud from apex to postmedial line ; venation
barred with chestnut on outer margin, each bar terminating in a
black V on the margin. Hind wings dark fuscous.

Expanse, 40 millim.

Collection number, 917.

NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCEEA FROM FORMOSA. 3l

The type— a male from Formosa— is in the British Museum
Collection. I have two specimens from Arizan (7000 ft.), taken
in July, 1909.

Trisiiloides suhflava, sp. n.

(^ . Head and collar white, the latter edged in front and spotted
with black ; thorax brownish mixed with white ; abdomen yellowish
towards base, remainder greyish, dorsal tufts blackish. Fore wings
blackish grey, sprinkled with white and tinged with brown on the
outer margin ; a white patch at base enclosing short black basal and
interrupted subbasal lines ; a small white spot in the cell, and a
larger one at end of cell, the latter enclosing a black grey mark,
extends to postmedial line ; antemedial line black, preceded by a
black mark on the costa, deeply indented about middle and again
before the inner margin ; postmedial line black, sharply angled below
costa, curved beyond cell, and obtusely angled before the inner mar-
gin ; submarginal hue black, irregularly serrate, foHowed by some
small white spots ; marginal line whitish, wavy. Hind wings yellow,
outer margin narrowly browiiish. Under side yellow, outer margin
broadly dusky limited by blackish lines ; fore wings have a blackish
cloud at end of the cell, and a dusky shade below ; hind wings have
the median third whitish from the costa to vein three.

Expanse, 55 millim.

Collection number, 1769.

One male specimen from Eautaizan (7500 ft.), May 14th, 1909.

There are unnamed specimens from Omeishan, China, and
Khasia, in the British Museum.

Deilemera albofasciatci, sp.n.

? . Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow marked with black, as in
D. arctata, Walk. Fore wings blackish grey ; a white longitudinal
line from the base under median nervure, the outer end squared,
a blackish dot on it near base ; a white, obhque postmedial band, the
inner edge indented deeply, between veins two and three, the outer
edge dentate ; a blackish grey mark on the band between veins five
and six ; white marginal spots at ends of the veins, the fourth and
fifth larger, connected with postmedial band by white scales along
veins three and four. Hind wings white, with eight black spots on
outer margin, sixth and eighth largest ; fringes white, marked with
black between veins four and five.

Expanse, 54 millim.

The type — a female— from Kagi district (7000 ft.), Formosa,
in the British Museum Collection.

Deilemera fractifascia, sp. n.
Head white, a black spot on crown ; thorax white with ten black
spots ; abdomen white spotted with black on the anterior segments,
and banded with black on the posterior segments. Fore wings greyish
brown ; a short white streak from base under median nervure, en-
closing a spot of the ground colour near base ; two white marks on
the costa, one near base, the other at about one-fourth from base ; a

32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

postmedial series of five white spots, the fourth much smaller than
the others; a white dot just below origin of vein two, and another
just above middle of the inner margin ; an elongate white spot above
the inner angle, and a white subapical dot. Hind wings white,
a rather broad greyish brown border on outer margin, in which are
two white spots — one at middle and the other towards costa.
Expanse, 52 millim.

Collection number, 1216.

One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), May 2nd, 1908;
another example of the same sex from Poppawnia, Suisha (3000-
4000 ft. ?), July 14th, 1908.

(To be continued.)

NOTES BY THE WAY.

We all have a soft spot in our heart for that curious little
book over which we spilt " treacle " years ago, 'The Butterfly
Collector's Vade Mecum ' ; but how few of us know aught of the
author ! Recently we were delighted to stumble across a short
notice of her under one of her poems in a somewhat rare book,
'The New Suffolk Garland,' compiled by John Glyde in 1866.
It runs thus: " L^titia Jermyn (1788-1848), second daughter
of George Jermyn, at an early age evinced a taste for poetry and
general literature, and her graceful writings appeared in many
periodicals of the day. She was born at Ipswich, October 8,
1788, and was married in 1830 to the Rev. James Ford, Fellow
of Trinity College, Oxon, and Vicar of Navestock, whose topo-
graphical and antiquarian researches she materially aided during
an engagement of twenty years, and to whose well-stored mind
he constantly referred in all his literary pursuits. Possessing
unusual conversational powers and sparkling wit, combined with
a lively manner and great personal attractions, she was an orna-
ment to the society in which she moved. Her love of nature
led her to the study of entomology. She published, in 1827,
* The Butterfly Collector's Vade Mecum,' dedicated to the Rev.
William Kirby. She was a good botanist, and a knowledge of
conchology also ranked among her many attainments. She
died at the Vicarage, Navestock, after a short illness, July 15,
1848." The English is shaky, but concise.

One is set wondering what percentage of the books upon
entomology never find notice in the periodical scientific litera-
ture of Britain by casually picking up in an hotel in Southwold
last September an odd copy of ' The Athenfeum,' and finding,
under the head of " Science," reviews of two United States books
upon ants. These are, ' Ant Communities and How they are

NOTES BY THE WAY. 33

Governed,' by H. Christopher McCook, published by Harper
Brothers, in which the learned doctor appears to regard the
constitutional monarchy of the queen ant as susceptible to
human laws and explanations as that of Portugal, though his
personal observations, and especially those in the Alleghany
Mountains, are of an unusually close nature. The other is
' Ants : their Structure, Development, and Behaviour,' by
William Norton Wheeler, published by the Columbia University
Press in New York ; and here we have egotistical wisdom — such
wisdom as would consign the knowledge of the Ven. William
Kirby in the Seventh Bridgewater Treatise "to the theological
dustiiiu " (they are well worth resuscitating), and refers to
" scholastic writers, like the Jesuit Wasman," whom he accuses
of allowing his views on instinct to be governed by a zeal to
" save one of the old Thomistic dogmas." Both books are
evidently worthy of perusal.

We hasten to congratulate Percy H. Grimshaw upon being
entrusted by Messrs. Lovell, Pieeve and Co. with the preparation
of a work upon the British Diptera, upon the lines of Canon
Fowler's 'Coleoptera of the British Isles' and others of the same
series, to run to some five volumes. We are informed that the
first volume will contain the Gecidomyidae, Mycetophilidte, Bibio-
nidae, Simuliidae, Chironomidae, &c., and that the author is
anxious to amass at once material for the first family from all
parts of the country — galls, larvae, and imagines — since the dis-
tribution of these interesting gnats is an important feature.
There certainly is room for a work of intermediate nature
between the beautiful and ponderous tomes emanating all too
slowly from the doyen of the Entomological Club, and the mere
analytical tables of Rev. W. J. Wingate, published by Williams
and Norgate in 1906, though most useful in their sphere. We
also learn that Mr. H. J. Charbonnier, of Shepton Mallet, is pre-
paring his collection of Diptera for generous presentation to the
Taunton Museum.

The other day we picked up for a song another link with a
bygone entomologist. This is the ' Bohemian Poems, Ancient
and Modern,' of A. H. Wratislaw, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of
Cbrist's College, Cambridge, well known to most corresponding
lepidopterists fifty years ago, who wrote upon "Entomology in
Suffolk " in the Trans. Sufi. Archa^olog. Soc. 1870, pp. 219-222,
and "Reminiscences of Entomology in Suffolk" in E. M. M.
1880, p. 86, &c. This volume shows him in a new light to us ;
that he was Head of Bury St. Edmunds School we knew, but that
he himself came of an old Bohemian family, of kindred race with
the Count Valerian Krasinski, to whom the volume is dedicated,
and attained such beauty of translated and original verse as is

ENTOM. — JANUAKY, 1911. D

34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

displayed in this book, published by J. W. Parker, West Strand,
in 1849, we had no idea.

We have just been enjoying the very capital cinematographic
Dytiscus and its larva, at the New Egyptian Hall, in Piccadilly.
The record of each movement is thrilling; and we hope the idea
may be extended to other orders of insects.

CM.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Unusual Pairing of Moths. — It may be of interest to record
the capture in the Norfolk Broads, on August 12th last, of a male
N. brevilinea paired with a female L. imimra. The female laid a nice
batch of ova in a reed stem, l)ut unfortunately tliese failed to hatch. —
E. Geoffrey Todd ; The Limes, Hadley Green, Barnet, December
16th, 1910.

Syntomis rubicunda. — This African moth was originally described
by Mabille in 1892 (Ann. Soc. Ent. France; Buh. p. cxxxix.), but
was redescribed and figured by Mabille aiad Vuillot in 1895. Hamp-
son, who examined the type, has treated it as a synonyn of S. leucery-
thra, Holland, 1893, being evidentlyaware only of the 1895 description.
The object of this note is to point out that rubicunda was really
published first, and is the valid name. — T. D. A. Cockerell.

Smerinthus ocellatus in the North Sea. — A friend has just
handed me a specimen of Smerinthus ocellatus which alighted, on
June 12th last, on a steamer in the North Sea, about one hundred
and fifty miles south-west of Esberg in Denmark. My friend tells
me that he kept it alive for two days on sugar and water, but it
was evidently too exhausted to recover. This appears to me to be
interesting as, so far as I know, the migratory instincts of this
species have been but little recorded. — A. H. Jones; Shrublands,
Eltham, December 9th, 1910.

CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.

Macaria liturata var. nigrofulvata in North Lancashire. —
I took a larva of this interesting variety from Scotch fir, in Low
Wood, Holker, September 12th, 1909. The moth emerged in June,
1910, and is identical with Cheshire (Delamere Forest) specimens. —
T. Baynes ; 70, Sunderland Terrace, Ulverston, N. Lancasliire.

Xylophasia zollikoperi in Britain, 1910. — I beg to record the
capture of a male specimen of X zoll/koferi at Methley on August
12th, 1910. It was shaken out of a bunch of withered leaves. I sent
it to G. T. Porritt, Esq., of Hudderstield, who has identified it for
me. He also informs me that it is in better condition than the other
three recorded British specimens he has seen. — John T. Wigin ;
Methley, Leeds, December 10th, 1910.

CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 35

Unrecorded occurrences of Vanessa antiopa. — As it is always
of interest to note the appearance of V. antiopa in this country,
owing to the migratory habits of this species, I place on record two
specimens (both of which I have lately added to my series of British
caught examples) that were captured by a lady in her garden, one at
Southchurch, Essex, in September, 1880, and the other in a conserva-
tory in her garden at Eayleigh, Essex, in August, 1901. Also Mr.
R. C. Banks informs me that on Septeml^er 1st, 1909, while shooting
with a friend near Abergavenny, Monmouthshire, they saw a fine
specimen of this buttei-fiy sunning itself on a gate post within two or
three feet of them.— F. W. Frohawk ; November, 1910.

Sirex gigas. — From time to time I see the capture of Sirex gigas
recorded in this journal ; it would seem, therefore, that the captors
consider it a rare insect in this country. I should like to remark
that in my experience I find it appears to be not only quite a
common species, but very widely distributed, as I have during many
years past received numbers for identification every year, from July
to October, from various localities throughout the British Isles, and
in many instances my correspondents remark on the number of
specimens met with. — -F. W. Frohawk ; November, 1910.

Captures at Light in Isle of Wight. — Poccilocampa i^opuli
and Asteroscopus sphinx (cassinea) are both common at lamps in the
island, this month. — G. Nobbs ; North Lodge, East Cowes, Isle of
Wight, December, 1910.

Notes prom Haslemere for 1910. — ^The first record in my note-
book worthy of mention is under the date of March 25th, when a
search of tree trunks and among the undergrowth of a copse yielded
Polyploca flavicornis, Xylocampa areola, Xylina ornithopus, Tcenio-
campa pulverulenta, Phigalia pedaria, and Tephrosia bistortata.
The lamps were visited with the usual results, the most noteworthy
feature during the latter part of March and the first week of April
being the great profusion of Amphidasys strataria. On several
nights between April 21st and May 12th good results were obtained
by searching for larvie among the sallows, birches, hazels, alders
and bilberry, the insects which emerged therefrom being : — Noctua
f estiva, June 12th, a nicely varied series ; Boarmia rcpandata, June
12th, very fine ; N. hrunnea, June 15th ; Aplecta nehulosa, June 18th
N. triangulum, June 18th; N. ditrapezium, June 22nd, a very fine and
varied lot, including one interesting variety, where the black mark-
ings are almost entirely absent, being merged in the ground colour of
the wings; Triphcena fimbria, July 4th, in great variety; N. baja,
July 7th; T. ianthina, July 7th; T. comes, July 15th, and sundry
parasitic flies of different kinds. On April 27th I found a very fine
female Saturnia pavonia sunning herself on the top of a tuft of
heather, and I was successful in taking a good number of males by
"assembling" with her. From May 10th onward Euchloe cardamines
was unusually plentiful, and the ova were to be found in great num-
bers on garlic mustard; from May 14th Cyaniris argiolus was out in
profusion, and the second brood appeared to be equally in evidence

d2

36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

both in Hampshire and in Cornwall where I happened to be in August.
On May 24th large numbers of Callophrys rubi were observed, and
I obtained a few ova on the 27th which were deposited on young
laburnum shoots. The resultant larvae emerged on June 4th, and
fed up very quickly on broom flowers (as far as I could see entirely
refusing to eat any leaves), and the majority had pupated by July
5th. On June 3rd I took a fine female Eustroma silaceata at a lamp
and she obliged with sixteen ova, all of which produced fine imagines.
The young larvae appeared on June 10th, began to pupate on July
3rd, and the imagines came out between July 21st and 27th. We
had a series of stormy nights between June 5th and 9th with wind
and thunder and lightning, l:)ut the lamps were swarming with moths
all the time, including Stauropus fagi, Drymonia trimacula, Notodonta
trepida, and other prominents, Demas coryli, Xylopkasia rurea, with
the variety comhusta, Dianthoncia carpophaga, and a fine series of
Enimelesia alhnlata, as well as swarms of common things. On June
10th a female Parasemia plantaginis was taken from long grass.
She deposited twenty-seven ova, and the resultant larvae fed up well
on plantain, though a few^ died off at each moult. The first pupa
appeai'ed on September 15th and produced an imago on October
26th. All the survivors had pupated by October 9th, except one,
which is still a small larva, and has curled up for the winter. Four
imagines have appeared up to date', the last one on November 18th.
On June 12th the lamps were swarming with moths, with Dasychira
■pudihunda and Gonodontis hidentaia predominating ; but Drepana
binaria, D. falcataria, Boannia consortaria, Eupitliecia oblongata,
Ghloroclystis rectangulata, Gidaria corylata, and others ^vere also
taken. On June 22nd, which was a windy day, though the sun was
shining brightly, a fine series of Canonympka pamphilus was netted,
the females being especially large.

Sugar, on the whole, was disappointing throughout the season,
but on June 27th Acronycta megacephala and Hadena genista were
taken, and on July 5th a nice series of Mania iypica. On July 8th,
a dark, damp night, Lithosia lurideola was taken from a lamp, and
on the 11th Hygrochroa syringaria, Gidaria picata, and G. associata,
with Acidalia virgularia on the 12th. On the 13th a fine specimen
of Limenitis sibylla was seen, but not captured, and an interesting
example of protective resemblance observed in a pair of young night-
jars, to a large stone on the ground. The mother was seen flying
around in an agitated manner, so we knew we must be too near her
young to please her ; but it was a long time before they could be
found. On July 16th a female Augiades sylvanus was seen ovi-
positing and a few ova were obtained as she left them. The larvae
therefrom came out on August 2nd, and went on feeding till about
the end of October, when they retired into their tents for the winter.
On July 20th Acronycta leporina was taken from a lamp. I was
away from home during August, and the next entry in my diary is
for September 5th when Tapinostola fitlva was taken from a lamp —
my first record for this insect in Haslemere. From September 17th
to October 1st I spent a good deal of time beating the birches, and
was rewarded with larvae of Pheosia dictcBoides, Notodonta drome-
dariiis, Lophopteryx camelina, GymatopJiora fluctuosa, Acronycta

SOCIETIES. 37

leporina, in fair numbers, as well as many Hylophila prasinana,
Drepana lacertinaria, Dasychira pudibunda, Phalera bucephala and
many geometers. On September 30th Gortyna fiavago was taken at
a lamp and deposited ova in the pill-box on the way home ; and on
October 27th a fair number of male Pmcilocavipa p)opuli were taken.

Thus it will be seen that during 1910 the lamps were unusually
productive and the sugar very disappointing ; and I regard the
sallow searching in the spring and the beating of the birches in the
autumn as my best work for the year. — F. A. Oldakee, M.A., F.E.S. ;
The Eed House, Haslemere, November 22nd, 1910.

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, November
IQth, 1910.— Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., President, in the
chair. — It was announced that the Council had nominated the follow-
ing Fellows to act as officers for 1911 : — President, Mr. J. W. Tutt ;
Treasurer, Mr. A. H. Jones ; Secretaries, Commander J. J. Walker,
M.A., E.N., F.L.S., and the Eev. G. Wheeler, M.A. ; Librarian, Mr.
G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., A.L.S. ; and as other members of the Council
Mr. E. Adkin, Professor T. Hudson Beare, B.Sc, F.E.S.E. ; Mr.
G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S. ; Dr. M. Burr, D.Sc, F.L.S., F.Z.S.;
Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S. ; Mr. J. H. Durrant; Professor
Selwyn Image, M.A. ; Dr. K. Jordan, Ph.D. ; Mr. A. Sich, Mr. J. E.
le B. Tomlin, M.A., and Mr. H. J. Turner. — The President having
stated that the Eoval Society were about to present the Darwin
Medal to Mr. Eoland Trimen, M.A., F.E.S., a Past-President of the
Society, it was agreed unanimously to convey to the recipient the
hearty congratulations of the Entomological Society of London. —
Dr. Geoffrey Douglas Hale Carpenter, M.A., M.B., Uganda Medical
Service, Uganda Protectorate ; Mr. William B. Gurney, Assistant,
Government Entomological Department of Agriculture, Sydney,
N.S.W. ; and Mr. J. C. Hawkshaw, Hollycombe, Liphook, Sussex,
were elected Fellows of the Society. — The Hon. N. C. Eothschild
brought for exhibition some examples of a rai'e Noctuid moth,
Oxytripia orbiculosa, Esp., collected by himself and Miss Sarolta von
Wertheimstein, at Puszta Peszer, in Hungary, during the first week of
October of this year, where examples of both sexes were secured. —
The exhibitor made some remarks on the curious habits of the moth,
illustrated by photographs of one of the sandy spots in the wood it
frequents, and recalled the adventurous history of its discovery and
re-discovery in Hungary. He also showed examples of two species
of flea, Gtenocephalus canis (dog-flea) and Gtenocephalus felis (cat-
flea), and stated that, though still frequently considered to be identical,
they were really quite distinct species. The exhibitor also remarked
that the two had been united by Dr. Taschenberg under the name of
serraticeps, a name which most certainly could not be retained. — Dr.
G. Nicholson showed the example of Lathrobium longipenne, Fairm.,
taken by him at Croydon, in May, 1910, of which a specimen was
exhibited by Commander J. J. Walker, at the last meeting of the

38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Society.— Professor T. Hudson Beare exhibited specimens of three
species of beetles, all taken abundantly by him at Nethy Bridge,
luverness-shire, during July and August, 1910, viz. Erirrhinus csthiops,
F., occurring in great abundance in a mere handful of iiood refuse on
the banks of the Eiver Spey ; Grioccphalus rusticus, taken in numbers
in the stumps of, and in small standing, Scots fir-trees on ground
swept over by a forest fire some few years ago (there was no doubt
that the larv£e had a preference for this burnt timber) ; and Zeiujo-
pliora turneri, Pow., beaten in great profusion from aspens growing
near Loch an-Eilan. — Mr. W. C. Crawley exhibited a colony of the ant
Lasius niger, which had accepted as queen a female of L. umhratus,
n 1908. Up to this autumn the only ants which had come to
maturity in the nest were pure L. niger, thus confirming Eeichen-
bach's experiments that L. niger hermaphrodites are able to produce
hermaphrodites parthenogenetically. In connection with this exhibit
Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe showed males, w'inged and wingless
females, and hermaphrodites of L. niger and L. umbratus for com-
parison. He remarked that Father Wasman had recorded umhratus
with niger, and that it is probable that L. umbratus female, being
unable to found her own nests, is a temporary social parasite on
niger. Mr. Donisthorpe also exhibited males, winged and wingless
females, and hermaphi-odites of L. fuliginosus, and pointed out that
it was now proved that the females -of this ant often founded their
colonies with umbratus. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited specimens of
Eueides pavana (Heliconidse), Actinote thalia (Acrseidge), and Dis-
morphia actinote from S. Brazil. Comment was made as to the very
close resemblance between the first two. The resemblance was
greatest on the under side, but the upper side also showed consider-
able convergence of colouring. The specimen of E. pavana exhibited
had been caught and papered by Mr. Kaye as an example of the
common Actinote thalia. The Dismorphia, while only a partial
approach to the Actinote on the upper side, was extremely close on
the under side, with the hind wing brouglit well over the fore wing
in an attitude of rest. — Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited aberrant
examples of Abraxas grossulariata ; he also showed an interesting
Lycana, suggested to be a natural hybrid between Agriades thetis
(bellargus) male x Polijommatus icarus female, taken wild near
Folkestone, the under side showing both thetis and icarus characte-
ristics, with those of icarus most pronounced, the upper side a fine
thetis colour with white fringes, the shape of wings being also
curious, rather suggesting A. coridon as being the male parent. — Mr.
G. T. Bethune-Baker, having examined this exhibit, gave it as his
opinion that the supposed hybrid was merely an aberrant form of
Polijommatus icarus. — Mr. Philip J. Barraud brought for exhibition
a case containing several series of a large form of Satyrus statilinus
from the Aurunci Mountains, Southern-Central Italy ; series of
Farnassius mnemosyne var. frilhstoferi, from Mount Petrella, Aurunci
Mountains, 9000 ft. ; series of Colias edusa and ab. helice, from
Formia ; very small specimen of Gonopteryx cleopatra, measuring
37 mm., from Formia ; and four examples of a large form of Pam-
phila comma from Southern-Central Italy. — Dr. T. A. Chapman, M.D.,
F.Z.S., read a paper "On the Early Stages of Latiorina [Lycana]

SOCIETIES.

39

orbitulus, Prun., an Amyrmecophelous Plebeiid Butterfly," and " On
the Larva of Orgyia splendida, Ebr. {dubia)." — Mr. Edward A. Cock-
ayne communicated " Notes on Insect Enemies in the Tropics, and
their Influence on Mimicry." — Professor Christopher AuriviUius,
Hon. F.B.S., communicated a paper entitled "New Genera and
Species of Striphnopterygidae, and Easiocampidse."

Wednesday, December 7th, 1910.— Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, M.A.,
Vice-President, in the chair.— Mr. R. Stewart McDougall, M.A.,
D.Sc.F.R.S.E., of Edinburgh University; and Mr. Hugh Frederick
Stoneham, Lieutenant East Surrey Regiment, of " Kingswear,"
Streatham Park, S.W., were elected Fellows of the Society. — A letter
of congratulation to Mr. Roland Trimen, F.R.S., from the Entomo-
logical Society of London, on the occasion of the award to him of
the Royal Society's Darwin Medal, was read and approved. — The
Vice-President announced that he had received from Dr. A. Feynes,
a Fellow recently elected, and exhibited on his behalf, four boxes con-
taining an admirable collection of North American Aleocharine
Coleoptera, which the donor had ofi'ered most kindly to the Society.
In the absence of any collections belonging exclusively to the Ento-
mological Society of London, however, he had asked Dr. Feynes to
authorize a transfer of the gift to the British Museum (Natural
History), and he, therefore, with the consent of the meeting, handed
it over to Mr. G. J. Arrow for that purpose.— Mr. H. W. Andrews
exhibited a short series of Carpliotriclm giUtularis, Mg., a scarce
Trypetid, taken at Milford Haven in July last, and a specimen of a
unicolorous form of Prosena sybarita, F., from North Kent, July
30th, 1910. — Commander J. J. Walker exhibited specimens, commu-
nicated by Mr. J. N. Halbert, of Syagrius intrudens, Wat., an
Australian weevil, which had been introduced into a fernery at
Glasnevin, Co. DubHn, where it had done considerable damage ; also
of Gonops signata, Wiedemann, male and female, a Dipteron new to
Britain, taken at Tubney, Berks, September 11th, 1910, and exhibited
on behalf of the captor, Mr. Joseph Collins, of the Oxford University
Museum. — Mr. E. C. Bedwell brought for exhibition examples of
Bnichus pectinicornis, L., a beetle usually looked upon as introduced
into this country in granaries, but in this case swept on an open
hillside at Chipstead, Surrey; also a variety of Badister bipusiulatus,
F., the usual black patches on the elytra being reduced to two small
black dots. — Mr. W. C. Crawley showed, with normal examples, a
brachypterous female of the ant Lasius flavus, found at Oddington,
near Oxford, in August, 1900, at which locahty, about the same time,
were observed females of L. niger with short wings. Mr. H. St. J.
Donisthorpe remarked that Mrazek had recently shown that the
short wings of L. alieniis were caused by the ant being infested by a
Nematode worm of the genus Mermis, and that Wheeler had found
this to be the case with short-winged females of L. nconiger in
America. He now exhibited a short-winged male of Technomyrmex
albipes, Smith, together with an ordinary-winged male which he had
recently taken at Kew, and suggested that the former might be
caused in the same way ; also ergatoid males of the same species,
taken at the same time, and two forms of Prenolepis bmueri, sub sp.
donisthorpei, Forel, taken at Kew ; a black form, hermaphrodites and

40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

male, taken in the Fern House, and a red form, hermaphrodites,
from the Pahn House. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited series of the
following rare British Heterocera, viz. (a) DiantJuecia luteago var.
harrettii, bred 1910, from Devon larvae; {h) Tapinostola extrema, from
Northamptonshire larvae, July, 1910 ; (c) T. hellmanni, from larvae
taken in Wicken Fen, June, 1910 ; and (rf) a pale variety of Meliana
flammea, from larvae collected in the Norfolk Broads, with a type-
specimen for comparison. — Mr. H. Eowland-Brown exhibited,
together with typical examples for comparison, two fine melanic
variations of Melitcea parthenie, Bork., one of which resembled
ab. rhoio, Oberthiir (Lepid. Comparee, fasc. iv.), taken at 2800 ft.
at Clelles, Isere, last July; and also two very remarkable black
aberrations of M. varia, taken by him in company with Mr.
C. J. Johnson, in 1907, at the top of the Simplon Pass.— Mr. H. C. J.
Druce brought for exhibition a Nymphaline butterfly from the Hima-
layas, Parhestina jermyni, n. sp., w4th Aporia agathon var. pliryxe,
the Pierid it mimics closely — the subject of a paper read by him. — Mr.
H. St. J. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., read a paper er^titled " Further Obser-
vations on Temporary Social Parasitism and Slavery in Ants." — Dr.
T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., read a paper on " Two New Species of
Lyccenopsis from Sarawak, Borneo." — ^M. Ernest Olivier communicated
a paper entitled " Description of Two New Species of Luciola in the
Collection of Mr. H. E. Andrewes."" — H. Eowland-Beown, M.A.,
Hon. Secretary.

The South London Entomological and Natueal Histoey
Society.— Oci. IWi, 1910.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the
chair. — Mr. West (Greenwich) exhibited a series of the Homopteron,
Linotettix stictogala, beaten from tamarisk at Deal. It was
gradually extending its range. — Mr. Colthrup, the nest of the Keed
Warbler, suspended among a bunch of reeds. — Mr. Tonge, photo-
graphs of the young larvae of Celastrina argiolus attacking ivy buds,
and Vanessa io and Pyrameis atalanta at rest. — Mr. Newman, melanic
example of Bryophila perla taken at Folkestone, a suffused pink
specimen of Anthrocera trifolii, an example of Spilosoma menthastri
with joined up spots approaching var. wa^I'erz-", several Abraxas grossu-
lariata: (1) black markings especially wanting on all wings; (2) yellow
marking much increased in area and black decreased, and (3) a very
dark specimen, the black areas united and enlarged. — Mr. Adkin, a
series of Cossus Ugniperda from Lewisham, and read notes on the
occurrence and pupation of the species. — Mr. Turner, living bred
examples of Lyonetia clerckella and its mine in a birch leaf with
the swung silken cradle in which the larva turned to pupa. — Mr.
Moore, a variety of Limnas chrysippus var. alcippus, in which the
apical white dot is duplicated, and Acraa encedon ab. alcippina from
the same locality. Northern Nigeria. — Mr. Main, newly hatched larvte
of the glow^-worm. — Dr. Hodgson, an example of Calloplirys rubi with
xanthic areas on the disc of all the wings, specimens of Nemeobius
lucina : (1) a female in which the yellow area was much increased at
the expense of the black ; (2) a male in which the opposite was very
strongly marked, a black example of A. trifolii, the only one obtained
this year, and one with extreme red suffusion. — Mr. Ray ward, ova of

Pi...

41

Plebeius argus {agon) laid naturally on Erica cinerea. — Dr. Chapman,
Lepidoptera obtained by him in Sicily, Oreopsyche kahri, Depressaria
thapsialla, D. ferulce, &c. — Mr. Kaye, a box of Brazilian butterflies
taken by him in the early part of the year, including Morpho
anaxibia, M. menelaus, M. hercules, M. Icertes, M. cega and the rare
M. cytheris, the beautiful Papilio ascanius,^Ye species of Heliconius,
species of Catagramma and GalUcore, numerous very beautiful Eryci-
nidse, the Ithomiine Mechomitis lysimnia with its Pierine mimic
Dismorphia astyoche, caught on the same flower-heads at Castro. —
Mr. Sich, specimens of Monopis loeaverella, a rare species only
recently fully differentiated from M. spilotella. He also showed the
hybernaculum of Yponomcuta cognatellus on Euonymus twigs. — Mr.
Piatt Barrett, a large collection of butterflies taken in Sicily during
the last two years, and read a paper on the exhibit and the localities
he visited, illustrating his remarks by a large number of lantern
slides, including a series of views of Messina before and after the ter-
rible earthquake of which he and his son were among the survivors.

October 27th.— Mi: W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—
Mr. Ashdown exhibited examples of the various species of Lepi-
doptera met with by him during a few weeks spent in Switzerland
in July last, including Apatitra iris, Issoria lathonia, Melitcea p)}i(X,be,
Limenitis Camilla, Erebia lappona, Colias phicomom, Cupido osiris
(sebrus), and Mr. Newman, a living larva of Polygonia c-album, and
a long series of females of Agriades thetis [bellargiis), from Folke-
stone.—Messrs. H. Moore, Sich, R. Adkin, and L. Edwards exhibited
numerous teratological specimens of Lepidoptera to illustrate the
remarks of Dr. Chapman in his paper. — Mr. South, series of (1)
Coremia unidentaria, bred from ova deposited by a reddish-banded
female ; the reddish and the black-banded forms were about equal in
number; (2) Acidalia aversata, bred from ova deposited by a typical
female, and gave an analysis of the banded and plain forms produced;
(3) Boarmia gemmaria, bred from ova of Y?iV.perfumaria, the resultant
imagines being almost all of the varietal form ; (4) B. abietaria,
specimens bred from New Forest larvae; (5) Pionea (Scopida) lutealis,
a series from Durham, whiter, more strongly marked, and larger
than southern examples; and (6) greyish forms of Larentia didymata,
from Weardale, Durham. — Mr. SchooHng, a var. of Arctia caja, in
which the fore wing markings were so aberrantly grouped and
enlarged as to give no indication of what the normal marking was. —
Dr. Chapman, a large number of teratological specimens lent him by
Mr. Tutt, Mr. Pickett, Dr. Hodgson and others, to illustrate the paper
he subsequently read, entitled " Notes on Teratological Specimens."

November 10th, 1910.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the
chair.— Mr. W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S., of Croydon ; Lieut. H. F. Stone-
ham, of Streatham ; Mr. A. J. Lawrence, of New Oxford Street ; and
Mr. B. S. Curwen, of Richmond, were elected members. — Dr. Hodg-
son exhibited selected examples of Agriades coridon, mainly females,
to show the prevalent shghtly blue scaled form from Dover and
Clandon in 1901 and 1906 respectively, and from Sussex, Surrey, and
Herts, in 1910. — Mr. Piatt Barrett, bred specimens of Vanessa to of a
curious greasy-looking appearance, from mal-development of the
scales.— Mr. R. Adkin, a bred series of Lithosia caniola from Devon-

42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

shire, and read notes on the larval habits. They fed mainly on
lichen and lettuce. — Mr. Newman, a cm-ious specimen of " blue,"
which it was suggested might be a natural hybrid between A.coridon
and P. icarus or .4. thetis and P. icarus, and also a male Pohjgonia
c-alhum with yellow ground, of which ten others had been reared. —
Mr. Sich, Limenitis popuU, taken by Mr. E. Sich in Austria. — Mr.
Moore, Perrhyhis injrrha from Callao, Peru. — Mr. Turner, a terato-
logical specimen of Danais limniace with a long indentation in the
dwarfed left fore wing. — Mr. Buxton, a box of teratological speci-
mens, including a number of species with the left hind wing dwarfed
or missing. — Mr. Barnett, a series of Acidalia rusticata from Erith. —
Mr. E. Adkin read the Eeport of the Conference of Delegates of the
Corresponding Societies of the British Association. The remainder
of the evening was devoted to the exhibition of lantern slides by
Messrs. Lucas, Dennis, West, Tonge, and Main.

November 2Uh, 1910.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the
chair. — The Annual Exhibition of Varieties. — ^Mr. Piatt Barrett
exhibited a very long series of Melanargia i^herusa fi'om Sicily to
illustrate the variation of the species, and also of M. galathea to
show various Sicilian local forms. — -Mr. Sich, some of the more local
species of the genus Tinea, including T. fulvimitreUa, T. jjicarella,
T. confusella, &c. — Mr. R. Adkin, a series of Eastbourne PolyommatiLS
icarus, contrasting the spring and autumn females, showing strong
development of the red markings, and including a fine under side
aberration. He also showed a short series of hybrid Nyssia zonaria
and Biston hirtaria, males and females. — Mr. Tonge, some extremely
dark smoky CosmotricJie potatoria bred from Deal larvae, a Brenthis
euphrosyne with pale chocolate brown ground, from Polegate, several
Agrotis exclaviationis in which a large black blotch replaced the
usual discal markings, and some excellent enlarged photographs of
eggs of lepidoptera.- — ^Dr. T. A. Chapman, a long series of Pararge
egeria to show the great range of variation in Western and South
Western Europe. — Messrs. A. Harrison and H. Main, several series
of mainly bred Boarmia repandata to show the local variation in the
North, South, and West of England and the West of Ireland. — Mr.
Main, on behalf of Mr. Gottmann, various forms of Vanessa io,
Euvanessa antiopa, and Aglais itrticce in the province of Yenesei,
Siberia, extremely like the forms so frequently produced of late in
temperature experiments, and of which Mr. W. Schmassmann ex-
hibited a considerable number for comparison. — Mr. W. J. Lucas,
the English trap-door spider, Atypits affinis, and several of its silken
tubes, with a Pterostychus madidus discovered in one of them, and a
small collection of butterflies taken by Patrol-leader S. F. Irwin, on
his visit to Canada with Sir F. Baden Powell, including E. antiopa,
Anosia plexippus, &c. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten, a line bred series of
Diauthoicia litteago var. barrettii from Devon, Tapinostola extrema
bred from Northampton, and a specimen of Leucania l-alhum. — Dr.
Hodgson, groups of varieties of British Rhopalocera and Anthrocerids
to show somewhat extreme divergence of variation in each of several
species, and also to show convergence of species in their variation. —
Mr. A. E. Gibbs, the various Palsearctic forms of Papilio machaon,
including a fine large britannicus, an aitrantiaca, and spring and

SOCIETIES. 43

summer forms of the Japanese hippocrates. — Mrs. Hemming, iVrgyn-
nids bred and captured in 1909-10, including melanic Drijas paphia
and several under sides of the same species varying from brown to
green. — Captain Cardew, an extremely dark specimen of the ab.
fusca of Gtenohia rnfa from Norfolk, Anthrocera vicice ab. confiisa,
extremely light and dark forms of Fidonia carhonaria from Rannoch,
a unicolorous male of Epione advenaria, and a light straw Ematurga
atomaria. — Mr. Scorer, a Eitchelia jacobcsce with the costal streak
and apical spot united, and a pale salmon coloured example,
specimens of Euclilo'd cardamines with very large discal spots, and a
Grammesia trilinea with a sti'ongly elbow^ed outer discal line. — Mr.
Percy Bright, a large number of the finest aberrations of numerous
species of British Lepidoptera, including forty-one very striking
examples of Abraxas gross iilariata, from almost unicolorous wliite to
nearly entirely yellow, and a bred small specimen without scales ; a
TriphcBna fimbria with white replacing the yellow ; an extreme
melanic Eiibolia bipunctaria; a gynandromorph of Fidonia atomaria;
an «rfo7us-like Polyommatus icarus; several Polygonia c-album with.
straw yellow ground ; a Pieris napi with blackish outer margins ; an
extremely blue female of Agriades thetis with unusually large orange
spots; a Pseudotcrpna pridnata with black bands across the wings,
&c. — Mr. R. South, on behalf of Mr. Yates, of St. Anne's-on-Sea, a
series of Ltiperina guencei taken this year, and a series of very vained
forms of L. testacea with which he compared and contrasted them in
detail ; a short series of bred Phibalaptcrjix lapidata from Glasgow
ova; and three specimens of Oria {Sijnia) musculosa taken by Mr.
H. Haynes, near Salisbury, in 1909.— The Rev. F. D. Morice, a
collection of about three hundred of the most conspicuous and
handsome European and Mediterranean species among the sawflies,
chrysids, ants, fossorial wasps, and true wasps, and gave a very
interesting short account of the habits in the various groups. — Mr.
H. W. Andrews, a unicolorous grey form lacking the yellow markings
of the dipteron Prosena sybarita, from N. Kent. — Mr. Edwards,
numerous W. African species, chiefly the genus Cymotlioc, which
show very strongly marked sexual dimorphism. — Mr. West (Green-
wich), his collection of British Homoptera. — Mr. Masters, a Vanessa
atalanta taken iu Jersey, with blotched and confused markings
comparable only to those produced in recent temperature experiments
with the species. — Mr. Blenkarn exhibited a specimen of the genus
Ephyra, with marking suggestive of both E. porata and E. pitnc-
taria. — Rev. J. E. Tarbat, specimens of a very light form of
Nemeophila plantaginis from S. Hants, and a very dark form from
Witherslack. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon, a line series of all the European
species of Nepiis, Apatura, and Limenitis taken by him in Hungary,
Switzerland and France. — Mr. H. Page sent two beautiful series of
PolyommatiLs eschcri and Coe,nonympha dories, from Abries and Digne
respectively, in July, 1910. — Mr. L. W. Newman, long and varied
series of closely inbred Ennomos alniaria, showing the washed-out
appearance produced ; a fine set of the melanic form of the species ;
hybrid Smerinthus ocellatus, male x Amorpha populi, female ; both
males and a female ; a long series of hand-painted figures of the
finest aberrations bred by him ; on behalf of Mr. Marshall, Lyccena

44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

orioJi with only the orbicular spots present, Noctiia snbrosca from the
Bond collection, Melitc^a artemis with heavily marked white wedges
on all tlie wings, &c. — Mr. W. B. Pratt, ab. coracina of Meditcea
athalia from W. Sussex; and Melitcea aurma with under side of
hind wings having a black base and an extremely wide white
central band. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a complete transitional series
between Heliconius phyllis form anacreon, and H. phyllis form
venusata from the same locaHty in E. Bolivia. — Mr. T. L. Barnett, a
large number of species taken by him this August in Wicken Fen,
including Tapinostola hellmanni, Leucania straminea, Nudaria senex,
Herminia cribralis, Bankia argentula, Ccenobia rufa, &c. ; a bred
specimen of ^geria andreniformis and its pupa case ; and specimens
of ^. culiciformis, which had been somewhat common at Darenth
Wood. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Bep. Secretary.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meeting
held at the Eoyal Institution, Colquitt Street, Liverpool, October
17th, 1910. Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., in the chair.— This was the
opening meeting of the session, and was devoted to exhibits of the
season's work. — Mr. T. Baxter, of St. Anne's, sent for exhibition a
tine series of Luperina gueneei and its variety baxteri ; he also con-
tributed a note in which he pointed out that both forms were repre-
sented in a perfectly fresh condition, and that the view that the var.
baxteri would become the typical gueneei with age must be aban-
doned. Mr. Baxter also sent an extraordinary aberration of Abraxas
grossulariata which had the costal area of the left fore wing typical,
the remainder, about three-fourths of the wing, being black ; the
right fore wing and the hind wings were typical. This fine asym-
metrical specimen was captured in his garden at St. Anne's. — Mr.
H. E. Sweeting exhibited a long series of Ilydrcecia crinanensis,
captured this year near Londonderry ; the variation appeared to be
on exactly parallel lines with nictitans. The identity of the species
was established by Mr. Pierce, who had an opportunity to examine
the genitalia while the insects were still fresh. The same member
further showed the following insects from Mold, North Wales, viz. :
Tceniocavipa gothica, including an asymmetrical example in which
the U mark on the left fore wing was only partly developed ;
T. incerta, T. stabilis, Pachnobia rubricosa, Noctua festiva, N.
brunnea, Aplecta prasina, and Boarmia repandata, including an
example of var. nigra. — Mr. F. N. Pierce showed Abraxas grossu-
lariata, a short series from Wallasey, in which the variation was less
striking than usual.— Mr. Wm. Mansbridge brought a series of the
very black Knowsley race of B. repandata var. nigra, in which the
submarginal pale line was almost absent ; also short series of the
same insect from Bude and Delamere Forest ; Boarmia gemmaria,
black form from North Kent ; pale forms from Nortli Devon, and
Y&r. perfumaria from the Cotswolds ; a long series of Aplecta nebulosa,
var. robsoni, var. tJiompsoni, and grey forms from Delamere. — Mr.
Prince showed a fine series of Gidaria reticulata from Windermere,
and a box of Oporabia filigrammaria, varying from nearly white to
very dark fuscous, from Derbyshire. — Mr. R. Tait, Jun., exhibited
the following, mostly in long series, viz. : Agrotis agathina, rosy form
from North Wales ; Lithosia complana, Agrotis ripce, E-pionc apici-

SOCIETIES. 45

aria, Leucania pHtrescens, Boarmia abietaria, Ellojna prosa'piaria,
from Pendine, South Wales ; Arctia villica and Numeria pulveraria,
from Abbotswood ; Tceniocampa munda and Pachnobia leucograpka,
from Lakeside, Windermere ; Tephrosia luridata and Cymatophora
fluctuosa, from Wyre Forest ; Ajmtura iris, bred from Hunts larvae,
and Phig alia ped aria, varying from pale to black, from Mansfield,
Notts. — Mr. B. H. Crabtree brought Tceniocampa munda and T.
gotJiica, a series of each (bred), from Windermere ; a series of
Charaas graminis, taken at light at Seascale ; Oporabia filigram-
viaria, a varied series from Kinderscout, Derbyshire ; Piston hirtaria,
from Aviemore larvae which had been in pupa for two years ; vars.
of Abraxas grossulariata from Huddersfield larvae. — Mr. C. F. John-
son exhibited the following: — Asteroscopus nubcculosa and Nyssia
lapponaria, from two-year-old pupae from Rannoch ; Pachnobia
leiLCographa, P. rubricosa, and TcBniocampa munda (bred), from
Windermere ; a long and varied series of Oporabia filigrammaria,
from North Derbyshire ; Boarmia repandata, from North Wales,
North Staffordshire, and Knowsley, Lancashire, showing very varied
forms ; a specimen of Abraxas grossulariata var. nigrosparsata (bred),
from Huddersfield. — The Rev. A. Miles Moss read a paper on the
" Sphingidae of Peru," and exhibited a magnificent collection of this
group which he had made during the course of a three years' resi-
dence in Lima. The paper was further illustrated by a large number
of beautiful water-colour drawings of the larvae and food-plants of
most of the species exhibited.— H. E. Sweeting & Wm. Mansbeidge,
Hon. Sees.

The Manchester Entomological Society. — November 21st,
1910. — The first meeting of the 1910-11 session was held in the
Manchester Museum, Owens College, on October 5th, Mr. C. F.
Johnson, the President, in the chair. — The following exhibits were
made of insects taken and bred in 1910 :— Mr. E. Tait, Jun., F.E.S. :
Series of the following insects : — Bred Arctia villica from Sussex ova,
including one blotched variety ; bred Taniocampa leucographa and
munda from Lakeside ; Phigalia pedaria from pale forms to var.
monacharia, taken at Mansfield, Notts ; Tephrosia luridata, taken in
May in Wjre Forest. Long bred series of Coremia ferrngata and C.
unidentaria from Witherslack ; Lithosia complana, Agrotis ripce,
Leucania littoralis, bred Epione apiciaria, Boarmia abietaria, Ellopia
prosapiaria, and Leucania putrescens, all from South Wales. Bred
Numeria pulveraria from Sussex ; two specimens of Palimpsestis fluc-
tuosa from Wyre Forest ; four bred Apatura iris (female) from
Hunts ; bred Melitcea aurinia from Berkshire larvte. — Mr. W. P.
Stocks, F.E.C.S. : Short series of Dianthcecia capsincola, D. cucu-
bali, and Eupithecia venosata, bred from campion flowers from
Llanrwst ; four Tephrosia biundularia from Bideford, belonging to
the March-April brood, three of these being small and ochreous, the
fourth being larger and paler and much more like the May-June
brood ; Amphidasys strataria and Cossus ligniperda from Bideford.
Series of Lyccena astrarche with var. allous from Silverdale ; of L.
minima and Ccenonympha typhon from Witherslack. An example of
Nemoria viridata, of a bright fulvous yellow colour, taken at Wither-

46

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

slack ; melanie Thera variata from Witherslack. Series of Melanthia
albicillata, Abraxas sylvata, Nola confusalis, Ino geryon, Mamestra
dissimilis, Lygris testata, Mamestra thalassina (one dark form),
Numeria ■pulveraria, Malenydris salicata (examples of both broods),
Cidaria truncata, and an example of Epione apiciaria — all from
Silverdale. — Mr. B. H. Crtibtree, P.E.S. : Series of Gharceas graminis
and an example of Agrotis prcecox from Seascale. Bred series of
Tceniocampa mimda and gothica from Lakeside, of Lycia liirtaria
from Aviemore (two years in pupa), of Aplecta nehulosa var. rohsoni
from Delamere, of Boarmia repandata, types from Delamere, and ab.
nigra from Delamere and Knowsley. Bred vars. of Abraxas grossu-
lariata. — Mr. A. E. Wright : Bred series of Oporabia filigrammaria
from Burnley ; series of Hydriomcna hnplnviata, types and var. in-
fuscata, from Burnley ; series of Ematurga atomaria from Witherslack,
Burnley (including two fine dark unicolorous specimens), and Dela-
mere ; series of Thera variata, and Cidaria corylata from Delamere.
■ — Mr. L. Nathan : Phalera bucephala, Ampliidasys betiilaria var.
doubledayaria, Tephrosia biundularia, Cabera pusaria, Notodonta
dromedarius, and LopJiopteryx camelina, bred from Delamere larvae ;
Satyrus semele, Epinepkele ianira, Lyccena icarus, Agrotis vestigialis,
and Lygris testata from Lytham ; Lymantria vionacha, bred from
Kent ova. — Mr. G. Storey : From Wicken : Pap)ilio viachaon, Snierin-
thus ocellatiis, Earias chlorana, Phragniatobia fnliginosa, Phragma-
tacia castanea {arundinis), Gastropacha quercifolia, Pterostoma p)Cil-
jnna, Arsilonche albovenosa, Leucania obsoleta, Meliana flavimea,
Grammesia trigrammica, Mamestra dissimilis [stiasa), Banhia argen-
titla, Hydrelia uncula, Lomaspilis marginata, and Gollix sparsata.
From Cambridge : Metopsilus porcellus, Pcecilocampa poptili, Pheosia
tremula (dictcea), Mamestra genistm, Asteroscopus sphinx, Plusia
moneta, Himera pennaria, and Eiipithecia consignata. From Tudden-
ham : Arctia villica, Emmelia trabealis (sulphiiralis), Acidalia rubi-
ginata (ritbricata), Eicpithecia lariciata, Lithostege griseata. From
Brooklands, Cheshire : Xylophasia rurea var. combusta, Agrotis
saucia, Mamestra contigua, Perizoma alchemUlata, Eupithecia sobri-
nata. — -Mr. W. B. Lees: Goenonympha pamphiliis, Parasemia planta-
ginis, Venilia maculata, Plusia pulchrina, Galymnia trapezina (bred),
from Dovedale. Hepialus humuli, Phalera bucephala (bred), Acro-
nycta megacephala (bred), Orgyia antiqua (bred), Xylophasia lith-
oxylea, Gonodontis bidentata ab. nigra, and Hybernia marginaria
var. fuscata, from South Manchester. Acronycta alni (bred) from
Northwich, Hepialus sylvina from Styal, and Ematurga atomaria
from Delamere. — Mr. W. Buckley : Series of the following : — Tanio-
campa opiina from Wallasey ova, Mamestra pisi from Penmaenmawr
ova, Agrotis ashniorthii, Dianthoecia conspersa from campions in Angle-
sea, Plusia moneta from Woking larvae, Phalera bucephala fromUrm-
ston larvae, Ino geryon from Dovedale, Amphidasys betularia and inter-
mediates between the type and var. doubledayaria, l)red from Urmston
larvae.— Mr. A. W. Boyd, F.E.S. : Series of the following ■.—Phigalia
pedaria types and var. monacharia from Dunham Park ; Ematurga
atomaria (varied forms) from Delamere and Eudheath ; Aplecta nebu-
losa, vars. thompsoni and robsoni, bred from Delamere larvae ; Ino
geryon, Asthena blomeri, and Eustroma silaceata from Dovedale ;

SOCIKTIES. 47

Eucosmia undnlata, Astliena tesfaceata, Venusia cambrica, and Bomo-
locha fontis from South Cheshire. An example of Gahera exanthe-
mata ab. approximata bred from a Delamere larva ; a series of Bryo-
phila glandifera from North Devon, ranging from pale yellow to dark
green. — Mr. A. E. Salmon : Living larvee and cocoons of Philosamia
ricini qa\(\. cynthia; larvae of Cricula andrei (just hatched); ova of
the hybrid between Caligula japonica male and simla female, laid on
September 1st, and the two parents. — Mr. J. H. Watson : Living ova
of the leaf-insect, Pulchrypliyllum cnirifoUum, from the Seychelles
Islands, showing that even these imitate the seeds of a plant. A
living example of the silk-moth, Argema mimosa, from South Africa,
and the cocoon it had just emerged from ; two live Philosamia ricini
and larvae in various stages, from Bengal ; also a new moth belonging
to an aberrant group of the Saturnidaa {Hemihuca sp.), allied to
H. ncwmmgeni (H. Edwards) — the specimens bred from pupje col-
lected in the neighbourhood of the Truckee Pass, on the Californian-
Nevada divide of the Rocky Mountains ; other species of the Hemi-
leucinae, including H. maia var. nevadensis, electra, and Pseudohazis
marcata, &c. — Mr. J. E. Cope : The following Coleoptera : — Cicindela
campestris from Delamere ; Carabus nemoralis, catenulatus, granulatiLS,
violaceus (July), Pterostichus vulgaris (April), and Dytiscus marginalis
(August), from Ashton Moss ; Byrrhus pilula, Corymbites census, and
Elater balteatus, with larvae and wood-borings, from Delamere ;
Cetonia aurata from Bournemouth ; dissected mouth-parts of C.
nemoralis and catenulatus, and of P. vulgaris.

November 2nd, 1910.— Mr. R. Tait, Jun., F.E.S., opened a discus-
sion on the Lithosiinae or " Footman " moths, illustrating his remarks
with series of insects from his collection. The following exhibits
were made : — Mr. ^. H. Watson, living cocoons of the Saturnidae :
S. var. meridionalis from Syria, S. spini from Lower Austria, S. cepha-
larice var. haversoni from Armenia, S. jyyyetorum from China, (S. pa-
vonia from Yorkshire. — Mr. Wm. Mansbridge, F.E.S., series of Dian-
thcecia carpophaga, light forms from Eastbourne ; Boarmia repandata
from North Cornwall and Delamere, B. gemmaria from North Kent
(black) and North Devon (light), Mesoleuca albicillata from Silver-
dale ova, Aplecta nebulosa with vars. thompsoni and robsoni. — -Mr. H.
Garnett exhibited under the microscope two species of Hymenoptera
from Withington, Manchester, taken on October 2nd, 1910, one being
Anagrus incarnatus female, " the Golden Fairy-Fly," and the other a
species of Cosmocoma. — Mr. A. E. Wright showed a living Dasypolia
templi female from Burnley. — Mr. A. W. Boyd, F.E.S., a box of
Micro-Lepidoptera mainly from Cheshire localities. — Mr. C. F. John-
son, F.E.S., exhibited series of Tephrosia p)unctularia and Thecla
rubi from Cannock Chase, Nola confusalis and Chloroclystis debiliata
from Burnt Wood, Drymonia chaonia and Cerura furcula bred from
larvae from the Lake District ; a long and varied series of Oporabia
filigrammaria from North Derbyshire, Asteroscopus nubeculosa and
Nyssia lapponaria from two-year-old pupse, Tceniocampa leucographa
and munda bred from the Lake District, Eucosmia certata from
Market Drayton, and an example of Abraxas grossulariata var. nigro-
ccerulea from Huddersfield. — A. W. Boyd, Hon. Sec.

48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

EECENT LITERATURE.

1. The Annals of Scottish Natural History. Edinburgh, 1910.

Perhaps a somewhat greater amount of entomological matter
appears in this volume than in the last. The papers and notes are : —
Scottish Phoridae [Diptera] , with Tables of all the British Species,
and Notes on Localities (J. R. Malloch) ; Ornitliobius cygni [Mallo-
phaga] , a Swan Parasite at Port-AUen-on-Tay (J. Waterston, B.Sc.) ;
OrnitJiobius goniopleiirus on Barnacle Goose (W. Evans); Aquatic
Coleoptera of the Mid-Ebudes (F. B. Browne, M.A.) ; Further Notes
on Nocturnal Hymenoptera (P. Cameron) ; On the Scottish Species
of Oxyura (Proctotrypidae), pts. iv. and v. (P. Cameron) ; Insect
Fauna of Grouse Moors (P. H. Grimshaw) ; Nyssia zonaria in the
Outer Hebrides (P. H. Grimshaw) ; Scottish Dragonfly Records
(W. J. Lucas, B.A.) ; Notes on Siphonaptera (W. Evans) ; Some
Terrestrial Invertebrates from Fair Isle (W. Evans) ; Insect Visitors
of Fiimaria officinalis (S. E. Brock).

2. Monographia cle los Nemopteridos {Insectos neuropteros). [Me-

moi-ias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona.]
By R. P. Longings Navas, S.J. Barcelona, July, 1910.
Those who take an interest in the Neuroptera will welcome this
monograph of one of the most peculiar divisions of the order — -insects
with hind wings narrowed into the form of tails, often with one or
more dilatations in their length. The article of seventy pages on
large paper has a coloured plate, and twenty-four illustrations in the
text. It is perhaps a misfortune for British naturalists that it is
written in Spanish. Most of the forty-four species belong to
Africa ; five only are European, none unfortunately being British.

Other recent papers by the same author are : —

(i.) Mis excursiones entomologicas durante elverano de 1909. (Bui.
Ins. Catal. Hist. Nat.)

(ii.) Hemerohidos {Ins. Neitr.) mievos, 1910. (Broteria, Ser. de
Vul. Scien.)

(iii.) Osmylides exotiques nouveaux, 1910. (Ann. Soc. Sci. Brux.)

(iv.) Heme-) jbides nouveaux du Japon {Neuroptera). (Revue Russe
d'Entom, 1909) ; written in Latin.

3. Dermap)tera of the Seychelles. By M. Burr, D.Sc. Trans. Linn.

Soc. Lond. vol. xiv. pt. 1. November, 1910. Illustrated.

4. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Series T. M.,

vol. iv. No. 2. Liverpool, July, 1910.
The only contact with entomology is of course in connection with
the cause of malarial diseases. Mosquitoes, therefore, figure largely
in the part before us.

5. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Ano 1910, Tomo ii. Fas-

cicule 1. Rio de Janeiro, 1909.
A beautifully illustrated periodical ; but this part deals with
animals much lower than insects.

W. J. Lucas.

The Entomologist, February, 1911.

Plate I.

F.WFrohawk del. West, Newman clir.

SOME SPECIES OF CRAMBI.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLIV.] FEBRUAEY, 1911. [No. 573

SOME SPECIES OP CR/^MBI, WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF TWO NEW ONES.

By the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, M.A., F.L.S.
(Plate I.)

Mr. Geza Uhryk collected in several localities for me in
Hungary during the year 1909. In July, at Drava Sarvas,
Szerem Co., he obtained a single male specimen of a Crambus
which seemed to me quite different from any species which
I knew. Dr. Rebel, to whom I submitted this Drava Sarvas
example, pronounced it to be undoubtedly a new species, unless
it were identical with the recently described Crambus Imngaricus
(PI. I. fig. 5), which he had not seen, and with specimens of
which he advised me to compare my example. Through the
kindness and courtesy of the Director and the Lepidopterist of
the Hungarian National Museum, I have been able to examine
specimens of C. huyigaricus, Schmidt (Arch. Zool. i. No. 9,
pp. 31-32, 1909), and to submit the same to my friend Dr.
Jordan, together with the single specimen of the new species
referred to above, and a series of C. contaminellus (PI. 1. fig. 1),
Dr. Jordan has kindly sent me numerous notes on these insects,
upon which the remarks and descriptions of the present article
are based.

Crambus Imngaricus has a fully-developed retinaculum pro-
jecting from the costa of the fore wing, like C. geniculeus, C.
selasellus, C. culminellus, and others ; whereas the present new
species has only a tuft of scales projecting forward from the
median vein, as obtains in C. contaminellus, C. inquinatellus, C.
•perlellus, C. tristellus, and allies. The antennae of C. hungaricus
(male) are prominently serrated, as stated by the author. The
clasper of that sex is broad and sole-shaped, and is devoid of the
long rod found in contaminellus and the present new species. The
scaling on the outer surface of the clasper, moreover, is similar
to that of the abdomen, while in contaminellus and the present
ENTOM. — February, 1911. e

50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

new species the scales are long and narrow. I feel, there-
fore, justified in describing the specimen as representing a new
species.

Cramhus uhryki, sp. nov. (PI. I. figs. 2 and 6.)

3' . Similar to C. contaminellus, Hiibn. Fore wing shorter, the
apex more rounded, the outer margin not being incurved or straight
below the apex, as is the case in C. contaminellus ; upper surface
without white scales, the black dusting as in the species mentioned,
but no black dots at margin ; fringe darker, whereas in C. contami-
nellus the long as well as the short scales of the fringe have white
tips; the long scales in the new species have a dark apex, median line
not marked, discal line very indistinct, in the same position as in
C. contaminellus, but not at all angulated. Hind wing broader,
fuscous, lighter below the cell, apex more rounded than in C. contami-
nellus ; the fringe more uniform in colour, not showing such a
prominent dark line as in the allied species. Genitalia : Both the
dorsal and ventral process of the anal segment a little broader than
in G. contaminellus, the dorsal one nearly straight in a lateral view,
only the extreme tip being curved downwards ; the ventral process
broader than the dorsal one in a view from above. Clasper com-
posed, as in the allied species, of two pieces, both of about the same
length, the ventral piece broad and but feebly chitinized, with the
apex rounded. This piece is of practically the same width through-
out, being about twice as broad as it is in G. contaminellus. Its
inside is densely covered with erect narrow scales, recalling a cloth
brush. The second piece of the clasper consists of a long rod-like,
strongly chitinized process, which originates dorsally at the base of
the first piece. This rod bears a dense fringe of hairs, which in G.
contaminellus are less numerous. Moreover, the rod is less curved
and less hollowed out along the inner surface than in that species.

One male ; Drava Sarvas, Szerem Co., Hungary, July, 1909.

Coll. G. Uhryk. (Type in the Tring Museum.)

Cramhus salinellus nepos, subsp. nov. (Pi. I. figs. 3, da, and 7.)
There are two closely allied species of Cramhus known from
England — G. contaminellus, Hb. (PI. I. fig. 1), and C. salinellus,
Tutt (PI. I. figs. 4 and 4 a). The former is reported to be widely
distributed on the Continent, although some of the records may
refer to some other closely related species. As far as I know,
C. salinellus has hitherto only been recorded on the Continent
from Germany, but I am now able to add a form of that species
to the Hungarian fauna. The two species contaminellus and sali-
nellus can be separated from one another by the following three
chief distinguishing characters : —

In salinellus the line situated on the fore wing about half-way be-
tween the cell and the distal margin is evenly curved from the costal
margin to the lower median vein, while this line is dentate in con-
taminellus. The patagia are conspicuously edged with black in
salinellus, while there are no black scales on them m contaminellus

SURREY ORTHOPTERA. 51

The long rod-like process of the clasper is longer in salinellus than
the elongate sole-shaped main portion of the clasper, and shorter
than that flap in contaminellus . Moreover, the rod-like process is
thicker in contaminellus than in salinellus.

A long series of specimens from Flamenda, Deliblat, Hun-
gary, collected in June, 1909, by Mr. Geza Uhryk, and which did
not appear to me to agree with what I knew as contaminellus,
prove on closer examination to agree with salinellus from the
east coast of England, except in some minor points. The speci-
mens, taken all round, are larger than British salinellus, and
are less marked with black on the fore wing. The black streak
which is situated below the cell, and connects the two lines
extending towards the base, is much fainter in the Hungarian
specimens than in British ones, and the angle formed by the
outer line below the lower vein is much less prominent in the
former. Moreover, the patagia have fewer black scales on the
whole ; some females are altogether without black on the patagia,
and have also no black marginal dots on the fore wing. The
genitalia do not differ from those of British salinellus, except
that the rod-like process of the clasper appears to be a little
longer.

A large series of both sexes taken in June, 1909, at Flamenda,
Deliblat, Hungary, by Mr. Geza Uhryk. (Type in the Tring
Museum.)

Explanation of Plate I. — 1, Cramhus contaminellus, Hb, 2. G.
uhryki, sp. nov. 3, 3 a. C. salinellus nepos, subsp. nov. 4, 4 a. C. sali-
nellus, Tutt. 5. G. hungaricus, Schmidt. 6. G. uhryki, male clasper. 7.
G. salinellus nepos, male clasper.

SUEREY ORTHOPTERA.

(Earwigs, Cockroaches, Crickets, and Grasshoppers.)

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

In the Orthoptera we have a particularly interesting group of
insects, since, with the exception of a few very primitive species,
which themselves have sometimes been placed with the Ortho-
ptera, this Natural Order probably contains the oldest insects
which have come down to the present geologic age.

Those which breed in the British Isles are but thirty-nine,
while of these eight are not indigenous and are therefore not
usually to be met with under natural conditions. Casual
visitors, especially from amongst the Cockroaches, often appear,
but of course must not be looked upon as British insects. Out
of the thirty-nine some twenty-seven are at present known to
occur in Surrey.

E 2

52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

As might be expected, there is much diversity to be found
amongst the members of so ancient a group of insects. Conse-
quently it is necessary to subdivide the Orthoptera into a number
of Groups or Suborders. Those which contain British represen-
tatives are : — Forficulodba (Earwigs, &c.) ; Blattodea (Cock-
roaches) ; Gryllodea (Crickets) ; Locustodea (Long-horned
Grasshoppers) ; Acridiodea (Short-horned Grasshoppers), The
Mantodea (Praying Insects) and Phasmodea (Leaf and Stick
Insects) are not represented in these Islands.

Of the seven British Forficulodea (all Earwigs) Surrey is able
to claim four, while two of the others— La6ia arachidis, Yers.
(indoors), and Apterygida alhipennis, Meg. — are quite likely to
occur.

Anisolahis annulipes, Lucas, is a dark wingless species which
sometimes breeds in this country under artificial conditions. It
has been accidentally imported with plants into Kew Gardens,
but so far has not established itself there.

Labia minor, Linn., is often taken on the wing, flying round
cucumber-beds, manure-heaps, &c., in the sunshine. Kecords
are: Kew Gardens, April 14th, 1897 (W. J. L.) ; Kingston-on-
Thames, April 27th, 1897 and June 2nd, 1899 (W. J. L.) ;
Surbiton, July 14th, 1907 (W. J. L.) ; Wandsworth, August
15th, 1889 (Eland Shaw) ; Southwark Street, near Blackfriars
Bridge, September 30th, 1908 (F. M. Dyke) ; Oxshott, October
3rd, 1908 (S. E. Ashby) ; Headley Lane, an example with large
callipers (A. J. Chitty) ; Leatherhead (C. A. Briggs) ; Dormans
(M. Burr); Reigate (E. Saunders); Dorking (H. L. F. Guer-
monprez).

Forficida auricidaria, Linn., is one of our commonest insects,
and is universally distributed. An interesting form — the variety
named forcipata — has very highly developed callipers. A dark
specimen of the typical form was taken, August 5th, 1900, by
Mr. F. B. Jennings at Boxhill. While this earwig feeds
normally on insects and animal food of a similar nature, it often
does damage to dahlias, hops, and other cultivated plants.
This insect and the next hybernate in the perfect form.

Forficida lesnei, Finot, is something like the common earwig,
but is rather smaller, is brighter in colour, and has no wings.
Its callipers, too, are of a different shape. It has been taken at
Boxhill and Reigate (W. West) ; near Leatherhead (W. J.
Ashdown) ; at Ranmore (W. J. L.) ; Merrow Downs, between
Guildford and Newlands Corner (J. J. Walker).

All but one of the Blattodea known to breed in Britain have
been found in Surrey, the one exception being the smallest
indigenous species, Ectobiun panzeri, Steph. If this occurs so
far inland, it should be expected on heathy ground. The genus
Ectohius alone is native.

SUREEY ORTHOPTERA. 53

Ectobius lapponiciis, Linn.— Haslemere, June 22nd (Eland
Shaw) ; near Boldermere, Wisley, July 5th, 1902 (W. J. L.) ;
Devil's Punch Bowl, Hindhead, July 15th, 1909 (W. J. L.) ;
Dorking (A. J. Chitty).

Ectobius perspicillai-is ( = lividus), Herbst. — Boxhill (0. A.
Brigss) ; Mickleham (W. J. Ashdown).

Blattella germanica, Linn. — Aldershot (M. Burr), and no
doubt in many London hotels and restaurants. This and the
next four are seldom found out of doors.

Blatta orientalis, Linn,, is universally distributed over the
county.

Periplaneta americana, Linn. — Kew Gardens (W. J. L.).

Periplaneta aitstralasice, Fabr.— Kew Gardens (W. J. L.).

Pycnoscclus surinamensis, Linn. — Kew Gardens (W. J. L.) ;
the latest cockroach to establish itself in this county.

Of the Gryllodea there are but four British species, of
which three have been found in Surrey. The fourth, Nemobius
sylvestris, Fabr., occurs freely in the New Forest, and there
seems to be no reason why it should not be found in Surrey,
amongst dead leaves in old, dry, mixed woods.

Gryllus campestris, Linn. — I have but one record, Kother-
hithe, 1904 (H. Moore).

Gryllus doniesticus, Linn. — This is no doubt distributed
throughout the county, though not out of doors, except some-
times in the summer ; but I have records only for : Kingston-
on-Thames (W. J. L.) ; Bisley (A. Ficklin, Junr.) ; Bayswater
(F. P. Pascoe).

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Linn. — Churt, 1901, and Milford,
June 3rd, 1902 (G. Dalgliesh). The latter example was met with
on the wing.

Nine insects belonging to the Locustodea are British. Out
of these Conocephalus dorsalis, Latr., Metrioptera albopimctata
( = grisea), M. roeselii, Hagen., and Tettigonia verrucivora,
Linn., have not, I believe, been recorded for Surrey. C. dorsalis
may be looked for on boggy ground, but M. albopunctata is a
coast species, and the other two are very rare.

Leptophyes punctatissima, Bosc (July to September). —
Merrow Downs (W. J. L.) ; Boxhill (C. A. Briggs) ; Bisley
(A. Ficklin, Junr.) ; near Guildford (B. G. Cooper) ; Dorking
(H. Guermonprez) ; Farnham (E. J. B. Sopp) ; Send (L. Eawes) ;
near Ashtead (W. J. L.) ; Waltou-on-Thames (H. E. Annett) ;
Oxshott (E. South) ; Surbiton (H. Goss) ; Wimbledon and
Dormans (M. Burr).

Meconema thalassina De Geer (= variiun) (July to October). —
Leatherhead and Horsley (C. A. Briggs) ; near Ashtead
(W. J. L.); Kingston-on-Thames (W. J. L.) ; Surbiton (H. Goss) ;
Richmond Park (W. J. L.) ; Coombe Wood and Piipley (Stephens);

54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Boxhill (R. McLachlan) ; Dormans (M. Burr) ; Bisley (A. Ficklin,
Junr.) ; near Effingham Station (W. J. L.) ; Oxshott (W. J. L.) ;
Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens, Wisley (R. J. Wallis) ;
Kew Gardens (W. J. L.).

Phasgonura viridissima, Linn. (August to October). — Strange
to say I have no record for Surrey, since Stephens' record for
Battersea Fields would no longer hold good.

Pholidoptera griseo-aptera, Be Geer (August and September).
—Near Bellagio, East Grinstead (M. Burr) ; Farnham, 1907,
common (E. J. B. Sopp).

Metrioptera brachi/ptera, Linn. (August to October). — Wisley
to Leith Hill (C. A. Briggs) ; near Ripley (Stephens) ; Coombe
Wood (Stephens) ; Woking (W. J. L.) ; near Pyrford (W. J. L.) ;
Oxshott Heath (W. J. L.) ; Black Pond (W. J. L.).

Of the eleven British representatives of the Acridiodea nine
have been recorded from the county. Mecostethus grossus,
Linn., may occur in bogs, and Choi-thipphus elegans, Charp.,
should certainly occur in some damp grassy spots.

Gomphocenis riifiis, Linn. (August and September). — Boxhill
(R. McLachlan) ; Leatherhead (M. Burr) ; Redhill (G. E. Frisby) ;
Reigate (T. R. Billups) ; Oxshott (M. Burr) ; Bookham Common
(W. J. L.) ; Battersea Fields, early in the nineteenth century, by
Samouelle (C. W. Dale).

Gomphocenis maculatus, Thunb. (June to September). — Red-
hill (G. E. Frisby) ; Farnham and Frensham (E. J. B. Sopp);
Devil's Punch Bowl, Hindhead (W. J. L.) ; Merrow Downs
(W. J. L.) ; Blindley Heath, near Godstone (M. Burr) ; Boxhill
(R. McLachlan) ; Wimbledon (Eland Shaw); Oxshott (W. J. L.).

Stenohothrus lineatas, Panz. (July to September). — Boxhill
(C. A. Briggs) ; Leatherhead (M. Burr) ; Redhill (G. E. Frisby) ;
Merrow Downs (W. J. L.).

Omocestits viridulus, Linn. (June to September). — Leith Hill
(C. A. Briggs) : Esher Common, Oxshott, Horsley, Byfleet
Canal, Bookham Common, and Wimbledon Common (W. J. L.).

Omocestus rufipes, Zett. (August and September). — Leith Hill
(C. A. Briggs).

Staiiroderiis hicolor, Charp. (July to November) ; a very com-
mon species. — Esher Common, near Ranmore, near Oxshott,
Bookham Common, and Newlands Corner (W. J. L.) ; Horsley,
and a garden in Upper Tooting in 1901 (R. South) ; Send
(L. Rawes) ; Redhill (G. E. Frisby) ; Frensham Heath (A. Thorn-
ley) ; Boxhill (R. McLachlan) ; Queen's Cottage Grounds, Kew
Gardens (G. Nicholson) ; Royal Horticultural Society's Gardens,
Wisley (R. J. WaUis).

Chorthipphus parallelus, Zett. (July to September) ; another
very common species. — Oxshott Heath, canal near Byfleet, near
Wisley, near Effingham Station, Bookham Common, Newlands
Corner, and Ashtead Woods (W. J. L.) ; Boxhill (C. A. Briggs) :

ABERRATIONS OF THREE JAPANESE BUTTERFLIES. 55

Redhill (G. E. Frisby) ; Richmond Park and Wimbledon Com-
mon (Eland Shaw) ; Queen's Cottage Grounds, Kew Gardens
(G. Nicholson).

Tetrix suhulatus, Linn. — Dormans, East Grinstead (M. Burr).

Tetrix h'lpunctatus, Linn, (all the year round, as the species
hybernates in the perfect form). — Bookham Common, Esher
Common, Oxshott, Ockham Common, Horsley, and Boxhill
(W. J. L.) ; Byfleet (G. T. Porritt) ; Dorking (H. Guermonprez) ;
Eoyal Horticultural Society's Gardens, Wisley (Pi. J. Wallis).

[Additions to this list will be welcomed. — Ed.]

ABERRATIONS OF THREE JAPANESE BUTTERFLIES.
By A. E. WiLBMAN, F.E.S.

Zephyrus attUia subgrisea, ab. n.

Blackish with a faint purplish tinge ; a black mark at end of cell,
and indications of the darker under side markings ; traces of a bluish
white marginal hne on each side of the tail. Fringes white. Under
side greyish white ; fore wings have a brown elongate spot at end
of the cell, edged with white and enclosing a faint white line ; a
brownish, slightly oblique, postmedial band, outwardly edged by a
broad white band ; the area beyond the band is suffused with
brownish and traversed by a submarginal series of white-ringed
blackish spots, those towards costa smaller than those towards inner
margin, the latter outwardly edged with orange ; marginal line
blackish ; on the hind wings the brown and the white bands are
similar to those on the fore wings, but the submarginal spots are less
clearly defined outwardly ; the outer margin below vein three is
orange enclosing two black spots, that between veins two and three
round. Expanse, 32-36 millim.

Collection numbers, 2017 and 2018.

Two specimens from Yamato, July, 1894.

Zizera argia insolita, ab. n.
$ . On the under side the spots on the outer area unite and form
longitudinal bars between the veins, six on fore wing and eight on
hind wing.

Collection number, 2019.

One female specimen (the type) from Ushigome, Tokyo, May
7th, 1895.

Local distribution. — Hondo, Tokyo.
Habitat. — Japan.

Argynnis aglaia gutta, ab. n.
(? . On the under side there are no silvery spots on apical area
of the fore wing, and the silvery basal spots of the hind wing run

56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

together and form elongate blotches, a smaller silvery cloud at base
of the costa. This aberration is very similar to that of A. aglaia
charlotta, Haw.

Collection number, 2015.

One male specimen (the type) from Jozanke, Island of Yezo,
August 13th, 1896. This is an aberration of the Japanese form
of aglaia {Argynnis fortuna, Janson).

Local distribution. — Yezo, Jozanke.

iJa&ito^— Japan.

ON UNDE SCRIBED EVANIIDiE TAKEN AT KUCHING,
BORNEO, BY MR. JOHN HEWITT, B.A.

By p. Cameron.

Megischus claripennis, sp. n.

Black, the outer orbits, four anterior tarsi and the middle tibiaB
testaceous, the basal joint of the hind tarsi white ; the greater part
of the head rufo-testaceous, the vertex blackish, the outer orbits
broadly white, the basal four joints of the antennge of a paler testa-
ceous colour than the head ; the basal part of the second abdominal
segment rufous. Wings clear hyaline, the nervures black. ?. Length,
8 mm. ; terebra 13 mm.

Vertex smooth, bare and shining to the commencement of the
eyes, the rest finely closely transversely rugose ; the three spines are
distinct, triangular, acutely pointed, the anterior longer than the
others and separated from them by a greater distance than these are
from each other. Palpi dark testaceous. Prothorax smooth, a little
longer than it is wide at the apex, becoming gradually wider from
the apex of the basal fourth. Mesonotum shagreened, a transverse
furrow near the apex ; in front of this is a wider, more irregular
furrow ; behind it a deeper, pyriform fovea. Scutellum smooth,
longer than wide, narrowed gradually to a sharp point at the base,
which is bordered by a crenulated furrow. Metanotum closely
reticulated, more finely and closely at the base than elsewhere. Pro-
pleurae smooth, mesopleurtB aciculated, the metapleur® irregularly
obliquely striated. Abdominal petiole fully one-half longer than the
rest of the abdomen, finely closely striated, of equal width and almost
bare ; the rest of the abdomen becomes gradually widened towards
the apex, the top roundly curved, the lower part straight. Middle
femora roundly dilated at the base. $ .

Hind femora with a short acute tooth near the apex of the basal
third and a thinner one near the base of the apical third ; between
these, on the basal half, are three small bluntly rounded teeth, and,
on the apex, are four small teeth, which become smaller successively
towards the apex.

Megischus palliditarsis, sp. n.
Black, the head rufo-testaceous, the orbits broadly white, the
propleuree and prosternum rufous, the base of second abdominal

ON UNDESCRIBED EVANIID^ TAKEN AT KUCHING. 57

segment rufo-testaceoiis ; legs rufo-testaceous, the posterior black,
the base of middle tibiae, their apex more narrowly, the middle tarsi,
basal half of hinder (the basal joint to near the apex), and, to a less
extent, the fore tarsi, white. Abdominal petiole about twice longer
than the rest of the abdomen. Terebra almost as long as the body.
Wings clear hyaline, the nervvires and stigma almost white. Cephalic
tubercles short, bluntly rounded. Pro- and mesothorax smooth and
shining. Scutellum broadly triangular, the bordering furrows weakly
crenulated. Metanotum strongly aciculated. Pleurae smooth. $ .
Length, 7 mm. ; terebra 6 mm.

Outer orbits lined with white. Mandibles pale, black at the
apex. Basal joints of palpi black, the rest testaceous. Middle femora
of uniform thickness. Pronotum about one-half longer than it is
wide at the apex. There are only two teeth on the hind femora,
a conical one behind the middle and a small conical one near the
base of the apical fourth.

Megischiis ruficollis, sp. n.
Black, the head and prothorax red, the face and oral region paler
in tint, the outer orbits broadly and the basal half of the mandibles
pale yellow ; the basal four or five joints of the antennae and the
palpi pale testaceous. Four front legs pale testaceous, the femora
darker coloured, the hinder black, the knees rufo-testaceous, the
narrowed basal part of the tibiae fuscous, the tarsi white ; there are
two large teeth on the femora, one near the apex of the basal third,
the other near the base of the apical fourth ; there are two short
stumpy teeth at the base, four small, sharper ones between the large
ones, the apical more widely separated from the others than these
are from each other ; there are three small ones beyond the apical
large tooth, the basal longer and sharper than the others and touch-
ing the large one, the other two are stumpy, the basal larger than
the apical. Wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures fuscous, the
base of the stigma paler. $ . Length, 7 mm.

Kuching, Borneo (John Hewitt, B.A.).

Face shagreened, closely transversely striated, more strongly on
the sides ; the vertex is more finely striated. The lower frontal spine
is more sharply pointed than the others. Metanotum reticulated,
sparsely so at the apex ; the metapleurae aciculated, the pro- and
mesopleurae smooth. Hind femora and abdominal petiole closely
transversely striated. Scutellar fovea clearly defined, twice wider
than long, of equal width, deep ; the base bounded by a narrow
smooth keel, the sides by a smooth wide one. Pronotum about one-
fourth longer than it is wide at the apex. The cubitus is straight,
extends to the apex of the transverse cubitus (which is straight) and
forms a sharp angle with it.

Gasteruption ei'i/tlirostomum, sp. n.

Black, the apex of clypeus, its sides more broadly than the centre,

the apex of pronotum narrowly, the sides of the propleurae more

widely, the mark narrowed and rounded at the base, and a large

triangular mark on the apex of the prosternum, rufous ; the basal

58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

half of the prothorax tinged with rufous ; the sides of the second to
fifth abdominal segments of a darker rufous colour. The anterior
coxae, apex of middle pair, the four anterior trochanters, and the four
anterior femora rufous, the middle coxae black, except at apex, the
middle femora black below, the four anterior tibiae and tarsi white,
the anterior tibiae broadly black behind, the black band farther from
the base than it is from the apex, the middle have the basal fourth
and the apex narrowly white, the rest being black ; the apex of the
first joint of the middle tarsi narrowly and the other joints entirely
above, are black ; the hind legs black, a broad irregular band near
the base of the tibiae, and the first and second joints of the hind tarsi
except at the base white. Wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma
black. 2 . Length, 15 mm. ; terebra 17 mm.

Kuching, Borneo (John Hewitt, B.A.).

Head smooth and shining, the cheeks, lower part of front, face
and clypeus densely covered with silvery pubescence. Ocelli placed
in front of the hinder part of the eyes ; they are in a curve ; the
hinder are separated from each other by a little greater distance than
they are from the eyes ; the latter distinctly converge below and are
separated from the mandibles by less than the length of the antennal
pedicle. Prothorax longer than the mesonotum with the scutellum,
smooth. Base of mesonotum smooth, the rest stoutly transversely
striated, the striae more or less curved. Scutellum smooth, the apex
with two or three striae. Metanotum coarsely irregularly reticulated ;
the apex less strongly than the base. Pro- and mesopleurae aluta-
ceous, the depressed apex of the latter smooth and shining, the lower
half of the depression striated. Metapleurae reticulated, weakly at
the base, more strongly at the apex. The first abdominal segment
as long as the following three united. Antennal pedicle twice longer
than wide ; the third joint about one-quarter longer than the fourth.

Evania trichiosoma, sp. n.

Black, the apical slope of the metanotum and sternum densely
covered with white pubescence, the rest of the thorax, head and the
petiole of abdomen more sparsely covered with long black hair ; the
apex of the fore coxae, of the four anterior trochanters and the middle
joints of the four anterior tarsi testaceous, the pubescence on the
legs is longer and denser than usual ; it is black, and on the under
side of the coxae is a dense covering of silvery pubescence. The long
spur of the hind coxae is about one-fourth of the length of the meta-
tarsus, and is a little longer than the second joint ; tibiae and tarsi
not spinose. Metasternal process strongly diverging. Face strongly
striated, the striae clearly separated ; there are two striae down the
inner side of the outer orbits. Wings hyaline, vei-y iridescent ; basal
abscissa of radius rounded, the apical is faint, oblique, rounded at the
base. ^ . Length, 4 mm.

Ocelli in a slight curve, the hinder separated from each other by
a slight but distinctly greater distance than they are from the eyes.
Front stoutly striated, the striae shghtly obhque, distinctly separated.
Malar space as long as the eyes. Puncturation on thorax strong, the
punctures round and clearly separated ; the upper part of propleurae

INTERESTING ABERRATION OF EUSTROMA RETICULATA. 59

to shortly below the middle smooth ; the base of the propleurae with
a row of punctm'es rmining from top to bottom. Occiput and cheeks
strongly keeled, furrowed on the inner side of the keel, the furrow
bearing some strite. Antennaa stout, the third joint about one-fourth
shorter than the following two united. Basal half of mandibles rufo-
testaceous ; the palpi testaceous.

AN INTEEE STING ABERRATION OF EUSTROMA
RETICULATA (Schiff).

By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S.

^^I^B

Mi

Eustroma reticulata. 1, normal ; 2, aberration.

Eustroma reticulata is certainly one of the less variable of our
"carpet moths," and the Rev. E. J. Nurse, Rector of Winder-
mere, is to be congratulated on having bred, at the end of July
last, the striking aberration of which the photograph is repro-
duced above. Knowing my interest in the Geometridae, and
especially in the variation of the Larentiinae, our Editor has
asked me to comment upon it. Really aberrant forms of this
species must be exceedingly few and far between, and I have
only notes of two. One is the large, dark example with the
white lines — or some of them — reduced to a minimum, rather
vaguely described by Hodgkinson (Entom. xxiv. 266). The
other is in Mr. Sydney Webb's collection (from that of S. Stevens),
and is an asymmetrical example, in which the dark colouring of
the median area in the right fore wing is concentrated into a
large costal blotch, a triangular inner marginal mark, and a
slight mark between but distally to these, the rest of the area
remaining pale. As will be seen, Mr. Nurse's example belongs
to the same "phase of variation," and it is interesting that it
is similarly asymmetrical. Almost the only other direction of
variation known to me in this species is in the degree of
approximation of the two central white lines at the costa.
Sometimes these remain widely apart, sometimes they approach
or even touch, sometimes they meet before the costa, enclosing a
more or less ovate dark blotch (ab. ovidata, Borgmann).

60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

NEW LEPIDOPTEEA-HETEROGERA FROM FORMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 32.)

Dyaethia variegata, sp. n.

Fore wings ochreous, irrorated with purplish brown, and clouded
with this tint on the basal half and on the area beyond postmedial
line ; antemedial line chocolate-brown inwardly edged wdth ochreous,
angled and thickened on the veins, but extended to the costa ; three
chocolate-brown spots on the costa, pale edged, the first triangular
with a small spot (discoidal) below, the lower end of the second
curved outwards, the third small ; postmedial line ochreous, sinuous,
preceded by brown dots on the veins, commencing at the truncate
end of the second costal spot ; fringes brown, tips paler. Hind
wings fuscous with an indistinct postmedial line, which is angled
below the middle.

Expanse, 29-31 millim.

Collection number, 877 a.

Two male specimens from Arizan (7300 ft.), September,
1906, and August, 1908.

Perhaps this may prove to be only a geographical form of D.
hicomniata, Warren.

Dysethia taiwana, sp. n.

Fore wings dark purplish grey ; three pale edged dark chocolate
spots on the costa, the first small and triangular, the second large
and curved, the third smaller than the first and somewhat quadrate ;
antemedial line dark chocolate, sinuous, not in evidence much above
median nervure, slightly expanded on the inner margin ; postmedial
line sinuous, dark chocolate towards the inner margin, above which it is
angled, indicated by chocolate dots from above vein two to the lower
end of second costal spot ; a diffuse, ochreous, transverse shade before
the postmedial line. Hind wing fuscous with a faintly darker post-
medial line, obtusely angled below the middle.

Expanse, 34 millim.

Collection number, 877 b.

A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 18th, 1908.

Closely allied to D. ocyptaria, Swinboe.

Lygranoa violescejis, sp. n.
3 . Fore wings brown, suffused with violet-grey ; costa ochreous
brown ; antemedial line brown, sinuous, evanescent towards costa ;
two brown spots on the costa, darker edged, a brown dot below the
first, the second somewhat lunular ; postmedial line brown, sinuous,
outwardly edged with violet-grey ; submarginal hne ochreous, wavy,
only distinct towards the inner margin. Hind wings dark fuscous
brown. Under side of fore wings fuscous, ochreous on costal area,
discoidal mark blackish; postmedial line dusky, pale edged; hind
wings ochreous brown, powdered with darker, discoidal mark and
wavy postmedial line blackish.

NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 61

? . Eather browner ; the costal spots on fore wings darker ; a
diffuse, dusky, postmedial line on hind wings.

Expanse, $ 27 millim., $ 32 millim.

Collection number, 877.

One specimen of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), June 17th,
1906.

Allied to Tj. fasca, Butler.

Lohogonia bilineata, sp. n.

<? . Fore wings yellow ochreous, irrorated with black ; ante- and
postmedial line reddish, slightly expanded and rather darker on the
costa, the former bent below costa, both inclined outwards on the
inner margin ; a black dot in the cell, an elongate one just beyond
second line, and two dots before the outer margin ; fringes ochreous,
black below vein four and above vein six. Hind wings whitish
ochreous, a dusky dot at end of the cell, and a dusky postmedial
line ; fringes marked with black at costa and anal angle. Under
side ochreous irrorated with blackish ; basal area of fore wings
suffused with blackish ; postmedial line blackish, diffuse towards
the costa.

Expanse, 30 millim.

Collection number, 871.

A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), September 13th, 1906.

Allied to L. ambusta, Warren. The outer margin of hind
wings not angled at vein four.

Lohogonia aculeata, sp. n.

(? . Fore wings whitish ochreous with a few black scales chiefly
on the outer half of the wings ; two black triangular marks, the apex
of the second extended to a longitudinal black mark just beyond
lower angle of the cell ; a faint brown line from lower end of each
costal mark to the inner margin ; an almost straight submarginal
band composed of scattered black scales ; a black dot at end of the
cell, one on costa before apex, and one on the outer margin between
veins five and six ; fringes black, except at apex, vein four, and just
above the tornus. Hind wings rather paler, freckled, especially on
outer area, with fuscous brown ; medial band black-brown, straight
from inner margin to the cell ; fringes marked with black ; outer
margin strongly angled at vein four.

Expanse, 22 millim.

Collection number, 872.

A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 22nd, 1906.

Near L. conspicuata, Leech.

Cidaria arizana, sp. n.
Fore wings velvety black ; subbasal line whitish, almost straight ;
nervures marked with whitish ; antemedial and medial lines whitish,
wavy, approaching each other below the middle, enclosed space
partly filled in with whitish, flecked with ochreous on the veins ;
postmedial whitish, projected inwards along vein two almost to the

62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

medial line, and bilobed about middle ; the space between post-
medial and whitish wavy submarginal line is, except towards costa,
whitish dusted with blackish, and flecked with ochreous on the veins ;
marginal line whitish, fringes whitish inclining to ochreous at base,
traversed by a blackish line, and chequered with blackish at the tips.
Hind wings fuscous; postmedial line darker, outwardly edged with
whitish ; submarginal line whitish, macular.

Expanse, 50 millim.

Collection number, 835.

A female specimen from Arizan, September 14th, 1906.

Closely allied to C. viactata, Felder ; perhaps may be a local
form of that species.

Cidaria interrupta, sp. n.

Fore wings ochreous brown, speckled with darker brown ; basal
patch blackish, limited outwardly by an angled white line ; medial
band blackish, edged with white, interrupted by veins two, three, and
four, the portion between two and three completely separated, form-
ing an oval spot, the costal and inner marginal portions enclose pale
edged black marks ; some blackish interneural marks between basal
patch and medial band ; submarginal line white, indented on costal
area where it edges two blackish marks, thence represented by more
or less distinct lunules ; a blackish spot on the outer margin from
apex to vein four, inwardly edged by an irregular, curved, white line ;
some blackish marks between the spot and the inner margin ; fringes
ochreous brown, darker mixed at base. Hind wings whitish brown,
sufl'used with fuscous except on the costal area ; postmedial line pale,
wavy, not extending to the costa, preceded by some blackish marks
on the inner margin ; submarginal line pale, only traceable from
inner margin to vein four.

Expanse, 46 millim.

Collection number, 836.

One male specimen from Daitozan (8500 ft.), September 19th,
1906.

Near C. melancholica, Butler.

Xanthorhoe costata, sp. n.

Fore wings whitish, with several obscure, wavy, fuscous, trans-
verse lines ; basal patch brown, outer edge almost straight, but in-
dented above middle; medial band brown, extending only from costa
to vein five, and contracted just above that vein ; submarginal line
white, only distinct near the costa, where it traverses an obscure
band-like shade which is brownish on the costa. Hind wings whitish,
without markings. Fringes white chequered with brownish.

Expanse, 24 millim.

Collection number, 825.

A female specimen from Daitozan (8500 ft.), Sept. 11th, 1906.

In general appearance this insect resembles P. biplagiata,
Warren.

(To be continued.)

63

ON TWO UNDESCRIBED GENERA AND THREE NEW
SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONIDiE FROM BORNEO.

By p. Camekon.

Hemiphatnus, gen. nov.

Radius and cubitus almost united at the areolet, the only (the
basal) transverse cubital nervure being not much longer than thick ;
the recurrent nervure is received shortly beyond it ; the transverse
median nervure is received behind the transverse basal. Transverse
cubitus in. hind wing broken near the top of the posterior third.
Metanotum smooth, with one transverse keel near the base ; the
spiracles longish oval. Basal two abdominal segments long and
slender, the first more so than the second. Thorax about four times
longer than wide, the parapsidal furrows deep ; the scutellum rounded,
not raised above the mesonotum, head wider than the mesonotum,
obliquely narrowed behind. Clypeus separated from the face, its apex
bluntly rounded. Antennae long and slender, not ringed with white,
the basal joints of the flagellum long. Claws small.

The type of this genus is a much more slender insect than
the majority of the Mesostenini, especially as regards the abdo-
men and the antennse. Characteristic also is the very smooth
body, including the metanotum. Of the Malay genera, its
nearest ally seems to be Lactolus, which, however, has the
thorax striated, the antennae thicker, and the areolet is much
larger and closed at the apex.

Hemiphatnus nigripaljns, sp. n.

Entirely smooth and shining, yellow ; the antennse, palpi, man-
dibles, middle of front broadly, the occiput, except for a triangular
spot (the narrowed end below) at the eyes, the pronotum except
narrowly at the apex, a large triangular mark on the upper half of
the propleurse, its narrowed end at the base, the mesonotum, the
metanotum at the base behind the keel, the extreme base of the first
abdominal segment, black ; the apical three-fourths of first, second
abdominal segment, the basal half of the third, more than the basal
half of the fourth, and the other segments above, brown. Wings
hyaline, the stigma and apical nervures fuscous, the basal nervures
black. ? . Length, 13 mm. ; terebra, 2 mm.

Kuching, Borneo (John Hewitt, B.A.).

Legs pale yellow ; the four anterior femora black behind, the
apices of all the tibiae (almost the apical fourth), the extreme base of
the posterior and the tarsi, black ; the hind femora brownish black ;
the tibiae and tarsi shortly spinose. Hind coxse about four times
longer than thick. The furrow on the lower part of the mesopleurae
is roundly curved and smooth. The brown colour on the basal abdo-
minal segment is blacker than it is on the others.

Talorga, gen. nov.

Wings without an areolet, the transverse cubital nervure short.
Radial cellule long, reaching to the apex of the wing, the radius

64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

issuing from the middle of tlie stigma. Transverse median nervure
interstitial. Transverse cubital nervure in hind wing broken shortly
below the middle. Eyes large, converging below, extending close to
the base of the mandibles. Clypeus not separated from the face.
Temples short, the occiput not margined. Parapsidal furrows dis-
tinct. Scutellum large, the sides distinctly keeled. Metanotum
long ; there is a distinct longish areola ; the spiracles minute, round.
First abdominal segment slender, roundly curved above. Legs
longish, the tibiae and tarsi thickly spinose ; the two hind calcaria
long, the longer fully one-third of the length of the metatarsus.
Claws not pectinated. Pace aciculated, raised in the centre. Cheeks
smooth. Occipital margin entire. First abdominal segment with
lateral keels which extend to the tip. Abdominal segments two to
four more than twice longer than wide. Areola joined to the base of
the metanotum by a keel ; sharply pointed at the base, becoming
gradually widened to shortly beyond the middle ; there is a rugose
area, as long as wide at its apex ; the sides, outside the spiracles, are
bounded by a keel. Mandibles short, of equal width, the apex broad,
bidentate. The last joint of the hind tarsi is shorter than the third,
as long as the fourth.

Belongs to the Tryphoninse, tribe Mesoleptini. Without a
female it is not easy to settle its exact relationship, but the very
large eyes, distinct parapsidal furrows, strongly keeled scutellum,
and strongly spined tibiae and tarsi appear to be characteristic
features.

Talorga spinipes, sp. n.

Black, shining, the metathorax finely, closely punctured, the
basal segment of the abdomen finely, closely striated ; the mandibles,
palpi, and legs rufo-testaceous ; the base of the coxai broadly infus-
cated ; the wings hyaline, the stigma and nervures fuscous. Flagel-
lum of antennae densely covered with longish fuscous pubescence ;
the apical joints are fuscous. Ventral surface of abdomen testaceous.
^ . Length, 4 mm.

Kuching, Borneo (John Hewitt, B.A.).

Palmerella longispina, sp. n.
Black, the basal two joints of the flagellum of antennae, the fore
legs, except the coxae and trochanters, fuscous, the middle femora
and tibiae of a darker fuscous colour, the palpi testaceous, the third
joint of the hind tarsi except at the base, and the fourth whitish ;
wings hyaline, the nervures and stigma black. Face closely, strongly
punctured ; between the antennae is a smooth, shining plate, widest
in the middle, from where it becomes gradually, obliquely narrowed
to the base and apex. Occiput smooth and shining. Thorax more
coarsely punctured than the head, the scutellum much more coarsely
punctured than the rest of it ; it is sparsely haired ; on the meta-
notum the punctures run into reticulations, as they do also on the
metapleurae. Coxae closely, strongly punctured, the under side of the
hinder densely covered with white pulDescence. Pleural furrow deep,
curved, crenulated. Genitalia large, white. S • Length, 6 mm.

NOTES BY THE WAY. 65

This species is smaller than P. nigra, Cam., the type of the
genus ; the two species may be separated thus : —
A square white mark on centre of face above, the front
with a distinct longitudinal keel, the basal seg-
ment of abdomen distinctly punctured. No plate
between the antennae. Length, 8-9 mm. . . nigra.
Face immaculate, the front without a distinct keel, the
basal segment of abdomen smooth. A smooth,
angled plate between the antennae . . . longispina.

NOTES BY THE WAY.

Excepting a few small groups of insects, no museum, public
or private, in this country can compete in the extent of its
collections with that at Cromwell Eoad, which has recently made
such strenuous and entirely effectual efforts under the jurisdiction
of Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse, I.S.O., to bring the valuable material
possessed by it up to date. We are delighted to find that, at
the expiration of his term of office, Mr. Waterhouse is volun-
tarily continuing his good work in the Public Insect Gallery.
Another vacancy has been caused by the deplorable nervous
breakdown of Mr. Heron ; but both posts are already filled — by
Mr. Edwards, who is taking charge of the British Diptera, and
Mr. Blair, to whom Mr. Gaban has been obliged, by the press of
his official business as Assistant-in-Charge of the Insect Depart-
ment, to very largely resign his work on the Coleoptera. The
new administrational note is, however, struck by the acquisi-
tion of three Permanent Assistants ; and our honoured Editor
has also consented to join the good work as a Special in his
particular branch.

No man has time, and few have the inclination, to work the
whole of Entomology. Literature is so vast nowadays that there
will never be another Westwood. Indeed, it is quite as much as
the average stay-at-home man, working his own branch, can do
to follow the researches of various scientific missions sent out by
those in authority (that is to say, with spare cash) to more or
less remote and entomologically unexplored districts. The
nearest one now in progress is to be completed during the coming
summer, and the results will shortly appear in the ' Transactions
of the Royal Irish Academy.' This is a general survey of tiny
Clare Island, off the west coast of Mayo, battered by every
storm thundering three thousand miles across from New York,
till it has become so erosed as to be perpendicular for two
thousand feet or so on its north-west front, and thence falling
away to sea-level on the south-east, where is the only scrap of

ENTOM. FEBRUARY, 1911. F

6fi THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

wood, stunted and wind-swept, on the island. It is an unpro-
ductive spot, with a scanty and not very interesting fauna ; the
insects are rare, and no peculiar species have yet been reported.
Much interest, nevertheless, attaches to so remote a spot, and
the results, taken in conjunction with the recent reports from
Lundy in a contemporary, from the Isle of Wight by Mr.
Morey in 1908, and from the Scottish islands, will add con-
siderably to our knowledge of insular selection.

The entirely distinct characters of the Entomological Club
and the Entomological Society are most happy in so far avoiding
friction as to render each reciprocally useful. At the annual
gathering of the former, under Mr. Verrall's ever-genial presi-
dency, at the Holborn Restaurant on the 17th ult., a record
number of guests was assembled, extending to about eighty
suppers. Quite a novel situation was freely discussed ; never
before, we believe, has a president-elect of the Society died
before entering upon his office, and the question arises who
should fill his place. In view of the forthcoming most important
International Entomological Congress at Oxford, which will fall
into the term of this presidency, it is quite necessary that our
leader should be of both international reputation and consider-
able resources, in order to fittingly uphold the prestige of our
premier society. Equally worthy as are a few of the other
names suggested, we have not the slightest hesitation in stating
that one is pre-eminent in both these respects— the Hon. Walter
Rothschild. ^ ^

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Chcerocampa nerii at Eastbourne. — While staying at East-
bourne in August last, word was brought to me that a specimen of
ChoerocamiM nerii had been taken by one of the bathers off the pier-
head, but I could get no very clear account of it at the time.
Recently, however, I have got into touch with the actual captor, Mr.
Arthur C. Hillman, of Sussex Gardens, Eastbourne, to whom I am
indebted for the following detailed account of its capture. He writes
as follows : — " From memory it was on Monday, 15th August last, at
about 7.30 a.m., that I was bathing in the sea from the pier-head; I
was a few yards out when my attention was drawn to a leaf-like
object floating on the water at a short distance from me. I swam to
it and found a fine moth ; it was alive, its wings being raised up over
its back, and it readily clung to my hand ; it did not, however, make
any attempt to fly, and after I landed with it on the pier a close exa-
mination showed that it was in a very feeble condition. I took it
home and kept it in a cardboard box in which some moist brown
sugar was placed. At night I removed the lid of the box, and next

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 67

morning found the insect on the window-curtains, it evidently having
revived. On the following Wednesday or Thursday I handed it to
my brother-in-law, Mr. Bertram Earp, who is a very keen entomolo-
gist, and w^ho identified it as Chcerocampa nerii. The specimen is
now in his collection." — Egbert Adkin ; Lewisham, January, 1911.

Amphidasys betularia ab. doubledayaria in Essex. — In the
' Entomologist ' for last year, at p. 204, the Eev. W. Claxton records
the occurrence of a female example of this aberration at Navestock,
and i-emarks that it "is perhaps a record for Essex" ; so it may be
interesting to him and others to learn that in this corner of the
county the black variety is by no means uncommon, indeed, it is now
as frequent as the type. I came to this neighbourhood in 1886, and
for a few years after the larvae, usually obtained every year, of this
insect produced typical specimens, although many of them were often
very dark— almost intermediate between the type and doubledayaria
— and they have become darker and darker every year, and at the
present time nearly half the moths reared from the wild larvae I
obtain emerge as doubledayaria. A few years ago one of my children
found a large female doubledayaria sitting on my front door-step,
and from her I obtained a quantity of ova. When they hatched, the
young larvae were sleeved upon an ash-tree in my garden, and from
these the following year I bred over one hundred moths, more than
two-thirds of which were the black variety. The wild larvae seem to
have no particular choice of food, for I have beaten them from every
kind of tree and bush, and on several occasions from mugwort,
when' hunting for larvae of Eupithecia succenturiata at night. —
Gervase F. Mathew ; Dovercourt, Essex, January 14th, 1911.

Corrections in Names op Three Species of Phytophaga. — The
late Mr. Jacoby in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1897, p. 260, described a Hermao-
pliaga as smithi from the West Indies. This name has been pre-
viously used in the ' Biologia,' Supp. p. 262, for a Mexican form. In
his second collection Mr. Jacoby had altered the name-label of the
West Indian form to insularis, Jac. In P. Z. Soc. 1903, p. 284, he
describes DorypJiora ceneofasciata from Columbia, on page 291 ; he
inadvertently uses the same name for a Peruvian form. In his copy
of the published paper (in my library) the latter name is changed by
him to chalybeofasciata ; on page 287 he uses the name DorypJiora
sanguiniyennis for a form from Brazil ; he had previously used this
name (Entom. 1895, p. 189) for a form from Venezuela ; the Brazilian
species should be altered to sanguipennis. — C. Bowditch ; Brook-
line, Mass., U.S.A.

Abnormal Emergence of Coremia designata. — At the beginning
of last September I received a batch of ova of this species from the
South of Ireland. They hatched on the 14th of the month, and fed
up well on cabbage. The breeding-cage was kept in an open shed
out of doors, facing the north-east. On December 23rd I was sur-
prised to find four of the moths had emerged, on the 25th another
appeared, on 31st another, and another on January 10th. x\fter this
I brought the breeding-cage indoors. I cannot understand why

r2

68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

these moths should have thought fit to come out at such an un-
seasonable time of the year. We had some sharp frosts between
November 16th and 23rd ; then the weather became mild until the
29th, when it was frosty and cold again for a few days, but from
December 3rd to the 25th it was more or less mild and damp, and so
I suppose this accounts for it. — Gervase F. Mathew ; Dovercourt,
Essex, January 19th, 1911.

Unrecorded Occurrences of Euvanessa antiopa. — Describing
the village of Camberwell, where Robert Browning's grandparents
settled, and in 1782 their eldest child was born, the late Professor
Hall Griffin writes : " The square embattled church-tower . . . stood
at the base of the pretty tree-clad slopes of Denmark Hill, Heme
Hill, and Champions Hill, amid hedgerows and oak-trees, surrounded
by well-stocked pastures and their overshadowing willows and
flowers and fruit-trees, which were the haunt of the butterfly. Was
not the Camberwell Beauty famous ? Indeed, when the Browning
household moved to Camberwell, the parish authorities had just been
busy ' apprehending ' the too numerous caterpillars, and in a single
season had secured some four hundred bushels. A generation later,
in 1810, Dame Priscilla Wakefield, in her ' Perambulations,' described
Camberwell as a pleasant retreat," &c.'''

In the hope of discovering the authority for this entomologically
amazing statement, I wrote to Mr. Minchin to ask if Professor Hall
Griffin had left any note to indicate the sources thereof. Mr. Minchin,
however, could throw no additional light on the problem, so at his
suggestion I turned to Mrs. Wakefield's ' Perambulations in London,'
published in 1814, on the off chance of finding an allusion to this
plague of Antiopa larvas ! But Dame Priscilla is silent on the subject.
" Camberwell is a pleasant retreat for the citizens who have a taste
for the country, whilst their avocations call them daily to London " —
that is all the information vouchsafed by " Yours affectionately,
Edwin," the imaginary writer of her Letter xxix.

But the mystery is explained to some extent in ' Old and New
London ; the Southern Suburbs,' vol. vi. p. 279, by Edwin Walford,
where, after expatiating on the rural charm of Camberwell, the
author transcribes a Vestry Minute, to the effect that in 1782
caterpillars so abounded in the parish that the overseers spent £10
in " apprehending " them, at the rate of sixpence a bushel ; the
caterpillars being cited as " dangerous to the puljlic in general " ; and
immediately afterwards Walford mentions that the Camberwell
Beauty, " the dehght of entomologists, is still one of the finest
butterflies of the season ... It was abundant when Camberwell
was a straggling parish." Thus, setting aside the question of the
normal abundance of Antiopa in Camberwell, or anywhere else in
Britain at this time, it is clear that Browning's latest biographer read
the same paragraph, and jumped to the conclusion that the cater-
pillars " at sixpence a bushel " were those of the insect he introduces
to emphasize the rusticity of the then suburban London.

-'The Life of Robert Browning' ... By Professor Hall Grifl&n.
Completed and edited by Harry Christopher Minchin. Methuen & Co., Ltd.,
1910.

CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 69

Meanwhile, one would like to know to what pest the entry in
the Vestry Minute really refers. But unfortunately the record is
no longer available on the spot, for, as the present Vicar, the Eev.
F. F. Kelly, kindly informs me, St. Giles' Church was entirely
destroyed by fire in 1841, and only the register-books of births,
deaths, and marriages were saved. Was it Stilpnotia salicis ? Per-
haps some reader of the ' Entomologist ' can supply the missing data ?
— H. Eowland-Brown ; Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald, January 10th,
1911.

CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.

Scarcity of Wasps in the Chester District. — Wasps in
1910 were extraordinarily scarce in this part of Cheshire. Even in
a woodland tea-garden, a few miles up the river Dee, the waitresses
told me they had not seen one, although the cakes and other sweets
attract the insects from far and near. Queen wasps in spring seemed
hardly up to their usual numbers, and I am not aware that any re-
wards are offered here for their destruction. — J. Arkle ; Chester.

Phtheochroa (Argyrolepia) schreibersiana, Frol., in Glou-
cestershire.— I am pleased to be able to record the capture of this
very local Tortrix in the Forest of Dean on June 23rd, 1910. I
netted two specimens flying in the afternoon sunshine about four
o'clock amongst some elm trees growing near water. Both were
rather worn, and therefore I did not realize what a prize I had at
first, but upon submitting one of the moths to Mr. Edward Meyrick,
F.E.S., he at once referred it to this species. Previous records
appear to be confined to Suffolk, Cambridge, and Hunts. — C. Gran-
ville Clutterbuck, F.E.S. ; Heathside, Heathville Road, Gloucester,
December 21st, 1910.

Lepidoptera in the Portsmouth District. — The only other
working entomologist within some distance of Portsmouth would
appear to be the Rev. Tarbot, of Fareham, and as I am only new to
the neighbourhood, I have taken care only to mention those insects
which he has not previously captured here, unless possibly it may
be in some isolated instance. The capture of a freshly emerged
specimen of Garadrina cuhicularis at ivy on October 17th last might
be worth recording, as this would seem to be an exceptionally late
date for this species. The following few captures made during the
past season might also be of interest, as the majority of the species
seem to be more or less new to the district ; they were all made in a
small wood and marsh stretching for about half a mile below Pur-
brook, a small village about six miles from Portsmouth, on the main
Petersfield road. The gas-lamps from Portsmouth stretch out as far
as Purbrook, the last one being situated on a bridge at the edge of
the wood, and this light proved especially attractive, a total of no
less than ninety-five species being taken there ; this number would,
I am sure, have been largely augmented had I not been unavoidably
absent from home for the greater part of July and August and the
whole of May and September. At my first visit to this lamp on

70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

June 1st on my return from Scotland, a very fine Notodonta trepida
was taken, also Drepana hamula, among a host of commoner things,
during the course of the evening. Other insects taken during the
year were: — Calligenia miniata (two), on August 11th; Lithosia
lurideola and L. griseola, which were in the greatest abundance from
my return home on July 25th till the middle of August, and shared
with Noctua plecta and N. ruhi the distinction of being by far the
commonest insects at this particular spot ; Drepana hamula, one on
July 27th, and one on August 15th ; Pterostoma palpina, one on
June 8th, and one on August 12th ; Liiperina cespitis, one taken by
a village lad on September 5th during my absence ; Triphcena inter-
jecta, one on August 6th ; Dianthoecia cucubali, one on June 11th ;
Petasia cassinea, one on November 26th ; Ennomos erosaria, one on
6th and one on October 9th ; Geovietra papilionaria, a very fine male
on July 26th, a bright moonlight night, the insect having to be chased
across two fields before its final capture ; Acidalia imitaria, one on
August 13th ; Numeria pulveraria, one on June 7th ; and Cidaria
silaceata, not uncommon between August 3rd and 15th. Many other
good things were captured, but seem to have been taken more or less
commonly in the neighbourhood of Portsmouth before. From the
middle to the end of June Hepialus hectus, Xylophasia hepatica,
Apamea gemina, Erastria fuscula, and Toxocampa pastinum were to
be taken not uncommonly dusking in the rides of the wood, but it
was difficult to pick out the better insects from the hosts of common
things that were flying everywhere ; Nudaria senex, too, was flutter-
ing about in fair numbers among the tall reeds and grasses in the
marsh at the end of July and beginning of August. Single specimens
were taken of Xylophasia scolopacina on July 25th, Tethea retusa on
• August 12th, Hadena genista on June 27th, Angerona prunaria on
June 25th.

Sugaring was a complete failure throughout the year, except for
two nights, viz. June 25th and 27th, when every patch was simply
alive with insects, in a drizzling rain and with a strong "sou'wester"
blowing. On these two nights, Leucania pudorina, L. comma, Xylo-
phasia sMustris, X. hepatica, Apamea gemina, mostly of the var.
remissa, and Mamestra anceps were all fairly common, together with
some beautiful varieties of Miana strigilis and Noctua festiva. Col-
lecting by day did not produce very much worth recording ; butterflies
of any sort were few and far between, and the Geometers beaten from
the hedgerows were mostly those that seem common to the whole
district ; Epione advenaria was perhaps more abundant than usual,
and the same thing applies to Bapta temerata ; Tephrosia extersaria
was found on an oak-trunk on the 4th of the month, and Lobophora
hexapterata at rest with extended wings on the garden paling on
the 6th. With regard to larvae, Diloba coiruleocephala was simply
swarming on the hawthorn hedges at the beginning of June, and the
moths appeared in corresponding numbers round the lamps through-
out October ; full-fed larvae of Arctia caia were frequently picked up
crawling across the paths, and a considerable number of Odonestis
potatoria were found sunning themselves on the long grass under
the hedgerows. It now only remains to mention that Pcecilocampa
populi has been not uncommon during the past month around the

CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 71

lamps in Fareham. — Leslie H. Mosse Robinson ; 2, Margaret Villas,
Portchester, December 28th, 1910.

Collecting at Kendal (Westmorland).— Continuing my notes
{vide Entom. vol. xliii. p. 252) on the season's work in the Kendal
neighbourhood, I am able to report considerable activity amongst our
local lepidopterists during the latter half of the year 1910, accom-
panied by the acquisition of a wider knowledge of the habits of many
species, and by the encouraging addition of one or two fresh names
to our list. For several reasons, but chiefly owing to the broken
state of the weather, collecting throughout July was of a more or less
desultory nature. Several expeditions were made between July 3rd
and 9th to some high-lying marshy ground in quest of Arcjynnis
selene, but the resulting captures were disappointing. Three journeys
for a total of nine specimens, and this in a haunt where it has been
found some years literally in hundreds. Larentia ccssiata, showing
considerable variation, was common in the same neighbourhood,
resting in the daytime on the boulders and rock-faces, sometimes a
dozen or more in one sheltered corner. Generally they were pretty
active and rose quickly at one's approach. Some were stalked till
they came to rest on the heather, and invariably these were found
to be quite fresh — the worn insects remaining on the rocks, more
reluctant to rise. Males of Phothedes captiuncula were taken freely
in early July resting on the flowers of ox-eye daisy. One specimen
was reported as early as June 17th. Females of Nemeophila russula
were still to be taken in good condition on July 17th, though males
of the same species had been netted fully a month earlier. On the
18th, fifteen very young larvae of Dicranura furcula were discovered
on sallow — all on the lower branches quite close to the ground. The
young larva sits on a silken pad in the centre of the upper side of
the leaf and is easily seen. In several cases the empty egg-shell was
observed on the imder side of the same leaf. On July 19th, my friend,
Mr. G. Holmes, reported taking some nice Apliantopus liyperanthus
and Argynnis aglaia, one of the latter being a small dark female.
July 27th saw two more Notodonta dictaoides in the pupa-cage, an
interval of eleven days having elapsed since the last emergence.
They vary in the depth of chocolate coloration on both thorax and
wings. I have one bred specimen, a male, quite grey and hoary.
On the night of the 27th two Nocttta dahlii turned up at sugar.
About this date Melanippe sociata began to appear, and my series
includes some with a very distinct and almost black median band,
strongly marked, as in M. galiata, and without the customary in-
definiteness of M. suhtristata.

August 1st broke out fine and sunny, and we spent the morning
amongst Erehia cBthiops, which we found to be just "beginning. Only
one female was netted ; they are usually a good week later than the
males. This species varies greatly from year to year in the matter
of size. On August 2nd several good examples of Anaitis plagiata
were netted. Larvae of Phalera bucepJiala were very abundant in
early August — birch, sallow, oak, and lime being apparently the
favoured (?) trees. August 11th saw appearing in the pupa-cage
some fine imagines of Cirrhoedia xeravipelina, bred from larvae found

72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

under moss on ash-trunks in May. On the 14th I took a grand
series of Chrysophanus phlaas on the border of the "moss." Females
were in splendid order, but the males had evidently been some time
on the wing and selection was necessary. During the day the
heather-bloom seemed to be a great attraction, but towards evening,
in an adjacent cornfield, numbers were observed resting, with wings
opened towards the waning sun, on the ripe heads of the corn, and a
pretty picture they presented dotted about the field like so many
brilliant flowers. With a solitary exception all were head downwards.
The following day I found ten nearly full-grown larvae of Vanessa
cardui on nettle. These were sleeved on a bunch of the food-plant,
and allowed plenty of hght and air. The resulting imagines lack
nothing in size, and form a fine series of dark examples, a great con-
trast to those I have reared from time to time on thistle. All the
usual dark markings appear to be somewhat extended, the series of
spots on the lower wings run together to form a band, and on the
fore wings the marginal black encroaches on the pink in the form of
a smudge. In every one the nervures are thick and dark. Half a
dozen full-fed larvJB of Notodonta ziczac were found on sallow,
numerous Hylophila p)rO'Sinana on oak, and Selenia hilunaria on
mountain-ash. Imagines of Gidaria testata, Coremia unidcntaria,
Eubolia limitata, and Crocallis elinguaria appeared at dusk; whilst
after dark the heather-bloom or the- moss attracted Noctua xantho-
grapha, N. umbrosa, N. rubi, HydroRcia nictitans, Triphana pronuba,
T. orbona, and freshly emerged Xanthia fulvago. With the exception
of the last, a very sluggish insect, most of the Noctuae are shy, and
fly off or drop as one approaches. A net is a useful accessory when
working heather, and prevents the ultimate escape of many an insect.
Sugar and the ragwort flowers in the vicinity of the heather-bloom
were entirely neglected. One specimen of Epione apiciaria was
netted about 10 p.m., and on subsequent evenings several more were
found sitting quietly on the lower leaves of the sallows, and generally
well under the bushes. When disturbed, they fluttered gently to an
adjacent leaf and settled down again. Until this season we have
been accustomed to look upon E. apiciaria as a rarity in our district,
but this capture only proves what one often suspects, that many
so-called rarieties have gained the reputation simply through our
ignorance of their habits. Hypsipites sordidata swarmed around the
sallows after dark, but were mostly far worn.

On the 18th I paid a visit to an old haunt of Pararge megara, a
rapidly disappearing species with us. On this occasion, fortune,
represented by the sun, frowned. I certainly saw one viegcem, but
before I could dismount from cycle and unfurl the net, it had dis-
appeared, and with it the solitary gleam of sunshine. Heavy clouds
were quickly gathering, but being in the neighbourhood, I risked a
probable wetting for the sake of hunting for larvae of Gucullia asteris.
An hour's search produced two ! Last year I found thirty in half
the time. On the 21st we started larv£e-beating in earnest, deter-
mined this year to give the birches on the mosses a thorough working.
Ten Notodonta dictaoides (some very small, the largest only half an
inch in length), six Geometra papilionaria, one Acronycta leporina,
and numbers of young Notodonta dromedarius, N. camelina, Drepana

CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 73

falcataria, D. lacertinaria, Cahera 2^usaria, and a few small Amplii-
dasys betularia comprised the first morning's bag. The following
day added seven N. dictaoides and nine 6r. impilionaria, together
with the other commoner species. Solitary trees proved best for
N. dictcBoides, although an outstanding lower branch of the larger
birches (growing often in groups) occasionally held them. G. iKipilio-
naria at this date were very small and difficult to see on the tray.
Several young larvae of N. camelina were puzzling, inasmuch as the
usual plain green dorsal surface was studded with small shining
black tubercles, and the head was figured with two conspicuous eye-
like marks. Three of these larvae were kept separate from the rest,
and produced later the jJMz/b form of the adult larva. Throughout
August and September we beat the birches, with the result that a
goodly quantity of larvae were taken. Notodonta dictceoides and
Gcometra papilionaria were neither of them uncommon ; Notodonta
dromedarms and LopJwptenjx camelina were abundant, but more
than half of them " stung." Drepana lacertinaria was this year
more plentiful than D. falcataria, though the converse is usually the
case. Cahera pusaria was everywhere, showing four or five distinct
forms. Cidaria corylata we added in late September, one of the
larvae being a pretty coral pink, bright on the ventral surface, some-
what paler on the back. Some of the Geometra papilionaria on
September 18th were surprisingly big, and showed quite a lot of
green on the sides. If not sleeved outside for the winter, they
require to be fed as long as a vestige of green remains on the trees,
and when leaves fail, they eat the birch-catkins readily. By now,
November 18th, my larvae have fixed themselves firmly to the twigs,
appear to have shrunk considerably, and have assumed the duller
brown tint of the birch bark.

Two enthusiastic entomological friends, Messrs. A. Graveson and
T. Smith, sugared persistently throughout August in the hope of
arousing again Aplecta occulta, examples of which they had been
fortunate enough to take last season. But "sugar" during August
was this year disappointing, and a solitary Ortliosia siispecta was the
only capture worth noting. On heather-bloom, however, they secured
a nice series of Noctua glareosa. One night they reported seeing
quite a number of toads sitting boldly on the heather-tops, obviously
waiting for the supper which the winged visitors should provide — no
wonder some species are becoming scarcer ! Four imagines of Ennovios
alniaria were bred on August 23rd from larvae beaten from birch on
the moss in May. About this date, Neuronia popularis and Gharaas
graminis were common on the street-lamps. The weather of the
latter half of August was impossible, and outdoor work came to a
standstill. September opened fine and the prospect improved. Polia
chi was again abundant. The lighter forms are well protected on
our local limestone, but on the blue-stone walls of the Windermere
district they are conspicuous and unmistakable. I have never taken
the var. olivacea here. On September 3rd a number of larvae of
Spilosoma fuliginosa were discovered on the roadsides, and they are
now in hybernation. On the 7th a much worn female of Calocampa
solidaginis was captured on heather-bloom. This is an insect new
to the district, but will, in all probability, be found commonly if

74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

looked for at the right time. The same night a soHtary male
Oporabia filigrammaria was netted flying over the heather. Tapino-
stola fulva flew commonly over the marshes in the evening, 5.30-
7 p.m., but was beginning to look worn by September 15th. When
they settle, they go right down to the roots of the grass and sedge,
and are extricated only with difficulty. An odd specimen of Celcena
hatvorthii was taken, but no Agrotis agathina, although the latter
occurs. A considerable number of a long white-striped green larva
were beaten from Scots fir (Thera variata ?), but nearly all were
" stung." At the same time, larch yielded the variously tinted larvae
of Odontopera hidentata, several Macaria liturata, and numbers of
Eupithecia lariciata, the latter in both forms, the green, however,
greatly predominating.

October 4th saw the opening of the " ivy " season. Species noted
were Cerastis vaccinii and C. ligula, both common ; Xanthia circel-
laris and Miselia oxyacanihce, showing signs of wear ; one Plusia
gamma; and one Orthosia Zoto -not a brilhant start! On the 6th
Orthosia macilenta and Plilogophora meticulosa joined the above-
mentioned species. Cidaria miata was flying commonly but some-
what passe. Oporahia dilutata was also in evidence, but the males
were none too fresh. Several larvae {sambiicata ?) were found
suspended by short threads from the ivy-leaves. On October 10th
we paid a visit to the oak-wood for 0. dilutata. The males began to
fly at 8.30 p.m., and several freshly emerged females were taken from
the oak- trunks and from the heads of grass-stems. It would almost
appear that a great number of thread-spinning larvae allow themselves
to drop, when full-fed, direct to the ground rather than descend by
way of the tree-trunk ; so many insects may be found drying their
wings on grass-stems many yards away from the tree-trunk. The
same night we took the first male Himera pennaria, although this
species did not become really plentiful till October 30th, and by
November 5th it had disappeared. One specimen each of Gheima-
tohia brumata and Hybernia defoliaria were noted on October 10th.
October 20th, a bitterly cold night, with strong north wind, so wild
and seemingly unsuitable that I hesitated to ask my friends to
accompany me, I went down at dusk to examine the ivy-bloom.
Moths swarmed ! Moreover, they disdained to take advantage of the
sheltered flowers, but seemed to prefer the top of the wall, where
they were blown about so forcibly by the wind that selection of
specimens was well-nigh impossible. Scopelosoma satellitia was the
only new species, if I except four belated wasps. Certain it is, how-
ever, that the'^' dusk" flights are the strongest. This we were able to
confirm at sugar on the 27th. The first round, 5.30 p.m., found
several moths on every patch ; afterwards, up to 8.30 p.m., not a
single new arrival ! Only one Galocampa exoleta has been taken this
autumn, and again no Agrotis saucia. On the 27th, male Hybernia
aurantiaria began to appear ; some were found, freshly emerged, on
the dead bracken in the wood ; later (October 30th, November 3rd
and 5th), they could be taken pretty commonly after dark on the
twigs of various trees. Several paired examples were captured on
November 5th ; the males evidently fly just at dusk, and then not
again till about 10 p.m.; after November 8th none were seen. About

SOCIETIES. 75

the same dates Cheimatobia brwnata swarmed on the birches in the
swampy parts of the wood. On October 30th the males flew freely
at 9.30 p.m. On November 3rd they were flying just as freely at
8.30 p.m. ; whilst on November 8th, a crisp, frosty night, with the
grass "crunching " under our feet, not a single specimen was observed
flying during the time we were there (8-10 p.m.). Every male had
forsaken the twigs, and taken up a position on the thicker stems,
with wings pressed closely to the back, although on previous nights
the wings had invariably been held together above the back. I have
but little doubt that the males of our winter moths carry the females
to the trees. Many paired examples may be found on the brackens
and sticks lying on the ground some distance away from the birches.
The capture of two specimens of Poecilocampa idopuli on a street-lamp
on November 13th brought our season virtually to a close, for since
that date the weather has been so severely wintry in character as to
prohibit collecting in any shape or form. Viewing the year as a
whole, we have been favoured with more than an average share of
fine collecting days and nights, and I shall look back upon the season
1910 as one full of interest and enjoyment. — Frank Littlewood ;
10, Aynam Eoad, Kendal.

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — The Annual Meeting of
this Society was held on Wednesday, January 18th, at 11, Chandos
Street, Cavendish Square, when the Officers and Council for the forth-
coming session, 1911-12, were elected. Owing, however, to the death
of Mr. J. W. Tutt, the President-nominate, no successor to the out-
going President, Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., was chosen, and
a Special General Meeting will be held later in the year for that
purpose. Meanwhile, the following Fellows were elected to act as
Ofiicers and Members of the Council : — Treasurer, Mr. A. H. Jones ;
Secretaries, Commander J. J. Walker, M.A., E..N., F.L.S., and, in
place of Mr. Rowland-Brown, M.A., who resigns after eleven years'
service, the Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Librarian, Mr. G. C.
Champion, F.Z.S. ; other members of the Council, Mr. R. Adkin,
Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S. ; Professor T. Hudson Beare,
B.Sc, F.R.S.E.; Mr. M. Burr, D.Sc, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Dr. F. A.
Dixey, M.A.,M.D.,F.R.S.; Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S. ; Mr. J. H.
Durrant ; Professor Selwyn Image, M.A. ; Dr. K. Jordan, Ph.D. ;
Mr. A. Sich, Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., and Mr. H. J. Turner.—
The President, in the course of his Address, after referring to the
losses by death sustained during the preceding year, went on to speak
of various events of special interest to entomologists, among these
being the appointment of Professor Meldola, F.R.S., as Herbert
Spencer Lecturer, and Mr. Selwyn Image as Slade Professor of Fine
Art at Oxford ; the award of the Royal Society's Darwin Medal to Mr.
Roland Trimen, F.R.S., and the meeting of the first International
Congress of Entomology at Brussels. He then proceeded to deal
with certain problems of general biology on which special light had

76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

been thrown by entomological study, notably the demonstration that
permanent races, differing from the parent stock, could be produced
by artificial interference with the germ-plasm. This had been sur-
mised from early experiments of Weismann, followed by Standfuss
and Fischer, and had now been placed beyond doubt by the careful
work of Tower in America, who had also shown that the new form
might stand in Mendelian relation with the stock from which it
sprang. Other topics touched upon in the Address were the
psychophysical character of the material presented to the operation
of natural selection — a point particularly emphasised by Professor
Mark Baldwin ; and, in connection with this, the special interest
attaching to the communities of the social Hymenoptera, where the
group rather than the individual appeared as the unit of selection.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meeting
held November 21sf, 1910, at the Eoyal Institution, Liverpool.
Dr. P. F. Tinne in the chair. — Mr. H. R. Sweeting, M.A., read
a paper on " Collecting in the North of Ireland during August,
1910." In this period only eight whole days were free from
heavy rain, and in consequence of the unfavourable weather the
results were much below what one might reasonably expect under
good conditions. The outstanding • feature of the holiday was the
capture, on a private estate, of a long series of Hydroecia crinan-
ensis ; the moth was identified by Mr. F. N. Pierce, who examined all
the specimens while the bodies were yet soft enough to permit an
inspection of the genitalia. A series of Cidaria tnmcata contained
the usual forms, and also a very fine melanic variety of the centmn-
notata form wholly suffused with fuscous, the hind wings being
nearly as dark as the primaries ; other specimens also had a strong
melanic tendency. A series of Noctita dahlii contained some almost
black examples. The butterflies were noteworthy as showing dis-
tinctly brighter colouring than is usually found in England. LyccBna
icariLs, unfortunately, was not met with ; the females from this
locality, as is well known, have very bright blue coloration. The
paper was illustrated by a large scale-map of the district, coloured to
indicate the collecting areas, a feature which added greatly to the
interest of the descriptions. A discussion ensued, in which several
of the members present gave their experiences in the North of
Ireland. — Mr. W. B. Crabtree exhibited two aberrations of Nemeo-
pMla lAantaginis, male and female, in which all the black markings
were replaced by orange, the ground colour of the fore wings being
pale straw-colour, while the hind wings were unicolorous orange ;
they were taken wild on a mountain near Helvellyn. The same
^member also showed a variety of Euchelia jacobcBce, in wliich the
usual red markings were smoky black sparingly intermixed with
crimson ; this very striking specimen was bred from a larva found at
St. Anne's-on-Sea. — Mr. A. W. Boyd showed a large number of
Micro-Lepidoptera taken in various parts of Cheshire during 1910. —
— H. R. Sweeting and Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sees.

77

OBITUAEY.

James William Tutt died at his residence, Rayleigh Villa,
Westcombe Hill, where he had lived since 1885, on January 10th,
1911, and was buried in the Cemetery at Lewisham on Saturday
the 14th. A large number of colleagues were assembled with
the family at the graveside, and wreaths were sent by the Ento-
mological Society of London, the South London Natural History
Society, the South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, and a
host of private friends and admirers ; while special delegates
were present as representatives of the several Societies with
which he had been so closely associated.

Mr. Tutt was only in his fifty-third year, having been born
on April 26th, 1858, at Strood, in Kent, where he was educated
at the St. Nicholas Schools from 1865 to 1875, after which time,
having determined on the scholastic profession, he proceeded to
St. Mark's Training College, Chelsea (1876-77), where he passed
Double-First in certificate examinations; obtained from the Board
of Education a profusion of certificates ; and matriculated in
the First Class in the University of London, but did not follow
it up to a degree.

He early became Headmaster of Snowfields Board School,
and successively of Webb Street School and of the Higher Grade
School at Portman Place, and but a few months since was
appointed to the new Morpeth Street Central School, the first
of a departure in higher grade schools. In all these positions
his energy and organizing power were conspicuous, as well as
his ability to make the most of the boys under him, though he
felt that he was often thwarted by various items that may be
summed up as "red tape " !

In an address published in the ' E ntomologists' Record,' vol. vi.
p. 59, we find a few autobiographical items. He tells us that he
was first attracted to entomology at the age of thirteen, and, having
followed it up in a boyish way, but, no doubt, with his charac-
teristic energy and acumen, was at fifteen a confirmed entomo-
logist, and though his library was defective, he had, what was
decidedly more educative and useful, in the immediate vicinity
some of the finest collecting-ground in England — a matter of
first importance at that stage of his evolution.

In 1881 he met Mr. Coverdale, a name little known to ento-
mologists, but clearly as enthusiastic, as active, and as fully
imbued with the scientific spirit as Tutt himself, some of the
Coverdale specimens and preparations in Mr. Tutt's possession
remaining to testify to this ; while there can be no question but
that this association was an important factor in guiding the
younger man into the line of entomological work in which he
became distinguished. Unfortunately, shortly afterwards Cover-

78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

dale went abroad, and appears to have fallen a victim to some
tropical malady. But Mr. Tutt used often to refer to this
" guide, philosopher, and friend " with veneration, and Cover-
dale's communications to the 'Entomologist' in 1885 and the
few preceding years show him to have been a man of unusual
ability.

It was at this period that Tutt began to send notes to the
* Entomologist,' the earliest being apparently one in 1884 on
prolonged pupal duration in Eriogaster lanestris. And very
soon after he became the most frequent and voluminous con-
tributor, so that it was not long before this outlet for the record
of his observations became inadequate, and in 1890 the * Ento-
mologists' Eecord and Journal of Variation ' was founded under
his editorship.

During this period also he was very active as a member both
of the City of London and South London Societies, and he
joined the Entomological Society of London in 1885. He pre-
sided over the City of London Society from 1896 to 1899, and
over the South London in 1899. He first joined the Council
of the Entomological Society in 1897, and, after three further
years on the Council, 1908-10, was President-nominate at
the time of his death, and would have succeeded to the Pre-
sidency had he lived but a few days longer. Meanwhile his
work in helping to place its publishing activities on a more
business-like basis was of the highest value to the Society, the
experience gained by him in the publication of his own numerous
works having equipped him with the necessary grasp of a highly
technical subject. He was also very active in the South Eastern
Union of Scientific Societies, and edited their ' Transactions,'
besides enjoying the privileges as Honorary Member of several
Foreign Societies.

His entomological work was extensive and incessant ; besides
many lectures and addresses to Societies, he edited the ' Ento-
mologists' Eecord ' for twenty-two years, and hardly a number
appeared without something from his pen ; the papers extended
and republished from these, and from contributions to the
'Entomologist,' forming a considerable series, such as the im-
portant review of the British Noctuse in four volumes, the papers
on Melanism, on the British Pterophorina, on Migration, &c.
His ' Practical Hints,' in three volumes, is to a great extent
separate from these. It illustrates something of his method of
working, and the unstinted labour he must have bestowed in
collecting his material. He seems to have explored with meti-
culous care the magazines, the various systematic works on
Lepidoptera, and, in fact, all accessible published matter, and
arranged extracts or made indices, so that he had collected a
mass of information available in almost every direction. It was
in this way that he successfully brought together the many

' OBI^rUARY. ' 79

scattered observations which enrich his magnum opus, the
' British Lepidoptera.'

Mr. Tutt also wrote more popular volumes — on ' British
Butterflies' (Gill), and 'British Moths' (Routiedge). His three
volumes, 'Rambles in Alpine Valleys,' ' Woodside, Burnside,
Hillside, and Marsh,' and ' Random Recollections ' reveal him
not only as a close observer revelling in all scenes of wild Nature,
but also as possessing no small poetic inspiration.

But the ' British Lepidoptera ' was no doubt the work in
which he considered his labours were to culminate, and to which
he devoted himself with but too much ardour. Of this, five
volumes on Moths have appeared, and the fourth on the Butter-
flies was nearing completion, and they are noteworthy not
only for their encyclopaedic character in relation to each species
handled, but for the critical discussions on many points of
classification and nomenclature. This, however, is not the
place for further review, beyond noting the evidence afforded of
Tutt's amazing industry, and the width and vigour of his mental
grasp.

A detailed list of his works will probably be compiled in due
time. Reference has been made to the most prominent of them.

But although every moment of his leisure was occupied with
his literary labours, he yet found time to promote the welfare
of the Entomological Societies with which he was connected by
securing for them many new members. And making all allow-
ance for the spirit and progress of the age, and for no man being
indispensable, we certainly owe it to him more than to anyone
else that British entomologists are more numerous and take a
more scientific view of their studies than was the case twenty
years ago.

I first made Mr. Tutt's acquaintance in connection with his
papers in the ' Entomologist ' on British Noctuse, and recognized
in him the realization of a keen and scientific intelligence, very
rare amongst the entomologists I knew. It was later that I
discovered he possessed in an extreme degree that fundamental
quality of genius, the capacity for taking pains. It was simply
impossible for him to be idle ; he must work away at full
steam all the time. He was a born schoolmaster ; he must be
learning himself or teaching others. He could expound extem-
pore any subject he was studying, and seemed absolutely fond of
writing. One wondered, as he taught so much, how he had
time to learn anything, till one realized how rapidly he could
understand and assimilate new material, how instantly he as-
signed it its proper value and position amongst the rich stores of
his memory, and how rarely he was wrong, though for the
majority only the most superficial judgment of the matter would
have been possible in the time. On the rare occasions when he
did fall into error, he was willing to correct his position without

80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the slightest reluctance. But he had very little patience for
opinions which he saw to be erroneous, no matter in what way ;
and in his earlier days his contemptuous onslaughts at times
gave offence to persons who thought he was attacking not their
errors but themselves. In spite of this characteristic, perhaps
truly associated with it, was his remarkable power of enlisting
the efforts of all and sundry, both in the service of entomology
simply or in assisting himself in whatever subject he was
occupied with. Whilst thus claiming and securing the co-
operation of others, he was always ready to help them as far as
he could, and when he failed to do so it was rarely from other
cause than absolute want of time, and for his friends or anyone
who asked his assistance he strenuously exerted himself, not
seldom at considerable self-sacrifice.

I had the pleasure of accompanying Tutt on his first visit
to Scotland and his first tour in the Alps, and his keen appre-
ciation of and unbounded pleasure in the new experience were
most exhilarating. His interest in European insects had already
been awakened, but henceforth the study of the palaearctic rather
than the mere British fauna seemed to occupy him. His ex-
tensive collections, occupying some dozen cabinets, are less
remarkable for the rarities they contain than for presenting
many long series, and for being very largely of his own collecting.
It is stated that they are to be disposed of during the next
two years.

Mr. Tutt began life with a serious cardiac disorder, which he
was not expected to get over ; complete accommodation, how-
ever, took place, and for most of his life it could hardly be said
to handicap him in any way. Nevertheless, it is probable that
of late years over-work — and I have already said that it was
impossible for him to be other than hard at work — and an East
End atmosphere were answerable, owing to the heart weak-
ness, for the various illnesses which culminated in the fatal
attack.

His death is a great loss to entomology : besides the loss of
his own work, a source of energy animating others and collating
their work disappears. His death is impressively disastrous in
so far that it occurred when he was at the height of his powers,
and with apparently many years of productive activity before
him, and the irony of fate culminates in his having been
about to assume the Presidency of the Entomological Society of
London.

Mr. Tutt married Frances Marsh Collins, of Eochester, and
leaves two sons and three daughters, of whom several have
already left the parental home, two being married.

T. A. C.

The Entomologist, March, 1911.

Plate 11

West, Newman pr

THE GENUS T/EN lOPTERYX.

The Entomologist, March, 1911.

Dr. Fr. Ris photo.

West. Newman proc.

FORE WINGS OF T/EN lOPTERYX.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLIV.l MAECH, 1911. [No. 574

ON TMNIOPTERYX PUT AT A, Newman (PLECOPTEEA),
WITH NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES OF THE
GENUS.

By Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S.
(Plates II. & III.)

In the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1896, p. 58, when describing
Taniopteryx risi, I made some remarks on T. trifasciata, Pict.,
partly based on material from Scotland in my own collection,
and partly on Continental specimens received for examination
from Mr. McLachlan. The species of the genus were, however,
at that time very imperfectly understood, and in the light of
what is now known it is almost certain that what I had then
before me as T. trifasciata did not all belong to the same species.
The material is not now available for re-examination. Quite a
number of species belonging to the genus have since been satis-
factorily separated. At the same time, I am not sure that
unanimity of opinion yet prevails as to what constitutes the
true T. trifasciata of Pictet.

In the paper above-mentioned, the insects from Scotland
were certainly what I then regarded as typical T. trifasciata.
This determination was, I admit, to a great extent due to the
fact that both McLachlan (' Catalogue of British Neuroptera,'
1870) and Albarda (* Catalogue des Nevropteres observ6es dans
les Pays Bas,' &c., 1889) had referred Newman's Nemoura putata
(the type of which was from Scotland) to T. trifasciata, Pict.
Klapalek, on the other hand, has since put forward the view that
the true T. trifasciata is to be found in an insect which he took
at Vienna, in which the wings of the male are very much more
reduced. I have not seen the female of this Vienna insect, but
the male is a very different thing from the Scottish representa-
tive of the trifasciata group. Certainl}^ on the whole, Klapalek's
insect comes nearer to Pictet's figure than does the Scottish
insect, to which, as far as I am able to judge at present, the

ENTOM. — MARCH, 1911. G

82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

name of putata, Newman, must be applied, if Klapalek's view
proves to be right. The final solution of the question will
probably rest with the Swiss entomologists, when materials have
been obtained from Geneva.

Newman's description of his " Nejnoura putata " appeared in
the * Entomological Magazine,' vol. v. p. 401 (1838), and his
diagnosis (for a copy of which I am indebted to Mr. Herbert
Campion) is as follows : —

" Nemo, putata. — Fiisca, nitida ,- antenna moniliformes, alis
fere longiores, et cum pedibus, concolores : alcefusco-tirictcs, hrevis-
simcB, metatibias sedentis hand dimidio cxporrigentes. (Corp. long.
•3 unc. ; alar, dilat. '55 unc.)

*' Inhabits Scotland. Taken by Mr. Walker at New Lanark :
will form a genus of future authors."

This diagnosis, without material change, is repeated in the
' British Museum Catalogue of Neuropterous Insects,' Part I,
1852, p. 190, but there is nothing there to indicate that the
Museum possessed an example. Nevertheless, the presumption
is strong that Newman's type went to the British Museum.
Professor Lowne, the Curator of the Entomological Club's
Cabinets, informs me that he never had either Newman's British
or foreign Perlidte, although he remembers seeing them at
Newman's, and he suggests that they went to the British
Museum. The late Mr. McLachlan long ago told me that
Newman's foreign Perlidae were in the British Museum, but he
was never quite satisfied that the British examples were there,
and I suppose the ofiicial records throw no light on the point.

Mr. Herbert Campion very kindly made a search in the
Museum Collection for this type, but without conclusive results.
I suppose it is a well-known fact that Stephens's collection of
Neuroptera was at one time arranged by someone who was not
quite an expert in the order, and who seems to have been the
cause of seriously impairing the value of the collection to future
workers. Mr. Campion reports that there are three insects in
the British cabinet over a printed label reading : " 21 putata
Newm." Two of the insects, he says, have clearly nothing to do
with the present question, but the third is of importance, and
Stephens's own MS. label pinned beside it seems to relate to
that specimen alone. Mr. Campion is satisfied, after comparing
it with one of my males from Clydesdale, that the two belong to
the same species. I am much inclined to think that this speci-
men is either the actual type, or at least that it may have been
received from the same source — that is, from Henry Walker, of
New Lanark.

While unfortunately it is not possible to get that absolute
proof which a comparison with the known type would have

ON T^NIOPTERYX PUTATA. 83

afforded, yet Newman's description can hardly refer to anything
else than to my earlier T. trifasciata. The locality, New Lanark,
refers no doubt to the Eiver Clyde, near that place. The banks
of this river, which were my favourite hunting-grounds for
many years, produces in early spring two species of Tcenio-
'pteryx, both of which have short-winged males, but the reference
to the moniliform antennae can apply to my trifasciata alone.

The British species of Tceniopteryx are three in number, viz.
piitata, Newman, risi, Morton, and nehulosa, Linne.

Little needs to be said about the last-named, which is
separable from the others at a glance. Klapalek has placed it
in a separate genus, Nephelopteryx. If the two genera are
adopted, they may be distinguished thus : —

Cubitus of the fore wings emitting two to four branches
outwards to the hind margin. Ventral plate {lamina
suhgenitalis) of the male long . . . Tmiiopteryx, Pict.
Cubitus of the fore wings emitting but one branch out-
wards to the hind margin. Ventral plate of the male
short ....... Nephelopteryx, Klap.

In British examples of nehulosa the male, as has been
indicated, has frequently very much abbreviated wings, but not
always so ; specimens occasionally appear almost as full-winged
as Continental examples. Mr. Martin E. Mosely recently sent
me one from Dovedale in full-winged condition. It may be that
micropterism is more dominant in the North, but it is probably
not confined to that quarter. When the wings are full in the
male, it of course approaches in appearance to the female. The
shortest-winged males are very remarkable, sprawling creatures,
the legs appearing to be out of all proportion to the size of the
insect. The short-winged forms seem to have the apical pro-
cess of the valvida suhanalis shorter than is usual in the long-
winged condition (see fig. 7), but there is no very striking diffe-
rence, and there may be a certain amount of individual variation.
The short-winged male of nehulosa may also be separated from
the male of putata by the moniliform antennae of the latter.
The wing-markings in nehulosa are usually very vague, and I
cannot say that I have ever seen a female example with such
distinct fasciate markings in the wings as are shown in Albarda's
figure ('Annales de la Soc. Ent. Belg.' xxxiii. pi. i.). T. nehu-
losa appears very early, from February to April, according to
locahty and season, and it seems to last but a short time.

The two other species, T. risi and T. putata, present no
difficulty in determination. The latter, as a rule, occurs earlier
than risi, but risi may be found as early as April along with
the others, while it continues to appear in higher districts even
to July.

The differences between the two species may be tabulated
thus : —

g2

:84 the entomologist.

Males.
a. Short winged ; in fore wing three sectors, as a rule,
going from cubitus to hind margin ; neuration rather
close, and markings in British examples, at least,
usually small and faint. Antennas rather thick, joints
moniliform. Ventral plate not produced at the apex,
the margin of which is excised . . . _2^2(^ato, Newman.
aa. Full winged ; in fore wing two sectors, as a rule, going
from cubitus to hind margin ; neuration wider ;
fasciate markings usually distinct. x\ntennae slender,
joints not moniliform. Ventral plate produced, up-
turned, margins entire .... risi, Morton.
(For side view of ventral plates, see figs.. Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1896, pi. ii.)

Females.
a. Wings with three more or less distinct fasciae, and in
addition the apex of the wing is occupied by a well-
defined marking which may be connected posteriorly
with the immediately preceding fascia, but which is
frequently separated therefrom anteriorly by the space
between the radial sector and the radius ; three or four
sectors going from cubitus to hind margin putata, Newman.
aa. Wings with three more or less distinct fasciae, but the
apex of the wing without any well-defined marking,
although the whole apex beyond the outmost fascia
may become somewhat darkened in very mature ex-
amples. Neuration less close ; two or three sectors
going from cubitus to hind margin . . . risi, Morton.

In the meantime, I cannot attempt to give anything like an
outline of the geographical distribution of these insects. Practi-
cally the whole material dealt with has been drawn from Scot-
land, chiefly from Kannoch and Clydesdale. All three abound
in Perthshire at the proper time, and I took all of them in
Lanarkshire on April 9th and 10th, 1910. I have little hesita-
tion in saying that they occur pretty generally throughout Scot-
land. No doubt they occur in many English localities.

For T. risi, Mr. Porritt gives the following localities : Harden
Clough, near Huddersfield, and Dunford Bridge, both in South-
western Yorkshire (Porritt) ; and Buckden in Wharfedale, North-
western Yorkshire (Carter). Other localities are Haslemere,
Surrey (July), Ptiver Yealm, at Cornwood (May 16th), both in
McLachlan's collection ; and Mr. Briggs records it as rare at
Exeter, Bickleigh Vale (Bignell), and not uncommon on East
Lyn Ptiver (April, Briggs).

T. nehidosa, according to Briggs, has been taken near Exeter
(Parfitt), and at Exminster (March, Bignell); and Porritt has
it from Pickering, East Yorkshire (February 1st).

The only species known from Ireland with certainty is T. risi,

ON TjENIOPTERYX putata. 85

which is common about rapid streams in Co. Wicklow in April
(Halbert).

It may be useful to consider shortly some of the allied Conti-
nental forms. With this end in view I have made camera lucicla
sketches of the apex of the abdomen from above of several
species. These figures are more or less diagrammatic. The
figures of the ventral plate serve only to show its outline ; no
attempt has been made to represent fully the structures lying
within the hollow of this plate. The form of the cerci is
important and useful, but it appears that allowances must be
made occasionally in respect of the position they happen to
occupy in each preparation. The remarkable, strongly cbiti-
nized vesicle, called by Klapalek the supra-anal lobus (or valvula
supra-analis), is a very striking feature, and the point of the
dorsal appendage of this organ affords good specific characters

[c/. Klapalek, " Geschlechtstheile der Plecopteren " : 'Sitzungs-
ber. der kais. akad. d. Wiss. in Wien, Mathem.-naturw. Classe,'
Bd. cv. Abth. i. 1896, pp. 35-41, Taf. v. (named T. trifasciata,
but refers to braueri) ] .

Comparing Klapalek's figures of the apex of the appendage
of the supra-anal lobus of various species of T^eniopterijx
(" Ueber neue und wenig bekannte Arten der Palaarctischen
Neuropteroiden," p. 11 : ' Bulletin internatl. de I'Academie des
Sciences de Boheme,' 1901), T. putata is a little suggestive of
tristis, Klap., but this species is evidently different, having only
two sectors going from the cubitus to the hind margin. It is
very unlikely that putata will prove to be restricted to Great
Britain. Yet, with one exception, I have never seen anything
like it from the Continent. The exception is represented by a
pair of Tceiiiopteryx from Czarnohora, in the Eastern Car-
pathians, received from Mr. Josef Dziedzielewicz : <? , March 5,

? , March 15, 1909. These were sent under the name of T. braueri,
but they do not belong to that species. The male has full
wings, but in its structure it comes near jjutoto. The female is
in a rather curious condition, the apical marking of the fore
wings being small, and the subapical crescent hardly indicated
at all. It would be interesting to know whether this is an
individual variation or normal for the locality. The small
apical marking recalls braueri, but the facies of the insect is
rather different. If I am right in supposing this insect to be
putata, then the wing-markings are subject to wide fluctuation,
and the characters drawn from Scottish specimens will not be
universally applicable.*

* I have since received a second pair from the same source. In the
female the markings are more normal ; the free sectors of the cubitus in the
fore wings are respectively two and three. In the male the sectors are two
in both fore wings. This form is certainly close to xnitata. In the latter

Sb THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The other European species of the restricted genus Tcenio-
pteryx known to me are as follow : —

T. hraueri, Klap. — This species, like putata, has the antennae
distinctly moniliforra. The male is, however, full winged. The
female is very similar to initata female, but the apical marking of
the fore wings in hraueri is apparently always quite isolated.
Klapalek states that monilicornis, Pict., is a condition of this
species, in which the antennae are strongly moniliform and the
wings without any transverse markings. Probably hraueri will
prove to be a widely distributed species. I have seen it from
Bohemia (March, Klapalek) and Spain (<? , Jan. 23, ? , Feb. 11,
Navas). Petersen records it from Denmark.

T. trifasciata, Pict. (Klapalek). — The male has distinctly
moniliform antennae ; female, antennas with cylindrical joints.
The wings of the male are in a peculiar condition, the fore wing
being only about half as long as the hind wing {cf. ' Die Siiss-
wasserfauna Deutschlands (1909), Plecoptera,' by Klapalek,
pp. 57-8, fig, 88). The male is known to me from a series from
Vienna (March 31, 1899, Klapalek). The female I have not seen ;
Klapalek describes the wings as " mattgrau, die Spitze und
3 fast gerade Querstreifen dunkler."

T. kempnyi, Klap. — Antennae setiform, with short joints
(somewhat moniliform in the male) in the proximal fifth. Full
winged in both sexes. In the female especially the bands are
fairly well marked, but perhaps as a rule less conspicuous than
in 2Jiitata and hraueri. Apical spot quite small and isolated.
Known to me from Switzerland (Dietikon, March 16, Ptis), and
Lower Austria (Gutenstein, March and April, Kempny).

T. seticornis, Klap.— Antennae as in risi, slender, with cylin-
drical joints longer than broad. Full winged in both sexes, the
membrane being less grey-looking than in the other species ;
neuration dark and distinct. Transverse markings small but
very distinct; apical marking absent or just indicated by a
darkening of the tip. The anal veins in the hind wing some-
times margined with grey, giving these wings a pretty radiate
appearance. It is recorded by Klapalek from the Bohmerwald,
Kiesengebirge, Erzgebirge, and Harz (June and July), and I
have received a male from the Eastern Pyrenees (Vernet-les-
Bains, April 24-May 9, 1909, Dr. Chapman).

the apex of the dorsal appendage of the supra-anal lobus, seen from side, pro-
jects strongly cephalad ; this projection is hardly indicated in the Carpathian

male (fig. A, putata ; b, male from Carpathians ; c indicates the direction of
the head).

ECONOMY OF THE ICHNEUMONID MONOBLASTUS PALUSTRIS. 87

It should be added that T. nebulosa and T. risi appear to be
widely distributed in Continental Europe.

In connection with this paper I have to express my tha.nks
to my ever-obliging friend, Dr. Fr. Ris, of Eheinau, who in the
midst of much more important work kindly took the trouble to
make preparations of a series of wings, and to photograph
them. To British entomologists wishing to identify any speci-
mens of Tceniopterijx they may meet with, these wing-photo-
graphs cannot fail to prove most useful aids.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate II.
Fig. 1. — Tcsniopteryx trifasciata. Pict. (Klap.), from Vienna.
,, 2. — T, braaeri, Klap., from Karlin, Prague, Bohemia.
,, 3. — T. putata, Newman, from Scotland.
,, 4. — T. kempnyi, Klap., from Dietikon, Switzerland.
,, 5. — T. risi, Morton, from Scotland.

In each case, apex of abdomen of S' from above.
*a. Apex of dorsal appendage of supra-anal lobus, from
above, more enlarged. 5 6. One of the cerci of T. risi,
from above (more enlarged), from another specimen.
,, 6. — T. 7iebulosa, Linn., from Scotland ; apex of abdomen of male

from above.
,, 7. — T. nebulosa, from Lower Austria ; apical process of valvula
sub-analis (?).

Plate III.
Fore loings of Male. — Fig. 1. T. nebulosa (micropterous form) (nat.
length, 4-8 mm.). 2. T. risi (nat. length, 10-7 mm. i. 3. T. putata (nat.
length, 6*7 mm.).

Fore wings of Female. — Fig. 1. T. nebulosa (nat. length, 12-1 mm.).
2. T. risi (nat. length, 11-4 mm.). 3. T.piUata (nat. length, 13"1 mm.).

* "a" accidentally dropped from smaller fig. 5.

ON THE ECONOMY OF THE ICHNEUMONID
MONOBLASTUS PALUSTRIS, Illgr.

By Rupert Stenton, F.E.S.

On June 10th of last year a female was brought to me
of the above Tryphonid, which had been observed by its captor
to oviposit in a larva of Emphytus cinctus, L. On a supply of
these sawfiy larvae being obtained — an easy matter, as they are a
serious pest in this Heme Hill district to those possessing valued
varieties of roses — and one of them being introduced to the
ichneumon, parasitization almost instantly followed. This was
effected close behind the head, the operation occupying a few
seconds, the larva not making the slightest outward show of
objection, though this was certainly exceptional I afterwards
found, because a considerable number of larvae were parasitized
by this and another female of the same species during the next

88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

ten days, and they did make what resistance they were capable
of, by throwing themselves violently to and fro from side to side
during the process of investigation by the ichneumons' antennae
and subsequent parasitization, and would often fall to the ground
with the parasite attached, but it was all wholly ineffectual.

On an average about four larvae were parasitized a day, but
very likely more would have been had they been supplied, and
no doubt it falls short of the number had the insects been at
large.

From one cause or another I lost all my Emphytus larvae in
which ova had been deposited except one, parasitized on the day
of the first ichneumon's capture. For some time prior to July
27th this larva had been lying quiescent as though dead,
which no doubt it was, as on that day the parasitic larva
emerged from it, leaving only the shrivelled skin, showing that
it had occupied the whole of it. Ordinarily, no doubt, the
sawfly larva would have entered a stem of some sort, containing
pith, as is their habit, with the intention of pupating, but
nothing of this nature was provided.

The M. palustris larva was cylindrical, the head and first
segment and the two apical segments quite white, the inter-
vening space being green from the interior parts of the creature
showing through the skin. There was a very dark green line,
bordered by white granules along the dorsal area, throughout the
length of the green part, the lateral lines, ventro-lateral lines
showing only in the segmental divisions, and a dark ventral
line. I counted fourteen segments, including the cephalic one.
There was a very slightly discreted border, not very evident.
The mouth parts were discreted with fuscous and the autennal
tubercles, large, concolorous, and not protruding beyond the
level of the head.

The animal had begun to spin some strands of silk, evidently
the commencement of its cocoon, presuming this to be a cocoon-
spinning species, which it had every indication of being. But
I removed it to figure the facial characters, and have found
that to do this with larvae of other species disorganizes them to
the extent of incapacity to ever finish the cocoon, as was the
case with this one, but it did not result in its ultimate demise as
I expected.

It was now placed in a glass tube, where it spun some silk
at each end.

On August 1st signs of pupation began to show, a red spot
appearing on each side under the skin of the second body-
segment, the eyes of the imago forming, the next three segments
showing the contraction for the thorax, now turned to yellowish,
the rest white and taking on more of the future imaginal abdo-
minal outline, the extreme apex being buried in a thick black
fluid, the larval excreta.

ECONOMY OF THE ICHNEUMONID MONOBLASTUS PALUSTRIS. 89

By the morning of the next day there was some more develop-
ment in outline towards pupation, which then took place. In
the evening it had got clear of the black fluid.

Beyond a darkening of the eyes and ocelli there was no
visible change until August 10th, when there was a slight
clouding of the cheeks and whole thorax, of which the meso-
thorax and mesosternum were nearly black, as were two marks
down the metanotum, and the mandibles red at the tips.

On the evening of August 11th the head, thorax, and coxse
were quite black, a black patch on the dorsal area of the two first
abdominal segments, next two clear except two dots on each

1. Blonoblastus 2)alustris, IWgr., J. 2. Face.

ventrally, the rest clouded and marked with black only on the
ventral surface (not clouded), with the legs commencing to show
colour.

The next morning, August 12th, I found that during the
night there had been a considerable darkening of colour all
round, the dorsal surface of the third and fourth abdominal
segments now being orange, legs more red, antennae clouding,
and mandibles darker.

The following evening, August 13th, there was an exudation
of moisture and the pupal skin cast, except from the extreme
anal end. By the evening of August 14th this was discarded
altogether, and some whitish pellets of exuviae exserted, and in
the morning, August 15th, the imago, a male, was running
round the tube ready to emerge.

Though the economy of this species, as far as investigated,
does not present any phenomena of more than usual interest, it
is rarely that any glimpse of what takes place during the early

90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

stages of an internal, presumably, cocoon- spinning parasite is
afforded, and Mr. Claude Morley, who kindly determined my
insects, has pointed out that as a British species M. 2^alust7-is
has up to now only been represented by a single known female
in the British Museum, captured by the late Eev. T. A. Marshall
at Bugbrooke, Northants.

It would probably be found not uncommonly in the gardens
of Heme Hill and district, about the rose trees infested with the
host, as five females were taken in addition to the male that was
bred, and one female in August, 1909.

I might mention that on July 28th imagines of Emphytus
ductus of the second brood began to fly, so that by the time
the parasites of the other sex — which would most probably appear
in the open about the same time as the bred male emerged — were
ready for oviposition there would be, no doubt, a stock of larvae
in readiness.

A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE PANORPID^ OF JAPAN,
WITH CORRECTIONS TO MY FORMER PAPER,*
AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES.

By T. Miyake.

Japan is very rich in scorpion flies. Until now, more than
forty species have been described. Navas' papers and mine are
perhaps the latest on the subject, and they were issued almost
at the same time. Each of us has published twice, and each
time mine appeared two or three months later than his. I have
no intention of protesting against law of priority as applied to
zoological nomenclature, and there is not the least question that
Navas' names should be adopted ; but I must say that both of
my papers were respectively ready for print over one year before
they were issued, though their publication was delayed by cir-
cumstances which it is not necessary to detail here. This
explains why the same species were described by me under
names which are now to be relegated to the list of synonyms.
The hrachypennis of my first paper is a synonym of his nippon-
ensis, as I mentioned in my second paper, and Mr. Navas in his.
Again, in the last paper of Mr. Navas, some species are described
which appear to stand very close to some of the species of my
second paper, as, e. g., Panorpa ncevia, Navas, to Panorpodes
apicalis, Miyake, and Panorpa limhata, Navas, to Panorpodes
singularis, Miyake. Of these, the last-mentioned species, though
very closely allied, still appear to me distinct, unless further
facts be brought to light, as there are a number of species of our
Panorpidse which are recognized as distinct just by such degrees

- "A Further Contribution towards the Knowledge of the Panorpidae of
Japan," ' Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo,' vol. ii. No. 3 (1910).

A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE PANORPID.E OF JAPAN. 91

of difference as are found in the above two species. Ncevia, N.,
and apicalis, M., appear to me to be identical, and apicalis must
be looked upon as a synonym of ncevia. If this be the case, then
it is very strange that the two species of Navas were put in the
genus Panorpa. They belong undoubtedly to the genus Panor-
podes, as may easily be seen from such characters as short
rostrum, simple daivs, and many others, and it is still more
strange to me that Mr. Navas describes a new species of Panor-
podes in the same paper.

I must here correct some errors in my last paper. My
identifications of Panorpa lewisi, M'Lach., and P. hicornuata,
M'Lach., were erroneous, and I now consider my chuzenjiensis
as identical with the former, and magnicauda with the latter, so
that these names should respectively be relegated to the list of
synonyms. Again, in the key to the species, cornigera was
placed by mistake in the Aidops group of Enderlein, and of
course should have been placed in the Panorpa group of the
same author.

Navas has made some remarks on Bittacus sinense of Matsu-
mura and mine, and says, "II y a lieu a douter si on a pris
plusieurs especes pour une seule." It may be so or may not be
so, but at any rate I am making some investigations which
I hope will settle the question. In the meanwhile, Navas'
opinion is followed in this list. Anyhow, the species of our
Panorpidas already known need further examination as to their
specific names.

The following list has been drawn up for preliminary pur-
poses, and will probably need further correction. In the mean-
time, my own study is being continued : —

Panorpa, Linn.

1. Panorpa cornigera, M'Lach., Bull. See. Ent. Suiss., 1887, p. 404.

2. P. communis, L., Matsumura, ' Senchuzukai ' (' Thousand Insects

of Japan '), vol. i., p. 164, pi. xi., fig. 6 (1904).

3. P. gokcensis, Miyake, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. ii.,

No. 3, p. 193, pi. xi., fig. 3 (1910).

4. P. galloisi, n. spec, (described p. 93).

AuLOPs, Enderl.

5. Aulops japonica, Thunb., Nov. Ins. Sp. Dissert., iii., p. 67, fig. 9

(1784) ; Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., vol. iv., p. 188
(1845); M'Lach., op. cit., 1878, p. 183.

6. A. leucoptera, Uhl., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbilad., 1858, p. 31; Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 186.

7. A. ? sp., Hagen, Stett. ent. Zeit., 1867, p. 90; Panorpa hageni,

Navas, Rev. Euss. Ent., 1909, p. 4.

8. A. macrogaster, M'Lach., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 184.

9. A. klugi, M'Lach., I. c, p. 185.

10. A. pryeri, M'Lach., I.e., p. 186; Panorpa houvieri, Navas, Mem.
R. Acad. Ci. Bar., vol. vi., No. 25, p. 20 (1908).

92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

11. A. loormalcU, M'Lach., I. c, p. 186 ; Miyake, Journ. Coll. Agr.

Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. ii., No. 3, p. 202 (1910).

12. A. lewisi, M'Lach., Bull. Soc. Ent. Suiss., 1887, p. 402; Panorpa

chuzenjiensis, Miyake, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Tokyo, vol. ii.,
No. 3, p. 201 (1910).

13. A. biconmata, M'Lach., Bull. Soc. Ent. Suiss., 1887, p. 403 ;

PanorjM magnicauda, Miyake, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ.
Tokyo, vol. ii., No. 3, p. 192, pi. xi., fig. 6 (1910).

14. ^4. nipponensis, Navas, Mem. E. Acad Ci. Bar. vol. vi., No. 25,

p. 20 (1908) ; Panorpa brachypennis, Miyake, Bull. Coll. Agr.
Imp. Univ. Tokyo, p. 9, pi. i., fig. 6 (1908).

15. A. drouarti, Navas, Mem. E. Acad. Ci. Bar., vol. vi., No. 25,

p. 21 (1908).

16. A. dyscola, Navas, I. c, p. 22.

17. A. ochracea, Miyake, Bull. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, p. 3,

pi. i. fig. 9 (1908).

18. A. sinanoensis, Miyake, I. c, p. 4, fig. 7.

19. A. rectifasciata, Miyake, /. c, p. 5, fig. 10.

20. A. striata, Miyake, I. c, p. 6, fig. 1.

21. A. niplionensis, Miyake, I. c, p. 7, fig. 3.

22. A.pidchra, Miyake, I.e., p. 8, fig. 4.

23. A. trizonata, Miyake, I. c, p. 9, fig. 11.

24. A. takenouchii, Miyake, I. c, p. 10., fig. 5.

25. A. nikkoensis, Miyake, I.e., p. 11, fig. 2.

26. A. oehraceopennis, Miyake, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo,

vol. ii., No. 3, p. 190, pi. xi., fig. 1 (1910).

27. A. obscura, Miyake, I. c, p. 195, fig. 2.

28. A. multifasciaria, Miyake, I. e., p. 196, fig. 5.

29. A. irregularis, Miyake, I. c, p. 198, fig. 7.

Leptopanoepa, M'Lach.

30. Leptopanorpa ritsemcB, M'Lach., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond,, 1875,

p. 187.

31. L. sieboldi, M'Lach., I. c, p. 188.

Panoepodes, M'Lach.

32. Panorpodes paradoxa, M'Lach., I. c, p. 189.

33. P. decorata, M'Lach., Bull. Soc. Ent. Suiss., 1887, p. 405.

34. P. navia, Navas, Eev. Euss. Ent., 1909, p. 1 ; Panorpodes api-

calis, Miyake, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. ii.,
No. 3, p. 203, pi. xi., fig. 4 (1910).

35. P. limbata, Navas, Eev. Euss. Ent., No. 3, p. 2 (1909).

36. P. notata, Navas, I. c.

37. P. singularis, Miyake, Journ. Coll. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. ii.,

No. 3, p. 204, pi. xi., fig. 7 (1910).

BiTTACus, Latr.

38. Bittacus sinense, Walk., List Neur. Ins. Lond., 1853, p. 469 ;

M'Lach., Bull. Soc. Ent. Suiss., 1887, p. 406 ; Matsumura,
' Senchuzukai,' vol. i., p. 165, pi. xi., fig. 5 (1904).

39. B. nipponie^is, Navas, Eev. Euss. Ent., No. 3, p. 3 (1909).

40. B. lavipes, Navas, I. c, p. 4 (1909).

A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE PANORPID^ OF JAPAN.

93

Panorpa galloisi, n. sp. {Futaten-sliiriagemushi.)
Subcosta of the fore wing extended to the pterostigma, as in
P. communis and P. cornigera. Body blackish piceous ; rostrum
blackish piceous (slightly shorter than that of our other Panorpids),
with the palpi piceous ; legs testaceous. Wings rather broad
(broadest at the pterostigmatal region), whitish with the fuscous
veins, with the apex acutely elliptical ; the only conspicuous mark-
ings (fuscous in colour) are of somewhat quadrate form in the fore

Aulops galloisi, n. sp., male. — a, Appendices ; b, Apex of abdomen.

wing and of a triangular shape in the hind wing and are situated at
the pterostigma, which is somewhat opaque, occupying its middle
one-third ; three very insignificant spots found in the fore wing
placed obliquely from the pterostigma to the hind margin, the first
situated at the middle of the wing and the last at the hind margin.

In the specimen (male) the posterior margin of the third abdo-
minal segment is, so far as I can observe, formed like the other
segments, and not produced into a median lobe, as in most of our
Panorpids. The fifth and sixth segments stout and obconical, the
latter is very conspicuous, and bears a short but prominent spine at
the middle of the posterior margin ; seventh slender, longer, and
cylindrical ; eighth much more slender and cylindrical and ahnost
equal in length to the former ; ninth (cheliferous segment) stout and
rounded (not elongated, as in P. japonica and others), the chelae

94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

shorter than the segment ; appendages long and almost parallel, ex-
cept towards the end, where they slightly approach each other.

Length of body, 11 mm. ; expanse of wing, 15 mm.

A male specimen captured at Chuzenji, Nikko, July 27th,
1910, by Mr. Gallois Edme, of the French Embassy.

As this species is new to science, I take great pleasure in
naming it after my friend, an enthusiastic collector of Coleo-
ptera, and captor of this specimen, who was so kind as to put
the specimen at my disposal to be studied and described.

To a certain degree P. galloisi is allied to such European
species as P. germanica, annexa, and others. Of the Japanese
forms, however, only cornigera and gokcensis are somewhat
allied to the species ; but many points, and, above all, the
structure of the sixth abdominal segment distinguish it well from
the other species.

Zool. Inst. Agr. Coll. Imp. University,
Tokyo, Japan : Oct. 1910.

THE DURATION OF THE LARVAL STAGE IN SOME
OF THE SESIID^.

By Lt.-Colonel C. G. Nurse, F.E.S.

Considering the mode of life of the larvse of this familj', it
is scarcely surprising that our information regarding the dura-
tion of the larval stage is scanty and insufficient. It is
impossible to watch the progress from the egg to the imago, as
may be done with the greater number of Lepidoptera, where the
actual number of days between the different ecdyses can fre-
quently be calculated. The following notes are, therefore, offered
with a view to inviting other entomologists to place on record
their experience regarding the life-history of such species of
this family as they are able to study.

The prevailing view appears to be, to quote South's * Moths
of the British Isles,' that '* the majority, possibly all, are nearly
two years in arriving at full growth." I have personally been
able to study, very inadequately, four species, viz. Trochilium
apiforme and crabroniforme, and Sesia vesinformis {asiliformis)
and culiciformis.

Of T. apiforme Barrett says, " full fed in April, after feeding
probably nearly two years." This is not quite accurate, as the
larva ceases feeding and spins its cocoon in September or
October, though it does not change to a pupa until the following
April, as noted by Greene in ' The Insect Hunter's Companion.'
Of the total duration of the larval stage I cannot speak with
certainty, but I think it reasonable to suppose that the life-cycle
extends at least two years, and I should not be at all surprised

DURATION OF LARVAL STAGE IN SOME OF THE SESIID^. 95

if it proved to be three years. The few specimens I have bred
have all emerged in July, though Barrett gives the latter part of
May and June as its period on the wing.

As regards T. crabroniforme ; here again I cannot speak with
certainty, but I have found the larva still feeding in June, and
think it probable that the generally accepted opinion that it feeds
nearly two years is correct.

My experience as regards S. vespiformis is very much more
extensive, and I feel that I can state positively that this species,
at any rate normally, completes its life-cycle in one year. As is
well known, the larvae are to be found under the bark of the
stumps of felled oak-trees. These trees are invariably felled in
the winter ; the following summer the females of S. vespiformis
frequent these stumps, especially those that produce a few
shoots, though I have never been able to ascertain exactly where
the egg is laid. Larvas are to be obtained throughout the
following winter and spring. To make this quite clear, I may
say that the stumps of oaks felled in 1907-8 will, if the insect
occurs in the neighbourhood, probably contain larvae in the
winter of 1908-9, and only in rare instances, when the stump is
still alive, will a few larvae be found in the winter of 1909-10.
The larvae seem of all sizes in April and May ; indeed, I have
found larvas, pupae, and imagines on the same day in June.
When I first began to study this species, I thought that the
smaller larvae would probably only reach the imago stage in the
following year. But the emergence of the imago extends over
a long period, viz. from the end of May to the end of August.
If a stump be searched, however, in the middle or end of July,
no larvae are to be found, only empty and a few full cocoons. I
think, therefore, that I am justified in concluding that the life of
this species, from ovum to imago, extends for only one year, and
that when, in rare instances, larvae are found in the winter of
1909-10, in the stump of an oak felled in 1907-8, they are the
progeny of imagines that emerged in 1909. It is possible that,
as with other species of Lepidoptera, a few pupae, or even larvae,
may "lie over" till another year, but I am convinced that the
normal period during which the larva feeds is just under one
year. I may state that during the past five years I have taken
over two hundred larvae and pupae of this species, and have
purposely searched for them at different times, with a view to
ascertaining the duration of the larval stage.

I have not had as extensive opportunities of investigation
regarding S. culiciformis as with S. vespiformis. But the former
species is to be found in the larval stage in the live stumps of
birch the second spring after it has been cut, and not, so far as
my experience goes, in the third spring ; so I conclude that this
species has also a one-year cycle.

Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds : Feb. 12th, 1911.

96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

CONTINENTAL NEUROPTERA, &c., TAKEN BY DR.
T. A. CHAPMAN IN 1909 AND 1910.

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

Fkom time to time Dr. Chapman has been good enough to
hand over to me a few neuropterous and other insects which he
has obtained on his Continental trips. A list of those taken in
1909 and 1910 is here given. Species that are not British are
marked with an asterisk. Mr. K. J. Morton has been good
enough to assist me in naming them, and those insects in which
he is more immediately interested are now in his cabinet.

Amelie-les-Bains, Apeil 6th-21st, 1909, and Vernet-les-Bains,

April 24th to May 9th, 1909.
Plecoptera.

■■Tceniopteryx seticornis. Vernet.

Nemonra of the group of margmata apparently ; one each from
Amelie and Vernet respectively ; both, unfortunately, were
females.
Neuroptera.

Hevierobius suhnehnlosus. Amelie.
Chrysopa aspersa. Vernet.
^•Panorpa meridionaUs. Vernet.
Trichoptera.

Hydropsyche pellucidula. Amelie and Bagnial-sur-Mer.
Philopotamus montanus. Amelie and Vernet.
"^■PJiyacophila persimilis. Amelie.
'^■Bhyacophila tristis. Vernet.

South of France at Val d'Herens, &c. July and August, 1909.

Plecoptera. Val d'Herens : July 10th-30th.

"Dictyopteryx alpina.
■''■Dictyopteryx intricata.
■•'■Tceniopteryx neglecta.

'•■Nemoura sinuata, and probably another species of the same
genus, but all are females.
Leuctra inermis.
Ephemeroptera.

'''Ecdyurus helveticus. One male, one female, Val d'Herens : July
10th-30th.
Neuroptera. Val d'Herens : July 10th-30th.
"Raphidia fiavipes. Four females.
Micromus paganus. One.
■•'Megalovius tortricoides. Seven.
Chrysopa perla. Three.
Panorpa germanica. Three males.
■''Panorpa alpina. One female.

ABERKATION OF ACROKYCTA RUMICI8 AND A. ALNI. 97

Trichoptera.

"^•Drusus discolor \

■^'DriisiLs chrysotus

■■'Drusus alpinus l Val d'Herens : July 10th-30th.

■•'Drusus muelleri
■''Drusiis melanchcRtes )

'^■Cryptothrix nehidicola. Trelechant, Col de Montets : August 6th.
■■'Potamorites biguttatus. Val d'Herens : July 10th-30th.
■''Sericostovm pedemontanum. One from Trelechant : August 6th,
Four from Val d'Herens : July 10th-30th.

Plectrocnemia conspersa. One from Trelechant : August 6th.
One from Val d'Herens : July 10th-30th.

■''■Bhyacophila vulgaris. Val d'Herens : July 10th-30th.

Hyeees, St. Maxime, Binn, and Hospenthal, April to July, 1910.

Plecoptera.

Nemoura mortoni. Three females, Hospenthal : July 12th-31st.
Odonata.

Brachytron pratense. One female, Hy^res : April 5th-20th.
Pyrrhosoma nymphula. One male, one female, St. Maxime : April
29th-May 11th.
Neuroptera.

Sialis lutaria. Two, Hospenthal : July 12th-3 1st.
Baphidia notata. One male, Binn : June 20th-30th.
Chrysopa vulgaris. One, St. Maxime : April 29th-May 11th.
Trichoptera.

■'• Acropliylax zerberus. A female, Binn : June 20th-30th.
*Drusus alpinus. Three females, Binn : June 20th-30th.
'^Drusus nigrescens. A male and a female, Binn : June 20th-30th.

A male, Hospenthal : July 12th-31st.
"^Drusus melanchates. Two males and two females, Hospenthal :

July 12th-31st.
■''Lithax niger. Seven, one of small size, Hospenthal : July 12th-

31st (six of them marked "Gotthard").
"^•Potamorites biguttatus. Two males, Hospenthal : July 12th-31st.
"^'■Bhyacophila vulgaris. A male, Binn : June 20th-30th. [There
was also a '*Sericosto7na female (probably galeatum) from
Le Canadel.]
Kingston-on-Thames: February, 1911.

ABEREATION of ACRONYCTA RUMICIS and A. ALNI.

By Richard South.

Herr M. Gillmer (Ent. Rec. xix. p. 91) describes an aberra-
tion of Acronycta rumicis as follows : — " It has the basal and
marginal areas of the fore wings black, the middle area scarcely
darker brownish -grey than in typical specimens; the outer, light,
transverse lines obsolete (or suppressed), only the white mark

ENTOM. — MARCH, 1911. H

98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

in cell 1 h (anal cell) remains ; otherwise the insect is typical
= ab. sulirianna, n. ab. This form is intermediate between the
brownish-grey type and the quite black form of ab. salicis, Curtis.
The specimen is a female, and caught in the Palatinate."

In ' Societas Entomologica,' xxiv. p. 59 (1909), Herr Gillmer
figures ab. sulirianna, and quotes the original description, with a
translation thereof in German. In a footnote it is pointed out
that the outer transverse line is not so conspicuous as it appears
to be in the figure.

A year or two ago Mr. T. Baxter, of St. Anne's-on-Sea,
Lancashire, was good enough to send me a photograph (here re-

AcRONYCTA RUMicis. — 1, aberration ; 2, normal.

produced) of an aberrant specimen of A. rumicis that he had
found on the golf-links in his neighbourhood on July 4th, 1905.

This interesting example seems to be referable to ab. suliri-
anna as described above. The only apparent difference is that,
whereas the basal area in sulirianna is stated to be black, this
area in the Lancashire specimen is traversed by a broad black
band which occupies only the outer two-thirds, the basal third
of the area being pretty much as in normal specimens. In the
figure of sulirianna the basal area does not show wholly black
right up to the thorax.

In his note, " Captures at Sugar in Yorkshire " (Entom. xliii.
p. 228), Mr. Bunce refers to one of the three specimens of
Acromjcta alni as "strongly inclined to melanism." I lately
had an opportunity of seeing this specimen, and found it to be
an unusual (British) aberration of A. alni, closely approaching
ab. steinerti, Caspari. It may be briefly described as follows : —
Head and thorax blackish, the former narrowly edged with
greyish, the latter with a few greyish hairs. Fore wings brownish
grey, suffused with smoky ; black markings as in the type, but
the antemedial black line is rather broader ; postmedial and
submarginal lines a paler shade of the ground colour, the former
narrowly edged externally with black ; orbicular stigma of the
ground colour with black centre and outline ; reniform black

HYBERNATION OF PYRAMEIS (VANESSA) ATALANTA. 99

with faint outline of ground colour, mixed, in upper portions,
with black.

According to Staudinger (Cat. Lep. 1901, vol. i. p. 132,
No. 1082), figures of steinerti, Caspari, described in 1898
(' Societas Entomologica,' xiii. p. 3), are given — Jahrb. Nass.
Hi. pi. 4, figs. 8, 9; 'Iris,' xi. pi. 2, fig. 5; as carola, Phillips,
Jahrb. Nass. Hi. pi. 4, figs. 5-7 ; and as alni var. by Barrett,
Brit. Lep. iii. pi. 121, figs, la, 1&. The last two seem to be
modifications of steinerti, as also is the specimen secured by
Mr. Bunce. The latter, however, appears more heavily suffused
than either of the others.

HYBERNATION OF PYRAMEIS (VANESSA) ATALANTA
IN CAPTIVITY.

By L. W. Newman.

In the autumn of 1909 I saved seven specimens of Pyrameis
{Vanessa) ntalanta to see if it were possible to hybernate them
in England under unnatural conditions.

I have many times tried them out of doors, also in a cold
greenhouse, but in both eases failed, the specimens dying off
early in the winter.

I prepared a small cardboard box about nine inches by six
inches by six inches deep, cut out the lid, leaving only the frame
of cardboard, stretched open mosquito netting over the box, and
held this down with the cardboard frame.

The butterflies were placed in this, the box stood by a
window facing east, and at night removed to a warmer quarter
of the room ; there was always a fire in the room, and also a
large boiler which was warm all night, so that the specimens
never had a lower temperature than, say, 35 degrees, even on the
coldest nights. After two or three days they became very
restless, and evidently required food. A good-sized pad of
absorbent cotton-wool was well soaked in water, sprinkled with
cane-sugar, and placed in the centre of the box on top of
the mosquito netting ; very soon the butterflies had found the
sweets and were busy feeding. They walked about in the box,
continuously opening their wings when the sun was shining, and
about midday retired to the darkest corner of the box.

Throughout the whole winter they fed regularly every few
days, and on no day when there was any sun did they remain
quiet, no matter how cold the weather was out of doors.

The first casualty happened in December, when a male
specimen became quite paralyzed ; he seemed to have indulged
too freely in food, for his body became very distended, and he lay
for many hours at the bottom of the box with -legs twitching
and wings quivering before he died.

h2

100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

In January the specimens became very tame, and it was my
habit to let them fly about in my room on sunny mornings ;
they would settle on the curtains with wings expanded and sun
themselves ; they would also feed from my hand, and enjoyed a
piece of apple with sugar sprinkled on it, or a banana ; they
seemed to like the extra space, and the exercise I thought would
keep them strong, as they took so much food.

In February I lost a second specimen, which flew into the fire ;
this left me with only five. All went well, and no more met with
unhappy endings during that month.

Early in March I placed them out of doors in the daytime,
confined in a roomy cage under a glass-roofed house with open
sides, and gave them a pot of growing nettle. No sign of pairing
was noted, but in early May a fair quantity of ova had been
deposited ; these, however, proved infertile, and on examining
the specimens I found all were females, the only two males having
been the victims of the winter ; this greatly disappointed me.

The last specimen lived till the end of May.

I think these observations clear up a point which has long
been in doubt, and prove that atalanta is not a true hybernator,
as it requires food all the winter, consequently this species very
seldom, if ever, passes the winter as imagines in England ; we
are, therefore, entirely dependent on immigration every year for
this beautiful though common butterfly.

1910 was a very bad atalanta year. Personally, I saw only
two specimens on the wing and found but one larva, and heard
of very few larvae or imagines having been seen in England
during the year.

I had six pupse sent to me from Devonshire ; these I bred
out, and have the imagines alive. Mr. T. Eeuss has sent me
eight living specimens, two of which met with an accident a few
days after arrival, so this winter I have twelve specimens, and
with these few I hope to be able to clear up a further point next
spring, and that is, to find out whether the species pair in early
spring. I have noticed no sign of autumnal pairing.

Bexley, Kent.

THE HUMBLE-BEES OF FOKMOSA.

By T. D. a. Cockerell.

Having received from the British and Berlin Museums a
large series of Formosan Bombi, I have thought it opportune to
present an account of the species of that island, all of which
appear to be endemic.

Bombus wilemani, n. sp.
Worker ; length 15 mm. ; black, the pubescence black, rust-red
on abdominal segments 3 to 6, above and below; the small joints of

THE HUMBLE-BEES OP FOKMOSA. 101

the tarsi also have reddish hair, and it is ferruginous on the inner
sides of the middle and hind basitarsi, except the base of the former ;
head elongate, malar space longer than broad ; eyes dark greenish ;
nodules of labrum low ; fourth antennal joint very short, broader
than long, not quite half length of third ; ocelli small ; tegulae dark
brown ; wings pale reddish, the apical margin not conspicuously
darker ; nervures relatively slender, ferruginous ; second and third
abdominal segments with a few pale hairs in the middle.

Female; length 21 mm., width of abdomen 8; otherwise similar
to the worker.

Hah. Formosa (A. E. Wileman). British Museum. This
species is closely related, both in structure and colour, to
B. pomorum of Europe. It is also related to the Formosan
B. hicoloratus, but is smaller, with much more delicate venation.
The similar-looking Japanese B. andrea, Friese, is related to
B. pratorum, and therefore structurally distinct from B. ivilemani.
I have taken the worker, B. ivilemani, as the type, since the
female is in bad condition. Both specimens bear a written
label, "Arizan, ix. 11, 1906, 7500 feet," and a printed one,
*' Tainan, Anping, S. Formosa."

Bombus hicoloratus, Smith, 1879.
From the Berlin Museum I have two females, four herm-
aphrodites, collected by Sauter in Formosa. Two of the workers
are labelled "Kanshirei, 8. 6. 08."

Bomhus hicoloratus ya.Y.fidvolateralis, n. var.
Worker; meospleura with the hair pale brown instead of
black. Three collected by Sauter in Formosa; two are from
"Kanshirei, 8. 6. 08." Berlin Museum.

Bomhus latissiinus, Friese, 1910.

This very fine species has only lately been described. A female
from the British Museum was collected by Wileman at the same
place as the types of B. ivilemani, but on September 27th. From
the Berlin Museum come one female and eleven workers col-
lected by Sauter. One of the workers has red hair on each side
of the first abdominal segment posteriorly. Only one Sauterian
specimen has the exact locality specified ; a worker from Chip
Chip, S. Formosa, February, 1909. At first sight it might seem
that latissimus was only a variety of B. hicoloratus, but it
is certainly a distinct species, differing in its broader abdomen,
the abundant red hair of legs, the apical dark band of anterior
wings with its inner margin fairly straight (in hicoloratus it is
conspicuously undulated or lobed), and in having the fourth
antennal joint much longer than broad (in hicoloratus the fourth
joint is short, hardly or not longer than broad).

A female of the Japanese Megachile doederleinii, Friese, was
taken by Mr. Wileman in Formosa, and bears the label,

102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

"Kozensho, Ko-tan-kgan, 6000 ft., ix. 7, 1096." It is about
21 mm. long — distinctly smaller than a Japanese example in my
collection. I suspect that this species has been introduced into
Formosa, as it is wholly absent from the large collection made
by Sauter. There is in the Sauter collection a related species
with much shorter mandibles.

CHESHIRE AND SOUTH LANCASHIRE ODONATA.

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

Recently I have seen a collection of dragonflies from
Warrington, some belonging to the Municipal Museum, the
remainder from Mr. G. A. Dunlop's collection. I record such of
the local ones as bear date and locality labels.

Leucorrhinia dubia. Abbot's Moss, Cheshire : July 4th, 1908 ;

July 2nd, 1909 ; August 1st, 1910.
Sympetrmn Jiaveolimi. A male, Flaxmere : August 5th, 1907.
Sympetruvi scoticuvi. Flaxmere, Cheshire : August 5th, 1907 ;
August 3rd, 1908. Abbot's Moss : July 4th, 1908 ; August
1st, 1910.
Calopteryx virgo. Amongst a number of C. virgo and C. splenclens,
usually without labels, is a specimen of the former species,
which appears to be var. anceps. Whether this is a North
Country specimen I cannot say.
Lestes sponsa. Abbot's Moss : July 4th, 1908 ; August 1st, 1910.
Pyrrhosoma nymphula. Frodsham, Cheshire : June 9th-10th,

1902 ; July 18th, 1908 ; June 22nd, 1910.
Ischnura elegans. Flaxmere : August 5th, 1907. Padgate, South
Lancashire : June 16th, 1909. A specimen bred out in the
Museum ; May 18th, 1909.
Agrion pulchellum. Frodsham : June 9th-10th, 1902.
Agrion puella. Frodsham : June 10th, 1902. Grappenhall,

Cheshire: June 23rd, 1906. Padgate: June 16th, 1909.
Enallagma cyathigerum. Abbot's Moss : July 4th, 1908.
Perhaps the most interesting specimen is *S'. fiaveolum, but
being a male it is most probably a migrant. Mr. Dunlop will
no doubt be able to satisfy himself as to whether it breeds in
the Delamere Forest District or not. In the collection are two
specimens of Agrion pulchellum, labelled " New Forest, 9 July,
1895." This species has not, I believe, been recorded for the
New Forest, and the record would have been of interest ; but,
unfortunately, the specimens were bought at Stevens', and
nothing further is known about them. Mr. Dunlop tells me in
addition that Mschna grandis and jE. cyanea occur very com-
monly in the district, even flying about the streets of Warrington,
and that Agrion puella is common on the Old Quay Canal,
Acton Grange, Cheshire.

Kingston-on-Thames: February, 1911,

103

HATCHING OF THE EGGS OF ARGYNNIS LAODICE.
By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.

In the ' Entomologist ' for March, 1909, I published an
account of the life-history of Argynnis laodice, wherein I stated
that the larvae remain developed within the egg throughout the
winter and emerge therefrom in the early spring. This state-
ment M. Gillmer contradicts in his review (' Societas Entomo-
logica,' xxiv. nos. 4-5) of the life-history, maintaining that the
larvfe in a state of nature emerge from the eggs in the autumn.
Subsequently i pointed out in the 'Entomologist,' October, 1909,
p. '258, that I felt convinced M. Gillmer was wrong in his
assertion, and that if any eggs emerged in the autumn this was
due to the fact that the eggs in question were kept more or less
under artificial conditions.

The Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, to whom I am indebted for
the original eggs, now kindly tells me that he has received more
than one hundred eggs of A. laodice during January of this
year, from M. Kieselbach (living in Koenigsberg, where this
butterfly is common), who has informed him that, out of a
number of eggs deposited by a single female laodice, some
hatched in the autumn, while others passed through the winter
in the egg state, the young larvte only making their egress
from the shell in the spring. He further states that, in his
opinion, the larvae that emerge in the autumn are induced to
adopt that course when kept under artificial conditions, although
exposed to the cold ; he also seems more or less convinced that
in a state of nature the larvfe do not emerge from the eggs until
the spring.

By this statement M. Kieselbach's opinion exactly coincides
with my own.

It may be noted that A. laodice very closely resembles
A. paphia in all stages of the larva, and the pupae of both are so
similar that they are almost indistinguishable. But the eggs of
the two species differ : that of laodice bears a close resemblance
to the egg of A. adippe in form and general structure, as
well as the period of hatching. The latter are laid during
July and August, and hatch about the beginning of the follow-
ing April, while the eggs of A. paphia remain only about fifteen
days in the egg state, hatching during August, when the young
larvffi immediately enter into hybernation, without feeding on
anything more than that portion of the eggshell which they eat
away to allow of their emergence ; they simply rest near the
empty shell until the following spring, usually awakening at the
end of March or early in April.

104

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

EHYNCHOTA INDICA (HETEKOPTEEA).

By W. L. Distant.

Fam. PENTATOMID^.
Elasmucha tauriformis, sp.n.

Olivaceous-brown, the corium more olivaceous, the membrane
pale olivaceous-brown ; head sparsely coarsely punctate, the lateral
margins sinuate, the lobes subequal in length, the central lobe almost
.mpunctate ; antennae piceous, basal joint not reaching apex of head,
second and third subequal in length, each much longer than first,
remaining joints mutilated in type ; pronotum rather sparingly but
very coarsely punctate, the punctures somewhat confluent near
anterior margin, the lateral angles longly, robustly, transversely pro-
duced, their apices finely, acutely narrowed, the posterior angles
distinctly, rather broadly posteriorly produced ; scutellum sparingly,
coarsely punctured ; corium very obscurely finely punctate ; mem-
brane not passing the abdominal apex ; head beneath and sternum
olivaceous-brown, sparingly, coarsely punctate, mesosternal process
not reaching the anterior margin of the presternum and backwardly
produced between the intermediate coxae ; abdomen beneath greenish-
olivaceous, abdominal spine almost reaching the intermediate coxae,
an obscure central longitudinal ridge, angles of the posterior segment
broadly subprominent, rostrum about reaching the posterior coxae.
Long. 9| mill. Exp. pronot. angl. 8 millim.

Hah. Punjab; Murree.

The longly and apically spinously produced lateral angles of
the pronotum is a distinctive feature of this species.

Elasmucha montandoni, sp. n.

Ochraceous, coarsely darkly punctate ; produced pronotal angles
carmine-red ; scutellum with a large basal central oblong black spot ;
head coarsely punctate, the lateral margins almost impunctate ;
antennas mutilated in typical specimen ; pronotum coarsely punc-
tate, the punctures somewhat confiuent near anterior margin, lateral
margins almost impunctate, a few punctures in linear series on their
anterior areas, the lateral angles produced and apically recurved,
their apices shortly subacute, posterior angles distinctly but shortly
and obtusely backwardly produced ; scutellum sparingly punctate,
more thickly so on lateral margins, about apical fourth distinctly
narrowed ; corium coarsely punctate ; membrane slightly passing
the abdominal apex ; body beneath ochraceous ; presternum more or
less coarsely darkly punctate ; mesosternal process not reaching the
anterior margin of the presternum ; abdomen with a transverse
reddish-brown streak on each side of the fourth and fifth segments,
two pale levigate ochraceous streaks on each side of the sixth seg-
ment, spiracles piceous ; posterior angles of the anal segment in female
moderately produced, curved, and carmine-red ; abdominal spine
scarcely passing the posterior coxae; rostrum shortly passing the
posterior coxae. Long. 7 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 4| millim.

Hab. Bengal; Kurseong.

RHYNCHOTA INDICA (HETEROPTERA). 105

Dr. Montandon sent me a single specimen of this beautiful
species.

Fam. BERYTID^.
Metacanthus hihamatus, Dist., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. liii.
p. 360 (1909).
Hah. Ceylon.

Metacanthus bihamatus.

I take the present opportunity to figure this species. By the
long hooked spines to the pronotum it is somewhat aberrant to
the genus.

Gen. Taprobanus (ante, p. 24).

Although carefully shown in the sectional figure of the typi-
cal species (ante, p. 25), the generic diagnosis did not refer to
the character of a curved, upivardly directed, slender process on
each side of the sternum between the intermediate and posterior
coxce.

Fam. LYG^ID^.

Macropes rufipes, sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum black ; corium ochraceous, more
or less streaked with piceous ; membrane very pale ochraceous with
the veins darker ; body beneath black, the legs reddish-ochraceous ;
antennae black, the first, second, and third joints more or less ochra-
ceous, the apices of the second and third joints distinctly clavate and
black at apices ; pronotum broadly distinctly transversely impressed
a little before base, before this a little convex and irregularly im-
pressed, the lateral margins moderately rounded, the basal margin
moderately concave, the whole very finely punctate ; membrane
extending to a little beyond the middle of the abdomen ; connexivum
dull ochraceous ; abdomen above black, finely ochraceously pilose ;
body beneath black, very finely ochraceously pilose. Long. 7 to
8 millim.

106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Hah. Bengal ; Kurseong.

Allied to M. inmctatus, Walk., but differing by the pronotum
being less deeply concave at posterior margin ; the second and
third joints of antennae distinctly clavate at apices ; different
colour of the legs, &c.

I am again indebted to Dr. Montandon for specimens of this
species.

Fam. HENICOCEPHALIDiE.
Henicocephalus limbatipennis, sp. n.

Head, anterior lobe of pronotum, scutellum, body beneath, and
legs ochraceous ; antennae, and middle and posterior lobes of pro-
notum, castaneous ; abdomen beneath with transverse fuscous mark-
ings ; hemelytra pitchy-brown, a basal angulate spot ochraceous, the
lateral and apical margins broadly sordidly stramineous ; antennae
distinctly pilose, second joint distinctly longer than the third ;
anterior lobe of head considerably longer than posterior lobe, elon-
gate, margins subparallel, posterior lobe globose, the ocelli near its
anterior margins ; posterior lobe of pronotum distinctly wider than
middle lobe, its lateral margins roundly oblique, middle lobe centrally
longitudinally sulcate. Long. 8 millim.

Hah. Ceylon ; Peradeniya (F. H. Gravely, Ind. Mus.).

Mr. Gravely found this species " running about on the ground
in the jungle."

Allied to H. majuscidus, Dist., but a smaller species, diffe-
rently coloured, the pale lateral margin to the hemelytra broader
and regularly continued to the apex, basal joint of antennae
shorter and more incrassate, middle lobe of pronotum with the
lateral margins rounded, not obliquely narrowed anteriorly, &c.

Fam. REDUVIID^.

Acanthaspis chilawensis, sp. n.

Black ; antenniferous tubercles, spines at base of pronotum, basal
angles and a large spot behind middle of corium, and lateral marginal
spots to abdomen above and beneath, ochraceous ; legs pitchy-
brown ; first joint of antennae about as long as head ; anterior lobe of
pronotum sculptured, the anterior angles subprominent, posterior
lobe closely rugose, lateral spines somewhat long, a little directed
backward, their apices black, the two central basal spines much
shorter, posteriorly directed ; scutellum with a long spine obliquely
directed backward ; legs finely setose ; rostrum reaching the anterior
coxge, first and second joints subequal in length. Long. 16 to
20 millim.

Hah. Ceylon ; Chilaw (E. E. Green).

Closely allied to A. quinquespinosa, Fabr., but basal central
spines to pronotum smaller, their basal areas black, not ochra-
ceous, spot to corium larger, less transverse, and more ob-
long, &c.

RHYNCHOTA INDICA (hETEROPTERa). 107

Genus Amulius.

Amulius viscus, sp. n.

Head and antennae black, the latter with the base of third joint
(rather broadly) and base of fourth joint (narrowly) ochraceous ; prono-
tum pale sanguineous, the anterior angles, some central suffusions to
anterior lobe and the posterior lobe — excluding lateral areas — black ;
scutellum and corium black, apex of the former and a spot on apical area
of the latter, ochraceous; membrane shining bluish-black; connexivum
black with large pale sanguineous spots , a central longitudinal fascia
to head beneath, ochraceous; sternum pale sanguineous, disks of
meso- and metasterna and lateral areas of the latter, black ; four
spots near anterior margin of mesosternum ochraceous ; abdomen
beneath dull ochraceous, connexivum as above and a series of large
sublateral spots black ; legs ochraceous or pale sanguineous, a broad
central annulation and apex to anterior tibiae, apical areas of inter-
mediate and posterior femora, the intermediate and posterior tibiae
and all the tarsi, black ; rostrum black, about or almost reaching
base of head ; antennae with the first joint less than half the length
of head, second nearly as long as pronotum, third longer than fourth ;
anterior angles of pronotum long, spinously produced, the spines
forwardly produced, curved, and slightly longer than first joint of
antennae, basal pronotal margin posteriorly laminately produced and
strongly centrally emarginate ; apex of scutellum somewhat tuber-
culous. Long. 19 millim.

Hah. Ceylon; Ratnapura (E. E. Green).

Allied to the Malayan A. quadripunctatiis, Stal, but the anterior
spinous pronotal angles black, much more slender, acute, and
curved, &c.

" In life — has the anterior tarsi covered with a viscid secre-
tion resembling Canada balsam. In living examples the red
areas are quite brilliant " (E. E, Green in litt.).

Fam. NOTONECTIDiE.
Anisops all, sp. n.

Ochraceous, the hemelytra more or less shaded with fuliginous ;
eyes black; interocular space narrow, margins parallel, not or very
slightly narrowing at base, above with a distinct central longitudinal
impression, the margins of which are ridged, beneath narrow, parallel,
of the same breadth throughout ; pronotum with a distinct waved
carinate line on the anterior area, commencing on the lateral margins
behind eyes and then roundly directed upward and united between
the inner posterior angles of the eyes ; abdomen beneath fuscous.
This species is allied in general coloration to A. sardea, Herr.-Schalf.,
and A. fieberi, Kirk. From both of these, however, it is distinctly
separated by the narrow parallel interocular space, and by the dis-
tinct carinate waved line to the pronotum. Long. 5 to 6^ millim.

Hah. Ceylon; Diyatalawa (E. E. Green).

108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES BY THE WAY.

The restriction of the terms "type" and "co-type" to
definite limits is an exceedingly simple matter, if we could but
agree as to the limits. A world-wide authority in his particular
order startled me to-day by stating that " co-type " could be
applied to any specimen pronounced by the original describer to
be co-specific with the type — that, in fact, you sent him a
specimen, captured years after the description was published, he
compared it with the type, returned it to you as co-specific, and
you became, in consequence, the happy possessor of a " co-
type" ! Even " type" has a vague meaning for some authors.
Two "types," both so labelled similarly by the author, were
sold to a museum ; one was from Ceylon, and the other from
Kuching ; his description gave " Kuching " as the only original
locality — the sale of the Ceylon specimen as a type was, to say
the least, irregular. "Co-types" are all the specimens of a
single species immediately before the author when he draws up
his description. The " type " is a single specimen selected at will
by the author as most typical of this whole series of individuals.

A nice point of synonymy was raised recently, for which we
have no recollection of provision by the British Association or
Zoological Congress : — If an author publish a specific name
already figuring in the same genus, and a second man sub-
sequently publish a description of the same species and make for
it a new and valid genus, does the first name, which is not truly
co-specific with the other species as placed, take priority in the
second author's new genus ?

In our last we mentioned Irish entomological research ; but
a much more elaborate exploration has been going on respecting
the insects of that very interesting group of islands off Mada-
gascar known as the Seychelles. Prof. Stanley Gardiner, well
known for his investigations in the Maldive and Laccadive
Islands, will shortly publish a detailed description of them, but
we have already arrived at the third volume of the general
account of the fauna collected there during 1908 and 1909 by
Mr. Hugh Scott, the Curator at Cambridge. This is given
through the medium of the Trans. Linn. Soc. of last November,
and graphically introduces us to the sterile granitic rocks, rising
in places to an altitude of two to three thousand feet. It is a
most fascinating locality, since " there are well-marked distinc-
tions between the entomological faunas of different parts," many
species are obviously introduced, and there is a distinct Oriental
element ; forests at an elevation of some thousand feet were
found most productive of truly indigenous species. q -^

109

NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 62.)

Mithuna arizana, sp. n.

(7 . Antennae fasciculate ; head and thorax pale brown, abdomen
paler. Fore wings pale brown, darker freckled ; medial line dark
brown, slightly oblique, interrupted above the middle ; submarginal
line dark brown, rather broad, much interrupted. Hind wings
fuscous, outer margin and fringes yellowish.

? . Similar to the male, but the medial line of fore wings is
entire ; hind wings paler than those of the male.

Expanse, 24 millim.

Collection number, 694.

One example of each sex from Arizan (7500 ft.). The male
captured in September, 1906, and the female in August, 1908.

ab. parva, nov.

Smaller, the medial line of fore wings only distinct on the costa
and the inner margin ; the submarginal line less distinct and nearer
the outer margin.

Expanse, 18-19 millim.

Two male specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), June 13th, 1906.

Possibly these insects may be local forms of M. quadriplaga,
Moore.

Ilema tricolor, sp. n.

Fore wings pale cinnamon-brown on basal two-thirds, blackish
on outer third. Hind wings creamy white, a blackish border on the
outer margin ; the latter is broadest towards costa, slightly indented
below middle, and narrowed at anal angle. Under side as above, but
the basal two-thirds of fore wings creamy white, and the costal mar-
gins of all the wings streaked with yellow.

Expanse, 28 millim.

Collection number, 542 a.

One male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.). May 13, 1909.

Siccia taiwana, sp. n.

Head and thorax white, faintly tinged with brown. Fore wings
white, powdered with pale brownish chiefly on costal area ; a black
point near base of costa and a black mark below it ; three blackish
spots on the costa, from the first are traces of an antemedial line, and
from the third a curved series of dusky dots (the second from inner
margin bar-like) represent a postmedial line ; a blackish spot at end of
cell, and a dot about middle of cell ; submarginal line dusky, slender,
with blackish dots upon it ; a blackish dot on the whitish fringes at
apex, and a similar one about middle. Hind wings pale fuscous.
Under side whitish ; fore wings clouded with fuscous ; hind wings
with blackish discoidal dot and a dusky band beyond.

Expanse, 22 milUm.

110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Collection number, 678.

One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), August 19, 1905.

Niidaria (?) semilutea, sp. n.

Pore wings white ; basal area, except extreme base, orange-yellow,
limited by a partly curved line of the ground colour ; the outer area
clouded with dark brown. Hind wings whitish, faintly tinged with
yellow ; a dark cloud on outer margin towards the costa.

Expanse, 16 millim.

Collection number, 699.

One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), June, 1906.

Chamaita hirta, sp. n.

3" . White, semi-transparent, the veins of fore wings clothed
with brownish hairs, except on outer third (perhaps denuded).

$ . Whitish, semi-transparent, obscurely mottled with brownish
(? stain).

Expanse, <? 18 millim., $ 18-20 millim.

Collection number, 681.

One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), May,
1906, and a female specimen, from the same locality, taken in
August of that year.

Near C. uympha, Moore.

Hyponccia dentata, sp. n.

Head and thorax dark brown, abdomen paler. Fore wings whitish,
suffused with pale brown ; basal third dark brown, hardly separate
from a dark brown, dentate, antemedial line ; medial and postmedial
lines dark brown, dentate, space enclosed by the lines suffused with
the darker colour ; a black curved spot at end of cell, where the
medial line is bent outwards, and a dot in the cell ; submarginal line
dark brown, interrupted, broadest towards costa ; fringes whitish,
preceded by a series of dark brown dots. Hind wings fuscous, fringes
paler. Under side fuscous, costal and outer margins of fore wings
and fringes of all wings paler.

Expanse, 18 millim.

Collection number, 698.

One male specimen from Tainan (on the plains), May 14, 1906.

Near H. mesozonata, Hampson.

Asura limbata, sp. n.

<? . Antennae whitish above, reddish beneath ; head and thorax
white, the latter marked with brownish. Fore wings brownish, a
black dot at end of cell, from which a black streak runs towards base
of the wing ; a subbasal line runs to a white streak on the inner
margin, thence turns upward, forming a white hook-like mark ; outer
margin with white border, enclosing three brownish spots on the
upper portion. Hind wings paler, with an interrupted white border
on the outer margin.

2 . Paler, but this is probably due to its worn condition.

Expanse, S 22 millim., ? 24 milHm.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Ill

Collection number, 695 «.

One specimen of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.)- The
male captured in April, 1907, and the female in May, 1908.

Asura pica, sp. n.

$ . Fore wings blackish with a white hook-like mark as in
limbata, but the streak is more oblique to inner margin, and is twice
interrupted near the costa ; the white outer border of limbata is here
represented by four white spots — one on the costa before apex, one at
apex, one at middle, and one at the inner angle ; all four united by a
slender, wavy, submarginal white line. Hind wings blackish.

Expanse, 18 millim.

Collection number, 695.

One female specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), September
22nd, 1906.

May be a seasonal form of A. limbata.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Hydeilla palustris, &c., at Wicken. — Though it is, perhaps,
rather late in the day to tell of last summer's captures, it may be
well to record that I was fortunate enough during a visit to Wicken
in June to take two male specimens of Hydrilla palustris. I believe
four other specimens were taken about the same time by other
collectors. Considering the amount of wind, oftentimes from the
east, we had during our stay of nearly three weeks, my friend (the
Eev. J. W. Metcalfe, of Ottery St. Mary) and I did fairly well.
Arsilache albovenosa was not much in evidence, but I had never on
my two previous visits seen so many Macrogaster castanea (arundinis)
on the sheet, or such abundance of Meliana flamviea. Four hard
days' work at Tuddenham produced only about two dozen Acidalia
rubiginata between us ; Lithostege griseata was almost over, but
Agrophila trabealis was plentiful. In exploring for L. griseata we
came upon a fresh locaHty for A. trabealis which promised well, but
the presence of an irate farmer who would not listen to reason
made future visits undesirable. The pine ti'ees at Tuddenham are
well-known as the resting place of Hecatera serena, but our experi-
ence was that the trees were quite deserted for the flowers of the
viper's bugloss (Echiuvi vulgare) which was growing in great profu-
sion on the hillside. I took an entirely new series from the flowers,
the moths settling quietly in brilliant sunshine. The Rev. J. W.
Metcalfe was fortunate enough to take a specimen of Dianthcecia
irregularis in the same way. The weather was fine during the
whole of our stay except for one night when a thunderstorm was
imminent, so much so as to drive us home in haste, only to find that
it had left Wicken practically untouched in its course, and to have
the mortification of knowing the next morning that the previous night
had been entomologically the night of the season. The continuance
of wind, however, was a serious disadvantage. — Rev. J. E. Tarbat;
Fareham, Hants.

112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Unusual Emergence op Noctua plecta. — On February 7th I
found a perfectly fine specimen of Noctua plecta in the vestry of the
church. The larva had probably pupated in the vestry in the
autumn, and the warmth of the church had caused the imago to
emerge at this early date. — Kev. J. E. Tarbat ; Fareham, Hants.

Unrecorded Occurrences of Euvanessa antiopa. — Possibly
some light is thrown upon the question of the identity of the larvae
referred to as those of the Camberwell Beauty, in the quotation under
the above heading, given by Mr. Rowland-Brown (antea, p. 68), by
the following note which occurs in Humphreys and Westwood's
'British Moths,' vol. i. p. 91, where it is stated of the larva of
Porthesia chrysorrhoea, L. : — " It feeds on various plants, especially
whitethorn, in June, and has at times become so remarkably
abundant as to cause a serious panic to Londoners, especially in
1782, when prayers were offered up in the churches against
the enemy; and the churchwardens and overseers of the neigh-
bouring villages, after offering rewards for collecting these cater-
pillars, attended to see them burnt by bushels." It will be noted
that both the date and the measure by which the quantity of the
caterpillars was estimated are the same in the two accounts, and I
think we should not be far wrong in assuming that Professor Hall
Griffin's Camberwell Beauty caterpillars were none other than those
of Porthesia chrysorrhcea. — Egbert Adkin ; Lewisham, Feb. 1911.

With regard to Mr. Rowland-Brown's interesting reference in
your last number to the abundance of larvae in Camberwell, in 1782,
I think there is little doubt but that they were Stilpnotia salicis, for I
have met with them abroad — practically in thousands. Yet another
species must be taken into consideration, viz. Malacosoma neustria, the
larvae of which many years ago (I am speaking of the fifties and early
sixties) occurred in the greatest abundance. Trees in orchards, I can
remember, were often denuded of their leaves, such were their ravages.
My earliest recollections in entomology are associated with collect-
ing the "rings" of ova of this species. With regard to Vanessa
a^itiopa, in my experience the larvae are essentially sallow feeders.
I have found them in Spain and commonly in the South of France
but always on sallow. It is true the imagines frequent willows, but
is it not the Cossus and other exudations which attract them? —
A. H. Jones ; February 4th, 1911.

Autumnal Emergence of Polygonia c-album, var. hutchinsoni.
— During Sept. 1910, I sent the Rev. Alfred Stiff, of Leigh-on-Sea,
some two dozen larvae of c-album which I had bred from Wye Valley
stock. During January of this year he wrote to me and said he had
been most successful with them, and had bred four specimens of the
var. hutchinsoni, which emerged mid-October. This seemed to me
very strange, as none of the remainder of the brood in my hands had
produced the variety, and I had never had, nor heard of the variety
being bred in the autumn, it being purely a June or early July form.
I had bred some of the new straw-coloured variety, unheard-of before
this year, and rather expected that he had mistaken these for var.
hiUchinsoni. I therefore asked him to let me see the specimens, and

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 113

greatly to my surprise found they were very fine and large var.
hutckinsoni. — L. W. Newman; Bexley, Kent.

Late Autumn and Winter Emergence of Ematurga ato-
MARiA. — During 1910 I reared a considerable number of E. atomaria
from ova from Lanes, parents ; the larvse fed up rapidly and pupated
in June. During July I turned out my breeding pots, collected the
pupge and stored them away in glass-top metal boxes, in as cold a
place as possible for the winter. I did not again look at the pupae
till September, when I was rather surprised to find six specimens
had emerged, two being dead and the other four ahve. I noticed
several dozens were forming up, so these were removed to a breeding
cage, and the imagines duly emerged. As others continued to form
up, they also were removed from their cold place and kept warm.
Moths continued to emerge right up to the beginning of January,
when they stopped. In all, over twenty-five per cent, of the pupae
emerged from September to January, a few almost every day. —
L. W. Newman ; Bexley, Kent.

Phasgonura viridissima (Orthoptera). — Mr. B. S. Williams
sends me a fine female specimen of this grasshopper, that Surrey
may no longer bear the reproach of having no certain record of this
fine species. It was taken by himself at Pickett's Hole, Ranmore,
August 13th, 1910.— W. J. Lucas.

Hemerobius stigma (Neuroptera). — On January 29th last, a
specimen of this brown lacewing was obtained by beating a young
Scotch fir at the Black Pond, Esher Common, Surrey. I have found
the species previously in this locality in mid-winter ; but still the
capture may be worth recording. — W. J. Lucas.

Triph^na pronuba in January. — This evening (Jan. 27th) I took
a T. 'pronuha flying around a lamp in a room. The specimen seemed
to me to be too fresh for one of the partial second brood of
September, 1910. Last October I found several larvae of this species,
in the garden here, nearly full-grown and still feeding. Is this a
common occurrence '? — Laurence Jones ; The Rectory, Marks Tey.

Notes on Chilosia grossa, Cordyceps, and Smerinthus tili^. —
Reading the note on Chilosia grossa by Lt.-Col. Nurse (' Entomo-
logist,' vol. xliii., p. 313) reminds me that, under the same circum-
stances, I used to come across pink larvae about one-third of an inch
long. If I remember rightly, there were several in one stem. I am
afraid I did not trouble much about rearing them — probably I may
be told they were some commoner well-known insect. This was when
I was living near Plymouth. The illustration of Cordyceps militaris
(1. c. p. 297) recalls the gruesome appearance of a large C. ligniperda
larva I left in a cylindrical tin and neglected. As well as I can
remember, the fungus was nearly an inch long and growing vertically
from the whole length of the back. The damp atmosphere of the
tin had evidently suited the fungus better than its host. Mr. Arkle's
note {I. c. p. 294) that S. tilice, is very rare in the Chester district is
equally true of the Plymouth one, where I could never succeed in
finding the species, though I used to dig up the pupae fairly freely

ENTOM. — MARCH, 1911. I

114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

around elms about Oxford. Around Plymouth Sphinx ligustri seemed
to be the commonest " hawk moth." A catalogue giving the distri-
bution of the various "hawk moths" in the several counties would
be highly interesting. — (Eev.) Fred. Julian Briggs ; Codrington
College, fearbadoes, November 26th, 1910.

Notes on the Life-History of Antitropa erinnts. — The eggs
are greyish white in colour, and are laid in great numbers on both
sides of the leaves of a lily {Dracana hookeriana) that grows wild in
the woods and elsewhere. The leaves of this plant are about two
to two and a half inches in width, and very thick ; consequently the
young larva when it emerges must be very strong, for as soon as it
is hatched it at once eats a small portion of the leaf at the edge, and
then turns down the same completely over itself, joining it firmly
together with white silky thread. It is then light green in colour,
with a black head. It comes out of its house to eat, and after about
five days it closes up each end of the same and remains therein for
about two and a half to three days whilst it changes its skin; it is
then green in colour, with a yellow head with six false eyes on the
same, black in colour. After moulting, the larva frequently occupies
the old house, if large enough ; if not, it makes another, going through
the same operation as l)efore, but turning over a larger portion of the
leaf. After about eight days it again changes its skin ; it is then
much paler green, head yellow with a brown line down the centre,
which widens at the mouth ; the six false eyes which are black are
placed two on each side of the brown line on the front of the head and
one on each side of the same. The larva now measures about three-
quarters of an inch in length and eats freely, but returns very
quickly to its house, always backwards, if disturbed whilst feeding.
Seven days later it again changes its skin, and remains in the follow-
ing state until it pupates (as the last two stages are practically
identical in colour and markings) : the body very nearly white and
very transparent ; there is a black line between the second and third
segments, and between the eighth and ninth segments ; on the back
there is a light yellow round spot, and on the last segment above the
hind claspers there is a hard yellow patch very similar to the brown
one in Floetzia fiara. Head large and yellow in colour, with the
brown marking more distinct and forming a triangle above the
mouth ; the six false eyes black in colour and much larger. When
full grown it is a little over two inches in length. I may mention
that it always comes out of its house to drop its frass. When about
to pupate, which it does sometimes in its last house, it completely
covers in each end of the same — the part whence the perfect insect
emerges with white silk, while the old cast skin fills up the other end.
Sometimes it pupates on the under side of the leaf, and then it spins
a lot of white silk on that portion of the leaf and fixes itself with a
band across the centre of the body. It changes in about three to
four days to a very fine pupa, which is pale bluish- white in colour
and has the end of the abdomen very pointed ; there is a straight
black line down the middle of the thorax ; the six false eyes are
replaced by black spots on the pupa ; the case enclosing the trunk,
which is only fixed to the pupa as far as the end of the wing cases.

SOCIETIES.

115

is very long, extending about a quarter of an inch below the end of
the pupa. It remains about twenty-one to twenty-eight days in this
state. There is no doubt this species is very badly attacked by
ichneumons, and also by dipterous flies, in all its stages, including
the ovum. It is also eaten, whenever caught outside its house, by
ants, mantis, cockroaches, &c., more particularly in the first two
stages. The butterfly is fairly common, and has been fully described
by Mr. Roland Trimen.— Geo. F. Leigh, E^.E.S. ; Durban, Natal,
September 27th, 1910.

Errata. — P. 75, hne 1, for hrumata read boreata; p. 75, line 8,
for back read bark.

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society op London. — Wednesday, February 1st,
1911.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, E.Z.S., in the chair.— It was
announced that the Council had nominated the Rev. E. D. Morice,
M.A., as President for the current year. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited
several Heliconii from Eastern Ecuador, including the forms H. rubri-
picta, adonides, and feyeri with streaked hind wings. He observed
that it seemed now to be possible and even likely that H. melpomene
aglaope would eventually be proved to be linked with H. plesseni
through these newly discovered forms, and that this species would
then have to be sunk as a subspecies of H. melpomene. Similarly,
H. notabilis through ilia and feyeri was probably only a subspecies
of H. erato, though the material was insufficient at present to form
a conclusion. — Dr. Nicholson exhibited a new species of Tachyporus
which he has named fasciatus. There were two specimens taken at
Wicken Een from under sedge refuse, the one in April, the other in
August, 1910. This species is intermediate between T. solutiis, Er.,
and T. chrysomelinus, L. It differs from the former in the shape of
the antenn£B, which are of the same length, but are not thickened
towards the apex ; by its finer puncturation throughout ; by the pro-
nounced broad black band on the elytra ; and by the fact that the
marginal bristles of the elytra are long and stout, as in T. chrysome-
linus, and not short and fine, as in T. solutus. — Mr. H. J. Turner
exhibited several very interesting forms of Luperina gueneei, includ-
ing two new aberrations : — (i) ab. murrayi (n. ab.), which is quite
typical L. gueneei in texture, shade of colour, and in markings, with
this very marked difference, that the submarginal area between the
dark marginal lunules and the submarginal line is much paler than
any other portion of the wing, throwing out by contrast these dark
lunules very conspicuously; (ii) oh. fusca (n. ab.), of which the three
specimens exhibited are undoubted L. gueneei in all their characters
but depth of colour. These are believed to be the first melanic
specimens which have been so far obtained. All the markings are
much intensified, the ground colour is much darker than in typical
examples, very dark grey with, in a good light, faint flushes of a
ferruginous tint. The contrast between ground colour and markings
is very much stronger than in any of the other forms. — Mr. Champion
exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. H. Keys the black variety of Athous

116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

hcBTfiorrhoidalis, F., from Dartmoor, recorded by the latter in tlie
Ent. Mo. Mag., xlvi., p. 262 ; and also a red variety of the male of
Agabus hiimstulatus, L., from the same locality. — The Rev. A. T.
Stiff, who was present as a visitor, exhibited some second-brood
specimens of Polygonia c-alhum var. hutchinsoni. The vars. includ-
ing three intermediates, emerged on October 16th, 19th (3), 20th,
21st (2), 22nd, 23rd and 26th, 1910. It is believed that tliere is no
record of var. hutchinsoni having ever been bred in the 2nd brood of
c-album. — Mr. Newman writes : " I have bred thousands of c-album
of the second-brood in various years, and never one hutchinsoni, and I
have never heard of any one else doing so." — Mr. Rowland-Brown
and Mr. Bethune-Baker both observed that they had taken hybernated
specimens of this form on the Continent. — Dr. O. M. Reuter commu-
nicated a paper entitled " Bryocorina nonnulla ^thiopica descripta
ab 0. M. Reuter et B. Poppius."^ — Commander Walker, one of the
Secretaries, read a paper on behalf of Col. Manders, entitled " A
factor in the production of mutual resemblance in alhed species of
butterflies." The methods adopted in his experiments, and the
conclusions drawn from them by the author, were to some extent the
subject of criticism both by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall and Dr. Chapman.
— Mr. Merrifield added a few observations with regard to the
comparative immunity of Pierine butterflies from the attacks of
birds. — A vote of condolence with the family of the late Mr. J. W.
Tutt was moved from the chair, all the Fellows present signifying
approval by rising. — George Wheeler, Ho7i. Sec.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society.— Jamianj 12th, 1911. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in
the chair. — The President referred to the great loss that the science
of entomology had incurred by the death of Mr. J. W. Tutt, a past
President of the Society. — Mr. Phillips, of Forest Gate, was elected
a member. — Mr. Tonge exhibited photographs of the ova in situ of
Plebeius argus {agon), Buralis betula, and Calamia lutosa, and also of
the early stage of a wasp's nest (Vespa sylvestris) found in a pig-sty. —
Mr. Lucas, a teratological example of Anosia 'plexi])])us with right
fore wing shorter and narrower than normally and with concave
outer margin. — Mr. Newman, (1) extremely light and very dark forms,
with unusually small and very large forms, of Malacosoma castrensis
and M. neustria ; (2) a very red Fhlogoimora meticulosa ; (3) second
brood specimens of Pericallia syringaria, small and dark banded ;
(4) second brood of Selenia lunaria, i.e. Ya,Y.delunaria; and (5) living
imagines, pupae and full-fed larvae of Aphantoims hyperanthus reared
by Mr. Oliver. — Mr. Adkin, selections of several broods reared
originally from a black female ab. nigra of Boarmia gemmaria, and
communicated a full note on the results. — -Mrs. Hemming, bred and
caught series of Melitcea aurinia from Wiltshire, where the species
has been somewhat common. — Mr. Hemming, on behalf of Mr. P. A.
Buxton, the same species with the note that all emerged in the
afternoon; he also showed series of Adopcea flava from Sussex, show-
ing two distinct forms. — Mr. Coote, two very dark green examples
of Panolis piniperda. — Mr. Platt-Barrett, an example of Saturnia
pavonia-viajor from Sicily. — Mr. Kaye, Myelohiiis murana, a sphingid-

SOCIETIES. 117

like Pyrale from South America. — Mr. Step, specimens and a series
of photographs of the growth and development of the Myxogaster,
Brefeldia maxima found by him at Horsley, and a cluster of oak
galls Gynips kollari from which birds had systematically extracted
the tenant larvae. — Dr. Hodgson, long series of varied forms of
M. aurinia of many localities. — Mr. West called attention to the
drawer of the Society's type collection which he was exhibiting, and
to which, while rearranging, he had added some sixty species of
Coleoptera from his own collection. — Mr. Priske showed a number
of slides illustrative of the life-history of the glow-worm, which Mr.
Main and he were observing, and read notes on what they had done
so far. — Mr. Lucas read a paper: "Notes on the Natural Order
Neuroptera," and showed a large number of lantern slides to
illustrate his remarks. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Bep. Secretary.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Annual
Meeting held at the Eoyal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool,
December 19th, 1910, Mr. E. Newstead, M.Sc, F.E.S., Vice-
President, in the chair. — The Eeports of the Council and Hon.
Treasurer were read and adopted, and the following members w-ere
elected as officers and Council for the ensuing year, viz. ■ — President,
S. J. Capper, F.E.S. ; Vice-Presidents, W. J. Lucas, B.A. ; C. E.
Stott; Claude Morley, F.Z.S.; P. F. Tinne, M.A., M.B. ; Geo.
Arnold, M.Sc. ; Treasurer, Dr. J. Cotton ; Secretaries, H. E. Sweet-
ing and Wm. Mansbridge ; Librarian, F. N. Pierce ; Council, E. J. B.
Sopp, F.E.Met.S. ; Wm. Webster, M.E.S.A.L; Wm. Mallinson ;
W. T. Mellows ; L. H. Lister ; G. M. Taylor, M.A. ; C. B. Williams ;
E. T. Cassal, M.E.C.S., L.S.A. ; O. Whittaker; E. Wilding; and
L. West, M.I.M.E. — Mr. Eobert Newstead, the retiring Vice-
President, delivered the Address, which was entitled " The Taxo-
nomic Value of the Genital Armature in the Tsetse Flies (Genus
Glossina)." He stated that he had made a careful examination of all
the hitherto described species of the genus Glossina, which had not
only revealed some very striking morphological characters, but had
led to the discovery of three hitherto undescribed species, Glossina
submorsitans, Newst., G. brevipalpis, Newst., and G. fuscipes, Newst.,
and also to the re-establishment of Bigot's G. grossa. The scheme
of classification adopted was based entirely upon the taxonomic
characters of the male armature, which are the true and almost only
natural anatomic elements that can at present be found in these
insects. He had found that the species fell into three very striking
and distinct groups, each being separated by very trenchant charac-
ters. These are. Group I. {the fusca group). — This division includes
the four largest species of the genus : G. fusca, Walker ; G. grossa.
Bigot, which have a Western distribution ; G. longipennis, Corti ; and
G. brevipalpis, Newst., occurring chiefly on the eastern side of the
continent (Africa). In all of these species the claspers are quite
free, there being no membrane stretching between them ; the distal
extremities of these appendages have either a single large and
bluntly pointed tooth-like extension, or they are bluntly bidentate ;
the harpes in all cases being markedly difi'erent in their morpho-
logical characters. Group II. (the palpalis group). — To this division

118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

belong the following species : — G. palpalis, Rob. Desv. ; G. tachi-
noides, Westwood ; G. fuscipes, Newst. ; and G. palUcera, Bigot.
In all of these species the claspers of the males are connected by a
thin and finely spinose membrane, which is deeply divided medially,
but in all cases the distal extremities of the claspers are quite free
and widely separated. Group III. (the morsitans group).— This
group comprises : G. morsitans, Westwood ; G. submorsitans, Newst. ;
and G. longipalpis, Wiedemann. In these the claspers are com-
pletely united by a spinose membrane, and they are also fused
medially. They are of very remarkable form, their shape somewhat
resembling the scapula of a mammal in miniature, and are altogether
much more highly complicated structures than those in either of the
preceding groups. Thus we see in these three groups forms which
are so widely different as to lead one to assume, without taking other
external features into consideration, that they represent three distinct
genera. Certain it is that these insects illustrate one fundamental
principle of evolution, namely, that they have attained great develop-
ment of one set of morphological characters and have retained others
apparently of an ancestral type.

January 16th, 1911.— Mr. Geo. Arnold, M.Sc, Vice-President, in
the chair. — A discussion on " Agrotis cursoria and its Varieties " was
opened by Mr. Wm. Mansbridge, and continued by Mr. T. Baxter,
of St. Anne's-on-Sea, Mr. F. N. Pierce, and other members. — Mr.
Baxter brought his fine varied series of cursoria for exhibition, which
included some very rare forms, as well as the commoner vars.
brunnea, ochrea, saggitta, cceriUea, costa-ccerulea, and obsoleta. Mr.
W. Mansbridge also brought a varied series from St. Anne's. At
Wallasey and Crosby cursoria is of extremely rare occurrence and,
though still common on the North Lancashire sandhills, it is not
nearly so abundant as was the case some twenty years ago, owing to
the encroachments made by builders and golfers upon its haunts. Mr.
Baxter said that, having given particular attention to the matter, he
had never seen the ordinary mottled form in coitu with the streaked
form saggitta ; he suggested that there might be two species in collec-
tions under the same name ; he had seen many pairs in copulation
during the last season, but they were always of similar varieties. Other
exhibits were by Mr. C. B. Williams : Hesperia lineola, Apaviea opliio-
grarmna, and Plusia moneta, from Cambridge ; a series of Macrogaster
castanecB and a large number of local fen species from Wicken. — Mr.
Geo. Arnold brought Pepsis formosus, from California, locally called the
" Tarantula Killer," together with our largest British Pompilid, Salius
fuscus, for comparison ; Amovima burmeister, male and female — the
" Driver Ant " — from Central Africa. — H. R. Sweeting and Wm. Mans-
BEiDGE, Hon. Sees.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalcence in the British Museum.

Vol. X. By Sir Geoege F. Hampson, Bart. London : Printed

by Order of the Trustees. 1910.
In this volume of eight hundred and thirty pages the Erastrian®,
a subfamily of the Noctuidse, are catalogued and described. Of the

RECENT LITERATURE. 119

twelve hundred and twenty-two species comprised in the subfamily
over one-fourth are novelties, whilst very nearly half of the one hun-
dred and thirty-six genera to which the species are referred are new.

More than half of the Erastrianae are included in the following six
genera : — Eublemma, Hiibn. (t. suava, Hiibn.), 230 species ; Ozarha,
Walk. (t. ijunctigcra, Walk.), 107 species; TaracJie, Hiibn. (t. caf-
/rana, Cram.), 102 species ; Lithacodia, Hiibn. {t. bcllicitla, Hiil)n.),
86 species; Eustrotia, Hiibn. (t, uncula, Clerck), 73 species; Gor-
(jatha, Walk. (t. zonalis, Walk.), 53 species.

On the other hand, upwards of sixty genera have each only one
species, and seventeen other genera have but two species assigned to
each of them.

The British species of Erastrianae are : — 5147. Eublemma {Thalpo-
chares) ostrina, Hiibn. 5181. Eublemma {Thalpochares) parva,
Hiibn. 5185. Eublemma noctualis, Hiibn. [Thalpochares) parva,
Hiibn. 5807. Lithacodia (Erastria) fasciana, L. 5859. Eustrotia
[Hydrelia) uncula, Clerck. 5862. Eustrotia olivana, Schifl. [Banhia
argentula, Hiibn.). 6000. Erastria [Agrophila) trabealis, Scop. 6185.
Tarache (Acontia) lucida, Hiifn. [solaris, Schiff., albicollis, Fab.).
Numbers show position in arrangement.

The present volume is the seventh of the series treating of the
Noctuidae. Of this extensive family of moths considerably over six
thousand species have, so far, been dealt with. Not only are the
species fully described, and the distribution, as indicated by speci-
mens in the National Collection, set out, but all the new species, and
also those not previously illustrated, are figured. The previous
Noctuid volumes are — iv. Agrotinae (1903) ; v. Hadeninas (1905) ;
vi. Cucullianai (1906) ; vii.-ix. Acronyctinas (1908-10).

It may be mentioned that the Atlas of Plates belonging to vol. x.
will not be ready for a few months.

Anmcal Report of the Neio Jersey State Museum. Including a Report
of the Insects of New Jersey. Pp. 880. Trenton, N. J.
MacCrellish & Quigley. 1910.

This is a revised and extended edition of an exceedingly useful
list. It comprises references to 10,385 species, as against 8537 in the
second edition (1900), known to occur in the State of New Jersey.
Besides numerous illustrations in the text, there is a map, in colour,
and three portraits — Head of the Biological Department, State
Entomologist, and State Taxidermist.

A Book of Nimble Beasts. By Douglas English. Pp.319. London:
Eveleigh Nash. 1910.

For boys and girls who wish to know something about the
appearance and habits of some of our smaller mammals and common
insects, this attractive little book should be an acceptable gift. Tlie
illustrations, over two hundred in number, are from photographs
taken by the author. There are four coloured plates.

120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

OBITUARY.

We regret to announce the death of Gerald George Hodgson,
who was born in Brighton on October 10th, 1860, and was educated at
the College there, and at King's College, London. House Physician at
King's College Hospital ; House Surgeon at the Brighton and Hove
Dispensary ; and afterwards House Physician and House Surgeon at
the Sussex County Hospital. Succeeding his father, he was in pri-
vate practice for eight years in Brighton, and for the last eight years
had been attached to the Royal Eye Hospital, Southwark.

A very busy and strenuous life left him but few opportunities of
pursuing his favourite studies of botany and entomology, the latter
for many years being most intermittent, but this dearth of oppor-
tunities caused him to note more particularly the habits of the
creatures he met with, and he studied closely those little things that
incline to the paucity or abundance of insect life, so frequently
neglected by the mere collector. In 1898 his health broke down,
after a severe illness brought on by overw^ork and a bicycle accident,
and upon his partial recovery he was peremptorily oi'dered to give up
his profession and go for a long sea voyage. This culminated in his
settling for a time in Queensland, where he took up some land and
regained health in its culture. As opportunity served, he again used
his net and obtained many rare arid interesting butterflies whilst in
the colony.

Upon his return home, he took up his last medical appointment,
and in his spare time arranged his cabinet of Lycasnidas upon a plan
of his own, namely, to exhibit at a glance over the drawer similar
aberrations and varietal forms of each species. Thus the columns
represented the species, and the cross-files the aberrations, either
common to all or only to a few of the butterflies, placed together as
a group.

Hodgson was a very hard worker in the field, and the toil he
wilHngly underwent would deter many men, but with it all he was
very successful, and his "luck" in obtaining varieties almost phe-
nomenal. He was not a prolific writer, but his lectures and papers
show much original work ; as witness an address given to the City
of London Society, 1909, opening an intended discussion upon the
relative " Importance to the Rhopalocera of the upper or under sides
of the wings." In this he dealt with the subject in such detail that
he really covered the whole ground and left nothing debatable to be
entered upon. He was also a keen botanist, and probably knew more
of the life-histories of our British Orchids in the unflowering stages
than any living man.

Dr. Hodgson's death was entirely unexpected. He left London,
and was about to go to Devonshire for a short rest, but was found
to have passed away in his sleep on Friday the 3rd ult.

In private life he was geniality personified, and much beloved by
the young, entering into their sports and games with enthusiasm ;
whilst best of all, perhaps, was his rule of life, " If possible, let no
day pass without doing some one an act of kindness." This shows
what the real man was more than any adulatory epitaph.

The Entomologist, April, 1911,

Plate IV.

West, Newman proc

Hugh Mam photo. 4

CHRYSOPA FLAVA, Scopoli.
1 Ova. 2, Larva. 3, Cocoon. 4, Nymph. 5, Imago. All x 2.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLIV.] APEIL, 1911. [No. 575

ON SOME RECENT ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY THE
COLEOPTERA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR
PHYLOGENY.

By C. J. Gahan. M.A.

(Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

The arrangement of the Coleoptera in the last edition of
Reitter's ' Catalogue ' of the European species is one which
appeared to be quite new and strange to many of our students
of the British fauna.

That arrangement seems, however, to have been based very
largely upon the classification of the Coleoptera proposed by
Ganglbauer in 1903, which itself is only one of three or four diffe-
rent classifications published since the appearance of Sharp's in the
second volume on ' Insects ' in the Cambridge Natural History.

The classification proposed by Dr. Sharp, in which the
families of Coleoptera are grouped together in sis series,
beginning with one highly specialized group, the Lamellicornia,
and ending with another as highly, or perhaps even more highly,
specialized group, the Rhynchophora, was evidently not framed
to accord with any particular views in regard to the phylogeny
of the groups.

In this respect it differs from those more recent classifications,
in which the aim has been to arrive at correct views as to the origin
and different lines of descent of the various groups and families,
and to give expression to those views in the classification.

As these attempts to classify the beetles in accordance with
their phylogeny seem to be still not very generally known to
British students, it is proposed here to give some account of them.

No serious attempt to establish a general classification of the
Coleoptera, based upon phylogeny, seems to have been made
until Professor Lameere undertook the task, whose first results
were published in his " Notes pour la Classification des Coleo-
pteres."* This paper, which received notice in the 'Entomo-
logist ' at the time, is remarkable, not so much for the novelty of
the classification proposed as for the many valuable hints and
suggestions it contained, and the great stimulus it appears to
*Ann. See. Ent. Belg. xliv. p. 355 (1900).

ENTOM. — APRIL, 1911. K

122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

have given to others to work in the same field. Notwithstanding
some serious mistakes which have since been very readily
admitted by the author himself, Lameere's classification was a
great step in the right direction. Previous to its publication,
Ganglbauer had recognized that three different types of wing-
venation are to be met with in the Coleoptera : one characteristic
of the family-series Caraboidea ; another of a series of families
that used to be included in the heterogeneous assemblage known
as the Clavicornia, but which he for the first time had withdrawn
to form into a distinct group or family-series, the Staphylinoidea;
and a third type, occurring under various modifications in the
different families that did not come into either of those two
family-series.

Accepting this threefold type of wing- venation as a basis for
classification, Lameere divided the Coleoptera into three sub-
orders : the Cantharidiformes, the Staphyliniformes, and the
Carabiformes, the two latter corresponding almost wholly with
the family-series Staphylinoidea and Caraboidea of Ganglbauer,
but with a fresh arrangement of the families in each group.
The Cantharidiformes he subdivided into ten groups, which from
considerations of structure and phylogeny he placed in the
following order : Teredilia, Malacodermata, Sternoxia, Macro-
dactyla, Brachymera, Palpicornia, Clavicornia, Phytophaga
(with which he includes the Longicornia and Rhynchophora, the
Brenthidse excepted, which he places among the Clavicornia),
Heteromera, and Lamellicornia. He pointed out the absurdity
of Leconte and Horn's view that the Pihynchophora were
distinct from all other Coleoptera, and the lowest and most
ancestral of all ; that, on the contrary, this group was very
highly specialized, and so little distinct from the Phytophaga
that they may reasonably be supposed to be derived directly
from them and ought to be included in the same group.

At this time he believed that the Teredilia (in which group
were included the families Lymexylonidse, Anobiidte, Bostrichidae,
Cupedidge, and Derodontidae) contained the forms most nearly
approaching to the ancestral type of beetle ; and he therefore
placed the Cantharidiformes as the first of his three suborders.
It was a mistake, as he has since recognized, not to place the
Carabiformes first ; and for this his first proposed classification,
of which we have given here the bare outlines, he has in a later
paper * substituted another.

In the meantime there had been two other very notable con-
tributions to the morphology and classification of the Coleoptera,
one from Professor Kolbe,t of Berlin, and the other from Herr

* "Nouvelles Notes pour la Classification des Coleopteres," in Ann. Soc.
Ent. Be\g. xlvii. p. 155 (1903).

I " Vergleichend-merphologische Untersuchungen an Koleopteren nebst
Grundlachen zu einen System und ziir Systematik derselben," in Archiv. fiir
Naturg. 1901, Beiheft. p. 39.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 123

Ganglbauer,* of Vienna. Each of these distinguished system-
atists has given us a classification of his own, based on views in
regard to the phylogeny and relationship of the different groups
and families. Ganglbauer, whose paper came last, was enabled
to give a full account, accompanied by rather searching criticism,
of the classifications of his two predecessors.

Professor Kolbe has since modified his views to some extent,
as shown in a subsequent publication, t wherein he has revised
his classification and entered more largely into the arguments in
its favour.

The three classifications, that of Ganglbauer and the later
ones of Lameere and Kolbe, differ from each other in certain
important respects, which is not strange considering the great
difficulties the subject presents ; but they have also some very
important points of agreement, and this may be considered a
great gain to the systematics of the Coleoptera.

The differences are due largely to the relative value assigned
by each to the principal characters taken into consideration ; and
as some of these characters had not been used before to any
great extent in the classification of the Coleoptera, it may be
well, first, to point out what they are, and to call attention to the
different interpretations that have been or may be placed upon
them.

Wing -venation. —Although, it was not until quite recently that
the wing-venation has been made to play any considerable part
in the classification of the beetles, its study had not altogether
been neglected. Burmeister, for example, had shown that the
families Carabidfe, Paussidfe, Dytiscidse, and Gyrinidse, possessed
in common a characteristic type of wing -venation differing from
that of other beetles, and on this ground had placed them
together in the group Adephaga. Otto Eoger, as the result of his
study of the wing-venation from a phylogenetic point of view,
came to the conclusion that the Malacoderms represented an
ancient type from which all other beetles, except the Adephaga,
might be derived. The Adephaga he considered to be a very
ancient type, which had already branched oft' from the common
stem before the Malacoderms had arrived at a stage represented
by any existing forms. So that here was already suggested a
division of the Coleoptera into two main groups : the Adephaga
on the one side, and the Malacoderms and their derivatives on
the other. As will be seen later on, a division of the Coleoptera
into two suborders, the Adephaga and the Polyphaga, seems to
be well justified on other grounds.

In addition to the type characteristic of the Adephaga, two

* " Systematisch-Koleopterologische Studien," in Miinch. Kol. Zeit. i.
p. 271 (1903).

f " Mein System der Coleopteren," in Zeitschrift fiir wissensch. Insekten-
biol. (1908).

k2

124

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

other types of wing-venation are, according to Ganglbauer, to be
met with in the Coleoptera.

Adopting the views and the nomenclature of Comstock and
Needham, he designates the chief longitudinal veins in the wing
as follow : — Costa, subcosta, radius, media, cubitus, and analis.
The first three run close together from the base along or quite
near to the front margin of the wing. The media runs more
diagonally from the base, dividing the wing into two considerable
areas, which vary somewhat in their relative proportions. In
the anterior area, between the media and the radius, two other
longitudinal veins, one considered to be a branch (Mj) of the
media and the other (R2) a branch of the radius, m.ay generally
be recognized. In the posterior area lie the cubitus and analis
and their branches.

What appears to be the most primitive condition of the wing-
venation in beetles occurs in the small family Cupedidae (Fig 1).

Ri Sc c

^'^-' CU2 An A2

Fig. 1.— Wing of Omma staiileiji, Newni. (Cupedidas.) (After Kolbe.)

Here all these veins remain in a more or less completely deve-
loped and unmodified state, and are joined together by a greater
number of transverse veins than are known to occur elsewhere
in the Coleoptera. The anterior branch (M-^) of the media (M2)
is a long vein running uninterruptedly almost from the base to
the margin, and is joined by means of two transverse veins with
the media, and by two with the posterior branch (R2) of the
radius, which itself is joined to the radius by two transverse
veins. There are to be seen also two transverse veins between
the cubitus and media, and two between the cubitus and anaUs.

^^ Cu^CuzAi
Fig. 2. — Wing of Tachypusjlavipes, L. (Carabidte.) (After Kempers.)

In other beetles some or all of the transverse veins have
disappeared, and the anterior branch (M^) of the media has also
in some part of its length disappeared.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 125

It is characteristic of the Adephagan wing that this branch
(M2) is joined to the media by means of one or two, generally
by two, transverse veins. When two are present, an oblong cell
is formed, which affords a ready means of recognizing the type.

The Adephaga generally show a modification of the simj^ler
and more primitive type, as met with in the Cupedidse. The
anterior branch (M2) of the media has in part disappeared,
especially in the proximal area of the wing, and the media itself
shows a peculiar twist or bend in its course near the point where
the transverse veins join on to it (Fig. 2).

The chief characteristic of the Staphylinoidean type of wing-
venation — the second of Ganglbauer's types — lies in the dis-
appearance of all the transverse veins, and of the proximal part
of the anterior branch (M^^) of the media, the distal part only
of this branch being left as an isolated vein in the apical area
of the wing (Fig. 3).

Cug
Fig. 3.— Wing of Necrophorus vespilloides, Herbst. (After Kempers.)

The third type of wing- venation* — the Cantharoidean type —
is characterized by the curved, hook-like connection which the
anterior branch (M^) of the media makes with the media, so
that it looks like a recurrent branch of the latter. In a similar
manner the posterior branch (II2) of ^he radius appears as a
recurrent branch of that vein. The distal parts of these
branches frequently appear in the apical area of the wing as
radiating veins, but are sometimes altogether absent (Fig. 4).

Ri sc c

Fig. 4. — Wing of Lampyris noctiluca, L.

■'■ Ganglbauer figured the wing of Lygistopterus sanguineus to illustrate
this type. This wing wants one of the two tranverse veins between A^ and
Cu- ; and I have substituted for it the wing of Lampijris, and lettered the
veins in accordance with my own views.

(To be continued.)

126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CHRYSOPA
FLAVA, ScopoLi.

By E. Maude Alderson, F.E.S.
(Plate IV.)

This species is one of our most frequently noticed British
Chrysopids. This is in part due to its being a fairly common
insect, and in part to its size, it being one of the largest— if not
the largest — representative of the family in this country. I have
one female which measures 46 mm. in expanse ; and though this
is the largest individual specimen I have met with, I have others
which measure from 35-37 mm.

McLachlan, in his " Monograph on the British Neuroptera
Planipennia" (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1868, part ii.), says: " C.flava
especially frequents trees bordering streams." This is certainly
true, but I do not think there is any connection between this
species and water, and it is certainly quite as frequently found
in gardens and woodlands.

The only other British species with which C. Jiava is likely
to be confounded is C. vittata, Wesmael, and McLachlan has a
note that these two have been constantly mixed in collections.
They are of about equal size, but C. Jiava can at once be
separated by the excised costal margin of the anterior wings.
This character, which is constant, can be plainly seen in Mr.
Main's photograph. The fore wings seem to rise somewhat
abruptly from the thorax, and then at about one-third the costa
gives a distinct "dip." C. vittata has a much more rounded
costa, and the wings are more " ample " looking. Another good
point of difference is the length of the second antennal joint in
vittata, which is almost twice as long as, in C.flava. C.flava,
also, is of a richer shade of green, and possesses a broad yellow
longitudinal line down the whole length of the thorax and abdo-
men. C. vittata is also lighter on the thorax, but is more wholly
and uniformly pale greenish in colour.

All my specimens of C. flava I find on examination have
been taken during the months of May and June. It must occur
throughout the summer, however, as I have notes of ova found
during July and August, and Mr. Main writes me that the
example photographed was taken so late as August 20th. The
very large female mentioned above was caught fluttering among
the leaves of a climbing rose, and was evidently searching for
aphides, near which to deposit her eggs. She laid thirty-nine
ova on July 14th, which hatched out on the 20th of the same
month. The ova have their footstalks united into a bundle,
as shown in Mr. Main's photograph. Two other groups of
ova which I possessed contained sixteen and nine ova respec-

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CHRYSOPA FLAVA. 127

tively. The group of sixteen was found on August 14th of Last
year, and were evidently just laid. They hatched on the 21st,
which (taken in conjunction with my former experience) seems
to fix the period between oviposition and emergence at about a
week. The ova are of a lovely shade of soft pearly green when
deposited. Two days later they begin to change colour, be-
coming yellowish at the ends. They then gradually become
paler in tint, until the day before hatching, when they appear
wholly white, with two conspicuous brown spots at the apex —
the eyes of the embryo.

The larvae, when newly hatched, are about 2 mm. in length,
of a shining transparent white, with a pearly lustre. Two rose-
coloured lines run down the thorax, and continue down the abdo-
men. By the second day the head markings appear. They
consist of two straight lines, slightly converging towards the
neck; the thoracic lines continue these markings down the
body. The eyes are jet-black and very conspicuous ; two slight
stripes run through them, along the sides of the head. The
tibiae are ringed with faint fuscous. These markings, though
becoming more complicated with age, comprise the charac-
teristic features in the general appearance of the larva in all
stages. Some of them can be distinctly noted in the photograph.

The following is a description of the full-grown larva, taken
from my notes made at the time : —

Length 12-13 mm. Colour pale straw-colour with reddish
madder markings. The central area lighter, with a dark stripe
running down the whole length of the back to the tail. The
mottled markings on the back deepen at the sides, causing the
appearance of darker side-stripes; but beyond this there is always
a light line of pale straw-colour. Sucking-spears madder.
Antennce lighter in shade. Eyes black, with a dark line at the
side of the head running up to the eye. Head transparent
whitish. Characteristic head markings : two straight lines
branching outwards, madder-fuscous, deepening at the ends
nearest the thorax. Prothorax with two vertical dashes and a
central spot, black. Meso- and metathorax each with two black
dots. Legs straw-colour ; tarsi dark ringed. Underneath parts
wholly straw-coloured. In general appearance the larva is
much less hairy than other species of Chrysopidae that I have
met with. It is also more cylindrical in shape (not so flat-
looking). It is an extremely active larva, running about
vigorously as soon as hatched, and hunts its prey, or hides
itself amongst the leaves, with great rapidity. It is very canni-
balistic, attacking its neighbours savagely if hungry. On each
occasion, when I have bred it from the egg, I have lost more
than half the batch through not removing the young larvae as
soon as hatched. The apices of the ova lying close together
(owing to their being laid in groups), the young larvae can con-

128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

veniently rest on their own egg-shells and attack all the iin-
hatched ova within reach. As they are extremely voracious
from birth, this may result in all being lost, except those that
are lucky enough to hatch simultaneously. This happened with
the first batch I possessed, numbering thirty-nine ova, from
which I only secured some eight or nine larvse. I have a note
at the time that the larvae remained motionless on their egg-
shells for some considerable time, and that I could not discover
what they were doing. That is some five or six years ago. I
know now, having had an exactly similar experience only last
season, and shall always take care in future to remove the young
larvae immediately they emerge. They are not so liable to
attack one another later, unless short of food ; or unless one
individual deliberately gets in another's way ; but they will do
so at all stages of growth, even when the victim is spinning.

I could not discover more than two changes of skin in my
larvae, and from the observations I have made with other
species this seems to be the normal number, though it seems
difficult to understand how full growth can be attained without
more. The following table gives the dates of four individual
larv£e : —

Hatched. 1st Change. 2nd Change. Spun up.

1. Aug. 14th Aug. 19th Aug. 23rd Sept. 3rd.

2. Aug. 14th Aug. 19th Aug. 23rd Sept. 4th.

3. Aug. 21st Aug. 27th Sept. 2nd Sept. 14tb.

4. Aug. 21st Aug. 27th Sept. 2nd Sept. 16th.

I have never yet discovered Chrysopa ova earlier than midsummer,
so I cannot say for certain whether the " lacewings " are double-
brooded or not. My impression, however, is that they are not.
I have kept imagines alive for a month in confinement, which
seems to prove that the imaginal existence is longer than has
been supposed, and few species emerge before the end of May or
beginning of June in any quantity, so that it seems improbable
that two broods can occur in the year. I can, however, only
speak with certainty with regard to those I have bred, and in no
case has the imago emerged until the following spring or summer.
Emergence is not complete on the insect escaping from the
cocoon, the imago being covered with a transparent pellicle, from
which it frees itself by slitting the thorax. In this stage (which
in a healthy example is very short) the wings are only 3 mm. in
length, the fore wing appearing slightly shorter than the hind
wing and resting above it. The eyes are of the same bright
green as in the perfect insect. The antennae are quite short, and
folded round the eyes like a ram's horn. They appear to lengthen
rapidly, and when fully extended are curled underneath the
body. The wings show their iridescence through the pellicle,
and the bright yellow line on the thorax is as distinct as in the

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CHRYSOPA FLAVA. 129

full emergence. It is not often one gets a chance of observing
this period of the insect's existence, but in the case of the
example from which my description is taken the imago was
unable through weakness to cast its pupal covering, and remained
for two or three days in a helpless condition. Emergence (in
the case of those I bred) generally took place in the morning.

Mr. Main's experience was that, early in the season, a large
percentage of emergences took place in the evening, between
five and six p.m. Later in the year he observed many freshly
emerged imagines, in the same spot, about eight in the morning,
as he went to the station ; whilst on the return journey, in the
afternoon, emergences were still going on. Mr. Main was fortu-
nate enough to be able to make these observations in a place
where C. flava was common ; and his notes have the advantage
over mine that they were taken from the insects in a state
of nature, whereas my imagines were reared artificially. It may,
perhaps, be safe to assume that emergences take place throughout
the day, in the absence of further evidence, but more observation
is needed on this and many other points.

I was never fortunate enough to see either the emergence
of the nymph from the cocoon, or the escape of the imago from
its pupal covering. Mr. Main's impression is that the nymph,
on emerging from the larval skin, cuts an opening in the cocoon,
with jaws specialised for the purpose, and crawls out, the cocoon
lid dropping back into its place behind it. He thinks the insect
then gets a firm grip with its feet on some near object, and the
imago at once escapes, from the splitting of the skin in the dorsal
region. His experience coincides with mine in that, in the case
of successful emergence, the whole process is a remarkably rapid
one ; whilst disturbance generally results in failure to cast the
pupal covering and consequent death.

I am afraid these notes are very imperfect, but Mr. Main,
who has kindly sent me larvae from time to time, has asked for
such observations as I can with confidence attach to this species.
Some of the facts are also from notes taken some years ago, on
a former occasion, when I bred C. flava. Other species are
under observation, and I hope in time to be able to record the
breeding of most of our familiar British members of the family.
The larvae are very easy to rear, and give little trouble. More-
over, their active existence is short, which makes them suitable
subjects of observation for those who, like myself, have not
much leisure. Further, I know of no published description of
the larvae, which makes their study more interesting ; and with
the help of such beautiful photographs as Mr. Main produces,
the value of such notes can be much enhanced, the Chrysopids
being difficult subjects for the pencil and brush.

Park House, Worksop, Notts : January 25th, 1911.

130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

SOME NEW CULICID^ FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA,
SOUTH QUEENSLAND, AND TASMANIA.

By E. H. Strickland (Dip. S.E.A.C).

New Species found in a small Collection of Mosquitoes
FROM Western Australia.

This collection, which was made by Dr. Cleland, of the
Department of Public Health, Perth, Western Australia, was
sent to Mr. F. V. Theobald.

All the twenty-two specimens sent were found to belong to
the sub-family Culicinse, and at least seven of them represented
species up to the present undescribed.

Some of the specimens arrived in too damaged a condition
to be identified.

The new species, comprising three Culicelsa and one Grab-
hamia, are described in detail below, together with notes on their
habits, &c., made by Dr. Cleland.

Type specimens of the species have been forwarded to the
British Museum.

Culicelsa ivestralis, n. sp.

Thorax clothed with golden brown scales with three longitudinal
lines of white scales. There is also a patch of white scales before
the similarly clothed scutellum. Abdomen black with snowy white
basal bands.

Legs with black tarsi which have conspicuous snowy white basal
bands. Femora and tibiae pale scaled ventrally.

2 . Head black with large creamy narrow curved scales round
the median line and back of head, and smaller narrow curved scales
at the sides and round the eyes. The lateral flat scales are for the
greater part white, but there is a deep purple band at the sides of
the head. The upright forked scales are black. Eyes, silvery.
Antennae with basal segment dark and bearing a few white flat
scales and black hairs. Palpi with black and white mottled scales,
which are mostly white at the apex. Proboscis not mottled.

Thorax brown with three narrow longitudinal black lines, clothed
on the apical two-thirds with golden brown narrow curved scales,
which become larger and whiter on the basal third. There are
also three indistinct lines of white scales stretching along the black
lines of the thorax from the white patch, the median of which
almost reaches the head, whereas the lateral lines terminate a little
beyond the centre of the thorax in two more or less distinct white
spots. Scutellum clothed with white narrow curved scales. Prothoracic
lobes with small white narrow curved scales and black bristles.
Pleurae with white flat scales. Abdomen black with well-defined
white basal bands on all segments. A slight apical banding also is
present on the two apical segments. Ventral surface with white
scales except for a small dark central spot on each segment.

Legs with very distinct white basal bands, femora with a slight

NEW CULICID^E FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA, ETC. 131

apical band also, they are mottled with black and white scales all
over. Femora, tibiae, and metatarsi mostly white scaled below.
Tarsi deep black all over except for the white basal bands.

Wings rather densely scaled with black scales. First fork cell
considerably longer and narrower than the second fork cell, its stem
somewhat over half the length of the cell. Supernumerary and mid
cross-veins in a line with each other, posterior cross-vein about its
own length distant from the mid cross-vein. Halteres with light
stems and dark knobs which bear small white scales.

Length 5-6-5 mm.

Hab. Western Australia.

Observations. — Described from three females.

Of two of the specimens identified as belonging to this
species Dr. Cleland says : — " King's Park, Perth, and in closet,
Perth . . . Vicious. Bites by day and all the year round."
Specimen taken September 23tb, 1906, and of the third, re-
ferring to the larvae from which the specimen was hatched : —
" Overflow from Port River, Adelaide, clear but still water.
Salt, though perhaps not quite as salt as the sea. Enormous
numbers of larvte, especially in the shade. Most remained about
four inches under water, occasionally coming up to surface.
There seemed to be a stratum at this layer as various things
floated there. Pupae appeared January 29th, 1906; nymphs,
January 31st, 1906."

The species is allied to Culicelsa alboannidatus, Macquart,
but can be at once distinguished from it by the absence of
a white ring near the apex of the femora.

Culicelsa uniformis, n. sp.

Thorax uniformly clothed with golden brown scales, except just
before the scutellum where they are paler. Scutellum with creamy
scales. Abdomen black with light ochreous basal bands. Tarsi
black with snowy white basal bands.

? . Head black with creamy narrow curved scales at the back,
more golden brown in front. The upright forked scales are black.
The flat scales are black and white in patches. Palpi dark scaled
with a few white scales and hairs at the apex.

Thorax black with uniform golden brown narrow curved scales,
except before the scutellum wlaere they are of a lighter colour.
Scutellum with creamy narrow curved scales. Prothoracic lobes
with ochreous narrow curved scales, spindle-shaped scales and
bristles. Pleura3 with ochreous and white scales. Abdomen basally
banded with light ochreous scales. Apical segment mottled and
apically banded, the basal band is absent. The next segment is
both apically and basally banded. Ventral surface creamy scaled.
Femora mottled, ochreous and dark, knee spot ochreous. Tibaa
unhanded. Tarsi with sharply defined white basal bands. First
and second legs with last two tarsi unhanded. Hind legs with all
tarsi banded.

Wings not very densely scaled. First fork cell longer and

132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

narrower than the second posterior cell, its stem over half the
length of the cell. Supernumerary cross-vein slightly nearer the base
of the wing than the mid cross-vein. Hind cross-vein shghtly more
than its own length distant from the mid cross-vein. Halteres
with ochreous stems and knolls, the latter bearing ochreous scales.

Length 4-5-5 mm.

Ohservations. — Described from two somewhat damaged fe-
males. It is closely related to Cidicelsa westralis, n. sp., but the
uniform thorax separates it from this species. It also comes
near Cidicelsa togoi, Theobald, but has ochreous banding on the
abdomen, whereas the latter has snowy white bands.

Dr. Cleland's notes on this species are: — (1) "King's Park,
Perth, and in closet, Perth. Vicious. Bites by day and all
the year round." (2) " Port River swamps, Adelaide. Bites
severely, raising weals even in strong sunlight in the open and
with a moderate breeze."

The dates of capture were March 28th, 1907, and January 26th,
1906, respectively.

Cidicelsa similis, n. sp.

Thorax uniformly clothed with golden brown scales, except just
before the scutellum where they are paler. Scutellum with ochreous
scales. Abdominal bands white laterally, and ochreous on median
area. Tarsal bands snowy white.

$ . Head black with creamy narrow curved scales, black up-
right forked scales, and flat scales in black and white patches.
Palpi rather long, black with white apical scales, and a few white
scales at the juncture of the second and third segments. Proboscis
long.

Thorax black, clothed with uniform golden brown scales, which
become paler before the scutellum. Scutellum with ochreous narrow
curved scales. Pleurae and prothoracic lobes with ochreous scales.
Abdomen basally banded, bands white laterally but ochreous on
median area. Apical segments not mottled, and without apical
banding. Femora not mottled, dark scaled above, pale scaled below
on basal half. Knee spot ochreous. Tarsi with well-defined white
bands on most joints. Fore legs with three apical tarsi unhanded.
Mid legs with two apical tarsi unhanded, and hind legs with apical
tarsus unhanded. First fork cell longer and distinctly narrower
than the second posterior, its stem not over half the length of the
cell. Hind cross-vein almost one and a half times its own length
distant from the mid cross-vein. Halteres with almost white stems,
knobs blackish with white scales.

Length 4-5-5 mm.

Observations. — Described from a single perfect female. This
is evidently very closely related to Cidicelsa uniformis, n. sp., but
can easily be separated by possessing white lateral scales to the
abdominal bands. The halteres also are quite distinctive.

"Mt. Lofty, South Australia, January 9th, 1906. Caught
in day by disturbing bushes, &c., near stationary pool of water.
Bite severely."

NEW CULICID;E from western AUSTRALIA, ETC.

133

Grahhamia australis, n. sp.

This is a large, clumsily built species. Thorax densely clothed
with rich brown scales. Scutellum with white scales. Abdomen
dark scaled basally, lighter apically with indistinct narrow basal
bands. Legs with tarsi unhanded. Wing scales mottled.

? . Head densely scaled, and with a few long bristles. The
curved scales are large and white in colour, except at the borders
of the eyes where they are smaller and of a deep golden brown.
The upright forked scales are numerous and all black. The flat
scales at the sides of the head are mostly white, though a part of
their ai-ea is covered with purplish dark scales. The eyes are mainly
silvery but have large dark black irregular patches. Clypeus shiny
black. Palpi densely clothed with dark scales, and a few outstand-
ing bristles. Proboscis covered with mixed dark and white scales,
giving it a mottled appearance. The basal joint of the antennae is
clothed with small dark hair-like bristles and a few small narrow
flat white scales. Mesonotum dark brown thickly clothed with deep
golden brown narrow curved scales, which are larger and of a white
colour just before the scutellum. Three rows of bristles are also
present, the central one of which is somewhat irregular. ScutellvTm
with large white narrow curved scales and a few long bristles on the
lateral lobes. Prothoracic lobes with white curved and hair-like
scales. Pleurae plentifully covered with white flat scales. Abdomen
mainly covered with dark flat scales of a violaceous reflection,

Portion of wing of Grahhamia australix, n. sp.

which become lighter in colour on the apical segments. First
segment with a few whitish scattered scales. Small white lateral
apical spots on the second segment, and a pale indistinct apical
band consisting of a single row of scales is first noticed on the
third segment. It becomes more pronounced on the succeeding
segments, except on apical where it becomes merged into the
general pale coloured scales covering the whole segment. The
lateral spots also become more distinct on the third and succeeding
segments. The ventral surface of the abdomen is almost entirely
covered with white scales.

Wings large, longer than the abdomen ; veins, except at the apex
where the scales are culex-like, clothed with mixed dark and white
Tasniorhynchus-like scales. The dark scales which are brown in
colour with a purplish reflection are the most numerous. The first
submarginal cell is slightly narrower though somewhat longer than

134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the second posterior cell, its stem is not half the length of the cell.
Posterior cross-vein about its own length from the mid cross-vein.

Legs with femora, tibiae, and metatarsi mottled with brown and
white scales. The apices of all the femora are white. White in-
complete basal bands are just visible on one or two of tlie tarsal
joints, particularly the second posterior tarsi, but appear to be absent
as a general rule.

Length 7 -5 mm.

Observations. — Described from a single female. It is a very
marked, large, rather clumsily built species.

Locality and date of capture. — "Serpentine, Darling Eange,
near Perth, W. A., October 21st, 1906."

Note. — This species is placed in Grahhamia on squamous
characters only, though it appears to be a much larger and
more solidly built species than any so far described in that
genus. As only one specimen was received, structural characters
by dissection could not be made out.

(To be continued,')

NEMOURA DUBITANS, Moeton, A SPECIES OF
PLECOPTEEA NEW TO THE BRITISH FAUNA.

By Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S.

The list of British Neuroptera, even when the term is used
in its most comprehensive sense, is comparatively so short that
any addition to it is a matter of considerable interest. It was
therefore satisfactory to find in a small collection sent by
Lt. -Colonel C. G. Nurse for determination a male example of
Nemoura that seemed to be different from any of our known
British species. Permission having been obtained to detach
the abdomen for more thorough study, I am now able to deter-
mine the insect with certainty as Nemoura duhitans.

The specimen was taken at West Stow, Suffolk, on April 11th,
1910, and as the time and place of its occurrence are known to
Lt. -Colonel Nurse, there is a reasonable hope that he will be able
to find the insect in numbers.

The species was originally described in the Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1894, p. 565, pi. xiii., from dried examples taken by Dr.
Fr. Piis at Oerlikon, near Ziirich, in April and May, 1889. Any
hesitation about the validity of the species was dispelled by
Dr. Bis, who made a preparation of the genitalia of the male
type for his figures in his paper, " Die schweizerischen Arten
der Perliden-Gattung Nemura " (Mitt, schweiz. entom. Gessell-
schaft, Bd. 10, Heft 9), and proved the species to be very
distinct. It remained otherwise unknown until a male and a
female were recorded by Petersen from near Banders, in Denmark
('Danmarks Fauna, Pseudoneuropteren ' ; Copenhagen, 1910).

135

AN ALGERIAN HOLIDAY.

By a. E. Gibbs, F.E.S.

(Plates V. & VI.)-

In May, 1910, I went with my family to Vernet-les-Bains,
in the Eastern Pyrenees, in search of butterflies. The weather
proved to be wet, windy, and cold, and although we had four
nets at work, the result at the end of the first fortnight was so
poor, and the outlook so unpromising, that I resolved to seek
pastures new. If the sunshine would not come to me, I must go
and seek the sunshine. From the hill-tops around Vernet it is
possible to see the Mediterranean, and I remembered that on the
further side of that sea was the land of Barbary. Surely there
sunshine would be found, so I resolved to go and try my fortunes
in the land of mosques and minarets. Leaving my family in the
comfortable quarters of the Hotel Mercador, at Vernet, I sailed
from Port Vendres and arrived at Algiers on Monday, May 23rd.
The weather continuing unsettled, a couple of days were spent
exploring the sights of this bewildering city, where the Orient
seems to meet the Occident, the North the South. Mingled with
plants and trees familiar to our English eyes one finds vegeta-
tion of a semi-tropical character. The squares are shaded by
palms ; avenues of eucalyptus trees are planted along the roads ;
in the gardens one gets glimpses of orange trees with their golden
burden, or of lemons heavy with fruit. The only butterflies I
saw in Algiers were some " whites," probably Pieris rapa, and
a single specimen of Gonepteryx deopatra, flying in the Arab
cemetery.

The physical features of Algeria present some points of
interest. The country may be divided into three regions. First,
we have what is known as the Tell, the narrow strip of cultivated
land lying between the mountains and the sea. It is some hun-
dreds of miles in length, and varies in width from about thirty
to about one hundred miles. It is not, however, one long
continuous plain, but is broken up by the hills into various
small parts. The Tell is one of the most fertile regions in the
north temperate zone, its rich black deep soil yielding abounding
crops of grain. Oranges, lemons, figs, pomegranates, olives, and
other fruits flourish. Then we have the second region formed
by the elevated land behind the Tell, and spoken of collectively
as the Atlas. In the north we have the range known as the
Little Atlas. Although the general direction of the mountains is
east and west, the Atlas does not form one long continuous range,
as we find in the Pyrenees for instance, but it is split up into a
number of small ranges or spurs, in complex folds, sometimes
forming groups of high mountains, and sometimes rugged hills

^- Plate VI. will appear in the ' Entomologist' for May.

136. THE ENTOMOLOGIST,

of much lesser altitude. Away to the south there is another
range which is spoken of as the Great Atlas or the Atlas of the
Sahara, and these two belts of mountains form the retaining
walls, so to speak, of the high, barren, uncultivated plains covered
with esparto grass and interminable scrub, known as the High
Plateaux. Further south, beyond these highlands, we reach
the third region, the Great Desert, with its waterless plains and
sands, which are a barrier that few animals can pass, and form
part of the southern boundary of the Palsearctic region. My
collecting was chiefly done on the lower slopes of the mountains
immediately above the Tell, and I was not able to investigate
the insect fauna of the higher altitudes.

I unfurled my net at Blidah, an interesting little walled town
pleasantly situated at the foot of one of the spurs of the Atlas.
Blidah is surrounded by orange and lemon orchards, olive groves
and vineyards, and has a very attractive appearance. Immedi-
ately I had secured accommodation at the hotel, I made my
way through the nearest town gate and found myself on the
river bank. Crossing by a footbridge I climbed the hill and
presently found a grassy and sheltered hollow where I caught a
Coenonympha, which I took to be C. arcania, but a second glance
revealed the large apical ocelli of the under sides of the fore wings
and the narrow white bands, little more than lines, on the hind
wings, and I was delighted to recognize that I had already secured
a species which was new to me, and which I could not name
until I returned to England, when I found it to be C. arcanioides,
Pier. Needless to say, I searched for others, and by beating the
herbage five specimens were secured. The southern, brightly
coloured form of Parage egeria, not differing greatly from those
I had been taking at Vernet, was also in evidence, and was a
common species in Algeria wherever I collected. In the west
of the colony I subsequently took females that I suppose would
be referable to var. intermedia, Tutt, some of the markings being
straw-coloured, as in our British P. egerides, giving the insect
a mottled appearance. G. cleopatra in excellent condition, the
only one I actually caught in Algeria, was overtaken flying along
a hedgerow. Pieris rapce and P. napi were also taken, but
proved to be quite ordinary forms of those species and indis-
tinguishable from those I get in my garden at St. Albans. The
first-named insect, P. rapce, was in great abundance wherever I
went, but this is the only record I have of the occurrence of its
congener in Algeria. Of P. rapes I took a long series in various
places, hoping to find P. iiianni among them, but in this I was
disappointed. The bag also included Pyrameis cardiii and
Rumicia phlceas. The sunshine had made my heart rejoice,
but while I was at lunch the clouds rolled up again, and
entomological work for the day was over. I beguiled the time
seeing the sights of the town and watching the Arabs buying

cv: 1-
X

5

AN ALGERIAN HOLIDAY. 137

and selling in the native market. The plants and trees in the
gardens surrounding the suburban villas and in the public park
proved to be of great interest, while a grove of old olives, gnarled
and weather-worn, surrounding the tomb of a holy man was
very attractive. Early next morning I started for the moun-
tains, accompanied by an Arab guide named Mohamet-ben-
Hamet.Kenitchou, whom I had picked up in the street, or,
rather, who had picked me up, for he attached himself to me and
because of his importunities I engaged him. The weather looked
more promising and I hoped for great things, but, alas ! my
anticipations were again doomed to disappointment. The route
first led through olive and fig gardens, above which we came to
considerable stretches of arable land, and still higher was a zone
of barren ground where grew bracken, asphodel, &c. Soon we
entered a region covered with cistuses, hawthorns, genistas, and
the scrubby dwarf oaks whose sweet acorns furnish food to the
natives, and under their shade I found the mountain daisy {Bellis
montana), beautiful tulips of a pretty orange colour, sedums and
many other interesting plants. On this broken ground I took,
during some brief intervals of sunshine, the few butterflies I
caught on my climb. The bright yellow insect flying among the
bushes was surely Euchloe eupheno, one of the butterflies I was
especially anxious to obtain ! A dash among the oaks and it
was secured, and there without doubt was that lovely little Pierid
in the net. Another, a female this time, made the pair, taken at
Blidah, a spot at which in a decent summer I believe this species
is to be found as abundantly as is its near relative E. euphenoides
at Vernet. Later on I took another male at Tlem^en, but these
were the only three specimens I saw. Anthocharis belia var.
ausonia was added to the list, and a few C. arcanioides, three
Everes argiades, and some insects of lesser note made up the
day's catch. Most of the sport occurred in the neighbourhood
of the little hotel known as La Glaciere, where we had lunch,
and here I believe very passable quarters may be found. It is
apparently an excellent locality, and under better meteorological
conditions would repay working. Eesuming the climb we reached
the cedar forest, where there are some very fine trees to be seen.
Mounting still higher we attained the summit of Abd-el-Kadir,
about 5350 ft. above the sea-level. Unfortunately the mountain
was enveloped in cloud, but after waiting some time the mists
at last divided and we got a glimpse, though only a momentary
one, of a glorious landscape, the flat fertile plain stretching
right away to the hills on the coast which shut out the view of
the sea. On the journey home Mohamet lost his way, and we
were wandering about a considerable time before he found his
bearings. When we arrived at Blidah he demanded double pay.
Had he not missed the path and so gone further than he bargained
for, and, besides, had he not worn out his slippers scrambling

ENTOM. — APRIL, 1911. L

138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

over the rough hillside in my service ! After a good deal of talk
the matter had to be compromised, and I was glad to get rid
of him.

I arrived late at night at Hammam E'Irha, a well-known
bathing resort with a very comfortable hotel, situated among the
mountains some distance to the south-west of Blidah, at an
elevation of 1900 ft. above sea-level. When I left my bedroom
in the morning I found that I had reached a very charming spot.
As I sat at breakfast some pretty birds of a species unknown to
me were pecking the dates from a palm outside the window.
The air was filled with a delicious perfume from the roses and
other jflowers growing in the extensive gardens, and the sunshine
made the place seem a veritable paradise. But, as was so often
the case, a bright morning was followed by a gloomy day. Hurry-
ing out with my net I worked round the gardens and then along
a road leading to the forest. In a meadow by the wayside I was
pleased to take the beautiful Algerian form of Epinephele jurtina,
known b,8 for tunata, which very much resembles the better-known
hispulla, but is larger and more brilliant. Especially is this the
case during life, for when killed much of the brightness which is
so striking a feature in the living insect disappears. After this
there was no more sun, and consequently no more butterflies, but
in a forest clearing I found at rest on the flower heads a Zygsenid
which I have not yet determined. I struck a woodland path
along which I wandered until it began to rain, when instead of
retracing my steps I tried to take a short cut through the under-
growth and, of course, lost myself. The rain became a steady
downpour, a state of things for which I was unprepared. After
a rough-and-tumble scramble up and down the mountain-side I
at length hit upon a clearing where an Arab boy was at work,
and he showed me the way down into the valley. Here I found
some native dwellings, and the Arabs told me to follow a cart
track, which ultimately led me to the hotel. The remainder of
the day had to be spent indoors, for the heavy rain continued
until evening. The day's bag consisted only of three burnets,
two E. NKv. fortiuiata, one Collas cdusa, one E. megcera, and one
E. egeria. Towards evening the storm abated and I determined
to push on towards the Great Desert by way of the Saida and
Colomb B6char Railway, which joins the main Algiers-Oran line
at a place called Perregaux. In order to catch the west-bound
night express, I had to change trains at the little station of
Afronville, when a wait of two hours was relieved by catching a
few Noctuse on the station lamps and by watching the comet —
Mademoiselle Halley, the French called it — which was shining
with great brilliancy, and quite came up to one's idea of what a
respectable comet ought to be. At five o'clock the next morning
I was awakened by the guard, and turned out of my berth to find
we were approaching Perr6gaux. From here we travelled through

AN ALGERIAN HOLIDAY. 139

a poor country, with range after range of low barren hills, a very
different land from the rich and fertile plain I had left behind
me. About mid-day we reached Saida, a garrison town newly
laid out, and in a very unfinished condition, with an indifferent
hotel. The morning had again been a fine one, and immediately
after lunch I hurried out of the town, and near a negro village
found a grassy place by the river which the rains had turned
into a swamp. However, I trampled up a number of E. var.
fortunata, all males, and a Melanargia, which turned out to be
M. lucasi, a species of which I should no doubt have got a better
series had the meteorological conditions been more favourable.
The swamps and ditches and very wet grass prevented me work-
ing the ground properly, and there was no sun to make the
insects fly, so I only succeeded in catching two specimens and a
half, for number three had received unwelcome attention from a
lizard or a bird, and had lost a large part of both of the hind
wings. Others were seen, but a chase was impossible. Several
Pierids were captured, which proved to be quite ordinary Pieris
rapcSy but one nice specimen of Anthocharis belemia var. glance,
helped to make amends. While I was watching an Arab funeral
cross the bridge I noticed that heavy clouds were rolling up and
the sky became so threatening that I thought it advisable to
return to the hotel and make the best of the sorry comfort it
afforded. Hardly had shelter been gained when the storm broke
and there was another of the deluges of rain to which I was
getting accustomed in Algeria. There was no train leaving for
the south until the evening of the following day, so I made up
my mind to retrace my steps to the more fertile and attractive
regions near the coast. At five o'clock on the morning of May
29th, when I left Saida and turned my face north again, the rain
was coming down as hard as ever, and so it continued for the
greater part of the day. As we got near Oran the weather
cleared up again, and from the carriage window one could see
Pieris raped and Colias edusa flying in the cornfields.

Oran is a large and important place of 88,000 inhabitants,
about half of whom are French, and the district round is highly
cultivated. On the morning after my arrival a visit was paid to
the racecourse, not for the usual purposes for which such places
are frequented, but because the landlord of the hotel thought it
was the most likely place for butterflies. Alighting from the
tram the exhilarating sight of Dryas pandora raised hopes of
better fortune. Pandora is a strong flier, and the chances of
taking it on the wing are not great, and a hot run only ended
when my quarry sailed lightly over a garden wall and became
lost to sight. The two Pierines I had seen from the train were
flying everywhere, and so too was that ubiquitous insect, Pyrameis
cardui, which is very abundant in Algeria, From some low bushes
I turned out Epinephele passiphce var. phiUppina, but the strong

l2

140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

wind which was blowing in this very exposed place allowed me
to secure only two of them, and they were not in prime condition ;
but a little further inland in a stoneyard I picked up A. belemia
var. glance. This was hardly out of the net before C. edusa var.
helice attracted attention, and proved to be an extremely fine and
large specimen, measuring when set 53 mm. from tip to tip of
the expanded wings.

(To be concluded.)

A NEW GENUS OF AUSTEALIAN BEES.

By T. D. a. Cockbrell.

In the ' Entomologist,' October, 1910, I gave an account of
some small and very peculiar Australian bees. I have now
received from Mr. Rowland Turner a number of specimens,
including two new species which must be assigned to still
another genus, remarkable for the fact that the third discoidal
and second submarginal cells are completely confluent. The
types will be placed in the British Museum.

Heterapis, n. gen.

Small bees related to Euryglossa ; stigma large ; marginal cell
pointed on costa ; first submarginal and first and second discoidal
cells complete ; third discoidal and second submarginal confluent,
the nervure which should separate them wholly absent ; lower section
of basal nervure arched, falling far short of transversomedial ; claws
in female cleft, pulvillus large ; anterior tarsi with modified hairs ;
suture between clypeus and supraclypeal area obliterated. Type
H. delicata, n. sp.

Heterapis delicata, n. sp.

$ . Length about 3^ mm. ; elongate, black, with hyaline wings ;
mandibles and labrum pale reddish, as also apical middle of clypeus ;
mandibles dark and bidentate at apex ; inner orbits very narrowly
margined with yellow ; antennae pale beneath, including a stripe on
scape ; abdomen faintly purplish, the first segment smooth, the
others microscopically transversely lineolate. Ocelli large, in a
triangle ; head oblong, like some Proctotrypid ; mesothorax very
minutely punctured and lineolate ; metathorax elongated, longer than
broad, with a large upper surface, which is microscopically cancellate ;
abdomen not much longer than thorax. Anterior tibiae yellow in
front ; hind tibiae with base broadly yellowish-white ; anterior tarsi
pale reddish, beneath with curious thick subclavate hairs ; claws
bifid at end ; pulvillus very large. Base of mandibles making an
angle with base of eye, as in Turnerella ; facial foveas linear ; clypeus
not defined above, but from its lateral sutures evidently very high, its
upper suture wholly wanting, its surface with sparse minute piliferous
punctures and feeble microscopical lineolation ; antennae 12-jointed,

A NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN BEES. 141

joints beyond the fourth with small oval whitish pits; long branched
hairs on abdomen beneath near end, and short plumose ones about
tubercles. Stigma and veins dark brown, well formed ; in the
following account of the wing the measurements are in microns (the
same also under the next species); stigma very large and deep, its
depth 153 ; marginal cell sharply pointed on costa, its length on
costa 357, its lower side beyond the submarginal cells slightly arched
inward ; first submarginal long, its length 290 ; second submarginal
on marginal 85, its lower side absent ; upper section of basal nervure
34, lower (not allowing for the curve) 220; basal _ nervure from
transversomedial 60, the latter obhque, and bent at its lower end ;
first recurrent nervure joining first submarginal cell 12 from its end.
Hah.— Msick&j, Queensland, December, 1899 {Turner, 388).

Heterapis sculpta, n. sp.

2 . Length about 4 mm. ; slender ; head and thorax black,
abdomen shining rufopiceous ; tubercles margined with yellow ;
mandibles ferruginous, dark at extreme base, feebly bidentate at
apex ; labrum dark ; scape in front and flagellum beneath pale
yellowish-ferruginous ; knees, anterior tibiae, middle and hind tibiae
at base and apex, and all the tarsi, pale ferruginous ; wings hyaline,
very iridescent, nervures and stigma dark brown ; tegulae brown.
Clypeus and adjacent sides of face microscopically tessellate, with
large shallow punctures ; clypeus very long, separated from the
supraclypeal area by a slight depression, but no suture ; supraclypeal
area finely longitudinally striate ; a fine longitudinal keel between
antennge and reaching far up front ; ocelli large, middle ocellus 100 /x
diameter ; front very strongly punctured ; second antennal joint
oval, fourth and fifth very short ; flagellum stout, subclavate, the
penultimate joint 135 /x diameter ; mesothorax shining, strongly and
very regularly punctured ; abdomen beyond first segment finely
transversely lineolate ; metathorax microscopically reticulate. Claws
deeply bifid, pulvillus large ; anterior tarsi with hooked bristles ;
hair on under side of abdomen branched on one side. Stigma large,
only moderately deep, its depth 153 ; second submarginal and third
discoidal cells completely confluent ; upper section of basal nervure
102 ; lower section very strongly arched, falling 135 short of trans-
versomedial; marginal cell 714 long, pointed on costa; first sub-
marginal 460 ; second submarginal above 93, its lower side absent.

Compared with H. delicata, this is considerably larger ; the
head is differently shaped, being broad above, with the eyes
strongly converging below ; the metathorax is much less elon-
gated, and is rounded in lateral profile (angular in delicata) ; the
abdomen is broadest about the base of the second segment,
whereas in delicata it is broadest about the middle of the third.

ifrtft.— Mackay, Queensland, May, 1900 {Turner, 1087).

Euryglossa perpusilla, Ckll., 1910.
Mr. Turner sends me several females of this species {Turner,
1085). The orange supraclypeal band is sometimes absent.

142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

One specimen has a Tiumerella-like venation, with only one
submarginal cell and two discoidals. The shape of the
remaining submarginal is as in E. ijerpusilla, not at all as in
Turnerella.

Bomhus bicoloratus. — In my note on this species, p. 101, I
used the customary sign for workers, but for some reason the
printer desired to spell it out, and rendered it "hermaphrodites."

NEW SPECIES OF SYNTOMIDiE FROM BRITISH
GUIANA AND SOUTH BRAZIL.

By W. J. Kaye, F.E.S.

PterygojJterus fiavicornis, n. sp.

2 . Blue-black ; antennge orange, blackish close to base. Abdo-
men with metallic-blue patches at base, and an ill-defined lateral
stripe of metallic spots. Fore wing with the outer marginal half dull
blackish, the remainder of wing deep green. The median vein and
upper discocellular bright blue-green. Hind wing dark shot blue-
green. Under side of both fore and hind wings suffused with brilliant
metallic-green, the veins at the margin of wings only so coloured, the
interspaces black. Differs only from P. clavipennis (male) in the
antennae, which are wholly orange in the insect now described, while
clavijyennis has only the tips orange. Expanse, 56 mm.

The shape of the hind wing is totally different, but is pro-
bably a sexual difference. The female of P. clavipennis is
unknown.

Hah. Potaro River, British Guiana, June 18th, 1904 (C. B.
Roberts).

Pseudosphex polyhia, n. sp.

Head black. Thorax black. Eyes finely white-ringed. Antennas
blue-black for basal two-thirds, the slender apical third dead black.
Abdomen black, with an oblique whitish streak on attenuated basal
segment at side. Fore wing yellowish hyahne, with the costa broadly
suffused with brownish. Hind wing more yellowish hyaline. Legs
yellow, with the inside of femur velvety black. Expanse, 26 mm.

Hab. Castro, Parana, Brazil, April 14th, 1910 (W. J. Kaye).

Pseudosphex jonesi.

Head black ; eyes narrowly ringed with white. Antennae purplish
for basal two-thirds, brownish for the attenuated apical third. Abdo-
men shining brown above, ringed with yellow beneath. Wings
hyaline with a tinge of yellowish. Legs yellowish, the femora darker.
Expanse, 20 mm.

Hab. Alto da Serra, Santos, Brazil, March 6th, 1910 (E.D.
Jones).

NEW SPECIES OF SYNTOMID^. 143

Rhyncopyga hraconida.

Small white points below the eyes, on edge of patagia, and on
base of fore wing below. Head and thorax dull lustrous green.
Abdomen with the two basal segments crimson, the rernaining seg-
ments greenish black. Legs greenish black, the third pair very long
and white beneath at the joint of tibia and femur. Fore wing with
basal lialf dark lustrous green, the outer half dull blackish. A large
orange spot on costa beyond the cell. Hind wing blackish, slightly
diaphanous. Expanse, 28 mm.

Hab. Alto da Serra, Santos, Brazil, March 6th, 1910 (W. J.
Kaye.

Mystrocneme sectum, ii. sp.

Frons white. A white spot on the shoulder. Thorax black, with
a large metallic-green spot in centre ; patagia with metallic-green
spots. Collar with two metallic-green spots. Abdomen with a white
sublateral spot at base, and with metallic-green lateral stripes. Fore
wing black, with a small hyaline streak just below the cell. Hind
wing entirely black. Expanse, 28 mm.

Hab. Potaro Eiver, British Guiana, March 22nd, 1904
(C. B. Roberts).

Mystrocneme riibricorpus, n. sp.

Frons white. Collar with two green spots. A crimson spot at
base of shoulder. Thorax black ; patagia with slender metallic-green
stripes. Abdomen with first and second segments scarlet, the third,
fourth, and fifth scarlet laterally, black dorsally ; the remaining seg-
ments black, with some metallic-green scaling laterally. Fore wing
hyaline ; the apex broadly black ; a large black square-shaped patch
at tornus ; inner margin broadly black ; the costa narrowly black.
Hind wing hyahne, with a broad black margin ; the cell area black.
Under side of hind wing with metallic-green scaHng at base of costa
and in cell. Tibia with metallic-green scales on outside. Expanse,
28 mm.

Hab. Potaro Pdver, British Guiana, April, 1903 (C. B.
Roberts).

Mystrocneme albicorims, n. sp.

Black ; frons, shoulders, and coxae with white spots. Legs out-
wardly with metalHc-green areas. Abdomen with the basal segment
white, and the second segment edged internally with white ; laterally
these two segments are overlaid with pale metallic-green ; the other
segments green laterally and black dorsally. Abdomen beneath with
a central broad whitish stripe, and a short whitish lateral streak on
two first segments. Fore wing hyaline, with a broad black apical
patch, and a broad black area across cell. Hind wing hyahne, the
margins broadly black. Expanse, 28 mm.

Hab. Potaro River, British Guiana, June, 1903 (C. B.
Roberts).

Napata subjiavescens, n. sp.

Base of antennae with small white points ; front edge of patagia
orange. Thorax and abdomen blackish brown. Fore wnng brownish

144

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

black, with a broad transverse ochreous band across middle ; costal
edge for some distance from base yellow. Hind wing wholly brownish
black. Under side of fore wing as on upper side. Under side of
hind wing pale yellow, with a broad marginal black band, and some
blackish streaks in and about the cell ; the marginal band near anal
angle is broken with a wedge of pale yellowish. Expanse, 33 mm.
Ilah. Bartica, British Guiana, April 7th, 1910 (W. J. Kaye).

Saurita melanifera.

Head, abdomen, thorax, antennae, fore wing and hind wing, both
above and below, completely sooty black. Expanse, 27 mm.

Hah. Guaruja, Santos, South Brazil, March 2nd, 1910 (W. J.
Kaye).

Saurita mediorubra, n. sp.

Head, thorax, and abdomen black. Large crimson spot at base
of patagia, and another large crimson spot in the centre of the first
segment. Fore wing semihyaline, the apex broadly black ; some
dark scaling at tornus, and at base and along inner margin for a short
distance. Hind wing semihyahne ; the apex and inner margin %<'ith
some dark scaling. Legs entirely black, and under side of abdomen
entirely black. Expanse, 34 mm.

Hab. Guaruja, Santos, South Brazil, May 9th, 1910 (E. D.
Jones).

Trichura grandis, n. sp.

Frons metallic-green. Head, thorax, and abdomen black, the
latter with a few lateral shot-green spots ; at base of first segment a
metallic-green central spot. Fore wing ochreous hyaline ; costa
margined narrowly on outward half with blackish ; outer margin
narrowly black, slightly extending inwards near tornus ; inner margin
very narrowly blackish. Hind wing hyaline, almost devoid of colour ;
the apex and inner margin broadly black ; outer margin very lightly
margined black. On under side pairs of subdorsal white patches on
third and fifth segments. Legs black, shot with dark green. Ex-
panse, 50 mm.

Hab. Guaruja, Santos, South Brazil, February 27th, 1910
(W. J. Kaye, E. D. Jones).

Leucotmemis bella, n. sp.

Frons white. Two metallic-blue spots behind the eyes. Collar
orange. Thorax and patagia orange. Abdomen orange, with a
slender dorsal line of metallic-blue spots ; last four segments black,
with patches of metallic-blue scales. Fore wing yellowish, trans-
parent, the basal two-thirds of costa and basal half of inner margin
orange ; apex broadly black, and outer margin narrowly black, very «
slightly extended inwards at vein two. Hind wing hyaline, with
inner margin and apex broadly black. Legs with coxa and femur
orange, tibia blackish, tarsus whitish. Under side of abdomen
orange, the last four segments black. Expanse, 27 mm.

Hab. Alto da Serra, Santos, Brazil, March 6th, 1910 (W. J.
Kaye).

NEW SPECIES OF SYNTOMIDiE. 145

Loxophlebia inconspicuata , n. sp.
Head black. Thorax and patagia brick-red. Abdomen brownish
black, with a sublateral whitish line. Fore wing transparent, with
the margins narrowly black, and the base markedly black. Hind
wing transparent, slenderly margined with black. Legs brownish,
with patches of whitish scales. Expanse, 19 mm.

Hab. Potaro Kiver, British Guiana, March 25th, 1903 (C. B.
Eoberts).

Loxophlebia Jininigra, n. sp.

Palpi black, with white rings at the joints. Head black, with
white points above and below antennae. Thorax orange. Abdomen
orange ; seventh and eighth segments black, ninth segment metallic-
greenish. Fore wing transparent, the base orange ; the apex broadly
black, and outer margin narrowly black, extending inwards at vein
two. Hind wing transparent, the margin narrowly black. Antennte
black, the tips brown, preceded by a short length of white. Under
side of abdomen black, with a large white basal patch. Expanse,
22 mm.

Hab. Guaruja, Santos, South Brazil, April 17th, 1910 (W. J.
Kaye).

Mesothen perflava, n. sp.

Palpi black ; frons white ; back of head black. Collar yellow ;
patagia yellow, with a central black line. Thorax yellow, with
central black line continuing down the back of the yellow abdomen
to the fifth segment ; segments six and seven wholly yellow ; the
eighth blackish, and the last black, with two patches of white scales.
Fore wing hyaline ; no discoidal spot ; the margin narrowly black,
except the apex ; nervures at base yellow-scaled. Hind wing hyaline,
narrowly margined with black. Legs yellow, edged with black on the
outside. Expanse, 24 mm.

Hab. Alto da Serra, Santos, Brazil, 2600 ft., March, 1910
(E. D. Jones).

Allied to Mesothen rogenhoferi, Schs., and perhaps only a
variety of same.

Argyroeides variegata, n. sp.

Head black, thorax black, the patagia with crimson stripes. Ab-
domen black ; the second, third, and last three segments with dorsal
pairs of pale blue spots ; the fifth segment witli a partial yellow
band. Fore wing diaphanous ; the discoidal spot narrow, brown, and
margins all very narrowly bordered brown. Hind wing as fore wing,
narrowly margined with brown, except on inner edge; tibia crimson.
Expanse, 23 mm.

Hab. Fernandes Pinheiro, Parana, 2600 ft., April 12th
1910 (E. D. Jones, W. J. Kaye).

Correbidia tristitia, n. sp.
Palpi with the first and second joints ochreous beneath, black
above. Frons and collar ochreous, mixed with dull brownish black ;

146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

patagia ochreous near head, becoming dark brownish. Fore wing at
base purplish black ; a broad fascia and broad apical patch purplish
black ; a yellow basal and postmedian band, the latter widening
greatly at tornus, and waved at vein three. Hind wing dull semi-
transparent ochreous ; a dark triangular patch extending inwards
from costa, becoming very well-defined on outer edge ; outer margin
pale purplish black. Expanse, 33 mm.

Hah. Eockstone, British Guiana, April, 1901 (W. J. Kaye).

Pheia hisigna, n. sp.

Fore coxae white. Thorax black ; patagia with a large crimson
spot. Abdomen with pairs of white patches on first and second seg-
ments ; other segments black. Fore wing with a minute crimson
point at base, a broad sharply cut-off black apical patch, and narrow
costal and outer marginal black bands ; discoidal spot narrow, black.
Hind wing hyaline, the apex broadly and outer margin narrowly
black. Under side of abdomen silvery white on first five segments.
Expanse, 27 mm.

Hah. Potaro Eiver, British Guiana, May, 1902 (G. B.
Eoberts),

Heliurafulvipicta, n. sp.

Fore wing narrow, elongated, brownish, with darker black-brown
markings ; a broad black-brown median fascia and broad apical patch ;
base blackish brown ; nervures very dark ; a bright yellow spot at
base. Hind wing hyaline, with a very broad black margin. Head
with two yellow spots behind the eyes. Thorax and patagia black-
brown. Abdomen black, with a yellow basal spot. Under side of
abdomen with two large white patches on third and fourth segments.
Expanse, 35 mm.

Hab. Potaro Eiver, British Guiana, June, 1903 (C. B.
Eoberts).

WHAT HAS BECOME OF THE BEITISH SATYEIDiE ?

By Prof. E. Meldola, D.Sc, F.E.S., F.E.S., &c.

Among the reminiscences of my early collecting days some
forty odd years ago is the abundance of certain species of Satyrid
butterflies in the London district in localities from which they
have now disappeared altogether, or have become so scarce as
to appear notable when observed. It is not altogether a case of
** urbanization," because many of the districts frequented by me
in my youth, such as Epping Forest, the chalk downs south of
Croydon, &c., are still open spaces and more or less rural.
Moreover, the species which I have in mind are generally less
abundant all over the country than they used to be, so that
some wider cause than the spread of cities must be sought for.
It is noteworthy that the Satyridse should apparently be so
especially affected by adverse conditions. Let me, in the first

WHAT HAS BECOME OF THE BRITISH SATYRID^ ? 147

place, state the facts from my own memory. In the late sixties
and early seventies E. ianira was abundant round and about
Leyton, in Essex, and in the Epping Forest district generally.
It swarmed among the long grass of the Hackney Marshes and
all along the Lea Valley. It is now a comparative rarity in this
district ; two years ago a few specimens were noted, as a kind
of curiosity, in the marshes between Ponders End and Chingford,
but the predominance of this species is evidently a thing of the
past. During the same period P. egeria used to sun itself on
the southern wall regularly every summer in our garden at
Leyton, and was fairly common in the Forest. I have not seen
it in the latter district for more than twenty years. So also
P. megcera, which could always be seen in the Forest glades, has
practically disappeared from this locality. The same remark
applies to E. hyperanthes, which used to flutter in swarms over
the bushes in the Forest, and which is now quite extinct in the
district, according to my experience. E. tithonus was never
common in the Forest or its environment, but could always be
seen at the right season. In the country round Twickenham
and Anerley, which I also used to frequent at that time, this
butterfly was quite a conspicuous feature of hedgerow insect life.
I have seen the bramble-flowers crowded with this butterfly
season after season, and, paraphrasing Hans Breitmann, I ask,
"Where is that species now?" At the time referred to, the
chalk downs along the Caterham Valley (Riddlesdown, &c.) used
to be favourite localities with collectors. The commonest Satyrid
then was S. semele, which was out with L. corydon (common),
L. minima (rare), and Z . Jilipendulce (abundant). One morning's
visit to Eiddlesdown at that period sufficed to fill up one's
*' series " of all these species. Semele has disappeared from the
locality, so also, according to my experience, has L. minima.
L. corydon and Z. Jilipendulce still linger on in the more remote
and less frequented coombs of the chalk downs, but they have
disappeared from their former habitats, and are getting scarcer
in their present localities.

The question raised in this note is, of course, only part of the
general question of the causes of the fluctuation in numbers of
British species. The answer cannot be given in terms of one
factor : it is not always a simple case of the over-running of
localities by " humanity," because I have found, and my experi-
ence is confirmed by others, that the decline of the Satyridas is
pretty general. The causes which in districts undergoing
"urbanization" are operative to the extent of producing local
extinction appear to be also operative, although in a lesser
degree, in the rural habitats of those species which used formerly
to be abundant. What these causes are I am not prepared to
state dogmatically, but it seems to me worth while putting my
recollections upon record before they fade, for there must be

148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

many of my contemporaries whose experience of former times
will coincide with mine. Other species and the representatives
of other families have, as we all know, been observed to decline
locally, but in no other case within my knowledge has such a
general family decline been noticed as that which is made mani-
fest in the Satyridfe by a comparison of the present state of
affairs with that which existed forty years ago. It has been
suggested, and with some reason, that the protection in modern
times of small birds by Act of Parliament has some connection
with the decline of certain British species of Lepidoptera. This
may be the case, and, if so, the enemies of the Satyridte must
be sought for among those insectivorous birds which hunt
among grasses for food, for the larvge of this family are all grass
feeders. To this suggested cause may be added the fact that
the Satyridae are not migratory, and that losses by increased
persecution are not made good by occasional immigration from
the Continent, as is the case with the Vanessidae. It is also
possible that improvements in agricultural practice have had
something to do with the decline of some of the grass-feeding
species, but this cause can hardly be assigned in the case of
species which frequent woodlands and heaths. I may add, with
reference to the latter, that even the commonest of the heath-
frequenting species, C. pamphilus, is a rarity now in the districts
referred to as compared with its abundance in former times.

NEW LEPIDOPTEEA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 111.)

Macrocilix taiicana, sp. n.

$ . Head white, face brown ; thorax and basal segment of abdo-
men white; rest of abdomen partly denuded, but appears to have
been brown. Fore wings white with fuscous grey transverse mark-
ings ; antemedial line double, wavy, angled near costa ; postmedial
band wavy, angled near costa, traversed by two white lines, and
crossed by the white veins ; a black mark in band near inner margin,
and a curved tawny streak from end of cell almost to outer angle ;
submarginal band not extending to costa. Hind wings white, with
two blackish dots about the middle of inner margin, and a black-
brown cloud at anal angle; the fuscous grey postmedial band, which
does not extend above vein four, is travei^sed by two wavy white
lines. Fringes of all the wings greyish tipped with darker, preceded
by black lunules. Under side whitish, with blackish macular lines
on the outer area of all the wings ; the basal half of the fore wings
clouded with fuscous.

Expanse, 42-48 millim.

Collection number, 1225.

NEW LEPIDOPTERA-flETEKOCERA FROM FORMOSA. 149

Two female specimens. Oae from Arizan (7300 ft.), August,
1908; the other from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May, 1909.

Deroca arizana, sp. n.

2 . Wings hyaline, with traces of greyish transverse lines ; some
greyish clouds on the outer margin, marginal line greyish interrupted
by the whitish veins.

Expanse, 30 millim.

Collection number, 1697.

One female specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), June, 1908.

Greta brunnea, sp. n.

^ . Head chocolate-brown ; thorax brown, greyish tinted in
front ; abdomen brown inclining to reddish. Fore wings brown,
flecked with greyish on basal area ; a dusky antemedial shade ; post-
medial line dark brown, almost blackish, outwardly edged with
greyish, and most distinct towards apex ; it runs from just beyond
middle of the inner margin to apex. Hind wings obscure reddish
brown ; indications of a dusky antemedial line, a few black dots on
the outer margin near anal angle. Fringes of all the wings reddish.
Under side orange-red, freckled with brownish ; outer area of the
fore wings washed with greyish.

Expanse, 41 millim.

Collection number, 1242.

One male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 24th, 1908.

Greta piirpureofascia, sp. n.

3' . Fore wings light brown, with reddish brown ante- and post-
medial lines, the latter angled near costa ; space between the hnes
purplish brown, and this colour extends along the inner margin to
the base. Hind wings have the basal half purplish brown, hmited by
a reddish brown line, and the outer half light brown. Under side
ochreous brown, sparingly freckled with blackish.

Expanse, 34 millim.

Collection number, 1244.

ab. imicolor, no v.
All the wings purphsh brown, lines reddish brown as in the type.
Both type and aberration are from Kanshirei ; the former
was taken in May, 1907, and the latter in July, 1908.
Near O. olga, Swinboe.

Aroa nigrofascia, sp. n.
Fore wings brown, clouded with blackish at the base, and along
the costal area almost to apex ; antemedial band blackish, nearly
straight ; a blackish reniform mark at end of the ceU ; postmedial
line blackish, diffuse, wavy, excurved below costa ; a series of
blackish lunules on the outer margin, preceded by some blackish
dots, near the costa and the inner margin ; fringes faintly chequered

150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,

with blackish. Hind wings brown, suffused with blackish, chieily
on the costal and outer areas ; fringes pale greyish brown. Under
side brown, rather paler than above ; on the fore wings the cell, inner
end of space below, and submarginal series of spots, blackish ; on the
hind wings the discal and submarginal spots blackish.

Expanse, $ 34 millim., ? 38 millim.

Collection number, 667.

One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.) ; the
male captured in July, 1908, and the female in April of the
same year.

Euproctis simplex, sp. n.

Antennae ochreous, shaft whitish. Head and thorax pale ochreous,
abdomen ochreous, greyish tinged on middle segments. Fore wings
white, slightly tinged with pale ochreous at base ; fringes silky.

Expanse, 23-26 milHm.

Collection number, 742 b.

Two male specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), May, 1908.

The abdomen of the smaller specimen is less ochreous.

Palimpsestes taiwana, sp. n.

? . Fore wings greyish white, clouded with blackish at the
base ; antemedial band dark grey, margined by wavy black lines, and
traversed by a third line similar to -the other two ; medial line black,
double, elbowed above middle, angled before the inner margin, com-
mencing in a black patch on the costa, marked with black on the
veins ; postmedial line, curved below costa, composed of black and
white dots ; a submarginal series of more or less triangular spots,
inwardly edged with blackish, and outwardly by a black line running
to apex; orbicular and reniform marks whitish, outlined in blackish ;
veins dotted with white, some white dots on the costa towards apex ;
marginal line black, wavy ; fringes pale grey, marked with darker.
Hind wings whitish, suffused with pale fuscous, traces of a pale post-
medial band ; fringes whitish.

Expanse, 46 milhm.

ab. obsoleta, nov.

2 . Base of fore wings not clouded with blackish ; only the
costal half of antemedial band and the costal spot of medial line
clearly defined ; a series of dusky longitudinal bars before the post-
medial line, the later more distinct.

Expanse, 44 millim.

Collection number, 1768.

Both specimens from Kantaizan (7500 ft.), where they were
captured in May, 1909.

Polyploca cejiea, sp. n.

cT . Head and collar brown ; thorax brown, ochreous tinged ;

abdomen paler. Fore wings pale bronzy brown, suffused with

darker, and rather glossy ; a black dot near base ; antemedial line

black, double, slightly curved ; medial Une black but faint, double,

NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETKEOCERA FROM FORMOSA. 151

elbowed above middle, angled above inner margin where it is edged
by a pale patch ; postmedial line black, wavy, confluent with medial
line on the inner margin ; submarginal line pale, wavy, commencing
in a pale spot, the lower edge of which is black ; stigmata indistinct ;
veins marked with black ; fringes pale. Hind wings pale brown,
suffused with fuscous on outer area.

2 . Similar to the male, but the head and collar are not darker
than the thorax.

Expanse, ^ 40 millim., $ 38 milhm.

Collection number, 1222.

One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.) ; the male
taken April 27th, 1908, and the female, May 29th of the same
year.

PhragmatcBcia fusca, sp. n.

$ . Head, thorax, and fore wings smoky brown ; hind wings
pale brown, smoky tinged ; abdomen pale brown, posterior edges
of segments darker. Fringes pale brown. Under side of all wings
smoky.

Expanse, 50-53 millim.

Collection number, 670 &.

Two female specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 27th,
1908.

Phragmat(Bcia cinnamomea, sp. n.

Head and thorax velvety brown ; abdomen pale brown, edges of
segments fringed with darker. Eore wings pale cinnamon-brown,
costa blackish to beyond middle ; inner marginal area clouded with
blackish ; discoidal mark black, linear ; blackish wavy streaks be-
tween the veins on the outer area ; fringes marked with blackish
at end of veins.

Expanse, 40 millim.

Collection number, 670.

One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 27th,
1908.

PhragmatcEcia obscura, sp. n.

Head and thorax dark brown ; abdomen pale brown, segments
fringed with darker. Fore wings dark fuscous brown, sprinkled with
blackish, especially on the inner marginal area ; two blackish dots at
end of cell, the upper faint. Hind wings and under side of all wings
pale fuscous brown.

Expanse, ^ 32 millim., ? 37 millim.

Collection number, 670a.

One example of each sex, both rather worn, from Kanshirei
(1000 ft.), April 17th, 1908.

Siisica formosana, sp. n.
3' ■ Glossy pale brown, thickly powdered with black scales,
especially on basal two-thirds of the costal area ; a slightly curved
narrow band from the costa, about one-third from apex to the inner

152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

margin near base, is of the ground colour, almost free of darker
scales, but with traces of a darker line running through it ; a clear
streak of the ground colour, from the costal end of the band almost
to inner angle, diffuse ; a black dot at end of cell. Hind wings
glossy pale brown, slightly suffused with fuscous ; veins dotted with
black on the outer area. Under side pale brown, sparsely freckled
with darker on the costal area of all the wings ; veins paler, glossy.

Expanse, 34 milHm.

Collection number, 662 a.

A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), May 11th, 1907.

Allied to S. pallida, Walk.

(To be continued.)

BY THE WAY.

We were once asked whether entomology was an " exact "
science. We answered in the affirmative, with the mental
substitution of "exacting" in the place of "exact," having
recently done some re-creative (not recreative) work on American-
described Hymenoptera. As a matter of fact, the present con-
dition of entomology in Britain is about as definite and exact
as Lewis Carroll's " slithy toves," when they "did gyre and
gimble in the wabe." The "wabe" in which we — er — gyrate
and grumble needs crystallizing, the extent of present knowlege
of the neglected orders tabulating, with the publication of
statistics showing in what direction research work, both syste-
matic and economic, is most necessary, practically and pure-
scientifically.

One is moved to some discontent, such as the above, by the
only too true remark of the ' Daily Telegraph ' on Marcli 3rd
last : " We have in England no Government entomologist, no
entomological experiment station, no organization which does
for the country as a whole what economical entomologists do in
India, in our dominions and colonies, and in the United States.
And at present there is no course of lectures or training in
entomology as a special subject given in England"; and the
' Morning Post ' of 24th ult. epitomises a Press notice, which we
also received too late for our last issue, thus : "In order to
further the work of the African Entomological Eesearch Com-
mittee Mr. Andrew Carnegie has given a sum of i'lOOO a year
for three years, to defray the cost of sending qualified men to
study the practical applications of entomology in the United
States." The fact of the matter is that we in Britain take our
entomology as a mere hobby; we ride it with so selfish a rein
that we never touch what does not catch our instable fancy, and

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 153

with SO idle a spur that our spasmodic investigations are rarely
more than pour passer le temps. We sincerely congratulate Mr.
G. H. Grosvenor.

The rat-borne plague of the Ipswich vicinity, about which
we heard so much last year (especially from Sir Edwin Eay
Lankester, K.C.B., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.), is at present lying
perdu, and more or less strenuous efforts have been made
locally — too locally to be effectual, we fear — to exterminate the
carriers of the host-flea. Personally, we are inclined to con-
sider the trouble a thing of the past ; but Mr. R. C. Wroughton,
late Inspector-General of Indian Forests, than whom no one is
more competent to judge, tells us that the rats are likely to
simply migrate inland and the scourge to again break out,
possibly in the neighbourhood of Hertfordshire. Here, again,
there is no home entomologist from whom to seek succour. The
only account of the matter we have seen, in anything like per-
manent form, is contained in a brochure on * The Death-
dealing Insects and their Story,' a delightful little book by Dr.
C. Conyers Morrell, of the Authors' Club, published by the
H. A. W. Offices, Brazennose Street, Manchester, late last year.

During last month Mr. H. Maxwell-Lefroy, M.A., Imperial
Entomologist, India, gave a course of lectures on Entomology
at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, South
Kensington. The course was opened on March 2nd, and con-
tinued twice weekly during the month. In conjunction with the
lectures, which were free, a course of practical work was also
available for students desiring to specialize in entomology. The
average attendance at the lectures seems to have been about
twenty, and a fair proportion of this number took the practical
course, for which a small fee was charged. These lectures, with
the class work, will be resumed in May and June next.

The Entomological Society of London proposes to hold a
Conversazione in the Eooms of the Linnean Society, Burlington
House, by kind permission of the President and Council of that
Society, on Wednesday, May 17th, at 8 p.m. Lectures will be
delivered during the evening, by Professor Poulton, F.R.S.,
F.L.S., &c., and Mr. F. Enock, F.L.S., F.E.S.

CM.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Remarkable Aberration of Terias elathea. — Those interested
in the butterflies of the West Indies will be pleased to hear that
when collecting here this morning, at an elevation of about 300 feet
above sea-level, I had the good fortune to net a male specimen of
Terias elathea, in which not only the black longitudinal dash on the

ENTOM. APRIL, 1911. M

154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

upper side of the fore wings is practically absent, but the broad black
borders are also entirely replaced with yellow ; only the very faintest
grey outhne, scarcely visible to the naked eye, indicates the inner
margin, to where the black border would have extended. The hind
wings of this beautiful specimen are entirely white, save only for
a faint grey scalloped edging slightly increasing towards the anal
angle, again indicating to where the black border was meant to have
extended, had the specimen been a normal one. The under side
is much the same as usual, only rather pale. I should be interested
to know if others who have collected in this part of the world have
ever met with this form of T. elathea before ? — Margaret E.
FouNTAiNE, F.E.S. ; Montego Bay, Jamaica, February 13th, 1911.

Note on Trochilium apiforme. — Lt. -Colonel Nurse in his article
on the Sesiidse, published in the March issue of the ' Entomologist,'
questions Barrett's statement about the larvse of Trochilmm ajnforme.
I worked for this species last April in the Fens, where most of the
black poplars are infected. I then found the insect in three stages :
(1) half-grown larvae low down in the roots ; (2) full-grown larvee in their
pupating tunnels — these, when disturbed, withdraw into the tree and
were not easy to get out ; (3) cocoons, just under the bark. From
this I gather that the larva stage probably lasts only two years, and
that many of the larvae certainly do not form their cocoons till April
or May, though the majority seem to do so earlier. The few cocoons
that I examined held either larvae or freshly changed pupae. My
treatment of both larvae and pupae was not satisfactory ; the former
without exception died, while of the latter about fifty per cent, emerged
late in June, the rest became mouldy. Probably I kept them too
moist, for fear that the cocoons should contract and damage the
pupae. I should welcome a note from any correspondent on the best
method of keeping Sesiidae pupae. — J. S. Carter ; Warren Hill, East-
bourne, March 5th, 1911.

The Italian forms of Zyg^na transalpina, Esp. — In ' Bollet-
tino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria,' vol. iv. pp. 134-
161, Conte EmiHe Turati discusses the variation of Zygana trans-
alpina in Italy. Fifteen new forms are named, thus increasing the
number of known forms to thirty-eight.

Food of Vanessa antiopa larv^. — With reference to Mr. A. H.
Jones's note in the ' Entomologist,' p. 112, on the larvae of V. antiopa
being in his experience essentially sallow feeders, it may interest him
to know that in 1892 I reared about seventeen or eighteen hundred
specimens of this fine butterfly from eggs deposited on willow by
captive females, kindly sent me by Mr. Frederick Raine from Hy^res,
and that over one thousand were fed exclusively upon willow, but I
found sallow appeared equally suitable for food, also birch was readily
eaten, even when willow had formed the sole food until the last
stage. They also fed well on elm ; nettles, however, did not appear
suitable as food, and was not touched by them during the last two
or three stages ; it was only when quite young that they could be
induced to feed upon this plant, and although they fed for several
days on nettles, they did not thrive, and eventually died. In some

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 155

localities I believe birch is usually the chief food of this species. As
I have before stated, there is no authentic instance of either the
eggs, larvae, or pupae of V. antioim ever having been found in the
British Islands. From the large size, velvety black colour, and gre-
garious habits of the larvae, they would form a most conspicuous
object on the foliage of any tree ; it is obvious that if they existed
in this country they could hardly have escaped detection. — F. W.
Frohawk; March, 1911.

Amphidasys betularia ah. doubledayaria in Essex. — My ex-
perience certainly endorses that of Mr. Mathew, given on page 67
of this year's ' Entomologist,' as to the comparative frequency of
the occurrence of doubledayaria in Essex. On June 9th, 1909, 1 bred
a normal female from a larva obtained in my garden at Westcliff-
on-Sea, on Michaelmas Daisy, the previous year. In the evening,
I hung her up in a gauze cage to a hme tree in the garden, and,
although it w^as a bad evening, she attracted three males. Of these,
two were typical, and one ab. doubledayaria. In the autumn of the
same year I took a number of larva3 off a climbing rose in the garden
of the Eectory at Leigh-on-Sea. From these I bred fifteen moths
during April and May, 1910, four being typical and eleven ab. double-
dayaria. Of course, this is a very limited experience, but, as far as it
goes, it tends to prove that in the Southend district ab. doubledayaria
is about as common as the typical form. — Alfred T. Stiff ; Leigh-
on-Sea, Essex, February 24th, 1911.

Species new to the Gloucestershire List. — I find that I took
on June 20th, 1906, amongst the apple trees in my garden, a speci-
men of Argyresthia cornella (curvella), and on August 6th following
I found Cataplectica {Asychna) 'profugella — a local and uncommon
species— on the Cotswolds. On June 23rd, 1910, Argyresthia sorbiella
was found resting on a yew tree in the Forest of Dean. Oxyptilus
teucrii appeared on our hills on July 14th following, at dusk, amongst
Teucrium scorodoniaim, and Ephestia kuhniella was captured in my
house on August 26th and September 21st last. These species do
not appear to have been hitherto recorded from this county. I am
again indebted to Mr. Meyrick for his kindness in identifying the
specimens.— C. Granville Clutterbuck, F.E.S. ; Heathside, Heath-
ville Eoad, Gloucester, February 22nd, 1911.

Wanted : living Vanessa polychloros. — Should any collector
capture a female Vanessa polychloros this spring and would kindly
send it alive direct to me, I should be greatly obliged and would
make a return. I am particularly anxious to obtain eggs of this
species. — F. W. Frohawk ; Eayleigh, Essex.

Six Days at Glen Tilt, Perthshire. — It is a long time since
I have seen any notes in the ' Entomologist ' on the Lepidoptera of
the above district, or on collecting therein, so having spent six days
there in July last, 19th to 24th inclusive, I thought I would send
you a brief note of the species observed : —

Erebia athiops. Plentiful whenever a gleam of sunshine appeared,
occurs over a great extent of the Glen in grassy places. — Boarmia
reixindata. Several on trunks of fir trees, a greyish form and some-_

156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

what smaller than the south of England type. — Larcntia ccesiata.
Abundant both in the Glen, and on rocks on the mountains. — L.
ruficinctata. Two only on one rock, no doubt abundant if one could
have found its headquarters, but having taken a good series at Ean-
noch in August, 1891, on the rocks at the foot of Schiehalhon, I did
not specially work for it. — L. diclymata. Common, as usual. I have
always found this insect plentiful wherever I have collected in Scot-
land.— L. olivata.. A few on rocks in the Glen, — Dastjdia obfuscaria.
On rocks at foot of mountain, not common. — Emmelesia minorata
{ericetata). Plentiful, occurring in the Glen, and also on rocks on the
mountains. — E. adcequata (blandiata). Plentiful on a fence in one
place, also beaten from fir trees ; this insect was nearly over. — Core-
inia munitata. Plentiful in places at the foot of the mountains. I
could not find this species on the rocks, but after a time obtained
them by beating the large tufts of heather that grow on and
hang over the sides of the burns ; the moths conceal themselves
under these during the d&j.—Core^nia designata {inoinujnatd) and
Cidaria poimlata. A few of each taken. — Scoparia murana. A few
amongst rocks and heather. — Crambus myelins. Three only. To
take this insect was one of the chief objects in my visiting Glen Tilt.
I was very pleased to obtain it, and I think the weather was solely
the cause of my not meeting with a larger number, but as it rained
more or less for five days out of the six I spent in the locality, it was
almost impossible to work for viyellus, the fir trees which they mostly
frequent being saturated with moisture to such an extent that a
shower bath descended upon you on your attempting to use the
beating stick.

The almost total absence of sunshine and the drenched condition
of all the herbage and undergrowth made it almost impossible to
work for Tortrices or Tinese, but I was fortunate to meet with A])kelia
argentana on the day I arrived. The rains set in the next day. I
found them plentiful amongst long grass in various places extending
some two miles or more up the Glen. Argentana is much like Cravi-
bus peiiellus when on the wing, being about the same size and colour,
and it also flies amongst grass like the Crambus. I passed over
several before finally realising what they were, and that I had found
one of our most local Tortrices. Other Tortrices noticed were Ajyhe-
lia osseana, just coming out, Mixodia iKtlustrana, plentiful during a
momentary gleam of sunshine, flying over heather, also one or two
Coccyx ustomactdana. Amongst the Tineae were observed Argyresthia
conjugella, A. gadartella, A. brochella, CEcoj^hora stipella, Gelechia
galbanella, Gracilaria syringella, Dejjressaria pulcherrimella, and
Brachycrossata cinerella. I did no night work, the weather making
it impossible ; I have therefore no record for the Noctuae. Glen Tilt
is a beautiful spot, and the scenery all round it and Blair Athol is
superb ; this coupled with the delightful and invigorating air of the
mountains gives a zest to collecting most enjoyable to one like myself
whose entomological work has been necessarily chiefly confined to
the southern counties. I hope, however, to be able to make a
lengthened visit to the Highlands, including Glen Tilt again, in the
coming summer, and can strongly recommend any of your readers
who are field workers, and would prefer to take the Highland Lepi-

SOCIETIES. 157

doptera themselves, rather than obtain them by pm'chase or exchange,
to do the same. I may perhaps as well say, to mitigate the effect of
my observations as to the weather met with in Glen Tilt, that it does
not always rain in the Highlands. I have had three holidays there
and two out of the three were fine. — G. H. Conquest ; 10, Meteor
Eoad, Westcliff-on-Sea.

Optical Instruments. — We have recently received two catalogues
from E. Leitz, optical instrument makers, of Wetzlar, London, &c.,
those dealing with " Photomicrographic Apparatus," and " Projection
Apparatus and Drawing Appliances involving the Principle of Pro-
jection." These catalogues are two out of nine. The name of Leitz
is now, of course, well known as that of a firm of first-class optical
instrument makers, and anyone in need of a microscope, projection
apparatus, photomicrographic apparatus, or anything connected with
such things, should call at 9, Oxford Street, or examine the catalogues.
These latter are really more than simply price lists, as they contain
excellent illustrations of many of the instruments, and form something
of a text-book in connection with them. As regards photomicrographic
apparatus (Catalogue 43 G), we like very much the vertical method of
working with camera and microscope, and some of the instruments
figured seem very compact and convenient. There are at the end of the
catalogue two plates of photomicrographs which every photographer
seeing them will like to possess, the clearness of detail being par-
ticularly fine. Another publication of this firm is a fully illustrated
pamphlet of forty-two pages on "The Microscope and Some Hints
on How to Use it," which is excellent, though not intended quite for
the beginner in microscope-work, with the exception of the general
hints at the end. The firm offer the use of electros of illustrations
to authors. — W. J. Lucas.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society. — Annual Meeting, January 26th, 1911.— Mr. W. J. Kaye,
F.E.S., President, in the chair. — The Eeport of the Council was
adopted. It was stated that the membership stood at one hundred
and sixty-four, and that the average attendance at the twenty-three
meetings was thirty-three. The volume of ' Proceedings ' published
consisted of one hundred and fifty pages, with thirteen plates, and was
the most attractive that the Society had produced. — The following is
a list of the members elected to fill the offices of the Society for the
ensuing year : — President, W. J. Kaye, E.E.S. ; Vice-Presidents,
A. Sich, F.E.S., and A. E. Tonge, E.E.S. ; Treasurer, T. W. Hall,
E.E.S. ; Librarian, A. W. Dods ; Curator, W. West (Greenwich);
Hon. Secretaries, Stanley Edwards, E.L.S., F.Z.S., E.E.S. (Corres.),
and Hy. J. Turner, E.E.S. (Report.); Council, R. Adkin, F.E.S.,
E. W. Cowham, E. C. Joy, E.E.S., R. A. R. Priske, E.E.S., A. Russell,
E.E.S., B. H. Smith, B.A., E. Step, E.L.S. The President then read
his Address. After dealing with the affairs of the Society and making
suitable references to those who had passed away during the year,
particularly to the irreparable loss, not only the Society, but the

158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

entomological world, had incurred by the death of a past president,
Mr. J. W. Tutt, he proceeded to the subject of his Address, " Neuration
in its Bearings on the Classification of Lepidoptera." Votes of thanks
were then passed to the retiring Officers and Council. — Mr. Turner,
on behalf of Mr. Murray, of St. Anne's-on-Sea, exhibited a series of
Luperina gueneei taken at the above place, including the typical form,
the var. haxteri, and two new and very distinct forms, one of them
with a very pale, almost white submarginal band, which he was
naming var. murrayi, and of the other several very dark specimens,
which he was naming var. fusca. Both worn specimens, and others
in almost bred condition, were shown. — Mr. Newman, autumn bred
specimens of Polygonia c-alhum, var. hutchinsoni, a form of the
species hitherto only obtained in the summer brood ; they were from
the same female as the yellow forms previously exhibited.

February 9th, 1911.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, President, in the chair. —
Mr. Wakeley, of Wimbledon Common, was elected a member. — Mr.
Newman exhibited shoots of birch, taken from the base of stumps of
cut trees, from which the larvae of Mgeria aUiciformis had been ex-
tracted by birds. It was stated that at times the larvae bore into the
twigs instead of into the stumps. — Mr. Hugh Main, twigs of aspen
swollen with galls caused by the larvae of the Longicorn beetle, Saperda
populnea. — Mr. Ashby, a series of Lasioderma serricorne, which was
found swarming in a house in Thames Street. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, on
behalf of Mr. Jupp, varieties of Ennomos angularia, with the two
transverse lines filled in with a dark fascia, Boarmia repandata
var. conversaria, with an unusually heavy black central fascia, and
TriphcBiia fimbria, with very strongly contrasted black and white
markings on the fore wings. — Capt. Cardew, a number of species
which had flown into light in a house on the Island of Dominica,
W. Indies, including four Sphingid species — Pachyla ficus, PJiolus
vitis, P. labruscce, Herse cingulata ; also Dciopeia ornatrix, Ecpan-
theria icasia, and the Syntomids, Argadea apta, and Gosmosoma
dcmantria, &c. — The rest of the evening was devoted to the exhibition
of microscopic slides by Messrs. West (Ashtead), Fremlin, Edwards,
and E. Adkin. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Eep. Secretary.

City of London Entomological Society. — January 3rd, 1911. —
Exhibits : — Abraxas grossulariata ah. : Mr. G. Brooks, a specimen
with usual yellow markings obsolete, but ground colour of all wings
deep yellow. Epinephele ianira ab. : Mr. C. N. Collenette, all wings
bleached and usual fulvous patches and ocelli only faintly indicated ;
Salcombe, 1908. Sesia sphegiformis : Mr. G. H. Conquest, a number
of males taken at Brentwood, June, 1895, by assembling with bred
females. Melanic McUtcea aurinia : Mr. F. B. Cross, example with
basal three-fourths of supei-iors almost entirely black ; Cumberland.
Leucania l-albitm : Mr. H. M. Edelsten, an imago, bred, 1910.
Argynnis selene, local variation in size : Mr. A. F. Hemming, com-
parative series from Princethorpe (Warwick) and Ashdown (Surrey) ;
measurements showed that the largest and smallest male and largest
and smallest female from the former district were 8 mm., 3 mm.,
7 mm. and 2 mm., wider respectively in wing expanse than corre-
sponding specimens from the latter locality. Melitcea aurinia, wide

RECENT LITERATURE. 159

local variation : Dr. G. G. C. Hodgson, a series selected from over
one hundred specimens bred, 1910, from Wiltshire larvae ; there was
a marked melanic tendency in some cases, while in others the black
marginal markings approached obsolescence. Some examples approxi-
mated to var. 2^^'ceclara, and others showed almost unbroken fulvous
coloration. Trichura cratagi abs. : Mr. L. W. Newman, dark
forms from Selkirk, and pale forms from Lincoln. Gnophos obscu-
rata : Mr. L. B. Prout, a variable series, Folkestone, August, 1910 ;
some males nearly white, some females blackish, many with two
black lines very pronounced, and a good proportion of the banded
ab. fasciata (Prout). Vanessa io var. cyanosticta (Raynor) : Mr.
V. E. Shaw, three examples of this var. bred August, 1910, from
Darenth Wood larvae ; also an asymmetrical Zygcena fiUpenchdcB with
spots confluent on left wing only; Dover, August, 1910. Vanessa
antiopa : Mr. P. H. Tautz, a specimen taken at Oakham (Rutland),
October 20th, 1910, inside a shop window, by Mr. A. Hassan.
Melanic Coenobia ricfa : Mr. R. G. Todd, two very dark specimens,
said to be not referable to ab. fusca and therefore apparently a
new variety. Pieris napi, female ab. : Mr. H. B. Williams, a speci-
men with black bar on under side fore wings, faintly indicated on
upper side, and connecting up the two black blotches thereon.

January llth. — Se7ita maritima vars. : Mr. C. E. Capper, a series
from Isle of Wight, including vars. bipunctata, nigro-striata, wis-
7)ianiensis, and combinata. Dianthoecias : Mr. F. B. Cross, a bred
series of D. conspersa, North Cornwall, including very dark example,
almost unicolorous save for pale marginal line. Mr. H. M. Edelsten,
a very variable series of D. carpophaga bred from Sussex pupae, the
emergence extending from end of May to mid- August ; the speci-
mens ranged from strongly marked dark forms to almost white with
only the stigmata faintly indicated. Argynnis paphia abs. : Mrs.
C. Hemming, specimens bred, 1909 and 1910, from New Forest
parents, showing exaggeration of black markings ; also var. valezina,
with increase of black markings and general melanic suffusion.
Hesperia linea : Mr. A. F. Hemming, a series showing two different
forms occurring together in a Sussex locality, the one with light
ground colour and narrow border, and the other with dark ground
colour and broad border. Taniocavipa pulverulenta var. haggertii :
Mr. J. Morris, an example of this somewhat rare ab. taken near
Godalming. — Sidney J. Bell, Hon. Secretary.

RECENT LITERATURE.

The Bhopalocera of Java : Hesperida. By M. C. Piepers & P. C. T.

Snellen. With the collaboration of H. Fbuhstoefer.

Royal 4to. Pp. i.-xxvi. and 1-60. Plates, 6 coloured. The

Hague : Martinus Nijhoff. 1910.
The Introduction (pp. i-xxvi) is largely biological, the subject of
colour-evolution is discussed at some length, and reasons are given
for treating the Hesperidee as " not so far differentiated from the
Heterocera as the other Rhopalocera, and therefore in some respects
they still stand between these two groups."

160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The systematic arrangement of the family is pretty much that of
Mabille (' Genera Insectorum,' 1903).

So far as is known, ninety-five species of Hespericlte are found in
Java, but upwards of twenty others have been recorded from the
island. The latter, however, are considered doubtful, for as we are
informed in the Introduction — " not a few butterflies in European
collections are said to originate from Java, though in reality they are
not from that island, but have been gathered from other islands in
the Indian Archipelago and only transported via Java to Europe."

Both sexes are shown in thirty of the seventy-eight species
figured, and one or more of the early stages of a good proportion are
also depicted in colour. Of eleven other species, the imagines of
which are not drawn, there is a figure of the larva of each, and in the
case of two of them, the pupa also is shown.

Where known the larvae are described, and their habits and food-
plants noted. The distribution of the species in Java is also indi-
cated. No new species is here described, but several of Moore's
species that had been degraded by previous authors have been rein-
stated. The only local form that is specially mentioned is referred to
as follows: — -"Among the specimens of the type Acerbas anthea
described by Hewitson and figured by Distant according to a male
from Malacca, the white band does not continue up to the external
margin as it does with the Javanese specimens, for which reason the
latter can be distinguished a,s forma Javanica."

Diptera Danica. Genera and Species of Flies hitherto found in
Denmark. By William Lundbeck. Part iii. Empididge.
Pp. 324. 141 figures in the text. Copenhagen : G. E. C. Gad.
London : William Wesley & Son. 1910.
One hundred and seventy species of Danish Empididae are
here described and assigned to five subfamilies in the following
sequence : — 1. Hybotinse (3 genera, 9 species). 2. Empidinge (3 genera,
78 species). 3. Ocydromiinae (6 genera, 13 species). 4. Hemero-
dromiinae (7 genera, 18 species). 5. Tachydromiinae (8 genera, 52
species). A few other doubtful species are incidentally referred to.
Bicellaria, Macq. supersedes Cyrtoma, Meig. for nigra, Meig., spuria,
Fall., melcena, Hal., &c. Geniculata, Zett. is referred, as a variety,
to Bhamphomyia plumipes. Fall. Ocydromia ruficollis, Meig. is the
female of Leptopeza favipes, Meig., whilst ruficollis Macq. is referred
to Ocydromia glahricula. Fall. Dolichocephala, Macq. is adopted for
irrorata. Fall., and guttata, Hal. ; melanocephala, Fabr. is referred to
Chelipoda, Macq. ; and vocatoria, Fall, with albiseta, Zett. come under
Phyllodromia Zett. ; dissimilis. Fall, is removed from Tachydromia,
Meig. to Symhallophthalmus, Beck. Our author is of opinion that
nervosa, Loew is specifically identical with Drapetis aterrima, Curtis.
The twenty-nine species of Empis, L. are arranged in seven groups
or subgenera, thus: — Xanthempis, Bezzi (6 sp.), Anacrostichus,
Bezzi (1 sp.), Pachymeria, Stephens (1 sp.), Lissempis, Bezzi (1 sp.),
Coptophlebia, Bezzi (3 sp.^, Pterempis, Bezzi (11 sp.), Empis, S. Str.

Part i. of ' Diptera Danica ' was published in 1907, and Part ii.
in 1908.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLIV.] MAY, 1911. [No. 576

A NEW SPECIES OF PIMPLINiE.

By Claude Morley, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

In May, 1908, Mr. G. T. Lyle noticed that many aborted
flower-heads of gorse near Brockenhurst, in the New Forest,
contained larvse, and from these he bred the Cecidomyiid,
Aspondylia ulicis, Trail, together with several Chalcid parasites.
During the following September the seeds of the gorse were
much galled, and he collected a good many affected pods,
breeding from them the same Cecidomyiid and two species of
Chalcididffi. On September 20th two Ichneumonids emerged
from the galled seed-pods, and some three or four hours after
emergence were seen to be in cop. During 1909 Mr. Lyle failed
in attempts to breed more of this Ichneumonid, but in the
autumn of 1910 he was rewarded by the presence of five males
and one female of the same species from the pods. He has
been so good as to allow me to examine these, and, since they
have certainly not been previously brought forward, I propose
to call them

Pimpla ulicicida, sp. nov.

Head black, with only the palpi pale ; mandibles slender, with
teeth of equal length. Antennae slender, filiform, and hardly longer
than half body. Thorax nitidulous, and finely punctate throughout,
with notauli short but deeply impressed ; mesonotum entirely or
broadly at sides and base, mesopleurae and sternum more or less
broadly, and metapleurae always, with metanotum often, bright red ;
tegulae and a circular callosity beneath them stramineous ; meta-
notum longitudinally bicarinate, with no discal areas, and the petiolar
very short ; spiracles quite circular and not very small. Scutellum
and postscutellum always entirely red. Abdomen linear, strongly
punctate and white-pilose, with the tubercles obsolete as in Sca-mbiis ;
entirely black above, with the segments longer than broad, and be-
coming quadrate at fourth in female and sixth in male ; basal segment
parallel- sided, of male twice and of female but very slightly longer
than broad, punctate throughout, male with discally parallel caringe
extending nearly to its apex ; terebra exactly as long as abdomen.
Anterior legs stramineous, with only the onychii infuscate ; front

ENTOM. — MAY, 1911. ^ N

162 THR ENTOMOLOGIST.

femora not emarginate beneath ; hind coxa3 and femora fulvous, with
apices of former whitish, and the trochanters subinfuscate ; hind
tibiae dull white, infuscate at both base and apex, and subincrassate
before the former ; apical hind tarsal joint at most thrice longer than
penultimate ; claws of female basally lobate. Areolet small, sub-
sessile, and strongly transverse ; stigma pale piceous or luteous ;
nervellus subgeniculate, though but obsoletely intercepted, a third
below its centre. Length, 4-6 mm. <? , ? .

The elongate segments and rufescent thorax lend this species
much the facies of Ephialtes, to which genus I was at first
inclined to refer it ; it is, however, a true Pimpla of the Epiiirus
group, and very distinct among our indigenous species, where it
should stand between P. pomorum, Ratz., and P. gallicola, Mori.
I have been at some pains to place it in the palfearctic fauna,
and find its closest allies to be the black P. vesicaria, Ratz.
(Ichn. d. Forst. i. 115), and the pale-faced P. pictifrons, Thoms.
(Opusc. Ent. viii. 757) ; but it appears to most closely approach
the Mallorcan P. erythronota, Kriech. (An. Soc. Espan. Nat.
Hist. 1894, p. 248), a larger and stouter insect with the abdomen
much less cylindrical.

Mr. Lyle has been so good as to present me with the type of
both sexes.

Pimpla has very rarely been raised from Diptera, and I am
aware of but two instances of the kind: Rondani once bred in
Italy what he called P. alternans from Asphondylia genista,
Lw., and I have quoted at some length (Ichn. Brit. iii. 88)
Giraud's observations on P. detrita, bred from the galls of
Ochtiphila poly stigma, Mg., on Triticum repens in Austria.

[With reference to the two species of Chalcididae mentioned in
the foregoing note, M. I'Abb^ Kieffer has most kindly identified
one as Eurytoma dentata ; the other is a species of Pteromalus.
I have not yet been able to clear up the question as to whether
they are direct parasites of the Cecidomyid, or hyperparasites
through the Ichneumonid. The fact that several of the Eury-
tomini are known to be either partly or entirely vegetable-
feeders must also be taken into consideration.

G. T. Lyle.]

A BIOLOGICAL INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE OP
MELANISM IN AMPHIDASYS BETULARIA, Linn.

By S. H. Leigh.

Melanism in British moths is a subject that has given rise to
much discussion and speculation in several entomological and
other journals, but notwithstanding this we really know very
little of the causes which operate in the production of melanic

MELANISM IN AMPHIDASYS BETULARIA. 163

forms. It is well known to entomologists that dark varieties of
several species of moths have recently become increasingly
common in many localities within the British Isles, and also
that the dark forms are appearing in fresh localities.

It is very desirable and important to know whether the colour
of these dark races of moths is protective, or whether it has
some other significance. The " protective " theory certainly
appears to be a very feasible one, for many of the moths have
become darker in manufacturing districts where the trees and
other natural objects upon which they rest have assumed a
blackened aspect due to the increase of smoke. On the other
hand, I do not think we can press the theory of "protection"
too closely at present, for there are many well-known cases in
which dark varieties of moths are found in localities far removed
from the influence of smoke and where they most probably rest
upon light-coloured objects. For example, in North Lancashire
(at Silverdale and Grange) the black (doubledayaria) form of
Amphidasys betularia is predominant where formerly it was very
rare or absent, and where the atmosphere is as free from smoke
and the natural objects (trees, stones, &c.) as clean now as at any
previous time. There is probably some other factor than protec-
tive coloration at work in the production of this melanic form.

There are also instances in which dark varieties have been
developed in moths that rest low down in herbage during the
day. In these cases surely the colour could not be of protective
value, because the moths are obscured in the grass, and the type
of colouring would not matter so far as protection is concerned.

It is of course quite probable that the dark colour of many
species of moths is protective, while in others it may be of
physiological importance, and associated in some way with
constitutional hardiness.

Before, however, any definite explanation of these phenomena
can be attempted, it is necessary to have as correct a knowledge
as possible of all the conditions which are likely to have any
influence on the species known to exhibit this melanic change.
Before we can decide whether the colour is protective or other-
wise, it is necessary to know the precise nature of the "struggle
for existence " of the moths in question.

To gain, however, an adequate knowledge of the circum-
stances that are likely in any way to affect the moths entails
much work of a very laborious nature. I have already com-
menced such an investigation, and hope to continue it during
the next few years.

I only desire now to bring forward one point in connection
with my inquiry ; this concerns the resting habits of the moths
which are subject to this melanic variation. For instance, it is
important to know whether the light-coloured moths (i. e. the
peppered form of A. betularia) generally rest during the day on

n2

164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

lichen-covered trunks of trees or any other light-coloured object,
and also whether the dark insects (as the form doubled ay aria of

A. hetidaria) select black tree-trunks on which to rest. If it
can be shown that in the majority of cases the dark-coloured
varieties do rest upon dark-coloured objects, and lighter varieties
upon lighter objects, and also that the insects have many
natural enemies, we might justly conclude that the colour has
a protective significance. Information of this nature can, how-
ever, only be obtained by the co-operation of very many entomo-
logists, for the chance of obtaining sufficient evidence from the
observations of one or two persons is very remote. I should,
therefore, be extremely grateful if entomologists would assist me
in collecting information regarding the resting habits of any of
the under-mentioned species belonging to the Geometrae which
may have come under their notice.

Although the investigation which I am making is really on
the melanism of A. hetidaria, the chances of obtaining sufficient
records about the resting-habits of this species alone would be
so small that I have included several other well-known melanic
species in the list, in the hope that each entomologist may be
able to make at least one record about one of the species in the
list from his own observations. Particulars, which may be
returned according to the subjoined scheme, are requested con-
cerning the following species : — Amphidasys hetidaria (Peppered
Moth), A. prodrojiiaria (Oak Beauty), Odontopera hidentata
(Scalloped Hazel), Phigalia pilosaria (Pale Brindled Beauty),
Boarmia repandata (Mottled Beauty), B. abietaria (Satin Carpet),

B. rhomhoidaria (Willow Beauty), Gnophos obscuraria (Annulet),
Hybernia progemmaria (Dotted Border).

Scheme of particulars : —

(1) State, if possible, the number of specimens of each
variety (light or dark, &c.) of the above species that have been
observed at rest, together with particulars as to the object upon
which they were found ; and also say whether they were con-
spicuous or well protected by their colour.

(2) State, if possible, whether the species is abundant, fairly
common or rare in the locality to which reference of the obser-
vation is made.

(3) If it is not possible to answer the above questions, any
other information concerning observations of a general character
will be very acceptable.

Confirmatory evidence is of great value, and I should be
very glad to receive records made independently by different
persons for the same locality.

All help received will be fully acknowledged on publication,
and I would like here to express (as it has not been possible to
publish anything upon the subject) my great indebtedness to
those entomologists who have previously sent valuable informa-

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 165

tion concerning the distribution, &c., of the various forms of
A. heUdaria in their own particular districts in compliance with
a former request.

It is hoped that the result of the investigation — which is
partly statistical and partly experimental — may be to throw
some light on the cause of the remarkable change in colour that
has been observed in many British moths during the last sixty
years.

The University, Manchester.

ON SOME EECENT ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY THE
COLEOPTEEA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR
PHYLOGENY.

By C. J. Gahan, M.A.

(Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
(Continued from p. 125.)

Ganglbauer remarks that this type seems to be a most ex-
treme modification from the original type, owing to the hook-like
connections of the media and radius with their branches. But he
points out that in many Nitidulidse the recurrent branch of the
media is very short, and in the Passalidse and many Rhyncho-
phora completely atrophied, so that, when the transverse veins
in the cubito-anal system are at the same time wanting, the
venation is very like that of the second type. We need not,
therefore, he says, derive the second type from the third. On
the contrary, he maintains that the second type is derived
directly from the Adephagan type, a point in which Kolbe
agrees with him.

It is a point, however, on which Lameere takes a different
view, leading to a marked difference in his classification; for he
believes that the Staphylinoidean type of wing-venation must
have been derived from the Cantharoidean, and not directly
from the Adephagan type ; that, in consequence, the Staphyli-
noidea must have branched off from the common Polyphagan
stem at a later stage than the Cantharoidea, and should there-
fore come after them in the classification. But the decision of
this question does not rest solely on the wing-venation. Other
characters have to be considered ; and, in support of their view,
Ganglbauer and Kolbe are able to point to the strong resem-
blance between the primitive Staphylinoidean genus Pteroloma
and certain Carabidse, as well as to the great similarity between
the larvae of the two groups. In Lameere's opinion these
resemblances are due to convergence. Ganglbauer's view that
the third type represents the widest modification from the

166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

original type seems to me to be also open to question ; for I do
not regard the wing-venation of the Cupedidse as the original
type, though doubtless nearer to it than is any other, yet met
with in the Coleoptera. It appears to want one longitudinal
vein that is frequently to be seen in the cubito-anal system of
the Malacoderms and Elateridae, and while this may not be
evident from the figures given by Ganglbauer, I suspect the
reason is that he has not quite correctly homologized the veins.
The vein A^ of his Cantharoidean type corresponds, I think, with
the Cug and not with the Aj of his Cupedid wing. Compared
as a whole, the cubito-anal system in the Cupedidse resembles
more the same system in the more primitive Polyphaga than it
does that of the Adephaga ; and the modification undergone by
the Cantharoidean type seems to be limited to the loss of a few
transverse veins, including one of the two between the media and
its branch M-^, the partial atrophy of M^, and a change from a
straight to a curved form in the vein left to connect it with the
media. Such a change would be no greater than that which
can, I think, be traced in the transverse veins between Aj
and Cu2, in passing from the straight form they show in the
Malacoderms to the more or less strongly curved form, enclosing
an elliptical cell, which may be seen in some of the slightly
higher groups.

It was never, in my opinion, justifiable to place the Cupe-
didae in the Adephaga solely on the ground of their wing- venation.
Kolbe, to whom we owe the discovery of the interesting wing-
venation of this family, was the first to do so ; but he has since,
on other grounds, withdrawn them, and now places the Cupedidae
in the Polyphaga. Here, again, I think he is wrong ; for, as I
have recently pointed out,* the Cupedidae possess, in common
with most of the Adephaga, another character, which seems to
be very distinctive of that group — namely, the j)resence of a
distinct suture on each side of the prothorax, between the notum
and the pleurae. This character is to be found in all families of
the Adephaga, including the Ehysodidse and Paussidae, although
it shows in the latter a tendency to disappear in the more
modified forms. It is said to occur also in some genera of
Polyphaga ; but I have, so far, been unable to find anything in
the nature of a true suture in any of those genera. Something
of the kind may occasionally be seen, as, for example, in the
Pythid genus Crymodes, but in these cases it is evidently only
an impressed line of a secondary character.

A knowledge of the life-history of the Cupedidae, which is at
present wanting, would greatly contribute towards a more settled
conclusion in regard to the systematic position of the family.
From what little is known of the habits of these beetles, Lameere

* Ann. Mag. N. H. (8) v. p. 57 (1910).

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 167

believes that the larvae live in wood, and are of the cruciform
type ; but this remains to be proved. He considers the Cupedidee
to be Adephaga of the most primitive type.

The Sexual Organs — Ovaries and Testes. — The ovaries of insects
consist each of a greater or lesser number of tubes, which taper
off to a thread at one end, and at the other open into the
oviduct. Each ovarian tube contains eggs or cells that develop
into eggs, and it generally contains also other cells which do
not develop into eggs, but whose function it is to supply nutri-
ment to the growing egg-cells. According to the presence or
not of these nutritive cells, and their position when present, the
ovarian tubes ofifer three different types of structure, placed by
Korschelt and Heider in the following order : — (1) Without
nutritive chamber. (2) The nutritive cells in chambers which
alternate with the egg-chambers {meroistic ovary). (3) The
nutritive cells massed together in the single terminal chamber
{holoistic ovary).

The first type is not met with in the Coleoptera. The second
occurs in the Coleoptera, but only in those families now com-
prised in the Adephaga. In all other Coleoptera, so far as is
known, the ovaries are of the third type. Emery, who first
used this difference in the structure of the ovaries as a basis
for dividing the Coleoptera into two suborders, the Adephaga
and Polyphaga, considered that the Polyphagan type of ovary
was the more primitive of the two. From the order in which
the types are placed by Korschelt and Heider, these distin-
guished embryologists seem to suggest the opposite view — which
is also the one accepted by Ganglbauer, Kolbe, and Lameere.

The structure of the testes was investigated by Leon Dufour
in a great many different kinds of beetles more than seventy
years ago ; but his work seems to have received less attention
from systematists than the results deserved, although these had
been well summarized by Lacordaire in his ' Introduction a
I'Entomologie.' These organs (the testes) can, says Lacordaire,
be divided at once into (1) those which are simple, and (2) those
which are compound. The simple testes consist each of an
elongated slender vessel, usually coiled up to resemble a ball ;
they are found only in the two families " des Carabiques" et des
Hydrocanthaires," that is to say, in the Adephaga (Fig. 5).

The compound testes are formed of two or several glands —
the " capsules spermatiques," or testicular follicles. They are
divisible (in beetles) into three sections, according to the form
of the follicles and the manner in which these join the vas
deferens. The first and second sections differ little from one
another, and present intermediate stages ; the follicles are more
or less elongate, tubular, or in the form of rounded, oval or pyri-
form sacs, but always sessile, i. e. without a special duct leading
from each follicle. In the first section they are placed at the end

168

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

of the vas deferens, in the second around a more or less consider-
able portion of its length ; they occur in Cleridte, Heteromera,
Coccinellidae, Hydrophilidse, Staphylinidae, and Silphidse (Fig. 6).

v.d

Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7.

Three types of male sexual organs in Coleoptera (represented diagrammatically).
t., testis ; v. d., vas deferens ; e. d., ejaculatory duct ; a. g., accessory gland.

In the third section, the testes are composed of rounded, more
or less depressed capsules, having each its own separate duct
or pedicel, and abutting, sometimes at the same point, some-
times at different points, upon the vas deferens. Testes of this
kind, which Lacordaire considered to be those of the most
perfect organization, are met with only in the Longicorns,
Chrysomelidse, Ehynchophora, and Lamellicorns.

Dr. Bordas, who has recently carried out similar investiga-
tions on a more extended scale, has arrived at practically the
same results. He divides the testes into (1) simple and
(2) compound ; and of the latter he makes two subdivisions,
according as the seminal glands are (1) " fasciculees," and (2)
"disposees en grappes."

Simple tubular testes, which he considers to be the more
primitive type, are characteristic of the Adephaga, and confined
to that group. In all other beetles that he examined the testes
were compound.

The compound testes of his first subdivision correspond with
those of Lacordaire's third section. The glands, from two to
twelve in number, of which each organ is composed, are not
simple follicles like those of the other subdivision, but consist
each of a number of ampullae arranged radially within a common
covering and opening into a central receptacle formed by the
dilated end of the duct that leads to the vas deferens. Organs of
this type, represented diagrammatically in Fig. 7, were met with

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTEKA. 169

in all but two of the genera * examined belonging to the groups
Longicornia, Phytophaga, Rhynchophora, and Lamellicornia,
and only in genera belonging to those groups.

The fact that testes of the simple type characterize the
Adephaga, while compound testes are found in all other beetles,
confirms again the division of the Coleoptera into two suborders.
But how are we to interpret the further fact that compound
testes of the pedicellate type are characteristic of the Phytophaga,
Ehynchophora, and Lamellicornia? Ganglbauer considers this
a fact of so much importance as to preclude the idea that those
groups have been derived from any other existing groups of
Polyphaga. The Ehynchophora probably are, he thinks, derived
from the Phytophaga ; but the origin of the Phytophaga and
Lamellicornia is doubtful, and must be looked for in some ancient
Malacoderm-like ancestors, but not in any still existing forms.

Lameere and Kolbe attach less importance to the pedicellate
structure of the testes, and seem to think it may be derived in-
dependently from the other types met with in the Polyphaga.
Lameere would place the origin of the Lamellicornia and Phyto-
phaga near that of the Heteromera and Clavicornia in some
Cucuji-form ancestor. Kolbe also looks upon the Phytophaga,
Heteromera, and Clavicornia as nearly related groups, and thinks
the Phytophaga have been derived from primitive Clavicornia.
But he takes a different view with regard to the Lamellicornia.
He places this group and the Staphylinoidea together to form
the first of the two main divisions into which he subdivides the
Polyphaga, including in the same group with the Lamellicornia
the family Synteliidae, through which, he says, they show a
relationship with the Staphylinoidea.

His reasons for this course will be discussed further on,
when we come to consider the characters derived from the
external anatomy.

Not only are there the differences pointed out in the structure
of the testes themselves, but differences also in the number,
position, and origin of various accessory glands that open either
into the vasa deferentia, or arise from the common duct to which
they lead. Some of these are assumed to be, like the testes and
vasa deferentia, of mesodermal origin, while others are believed
to arise as ectodermal invaginations; and Escherisch has classed
them accordingly into mesadenia and ectadenia. When more
general conclusions can be drawn from them, they may play a
more important part in the classification. At present, though
used by Ganglbauer in characterizing the groups, they seem to
be of only doubtful value.

■''■ Timarcha and Melasoma. Ganglbauer suggests that these exceptions
may not be real ones, since a mistake may have arisen from a confusion of
names ; but I have reason to believe that no mistake has occurred.

(To be continued.)

170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

AN ALGERIAN HOLIDAY.

By a. E. Gibbs, F.B.S.

(Plate VI.)

(Concluded from p. 140.)

Tlemcen is a wonderful and seductive town, with beautiful
mosques and surrounded by ancient walls, a place which, once
visited, cannot be forgotten, but which inspires a longing to
return and linger once more in its ancient streets, or wander
among the ruins which are scattered with prodigal profusion
over the surrounding country. It is built at the foot of another
of the ranges which go to make up the Atlas, the western horizon
being bounded by the high mountains of Morocco. From the point
of view of the antiquary and historian it ranks among the most
interesting cities in the world, but a wholesome fear of the editor's
blue pencil deters me from getting too far off the track, and I
must get back to the insects. The morning after my arrival,
Tuesday, May 31st, found me on the hillside above the town.
The tantalising and elusive pandora greeted me among the gar-
dens outside the walls. Pieris brassicce and Rumicia phlcsas, the
latter with hind wings rather strongly tailed, fell victims, and
then on a bare hillside I caught sight of an insect which I took
to be Melitcea phoehe, but a closer acquaintance showed that it was
something new. A second specimen was taken near by, but
these were the only two seen. They proved to be M. cetherie var.
algirica, Stgr., and I take it they belonged to a second generation
which was just making its appearance, as they were in the pink
of condition and had evidently only just emerged. Allard*
records its occurrence at Lambessa in April. The most abun-
dant "blue" was Polyommatus astrarche, of the form known as
calida, a fine variety with a reddish -brown ground colour and
strongly developed orange submarginal spots. Miss Fountaine
mentions! the capture of this insect at Tlem9en in July, 1904.

Working my way down the hillside again by a steep and narrow
path between the gardens, where I took a few each of P. egeria
and P. megara, I found myself in the Arab cemetery. Striking
upwards once more a female of the summer brood of Papilio
podalirius was discovered sunning itself on the foliage of a young
tree, and was the only example to fall to my lot of a species I
expected to find rather abundant, but I subsequently saw a
second specimen in the forest while travelling by train from
Tlem9en to Lallah Maghnia. Continuing the ascent I arrived
at the beautiful mosque of Sidi-Bou-Medine, with its graceful
minaret and elaborately carved doorway, rich with tile-work and
mosaics. Very lovely indeed is this structure, nestling in the

■' ' Anuales de la Societe Entomologique de France,' 1867, p. 314.
f ' Entomologist,' xxxix. 108.

AN ALGERIAN HOLIDAY. 171

greenery of the steep hillside. Attached to it is a m^dersa, or
Arab university, and when I was again at the spot a few days
later an Arab gentleman, apparently some one of importance,
came out to inspect my net and find out why I was catching
butterflies. One thing he wanted to know was whether I ate
them ! After leaving the mosque I got into someone's garden,
and there I took my third specimen of E. eupheno. But it was
not until the city gates were almost reached that the great event
of the day happened. Just outside T]em9en, in a market garden,
was a bank clothed with tall milk-thistles five or six feet high,
which were in full flower, and on the blossoms several magnifi-
cent Dnjas 'pandora were settled, and I thus learned that the way
to catch this beautiful creature was to take it while resting on
these flowers. Six specimens, one after the other, were caught
in this way, and I made a point of visiting this particular bed of
thistles whenever possible about noon, and so secured a nice
series. After lunch another part of the hillside was explored,
but without much satisfaction, Anthocharis var. ausonia being
the most noteworthy butterfly netted. Three more of them
were taken the next morning, when I visited the remarkable
remains of the old city of Mansoura. Close to the ruined
mosque I discovered another big clump of milk-thistles, where
pandora was disporting itself, and after an uncomfortable hunt
among these prickly plants I managed to add three to my
series. Pohfommatus var. calida was again in evidence, the
only other Lycsenid taken being P. icarus. On leaving the
ruins of the city I climed the hill and traced the course of the
ancient conduit, constructed to bring the waters down to fertilise
its gardens and fill its fountains, but now used for the more
prosaic purpose of driving an oil mill. Descending again
nearer Tlem9en I found fortunata abundant, but the steep
declivity forbade a very prolific chase. The remains of yet an-
other large city are to be seen near Tlem9en. Agadir, whose
ruins are scattered over a considerable tract of ground, was built
on the site of the Roman Pomaria. Many beautiful koubbas are
to be seen in the woods, and the tower of the old mosque is still
in a fair state of preservation. But I am wandering into archae-
ology again, and must only say with regard to Agadir that
pandora haunts its ruins as it does those of Mansoura.

I was invited by a fellow-countryman whom I met in the
hotel at Tlem^en to accompany him to Lallah Maghnia, a forti-
fied post on the Moroccan border, and I gladly joined forces with
him for the expedition. Although I believe the place can boast
a respectable past, it consists now for the most part of a modern -
looking small town, which has sprung up round the military
station. During the three daj's of my visit there was a very
cold wind blowing, and the only spots in which insects were to
be found were the deep gulleys cut through the fields by the rains

172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

of winter. In the shelter of these I discovered two interesting
varieties of Coe.nonympha pamphilus, namely, one specimen of
var. thyrsides Stgr., which has a row of submarginal black points
on the upper side of the hind wing, and two specimens of var.
lyllus. My other captures were E. passiphce var. philippina,
L. icariis, some Hesperids, and, of course, P. cardui, which was
everywhere.

On June 4th we drove to the very curious and primitive Berber
town of Nedroma, an exceedingly cold ride across the hills. At this
place Satyrus abdelkader is known to occur, but we were too early
for it, and if the date had been right, the weather was wrong.
There were occasional gleams of sunshine as we crossed the hills,
and during one of these we pulled up and I took the local variety
of passiphce and A. var. glauce. At Nedroma itself the only
insects seen were solitary individuals of P. rapce and P. hrassiccB,
which were flying in the garden behind the village shop, which
also served the functions of an inn, where we were able to get
something to eat. As we left the town I got a glimpse of pandora,
but not much else was seen on the way home until we reached
some hot springs a few kilometres from Lallah Maghnia where
C. var. lielice was found. On Sundays a great cattle market is
held at Lallah Maghnia, which is well worth visiting, especially
by those who are on photography intent, for it is frequented
largely by Moroccan dealers, who come with their camels and
flocks and herds, and pitch their tents in the market place.
They are, however, a very rough and lawless lot, and caution
is necessary when using the camera. Another visit was paid on
the morning of June 5th to the gulleys in the cornfields when
nothing fresh was obtained, though it was not to be wondered at
considering the strength of the wind, which hardly permitted
the use of the net. This brought my entomological experiences
in Algeria to an end, except for the fact that as our boat was
moving away from the quay at Oran, our old friend pandora flew
from the gardens above and circled round us, which we accepted
as an omen of a satisfactory journey ; nor were we disappointed.

Miss Fountaine's visit to Algeria in 1904, which I have already
referred to, extended from January till August, and she explored
districts between Biskra in the east and Sebdou in the west.
Several of the localities I have written about were included in
her itinerary, but she had the advantage of somewhat prolonged
collecting in the cedar forest at Teniet-el-Haad, which I did not
visit, and at La Glaciere, where I only spent a few sunless
hours. Nor was I able to travel in the interesting districts to
the east of the capital. She has recorded the occurrence of sixty
species of Khopalocera, as against the twenty-eight which I
captured during the fortnight I was in the country. No doubt
the weather is largely responsible for my small number of
records. To Miss Fountaine's list I can add Colias edusa var.

AN ALGERIAN HOLIDAY. 173

helice, Pyrameis atalanta, Coenonympha arcanioides, C. var. thyr-
sides, and Adopcea actcson.

The following is a list of my captures : —

Carcharodus alccea, Esp. — Tl6m9en, May 31st ; Lallah Maghnia,
June 3rd.

Hesperia alveus, Hb. — Saida, May 28th.

Adopcea actceon, Eott. — Lallah Maghnia, June 3rd.

A. thaumas, Hufn. — Lallah Maghnia, June 3rd.

Bumicis phlaas, L. — Blidah, May 25th and 26th ; Oran, May
30th ; Tlem9en, May 31st and June 1st and 2nd.

Cupido lorquinii, H.-S.— Blidah, May 26th ; Tlemgen, May 31st.

Polyomviatus icarus, Eott.— Tlem9en, May 31st and June 1st;
Lallah Maghnia, June 3rd.

P. astrarche var. calida, Bellier. — Tlem9en, May 31st, June 1st
and 2nd.

Papilio podalirius, L. — Tlemcen, May 31st ; between Tlem9en
and Lallah Maghnia, June 3rd.

Pieris hrassiccB, L. — Tlem9en, May 31st, June 1st and 2nd;
Nedroma, June 4th.

P. rapa, L.— BHdah, May 25th and 26th ; Saida, May 28th ; Oran,
May 30th ; Tlem9en, May 31st, June 1st and 2nd ; Nedroma, June 4th.

P. napii, L.— BHdah, May 25th.

Anthocharis belia var. ausonia, Hb. — Blidah, May 26th ; Tlem9en,
May 31st and June 1st.

A. helemia var. glance, Hb. — Saida, May 28th ; Oran, May 30th ;
Lallah Maghnia, June 4th.

Euchloe eupheno, L. — Blidah, May 26th ; Tlem9en, May 31st.

Colias ediisa, F. — Blidah, May 25th and 26th ; Hammam E'Irha,
May 27th ; Oran, May 30th ; Tlem9en, May 31st, June 1st and 2nd.
Var. helice, Hb. — Oran, May 30th ; Lallah Maghnia, June 4th.

Gonepteryx cleopatra, L. — Blidah, May 25th.

Dryas pandora, Schiff. — Oran, May 30th and June 6th; Tlem9en,
May 31st and June 1st and 2nd ; Nedroma, June 4th.

Melitaa atherie var. algirica, Stgr. — Tlem9en, May 31st.

Pyrameis cardui, L. — Blidah, May 25th ; Oran, May 30th ;
Tlem9en, June 1st and 2nd ; Lallah Maghnia, June 3rd and 4th.

P. atalanta, L. — Tlem9en, June 1st.

Pararge megcera, L. — Hammam E'Irha, May 27th ; Tlem9en,
May 30th, June 1st and 2nd ; Lallah Maghnia, June 3rd and 4th.

P. egeria, L. — Blidah, May 25th and 26th ; Hammam E'Irha,
May 27th; Tlem9en, May 31st, June 1st and 2nd; Lallah Maghnia,
June 3rd, 4th, and 5th.

Epinephele jitrtina var. fortunata, Alph. — Hammam E'Irha, May
27th ; Saida, May 28th; Oran, May 30th; Tlem9en, May 31st, June
1st and 2nd ; Lallah Maghnia, June 3rd, 4th, and 5th.

E. passiphce var. philippina, Aust.— Oran, May 30th ; Lallah
Maghnia, June 4th and 5th.

Gc&nonympJia arcanioides. Pier. — Blidah, June 25th and 26th. ■

C. pamphilus var. lyllus, Esp. — Lalla Maghnia, June 3rd. Var.
thyrsides, Stgr. — Lallah Maghnia, June 3rd.

Melanargia lucasi, Ebr. — Saida, May 28th.

174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

[Note. — The undetermined Zygsenid mentioned in line 23, p. 138,
is Ztjgana hilaris var. algira, Obthr. I have five rather variable
specimens, two taken at Blidah and three at Hamman R'Irha. For
some interesting notes on the geographical variations of this species,
see Monsieur Charles Oberthiir's ' Etudes de L6pidpot6rologie Com-
par6e,' iv. 599.]

NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 152.)

Artona (?) taiwana, sp. n.

Head and thorax metallic-blue ; abdomen black, segments edged
with metallic-blue. Fore wings blue-black, with hyaline streaks be-
tween the veins, those on dorsal half longest. Hind wings hyaline ;
veins blackish, greyer towards the base, margins black.

Expanse, 20 millim.

Collection number, 682.

One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.) ; the male
taken in August, and the female in May, 1907. The male
specimen is brownish, but as it is much rubbed, the colour of
the female, which is in fine condition, is given in the above
description ; the hyaline markings appear to be alike in both
sexes.

Parasiccia pimctilinea , sp. n.

^ . Fore wings pale greyish with a shght brown tinge ; a black
dot at the base, one just beyond, and two on the costa ; antemedial
line represented by four black dots ; a black dot in the cell, and a
lunular one at end of the cell ; medial line blackish, bent outwards
and twice angled below the costa ; area beyond medial line and up to
the postmedial series of black dots powdered with blackish scales ;
submarginal line blackish, interrupted, tapered towards the inner
margin ; marginal dots black. Hind wings rather paler, fuscous
tinged. Under side of the fore wings fuscous grey ; hind wings
paler, with blackish mark at end of cell.

Expanse, ^ 23 millim., 5 28 millim.

Collection number, 677.

One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.) ; the male
taken in April, 1908, and the female in April, 1906.

Allied to P. nocturna, Hampson.

Norraca curvilinea, sp. n.
(J . Antennae fasciculate. Head and thorax pale greyish brown,
the hinder scales on metathorax tipped with dark brown ; abdomen
tawny above. Fore wings pale greyish brown, minutely freckled
with darker; a blackish dot in the cell and three small ochreous
patches below it ; an ochreous patch on the inner margin before the
tuft of short brown-tipped scales ; ante- and postmedial lines dark

NEW LBPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 175

brown, the former only indicated towards the costa and the inner
margin, the latter gently curved from middle of inner margin to
apex ; fringes dark brown. Hind wings ochreous brown, suffused
with darker, a patch of tawny hairs on the abdominal area. Under
side pale ochreous brown, the costal area of fore wings clouded
with darker.

Expanse, 46 millim.

Collection number, 1679.

One male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), June, 1908.

Perciana taiiuana, sp. n.

3 . Head and collar brown ; thorax and abdomen grey, the latter
with brown tufts. Fore wings pale reddish brown, area beyond the
postmedial line freckled and clouded with darker brown and blackish
grey ; all margins slightly freckled with greenish grey ; antemedial
line blackish, only distinct on the inner margin ; postmedial blackish,
wavy, inwardly shaded with brown, elbowed opposite end of cell,
where, with the black discoidal, it outlines the black reniform stigma ;
orbicular, minute, black outlined; submarginal line blackish, out-
wardly edged with whitish, black outward projections towards costa
and at middle ; inner margin brown between ante- and postmedial
lines ; a brownish oblique dash towards the base of the wing. Hind
wings fuscous, with traces of dusky cell spot and irregular transverse
line beyond, the latter black at anal angle.

? . Fore wangs greenish grey, suffused with pale brown on basal
three-fifths ; mottled with brown and streaked with darker on outer
two-fifths.

Expanse, <? 30 millim., ? 36 millim.

Collection number, 1746.

One example of each sex from Eantaizan (7500 ft.), May, 1909.

Closely allied to P. mannorea, Walk.

Polia ornatissima, sp. n.

Head and collar white ; thorax blackish, mixed with brown and
marked with white ; abdomen grey brown, whitish mixed, especially
on basal and last segments. Fore wings blackish, costa and inner
margin marked with creamy white ; white spot at base of the costa,
and one near it above the inner margin ; orbicular and reniform
stigmata, and a spot below, white ; three white spots on outer mar-
gin, the largest spreading to apex ; antemedial line represented by an
oblique series of five spots, the first and fifth white, the others ochreous
ringed ; postmedial line white, macular, curved beyond the reniform ;
fringes ochreous brown chequered with white ; all white markings
more or less edged or flecked with ochreous. Hind wings whitish
with a black discoidal spot ; postmedial line blackish, wavy, not
extending to costa or inner margin ; marginal line dusky, black
between the veins.

Expanse, 48 millim.

Collection number, 1767.

One female specimen from Eantaizan (7500 ft.). May 12th,
1909.

176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Trilocha hrunnea, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen dark chocolate-brown, crown of head
paler. Fore wings dark chocolate-brown, costal and inner marginal
areas paler brown ; ante- and postmedial lines reddish brown, double,
only distinct on the inner marginal area ; a bar of the ground colour
at end of cell. Hind wings pale reddish brown, inner margin pale
brown marked with darker. Under side : fore wings chocolate-
brown, veins ochreous tinged ; hind wings ochreous brown, clouded
with chocolate-brown on the margins ; a black dot at end of cell, and
two wavy brown transverse lines beyond, the first indistinct except
on inner margin.

Expanse, 37 millim.

Collection number, 1792.

One male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May, 1909.

The fore wings are considerably rubbed, so that the mark-
ings are more or less obliterated.

There is an example of this species, from India, in the
British Museum Collection.

BEES FROM THE HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS.
By T. D. a. Cockekell.

In this Journal, Sept. 1910, I gave an account of some bees
collected high up in the Himalayas by the British Tibet
Expedition. I am indebted to Mr. G. Meade-Waldo for an
opportunity to examine other bees from this Expedition, which
are now recorded.

Bombus bizonatus, Smith.

? . Khamba Jong, Sikkim, 15-16,000 ft., July 15th to
30th, 1903.

Bombus ivaltoni, Cockerell.

Mr. A. Skorikow writes me expressing the opinion that
B. ivalt07ii is identical with his B. mendax subsp. chinensis, the
latter having about ten months' priority. If so, waltoni never-
theless stands, as there is a different chinensis, Dalla Torre,
1890. The description of chinensis, Skor. is wholly in Russian,
but my friend Mr. E. Kaydin has been good enough to translate
it for me. It certainly applies well to ivaltoni, except that in
ivaltoni the red hair on the abdomen begins on the apical part of
the second segment, whereas in chinensis the third segment has a
sprinkling of reddish hair, and the full red only begins on the
fourth. This difference may be only varietal.

Nomada gyangensis, n. sp.
3 . Length 11| mm., expanse 23 ; black, yellow, and red ; head and
thorax black, with abundant dull pale yellowish hair, that on under
side white ; mesothorax and upper part of head dull, coarsely rugoso-

BEES FROM THE HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS. 177

punctate ; head broad, mandibles simple, malar space distinct ;
labrum, mandibles (except apex broadly), malar space, clypeus
(except upper part) and lateral face marks ending in a point on
orbital margin at about level of antennae, all lemon yellow ; antennae
ferruginous beneath, black above ; scape rather thick ; third antennal
joint shghtly longer than fourth above, but shorter than it below ;
upper margin of prothorax, tubercles, stripe bordering each side of
mesothorax, large spot on anterior part of pleura, two large spots on
scutellum, a small short line on postscutellum, and a spot on each
side of metathorax, all yellow, variously suffused or margined with
red ; scutellum moderately prominent ; tegulae yellow ; wings slightly
dusky, strongly so at apex ; stigma rather small, bright ferruginous ;
venation ferruginous basally, fuscous apically ; b. n. meeting t. m. ;
first s. m. about as large as the other two united ; first r. n. joining
second s. m. much beyond middle ; legs red, anterior femora with a
black stripe beneath, middle with a broader stripe, hind ones nearly
all black behind and beneath, but red at apex and base behind ; apices
of tibiae and outer sides of basitarsi yellow ; abdomen finely and
closely punctured, all the segments with broad yellow bands, inclined
to be edged with red ; basal part of segments black, apical margins
brown, yellow band on second segment deeply emarginate in middle ;
apical plate yellow, densely and coarsely punctured, entire ; venter
with four broad yellow bands, the fourth emarginate on each side.

Hah. Gyangtse, 13.000 ft., June, 1904 (H. J. Walton).
British Museum. This belongs to the subgenus Holonomada of
Eobertson. In the tables of Indian species by Nurse and
Bingham it runs to N. decorata, but that species has the
pubescence whitish and sparse. In Schmiedeknecht's table in
' Apidae Europsese,' it runs out at twenty-six on p. 46. Super-
ficially, it is not unlike the European A'', se.vfasciata, but it
differs in many details.

Anthophora vulpina lualtoni, Cockerell.

Both sexes from Gyangtse, 13,000 ft., June, 1904 (H. J.
Walton). The male, to my surprise, has the light hair of head
and thorax above, and first abdominal segment a warm red.
I think it certainly belongs to ivaltoni ; a similar dichroism
occurs in the American A. occidentalis, but is not sexual ; further
material may prove that it is also independent of sex in waltoni.
The male waltoni has the clypeus lemon yellow, with only
marginal black dots, instead of the large black patches of
vidpina.

Anthophora khambana, Ckll., var. atramentata, n. var.
$ . Hair all black, except segments 2 to 4 of abdomen above
(excluding sides), where the hair is bright red as in the type ; and the
white subapical tufts beneath, which are retained. A variety analo-
gous to the variety schenkii of A. parietina.

Hah. Khamba Jong, Sikkim, 15-16,000 ft., July 15th to
30th, 1903. British Museum.

ENTOM. — MAY, 1911. O

178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

A NEW APHID-INFESTING APHELINUS WHICH IS
NOT BLACK.

By a. a. Gieault (The University of Illinois).

In October, 1908 (' Entomological News,' Philadelphia, xix.
pp. 365-367), Dr. L. 0. Howard summed up the existing know-
ledge of the species of the Eulophid subfamily Aphelininte
known to be parasitic upon aphids, and at the same time
described two new forms with the same habit. All of the aphid-
infesting Aphelininse, according to Dr. Howard, are species of
the genus ApheUnus, Dalman, and all are characterized by
having a preponderance of black in their coloration, and by
having hairy eyes. That is to say, all are of the general
appearance of the first known aphid-infesting species, the com-
mon Aphelinus mail (Haldeman). It is, therefore, somewhat
novel to find a species of this group which is an undoubted
aphid parasite, but which is totally yellow in colour, with prac-
tically hairless eyes, and which resembles very closely the
coccid-infesting Apheliims mytilaspidis, Le Baron. This novel
aphid-infesting species differs from mytilaspidis in being more
intensely yellow, nearly a pale green in colour, the last-named
species being about the shade of yellow known as gamboge ;
structurally, it differs markedly in the quality of the discal
ciliation of the fore wing proximad of the oblique hairless line,
namely, in having those cilia very much coarser and arranged
only in about four lines (a fifth line farther proximad and
separated from the others by a naked area), the lines separated,
and the cilia at least four times coarser than the dense,
moderately fine discal ciliation distad of the hairless line. The
oblique hairless line of the fore wing is decidedly broader than
is the case with mytilaspidis, and another difference is present in
the penultimate antennal joint which is shorter, only a fourth
of the length of the ultimate joint, or even less, and wider than
long. In mytilaspidis, the penultimate joint is distinctly longer
than wide, and nearly a half of the length of the ultimate or
club joint. Taking the foregoing into consideration, this new
species need not be confused with any other species of the genus.

Aphelinus automatus, sp. n. (Normal position).

Female. — Length, 0-90 mm. General colour uniformly pallid
green, the eyes and ocelli red, the tips of the mandibles fuscous, the
venation concolorous with the body and the wings wholly hyaline.
Immaculate.

Structurally as in Ap)helinus mytilaspidis, Le Baron, excepting as
mentioned above. Proximad of the oblique hairless line of the fore
wing are about from three to four lines of discal cilia which are
coarse and at least four times larger than the normal, rather fine
discal ciliation of the wing distad of the hairless line. Still farther

NEW CULICID^ FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA, ETC. 179

proximad, separated by a naked area somewhat as in viytilaspidis,
but much longer (cephalo-caudad), there is another line of about five
or six cilia, somewhat smaller. The fore wing, proximad, in this
species is broader than in mytilaspidis ; also the proximal tarsal
joint of the caudal legs is shorter and stouter, and the short, sessile
stigmal vein is bent more at right angles to the marginal. The
mandibles of the two species also differ, in mytilaspidis having at
least two outer (lateral) teeth which are distinct and acute, and a
third inner one which is smaller, weak, and obtusely rounded ; in
automatics there is only a single outer, distinct, acute tooth, and a
second inner one which is broadly truncate and separated from the
first by a small, acute notch. (From a single specimen, f-inch
objective, 1-inch optic, Bausch and Lomb.)
Male. — Unknown.

Described from a single female specimen reared from Chaito-
phoriis, new species on poplar, Chicago, Illinois, September 15,
1910 (J, J. Davis). The specimen issued from a single round
bole in the dorso-lateral aspect of the abdomen of its host,
whose body was black in colour and attached firmly to the leaf
surface.

Habitat. — United States — Chicago, Illinois.

Type. — Accession No. 44,229, Illinois State Laboratory of
Natural History, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. ; one female in xylol-
balsam.

SOME NEW CULICID^ FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA,
SOUTH QUEENSLAND, AND TASMANIA.

By E. H. Strickland (Dip. S.E.A.C).

(Continued from p. 134.)

A New Species from South Queensland,

Two female specimens from South Queensland, sent by Dr.
Bancroft, both proved to be representatives of a new species of
the genus Culicelsa (Felt).

The type specimen has been forwarded to the British Museum.

Culicelsa queenslandis, n. sp.

Thorax clothed with light yellow and golden yellow scales,
arranged in longitudinal bands. Scutellum with pale yellow scales.
Abdomen black scaled with incomplete ochreous basal bands, and
snowy white lateral spots. Tarsi with snowy white basal bands.

? . Head very densely scaled. The narrow curved scales are
golden yellow and larger and broader on the vertex than on the nape
and sides of the head. There is a distinct border of small scales
round the eyes. The upright forked scales are golden at the front of
the head but black at the back. The lateral flat scales are ochreous.
Antennae with basal and second segments testaceous. Palpi longish
with a white median band, and white scales at the apex. Eyes black.

180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Thorax with light yellow and golden yellow narrow curved scales,
arranged in bands. Those forming the median band are light yellow,
with a central narrow bare black line, the rest of the thorax being
a light warm brown colour. On either side of this band is a golden
yellow band. At the side of the thorax is a large central light
yellow spot, with golden yellow scales before it and a golden yellow
and black scaled area behind. Scutellum rather densely scaled with
pale yellow narrow curved scales. Prothoracic lobes with creamy
yellow narrow curved scales and golden brown bristles. Pleurae with
creamy flat scales. Abdomen with incomplete basal bands on all
segments consisting of a few median ocln-eous scales and distinct
snowy white lateral spots. Ventral surface with ochreous and a few
dark scales. Femora dark scaled with a few scattered ochreous
scales except for the basal half of the ventral surface which is all
pale coloured. Tibiae dark with a few pale scales arranged more or
less in a line, unhanded. Tarsi with distinct white basal bands.
Fore and mid legs with two apical joints unhanded. Hind with
apical joint only unhanded.

Wings with mid and supernumerary cross-veins in a straight line.
Posterior cross- vein about one and a half times its own length distant
from the mid cross-vein. First fork cell narrower and longer than
the second fork cell. Its stem rather over half the length of the cell.

Length 5-5 mm.

Habitat. —South Queensland.

Time of capture. — June.

Observations. — Described from two rather damaged females.

New Species found in a Small Collection of Mosquitoes
FROM Tasmania.

This collection was received by Mr. F. V. Theobald from
Dr. Bancroft.

It was found that of the seven or possibly eight species repre-
sented only one had been already described. This species,
Culex frenchii (Theobald), which had not been before recorded
from Tasmania, was represented by three specimens which were
quite true to type. Two other specimens, however, appeared to
be either a variation of the type, or a distinct species. They
differed mainly in possessing deeper coloured thorax and scu-
tellum, both of which bear golden coloured bristles, whereas the
type Culex frenchii bears black bristles.

As, however, both specimens were badly rubbed, it was
impossible to state whether these represented a new species or
not.

The mosquitoes of Tamania appear to have been very much
neglected in the past ; three species only, all belonging to the
genus Culex, are recorded in Mr. Theobald's ' Monograph of the
Culicidse of the World,' vol. v. 1910.

These species are Culex rubithorax (Macquart) ; Culex austra-
lis (Erichson), and Culex nigrithorax (Macquart).

NEW CULICID^ FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA, ETC. 181

The following genera are represented by the new species in
this collection : — (1) Culicada (Felt), four species. (2) Stegom-
yia (Theo), one species. (3) Andersonia (nov. gen.), one species.

Type specimens of these have been sent to the British
Museum.

Culicada tasmaniensis, n. sp.

Thorax black, ornamented with mixed golden and brownish-black
narrow curved scales, with a more or less distinct median spot of
more creamy scales a httle before the scutellum. Abdomen with
broad white basal bands on all segments. Legs unhanded, femora
mostly pale beneath. Wing membrane with a slight brownish tinge.

$ . Head dark brown in the middle, but lighter laterally with
rather large creamy narrow curved scales, which are finer and
smaller at the back of the head, where there are a few black upright
forked scales. These are replaced in the front of the head by many
long black bristles. The median flat scales are creamy and are inter-
spersed with black bristles. Antennae brown, second segment testa-
ceous at the base. Palpi dark with several black strong bristles.
Proboscis brown, darker at the apex than at the base. Prothoracic
lobes with a few creamy white broad scales and black bristles.

The thorax is unornamented, except for the pale spot in front of
the scutellum, the golden and dark scales being evenly distributed
over the remaining area. Bristles are most numerous over the wing
roots and round the base of the mesothorax, elsewhere they are
practically absent. Scutellum with golden narrow curved scales,
and strong posterior border bristles on all lobes. Abdomen dark
with broad rather dull white basal bands on all segments, ventral
surface mainly white scaled. Wings not very densely scaled, scales
rather narrow and brown. First fork cell longer and narrower than
second posterior, Supernumerary cross-vein nearer the base of the
wing than the mid cross-vein, by about two-thirds of its own length;
posterior cross-vein about one and a half times its own length
distant from the mid cross-vein. Apices of all femora and tibias
more or less clothed with ochi-eous scales. Apex of hind tibia and
base of hind metatarsus rather densely clothed ventrally with light
coloured scales. Tarsi all dark. (Ungues x + i + t-) Halteres
with light stems and dark knobs.

Length 6-5-8-5 mm.

^ . Scales on the head similar to those on the head of the
female, but fewer bristles are present. The dark scaled palpi are
about four-fifths the length of the proboscis. The fourth joint is
somewhat shorter than the three preceding joints which are sub-
equal. First joint slender, especially at the base ; second joint with
apex swollen, and bearing on this part long ventral hairs ; third
joint cylindrical and entirely clothed ventrally with long hairs,
apical joint swollen towards the apex. Antennae not very densely
plumose.

Thorax and abdomen similar to that of the female, except that
the ventral surface of the latter is mainly dark with broad basal pale
bands, and the dorsal basal bands are more snowy white.

Legs similarly scaled to those of the females. Ungues apparently

182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

all uniserrate, though not very clearly defined in the single specimen
examined.

Length 6 mm.

Habitat. — Tasmania.

Observations. — Described from two females and one male.

It appears to be related to Culicada nemorosa (Meigen), though
it is a decidedly larger species.

(To be continued.)

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. ) ^ \\V,

The Emergence of a Boenean Cicada {Hnechys sanguinea, de
Geer). — Having just watched a Cicada emerge from its pupa — or
nymph — case for the first time, I took some notes of this curious
performance which, perhaps, may be of interest to your readers.

The skin and half-emerged imago were brought to me about 11.45
a.m., having been found hanging on the stump of an old tree. Almost
immediately the imago crav/led out, free of the skin, and I spent an
interesting three-quarters of an hour watching its development. The
skin of the pupa case is split on the upper side only — longitudinally
from anterior margin of the head to the cruciform elevation. The
head and body were bright yellow, with two curious little dehcate light
blue wool-like excrescences on either side ; these slowly began to swell
— the tegmina first ; during this process the basal margin (or "collar,"
one might call it) of the pronotum was raised ; I suppose this was
to allow a fluid to run from thorax througli the veins to extend the
tegmina and wings, as I could see some swollen nervules below this
upraised " collar." Similarly the region of the cruciform elevation,
and on either side of it, seemed to be connected with the extension
of the wings, as that part was also swollen, the general colour being
a very light-blue, like that of the basal region of pronotum. By 12
o'clock the tegmina had almost reached the end of abdomen, and in
another seven or eight minutes the fully emerged imago was hanging
by its fore legs only from the under side of a leaning twig which I
had put in the glass cylinder for its use. It thus remained hanging
by the fore legs only, both the tarsi and the coxae of which I noticed
were touching the twig. The tegmina were a beautiful blue-white
colour ; but at 4 p.m. I noticed the veins showed up dark grey, and
by next morning this suffusion was further developed : although not
yet complete, as the basal region was still streaked in appearance,
owing to the grey suffusion not having overspread the internervular
spaces. The head, thoracic and abdominal colouring had already
deepened, thus losing its original bright yellow hue.

The nymph case has rather coarse and thick antennae sheaths,
prominent excrescences for the eyes and ocelli ; the pronotal folds are
distinct, the base of pronotum is coloured deep black, as are the
posterior margins of mesonotum and of each abdominal segment on
the upper side ; the genei'al colour being of Hght sand relieved by
these transverse black stripes. The fore legs are typically fossorial,
with stout femora each armed with a spine.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 183

Borneo is particularly rich in species of Cicadidae, no fewer than
seventy^dd species having been recorded. Among these is the
g\ga,nticPomponia iviperatoria, Westwood, which sometimes measures
as much as eight and a half inclies ! The males are much attracted
by hght, and many good species have been captured at lighthouses in
Sarawak, including two species new to science. — J. C. Moulton ;
Sarawak Museum, February, 1911.

Hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta. — I have read with interest
the article by Mr. L. W. Newman in your issue of March, 1911 {antea,
p. 99). While admiring his experiments, I would like to point out that
they do not bear out his conclusion : that P. atalanta is not a true
hybernator, as it requires food all the year. Mr. Newman is in effect
arguing that, because atalanta kept through the winter in a warm
room required food, they would therefore require food if hybernated
out of doors in the cold, where they would not be artificially stimulated
into activity. This, of course, does not follow. That England should
have to depend on alien immigration for its yearly supply of atalanta,
a fairly common butterfly here, is hardly conceivable. This theory also
breaks down on Mr. Newman's own reasoning. "Where are the sup-
posed parents of the English atalanta to come from '? France ? If so,
it must be the South of France, for the North of France conditions
are similar to the English, and, were not atalanta a true hybernator,
it would be unable to get its winter food in North France any better
than in England. South France is a long way to come from. On the
Eiviera atalanta, in shabby condition, are to be met with practically
throughout the winter. There, of course, they can find sufficient
flowers all the year round to supply their modest needs. V. antiopa,
on the other hand, I do not remember ever to have seen during the
winter, although the finer weather of spring lures out hybernating
specimens with the white borders, commonly supposed over here to
prove British origin. — J. C. Warburg; 21, Pembridge Gardens, W.

Trochilium apiforme. — With reference to Mr. J. S. Carter's
note on this species in the April issue of the ' Entomologist,' I would
enquire whether the larvae found in April, but as I understand with-
out cocoons, in the pupating tunnels duly spun up ? If so, this
would prove that they were full fed, and would show that the time
over which they form their cocoons extends from September or
October till, at any rate, the spring. I have found that all the un-
injured larvae that I obtained in the autumn duly spun up, and
several times where the top has been accidentally cut off a puparium
in removing it the larva completed the cocoon. But two or three
larvae that I found in June, and which looked to be full fed, failed to
spin up, and eventually died. I concluded that these were not really
full fed, but would in the ordinary course have spun up in September
or October. As regards treatment, I cannot help Mr. Carter, my
luck having been no better than his. I believe I kept mine too moist,
but it is difficult to hit off the via media between over-moistening,
and thus producing mould, and keeping too dry, in which case the
cocoon contracts and crushes the larva or pupa inside. I can breed
to the imago ninety per cent, of full fed larvae and pupae of Sesia
vespiformis, but T. aiyiforme defeats me, as I get only a small per-

■

I

184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

centage to the imago stage. — C. G. Nurse ; Timworth Hall, Bury
St. Edmunds, April 9th, 1911.

Plusia moneta. — Very few reports of this species seem to have
been published recently, but, although the novelty of its appearance
in this country has, no doubt, worn off, it seems a pity that reports
of actual captures in more and more distant localities from its original
place of landing (Kent) are not published. So far as I can trace, the
extent of its spread from that county is indicated by reports from
Monmouth (Ent. xxxvii. 214), Cheshire (Ent. xxxix. 291), and North
Lincolnshire (Ent. xlii. 236). Has it not been found further north
or west yet ? And has it been taken in Wales, Scotland, Ireland, or
the Isle of Man ? I, for one, should be glad of the earhest records
for these countries and for subsequent ones showing how the insect
spreads, and I think it would be as well if these reports appeared in
the ' Entomologist,' so that they would be permanently on record for
future use. — C. Nicholson ; 35, The Avenue, Hale End, Chingford,
April 3rd, 1911.

Pyrameis atalanta and Vanessa io in Middlesex in 1910. — In
a recent note Mr. L. W. Newman {antea, p. 99) remarks on the general
scarcity of P. atalanta last autumn. In the London parks, however,
this butterfly was by no means uncommon ; and on a sunny Sunday
at the beginning of October I noticed several fine examples on the
flower beds on the north side of Hyde Park. In Middlesex hereabouts
atalanta was late, but not markedly scarce ; Vanessa io also turning
up in some force — a rather remarkable fact, in view of the wretched,
sunless summer and the almost total absence of the species from the
district for so many previous years. Early in March of this year
single hybernators of the latter butterfly were flying during the brief
spell of warmth which preceded the severe storms and cold of early
April ; and latterly I have seen quite a number of [females about,
in excellent condition, giving promise of a plentiful summer emer-
gence, both here and on the southern approaches of the Chiltern
Hills from Great Missenden. — H. Eowland-Brown ; Oxhey Grove,
Harrow-Weald, April 21th, 1911.

Senta maritima. — I would like to record having taken var.
combinata (Capper) of this species in the Isle of Wight last August ;
it is the second taken by me in the same locality, the other one being
captured in August, 1909. The specimen just recorded is in the
possession of Mr. Percy Bright, of Bournemouth. — Charles Capper ;
" Glyndale," Glebe Eoad, Barnes, S.W.

Vanessa antiopa in England. — If a very hazy note may be
permitted on Mr. Frohawk's remarks on p. 155, I remember reading
in some book or periodical many years ago a statement by H. T.
Stainton that, being in Scotland, he observed a larva of V. antiopa
feeding wild on willow, and that he left it in sitii,"^' fearing that he
would not be able to rear it. Perhaps this vague recollection may
enable someone to turn up the reference and so supply the needed
"authentic instance." — Eev. W. Claxton ; Navestock Vicarage,
Eomford.

- E. M. M. vii. 109.— Ed.

NOTES AND OBSBKVATIONS. 185

The Tapping of Anobium tessellatum. — Judging from the
notes on this subject by Mr. Gahan and Mr. Claude Morley in
vol. xliii., some record by an eye- and ear-witness may be acceptable.
Some years ago it was found necessary to replace a beam in the
library of Cambridge University. When the old timber was
taken out, it was found to be dreadfully riddled by Anobium tessel-
latum (now called Xestohium rufovillosum), and a lump of it was
brought to me with several of the beetles, as well as its attendant
Corynetes. The wood was placed with the beetles in a large glass
receptacle on my writing-table, and for some days I had frequent
opportunities of seeing and hearing the performance of the beetle. I
regret very much that I took no notes, and can therefore only speak
from memory. The beetle rests very quietly on the wood ; the head
is down below, on account of the peculiar formation of the thorax.
The creature at intervals becomes restless, and, raising the front
part of the body from the wood, rapidly lowers it, thus striking the
wood with the front surface of the head. After several taps it
becomes quiet again. My impression as to the number of strokes is
that they were usually from three to six in number. I did not find
that any impression was produced on its fellows by the performance,
and if asked I should say that it is merely a restless habit. It will
probably be easy to procure specimens of the beetle in the early
summer in places where there are old large buildings ; so that we
may hope that someone will soon give us a better account than my
recollection permits me to do. I would strongly advise that some of
the wood it may be found in be placed with the beetle. Indeed, it
should be kept in as natural a condition as possible, and the speci-
mens should not be crowded. — D. Sharp ; Lawnside, Brockenhurst,
April 12th, 1911.

Odynerus callosus. — A few days ago a friend living in Stroud,
Gloucestershire, sent me an insect which he met with basking in the
sun on a stone wall not far from his residence on February 15th last.
The insect was Odynerus (subgen. Ancistrocerus) callosus, Thorn., a
very common species here in the summer and autumn. It must
have been a hybernated specimen. Can your readers inform me if
they have ever met with this insect so early in the season ? The date
I consider worth recording. — V. R. Perkins ; Wootton-under-Edge,
April 17th, 1911.

The Tutt Collection. — We all knew Tutt. Not only in this
country but on the Continent of Europe also, and possibly far beyond,
his name was to the entomologist a household word. His ' British
Noctuae and their Varieties ' has for many years been a well-studied
book ; why, then, was so little interest manifested by those assembled
at Stevens's Sale Rooms on April 11th, when the material that he had
collected during the best years of his life, and on which this book was
largely based, was offered at auction ? A satisfactory answer is
difficult to find, but the fact remains that many lots which contained
the actual specimens on which his varietal names were founded
brought no more than, if as much, as would an equal number of
specimens from any ordinary collection. Thus, for example, a lot of
105 specimens, including Bryoiihila perla vars. distincta and flave-

186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

scens, sold for 9/-, and one of 95, in which was included var. suffusa
and othex's, 6/- ; another lot of 115 specimens, containing among
them Leucania lithargyria \ax.imllida, and many vars. of L. impura,
brought only 3/- ; while some 132 specimens, among which were
included Xylophasia rurea vars. nigroruhida, ochrea, Jiavo-rufa, inter-
media, and many others, sold for 4/-. Even the carefully worked-out
series of Agrotis tritici, &c., failed to raise any enthusiasm, and after
the first two lots offered fetching 7/- and 9/- respectively, prices
dwindled again to the 4/- and 5/- level, and the climax was reached
when the last five lots of the Noctuae offered had to be lumped
together to find a buyer at 3/- for 513 specimens of Anchocelis,
&c., although simply bristling with named forms. Such a state of
things gives pause for reflection ; possibly the specimens were not
all in the finest possible condition, but even, then, have they not some
historic value '?

Some other portions of the collection fared better. Four lots of four
each of Drepana sicula [harpagida) brought from 30/- to 37/6 per lot,
one of three 25/-, while others in perhaps not quite such good order,
and sold in lots with other species, realized somewhat lower prices.
A pair of Gluphisia crenata, to which the only datum was " Bucks,"
sold, with some 60 other specimens, for 10/- ; Notodonta trilophus
(Berwickshire, 1878), with others, 18/- ; Bryopliila algce (Hastings,
1873), in a lot of 57 specimens, 8/- ; and a very pale form of Acro-
nycta auricoma, which, by the way, did not appear to have any
special varietal name attached to it, sold, with eight others and five
A. myricce, for 24/-. Two lots of Acronycta strigosa of eleven each,
of which six were bred from ova, realized 26/- per lot ; a specimen
of Tapinostola extrema (Isle of Wight, Sept. 1889), with some eighty
other specimens, 21/-, and three lots of Apamea connexa (Kotherham
and Barnsley, 1881-7), sold in lots of twelve for 32/6, twelve for 28/-,
and nine for 24/-; while a lot of twenty Agrotis obsciira (ravida),
nine A. simulans (pyrophila), and sixteen others, brought 16/-, and
three passable specimens of Noctua subrosea realized just 30/-.

Among the Continental Erebias offered at the same time, a dozen
specimens of Erebia pcdarica, Chapman, put up in lots of three each,
realized from 16/- to 20/- per lot, but none of the other species
appeared to attract any great amount of attention — indeed, it was
found impossible to place some of the lots offered. We under-
stand that a further portion of the collection will be offered in the
autumn, when it is to be hoped a greater amount of interest may be
exhibited. — R. A.

The well-known collection of British Lepidoptera formed by Mr.
S. J. Capper, of Liverpool, has been privately purchased and been
placed with Mr. Newman, of Bexley, for disposal. The collection is
rich in varieties, and contains most of the "extinct species" ; some
few of the aberrations have already found their way into other
collections, but there are still many interesting forms awaiting a new
home. — E. A.

Surrey Orthoptera. — Mr. J. G. Dalgliesh, of Midhurst, sends
me the following addition to my list {antea, p. 51). Unless otherwise

SOCIETIES. 187

stated, all were taken by himself : — Labia minor. — Witley, fairly
common. Forficula lesneri. — Witley, two specimens, 1909. Ecto-
biics panzeri. — One specimen taken whilst sweeping at Thursley in
1907. Gryllus campestris. — A colony between Eashing and God-
aiming, whence he received specimens. G. domesticus. — Several
specimens received from a bakehouse in Haslemere in 1908. Gryllo-
talpa gryllotalpa. — Another specimen from Churt in 1908. Lepto-
plujes pimctatissima.— Witley, 1909. Meconema thalassina. Witley,
1909. Phasgonura viridissima. — -Two specimens in 1908, near Thurs-
ley, on a sunny hedge-bank among nettles (J. G. D.). Specimens
near Godalming (O. H. Latter). Metrioptera hrachyptera. — Witley,
1909. Gonocephalus dorsalis. — One near Witley, 1910. — W. J.
Lucas ; Kingston-on-Thames.

Lepidopteea at Sallows at Windermere. — On the mild nights
following the March east wind, sallows were very productive at
Windermere. I visited a large sallow-bush on the evening of April
1st, on which the Taeniocampge literally swarmed. Of vmnda,
scarcely two were alike, and some varieties were very extreme.
Good varieties of opima and incerta were present, and cruda, gothica,
populeti, and ruhricosa fell in showers. The best captures, however,
were Calocampa exoleta and T. leucographa. Exoleta is a rare insect
at Windermere, and this pilgrim, a perfect specimen, was made very
welcome. Leucographa, although resident in the district, has not
been seen of late. The captured specimen was a male. Street-
lamps, on March 29th, were very prolific. Amphidasys prodromaria
seemed more than usually common, and I saw some exceptionally
light and dark specimens. Anticlea hadiata and Polyploca fiavicornis
were quite fresh, but Hyhernia marginaria and Anisopteryx ascularia
were very worn. — Helena Brockbank ; 22, Holly Terrace, Winder-
mere, April 3rd, 1911.

The Entomological Club. — Two meetings of this Club were
held during March last : one on the 21st, at " Wellfield," Lingards
Eoad, Lewisham, the residence of Mr. Eobert Adkin ; the other, on
the 24th, at 58, Kensington Mansions, South Kensington, the resi-
dence of Mr. Horace Donisthorpe.

Errata. — Page 147, line 9, for " egeria" read " megara" ; line 13,
for "megcera" read "egeria."

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society op London. — Wednesday, March 1st,
1911. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker in the chair. — Messrs. Lionel
Armstrong, Government Entomologist to the Gold Coast, Gold
Coast, West Africa ; J. Piatt Barrett, 30, Endwell Eoad, New Cross,
S.E. ; the Eev. Henry William Brutzer, B.x\., Great Bowden Vicarage,
Market Harborough ; Messrs. P. P. Graves, Club de Constantinople,
Constantinople ; Thien Cheng Kung, Guardian Superintendent of
Chinese Students in British India, care of the Curator, Mysore
Government Museum, Bangalore, India ; the Eev. A. Miles Moss,

188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Helm, Windermere; cand Dr. Cuthbert F. Selous, M.D., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P., Agra, Barton-on-Sea, New Milton, Hants, were elected
Fellows of the Society. — Dr. Nicholson showed six specimens of
Choleva fuliginosa, Er., an addition to the list of British beetles, from
Alphington, Devon. This species closely resembles C. nigrita, Er.,
with which it is mixed in several collections, and is probably widely
distributed in this country. Mr. Dollman has taken it at Harrow,
Mr. Donisthorpe at Hartlepool, Mr. Taylor in the Isle of Wight, and
it is also in the Bates collection. — Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited
some sticks (the off-shoots of birch-stumps) containing larvte of
^geria culiciformis ; also sticks of Salix ccvpraa containing larvae of
TrochUium bembeciformis, one of these showing the cap formed over
the hole prepared for emergence. This species is not usually supposed
to form a cap. The lai'vae were not, as is generally thought, confined
to living wood, some of those exhibited being in dead twigs. Also a
living specimen of A. culiciformis, a species which the exhibitor
remarked was easily forced. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker showed a
specimen of Erebia ceto which had been swept from the herbage
without its head, which was probably held fast by a spider ; nine
hours after capture this insect had still been capable of fluttering
strongly. He also exhibited a specimen of Erebia var. adyte, with a
half-developed right hind wing ; a specimen of E. eriphyle with no
left hind wing, and a Melitaa varia with no right hind wing ; in the
two latter there was no trace of the wing having ever been developed.
— Mr. A. Bacot communicated a note confirming the Hon. N. C.
Rothschild's distinction between Ctenocephalus canis and C. felis,
both of which he had bred from ova. He gave measurements
showing the difference in size and shape between the eggs of the two
species, comparing them also with those of C. fasciatus and Pidex
irritans. He also read a paper entitled " On the Persistence of
Bacilli in the Gut of an Insect during Metamorphosis," commenting
on which Dr. Chapman observed that, in moulting (referring chiefly
to Lepidoptera), a provision for increase of size is not the only object
in view, but also the removal of various possible microbic enemies.
In " laying up " for a moult a larva almost invariably first empties
the alimentary canal ; at the actual moult, not only the skin but the
lining membranes of the tracheae and of much of the alimentary
canal are cast also. The threads drawn from the mouth and anus,
consisting of the linings of the immce, vice, often seem long enough
to represent the whole tube ; if this be so, then bacillary inhabitants
would be got rid of, and in any case must be so to a great extent. It
would be interesting to know what is the precise hiatus between the
oral and anal portions, and what provision there is for establishing
an aseptic condition of this portion of the tube. — Messrs. Ernest A.
Elliott and Claude Morley communicated " A first Supplementary
Paper on the Hymenopterous Parasites of Coleoptera." — The Secre-
tary read to the Society a letter of condolence received by Dr. Chap-
man from M. Charles Oberthiir, one of the Honorary Fellows, con-
taining an appreciation of the late Mr. J. W. Tutt.

Wednesday, March 15th, Special Meeting. — Rev. George Wheeler,
Secretary, in the chair. — The letter summoning the Special Meeting
was read by the chairman, and, no other candidate having been pro-

SOCIETIES. 189

posed, the Eev. F. D. Morice, M.A., was declared to have been elected
President for the current year. The ordinary meeting followed
immediately, the Eev. F. D. Morice, President, in the chair. The
President addressed a few words to the Society, thanking them for
their choice of him for the post, and expressing regret for the circum-
stances which had made an election necessary. — Messrs. George
Moffatt Carson, Entomologist to the Government of New Guinea,
Port Moresby, New Guinea ; Alfred George Scorer, Hill Crest,
Chilworth, Guildford ; Percy William Affleck Scott, Chinese Imperial
Customs Service, Hangchow, China; Noel Stanton Sennett, 32, Bolton
Gardens, South Kensington, S.W. ; James A. Simes, 2, The Byre,
Whitehall Eoad, Woodford, Essex ; P. H. Tautz, Cranleigh, Nower
Hill, Pinner, Middlesex ; E. G. Todd, The Limes, Hadley Green, N. ;
E. Vitalis, Commis de 1" classe, Tresor, Pnom-Penk, Cambodia,
French Indo-China ; and Eev. W. G. Wittingham, Knighton Eectory,
Leicester, were elected Fellows of the Society. — The President
announced that he had appointed Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., M.D.,
P.E.S., and Messrs. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., and H. St.
J. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., to act as Vice-Presidents for the current
year. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited a nest of Lasius umbratus,
Nyl., which had accepted a ? L. fuliginosus. On December 13th a
dealated $ L. fuliginosus was put into a small plaster nest with a
dozen of the wnhraUis 5^ ^ ; she was slightly attacked, but not in
any way injured, and tried to conciliate the ?? ^ by stroking them
with her antennae ; she protected her waist by crossing the back legs
over it, and her neck by pressing the head back against the thorax.
By December 21st she was accepted by the whole nest, and has been
treated as their queen ever since. Only one or two ? ? occasionally
threatened her with their jaws, though the first fuliginosiis 2 placed
in the nest was killed. The ^ 5 killed most of their own virgin ? ? .
— Mr. W. C. Crawley also exhibited a case containing a colony of
Lasius umbratus with a L. fuliginosus 2 as queen, and a colony of
L. niger with a L. umbratus queen. He mentioned that dealated
? ? do not always behave as if fertilized, the 2 in this nest being
restless as the winged $ $ are before the marriage flight. — Dr.
Chapman began a discussion as to whether this form of " para-
sitism " was in the long run profitable to the parasitised species, by
weeding out the weaker nests ; the President, Mr. Verrall, and Mr.
G. A. K. Marshall also joined in the discussion. — Mr. F. Merrifield
exhibited 134 specimens of Selenia bilunaria, and read a short paper
on the question whether temperature in the pupal stage may affect
the size of the imago in some Heterocera. His experiments showed
that in every case the imagines from the cooled pupae are, on the
average, larger than those from the forced, the difference ranging in
the males from 1-3 to 20-8 per cent, (averaging 13-6 or 13-9), in the
females from 0-7 to 9*5 per cent, (averaging 3-3 or 3-6). It seemed to
him that the difference was too great and too diffused, embracing as
it does each sex in five separate families, to be explained in any other
way than this : that it is caused by something that, in consequence
of the difference in temperature, happened to either those forced or
those cooled, or both of them, in the pupal stage. — Mr. H. Main
exhibited a stereoscopic photograph of the cocoon of Chrijsopa flava,

190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

opened to show the hybernating larva, and of the larva taken out of
the cocoon to show how it lies coiled up with its tail over its head. —
Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited larvae and cases of a Psychid from
Amboyna, the cases being beautifully constructed and closely covered
on the exterior with small spines, intermixed with larger spines or
thorns. The largest of the cases measured nine inches in length. —
Dr. Chapman read a paper on " The British and a few Continental
Species of the Genus Scoparia," and showed photographs of the
genitalia and a drawing to illustrate the neuration. — The Secretary
announced that the Conversazione was fixed for Wednesday, May
17th, and that the Linnean Society had kindly placed their Kooms at
the disposal of the Society for that occasion, and were generously
lending their lantern, making no charge for light or for the current
for the lantern. He also announced that Professor Poulton and Mr.
Enock had consented to give lectures on that occasion. As the
arrangements with the Linnean Society preclude the sale of tickets,
it will be necessary to ask for a subscription towards the expenses
(for refreshments, printing, postage, &c.) from those who apply for
them, and also strictly to limit the number for which each Fellow
may apply. On the motion of Mr. Eowland-Brown, seconded by the
Eev. G. Wheeler, a vote of thanks was unanimously passed to the
President and Council of the Linnean Society for their kindness and
generosity. — George Wheeler, Hon. Secretary.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society.— i^e&man/ 23r^, 1911.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in
the chair. — Mr. J. H. Leslie, P.E.S., of Tooting, was elected a member.
— Mr. Turner exhibited three Noctuids sent to him by Mr. Murray, of
St. Anne's-on-Sea ; two of the specimens were very dark melanic forms
of Agrotids, superficially very similar, but which on close examina-
tion he considered to belong to two species, Agrotis tritici of the
var. nigra form, and A. nigricans of the ysiV. fumosa Fab. (nee God.).
The third specimen was a worn Luperina, possibly referable to L.
ccBspitis, the small, grey, rough surfaced form sometimes met with on
the coasts of Lancashire and Sussex. — Mr. Moore, the very beautiful
leaf-moth of India, Gloriana (Phyllode) ornata. — Mr. Newman, (1)
sticks, both living and dead, of sallow containing larvae of Trochilium
hembeciformis, and also some containing the similarly feeding larvEe of
the musk-beetle, Aromia moschata ; (2) a living specimen of ^^geria
cuUciformis, bred after sixteen days' forcing ; and (3) full fed larvae of
Arctia caia and Callimorpha dominula, which had been forced on ;
he stated that some larvae of the former species had made no response
to the treatment. — Mr. Kaye, a varied series of Spilosoma luhricipeda
and its var. zatinia, and asked if it had been obtained by anyone
recently. — Mr. Adkin, melanic examples of A. nigricans to compare
with Mr. Murray's specimens. — M. Tonge showed a series of lantern
slides, each illustrating the complete life-history of a British butterfly.
— Mr. Edwards, a set of slides illustrating the anatomy of a lepi-
dopteron. — Mr. Main, slides sent by Mr. Hancock, of Birmingham,
illustrating the structure, habits, and snares of spiders.

3Iarch 9th. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair. —
Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera from the Guna-

SOCIETIES, \^''"'" 191

Cuna Pass, Blue Mountains, Jamaica, including the rar^ Papilio
homerus, and fine local forms of Aganislhos odius, Gynoecia dirce,
Hymenitis diaphamis, Calisto zaugis, Adelpha abyla, &c. — Mr. Adkin,
a form of Nola alhiilalis, in which the dark brown band was reduced
to a dark narrow stripe only, giving a much more delicate appearance
to the insect. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, several Syntomid species of the
genus Pseudosphex and the wasp models which they so closely
mimicked in build, shape of antennae, legs, colour, &c. — Mr. Sheldon,
the two specimens of a Noctuid, about which much discussion as to
their identity arose many years ago, &c., which were named Agrotis
helvetina. They are now regarded as pale, putty coloured examples of
Graphipliora augur. — Mr. Blenkarn, a pale xanthic form of Epinephele
tithonus, from the Isle of Wight, and a fine dark clouded example
of Camptogramma hilineata from the same place.

March 23r^.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—
Mr. Stanley A. Blenkarn, of Beckenham, was elected a member. — ^Mr.
W. J. Kaye exhibited a series of Xylina conformis, all but one from
Glamorganshire, and remarked on its occurrence and distribution. —
Mr. Newman called attention to the devastation caused by some
hitherto unknown disease among bees in the South of England. It
was most contagious, and scarcely a hive remained over a large area.
— Mr. Buckstone, a bred series of Ajjocheima (Nyssia) hispidaria,
and gave particulars as to breeding. He also contributed notes on
the occurrence of numerous dwarf examples of Hyhernia defoliaria
at Eichmond ; the pairing of H. marginaria male and H. defoliaria
female ; delayed wing development of CJiesias rufata ; pupation of
Triphana pronuha after hybernation without feeding ; the finding of
the ova of Spilosoma menthastri on the shell of a living snail ; and
the occurrence of batches of ova of Hadena pisi on a small plum-
tree. Mr. Newman said that A. hispidaria readily pupated in two
inches of soil if the bottom of the cage was the concrete floor. —
Mr. K. Adkin, two varieties of Arctia caja, from Yorkshire larvae.
One with whole of fore wings dull smoky brown with very much
diminished white markings, the hind wings black with only a few
dull yellow, some ill-defined, patches ; the other with a concentration
of the lighter colour of the fore wing towards the base, and of the
darker colour towards the apex, while the hind wings were bright
orange-red with much reduced black markings. He also showed
living A. zonaria with eggs in sitil under bark of clematis. — Hy. J.
Turner, Hon. Bep. Secretary.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meeting
held February 20th, 1911, at the Eoyal Institution, Colquit Street,
Liverpool, Mr. Geo. Arnold, M.Sc, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the
chair. The Vice-President delivered a lecture on " Ants," in which
he dealt chiefly with the recent discoveries connected with the habits
of the subterranean fungus-eating species and the curious procedure
of the females when founding a new colony. The ants which infest
trees, constructing their nests in hollow parts of the branches, were
also specially dealt with, and the economic efi^ect of their presence
described. The lecture was illustrated by a large number of speci-
mens, and also by means of drawings on the blackboard. — H. E.
Sweeting & Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sees.

192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

City of London Entomological Society. — February 1th, 1911.
— Mr. Chas. H. Williams was elected to membership. — Mr. S. J. Bell
exhibited a series of Anticlea rubidata, all of bright red form, bred
from Isle of Wight ova. — Mr. G. Brooks, a very dark brown Smerinthus
'populi, Barrett, 1910. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten, a series of Malacosoma
castrensis, from Essex coast, including several unicolorous specimens.
— Mr. V. E. Shaw, Noctua augur, var. omega, Finchley, June 28th,
1910, mentioned in Tutt's 'British Noctuae,' &c., as a very rare form.
— Mr. L. W. Newman stated that osier stumps collected for Trochilium
hemheciformis were found to contain both full fed and young larvae :
the stumps being kept on the concrete floor of a hothouse during the
winter, the young larvae migrated from the small to the larger stems,
fed up, and pupated. Mr. Newman also drew attention to the fact
that, while larvae of Mgeria culiciformis pupate head upwards in the
stumps of birch, when feeding in year-old stems they pupate head
downwards above the emergence cap.

Fehruary 21st, 1911. — Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited sticks show-
ing borings of T. hemheciformis in both living and dead wood, also
sticks containing larvae of musk-beetle which feed side by side with
T. hemheciformis, and display similar habits. — S. J. Bell, Hon. Sec.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Vol. iv. No. 3,
Dec. 20th, 1910; No. 4, March 10th, 1911. University Press,
Liverpool.
These fine periodicals deal but little with entomology pure and
simple, being mainly taken up with important papers on " Sleeping-
Sickness " and other tropical diseases, mainly due to the operation of
insects. The last paper of each number (in both cases by R. New-
stead and H. F. Carter) is devoted to the description of new genera
and species of mosquitoes. These are well illustrated, and should
appeal to readers of the ' Entomologist ' who study the Diptera.
There is also a paper on Glossina by R. Newstead in No. 3.

W. J. Lucas.

071 some Neiu Species of Leaf-hopper {Perhinsiella) on Sugar Cane.
By F. Mum (Bulletin No. 9, Entomological Series. Hawaiian
Sugar Planters' Association). Pp. 1-14, five figures in text.
Honolulu, 1910.
Of the thirteen species of Perkinsiella referred to, eight are de-
scribed as new. The author remarks that the species may be sepa-
rated by superficial characters as tabulated, but that the males are
best distinguished by the genitalia.

Obituary. — We have heard, with very great regret, that our valued
correspondent, Mr. W. A. Rollason, died on April 17th last.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLIV.] JUNE, 1911. [No. 577

THE NATURA.L HISTORY MUSEUM FOR
NATURALISTS.

SuKELY in no other country in the world would Natural
History be placed oificially in the same category as Chemistry or
Physics. Yet that is apparently the classification favoured by
H.M. Government of the present day and the Office of Works
whose duty it is to look after the structural arrangements of our
particular museum at South Kensington. As every entomologist
is or ought to be aware, certain cellars, offices, and passages in
the basement of this fine building are consecrated to the entomo-
logical collections. For years past these collections have been
steadily growing in bulk, until, with the advent of the Walsing-
ham Gift, the periodical library had to be "moved on," and
every available square foot apportioned for cabinets, leaving
but a trivial margin of elbow-room for the assistants whose
work is done in these subterranean regions. By these, as by
every other member of the Museum staff, however, this inade-
quate space has been regarded as a temporary shift. The day
would surely come when the Trustees would be empowered to
extend their borders on the remaining vacant sites formally
allotted the Natural History Museum in 1899. That was then
on the eve of the war in South Africa. With the campaign in
progress, all hope of extension was abandoned for the time
being ; the staff was reduced, and the small sums saved thereby
devoted to national needs ! For ten years and more, therefore,
the extension scheme has been hung up, and now there seems
every reason to anticipate that it may be " drawn and quartered
as well " ! In other words, acting upon the advice of Sir Henry
Roscoe and certain scientists concerned for the success of the
projected " Science Museum," the Office of Works has decided
to re-take the whole available " extension " space along the
north side of the Natural History Museum ; to allocate a part
of it to the " Science Museum," and to use the remainder for

ENTOM. JUNE, 1911. P

194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,

" approaches." Meanwhile, the " Spirit Museum " is to be
transferred from its present position on this site, and re-erected
on the westward frontage facing Queen's Gate — that is to say,
exactly where the Entomological Section at present ends —
despite the specially inflammable nature of its contents, hitherto
purposely isolated from the main building. No wonder the
Trustees are up in arms ! No wonder that in a last appeal on
the subject to the Office of Works they deprecate the " attempt
to accommodate three important institutions, the Natural History
Museum, the Imperial College of Science, and a much enlarged
Science Museum, on so restricted a site," as showing " a want of
appreciation of the inevitable future of these institutions," all
three of which must needs be "hampered in their growth " ! For
we entomologists are not the only naturalists who will suffer by
this astonishing attempt " to squeeze a quart into a pint pot,"
even though that pint be imperial ! As naturalists we have no
quarrel with the chemists or any other scientists for whom the
new Museum is designed. But we do protest most emphatically
against the appropriation of Natural History Museum ground
for alien purposes, and deeply do we regret that for the moment
we have no entomological members of Parliament, as was the
ease a short time ago, to voice our arguments and ventilate our
grievances. Meanwhile, a very widely signed memorial to the
Government has been prepared in London with the co-operation
of the leading Universities, and resolutions have been passed by
the Linnean, the Entomological, and the Royal Horticultural
Societies, stating the case for the appellants with unmistakable
precision. Something has been said, too, about approaching the
Prime Minister, the Minister for Education, and the First Com-
missioner of Works on the subject, and the Entomological Society,
at all events, has asked to be represented if any such deputa-
tion is formed. For, at the time of writing, it is abundantly
clear that the Department responsible for the present undesirable
scheme has considered only one side of the question. We trust,
therefore, that no effort will be spared to repair the omission,
and by such means avert perhaps an irreparable injury being
done to our particular branch of science. So far, we have not
heard one "unofficial" voice raised in favour of the Govern-
ment proposal. On the contrary, Sir Henry Roscoe himself
appears to be quite dissatisfied with the space allotted the
Science Museum, while no single word of encouragement has
greeted the Office of Works scheme in the Press, scientific or
otherwise.

H. R.-B.

195

THE REGULAR TEMPERATURE VARIATION IN
VANESSA URTIC/E.

V. urticce var. aiiq)loides var. falcoides.

The above figure depicts in its left half a form of V. urticce,
which I will call var. amploides, with relatively broad wings and
almost straight marginal wing-border in the fore wings ; the
second costal blotch is broadest next the median nervure, and
the outlines of the spot are almost straight. The right-hand
half of the figure shows a form which I will call var. falcoides.
The wings are comparatively narrow, with strongly curved outer
marginal border, in extreme specimens approaching the shape
of P. c-album. The second costal blotch is deeply dentated in
outline, and the costal part is broadest. The details here de-
scribed appear to be the only ones in V. urticce* that regularly
obey the influence of temperatures either above 15-20° C. (var.
amploides), or below 15-20° C. {v2iY. falcoides), and both forms
are larval forms, not pupal — i. e. the pupae of larvae bred in
warmth and sunshine will emerge as the form amploides, even if
kept in the cool and dark, while larvae reared in the shade and
exposed to the cool night air will produce /a/coi(ics, even if the
pupae were immediately transferred to heat and sunshine.

The "normal" form of V. urticce appears from larvae
which, as in nature, are exposed at night to temperatures
much below and by day {if it is a sunny day) much above
15-20° C. The normal specimens of V. urticcs are intermediate
between amploides and falcoides ; sometimes a falcoid costal
blotch goes with an amploid marginal outline and broad wings
(this combination is normal in the Corsican var. ichnusa, in

•■- I reared and set over seven hundred specimens from fifteen batches of
ova for reference on these points especially this season. The two specimens
figured belong to brood vii.

p2

196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

which, however, as might be expected, the amploid wing breadth
is extreme) ; sometimes a falcoid margin goes with an amploid
costal marking, or else both details are without character.

The above note on the natural conditions under which the
sun-loving Vanessid larvae live necessarily suggests their ex-
posure to great contrasts of temperature, which would yet in
England be less severe, owing to less sunshine (also less in
intensity) than on the Continent, especially in the southern
parts. Already in a note in the Ent. Rec. pt. 2, 1910, I recorded
certain measurements of temperature taken among the nettles
of a hedge-bank, suggesting that the "ground climate " in
which the Vanessid larvae lived was very different from the con-
ditions we ourselves moved in. Thus on the nettles the sun-
shine causes temperatures up to and over 37-10° C. for many
hours, even in England, and the sun -loving larvae will not
shelter from it till the heat rises to 45° C. (compare also the
sunshine records of meteorological stations). When night falls,
the cold among the nettles is greater than higher in the air by
condensation and evaporation of moisture (compare the meteoro-
logical records of the ground or grass temperature at night).
Often slight ground frosts occur up to June, and again already
in August, while on the same dates by day the sun could shine
and cause records of over 40° C. Only a series of dull cloudy
days would produce a more medium range of temperature, but
every glimpse of sunshine would be utilized by the larvse to
bask in.

As has already been suggested, the normal or commonest
form of V. urticce appears like a " cross " between the forms
characteristic of the day temperatures (amploides) and of the
night and shade temperatures (falcoides), as, indeed, should be
expected. But while the southern variety of V. urticce var.
ichnusa, by its very broad, straight-bordered wings, shows that
warmth and sunshine are predominant in the climate in which
it lives, the English V. urticce are much more falcoid in character,
being, indeed, often of the form falcoides, and proving that here
the temperatures below 15-20° C. exert " the main pull " in their
development.

Of V. 10, the forms corresponding to the vars. falcoides and
amploides of V. urticce are vars. mesoides and teloides respectively
{vide antea, pts. 12, 1909 and 1910, and Ent. Rec. pt. 1, 1911) ;
and, again, the var. mesoides (the shade-temperature form)
seems to be most common in England. This form, in addi-
tion to the characteristic alterations in the ocelli, also often
shows the "falcoid" characters in wing shape and costal
blotch (which, however, never appear in var. teloides, the heat
form).

After rearing some twenty thousand specimens in all of both
species, I have been forced to the conclusion that no other

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TRICHOGEAMMATID^. 197

varietal forms than those mentioned above are true " tempera-
ture " forms — i. e. that they can be produced regularly in all
members of any brood by the influence and within the limits of
certain temperatures acting on all stages, or at least up to the end
of the larval stages, when already the direction of the ensuing
pupal developments is, in the case of these forms, predetermined
so far as to resist conversion by opposite influences acting on
the pupal stage.

Thus the temperature limits within which V. urticai var.
f alcaides (F. io var. mesoides) and V. urticcs var. amploides
{V. io var. teloides) are reared exclusive one of the other (but
not exclusive of other forms of variation, the details of which
associate with either the falcoid or amploid characters) can be
given at 6-15° C. and 20-40° G. respectively. The most gene-
ralized form of expression would read : not above 15° C. = var.
falcoides, and not below 20° C. = var. amploides.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF TEICHOGRAMMATID^ FROM
THE UNITED STATES AND WEST AUSTRALIA.

By a. a. Girault (The University of Illinois).

One of the following two species extends the known limits of
the genus Ufens, Girault, recently described from the United
States, to West Australia.

Genus Abbblla, Girault.
1. Abhella nympha, sp. n. (normal position).

Female. — Length, 0-65 mm. Moderate in size for the genus.

The same as the type species of the genus {suhflava, Girault), but
differing from it as follows : More intensely yellow, not light greenish
yellow ; substigmal spot of fore wing obscure, only a faint cloud
being present under and against the stigmal vein ; antennae differing
in that the first funicle joint is slightly longer than wide, the second
joint globular, as long as wide, both joints not distinctly wider than
long, as in suhflava ; fore wings differing in having longer marginal
cilia, in being smaller and shorter, in bearing an oblique line of discal
cilia running back from the stigmal vein, the line moderately short
and slightly curved, consisting of four or five cilia ; also in having
finer and denser discal ciliation.

With the general appearance of Westivoodella americana (Ash-
mead), Girault. General colour pale cadmium yellow, the colour
uniform ; antennae concolorous, the legs pallid dusky yellowish, with
the distal tarsal joint dusky ; eyes and ocelli bright red ; fore wings
shghtly fumated along their proximal halves, otherwise hyahne ;
venation concolorous with the legs. Abdomen having at least two

198 TlHiE E'^^fTOMoLOGIST.

dorsal transverse black bands across the distal half, both apparently
encircling its respective segment ; also at least a black spot on each of
the proximal segments, one on each side. Proximal and distal
joints of the antennal club dusky. Otherwise, body practically im-
maculate.

Fore wings with about sixteen lines of discal ciHa across their
widest portion, the ciliation mostly in regular lines ; the wing com-
paratively small and narrow, yet pyriform in shape, the blade regu-
larly rounded distad, and with the marginal cilia moderately long,
somewhat over a third the greatest wing width. Posterior wings
with a paired distinct line of discal cilia along the cephalic wing
margin, and a third line farther caudad, which is faint, and with its
cilia separated more from one another in the line. Longest marginal
cilia of posterior wing (caudal margin) slightly shorter than the
longest cilia of the margins of the fore wing. Parapsidal furrows
complete ; abdomen conic-ovate, about as long as the head and thorax
united, sessile, the ovipositor projecting slightly from its tip. Tarsal 4
claws all moderate in length ; tibial spurs single, straight, moderately
short, absent on cephalic tibias ; strigils absent. (From one speci-
men, f-inch objective, 1-inch optic, Bausch and Lomb.)

Male. — Unknown.

Described from a single female specimen in balsam, received
from Dr. L. 0. Howard, and labelled: " Parasite on Diplosis ? in
stems of Ambrosia artemisiafolia. Issued May 21, '97." Pro-
bably from Jassid eggs in A. artemisiafolia, Linn.

Habitat. — United States (locality unknown).

Type.— Type, No. 13,793, United States National Museum,
Washington, D.C. ; a female in balsam.

Genus Ufens, Girault.
1. Ufens hum, sp. n. (normal position).

Female. — Length, 0-60 mm. Exactly similar in general structure,
appearance, and colour to the type species — niger (Ashmead) — but
differing as follows : In the fore wings primarily : they have distinctly
shorter marginal cilia, short in the type species, but here very short
and close, hardly distinguishable from the edges of the wing ; the
discal ciliation is different, not so dense, the straight, distinct lines
more numerous, consequently not peculiarly distinct as in niger ;
also the fore wing is fumated farther distad, and more distinctly,
though not pronouncedly. In the legs : the posterior femora are
more enlarged, ovate, and with a longitudinal lamellate sculpture.
The posterior wings differ in being less pointed at tip, there the
caudal margin bevelled off, curving convexly up to the tip of the
straight cephalic margin ; at this curve the marginal cilia abruptly
shorten. Otherwise as in the type species, to which evidently it is
closely allied. (From one specimen, -|-inch objective, 1-inch optic,
Bausch and Lomb.)

Male. — Unknown.

BRACHYPTEROUS EARWIGS. 199

Described from a single female specimen received from Dr.
L. 0. Howard, mounted in balsam, and labelled : " 923. Perth,
W. Austr. G. Compere."

Habitat. — West Australia (Perth).

Type. — ^Type, No. 13,794, United States National Museum,
Washington, D.C. ; a single female in balsam.

BRACHYPTEKOUS EABWIGS.
By Malcolm Burr, D.Sc, M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

In the earwigs, as in the true Orthoptera, and also in the
Hemiptera, we find that brachypterism in normally macropterous
species, and vice versa, is a frequent form of dimorphism. Thus,
in Marava grandis, Dubr., Labia tetragona, Bor., L. unidentata,
P. Beauv., Echinosoma parvidxim, Dohrn, Allostethus indicum,
Hagenb., and many other species, macropterous specimens are
as frequent as those with shortened wings.

The absence of the protruding squamas, or chitinised portion
of the wings, from beneath the elytra materially alters the
superficial appearance of the creature. When the wings are
abbreviated, the elytra are often, but not always, correspondingly
reduced to a lesser, but distinct, degree, in which case they are
apically truncate. The disturbance also frequently affects the pro-
notum : thus in Marava grandis, Dubr., in the macropterous forms,
thepronotumis decidedly broadened posteriorly, the hinder mar-
gin gently convex, and hinder angles distinctly rounded; whereas
in brachypterous specimens the pronotum is not trapezoidal,
but square, the sides being parallel, and posterior margin trun-
cate. The superfical appearance of the creature is so altered by
these reductions that two dimorphic forms are not infrequently
described as distinct species ; thus Forjicula miranda, Borm., and
Nesogaster acideatus, Borm., are respectively the macropterous
and brachypterous forms of one and the same insect.

We find the same phenomenon in the polymorphic and
ubiquitous Labidura riparia, Pall., of which some brachypterous
forms, with reduced elytra and squared pronotum, have been
placed in a special genus, Demogorgon, Kirby, which, needless to
add, cannot stand.

But brachypterism has not yet been recorded in the common
earwig, Forficula auricularia, L. There is, however, known in
Italy a rather rare species F. silana, Targ. {=F. targionii Br.),
which only differs from the common species in the broader, more
truly rectangular pronotum, truncate and somewhat shortened
elytra, and aborted wings ; it is, in fact, nothing more or less

200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

than a brachypterous form of F. auricularia. But it is custom-
arily regarded as a good species, since it is only known from Italy,
and no brachypterous specimen of the much-examined F. auricu-
laria has ever been recorded from any other country, at least to
my knowledge. In the structure of the body, coloration (a quite
unimportant feature), and armature of the forceps, F. silana is
otherwise indistinguishable from the common earwig.

Now when collecting at Compton Bay, in the Isle of Wight,
in the summer of 1903, I took, among a lot of ordinary F. auri-
cularia crawling in a heap of cowdung, two females with aborted
wings : it seems necessary therefore to refer them to F. silana,
hitherto regarded as a rare species confined to Italy.

The true explanation is probably that we have here the same
dimorphism occuring sporadically in the common earwig, and
that for some reason it is a more frequent phenomenon in Italy
than elsewhere.

It is highly desirable that more material be obtained, and I
hope and trust collectors will keep a sharp eye open in this coun-
try, and on the Continent, for specimens of the common earwig
having reduced wings.

There is another possible, but improbable, explanation.

There is in the Mediterranean province another pair of species,
which stand in the same relation to each other as F. auricularia
and F. silana: these are F. decipiens, Gene, and F. lurida, Fischer.
They both differ from F. auricularia and F. silana in the absence
of the strong tooth at the end of the dilation of the male
forceps. F. decipiens is brachypterous, and ranges in the western
Mediterranean lands ; F. lurida is macropterous, and occurs
throughout the Levant.

The females of these four species are practically indistinguish-
able, so there is the possibility that these two females of mine
may be referable to F. decipiens. But as that is a purely me-
ridional species, this is very improbable. The discovery of the
male would at once settle the question.

I called attention to this interesting problem in the Ent. Mo.
Mag. 1907, p. 173, hoping that it would stimulate search, but the
enquiry has produced no results.

May I appeal to Coleopterists, Hemipterists, and other col-
lectors who use the sweep-net, to look out for brachypterous
specimens of the common earwig and to send them to me ?

Dover: January, 1911.

201

SOME NEW CULICID/E FEOM WESTERN AUSTRALIA,
SOUTH QUEENSLAND, AND TASMANIA.

By E. H. Strickland (Dip. S.E.A.C).

(Continued from p. 182.)

Culicada inornata, n. sp.

Thorax dark brown, clothed with golden brown scales, on the
posterior half are two lateral lines of whitish scales, spreading from
the wdiite pre-scutellar patch. Scutellum white scaled. Abdomen
black, scaled with indistinct white lateral spots, and basal bands on
some of the segments. Tarsi with poorly defined yellowish white
basal bands.

$ . Head black, clothed with rather dull yellow narrow curved
scales, and similarly coloured upright forked scales at the back and
middle area of the head, which appear to be black in certain lights.
The lateral flat scales are white. A few golden yellow bristles
project between the eyes. There is a narrow margin of more white-
coloured scales bordering the eyes. Eyes bronzy. Palpi with white
scales at the apex, remainder dark scaled with a few white scales
scattered over the upper surface. Clypeus black. Antennae with
basal joint mainly dark with a few white scales. Second and third
joints mainly testaceous. Proboscis rather short. Thorax dark
brown, clothed with dull golden brown scales. On the posterior half
are two indistinct curved lateral lines of paler scales. The scales
before the scutellum are whitish. Scutellum clothed with white
narrow curved scales. Prothoracic lobes and pleurae with white
scales. Abdomen black, scaled with traces of dull white basal bands
forming a median patch on all segments. There are small irregular
lateral dull white spots on some of the segments. The ventral
surface is clothed with white scales. The femora and tibiae are
spotted, the former are mostly white scaled below. Knee spots
yellow. Tibiae unhanded. Tarsi not very definitely banded with
narrow yellowish-white bands. Fore and mid legs with apical
tarsus unhanded. Hind legs with all tarsi banded, though the bands
on the metatarsus and apical tarsal are very rudimentary and in-
complete.

Wings not very densely scaled, the first fork cell is longer and
narrower than the second posterior cell. Its stem is about half the
length of the cell. The supernumerary and mid cross-veins are nearly
in line, the former being slightly nearer to the wing base. The
posterior cross-vein is rather less than its own length distant
from the mid cross-vein. Halteres with light stems and blackish
knobs.

Length 5 mm.

Habitat. —Tasmania.

Observations. — Described from two rather damaged females.
It is apparently a true Culicada, the palpi being much longer
than those one usually finds in Culex.

202 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Culicada demansis, n. sp.

Thorax deep brown, with uniform golden brown scales. Scutellum
with creamy scales. Abdomen black with dull white incomplete
basal bands on all, and lateral white spots on some of the segments.
Tarsal bands white, very broad on the hind tarsi, which character at
once distinguishes this species.

5 . Head black The narrow curved and lateral flat scales are
creamy yellow, and the rather sparse upright forked scales at the
back of the head are black. The palpi are long, clothed with black
scales except for the white apex, and a few white scales at the junc-
tion between the second and third segments, and the junction
between the first and second segments. Proboscis entirely dark
scaled. Antennae black, the basal segment is dark brown and only a
little lighter in colour than the remaining segments.

Thorax deep brown, with uniform golden brown scales, which
are perhaps a little darker laterally ; just behind the prothoracic
lobes are a few creamy narrow curved scales. Prothoracic lobes and
scutellum with creamy narrow curved scales. Pleurae with creamy
scales. Abdomen black with dull white incomplete basal bands on
all segments, none of which reach the lateral margins where,
however, in some segments there is a small whitish lateral spot.
Ventral surface with dull white scales, and a few scattered darker
scales. Femora and tibiae light testaceous. Femora light scaled
below, except for apical third, and dark scaled elsewhere with a few
scattered whitish scales. Knee spot ochreous. Tibiae unhanded.
Tarsi with broad white bands, all apical tarsi unhanded ; fore and
mid legs with fourth tarsi also unhanded. Banding very deep on
hind legs.

Wings rather densely clothed with dark brown scales. The first
fork cell is longer, but narrower than the second posterior cell, its
stem is over half the length of the cell. The supernumerary and mid
cross-veins form a straight line with each other. The posterior
cross-vein is about its own length distant from the mid cross-vein.
Halteres, light stems and knobs.

Length 5 mm.

Habitat. — Tasmania.

Observations. — Described from one rather damaged female.

As only one specimen was sent, the ungues could not be well
examined, so the relationship of this species to others of the
genus Culicada cannot at present be determined.

Culicada vandema, n. sp.

This species varies very much in thoracic scale ornamentation,
from uniform dark brown scales to a variety which possesses many
golden scales, especially on the median area. Abdomen unhanded,
but with ochreous lateral spots on some segments. Legs testaceous
with yellowish tarsal bands. The distinctive character of this species
is a large dark area in the centre of the wing.

? . Head black on the vertex and yellow at the sides and back.
The narrow curved scales are uniform in size and of a light golden
colour. The upright forked scales are all black, and the lateral flat

NEW CULICIDiE FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA

203

scales are of an ochreous tint. The basal antennal segment, together
with the greater part of the second segment, is testaceous. Clypeus
testaceous. Palpi dark scaled, somewhat lighter below. Proboscis
dark scaled with scattered lighter more yellowish scales.

Thorax dark brown, sometimes with a lighter median band, and
lighter basal lateral patches. The scales are uniformly dark brown ;
some specimens, however, have a few scattered golden scales.
Scutellum with light yellow narrow curved scales. Abdomen black
scaled on the basal segments gradually giving place to dull ochreous
scales on the apical segments. None of the segments are banded,
but dull ochreous lateral spots are present on some of the segments.
Ventral surface dark scaled with a few scattered ochreous scales.
Femora all mottled, but are mainly dark above and light below.
Tibiae dark scaled with a few ochreous scattered scales. Tarsi with
yellow basal bands.

Wings with a dark brown cloud extending from the costa to the
fourth longitudinal vein in the one direction, and from the base of the
second longitudinal forward to the supernumerary and mid cross-veins
in the other direction. There is also another slight cloud along the

Portion of wing of Citlicada vaudema, n. sp., showing mottled scales and
the clouded patches.

fifth longitudinal vein which follows the lower branch of the fork.
The supernumerary and mid cross-veins are almost in a line with each
other, and the hind cross-vein is not quite its own length distant
from the mid cross-vein. First fork cell narower and a little longer
than the second posterior, its stem is not half the length of the cell.
The scales are rather dense, and are mottled dark brown and yellow.
Halteres, light ochreous stems and knobs.
Length 5-5-6 mm.

Habitat. — Tasmania.

Observations. — Described from five female specimens.

This is a very distinctive species owing to the dark cloud on
the wings which is very clearly defined. The species itself,
however, appears to be subject to much variation in thoracic
adornment, as all the five species varied from each other in this
respect. A description of a marked variety is appended.

204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,

Culicada vandema var. variegatans.

J . This variety is true to the des-
cription of G. vandema given above in all
yo 2. respects, with the exception of the thoracic
~ Bb ornamentations.

The thorax is for the greater part of
an orange brown colour. There is a
deep brown median line which termin-
ates in the pre-scutellar area, which is
,_3 also dark brown and devoid of scales.
On either side of this area a narrow line
runs forward, parallel with the dark me-
dian line to dark lateral patches which
Thorax of Culicada vandema occur on the apical third of the thorax,
var. variegatans. ^s shown in the diagram. The narrow

O.g. = Deep orange. Golden curved scales are of a bright golden colour

^°^ f ■ -nil, T. all over, with the exception of over the dark

B.b. = Dark brown. Brown , , , , , i -i i i

scales. lateral patches, where they are replaced

B = Dark brown. No brown by dark brown scales.

scales.

Observations. — Described from a single female.

The other specimens which varied from the typical descrip-
tion appeared to be i«itermediate stages between the type and
this variety, but in none of them were the golden coloured scales
on the thorax much in evidence.

(To be continued.)

NEW LEPIDOPTERA-HETEEOCERA FROM FORMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 176.)

Thosea castanea, sp. n.

Reddish brown. Fore wings silky, rather darker towards the
•base ; a darker, diffuse, slightly sinuous band from costa near apex to
outer margin at vein two.

Expanse, 23-25 millim.

Collection number, 738.

Two male specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), July 24th,
1906.

Narosa nigrisigna, sp. n.

$ . Fore wings white, sprinkled with ochreous brown on basal
and inner marginal areas, clouded with darker ochreous brown on
medial and outer areas ; some black scales at end of cell, and a black
sinuous line beyond ; a marginal series of black dots. Hind wings
whitish, thickly sprinkled with ochreous brown.

Expanse, 21 millim.

Collection number, 608.

NEW LEPIDOPTBRA-HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 205

Two female specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.) ; one August,
1907, the other October, 1908.

Narosa corusca, sp. n.

(? . Fore wings yellowish white, mottled and streaked with pale
reddish brown, the latter most in evidence between the veins; post-
medial line darker reddish brown, sharply angled above the middle,
thence wavy to inner margin ; a darker reddish brown spot at end of
cell ; a series of black dots on the outer margin, one between veins
two and three largest ; fringes with a darker central line. Hind
wings yellowish white, fringes paler. Under side yellowish, veins
and fringes whitish.

2 . Similar to the male, but the space between end of cell and
postmedial line is filled up with the darker reddish brown colour ;
some blackish dots on the postmedial line at angle and below ; the
black dot between veins two and three is rather larger than in the
male, and between it and the dot at angle of the line is an inter-
mediate dot.

Expanse, 27 millim.

Collection number, 61.

One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.) ; the male
captured in May, 1907, and the female in May, 1908.

Allied to N.falgens, Leech, from Gensan and Ningpo.

Natada furva, sp. n.

Head, thorax, and abdomen pale brownish. Fore wings pale
brown, freckled with darker ; a diffuse patch of blackish scales in the
cell, and an elongate one below it extending to the inner margin ;
traces of a dusky submarginal line. Hind wings and under side of
all the wings fuscous.

Expanse, 19 millim.

Collection number, 676.

Two male specimens from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), August 20th,
1905.

The second specimen is in poor condition, but it has a distinct
black spot at end of cell, of which there are only faint traces in
the type specimen described ; black scales are not present in
cell, and the patch of black scales near inner margin is very
much reduced.

Tetraphleps {?) rugosa, sp. n.

(? . Head and thorax chestnut-brown, patagia blackish brown ;
abdomen dark brown, basal segments chestnut-brown above. Fore
wings blackish, rather glossy, but with a rough and crumpled appear-
ance ; the costa is brown from middle to apex, and there are three
brown clouds — one at lower angle of cell, one between this and inner
margin, and a larger one before the outer margin. Hind wings and
the under side of all the wings, fuliginous.

Expanse, 34 millim.

Collection number, 736.

One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), July 18th, 1908.

iSOO THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Miresa vulpina, sp. n.

g' . Head and thorax bright reddish brown, abdomen rather
duller. Fore wings reddish brown, flecked with glossy whitish
scales ; postmedial line blackish, incurved before the inner margin.
Hind wings paler.

Expanse, 42 millim.

Collection number, 726.

One male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), June 17th, 1908.

Near M. inornata, Walk.

(To be continued.)

ICHNEUMONID^ TAKEN IN CORNWALL, 1910.

By W. a. Rollason, F.E.S.

In contributing this report of my past season's captures, I
have first to deplore, in common with most brother entomolo-
gists I presume, the extremely bad climatic conditions which
prevailed throughout the year, and with such short periods of
what the entomologist would call favourable weather for collect-
ing. Following as it did the bad season of 1909, it proved parti-
cularly disastrous for Lepidoptera ; consequently I was rather
agreeably surprised to find ichneumons almost as plentiful as in
the previous year, when I took nearly two hundred and thirty
insects, the more important species of which I recorded in last
year's volume of this Journal (pp. 53 and 54) ; this year my
total was about one hundred and seventy, the decrease being
due to absence from the county for a fortnight and a further
period of nearly three weeks, when the pressure of some special
work prevented my taking any excursions. I have again to
express my indebtedness to Mr. Claude Morley, F.E.S. , F.Z.S.,
for the encouragement and generous assistance he has rendered
in the determination of all the following species, the record of
which will, I trust, prove of interest and value : —

Nine Species New to Cornwall.

Barichneumon lepiclus, Grav. — One male, July 2nd, near Scaws-
water ; one male, September 12th, Lizard district.

Microcrypkis sericans, Grav. — One male, July 2nd, near Truro ;
there is no British record instanced in Morley's vol. ii., but in MS.
from him, dated November 21st, 1910, he says, " I have now a single
male from Scotland." [There are two males in Mus. Brit, from Bug-
brooke, in Northants (Marshall), and Stephens's coll. — C. M.]

Panargijrops pellucidator , Grav. — One male, June 4th, Devoran.

Pycnocryptus peregrinator, Linn. — Three males and two females,
July 8th and 9th, near Scaws water and Calenick, on Heracleum
flowers.

ICHNEUMONID.E TAKEN IN CORNWALL, 1910. 207

Crijptopimpla errabiinda, Grav. — One male, June 26th, Truro ;
one female, September 9th, Lizard district. This is a very rare
insect; Morley, in his vol. iii., gives only three records for Britain.

Bassus dimidiatus, Schr. — One female, July 10th, Truro.

Polyclistus (Exochus) vians^ietor, Grav. — One, September 5th,
Carnon Croft.

Erigorgus melanobatus, Grav. — Five males, April 30th, one female.
May 21st, north coast.

Olesicampa fulviventris, Grav.— One female, May 16th, near Fal-
mouth.

One Variety New to Cornwall.

Meniscus pimplator, Zett. — One male variety, September 30th,
near Truro.

The following list of twenty- six species gives my further
captures, which species, although having previously been re-
corded, have not in some instances been reported with data for
many years : —

CceUchneumpn lineator, Fab. — One male, July 23rd, Calenick.

Melan ichneumon leucomelas, Gmel. — One female, September 27th,
Truro, walking on footpath of a street in the city.

Barichneumon albicinctus, Grav. — One female, July 8th, near
Scawswater, on Heracleum flower.

Ichneumon terminator ius, Grav. — One female, September 5th,
Lizard district, on Angelica flower.

I. confusorius, Grav. — One female, April 20th, Truro, at rest on a
stone in garden ; one female. May 16th, near Feock, on UmbeUifera
flower.

Exephanes hilaris, Grav. — One female, May 16th, near Feock, on
UmbeUifera flower. (An uncommon insect.)

Chasmias motatorius, Fab. — One male, September 5th, Carnon
Croft, on Angelica flower ; three males, September 9th, 10th, and
13th, Lizard district.

Amblyteles armatorius, Forst. — One male, July 10th, Truro.

Probolus alticola Grav. — One male, September 1st, bred from a
wild Truro pupa, species unknown. (An uncommon insect.)

Eurylabus tristis, Grav.— One male, July 8th, near Scawswater,
on Heracleum flower ; one female, July 9th, Truro, on leaves of
Amaryllis fulva in garden.

Platylabus pedatorius, Fab. — One male, June 17th, Calenick.

Cryptus albatori'us, Vill. — Four males, June 3rd, 4th, and 17th,
Calenick and Devoran.

Perithous mediator, Fab. — Two males, September 14th, Lizard
district.

P. divinator, Eossi. — One female, September 14th, Lizard district.

Pimpla ruficollis, Grav. — One female, May 13th, Truro; a rare
insect, only once previously recorded for Cornwall (Land's End dis-
trict), and seven records only for Britain ; see Morley's vol. iii.

P. nncum, Ratz. — One female, July 8th, near Scawswater, on
Heracleum flower.

P. oculatoria, Fab. — One female, July 8th, near Scawswater, on
Heracleiim flower.

208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

GUstopyga incitator, Fab. — One male, June 26th, one female,
June 27th, Truro.

Ghjpta monocerus, Grav. — One male, July 2nd, near Idless, on
Heracle2t7n flower.

G. scul2)titrata,. Gva,y. — One female, September 5th, Carnon
Croft.

G. hifoveolata, Grav.— One male, July 23rd, Truro, on Jleraclcum
flower.

Meniscus murinus, Grav. — One male, May 16th, near Feock ; one
male. May 24th, Truro ; one male, June 3rd, Calenick.

Phytodicetus coryphceus, Grav. — One female, June 17th, Calenick.

Banchus pictus, Fab. — One male, July 8th, near Scawswater, on
Heracleitm flower.

Polyblastus variitarsus, Grav.— Two males, June 17th, Calenick.

Campoplex falcator, Thunb. — One female, July 9th, Calenick, on
Heracleum flower.

A considerable number of my captures for 1909 and 1910 are
as yet undetermined by Mr. Morley, amongst them being a few
Braconidfe.

The following species I recorded as " new to Cornwall " in
'Entomologist,' vol. xliii. p. 53, 1910, and have again taken this
year : — Microcryptiis ahdominator, Grav., Idiolispa analis, Grav.,
Pimpla robiista, Mori., Stilbops chrysostoma, Grav.

"Lamorna," Truvo : February 13th, 1911.

NOTES ON BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1910.

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

Porficulodea. — On August 10th I visited one of the localities
for Lahidura riparia on the shore in the Bournemouth district,
accompanied by Mr. J. J. F. X. King, who wished to see the
insect at home. The earwigs seemed to be scarce on that
occasion, and we secured only four between us — two rather
small male imagines, a female imago, and a very small nymph.
One of the males had lost a wing, or at any rate the exposed
part of it ; the elytron, however, was present. Forficida auricu-
laria is reported as ubiquitous in Linlithgowshire (S. E. Brock).
A very large vsiw/orcipata was taken on July 26th, by Mr. P. M.
Bright, on the cliffs at Freshwater, in the" Isle of Wight, and
given to Mr. King. The length of the insect was 25 millimeters,
10 mm. of which were due to the callipers. These were so long
that Mr. King at first took the insect for a specimen of Lahidura
riparia, which has been reported from the island, though I
believe it is a long time since it has been found there. When the
earwig was etherised, two dipterous larvae belonging to the Muscidse
emerged, each about 6*25 millimeters in length. As I had not a
lens with me in the New Forest suitable for making an enlarged

NOTES ON BRITISH ORTHOPTBRA IN 1910.

209

photograph, Mr. G. T, Lyle was kind enough to take and give to
me a negative of the insect (x 2 4) which is here reproduced.*

Mr. J. J. Walker {in. litt. November 9th, 1910) informed me
that he had twice taken Forficula lesnei singly during 1910, at
Cothill, near Abingdon, in Berkshire, on September 18th and
20th respectively. [Writing later he stated that on October 3rd,
1907, he took a female by sweeping on Merrow Downs, between
Guildford and Newlands Corner, Surrey.]

Blattodea. — Ectohiiis lapponicus was taken near Ramnor, in
the New Forest, on August 9th, At Holm Hill, in the New
Forest, on August 21st, when breaking up and examining the
trunk of a small dead burnt pine, I met with two or three speci-
mens of Ectobiiis panzeri. At the same time a Scolopendra
(centipede) was captured, holding one of these cockroaches,
which apparently it had just caught. Though not dead, the
cockroach moved but little ; possibly the centipede may have
paralysed it, but that I cannot say. While I watched, the centi-
pede seemed to be using its poison-jaws much as if they were
legs. The cockroach was held beneath the captor's body by
several of the anterior pairs of legs, ventral surface upwards ; I

••' It will probably be noticed that the insect when photographed was in
a slightly dama^ied condition as regards head and thorax.

ENTOM. — JUNE, 1911. Q

210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

presume in ofder that the softer parts of the prey might more
easily be devoured. The centipede seemed distressed because
it could not hide, but nevertheless fed greedily on the cockroach,
sometimes waving its antennae vigorously. The centipede was
livid pink in colour, a rather small species, or perhaps the young
of a larger kind. In the insect-house at the Zoological Gardens,
Eegent's Park, on October 23rd, numbers of large cockroaches,
apparently Per'iplaneta americana, were continually emerging
from the grating over the hot-water pipes. They ate readily
some sugar put down for them.

Gryllodea. — Early in the year Mr. G. T. Lyle sent me alive
three specimens of the New Forest cricket {Nemohius syivestris),
which he had found crawling and hopping about on fallen sweet-
chestnut leaves in the New Forest, on February 12th, 1910.
Two were small, but the third, a female, appeared to be full-
grown. Of the small ones he saw great numbers, but he met
with only the single large specimen. So early a date for an
imago is important.

Locustodea. — A specimen of Phasgoniira viridissima from
Eanmore, Surrey, on August 13th, has already been referred to
in these pages. A female nymph of the same species, sent to
me by Mr. G. T. Lyle from Beer, Devon, on July 27th, shortly
after its arrival underwent its last change and became a crippled
imago. With it was also sent a nymph of PhoUdoptera griseo-
aptera { = cinereus). An example of the last species, taken at
Yarmouth, in the Isle of Wight, in August, was shown to me by
Mr. E. A. C. Stowell. On September 2nd a male was captured
at Fordingbridge, in Hampshire. Mr. J. G. Dalgliesh tells me
that he took an example of the interesting species Gonocephalus
dorsalis, near Witley, in Surrey.

Acridiodea. — In this group also I have little to note except
the addition of a few dated localities to the list. Gomphocerus
macidatm is locally common in Linlithgowshire, the earliest date
on which it has been heard being July 4th (S. E. Brock). Other
localities are Lumphanan, in Scotland, July 15th-31st (K. J.
Morton), Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, August llth (W. J. L.), and
near Oxshott, Surrey, on September 13th (W. J. L.). Omocestus
viridulus is common and generally distributed throughout suit-
able localities in Linlithgowshire, the earliest date on which it
has been heard being June 29th (S. E. B.). It is also recorded
from Lumphanan, July 15th-31st (K. J. M.) ; Hengistbury Head,
Hants, August 5th (W. J. L.) ; and Yarmouth, Isle of Wight,
August llth (W. J. L.). Stauroderus hicolor : Yarmouth, Isle of
Wight, August llth (W. J. L.) ; Hayling Island, Hants, in
August (D. Sharp) ; near Oxshott, Surrey, September 13th
(W. J. L.) ; and a good number on the links north of Tyne-
mouth, Haddingtonshire, on October 1st (W. Evans). Chor-

SOME ICHNEUMONIDOUS SYNONYMS. 211

thipphus parallelas : Lumphanan, July 15th-31st (K. J. M.) ;
Beer, July 27th (G. T. Lyle) ; Hengistbury Head, Hants, August
10th (W. J. L.), and Yarmouth. Isle of Wight, August 11th
(W. J. L.) On September 4th I visited Silverstream Bog, in
the New Forest, for Mecostethus grossus. They were not much
in evidence, although there was a good amount of sunshine ; but
the wind was cool. Some six or eight were seen and five were
captured — four males and one female. A male and a female, kept
alive, were taken to Kingston-on-Thames on September 10th,
and there placed in a large fish -globe containing Sphagnum and
a tuft of grass, the top of the globe being covered with muslin.
One was noticed eating the grass, holding the blade with its fore-
legs in a very "human" manner, in order to bite along the
edge. They were seen paired more than once. The male was
dead on September 18th, while the female succumbed about
September 26th, the latter having eaten much grass a few days
before. Tetrix bipunctatus occurred at Box Hill, Surrey, on
July 2nd. On August 1st, at a damp spot in a ride of Vinney
Piidge Inclosure, in the New Forest, where grass was luxuriant, a
number of grasshoppers were found dead, but holding to the
grass as if simply resting there. Perhaps all were 0. viridulus.
In some cases the abdomens seemed unduly distended, but there
was no obvious cause of death.
Kino;ston-on-Thames : May, 1911.

SOME ICHNEUMONIDOUS SYNONYMS.

By Claude Morley, F.Z.S.

Clearing up synonymy is one of the most beneficial points
in the present study of Ichneumonidse and, though difficult and
often dangerous in the absence of type-specimens, it is rendered
comparatively easy when one or other of specimens described
is before one. I have found in the British Museum all the
types of the eight kinds shortly diagnosed by T. V. Wollaston in
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1858 (ser. iii. vol. i. pp. 21-23). None of them
have been mentioned in literature since first brought forward,
and they have been nothing but a cumbrance to the mono-
grapher. They were doubtless examined by Francis Walker,
who has placed many manuscript names upon other insects in
the same collection, regarded as new by him. As far as my
knowledge extends, the synonymy of those published should stand
thus : (1) Picrostigeus (Orthocentrus) anomalus, Holmgr. Sv. Ak.
Handl. 1855, p. 351, male = Misoleptus (sic) onaderensis, WoU,
I. c. 21, pi. iv. fig. 1. (2) PJiygadeuon vagans, Grav. Ichn.
Europ. ii. (1829), 788, female = Hemiteles postica, Woll. I. c.
p. 22. (3) Exetastes peregrinus, Woll. I.e. p. 22, pi. iv. fig. 2,

Q 2

212

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

male (sic) = Campoplex anqustatus, Thorns. Opusc. Ent. xi.
(1887), 1061, female. (4) Ephialtes lateralis, Woll. I.e. p. 22,
female, I regard as a good species, though extremely closely
allied to E. riificollis, Desv., and most probably nothing more
than a meridional form of it, with terebra variable in length and
not always as long as the body, the outline stouter and thorax
darker. (5) E. lineatus Woll. I. c. p. 22, female, is also a good
species belonging rather to Exeristes than to Ephialtes ; in the
two co-types the terebra is nearly as long as the body. (6) Ephi-
altes linearis, Woll. I. c. p. 22, male and female, is a Clistopnga
unknown to me, but possibly C. erythrcea or C. rnfescens, Fonsc.
Ann. Soc. France, 1854, p. 518 ; Walker regarded the female as
Perithous mediator ! (7) Lissonota dorsalis, Woll. I. c. p. 23,
male, nee Grav. et Fonsc. is a Pimpla sensu Thorns., represented
by one of each sex. (8) Bassus albovarius, Woll. I. c. p. 23, is a
small and dark B. Icetatorius, F., a common species in Madeira,
the Ichneumon fauna of which appears to be distinctly Palae-
arctic rather than African.

Cnjptus puleherrimus, Kirby [Bull. Liverpool Mus. iii. (1900),
p. 14 et the Nat. Hist, of Sokotra and Abd-el-Kuri, by H. 0.
Forbes, 1903, p. 237], belongs to the genus Acrorienns, Ratz. ;
both sexes, including the typical female, are in Mus. Brit.

Amhlyteles ludovieiis, Cameron, from Yatsurhiro, in Japan
(Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, 1883, p. 272), is a female
Melanichieumoyi leueomelas, Gmel., with European examples of
which it agrees ad anmssim. Hoplismenus mikado, Cam. {lib. cit.
1885-6, p. 274), from Kobe= Trogus lutorius, F., male, differing
from the usual form only in its basally black second and third
segments. Callojoppa hilineata. Cam., from Japan = Trogus
exaltatorius, Panz., female. ColpognatJius magellansis. Cam.
(Proc. Manchester Soc. 1888, p. 129) is a female Cryptus (sensu
Thorns.) with exserted terebra and strong mesopleural sulci.

Eight new species are brought forward by A. H. Haliday in
" Description, &c., of the Insects collected by Captain P. P.
King, R.N., F.R.S., in the Survey of the Straits of Magellan "
(Trans. Linn. Soc. 1836, pp. 316-19), all of which are, of course,
new, and I have examined the types in Mus. Brit. (1) lehneumon
xanthorrhoeus, Hal., is a male Platylahus. (2) /. pleheius, Hal.,
male, is extremely like, though distinct from, Cteniehneumon
melanocastanus, Grav. (3) /. patrieius, Hal. (male, sic) is a
female Amhlyteles. (4) Phygadeuon prcelatiis, Hal. (male, sic) is
a female Cteniehneumon with metallic blue body. (5) Trachy-
sphyrus imperialis, Hal., female, a splendid metallic purple
insect, which also occurs in Chili and is probably re-described
in Claudio Gay's ' La Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile ' — in
Spanish — vol. vi. ; the flagellum is entirely black, filiform, and
extends to apex of basal segment. (6) Cryptus bellicosus, Hal.,
female ~ C. nitidipennis, Brulle, Hym. iv. (1846), 188; I have

RHYNCHOTA INDICA (hETEROPTERa). 213

seen it from Valdivia (Walker), Temiico, Jan. 1906 (Middleton) ;
Terra del Fuego, Dec. 1904, several (Crawshay);* Santiago
(Rees), and Patagonia (Chubut). (7) Pimpla sponsa, Hal., is a
female Itoplectis. (8) Gampoplex fngitivus, Hal., is a Limnerium
sensii lato, and single male and female are correctly associated.
The Chrysis there named C. cceridans, F., which seems not to
extend south of Guatemala, is much more closely allied to
Tetrachrysis carinata, Spin. The specimen of Ophion luteus,
Linn., that Haliday records thence is correctly named.

Many of the genera, ascribed to his species by Cameron in
• Biologia Centrali-Americana,' vol. i. pp. 135 (1884)-312 (1886),
are incorrect, and some of the Mesolepti are referable to Lisso-
notini ; but it is too long a task to touch here, and I will only
say that a somewhat small proportion of the types are not in
Mus. Brit., being either lost or in the Vienna Museum, where I
believe all Bilimek's collection is to be sought.

RHYNCHOTA INDICA (HETEROPTERA).
By W. L. Distant.

Fam. BERYTID.E.
Capys gracilis, sp. n.

(? . Head ochraceous, the lateral margins behind eyes and a
somewhat circular series of coarse black punctures at base, enclosing
ocelli, black ; pronotum with the anterior area ochraceous, remainder
thickly blackly punctate with the margins and a central line ochra-
ceous, scutellum blackly punctate ; corium ochraceous, thickly finely
blackly punctate ; membrane greyish brown with scattered blackish
markings ; connexivum ochraceous with elongate black spots ; body
beneath black, abdomen with lateral marginal elongate ochraceous
spots, coxaB ochraceous ; antennae with the first and second joints
ochraceous finely speckled with black, fourth joint black, first joint
more than twice as long as second, subequal in length to third, apex
of first joint distinctly incrassate, fourth short and moderately thick-
ened ; head between antennge armed with a moderately long curved
spiniform porrect process ; pronotum longer than broad, elongate,
only moderately widened posteriorly; membrane reaching apex of
abdomen; rostrum about reaching the posterior coxae, its apical joint
black.

5 . Abdomen beneath testaceous ; membrane not reaching apex
of alDdomen. 6^ to 7 millim.

Hah. Trichinopoly.

Differs from C. malacaipus, Stal, by the slightly shorter and
somewhat more robust spiniform process to the head, the narrower
pronotum, and the shorter and more thickened apical joint to
the antennae. Dr. Montandon kindly forwarded me this species.

-■■■ Dalla Torre's reference to Dr. Thwaites (Tr. Ent. Soc 1845, Proc. Ivii.)
is iucorrect, anil refers to Crtjytus bellosus, Ciirt. {Aritanis signatorius, Fab.)<

214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Some amount of conjecture has been formulated by Bergroth
in relation to the generic name Capys as here used. In 1907
Breddin proposed a new genus Capyella, which Bergroth cor-
rectly surmised was only a synonym of Capys, Stal (1865). The
name Capys, however, was also used in the same year by Hewit-
son for a genus of Lycsenid^e. Bergroth states that Hewitson's
name was published a little earlier than Stal's and that, there-
fore, Capyella, Bredd., could be used as a new name, but he does
not give us any particulars as to the respective dates of publica-
tion, though probably he has some information that is neither
known in Stockholm or London where these names were founded,
and where I have sought— unsuccessfully — to discover exact
dates of publication beyond that of the same year. I therefore
do not consider that Bergroth at present is quite justified in this
alteration, and I do not follow him.

ON SOME EECENT ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY THE
COLEOPTERA IN ACCOEDANCE WITH THEIR
PHYLOGENY.

By C. J. Gahan, M.A.

(Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
(Continued from p. 169.)

The Adephaga, Phytophaga, and, with some exceptions, the
Lamellicornia also possess only one pair of these accessory
glands. In the Phytophaga they are often bifurcate and some-
times look like two pairs, as, for example, in Prionus (fig. 7).
Two or three pairs are usually met with in other grouj^s. Their
division into ectadenia and mesadcnia seems to be purely
theoretical and not yet confirmed by a study of their develop-
ment ; and I notice that whereas Ganglbauer classes the single
pair in each of the three groups mentioned as ectadenia, Berlese,
m his admirable work ' Gli Insetti,' describes those of the
Lamellicorns and Phytophaga as mesadenia. Dr. Bordas, in
adopting the names given by Escherisch, is careful to dissociate
himself from any acceptance of the views implied as to the
origin of the glands in each particular case. He himself sug-
gests that those of the Longicornia would be more correctly
described as mesadenia.

The Maljnghian Vessels. — The importance of these in the
classification of the Coleoptera depends upon their number and
the view we take as to which is the more primitive number. In
beetles they are always few in number, either four or six. The
Adephaga, Staphylinoidea, and Lamellicornia have only four ;
the Heteromera, with some exceptions met with in the Meloidae,

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 215

the Phytophaga, and the Ehynchophora have six. The number
varies in the other large groups, being usually four in the lower
forms, such as the Malacoderms, and six in the higher and more
specialized forms. So that, notwithstanding Wheeler's view
that six was the primitive number of the nephridial vessels not
only in Coleoptera but in all insects, it would seem that in the
Coleoptera, at least, the tetranephric condition is more primitive
than the hexanephric. Brauer believed that the primitive insect
had only two pairs of nephridial ducts. Wheeler has brought
forward many facts in support of his own view, but there are
others which tell against it, and, on the whole, I think it is
safe to conclude that the tetranephric Coleoptera are generally
more primitive than those in which the hexanephric condition
prevails.

The Nervous System. — As a result of the researches of
Blanchard, Brandt, and other anatomists, the condition of the
nervous system in many families of beetles is now fairly well
known. The differences found in it relate mainly to the greater
or less concentration of the ganglia in the ventral chain. It
may be assumed as true that the greater the concentration of
the ganglionic chain, the higher is the stage of development
proceeding along the same line. This consideration has greatly
influenced Ganglbauer in his arrangement of the family series,
and of the different families in each series. The Ehynchophora
show throughout a relatively very high concentration of the
ganglionic chain ; the Anthribidse, which he considers to be the
lowest and least differentiated of the families, being inferior to
none of the others in this respect. The Scolytidse, in which the
concentration is greatest, he places chiefly for that reason at the
end of the series. The Ehynchophora he considers to be of
later origin than the Phytophaga, and doubtless derived from
them, probably through the Bruchidse, in which already there
was shown a rather strongly concentrated nervous system.

The high degree of concentration of the nerve ganglia met
with in all the Lamellicornia, except the Lucanidae, seems to
have been one of the chief factors in determining him to place
the Lamellicornia as the highest and last group of all.

But the concentration of the ganglia of the ventral chain
seems to be correlated with a general shortening of the body,
especially of the hind body ; so that it probably does, as Kolbe
maintains, follow, merely as a consequence, the concentration
of the body by a fusion of its segments and parts with one
another.

External Morphology. — The characters so far considered are,
with the exception of the wing-venation, somewhat outside the
field of the ordinary systematist. But the characters with which
he has mostly to deal— those derived from a study of the external
form and structure of the body and its appendages — are scarcely

2l6 The entomologist.

less important and have by no means been neglected in our
latest classifications.

In fact, the characters to be obtained from a stud}' of the
external form and structure of the body should, in Kolbe's
opinion, outweigh all others, such as those derived from the
internal organs or from the structure of the various appendages
— wings, legs, antennse, &c. In the head, its modifications of
form, the presence or not of a distinct labrum, and the coales-
cence or otherwise of the gular sutures ; in the prothorax, the
extent to which, if any, fusion has taken place in its skeletal
parts, the pleurse with one another or with the notum or
sternum ; in the abdomen, the number of the segments, and,
especially, the separation or fusion with one another of the
sternites and pieurse of the basal segments — these are the
characters which have for Kolbe the greatest morphological and
phylogenetic value. The chief direction of evolution in the
Coleoptera has been towards a fusion of the basal sternites and
pleurfe of the abdomen, and also of the skeletal parts of the head
and thorax ; this is, I think, a fair statement of the leading
principle in his classification.

It can hardly be denied that that is one direction, and a very
important direction, in which evolution has gone on in the
Coleoptera ; but it has proceeded also in many other directions ;
effecting changes in the structure of the wings, legs, and other
appendages, no less than in the body itself, and every character
has its value in phylogeny if it enables us to postulate of such
or such a form that it cannot have been derived from such
another. There are many characters of this kind to be met with
in the Coleoptera, especially if the law be true that an organ or
structure having once disappeared in the course of evolution
will never again reappear. The application of this law, enun-
ciated, as he says, by Meyrick, plays an important part in the
phylogenetic speculations of Laraeere, and there is little doubt
that it can, if used with care, be made to yield very good results.
It seems to me a safer method than that of considering one set
of characters all-important.

The Rhynchophora are characterized, as a whole, not only
by the great concentration of the ganglionic chain but also by
the great extent to which fusion of the exoskeletal parts has
taken place, and the great modification in form undergone by
the head, Kolbe considers them, therefore, not only as a
distinct group, but as the most highly organized of all the
Coleoptera, and places them last in his classification.

But he has, I think, rather over- emphasized the distinctness
of the group, and the extent to which fusion of the parts of the
body has taken place.

Ganglbauer has pointed out that of all the characters
assigned by Kolbe to the Rhynchophora, only two — the coales-

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 217

cence of the gular sutures and the disappearance of the sutures
between the pleurte and the sternum and notum of the pro-
thorax — are characteristic of the group as a whole and confined
to that group. But even as regards those two characters there
are exceptions within the group. From my own observations I find
that the gular sutures are quite distinct and as wide apart in the
OxycorinidfB as they are in many families outside the group ; they
are rather widely separated also in the genns Rhinomacer ; and again
in some Platypodinse, as' for example, Crossotarsus, they are, though
strongly convergent behind, quite separate right up to the hind
margin of the head. It is just possible that the absence of the
gular sutures in many other Ehynchophora is not always, as is
assumed to be the case, the result of their coalescence first and
disappearance afterwards, but may sometimes be due directly to
the strong cbitinization of the integument, which is so general
in this group. The disappearance of the prothoracic sutures
admits to some extent of a similar explanation, although here it
is only in the disappearance of the suture between the sternum
and the pleurae that they differ from most of the other Coleo-
ptera, and even of this suture there are distinct traces left
behind in many of the Ehynchophora. The suture between the
notum and the pleurae has altogether vanished, but so it has
also in all the Polyphaga, and this character can only be used to
distinguish them from the Adephaga, perhaps not even from all
of these.

No one has yet suggested that the Paussidas should rank as
the highest of all the Coleoptera ; their adephagous afBnities are
too apparent for that. Yet in this family we find the basal
sternites of the abdomen fused together, the nervous system con-
centrated, and, in some of the genera, the sutures of the pro-
thorax almost completely vanished, and the epimera meeting
together behind the prosternal process. If we had the external
morphology of the body alone to guide us, how should we be
enabled to say that the genus Paussus belongs to the lowest and
most primitive of all the groups of Coleoptera ? That conclu-
sion was arrived at first by a study of its wing- venation, and has
since been confirmed by a knowledge of the structure of the
sexual organs. External morphology does also, it is true, bear it
out, for in the lower genera of the family there is, I find, a quite
distinct suture between the pleurae and the notum resembling
completely the one met with in all other families of Adephaga.

That the Ehynchophora are a very highly organized and
greatly modified group of the Coleoptera no one now seems
to question ; but their position in a phylogenetic scheme of
classification depends not so much upon their own high organi-
zation as upon the origin of the Phytophaga, the group from
which they have presumably been derived. This is a matter
which Kolbe has not nearly so fully discussed. He agrees with

218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Lameere that the Prionidse are the most primitive of the Phyto-
phaga, and in the genus Parandra they recognize the form
which they consider to be the most primitive of all. This genus
has a considerable resemblance in general form and in the
structure of the antennae to the Passandrini and other Cucujidse,
which they look upon as the most primitive of the Clavicornia.

In Ganglbauer's opinion, Parandra is by no means the most
primitive but rather a considerably modified form of the
Prionidfe, and its resemblance to the Passandrini he attributes
to convergence resulting from a similarity in habits of life, a
view with which I quite concur.

Not less significant than the resemblance in the form and
structure of the antennae between Parandra and the Passandrini
is, I think, the fact that the antennae are frequently strongly
serrate, pectinate, or flabellate, in many of the lower and less
specialized genera of Longicorns, and only rarely so in those of
the higher groups of the same family.

But while it is true, as Kolbe points out, that the brush-like
sole and crypto-pentamerous condition of the tarsi characteristic
of the Phytophaga is met with also in some of the Clavicornia,
no great significance need be attached to that fact. It is only in
the more modified forms of each group that the resemblance is
very great. In many genera of Elateridje and Cleridae, and in
some Dascilloidea, the fourth tarsal joint is as much reduced in
size as it is generally in the Phytophaga.

In endeavouring to trace back the origin of the Longicorns,
wing-venation does not greatly help us. Its least modified
condition in this family is to be found in the Lepturini and
Philini, and here its resemblance to that of the Clavicornia and
Heteromera is tolerably close, and does not preclude the sup-
position that these groups and the Longicorns may have had the
same or very closely related ancestors. On the other hand, it is
just as close, perhaps even more so, to that of the Dascilloidea,
a group which takes us back still nearer to the Malacoderms.

But whatever may be the correct view as to the origin of the
Phytophaga, the question still remains. Did they or did they not
originate at an earlier date than the Lamellicornia ? Ganglbauer
believes they did ; but against his view, which certainly has
some strong points in its favour, we have to consider the simple
pentamerous condition of the tarsi in the Lamellicornia, the
separation of the sternites and pleurae of the second and third
abdominal segments, the lesser number of the Malpighian
vessels, and also what appears to be the less specialized struc-
ture of the larvae in this group. The last point is of little
importance ; larvae are subject to many secondary modifications,
and the Lamellicorn larvae are in some respects perhaps even
more modified than those of the Longicorns. But the other
points are significant, and seem to favour the view that the

LEPIDOPTERA IN WEST SUFFOLK. 219

Lamellicornia are an older group than the Phytophaga. It is
possible, however, to hold this view without going so far as
Kolbe, who finds a relationship between the Lamellicornia and
the Staphylinoidea, and classes them together in the same first
division of the Polyphaga. He agrees with Ganglbauer that the
wing-venation of the Staphylinoidea has been derived directly
from the Adephagan type. He must, I think, be prepared to
maintain that the wing-venation of the Synteliidfe and Lamelli-
cornia has also been derived directly from that type, for other-
wise there would be a difficulty in accepting his classification.

(To be continued.)

LEPIDOPTERA IN WEST SUFFOLK.
By Lt.-Colonel C. G. Nurse, F.E.S.

It is more than thirty-five years since I first, as a schoolboy,
began to collect Lepidoptera in this county, and it is only within
the last few years that, on the conclusion of my Indian service,
I have been able to return as a resident to my old collecting
ground. During the past five years, except for an interval of
about fifteen months spent in India, I have devoted the greater
part of my time to collecting insects in this neighbourhood.
I have paid attention more particularly to Lepidoptera and
Hymenoptera, but have also made collections of Diptera and a
few Neuroptera. In the present paper I propose to give some
account of the less common Lepidoptera I have met with,
together with a few remarks on the absence of some generally
common and conspicuous insects.

This locality does not appear to be a good one for butterflies,
and although I am out almost every fine day, and my collecting
ground extends more or less for a radius of ten miles from my
house, I have come across only twenty-seven species, including
a specimen of Colias edusa, seen but not captured. I think this
is a very meagre total for about four seasons' collecting. The
absence of several more or less common species may be men-
tioned. I have not seen a specimen of Pararge egeria, Vanessa
polychloros, Pijrameis carclui, nor a single " fritillary," although
Argynnis euphrosyne used to occur in a wood where I have
recently sought for it in vain.

Some of the larger moths also seem to be much less common
than they used to be. I have not recently come across Sphinx
ligustri, either in the larval or imago stage, though I used to
meet with it frequently thirty years ago. I have already, on
page 94 of the 'Entomologist' for the current year, given an
account of my experiences with the Sesiidfe; I may add, how-
ever, that although in some localities here Sesia respiformis and
S. culiciformis are common enough in the larval stage, I have

220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

only once observed the former in the imago stage, and the only
imagines I have seen of the latter were those I bred. One
may thus easily understand how the species of this genus
are generally considered rare until their life-histor}^ is known,
and special search made for the larva or pupa. I have taken
several larvfe and i^upae of Cerura furcula and C. bifida, but have
not met with Dicranura rinula in any stage. I beat a single
larva of Stauropus fcu/i at West Stow, in the same locality where
Mr. Wratislaw obtained it forty years ago, but the insect must
be very rare in West Suffolk.

Several Notodontidfe occur, the best being perhaps Pheosia
dictceoides. Every year I obtain a few pupae of Palimpsest'is
octofiesinia ; on one occasion I found five pupae at a single Lom-
bardy poplar, but usually I get only three or four each season.
The absence of Cosmotriche jjotatorin is somewhat remarkable ; I
have not once come across the conspicuous larva of this usually
common insect. I obtained, by beating, a few larvae of Hijlophila
prasinana and //. bicolorana, and duly bred specimens.

Many of the trees in this neighbourhood show signs of the
ravages of Cossus liffniperda, but the imago is difficult enough
to obtain, and the only specimen 1 have added to my collection
came to light in the house of a relative. I have noticed that
trees that have been struck by lightning are frequently attacked,
and almost invariably on the side of the damage. I have only
once come across the imago of Zeuzera pyrina, but on several
occasions, when investigating a branch that showed the working
of a larva probably belonging to this species, I have found that
a woodpecker had been before me.

Of the less common Noctuidae, in addition to such local species
as Emmelia trahealis, I obtained the following : — Craniophora
ligustri, bred and taken at sugar; Leiicania straminea, common
in the larval stage at Ampton ; Nonagria dissoluta and var.
ariindineta, both forms bred ; Noctua ditrapezium* four at sugar
and one at light ; Xanthia citrapo, common in the larval stage ;
X. aurago, one bred from a larva beaten at Ampton. I found
larvae and pupae of Hydroecia micacea common in dock roots, but
professional collectors, in the shape of moles, had in many cases
been before me, and I found it useless to investigate any root,
even if honeycombed with the work of the larva, when the ground
near it showed signs of the recent work of a mole.

I obtained a number of Geometridae, including of course the
local Acidalia rubiginata, Anticlea berberata, and A. sinuata, &c.
Perhaps the best insect of this family was a single specimen of
Eupithecia irriguata, at rest on an oak-trunk. Other Eupithecids
were E. lariceata, E. tenuiata, and E. dodoneata. Of the last
species I got several pupae under hawthorn bark, and following
up the clue, beat larvae from the same trees later on. From
remarks in Barrett's book I rather expected to find the larva on

Z. p. h

LEPIDOPTERA IN WEST SUFFOLK. 221

Qiiercus ilex, but, although there was a tree of this kind in the
midst of hawthorns on which the larvae of dodoneata occurred,
I quite failed to get any larvse on the ilex except a few of
Hyhernia marginaria.

Pijraiista ostrinalis occurs commonly between Elveden and
Barnham. One specimen of Pionea margaritalis was trodden up
at Tuddenham, but I searched in vain for larvae later on. A few
larvae of Oxyptiliis distans were swept from a species of Crepis,
and I found occasional specimens in the imago stage in widely
separated localities. Larvae of Aciptilia galactodactyla were
common on burdock, and I got a single A. tetradactyla on New-
market Heath.

Chilo 2)hragmitellus seems to occur in all the reed-beds here,
and a nice series was bred. Two specimens of Schoenohius forfi-
celliis were trodden up in the daytime on the edge of a pond at
Barnham, and I caught a single S. gigantelliis at Ampton.
Nephopteri/x spissicella was not uncommon at Ampton and West
Stow, and I bred a very dark form of Rhodophcea advenella.
Homceosoma sinuella was fairly common, and the thistle feeders,
H. nebulella and H. hincevella, were also obtained.

In 1910 I paid a good deal of attention to Tortrices, and
among those obtained were : — Leptogramma literana, one at
West Stow ; Peronea aspersana* two at Newmarket ; Sciaphila
hyhridana, at Timworth ; Antithesia salicella, Ampton and West
Stow; i^e^i»ia ^imcok«rt, in numbers at Ampton; R. turionana*
one caught at Ampton, and two bred ; Padlsca semifuscana,*
and P. riihiginosana* one of each at Tuddenham ; Carpocapsa
nimhana* single specimens at West Stow and Livermere; Asthena
pygmceana* common at Troston, and also occurs less commonly
among spruce fir at other places in the neighbourhood ; Stigmo-
nota pedepidana* common at Ampton and Timworth ; Aphelia
osseana* common at Newmarket.

Of the Psychidae, I found cases of Famea inter mediella not
uncommon at Ampton and West Stow, but all the imagines that
resulted, except one, were females. From a case of Talaporia
pseudobombycella found on a beech-trunk at Ampton I duly bred
the moth.

The only Tineid new to Suffolk that I obtained was Steno-
lochia gemmella* from Culford. Other species were Adela riifi-
mitrella, Ampton and Timworth ; Cerostoma sequella and Depres-
saria hypericella, bred ; Lemnatophila phryganella, two at Ampton ;
and a nice series of Orthotalia sparganiella bred from larvae and
pupae found in a pond at Barnham.

All the insects obtained at Newmarket were caught within
the Suffolk boundary. I have to thank the editor, Mr. Richard
South, for kindly determining for me many of the smaller and
less easily identified species. Those marked * are new to Suffolk.

Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds: April 9th, 1911.

222 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

CONVERSAZIONE OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON.

The Entomological Society is to be congratulated on having
secured the Linnean Society's rooms in Burlington House for
the second Conversazione, which took place on the evening of
Wednesday, May 17th. The Library is admirably suited for the
display of exhibits ; and the Lecture Room for the Addresses,
delivered on this occasion by Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S.,
on "Recent Discoveries in Insect Mimicry," and by Mr. F. Enock,
F.E.S., on " The Tiger Beetle {Cicindela campestiis),''' both of
them receiving a hearty welcome from large audiences, to whom
the many and excellent lantern slides were an additional delight.

Upstairs the exhibitions were arranged in such a way as to
be seen to the best advantage ; perhaps the most attractive
being the Hon. N. C. Rothschild's and Dr. Karl Jordan's model
of the Tropical Plague Flea {Xenopsylla cheopis), showing that
insect about the size of a well-fed cat ! The same two Fellows
also brought from Tring exceptionally instructive cases of
Gynandromorphs and Papilionidfe from New Guinea. Mimicry
so much under discussion at the present moment, was objec-
tively presented in the exhibits contributed by Lord Avebury,
F.R.S.; Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S. ; Mr. C. A. Wiggins;
Dr. W. A. Lamborn ; and Mr. E. G. Joseph, respectively; Mr.
H. Eltringham's beautiful drawings for the plates of his ' African
Mimetic Butterflies ' supplying a further insight into the mys-
teries of the several groups screened by him ; while presented
with the exquisite finish and delicacy we associate with all his
work were Mr. Enock's series of photomicrographs of new species
of British Mymaridae. Other extremely popular exhibits were
Mr. W. C. Crawley's and Mr. H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe's obser-
vation nests of British ants with guests, the latter showing also
cases illustrative of ants and myrmecophilous insects, and
myrmecophilous Acari and Coccidte under the microscope ; and
Miss Fountaine's magnificent collection of bred Charaxes. In
the "living" department maybe noticed Mr. G. R. Baldock's
" Stick Insects," born and bred in this country from an Indian
parent, and the many examples of larvte and pupae of British
Lepidoptera brought by Mr. L. W. Newman. But to our dis-
appointment, especially at a time when so much is being heard
on the subject of economic entomology, exhibits of the applied
science were conspicuous only by their absence — Mr. F. W. L.
Sladen's Living Workers of his British Golden Bee being the only
item of the kind in an otherwise quite sufficiently well-filled list.

From the short space at our disposal we have been com-
pelled, of course, to omit a number of hardly less interesting
exhibitions than those mentioned. We must record, however,
our pleasure and thanks to the Linnean Society for the tine case

BY THE WAY. 223

of " Relics of Linnaeus " — books, medals, MSS., field equipment
and the like — and to Professor Selwyn Image, whose *' Old
Entomological Books" gave us an opportunity of comparing the
artistic genius of the " Aurelian " fathers, by no means to their dis-
advantage, with the latest products of pen, pencil, and process !
Fellows and guests were received at the head of the staircase by
the Rev. F. D. Morice, President, and the Rev. George Wheeler,
Secretary, and Mrs. Wheeler; while to the Hon. Secretary of the
Committee, to Mr. Stanley Edwards, Mr. R. Adkin, and those
other Fellows immediately responsible for the success of the
Conversazione we offer our sincerest congratulations. At the
same time we venture to hope that more Fellows will support
the next gathering, especially from among the younger ranks of
the Society. H P -B

BY THE WAY.

The thanks of all naturalists are due to Mr. A. E. Shipley,
F.R.S., for his efforts to defeat the appropriation of a part of the
grounds of the Natural History Museum, in Cromwell Road, by
the Science Museum. A Memorial has recently been presented
to the Cabinet by Mr. Runciman, proposing the erection of a new
Spirit-Building upon ground, to be alienated for that purpose,
belonging to the Natural History Department, to the north of the
Museum. The present Spirit-Building, with its fittings, has cost
over £30,000 ; but Sir Henry Roscoe, one of the principal signa-
tories of the alienation Memorial, appears to think it inadequate,
and would consider as " a national disaster " any action which
prevents the erection of a new one " on the proposed site." Mr.
Shipley's counter Memorial most correctly emphasizes the fact
that to restrict the expansion of the already overcrowded
Natural History Museum would be no less disastrous. How
immediate is the need for this expansion is best illustrated
by the galleries and high wall-shelves already placed in the
Insect " Room," the contents of which are among the smallest
objects preserved. What then must be the condition of the
Palffiontological Section, where the objects reach the opposite
extreme of size, when, as Mr. Shipley truly points out, "more
gigantic species . . . are being discovered by expeditions at present
in the field " ? We must unite to repel all such encroachments.

Every provincial entomologist, it may be presumed, has
some interest in the museum of his particular town or county.
Yet this interest is by no means forcibly exemplified when visit-
ing any such establishments. A year or two ago we looked over
most of the Yorkshire museums — Leeds, Dewsbury, Bradford,
Huddersfield, York, &c. — and the result was distinctly dis-
appointing, except in the case of the first-named, where the
economics were well though scantily exhibited ; the others all

224 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

contained some insects, though — whether Britishers caught in the
building or exotics acquired from the Himalayas and Brazil —
unnamed. We have not heard that our note to the ' Yorkshire
Post' has effected amelioration. In the Eastern Counties things
are but little better and, with the exception of the fine exhibits
at Cambridge, nothing but Lepidoptera and Coleoptera are to be
found. The Rev. J. H. Hocking and Mr. Skepper presented the
former, respectively, to Ipswich and Bury St. Edmunds ; the
collection of the latter at Ipswich was purchased some years ago,
and we had the pleasure of presenting the Bury lot. Norwich
possesses a comprehensive show of beetles (the collection of old
Robert Scales, the friend of William Kirby, we believe) and the
magnificent parasitic and aculeate Hymenoptera amassed by
John Bridgman during the "eighties." Colchester and Lowestoft
lag, and Yarmouth's quaint museum boasts few insects.

Students of local distribution would do well to investigate the
often neglected contents of all our local museums (those of the
Isle of Wight Museum at Newport were in a deplorable condition
when we last saw them). The task should not be onerous ;
specialists are more numerous now than twenty years ago.
Local entomologists, though rarely the Curators themselves,
would be competent to report adequately upon the extent and
condition of their own orders. These should be tabulated
against the name of each museum, and a Regular Register kept
by a Standing Committee of recorders, to whom local authorities
would find it to their own advantage to notify the more important
accessions. Thus geographical distributiouists would find a
wide and hitherto almost unexplored field for investigation,
which would add considerably to the perfection of local cata-
logues. Scientifically it is conceded by all (but the institutions
themselves) to be useless for provincial museums to store up any
but local exhibits — types should go to the National Collection —
and it is quite certainly in working out the productions of their
own county, or peculiar geological formation, that these museums
in the future will most materially assist the general scientist.

C. M.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Hybernation (?) op Pyrameis atalanta. — -The references in this
month's 'Entomologist' to the hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta
remind me that I received, on January 14th last, a lively example,
which had been rescued from a dog belonging to Mr. Morris, of
Leigh-on-Sea. Where the dog found the butterfly is not known,
but, considering the rough treatment the latter must have received,
its condition was surprisingly good. — F. G. Whittle ; 7, Marine
Avenue, Southend, May 7th, 1911.

NOTTS AND OBSERVATIONS. 225

Scarcity of Pyeameis atalanta in 1910. — I can fully confirm
Mr. L. W. Newman's remark (antea, p. 100) on the scarcity of
P. atalanta last season. I can only recall to mind seeing one speci-
men on the wing (early in October), and 1910 is the first year out of
twenty that I have missed finding atalanta larvae, although I
frequently searched for them. — F. W. Frohawk.

Lophopteryx carmelita in North Lancashire. — I reared a fine
female of N. carmelita on May 2nd, 1911, from larvae taken in July,
1910, off birch on mosses not very far from Lake Windermere. —
Thomas Baynes ; 70, Sunderland Terrace, Ulverston, Lancashire.

Surrey Orthoptera. — Mr. B. J. Burgess-Sopp sends me a short
addition to my list {antea, p. 51) : — Labia minor, Farnham district ;
not uncommon. G}iorthi'pi)lius elegans., Tilford and Hale. Gomplw-
cerus maculatus, Frensham and Farnham Commons; common. LejJto-
'phyes punctatissima, Farnham district, Tilford, Frensham. Pholi-
cloptera griseo-aptera {= cinereics), Hale. Tetrix hipunctatus, Farn-
ham district generally. Metrioptera brachyptera, Frensham Heath
(one). — W. J. Lucas.

Mamestra persicari^ in Scotland. — In ' Moths of the British
Isles' (vol. i. p. 240), I see it stated that M. persicarice is only doubt-
fully recorded from Scotland. It may, therefore, be of interest to
state that I took a specimen in fine condition off ragwort on the
Morayshire coast, some twenty miles from here, the end of last
August, and also saw another, which, having emerged earlier, w^as in
too poor condition to take. — (Capt.) H. Holmes-Tarn ; The Lodge,
Craigellachie, N.B., May 12th, 1911.

Note on Larv^ of Merodon equestris. — It may be of some
interest to your readers to record the occurrence in England of the
larvae of the "narcissus fly," Merodon equestris, in bulbs of Habroan-
thus pratensis and Vallota purpurea, during the past winter. The fly
has been hatched out from the former in this Laboratory, and is now
in the British Museum. Hitherto the grub has been looked upon
only as a pest of Narcissus, but this makes it evident that it can
attack and destroy other bulbs as well. The Eev. W. Wilks, of
Shirley, Croydon, tells me he has found the grubs in lily-bulbs. —
Fred. J. Chittenden, Director ; The Laboratory, Eoyal Hort. Soc.
Gardens, Wisley, Kipley, Surrey.

Lepidoptera at Light in Isle of Wight. — On May 18th I
obtained at street-lamps here Lophopteryx camelina, Notodonta tre-
pida, Drymonia chaonia, D. trimacula (dodonea), and Pheosia tremula
{dictcBa).—G. Nobbs ; E. Cowes, Isle of Wight, May 24th, 1911.

Plusia moneta at Beading. — My first capture of the above at
Beading was July 13th, 1901 (' Entomologist,' vol. xxxiv. p. 255).
Also see ' Entomologist,' vol. xxxvii. p. 214 and vol. xxxviii. p. 281.
Since those dates I have taken the species as follows : — 1906, June
14th, larvae full-grown; June 28th, imagines. 1908, May 28th,
mature larvas ; June 28th, imagines. 1909, May 31st, full-grown

BNTOM. — JUNE, 1911. R

226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

larvae. 1910, May 29th, full-grown larvae. 1911, May 2nd, very small
larvae. All the above were obtained in my own garden. My son has
taken larvae in a garden about a mile from here, this year. — W. E.
Butler; Hayling House, Oxford Koad, Eeading, May 14th, 1911.

Plusia moneta. — In reply to C. Nicholson's enquiry respecting
this species in " Notes " of last month, I am glad to report my
acquaintance with this species. In 1906, I was living in a village
near Luton and a friend with whom I worked informed me of having
found some larvae. I searched some monkshood and delphinium
in some friends' gardens and discovered larvae, which I reared. In
1907 and 1908 I obtained several larvae. In the latter year I left
for Letchworth, Herts, bringing some plants of monkshood with me.
I am glad to say, that in 1910 and the present year, the larvae have
been found in my garden on the above plants, which appear- to
be the only pabulum selected in this district. I may add I have not
seen any monkshood in any other garden but my own here. — Eev. E.
Everett; "Ashleigh,' Broughton Hill, Letchworth, May 23rd, 1911.

Plusia moneta in Wales. — I took my first specimen of P. moneta
in the garden here, at the end of June, 1906. In 1908 I visited some
monkshood [Aconituvi napeUns) growing on the banks of the Ely
Eiver, some six miles from Llandaff, and found the moth had well
established itself, as I took twenty-six specimens in two nights. In
1909 I took sixteen specimens in one night. Last week I visited the
spot to see if I could find the caterpillar, and took twenty-two in
little over an hour's time by beating the food-plant. The ground on
which I found the larvae has been flooded several times this winter
with two or three feet of water, so that their being under water for
a considerable time does not kill them. I have little doubt that the
moth has spread through Wales wherever its food-plant is found in
plenty.— E. U. David ; Yscallog, Llandaff, May 17th, 1911.

Larva of Vanessa antiopa. — Eespecting the Eev. Claxton's
note {antea, p. 184), I have looked up the record in the ' Ent. Mo.
Mag.,' vol. vii. p. 109 (which is obviously the one he remembers
reading), and should like to point out the fact that it refers to a larva
of V. antiopa which Mr. Stainton found on August 10th, 1870, at
Andermatt, not Scotland ; it therefore does not " supply the needed
authentic instance," as Mr. Claxton suggests. I still maintain there
is no proof of the larva having ever been found in a wild state in
Britain, which may be owing to this species probably not migrating
to this country in the spring, only doing so after its emergence in
the summer abroad, and like its near relative V. polychloros and other
Vanessidse which have but a single emergence yearly, not pairing
until after hybernation, when the specimens are too scarce and
widely scattered over this country to find each other for pairing in
the spring. I may here take the opportunity of correcting a shght
error which occurred in my previous note, viz. 1892 should read
1902.— F. W. Frohawk; May, 1911.

Chrysophanus dispar — A Memory. — Information relative to the
former haunts of our lost " Large Copper " is interesting, but per-

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 227

haps readers of the ' Entomologist ' may not be aware that in the
" twenties " and " thirties " of the nineteenth century Paiyilio machaon
was regarded as almost as great a rarity. In this connection I
venture to quote the ' Eeminiscences of the late Albert Pell, some-
time M.P. for South Leicestershire,' edited by Thomas Mackay (John
Murray, 1908), as follows : — " When Whittlesea Mere was bright
with water, one family of gipsies made a living by capturing for
collectors the ' swallow tail,' a very rare and beautiful butterfly that
fluttered among its reeds and sedges, also the large copper butterfly
equally rare. So it was in my young days ; but now all is gone —
reeds, sedges, the glittering water, the butterflies, the gipsies, ....
and in its place, as the result of an enormous and unprofitable outlay,
a dreary flat of black arable land. . . ." By a curious coincidence, it
was at Pinner Hill, Middlesex, the house occupied by the Pell family
of the previous generation, and then almost as remote in the country
as the fens themselves, that I discovered in a case the three examples
of C. dispar which I believe to have come from Benacre in Sufl'olk,
as recorded by me elsewhere. Mr. Albert Pell was not only a great
agriculturist, but also a close observer of bird life and a keen fisher-
man. — H. Kowland-Beown ; Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald, May
20th, 1911.

Varietal Names. — In the report of the sale of part of the collec-
tion of the late Mr. J. W. Tutt (Entom. May 1911, 185), Mr. Adkin
asks why so little interest was manifested in the many named
varieties. To me the answer is obvious. With the exception of
perhaps half a dozen British lepidopterists who are interested in the
matter, no one uses such varietal names as nigroruhida, ochrea, ffavo-
riifa, intermedia, minor, &c., nor cares anything whatever about
them. In the case of a strongly marked variation, where the whole
fades of the insect is altered, such as in the var. descliangei of S.
luhricipeda; varleyata, nigrosparsata, and lacticolor of A. grossu-
lariata; douhledayaria of A. betularia, and many others which at
once occur to one's mind, a varietal name is not only advisable but
necessary ; but that a slight shade of colour, an extra spot, or the
widening or contracting of a band, should entail the special naming
of forms difl'ering so slightly from the type is absurd. The craze for
such name-making has caused a good deal of ridicule among lepido-
pterists generally. — Geo. T. Porritt ; Huddersfield, May 6th, 1911.

Gloucestershire Lepidoptera. — Referring to my note on species
new to the county in the ' Entomologist ' {antea, p. 155), I can now
add the following to my list: — Pyrausta (Botys) fuscalis, taken in the
Forest of Dean among Melampyrum on June 23rd, 1910; Schrecken-
steinia {Chrysocoris) festaliella, taken in a wood on the outskirts of
the Forest of Dean on April 13th, 14th, and 20th, 1911 ; Phalonia
(Argyrolepia) cnicana, taken on the Cotswolds on July 1st, 1909 ;
Coleophora murinipennella, taken on the Cotswolds on May 17th,
1910 ; Mompha {Laverna) ochraceella, netted near Gloucester on
July 16th, ]909, and also on the Cotswolds on July 21st, 1910 ;
Limnoicia (Laverna) pkragmitella, captured at dusk on the bank of
the River Severn, near Gloucester, on July 23rd, 1905 ; Elachista

228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

gleichenella, taken on the wing in the afternoon sunshine on the
Cotswolds on July 8th, 1909, and July 7th, 1910 ; Lithocolletis cerasi-
colella, taken in the Forest of Dean on May 18th, 1907 ; L. jjyri-
vorella, bred in May, 1905, from mined apple-leaf found in my garden.
— C. Granville Clutterbuck, F.E.S. ; Heathside, Heathville Eoad,
Gloucester, April 22nd, 1911.

Breeding Trochiliubi apiformis. — I never attempted to breed
this species but once, and then I was most successful by adopting
the following plan : Having found, in the middle of February, 1875,
twenty-two cocoons at the base of Pojnilus nigra trunks, near Cam-
bridge, I procured a large flower-pot, and half filled it with small
broken pieces of another flower-pot. I then placed about three
inches of loose mould on the top, and buried the cocoons perpen-
dicularly in it, leaving them about a quarter of an inch above the
surface. Of course, to be sure that I had placed them heads upper-
most I had to make a small opening at one end of each cocoon, but
this did not disturb the larvae apparently, as the small opening w^as
speedily closed again. I then covered them with a good thickness of
loose moss, which was taken out, saturated with water, the super-
fluous moisture squeezed out, and the moss replaced ; this was done
about once a week. A piece of coarse muslin was tied over the pot-
mouth, and the pot placed on two bricks (to allow a thorough
draught) in an outhouse with the open window facing east to catch
the morning sun. Between June 8th and 13th inclusive, from these
twenty-two cocoons I bred twenty-two cqnforme ! nineteen perfect
and three more or less crippled. — A. Thurnall ; Wanstead.

Query respecting Sesia sphegiformis. — When walking the
other day through a large wood in the Midlands, where " felling "
was going on, I noticed that many of the birch-trees (from six to
nine inches in diameter) were bored by, evidently, the larva of a
Sesiid. As S. sphegiformis occurs in this wood, I concluded that the
borings were made by the larvae of this insect, but on closer exami-
nation I found that there was apparently no emergence hole through
the side of the tree at the top end of the burrow, and that con-
sequently emergence must have taken place through the entrance
hole, as in the case of T. hembeciformis and S. andrenceformis.
Unfortunately I could find none but old burrows, probably because
of the age of the trees. Can any of your readers help me to eluci-
date the matter ? S. sphegiformis is said to attack birch as well as
alder. The late Miss Ormerod wrote : " The attack of the Alder
Clear wing has long been known on the Continent as injurious to both
birch and alder." But S. sphegiformis, so far as my experience goes,
always emerges from the top end of its burrow, which for that
purpose it diverts from the central portion of the stem up which it
has fed. If therefore the burrows I saw were made by *S'. sj^hegiforonis,
its habit when feeding in birch differs from when feeding in alder,
possibly because of the thickness of the birch bark, or possibly
because of the amount of sap which the inner bark of birch always
contains and which might drown the larvte. If the work I saw was
not done by »S'. sphegiformis, what other larvae could be responsible
for it ?— Percy C. Keid ; Feering Bury, Kelvedon, May 20th, 1911.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 229

Trochilium crabroniformis. — There is something ahuost un-
canny in the way the larva of this species behaves towards the end
of its larva hood, and just when it is preparing for its exit into the
world as a moth. That it does leave a cap of thin bark over the exit-
hole is a matter beyond dispute ; I have seen hundreds of them. No
doubt it requires a sharp eye, and even the finger-tips have some-
times detected these caps when the eye had failed to discern them.
And behind this cap the burrow is horizontal for half an inch, more
or less according to the thickness of the infested stump, then it
ascends for about four inches, and at the top of this tube a light
cocoon is spun, and the change to a pupa eti'ected. Now, as this
final bore is always left clean and free of frass for the passage of the
pupa towards the open air, one is inclined to ask, "What has become
of the excavated materials " '? It is all dumped in the burrow below
the level of the horizontal cut, and is used to prevent the pupa from
faUing down the old well, so to speak (on its way towards the exit),
where of course, if it did go down, it would be sure to perish. But
it is not actual excreta that is thus used for stopping — it might go
bad, get mouldy, and give trouble. An examination of this material
shows that it consists of splinters of wood, which could never have
been passed through the creature's economy ; it is evidently bitten
off for the purpose for which it is used. I have opened many of these
tunnehngs, and hatched out the perfect insects ; there were a few
failures at first until I studied the conditions more closely, and then
I began to see what was wrong. Often it will be observed on
opening a cocoon that the enclosed pupa is covered with beads of
condensed moisture ; it looks, in fact, as if it were sweating profusely,
which just means that the pupa is much colder than the surrounding
atmosphere, although it, too, must be cool, not to say cold, when you
consider it is in the heart of a sallow stump near the ground, shaded
by the bush itself and the surrounding herbage. So keep the pupas
in a cold room or outhouse with no sunshine near them, and lying
on the surface of some damp moss, but don't cover them with moss ;
provide means for reaching a position from which the wings can
hang whilst developing, but over and above all that don't by any
means cut out your pupae until a day or two before the time when
they hatch out under natural conditions in your district. Here, in
Eenfrewshire, the average date of hatching in a wild state is the
last week of June and the first few days of July. I cut out these
pupge when I want them about June 23rd to the 25th, keep them
cool, and now I rarely have a misfire. The pupa should be of a dark
orange colour inclining to blackness almost when ripe for removing,
and rather hard to the touch ; if a pale straw colour and rather soft,
it's a "moral" it will die, so it is best to leave all such in their natural
state, closing up carefully the damaged burrow, and leaving it for at
least a week or ten days, when it may be examined again. Mr.
Carter and Lt. -Colonel Nurse might try these methods with T. api-
formis ; I have never had this species in pupa, as it does not occur
in this district, but as the two species have evidently much in
common, the treatment might prove successful. — A. M. Stewart ;
38, Ferguslie, Paisley, N.B.

230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society.— April ISth, 1911.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in
the chair. — Miss Alderoon, F.E.S., of Worksop, was elected a mem-
ber.— Mr. Ashdown exhibited about one hundred species of conspicuous
coleoptera taken by him in Switzerland during July, 1910. — Mr.
Turner, living specimens of Aga-panthia asphodelas, sent to him by
Dr. Chapman from Hyeres. — Mr. Adkin, an undetermined Agrotid
from the Isle of Lewis, a Sciaphila from Unst, probably referable to
<S'. colquhounana, and a Pyrameis carded in which the row of spots on
the hind wings were united into an irregular blotch. — -Mr. Newman,
on behalf of Mr. Oliver, a bred series oi Aphantopiis hyperanthus which
had emerged in January and February. The larvae had fed all the
winter on Poa annua. — Mv. Hemming, series of Brenthis selenc from
Warwick and Sussex ; the former were a much larger race in both
sexes.

April 27th, 1911.— The President in the chair.— Mr. P. A. Buxton,
of Tollbridge, was elected a member. — Mr. Tonge exhibited a pupa
case of JEgcria andrenceformis as found in situ, projecting from the
burrow after the emergence of the imago. He had found four such
cases in nature. — Mr. Kaye, a similar exhibit with the living imago
which had emerged in confinement, and a fine plant of the Mexican
orchid, Cattleya citrina, in flower. — Mr. R. Adkin, a remarkable
gynandrous specimen of Bomhyx quercus, with left antenna and wings
male and right antenna and wings female, but of the male colour. It
was from the Capper collection. — Mr. Newman, a larva of Callimorpha
dominula, black in colour without the yellow markings. — Mr. Andrews,
two examples of the recently identified dipteron Hilaria aeronctha
from North Kent. — Mr. St. Aubyn, photographs of Lepidoptera at
rest. — Mr. Gough, a dwarf example of Celastrina argiolus.— Messrs.
Edwards and Turner, several species of Papilio from North America,
from the machaon and glaucus groups. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs gave an ac-
count of the arrangements for the South Eastern Union of Scientific
Societies Congress at St. Albans in June. — Mr. Dennis showed lantern
slides of lichens and flowers. — Mr. Main showed a series of lantern
slides illustrating his observations on the life- history of the common
myriapod. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Secretary.

City of London Entomological Society. — April ith, 1911. —
Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited series of Noctua haia and Gidaria
imvianata taken in Epping Forest in July, 1910, at rush blossom, on
an occasion when sugar failed to attract Lepidoptera.

April 18th, 1911. — Mr. Huggins, two specimens of Abraxas
grossulariata, with black nervures on hind wings. He also exhibited
a somewhat dark example of Ennomos alniaria from Gravesend, and
stated that the species seemed to be getting gradually darkei" in that
district. — Mr. J. Riches, fifteen bred specimens of Macrothylacia
ruhi, all that emerged from a brood of about forty larvae. — Mr. V. B.
Shaw, a long series of Triphcena comes bred August, 1903, ex Findhorn
ova, including vars. clarkii, nigrescens, pallida, rufescens, and curtisii,
and also forms intermediate between clarkii-nigrescens and ^;a^Z«f?a-
rufescens.

SOCIETIES. 231

May %id, 1911. — Mr. G. K. Baldock exhibited a series of Tripkcena
pronuba from Galley Hill, Essex, 1910, dark forms predominating,
many specimens showing almost unicolorous blackish brown supe-
riors.— Mr. P. H. Tautz, long series from Pinner, Studland Bay, and
Hampstead ; those from Pinner included many with grey costal
streak, while the Dorset specimens included many very red examples
and one with straw-coloured inferiors. — Mr. J. E. Gardner exhibited
a number of Lepidoptera from Exmoor, taken August, 1911, including
Xylophasia scolopacina, common at ragwort : Toxocampa craccce,
Asthena blomeri, Abraxas ulmata, Gidaria popidata, and a number of
" micros," in which latter group of Lepidoptera the district appeared
to the exhibitor to be particularly rich. — Mr. G. H. Heath, dark
Gnophos obscurata, Chora glabraria, and Cidaria silaceata, Exmoor.
— Mr. L. W. Newman, a series of hybrid males ex Nyssia zonaria
female and Biston hirtaria male ; also hybrid females with narrow
pointed wings, ex Nyssia zonaria male and Biston hirtaria female ;
he also showed Smerintlms populi var. jjallida, and a female suffused
with pink ; also a fine gynandromorph, one side typical male and the
other pink form of female ; the body showed both colours evenly
divided, and the legs corresponded in colour to that side of the body
on which they were situated. — Mr. C. P. Pickett, Angerona prunaria,
showing response to environment : pale larvae fed under white
muslin, darker reddish larvae ex pink muslin sleeves, and still darker
forms ex red sleeves.

Matj 16th, 1911— Mr. B. S. Williams exhibited two examples of
Luperina gueneei, the type form and one of var. murrayi, from
St. Anne's-on-Sea.— Mr. A. W. Mera, imagines of Endromis versicolor
that had gone through two winters in the pupal stage. — S. J. Bell,
Hon. Sec.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meeting
of the Society held at the Eoyal Institution, Colquit St., Liverpool,
March 21st, 1911.— Dr. P. F. Tinne, Vice President, in the chair.— Mr.
G. H. Watson, of Manchester, gave a lecture on " The Saturniidge, a
Group of Wild Silk Moths." After reviewing the classification of the
group, the lecturer detailed the work that is being done by himself
and others in order to discover new sources of supply of silk and also
to strengthen the races of silk-producing moths cultivated in Europe
and Asia. The true silk moth is not known as a wild insect, although
in China there are records of its cultivation upwards of 4000 years
old. Occasionally disease ravages the inbred races of the insect,
hence the necessity to introduce new blood. So far hybridisation has
not been very successful, thus the efforts of practical entomologists
are directed towards finding out and investigating new species of wild
moths whose larvae make a cocoon of serviceable silk. — Mr. Watson
showed the Japanese silk moth, Antherea yama-mai, and also the
Tussor, or Indian, silk moth, A. mylitta, as instances of wild insects
capable of culture and yielding a large quantity of valuable silk ;
Saturnia pyretornm, the moth whose larva yields the gut used for fish-
ing lines, the production of which forms the staple industry in the
Island of Hainan (China), also came in for attention. The lecture
was illustrated by Mr. Watson's collection of twenty large drawers

232 THE KNTOMOLOGIST.

containing many very rare species arranged with the silk they produce,
the whole forming an educational exhibit of exceeding interest.

The concluding meeting of the session was held on April 9th, Mr.
Geo. Arnold, Vice President, in the chair. — Mr. Wm. Mansbridge gave
an address on GnipJiolitha ncevana and G. ('? var.) geminana, in which
he dealt with the various forms of these insects in Lancashire and
Yorkshire. He stated that in the West Riding the two species were
in the imago state at the same time in localities near to one another,
where the holly form {ncBvana) and the bilberry form {(jeminaua) oc-
curred. At Delamere however the bilberry feeder was worn at the
time the holly feeder was beginning to emerge in the district around
Liverpool. Although ncevana from holly had a variation like geminana,
it was never so pale as the latter, and the moth from bilberry was al-
ways smaller in size ; geminana did not possess a black variation like
ncBvana, but a very small percentage were unicolorous dark grey. — Mr.
F. N. Pierce then described the results of his examination of the
genitalia of the two species ; after critically comparing a long series
of preparations of both males and females he had failed to distinguish
any point of difference. In discussion by the members it was held
that the negative character of Mr. Pierce's results was not sufficient,
in this instance, to sink geminana to the level of a variation of
ncEvana. — Mr. Wm. Mansbridge "exhibited a long series of Selenia
bilunaria, comprising very dark speckled forms, and a new variation
of a uniform dark ferruginous brown colour for which he proposed the
varietal name bnmnearia. Mr. C. E. Stott showed a specimen of
Panchlora nivea, L., an exotic cockroach, taken on the wing at
Trentham, North Stafford, in October, 1910.— H. R. Sweeting and
Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sees.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Fossil Insects and a Critstacean from Florissant, Colorado. By

T. D. A. CocKEEELL. (Author's edition, extracted from

' Bulletin ' of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol.

xxviii. art. xxv. pp. 275-288. New York : October 19th, 1910.)

Includes descriptions of two new species of Trichoptera, four of

Hymenoptera, and six of Diptera.

The Thorax of the Hymenoptera. By Robert Evans Snodgrass.
No. 1774. From the 'Proceedings' of the United States
National Museum. Vol. xxxix. Pp. 37-91, with plates 1-16.
Published October 25th, 1910.
In this paper the external morphology of the thorax of the non-
aculeate Hymenoptera is discussed and illustrated. As we under-
stand the author, classification should not be based on thoracic
structure alone, but on a study of the structure of all the parts of the
body. Any system of taxinomy or phylogeny, he states, must be
founded on a consideration of all the characters of all the forms
concerned.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLIV.] JULY, 1911. [No. 578

SOME ASIATIC BEES OF THE GENUS ANTHO-
PHOEA.

By T. D. a. Cockerell.

Anthophora caldwelli, Cockerell.
Foochow, China (H. K. Caldwell). U. S. National Museum.
Formerly confused with A . zonata. The female has very bright
greenish-blue bands, clypeus with a reversed yellow T, hind basi-
tarsus with a good deal of white hair.

Anthophora calceifera, Cockerell.
Foochow, China (H. E. Caldwell). U. S. National Museum.
Formerly confused with A. zonata. This species was described
from Formosa. A male from Foochow differs from the type in
having the lateral marks on clypeus somewhat smaller, and the
abdominal bands all pale green. The fifth ventral segment of
the male abdomen is emarginate in A. caldtvelli, but has a
straight edge in A. calceifera.

Anthophora zonata (Linnseus).
Foochow, China (H. E. Caldwell). One female. Trong,
Lower Siam (Dr. W. L. Abbott). U. S. National Museum, The
male from Trong agrees with A. zonata from Formosa ; the four
females differ much in size and in the tint of the abdominal
bands, one large one has the bands a beautiful emerald-green.
It seems improbable that there are two species here, but if there
are, the males are needed for their satisfactory separation.

Anthophora zonata stantoni, new subspecies or variety.

2 . Length about 12 mm. ; light face-markings formed as usual,

but yellow ; hair of thorax above orange-fulvous mixed with black ;

abdominal bands very brilliant, the first two greenish, the other two

light blue ; hind tibiae with hair on outer side pale fulvous, on inner

ENTOM. — JULY, 1911. S

234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

black ; hind basitarsi with much white hair on outer side ; wings
dusky; tegulae dull ferruginous ; eyes clear yellowish-green.

Hah. Manila, Philippine Islands (W. A. Stanton). U. S.
National Museum. The male may show that this is a distinct
species, perhaps nearer to caldwelli than to zonata. The abdo-
minal bands are essentially as in true zonata, not at all as in
whiteheadi. Lepeletier says of female zonata that the hind tibire
have the hair on outer side longitudinally divided into black and
white ; some of the Siamese examples show this very well, but
the Manila insect lacks this character, though it has a streak of
black hair running down from the knee-plate. A closely related
form is A. zonata andrewsi from Java and Borneo; it differs
typically in the abdominal bands being yellowish-green, with
coppery tints, but intermediate forms may occur. The hair on
the hind tibiae in andreivsi is as in stantoni.

Anthophora superans, Walker.

I have one of Walker's cotypes, labelled "Gebel Musa, Mt.
Sinai." It is a male, and probably Walker's description was
taken from this sex, although it is stated to represent a female.
The species closely resembles A. r/arnda, but the first abdominal
segment is entirely covered with fulvous hair, indicating an
approach to A. harmalfe. The following characters are signi-
ficant : —

Length about 18 mm., expanse about 28 ; pubescence fulvous ;
hair of head and thorax above without dark hairs intermixed ; hair
on inner side of hind basitarsi warm dark red ; wings dusky hyaline ;
second s. m. exceedingly broad below, receiving first r. n. about
middle ; b, n. meeting t. m. ; face-markings _^ja/e yellow, including
front of scape broadly, the usual supraclypeal mark, lateral face-
marks filling space between clypeus and eye, clypeus (without any
black lateral marks, though lower margin is narrowly fusco-ferru-
ginous as usual), labrum (with a small pellucid spot at each upper
corner), and greater part of mandibles; labrum considerably broader
than long ; third antennal joint fully as long as the next two com-
bined ; flagellum very dark reddish beneath ; middle tarsi long, but
not otherwise peculiar ; end of abdomen emarginate, hardly bi-
dentate ; abdominal hair-bands broad, entirely fulvous.

Anthophora quadrifasciata xerophila, new subspecies.
? . Length almost 16 mm. ; similar to quadnfasciata, except as
follows : hair of head and thorax above pale ochreous ; abdomen with
four broad pure white bands ; face-markings white ; black lateral
marks on clypeus smaller, not much broader than the interval be-
tween them ; all the hair on first abdominal segment white. Very
close indeed to A. persicorum, Cockerell, but a little larger, antennas
as far as third joint (rest missing) black, legs black, hind spurs black.
The hair of hind basitarsus is entirely black, but the middle basi-
tarsus has a large tuft of white occupying the basal half posteriorly.
This runs exactly to A. quadrifasciata in Friese's tables.

SOME ASIATIC BEES OF THE GENUS ANTHOPHORA, 235

Hab. Karachi, N.W. India, September, 1909 ; two females
(E. Comber). British Museum. The wings are certainly no
darker than in qiiadrifasciata ; they are distinctly darker in
pei'sicorum.

Anthophora delicata, n. sp.

(^ . Length about 10 mm. ; flagellum about 4|- mm. ; black, in-
cluding legs and antennae ; pubescence pure white, except on head
and thorax above (including tubercles), where it is warm pale ochre-
ous, of a very delicate and beautiful tint, on the middle of mesothorax
and anterior part of scutellum with fuscous hairs intermixed ; hair
on inner side of middle and hind tibiae and tarsi black, on inner side
of anterior tarsi red ; hind tibiae with pure white hair on outer side ;
hind basitarsi with hair all black except a small white tuft at base ;
middle basitarsi covered with white hair on outer side ; spurs black ;
antennae long ; third joint shorter than fifth, fourth broader than long ;
face-markings light canary-yellow, including clypeus (with only a
little black on each side above), a small supraclypeal mark (but no
lateral marks), labrum (with a pair of elongate small basal spots), and
mandibles except apex ; labrum a little broader than long ; eyes red ;
face narrow, densely covered with white hair ; wings hyaline, with a
glaucous tint, nervures piceous ; second s. m. narrow, receiving first
r. n. much beyond middle ; b. n. falling a considerable distance short
of t. m. ; abdomen with five broad white hair-bands, first segment
hairy all over, but thinly on disc, so that it appears grey ; apex broadly
emarginate, subdentate.

$ . Similar, but larger and more robust, length about 12 mm. ;
face-markings similar, except that the black marks at sides of clypeus
above are large, leaving a large triangular yellow interval between
them, shining and irregularly punctured ; flagellum dark red beneath
except at base ; third antennal joint as long as the next three
together, fourth extremely short ; hair of hind basitarsus black, with
a basal white tuft on outer side ; hair of middle tibia with a rufous
apical patch ; wings brownish. The abdomen of one specimen carries
two pollen-bodies of an asclepiad.

Hab. Karachi, N.W. India, September, 1909 (E. Comber).
British Museum. In Friese's tables the female runs to A. velocis-
sima and the male to A. nigricornis.

The following key will separate the allied species : —

Spurs rufo-testaceous ; male clypeus with anterior margin

and a median stripe light (Quetta) . picicornis, Fedtschenko.
Spurs black 1.

1. Hind femora of male incrassate ; hind basitarsi of female

white haired with black apical tuft (Quetta)

velocissima, Fedtschenko.
Hind femora of male not incrassate 2.

2. Nervures red-brown ; face-markings ivory-white

nigricornis, Morawitz.
Nervures piceous ; face-markings yellow . . delicata, Ckll.
The male is the type.

s 2

236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Anthophora niveocincta, Smith.
This species was described by Smith from a specimen in the
Baly collection, and consequently the type is not in the British
Museum. Bingham quotes the original description, adding that
he has not recognized the species. Smith merely cited " India "
as the locality, but Dours describes both sexes from Pondichery,
and places the insect as a variety (subspecies) of A. albigena.
Mr. E. Comber has obtained both sexes in some numbers at
Karachi, N.W. India ; also a female at Hyderabad, and a male
(October, 1909) at Lyallpur. Dours cites A. calens, Lepeletier,
described from Africa, as the same species, but this is certainly
not correct. Friese states that he does not know calens, but I
have one from F. Smith's collection which seems to be correctly
named, though the marginal hair-bands on the first three abdo-
minal segments are fulvous, on the following two dull white.
This, however, is a male, whereas Lepeletier describes a female,
readily accounting for the difference. The insect is of course
quite close to niveocincta, yet evidently distinct. A. niveocincta
is the Indian (tropical) representative of A. albigena, or more
especially of the closely related species or race, A. savignyi,
Lepeletier. The female niveocincta, compared with albigena,
differs thus : flagellum chestnut-red beneath ; scape usually with
a yellow mark ; labrum longer in proportion to its breadth ;
face-markings strongly yellow, median band of clypeus broader ;
fifth abdominal segment with more white hair. Nurse reports
true albigena from Quetta. A. ruficornis, Sichel in Dours, sup-
posed to be a variety of A. niveocincta, is doubtless a distinct
species, known by its entirely red antennae in the female.

Anthophora camelorum, n. n.

Anthophora ruficornis, Fedtschenko, Turkest. Apid. i. p. 35,
1875. (Not Sichel in Dours, 1869.) ^i^ii^ Alhagi camelorum,
Fischer.

Anthophora albigena quadrata, new subspecies.

(? . Length about 9 mm. ; differing from A. niveocincta as follows :
face-markings creamy-white (as in albigena) ; labrum comparatively
broad and short (as in albigena) ; flagellum black ; hair of head and
thorax above very pale ochreous, strongly mixed with black, pro-
ducing a dull grey effect ; abdominal hair-bands thinner. This is
almost the same as albigena, but the clypeus has a pair of large
quadrate black patches, emarginate below, their inner sides con-
verging, but not closely approaching, above. The hind basitarsus is
black-haired, with a tuft of white at base. End of abdomen bidentate.

Hah. Nasik, N.W. India (E. Comber). British Museum.
P. salvia, Morawitz, is similar but larger, with the scape all
black, whereas in our insect it carries a large cuneiform white
mark. The face-markings of salvia are yellow, more in the
manner of niveocincta.

NOTES ON THE DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1910. 237

Anthophora {niveocincta variety ?) amolita, n. sp.

(? . Exactly like A. niveocincta, except as follows : flagellum
black, dark chestnut beneath ; third antennal joint much longer and
more slender, fourth about as long as broad ; black marks on clypeus
(which do not noticeably diverge below) long, leaving only a narrow
apical band. The labrum is fully as long as broad.

Hah. Karachi, N.W. India (E. Comber). British Museura.
The third antennal joint is about 432 /x long (272 in niveocincta).
This is probably distinct, but only one specimen is known.

The following key separates the species collected by Mr.
Comber in N.W. India, related to A. quadrifasciata and albi-
gena: —

Females . . . .1.

Males 3.

1. Large ; hair on fifth abdominal segment white only at

sides ; sides of face densely covered with white hair,
but no lateral face-marks . quadrifasciata xcrophila, Ckll.
Smaller ; fifth abdominal segment with hair white, except
a black median apical patch ; flagellum ferruginous
beneath -2.

2. Larger ; inner edges of black marks on clypeus widely

diverging below ; no lateral face-marks . delicata, Ckll.
Smaller ; inner edges of black marks on clypeus parallel or

nearly ; lateral face-marks present . . niveocincta, Sm.

3. Flagellum bright ferruginous beneath ; face-marks yellow ;

scape with a yellow band or stripe in front niveocincta, Sm.
Flagellum dark, at most (amolita) dark chestnut beneath . 4.

4. Scape all black ; flagellum long ; dark marks on clypeus

much reduced delicata, Ckll.

Scape with a light band or stripe 5.

5. Labrum conspicuously broader than long ; antennae shorter;

face-marks creamy- white ; apical light band of clypeus

very broad albigena quadrata, Ckll.

Labrum about as broad as long ; antennge longer ; face-
marks yellow ; apical light band of clypeus very narrow

amolita, Ckll.

University of Colorado, Boulder : May, 1911.

NOTES ON THE DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1910.
By F. W. & H. Campion.

The poor summer of last year afforded us very few oppor-
tunities for collecting Odonata. However, a few of the captures
and observations which were made appear to be worth recording,
as do also some of the experiences of our friend Mr. H. J. Watts,
to whom we are indebted for the Gloucestershire specimens which
we shall mention, as well as for some other records.

238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Sympetrum striolatum was taken at the Black Pond, Surrey ;
Eeculver, Kent ; and Staines, Middlesex : S. sanguineum, both
sexes, at Wisley, Surrey (Mr. Watts) : and S. scoticum at the
Black Pond. Libellula depressa occurred at Hartford, Hunts
(J. Peck, June 14th), and at Burnham Beeches, Bucks (June
19th), and L. quadrimaculata at Burnham Beeches (June 19th),
and Holme, Hunts (June 20tb). A few more males of L. fnlva
were obtained near Huntingdon on June 23rd, 25th, and 28th.
All of them agreed with each other and with the single male
taken in 1909 in having the basal spot on the hind wing strongly
developed. In most of the specimens apical brown spots were
present on the fore wings alone, although one of them, probably
older than the rest, had similar spots on the hind wings also.
All were fully matured ; but one, with fore wings considerably
frayed, retained the immature fulvous coloration of the principal
nervures. The specimens were all of good size, the smallest of
them being 44 mm. in length, and 75*5 mm. in alar expanse,
and the maximum measurements obtainable from the series
being 48 mm. for length, and 81*5 mm. for expanse. All but
one of these males exhibited the copulation-marks to which Dr.
F. Piis has recently called attention, that is, the rubbing away
of the blue powder from segment five, or segments five and six,
through the female clinging with her spiny feet to that region
of the male abdomen during copulation, which in this species
is a protracted operation.

The most interesting event which came to our knowledge
during the year was the occurrence of Somatochlora metallica in
Surrey. It will be remembered that as recently as 1908 the
species was found, for the first time in England, in a part of
Sussex. On June 26th, 1910, Mr. Watts took a fine male in a
Surrey locality, and subsequently handed it to us for examina-
tion. The abdomen was stouter than that of the two Sussex
specimens kindly given to us by Mr. E. E. Speyer, and re-
sembled more nearly in this respect Mr. J. J, F. X. King's
Scottish specimens. A few individuals were seen by ourselves
at the same place on one or two days in August, but another
capture could not be effected. Notwithstanding the close general
resemblance subsisting between S. metallica and Cordidia cenea,
we were quite satisfied that the scarcer insect was the one seen
on the occasions in question. When flying in brilliant sunshine,
metallica looked distinctly golden, and altogether unlike the other
species. Moreover, whenever it appeared about the level of the
water, some of the Agrioninae teeming there were sure to dart
towards it, a movement which obviously caused it annoyance.
This curious conduct towards metallica on the part of smaller
dragonflies was observed also by Mr. Speyer in Sussex, but we
have never noticed anything of the kind in the case of C. cenea
during our long acquaintance with that insect in Epping Forest.

NOTES ON THE DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1910. 239

A single male of Gomphus vulgatissimiis was taken by Mr.
Watts at Eynsham, near Oxford, on June 16th.

A female of Brachytron hafiiiense {= B. pi'atense) was pro-
cured at Kamsey (Hunts) on June 21st. [In July, 1897, an
exceptionally late date for the species, a very fine female occurred
to Mr. K. J. Morton at Monkswood, in the same county*] Mschna
mixta, Mr. Watts informed us, was met with again at Pul-
borough, Sussex; a few males were taken by ourselves at Staines
(October 2ud), and the species was also observed at the same
place on October 16th. A male of yE. cyanea, taken at Ealing
on September 28th, was given to us by Mr. (iharles C. Smith.
On June 27th it was found that a male nymph of lE. grandis,
obtained at Burnham Beeches by Mr. H. F. Ashby (June 19th),
and kept indoors, had already disclosed the imago. The species
was seen in flight at the Black Pond on September 13th, and at
Staines on October 2nd.

Calopteryx spleiideiis, as usual, was flying in numbers over
the River Ouse, near Huntingdon, during June. An interesting
male taken on the 25th of that month had the right fore wing
considerably reduced in size, and the venation of the apical area
in a very aberrant condition.

Both of the British species of Lestinse were met with, Lestes
dryas, in teneral condition, near Ramsey, on June 21st, and
L. sponsa at Byfleet, Surrey, on July 24th and August 4th
and 7th.

Specimens of Platycnemis pennipes were obtained at Wolver-
cote, Gloucestershire, on June 17th. Erythromma naias was
taken at Staines (May 22nd), Lechlade, Gloucestershire (June
15th), Wolvercote (June 17th), Holme (June 20th), and Byfleet
(August 7th) ; and Pyrrhosoma nyniphida at Staines, Lechlade
(including the female var. fulvipes), Burnham Beeches, Holme,
Ramsey, and Byfleet.

IschniLra elegans occurred at Staines, Lechlade, Wolvercote,
Holme, Ramsey, Hartford, and Byfleet. Immature specimens
were plentiful at Hartford on June 25th and August 1st, and
others were met with at Byfleet as late as August 7th. At
Byfleet (August 4th) a male had larval water-mites on the under
surface of segments four, five, six, and seven ; in the case of
segments six and seven the mites had lodged themselves in the
ventral canal and caused a considerable distension of the abdomen.
At the same place (August 7th) a male with an insect in its jaws
was kept under observation for some little time ; it was ulti-
mately captured, and the prey found to be a small caddis-fly,
which Mr. K. J. Morton was kind enough to determine for us as
Tricenodes bicolor. This observation was especially interesting,
as being the first instance within our knowledge of an Odonate
feeding upon one of the Trichoptera. On the same occasion
evidence was obtained of I. elegans itself having fallen a victim

240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

to another predaceous animal, for a mutilated female of that
species was found lying upon a growing leaf ; the contents of the
thorax had been entirely abstracted, but the abdomen was left
intact. Var. rufescens occurred sparingly at Staines on June 12th,
but was quite common at Hartford on August 1st. Specimens
were also met with at Byfleet on August 7th ; in one of them the
black of segment nine had strongly invaded the blue of seg-
ment eight, and formed a large spot of symmetrical outline
occupying the apical third of the segment ; a little black from
segment seven had also encroached upon segment eight basally.
The form of the female known as infuscans was also present at
Byfleet on the same date.

A large colony of Agrion imlchellum, reported to us by Mr.
Watts in 1909, was met with at a stagnant pond at Staines
on May 22nd. A living male was found there on June 12th
entangled in a spider's web, from which, apparently, it was
unable to escape. A remarkably small female was also taken ;
it measured only 32 mm. in length, and 40*5 mm. in expanse.
At Holme (June 20th) a teneral female had a good-sized
water-mite lodged on the inferior surface of the tibia of the
right fore leg, an unusual situation for such a creature. As
early as June 28th (Hartford) some specimens had their wings
much frayed, and were obviously very old. Other localities which
may be mentioned for the species are Wolvercote, Eamsey, and_
Byfleet. Localities recorded for Agrion puclla were Staines,'
Lechlade, Burnham Beeches, Holme, Eamsey, Hartford, and
Byfleet. A remarkable male from Gloucestershire, having the
lateral branches of the U-shaped spot on segment two entirely
separated from the transverse line, has been already mentioned
in this magazine (vol. xliii. p. 331). Captures of Enallagma
cijathigerum ranged from May 22nd (Staines) to September 13th
(Black Pond) ; Lechlade, Wolvercote, and Holme were also
among the places at which they were made. Teneral specimens
were met with at Byfleet as late as August 4th, and the species
was still emerging at the same place on August 7th. A male
was obtained having the spot on segment two entirely discon-
nected from the posterior circlet (Byfleet, August 4th). On the
same occasion a female, without an attendant male, was observed
to be getting out of the water of the Basingstoke Canal with the
aid of weeds floating on the surface. When taken, it proved to
be a female of the straw-coloured form, and quickly resumed its
normal appearance and activity. Blue females were obtained at
Byfleet (August 7th) and the Black Pond (September 13th) ; the
first-named specimens included one in which the antehumeral
stripes and the prothoracic spots and border were distinctly brown.

58, Ranelagh Eoad, Ealing : May 13th, 1911.

241

THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA.
By Rev. George Wheeler, M.A., F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 13.)

G.W.

The neuration of this group, and, indeed, of the whole
genus, presents far more points of difference than could have
been expected, and it has involved a prolonged study of the
other two groups, as well as considerable excursions into the
Argynnids and Brenthids. The accompanying diagram has
been taken from var, herisalensis, and is drawn just twice the
size of the original wing. I have, however, added, in dotted
lines, the obsolete portions of nervure iii in the fore wing, and
the nervure v in both wings, though these are quite invisible
when the wing is flattened and mounted on card, as well as the
indication of the cross nervule between iii 2 and iii 3 in the hind
wing, though this is never present in herisalensis, because I shall
have occasion to refer to them in treating of certain other
species. I have used throughout the German nomenclature of
Hoffmann, Spuler, and others, because all my notes had been
made in this notation, and it can present no difficulty if accom-
panied by a diagram ; and it has, moreover, the advantage of
indicating the origin of the branch nervures, as may be seen
from the neuration of the pupal wing.

With' regard to the colour and texture of the nervures, it may
be said generally that in the exclusively northern or mountain
species they are much darker and coarser than in the others.
This is peculiarly the case in those of another group — cijnthia,
iduna, and merope, but both the colour and texture of these is
approached by varia and (making due allowance for its small

242 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

size) asteria ; aurelia also, though by no means exclusively a
mountain species, approaches this group very closely, another
indication of its nearness to varia. Next to these comes
dictynnoides, also a more or less mountain species ; whilst
mountain athalia are darker than those of the plain, northern
parthenie than Italian, and berisalensis than typical deione. The
finest and lightest species are dictynna, parthenie (Italian), and
hritomartis, but, whilst britomartis looks somewhat thicker than
dictynna, the nervures of the former are apt to melt away to
some extent with the action of the chemicals used for removing
the scales, in a way which I have not noticed in any other
species. It may be remarked here that while superficially the
resemblance between asteria and merope is sometimes very close,
yet the neuration (especially with regard to the point of de-
parture of ii^ in the fore wing) connects the former definitely
with the athalia-, and the latter as definitely with the aurinia-
group ; in the same way, the form of the discoidal cell of the
hind wing shows that we are right in placing deione with this
group rather than with the group typified by cinxia.

To take the nervures, so far ^s they are distinctive, one by
one :— Fore wing : i does not really offer any distinction, always
reaching the costa without any upward curve ; for, though I
have found one specimen of athalia in which it anastomoses
with ii^, and another in which it nearly does so, this seems to be
due in both cases to the position of iij.

iii runs almost absolutely parallel with i in parthenie, dic-
tynnoides, deione (type), generally in berisalensis, and occasionally
in varia ; it approaches i very gradually and almost con-
tinuously in asteria, and generally in varia ; in aurelia it ap-
proaches i very slightly and gradually, and turns equally
slightly and gradually away again ; in dictynna it approaches
rapidly and turns off gradually ; in britomartis its position is
between that of aurelia and that of dictynna ; in athalia it ap-
proaches more closely, generally much more closely, to i, some-
times to the point of actual anastomosis.

The point of departure of ii^ from the main stem of ii varies
in different specimens of the same species, but is generally
somewhat further from the base in athalia than in others ;
dictynna is perhaps the most variable, but the branch is gene-
rally rather high up, sometimes close to the top corner of the
discoidal cell, though sometimes rather low down ; in britomartis
the position is also variable, but is generally rather low down,
and never, so far as I have seen, very high up.

ii2-ii5 offer no distinctive characters in this group.

Traces of the main stem of iii, with its first bifurcation about
half-way up the cell, which are very distinct in merope 2 , are
visible in this group in asteria, parthenie, and dictynna, and very
slightly in dictynnoides. In dictynna, and possibly in britomartis,

SOME NOTES ON MELANISM. 243

it would seem to have divided very near the base ; but of the
latter (in which, as a rule, it can scarcely be traced) I have one
specimen, in which not merely a fold but an actual nervure
(representing the main stem and the upper part of the primary
fork) is visible, where the branch could only have sprung from
quite near the outer edge of the discoidal cell. The outer (as
opposed to the basal) ends of the primary fork are just visible at
the secondary branching in northern pai'thenie, and in aurelia
and herisalensis (the upper one only in the last two), and more
conspicuously, as a rule, in dictynna, as well as in some species
of both the other groups.

The four central cross nervules are really the secondary
bifurcations of iii, and join iiij to iii^, and iii2 to iiig.

iiii and iii^ are more nearly parallel — i. e. nearer to Dryas
paphia — in britomartis than in any other species of this group,
though perhaps not more so than in aurinia, in which, however,
they are much more curved, iii^ springs from near the corner
of the discoidal cell, the short cross nervule coming outwards
from the base at a sharp angle, in parthenie, deione, herisalensis,
and dictynnoides, and generally in athalia and dictynna ; in brito-
martis the cross nervule is more nearly, and sometimes quite,
at right angles with ii ; in asteria and varia iiij^ springs from the
corner of the cell or close to it, and almost as close in aurelia ;
this point of departure is also by no means unusual in athalia
and dictynna.

iii2 is basally very close to iii^ in asteria and aurelia, less so
in deione, rather farther away in partheiiie, and still more so in
athalia and berisalensis, more nearly parallel in varia, dictynna,
and dictynnoides, most widely separated in britomartis ; but it is
impossible to base any conclusion whatever on this characteristic,
as there is considerable variety in the matter in the specimens
of each species.

iiig is perceptibly less curved at its basal end (even without a
lens) in aurelia than in any other species ; the curve is slightly
more abrupt in asteria, varia, and dictynna, and less so in deione,
berisalensis, and britomartis.

(To be continued.)

SOME NOTES ON MELANISM.

By a. M. Stewart.

Kecently while passing along the edge of a small wood, in
conversation with a gamekeeper friend, some remarks were
passed on the occasional appearance of a black rabbit amongst
those we saw around us. " Yes," my friend remarked, " wher-
ever you see so many black ones you may depend upion it the
stock is getting too much inbred. You see," he continued, '*I

244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

have only a small bit of a place, and the way we are hemmed
m here we can hardly prevent it, but I am getting some fresh
stock down from the hills, and we will soon get rid of the black
lot."

Here, to me, was a new theory for melanism — may it not
apply to insects as well as to the larger animals ? At least it
is worth a little investigation and reflection.

As for example, take the case of the environs of Paisley. To
the north of the town there were at one time — within the memory
of those still living — large tracts of virgin woodland interspersed
with pine and birch woods. Gradually the woods were cut
down, the heather burned, the land drained, and now all, or
nearly all, this extensive area is under crops. But, as remarked,
not all — a very few small woods and moorland patches still
remain. And here the insect and bird fauna peculiar to pine,
heather and birch finds its last stronghold, huddled together no
doubt they are — to the extinction of many species once recorded
as frequent or common in the district. Small wonder, then, if
inbreeding is rampant ! In a small wood of scarcely ten acres,
with two acres of heather attached — virtually a fox cover — sur-
rounded by smiling cornfields, the heather and pine insects are
veritably on an island.

And we do get quite a number of dark and black forms of a
variety of species — Them variata : eighty per cent, are dark, twenty
per cent, are black, the type we rarely see. Eupithecia castigata,
we get a perfectly black form ; it was known at one time as the
" Paisley pug." Cidaria siiffumata var. piceata is very frequent,
and the same may be said of one or two others confined in these
restricted areas.

Take another illustration of the point. The August of 1909 I
spent my holiday collecting in the north-east end of the Island
of Arran. Now, there is no smoke or dirt there to support the
theory of their influence, yet I found melanic forms of various
species were common. In a long narrow rocky glen I came twice
upon small patches of billberry, only a few clumps to each
colony, and from each clump were disturbed several specimens of
C. populata ; they were all much darker than the typical form,
and some of a unicolorous dark coffee colour. They never
settled on the rocks. The formation here is a dark slate- coloured
schist, with grey granite boulders in the burn, some of immense
size, but populata always sought refuge by diving into the
heather or bracken thirty or forty yards up or down stream. I
did not meet with the species again until I struck the second
patch of food-plant, and then the same performance was repeated.
Inbreeding under these conditions was not only probable but
hardly avoidable, when we remember that the females of popu-
lata scarcely fly at all, so badly are they equipped in the matter
of wings.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 245

How far these suggestions will stand after further investiga-
tions it is too early yet to say, but to those with the time and
opportunity it opens up a new line of enquiry, which may lead
to some tangible result. And after all is said and done as to
the value of protective coloration in insects during the imago
stage, it is really during the larval period that the greatest
mortality occurs, and their enemies then are far more numerous.
Ichneumons and birds, possibly, do the most damage in this
respect. I once opened the stomach of a cuckoo shot amongst
bilberry, and it was filled with the caterpillars of sawfiies and
Geometers, including one larva of the wood tiger — so that the
ultimate shade of an imago is possibly of secondary importance.
In the glen here referred to, C. riissata, Larentia ccesiata and
L. olivata were very numerous, and their greatest enemies in the
imago stage were the spiders. One species of formidable size was
common, and as their webs were always stretched across fissures
and crannies of the rocks, their toll of insect life must have been
considerable, but it would hardly be a protection to any moth
to be a shade darker or lighter than its fellows once it came in
contact with one of these webs, which had usually the owner
sitting in the centre waiting for his or her next meal ! Insect-
feeding birds were rare — though a few large dragon-flies (C anmi-
latus) were hawking up and down the stream, but so far as my
observation went they did not molest these moths, even when
sent flying amongst them by the dozen.

In conclusion, I think Mr. Leigh is right when he says : —
" There is probably some other factor at work in the production
of melanic forms." And again : " It is of course quite probable
that the dark colour of many species of moth is protective, while
in others it may be of physiological importance, and associated
in some way with constitutional hardiness," or, may I suggest ?
climatically hardy but reproductively a disadvantage.

Note. — The inbreeding of Spilosoma lubricipeda led to the
production of the black form var. radiata.
38, Ferguslie, Paisley.

ON SOME EECENT ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY THE
COLEOPTEEA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR
PHYLOGENY.

By C. J. Gahan, M.A.

(Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museuni.)
(Continued from p. 219.)

In the Synteliidae and Lamellicornia, the wing-venation is
considerably modified, and by reduction of the veins it comes
sometimes to look like that of the Staphylinoidea ; but there is

246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

generally no difficulty in recognizing the hook-like connection
which the anterior branch (M^) of the media makes with the
media, forming as it were a recurrent branch of the latter. It
is scarcely probable that this character, which is the one most
distinctive of the Cantharoidean type, has not been derived
directly from that type, but derived instead directly and in-
dependently from the Adephagan type.

The larvae of the Lamellicornia (those of the Synteliidfe are
unknown) differ wholly in form and structure from those of the
Staphylinoidea. The primitive segmentation of the abdomen
which the Lamellicornia have in common with the Staphy-
linoidea— the character which seems to weigh most with Kolbe
— is not confined amongst the Polyphaga to those two groups ;
it is a character also of the Malacoderms as a whole, and is met
with as well in some of the lower forms of Teredilia, Dascil-
loidea, Sternoxia, and Heteromera. And in view of this fact,
admitted by Kolbe himself, I do not understand why he has not
included the Malacoderms in his division Haplogastra, unless,
as I have said, he is prepared to maintain that the wing-venation
has been differently derived in each of bis two divisions of the
Polyphaga.

In Lameere's classification the Staphylinoidea immediately
follow t)ie Lamellicornia in the linear arrangement, but that
results from an entirely different view from Kolbe's, and is only
because the Lamellicornia come as the highest and terminal
group in his first division of the Polyphaga, while the Staphy-
linoidea constitute the whole of his second division.

Larval Form and Structure. — If further justification were
needed for a division of the Coleoptera into the two suborders
Adephaga and Polyphaga, it would be found in a study of the
larvte. The larvsB of the Adephaga differ from all other beetle
larvae in having one more segment to each leg,* which also
usually terminates in two claws, whereas in the other larvae it
never has more than a single claw. They are not only distinct
in structure from all other Coleopterous larvae, but they appear
also to be more primitive. In their general form, their active
movements, and their possession of jointed anal appendages,
they recall Campodea and other Thysanura. The structure of
their mouth-parts differs less from that of the imagines than it
does in other Coleopterous larvae.

The larvae of the Staphylinoidea also are active, Campodi-
form, and possessed of anal appendages resembling cerci, and,

* The only exception known at present occurs in the Paussidae. The
first undoubted larva of this family was recently described by Dr. Boving.
It has only five segments in each leg, as compared with the six present in
other Adephagan larvae. But its other characters point to its affinities with
the Adephaga.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTKRA. 247

notwithstanding the lesser number of segments in the legs, have
a great general resemblance to those of the Adephaga.

This resemblance is considered by Ganglbauer and Kolbe to
indicate a relationship between the two groups, and is one of
their reasons for placing the Staphylinoidea first in the suborder
Polyphaga. It has been explained already that they regard
the wing-venation of the Staphylinoidea as being derived directly
from the Adephagan type, and that Lameere holds a different
view. He believes that the resemblance between the larvae of
the Staphylinoidea and Adephaga has been brought about as
the result of a convergence of characters, and is not to be
attributed to any common inheritance. Nor does the Cam-
podea-form of the Staphylinid larvae appeal to bim as a sign of
their more primitive origin over that of the Cantharidiformes.

In consonance with his views upon the origin of meta-
morphosis in insects, Lameere holds that in insects with a
complete metamorphosis the cruciform type of larva is more
primitive than the Campodiform type, and therefore he does
not admit the truth of Brauer's law when applied to these
insects, although that law — namely, the nearer the larva is to
the imago and to the ancestral form the more primitive is the
type— does, he thinks, hold good in the case of the Hetero-
metabola.

His views in this respect have left a marked influence on his
classification. They explain to a great extent why he is so
strong in maintaining the Cupedidae as the most primitive
family in the Adephaga, and in placing the Teredilia as the
first and most primitive group in the suborder Polyphaga,
although he has given other reasons also for adopting this
course. There is, however, a mistake in one of his reasons for
regarding the Cupedidae as the most primitive of the Adephaga,
namely, that the abdominal rings are not fused together as they
are in the other Adephaga. It is precisely for this reason that
the sternites and pleurae of the second abdominal segment are
completely fused with those of the third, that Ganglbauer con-
siders the Cupedidae to be one of the more modified families of
Adephaga, and that Kolbe in his later classification removes
them from that suborder, in which, excepting the Paussidae, the
second sternite is only partially fused with the third, being
distinct from it at the sides of the abdomen.

As Ganglbauer points out, mistakes of this kind are apt to
arise from the custom followed by systematists of referring to
the first visible sternite of the abdomen as the first ventral
segment, whereas it is actually in some cases the sternite of
the second, in others of the third segment, or else represents
the sternites of the two fused together. The sternite of the
first segment has in most cases disappeared, leaving no trace
behind.

248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The principal characters taken into consideration for the
purposes of classification have now, I hope, been sufficiently
discussed to enable the reader to understand how the main
differences in the three classifications have arisen. The other
differences, relating chiefly to the number of the families and
groups to be recognized and the arrangement of the families in
each group, are less essential, and can best be considered if we
give the outlines of each classification first before pointing out
and discussing those that seem to be the more important.
(To be continued.)

NON-HYBERNATION OF PYRAMEIS ATALANTA.
By F. W. Fkohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.

For many years past I have paid particular attention to the
habits of Pyrameis atalanta in this country. My experience is
based on careful observation and the life-history of this species
under natural conditions.

I am of opinion that P. atalanta does not hybernate in the
British Isles any more than P. cardui does, and that there is no
authentic record of atalanta ever having been found hybernating
anywhere in Britain, and surely if it did spend the winter months
in such a state, so common a species would have been detected,
when we know of several instances of the decidedly rare Vanessa
antiopa having done so. I know of specimens of the latter which
have from time to time been found during the winter months
and early spring, and even of one seen on the wing in midwinter,
but have never heard of atalanta after the first spell of cold
weather in late autumn or early winter has set in, which I
believe is fatal to the species. Therefore Mr. J. C. Warburg's
views {antea, p. 183) on the subject are entirely contrary to my
own, and I quite agree with Mr. L. W. Newman that atalanta
does not hybernate in this country.

The occurrence of this species in Britain is due to immigration
of specimens in the spring. Usually the eggs are not deposited
until June, as the following notes will show, which may interest
Mr. Warburg.

On June 10th, 1894, I captured a female which deposited
about one hundred eggs on the 14th. On June 27th, 1903, I
watched a wild female depositing on nettles at Wallasea, Essex,
and two days later (June 29th) I saw another depositing at
Hockley, Essex. At 6 p.m. on May 24th, 1909, I captured a
female while at rest on the wall of a house (Rayleigh, Essex),
sitting with expanded wings resting in the sun. A strong east
wind was then blowing which had been continuous for several days.
I have every reason to believe this was a freshly arrived immigrant.
Not wanting the specimen I gave her a drink and set her free.

NEW CULICIDiE FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA, ETC. 249

The complete transformations of the summer emergence of
atalanta are of short duration, occupying in all about fifty days —
the egg state nine days ; larval state twenty-three days ; pupal
state seventeen days — total forty-nine days from the time the
egg is laid to the emergence of the imago. These are the aver-
age periods, which are liable to vary somewhat according to
temperature.

The butterflies of the summer brood pair and produce others,
so that a succession of broods occur during the summer and
autumn, which accounts for the larvae in all stages occurring
from about the middle or end of June until the middle of Sep-
tember, and fully grown larvae during the early part of October.
May, 1911.

SOME NEW CULICID^ FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA,
SOUTH QUEENSLAND, AND TASMANIA.

By E. H. Strickland (Dip. S.E.A.C).

(Continued from p. 204.)

Stegomyia tasmaniensis, n. sp.

Head with silvery scales round the eyes, remainder dark.

Thorax clothed with dark scales all over. Scutellar scales also
all dark. Pleuras and pro-thoracic lobes with silvery scales. Abdo-
men dark scaled with silvery lateral spots.

Legs dai-k, unhanded ; silvery knee-spots on all femora, and sil-
very apical spot on all tibiae. The last two hind tarsi, with part of
the third, are of a dull white colour.

2 . Head clothed with flat scales, which are of a black colour,
except round the posterior borders of the eyes, where they are white;
and a few black upright forked scales at the back of the head. The
proboscis and palpi are entirely covered with dark scales. Eyes dark
brown. Clypeus black rugose. Mesothorax covered with blackish
narrow curved scales with a slight brownish reflection. There are a
few stout long bristles, especially about the wing roots. Scutellum
with black flat scales, with a violaceous reflection, and strong pos-
terior bristles to the lobes. Prothoracic lobes and pleurge with sil-
very spindle-shaped scales. Abdomen with black flat scales, with a
violaceous reflection ; and with silvery apical lateral spots on all
segments except the first two. Ventral surface of abdomen clothed
with mixed white and dark scales, which are all white on the apical
segment.

Legs with a white apical spot on all the femora and tibiae. Fore
and mid tarsi all dark, unhanded. Hind legs pale scaled on the
inside along the entire length, last two hind tarsi, and part of third
tarsus all dull white. Wings with brown scales, with a violaceous
reflection. First fork cell long, shghtly narrower than the second
posterior, and its base considerable nearer the base of the wing ; its

ENTOM. — JULY, 1911. T

250

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

stem about one-fifth its length. Supernumerary cross- vein slightly
nearer base of wing than the mid cross-vein, posterior cross-vein
about two and a half times its own length distant from the mid
cross- vein.

Length 5 mm.

J/aiifaL— Tasmania.

Ohservations. — Described from four females, all rather
damaged.

Genus Andersonia, nov. gen.

Head clothed in the centre with narrow curved and upright
forked scales, and at the sides with flat scales as in Culex. Female
palpi of four segments as in Culicada.

Thorax clothed on the greater part with narrow-curved scales,
but on either side just before the wing-roots is a patch of flat and
broad spindle-shaped, scales. Scutellum with narrow-curved scales.
Abdomen with flat scales. Wing venation and scales similar to
Culicada.

Male unknown.

One species only is known at present and is found in
Tasmania.

This genus appears to be closely related to Culicada, from
which, however, it can at once be separated by the presence of
flat lateral scales on the thorax.

Andersonia tasmaniensis, n. sp.

2 . Head black, clothed with light golden
small narrow curved scales, numerous simi-
larly coloured upright forked scales, and cream
coloured lateral flat scales. There are very
few bristles on the head. Eyes bronzy. An-
tennce with basal segment and basal half of
second segment testaceous, the remainder
dark. Palpi with very small fourth segment,
somewhat densely scaled. Proboscis all dark
in colour.

Thorax dark brown, clothed on the median
area with small narrow curved scales, which
are mainly of a dark brown colour ; there is,
however, a lighter median line of more golden
brown scales on the apical three-quarters of
the thorax ; the basal quarter of the thorax is
devoid of scales in the centre. There is, how-
ever, a narrow line of golden brown scales on
either side of this area, bounded laterally by
another small bare patch, which extends al-
Female palp of Ander- most to the wing-root. The apical lateral
so7Ma iasmanimsis, denuded third of the thorax is clothed with large
ot scales. golden yellow narrow curved scales, which lie

with their apices toward the centre of the thorax. Just in front of,
and extending to, the wing-roots is a very conspicuous patch of large

NEW CULICID^ FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA, ETC. 251

creamy white, spindle-shaped, flat and elongated narrow-cvirved
scales ; the last-mentioned, together with similar coloured hairs, are
most numerous basally near the wing-roots. There are three distinct
rows of black bristles on the thorax besides lateral bristles and those
which surround the wing-roots. The central row terminates at the
commencement of the bare patch before the scutellum. Scutellum
with light yellow narrow curved scales. Prothoracic lobes with
light yellow narrow curved scales, and a few bristles. Pleurae with

Thorax of Andei'sonia tasmaniensis, n. sp.

creamy flat scales. Abdomen with flat scales. White basal lateral
spots on all segments. This character does not appear to be quite
constant, as in several specimens examined one or more spots were
absent, while in two specimens there were traces of complete white
basal bands on the second and third segments respectively. Ventral
surface of abdomen white scaled. Wings densely clothed with
brown C uUcada-like scales. First fork cell narrower and considerably
longer than the second posterior, its stem is not quite half its length.
Supernumerary and mid cross-veins almost in a line, the former
slightly nearer the wing base. Posterior cross -vein about its own
length distant from the mid cross-vein.

Legs with femora, testaceous and clothed with mottled dark and
light scales, replaced apically by a spot of ochreous scales. Tibiae
darker, but also mottled. Tarsi dark and all dark scaled.

Length 5"5-6"5 mm.

Habitat. — Tasmania.

Observations. — Described from eighteen females sent by Dr.
Anderson. There were no males. The species is very distinctive,
the sides of the thorax being distinctly lighter in colour than the
median area, and in this it superficially resembles Banksinella
luteolateralis (Theobald) ; the flat lateral scales, however, distin-
guish it at once from any other described genus.

South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.
November '22nd, 1910.

252 'rHB ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

HipPOTiON (Ch^rocampa) celerio at Birkenhead. — It may be
of some interest to note that I saw, but did not mifortmiately capture,
a specimen of G. celerio in the garden yesterday evening at dusk. It
was hovering over the flowers of lupin and other plants. I feel
certain that I made no mistake, as the moth was within two feet of
me, and I got a very good view of it. — Ealph Eylands ; Highfields,
Bidston Eoad, Birkenhead, June 12th, 1911.

Clytus arcuatus in North-East London. — A specimen of this
beetle was found on a wall in Wick Eoad, Hackney, on June 10th.
It was shown by Mr. J. O. Braithwaite, at the meeting of the North
London Natural History Society, at Finsbury, on June 13th. —
V. Gerrard ; " Kenmore," Connaught Avenue, Chingford, Essex,
June 24th, 1911.

iEoERIA ANDREN^PORMIS IN ViBURNUM OPULUS. — On May 19th

last I was agreeably surprised to find an old burrow of JEgcria
andrenceformis in a branch of guelder rose {Viburnum opulus). On
opening it I found it liad produced an ichneumon ! I have frequently
searched V. opulus for signs of this species, but this is tlie only
burrow I have detected. V. lantana is much more common than
V. opulus in this district — Mid-Kent. Is V. opuhis more often bored
in localities where V. lantana does not so largely predominate ? —
P. P. MiLMAN ; Burham, near Eochester, June 16th, 1911.

Lepidoptera at Light in the Haslebiere District. — On
Monday night, June 5th, I took the following insects, on a white
sheet placed in front of two acetylene lamps : Stauropus fagi (three
males), Palimpsestis fiuctuosa, and one example of Drymonia tri-
viacula (dodonea). Some twenty other quite decent things were
secured. Nearly everything turned up late as usual ; the S. fagi did
not appear until between 11.45 p.m. and 12.15 a.m. Mr. Norman
Eiley, of the South London Entomological Society, was witli me at
the time. — Bertram E. Jupp ; Lyn Lodge, Camelsdale, Haslemere,
June 16th, 1911.

Eristalis oestraceus, L., in North America (Diptbra). — Several
species of Syrphidse are known to be common to Europe and North
America, but an addition to the list of sucli species has been made
by Mr. Ernest E. Austen (Ent. Mo. Mag. xxii. 2nd series, p. 63).
When determining a female specimen of Eristalis, from East Prussia,
recently presented to the National Collection by the Hon. N. C.
Eothschild, Mr. Austen found that it was referable to E. oestraceus,
L. At the same time he discovered that the specimen described by
Walker, some sixty years ago, as E. cestriformis was specifically
identical with E. oestraceus, L.

Chrysopa plava (Neuroptera). — In connection with Miss E. M.
Alderson's paper {antea, p. 126) on this lacewing fly, the following
records may be of interest for dates and localities. June 14th, 1896,
one at the Black Pond, Esher Common, Surrey, by the side of its
transparent filmy pupa-case ; the wings were not fully expanded.
July 1st, 1901, one received from Twickenham, Middlesex. June 7th,

SOCIETIES. 253

1903, a large specimen taken while flying feebly in Surbiton, Surrey ;
probably it had not long emerged. June 21st, 1903, a specimen taken
at Balham, London. June 21st, 1905, one taken at Horsley, Surrey.
June 13th, 1907, one brought to me from Walton-on-Thames, Surrey.
June 26th, 1909, one specimen, near Oxshott, Surrey. June 9th, 1910,
an example taken from a fence in Fassett Eoad, Kingston-on-Thames,
Surrey. June 12th, 1910, one taken at Claygate, Surrey. I have
also two undated specimens from Macclesfield, Cheshire, given me by
Mr. R. South. — W. J. Lucas ; Kingston-on-Thames.

A Dipterous Parasite bred from imago of Nyssia lapponaria. —
In April, 1909, amongst some females of NTjssia lapponaria, Bdv.,
from which I was hoping to obtain ova, I was surprised to find one,
which had been able to walk about three days before, lying on its
back and by its empty body the pupa of a dipterous parasite. From
this the fly emerged twenty-two days later, and has been identified by
Mr. C. J. Wainwright as a female of Phryxe vulgaris Fall. He has
also been kind enough to tell me that, though it is an unusual event
■ for an insect, parasitised in the larval stage, to develop fully, it is by
no means unknown. But, if these flies have several broods, it seems
to me possible that the egg was laid in the imago and that the whole
oval and larval development of the fly took place in this stage.
Females of Nyssia lapponaria almost always live more than a fortnight,
and some of these parasites pass through their early stages much more
quickly than this. Apart from the rarity of the occurrence, it has a
further interest in that, so far as I know, it is the first recorded
parasite bred from Nyssia lapponaria in this country. — E. A.
Cockayne ; 16, Cambridge Square, London.

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society op London. — Wednesday, April btii,
1911.— The Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., President, in the chair.— The
following gentlemen w^ere elected Fellows of the Society : Messrs.
H. W. Davey, Inspector of the Department of Agriculture, Geelong,
Victoria, Austraha; H. Boileau, 90, rue de la Cote St. Thibault, Bois de
Colombes, Seine, France ; Rufus MaUinson, Oakland, Windermere. —
The President announced the death of Mr. P. C. T. Snellen, of
Rotterdam, the oldest Honorary Fellow of the Society, and moved that
an expression of sympathy be forwarded to his family. — Mr. Robert
Adkin exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Lachlan Gibb, of Montreal, Canada,
three specimens (two males and one female) of a Pieris taken by
Mr. Gibb at Lost River, Canada, in May, 1910, together with series
of P. oleracea and P. 7'apce from the same and other Canadian
localities for comparison. Mr. Gibb mentioned that P. rap)(S was not
an indigenous species, but was said to have been introduced into
Canada some sixty years ago, and had not only thoroughly established
itself, but had become one of the commonest butterflies, whereas
P. oleracea, an indigenous species, appeared to be rapidly declining
in numbers, and it had been suggested that the introduced species
was driving it out. He asked the opinion of the Fellows upon the
three specimens, and suggested the possibility of their being the

254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

result of natural hybridisation between P. oleracea and P. rapm. —
Dr. Dixey was of opinion that the three specimens in question were
certainly not hybrids, and even probably only a variety of P. oleracea ;
he pointed out that they differed less from the P. oleracea exhibited
than did the series of P. rapce from one another. — Mr. W. J. Lucas
showed three specimens of Euborellia mcesta. Gene, received on
April 3rd from Hyeres, from Dr. Chapman, with four others of the
same species. Both sexes were shown ; but they look rather alike
owing to there being little difference in the callipers. E. mcesta is quite
black. There are just the rudiments of elytra, but no wings.
Antennae dark fuscous, legs partly so, partly black. Mr. Lucas also
exhibited a large ant, one of three specimens found this year at
Swanage in a bunch of bananas, supposed to have come from Jamaica.
The President observed that the specimen belonged to the genus
Neoponera, and was probably N. tlieresice, Ford, a Central American
species. He added that the genus was a curious one, combining the
possession of a sting with the single abdominal node characteristic
of the stingiess ants. — Mr. F. Muir exhibited two specimens of the.
bat Miniopterus schreibersi, with female Ascoclipteron embedded at the
base of the ear. He also showed specimens and enlarged drawings
of the male, female, winged and wingless, larva and puparium of the
Ascoclip)teron, and read the following note : — " These all came from
Amboyna (Dutch East Indies). The male and winged female hatch
out as normal imagines, the female, after finding her host, cuts her
way under the skin at the base of the ear, and then casts her legs and
wings ; her abdomen then develops to an enormous extent, and
entirely envelops her head and thorax so that she appears as a
' bottled-shaped ' grub without legs or head. The larvae develop in
the uterus in the usual pupiparous manner, and wdien full grown pass
out through the vagina and fall to the ground, where they immediately
pupate, hatching out as imagines in about thirty to thirty-one days.
This species I have named Ascoclipteron speiserianmn, after
Dr. Paul Speiser, the authority on this group of flies. I took another
species in North Queensland, living on the same species of bat." —
Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited, on behalf of Mr. G. B. Oliver, of
Wolverhampton, a series of E. hyperanthus bred during January and
February, 1911, from ova laid by a Leamington female in July, 1910.
The specimens, though rather small, showed a great tendency to
produce large spots both on the upper and under side. — Mr. H. J.
Turner exhibited living specimens of a longicorn beetle, Agapanthia
asjjJiodeli, sent by Dr. Chapman from Hyeres. — Commander Walker
observed that he had found it in Malta (the only common longicorn
there), and also at Gibraltar in the early spring, and always on
asphodel. — George Wheeler, Hon. Sec.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society.— May 11th, 1911.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in
the chair. — Messrs. Harrison and Main exhibited a long series of
Aplecta nchulosa and its varieties ; a bred series from robsoni male
and thompsoni female which did not conform to the anticipated
Mendelian proportions. Twenty-six per cent, were grey, forty-two
per cent, robsoni, and thirty-two per cent, thompsoni, instead of fifty
per cent, robsoni and fifty per cent, thompsoni. — Messrs. R. Adkin,

SOCIETIES. 255

Harrison, Main, and L. W. Newman, liybrids of Biston hirtaria and
Nyssia zonaria. It was stated that females had not yet been obtained
in the cross B. hirtaria male and A'', zonaria female. Mr. Adkin read
detailed notes on the characteristics of the hybrid specimens shown
by him. — Mr. Gough, specimens of the arete form of Aphantopus
hyperanthus from Kent and Surrey, together with intermediate and
type forms.— Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a living female scorpion just
received from the West Indies ; it had two young on its back where,
it was stated, the parent deposited them and where they usually
remained two or three weeks. — Mr. W. West (Greenwich) called at-
tention to the Society's collection of Coleoptera, which had now been
completely reset and cleaned, and to which Messrs. Ashby and
Ashdown had recently made numerous additions. — Mr. H. Moore,
some Coleoptera received alive from the Orange Free State. — Mr. E.
Adkin, a bred series of Nyssia zonaria reared from Wallasey, and
called attention to the laying over of numerous pupae for two
winters, and to the much paler general coloration of a number of
the specimens. — Mr. Blenkarn, the coleopteron Myrmedonia fnnesta
and the ant it cohabited with, Formica fuliginosus, from Sandown. —
Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Secretary.

The Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical
Society. — Entomological Section (late Birmingham Entomological
Society).— /a7i. 16^/i, 1911.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President of
the Section, in the chair. — The President referred to the great loss to
entomological science by the death of Mr. J. W. Tutt. A vote of
condolence with his family was passed, all members standing in their
places. — Lepidoptera from Wicken Fen : Mr. Lloyd Chadwick exhibi-
ted G. qnercifolia, N. ziczac, N. dictcea, M. arundinis, M. flamviea,
G. phrarjmitellus, L. impiidens, L. straminea, L. pallens ab. rufescens,
C. senex, A. gemina ab. remissa, H. cribralis, T. hellmanni, H. auror-
aria, H. costcestrigalis, G. sparsata, C. lemnalis, N. cilialis, A. advejia,
P. festuccR. — Lepidoptera from Cornwall and Devon : Dr. Beckworth
'Whitehoiiseexhihited Polianigrocincta,Diant}iosciabarrettii,Heliothis
peltigera, Epunda lichenea, E. nigra, Ghariclea umbra. — Lepidoptera
from Henley-in-Arden : Mr. G. B. Manly exhibited Trochiliuni
bembeciforviis, Drepana hamula, Xylophasia sublustris, Apamea ophio-
gramma, Hepialus sylvamis, Hybernia defoliaria, Himcra p)^nnaria,
Trichiura cratcegi, Notodonta dromedarius, Girrhcedia xerampelina,
Gymatophora ditplaris, Orthosia suspecta, Ep)unda lutulenta, Aplecta
lierbida, TryphcBna fimbria. — Teratological specimens : Mr. G. T.
Bethune-Baker exhibited the following : Erebia melampus with left
hind wing short; Melitcza athalia with right hind wing short; Erebia
adyte with right hind wing about half size ; Erebia ceto without a
head — the specimen was swept off a flower and possibly the head had
been seized by a spider ; the insect fluttered quite briskly nine hours
afterwards. — Mr. G. T. Fountain exhibited Gheimatobia boreata taken
under leaves during frost, November 20th, 1910. — Mr. H. Willoughby
Ellis, specimens of the scarce beetle Gathormiocerus socius from the
Isle of Wight, May, 1910.

Feb. 30^/i.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President of the Section,
in the chair. — Mr. W. Bowater exhibited hybrids Zonaria x hirtaria
bred from Yorkshire larvae sent by Mr. J. W. H. Harrison. Those

256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

bred from Zonaria male and hirtaria female were fertile and those
from Zonaria female and hirtaria male were infertile. The hybrid
females were semi-apterous. — Sir G. H. Kenrick gave a lecture on the
Pierinae butterflies, and explained the classification of the group. He
described the various types of ova, larvae, pupae, and iixiagines, and
also the food-plants and the structure of the antennge and special
scales occurring in certain species. The peculiar distribution and
migration were explained, and the lecture was illustrated by a large
series of specimens. — H. Willoughby Ellis, F.Z.S., F.E.S., Hon. Sec.

EECENT LITERATUEE.

A Handbook of the Tsetse-flies [Genus Glossina] . By Ernest
Edward Austen, Assistant in the Department of Zoology,
British Museum (Natural History). Pp. i-x, 1-110. Ten
plates in colour. Printed by Order of the Trustees of the
British Museum. 1911.

Chapter I. of this excellent and valuable work treats of the
general characters of Tsetse-flies, and how they may be distinguished
from other flies, especially members of the genera Stomoxys and
HcBinatojJota, with which species of Glossina might be confused.
Distribution is also referred to, and a map of Africa with the "fly-
belts" indicated thereon shows at a glance the infested areas. In
chapter ii. (pp. 8-17) the external characters are discussed. Chapter iii.
(pp. 18-22) mainly comprises tables of the groups and species. The
other four chapters (pp. 23-105) are devoted to descriptions of the
species, together with their distribution, bionomics, early stages
(where known), affinities, and distinctive characters.

Newstead's arrangement of the species in groups has been adopted,
except that G. brevipalpis, Newst., G. longij^ennis, Costi,and G.mcdi-
corum, n. sp., constitute a fourth group of the genus.

There are twenty-four illustrations in the text ; the figures on the
plates, which are beautifully reproduced, are from drawings by A. G.
Engel Terzi.

Since the publication of Mr. Austen's ' Monograph of the Tsetse-
flies ' in 1903 there has been very considerable additions to our know-
ledge of these pests of Tropical Africa; also an increase in the
number of described species. In the Monograph (now out of print)
only seven species of Glossina were known, and G. palpalis had not
then been recognized as the carrier of the parasite which causes
" Sleeping Sickness." In the ' Handbook ' under notice fifteen species
of "Tsetse-fly" are dealt with, and two of these are described as
new to science.

Up to a very recent date Trypanosomiasis had only been traced
with certainty to the bite of Glossina palpalis. As our author points
out, however, there is now reason to suspect that TryjMnosoma gam-
hiense, the parasite producing " Sleeping Sickness," may be conveyed
by other species of Tsetse. It is therefore most important that
medical officers and others engaged in fighting disease in Tropical
Africa should be able to recognize the species of Glossina one from
another. With this ' Handbook ' at their service there should be
little, if any, difficulty in the identification of Tsetse-flies.

a

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a.
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o s

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a. ^

THE ENTOMOLOaiST

Vol. XLIV.] AUGUST, 1911. [No. 579

NOTES ON BRITISH ODONATA IN 1910.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

(Plate VII.)

Though I was not able to identify the species, I caught a
glimpse of an Agrionid dragonfly in the New Forest on April
26th ; but in spite of the fact that the season opened thus early,
with the exception of Mr. G. T. Porritt's excursion to the Broads
in search of Ac/rion armatum, little of interest has come to
hand in connection with this order of insect during 1910. Mr.
Porritt tells me that he found the species plentiful at one of the
Broads and, if he had wished, could probably have secured a
hundred specimens. He took six on May 26th, three on May
27th, and about a dozen on May 28th, the sexes being captured
in about equal numbers. Unfortunately he did not discover the
headquarters till the 28th, and then had only one and a half
hours of sun, divided into two parts bya heavy storm; but the
species was on that day quite abundant. The first captured was
a blue-marked specimen, and, curiously enough, Mr. Porritt does
not think he saw another, he therefore concludes it is a rare
form. This specimen was of as bright a blue as that of Agrion
imella, Ischnura elegans, or Erythromma naias. All the other
specimens had brilliant green markings, except three teneral
females (taken in cop. with adult males), which were very dingy.
There is no mistaking these A. armatum amongst the Agrion
pulchellum, A. piiella, I. elegans, &c., with which they fly, their
green bodies, shining like emeralds, making the insects very con-
spicuous. This bright colour unfortunately disappears rapidly
as the dragonflies dry. Mr. Porritt found many dragonflies
about, though it was somewhat early in the season. He enume-
rates : — A. pulchellum, A. puella, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, E. naias,
I. elegans (abundant), Libellula quadrimaculata (in good force),
Brachytron pratense (common), Libellula fulva (getting nicely

ENTOM. — AUGUST, 1911. U

258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

out, though still teneral, and evidently going to be common
again).

On June 5th a large dragonfly, seen in Prince's Coverts near
Claygate, Surrey, could not have been anything except Anax
imperator. Here also were seen one or two Libellula dejjressa on
June 12th, and a female A. puella on June 19th. At the Black
Pond, in the same neighbourhood, on June 12th, Pyrrhosoma
tenellum was taken in teneral condition, Cordulia csnea seemed
fairly numerous, as also was L. quadrimaculata, while A. impe-
rator was no doubt sighted more than once at a distance over the
pond, and three of its empty nymph-skins were obtained. On
June 19th, at the Pond, there were found:— L. quadrimaculata
and its variety prcBnuhila, C. anea, A. imperator (numerous, one
male being captured), Calopteryx splendens, P. m/mpluda, P. tenel-
lum, and Enallaqma cyathigerum. At the River Wey, near
Byfleet, on June 26th, the dragonflies noticed were : — C. splen-
dens (common), I. elegans, Platycnemis pennipes, and A. puella,
while an E. naias was almost certainly seen, but was not
secured. An expedition for A. imperator to the Black Pond on
July 3rd was unsuccessful, though several were seen.

Near Yarmouth, in the Isle of Wight, on August 11th, Sym-
petrum striolatum, S. sanguineum, j^schna mixta (one teneral
male), yE. cyanea, and Lestes sponsa, were met with ; while on
August 18th an Ischnura elegans was taken between Yarmouth
and Thorley.

On September 4th, at Silver stream Bog, in the New Forest,
Sympetrum scoticum was ovipositing by striking the water at
random, the male being attached to the female per collum. The
eggs were being dropped into the open watery holes in the bog,
and it is there clearly that the nymphs must be looked for. I
took one very teneral example of the species on this date.

Mr. N. P. Fenwick, Jnr., reports : — On June 18th, P. pennipes,
I. elegans, A. puella, and B. pratense (one seen) at the River
Mole, Esher, Surrey; July 30th, an entirely bronze female of
P. tenellum (variety melanogastrum) taken at the Black Pond,
Esher ; August 7th, one male C. csnea taken at the Black Pond,
apparently the first recorded capture of the species in August ;
October 1st, a female .E. cyanea captured in the garden at
Esher. This capture of the bronze variety of P. tenellum is the
first recorded for the Esher district and, I believe, for Surrey.

Mr. T. Thornton Mackeith says {in litt., July 28th, 1910)
that he captured Msclina juncea at Caldwell and Kilmacolm
(identified by Mr. King) ; he also sent a female E. cyathigerum
taken at Kilmacolm during the summer of 1910.

Kinorston-on-Thames, 1911.

259

ON SOME RECENT ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY THE
COLEOPTERA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR
PHYLOGENY.

By C. J. Gahan, M.A.

Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
(Continued from p. 248.)

Ganglbauer's Classification.

Ganglbauer divides the Coleoptera into suborders characterised
as follows : —

I. Suborder Adephaga. — Wing-venation of the first type.
Testes simple, tubular, Male genital apparatus with only one
pair of accessory glands (ectadenia). Ovaries with alternating
nutritive and egg-chambers. Four Malpighian vessels. Larvae
orthognathous ; campodeiform or only slightly departing from
that form ; with two-jointed tarsi.

One family-series. Families : Carabidse, Dytiscidae, Haliplidae,
Gyrinidae, Rhysodidse, Cupedidae, Paussidae.

II. Suborder Polyphaga. — Wing-venation of the second or
third types. Testes compound, consisting of follicles. Male genital
apparatus with one or more pairs of accessory glands. Ovaries
with single terminal nutritive chamber. Four or six Malpighian
vessels. Larvae with long or short legs, having one-jointed tarsi,
or without legs ; campodeiform or eruciform ; orthognathous,
hypognathous, or pseudorthognathous.

1. Family-Series Staphylinoidea.
Wing-venation of the second type, in some forms so reduced

that the type cannot be recognized. Gular sutures not confluent.
Pleural sutures of prothorax distinct.* Antennae simple, or
with the terminal joints thickened to form an unflattened club,
occasionally irregular. Tarsi with a variable number of joints.
Testicular follicles sessile. Male genital apparatus with two
pairs of accessory glands (ectadenia and mesadenia). Four
Malpighian vessels. Larvae campodeiform, or not widely deriva-
tive therefrom, never grub-like or eruciform.

Families : Staphylinidae, Pselaphidae, Scydmaenidae, Silphidae,
Clambidae, Leptinidae, Platypsyllidae, Aphaenocephalidae, Corylo-
phidae, Sphasriidae, Trichopterygidae, Hydroscaphidae, Scaphi-
diidae, Histeridae.

2. Family- Series Diversicornia.
Wing-venation of the third type, or approximating towards

the second type, in some forms very reduced, and then without

■'- For pleural we should read pleuro-sternal, both here and in the
following groups, in order that this character may be correct. — C. J. G.

u 2

260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

recognizable type. Gular sutures not confluent. Pleural sutures
of prothorax distinct. Antennae variously constructed. Tarsi
with variable number of joints (five to one), exceptionally lietero-
merous, but then only in one sex. Testicular follicles sessile.
Male genital apparatus with two or three pairs of accessory
glands (ectadenia and mesadenia). Four or six Malpighian
vessels. Larvae campodeiform or derivative therefrom ; ortho-
or hypo- or pseudortho-gnathous ; sometimes without legs ;
generally straight, seldom with curved body, like the cockchafer
grub.

Families, provisionally arranged : Cantharidse, Melyridfe,
Cleridffi, Corynetidfe, Derodontida), Helodidse, Dascillidie, Chelo-
nariidffi, Ehipiceridae, Cebrionidse, Elateridae, Eucnemidae, Tbros-
cidse, Buprestidse, Lymexylonidae, Bostrychidse, Anobiid?e, Lyc-
tidse, Sphindidse, Aspidiphoridfe, Ciidse, Dermestidse, Nosoden-
dridae, Byrrhidse, Dryopidae (=Parnid8e), Georyssidae, Cyatho-
ceridae, Heteroceridae, Hydrophilidae,* Sphaeritidae, Ostomidae
{= Trogositidae), Byturidae, Nitidulidae, Synteliidae, Cucujidae,
Erotylidae, Catopochrotidae, Phalacridge, Thorictidae, Gnostidae,
Lathridiidae, Mycetophagidae, Adimeridae, Colydiidae, Endomy-
chidae, Coccinellidae, ? Pseudocorylophidae.

3. Family- Series Heteromera.

Wing-venation of the third type. Gular sutures not con-
fluent. Pleural sutures of prothorax distinct. Antennae gene-
rally simple, more rarely serrate, pectinate or flabellate, or
with thickened club-iike ending. Tarsi heteromerous, five-
jointed in the front and middle legs, four-jointed in the hind
pair. Testicular follicles sessile. Male genital apparatus with
two or three pairs of accessory glands (ectadenia and mesadenia).
As a rule six, exceptionally only four, Malpighian vessels. Larvae
hypognathous ; generally with short legs.

Families, in provisional order : CEdemeridae, Pythidae, Pyro-
chroidae, Xylophilidae, Anthicidae, Meloidae, Ehipiphoridae, Mor-
dellidae, Melandryidae, Monommidae, Nilionidae, Othniidae, iEgiali-
tidae, Lagriid^, Petriidae, Alleculidae (=Cistelidae), Tenebrionidae,
Trictenotomidae.

4. Family-Series Phytophaga.

Wing-venation of the third type. Gular sutures not confluent.
Pleural sutures of prothorax distinct. Antennae generally simple,
less often serrate, pectinate, &c., or with thickened terminal
joints, very rarely irregular. Tarsi crypto-pentamerous, i. e.
five-jointed, with the fourth joint very small, firmly united with
the fifth, and sometimes very indistinct, the first three joints
with broad sole ; rarely distinctly pentamerous and simple.

•'■ See note at end of Classification.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 261

Testicular follicles rounded and pedicellate. Male genital appa-
ratus with only one pair of simple or forked accessory glands
(ectadenia). Six Malpighian vessels.* Larvse hypognatbous or
pseudorthognatbous (Cerambycidse), witb somewhat short, short
or rudimentary legs, or without legs.

Families : Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidse, and Bruchidse.

5. Family- Series Rhynchophora.

Wing-venation of the third type, or approximating to the
second type.t Head generally elongated and snout-like. Gular
sutures confluent. Pleural sutures of protborax gone. Epimera
united behind the prosternal process. Antennae straight, or
with elongate first joint and geniculate, the end joints then
thickened and claviform. Tarsi crypto-pentamerous, and only
exceptionally distinctly five-jointed, sometimes, as in the Proter-
rhinidse and Aglyceridae, which probably belong to this group,
crypto- tetramerous or trimerous. Testicular follicles rounded,
pedicellate. Male genital apparatus with variously differentiated
accessory glands. Six Malpighian vessels. Larvae hypognatbous ;
with short legs or without legs ; eruciform.

Families : Anthribidae, ? Proterrhinidae, ? Aglyceridse, Bfen-
thidae, Cureulionidae, Ipidae (= Scolytidae).

6. Family- Series Lamellicornia.

Wing-venation of the third type, or by means of reduction
approximating to the second type. Gular sutures separated.
Pleural sutures of protborax distinct. Antennae with highly
differentiated club. Legs highly differentiated ; the front pair
generally, by the structure of their tibiae, adapted for digging.
Tarsi five-jointed, quite exceptionally four-jointed. The front
tarsi in many Coprophoga wanting in both sexes or in the male
only. Testicular follicles rounded and pedicellate. Male genital
apparatus with only one pair of accessory glands (ectadenia),
exceptionally (Cetonia) with three pairs (one pair ectadenia and
two pairs mesadenia). Four Malpighian vessels. Larvae hypo-
gnatbous, generally without ocelli, with thick curved body, and
with legs.

One family : Scarabaeidae.

Not long after this classification was published, Ganglbauer
had to reconsider the position of the family Hydropbilidae, and
he decided to withdraw it from the family-series Diversicornia,

'-'= According to L. Dufour, Donacia forms an exception with only four
of these vessels, and other exceptions will probably be made known when a
suf&cient number of the more primitive forms have been investigated.

t An obvious misprint, which I have corrected, occurs here in the
original, the 2 and 3 being interchanged. It is copied by Grobben in his
edition of Claus's ' Lehrbuch der Zoologie.'

26^ THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and to recognize it as a distinct group in itself.* This group or
family-series — the Palpicornia — ^he places between the Staphyh-
noidea and the Diversicornia. The larvae of many of the genera
possess anal cerci, and from this he concludes that the group
cannot be derived from any other, even the most primitive forms,
existing amongst the Diversicornia; on the other hand, the
imagines have the Cantharoidean type of wing-venation, hence
the group cannot be merged in the Staphylinoidea.

Lameere's Classification (1903;.

In this also the Coleoptera are divided into two suborders —
the Adephaga and the Polyphaga.

The Adephaga are subdivided into two groups : the Cupedi-
formia and the Carabiformia.

The Polyphaga are at first subdivided into two main sections
or branches — the Cantharidiformia and the Staphyliniformia —
corresponding with two of the three suborders of his earlier
classification.

The Cantharidiformia are, as in that classification, further
subdivided into ten groups or family-series, seven of which,
taken together, are equivalent to Ganglbauer's single series — the
Diversicornia. The Khynchophora are not recognized as a
separate family-series, but, as derivative from the Phytophaga,
are merged in that series.

This classification is not so different from Ganglbauer's as it
may at first sight appear. The division of the Polyphaga into
two main branches, although not accepted by Ganglbauer in his
classification, is quite in accordance with his views. For he
admits of a Protostaphylinideon, from which the Staphylinoidea
are derived ; and he admits also of a Protocantharideon, from
which directly, he thinks, each of the other five groups of the
Polyphaga, with the exception of the Rhynchophora, may be
derived. And since he agrees with Lameere that the Pihyncho-
phora are derived from the Phytophaga, he ought to have
included both in one group as Lameere has done, or else found
some other means of expressing this view in the classification.
I am myself not convinced that the Rhynchophora are derived
directly from the Phytophaga, nor do I think they are more
distinct from the Chrysomelidae than are the Longicorns. Pro-
bably all three have been derived independently from the same
or very closely related ancestors ; and I would suggest therefore
the retention of the name Tetramera for the single large series,
including the three minor groups : Longicornia, Phytophaga (in
the old sense), and Rhynchophora.

(To be continued.)
■■'• 'Kafer von Mitteleuropa,' Bd. iv. p. 161 (1904).

263

EURIPUS FULGURALIS, Matsumura.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

The type of this species, which is in the Taiho Ku Museum,
North Formosa, was taken by Mr. Kikuchi at Hokuzancho,
Horisha, Nantocho, Formosa, in May, 1908. It seems to be
closely allied to Euripus fimebris, Leech (Butt. China, Japan,
and Corea, p. 150, pi. xvi. fig. 1), judging from a coloured draw-
ing of the type kindly made for me by Mr. Kawa Kami, Director
of the Taiho Ku Museum. The discal cell of the fore wings has
two rather wide transverse crimson bars, instead of a longitudinal
crimson streak as in E.fanebris; and there is a narrow inter-
rupted outer-marginal crimson band on the hind wings, becoming
obscure towards the costa. On the under side of fore wings the
crimson bars are placed as on the upper side, but they are some-
what narrower, and the first is irregular ; there are no bluish
marks in the cell or between the veins; on the basal area of the
hind wing are six crimson spots, two of these are bar-like and
placed in the cell, two others are above the cell and more or less
in line with a confluent basal pair ; the outer marginal crimson
band is broader than on the upper side, more macular, and
extended along the abdominal margin almost to the base of the
wing. Expanse 86 millim.

264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA.
By Rev. George Wheeler, M.A., F.ES.

(Continued from p. 243.)

The small cross nervules representing the secondary bifurca-
tions of iii, and the junction of iij with iii^, and iiig with iv4,
and which form the outer edge of the discoidal cell, are amongst
the most characteristic parts of the neuration of the fore wing
both in shape and texture. They are very thick and strong in
varia and dictynnoides, and almost as thick in asteria and
aurelia ; fairly thick in athalia generally, but rather variable in
this species, thicker in herisalensis than in typical deione, in
Swiss than in Italian parthenie, and in dictynna than in hrito-
martis, though they are by no means thick in any of these ;
they are, indeed, very thin in southern parthenie and in deione,
and in britomartis are so slight that they tend to melt away with
the action of the chemicals used in denuding the wings of their
scales — at any rate, in the case of those portions which belong
exclusively to iii, which are always somewhat slighter than the
rest, the thinnest part invariably being the upper fork of the
lower branch of the obsolete iii. The junction of iiii with iir,,
when it exists, and that of iiig with iv^, always points from the
base upwards, generally sharply, though the former nervule
in the case of britomartis makes a wide angle, sometimes quite a
right angle. The other four nervules, which belong to iii, may
be said normally to form a somewhat straggling W, a formation
which is very clear in M. merope, and it is by the flattening of
some of these lines and the extension of others that the charac-
teristic differences in the shape of the discoidal cell are pro-
duced. I shall call these nervules "the W," and speak of them
as the first, second, &c., strokes of the W, counting from the
costa downwards. The outer edge of the discoidal cell is flattest
in varia, and most irregular in parthenie, but, though this is
always true of the former, yet the degree of flatness or evenness
varies. The first three strokes of the W are generally flattened
out into an almost straight line, though the first two sometimes
form the base of a U, and the fourth stroke makes with them
an angle of only about 170°. The same formation obtains in
asteria, except that a much sharper angle is formed by the
fourth stroke, giving the effect of a slight peak at the lower outer
corner of the discoidal cell. This peak is very distinct in
aurelia, the first three lines being sometimes nearly straight, but
the W sometimes very distinct, even in insects taken at the same
time and place ; the peak is sharper and even more distinct in
dictynnoides, and the W sometimes plainer, the third stroke
standing distinctly away from the first two, even if the former
are rather a shallow U than a V. In athalia this peak is very

THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITiEA . 265

distinct, but the resemblance to a W ceases altogether in the
male, though remaining in the female, the four strokes in the
former being merely a slightly wavy line. Dictynna is slightly
variable, but the first two strokes are generally distinct, the last
two frequently so, but there is very little peak. In hritomartis
there is none at all ; the four strokes form a rather straggling
Greek s. In deione the practical meeting of iiij and iii2 almost
entirely does away with the first two strokes, but the third and
fourth are fairly distinct, and there is a small peak. In heri-
salensis these first two are represented by a short, straight, or
curved line, and the peak is rather smaller. In 2^<^rthe7iie,
especially the more northern ones, the peak is very definite and
acute, but the first three strokes are almost straightened out
into one, the four forming a broad V rather than a W. The
other nervures of the fore wing give no characteristics.

In the hind wing the short pre-costal nervure (marked p in
the diagram) presents surprisingly marked characteristics on
careful inspection. It forms a sharply defined angle with i at
its point of departure, and this may be a right angle, or rather
greater, or less. It forms, again, in most species another angle
about the middle of its course, which again may be a right
angle, or greater, or less ; this latter angle, however, is not
sharply defined, but generally slightly rounded, and I speak of
it as greater than a right angle if the actual angle is so where
the nervure bends, even if it afterwards approaches i. These
two angles I refer to as (a) and {b).

In asteria (a) is a right angle, (b) is greater, no part of the
nervure being approximately parallel with the costa ; the second
portion does not approach i, and stops well short of the costa.
In varia both angles are slightly less than a right angle ; a slight
approach is made towards i, but in the female, and sometimes
also in the male, the second portion is very long and nearly
reaches the costa. In aurelia (a) is slightly greater and (b)
slightly less than a right angle, the nervure is nowhere nearly
parallel with the costa, but nearly touches it in the female. In
typical deione the nervure starts at a right angle and then stops
short. In britomartis it is the same, except that there is a
very slight curve where the second portion should begin. In
dictynna (a) is less than a right angle, and the whole nervure is
then curved much like a scythe-blade. In dictynnoides it is
much as in dictynna, but the curve is wider and shorter. In
berisalensis (a) is a right and (6) an obtuse angle, and at the
latter there is a short branch returning towards the base (see
diagram). This is also present in athalia, but much less con-
spicuously so ; both angles are slightly obtuse, but the second
portion of the nervure curves inwards. In parthenie (a) is less,
{by greater than a right angle ; there is no return branch, but a
slight thickening at (&).

266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The only distinctions afforded by i and ii are that in varia
and aurelia the former springs in a more upright position from
the latter, and that in asteria ii is further from i and nearer to
iii towards the base than in any other species.

The nervures of the hind wing which show most variety
are iii^ and iiig, but, on the other hand, they vary some-
what in the same species. In varia the stem appears to be-
long to iiij rather than to ii, as it really does, and to some
extent this is also the case with dictynnoides, though in this
species the formation tends towards that of aurelia {v. infra) ; it
seems to belong equally to ii and to iiij in aurelia, berisalensis,
and britomartis, and equally to ii and iii^ in deione, parthenie,
athalia, and generally in dictynna ; only in asteria does it
obviously belong to ii. In aurelia nearly always, and sometimes
in parthenie and athalia, ii, iii^, and iii2 branch off from the
same spot ; in asteria there is a short transverse nervule placed
slantwise between ii and iii^, and a shorter and more per-
pendicular one joining iii^ and iii 2, though the latter is some-
times absent, iiii and iii^ forking out from one another as they
do in athalia, parthenie, deione, generally in varia, and sometimes
in dictynna. In all these latter, and in britomartis, and occa-
sionally also in aurelia, there is a transverse nervule of varying
length, joining ii and iii^ ; varia sometimes has iiii and iii 2
joined by a short, nearly perpendicular nervule, as in asteria,
these two nervures being occasionally joined by a short, curved
nervule in dictynna, and nearly always in britomartis.

Traces of the closing of the cell in the hind wing are to be
found, in this group, in asteria, varia, dictynnoides, and more
slightly in aurelia ; this is always represented by a short spur
rising from iiig near its point of departure from ivj (represented
in the diagram, though it never occurs in berisalensis) ; and
sometimes in dictynnoides, and generally in vaiia (as in some
species of the other groups) there is a corresponding spur
issuing downwards from iii 2 ; in one specimen of varia ? I have
found these two spurs uniting so as to close the cell completely,
as in the Argynnids and Brenthids ;* on the other hand, I have
found one varia <y devoid of either spur.

In deione, iiig branches off slightly nearer to the outer margin
than in other species. In varia, iv^ and iv2 are parallel, and
almost so in asteria, deione, berisalensis, and athalia, but diverge
more in the other species, though the difference is not very
noticeable.

Nervure a. is decidedly convex in parthenie, slightly so in
athalia and dictynnoides, slightly angulated (in a convex direc-
tion) near its inception in aurelia, varia, and dictynna, straight

* Notwithstanding Spuler's diagrams to the contrary, I have never so
far found a Brenthid with the cell open. In selene, which he gives as an
example with open cell, I have invariably found it closed.

DRAGONFLIES OF THE NEW FOREST. 267

in asteria Sbnd deione , strsiight or slightly convex in hritomartis,
and straight or slightly angulated in herisalensis . In hritomartis,
and much more markedly in dictynna, j3 is concave towards the
disc ; in deione and herisalensis it is first slightly concave and
then slightly convex, being somewhat ogival in form ; it inclines
to convexity more or less in parthenie, and is nearly or quite
straight in the other species.

As many of these distinctions are not to be observed without
denuding the wings, and are, therefore, useless for the determi-
nation of specimens which are to be preserved for the cabinet, it
appears to me useless at this point to attempt to place them in
tabular form, which may, however, prove useful when treating
of the phylogeny.

(To be continued.)

DEAGONFLIES OF THE NEW FOKEST.

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.

In the Victoria History of Hampshire is to be found a list
of the dragonflies of the New Forest ; but as this list is much
out of date a new one will probably be of use to entomologists
visiting that interesting locality. As was tp be expected in a large
area that has always been to a great extent in a state of nature,
where bogs as well as small ponds and streams are numerous,
the dragonfly fauna is well represented. Of forty-two species
which occur in the British Isles twenty- seven at least have been
met with in the New Forest. Oxygastra curtisii has been re-
corded, but it is possibly the locality a few miles to the west
that is intended. Lihellida fulva is also found in this same
locality, and has been taken at Ringwood (K. J. Morton, 1897),
but a mile or two outside the Forest borders. Of those not yet
recorded we might expect Sympetrum vulgatum ; S. fonscolomhii
(casually)'; Somatochlora metallica (possibly) ; and the rest of the
Agrionids known as British — Lestes dryas, Erythromma naias,
Agrionpulchelium, A. armatiivi, and A. hastulatum. It may be that
others are simply awaiting a discoverer to become British also.

1. Syjnpetrum striolatum. — Very common in late summer and autumn.

2. S. fiaveolum. — A male was taken at Denny Bog by Major
Robertson and given to me in 1900.

3. S. scoticum. — On boggy ground, the nymphs probably living in

the watery spots in the bogs.

4. Libellula depressa, — A fairly common spring species, sometimes

continuing into August.

5. L. quadrimaculata. — Like the last, an early species.

6. Orthetrum carulescens. — Very common, probably breeding in the
bogs in the same way as S. scoticum.

7. 0. cancellatuvi,—Gsi^tnYed near Brockenhurst, June 26th, 1902

268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

(K. G. Blair), and once taken by myself in August in Dame's
Slough Inclosure.

8. Cordnlia cenea. — Eeported by Mr. W. J. Ashdown, but apparently
not common.

9. Gom^lius vulgatissimus. — At two streams in the south of the

Forest.

10. Gorduleg aster annulatns. — A fine insect, common in the Forest,
flying throughout the summer.

11. Anaximperator. — ^This, the largest European dragonfly, seems to

be fairly common. Though appearing in- the spring, it extends
into August.

12. Brachytron pratense. — Near Beaulieu in 1900 (F. M. B. Carr).

13. ^"Eschna mixta. — Occasionally taken — the smallest and least
common of the ^schnas of southern Britain.

14. ^. juncea. — As the previous species, met with occasionally ; not

easily distinguished on the wing from the following one.

15. ^. cyanea. — Fairly common in summer and autumn.

16. u^. grandis. — Not common in the New Forest. Mr. Clark (Ent.

Eecord, vol. ii. p. 301) records it at dusk, and on August 3rd,
1901, I saw one at Oberwater.

17. Calopteryx virgo. — Very common.

18. G. splendens. — Occurring locally, but not common.

19. Lestes sponsa.— At ponds, but perhaps not frequent.

20. Platycnemis pennipes. — Common, especially along streams.

21. Pyrrhosoma nympkula. — Common, and on the wing for a long

time. The form of the female (var. melanotitm), with black-
bronze abdomen, occurs.

22. P. tenellum. — Very common, especially over the bogs. The

forms of the female (vars. melanogastrum and erythrogastum),
with black-bronze and crimson abdomens, respectively, are fairly
frequent.

23. Ischnuva pumilio. — Common in a few localities in the south of

the Forest, probably breeding in boggy ground. It was re-
discovered there, June 3rd, 1900, by Mr. F. M. B. Carr and
myself. The var. aurantiacum is frequent.

24. I. elegans.—'FaXYly common and well distributed.

25. Agrion puella. — Fairly common.

26. A. mercuriale. — In several localities — common in some — appear-
ing in the spring and remaining on the wing during the summer.
It seems to like a stream running through a bog.

27. E. cyathigenwi. — Occurring, but apparently not very commonly.

Kingston-on-Thames: July, 1911.

A NEW MOSQUITO FROM PARAGUAY.

By E. H. Strickland.

Janthinosoma paraguayensis, nov. sp.
$ . Head clothed on the vertex with yellow, upright, forked, and
spindle-shaped scales, with deep violet scales at the sides. A few

RHYNCHOTA INDICA (heTEROPTERA). 269

yellow hairs project between the eyes. Palpi with blackish, some-
what outstanding scales and bristles. Proboscis with similar coloured
closely appressed scales. Disc of thorax covered with blackish-purple
spindle-shaped scales, lateral and posterior margins with yellow
scales, which are most numerous on the anterior half of the meso-
notum, where they form a more or less distinct lateral spot. Pro-
thoracic lobes with a few cream-coloured scales and black hairs.
Anterior and posterior femora, except for their apices and the pos-
terior side, and the middle femora except for its apex, golden yellow.
Coxge with cream-coloured scales. Hind legs without very densely
outstanding scales. Fourth hind tarsus white, last hind tarsus dark.

Wings dusky brown, with brown scales and veins. Hind cross-
vein not less than its length from small cross-vein. Abdomen with
white scales on the first segment and hind angles of all the other
segments except the last one, reddisJi-purple scales on second seg-
ment, and dark purple on all remaining segments. Under side of all
segments except the last with apical bands of white scales. First
two segments golden yellow, with white scales all over. Length,
5"5 mm.

Habitat. — Pueto Max, Paraguay.

Season when found, January to April. Taken by Verzenyi
in 1905. Described from a single female.

Differs from Janthinosoma varipes (Coquillett) in that the
disc of the thorax is entirely covered with dark scales.
Soutli-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.

EHYNCHOTA INDICA (HETEROPTEEA).

By W. L. Distant.

Fam. BERYTID^.

Huhertiella cardamoini, Kirk., J. Bombay N. H. See. xiv.
p. 303, pi. A, f. 16, pi. C, f. 5 (1902) ; Dist. Faun. Brit. Ind.
Rhynch. i. p. 424, f. 249 (1902).

Mr. E. E. Green has sent me varietal specimens of this
species in which the two dark spots on the posterior pronotal lobe
are almost or entirely obliterated. These specimens were taken
from Strohilanthus sp., so that the species is seen to be not
entirely confined to Elettaiia cardamomum.

Fam. TINGIDID^.

Genus Serenthia.

Serenthia, Spin. Ess. p. 168 (1837). Type, S. atricapilla, Spin.

Serenthia carinata, sp. n.
Head black, a little elevated between the eyes ; antennae brownish
ochraceous, fourth joint apically black, first and second joints short,

270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

distinctly thickened, second a little shorter than first ; pronotum
black, the anterior margin and the apical area behind the lateral
angles, dull pale ochraceous, distinctly, centrally, longitudinally cari-
nate for its entire length, coarsely punctate ; elytra finely areolate,
excluding costal area, black for about two-thirds from base, subcostal
area shaded with ochraceous, margins of the areolets black, or pice-
ous except on costal area where they are ochraceous ; body beneath
black ; legs pitchy-brown. Long. 3 millim.

Hah. Ceylon; Ambalangoda Lake (E. E. Green).

Allied to S. gibha, Fieb., from which it structurally differs by
the pronotum being distinctly longitudinally carinate for its
entire length. Taken from Juncus sp. (E. E. Green).

Hegesidemus, gen. nov.

Elongate, narrow ; shortly spinous ; eyes inserted at base of head
and close to anterior margin of pronotum ; antennae with the first
and second joints short and thickened, second globose, shorter than
first, third long and slender, fourth incrassate, a little longer than
first and second together ; pronotum strongly longitudinally tricari-
nate, the anterior lateral margins moderately dilated, hyaline and
areolate, an anterior hood not covering base of head and which is
centrally strongly longitudinally carinate, the anterior pronotal area
distinctly convex, the posterior area or process angularly narrowed ;
elytra elongate, discoidal area extending to about the middle of the
elytra and with its margins distinctly raised, subcostal area some-
what narrow, costal area hyaline, areolate, broadest on apical half,
sutural area long and very finely areolate, more broadly so at apex ;
legs of moderate length and slender.

Allied to Teleonemia, Costa, from which it principally differs
in the dilated, areolate lateral margins of the pronotum.

Hegesidemus eliyanus, sp. n.

Head piceous, eyes black ; antennae brownish ochraceous, the
apical joint piceous; pronotum with the anterior area castaneous,
the posterior area piceous, the longitudinal carinae and sometimes
the hood, more or less ochraceous, the lateral dilated margins hyaline,
areolate, the margins of the areolets fuscous ; elytra black or piceous ;
the costal area hyaline and areolate, the areolets in two longitudinal
series, their margins fuscous, the discoidal area either altogether
piceous, or brownish ochraceous with the raised margins darker, the
disk rugulosely punctate, costal area hyaline and areolate, the margins
of the areolets piceous or fuscous, sutural area piceous and with an
intermediate pale spot near apex ; sternum black ; abdomen beneath
testaceous, the base and apex black ; legs brownish ochraceous ;
elytra longly passing the abdominal apex ; other structural characters
as in generic diagnosis. Long. 5 millim.

Hah. Ceylon; Nuwera Eliya (E. E. Green).

Taken from Strohilanthiis spp. (E. E. Green).

Dr. Horvath (Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. ix. p. 337), among some
other proposed synonymy which will subsequently receive atten-

NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRID^ FROM FORMOSA. 271

tion, has stated :— ** Galeatus, Curt., Ent. Map;, i. p. 196 (1833)
= Cadmillos, Dist., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. liii. p. 113 (1909) ;
id. Faun. Brit. Ind. PJiynch. v. p. 107 (1910).

I have figured both these genera, and given differential
structural characters, and must be content to leave these figures
and descriptions to speak for themselves.

NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRID^ FROM FORMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

Aracima serrata, sp. n.

Fore wings greenish yellow ; crescent at outer end of the cell, and
postmedial line dark purplish ; the line bluntly serrated, indented
above dorsum. Hind wings greenish yellow ; postmedial line purplish,
diffuse towards the costa, where there are clusters of purplish dots
on each side of the line. Fringes of all the wings purplish. Under
side yellowish, markings as above ; the hind wings rather paler than
the fore wings.

Expanse, 44 millim.

A male specimen from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May 10th, 1909.

Collection number, 1824.

Aids arizana, sp. n.

Fore wings brownish with a faint purplish tinge, finely sprinkled
with black atoms ; ante- and postmedial lines black, the first indis-
tinct, bluntly angled below costa, the second almost parallel with
termen, bluntly serrate ; space between lines paler, almost whitish ;
discal mark dusky. Hind wings similar in colour to median area of
fore wings ; postmedial fine blackish, curved, and tapered towards
the costa. Fringes preceded by a brown crenulate line. Under side
of fore wings hardly paler between lines ; a pale apical patch and
smaller pale patch below middle of terminal area ; lower two-thirds
of postmedial line on hind wings double.

Expanse, 36 millim.

One example of each sex from Arizan (7500 ft.), September,
1906.

Collection number, 797.

Aids brevifasciata, sp. n.
Fore wings ochreous brown ; ante- and postmedial lines repre-
sented by black dots on the veins, each line from a blackish spot on
the costa ; basal patch blackish ; discal spot black, oval, a diffuse
spot above it on the costa ; subterminal line whitish but not clearly
defined, passing through blackish clouds at apex, above middle, and
at tornus ; area beyond the line powdered with blackish, black bars
between veins in upper part. Hind wings ochreous brown, paler on
costal area ; a broad blackish central band, not extended to costa,
enclosing black discal dot ; terminal area barred with blackish as on

272

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

fore wings, and clouded with blackish towards tornus ; traces of a
pale subterminal line. Fringes preceded by an interrupted line of
black lunules. Under side ochreous l^rown, powdered with blackish ;
all the wings have a black discal spot, and a dentate postmedial line
also blackish.

Expanse, 34 millim., S ', 36 millim., 5 .

A male specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), September, 1906;
and a female from the same locality, August, 1908.

Collection number, 800.

Hemerophila cuneilinearia, sp. n.

<? . Pale cinnamon-brown, striated and mottled with darker.
Fore wings with two pale-edged blackish lines, the antemedial which
is sinuous, bidentate towards the costa, commences near middle of
costa, and terminates on dorsum at one-fourth from base; the post-
medial is acutely angled below the costa and from this angle a
blackish streak runs to termen below apex, the middle of the line is
bent inwards towards the antemedial ; space enclosed by lines
greyish. Hind wings finely striated with blackish on basal two-
thirds ; outer third suffused with reddish brown ; postmedial line
blackish, slender, sinuate, internally edged with whitish ; subter-
minal line pale, outwardly edged with dark brown, wavy. Under side
pale greyish bi'own, speckled with dark brown and blackish ; all the
wings have a black discal spot at end of cell, and a series of black
dots representing postmedial line.

5 . Similar to the male, but the central third of fore wings is
suffused with blackish, and the ante- and postmedial lines are conse-
quently obscured ; the black striation on hind wings is heavier.

Expanse, 46 millim.

One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.). The female
obtained in May, and the male in June, 1908.

Collection number, 798.

Allied to H. subplagiata, Walk.

(To be continued.)

BY THE WAY.

" Notice. — Sugaring on Trees is Prohibited. By Order," is
a legend erected high on a venerable oak of Queen's Bower, in
the New Forest, and probably unique among the many warnings
to wanderers throughout the world. We remember that Herbert
Goss had something to say respecting the legality of a prohibition
which could relate to damage only in so far that lepidopterist
sugar might be supposed to disfigure trees. However the law
may run, it is certain that permission to sugar has, we are told,
been categorically denied recent applicants by Mr. Lascelles, and
that the keepers have orders to "clay" all fresh treaclings.
During the festivities of last month entomologists foregathered
about Brockenhurst and Lyndhurst, but the cold winds of the

NOTES AND OBSEEVATIONS. 273

preceding weeks rendered notable captures scarce and we (who
were not looking for them) saw no uncommon Lepidoptera,
among which Tortrix viridana swarmed everywhere on oak and
was equalled in number only by vast hordes of Orcliestes fagi on
beech, the leaves of which were turned half brown by their
ravages. Osmylus was netted ; Anoplodera unusually common
about Holland's Wood; and Aseniiim found on fir-posts; but
Anthaxia was not seen when the May blossom was over. We
want an entomological guide to the Forest badly ; Hutchinson's
book mentions only a few species and terms Cicadetta, which
is by no means uncommon locally this season, " Cicada htema-
toides"; the Victoria History list is peculiarly poor in the less
worked groups.

On the contrary, Brandon in May afforded capital collecting,
and we have never, during fifteen years, seen insects of all
Orders so abundant there. The Staunch and its carr were
unusually dry for the time of year, yielding Hchrns rujiceps,
Plociomerus fracticollis, Clirysomela graminis, and larvfe of Sesia
hcmbecifonnis ; beetles, though not Diastictiis, occurred plenti-
fully at the latter locality, with such things as Trox sahulosus
(seventy were counted in rabbits' fur), Onthophilus sulcatus (in
rabbits' holes), Aphodius constans, and Cistela luperus. About
Lakenheath Phyllohius viridicollis was in great numbers, with a
few Trig 0)10 met opus frontalis. Some sixteen kinds of sawflies
and about forty Parasitica turned up in a few days. Brandon
and Tuddenham Fen, where we also did well, should be more
patronised by entomologists ; the ' White Hart,' at the former,
is a capital inn, whence all the best spots are easy of access.

CM.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Gynandrous Lyc^^.na icaeus (alexis). — I should like to record
in the ' Entomologist ' the capture, on June 9th, near Boscastle, in
North Cornwall, of a perfect gynandrous specimen of Lyccena alexis,
left side male, right side female. I should also like to record the
capture, in my garden here, of a number of specimens of Apamea
ophior/ramma. — L. F. Hammond ; 17, Foxley Gardens, Purley, Surrey,
July 7th, 1911.

Apatura iris, &c., in Haslemere District. — While out for a
stroll some three miles from Haslemere town, on Tuesday morning
last, the 11th inst., I was surprised by a fine male Apatttra iris,
which suddenly appeared in a woodland path along which I was
walking : it settled about six yards in front of me, in a shghtly damp
place on the path. By carefully approaching, I was successful in
netting it. In the same locality I saw a nice sprinkling of Limenitis
Sibylla, as well as a number of Argynnis paphia. — Bertram E.
Jupp ; Lyn Lodge, Camelsdale, Haslemere, July 13th, 1911.

ENTOM. — AUGUST, 1911. X

274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Cyaniris argiolus. — I took a specimen of C. argiolus this
morning ; surely this is remarkably early for the second brood,
although in such weather almost anything is possible, I suppose !
— B. E. J.

Zyg^na filipendul^ ab. flava in Surrey. — On July 16th,
1911, I had the very good luck to take a line specimen of ZygcBna
fiUpendula ab. flava at rest on a flower-head of devil's-bit scabious at
Coulsdon, Surrey. — J. St. Aubyn ; " Tregotham," Endlesham Road,
Balham.

Retarded Development on Emergence of Chesias rufata
(obliquabia). — On June 18th, at 8 p.m., a specimen of Chesias
rufata (obliquaria) emerged in one of my cages. As its wings had
not seemingly begun to develop when I went to bed, I concluded
that the pupa had been kept too dry and that the insect would be
crippled. Of this I felt certain when I found it in exactly the same
condition at 7.30 the next morning. To my surprise, however, at
9 a.m. it was fully developed, and in proper condition. I remember
seeing a note of a somewhat similar case, but cannot find the entry.
— (Rev.) J. E. Tarbat ; The Vicarage, Fareham, Hants.

Note on Larv^ of Merodon equestris, F. — Not without some
regret I write to inform your readers and Mr. F. J. Chittenden of
another bulb attacked by these larvae. Last winter four or five bulbs
of Hippeastrum in my greenhouse were found to be infested with
fair-sized grubs which I at once suspected to be Merodon ; so to make
sure, they were placed in a breeding-cage, and this spring over a dozen
images made their appearance. Fortunately my bulbs were not very
costly ones, but considering the high prices paid for fine varieties, the
loss caused by a single female might be serious. Curiously enough,
the specific name of this plant is " equestre," and of the fly, "equestris."
— Fredk. C. Adams ; Fern Cottage, Lyndhurst, June 22nd, 1911.

Phryxus (Deilephila) livornica in Sussex. — A female specimen
of the Striped Hawk-moth was taken here on Sunday, July 2nd, and
I should say by her appearance she had not been out of chrysalis very
long ; she, however, laid about nine eggs in the bottle in which she
was kept for the night. I have the insect in my possession, on the
setting-board, sorry to say, slightly damaged at tip of fore wings. I
have written to you, as I do not think a specimen has been recorded
from this district before. — Ernest Streeter ; Church Street, Pet-
worth, July 6th, 1911.

Phryxus livornica in Cornwall. — A specimen of the Striped
Hawk [Phryxus livornica) was recently sent to me by a friend, who
got it near Newquay, Cornwall, on June 27th. — R. R. Waters ;
1, Hillmorton Road, Rugby, July 23rd, 1911.

Lepidoptera at Light. — The arc lamps in York in early June
seem to have proved very attractive to moths, for I found a very
large number on the pavements in the town. These included Acro-
nycta {Jochara) alni (2), D. chaonia, several of the dark Acronycta
rumicis, Eurymene dolohraria (2), and a rather good specimen of

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 275

Spilosovia lubricipeda var. zatima. Species of Plusia were strongly
attracted, and I found under a couple of lamps P. pulchrina, iota,
ckrysitis, gamma, and Abrostola triplasia. While Dicranura vinula
was very abundant, the specimens were practically always female,
and these females seemed to wish to lay the instant they were boxed.
I had always supposed that only male specimens of the Notodontid^
were attracted by light. In breeding Petasia nubeculosa this year
from the egg, I was much struck by the large variety of food-plants
which it readily eats. I first experimented with the plants growing
in the locality where the parent was obtained — sallow, aspen, bilberry,
and dock — the first two of which it seemed at times to prefer to
birch. It also ate heather, and I found that it would take greedily
lime, ash, hawthorn, willow, alder, plum, strawberry, &c. ; probably
it is as omnivorous as P. cassinea. This does not seem to have been
generally recorded, though I am told that Barrett has remarked on
its eating other food besides birch. — C. Mellows ; Bootham School,
York.

Carnivorous Feeding of Platycleis brachyptera. — On July
3rd Mr. E. South was good enough to give me three living Ortho-
ptera, which he had obtained two days previously while trailing his
net over the heather at Oxshott, Surrey. One of them was Gompho-
cerus maculatus, and the others were undeveloped females of a species
of Locustidae. One of the Locustids had undergone a moult in the
glass-bottomed box in which it was enclosed, and when I looked at
it again, I found that it had eaten its own cast skin. On reaching
home, I turned out all three specimens into a good-sized fish-globe,
and kept them regularly supplied with fresh grass, upon which they
fed readily. After the lapse of several days, however, the Gompho-
cerus was noticed to be getting very sluggish in its habits, and the
next morning it was found to be dead and partly consumed ; later
on, one of the Locustids was actually observed to be eating the body
greedily. Mr. W. J. Lucas, who kindly examined one of the
Locustids for me, stated that it might safely be regarded as Platycleis
brachyptera, as that species was known to occur at Oxshott, and as
P. roeselii, the only other species to which it could possibly belong,
had not been recorded from that locaHty. — Herbert Campion;
58, Eanelagh Eoad, Eahng, July 21st, 1911.

Lepidoptera of the Brecksand District. — In the ' Entomo-
logist ' for March (vol. xliv. p. Ill) appeared an interesting note on
the Lepidoptera of the Brecksand district, near Tuddenham, in
Suffolk, by the Eev. J. E. Tarbat. It may be of interest to supple-
ment this by an account of a brief visit to the same locality paid by
me this year from June 13th to 16th. I have often before worked
this district by day, and, indeed, accompanied Mr. Tarbat on one
occasion last year, but have not previously been able to do any night
collecting there. The weather was cold, windy, and overcast, which
may account for the absence of Acidalia rubiginata, and Agrophila
trabealis, both of which I took on the same dates last year. Sugar
was a complete failure, and the following list represents almost
entirely the species captured by working hedgerows, rough fields, &c.,
with a lamp between dusk and moonrise. Considering this and the

^76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

very unfavourable weather, the results are not unsatisfactory. Litho-
stege griseata was taken, both by beating herbage during the day and
during its flight at dusk, and was in fine condition. It is, in my ex-
perience, never abundant, and very local. I flushed a single speci-
men from a small patch of waste land round a haystack on each of
three days — June 1st, 14th, and 15th— all fresh and perfect. Cer-
tainly it emerges at intervals over a long period, as on the night of
June 15th I took a female drying its wings after leaving the pupa.
Besides this, the following insects were seen or taken: — -A. j^si,
L. comma, L. imllens (very abundant), X. rurea (one fine whitish-
grey form), X. lithoxylea, N. sajjonaria, M. sordida, M. alhicolon (the
Brecksand form is consistently darker than the usual coast type),
C. morpheus, B. tenebrosa, A. vestigialis (quite a typical form),
A. segctum, A. exclamationis, N. f estiva, D. capsincola, D. caiyoj^haga
(pale buff-coloured), H. serena (common on fir-trunks), A. advena,
H. tripartita, P. gamma, P. iota, P. chrijsitis, H. uncida (a single
specimen in marshy ground J, B. repandata (darker and less grey than
the Cambridge form), E. pendidaria, C. exantJiemaria, B. taminata,
P. flavofasciata, C. hilineata, and T. variata. Geometers, save for the
last-named, were very scarce. It is certainly a most interesting
district, and further study of its peculiar fauna seems likely to prove
scientifically valuable. — (Eev.) C. E. Eaven ; 4, Park Terrace, Cam-
bridge.

The Entomological Club. — A meeting was held at the ' Hand
and Spear' Hotel, Weybridge, on July 10th, 1911, Mr. Geo. T.
Porritt in the chair. Mr. Eobert Adkin (O.M.) and Messrs A. H.
Jones (H.M.), A. Sich (H.M.), and nine other visitors were present.

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, May 3rd,
1911.— The Eev. F. D. Morice, M.A., President, in the chair.— The
President announced the death of two Fellows of the Society,
the Eev. Canon Cruttwell, and Mr. W. A. Eollason. He then in-
formed the Society that tlie authorities of the Science Museum had
persuaded the Government to allow them to take a portion of the land
belonging to the Natural History Museum at South Kensington for
the purpose of erecting new buildings of their owm, thereby pre-
cluding much-needed additions to the Natural History Museum,
especially in the Entomological Department, and on the motion of
Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, seconded by Dr. Dixey, a protest was
unanimously passed by the Society, the position being explained by
both mover and seconder, and further comments being made by Mr.
C. O. Waterhouse and the Eev. G. Wheeler on the disastrous results
of such a proceeding to the Natural History Museum. Mr. H.
Eov^land-Brown then moved that " If a deputation be appointed to
wait on Mr. Eunciman with regard to this matter, the Officers and
Council of the Entomological Society desire to be represented on it."
This was seconded by Mr. Bethune-Baker and carried unanimously.
—Commander J. J. Walker exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Geo. Brown

SOCIETIES. 277

of Coatbridge, Lanarkshire, living specimens of Ilelophorus tubercu-
latus, GylL, hitherto exceedingly rare as a British insect. These
were taken by Mr. Brown at the end of April, walking about on bare
dry peaty soil on the moors near Coatbridge. — Mr. O. E. Janson, a
new and remarkable Lamellicorn beetle, belonging to the Cremasto-
chilides group of the Cetoniidte, in which the anterior tarsi were
unmistakably six-jointed. He believed this was the first known
instance in the whole of the Coleoptera where the tarsal joints
exceeded five. The specimen was received from Uganda. Mr. C. 0.
Waterhouse suggested that it was probably an abnormal specimen,
six-jointed tarsi being so far unknown in entomology. Mr. G. C.
Champion expressed concurrence in this opinion. — Mr. A. Harrison,
a drawer of Delamere Forest Aplecta nebulosa, bred last year from
var. robsoni male and var. thompsoni female, by himself and Mr.
H. Main. Only fifty moths were bred, 26 per cent, of the grey form,
42 per cent, of robsoni, and 32 per cent, of tliompsoni. This result
quite negatives the idea that the form robsoni was a heterozygote or
hybrid (so-called), and that the grey form and thovi'psoni were homo-
zygotes or pure. All the previous results pointed to this conclusion,
but the results obtained last year show that the problem is not so
simple as this, and that it will require further experiments before it
can be solved. — Mr. Donisthorpe, three females of Lasius viixtus,
Nyl., a race of L. unibratus, Nyl., and a female of the latter for com-
parison. He remarked that there were only two previous records of
its capture in Britain. One of his specimens was taken at Wey-
bridge last year, and another at Mickleham, in company with Mr.
Crawley, where they each took a specimen last month. The third
was captured this year by Mr. Dollman in Eichmond Park. — Mr. H.
Eowland-Brown brought for exhibition examples of Agriades thetis
{bellargus) ab. female ccelestis, Obthr., taken last August at Dom-
pierre-sur-Mer, Charente-Inferieure. He said that, so far as is known
at present, this brilliant form of the blue female is confined in western
Europe to the west and south-west of France ; roughly speaking
between the valley of the Loire and the Gironde, where it occurs
locally not unfrequently ; the blue form of A. coridon female, var.
syngrapha also being found in the same calcareous region. — Mr.
G. W. V. de Rhe-Philipe exhibited and described several new Indian
butterflies, viz., Eitploici vmdciber var. duarseri male, Gharaxes raid-
haka male, Eiiripus consimilis, new female dimorphic form torsa,
Cyaniris parishii male, Nacaduba ardates var. male dima, and
new aberration of Terias silhetana. — Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited
three generations of Hybernia marginaria, being the result of a
pairing between a dark male and female taken wild in Epping Forest
in 1908. The 1909 brood did not vary much from the parents. The
1910 brood produced specimens with dark margins and three uni-
colorous males. The 1911 brood produced specimens with lighter
margins and dark interiors, but no unicolorous specimens. The
darkest males and females were paired in each case. These dark
forms have only appeared in Epping Forest the last few years. — Mr.
G. C. Champion sent round living specimens of Corymbites pxirpureus
and Morimus lugubris, taken by Dr. Chapman at Amelie-les-Bains,
Pyrenees Orientales. — Mr. L. W. Newman showed a stick of Salix

278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

caprcea containing larvae supposed to be those of the " Wood Wasp."
He pointed out that the larvae make caps hke Algeria andrence-
formis, and that the cocoon is exactly like that of a " clear wing,"
and the workings very like those of ^^geria. A discussion arose on
this exhibit, in which widely different views were expressed even as
to the order to which the larvae in question belonged. — Mr. A. G.
Scorer exhibited a specimen of Hyloicus {Sphinx) ijinastri, of whose
British origin he had no doubt. It was caught near iVldeburgh, and
another specimen was taken at the same time. He also exhibited a
gynandromorphic specimen of Gonepteryx rhamni, taken by himself
at Salisbury, on September 2nd, 1894. It was evenly divided, the
right side being female and the left male. — Dr. K. Jordan exhibited
some insects from India in one of Mr. Newman's relaxing boxes,
which had remained throughout their journey as fresh as if just
captured, and were in perfect condition for setting. He also exhibited
the Saturniid moth, DysdcRinonia kadeni, in its resting attitude. The
hind wings are for the greater part concealed under the fore wings,
only the anal area and the tail projecting. The abdomen being bent
towards the left side, the insect in this attitude resembles a crumpled
dry leaf, and recalls the much smaller Bombycid — also exhibited—
Sorocaba anomala, which, as is well known, assumes a similar atti-
tude when at rest. He further exhibited a species of Cosmosoma,
family Syntomidge, partly covered with a white wool. According to
the collector (A. H. Fassl), " the insect when touched ejects from a
fold on the under side of the abdomen a white wool, which com-
pletely envelops the specimen." The hitherto unknown female of
Ogyris nieeki, Eoths., a Lycaenid from New Guinea, was likewise
shown, together with the male and several Hypochrysops. — Mr.
Hawkshaw exhibited several drawers of Lepidoptera, beautifully
arranged and set, placed on squared paper, and with the written
history of every insect accompanying it. He explained that the
drawers were all interchangeable and were arranged perpendicularly
like books, instead of horizontally as usual. — Commander Walker
communicated the following papers: — "Some African and a few
Australian Aculeate Hymenoptera in the Oxford Museum," by the
late Col. Bingham, with a prefatory note by Prof. Poulton ; commu-
nicated by Eowland Tui'ner. " A Contribution to the Life History
of Hesperia [Syrichthus) sides," by Harold Powell. " Biological
Notes on Indian Pierine Larvae," by Capt. Frazer.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Our Insect Friends and Foes. By F. Maetin Duncan, F.R.P.S.
Pp. i-xi. and 1-296. Sixteen Plates. London : Methuen & Co.
1911.

In the sixteen plates Mr. Duncan has presented us with some
very fine photographs, relating chiefly to well-known insects. The
text too is interesting reading, but it lacks the charm of novelty —
we seem to have met with so much of it before, Fabre and others

RECENT LITERATURE. 279

having been drawn on to a great extent. Sufficient reasons are given
for including Arachnids in the work, although the title speaks of
insects only. The classification of the insects we are bound to state
IS very inadequate and out-of-date. One would like to see technical
terms [e.g. pollination, fertihzation, animal, nymph) used with a
definite meaning. The last, for instance, is now usually apphed to
the whole stage between ovum and imago of insects, such as dragon-
flies, with little post-embryonic development. The book has not been
at all well seen through the press, the slips in spelling and solecisms
m expression being numerous. In a few places errors and questionable
statements have crept into the matter.

W. J. L.

1. Fortieth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario.

Many Illustrations. _ Ontario. 1909. As usual, full of useful
information, chiefly in connection with economic entomology.

2. Nota sobre el Dilar jMrthenopaeus, Costa. By L. Navas. (Annu-

ario del Museo Zoologico della E. Universita di NapoH ) Pn
1-4, with fig. Feb. 1910.

3. (i.) Uber die Biologic von Glyphotaelius punctato-lineatus, Betz.

nehst Bemerkungen ilbcr das freilebende Puffenstadium der
Wasserinsekten. By Dr. C. Wesenberg-Lund. (ii.) Uber die
siisswasserbiologischen Forschungen in Ddnemark. By Dr. C.
Wesenberg-Lund. (iii.) Natural History of the Larva of
Donaciinoi. By Adam Giede Boving. Pp. 1-108, with seven
beautiful plates, (iv.) Beitrdge zur Biologic der Wassenoanze :
A'phelocheirus montandoni, Horvath. By Hj Ussing. (Sonder-
abdruck aus Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiolo^ie
und Hydrographie.) 1910. ^

4. A further Contribution toioards the Knoioledgc of the Panorpidcs

By T. Miyake. Pp. 183-205, with plate. (Journal of the
College of Agriculture, Imperial University of Tokyo.) Tokvo
April, 1910. ^ ^ '

5. The Mantispidae of Japan. By T. Miyake. Pp. 213-227, with

plate. (Journ. Coll. Agric. Imp. Univ. of Tokyo.) Tokvo
April, 1910. ^ '

6. Neuropteros chilenos. By L. Navas. Pp. 335-241, with ficr.

(Revista chilena de Historia Natural.) June, 1910. ^'

7. Ncvropteres des bords de la Mcusc ct de la Molignec (Namur).

By L. Navas. (Revue de la Society entomologique de Namur.)

8. Crisopidos {Ins. Ncur.) nuevos. By L. Navas. 20 nn Illus

S. Fiel. 1910. ^^"

9. A^mual Bcport of Christ's Hospital Natural History Society.

Horsham. 1910. Amongst the contents of this excellent
report is a local list of the Lepidoptera.

10. Uber Bernsteineinschliisse im allgemeinen und die Coleopteren

meiner Bernsteinsammlung. By R. Klebs. Pp. 217-242. 1910

11. Palaeopsylla klebsiana, n. sp. By Dr. Alfons Dampf. 12 pp'

with two plates. 1910.

12. Ubersicht der Libellen Mittelleuropas (Libellen-Kalender). By

280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Wilhelm Leonhardt. Pp. 1-19. (Soncler-abdruck aus dem
Entomologischen Jahrbuck fiir 1911.)

13. A Preliminary Revision of the LahiduridcB, a Family of the

Dermaptera (Orthoptera). By M. Burr, -D.Sc. Pp. 161-203,
with two plates. (Ent. Soc. Lond.) 1910.

14. DermajMra of Seychelles (Orthoptera). By M. Burr, D.Sc. Pp.

123-133. iUus. (Trans. Linn. Soc.) 1910.

15. Note sur la Distribution en Angleterre du Forficula lesnei, Finot

(Orthoptera). By M. Burr, D.Sc. Pp. 121-3. (Bull. Soc. Ent.
France.) 1911.

16. On some South African Dermaptera (Eanvigs) in the South African

Museum {Cape Town). By M. Burr, D.Sc. Pp. 17. Illus.
(Annals of the South African Museum.) June 15th, 1911.

W. J. L.

Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History
Society, 1910-11. With nine plates. Pp. i-xvi. ; 1-175.
Published at the Society's Kooms, Hibernia Chambers, London
Bridge, S.E.

All but one of the ten papers in this valuable publication treat of
entomology. In " The Lepidoptera of a London Garden " (pp. 1-12),
Mr. Eobert Adkin presents an annotated list of the moths and
butterflies he has observed in the garden of his residence at Lewis-
ham since 1880. Mr. Adkin also contributes " Notes on Hepialus
humuli and its Shetland forms" (pp. 13, 14), in which he protests
against the continued use of hethlandica, Stand, for the Shetland race
of humuli, which Newman in 1865 named thulensis.

An exceedingly useful contribution by Mr. Alfred Sich is entitled
" Larval Legs " (pp. 15-17).

"A Eew Days with the Butterflies of Zermatt " (pp. 18-26), by
Mr. Hy. J. Turner ; " The Butterflies of Sicily " (pp. 27-38), by Mr.
J. Piatt Barrett; and "An Entomological Trip to South Brazil"
(pp. 54-65, plates iii. and iv.), by Mr. W. J. Kaye, are all very
interesting.

A highly important paper by Dr. T. A. Chapman, " On Insect
Teratology" (pp. 39-53, plates i. and ii.) must be studied by every-
one in any way interested in the subject. Those who incline to the
study of our native species of Neuroptera should make a point of
reading " The Natural Order of Insects — Neuroptera " (pp. 66-73,
plates V. and vi.), by Mr. W. J. Lucas.

In "Notes on the Glow-worm" (pp. 74-76, plates vii. and viii.),
Messrs. E. A. E. Priske & H. Main give interesting details concerning
the early stages of Lampyris noctiluca.

Neuration of Lepidoptera is discussed at some length in the
" Annual Address " (pp. 77-93) by the President, Mr. W. J. Kaye.

The plates are from excellent photographs by Messrs. F. N. Clark
(i. ii.), E. Dukenfield Jones (iii. iv.), W. J. Lucas (v. vi.). H. Main
(vii. viii.), and E. Slip (ix.) ; all are exceedingly well reproduced.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLIV.] SEPTEMBEE, 1911. [No. 580

FOUR NEW PTEROPHOEIDiE.
By T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

(Published with the sanction of the Inspector-General of Agriculture in India.)

The following descriptions of new Pterophoridae were drawn
up two years ago whilst working through the National Collection
of Plume-moths, and, as I have already had occasion to refer to
one species under its manuscript name (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1910,
p. 141), and since the types are standing in the British Museum
Collection under the names then given to them, it seems desirable
to publish the descriptions.

The first three species have been placed more or less pro-
visionally in the genus Oxyptilus, Z., but there is no doubt that
this genus contains at present a very heterogeneous collection of
exotic species, and that it will require subdivision in the near
future. In the meantime, and until we have a larger knowledge
of exotic forms, it seems premature to attempt to break it up,
more especially as the number of species contained in it is at
present moderate (about thirty).

The fourth species belongs to Walker's genus Sochchora,
which Mr. Meyrick has regarded (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1907, p. 482)
as a synonym of Platyptilia, Hb., a view in which I am unable
to concur, as Sochchora, Wlk., appears to me to be quite a distinct
genus, more nearly allied to Oxyptilus than to Platyptilia.

Oxyptilus erythrodactylus, n. s.
$ . Exp. 15-5 mm. Palpi porrect, rather long ; second joint
longer than the diameter of eye, rather roughly scaled, slightly
expanded apically with a few minute spinous hairs ; terminal joint
about two-thirds length of second, filiform, acuminate, smoothly
scaled, fuscous ; third joint and centre of second joint darker. Antennae
dark fuscous lined with whitish. Head fuscous, a slight ridge of
scales between bases of antennae. Thorax fuscous irrorated with
blackish. Abdomen fuscous, slightly tinged with reddish-brown,
with a slight admixture of whitish scales and considerable admix-
ture of blackish ; anal tuft light brown. Fore leg fuscous, irro-
rated externally with blackish, and narrowly lined on femur and

ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER, 1911. Y

282 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

tibia with white. Mid legs and hind legs wanting. Fore wing
cleft to about one-half, segments moderately broad ; first segment
without posterior angle, apex pointed and slightly falcate ; second
segment as broad at base as first, slightly expanded posteriorly,
tornus well marked, termen oblique and concave, anterior angle pro-
duced. Reddish chocolate-brown ; a few scattered whitish scales
along costa from base to just beyond one-half, a few black scales
form an indistinct inwardly oblique subcostal bar bordering base of
cleft, discal area narrowly suffused between about one-half and one-
fourth with whitish-ochreous, giving the appearance of a narrow
paler ill-defined streak running inwards from base of cleft to base of
wing ; first segment at one-third of its length with an ill-defined but
rather conspicuous inwardly oblique whitish-ochreous bar extending
across segment from costa to hinder margin, and very indistinctly
produced inwards along hinder margin to base of cleft, at two-thirds
of its length with an indistinct narrow outwardly curved transverse
whitish-ochreous bar, the area between these two bars slightly irro-
rated with blackish ; second segment with an indistinct transverse
whitish-ochreous bar before one-half of its length. Cilia and costa
chocolate-brown, darker exteriorly, lighter opposite bars ; on hinder
margin of first segment light fuscous, with a few blackish scales
especially evident at about one-half, and a slight black scale-tuft at
about five-sixths length of segment ; on fore margin of second
segment fuscous with a few scattered black scales, at anterior angle
blackish, on termen fuscous, rather lighter basally (of cilia) ; on
dorsum fuscous, with a few scattered black scales and slight black
scale-teeth at two-thirds, five-sixths, and tornus, cilia between the
latter scale-teeth blackish. Hind wing cleft from about one-third
and from near base ; segments linear ; dark chocolate-brown. Cilia
fuscous ; fore margin of third segment occupied on outer third with
short closely-crowded black scales, preceded by a few pale scales, area
between these latter and base of segment with a few scattered black
scales ; dorsum with a minute apical scale-tooth, a small triangular
black scale-tooth at about three-fourths, and a few scattered black
scales between this and base.

One specimen. Transvaal (A. J. Cholmley), 1906/265. The
register states that these specimens are from "Transvaal and
British East Africa."

This specimen may possibly be a Tetraschalis (I have not
been able to examine the neuration), but is apparently un-
described.

Oxyptilus stenodactylus, n. s.

(? . Exp. 20 mm. Antennae long, porrect, extending length of
head beyond it, smoothly scaled, fuscous, dark fuscous beneath ;
second joint about as long as diameter of eye, slightly enlarged
apically ; third joint as long as second, cylindrical, blunt at apex.
Antennae finely ciliated, dark fuscous, minutely sprinkled with
whitish. Head fuscous, greyish on vertex. Thorax fuscous, sprinkled
with blackish posteriorly, greyish on patagia. Abdomen whitish at
base, posteriorly reddish brown mixed with whitish, and irrorated
with blackish, the black scales forming longitudinal black shades and

NOTES ON ODONATA OBSERVED IN GREAT BRITAIN. 283

streaks, especially laterally ; anal tuft short, fuscous. Fore and mid
legs broken. Hind leg reddish brown ; tibia white on basal third,
slightly dilated at two-thirds and apex with scale-tufts, which each
emit a pair of moderate whitish black-tipped spurs, of which the
inner are the longer, tibia transversely banded with white at one-half
and three-fourths ; tarsi dark reddish-brown, joints banded basally
with white, bands broadest on first and fourth joints. Fore wing
cleft to a little beyond one-half, segments narrow ; first segment with
subfalcate apex and no posterior angle ; second segment very shghtly
dilated posterioi'ly, tornus almost obsolete, termen oblique. Colour
light reddish-brown ; a longitudinal greyish discal shade from base of
wing to one-fourth, and prolonged less conspicuously into first seg-
ment, a minute black subbasal costal dot, a small black discal dot at
one-fourth, dorsal area suffused with blackish fuscous from base to
one-fourth ; first segment with indications (especially evident on
costa) of darker inwardly oblique transverse bars before and beyond
one-half, the areas following these spaces lighter, and a few scattered
blackish scales ; second segment slightly suffused with blackish.
Cilia on costa dark fuscous mixed with whitish, before and beyond
three-fourths narrowly dark brown, followed by narrow patches of
ochreous- whitish, black at and before apex; on hinder margin of
first segment dark fuscous, blackish subterminally ; on fore margin of
second segment dark fuscous, with a few scattered black scales,
blackish preterminally ; on dorsum dark fuscous, cut with narrow
streaks of ochreous-fuscous ; on termen with a moderate black scale-
tooth beneath anterior angle. Hind wing cleft from about one-third
and from near base ; segments linear ; dark fuscous. Cilia dark
fuscous ; on dorsum with a large broad black scale-tooth at two-
thirds, a small black apical scale-tooth, remainder of dorsum thickly
strewn with scattered large black scales.

One specimen labelled " Mashonaland : H. B. Debbie :
1903/174." The register gives these specimens as from Mashona-
land and Beira.

The very narrow segments of the wings, combined with the
long palpi, seem to separate this from Oxijptilus. It may
possibly be a Tetraschalis, but wants the apical scale-teeth on
segments of hind wing usually characteristic of species of that
genus. As I am unable to examine the neuration, I will not
erect a new genus for this species, although such will probably
be required.

(To be continued.)

NOTES ON ODONATA OBSEEVED IN GEE AT BEITAIN
DUEING THE SUMMEES OP 1909 AND 1910.

By E. E. Speyer, F.E.S.

After last year's success in dragonfly collecting the expected
reaction took place this summer, but not to such a degree as had

Y 2

284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

been anticipated, and a most important observation, viz., a
recurrence of Somatochlora 7netallica, Lind., in Sussex, was
successfully made.

1. Sympetrum striolatum, Charp. — Immature males were
taken near Tunbridge Wells, in Sussex, on August 1st and 5th.
Except for two specimens captured later in August at Sbenley,
Herts, the insect was not observed again until October 15th at
Oxford, on which date a male was distinctly seen. Yet another
was seen on October 21st, at Sbenley, Herts, this being the
latest date on which I have, with certainty, met with it.

2. Synipetrum sanguineum, Miill. — As was pointed out in my
notes of last year (1908), I thought I saw the insect near Tun-
bridge Wells, and this I have proved to be correct, for I took
quite a number of males in that locality and a single immature
female on August 5th.

3. Lihellula depressa, L.— Only four specimens were obtained,
all from Sbenley, Herts, in July. Three were females, one of
which deposited a large number of ova in a tube of water after
capture ; only one, however, appeared to be fertile, and hatched.

4. Lihellula quadrimaculata, ]j. — A single specimen (a male)
from Shenley, Herts, is the only record I obtained. It was
captured on July 19th. The species was not seen near Tun-
bridge Wells this season.

6. Somatochlora metallica, Van der Lind., as stated above,
was again observed near Tunbridge Wells, in the same locality
as last year (1908). On August 1st a single male was caught
and several others were seen, while on August 5th the species
was very plentiful, but I failed to obtain a female. All the
specimens were mature, and must have been on the wing some
time ; a vigorous search for nymph-skins was unavailing. On
August 8th a few more males were seen, under somewhat
peculiar conditions ; the incessant rain had caused an abandon-
ment of entomology for fishing, but about four o'clock in the
afternoon the rain ceased, and almost immediately afterwards
several males were flying over the water. Eain came on again
about half an hour later, and they then disappeared as suddenly
as they had come. On August 5th a male was seen to settle
repeatedly upon a certain dry twig among the leaves of an elm-
tree. When thus settled it was almost invisible, and whenever
I observed other specimens settle they always chose long grass,
where they were also well protected from view.

The second occurrence of S. metallica seems to remove, at
any rate, some of the doubt as to the permanent residence of the
species. An examination of the intestine of a male showed the
presence of numerous fragments of the hard parts of small
insects ; there was no evidence of large prey having been eaten.

6. Cordidegaster annulatus, Latr. was rare near Tunbridge
Wells on August 1st ; only males were seen.

NOTES ON ODONATA OBSERVED IN GREAT BRITAIN. 285

7. xEschna mixta, Latr. — A single male was certainly seen at
a weir near Marlow, on the Thames, but could not be captured.
After flying erratically for a considerable time, it settled on a
reed, and I was able to approach near enough to determine its
sex and identity. The observation was made on September 11th.

8. M. cijanea, MiilL— Four nymphs, which I had kept for
more than six months, emerged between July 30th and August
8th. The nymphs had been obtained in Shenley. A female
was found near Tunbridge Wells, on August 5th, in a very imma-
ture condition, with the nymph-case hanging to some grass
beneath it. The latter lacked its head.

9. M. grandis, L. — Several were seen at Shenley, Herts, on
August 11th, and several nymph-cases were found clinging to reeds.

10. Calopteryx splendens, Harr,, was common at Oxford in
June. On May 30th a male was caught with a large mayfly in
its jaws, half of which it had eaten.

11. Lestes sponsa, Hans., was again very abundant near Tun-
bridge Wells in August, A female captured on August 8th had
the sides of the bronze spot on segment 1 of the abdomen
resembling that found in L. dri/as, but the size of the insect and
form of the anal appendages point without doubt to its identity
with the commoner species.

12. Erythromma naias, Hans. — A single immature male was
taken on the Cherwell at Oxford, on May 15th. It was found
sparingly at Shenley during June and July.

13. Platycnemis pcnnipes, Pall., was common on the Cherwell
at Oxford during May and June. It was first observed on
May 15th.

14. Pyrrhosoma nymphula was common near Tunbridge
Wells in August. A female, for the measurement of which I
am indebted to Mr. Campion, was only 33 mm. in length, the
wing-expanse being 43 mm.

15. P. tenellum, L., was not very plentiful near Tunbridge
Wells.

16. Ischnura elegans, Van der L., was generally abundant at
Oxford in May, and at Shenley during June and July ; also near
Tunbridge Wells.

17. Agrion pulchellum, Van der L. — Common on the Cherwell
at Oxford in May.

18. Agrion puella, L., was found commonly from May to
August at Shenley, Herts, on the Cherwell at Oxford, and near
Tunbridge Wells.

19. Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp., was very plentiful at
Shenley in July and August, the blue form of the female being
taken on several occasions. The spot on segment 1 of the
abdomen of the male showed great tendency to variation in size.
The dragonfly was also observed again near Tunbridge Wells in
August.

286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

In addition to these, two specimens of Anax inipcrator,
Leach, were seen, one at Shenley, Herts, on July 29th, the
other (a male) on August 4th, at Framfield, in Sussex.

Odonata Observed during the Summer of 1910.

Very few Odonata have been observed this season (1910),
owing to the small amount of collecting which was carried out.

1. Libellula depressa. — Common at Shenley, Herts, on June
26th. A single male was taken at the same locality on July 14th.

2. A7iax imperator, Leach. — Very common at Shenley on
June 26th. The male frequently settled in the grass at the side
of ponds. A female was captured ovipositing. Two males were
seen on July 14th.

3. Msclina cyanea. — A single male on July 14th, at Shenley.

4. Calopteryx virgo. — Immature specimens were abundant at
Woodstock, near Oxford, on May 28th.

5. C. splendens, Harr. — Immature specimens were also
abundant in the same locality as the last species.

6. Erythromma naias, Hans. — A few were captured at Shenley
on July 14th. The insect was common on June 26th.

7. Pyrrhosoma nympJmla. — A few specimens were obtained,
far from water, at Woodstock, on May 28th.

8. Ischnura elegans. — Common at Shenley in June and July.

9. Agrioii puella. — Abundant at Shenley in June and July.

10. Enallagma cyathigerum. — Common at Shenley in June
and July. A blue female was taken on June 26th.

I was unable to visit the Somatochlora metallica locality in
Sussex this year, and so I have not been able to make a third
observation of the insect.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF
ODYNERINM FROM JAPAN.

By p. Cameron.

Rhynchium hj'evilineatum, sp. n.
Entirely black, except for a short narrow white line at the eyes
opposite the antennae, and the spurs which are testaceous ; the eye
incision, face and clypeus, densely covered with longish v^hite
pubescence ; the ventral surface with shorter pubescence, the back of
abdomen with a white silky pile ; wings violaceous, the nervures
black ; the tegulas black and shining. Clypeus a little longer than
wide, the apex with a shallow rounded incision ; sparsely, distinctly,
but not strongly punctured ; the upper part of the head and thorax
much more strongly and closely punctured, the post-scutellum
coarsely rugosely punctured, its apex obliquely narrowed from the

DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF ODYNERIN^i;. 287

sides to the middle, which is bkmtly rounded. Apex of metanotum
smooth, sparsely punctm-ed round the edges, the middle below with a
triangular transversely striated band ; the sides bluntly rounded,
without teeth. Base of metapleurae smooth above, sparsely punctured
below, the rest irregularly longitudinally striated. Propleurae coarsely
punctured above, below irregularly slightly obliquely striated. Meso-
pleurae closely, deeply, strongly punctured <? . Total length
15 mm.

Base of pronotum transverse, narrower than the head. Post-
scutellum very slightly raised above the level of the flat scutellum.
Sides of metanotum at the base reticulated. Basal segment of abdo-
men large, cup-shaped, not much larger than the second. Antennal
hook, slender, reaching to the base of the eleventh segment.

Allied to B. argentatum, metallicum, and maldivense ; it wants
the dense white silky pile and the white mark on the top of the
clypeus of these species ; it is larger and stouter than most of
the examples I have seen of them, the post-scutellum is more
distinctly, gradually narrowed from the base to the apex, the
base of the thorax is more sharply transverse and the punctura-
tion is stronger.

Rhi/nchium fukaii, sp. n.

Rufo-testaceous, the clypeus, a large mark twice wider than long,
transverse above, broadly rounded below on the lower part of the
front and a line on the lower part of the eye incision, lemon-yellow ;
the following parts are black : the face and the part between the
antennae, the front except along the eyes, the lower outer part sharply
projecting towards the eyes, roundly narrowed above and enclosing
the lower ocellus, the part enclosing the ocelh, except for a curved line
outside the ocelli ; the occiput, the outer edge of the outer orbits,
the inner more narrowly, a broader oblique line, uniting the two at
the top of the eyes, the base and apex of mesonotum broadly, more
or less of the sides, the metanotum wholly or in part, the greater
part of the pleurae, the mesopleurae with a large pyriform, rufous
spot at the base above, the greater part of the basal two abdominal
segments, the line on the second narrowly laterally, the base of the
third and fourth and the basal three or four ventral segments, black.
Legs coloured like the body, all the coxge and trochanters, the base
of the four anterior femora and the hinder entirely black. Wings
rufous hyaline, the apex violaceous. J . Length 14 mm.

Clypeus longer than wide, broadly rounded above, the apex with
a slight but distinct incision. Front and, to a less extent, the vertex,
densely covered with fuscous pubescence. Apex of post-scutellum
broadly rounded. Apex of metanotum closely, somewhat strongly
obliquely striated, the sides margined above, the middle with a large
upper and a smaller lower spine. The apices of the abdominal
segments are more strongly punctured than the base, especially the
middle ones, which have the apices depressed, with the extreme apex
slightly reflexed.

Allied to jR. hcemorrhoidale ; it has the puncturation stronger
and closer ; the clypeus wider compared with the length, the

288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

head markings are different and there are only two spines on the
sides of the metanotum.

Ancistrocerus densepilosellus, sp. n.

Black, the clypeus, labrum, middle of mandibles irregularly,
under side of antennal scape, a line on apex of pronotum, one on
the apices of the basal four abdominal segments above and on the
basal two below, the basal dorsal two narrowed laterally, the line on
second ventral widened laterally, the apices of the femora narrowly
and the greater part of the tibiae and tarsi, pale yellow ; wings
hyaline, the stigma fuscous, the nervures darker coloured. Tegulge
black. Head and thorax densely covered with moderately long pale
pubescence. ^ . Total length 8 mm.

Clypeus as wide as long, transverse above, the apex with a dis-
tinct semicircular incision. Antennge thickened towards the apex,
the apical two joints brownish beneath, the hook of moderate thick-
ness, reaching to the base of the joint. Base of thorax transverse,
with acute projecting angles. Post-scutellum more obliquely sloped
than the scutellum. Sides of metanotum bluntly margined. The
second abdominal segment is longer than it is wide at the apex ; the
apices of the segment flat, not strongly punctured.

Ancistrocerus apiciornatus, sp. n.

Black, the apices of the abdominal two basal segments, a short
line on the sides of the apex of the second ventral, the clypeus in
the male, a line on the base below on the antennal scape in the male
and the greater part of the four front tibiae and tarsi, the base of the
hind tibiae and the basal joint of the hind tarsi, pale yellow ; wings
highly iridescent, violaceous on apical half, the stigma and nervures
black. Apical joints in male antennae brownish below, thickened,
without a hook. Eemale clypeus a little wider than long, its apex
slightly depressed in the centre, shortly, bluntly tuberculate laterally.
Clypeus in male a little wider than long, its apex with a rounded,
shallow incision. ? and ^ . Total length 7 mm.

A slender, narrow species. Shining, densely covered with short
white pubescence. Base of thorax transverse, raised. Parapsidal
furrows distinct. Scutellum with a wide furrow which does not
reach the base or apex ; it is widened towards the apex, the apex
itself being acutely pointed. Post-scutellum with a curved furrow in
the middle, the base more strongly punctured than the apex. Sides
of metanotum broadly rounded, closely reticulated. Upper apical
two-thirds of propleurae irregularly striated-punctured ; meso- and
metapleurae smooth, the former more shining than the latter. Basal
segment of abdomen strongly punctured, the apical longitudinal
furrow long and deep.

The three species described above were sent to me by Mr. T.
Fukai, Secretary of the Entomological Society of Japan, of
Konosu, Saitama.

289

NOTES ON THE VARIETIES OF PERONEA CRIS-
TANA, Fab., LATELY IN THE COLLECTION OF
THE LATE J. A. CLARK; WITH A REVISION
OF THE NOMENCLATURE.

By Sydney Webb.

(Continued from vol. xliii. p. 268.)

Cristana, Group a., Addendum.

Nigropunctana, Clark. — Similar to proxanthovittana, as now
determined, but the central tuft is large and dark brown, instead
of fulvous. South {in litt.) is of opinion that nigropunctana,
Clark, Qjud fidvostriana, Desv., are referable to the striana group,
and states that the former only differs from the latter in having
a more complete fulvous streak on the inner margin. He
regards fulvostriana as a form intermediate between striana,
Haw., and nigropunctana, Clark.

Desfontainana Group.

Fulvous dash along centre of wing from the base to the
fulvous button.

[Albovittana, Steph. — White head and thorax, white vitta.

Fulvocristana, Steph. — Yellow head and thorax, ochreous
vitta.

Consimilana, Steph. — Vitta consisting of approximating ashy
lines.

Desfontainana, Fab.]

Sericana, Hiib. nee Dup. — Similar to desfontainana, but no
central tuft ; or, if it be present at all, it is extremely small.
No vitta.

Ulotana, Clark. — Bluish black. Vitta two striate ashy lines
below the deep rusty red central streak, which terminates in the
similarly coloured large central tuft. Apparently quite distinct,
but in the specimen Clark took for his type the vitta is entirely
absent. In his series the two forms are about equally divided
in numbers. That with vitta appears to agree with sericana,
Dup., but the latter name had already been adopted by Hiibner
for another form ; it must therefore be dropped in favour of the
later one of Clark's, which will include both modifications of the
form, unless we name the striated one Jiammeana.

Cristalana Group.

Much variegated with light and dark brown, occasionally with
white markings, or yellow vitta.
[Suhcristalana, Curt.]

290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Sequana, Curt. — Our series of this insect are generally much
mixed. Curtis copied his description from a manuscript of
Bentley, who wrote thus : " Similar to last [fulvovlttana, Steph.]
but smaller, and having no white in the superior wings, which
are purplish brown and variegated. An angulated brown space
at the base spotted with black, button large and ochreous
at the apex, with a short black streak beyond it, the semiloop on
the costa purplish grey, apex lead-coloured, inner margin
ochreous ; palpi, head, and centre of thorax pale ash colour."

SuhfiLlvovittana, Clark. — Identical with fulvovlttana, Steph.,
but the pale lunar crescent on the costa ends abruptly at the
central tuft, and is never continued upwards to join the costa
beyond it.

[Cristalana, Don., and the same form with the addition of a
fulvous \iita,—falvovittana, Steph. — are both well known.]

Procristalana, n. ab. — Like subfulvovittana, Clark, but without
vitta. Button light brown, changing to dirty white on its inner
side, where the white fascia from the costa blends into it.

Chantana Group.

Upper part of wing chestnut-brown.

[Chantana, Bent. — Well-defined and equally well known.]

In lots 318 and 319, at Clark's sale, were four specimens of a
modification of chantana with dark button. These were accepted
by Clark as albostriana, Haw., which we all know to be one of
the forms of Peronea hastiana. Having long had the same
insect in my cabinet, labelled postchantana, we may, I think,
call it by that name for want of a better. It differs from pro-
chantana by the large black tuft upon the primaries.

Prochantana, Clark, which had been for many years in
cabinets mixed with chantana, is buttonless and easily dis-
tinguishable.

Sabchantana, Clark. — May be compared with subvittana,
Steph., with pale ochreous button. It appears, however, very
distinct, and certainly belongs to this group. The fine ashj' line
along the fold from the basal blotch to the hind margin is not
shown in Clark's figure of this form.

Vaughaniana, n. ab. — Light brown with a purplish gloss, the
upper part of the wing rufous, a dull red streak from the central
tuft to the costa before the apex. Button extremely small,
almost wanting, brown ; palpi, head, and thorax ash-coloured,
an ash-coloured line along the fold to the hind margin, generally
consolidated into an ashy grey patch at the extreme base of the
inner margin, similar to that of subchantana, but not so pale. I
dedicate this moth to the memory of my late friend, Howard J.
Wright Vaughan, who took a keen interest in the "buttons,"
and was the first British entomologist to appreciate the im-

PROPERTY OP

VAKIETIES OF PERONEA CRISTANAy y'l^T^ ^91 —

portance of collecting local races and the varietal forms con-
nected with them.

ViTTANA Group.

Upper part of wing chestnut-brown, button dark, vitta orange
or composed of striate lines.

[The type vittana, Steph., is well known, and no comment
upon it is necessary.]

Inter mcdiana, Clark. — The specimen Clark made his type
has a somewhat paler vitta than the form vittana of Stephens ;
there are two similar specimens in his series, and three in
Bond's, all of which are identical. The remainder of Clark's
series are normal vittana. This varietal name is therefore of
but little value.

Spadiceana, Haw. — A well-known form. From the colora-
tion of its wings it is placed in this group, otherwise the vitta
being made up of dull and inconspicuous ashy grey lines, its
affinity to the striana group in this respect is at once apparent.

Substriana, Steph. — An altogether darker insect, with the
chestnut costal portion much obscured. A well-known form. It
has no affinity with the striana group, in spite of the name.

Profanana and semiustana Group.
More or less mottled wings, black or very dark brown tuft.

A. No vitta.
[Profanana, Fab. — Well known, as is also semiustana, Curt.]

B. Vitta orange to 'palest yellow or white.
[Provittana, Desv.J

Flavostriana, n. ab. — In Bond's cabinet are three, in Clark's
one, and I have seen others ; of lightly mottled specimens
easily distinguished from the last. The vitta is distinct and
white, tinged along the middle with tbe faintest yellow. Head
and thorax pale cream. I propose for this variety the above
name, which was written on the ticket placed by Bond below
his specimens.

A form wanting a name is similar to bentleyana, Curt., but
the head and thorax are white, palpi cream. The large central
tuft and vitta pure white. Several specimens have been taken
in the New Forest. A very handsome insect.

Another form, somewhat like the last, but the paler blotches
upon the wings almost obliterated by the dark ground colour.
Head, palpi, and thorax cream, large button, some subsidiary
small tufts of raised scales towards the ends of the wings, and
vitta cream. Epping Forest and Folkestone. Can this be
Duponchel's combustana ? It may well be, although the mottled

292 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

appearance of the wing places it in this group rather than in
that of cristana.

[BentUyana, Curt.]

Semistriana, Desv. — An extremely rare form akin to semi-
ustana, but with distinctly striated grey inner margin.

(To be continued.)

NEW AFEICAN GEOMETEID^.
By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S.

Subfam. Acidaliin^.
Mnesithetis omithosp'ila, sp. n.

5 , 22 mm. Face and palpus reddish. Fore coxa and femur
marked with red above. Thorax above concolorous with wings.
Wings pale olive-green, lines darker olive. Fore wing with faint
curved antemedian at just before one-third, distinct postmedian at
beyond two-thirds, not at all denticulate, sinuate inwards below u^ ;
cell-mark elongate, dark olive ; terminal line httle darker than
ground colour, followed by a pale line at base of fringe ; fringe long,
concolorous with wing, slightly paler in distal half. Hind wing
without the antemedian line, cell-mark white, not broken up into
two spots, but forming an angulated mark nearly as in the Hemitheine
genus Ornitliospila. Under side ochi'eous whitish strongly flushed
with flesh-pink ; both wings with very faint traces of the postmedian
line, otherwise unmarked.

Bitye, Ja River, Cameroons. Type in coll. L. B. Prout.

Differs from typical Mnesithetis in having sc^ of fore wing
arising from the ceil instead of from the stalk of sc^-o. Will
form a new section, if not a new genus.

Acidalia fuscifusa, sp. n.
5 , 26 mm. Face fuscous. Palpus brown, tipped with fuscous.
Legs light brown, fore leg fuscous on inner side. Thorax fuscous
dorsally. Fore wing light brown ; basal half (to median shade)
irrorated and irregularly clouded with fuscous, especially towards
inner margin ; antemedian line obliterated ; median shade diffuse,
curved (parallel with termen), passing just outside the discal dot ;
postmedian line dark fuscous, denticulate on the veins, from three-
fourths costa, slightly obhque outwards to r\ there sharply angled,
incurved between r^ and r^ ; terminal area fuscous, excepting a patch
at costa, the edge of the fuscous shade sloping away from r^ to just
below apex ; discal dot small, black ; terminal line blackish, inter-
rupted at the vein-ends. Hind wing elbowed at r^ ; similar to fore
wing, the median shade proximal to the cell-spot, postmedian less
sharply angled at r^ Under side of fore wing similar to upper but
less strongly mixed with fuscous ; of hind wing free from fuscous
admixture only, the hnes and cell-spot present.

NEW AFRICAN GEOMETRID/E. 293

Bitye, Ja Eiver, Cameroons. Type in coll. L. B. Prout. A
second example, from Uganda, in coll. Brit. Mus.

Perhaps related to Acidalia diffiisizona, Hampson, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lend. 1910, 478 (Craspedia).

Subfam. LARENTIINiB.

Onychia olbia, sp. n.

2 , 30-32 mm. Head and body (with palpus, antenna, &c.)
ochreous, more or less mixed with pink, and finely irrorated with
darker scales. Palpus long. Antennal ciliation slightly longer than
in the typical members of the genus, but lacking tlie longer bristle
at end of each joint. Fore wing with costa slightly more arched
than is typical, termen slightly more oblique, rather straight ; bright
yellow ochre, somewhat mixed with browner scales, and traversed
by numerous wavy lines ; two in basal patch brown, accompanied by
one or two weaker ; three in intermediate area, more reddish and
very much fainter ; three (brown) in the proximal and three in the
distal part of the rather broad median band, the proximal three
shghtly and the next two markedly angled below costa, the sixth
(margining the band distally) dentate inwards on sc^ bluntly bilobed
on either side of m^ and gently incurved anteriorly and posteriorly
to these lobes, accompanied distally throughout by a very fine white
line ; two in the outer intermediate area reddish, strongly lunulate-
dentate, the proximal one much interrupted ; median band much
clouded with pink, leaving costal, central and inner marginal patches
more or less of the ground colour; terminal area darkened, being
composed of a blend of ochreous, fuscous and pink scales, a few vague
whitish spots on veins indicating the position of the subterminal
line ; discal spot blackish, elongate, closely following the third median
line; terminal line olive-brown, interrupted at the vein-ends; proximal
half of fringe concolorous with terminal area, distal half whitish
mixed with pink, the halves separated by a thick olive-brown line.
Hind wing silky whitish, with a very few brown scales, some slight
pinkish marks on inner margin, and a fine, sinuous, brown post-
median line from inner margin at three-fourths, fading out beyond
B^; cell-spot weak, small; terminal line as in fore wing; fringe
pinkish. Under side of fore wing dirty whitish, irrorated with
brown ; base, costal and distal margins darker, apical area more
broadly so ; a brown spot on costa before one-fourth (midway between
basal and median bands of upper side) ; cell-spot strong, elongate,
followed by three brown lines, the first two nearly straight, the third
darker, angled on r^. Under side of hind wing more uniformly
mottled with the ochreous, olive-brown and pink scales, palest
between postmedian line and terminal area ; cell-spot and postmedian
line much darker and stronger than above, the latter reaching across
wing ; fringe concolorous with terminal area.

Near Johannesburg (Edmund A. Bacot). Type and a pre-
cisely similar but somewhat worn female in coll. L. B. Prout,
kindly presented by Mr. A. Bacot.

Probably nearest to Onychia arenaria, Warr., Nov. Zool. ix.

294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

518 (Pleroci/mia). The generic name Plerocymia, Hiib., is purely
a synonym of Larentia, Tr. ; its type {clavaria, Haw., ^= ceri'i-
nata, Schiff., nee cervinalis, Scop.) has biangiilate do in the
hind wing, which is not the case with the present genus.

Onychia (?) lamprammodes, sp. n.

2 , 30 mm. Head, body and tip of palpus whitish, irrorated with
sandy and fuscous ; palpus otherwise sandy, irrorated with fuscous ;
abdomen beneath strongly mixed with sandy ; thorax in front with
a narrow fuscous bar. Fore wing narrow, costa nearly straight,
slightly convex basally and distally, faintly concave between ; whitish
ochreous, almost entirely covered liy bright sandy ochreous markings,
costal edge slightly darker to so (excepting apical end) ; markings
consisting of about twelve, mostly ill-defined lines, running obliquely
from inner margin ; the first four (proximal to the discal dot) acutely
angled in cell, the fourth (indicating the commencement of a slightly
darkened, more reddish ochreous median band) marked with fuscous
at inner margin and on m at origin of m^ ; the next four nearly
straight, the eighth conspicuous, forming the distal boundary of the
central fascia, and followed by a fine pale line ; the next two also
nearly straight, in a pale band which runs to costa at apex, last two
virtually coalesced into a narrow band ; cell-spot minute, black ;
terminal line fuscous, broken up into spots ; fringe concolorous with
termen. Hind wing narrow, costa long, apex rounded, prominent,
termen shghtly sinuous, scarcely convex ; nearly concolorous with
fore wing, slightly less bright, base and a postmedian band whitish,
the intermediate area blurred, wath a confused suggestion of four
transverse lines ; a diffuse, sandy ochreous subterminal band ; cell-
spot, terminal line and fringe nearly as in fore wing. Under side
blurred sand-colour, finely (the hind wing more coarsely) irrorated
with darker ; both wings with ill-defined pale postmedian band and
small dark cell-spot.

Near Johannesburg (Edmund A. Bacot). Type in coll. L.B.
Prout, presented by Mr. A. Bacot.

Affinities somewhat doubtful, perhaps nearest to *' Plero-
cymia " albiclausa, Warr., Nov. Zool. iv. 236. The shape and
pose of markings superficially recall a narrow-winged specimen
of Horisme (e.g. minuata, Y^a,\k., or especially aqiiata, Hiib.),
but the abdomen is not crested ; dc^ of the hind wing is extremely
oblique, and c anastomoses to very nearly the end of the cell.

Subfam. GEOMETRINiE.

Ectropis (?) amphitromera, sp. n.
$ , 36 mm. Head and body brown mixed with fuscous, abdomen
with paired black dorsal spots. Palpus quite moderate, stout. Fore
and middle legs mostly fuscous, pale at ends of joints (hind legs lost).
Fore wing moderately broad, apex blunt, termen faintly waved ;
ochreous brown coarsely irrorated wuth fuscous ; markings dark
fuscous ; antemedian line obscure, placed and bent as in delosaria,

NEW SPECIES OF GEOMKTRID^ FROM FORMOSA. 295

Walk. ; an obscure, sliglatly curved median shade crossing the cell-
spot, which is rather large and oval, but not pale-centred ; post-
median line from two-thirds costa, nearly parallel with termen,
slightly incurved between m^ and sm^, lunulate-dentate, the teeth
pointing distad and thickened ; subterminal line pale, ill-deiined,
interruptedly lunulate, the lunules filled in proximally with fuscous,
those on either side of m^ the largest and whitish ; terminal lines
consisting of a series of black crescentic dashes, well separated by
the veins. Hind wing with the median shade becoming antemedian,
passing well proximally to the cell-spot, which is somewhat smaller
than in fore wing ; postmedian, subterminal and terminal lines as in
fore wing. Under side similarly coloured, the fuscous irroration
somewhat more irregular, denser in the entire distal area. Fore wing
with antemedian line obsolete, median shade weak, cell-spot as above,
postmedian thick, diffuse, accompanied distally by an ill-defined pale
shade, which thickens on inner margin ; subterminal line almost
obliterated, excepting a rather large pale spot anterior to, and a small
one posterior to m\ Hind wing similar, the pale dentate postmedian
shade somewhat better defined.

Near Baringa, Lulongo Eiver, Congo, long. 21° E. (Eev.
E. Cartwright). Type in coll. L. B. Prout, kindly presented by
Mr. G. E. Baldock.

Upper side somewhat as in Ectropis delosaria, Walk. (=
crassa, Warr.), colour brighter brown, discal spots not ocellated,
build somewhat more robust ; under side quite different from
that species. Venation agreeing — sci-2 of fore wing long- stalked,
arising from cell and not separating till well distad to the
separation of sc'^ from sc3-4.

NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETEID^ FEOM FOEMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 272.)

Boarmia griseoviridata, sp. n.
<? . Fore wings greenish grey, finely powdered with blackish ;
antemedial line blackish, slender, indistinct ; postmedial line blackish,
dotted with black on the veins, outwardly edged with paler ; between
postmedial line and the black discal spot is an irregular line, black
and serrate towards the costa, sinuous and blackish below the cell
where it approaches the postmedial ; subterminal line pale, sinuous,
marked with black at apex, between veins four and six and above
dorsum ; termen with black dots more or less connected by a slender
black line ; fringes brownish. Hind wings agree in colour with fore
wings ; discal spot and postmedial line black, the latter indicated by
dots on the veins, otherwise indistinct ; subterminal line pale, in-
wardly edged wdth blackish ; termen crenulate, dotted with black
between the veins ; fringes brownish. Under side pale brownish,

296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

all the wings have a black discal dot, and traces of a postmedial
line.

$ . Similar to the male, but the subterminal line of all the wings
broadly bordered with purplish brown ; the dorsum of fore wings
is also purplish brown from the subterminal line to the base of
the wing.

Expanse, 3- 50-52 millim., ? 48 millim.

Collection number, 1544.

Two male specimens and one female from Kanshirei (1000 ft.),
1908. One of the males is paler in colour than that described,
and the transverse lines are less distinct ; it was taken in March,
the type male in July, and the female in May.

Aids subpunctata, sp. n.

^ . Fore wings greyish white, powdered with brownish and
sparingly sprinkled with black scales ; antemedial line black, slender,
dotted with black on the costa and the median nervure ; postmedial
line black, finely toothed below costa, and indented above dorsum ;
discal mark lunulate, the lower cusp touching the postmedial line,
and the upper cusp connected by dark scales with a black spot on
the costa : a series of elongate black spots on termen. Hind wings
slightly paler, with blackish discal spot ; postmedial line blackish,
curved and recurved, terminating in a black spot on dorsum, irregu-
larly toothed on the veins ; termen marked as on fore wings ; traces
of a white subterminal line towards tornus. Under side as above
but paler, and the markings generally less distinct ; discal spot on
hind wings more conspicuous.

Expanse, 34 millim.

Collection number, 802 a.

A male specimen in rather poor condition from Eantaizan
(7500 ft.), May 9th, 1909.

Aids nigronotaria, sp. n.

3 . Pale greyish brown, with a black, rather large, discal spot
on each wing ; ante- and postmedial lines of fore wings black ; the
former indented below costa, thence inwardly oblique to dorsum ;
the latter irregularly toothed, almost parallel with termen ; space
between the lines slightly paler. Postmedial line of hind wings
black, slightly curved outwards beyond the discal spot, and inwards
below the discal spot ; the basal area somewhat paler. Under side
similar to upper but paler, lines less distinct.

Expanse, 33 millim.

Collection number, 802.

A male specimen from Tainan, April 20th, 1906.

Aids fulvipicta, sp. n.

Basal and outer areas of the fore wings brownish, mottled and

clouded with darker ; medial area whitish, mottled with greyish

bi'own, and with a band-like tawny cloud along its outer limit ; ante-

and postmedial lines indistinct, the former obscured by the clouding

BY THE WAY. 297

on basal area, and the latter represented by blackish marks ; sub-
terminal line whitish, serrate, inwardly edged with blackish ; a
blackish spot at end of the cell, its inner edge black ; three black
bars on outer area towards costa, and two similar bars near dorsum,
are interrupted by the whitish subterminal line. Hind wings whitish,
mottled with brownish except on costal area ; discal dot blackish ;
postmedial line indicated by dusky dots ; a blackish dot at tornus
and one beyond it on dorsum. Under side whitish, the dark markings
somewhat as above on the fore wings, but discal dot and postmedial
line of hind wings more distinct than on the upper side.
Expanse, 37 mm.

Collection number, 805.

A male specimen from Eantaizan (7500 ft.), May 11th, 1909,
and a female from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 11th, 1906.
Allied to A. eurydiscaria, Hampson.

Episopthalma taiivana, sp. n.

(? . Green, with an ochreous ringed blackish spot on each wing ;
antemedial line of fore wings rather darker, inwardly edged with
paler, crenulate ; postmedial line darker, outwardly edged with
paler, almost whitish, serrate ; traces of a pale crenulate subterminal
line. On the hind wings there is a serrate, curved line beyond the
discal spot, this is blackish towards costa ; the costal area tinged with
pinkish brown from line to base of the wing. Fringes pinkish brown,
preceded by darker crenulate line. Under side leaden grey, all wings
with dusky postmedial line ; costa of fore wings ochreous.

5 . Similar to the male, but the edges of transverse lines whiter.

Expanse, ^ 46 miUim., ? 48 millim.

Collection number, 1547 a.

One example of each sex from Kanshirei (1000 ft.) ; the male
captured May 2nd, and the female July 10th, 1908.

This species is very like Chlorodontopera chalybeata, Moore,
but the antennae are almost simple in both sexes ; the margins
of the wings are less crenulate, especially those of the fore
wings.

BY THE WAY.

Since Spence wrote Letter xxv. of the ' Introduction to
Entomology,' we can recall no claim made to igiies fatui as an
entomological subject. He distinctly states, however, his ex-
pectation that luminous insects would be discovered to be the
explanation of the phenomenon, and regards the phosphureted
hydrogen theory as impracticable on account of the light's
erratic and local movements in a high, steady breeze. Per-
sonally, we have (with Wailes) vaguely supposed it to be " the
spontaneous ignition of gaseous particles " given off by decaying

ENTOM. — SEPTEMBER, 1911. Z

298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

vegetable matter. But the only person who has ever " knocked
down " a will-o'-the-wisp — at Ickleton, Cambs, in 1780 — found
Gryllotalpa ! A recent writer in ' Country Life ' brings forward
a very different explanation, pointing out that Linne probably
named the barn-owl Strix jiammea on account of the occasional
luminosity of its breast-feathers, caused (thinks Lydekker) by
" their plumage having come into contact with phosphorescent
bacteria developed in the decaying wood of their nesting
resorts." But jack-o'-lanterns are not found in farmyards,
and even a Cambridge yokel of 1780 knew a barn owl from a
mole-cricket !

Commercial Science rises to great heights with the United
Staters. We have received a ' Price List of Philippine Insects
in the Collection of the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. L,'
which we suppose to be an official emanation, since no dealer's
name is blazoned forth. The prices are very definite, and nicely
printed on creamy paper, and one is given the family name of
each species free. They seem to possess many insects, but only
one stands under Ichneumonidae ; this is " MegiscJms tarsatus,"
and will cost you a dollar, but Megischus, Brulle (1846), is a mere
synonym of Stephanus, Jur. (1807), the typical genus of the
Stephanidse, and not an ichneumon at all — bursa non caput ! At
the same time came ' Insects and Disease,' by R. W. Doane,
A.B., Assistant Professor of Entomology, Leland Stanford,
Junior, University ; it is described as a popular account with
original illustrations. The text seems, like Hamlet, " made up
of quotations." The Thirty-fourth Annual Pieport of the Lan-
cashire and Cheshire Entomological Society shows it a thriving
institution with a good balance behind it.

The views of Professor Perrier, of astronomical fame, re-
specting the entomology of Mars read like the more extravagant
of Miss Budgen's * Episodes of Insect Life.' Owing to the lesser
gravity, jumping animals would predominate ; the great extremes
of seasonal temperature would produce "quick-living" creatures,
which complete their active life in a single season, such as butter-
flies. Flowering plants would grow in abundance, and the six-
hundred-and-sixty-eight-day-j^ear points to " intense growth
and reproduction, immensely tall grasses, huge fruit, and
gigantic insects. As life is a greater struggle there, the writer
is led to assume a high plane of intelligence in Martian insect-
life. He imagines the wisdom of a thousand ants resident in
the brain of one great Martian blackbeetle." With us a sufficient
number of such Blattse in England would probably place the
"Back to the Land" theory within practicable politics, for (as

NOTES AND OBSEEVATIONS. 299

few town-dwellers realize) there are no cockroaches in the
country.

Survey parties, consisting in the entomological section of
officials from both Edinburgh and Dublin Museums, as well as
private collectors, have again been investigating the fauna and
flora of Clare Island and the adjacent mainland of Co. Mayo
this season. The weather has been unusually anticyclonic for
that district, and the bays very full. The Survey will end with
the present season, and Mr. R. LI. Praeger, of the Dublin Library,
will be glad of English assistance on Clare during the autumn.

CM.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Steeeha sacraria in Scotland.— I have pleasure in recording
the capture of a female specimen of Sterrha sacraria on August 18th.
My boy saw the moth flying in the afternoon over a patch of grass
near my house. Being without a net, he caught it with his hand,
consequently the specimen was not in cabinet condition. — L. G.
EssoN ; 376, George Street, Aberdeen.

LiMENITIS SIBYLLA (LePIDOPTEEA) IN SUEBITON. — Dr. R. N.

Goodman tells me that he found a "White Admiral" on a gravel
walk on Surbiton Hill, on July 8th last. Of course this may only be
an escape, but it seems well to record the occurrence, as the species
has been found in several places in Surrey of late years. — W. J.
Lucas ; Kingston-on-Thames.

CoLiAs HYALE IN SouTH Wales. — A specimen of CoUas kyale was
taken on the sandhills near Porthcawl, one day last week, by Mr.
David Nicholl, of Laleston House, Bridgend.— (Mrs.) M. D. B.
Nicholl; The Cottage, Merthyr Mawr, Bridgend, August 21st,
1911.

COLIAS HYALE (LePIDOPTERA) IN THE IsLE OF WiGHT. — Mr. E. A.

C. Stowell tells me that he took five examples of this butterfly out of
one clover-field at Freshwater, August 12-13th last. Since then he
saw no others there, or elsewhere, in the island. — W. J. Lucas ;
Kingston-on-Thames.

CoLiAs HYALE IN BucKS. — On the 14:th inst., while crossing a grass
field near Bourne End, Bucks, I saw a specimen of Colias hyale settle
on a solitary flower-head of clover. Unfortunately I had not my net
with me, but after a Httle careful " stalking," I managed to secure it
under my hat! It is a perfect male. — E. S. A. Baynes ; 120,
Warwick Street, S.W., August 16th, 1911.

CoLiAs HYALE NEAR NoRwiCH. — On August 7th I had the good
fortune to capture a specimen of Colias hyale at Hellesdon, near

300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

this city. It was taken flying over a patch of lucerne, and is a fine
male in perfect condition. — Kobt. Laddiman ; 25, Drayton Eoad,
Norwich, August 23rd, 1911.

COLIAS EDUSA AND C. HYALE IN SuSSEX AND OXFORDSHIRE.^

Commander J. J. "Walker informs me (August 23rd) that his nephew,
Mr. H. G. Champion, has been taking both species at Shoreham,
Sussex. Also that he saw a fine male C. hyale at Weston-on-the-
Green, near Summertown, Oxford, on August 16th. — Richard
South.

Sphinx convolvuli at Dulwich. — I have just taken a fresh
specimen of Sphinx convolvuli in our front garden here. — Geo.
S. Robertson; St. Anne's, 101, Thurlow Park Road, Dulwich,
S.E., August 24th, 1911.

Sphinx convolvuli in Kent. — I should like to record the capture
of a fine female Sphinx convolvuli at rest on a fence in this district,
on August 15th, 1911. — ^Ethel M. Morgan ; 24, Queen's Road,
Tunbridge Wells, August 15th, 1911.

Sphinx convolvuli in Camberwell. — A very fine female speci-
men of Sphinx convolvuli was brought to me this morning, taken by
Mrs. Jaggers, 5, Mosedale Street,. Datchler Place, Church Street,
Camberwell, in the early morning at rest on a jacket that had been
left hanging on a hne to dry all night. — C. Hudson ; 263, Camberwell
Road, London, S.E., August 25th, 1911.

Nonagria sparganii in Sussex. — I should like to record the
capture of TV. sparganii near Seaford, Sussex. Working with Mr.
P. C. Reid and Mr. W. E. Nicholson on the 24th ult., between us
we took seven pupee of this species, and so far I have bred three
imagines. — Francis C. Woodbridge ; The Briars, Gerrards Cross,
Bucks, August 2nd, 1911.

Capture of Chrysophanus phlceas var. schmidtii. — My daughter,
Miss Gwendoline Nurse, captured a specimen of the above in fair
condition on August 11th, at Dolgoch, Towyn, Merioneth. It is
similar to the one figured on Plate 101, No. 7, in South's 'Butterflies
of the British Isles.'— (Rev.) E. J. Nurse ; The Rectory, Windermere.

Argynnis lathonia in Guernsey. — I should like to record the
capture, on August 7th, in Guernsey, of a perfect female specimen of
Argynnis lathonia. The capture was made about noon in a lucerne
field bordering on the sea. — H. G. Lekay; 11, Wontner Road, Upper
Tooting Park, London, S.W.

Cateremna terebrella in East Devon. — It may be of interest
to record that my colleague, the Rev. J. S. Martin, JDred in July a
specimen of G. terebrella from a spruce cone collected with others
near Ottery St. Mary, Devon. This seems a far cry from the home
of the species in Norfolk. I have for several years collected the
cones from the same spot in order to breed strobilella, but have
unfortunately thrown them away as soon as the Tortrix emerged. —
John W. Metcalfe; Ottery St. Mary, July 31st, 1911.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 301

Dates op Emergences of Certain Butterflies in 1911. — It
may be of interest to record the dates of emergences of some of the
butterflies in this neighbom^hood during the present abnormally hot
summer : — Lyccena minima, most abundant but very worn, June
15th. Epinephde tithonus (males only), very plentiful, July 5th.
Adopcea lineola (males principally), most abundant, July 7th; this
species had apparently been out quite a week. Cyaniris argiolus,
second brood, a large and fine form quite plentiful in my garden,
July 8th. The larvi« were not uncommon up to the end of June,
feeding on young holly leaves. — A. H. Jones ; Shrublands, Eltham,
August 19th, 1911.

Note on Amphidasys betularia, Tephrosia biundularia, and
Trichiura crat^gi. — I have reared over forty specimens of A^njyhi-
dasys betularia this season from ova deposited by a female intermediate
between the type and ab. douhledayaria. I find that the percen-
tage of males and females is exactly equal. Is this not rather
unusual? Also on May 16th, 1910, I went to "Pamber Forest,"
Hants, and among the insects I took was a female of Te-phrosia biun-
dularia closely approaching if not quite identical with ab. dela-
onerensis as shown in ' Moths of the British Isles,' Plate 136, Fig. 8.
I kept it alive for ova, of which it laid about thirty, and from these
moths were duly reared. The pupae were kept out of doors all the
winter. The moths, twenty-two in all, emerged between April 39th
and May 13th, 1911. Eleven (seven males, four females) are like
Fig. 6, Plate 136, while the other eleven (eight males, three females)
very closely approach Fig. 8, Plate 136. On September 19th, 1910,
I took a specimen of Trichiura cratcegi on a lamp at Eeading
in grand condition. I think this species is rather scarce in this
locahty ? — H. L. Dolton ; 27, Brunswick Street, Reading, July 10th,
1911.

Hybernation op Pyrameis atalanta. — In reply to Mr. Frohawk
(p. 248), I really have no " views " on this question, and should be
sorry to dogmatise on the little knowledge I possess of the habits of
P. atalanta. Before, however, accepting as proved the theory that
atalanta in Britain is due entirely to immigration, we need consider-
ably more proof than either Mr. Newman or Mr. Frohavv'k has given
us. Like other species, this may hybernate, either as (1) imagines :
Mr. Newman's experiments in artificial heat hardly disprove the
possibility ; (2) ova : some of the late summer ones may not hatch
till spring ; (3) larvae : the full-grown ones mentioned by Mr. Frohawk
in October may — some of them — outlive the winter in that state ; or
they may as (4) pupae tide through the winter. I would point out
that purely negative proof is not sufficient ; suppose, for instance,
that only one out of a thousand atalanta hybernated in one of its
forms, it would still be quite as adequate to account for its distri-
bution as a few specimens blown over from France. Supposing the
above four possibilities disposed of, there still remains the difficulty,
which Mr. Frohawk has not attempted to explain, that North French
conditions are no more favourable to hybernation than English ones,
and that, therefore, if hybernation in England is ruled out, so it must

302 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

be with North France. Personally, it seems to me much more
probable that hybernated imagines from Cornwall should renew the
atalanta population of England than that they should come all the
way from the warmer parts of Europe ; but, as already pointed out,
neither hypothesis is necessary, unless the possible hybernation in
states other than the imago is disproved. There is one other form
of evidence possible. Has atalanta been seen or recorded in mid-
Channel at all frequently '? I have seen on the Eiviera, on two
consecutive days, huge flights of cardui come up from the sea — so
many, indeed, that they passed for perhaps a quarter of an hour ;
but I do not know whether anything of the kind has been observed
with atalanta. — J. C. Warburg.

Second Brood op Cerura furcula. — On June 22nd I found
four small larvae of this species, of which two duly pupated. I put
the pupae in a cage with others due to emerge next year. On July
29th I casually looked at the cage, when I found that the imago had
emerged from each of the above-mentioned pupae. One had evidently
been out several days, as it had knocked itself about, so that it had
become useless as a specimen ; the other was in better condition. I
see that Barrett gives one instance of this species having a second
emergence in this country. In the present abnormally hot summer
it seems probable that several species, ordinarily single- brooded, may
produce a second brood, and I think lepidopterists should place on
record instances which come to their notice. — C. G. Nurse (Lt.-Col.);
Timworth Hall, Bury St. Edmunds, July 30th, 1911.

Note on Agrion armatum, Charp. — Perhaps a note supple-
mentary to Mr. W. J. Lucas's remarks on Agrion armatum in the
current number of the ' Entomologist ' may not be out of place.
When Mr. Lucas writes, " The specimen was of as bright a blue as
that of Agrion puella," &c., it must not of course be understood that
the entire body was blue. The pale marks, as shown in the plate,
on the frontal and posterior segment only were of the bright blue
colour, and the same remark applies to the brilliant green of the
prevailing form in the Broads. Erom my experience the blue-marked
form is rare in the Norfolk Broads, for I only captured one, and I do
not think I saw another among the large number I saw on May 28th
last year, nor among the fewer specimens seen on the several previous
days. On the other hand, descriptions of the species seem to denote
the blue-marked as the prevailing form on the Continent. I don't
know from where Mr. Lucas got the notion that I took " about a
dozen on May 28th," for on that day I took a considerably larger
number than that, but not nearly so many as I saw! — Geo. T.
PoRRiTT ; Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield, August 5th, 1911.

Geographical Distribution of Macaria liturata var. nigro-
FULVATA. — As the season has come round again for larvae of M. litur-
ata, it would be interesting if collectors could add to the localities for
this interesting and well-defined variety, as well as publish their
results in the ' Entomologist ' when the moths emerge next June.
September is perhaps the best month for the larvae, but many are to be
had in the first half of October. I have never beaten the caterpillar

SOCIETIES. 303

from larch, as the branches are out of reach, but they readily fall into
the beating-tray, or inverted umbrella, when the lower branches of
Scotch fir are tapped. The caterpillar is green, striped with white-
yellow, and can readily be distinguished by its reddish head. There
is also a grey form with purplish, black-brown head. At present
the variety nigrofulvata would seem to have been observed only in
Shropshire, Cheshire, and North Lancashire. — J. Arkle ; 25, King
Street, Chester.

The Scents of Butterflies.— A discourse upon this very inter-
esting subject was delivered by Dr. Dixey, at the Royal Institution,
on March 3rd last. It is fully reported in 'Nature' for August 3rd,
pp. 164-168.

Public Exhibition of Butterflies. — The collection of butter-
flies, from all parts of the world (about 18,000 specimens), formed by
Mr. Walter Dannatt, F.Z.S., will be open to the pubhc during three
weeks, dating from August 28th, at 400, Oxford Street.

Eeferring to Mr. Claude Morley's note under the heading " By
the Way" in the August number of the 'Entomologist,' I think the
Germans have improved on the notice prohibiting sugaring on the
trees in the New Forest, as in the little valley at the head of the
Konigser they have put up a board to the effect that anyone con-
victed of catching Parnassius apoUo or taking away its larvae is liable
to a fine of 150 marks or three months' imprisonment.— H. H. S.

SOCIETIES.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society. — June 8th. — Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.Z.S., in the chair. — Mr.
H. W. Andrews exhibited many species of the dipterous family Syr-
phidae, most of them being from Kent. — Capt. P. A. Cardew, an example
of Anarta cordigera from Eannoch, in which the hind margin and
base of the fore wings were of an unusually pale grey. — Mr. S. Blen-
karn, more than one hundred and fifty species of Coleoptera taken in
the Isle of Wight from April 23rd to May 10th, mostly Geodephaga.
Among them were Tachyusa umbratica and Galerucella calmariensis,
new to the district. — Mr. Gadge, a box of Lepidoptera set so that
the pin did not show through the thorax. — Mr. Edwards, a box of
the species comprising the genus Charaxes, and a larva of Diloba
C(zruleocephala feeding on laurel. — Dr. Chapman, living larvae of
Callophrys avis from the South of France.

July 15th.— Mv. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—
Mr. Percy Harris, of Streatham Hill, was elected a member. — Mr.
Tonge, ova of Mancluca atropos, dissected from a captured female by
the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows. They were infertile, but an ovum laid
previously had produced a larva which he now exhibited in the third
instar. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner showed some remarkably light-coloured
pupae of Vanessa io from Clandon. — Mr. R. Adkin, a series of Biston

304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

hirtaria that had remained for three winters in pupae, and contxnbuted
notes. — Mr. West (Ashtead), a series of Dimithcecia capsincola bred
from Silene in his own garden, and a captm-ed headless moth of
Xylophasia hepatica.—M.v. Blenkarn, a selection of Abraxas grossu-
lariata bred from about two thousand five hundred Gateshead larvae.
Two nice asymmetrical forms were perhaps the most striking of a
scarcely more than ordinary series. — Mr. Jager, a series of twelve
Gallimorpha hem bred on June 22nd of this year, quite a month
earlier than he had ever bred the species before. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a
fine aberration of Mimas tilia, with the usual transverse fascia of the
fore wings reduced to a very small elongated central spot. — Hy. J.
Turner, Hon. Bep. Secretary.

RECENT LITERATURE.

St. Albans and its Neighbourhood ; an Account of the Topography,

Geology, Hydrology, Climate, Flora, Fauna, and Archceology

of the District, with a Guide to the Hertfordshire County

Museitm. By Members of the Hertfordshire Natural History

Society.- Edited by John Hopkinson, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.,

&c. Illustrated by Views, a Plan of the City, and a Map of the

Vicinity. London : Dulau & Co. Hertford : Stephen Austin

& Sons. 1911.

As indicated by the title, the scope of this volume of forty-five

pages is somewhat comprehensive ; in consequence of limited space,

treatment of the various subjects is necessarily restricted ; much

valuable information is given nevertheless.

In the section dealing with Insecta, Mr. A. E. Gibbs reviews the
present knowledge of insects of all Orders in the St. Albans area.
So far it appears that the Coleoptera have received but little atten-
tion, and the same remark holds good as regards Hemiptera, Ortho-
ptera, and in part Hymenoptera and Neuroptera.

Of Odonata, nineteen of the twenty-four species recorded for the
county have been found in the St. Albans district, which is also
credited with ten species of Trichoptera.

All but some two hundred and fifty of the eleven hundred and
eighty-two species of Lepidoptera recorded for Hertfordshire occur
in or around St. Albans. Rather more than half of the total number
of species mentioned belong to those families of moths which are
neglected, unfortunately, by the majority of lepidopterists.

In Diptera one hundred and sixteen species " occur within the
five-mile radius."

Obituary. — We have to announce, with sincere regret, that Mr.
Albert Harrison, of Delamere, Grove Road, S. Woodford, passed
away suddenly on August 28th last.

=■' ' Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field
Club,' vol. xiv. part 3, June, 1911.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLIV.] OCTOBEK, 1911. [No. 581

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF
UNEXPLORED FRANCE.

By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.

(i) In Charente. Angouleme.

■ I USE the word "unexplored" for the title of these short
faunistic papers m a purely entomological sense, and meaning
thereby a part of the country wholly outside the cognizance of
our British, and in some cases also of French, lepidopterists.

Gradually I am collecting information both first-hand and
through the kindness of many correspondents on the other side
of the Channel, which may throw some light on the curious pro-
blems of butterfly distribution in France, more especially as it
indicates the trend of immigration to our shores ; the reasons
why certain species have stopped short at the narrow dividing
sea ; and why others, after apparently establishing themselves
here (or even indigenous species), have gradually disappeared,
not only from their authentic haunts in Britain, but also in
Brittany, Normandy, and the Nord generally. Unfortunately
the limits of a summer holiday confine the scope of enquiry
within extremely narrow compass, but this year (1911), at all
events, I have managed to make a "pioneer" expedition, which
may lead me and, I trust, others of my entomologically inclined
friends to visit the western regions of France for systematic
study of its notably rich lepidopterous fauna in those favoured
spots where petite culture has not entirely banished the butterfly
from the face of the land.

A glance at the map of 'France Geologique ' (par E. Levas-
seur) affords a useful indication for the lepidopterist who by
experience has learnt that the calcareous strata therein depicted
offer the most fruitful field for exploration. Between the volcanic
rocks of Auvergne and the schist formation of Limousin and
the Gulf of Gascony there is a large cretaceous tract, and
in the neighbourhood of Angouleme there is no mistaking
the agreeable fauna and flora which accompany the normal

ENTOM. — OCTOBER, 1911. 2 A

306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

chalk-down. Probably I should have never discovered the little
El Dorado for butterflies I am going to describe had I not
read the delightful preface to M. Oberthiir's ' Lepidopterologie
Compar6e,' fasc. iii., in which he draws a sunny picture of the
country to the south-east of the former royal city, towards
which we set our faces on the morning of June 30th— that is
to say, Mr. B. C. S. Warren and I. That we had initial diffi-
culties in discovering the way goes without saying. No one
among the hotel servants appeared to have heard of Puymoyen,
though that village is but a few kilometres beyond Angouleme,
while the only information I could gather as to the forest of Liver-
nant was that such a wood undoubtedly existed in the Gironde,
miles away, that being the native Department of the "boots,"
who volunteered the information. At last, however, we got a
map on which Puymoyen was marked, but not one of the
otherwise excellent cartes geograj)hiques made mention of the
forest, and I came to the conclusion that the " boots " was right,
and that my memory of M. Oberthiir's description was at fault.
At all events, we never reached that particular locality, though
from after-information it is a fact that we were within a mile of
it in the Vallee des Eaux Claires ; consequently we missed what
is probably the best woodland hunting-ground in South-west
France, where of normal years a magnificent form of Melitcea
athalia disports itself, and Coenonympha oedipus — that illusive
butterfly of the south-western marshes — is common enough.

However, we did manage to have an excellent day's collect-
ing, and as soon as we had left Angouleme well behind us, and
crossed to the long hill gradient on the opposite side to the
Riberac road, guided by the none too frequent finger-posts, the
sport began. This road at first slopes sharply upward, with
occasional chalk-pits, detached patches of bramble, and clumps
of marjoram. Hovering over the latter were many fine examples
of LyccBiia arion in all the bloom of their first beauty, with a few
rather worn Anthocera Jiippocrepidis. Over the common land by
the roadside Cupido minimus was very abundant — we had seen it
actually in the hotel garden at Poitiers the day before — while
Agriades thetis (bellargus), much to our disappointment, was in
the last stage of a decadent first brood. We had, indeed,
broken our journey to the south on its behalf, for Angouleme is
recorded as a habitat of the lovely female aberration, coclestis,
Obthr., and it looked very much as though we were destined to
have arrived too late on the ground. Other "blues " to the fore
were Polyommatiis icarus, magnificent males of Rusticus argus,
L. {(Bgon), while in the dwarf oak scrub which fringed the road
Strymon spini was flying in quantities and in the finest con-
dition, but varying only in size— a curious little dwarf male
I boxed measuring no more than the typical C. minimus. S. ilicis
occurred also singly, while the brown " skippers," Adopaa

BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF FRANCE. 307

lineola and Augiades sylvanus, were well to the fore. At this
early date the apparition of Satyrus circe and S. hermione — the
former in the ascendant — was something of a surprise ; nor can
I find from my field- notes that in all our subsequent wanderings
we encountered this magnificent Satyrid again. But by this
time it was noon, and still we had not arrived at the village of
Puymoyen, from which we presently passed to the chalk hills
sloping gently towards the lovely valley, well designated Eaux
Claires, for it was there at the coldest of streams, bubbling out
from a fern- wreathed " source," that we quenched our thirst and
took our dejeuner. Hard by we had feasted our eyes on the last of
the spring Gonepteryx cleopatra, and boxed a few richly coloured
females of Melitaa didyma ; occasional Everes (argiades) amyntas
further kept our nets busy, and here also, though we took
several of the desired coelestis, they were in such forlorn condition
that we gladly gave them their liberty. I may say too that,
although we were of course too early for it, LyccEna euphemus
is a speciality of this valley, while, had we but known it, on
the other side, across the scented hay-fields where the peasants
were carting their first rich crops, but a low line of hills divided
us from the much-discussed forest of Livernant. We devoted
the rest of the afternoon, however, to questing for coelestis unsuc-
cessfully on the chalk-downs on the Puymoyen side, finding a
pretty light form of Pararge egeria in the little brook-side copses,
and the long green grasses hung with Thymelicus actcton. Here-
about also I captured a perfect Pieris manni, chiefly interesting
to me as the first from Western France which had fallen to my
share. It is, however, common enough in these regions, and
up to the north as far as Angers, where M. Delahaye reports and
describes it in an interesting monograph on the variation of the
species in his Department, Maine-et-Loire.*

For a single day's experience the following list of species
observed and taken is decidedly encouraging. I have also in-
cluded, in brackets, the one or two further species met with by
M. Charles Oberthiir, and M. Dupuy, of Angouleme, at this
particular spot : —

Adopcea lineola, Augiades sylvanus, Thymelicus actmon ;
Hesperia carthami (one very worn example) ; Callophrys rubi
(one); Strymon spini, S. ilicis ;\ Everes argiades (amyntas);
Cupido minimus ; Rusticus argus, L. (= agon, Schiff.) ; Agriades
thetis (and ab. $ coelestis), [A. corydon ab. syngrapha] ; Polyom-
matus icarus ; LyccBua arion, [L. euphemus] ; Aporia cratcegi,
Pieris manni; Colias edusa, C. hyale; Gonepteryx cleopatra,
Argynnis aglaia; Brenthis dia, B. euphrosyne (one) ; Melitcea

■■'- ' La Pieris Manni en Maine-et-Loire. Principaux Caracteres de la
Race angevine.' D. Delahaye. Angers, J. Siraudeau. Dec. 1910.

t M. Dupuy informs me [in litt.) that Chrysophanus alciphron var.
gordius comes as far north on this side of France as Angouleme.

2 a2

308 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

didyma, [M. athalia] ; Pyrameis cardui, P. atalanta ; Vanessa
io ; Eugonia polychloros (one fresh example in the town of
Angouleme) ,• Pararge mcera, P. egeria ; Satyrus circe, S. her-
mione ; Hipparchia semele ; Epinephele jurtina ; Aphantopiis
hyperanthus ; Coenonympha arcania, C. pamphilus, [C. ocdipus] ;
Melanargia galatea.

(To be continued.)

NOTES ON THE VARIETIES OF PERONEA CRIS-
TANA, Fab., LATELY IN THE COLLECTION OF
THE LATE J. A. CLARK; WITH A REVISION
OF THE NOMENCLATURE.

By Sydney Webb.

(Continued from p. 292.)

Striana Group.

Dark buttoned, excepting in insidana ; pale striae take the
place of vitta.

The only new name, introduced by Clark, appropriate to this
group was one he adopted from Mr. Bond, who had separated
and labelled as distinct a series without buttons, but not other-
wise distinguishable from striana of Haworth, calling it pi'o-
striana. This characteristic is sufficient to distinguish any
specimen without further description.

Insidana, Curt., Desv. — Comes very near to striana, Haw.,
but it is a darker insect, with large distinct pale cream button,
the bone-coloured striatious run to the hind margin, and they
almost constitute a distinct vitta. Superficially it thus resembles
subvittana, Steph.

Striana, of Haworth, was doubtless named from the vitta
being broken up into ashy coloured lines, which are generally
three in number. The first along the inner margin, another
from the base following the line of the fold, and a third immedi-
ately above the second, which does not begin until the first of
the minute tufts before the button. The space between the first
and second is more or less filled in with ashy grey, and the chief
differences between moths of the striana form occur here, as
occasionally from two to five subsidiary diverging hues, starting
from the third line and below the button, spread fan-like out-
wards to the end of the wing ; but it is not desirable to name
any of these.

Desvigne's plan of placing forms of cristana in separate
groups, although far from satisfactory, is preferable to Double-
day's attempt at a natural sequence. I have followed the former
plan, but no effort has been made to place the groups seriatim ;

VIPARITY IN LEPIDOPTERA. 309

those desirous of doing so will, therefore, have to re-arrange the
described forms to fit in with their own ideas.

If, for example, one wishes to arrange the aberrations from
striana as a starting-point, they would follow in sequence thus : —
proxtriana, striana, semistriana, suhstriana, brunnea, hrunneana,
spadiceana, insulana, consimilana, sericana, merlana, ulotana, des-
fontainana, transversana, and this would bring us up to cristana
(vere), omitting the side branch, to chantana, &c.

Where description has been necessary, I have kept as closely
as possible to Stainton's colour terms, all of which are well
known to us. The bracketed portions need no comment, for
the names are only given to make the tale of cristana varieties
complete.

As to the other varieties mentioned in Doubleday's list, but
not particularly referred to already : —

Lichenana, Curt., may perhaps be identical with suhvittana,
Steph.

Unicolorana, Desv. — The ground colour of this is mentioned
as dark green, which surely cannot refer to any form of cristana.
The unicolorous pale brown variety, so well known, was placed
in all our older collections under this name, and it had better be
retained for such forms.

Riificristana, Johns., was, as we have said, very properly
dropped, for its only mark of distinction was the little red spot
at the base of the wing. This is frequently present in many of
the cristana aberrations, notably so in cristana (vere), merlana,
striana, brunnea, semiustana, snbfidvovittana, and cristalana.

Of the foreign aberrations mentioned in Clark's list, rossiana,
Fab., dates back to 1794, and may have been a stunted speci-
men of cristana, whilst the other — albicostana, Sand — is evidently
one of the citrtisana group, unknown to us as British. These
should be expunged from our catalogues.

On the other hand, a look-out should be kept for other speci-
mens of the following, which are at present represented in my
collection by single examples : —

1. An insect, like a large desfontainana, with pale mottlings
at the ends of the wings ; no rufous line above the central orange
dash, a whitish costal half fascia ending at the button, and vitta
entirely wanting.

2. A modification of desfontainana, with subvittana basal
blotch.

VIVIPARITY IN LEPIDOPTERA.

By F. N. Pierce, F.E.S.

Some two years ago, whilst staying with the Rev. C. R. N.
Burrows, we paid some little attention to the wax pouch of
female Parnassius apollo, and in the course of making one of the

310 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

preparations, I found a perfectly formed larva in the female
body. I at once announced the fact to him that P. apollo
brought forth its young alive ; but after discussing the matter,
we both came to the conclusion that the fertilized ovum had just
missed being laid before the mother had been killed, and the
egg had subsequently hatched. This larva was exhibited at a
meeting of the City of London Entomological Society, without
any doubt being expressed against its being the larva of the
species under examination.

The other day I mounted a pair of Colias edusa, when I again
observed a fully developed larva in the oviductus communis
curled round, the head and tail touching, thus forming a ring.
I communicated this to Mr. Burrows, and on my arrival at his
house a few days ago, we examined the remaining three speci-
mens of female P. apollo, one of which contained a fully deve-
loped larva, the other two, only eggs. Mr. Burrows then turned
to a pamphlet sent him by Mr. L. B. Prout, a reprint of Mr.
N. J. Kusnezou's article in Russian on " The probable Viviparity
in some Danaid, i. e. Pierid, Butterflies," in which he tabulates
his similar experiences, and mentions several species of the
genus Colias and others having the gift of viviparity. As he
does not mention Paniassius apollo, I think it is as well to put
on record the fact that this species also belongs to this viviparous
group.

1, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool : August 31st, 1911.

RHYNCHOTA INDICA (HETEROPTERA).
By W. L. Distant.
Farn. LYG^ID^.
Lethaus notabilis, sp. n.
Head black, opaque, ocelli red ; antenricB sordidly stramineous,
of third and fourth joints piceous ; pronotum and scutellum
shining dark castaneous or black, anterior margin, extreme lateral
margins, and lateral angles of the former pale ochraceous ; clavus
and corium pale shining ochraceous ; two spots on inner claval
margin, one near base the other beyond middle, corium with a spot
on basal area, an irregular transverse black fascia near inner angle,
enclosing a small ochraceous spot, and the apical angle shining black ;
membrane subhyaline with the veins brownish ; body beneath cas-
taneous ; rostrum and legs pale ochraceous ; head including eyes
a little more than half the width of pronotum at base ; ocelli nearly
touching the eyes ; antennae with the basal joint slightly shorter
than head, second joint much longer but not quite twice as long as
first, third and fourth subequal in length, each slightly shorter than
second ; pronotum somewhat thickly finely punctate, transversely

KHYNCHOTA INDICA (hETEKOPTERA) . 311

constricted before the middle, the posterior angles rounded and
slightly nodulose, the lateral margins nearly straight and moderately
oblique ; scutellum a little longer than broad at base, finely punctate,
distinctly longitudinally ridged near each lateral rnargin ; clavus
with several longitudinal series of punctures ; corium . somewhat
sparsely punctate, the punctures mostly in longitudinal series ;
membrane with four veins connected at the basal cell ; rostrum
reaching the posterior coxge ; sternum distinctly punctate ; posterior
tibiae distinctly finely spinulose, posterior tarsi with the first joint
longer than the two remaining joints together. Long. 4| millim.

Hab. Ceylon; Sigirya (E. E. Green).

Allied to L. crassiceps, Dohrn.

Fam. OAPSID^.
Ernestinus, gen. nov.

Head broader than long ; eyes almost touching the anterior
margin of the pronotum, each extending shghtly beyond the anterior
pronotal angles ; antennae inserted in front of eyes, basal joint longly
extending in front of head, its apical area moderately thickened,
second joint moderately thickened, about or almost twice as long as
first ; pronotum about as long as breadth at base, excluding the
anterior area convexly rounded and there thickly punctate, anterior
area distinctly foveolate near middle, posterior margin truncate, not
covering base of scutellum; scutellum small, triangular, somewhat
transversely impressed at basal margin ; corium about twice as long
as broad, lateral margins nearly parallel, very slightly rounded;
cuneus narrow, longer than broad ; membrane considerably passing
abdominal apex, with a large somewhat subquadrate basal cell ; legs
moderately slender, not spinulose.

Closely allied to the Neotropical genus Pseudohryocoris, Dist.,
but differing in the truncate posterior margin of the pronotum,
the scutellum being thus quite uncovered.

Ernestinus mimicus, sp. n.

Head, pronotum and scutellum black ; antennae with the first
and second joints black, basal area of the first and the remaining
joints very pale stramineous ; corium shining whitish hyaline, a
transverse fascia inwardly widened a little beyond middle of corium,
and the clavus, black ; cuneus greyish white ; membrane greyish
white, the basal cellular areas shining fuliginous; body beneath
shining black ; rostrum, coxae and legs pale stramineous ; rostrum
reaching the posterior coxae; pronotum, excluding anterior area, very
thickly punctate ; other characters as in generic diagnosis. Long.
3| millim.

Hab. Ceylon; Haragama (E. Ernest Green). "On aroid
plant, banks of river."

This species in general appearance, coloration and markings
almost absolutely resembles Pseudobryocoris bicolor, Dist., from
Panama (c/. Biol. Centr. Amer. Rhynch. i. p. 286, tab. xxviii.
fig. 3), the structure of the posterior margin of the pronotum

312 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and the colour of the anterior collar to pronotum alone separating
it. It cannot, however, be regarded as a case of mimicry, the
habitats of the two species being too wide apart to afford any
raison d'etre for the theory.

ON SOME RECENT ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY THE
COLEOPTEEA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR
PHYLOGENY.

By C. J. Gahan, M.A.

(Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
(Continued from p. 262.)

Kolbe's Classification (1908).
I. Suborder Adephaga, with one family-group.
Families : Carabidse, Paussidse, Rhysodidse, Amphizoidse,
Hygrobiidae, Haliplidae, Dytiscidse, Gyrinidse.

To the characters of this suborder Kolbe adds the following:
Prothorax with shield-like notum and distinct lateral margin,
pleurae very distinctly separated from the notum and from the
sternum, and the epimeron separated by a distinct suture from
the episternum.

II. Suborder Heterophaga (^ Polyphaga).
Division A. Haplogastra.
Family-group: Staphylinoidea. Families: Those recognized
by Ganglbauer somewhat differently arranged, with the addition
of Anisotomidse and ?Ectrephiidae.

Family-group : Actinorhabda. Families : Synteliidae, Passa-
lidse, Scarabffiidae.

Division B. Symphyogastra.
AA. Subdivision Archostemata, with one family-group.
Family: Cupedidse.

BB. Subdivision Synactostemata.
A. Hbterorrhabda.
Pelmatophila.
Family-group : Malacodermata. Families : Drilidae, Lam-
pyridse, Lycidfe, Cantharidse (== Telephoridfe).

Family-group : Trichodermata. Families : Malachiidae, Me-
lyridse, Corynetidae, Derodontidse, Cleridae.

Family-group : Palpicornia. Family : Hydrophilidse.
Family-group : Dascylloidea. Families : Psephenidae, Helo-
didse, Ptilodactylidae, Eubriidae, Eucinetidae, Dascillidae, Arte-

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 313

matopidse, Lichadidae, Ehipidoceridae, Chelonariidae, Byrrhidae,
Nosodendridae, Dermestidae, Heteroceridae, Dryopidae, Helmidae,
Georyssidae, Cyathoceridae.

Family-group : Sternoxia. Families : Cerophytidae, Cebri-
onidae, Plastoceridae, Dicronychidas, Elateridae, Eucnemidae,
Throscidae, Buprestidas.

BOSTRICHOIDEA.

One family-group. Families : Lymexylonidae — Sphindidae,
Aspidophoridae, Cioidae— Ptinida;— Lyctida?, Psoidae, Anobiidae—
Bostrychidae.

Heteromera.

One family-group. Families : Melandryidae, Mordellidae,
Rbipidopboridae, Cepbaloidae, CEdemeridae, Pythidae, Antbicidae,
Pedilidae, Xylopbilidae, Pyrocbroidae, Meloidae, Salpingidae, Petri-
idae, Monommidae, Nilionidae, Trictenotomidae, Otbniidae, Lagriidae,
Cistelidae, Tenebrionidae, ^gialitidse, Tentyriidae.

B. Anghistopoda.

Family-group : Clavicornia. Families : Cucujidae, Monoto-
midae, NitidulidaB, Byturidae, Ostomidae (= Trogositidae) — Crypto-
pbagidae, Atomariidae, Mycetopbagidae, Phalacridae, Catopochro-
tidae, Erotylidae — Latbridiid^e, Tborictidae, Gnostidae, Adimeridae,
Colydiidae, Endomycbidae, ? Pseudocorylopbidae, Coccinellidae.

Family-group : Phytopbaga. Families : Prionidae, Ceram-
bycidae, Cbrysomelidae, Brucbidae.

Family-group : Rbyncbopbora. Families : Rbinomaceridae,
Antbribidae — Platypodidae, Scolytidae — ? Proterrbinidae, ? Agly-
cyderidae — Brentbidae, Oxycorynidae, Pibyncbitidae, Apionidae,
Bracbyceridae, Curculionidae.

As distinguisbing cbaracters of tbe suborder Heteropbaga,
Kolbe gives tbe following amongst otbers : — Protborax witb
sbield-like uotum, and either witb distinct lateral edge or tbe
pleurae more or less fused with tbe notum, and in extreme cases
(Ebyncbophora) fused also with the sternum, tbe sides then
rounded ; the episterna and epimera almost always fused (ex-
ception, Passandrini).

With regard to these, it seems to me that Kolbe has missed
the one essential character of the protborax that serves to dis-
tinguish the Adephaga from tbe Polyphaga (-= Heteropbaga).
This is, as I have already pointed out, tbe presence in the Ade-
phaga of a more or less distinct suture between the pleurae and
tbe notum, and tbe absence in the Polyphaga of any such suture.
In the Adephaga there is generally a suture between the epi-
sternum and epimeron of the protborax, but it is wanting in
some of the families. It is never, I believe, really present in
the Polyphaga. In the Passandrini, mentioned by Kolbe as an
exception, there is to be seen an impressed line in a similar

314 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

position, but this line can hardly be, and certainly does not
appear to me to be, a true suture. It is more likely to be a
secondarily acquired character, having no such significance as
that which Kolbe assigns to it, namely, that it is in the Passan-
drini, as in the Adephaga, a primitive character in which both
resemble the Urcoleopteron.

The most noteworthy points in which Kolbe's classification
differs from that of Ganglbauer are : (1) the inclusion of the
Cupedidse as a group in the suborder Polyphaga; (2) the division
of the Polyphaga into the Haplogastra and Symphyogastra (dis-
tinguished chiefly by the separation in the one, and the fusion
in the other, of the sternites and pleurae of the second and third
abdominal segments), and the inclusion of the Synteliidae and
Lamellicornia in the division Haplogastra ; (3) the recognition,
as separate family-groups of the Malacodermata, Trichodermata,
Dascylloidea, Sternoxia, Bostrychoidea, and Clavicornia ; (4) the
placing of the Clavicornia in the same subdivision as the Phyto-
phaga and Khynchophora, with the Heteromera coming between
the Clavicornia and the other groups which Ganglbauer included
with them in his single family-series Diversicornia.

We have already discussed Kolbe's reasons for adopting the
course indicated by points 1 and 2. The splitting up of the
Diversicornia into a number of separate groups is, no doubt,
desirable, and would be a great convenience if it could be attained
with any great success. Kolbe and Lameere have both attempted
it, but not with the same results ; and I am inclined to think
that, in the present state of our knowledge, Ganglbauer was wise
to wait before going any further in that direction.

(To be continued.)

NEW SPECIES OF BOAEMIIN^ FEOM FORMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 297.)

Alois tripartaria, sp. n.
? . Fore wings whitish, basal and outer thirds suffused with
greyish and clouded with tawny ; a short black subbasal line, and a
black mark below it on dorsum ; antemedial line black, indented
below middle ; postmedial line black, angled below costa and again
above dorsum ; a black shade-like, irregular line before the post-
medial, angled and expanding on costal area ; subterminal line of the
ground colour inwardly edged and shaded with black ; a large black
spot extending from postmedial line to subterminal line, placed just
under upper angle of the former ; two black spots in a blackish
cloud on termen below apex ; fringes greyish, chequered with
blackish, an interrupted black line at their base. Hind wings

NEW SPECIES OF BOARMIIN^ FROM FORMOSA. 315

whitish, freckled with grey ; discal mark and postmedial Hne black,
the latter slightly angled below costa and above dorsum ; dusky
shade-like subterminal band ; fringes greyish, interrupted line at
their base black. Under side whitish, freckled with greyish, discal
spot black ; transverse lines as above, but less distinct ; black edging
of subterminal line broader ; hind wings as above.

Expanse, 34 mm.

Collection number, 794.

Two female specimens from Arizan (7500 ft.) ; one taken
September 15th, 1906, the other in August, 1908.

Aids fucataria, sp. n.

(? . Fore wings white, freckled and suffused with greyish brown
on basal and costal areas ; antemedial line blackish, only distinct on
costa and towards dorsum, enclosing a pinkish brown basal cloud ;
postmedial line black, undulated ; discal mark black, a dusky line
above it to costa and below it to dorsum ; subterminal hne whitish,
wavy, inwardly shaded with blackish except towards costa ; the area
beyond postmedial line greyish brown, tinged with pinkish. Hind
wings white, slightly freckled with greyish brown ; antemedial line
greyish brown, almost straight, not extending to costa ; postmedial
line black, tapered and faint towards costa ; subterminal line whitish,
inwardly shaded from dorsum to just above middle with blackish,
the area beyond greyish brown, enclosing a pinkish brown cloud
above tornus. Under side pale ochreous brown ; fore wings freckled
with dark grey on costal area, and suffused with dark grey on apical
portion of outer area ; postmedial line as above, but dark grey, and
not so distinct, followed by a dark grey line almost parallel with
termen, and marked with black on the veins ; discal mark blackish,
curved ; hind wings with a dark grey, curved, postmedial line ; traces
of dusky antemedial and subterminal lines ; discal dot black, minute.

$ . Similar to the male, but all the wings more completely
freckled with greyish brown ; on the under side the lines are indis-
tinct, and the dark grey suffusion of outer area extends almost to
dorsum.

Expanse, ^ 44 milhm., ? 42 millim.

Collection number, 796.

One example of each sex from Arizan (7500 ft.), September,
1906.

This species comes near A. tendinosaria, Brem.

Alcis undularia, sp. n.

2 . Fore wings white, slightly freckled with brownish on medial
third ; basal and outer thirds greyish brown, freckled and clouded
with blackish ; antemedial line indistinct ; medial line brown, black
and expanded on costa, projected inwards above middle ; postmedial
line black, undulated, terminating just beyond middle of dorsum,
which is tinged with ochreous brown ; the veins beyond postmedial
line marked with black ; subterminal line white, wavy, shaded in-
wardly with blackish ; a whitish patch beyond subterminal between

316 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

veins three and four, and opposite this a greyish brown streak
extends to antemedial Hne. Hind wings white freckled with
brownish ; antemedial line greyish brown, broad, and nearly straight ;
postmedial line greyish brown, curved towards dorsum, tapered
towards, but not extending to, costa ; subterminal line white, shaded
with greyish brown, deeply angled outwards about middle. Fringes
greyish brown, paler between the veins, except towards apex of fore
wings, preceded by black wavy line. Under side white, costal area
of all the wings tinged with ochreous ; fore wings flecked with brown
on costa and clouded with blackish on basal third ; outer third black,
enclosing a white spot about middle ; transverse lines as above, but
faint, as also are those of the hind wings ; all the wings have the
black discal mark most conspicuous on under side.

Expanse, 49 millim.

Collection number, 793.

One female specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), September, 1906.

Allied to A. trikotaria, Feld.

Aids argillacearia, sp. n.

(J . Fore wings pale ochreous brown, central area limited by the
transverse lines, paler, almost white ; basal and outer areas mottled
with blackish ; antemedial line black, slender, nearly straight ; discal
mark linear, black, placed on the inner edge of a black mottled brown
cloud ; postmedial line black, incurved below costa, black points on
its outer edge ; subterminal line whitish, wavy, indistinct. Hind
wings pale ochreous brown, whiter towards base, freckled with
darker ; the only distinct markings are a brownish discal dot, a
brownish postmedial line not extending to costa, and some brown
clouds on outer area. Under side similar to above, but fainter.

Expanse, 46 millim.

Collection number, 1570.

A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August, 1908.

BY THE WAY.

The season is over ! And how remarkable a one has the
present season been — the brilliancy of May giving way to a
short cool snap in June when " things " should have been
abroad in their greatest numbers, and then the incessant heat
thence till a week or so ago ! At first the high temperature was
most beneficial for collecting, but towards the end of July
herbage began to flag in the continued drought, and in August
the New Forest was badly burnt up by the sun, which was no
less felt on the coast than inland ; far fewer insects were to be
met with at Southwold in September than in the cold and rainy
corresponding period of last year.

BY THE WAY. 317

From a popular point of view, wasps have been the most
remarkable feature of the season, and we have all played
'Punch's' New Garden Game, ** Slicing the Wasp." Many
deaths from their stings are reported from Bedford, Erdington,
Norfolk, &c., none directly fatal, unless inflicted in the mouth ;
while a horse worth thirty pounds died from a sting — presumably
one only— at Market Bosworth. No cause but the hot, dry
spring is known to account for the prevalency of the pest ; in
our garden were five nests, in a single Suffolk churchyard were
thirteen, and twenty-one were destroyed at Aldeburgh in three
days. The Southgate Urban Council appointed an Official
Wasp-catcher, who thought twenty-seven nests a fortnight to-
wards the end of August good work. The rarer Vespse have also
been in evidence, and V. norvegica is reported from Beccles.

The fourth of the Local Government Board's Eeports on
flies as carriers of infection contains much matter of interest to
"practical" entomologists, those interested in species directly
afi'ecting the lord of creation. How long flies of sorts remain
infectious after receiving the microbes, how the eggs of parasitic
worms are transmitted to and from them, and the distance to
which disease may be conveyed within a given period, are dealt
with. Clark and Alexner also consider, in the Journ. Amer.
Med. Assoc, June, 1911, the contamination of flies with the
virus of epidemic poliomyelitis. The precis in the Brit. Medical
Journal of August 19th is capital.

The Memorial of influential Naturalists, recently presented
to the Premier, has done its work. We read in the ' Morning
Post' of September 5th: — "A compromise in a long-standing
dispute as to the Government Museum sites in South Kensington
and their future development has been arrived at. . . . The
settlement now reached provides for the grounds of the Natural
History Museum remaining intact, while the Science Museum
will be erected on the land to the north of the boundary fixed in
1899. ' It is only a triumph of patient perseverance, backed up
by facts and influential support.'" The 'Times' of the 4th
considers the arrangement " one which is satisfactory to the
Trustees of the British Museum, inasmuch as by the terms of
the settlement the Natural History Museum retains all the land
allotted to it in 1899, and the boundary then agreed upon
is not to be disturbed," so the very necessary expansion is
allowed ample space.

Verrall is dead ! Unhelm. C. M.

318 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

The Natural History Museum, South Kensington. — Some
months back an article appeared in this Magazine, deahng with the
alleged intentions of the Government to appropriate the extensive
site of the "Natural History Museum" to the uses of a pi-ojected
new " Science Museum." The matter, we are glad to say, has now
been settled agreeably to the interests of all parties ; the Natural
History Museum retains its only possible area for expansion ; the
Science Museum is relegated behind the northern limit of the
Museum enclosure. We owe our best thanks, therefore, to the
energetic naturalists who promoted the petition to the authorities for
a re-hearing of the case. Their efforts have been entirely successful ;
and all that remains for the Government to do is to sanction the much
needed additions to the building in which, at present, the Entomo-
logical Department is " cribbed, cabined, and confined." — H. R.-B.

Mr, Eustace R. Bankes, having been ordered complete rest by
his doctors, in consequence of a severe nervous breakdown, hopes
that his correspondents will kindly refrain from writing to him, or
sending him insects for identification, &c.

The Nature of Melanism. — Mr, Leigh [antea, p. 163), speaking
of the dark colour of some species of moths, says : " While in others
it may be of physiological importance, and associated in some way
with constitutional hardiness." This reminded me of an incident I
once witnessed, which seems to bear on this point. In the spring of,
I think, 1897, being anxious to get ova of Chimabacche fagella, I
brought home one female and two males. One of them was of the
pale grey form, and the other was a very dark specimen. I placed
them in a cage together with the female, and later, towards dusk, I
looked into the cage. The grey male was just in the act of pairing
with the female, but before he had finally clasped her the dark male
ran up the back of the cage, brushed the grey one aside, and paired
with the female. The grey male did not show any fight at all.
There may, of course, have been some preHminary skirmishing, but
all I saw was the finish of the fight, if there had been one. During
the short time that this action was taking place the female appeared
perfectly indifferent to what was happening. If it could be shown
that when a dark and a light male form contend for a female the dark
form is usually victorious, another factor would be added to our
knowledge of the production of melanic and melanochroic forms. —
Alfred Sich ; Corney House, Chiswick, Middlesex, Sept. 5th, 1911.

Cateremna terebrella, Zk. — I was pleased to read in last
month's ' Entomologist ' of the occurrence of this, at present, little-
known "knothorn" in Devonshire. I bred and duly recorded (Bnt.
Mo. Mag. xlii. 180) a specimen from a spruce-fir cone picj^ed up in
Surrey when collecting a few cones for the purpose of breeding Cydia
strobilella. This emerged on July 3rd ; another appeared July 30th,
and a third August 1st. After an interval of a month, finding that
no more came out, and wishing to see a pupa-case, I opened the few
cones I possessed, duly found the empty pupae, and somewhat to my

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 319

surprise, in almost the last cone, a larva apparently about half-grown ;
this was, of course, placed back in the flower-pot, and eventually
came out a fine female on June 14th in the following year (1907).
Four specimens altogether were thus bred from the few cones picked
up in the spring of 1906. I have searched most assiduously each
year, but, strangely enough, have never found one since ! From the
fact that there is no outward visible sign of the larva within, unlike
the other two cone-feeding " knothorns," Dioryctria sjAendidella and
D. ahietella, F., I expect the insect is very much overlooked. From
this note it will be seen that it is inadvisable to throw the cones
away without a careful examination. — A. Thurnall ; Wanstead,
Essex, September 9th, 1911.

Note on Larva of Agrotis rip^. — On the sandhills about
Palling, East Norfolk, this year were swarms of A. ripa feeding on
the sea-bindweed. While collecting a number of them I found, to
my surprise, that they were several times able to bite my hand
sufficiently hard to cause sharp pain. In every case they bit between
the fingers, presumably in an attempt to burrow through and escape.
I have never noticed this characteristic in any other larva, but it may
be for want of observation. — Charles Mellows ; Bootham School.

Hybernation op P. atalanta. — In view of recent notes on the
above subject, it may be of interest to note that on June 9th, 1910, I
took a perfect specimen of this butterfly in the house here. — E. F.
Studd ; Oxton, Exeter, September 12th, 1911.

Early Appearance op Erebia epiphron var. cassiope and Para-
SEMiA PLANTAGiNis IN WESTMORLAND. — On Juuo 7th this year I took
eighteen specimens of E. eiyipliron var. cassiope, and saw about as
many more, on a mountain not far from Helvellyn. They were flying
at an elevation of about two thousand feet. They were all males, the
females apparently not having emerged. I have usually taken this
insect, in the same locality, in fresh condition from June 22nd to the
end of the first week in July, according to the seasons. Along with
cassiope, I took a few and observed many more P. p)lantaginis males,
and also one var. Jiospita. At this elevation the species and its
variety are usually fresh out in the first week in July in this particular
locality. — B. H. Crabtree ; Cringle Lodge, Levenshulme, Man-
chester.

Early Date for Ccenonympha typhon (davus). — On the mosses
near Hoverthwaite (Lane), I obtained Ccenonympha davus var.
rothlebii on June 5th, although in 1896 I took this insect as early as
May 30th, but the latter date was very exceptional, and I should
think almost constitutes a record. This year davits was out fully a
fortnight earlier than in normal seasons. — B. H. Crabtree.

Black Aberration of Dasychira pudibunda. — I took a beautiful
black male specimen of Dasychira pudihunda in my moth-trap on
June 9th last year, and a friend of mine, who resides about a mile
from here, had one in his moth-trap this year. I had never seen or
heard of this variety before. — (Major) E. B. Robertson ; Fairlawn,
Chandler's Ford, September 8th, 1911.

320 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

ToETRix PRONUBANA. — Having read and digested Mr. Adkin's
remarks on this moth, I determined to try my luck at such seaside
places as I could get at. Tortrix larvae at Bournemouth in May were
as the sands in number, but none of those I took were of the desired
kind. Being at Weymouth in August, I tried again, and, returning
home with my spoils, I found emerged yesterday afternoon a small
but unmistakable iexniile pronuhana. — (Rev.) W. Claxton ; Navestock
Vicarage, Romford, September 10th, 1911.

Lyc^na ICARUS ab. — On August 13th, in the same field referred
to in my record of C. iMczas ab. alba, I took an aberration of LyccBiia
icarus, in which the spots on the under side of the hind wings are
almost obsolete, the basal series being represented by two minute
dots, and the submedian by one spot (the sixth). — Harold B.
Williams ; 82, Filey xA venue, Stoke Newington, N., Sept. 5th, 1911.

Chrysophanus phl^as ab. alba, Tutt, in Bucks. — I captured a
perfect male specimen of C. pJilceas ab. alba in a chalky field near
Little Missenden, Bucks, on Aug. 12th last. — Harold B. Williams.

Chrysophanus phl^eas var. schmidtii in Lancs. — I should like
to record that on July 31st, 1911, I took a specimen of Chrysophanus
phlceas var. schmidtii, in very fair condition, in Church Road, St.
Anne's. I believe this is the first one captured in this place,
although one was seen before in 1908. Also on July 6th I took an
almost black Satyrus seviele (male) ; is this a named variety '? — J. W.
Muirhead ; 31, Fairhaven Road, St. Anne's-on-the-Sea, September
7th, 1911.

Chrysophanus phl^as var. eleus at Colchester. — On Friday,
August 25th, worn specimens of C. phlaas were common on hmla
flowers, and a single specimen of a new brood heralded the coming
of the next generation. Among the worn ones was an insect
which I could not make out, until I saw too late that it was a
very dark male G. phlceas var. eleus, for it vanished the moment I
realized what it was. Its dark appearance may have been due to its
being somewhat worn perhaps. In any case, I tried to solace myself
with that conclusion, after watching for some time in the vain hope
of its return. — W. H. Harwood ; 94, Station Road, Colchester.

Varieties of Chrysophanus phl^as and Dianthcecia con-
spersa. — On September 9th, 1911, I saw a small "copper" with
hind wings quite black, no trace of copper being visible. It was
settled on a flower, and, being without a net, I was fortunate in
securing it by enclosing it between the top and bottom of an open
pill-box. During the summer I bred a D. conspersa in which the
usual pale markings were almost black. — A. J. Spiller ; Godolphin
Cross, Helston.

Papilio machaon at Colchester. — Two fine larvaB of P. machaon
were found feeding on carrot-leaves in an allotment here, and the
following week another was brought me which had been discovered
feeding on Dictamnus fraxinella-alba in one of Mr. R. W. Wallace's
flower-fields near my house. This has since produced a fine light-

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 321

coloured female. Two other specimens were seen on the wing in other
parts of the town. The ova from which these originated must have
been laid by a female which had wandered from its native haunts, or
by a specimen which escaped or was liberated after pairing. In any
case, these occurrences seem worth recording. — W. H. Haewood ;
94, Station Eoad, Colchester, September 8th, 1911.

PiERis EAP.E AND P. NAPi Teiple-brooded IN 1911. — Third broods
of Pieris rajJcB and P. najn abounded at the end of August, and are
still common. — W. H. Haewood ; 94, Station Eoad, Colchester,
September 8th, 1911.

Specimens of a third brood of P. nain and of P. rapes were to be
taken in Northamptonshire in mid August, the second brood appear-
ing as early as the hay harvest. — Charles Mellows ; Bootham
School.

A male specimen of P. rapce, emerged on August 30th, and a
female on September 3rd, both from larvae reared in the garden here.
Other larvae fed up at the same time, and duly pupated, but up to
this date (September 13th) no more butterflies have appeared. —
H. Gaeeett ; 21, Angell Eoad, Brixton, S.W.

I have noticed fresh specimens of Pieris rapes on July 5th (female)
and September 5th (male and female) at St. Anne's. Is not the
latter probably a third brood ? — J. W. Muiehead ; 31, Fairhaven
Eoad, St. x\nne's-on-the-Sea, September 5th, 1911.

Vanessa io Double-brooded in 1911. — On September 6th I
found a large brood of nearly full-fed V. io larvae feeding on a patch
of low nettles which had been mown off and were freely springing
up again. So far as I know, the only other recorded second brood in
Britain is that mentioned in South's 'Butterflies of the British Isles.'
— W. H. Haewood.

Thied Beood (?) OF Papilio machaon. — The exceptional summer
seems likely to produce three broods of P. machaon this year. In
previous years I have always obtained half-grown larvas of the second
brood at Hickling about August 15th. This year, on the same date,
I found eggs and young larvae from females of the second generation,
and these are already (September 1st) nearly full-grown. — C. Mel-
lows ; Bootham School.

Agrotis exclamationis in September. — I obtained three perfect
specimens of A. exclamationis at sugar on September 8th last. Is
this species normally double-brooded ? — J. S. Caetee ; Iden, Sussex.

[Agrotis corticea has been occasionally noted in September, but we
do not recall any record of A. exclamationis having been captured in
this month. In 'Barrett,' however, there is a record of a casual
emergence of the last-named species in October. — Ed.]

Hadena pisi in September. — Eight perfect specimens of H. pisi
came to sugar on September 15th. — L. W. Newman ; Bexley, Kent.

Larva of Arctia caia Full-grown in September. — Three larvae
of A. caia were found on September 16th while searching for Pyrameis

ENTOM. — OCTOBER, 1911. 2 B

3'22 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

atalanta. Of the latter, I may mention that on September 16th 1
obtained imagines, larvae in all stages, and pupae. — L. W. Newman.

Ceeura furcula in August. — Small larvae of C. furcula, picked
up at the beginning of July, attained the imago state in early August.

NoTODONTA DROMEDARius IN LATE JuLY. — Larvae of this species,
obtained at the same time as the C. furcula mentioned above, pro-
duced imagines at the end of July.

Hygrochroa (Pericallia) syringaria IN September. — I ob-
tained ova from a female H. syringaria at the end of June last. The
larvae from these were sleeved on privet, and about a score fed up
rapidly, pupated, and produced exceptionally fine imagines during
the second week of September. The rest of the larvae remain small,
and evidently intend to hybernate in the usual course. — L. F. Burt ;
Aryke, Shifnal, Salop.

[All three of the species referred to by Mr. Burt are known to be
partially double-brooded in favourable years. — Ed.]

Acronycta alni and Abraxas grossulariata ab. lacticolor in
Warwick. — On August 24th I took in my garden here a specimen of
Abraxas grossulariata ab. lacticolor. On the following day a larva of
Acronycta alni, taken from a hazel-bush in a garden in this town, was
brought to me, and within a few hours pupated in a piece of cork. —
Lloyd Chadwick ; 7, Northgate Street, Warwick.

Macaria liturata var. nigrofulvata in Warwickshire. — Ee-
ferring to Mr. J. Arkle's note in the September number of the
' Entomologist,' I should like to record having taken within the last
five years two specimens of this variety (one at sugar) in Oakley
Wood, near Warwick. The record of one of these captures, already
given in 'Moths of the British Isles,' was taken from the 'Proceed-
ings' of the Birmingham Natural History Society, in which unfortu-
nately the locahty of the wood was omitted. — Lloyd Chadwick.

Plusia moneta in Balham. — I captured on June 21st, 1911, a
specimen of Plusia moneta in my garden, hovering over a plant of
Delphinium. — E. Sharpe ; 28, Balham Park Road, S.W.

CoLiAS hyale in Bucks. — On September 2nd I had the good
fortune to capture two specimens of Colias hyale in a lucerne field in
the Hugenden district ; one was in good condition, but the other
somewhat worn. I visited the same field next day, but no more of
these butterflies were to be seen. — W. Gandy ; " Ravenscroft,"
Priory Avenue, High Wycombe, Bucks, September 12th, 1911.

Colias hyale in Essex. — On September 1st, at Ashingdon,
Essex, I met with a solitary male C. hyale flying over lucerne.
Although I visited some large lucerne fields in full bloom, I saw no
others. — F. W. Frohawk; September, 1911.

Colias hyale in Kent. — On August 29th I saw, but did not
have an opportunity of securing, a specimen of C. hyale in a lucerne
field near here. On August 30th I saw two hyale and caught one ;

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 323

on September 2nd I saw three and caught two ; and on the 5th saw
two and caught both. Curiously enough these insects were all in
two fields of lucerne, and though I have carefully worked all the
lucerne fields around here, I have seen no other specimens of the
butterfly. — H. Huggins ; 17, Clarence Place, Gravesend, September
11th, 1911.

CoLiAs HYALE IN Kent. — This spocios was obtained at Dover on
August 26th. — H. Fleet, Junr. ; 7, Park Eoad, Esher.

CoLiAs HYALE in Kent. — I have taken this year, in the vicinity
of Heme Bay, between August 20th and 27th, twenty-three fine
specimens of this species. — W. H. C. Bolton ; 48, Philbeach
Gardens, Earl's Court, S.W.

Colzas hyale in Kent. — I spent the month of August at Margate,
in company with my son, Mr. Eeginald Spiller, who resides in that
town. We made many collecting expeditions, and on the 16th I was
agreeably surprised by taking a fine female G. hyale. After that, to
the 19th inclusive, we captured eleven more, all in lucerne fields.
Then for some reason they became very scarce, and to the end of the
month, when I returned home, we only saw three specimens, one of
them being at Sandwich. However, my son informed me that
they re-appeared during the first week in September. He sent me
on eleven fine specimens which he had taken, so that my series of
Margate specimens now amounts to twenty-three. There were
eight females amongst them, two of the same colour as the male,
four paler yellow, and two white. — A. J. Spiller ; Godolphin Cross,
Helston.

CoLiAS HYALE IN EssEX. — Yesterday (September 18th) twenty-
seven C. hyale were captured at Ashingdon, by Mr. Charles Cork,
who showed me the specimens, all of which are males. We visited
the same locality to-day and captured five more, three males and two
females, all freshly emerged. The lucerne in the neighbourhood has
recently been cut ; only a very little bloom remains in places, other-
wise there is little doubt many more specimens would have been seen.
— F. W. Frohawk ; Eayleigh, September 19th, 1911.

CoLiAS HYALE IN East Noefolk. — C. hyale occurred in some
numbers near Palling, on August 12th, this year. A strong east
wind was blowing at the time, and it was during the hottest of the
August heat-wave. They stayed in the local clover-fields for three
days and then went inland and I saw no more of them. I think
they were migrating due west. — C. Mellows ; Bootham School,
York, September, 1911.

CoLiAS HYALE IN SuFFOLK. — It may be of interest to record the
capture, near Ipswich, on September 10th and 11th, of thirteen
specimens of C. hyale, in perfect condition, by myself and a friend.
— G. D. Archer ; Whitton, near Ipswich.

At the present time (September 9th) there are large numbers of
C. hyale in the lucerne fields, but I have not seen any example of
C. ediisa this autumn yet. — Walter Goodchild, Junr. ; The
Laurels, Norwich Road, Ipswich.

324 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

CoLiAS EDUSA IN Kent. — I captured a line male specimen of
C. eclusa on September 16th, near Bexley. Although a thorough
search was made throughout the district, no other example of the
species was seen. — L. W. Newman ; Bexley, Kent.

CoLiAs EDUSA IN EssEX. — A single specimen of C. eclusa was
noticed flying swiftly along a lane here late in August. — W. H.
Harwood ; 94, Station Eoad, Colchester.

CoLiAS EDUSA IN CORNWALL. — One example of C. eclusa was seen,
flying swiftly, in the Penzance district during late August. — G. B.
Kershaw ; West Wickham, Kent.

COLIAS HYALE AND SpHINX CONVOLVULI IN KeNT. — On AugUSt

23rd I found a somewhat worn specimen of S. convolvuli at rest on
a fence between the North Foreland lighthouse and the edge of the
cliff. On August 10th I took a magnificent female C. hyale, in a
lucerne field near Margate ; four or five other specimens were seen
on subsequent days. — F. H. Stallman ; 6, Maley Avenue, West
Norwood, S.B.

CoLiAs EDUSA AND Sphinx CONVOLVULI AT SciLLY. — Of butter-
flies at Scilly in August I saw Pieris brassicce, P. rapes, P. napi,
Colias eclusa (2), Gonepteryx rhamni (3), Vanessa tirttcce, V. atalanta,
V. cardui, Epinephele ianira, and Lyccena icarus. Of these, G. rhamni
is new to me in the locality. Of moths the total number of species
would not much exceed the butterflies. Sugar was a comparative
failure, and the only moth other than the commonest was Sphinx
convolvuli. — B. W. Adkin ; 8, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent.

Argynnis lathonia in Kent. — It will probably be of interest
that I should record the capture, on the cliff at St. Margaret's Bay,
Kent, on August 13th, 1911, of a very fair specimen of A. lathonia
(female).— I. C. Gunton ; 20, Sheffield Terrace, Campden Hill, W.,
August 9th, 1911.

Vanessa antiopa at Berkhamsted, Herts. — Mr. John Trask,
one of the masters at Berkhamsted School, called on me some three
weeks ago, stating he had, that day, seen a fine specimen of this
insect near Ashley Green, but, having no net, was unable to catch
it. — Arthur J. Eose ; " Glanmor," Berkhamsted, September 19th,
1911.

Vanessa antiopa in Essex. — Two schoolboys, named L. Taylor
and M. Green, who have been spending their holidays at Clacton,
captured a good specimen of this insect at Bradwell-on-Sea on
August 25th. I have seen this specimen, which is a male in good
condition but somewhat damaged on the left fore wing.^ — Arthur J.
EosE.

Vanessa antiopa in the Isle of Wight. — I write to record the
occurrence here, at Brading, on August 17th last, of a very fine speci-
men of Vanessa antiopa. It was caught while resting on some
flowers in the vicarage garden, and was brought to me. It is now in
my collection. I believe another was seen in the neighbourhood

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

325

about the same time. I should be very interested to hear if it has
occurred elsewhere this year in the Island.— (Eev.) D. S. W. Nicholl ;
Lansdowne, Brading, Isle of Wight, September 4th, 1911.

AcHERONTiA ATROPOs IN Berks. — On July 20th some full-fed
larvae of A. atropos were brought to me, found in a garden here.
They went to earth as soon as placed in a fiower-pot, and a perfect
male specimen emerged on September 6th. I think this a very short
time to remain in pupa, and suppose the very hot weather was the
cause. — W. E. Butler; Hayling House, Oxford Eoad, Reading,
September 14th, 3911.

AcHERONTiA ATEOPOS IN CORNWALL. — I havo in my possession a
fine male A. atropos that was taken at rest, on September 9th, by a
young lady at Gurnard's Head, St. Ives. — Lloyd Chadwick ;
7, Northgate Street, Warwick.

AcHERONTiA ATROPOS IN SUFFOLK. — On the 7th inst. a pupa of
A. atropos was brought me by Mr. H. Graves of this town; this I
placed in damp peat and placed it in my desk which stands over a
steam radiator, the temperature at night not falling below 78 deg.
This morning, on opening the desk, I found the imago had emerged
perfect ; it was found when digging up potatoes. — Herbert Wm.
Baker : 73, Limetree Place, Stowmarket, Suffolk, September 11th,
1911.

Sphinx convolvuli in Berks. — I should like to record the
capture of a fine male Sphinx convolvuli. It was resting on a brick
wall. — H. L. Dolton; 27, Brunswick Street, Reading, September
13th, 1911.

Sphinx convolvuli in Cornwall. — A specimen of S. convolvuli
was picked up on the road to Penzance, about 7.30 p.m., on August
15th. It was a good specimen, but had evidently been injured in
some way.— G. B. Kershaw ; West Wickham, Kent.

Sphinx convolvuli in Devon. — At the flowers of tobacco plants
in my garden I captured a specimen of S. convolvuli on September
9th and two on the 12th. I also saw one other specimen on the
latter date. — J. Walker ; 7, Mount Hermon Road, Torquay.

Sphinx convolvuli in Devon. — A specimen of S. convolvuli
came into my house here on August 17th. Another example was
flying around a tobacco plant in the garden a few days later. — B. G.
Hebbut ; Berrynarbor, S.O., Devon.

Sphinx convolvuli in Dorset. — It may be of interest to readers
that between thirty-five and forty specimens of this insect were cap-
tured here from August 26th to September 14th. All were taken
at rest. — Leonard Tatchell ; Karenza, Swanage.

Sphinx convolvuli in North Essex. — A very large female of this
species was brought to me in a very small box a few days ago,
and there is no need to describe its condition. I have since heard
of several specimens having been taken elsewhere within a ten

326 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

miles' radius of Colchester. — W. H. Harwood ; 94, Station Eoad,
Colchester.

Sphinx convolvuli in Hants. — Two or three specimens of S.
convolvuli have been taken in this neighbourhood. One was brought
to me by a lady last week. It was a fine female, and was kept for
eggs, but died without laying. — (Major) E. B. Kobertson ; Fairlawn,
Chandler's Ford, Hants, September 8th, 1911.

Sphinx convolvuli in the Isle of Wight. — This species has
been plentiful this season in the Island. — G. Nobbs ; North Lodge,
Isle of Wight.

Sphinx convolvuli in Kent. — It may be of interest to record the
capture of a fine female of this insect on August 29th, flying at dusk
round Nicotiana affinis. Another specimen was seen on September
3rd in the same place. — Geoffrey Meade- Waldo ; Hever Warren,
Kent.

Sphinx convolvuli in Surrey. — In the evening of September
12th I had a perfect male specimen of S. convolvuli brought to me
alive. It had flown into the kitchen of a house on the outskirts of
Haslemere, doubtless attracted by a strong light in the room. An-
other specimen, taken at rest on the morning of September 16th, is
also in my possession. I may mention that there are a considerable
number of petunias and tobacco plants in flower growing near the
spot. — Bertram E. Jupp ; Lyn Lodge, Camelsdale, Haslemere.

Sphinx convolvuli in Surrey. — A specimen of this fine hawk-
moth was taken in a garden, High Street, Esher, on September 6th.
— H. Fleet, Junr.; 7, Park Eoad, Esher.

Sphinx convolvuli in Suffolk. — Two specimens of S. convolvuli
were captured, whilst hovering over petunias, on September 12th. —
G. D. Archer; Whitton, near Ipswich.

Sphinx convolvuli in Sussex. — Doubtless many of your corre-
spondents have rejoiced in a good season for this insect, and I should
only record the capture of five specimens in this small garden for special
reasons. Chief among them is the fact that, although w^e have some
fine plants of Nicotiana, a bed of evening primroses seems to be the
chief attraction. I would further mention that four out of the five
moths have been netted as late as nine o'clock, when I have managed
to see them by shadowing the plants against the bright moonlight.
My last capture — a female in fine condition — has been rather re-
luctantly reserved for egg-laying purposes; I say "reluctantly,"
because I have no experience of obtaining eggs from hawk-moths,
and have only the flimsiest hopes of any success. — J. S. Carter ;
Iden, Sussex.

Sphinx convolvuli in Sussex. — A fine female specmien of S.
convolvuli was brought to me alive early this month. — Wm. Delves ;
Horeham Eoad, Sussex, September 22nd, 1911.

Sphinx convolvuli in Warwick. — A female specimen of S. con-
volvuli was brought to me on August 28th last. It was found at rest

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 327

on a wooden shed in this town on the morning of August 26th. The
tips of the fore wings were damaged, owing to the moth having been
confined in a small box ; otherwise it is a fine specimen. — Lloyd
Chadwick ; 7, Northgate Street, Warwick.

H. ABMIGEEA AND S. CONVOLVULI IN GLAMORGANSHIRE. — I

should like to record taking H. armigera while sugaring on the
sea-coast near Bridgend on August 15th. The moth is in good con-
dition ; I only know of one other specimen having been taken in
South Wales, viz., by Sir J. T. D. Llewelyn, of Penllergare, near
Swansea. There seems to have been a coiasiderable invasion of
S. convolvuli this year. My son, H. E. David, netted two fine speci-
mens off the flowers of the white tobacco plant, on August 17th and
19th, at the same place as I took H. armigera. I also had two other
moths given to me, which were found at rest in the daytime, one
fromFoumon Castle grounds, Glam., and the other from East Knoyle,
Wiltshire. — E. N. David ; Yscallog, Llandaff, Glamorgan.

CocciD^ AFFECTING EuBBER Tbees. — In the ' Journal of Eco-
nomic Biology,' May, 1911, Mr. E. E. Green has a very interesting
paper on Coccidse found on rubber trees in Ceylon. In two instances,
however, I venture to disagree with his nomenclature, as follows :

Cardiococcus castilloce, (Green) : Inglisia castilloa, Green, t. c.
p. 29.

Lepidosaphes ruhrovittatus, Ckll. 1905 (Philippine Is.) : Mytilaspis
fasciata, Green, t. c. p. 31. — T. D. A. Cockerell.

A Second Brood of L. sibylla. — To-day, while I was hunting
for larvae among young aspens in a wood not far from here, I was
greatly surprised to see Limenitis sibylla settle on a bramlDle-leaf
close to me. I watched it for some moments while it gently raised
and lowered its wings, and then it floated gracefully off to another
leaf. " This surely cannot be a retarded specimen," I said to myself;
" it is far too late for that ; it must be one of a second brood." I
went on, and in the course of an hour saw six or seven more, all
quite fresh and exceptionally fine. One particularly large female
allowed me to approach quite close to her, and I tried to catch her
between my finger and thumb as she sat on a leaf, but she would not
quite allow this piece of familiarity, and if she had I should not have
kept her, as the butterfly is getting very scarce in this neighbour-
hood. Of course these were all individuals of a partial second brood,
due to the abnormally hot, dry summer, but I believe it is an unpre-
cedented event, for I can find no records of any second brood in any
of my entomological books, though I have not been through all the
back volumes of the magazines. I should like to know if anyone
else has ever met with, or heard, of a second brood. It does not
appear to be double-brooded on the Continent, though its near ally,
Camilla, is undoubtedly so in the South. The first butterfly I noticed
this year was on June 14th. I was in the wood on several occasions
during August and the beginning of this month, but there were none
about then, so those I saw to-day can only have just emerged. —
Gervase F. Mathew; Lee House, Dovercourt, September 19th, 1911.

328 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,

OBITUARY.

Albert Harrison, P.L.S., F.R.M.S., F.Z.S., F.C.S., F.B.S., &c.

As briefly annouaced in our last number, Mr. Harrison died on
August 28th. He was born in 1860 at the New Pale Farm, near
Frodsham, Cheshire, and was educated at the Liverpool Institute.
In 1875 he went to the laboratory of Messrs. Henry Tate and Sons,
sugar refiners, in Liverpool, thence he was transferred to the London
branch, of which he became manager in 1878. By the Directors he
was held in great esteem, and he won the respect of all with whom
he came in contact.

From his boyhood upwards he was keenly interested in Natural
History, and as Delamere Forest was just on the border of some
of the fields of Pale Farm, he had splendid opportunities for obtain-
ing practical knowledge of the fauna and flora of that locality.

After coming to London he commenced a systematic study of
biology, and in 1888, in co-operation with his friend Mr. Hugh
Main, began the collection and study of insects generally, and of
Lepidoptera specially. Joining the South London Entomological
and Natural History Society in 1892, he soon became acquainted
with all its active members. One immediate result of this was that
the rearing of insects from the earlier stages became a feature of
his labours. He was also attracted by the work being done in con-
nection with Mendel's laws of heredity, and applied his experience
and facilities to experiments in this direction. The local varia-
tion of Pieris napi was a subject in which he had been interested
for some time, and unaware of previous investigations on the same
lines, he tried the effects of crossing the var. bryonice from Switzer-
land with British napi. The results were very interesting, but so far
no explanation of them on Mendelian lines has been found (see Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1908). Another species, on the variation of which
experiments were made, was Aplecta nebulosa. Mr. Harrison collected
the larvae of this species in Delamere Forest, where vars. rohsoni and
thompsoni, together with the grey form, occur. It appeared from the
results of a number of crossings that it was a parallel case to that
of the Blue Andalusian Fowl ; but from the results obtained this
year the matter does not seem quite so simple, and further experi-
ments are still required to elucidate it (see Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1911).

Mr. Harrison was taken suddenly ill on the evening of August
27th, and passed away about 1.30 a.m. the next day from hsemorrhage
on the brain.

He will be greatly missed by a large circle of friends, to all of whom
he had endeared himself by kindly words and generous deeds.

We have to announce, with very deep sorrow, that our colleague,
Mr. George Henry Verrall, died on September 16th.

The Entomologist, November, li

Plate VIII.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vor,. XLIV.] NOVEMBEE, 1911. [No. 582

GEOEGE HENEY VEEEALL, F.E.S.
(Plate VIII.)

Geoege Henry Verrall, of Sussex Lodge, Newmarket, who
died on September 16th after a somewhat long and harassing
illness, was born at Lewes on February 7th, 1848, and was
therefore in his sixty-fourth year. Educated at the Lewes
Grammar School from 1857 to 1864, his early taste for entomo-
logy and botany was fostered in a congenial atmosphere among
the beautiful Sussex Downs, which have inspired with the true
love of Nature so many of her most ardent disciples.

At first secretary to his eldest brother, the late Mr. Fred.
Verrall, he afterwards joined the well-known firm of racecourse
managers and bankers, Messrs. Pratt & Co., and was concerned as
auctioneer with the sale of many famous racehorses. And in this
connection it is interesting to know that from among the heir-
looms of his family he possessed a hammer of solid gold, "to com-
memorate the triumph of integrity, March 21st, 1842," presented
to his uncle, the late Mr. P. Verrall, which was exchanged for
the customary hammer whenever the bidding rose above four
figures ! But though intimately associated with the Turf in all
its branches, he has told the writer of this notice that he
never made a bet on a horse. He was, indeed, as fearless
a critic of the methods of some so-called "sportsmen" as
he was the enemy of all that suggested a mean and sordid
approach to the greater questions of life ; nor was his outspoken
criticism ever levelled at those who did not deserve it. So it
happened that, when at length he was persuaded to enter the
lists as a Parliamentary candidate, he was as popular with his
opponents as with his supporters. Mr. Verrall's tenure of the
East Cambridgeshire seat, which he wrested from Sir Charles
Eose on January 24th, 1910, was not destined to be long main-
tained, however ; and, after but nine months of Parliamentary
life, the former occupant was reinstated. No doubt the great strain
of two winter elections in a single year was the beginning of the
end for him. A short time since he had announced his decision

ENTOM. — NOVEMBER, 1911. 2 C

330 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

to retire from the political arena ; and though he took several
weeks' holiday on the South Coast this spring in search of
health, those of us who saw him when he returned were pro-
foundly impressed with his changed appearance. But nothing
could affect his genial temperament, or his interest in business
and social engagements.

As entomologists it is not our province to dwell upon the
professional and political aspects of Mr. Verrall's career. When
only eighteen years of age he joined the Entomological Society
of London, by whom his services as sometime Secretary were
widely appreciated ; and we who are also members recall that
to his election in 1887 was largely due the reorganization — I
may say, perhaps, the resuscitation — of the Entomological Club,
of which, with the exception of Dr. B. T. Lowne, no longer an
active member, he was at the time of his death the doyen.

Mr. Verrall was elected a member of the Entomological
Society in 1866 ; it then consisted of only two hundred and
seven members, and, when thirty-two years later he succeeded
Mr. Roland Trimen in the Presidential Chair, he could say that
but thirty-four had survived him. My own term of service as
one of the Honorary Secretaries commenced in 1900, his second
year of office; but unless I had happened to attend the famous
"Annual" of the Entomological Club under his chairmanship
in January, 1900, I am quite certain I should never have
offered myself as a candidate for this post. So cordial and so
encouraging was Mr. Verrall, however, when the suggestion was
made by one or two of his guests that I did not hesitate for a
moment : and I may add I owe to him, in great measure, the
eleven most agreeable years of my entomological life.

But I introduce this personal experience merely as an in-
stance of the unvarying kindness which inspired his smallest
actions. His great idea in these Entomological Club suppers of
his was to bring together entomologists of all ages — the students
of all Orders, scientific as well as unscientific. Every year I
used to receive a letter from him asking for the names of new
Fellows who had joined our ranks and others likely to do so,
and in what proved to be his farewell speech to the Club last
January, when the disappointment of a political reverse was
heavy upon him, he was consoled obviously by the reflection
that the number of his guests exceeded that of any similar
occasion. Indeed, there could not have been far short of a
hundred present. His custom of making the supper-table the
occasion for a review of current social events in the entomo-
logical world added a pleasant zest to the proceedings.

More than once in the recent history of the Entomological
Society there might have been something worse than a teacup
storm had not Verrall, speaking openly and frankly, poured oil
on the troubled waters ! He always spoke his mind, and

GEORGE HENRY VERRALL. 331

whether in his business, on the political platform, or in friendly
discussion from the Chair, his remarks were distinguished by
scrupulous honesty of purpose, and his commonsense advice
and counsel were, therefore, the more gratefully received and
acknowledged. Moreover Verrall, though by length of service
a veteran in the field, kept pace with the modern developments
of science which eventually brought entomology into the recog-
nized forefront of the battle for knowledge. His heart was one
with the " Young Guard " ; in an entomological, as well as in a
general, sense he never grew old, and no more remarkable proof
of his intellectual energy can be given than that but a few years
back he undertook the onerous work of cataloguing, describing,
and figuring the three thousand or so species of British Diptera
in a thoroughly scientific manner. The volumes already pub-
Hshed— V. Stratiomyidse, &c. (1909), and viii. Syrphid"se, &c.
(1901)— are an earnest of what this great work was intended to
be, and in no department will he be more sincerely mourned and
missed than among our Dipterists, some at least of whom have
been encouraged to proceed upon their way in this neglected
branch by his patient and sturdy example.

_ With the termination of the late Edward Newman's pro-
prietorship of 'The Entomologist,' and the commencement of
our present Editor's term of office one-and-twenty years ago, Mr.
Verrall's name appears in the list of specialists invited to join
the Eeference Committee ; and on many occasions since he has
given us the benefit of his wide knowledge.

^ Perhaps, however, the greatest service rendered his brother
scientists was the part he played, and the generous share he
took, in saving the last of the Cambridgeshire fens from the
fate which has befallen so many similar strongholds of Nature.
We owe it to him, and to Mr. Walter Eothschild, indeed, that
the greater part of Wicken has become "a national trust,"
wherein the naturalist and the botanist may pursue their in-
vestigations, and the special marshland fauna and flora may
continue to flourish unchecked. So that, if Verrall is remem-
bered in the constituency which he represented for all too short a
time as Member for Newmarket, we entomologists shall always
acclaim him, as we did a few years back, as the Member for
Wicken !

Of the value of his achievements as a lifelong devotee to the
study of Diptera I am hardly entitled to venture an opinion ;
but certain it is that no one possessed better qualifications than
he did for the work. By virtue of his magnificent collections
and complete library of reference, backed with forty years'
experience in the field, he could justly claim the right to be
heard and accepted as an authority of the first rank.

In the realm of science his untimely death creates a void not
easily to be filled. May his memory long be kept green in the

2 c 2

332 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

hearts of the many naturalists to whom he was ever friend and
cheerful counsellor !

He leaves a widow, to whom we offer our sincere sympathy,
but no son or daughter.

His collections, subject to certain reservations in favour of
the British Museum (Natural History), and library are bequeathed
to his nephew and scientific helper, Mr. James E. Collin, F.E.S.

H. Eowland-Bkown.

FURTHEE NOTES ON THE BRITISH CICADA,
CICADETTA MONTANA (HEMIPTEPiA).

By G. T. Lyle. \- , ,

Since writing my notes on our native Cicada, now some two
years ago (see Entom. xliii. 1), I have had several opportunities
of improving my acquaintance with this scarce British insect
and its habits.

On June 3rd, 1910, I searched the known breeding-ground
most thoroughly, but could find no trace of nymph-cases, and it
was not until June 20th that I was successful in finding one, and
two others rewarded my search on the 27th. My first visit to
the locality this year (1911) was made on June 5th, when I soon
found a nymph-case, and also heard two of the bugs singing,
but, unfortunately, could not locate either.

On June 11th two or three of the insects were singing at
11 a.m., and at 11.30 I was fortunate enough to see one on the
wing. It was flying along, some two feet or so above the fern,
with a fairly strong flight, its wings glistening in the sunlight.
At first sight this insect appeared, while flying, to resemble
Lihellula depressa, although the flight was neither so strong nor
so graceful as that of the dragonfly. This specimen, which I
netted, turned out to be a fine female. It made no attempt
whatever to escape from the net, but remained quiescent with
folded wings. On this day the singing of the Cicadas was
almost incessant, but it was not until the afternoon that I
succeeded in locating one in a pine-tree, some twelve feet above
the ground. On being dislodged, it flew with a somewhat slow,
heavy flight, into a neighbouring furze bush, where in the
course of a few minutes it recommenced singing. The flight of
this male was neither so light nor so rapid as that of the female
which I captured in the morning.

Unlike some of its foreign relatives, our Cicada can scarcely be
described as a noisy insect, although its note is certainly very
penetrating. I have heard its " song " described as a hum, as a
buzz, and as a whistle, and to my ear it appears to partake of
the nature of all three, reminding me of nothing so much as the

NOTES ON THE BRITISH CICADA, CICADETTA MONTANA. 333

monotonous "whirr" of the nightjar {Caprimulgus europmis),
pitched on a much higher and more musical note. The song
swells in volume as it proceeds, and then dies gradually away,
occasionally ceasing suddenly. It is not continuous, the musician
taking frequent rests, which may last for several minutes. I
found that I could distinctly hear the note twenty yards away,
at which distance it might easily have been mistaken for a
" singing in the ear."

During the next fortnight I heard Cicadas several times, and
found that, with practice, I could more easily locate them, and
so disproved my original idea that they possess ventriloquial
powers. The males seem to prefer the lower branches of the
pine-trees from which to show off their musical abilities, though
on one or two occasions I found the singer in a hawthorn bush.
The insects become silent before sunset, and on dull cloudy days
do not appear to attempt a song.

On June 14th Messrs. Claude Morley & E. A. Elliott captured,
at the same locality, a male, which was singing on a frond of
bracken. In this case I think it probable that there was a
newly emerged female in the immediate neighbourhood, as
seems to have been generally the case when males have been
noticed on the ferns. On Coronation Day, June 22nd, the
weather broke up and, in spite of the fact that it soon returned
to its previous torrid condition, I neither heard nor saw any-
thing of C. montana afterwards.

During the past season I have found some six or eight empty
nymph-cases, all of which were lying loose on the turf under the
bracken, within a space of some three by two yards. Careful
search was made over a much larger area, but no others were
discovered. In previous years they have been much more
widely distributed.

There is little doubt that the majority of recorded specimens,
as well as the much larger number of insects that have been
captured and sold by local professional entomologists, were
taken in the neighbourhood of which I have written; but it
would be absurd to suggest that there are not other breeding-
grounds in the New Forest. In 1901 I captured a male near
Lady Cross Lodge, some two miles away, and I am indebted to
Mr. Claude Morley for calling my attention to a record of a speci-
men taken by Mr. W. R. Buckle on June 7th, 1886, near Eufus
Stone (Entom. 1886, p. 283), which is at a distance of seven
miles.

In the National Collection are thirteen British specimens of
C. montana, particulars of which have been kindly given to me
by Mr. Morley. These, I think, may possibly be of interest.

Two (male and female), New Forest (Bramwell) ; presented
by Mrs. MacCuUoch in 1856. One, " J. J. Wen-," New Forest,
1879 ; Douglas Coll. in coll. Mason, bought in 1904. One, New

334 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Forest, 1880, Douglas Coll. in coll. Mason, bought in 1904.
One (male), Lyndhurst, June 17th, 1885, Douglas Coll. in coll.
Mason, bought in 1904 (in F. A. Marshall's writing). Four,
ex coll. Stephens. Three " Gulliver," Lyndhurst, New Forest,
June, 1892; presented by F. C.Adams in 1893. One, " G.
Lewis," New Forest, June 17th, 1895, Douglas Coll., in coll.
Mason, bought in 1904.

Brockenhurst : August 18th, 1911.

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF
UNEXPLORED FRANCE.

By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 308.)
(ii) The Basses-Pyrenees. Eaux-Bonnes.

I CAN hardly claim any particular originality in the choice
of the hunting-grounds described in the first part of this paper.
The coast from Biarritz to St. Jean de Luz is by no means
" unexplored." On the contrary, many British collectors on
the way to Spain, or returning from the Central Pyrenees, have
visited this region, and given us the benefit of their experiences.
The reason I selected Guethary was the reputed abundance of
Coenonympha oedipus in that locality, and if Guethary failed us,
then there was Biarritz only a little way off, where I had over-
taken the rear-guard of the species in August, 1905 (Entom.
vol. xxxviii. p. 273), and three weeks earlier in the field might
ensure a bag of this interesting butterfly in good condition.

Our opening day, July 2nd, was not auspicious — hazy, with
mist blowing in from the sea, and the not-very-distant Pyrenees
cloaked with heavy cloud. There were, however, gleams of sun-
shine at intervals, but neither then, nor at any time, were
butterflies on the wing. I attributed their absence, of course,
to the weather ; but in the event the only conclusion possible
was that Guethary as a hunting-ground was a failure. Both
on this day and the 4th, when the sun shone brilliantly, we
quartered the country inland for miles over what suggested an
ideal ground for our purpose — marshy heath and rough pasture,
with occasional scrubby oak-woods. But C. oedipus vfa,s nowhere
to be found, only the commonest species ; my own captures
being limited on these two occasions to two very fine Lampides
hoeticus (females), the largest I ever saw, a few fresh Brenthis dia,
and one fine Colias edusa ab. pallida ; though Mr. Warren took
several more of the latter in the rough fields near the cliffs.
The only really plentiful butterfly in evidence on the heaths was
llusticus argus, L. {a-gon) — all males ; while a battered female

BUTTEKFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF FRANCE. 335

Limenitis Camilla furnished a few eggs, which were successfully
hatched, and the larvae bred for the second seasonal emergence
in England by Mr. Warren. In a deep shady lane at one place
the males of L. sibylla were also in force disputing the bramble
blossom with hosts of Epinephile jurtina ; occasional examples
also of Everes argiades {amyntas) were picked up from the tall
grasses.

Guethary proving hopeless, we made two expeditions to
Biarritz, but the first day, July 3rd, was again dull and hazy,
and we only discovered really good ground after lunch on the
second day, July 5th, which reminds me that practically all
that ivas taken on the 3rd was our dejeuner, which I had hidden,
as I thought, in perfect safety among the fern beneath a bush.
Some keen-nosed native appropriated the poidet and eggs, leaving
us but a modest ration of bread and cheese, though fortunately
I had a few pieces of chocolate in my pocket. All this took
place on the ground which I had found so rich in butterflies on
my former visit. But on this occasion, as at Guethary — and it
could not have been due to a retarded season, for the conditions
in South-west France had been quite normal — insects were con-
spicuous only by their absence. A fine fresh brood of Strymon
ilicis haunted the low, broken-down hedges, and E. argiades again
was fairly common. B. argus (males) abounded, but nothing
else, save for " skippers," one or two Thymelicus actceon, Augiades
sylvanus, a single Hesperia sao, and a single, much-wanted
H. malvoides, Elw. & Edw. {=fritillum, Rbr.).*

Superficially, malvoides differs from the malvce of the Basses-
Pyrenees by the much enlarged white spots. But this Jocal
difference apparently is not constant in the Alps ; and it is by
close examination of the appendages alone that the fact has
been established that the spring malvce and the summer {fri-
tilliim) malvoides are entirely different species, as P».ambur —
that master of correct entomological diagnosis— long since
suggested. In the field, however, there should be no difliculty
in distinguishing these two Dromios ! Malvce, as with us, is
an early spring species, is single-brooded, and over before
malvoides puts in an appearance. Thus it is only when we look

* In the ' Bulletin de la Soc. Lepid. de Geneve ' (vol. ii. fasc. 2, Aug.
1911), as the result of full and patient investigation, Dr. J. L. Keverdin
distinguishes in masterly style the Hesperiids known to collectors as
fritillum, Ebr., fritillum, Hb., and malvoides, Elwes & Edwards. " No
doubt remains," he says, " as to the identity oi fritillum, 'Bhr., and mal-
voides, Elw. & Edw., and if the name oi fritillum, Rbr., should be replaced
as preoccupied, what better denomination can be bestowed upon it than that
of malvoides'} Have I not shown that the so -coXled. fritillum, Ebr., is
so analogous to malvce that I could discover no constant distinguishing
character? Indeed, it resembles malvce as closely as it is possible so to
do, and the appellation of malvoides acknowledges this resemblance in
the happiest manner."

336 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

over our series in the cabinet and have omitted to affix date-
labels that the puzzle is disconcerting.

Our second visit to Biarritz was rather more productive in
numbers, and the lower marsh country nearer the station at the
far end of Lac Mouriscot was a decided improvement on the
locality chosen earlier in the day. Hereabouts I took a single
perfect male Heteropterus morpheus (evidently only just emerg-
ing), a few Lampides hoeticus, and Everes argiades females; and
on the upper road the sand-banked hedges hung with ivy and
clematis afforded covert for an extremely yellow-fulvous form of
Pararge egeria.

On the 6th, not without reluctance on my part — for the
weather was now settled and fine, and the sea-bathing, from my
bedroom at the extremely comfortable, clean, and well-managed
Hotel de la Plage, excellent — we set out in the early morning
for Eaux-Bonnes, travelling by Pau and Laruns, with a short
drive at the end of the journey to this once favourite watering-
place. I say 07ice, for there is an indescribable atmosphere of
yesterday about Eaux-Bonnes. The town is almost entirely
composed of hotels, pensions, and lodging-houses for the benefit
of guests who never come apparently, and it remained empty all
the time we were there; despite the list of "worthies" who have
patronized the waters, including Mr. Joe Chamberlain (sic).
Otherwise, that list is chiefly made up of Second Empire social
celebrities drawn thither when the Emperor was doing his best
to popularize and make fashionable the beauty-spots of the
Pyrenees.

" Too low a level " was our immediate verdict after ex-
amining the entomological possibilities of the place ; while the
beech-woods densely clothing the narrow ravine, into which
Eaux-Bonnes is squeezed, confirmed our first impressions that
we should have to cUmb at least 1500 ft. above the town to find
the desired hunting-grounds.

Consulting the map on our journey, I had come to the con-
clusion that the high ridge between Eaux-Bonnes and Eaux-
Chaudes promised the best results among the alpine butterflies,
as afterwards proved to be the case when we climbed up to the
Col de Lurde (6400 ft.), or the valley immediately beneath it
facing east beneath the Pic de Goupey (7245 ft.), on July 7th,
10th, and 12th. With the exception of some mist on the 12th,
all three days were exceptionally fine, and this only made the
scarcity of species, as well as of specimens, the more vexatious.
The first part of the walk is a steady grind up long zigzags, pro-
tected from the fierce heat by a cool forest of beech, in which, of
course, we saw nothing but an occasional battered Pararge egeria.
Emerging after about an hour into the pastures, the first butter-
fly was Erebia stygne, evidently just emerged, for we saw no
females on the 7th ; but, with the exception of numerous

BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF FRANCE. 337

Pyrameis atalanta, hardly anything else was flying. And here,
as everywhere else at Eaux-Bonnes, there was an extraordinary
dearth of " blues " and Melitseas, while I think the only brown
fritillaries we saw in our week's stay were Brenthis pales — one
or two on the rhododendrons at about 5500 ft. — a casual B. dia,
and very worn B. euplirosyne. A few Cupido minimus and very
occasional Lyccena avion almost complete the list of Lycsenidae
represented. Higher still, and immediately below the Col, we
began to find butterflies more plentiful. The shaly, rather
precipitous, walls on each side, covered in places with flowers
and grasses, but for the most part bare, suggested Erehia lefe-
bvrei, and we had already netted some rather worn E. lap)pona
var. sthennyo at the entrance to the ravine. The sunny side
soon yielded the rarer Erehia, and we spent the rest of the
morning balancing ourselves as best we might on the slippery
slopes of moving stones which are so dear to this warmth-loving
species. But the moment the sun was hidden by a cloud, they
disappeared like magic. My Eaux-Bonnes lefehvrei, contrasted
with those from Gavarnie, run rather larger as a whole, while I
can detect none in which the chestnut antemarginal band, so
pronounced in many of the Gavarnie examples, is at all deve-
loped. But lefehvrei is one of the most variable of insects, and
I have not enough material before me to determine whether the
obsolescence of the antemarginal band is a constant feature of
the more western examples. Among the rhododendrons also we
netted a few E. epiphron var. cassiope, Mr. Warren securing a
female with white ocellations, and several ab. nelamus, while a
single E. tyndarus var. cassioides, von Hohenw.* {dromiis, Fabr.),
was evidently the forerunner of the seasonal emergence. The
only other butterflies, hereabouts, which could be called at all
abundant were some very large Gonepteryx rhamni, but to the
top of the Col, where we climbed for lunch and where there is
one of the very rare mountain springs, hardly a butterfly was on
the wing ; so that on each subsequent visit we did not trouble
to proceed further than the lefehvrei ground. It was here also
on the rock-strewn grass that I noticed a black and white
"skipper" — in our experience the only one met with in the
mountains hereabouts. Unfortunately I missed several, but
Mr. Warren was more successful, and bagged some half-dozen
of what, to our surprise, turned out to be Hesperia andromedce.
This is, I believe, the first publication in England of H. an-
dromedce as a Pyrenean butterfly f ; but on looking through

* ' Bulletin de la Soc. Lepid. Geneve,' vol. i. p. 215.

f This statement requires some qualification. Since I wrote it I find
that I had overlooked a passage in Dr. J. N. Keynes's account of " Butterflies
in the Pyrenees in 1909 " (' Ent. Record,' vol. xxii. 1910, p. 109). He says
that, collecting with Mr. G. L, Keynes at Gavarnie on July 9th, "we were
fortunate to take two specimens of what we believe to be Hesperia andro-
medce. . . . We do not remember seeing any previous record of this

338 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

M. Oberthur's 'Lepid. Compar^e,' fasc. iv. pp. 397-8, I find the
following interesting announcement : " Mrs. de la Batie [Beche]
NichoU has written me that she found Syricthus andromedce in
the Hautes-Pyrenees. For myself, I have seen no Pyrenean
examples. I have taken the species in the Bernese Oberland at
the end of June, 1898 ; but I do not believe, all the same, that
it has been met with up to now in the French Alps authen-
tically. It does not follow, however, by any means that
S. andromeda could not be a Pyrenean species, as Mrs. Nicholl
appears to be convinced it is." *

Later on, when I had the good fortune to meet M. Charles
Oberthiir at Gavarnie, I was able to show him the small series of
Mr. Warren's Pyrenean andromedce, and I understand that a
pair are to be jSgured in the * Etudes ' of some future date, with
my note relative to the circumstances of capture. Mrs. Nicholl
tells me that her examples were secured some fourteen years
since near the Lac Vert (6430 ft.), which is in the Hautes-
Pyrenees, and about four hours up from Luchon, very close to
the Spanish frontier: therefore considerably east of Eaux-Bonnes,
and suggesting that the range of andromedce in these mountains
is wide, even if it does not occur throughout the entire chain at
sufficient altitudes.

Had I read the Baron de Selys Longchamps's note on the
Pthopalocera of Eaux-Bonnes fifty years ago, before I started on
my exploration of the mountains there, instead of a month or so
after my return, I think it extremely probable that I should have
tried my luck elsewhere. His account of a three weeks' visit
from June 15th to July 10th, 1857 C Bull. Ent. Soc. France,'
1858, p. Ixxii.) is not encouraging. In all that time he only
encountered forty species, of which "the most remarkable were
Anthocharis simplonia, Carcharodus althece, and un Syricthus a
determiner. There was but a single Erehia (and of course it
was E. stygne). . . . This fact should suffice to persuade an ento-
mologist to choose any other locality than Eaux-Bonnes as the
objective of an excursion in the Pyrenees."

One wonders whether that " Syricthus a determiner " ivas

species from the Pyrenees, and perhaps this is not surprising, considering its
obscurity and apparent rarity." Dr. Keynes also informs me (in litt.) that
neither he, nor Mr. Wheeler, feel any doubt that these two specimens are
genuine andromedce ; a species with which they are well acquainted else-
wliere.

•■= I find among the extra- Swiss localities for the species in Mr. Wheeler's
' Butterflies of Switzerland,' p. 6, under H. andromedce, •' Alios, July 15th-
18th, 1899 (Powell) " ; and I think this record must have escaped M. Ober-
thiir, as Mr. Harold Powell, F.E.S. is an authority we can all trust and
follow with perfect confidence. Milliere's "La Turbie, May," is a most
unlikely record. La Turbie is only 1594 ft. above Monte Carlo and the sea-
level; and Milliere seems to have had a bad eye for the identification of
" macros " !

BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF FRANCE. 339

ever identified, and whether after all it may not have been
andromedce ! I can find no record of the Baron having pushed
his enquiries further. Probably, like the majority of collectors,
having read half-a-dozen descriptions of "skippers" which
" might be it " ! and pored over as many imperfectly executed
coloured plates, he gave it up as a bad job. At Biarritz, a
month later, I observe, he had further accumulated " deux ou
trois especes a etudier." From the remark about Erebias, how-
ever, I am inclined to think he never got higher than the grass
interval between the beech-woods and the upper zone, where
certainly we found more than his single hete noire — stygne. Un-
less, therefore, we had ascended far up under and on to the
Col de Lurde, I do not suppose we should ever have seen andro-
medce in the Pyrenees. Mr. Wheeler does not suggest a zone
limit for the species in Switzerland ; the one or two examples in
my collection I took high above Berisal, under the Wasenhorn,
at not less than 6500 ft. ; and above Franzenshohe, on the
Stelvio, which would be 7000 ft. at the lowest. Frey says that
in the Austrian Alps it occurs at 4000 ft., but this must be
exceptional, if authentic.

On July 8th we explored the Val de la Sourde, the valley
reaching far up into the mountains directly south-east. Heavy
rain had fallen in the night, the air was still and oppressive,
and in the rare forest-clearings only an occasional Leptosia
sinapis fluttered languidly. About noon, however, we had come
to a very steep piece of rock on the opposite side of a snow-
strewn valley under the Pic de Ger, having caught absolutely
nothing; and here but a few worn Erebia lappona, and the
sight of a distant herd of issard — the Pyrenean chamois — re-
warded our labour. While soon after the rain came rushing
down, and we were forced to spend an hour or so in a shep-
herd's hut — the only place in the whole day's excursion where
drinkable water was procurable. On the 9th, Mr. Warren
spent the morning, which was again very sultry, in some
meadows below the town. A few Anthocera hrizce fell to his
net, but no captures of any note. On the 11th, after a long
walk under a tropical sun we arrived at the Col d'Aubisque
(5610 ft.), on the route to Argeles, only to be baffled once
again by a cold wind-driven mist at the summit. I think,
however, that we did not miss much in this quarter, as the grass
and mountain-sides were grazed close by innumerable flocks,
and even where the sun was shining lower down, the lack of
insect-life was due, I think, to the poverty of the vegetation
rather than to climatic drawbacks.

The subjoined list is made up chiefly, therefore, of butterflies
taken or observed in the neighbourhood of the Col de Lurde,
for though we overhauled the maps, and reconnoitred in all
directions, we could find no better, indeed no other, ground

340 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

which offered so fan* a chance of increasing our knowledge of
the western Pyrenean Khopalocera.

Eaiix-Bonnes, July 6th-12th. — Hesperia andromedce ,- Thy-
melicus lineola ; Lyccena avion ; Cupido minimus ; Nomiades semi-
argus, Poli/ommatus corydon, P. hylas, P. icarus ; Rusticus argus ;
Strymon ilicis ; Papilio machaon, one or two flying round flowery
slopes leading up from the Plateau d'Anouilles ; Pieris rapce ,-
Anthocharis simplonia, an odd example or two, very worn, under
the Col de Lurde ; Leptosia sinapis ; Colias edusa ; Gonepteryx
rhamni, all examples met with of large size in both sexes, not
uncommon ; Issoria lathonia ,- Brenthis euphrosyne, B. dia,
B. ]mles, a fine bright form just coming out in the rhododendron
region ; Melitaa parthenie, very dark (one example) ; Pyrameis
cardui, P. atalanta ; Aglais iirticce, Eugonia polychloros, outskirts
of town ; Pararge mcera, var. adrasta, P. hiera, very worn, one
example under Col de Lurd6 ; P. egeria, common in the beech-
woods ; Cocnonympha pamphilus ; Erebia epiphron, var. cassiope,
and ab. nelamus, on rhododendrons, just emerging; E. stygne,
common generally above 4000 ft. ; E. evias, one or two rather
higher up than stygne ; E. lefehvrei ; E. tyndarus, var. cassi-
oides, just coming out ; E. lappona, var. sthennyo, all examples,
as in the central Pyrenees generally, referable to this variety ;
Melanargia galatea, below the town. Thirty-six species in all.

I may add that on the Col de Lurd6 I encountered also, for
the first time, the dark little Hepialus cdticola, Obth., which is
about the size of H. lupidina, but of a dusky black upon a
somewhat yellowish black ground-colour. At rest on a grass
bent, it bore a striking resemblance to Nisoniades tages, and it
was this, no doubt, which attracted my attention to the species.
It seemed fairly common at this spot, but it was not until I
was collecting under the Pic d'Astazou a week later at Gavarnie
that I found it abundant, and made acquaintance with the extra-
ordinary grub-like apterous female.

(To be continued.)

SOME BEES FEOM FOEMOSA.— I.

By T. D. a. Cockerell.

The bees discussed below are part of the great Sauter collec-
tion, now in the Berlin Museum. The collections of Mr. H. Sauter
have added to our knowledge of the fauna of Formosa in so many
different groups that his name is famiHar to all students of
Asiatic animals. The collection of bees is rich in new species,
represented by long series of excellently preserved specimens,
but includes neither newgenera nor very peculiar representatives
of known genera. The Formosan bee-fauna is closely related to

SOME BEES FROM FORMOSA. 341

that of tropical continental Asia, but contains in the mountains
a distinct palaearctic element. As Friese has remarked, there
is no particular affinity with the bee-fauna of Japan ; nor is
there any evident Philippine element.

Ceratina unicolor, Friese, 1911.

Described from the female only. Thirteen specimens from
Formosa (no special locality given) enable me to add some
details.

$ . Varies greatly in size ; length, 9 to 11 mm.

<? . Length, 6i-8J mm. ; resembles the female except in the
usual sexual marks ; face-markings pale yellow or ochreous, including
clypeus except broad upper and lateral borders, a small supra-
clypeal mark (often reduced to a minute dot), broad bean-shaped
lateral face- marks, the greater part of labrum, and usually a small
spot on each mandible ; anterior femur, tibia, and basitarsus each
with a yellow stripe ; apical segment of abdomen broad, little pro-
duced at end, where it is truncate and subemarginate.

AnthopJwra urens, n. sp.

^ . Length 12-15 mm., robust, black, with the head and thorax
above, and the pleura, covered with very bright fox-red hairs, mixed
with black except on pleura and upper part of cheeks ; front with
hair mixed red and black, lower part of face with coarse black hair,
under side of head with long pure white hair, under side of thorax
wath creamy- white hair ; eyes red-brown ; inner orbits parallel,
gently concave above ; tongue very long (fully 11 mm.) ; maxillary
palpi long and slender, with the second joint at least as long as the
third to sixth together, the following ones successively shorter, the
sixth extremely small ; paraglossae about 2 mm. long, sharply pointed,
not hairy ; labial palpi very long, with the two apical joints extremely
minute ; antennas black, the third joint apically, and the fourth
joint, slightly reddish beneath ; third joint a little longer than fourth
and fifth combined, fourth much broader than long ; scape with a
large yellowish-white patch in front ; clypeus rugose, feebly keeled in
middle ; labrum large, broader than long ; face-markings creamy-
white, as follows : lower margin of clypeus, a narrow median stripe,
and broad anterior corners, a transverse supraclypeal band (broadly
angulate in middle above), triangular lateral marks (filhng space be-
tween clypeus and eye, nearly to top of clypeus), labrum (except
narrow margin, and the usual basal spots), and basal half or more of
mandibles ; mandibles bidentate ; malar space practically absent ;
mesothorax closely punctured ; tegulse light ferruginous ; wings
dusky ; nervures piceous ; legs black, with fulvous hair on outer side
and black on inner, on hind tarsi all black except a small fulvous tuft
at extreme base ; a tuft of white hair at apex of hind tibiae ; spurs
very large and long ; middle tarsi normal ; abdomen black with fine
black pubescence, first segment with scattered red hair, conspicuous
at sides, and forming a very narrow apical band ; second with an
apical band of red hair, broad and dense at sides, narrow and evane-

342 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

scent in middle ; third with traces of a band at sides ; apex with two
widely separated short stout spines ; venter black, with black hair.

2 . Looks exactly like the male ; face-marks nearly the same,
but scape all black, and lateral marks reduced to a stripe or band
along margin of clypeus ; third antennal joint slightly longer than
the next three together ; mandibles long and thick, strongly bent ;
middle tarsi wath hair black, except some red on basitarsus ; hind
basitarsus very broad, strongly concave and shining on outer side.

Hab. Eight males and two females from Formosa (Sauter) ;
no special locality given. A very distinct species, which may
be compared with the following: A. florea, Sm., which differs
by the ferruginous femora, and the narrow white hair-bands on
abdomen; A. proserpina, Grib., which is more elongate, with
orange face-markings ; A. insularis, Sm., which differs at once
in the coloration of the abdomen ; A. brookicB, Bingh., which
has testaceous nervures, the clypeus with more yellow, and
lighter wings. The type of A. iirens is a male.

Coilioxys afra sauteri, n. subsp.

? . Length, 9 mm. ; hke C. afra, Lep., but mandibles black
(the apical tooth obscurely reddish) ; . legs and end of abdomen black ;
anterior border of mesothorax with a median trilobed patch of white
pubescence, instead of the stripe seen in C. afra, and there are no
patches on each side of it, as there are in afra ; axillar teeth with
the outer side straight (convex in afra).

Hah. Taihanroku, Formosa, "11.6.08." (Sauter). This
should possibly be regarded as a distinct species, but it is
extremely close to C. afra. I suppose that Friese had this form
before him when he recently recorded C. afra from Formosa.
In its entirely black apex of abdomen it resembles the larger
C. emarginata, Foerst.

Coelio.vys rhinosus, n. sp.
? . Length, 11 mm. ; black, including the mandibles and legs ;
pubescence of the usual kind, white ; at sides of face dense and very
pale ochreous ; on anterior part of mesothorax loose, not forming
spots or patches ; eyes strongly pubescent ; front rugose, obtusely
elevated in the middle ; vertex with very large confluent punctures ;
cheeks densely covered with white hair ; antennae black ; clypeus
roughened but shining, strongly elevated in the middle to a keel, the
side view nose-like, with a convex outline ; lower margin of clypeus
strongly nodulose ; mandibles broad, with a long oblique cutting
edge ; mesothorax and scutellum very strongly and densely punc-
tured, the latter without any smooth edge ; scutellum very obtusely
angulate, not dentate, in middle ; axillar teeth short but evident ;
tubercles strongly keeled ; tegulae dark rufo-piceous ; wings brown,
hyaline basally ; abdomen strongly punctured, with narrow dull
white hair-bands, enlarged at sides ; transverse grooves on second
and third segments weak ; last dorsal very long, strongly keeled,
neither notched at sides nor turned up at end ; last ventral long and

NEW SPECIES OF BOARMIIN^ FROM FORMOSA. 343

narrow, sharply pointed, extending nearly half a millimetre beyond
last dorsal, not at all notched at sides : under side of last ventral
striated.

Hah. Formosa (no special locality given). Easily known
by the peculiar clypeus. The apical structures of the abdomen
are entirely of the type of C. brevis, Ev., and C. rufocaudata,
Sm., except that the last dorsal is much more elongate. Com-
pared with C. siamensis, Ckll., the abdomen of G. rhinosus is much
more densely punctured, and the clypeus is entirely different.

A second paper will deal with the genus Nomia as repre-
sented in Formosa.

NEW SPECIES OF BOARMIIN^ FROM FORMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 316.)

Hirasa flavijncta, sp. n.

^ . Fore wings brownish black, with a purplish tinge ; ante-
medial line represented by three yellow dots, and the postmedial line
by six or seven yellow dots, the upper four more or less united ; both
lines followed by interrupted blackish bands ; a yellow lunule at end
of the cell, and a larger yellow spot on costal area before postmedial
line ; some yellow dots towards costa and dorsum represent the sub-
terminal line. Hind wings brownish black with purplish tinge ;
medial and postmedial lines indicated by more or less connected
yellow dots ; a yellow spot about middle of medial line. Fringes of
all the wings marked with yellow. Under side of fore wings similar
to above ; yellow markings of hind wings much enlarged ; a black
discal mark on all the wings, that on the hind wings the larger.

Expanse, 26-28 millim.

Collection number, 875.

Two male specimens from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 11th,
1906, and August 14th, 1908.

Prorhinia rantaizana, sp. n.
^ . Pale brown, inclining to whitish, powdered with darker
brown. Fore wings have a conspicuous black dot at end of the cell ;
the ante- and postmedial lines very indistinct, faintly dotted with
black ; dorsal end of medial line purplish brown ; subterminal line
whitish, wavy, some purplish brown clouds on its inner edge. Hind
wings have a purplish brown band before the black discal mark ;
postmedial line indistinct, dotted with black, commencing on the
costa near the subterminal line, terminating on dorsum just beyond
middle ; subterminal line whitish, wavy, inwardly edged with purplish
brown clouds. Under side whitish, finely powdered with brownish ;
discal spot and terminal area of fore wings purplish ; discal spot and
postmedial line of hind wings purpHsh.

344 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

5 . Eather more thickly powdered with brown ; the purphsh
brown markings less in evidence.

Expanse, 30 millim.

Collection number, 803.

One example of each sex from Eantaizan (7500 ft.). The
male captured April 16th, 1906, and the female April 24th, 1907.

Ectropis duplicata, sp. n.

3^ . Pale greyish brown, freckled with darker ; antemedial line of
fore wings dark brown, double, straight ; postmedial line dark brown,
double, indented at middle ; discal mark black, linear ; some dark
clouds on terminal area ; the transverse lines of hind wings similar
to those of fore wings, but the antemedial is not double ; all wings
have a black mark at end of the cell. Under side pale greyish
brown, markings as above, but transverse lines are not double.

Expanse, 28 millim.

Collection number, 816 a.

One male specimen, in rather poor condition, from Karapin
(3000 ft.), August 1st, 1908.

Near indistincta, Hampson.

Aids decrepitata, sp. n.

3' . Pale whitish grey powdered with brownish. Antemedial
line of fore wings represented by a black dot on the costa, a smaller
one on the median nervure, and a dusky mark on dorsum ; post-
medial line dusky, wavy, indented below costa, turned inwards under
the cell, thence slightly oblique to beyond middle of dorsum ; medial
line or shade indicated by a blackish spot on costa above the black
discoidal spot, and a blackish mark about middle of dorsum ; sub-
terminal line dusky, wavy, rather broad. Hind v/ings have a blackish
discoidal mark, and traces of a dusky antemedial line ; postmedial
and subterminal lines dusky, both wavy and parallel with termen,
the latter line rather broad; discoidal spot blackish. Under side
whitish grey, rather silky ; postmedial line and discoidal spot fairly
distinct.

Expanse, 58 millim.

Collection number, 195 a.

A slightly abraded male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.),
April 29th, 1908.

Allied to B. cineracea, Moore, from Sikkim.

Aids divisaria, sp. n.
(? . Fore wings whitish, suffused with pale pinkish brown on
basal and outer areas ; antemedial line black, curved, obtusely angled
above dorsum, thickened towards costa ; postmedial line black,
dentate, strongly angled and thickened opposite end of cell, thence
incurved to dorsum, above which it is slightly angled ; terminal line
black, wavy ; discoidal mark blackish, inconspicuous ; medial area,
limited by transvei'se lines, freckled with brownish. Hind wing

NEW SPECIES .OF BOARMIIN^ FROM FORMOSA. 345

whitish, freckled and clouded with brownish on basal half, suffused
with pinkish brown on outer half ; medial Hne black, undulated,
thickened towards dorsum ; terminal line black, wavy ; discoidal dot
black. Under side whitish, freckled and clouded with brownish ;
markings as above, but less distinct, especially on the fore wings.

Expanse, 47 mm.

Collection number, 1571.

One male specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), August 15th, 1908.

Aids rimosaria, sp. n.

S- . Fore wings pale ochreous brown, freckled with dark grey,
clouded with blackish on the outer area ; antemedial line blackish,
angled below costa, indistinct ; postmedial line black, dentate, nearly
straight ; medial line dusky, indented above and below the black
discoidal spot ; space between medial and postmedial hues white
flecked with brown ; a whitish cloud at apex and another below
middle of outer area ; fringes checkered with dark grey, preceded
by a series of black lunules. Hind wings whitish, flecked with
ochreous brown and dark grey ; discoidal spot and diffuse line below
it blackish ; postmedial line blackish, dentate, followed by a blackish
shade towards dorsum ; fringes whitish grey, preceded by a series
of black lunules. Under side similar to above, but paler ; postmedial
line of hind wings indicated by dots, except towards dorsum.

Expanse, 38 millim.

Collection number, 806 a.

A male specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 15th,
1906.

Aids amplaria, sp. n.

2 . Greyish brown, suffused and clouded with blackish ; ante-
medial line of fore wings black, curved, indented below costa ; post-
medial line black, dentate, inwardly oblique between veins 5-2, thence
sinuous to dorsum, where it is thickened ; discoidal mark black,
linear, followed by a blackish shade-like band terminating on dorsum
near the postmedial ; subterminal line whitish, inwardly edged with
black, indistinct towards costa. The black transverse markings on
the hind wings appear to be continuations of those on the fore
wings, bvit the postmedial is curved and more strongly dentate, and
the subterminal is rather broader and inwardly shaded with blackish.
Under side pale grey, rather silky ; a square white spot at apex of
fore wings ; all the wings have a black discoidal spot and broad
blackish postmedial line, the latter marked with black on the veins ;
hind wings have a whitish patch on termen towards costa.

Expanse, 58 milhm.

Collection number, 1542.

A female specimen from Kanshirei, April 30th, 1908.

Closely resembles A. gemmaria from Europe, but much
larger.

ENTOM. — NOVEMBER, 1911. 2 D

346 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

FOUR NEW PTEEOPHOEIDiE.
By T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.E.S., F.Z.S.

(Published with the Sanction of the Inspector-General of Agriculture in India.)
(Continued from p. 283.)

Oxi/ptilus umllacei, n. s.
$ ?. Exp. 15 mm. Palpi upturned, long, thin, acuminate, sickle-
shaped, projecting length of head heyond it, second joint much longer
than diameter of eye, third slightly shorter than second ; dark red-
dish-brown, whitish at joints and beneath. Antennte dark ferru-
ginous, spotted with white. Head dark ferruginous ; a few erect
scales on back of vertex. Thorax ferruginous-yellow, black anteriorly
and posteriorly. Abdomen long, stout, bright golden orange ; some
whitish-ochreous suffusion on sides at base, third segment with a
transverse apical black bar across dorsal area, sixth segment blackish
apically, seventh and succeeding segments blackish ; a pair of long,
narrow, parallel ochreous-brown anal hair-pencils. Legs bright
golden orange ; posterior tibia slightly dilated, with short blackish
spines at one-half and apex, and emitting pairs of long blackish
spurs, of which the inner are the longer ; posterior tarsi lined above
with black, except in middle of first tarsal joint. Fore wing rather
broad, cleft from beyond two-thirds (within three-quarters), both
segments slightly dilated posteriorly ; first segment subparallel-
sided, both angles well-marked, termen shghtly oblique ; second
segment as broad basally as first, slightly dilated posteriorly, tornus
well-marked, termen oblique, concave, anterior angle rather produced.
Colour black ; costa dotted with white on its middle third ; patches
of bright ferruginous-orange as follows : (i) a few small ill-defined basal
patches ; (ii) an elongate discal patch between about one-fourth and
one-half, enclosing a small black spot, not reaching costa, and only
reaching dorsum at base of patch ; (iii) an inwardly oblique bar from
costa at three-fourths, extending over basal half of first segment,
around base of cleft, and into basal half of second segment, becoming
obsolete towards dorsum ; first segment crossed at two-thirds of its
length by a narrow white inwardly obHque line parallel to termen,
and with a few white dots on hinder margin on basal half of seg-
ment ; second segment cut beyond one-half of its length by a
narrow white inwardly oblique line. Cilia on costa black, except
opposite outer orange patch and transverse line, where they are
ochreous-whitish, on termen of first segment whitish, black around
both angles, within cleft whitish on basal three-fifths, black on
terminal two-fifths of segments, on termen of second segment
whitish, black at base, very narrowly so in centre of termen, broadly
so around angles, on dorsum whitish, with small black scale-teeth at
beyond one-half, about two-thirds (rather wnthin a line drawm from
base of cleft), and five-sixths (exactly below transverse white line),
blackish, and gradually decreasing in length between last scale-tooth
and tornus. Hind wing cleft from about two-fifths and from near
base, segments linear, third segment about one-half length of first ;
bright golden orange, first two segments blackish beyond one-fourth.

FOUR NEW PTEROPHORID^. 347

Cilia yellowish-grey, blackish-fuscous on outer half of first two seg-
ments ; third segment with a small apical scale-tooth, composed of
black scales, short and of uniform length on fore margin, longer
basally on dorsum, and decreasing in length to tornus.

One specimen. Aru (Wallace), ex Stainton Collection.

In the general appearance of its fore wings this species
appears to be a Platyptilia, but the long sickle-shaped palpi,
ornamented abdomen, and linear-segmented hind wing, with a
scale-tooth on fore margin of third segment, seem to bring it
within the genus Oxijytilus as at present understood. There is
no doubt that, in the near future, this and other species will
have to be removed from the genus Oxijptilus, but until further
material for study is accumulated it seems to me that no good
purpose will be served in attempting to differentiate new genera.

0. wallacei will probably form the type of a new genus, which
(though I cannot examine the neuration) will be somewhere
intermediate between Oxyptilus and Sochchora.

Sochchora albipunctella, n. s,
^ . Exp. 15 mm. Labial palpi long, very slender, erect, smoothly
scaled ; second joint curved, ferruginous-brown ; third joint acumi-
nate, about two-thirds length of second, ferruginous-brown, paler at
base ; third joint equals diameter of eye. Antennge ciliated, blackish-
ferruginous, dotted with whitish above. Head bright ferruginous ;
top of crown with some erected scales. Thorax bright ferruginous,
ferruginous-golden on patagia and posteriorly. Abdomen large and
stout ; bright ferruginous-golden, dorsal region mixed with whitish
anteriorly, posteriorly ferruginous ; anal tuft dark ferruginous ; venter
whitish. Fore leg ferruginous-golden, tibia dilated with scales at
apex, last two tarsal joints blackish. Mid leg ferruginous-golden,
tibia with apical tuft emitting a pair of long spurs ; tarsal joints
whitish, last two blackish. Hind legs broken. Fore wing rather
broad, cleft from within three-fourths, segments broad, apex slightly
Saccate, termen on first segment concave, on second undulate ; bright
ferruginous-brown ; base indistinctly marked with yellowish, an ochre-
ous dorsal dot at one-fourth, an ochreous subcostal elongate spot at one-
fourth, followed by an ochreous subcostal longitudinal streak, a trans-
verse black streak opposite base of cleft at two-thirds, preceded and
followed by pale ochreous suffusion continued obliquely downwards
to dorsum, where it becomes whitish ; first segment with an in-
wardly-curved whitish-ochreous line near base from costa to near
hinder margin, area between this hne and discal black streak irregu-
larly suffused with pale ochreous, at two-thirds length of first seg-
ment a transverse incurved whitish-ochreous line ; second segment
cut at two-thirds by an inwardly-oblique whitish-ochreous hne in-
terrupted in centre. Cilia on costa blackish, with four short whitish-
ochreous streaks on first segment, at apex blackish ; on termen
whitish-grey, black at base ; within cleft whitish-grey ; on dorsum
whitish-grey, with slight blackish wisp at three-fifths, a narrow black
wisp at four-fifths, area beyond this tinged with ochreous. Hind

2 D 2

348 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

wing cleft from about three-fifths and one-fourth ; first segment
narrowly expanded posteriorly, sharply cut oft" terminally ; second
segment short, with distinct tornal angle, termen oblique, subcon-
cave ; third segment linear ; pale ferruginous, first two segments
blackish beyond two-thirds of wing, first segment conspicuously pure
white on outer third of segment, third segment irrorated with
blackish on outer third of its length. Cilia on costa blackish, on
termen white, within first cleft blackish, mixed with white near base
of cleft, on hinder margin of second segment greyish-white, on third
segment pale ferruginous ; on hinder margin of second segment
blackish tufts at two-thirds (length of hinder margin of segment) and
hinder angle ; on third segment a small blackish apical scale-tuft on
both margins, and a few blackish scales on dorsum beneath base of
second cleft.

Hah. Ega (Bates). Type in British Museum Collection.
Pusa, Bengal : June 17th, 1911.

ON SOME RECENT ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY THE
COLEOPTEEA IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR
PHYLOGENY.

By C. J. Gahan, M.A.

(Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
(Continued from p. 314.)

At no point, perhaps, does the classification of the Coleoptera
present greater difficulties than in the attempt to determine
the true relationships between the various families that enter
into the group Diversicornia. One of the difficulties arises no
doubt from the fact that some of these families have not
received their due share of attention, and that less is known
about them and their life-histories than there is about many
less interesting families belonging to more attractive groups.
Conclusions that may be drawn from a study of the external
morphology of the imagines alone are sometimes apt to be
upset, or at least not completely borne out by a study of the
corresponding larval forms. Certainly it is sometimes very sur-
prising to see what great differences there are between the larvas of
certain families which otherwise would be considered to be very
nearly related. And these differences are nowhere more marked
than in the case of some of the families placed in the group
Diversicornia. For this and for other reasons one is inclined to
suspect that it is not a monophyletic group, but must have
evolved from common ancestors in more than one direction, and
ought therefore to be capable of being split up into two or more
well-marked groups. But while admitting this, I confess to
finding serious difficulties in accepting the groups proposed

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 349

either by Lameere or by Kolbe, or even the two groups Can-
tharoidea and Dascilloidea, under which we find the Diversi-
cornia arranged in the last edition of the * Catalogus Coleopter-
orum Europas.'

Some of the groups, as, for example, Kolbe's Malacodermata,
are no doubt natural ones in the sense that the families included
are all more or less closely related to one another ; but they cannot
be regarded as family series in an equivalent sense to such
family series as the Adephaga, Staphylinoidea, Heteromera, or
Phytophaga.

Take Kolbe's group Trichodermata. In what relation does
this Btand to his group Malacodermata ? So close a relationship
do they show through the Malachiidse, both in the larval state
and as imagines, that it is hardly possible to doubt that they
are derived directly from them. And this being the case, they
ought surely, as Lameere maintains, to be included with them
in the same family series. From a series thus constituted
Lameere would exclude the Derodontidae, whether rightly or not
I am hardly prepared to say, though I certainly should not place
this family between the Corynetidae and Cleridse. The doubtful
origin and position of this family is one of the difficulties I find in
regard to L ameer e's own group Malacodermata. Two other fami-
lies— the Byturidse and Ostomidae —placed by Kolbe and Lameere
in the Clavicornia, offer resemblances of such a character to the
Melyridae and Cleridae as to give some reason to doubt whether
these resemblances are merely the result of convergence. And
it was probably for some such reason that the authors of the
European Catalogue place in the single series Cantharoidea most
of the families which Kolbe places in his groups Malacoder-
mata, Trichodermata, and Clavicornia. In this series also they
place the Sphindidae and Cioidae, two of the families included in
Kolbe's group Bostrichoidea. Lameere also places these two
families amongst the Clavicorns, and but for this and his in-
clusion in it of the Derodontidae, his group Teredilia would be
equivalent to the Bostrichoidea of Kolbe.

If the doubtful families could be put aside, the Teredilia or
Bostrichoidea left as a group consisting of the Lymexylonidae,
Lyctidae, Bostrichidae, Ptinidae, and Anobiidae, would be a fairly
natural one, having no very evident affinity with any of the
remaining families of Diversicornia. They are included amongst
the Dascillidae in the European Catalogue, altogether wrongly,
I think, for it seems impossible to derive them from any but the
most primitive of Diversicornia. It is almost certain that they
cannot have been derived from any other of the families included
in the Dascillidae. Of the groups into which it has been pro-
posed to split up the Diversicornia, there is none which has, in
my opinion, a better claim to stand than this one of the Teredilia
or Bostrichoidea.

350

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Another group — the Sternoxia of Kolbe — would seem almost
to have an equal claim to stand, but there seems to me to be
much weight in Lameere's argument that theBuprestidae cannot
be derived from any of the other families which Kolbe includes
in the group. Structurally they are very different, and there is
also a vast difference between the larvae of the Buprestidae and
Elateridae — a wide gap which no intermediate forms fill up.
Lameere believes it to be a diphyletic group, the Elateridae and
Buprestidte being derived from different Dascillid ancestors.
In consequence he places the Sternoxia and Dascillidse * all in
one family series, for which he retains the name Sternoxia.
Kolbe, too, admits that the Sternoxia are derived from Dascil-
lidae, but from the non-development of coxal plates on the
hind legs of the Cerophytidse he argues that the Sternoxia could
only be derived from some Dascillid ancestor in which these
plates were absent — a condition met with in no existing family
of the group. There would be little to distinguish that Dascillid
ancestor from a Malacoderm.

For other reasons I have myself been led to the opinion that
the ElateridsB and Cebrionidee are more nearly related to the
Malacoderms than they are to the Buprestidae, or even to the
Dascillidse, from which they are supposed to be derived. To
me it would seem quite as reasonable to believe that the Dascil-
lidae, or some at least of the families included in the group,
have themselves been derived from primitive Elateroid ancestors.
The larvffi of the Elateridse are in many ways so very like those
of the Malacoderms that it is difficult to say in what essential
respect they differ. The wing-venation of the more primitive
genera of Elateridae is scarcely distinguishable from that of the
Lampyrida3 and other Malacoderms, and certainly resembles it
more than it does that of any Dascillid genus which I have yet
examined. The Elateridse have, like the Malacoderms, only four
Malpighian vessels, whereas it appears that the Dascillidae, as
a rule, have six, though to this rule there are exceptions, which
will no doubt increase when the group has been more thoroughly
investigated. In the Dascillidae, without exception so far as I
know, the scutellum and base of the elytra are more or less
raised and sharply margined in front so as to fit closely and
perfectly against the base of the prothorax. This co-adaptation
of the parts is wanting, or at least not nearly so perfect, in the
Cebrionidae, the condition in this family being more like that ol
the Malacoderms. The coxal plates for covering the hind
femora are, as Kolbe points out, wanting in the Cerophytidae,
and are so feebly developed in some Elateridae that there is little
in that respect to distinguish them from the Malacoderms. The
genus Phenace of Pascoe, placed by him in the Melyridae, offers

='■ lu the Dascillidae, Lameere includes the Artematopidse, Dascillidse,
Lichadidae, Rhipiceridae, Chelonaiiidae, Eiicinetidae, and Cyphonidse.

APHIDIDJE FOUND IN KENT.

351

characters of such a kind that it is difficult to decide whether it
is a Malacoderm or an Elaterid. The head has in front a rather
sharp, slightly raised, projecting margin, beneath which what
appears to be a narrow transverse epistome can just beseen;
the prosternum sends back a short narrow process which is
received in a small cavity or depression of the mesosternum.
Both of these characters suggest an affinity with the Elateridse,
and there is nothing to conflict with this view either in the
structure of the legs, including their long, simple, five-jointed
tarsi, or in the shape and sculpture of the elytra, all of which
have much resemblance to those of Cero2)lastus* But the pro-
thorax, instead of having the posteriorly diverging sides and
conspicuous hind angles so characteristic of the Elateridse, has
the sides slightly rounded in the middle, narrowed as much
towards the base as to the apex, and with only a feeble trace of
a sharp lateral margin. Again, there is no such co-adaptation
between the base of the prothorax and the base of the elytra
and scutellum as is generally met with in the Elateridas. But
this, as I have already stated, is very imperfect in the Cebri-
onidae, and it is almost equally so in Ceroplastiis. On the
whole, it is most probable that Phenace, Base, is a Malacoderm,
though not rightly placed in the Melyridse. But if a Malaco-
derm, it seems to me to be one that with very little change
might be converted into an Elaterid of a not very primitive
type. By saying that I do not wish to suggest that it is a proto-
type of the Elateridae. It is only to support my view that the
relationship between the Elateridae and Malacodermata is very
much closer than has hitherto been suspected.

A SECOND LIST OF THE APHIDID^ FOUND IN KENT.

By Fred V. Theobald, M.A., F.E.S., &c.

The following eighty-three species of Aphididse from Kent
have been definitely identified. Most of them have been taken
this year. Many are new to Britain. Some dozen or so more
I have been unable to fix with any degree of certainty, and at

- Ceroplastiis, Heyden, 1891, for some time wrongly named Plasto-
cerus, is one of a group of genera, taken some from the Elateridse and some
from the Eucnemidit, to form a family, named by Keitter Phylloceridae, and
by Schwartz Plastoceridte. From this proposed family, as it was charac-
terised and constituted by Schwartz, there are certain genera which oughtto
be excluded, and, as one of these is the genus Plastocerus itself, the family
name can hardly stand. Eeitter gives as the chief distinguishing character
of the family that there is a membranous hind border to each of the first four
visible segments of the abdomen, whereas in true Elateridae and Eucnemidae
only one segment, the fourth, is so provided. But the possession of this one
feature in common does not seem to be a sufficient justification for bringing
together forms which otherwise are so different as Phyllocerus and Cero-
2)lastus,

352 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

least ten marked species are new. The latter will be described
later. They have nearly all been taken within a three-mile radius
of Wye. This makes one hundred and sixty-four species known
to the Kent fauna. A few localities outside Kent are also given.
The old descriptions in several cases are quite inadequate ; for
instance, the descriptions of Macrosiplmm {Siphonophora) jnsi of
Kaltenbach, Koch, Buckton, and others, applies equally well to
the green aphis on stitchwort {Stellaria), on meadow-sweet
(Spiraa), &c., but a microscopic examination shows them to be
distinct species. Species, especially in the genus Macrosiplium,
can only be identified from balsam preparations. The structure
of the antennae and the sculpturing of the cornicles, and to some
extent the female genital process, are the characters of most
specific value. The number and disposition of the " sensoria "
on the antenna in the alate forms is very marked in the different
species, as well as the form of the segments.

In many cases I find it most difficult to place species in the
described genera, and several recorded here I have left in the
old genus Aphis pro tem. The present year has been one of
the most prolific we have seen for plant-lice for a long time, but
the prolonged drought destroyed so much of the vegetation they
were found on that in many cases no alate forms occurred.

Genus Maceosiphum, Passerini (Siphonophora, Koch).

Macrosiplmm {Siplwnopliora) gei, Koch.— Abundant in all stages
on Ge2tm urbanum, clustering on the flower-stalks, colonies often six
inches long. The alate forms readily fall if shaken. Wye, Faversham,
and Heme Bay, from the first week in May until August ; constant
winged broods appearing. Passerini places this as a synonym oipisi,
Kaltenbach ; it is quite distinct. I also found it in May at Ventnor,
Isle of Wight, and in Ecclesbourne Glen, Hastings. No trace after
August 10th. Schouteden considers this the same as ulmarice, Sch.

M. (S.) stellarm, Schrank. — Abundant on the lesser stitchwort
{Stellaria graminca) in May. Like the former, readily falls if shaken.
Mostly large apterous females. Wye, May 27th, 1911, fairly common
in one locality ; also found abundantly on May 7th, in Ecclesbourne
Glen. Kaltenbach mentions Aphis pisi on this plant, evidently
mistaking it for his species described from peas, &c.

M. (S.) ulmarice, Schrank. — On meadow-sweet [Spiraa ulmaria),
in dense colonies on the young shoots, and later under the flower-
heads. The adults readily fall if shaken. Alate and apterous forms
in June and July. Very common. Wye, 1911.

ill. (S.) jacccB Linn. — On thistles. Wye Down, June 30th, July
11th, and October 10th, 1911, apterous females and larvcie in a dense
mass beneath blossoms and down the stalks ; on Centaurea nigra,
July 11th, August 19th, and October 15th, 1911, winged and wingless
females, and a few on Centaurea cyanus.

M. scahiosce, Buckton. — On flower-stalks of wild and cultivated
scabious. Common around Wye, June 15th and July 11th, 1911;
also on Capsella bursa-pastoris seedheads, June 12th, 1911.

APHIDID^ FOUND IN KENT. 353

M. (S.) arteviisicz, Boyer. — On Tanacetum vulgarc at Crundale,
June 27th, 1911, and on the same from Hereford, July 24th, 1911 ; a
few apterous females. Kaltenhach's tanacetaria is evidently the same.

M. (S.) ahsinthii, Linn. — On wormwood; Wye, July 20th, 1911,
a few apterous females on a single plant growing on the Agricultural
College Farm ; Hereford, a number sent me by Dr. Durham, July
24th, 1911.

M. (S.) alliaria, Koch. — A few large apterous females on thistles
near the river Stour, Wye, June 7th, 1911 ; also on sow-thistles
(Sonchus) and small hawkweed {Hieracium sp. ?), a few wingless
females and larvae on each flower-head, some pink ; also on Crespis,
August 7th, all larvae and apterous females.

M. (S.) centa2ire(B, Koch. — On wild knapweed {Centaurea nigra) on
Wye Downs, in lines of ten to fifty up the flower-stalks, June 20th
and July 17th, 1911.

M. [S.) tussilaginis, Koch. — On the under side of young leaves of
coltsfoot {Tussilago farfara) at Heme Bay, July 15th, 1911, two
apterous females, in company with two other aphides apparently
undescribed.

M. (S.) cichonii, Koch. — Below flowers and buds of Cichorium
intyhus, Wye, July, 1911, winged viviparous females, scarce.

M. (S.) hieracii, Kaltenbach. — On a garden hawkweed, Wye
Court, June 12th, 1911, in great abundance; no winged forms
appeared, a few on the flower-stalks of Hieracium umhellatum on
Wye Downs, June 20th, 1911. Has continued through until October
loth without any winged forms appearing.

M. (S.) campanula, Kaltenbach.- — On Campanula rotunclifolia in
small numbers on the Warren, near Ashford, taken by Mr. Jemmett
in July, on the flower-stalks.

M. [S.) ribicola, Kaltenbach. — On gooseberries, distorting the
tender shoots in May around Wye. Caused considerable harm and
must not be confused with several other gooseberry species.

31. (S.) olivata, Buckton. — On Carduus lanceolatus, apterous
females only. Wye, July 2nd, 1911 ; and also from Haddenham,
Cambridgeshire, June 19th, 1911.

ill. (S.) lathyri, Walker ? — On Lotus corniculatus and Lathyriis sp.,
Wye, August 3rd, 1911. Closely resembles ill. pisi, Kaltenbach, but
quite distinct, wingless females only in small numbers.

M. (S.) convolvidi, Kaltenbach. — On the large wild bindweed
{Convolvulus major). A single apterous female at Wye, under a leaf,
June 20th, 1911.

Genus Megouea, Buckton.

Megoura [SiplionopJiora) vicice, Kaltenbach. — Wye, on broad beans
in my garden with Aphis rumicis and M. pisi, June 7th, 1911. On
Vicia and Lathyrus, July 4th and 10th, 1911, all wingless females ;
September 19th, 1911, on L. sylvestris, dense masses of large
wingless females on the green seed pods, near Wye station. There
is no doubt that Buckton's M. vicia is the same as Kaltenhach's. It
also answers to the same insect figured by Koch, except that in the
figure the legs are all black and the wingless female has two black
spots at the base of the cornicles. Buckton, however, says his Megoura
vicia is certainly neither Kaltenhach's nor Koch's species. This genus

354 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

seems so close to Buckton' s Amj^horoj^hora that it should probably be
sunk as a synonym of it.

Genus Phorodon, Passerini.

Phorodon galeopsidis, Kaltenbach. — A few wingless females on
Polygonum aviculare ; Wye, June and July, 1911, and a winged female
on October 14th.

Genus Ehopalosiphum, Koch.

BJiopalosiphum calthce, Koch. — This marked species I found in
abundance in June and July on the king-cup [Caltha iMlustris). On
June 7th I first noticed a few large apterous females on the under
sides of the largest leaves in a wood near the Stour at Wye. On
visiting them in the following week, each female was surrounded by
brownish young, as many as forty around each mother, of various
sizes. These patches were always round and the insects remained
close together and could not easily be removed, as they held tenaciously
to the tissue. Winged females occurred on July 20th, and went on
appearing until the plants under observation died. The very marked
cornicles might be a sufficient character to separate this insect from
the genus in which Koch placed it. In alcohol they gave a deep
brown solution.

Pvlwpalosiphum berberidis, Kaltenbach.- — I found this species
in profusion in June on a Berberis in my garden. They had all
disappeared by August 20th. Winged and wingless females were
always found together.

B. xylostei, Schrank.f — Found between Wye and Boughton on
wild honeysuckle, June 6th, 1911. Evidently this species, but the
cornicles are green.

Genus Sipha, Passerini.

Sijjlia (jlycerice, Kaltenbach. — Two colonies of apterous females on
Poa aquatica leaves along old river. Wye, July 20th, 1911, with another
unidentified species.

Genus Aphis, Linnaeus.

Aphis myosotidis, Koch. — On wild forget-me-nots, Wye, June 7th,
1911. A few winged females and larvae fixed close in young apical
growth, often hidden between young leaves and blossom buds.

A. lychnidis, Linn. — On red robin {Lychnis diurna) at Wye,
Crundale, Heme Bay, and Faversham, in June (7th to 30th). Wing-
less females and larvse on top of shoots and around flowers ; no
trace left on August 1st ; a few in July, also at Ventnor and Hastings
in May. Schouteden places this in the genus Myzus.

A. lantancB, Koch.:!: — Wye, June; curling leaves on apices of
shoots of Viburnum lantana, dense masses of wingless females and
larvas. Another species found with it, but not yet identified.

A. umbellatarum, Koch. — At Wye, Kennington, and Crundale,

■'• Walker placed this in the genus Liosomaphis, Wlk., but if the genus
RJiopalosiphum is to stand, I see no reason to change its name. .

t Kirkaldy, 1904, places xylostei, Schrank, under the geuus Hyadaphis,
which Schouteden has adopted.

\ Mordwilko (1908) places this in his genus Cliaitophoroides. It appears
to me to be a typical Axjhis.

APHIDID^ FOUND IN KENT. 355

June 3rd to 10th, and July 12th. Winged females and larvae on
various umbelliferae. On (Enanthe crocata, June 6th, 1911, winged
and wingless females ; on Reracleum s^yondyliuvi, July 11th, 1911.
Schouteden places this as a synonym of A. ijastinacea, Linn. The
two species seem to me very distinct.

A. evonymi, Fabricius. — Wye and Broughton, on spindle {Euony-
mus europaus). Small colonies of alate forms under the leaves, pro-
ducing leaf-curling, June 6th and 9th, 1911. Schouteden places this as
a synonym of A. rumicis, Linn. It appears to me to be quite distinct.

A. abietana, Wlk. — On spruce at Wye in May and June, both
on the shoots and needles. Winged females occurred in June.
Common in my garden with an unidentified Laclinus. Also from
Worksop, May 18th, 1911.

A mahaleb, Koch. — Wye, on plums of all kinds, a few wingless
females from April to May 20th, on young shoots and beneath leaves,
not common ; also sent me from Worcestershire ; quite a distinct
species, and in no way connected with Plwrodon Jiumuli.

A. epliilohii, Koch. — On the small willow herb {Ephilohium parvi-
florum), a few scattered wingless females in June at Wye, 1911. Winged
and wingless females on Epilobium hirsutum on October 12th, 1911.

A. rJiei, Koch? — I place this here provisionally, as I have not
made a critical examination of the insects. Occurred at Wye in
dense masses, bleaching the flower heads of rhubarb all through June.
It bears a strong resemblance to A. papaveris.

A.capsellcR, Kaltenbach (non Koch). — On seed heads of shepherd's
purse. Wye, June 13th, 1911. All wingless females, not common.
Winged females occurred on the seed-heads in October in some
numbers, and produced living young. Koch's species I have not
found ; it is distinct from Kaltenbach's.

A. lythri, Schrank. — On purple loosestrife {Ly thrum salicariwn)
amongst the flower heads, Wye, July 5th to 20th, 1911. Apparently
uncommon, all wingless females.

A. chenopodii, Schrank. — On mangolds. Heme Bay, July 12th,
1911, under the curled leaves with A. papaveris, Fab., A. atriplicis,
Linn, and a new species. Schouteden places this species as a synonym
of atriplicis, Linn. It is distinct, and produces a very different
appearance of the leaves.

A. genista, Kaltenbach. ''■ — The Warren, Ashford, densely coating
the seed pods and flower stalks of the broom {Cytisus scoparius).
Possibly the same as A. laburni.

A. laburni, Kaltenbach. — On seed pods of laburnum. Wye, June
27th, 1911; Canterbury, June 19th, 1911; Maidstone, Faversham,
July 16th, 1911. Also sent me from Hereford by Mr. Durham.

A. picridis, Fabricius? — Fairly abundant in apterous form for
two weeks on a garden hawkweed {Hieracium, sp.), and a few on
wild chicory {Gliiconium intybus), Wye, July 4th, 1911. Schouteden
places Fabricius's species in Macrosiphum, so my specimens must
iDelong to some other species. Although the siphons are long, they are
not like a true MacrosipJmm, and I fancy my identification is correct.

- Del Guercio, 1907, places this in his genus UrapJiis. It seems to
present no marked differences from others of the genus Apliis

356 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

A. salicti, Kaltenbach.— On osiers, Wye, June 3rd, 1911. Wing-
less females and a few winged, partly on young wood, some on the
leaves. Its generic position is not certain.
(To be continued.)

INSECTS TAKEN BY DR. T. A. CHAPMAN IN
SWITZERLAND, 1911.

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
Orthoptera.

'''Anechiira bipunctata (a common earwig in the Alps) ; one female,
Pontresina.t July.
Plecoptera. (Pontresina, July.)

■■'Dictijopterijx alpina, male and female.
■■Ghloroperla rivulorum, male.
■''Isopteryx montana, female.
■•'TcBniopteryx neglecta, female.

■■'•Nemoura obtusa, male and female. (It has been taken by Stand-
fuss and Morton at Silvaplana, and by Eis at the Albula.)
Ephemeroptera. (Pontresina, July.)
Baeiis sp., a female imago.
■•'■Ecdyurus helveticus, a male imago.
Odonata (= Paraneuroptera).

''■'Somatoclilora alpestris, one male, Pontresina, July.
^schna juncea, one male, Lintthal.t end of June.
Acjrion hastulatum, two males, end of July, of which Dr. Chap-
man says : They " were common at Statzer See (GOOO ft.) by
St. Moritz. I could easily have taken a dozen or two. It
was the only dragonfly at all common, or easy of capture."
Neuroptera.

■■'Panorpa alpina, one female, Lintthal, end of June.
■'•p. vulgaris, one male, Pontresina, July.
Sialis lutaria, three, Pontresina, July.
Trichoptera. (Pontresina, July.)
Phryganea obsoleta, four males.
Limnophilus rhombicus, one female.
L. flavicornis, one male (the fine alpine form, also taken by

Standfuss at Silvaplana).
■•'DrusiLS chrysotus, male and female.
'■■'D. discolor, female.
Stenophylax alpestris, male.
■''Lithax niger, three males.
Mystacides azurea, male and female.
Those insects whose names are preceded by an asterisk (") do not
belong to the British fauna.

f Pontresina means also St. Moritz and district around— 6000-8000 ft.
Lintthal means that valley and upwards — 4000 ft.

Kingston-on-Thames : October, 1911.

357

LEPIDOPTEEA OF THE SWEDISH PKOVINCES OF
JEMTLAND AND LAPLAND.

By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S.

Scandinavia has hitherto received but little attention from
our British lepidopterists ; there are good reasons for this, for,
although according to Lampa's list Sweden and Norway together
hold one hundred and eight species of Pthopalocera — including a
round dozen which are not found elsewhere in Europe, except°in
Eussia, and about half as many more than can perhaps be found
with certainty and easier there than elsewhere — the experience
of past explorers has not been altogether successful, and I am
not sanguine that anything I can say on the subject is likely to
send my brethren of the net swarming thitherward.

The distances to be traversed (my journeyings involved
travelling about five thousand miles) ; the comparative inacces-
sibility of some of the reputed best localities ; the uncertainty of
the weather, which not infrequently compels one to be a week or
more without the sight of a wing; and the little knowledge that
exists of the exact time at which a species is to be found in a
locality, with the variation of dates of emergence in different
places and seasons, are amongst the difficulties one has to
contend with.

I had, in view of these and other obstacles, been making
enquiries, as exhaustive as possible, during the past winter, with
a view to an itinerary that offered the best chances of success
with the butterflies of the region ; and I would like here to take
the opportunity of returning my best thanks for the very valuable
information given fully and freely by all to whom I applied ; my
thanks are especially due to my friends Messrs. H. Eowland-
Brown and A. H. Jones, to Herr Max Bartel of Berlin, and to
Pastor Pfitzner of Sprottau (both of whom have recently visited
Lapland), and to Herr Spane Schneider of Tromso, to whose
assistance is largely due any success that I achieved.

The only articles on Scandinavian Lepidoptera I can find in
the English magazines are the following : —

(1) " Notes on some Lepidoptera Captured in Norway," by
E. C. E. Jordan, M.D., Ent. Mo. Mag. xxv. p. 139.

(2) " Notes on the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera (Ehopalocera)
of Norway," by G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., Ent. Mo. Mag. xxvi. p. 72.

(3) "Butterflies in South and North Norway," by T. A.
Chapman, M.D., F.E.S,, Ent. Mo. Mag. xxxv. p. 20.

(4) "Lepidoptera in the Neighbourhood of Eoldal, Norway,"
by the Eev. F. A. Walker, D.D., F.E.S., 'Entomologist,' xxv.
p. 36.

(5) "Among the Butterflies and Flowers of Norway," by
E. S. Standen, F.L.S., F.E.S., ' Entomologist,' xxxi. p. 193.

358 THE BNTOMOIiOGUST.

(6) " Some Notes on Scandinavian and Lapland Butterflies,"
by H. Eowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S., 'Entomologist,' xxxix.
p. 220.

(7) " Notes on a Small Collection of Lepidoptera made by
Dr. T. A. Chapman in Lapland," by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., Ent.
Record, viii. p. 289, and observations thereon, by W. E. Nichol-
son, F.E.S. {ihicL), p. 294.

It will be noted that all these articles, except Mr. Eowland-
Brown's, deal with Norway only, and possibly this was one of
the reasons that decided me to confine my attention entirely to
Swedish territory ; there were others, however, that had their
influence, among them being the difficulty experienced in Nor-
way, that in consequence of the proximity of the Gulf Stream
butterflies emerge in the Arctic Regions at practically the same
dates that they do in the South ; one cannot therefore with
advantage collect in both these areas in one season.

In Sweden the arctic portions are much colder, and thus in
this country one can occupy the first half of June with the
south and then proceed by train, a two days' journey, to the
north, to find the season of emergence just commencing there.
Then, again, the rainfall of Sweden is much less than that of
Norway, and this seemed to promise a greater chance of sun-
shine, and consequent better opportunities of observing and
collecting, and probably greater abundance of specimens than
were likely to be found in the sister country.

It is the usual experience in discussing Scandinavia with
those of our acquaintance who have visited it, and who have any
knowledge of Lepidoptera, to be told that the only butterflies
they have seen there were the species common in all countries,
such as red admirals, tortoiseshells, orange-tips, &c. ; this is no
doubt a fact, and it is accountable on the supposition that the
relators did not search in the proper places. Nowhere in
Europe, I suppose, are the special butterflies of a country more
local than in Sweden, and presumably in Norway also.

Until the dawn of civilization a few hundred years ago, the
whole country up to the tree limit, was covered entirely by forests
of birch, spruce, and pine, and swamps ; a great portion —
probably three-fourths of the area or even more — is still in
practically primeval condition.

These forests are usually so thick as to preclude the growth
of the plants butterfly larvae feed upon, and thus you may
wander in them for hours without seeing a butterfly, or for a
week without being able to net one you would care to take home.

In the swamps, which are in area but a small percentage of
the entire country, the case is different ; it does not seem to
matter much whether a swamp is hidden away in the depths of
some great forest, where a hollow has held the moisture for
ages, or if it is in the slope of a mountain, where a stream-

LEPIDOPTERA OF JEMTLAND AND LAPLAND. 359

let, born at the tail of a perennial snowdrift, in its progress
towards the bottom has lost itself and thereby caused some
boggy place. Here are to be found, often in abundance, the
plants that are necessary to the existence of the Lepidoptera,
and here, with few exceptions, we may expect to see the special
butterflies that are the object of our search. They are not
usually very abundant, for, with the exception of a few species,
we may collect hard all day and get perhaps a dozen examples
of what we want ; but these will repay, by their beauty, their
rarity, and their interest, the trouble taken in procuring them.

I left England on the evening of May 31st last, and travelling
overland, via Sassnitz and Trelleborg, reached Stockholm on
that of June 2nd. Here, amongst other events, I visited the
Natural History Museum, and called upon the veteran Scandi-
navian lepidopterist. Professor Aurivillius, who received me most
kindly, and courteously showed me the national collection of
Swedish Lepidoptera.

Leaving Stockholm on the evening of June 3rd, I arrived at
Mattmar, at the north-west corner of Lade Storsjo, in Jemtland,
about noon the next day. The attraction for me at Mattmar
was the very fine bog which exists there, and which is now un-
fortunately, from the lepidopterist's point of view, being drained.
This swamp is covered with a growth of crowberry, cotton-grass,
bog-bean, cloud-berry, lichens, moss, and dwarf birch and
sallow, amongst which various charming flowers, including
Andromeda polifolia, is abundant. Here and there in the
drier parts straggling larches and pines maintain a precarious
existence, the rising ground around the swamp being thickly
covered with spruce and pine, with groves of birches in places.

I found at Mattmar a small hotel or inn, very clean and
inexpensive, and the good people most obliging and anxious to
do their best. After partaking of lunch and unpacking, I made
for the swamp under the guidance of a friendly native, who spoke
a little English, and who had, with the kindliness and courtesy
which I found everywhere in Sweden, offered to pilot me round.
The day was sunny, and although it was late in the afternoon,
I soon obtained examples of Brenthisfreija, B. frigga, B. aphirape
var. ossianus, Chrysophanus amphidamas var. obscura, which was
abundant, and Brenthis euphrosyne.

The next day I annexed, in addition to further examples of
the foregoing, specimens of Erehia embla and Q^neis jutta, one
only of each, unfortunately.

June 6th was unfavourable, and collecting was not possible ;
the next day, however, there were bursts of sunshine, and I
obtained a fair number of specimens, including an example of
Hesperia centaurice ; but was my last success at Mattmar, for the
weather broke up entirely on June 8th, with,, snowstorms and
arctic temperature. On June 9th I left for Are, where there is

360 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

a large hotel, to await developments ; unfortunately, here the
weather got still worse, and for several day the sun was not visible,
and there were blinding snowstorms each day at intervals. But
on the 13th the sun did break out for a few moments, and happen-
ing just then to be down by the side of the lake, I found Erehia
lappona beginning to appear in abundance, but by the time
I had procured my net the sun had retired, and so had the
butterflies, and I only succeeded, under these conditions, in kick-
ing up three specimens. On June 14th the weather was worse
than ever, and I began to wonder what it was like further north.
Accordingly I rang up on the telephone the ' Turist Station '
Hotel at Abisko, in Lapland, seven hundred and fifty miles
distant, and ascertained that the weather was fine there, and
that the season was considered an early one. This being the
case, I decided I would give up further hopes of Jemtland.

It was very disappointing not to see certain of the butterflies
of this province, which I believe has a rich lepidopterous fauna,
and which information I received had led me to expect, but my
experience confirmed the essential lesson one must learn with
respect to the butterflies of Scandinavia, that it is of not the
slightest use going to a district for a few days or a week. If one
wants success, it is necessary to be on the ground immediately the
species we require emerge, and to remain there until our object
is achieved ; which will usually mean a sojourn of several
weeks.

On the afternoon of June 14th, I left Are, bound for Abisko.
The Lapland express had not then commenced to run, but by
spending a night at each of the excellent railway hotels of Braeke
and Boden, travelling by the ordinary train, I reached Abisko
quite comfortably on the evening of June 16th.

Abisko has gone ahead since the days when Mr. Eowland-
Brown visited it in 1906, not in all respects to the advantage of
the naturalist. The hotel has been enlarged to an extent that,
with its "dependences," it will accommodate near on two
hundred guests ; and it is usually crowded after July 1st. A
station has been built just outside the hotel and named Abisko-
jokk, to which one should take one's railway ticket in preference
to the station of Abisko, two kilometres further east. The
Torne Triiske is now served by a motor-launch, from which I
hoped great things, for I was informed that by it I could easily
reach the rich localities which undoubtedly exist on the north
side of the lake. But I found that this launch was taken up,
practically every day, in making excursions to the Lapp camp
at the head of the lake, and as it only stayed there an hour or
so, and there being no good ground near by, these trips were of
not the slightest assistance to me. On one occasion, on July
7th, an excursion was made in the launch to the east end of the
lake, and Herr and Fraulein Sprongerts, two German ento-

LEPIDOPTERA OF JEMTLAND AND LAPLAND. 361

mologisfcs staying at Abisko, and myself made arrangements
with the captain to land us at Ortojokk — a place north-east of
Abisko, where I had been informed good ground was to be
found — on his journey out, and to call for us on his return. We
managed to put in a few hours there, but we did not see the
particular object of our search, Colias hecla, and except that
G^neis noma was flying commonly during the few minutes sun
that was vouchsafed to us, the expedition was unfruitful.

There is one place on the north side of the Torne Traske, called
Jebrenjokk, just opposite to Abiskojokk, where there is a tourist
hut, and here, in July, I had hoped to spend several days ; but,
unfortunately, the weather, when I wished to go, was impossible.
I should say that this hut is not favourably situated for obtaining
Lepidoptera, for practically all the likely-looking ground to be
seen from the lake is separated from it by a jokk, as a brook is
called in Lapland. Incidentally, these jokks are usually unford-
able torrents, almost entirely waterfall or rapid, and there are
other jokks near by which would greatly restrict one's possible
collecting-ground ; I fancy, however, by working north amongst
the mountains from the hut, given fine settled weather, some
good collecting might be done.

Certain enterprising individuals of the professional class are
credited with having taken away plants and insects from Abisko
in the past few years for the purpose of converting into money.
I heard of a dealer having rooted up in one season fifteen
thousand plants, and of another who slaughtered twenty-five
thousand insects. I cannot say that it would be impossible
to convey away that number of plants, though I doubt if it
was ever done ; but with respect to the insects, in five weeks,
working as hard as I could, I managed to amass a total of
about two hundred and fifty butterflies, and I have not the
slightest doubt but that it would be impossible for a col-
lector to get together in a single season a tenth part of the
twenty-five thousand if he collected all orders, unless, indeed,
mosquitoes were included. One must therefore come to the
conclusion that these reports are grossly exaggerated. The
effect of them, however, has been for the Swedish Government
to step in, and by statute make the district ro.und the ' Turist
Hotel' at Abisko "a national park," within the confines of
which "Nature must not be interfered with." This track of
country has a frontage along the shores of the lake of about
six kilometres, and a respectable hinterland of, approximately,
seventeen kilometres, and although the boundaries have not
yet been fixed, there are maps of " the park " in every public
room in the hotel, and a notice in each bedroom that any person
infringing the law is liable to a fine of from five to one thousand
kronas (eighteen kronas equal one sovereign) ; furthermore, any-
one can prosecute, and as the prosecutor secures two-thirds of

ENTOM. NOVEMBER, 1911. 2 E

362 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the fine mulcted from the unlucky offender, it will be understood
that visitors are not likely to sin against the statute, or inci-
dentally naturalists to visit Abisko, in the future.

(To be continued.)

NOTES AND OBSEEVATIONS.

Heterusia taiwana, nom. NOV. Heterusia forviosana, Wileman,
Entom. xliii. p. 179, June 1st, 1910. — As the na.me for inos ana is pre-
occupied in genus Heterusia by Heterusia adea formosana, Jordan,
subspecies of adea, Linn. (See Seitz's ' Macrolepidoptera of the
World,' vol. ii. Fauna Indo-Austral. 4th part = Exotica, part ix.
p. 34, April 18th, 1908), I have renamed this Formosan species
(which is allied to Heterusia tricolor, Hope) Heterusia taiivana. —
A. E. Wileman.

EuBiPUS FULGURALis, Matsuuiura. — The type of this Formosan
species, which is in the Taihoku Museum, North Formosa {nee
Taiho ku) was described for the first time by me in the ' Entomolo-
gist,' xhv. p. 263, August, 1911. By error the description was
headed, "Eurijms fulguralis, Matsumura." This heading should
read, " Eurijms fulgttralis, sp. nov. — A. E. Wileman.

Ovipositing of Sesia apiformis. — In confinement this species
lays its eggs freely and loosely in a chip box, and I have often
wondered how it disposes of them in a state of nature, as I have
searched in vain for them on and about growing trees in which they
bred. One morning early, in last July, my attention was called to a
female at rest at the base of a large balsam poplar in my garden, and
on watching it, I found it was engaged in laying, dropping its eggs
loosely on the ground. It continued to do this for a long time and
laid many eggs ; and when it took to flight it examined other trees in
the garden, and finding they were not poplars, flew away. Whether
it invariably lays in this way, I do not know, and I think it unsafe to
deduce a general rule from a single instance, but I may possibly have
overlooked other records of similar observations which would tend
to establish the rule. — W. H. Harwood ; Colchester.

CORCYRA (MeLISSOBLAPTES) CEPHALONICA AT COLCHESTER. — On

September 24th, 1910, my son on returning home from a collecting
expedition noticed a little moth which he could not make out, flying
outside a warehouse here. It proved to be C. cephalonica, and in
the course of the next few days we took a good series. They were
mostly at rest, some were paired, and others flying freely in the late
afternoon sunshine. We had never seen the species before, and are
not likely to see it again about the same warehouse, which has since
been thoroughly cleared out and is now used for an entirely different
purpose ; while the adjacent warehouses, where the moth also occurs
to some extent, have been demolished altogether. — W. H. Harwood ;
Colchester.

Pyrameis atalanta, ab. — On August 25th last I bred from larvae
collected locally a beautiful aberration of P. atalanta. This insect

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 363

has the usually bright red on all four wings replaced by pale cream
colour. Are there any previous records of a similar variety of this
species ? — Alfeed Wm. Lynn ; 37, Eodsley Avenue, Gateshead.

Melanic Ematurga atomaria at Burnley. — On May 27th, 1911,
on the moors near Burnley, E. atomaria were flying freely in the
sunshine, and for the first time I took three or four of the dark uni-
colorous males, as well as some intermediate forms. — W. G. Clutten ;
132, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley.

Melanic Ematurga atomaria at Oxshott.— I took a very dark
male of the var. unicolorata here on May 11th. — H. Worsley Wood.

Teratological specimen of Noctua c-nigrum. — On August 11th
I took at sugar on the Isle of Wight a curious form of N. c-nigruvi.
The only markings to be observed on the fore wings are the blackish
marks on the costa and the narrow triangular patch just before the
costal end of the subterminal line. The whole of the fore wings
from the base almost to the subterminal line and from the costa to
the hind margin are sub-diaphanous. The scaling is perfect, but the
pigment is missing. The insect is perfectly formed. — E. Everett
Warrier ; 6, Lytcott Grove, East Dulwich, S.B.

Macaria liturata ab. nigrofulvata at Oxshott. — Mr. D. F.
Maitland, when collecting with me in this locality on July 7th,
captured a fine female of the above variety. — H. Worsley Wood ;
31, Agate Eoad, W.

LiMENiTis SIBYLLA IN SEPTEMBER. — On the morning of Septem-
ber 18th I saw, to my great surprise, a female sihylla skimming
across a high road between Colchester and x\rdleigh ; and on return-
ing home in a different direction later in the day, noticed a second
specimen flying over the railway and settling on some moist ground
beside the metals. The species was fairly common in this district at
the usual time of its appearance, when a good example of the black
variety was taken ; but I am at a loss to account for the late appear-
ance of these two. Could they possibly be representatives of a
partial second brood, or had they aestivated during the tropical heat
of July and August and left their retreat when temperate conditions
again prevailed ? Both specimens were apparently full of life and
vigour, and went through their customary evolutions as though it
were a midsummer day, for which indeed they might very well have
mistaken it. — W. H. Harwood ; 94, Station Eoad, Colchester.

In reference to the note on a second brood of L. sihylla by Mr.
Gervase E. Mathew in the ' Entomologist ' for this month, I may
state that in 1891 I had larvae of this species, all of which duly
hybernated, except three. These fed up rapidly and produced perfect
insects in September of that year. — k. B. Earn ; October 7th, 1911.

Cyaniris argiolus. — The spring brood of G. argiolus was four
days earlier in my garden this year than last. The first noticed was
on May 16th, a warm and beautiful day. I have seen and heard of
nine of the autumnal brood here this season — Joseph Anderson ;
Chichester.

2e 2

364 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Butterflies in a Garden at Chichester. — On September 11th
last several Vanessa io and urticcB, Pyrameis atalanta, and P. carchii,
were flying over and settling upon the flowers in the garden here. —
Joseph Anderson ; Aire Villa, Chichester.

Butterflies in October. — At the present time a third brood of
Pararge megara is out, and also a second brood of Satyrus semele.
Up to October 3rd I noticed specimens of a third brood of Pieris
hrassicce; is not this very late? — J. W. Muirhead ; 31, Fairhaven
Eoad, St. Anne's-on-the Sea, Lancashire, October 18th, 1911.

Pararge megaira. — A third brood of P. megcera began to appear
about the middle of September and has been common in all directions
hereabouts ; it is still well in evidence, though time is telling upon
it._W. H. Harwood ; Colchester, October 10th, 1911.

Ohrysophanus phl^as. — This species seemed to be quite common
near Bedford on October 1st. — W. J. Lucas ; Kingston-on-Thames.

This species has been unusually abundant here this autumn. —
H. M. Edelsten ; Forty Hill, Enfield.

Chrysopanus phl^as in the City. — Whilst I was crossing
London Bridge on the afternoon of September 23rd, a specimen of
C. 'phlaas settled on my arm. This seems rather an unusual insect
to meet with in the City of London. — F. H. Stallman ; 6, Maley
Avenue, West Norwood, September 25th, 1911.

Chrysophanus phl^as Varieties. — The third brood of this
species was out during the last week in August ; some specimens
look quite fresh yet, and I have one good-sized larva still feeding. I
have examined many hundreds of wild specimens, and to my surprise
have seen none of the var. cceruleojnmcta, St. amongst them. Among
those I bred were some brilliant examples of this form. I have also
captured several nice varieties, including two similar to those figured
in South's ' Butterflies of the British Isles,' plate 101, figs. 11 and
12. The variety recorded {antea, p. 320), which I saw on Inula but
failed to capture, was a somewhat suffused example of var. schmidtii,
and not var. cleus, which through some inadvertence is given as its
name. — W. H. Harwood ; Colchester.

LiMENiTis SIBYLLA: A Second Brood. — With regard to Mr.
Gervase Mathew's very interesting note {antea, p. 327) upon a second
emergence of the White Admiral in Essex, and his remark that " it
does not appear to be double-brooded on the Continent. ..." I
find that (Les Premiers Etats des Lepid. Francais, p. 150, St. Dizier,
1906) Professor Frionnet gives as the season of emergence June to
July, sometimes August to September. M. Dupont (Cat. des L6pid.
des Environs de Pont-de-l'Arche) writes as follows : " Twice in the
forest of Bord I have taken this species quite fresh in September ; one
example, Sept. 11th, 1898, another Sept. 23rd, 1900. Is there a partial
second generation in warm and dry years '? " And it is, no doubt, on
the excellent authority of M. Dupont, coupled with that of M. Alfred
Giard, who observed isolated examples in September (1902 '?) near
Valenciennes, that M. Frionnet relies ; unless we are to understand
that a second brood has been observed in his own Department of
Haute-Marne.

NOTES AND OBSEKVATIONS.

365

In the hot Departments of the Midi sibylla apparently does not
exist : at all events it is not included in my pubhshed Hsts for the
Alpes Maritimes (Riviera), Var. Pyr^n^es-Orientales, &c. But it is
common in the plains of the Basses-Pyrenees, where a partial second
brood might be expected even in normal summers. L. Camilla is,
of course, invariably double-brooded in the south of France, but
towards its northern limits, it seems, there is only one emergence.
For example, M. Charles Oberthiir reports (Lepid. Comparee, fasc. iii.
p. 185) on the forest of Eennes, Ille-et-Vilaine : " With us we find
it there from the beginning of June on into August," and at
Blois M. Chevillon mentions one brood only (Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Loir-et-Cher, 1884). — H. Rowland-Brown ; Harrow- Weald, October
7th, 1911.

Phryxus(Deilephila)livornica in the New Forest. — On August
28th I was shown a very fine specimen of P. (D.) livornica which had
been found at rest on a garden fence in Brockenhurst on the 23rd.
The lateness of the date and the perfect condition of the insect point
to its having been bred in the neighbourhood. — G. T. Lyle.

Phryxus livornica in Surrey. — I captured a specimen of P.
livornica flying over a head of Phlox in my garden here on August
3rd last. — E. C. Joy ; Eversley, Dale Road, Purley.

Papilio machaon in Herts. — A single specimen of P. machaon
was caught in June this year at Bishop's Stortford, more than thirty
miles from Wicken. It is, of course, not at all unusual to see them
in Norfolk villages a mile or two from their food-plant, but this year
they evidently wandered to a most unusual extent. — C. Mellows ;
Bootham School, York.

Papilio machaon in Middlesex. — On August 17th my wife
captured a very large female specimen of P. machaon in the garden
here. It came down to a bed of geraniums. I cannot trace anyone
having let one out in this neighbourhood.— H. M. Edelsten ; Forty
Hill, Enfield.

Papilio machaon and Sphinx convolvuli in Essex. — In view
of Mr. Harwood's record of P. machaon in Colchester, I am induced
to mention that two specimens of this insect were seen during the
summer in this village, which is ten miles from Colchester. I had
hesitated to place these on record, as I fancied they must have been
" escapes," but it now seems probable there was a partial migration
of the insect. At any rate, I know of no collector nearer here than
Mr. Harwood himself. I may also record the capture of three S.
convolvuli in my garden here in August. — Percy C. Reid ; Feering
Bury, Kelvedon.

Third brood op Notodonta ziczac. — It may be of interest to
record a third brood of N. ziczac. The first imagos emerged during
the last week in April, the second brood during the first week in
July, and of two dozen pupse obtained from the second brood two
perfect insects emerged on August 26th and 30th respectively. The
young larvaB from the second brood were kindly sent to me by Miss
Edwards of East Grinstead. — R. T, Baumann ; Glendale, Chingford,
Essex, October 25th, 1911.

366 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,

Second brood of Eurois prasina (Aplectaherbida). — Probably
due to the abnormally hot summer a second brood of A. herbida has
been emerging since September. The perfect insects I have found
in the larvae cage, containing at present half size and nearly full-fed
larvae, so that I anticipate further emergences. The dates of emer-
gences are September 18th and October 1st, 2nd, 5th, 8th, and 18th.
The young larvae were kindly given to me by Mr. Hugh Main, and
originate from Eastbourne. — R. T. Baumann.

ToRTRix pronubana AT Westclifp-on-Sea, Essex. — The above
Tortrix has appeared here : I met with its larva when walking in
this disti-ict one day in mid-August. In passing a privet hedge I noticed
two or three of the leaves on the top of the hedge fastened together,
and on examining them I found what I thought were Tortrix larvae.
As I could not call to mind any Tortrix larva that w^ould be feeding
on privet at this time of the year, I thought they might be some-
thing out of the common, so I searched further on following days
and found altogether about twenty larvae and pupae. The first insect
was bred on September 9th, others following on succeeding days. I
had never previously seen the moth either alive or in any British
collection, so for a time I assumed it was possibly a new species to
this country, and that I was the fortunate discoverer. My dream
was, however, soon dispelled, as on looking through the back numbers
of the ' Entomologist,' I came across Mr. Adkin's very interesting
article {vide ' Entomologist,' vol. xxxix, p. 265) on his finding T. pro-
nuhana at Eastbourne, and after reading same and his full description
of the imago, I found that my captures were referable to this species.
As I have not seen any mention of the previous capture of T. ^no-
nuhana in Essex, this may be the first record for the county. I have
now (September 20th) found this insect in three separate places in
Westcliff, but they are of small extent, two of them being private
gardens. In one locality, three larvae and one imago occurred on
Euonymus ; in the other localities privet was the food of the larva. —
G. H. Conquest ; 10, Meteor Eoad, Westcliff-on-Sea.

Leucania unipuncta (Haworth) extranea (Guenee) in Devon-
shire.— On September 20th I was fortunate in taking a fine female
specimen of this insect at sugar on the Devonshire coast. Ova were
not obtained, although the moth was not killed for two days. The
species appears to be very sluggish when boxed and to show but little
inclination to move, although on the " sugar " it was by no means
easy to captui-e. — (Dr.) Beckwith Whitehouse ; 52, Newhall Street,
Birmingham.

Caradrina exigua in Devonshire. — Between September 11th and
28th I took five fine examples of this insect at sugar. With one
exception all were captured between ten and eleven o'clock and after
a heavy fall of rain. It appeared probable that the latter had driven
this rather sluggish insect from its resting places in the long tufts of
grass. Ova were obtained from a female captured on September 11th,
and the larvae hatched between the 20th and 22nd. At the time of
writing (October 9th) they are in the third " instar," and feeding
rapidly upon dock. Previous to the second moult, the larvae are

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 367

distinctly gregarious, and an interesting point in this connection was
noted. Two batches of ova hatched on different days, but all the
larvae were placed in the same small box. Although this mixing had
taken place, at the end of twelve hours, two distinct colonies were
formed ; and this arrangement was maintained until the second
moult was completed. A few days elapsed between the corresponding
moult of each colony, indicating the different ages of the same. The
colony was always formed on the under surface of the leaf, and care
was taken by the larvse to devour the parenchyma but to avoid the
production of holes in the pabulum. In the third instar the larvae
tend to wander further afield and to seek solitary shelter in the curled
edges of a leaf. At night they issue further and travel rapidly oyer
the leaves, but always return to the under surface or rolled margins
by day. — (Dr.) Beckwith Whitehouse ; 52, Newhall Street,
Birmingham.

Cyanieis argiolus and L. arion, — A short time ago small black
marks were noticed on some unexpanded ivy buds. On examination
these marks proved to be small circular holes, varying from about ^^ in.
to Jg. in. in diameter, the whole of the interior of each bud having been
cleaned out. On searching the bush at night (about 8), eight larvae of
C. argiolus were found feeding upon the flower-buds, the small heads
and necks of the larvae being thrust through an astonishingly small
hole. During the daytime no larvae could be found by the closest
searching. On beating the bush into a tray at 9 p.m., however, about
twenty larvae were taken, varying in length when at rest from ^g in.
to fV ^^- Is this larva exclusively a night feeder? Since the fore-
going notes were written, one G. argiolus larva has eaten two other
larv£e and four pupge, nothing but the shells of the latter being left.
There were originally seven larvae in a roomy glass-bottomed pill-box,
and they were well supplied with ivy flower-buds ; these buds had, how-
ever, apparently been neglected. Does the larva of L. arion during
any stage feed upon the larvos of Formica rujal — G. B. Kershaw.

Eare Coleoptera at Hindhead, Surrey. — I should like to
record having taken at Hindhead, amongst other rare beetles, OntJio-
phagus taunts and Monochammus sutor. — A. Eichards ; c/o Lady
Agatha Eussell, Eozeldene, Hindhead, Haslemere.

Lampides b(eticus IN Guernsey. — As I write (September 19th),
L. baticiis is still disporting itself in view of my window. There
has been a considerable number of this species with us since the
beginning of the month. On August 11th I first saw some worn
specimens of an earlier brood, probably immigrants, including females,
flying round a bush of Golletia arhorescens, close to my study window.
I was therefore on the look-out for a September display, and have not
been disappointed. Though not so common as in the year 1899, it
seems to have bred very extensively in the island ; I have taken some
forty specimens in my garden, and could have easily taken as many
more. I placed two females in a muslin cage, with food-plant, and
have got a fair supply of eggs, but hardly expect that I shall bring
them to a successful issue at this late time of the year. — F. E. Lowe ;
S. Stephen's, Guernsey.

dbo THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Notes on Lepidoptera in Various Localities. — I was at Lynd-
hurst during the second fortnight in July. My experience in that
fine locahty was similar to that of other observers in different parts
of the country. Sugar failed to attract, and there was an abundance
of honeydews. I had the pleasure of seeing Apatura iris flying high
over the Ehinefield Walk. I had also the satisfaction of seeing
Aciptilia jMhidnm on some bog-land near Whitley Wood, and was
able to take it freely, so freely that once or twice I had half a dozen
examples in my net at the same time. The time of flight appears to
be from 6 until about 7.15 p.m. Catocala i^romissa, just emerged,
was found on an oak-trunk at Queen Bower. Arg^jnnis paphia (male)
was pretty well over, and fair specimens of the female were difficult
to obtain. Of var. valesina, I got one only in fair cabinet condition.
Li?nenitis sibylla was about, but much battered. A nice melanic
Gleora glahraria was found, and the following : Zygcena trifolii,
Lithosia helveola, GnopJiria quadra, Coenobia rufa, Hyjmodes costcB-
strigalis, Selenia tetralunaria, Chora liclienaria, Tortrix cratagana,
Peronea sponsana, and Phoxopteryx inornatana. I also found a few
larv£e of Notodonta trimacula and Cidaria siterata ; also one full-fed
larva of Sphinx ligustri crossing a forest-path. I spent a week at
Tenby in early August in very unsettled weather and explored the
pine-woods near Scotsborough and Saundersfoot without seeing a
single insect of special interest. A few Pyrameis cardui occurred ;
Sciap)hila conspersana and Sericoris cespitana were found on the
sandhills ; also Spilonota incarnatana. A run over to Cuxton, in
Surrey, on June 23rd resulted in my getting, for the first time,
Oxyptilus parvidactyla. I bred in September, from a larva found
feeding in July on a ripe Canary banana, a moth which has been
identified for me at the British Museum as Sesamia {Sesamia)
vuteria, Stoll. — F. G. Whittle; 7, Marine Avenue, Southend,
September 7th, 1911.

Lepidoptera of Scotland in August. — I spent a fortnight in
August on an entomological trip to Scotland — the first week at
Forres, in company wath my friend Mr. W. C. Cope, the second week
at Kinloch, Eannoch, by myself — and I thought that some of your
readers might be interested in a few notes on what I saw. During the
whole period there was no rain, except for a sHght thunderstorm the
night of my arrival at Kinloch. Every day was fine and bright, and
the nights as a rule mild, except that a cool easterly wind blew on
three or four nights at Kinloch. Owing to the weather conditions
sugar was a blank, and watching heather-blossom had to take its
place. At Forres, our chief resort was the riverside, near the Ferry,
the Findhorn Sandhills, and the Culbin Sands and Buckie Loch,
where, as the shooting is preserved, we had to obtain leave to go.
By the riverside we found Melanthia rubiginata common, with a fair
percentage of var. pilumbata, Coremia imminata in numbers on the
ragwort, a few Plusia bractea at Teucriimi, Selene, and other flowers,
five or six Noctua depuncta, and an odd N. dahlii or two. At
the Findhorn Sandhills we took Agrotis cursoria in very handsome
varieties, A. valligera, A. tritici, A. nigricans, TriphcBna orbona (var.
curtisii), and several Stilba anomala, and N. festiva. On the

SOCIETIES. 369

Culbins, the small birch-bushes gave larvae of Notodonta dromedarius
and Acronycta leporina, and those on Buckie Loch, numbers of
Demas coryli, Orgyia antiqua, N. dromedarius, Eimomos tiliaria and
E. angularia, Phalera bucephala, and one Centra furcula. Working
there at dusk was most disappointing, as we took nothing but G.
munitata and Phibalapteryx lignata. At Kinloch, Rannoch, I con-
fined myself entirely to the south side of the loch, and except for one
fruitless journey to the Black Wood never went farther than Cairie.
One day after Larentia flavicinctata only gave me four specimens,
but L. ccesiata was very common. I also took a dozen or so Carsia
imbiitata, but they were getting worn, and I released most of them.
I saw no D. obfiiscata at all. Larv® comprised N. ziczac, N. drome-
darius, A. leporina, C. or, C. daplaris, 0. antiqua, D. coryli, S.
populi, S. ocellatus, N. dictaoides, G. furcula, &c. The last-named I
beat from sallow, but on arriving home, being pressed for room, I
put them in a breeding-cage in which were other larvae of various
sorts feeding on aspen, and, to my surprise, the furcula entirely for-
sook the sallow and fed on the aspen ! My nights were spent
watching heather-blossom on the flat at the south-east corner of
the loch, and the bag contained representatives of S. anomala, N.
clalUii, D. suspecta, N. glareosa, and E. lutulenta. The last day of my
visit (x\ugust 19th) I took six Polia chi (quite normal) off the road-
side walls. The number of insects taken altogether was not great,
though they comprised a good variety. Larvae I found very scarce,
except perhaps at Buckie Loch and in Cairie Wood. But I much
enjoyed the Scotch air and the beautiful weather. — Peecy G. Reid ;
Feering Bury, Kelvedon, September 9th, 1911.

Erratum. — Page 324, line 29, for "I. C. Gunton" read " H. G.
Gunton " ; and line 30, for "August 9th " read " September 9tli."

SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society op London. — Wednesday, June Itn,
1911. — The Rev. P. D. Morice, President, in the chair. — The
Secretary observed that he had exceeded his instructions with regard
to the Memorial passed at the last meeting, on the subject of the
South Kensington site, and had sent it to the ' Times,' where it had
appeared, and to the principal Press Associations, as well as (at the
request of Mr. Waterhouse) to the Director of the Natural History
Museum. — Commander J. J. Walker exhibited specimens of Bary-
pithes peliucidus. Boh., from Oxford, Enfield, and Tavistock respec-
tively, and for comparison, B. duplicatus. Keys, from the Blean
Woods and Birchington, Kent. Also a series of specimens illus-
trating the life-history of Gyclotorna, Meyrick, a genus of myrmeco-
philous Lepidoptera, from Queensland, sent by Mr. P. P. Dodd with
his paper on the insects subsequently read. — Mr. Donisthorpe, live
specimens of Antennopliorus uhlmanni, Haller, on the hermaphro-
dites from a nest of Lasius umbratus at Woking. Only two speci-
mens have been taken before in Britain, by Michael, in an ant's nest

370 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

at Land's End. Also Uropoda philoctena fastened on the strigil
of an hermaphrodite of the same ant from the same locality. This
species is new to Britain. — Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse, larvae of a species
of Hypoderma received from India from Mr. J. E. Middleton, with a
note that they had been taken from a gazelle and were probably an
undescribed species. Mr. Waterhouse expressed the strongest doubts
as to the possibility of determining a species of Hijpoderma from
the larv£e. There is, however, no Indian Hypoderma described
hitherto. — Mr. E. Enock, a photomicrograph of a new species of
Mymar, which he has named M. regalis, accompanied by one of
M. pulchelhis for comparison, captured June 3rd, 1911, at Burnham
Beeches. Not only are the posterior wings greatly elongated into
a very narrow battledore with six long hairs on the lower margin,
but the anterior wings are surrounded with sixty long hairs —
instead of the thirty-five of Mymar pulclicllus. — Mr. fi. Eowland-
Brown, some drawers of Miss Fountaine's bred series of African
Charaxes. — Dr. Chapman, a box of insects to illustrate a case of
mimicry, remarking that in March and April, both at Hyeres and at
Amelie-les-Bains, his attention was attracted to a Reduviid bug,
Pirates hyhridus, Scop. He followed up one or two on the wing,
taking them for Pompilid Hymenoptera, and when they settled on
the ground their movements were precisely those of Pompilus when
hunting on the ground — sharp, active, jerky, and taking wing at
once if alarmed. The red colouring on the elytra was, when
running, much like the red of a Pompilid body between or under the
wings. On picking up the bug, it often occurred that one was stung,
about as sharply as many Pompilids do, and some are fairly pro-
ficient therein. The sting was of course the thrust of the beak or
proboscis, of which not a few Reduviid bugs can make effective
weapons of defence. The sting enhances the resemblance to an
Aculeate. Dr. Chapman also observed that at Hyeres, on March
29th, 1911, he found, on turning over a stone, under its edge a small
nest of Polistcs gallica. The nest consisted of eight small cells, in
each of five of which was one egg. It could not have been founded
very long. Under it (above it before the stone was turned over)
there rested not one female but two females side by side. The
advancement of the nest showed that it was impossible for one of
these to be a worker reared in the nest. The question was, were
they working together, or was one only a casual visitor, taking
shelter during the inclement weather ? In the latter case, would it
not have been regarded and treated as an enemy, instead of both
resting together in a thoroughly friendly way ? Dr. Chapman also
exhibited some well-grown larvae of CallopJirys avis from the Riviera.
— Professor Poulton, on behalf of Mr. A. H. Hamm, assistant in the
Hope Department of the Oxford University Museum, a case of insects
illustrative of certain associations of mimetic British Hemiptera-
Heteroptera, with their hymenopterous models, the chief object being
to record that the Hemiptera are to be found in the localities
frequented by their models, and often in their company. Field
observations are especially important on the mimics of insects, such
as the Hymenoptera-Aculeata, with extremely characteristic habits

SOCIETIES. 371

and movements. — Professor Poulton, a family of Papilio dardanus,
consisting of the troplwnius parent and the fifty-five offspring reared
from her eggs by Mr. G. F. Leigh, F.E.S., of Durban, and containing
a new female form leicjhi. The female parent of the family exhibited
vi^as captured by Mr. Leigh on June 26th, 1910, at Pinetown, Natal
(about 1000 ft.). She laid sixty-two eggs on June 27th-28th, the
offspring consisting of twenty-five males, twenty-two cenea females,
four troplwnius females, two hippocoon females, and two leicjhi
females. There can be no doubt that this variety, bred in Natal by
Mr. ^Leigh six times in 1910 and also captured twice in Natal,
possesses sufficient stability to rank as one of the female forms of
dardanus. Further convincing evidence of its stability as a form is
seen in the fact that it also occurs almost unchanged so far away from
Natal as the north-east corner of the Victoria Nyanza. A specimen
was collected by Mr. A. H. Harrison about 1903 at " Nyangori," a
forested locality at a height of about 5000 ft. to the north-east of the
great lake. Mr. Harrison's specimen was figured, seven-eighths of
the natural size, in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1906, plate xx. fig. 1. It is there
spoken of as " intermediate between planemoides and cenea." The
l^lanemoides form is entirely unknown in Natal, and indeed in areas
far to the north of it, and hence it is impossible to adopt the plausible
interpretation of leigki as a hybrid between cenea and a male bearing
the planemoides tendency, or vice versa. We are therefore driven to
the hypothesis that the leighi form is a persistent definite stage in
the evolution of planemoides. Professor Poulton also exhibited an
example of the planemoides female captured in August, 1910,_ in
forest country (less, and probably much less, than 100 ft. elevation)
bet wen Jilore and Malindi. The occurrence of planemoides on the
east coast, so far from its Planema models, is of high interest. Pro-
fessor Poulton also exhibited a female parent of the dubia form cap-
tured on March 19th, 1911, at Oni, seventy miles east of Lagos, by Mr.
W. A. Lamborn, together with a selection from the offspring reared
from its ova. The offspring included both dubia and anthedon. Thus
Mr. Lamborn had been able to verify the suggestion that the forms
Euralia anthedon and E. dubia are the dimorphic forms of a single
species. It may be added that Mr. Lamborn has now bred families
from three dubia parents of various forms, and one from an anthedon
parent, all captured at Oni in March of the present year. Both
anthedon and dubia appeared in all the families. Mr. W. A.
Lamborn had intended to show at this meeting the cases which he
had exhibited at the Conversazione, but, owing to a misunderstanding,
they had not arrived. He observed, however, that Professor Poul-
ton's account of the mimicry of certain Danaine butterflies by
Euralias induced him to mention that he recently took at one sweep
of the net two butterflies, an Amauris psyttalea, Plotz, and an Euralia
dubia, which were flying round and round each other in a manner sug-
gestive of courtship. Their movements on the wing were so active that
he was unable to recognize them before capture, and it seemed evident
that the one must have been deceived by the mimetic resemblance to
its own species exhibited by the other. In the exhibit which he had
hoped to bring was a West African Hypsid moth determined by

372 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Professor Poulton as Deilemera, probably antinorii, Obth., witb the
cocoon from which it emerged, which bears a large number of creamy
white semi-transparent frothy spheres which bear a very strong
resemblance to the cocoons of Braconid parasites, and doubtless
have a protective function. He added that in January of this year
he observed a male Amauris niavius, L., settle on the upper surface
of a leaf with its wings expanded. The insect flexed its abdomen,
making the dorsal surface convex, so that the extremity of the body
was brought level with the brands, and the tufts were then thrust
out. By alternately flexing and straightening out the abdomen the
tufts were passed to and fr6 over the surface of the brands as though
some secretion was being conveyed from the one to the other. Pro-
fessor Poulton has suggested that the greasy appearance of the
brands may be probably interpreted on the hypothesis that they
serve to retain and distribute a scent employed in courtship brought
to them by the tufts. Dr. Longstaff said that he was satisfied that
in Euplcea and Limnas chrysippas the characteristic scent was not
caused by the tufts and brands, though these were very likely the
cause of another volatile scent which certainly existed in these cases.
Female Danaids have a scent as well as males; the scent common to
both being nauseous, while that peculiar to the male is probably a
help in courtship. Professor Poulton remarked that the brands
actually are greasy, and not merely look so, and that they may for a
time hold scent imparted by the tufts. Dr. Jordan observed that the
discovery in Natal of intermediates between cenea and plancmoides,
which from previous experience had been supposed not to exist,
made it impossible any longer to argue from their non-existence in
favour of the sudden, as opposed to the gradual, evolution of di-
morphic forms. — Commander J. J. Walker read the following paper:
" Some Kemarkable Ant-friend Lepidoptera of Queensland," by F. P.
Dodd, F.E.S., with Supplement by E. Meyrick, B.A., F.E.S.— George
Wheeler, Hon. Sec.

The South London Entomological and Natural History
Society.— July 27th, 1911.— Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., in the chair.—
Mr. Kenneth J. Blair, of Highgate, N., was elected a member. —
Mr. West, numerous interesting captures in the New Forest, includ-
ing ^geria spheciformis, a suffused specimen of Anthrocera trifolii,
a short series of Cicadetta montana, including the rarely met with
female, and the rare Heteropteron Eysarcoris cBneus. — Mr. Stanley
Edwards, the very beautiful Lycaenid Stalachtis evelina and several
beautiful species of the genus Mesoseviia (Lemoniinae). — Mr. R. Adkin,
a pair of Endromis versicolor reared this year from ova deposited in
1908, thus three years in pupa. — Mr. Blenkarn, a teratological exam-
ple of Carabus nemoralis, in which the tibia of the right fore leg was
divided into three, each terminating in perfect tarsi and claws ; two
specimens of the rare Helophoriis tuberculatus and Galerucella fer-
gussoni from Lanarkshire; and the curious Hemipteron Lcdraaurita
from West Wickham on oak. — Mr. Jager, a Nematoid worm which
had emerged from the larva of a CuculUa. — Mr. Sperring, a number
of aberrations of Lepidoptera, inclnding a smoky suffused specimen
of Cosmotriche potataria from Benfleet, a seven spotted Anthrocera

SOCIETIES. 378

filipendulcs, a Callimorpha dominula with very dark hind wings and
ill-developed scaling, two specimens of Arctia caia, one having
asymmetrical markings and the other with yellow hind wings, and a
number of Abraxas grossulariata, considerably darker than normal
specimens, many having the black massed mainly towards the outer
margin. He called attention to the fact that most of the bred
aberrations were either early or late emergences of the brood.

August 10^/i.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair.—
Mr. Jager exhibited a specimen of the large spider Mygale avicularia,
sent to him from India, and communicated notes on its habits. He
also showed a specimen of a scorpion from the Asiatic shore of the
Bosphorus, and described its habits.— Mr. West (Greenwich), a series
of Asemum striatum and var. agreste from the New Forest, a male
and two females of the very rare Monochamus sutor from Deptford,
Acocephalus tricinctus, a recent addition to the British list from
Great Yarmouth, with Plagiognathus albipennis, obtained from
Artemisia maritima, Arcespus pulchellus, and Chlorina glaucescens, all
from the same place. — Mr. Carr, the two grasshoppers Stenobothrus
bicolor and Platycleis brachyptera, from Oxshott. — Mr. Blenkarn,
Qnedius talparum (vexans), recently new to science, from moles' nests
in the Isle of Wight, and a double-banded form of Noctua rubi from
Beckenham. — Mr. Dods, living larvse of Samia cecropia, a large
American silk-producing Saturniid. — Mr. Carr, the local beetle Cicin-
dela sylvatica from Oxshott. — Mr. Edwards, a box containing several
species of the genus Libythea, and contributed notes on the singular
distribution of the few known species.

Aiigtcst 24:th, 1911.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the
chair. — Mr. Jager, the following forms and aberrations of British
Lepidoptera, very dark Argynnis aglaia, Pieris napi, and Venusia
cambrica, Bumicia plilaas, with wedge-shaped spots replacing the
band, a very silvery female of Gelastrina argiolus, two very curious
dark forms of Acidalia marginepunctata, and a very aberrantly marked
form of Hydriomena ruberata. — Mr. S. E. Ashby, series of Balaninus
nucum and Phytodecta pallida taken during the Field Meeting at
Clan don, July 15th. — Mr. Turner, forms of Papilio podalirius, in-
cluding var. feisthamelii ah. ornata, and two examples partaking of
the ab. undecemlineatus and ab. nigrescens forms. — Mr. Turner con-
tributed a note on the habits of the thread worm, one of which had
been recently exhibited, found in the larva of a Cticullia. — Mr. E.
Adkin, forms of Hesperia malvce. closely approaching var. taras from
Sussex, and an intermediate example of Ap)lecta occulta from Ean-
noch, where the species is usually very dark. — Mr. Morford, Colias
hyale and a second brood specimen of Nisoniades tages from Mickle-
ham, August 20th. — Mr. West (Greenwich), two local Diptera,
Ceroxys pictus and C. omissus, from Great Yarmouth salt-marshes. —
Mr. West (Ashtead), the rare burying beetle, Necrophorus interruptus.
— Mr. Main, a portion of wasp-comb, and described the feeding of
the larva. — Mr. Edwards, Papilio codrus and allied species. — Mr.
Blenkarn, several living stick insects, Dixippus morosus, from India.
— Mr. Kaye, a specimen of the extremely rare Sphingid, Pholus
typhon, from Mexico. — Dr. Chapman, Hving larvae of the high level

374 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Lycaenids, Latiorina orbitidus, Vacciniiana optilete, and Albula
pheretes, from the Alps.

September lUh. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair.
— Mr. Turner exhibited a photograph of a very dark specimen of
Lithosia de2)lana (helveola), sent him by Mr. Cockayne, and asked
if such melanic specimens had been recorded. — ^Mr. Grosvenor, an
extensive series of Pieris napi taken and bred in 1911, selected to
show every phase of variation obtained, including a gynandromorph,
a male with female markings, specimens of yellow general coloration,
&c. — Mr. West (Greenwich), Teratocoris antennatus and Nabis
lineatus, two uncommon species of Hemiptera from near Gravesend.
— Mr. Gibbs, long and varied series of Satyrus semele var. aristceus,
Pararge megara var. tigelius and Epinephele jurtina var. hispulla
from Corsica. — Mr. Kaye, young larvae of Rumicia p)hlaas, Plusia
bractea, and a very rare Sphingid, Xylophanes isaon, taken by him in
South Brazil. — ^Mr. Curwen, a large number of aberrations of British
Lepidoptera. — Dr. Chapman, empty and full galls of Andricus ostmis,
the peppercorn gall. — Mr. Barrett, living larvae of Syntomis pliegea
from Sicily.

September 28th. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair.
— Mr. Kaye exhibited a long series .of Ephyra pendularia, including
some very beautifully marked examples of ab. szt&roscato.— Capt.
Cardew, a beautiful series of Hadena contigua, bred from ova laid by
a New Forest female ; forty-nine imagines were obtained from sixty-
two fertile ova. — Mr. Moore read a short note on a visit to the Forest
of Arques recently made, and exhibited a number of butterflies he
obtained. He referred to the abundance of Pieris napi and the
scarcity of P. rapm in the forest about August 12th last. — Mr. Moore
exhibited a specimen of Agrius convolvuli taken in Deptford, the only
one noted by him this season. — Mr. Main, a bred example of Aplecta
prasina (herbida) remarkable for the delicacy of its colouring. Some
of the larvae, he remarked, were still small, others had pupated,
and this moth had emerged. — Mr. Buxton, a long series of
Hadena protea from near Tonbridge, taken at sugar, and of An-
throcera hip)pocrepidis (?) ; one specimen of the latter had the
antennae short, but very thick and contorted. — Hy. J. Turneb, Hon.
Beport. Sec.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The
opening meeting of the session was held at the Eoyal Institution,
Colquit Street, Liverpool, on Monday, October 16th, 1911. — Dr. P. F.
Tinne, Vice-President, in the chair. — This being the meeting of
the Society fixed for exhibits, these were the feature of the evening. —
Mr. B. H. Crabtree brought a fine bred series of B. repandata
from Cornwall and Delamere ; a very fine and varied series of E.
aiitumnaria from Southend ova ; A. ashicortliii and lucernea from
Penmaenmawr ; H. siiasa from South Manchester larvae ; A. nebidosa
and var. robsoni from Delamere larvse ; A. selene and C. davits from
Haverthwaite Mosses ; E. epip)}iron, A. plantaginis, and var. hospita
from the Westmorland mountains. — Mr. K. Tait, junr., exhibited a
long series of A. grossulariata from a garden in Huddersfield, showing

SOCIETIES. 375

an exceptional range of variation ; B. repandata, including var.
conversaria, Penmaenmawr var., &c. ; D. falcataria, D. russula, A.
strigillaria, M. murinata, G. painlionaria, G. mesomela, A. tincta
from Wyre Forest, June, 1911 ; bred typical form of P. betularia from
Pendine, South Wales, 1911 ; A. aclvena and B. rohoraria from
Monkswood, June, 1911. — Dr. P. F. Tinne's exhibit consisted of a
nice series of variations of Polyommatus phlceas collected on the coast
of Donegal during August, 1911. These included var. argentea and
specimens showing extreme forms with light and heavy black mark-
ings.— Mr. Wm. Mansbridge had a long series of Selenia hilimaria
showing dense fuscous irroration, from a Delamere female; also anew
form, ab. hrunnearia, from the same locality ; a long series of Aplecta
nebulosa and vars. from robsoni parents. The results were contrary
to usual experience with this parentage, the progeny being as fol-
lows : 49 per cent, robsoni, 6 per cent, thomjjsoni, and 45 per cent,
grey forms with typical markings ; the last being remarkable as
showing a full range of variation inter se, from the palest Delamere
variety to the darkest, nearly all, however, possessing the typical
markings ; a series of Abraxas grossulariata from Huddersfield, which
included the usual well-known West Eiding variations. — Mr. A. W.
Boyd exhibited a box of Micro-Lepidoptera collected in Lancashire
and Cheshire during the past season. — Mr. F. N. Pierce, a box
of Huntingdonshire Lepidoptera. — Wm. Mansbridge and Oscar
Whittaker, Hon. Sees.

City of London Entomological Society. — June Qth, 1911. —
Epione aiyiciaria. Mr. A. W. Mora exhibited larvse of this species
and remarked on the prolonged period of hatching of the ova which
resulted in some being still unhatched, while these larvaj were almost
full-fed. — Eupithecia extensaria ; a living imago bred from Hunstanton
larva. Mr. L. B. Prout.

June 20th, 1911. — Nola confusalis, melanic; a series from Epping
Forest, including one very dark example. Mr. H. B. Williams. —
Selene illunaria, ab. ; a specimen of almost unicolorous grey colour
with usual transverse lines only very faintly indicated. . Ibid.

September 5th, 1911. — Lyccena corydon abs. ; a series from Royston
(Camb.), including var. semisyngrapha and two brown suffused under
sides. Mr. C. P. Pickett. — Lyccena argiolus, dwarfs. Two very small
specimens of third brood from Leytonstone. Ibid.

September 19th, 1911. — Uropteryx sambucaria ; two series, the
one bred in heat and the other at ordinary temperature ; the former
were on the whole slightly larger. Mr. C. P. Pickett. — Tephrosia
crepuscidaria ; second brood series from New Forest and Swansea ;
those from the latter district were very dark. Mr. A. W. Mera. —
Emmelesia albulata ; a bred series from Shetlands. Mr. F. B. Cross.
— Ennomos autumnaria; a single specimen taken wuld at Ramsgate.
September 11th, 1911 , also long series from Dover and Chichester,
Mr. A. J. Willsdon. — Catocala nupta, ab. ; an example from Finchley
with usual red ground colour of secondaries replaced by purplish
brown. Mr. B. S. Williams, on behalf of Mr. Bloomfield. — Lyccena
corydon, abs. ; a series from the North Downs, including males with

376 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

broad bordered primaries, male approaching ab. fowleri, another
with orange on secondaries, and a female with right primary cream
coloured and left secondary cream streaked with brown. Mr. T. H.
Grosvenor.

October 3rd, 1911. — Galamia phragmitidis, ab. Mr. G. Brooke
exhibited a specimen from Wicken with a small striate black spot
just below centre of costal streak. — Melanargia galatea. Mr. C. P.
Pickett a series reared in a greenhouse from Folkstone larvae ; the
most noteworthy specimens were : upper sides, males with black
markings much increased, males with central area of primaries almost
devoid of black ; under sides, males with black markings much re-
duced, two males with black markings much enlarged, and ground
colour suffused with blue-black tinge. — Pier is rapce, third brood ;
from Ley ton stone a spotless male, and female with spots coalescent ;
on the under side the whole brood showed a yellowish ground colour
thickly powdered with black scales. Ibid. — Polyommatus phlceas,
abs. Mr. A. J. Willsdon a number of specimens from Deal district,
1911, including two with copper marginal band on inferiors almost
obsolete, one with left superior pale straw colour, and a very large
specimen with abnormal development of blue spots on inferiors. —
Agrotis ripcB ; early pupation. Mr. F. B. Cross reported that larvse
taken nearly full-fed in August had completed the change to pupse
during September.— Mr. J. E. Gardner recorded having observed an
extraordinary number of Lepidoptera attracted to the electric lamps
at Amherst Park in July, sixty species being counted round one lamp.
— S. J. Bell, Hon. Sec.

OBITUARY.

In the death of Dr. Samuel Hubbard ScuDDER(May 17th, 1911)
America has lost one of her greatest entomologists, and the science
a distinguished votary. Among his greater achievements was that
indispensable volume 'Nomenclator Zoologicus,' in which were listed
all the generic and family names applying to animals. Publication
of this important work was commenced in 1882 and completed in
1884. In 1889 Dr. Scudder published ' Butterflies of the Eastern
United States and Canada,' a beautifully illustrated work (three 4to
volumes), in which the subject was treated in a novel way, and many
changes in generic nomenclature introduced. As Professor Cockerell
remarks (' Science,' n. s. vol. xxxiv. p. 338) : " Scudder was both
architect and builder of his great works, responsible for everything,
very rarely seeking collaboration, except for the purpose of gathering
materials." As an orthopterist. Dr. Scudder ranked very high ; he
was also a leading authority on fossil insects.

From 1883-1885 he edited ' Science,' and was editor of ' Psyche'
for many years. In 1895 he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the
Entomological Society of London.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. XLIV.] DECEMBEE, 1911. [No. 583

LIFE-HISTOEY OF ANOSIA PLEXIPPUS.
By F. W. Frohawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.

My success attained in working out the complete life-history
of Anosia plexippus is entirely due to the kind and untiring-
assistance of the Hon. N. Charles Eothschild, also Dr. A. Skinner,
of Philadelphia, and Mr. J. H. Gerould, of Hanover, N.H. To
these three gentlemen I offer my sincere thanks.

After repeated failures in attempts made in sending living
females of this fine butterfly across the Atlantic, I at last received
from Mr. Gerould two females alive, which arrived at 9 a.m.,
August 8th last. I immediately opened the package, when they
at once crawled out with protruding tongues probing about for
moisture, whereupon I dipped my finger into sugar and water,
upon which one clung for an hour, drinking the whole time. After
such a long drink without moving I took it off, but it evidently
would have continued its feast longer had I spared it the time.
The other also greedily fed on the liquid.

I then placed them both on the only growing plant of
Asclepias cornuti (milk weed) which survived the hot summer
weather, and stood them in the sun, it being a hot cloudless day
with a shade temperature of 80° at 11 a.m. By 2 p.m. I
found seven eggs were laid, five on the upper and two on the
under surfaces of the leaves. Many more eggs were deposited
at intervals during the following fortnight, but all those laid
by the most perfect specimen proved to be infertile.

The first egg laid at noon, August 8th, hatched at 5.30 a.m.,
August 12th, remaining only three and three-quarter days (about
ninety hours) in the egg state.

It is owing to the very short period of time occupied by the
egg that I failed in completing the life-history last year, when
Dr. Skinner very kindly sent me a supply of larvffi in different
stages, together with a few eggs. These were dispatched from
Philadelphia on May 31st, 1910, and reached me on June 7th,
consequently by this lapse of time the eggs had hatched and I
found a few small larvse just previous to the first moult. One of

BNTOM. — DECEMBER, 1911. 2 F

378 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

these I immediately figured and described, and subsequently
succeeded in working through all stages and bred a fine series
of imagines from the various larvfe received, therefore it only
remained for me to secure the eggs to enable me to complete the
life-history of this remarkable species. As stated above, I ac-
complished this by the assistance rendered by Mr. Gerould's
success in sending me the living females. I will now proceed
to describe the various stages.

The egg is conical in shape, closely resembling an acorn in
form, but the apex slightly more pointed ; it is small in com-
parison with the size of the butterfly, measuring only .^^^ in. in
height ; there are from twenty to twenty-three longitudinal
keels (the number varying in different specimens), about fourteen
of these run the entire length, from summit to base, the remainder
commence about one-fourth from the apex and run to the base;
it is ribbed transversely by about thirty-four in number, which
extend over the whole surface ; excepting the micropyle, which
is reticulated with a network pattern.

The colour when first laid is a very pale primrose-yellow, and
remains unchanged until the third day when it becomes pearl-
white, mottled with yellow and leaden-coloured markings, which
first indicate the development of the young larva ; it gradually
loses the yellow, and a crescent of leaden spots appears on the side
denoting the dark feet, and the crown becomes wholly dark leaden
colour from the black head showing clearly through the shell.

Immediately after emerging from the egg the larva eats the
greater part of the shell, which forms its first meal, usually only
leaving the base. It makes its exit by eating away the crown.
At 5.30 a.m., August 13th, I watched a young larva feeding on
its empty shell; when it had done, it crawled away and found an
unhatched egg close by, which it at once started to devour,
biting through three of the keels, when I stopped it from doing
more damage, and put it on to a terminal leaf of Asclepias, upon
which it immediately began feeding and soon perforated the
entire substance.

Directly after emergence the larva measures i\ ^^- ^^^^ > *^®
head is large, black, and shining, with a few fine black hairs,
eye spots olive, and mouth parts pearl-grey ; the body gradually
tapers to the posterior segment which bears a dorsal olive-brown
disc; on the second and eleventh segments are pairs of subdorsal
olive-brown knobs, and a pair of transverse subdorsal discs on
the first segment. Along the body are rows of black bristles, the
tips terminate with extremely minute knobs, each bristle is set
on an olive-coloured conical base, there are four above each
spiracle on either side, and two below, making six in all, one
dorsal, two subdorsal, one super-spiracular, and twosub-spiracu-
lar ; others are placed on the legs and claspers. The segments
have four subdivisions.

LIFE-HISTORY OF ANOSIA PLEXIPPUS. 379

The ground colour is a pearly-grey with a very slight
yellowish tinge in shadows. The second subdivisional wrinkle
is light brown, forming a band which gives a ringed appearance
to the larva. The surface is covered with minute black granu-
lations ; the legs are black, and claspers olive-black and pearly-
ochreous.

Before first moult it measures ^^q in. long; the ground colour
is pearly-ochreous-white with a black stripe encircling each
segment. The first larva, which hatched 5.30 a.m., August
12th, moulted first time 6 p.m., August 16th, being four and a
half days in the first stage.

Before second moult it measures /g in. long. The head is
now similar in coloration to the subsequent stages, being pale
yellow, striped with black ; the posterior subdivision of each
segment is lemon-yellow, each segment is encircled with a black
band ; the subdorsal knobs are developed into short tubercles.

One which moulted the first time on the evening of June 8th,
1910, fed at very frequent intervals during both day and night
in its second stage, and fixed for its second moult on the morning
of June 10th, and moulted the following morning, remaining
only two and a half days in the second stage.

The one which moulted first time, August 16th, 1911, moulted
second time on August 19th. Another which hatched 6 a.m.,
August 12th, moulted first time, August 15th, and the second
time on the 18th.

Before third moult it measured ^ in. long ; all the markings
of the subsequent stages are now visible.

The larva which moulted second time, June 11th, 1911, fixed
itself for the third moult morning, June 13th, and moulted the
third time early morning of the 14th.

After third moult it is f in. long. In all respects it is similar
in both colouring and pattern to the fully grown larva. The
anterior tentacles now measure } in. long.

Shortly before fourth moult it measures from | in. to 1 in.
long ; the anterior tentacles now attain ^ in. long. All the
colours are clear and defined.

Fourth moult, midnight, June 18th. Its first meal after
moulting consisted of its cast skin.

After fourth and last moult fully grown, the larva measures
2^ in. long, the body is of uniform thickness, excepting the
rather tapering first and last segments. The head is yellow,
with three transverse black hoop-like bands, the central one
above the mouth is united below, forming a black Q, the surface
is sprinkled with minute fine black hairs. On each side of the
second segment is a long subdorsal fleshy velvety-black tentacle,
very slender and cylindrical, densely clothed with extremely mi-
nute points, and sparsely sprinkled with fine black hairs. These
organs project over the head, are slightly upturned and widely

2f2

380 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

divergent at the tips ; while feeding they are kept in constant
motion, generally jerked quickly to and fro. On the eleventh
segment is a much shorter pair of similar structure. The ground
colour of the body is pale lemon-yellow and white, the white
forms a broad median band round each segment ; the segments
are striped and banded with velvety-steel- black, the stripes, two
in number on each segment from the fourth to tenth inclusive,
reach over the dorsal surface down to the spiracle, and separate
the white from the yellow. One anterior, and one at the pos-
terior third, between this and the segmental division is a short
transverse dorsal streak ; midway between the two larger stripes
is a band of the same velvety texture completely encircling the
body and enclosing the spiracle, which is also black, above the
clasper is a black oblique mark. The black bands extend over
the frontal half of each leg and clasper, the posterior half white,
the feet of both legs and claspers are shining black. The seg-
mental divisions are broadly black ventrally, tapering to a thin
streak dorsally. The entire surface is sparsely sprinkled with
extremely small clubbed bristles with dark bulbous bases. These
are only visible under microscopic power.

The larva appears of very docile temperament, if I may use
the term, as they take but little notice of being disturbed, and if
touched while feeding they merely stop for a few seconds and
then continue, and are quite content to feed in any attitude they
may be placed in ; their only object is to be almost continually
feeding, consequently they rapidly grow.

The larva described which moulted midnight, June 18fch,
became fully grown and stopped feeding on the evening of June
23rd ; it spun up, attaching itself by its anal claspers to a pad of
silk spun on the leaf stalk, on the following morning, and pupated
the next morning, June 25th.

Another fully grown larva ceased feeding on June 8th ; after
roaming about for six hours it spun a silk pad on the gauze
covering, and suspended itself and pupated the following evening,
June 9th. The next morning the colouring of the pupa had
matured. The first two which hatched, August 12th, 1911, became
fully grown and stopped feeding on the afternoon of August 26th,
and roamed about for many hours. They both suspended
themselves the following afternoon and pupated the next after-
noon, August 28th, having remained in the larval state sixteen
days.

The pupa measures 1 in. long, including the cremaster, and
is ^ in. wide across the middle of the abdomen ; it is proportion-
ately stout for its length, rounded and remarkably smooth, having
no angles or projections. The abdomen is conical and terminates
in a stalk-like cremastral process, the whole form producing a
beautiful pendant object, especially when viewed either dorsally
or ventrally, and from its smoothness, colouring, and general

LIFE-HISTORY OF ANOSIA PLEXIPPUS. • 381

structure it resembles a jfinely modelled jade ornament encircled
and studded with highly burnished gold, rather than a living
object.

Lateral view : head blunt and slightly rounded, forming a
continuous curve with the meso-thorax ; the meta-thorax and
first three abdominal segments form a straight inclined line, the
abdomen then curving to apex, which terminates in a long shining
black cremaster amply furnished with a cluster of black hooks at
the extremity, the ventral surface of abdomen rounded, it then
runs in a straight line from apex of wings to head. ^

The posterior edge of the third abdominal segment is beautifully
adorned by a dorsal belt reaching to the hind margin of the wings,
the knobs of which are tri-coloured ; the front edge is intensely
black and shining, the hinder half of highly polished nacreous
splendour, reflecting the intensely brilliant gilded band on which
they are situated ; there are six other equally brilliant gilded discs
running in an oblique line on each side from the head to the
surface of the meso-thorax and one in the disc of wing. In the
posterior centre of the anal segment is a medio-dorsal black spot,
a pair of black points on the ventral surface, and two black mark-
ings running from the cremaster; the spiracles are slightly raised
and whitish. The entire structural details are very inconspicu-
ously outlined ; the abdominal segments from the third are very
narrow, producing a stunted rounded cone. The whole ground
colour is a pale glaucous-green ; for the first few hours after
pupation the colour is a deeper yellow-green and the orna-
mentations opaque yellow. It is very firmly attached by the
cremastral hooks to a small but dense pad of silk.

The first one, which pupated on June 9th, 1911, began to
show signs of emergence on June 22nd, by the thorax becoming
changed to a duller leaden-green. It gradually turned duller all
over and finally became uniformly of a leaden hue, but the gold
ornamentation still retaining the brilliancy, and the markings
of the imago appeared on the morning of the 24th, and it (a
female) emerged at 3 p.m. that day, remaining fifteen days in
the pupal state. The imago was fully developed in twenty
minutes after emergence.

The descriptions of the colouring of the egg and larva in first
stage, given by Scudder in his ' Butterflies of New England,'
p. 724, and copied by English authors, do not agree with either
the eggs or young larvae which I had under observation.

Scudder describes the egg as " very pale amber-green,
becoming greyish before hatching." All the eggs I obtained
showed no green at any stage of their existence ; all were very
pale primrose-yellow from the first (as I saw some being
deposited), and remained unchanged until shortly before hatching
when they became still paler. The egg is also stated to be " long
and oval in shape." The same author also says the larva in

382 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

first stage has the " body pale green " ; this is certainly mis-
leading, as in no period of its first stage is any green visible. It
is pearly-grey, or cobweb colour, when first hatched, and remains
almost unchanged, excepting becoming even paler until after its
first moult.

THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITMA.
By Rev. George Wheeler, M.A., F.E.S.

(Concluded from p. 267.)

There is one further point with regard to this group which
is of great interest, and to which my attention has been turned
throughout the time during which I have been studying it, viz.
its phylogeny, and I have delayed treating of the subject in the
hope of being able to come to some definite conclusion. The
whole question is, however, so complicated, and the evidence
available seems in some respects so contradictory, that I can do
little more than throw out suggestions which may possibly be
of use in the future, if only as a basis for criticism.

The group consists of a number of ill-defined species, some
of which are widespread, some local, and it is equally possible
to argue that the latter are the most ancestral forms which have
in most places been superseded, or the most recently developed
which have not yet spread themselves widely ; other considera-
tions seem to show that both arguments are true, and that in
different cases the local restriction of species must be referred to
opposite causes. In this group, for instance, it is probable that
asteria and varia are ancestral, deione and perhaps dictynnoides
(geologically speaking) modern species. For, in a group like the
Melitseids, which are to be found at the extreme heights of lati-
tude and altitude, especially when the same statement is true of
the nearly related Brenthids (and most true of the most nearly
related forms), it seems probable that the ancestral forms of the
group were capable of resisting the cold of the last glacial epoch,
and have spread themselves downwards both in altitude and
latitude, the oldest forms being those capable of enduring the
greatest amount of cold, and the most recent those which are
found in the warmest localities inhabited by any members of
the group. There may, however, always remain an inherited
tendency towards the power of sui^porting cold, which would
enable forms of southern origin to spread northward, as deione
seems disposed to do, and lowland forms to mount upward, as
may possibly be the case with athalia and parthenie, and even
with dictynna.

In a group consisting of well-defined species it would no
doubt be rash to suggest the direct descent of one existing species

THE ATHALIA GROUP OF THE GENUS MELITiEA. 383

from another, but where the species are so ill-defined as in the
present group, it appears to me not unreasonable to suppose
that this may be the case ; yet it is with the utmost diffidence
that I hazard the suggestion of the following table, in which
doubtless there are many " missing links," and which fails to
account satisfactorily for the origin of the cinxia group, which is
almost certainly, however, the most modern of the three : —

Ancestral form (possibly asteria or merope)

1

merope.

1
asteria.

1

(? iduna).

varia.
1

1

1

1 1
Cynthia. maturna.

aiii'i

nia. parthenie.

I I I,.

(? trivia), deione. athalia = aureiia.

dictynna.
(?) dictijnnoides. \

britomartis.

Such a table as this does not of course attempt to give, or
even to hint at, the periods at which the evolution of different
species began in comparison with each other ; for instance,
although I think it possible, and even probable, that deione and
athalia had a common origin in parthenie, yet I have no doubt
that the former is a vastly older form than the latter ; the
suggestion indeed that parthenie is an older form than athalia,
still more that it is the direct ancestor of the latter, needs^ expla-
nation. Athalia then is the most unsettled form of all iii this
group, and compares only with aurinia in this respect in the
elder, though it is exceeded by phoche and didyma in the younger
group. There are, in fact, scarcely two localities in which this
species is quite alike, and in all probability it will split up in the
course of ages into many species, some of which will no doubt
persist while others will become extinct. It is the extreme want
of fixity in this species that first suggested to me the probability
of its comparatively modern origin ; its connection with parthenie
is obvious, but it is equally obvious that the connection of
parthenie with the exclusively high-level (and therefore ancestral)
form varia is closer than that of athalia with the same species,
which is a further hint that the latter is the less ancient of the
two. It may be fairly replied that such a position is incon-
sistent with my view that the more southern are the later forms,
since parthenie is to be found further south than athalia. If,

384 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,

however, I am correct in my supposition that the group spread
doionwards, the single-brooded form of partheiiie will be the
older, and I take it that, when the evidently aggressive athalia
became separated from it, the parent stock was forced to extend
its southward range. Here it would be able to emerge earlier in
the year, and gradually a double-brooded habit might be formed ;
as athalia advanced further south it would interfere less with
parthenie, its single brood coming between the two broods of the
latter, though parthenie would still be urged further southward,
to a point to which athalia, with its still single-brooded habit,
has not yet been able to follow it. It is significant that where
the two species are both common, the one is single- the other
double-brooded. Where both are single-brooded, parthenie is
always scarce. The single-brooded habit of athalia may pro-
bably have been confirmed by the fact that its usual food-plant.
Scabious, does not provide food for the hj-bernated larva till
considerably later than that of parthenie (plaintain). Deione,
in the form of herisalensis, on the other hand, I imagine
to have been evolved from parthenie much later, and when
and where its double-brooded habit was confirmed. The fact
that it has accustomed itself to a food-plant (Linaria) which,
so far as I am aware, parthenie never touches, would preclude
any considerable interference of the one with the other. With
regard to Caradja's theory that this species arose originally as a
hybrid between p/ice&e and either athalia or parthenie ('Iris,' vi.
p. 181), supported (?) by his statement that he has taken it
paired with each of the latter species, and possesses " undoubted"
hybrids, I would only remark that a few lines further on he
accounts for the darker athalia of the mountains as being
"doubtless" hybrids with parthenie, and that in most Pyrenean
localities parthenie and deione are by no means easy to distin-
guish, while in others the latter bears on the upper side a decided
resemblance to the athalia of the same localities. The strongest
argument for the close common origin of parthenie and aurelia
is the very striking resemblance of their larval and pupal stages,
though the ova are more easily distinguished. Of the origin of
dictynna I feel far more uncertain ; that its affinities are rather
with aurelia than with any other known species admits, I think,
of no doubt, and the affinities of the Oriental plotina with both
add probability to the nearness of the relationship. Britomartis
may possibly be its immediate parent or its immediate descen-
dant. In the former case it has been almost completely ousted
by its descendant ; in the latter its double-brooded habit would
be a purely southern and comparatively modern development.
In ' Iris,' vol. xi. p. 9, Hormuzaki has a most interesting dis-
quisition on the phylogeny of dictynnoides, discussing the com-
parative possibilities of its being an ancestral or a hiodern form.
He also propounds the theory, which he seems disposed to

BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF FRANCE. 385

adopt, that it may have heen a hybrid form between athalia and
aurelia, not, as he carefully points out and conclusively shows,
a direct hybrid, but the descendant of parents of hybrid origin.
Eecent experiments have shown that such a descent is possible,
though it was long imagined to be otherwise, and it cannot be
rejected offhand ; but its affinities seem rather with aurelia than
with any other species. It is exclusively an eastern species, the
Tatra apparently being its western limit, but I am far from
certain that it — or something like it — was not intermediate
between aurelia and dictyuna, the latter form arising very early
in the history of dictijnnoides, and spreading west, north, and
south, whilst the latter spread east, and became the parent of
some at least of the Asiatic forms related to aurelia. If it be
held that the wide distribution in Western Europe of dictynna
precludes this possibility, I shall not quarrel with that view;
and, indeed, the data are far too fragmentary to serve as a basis
for anything beyond the merest hypothesis.

It will be noticed that I have barely touched upon any
Oriental forms, my reason being that the very slight knowledge
which is obtainable on these species fails to throw any light on
the general subject, and indeed only increases the confusion.
When more information on these is available, it will be worth
while to attack the subject again.

A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF
UNEXPLORED FRANCE.

By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.

(Continued from p. 340.)

(iii) The Marshland of Gironde.

Passing over for the present, as outside the limitations of
these papers, the entomological results of three weeks' sojourn
in the Central Pyrenees, I propose to give a short account of
flying visits to the Gironde and the Charente-Inferieure, which
will, I hope, interest my brother collectors who contemplate
breaking away from the trodden paths to investigate the rich
fauna of these western Departments, apparently unworked also
by the majority of French collectors of the present day.

After our butterfly-hunt in the lowlands round Biarritz, and in
the Western and Central Pyrenees, I found myself alone in Bor-
deaux on the evening of Monday, July 31st. The thermometer
stood at something like 90° in the shade, and the great city, per-
fumed with the scent of a thousand magnolias, built as it is largely
of white stone, refracted the last rays of a tropical sun. My aim

c)»b THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and object there was to discover Chrysophanus dispar var. rutilus
in one of the very few regions of France where it is known to
survive, and, as subsequent events came about, I was to be by
no means unsuccessful in my quest. I may say at once, how-
ever, that without the kind assistance, wiUingly given, of a
French lepidopterist — the veteran M. Kobert Brown, of Cau-
deran (who some years ago had given me invaluable information
about the butterflies of the south-west) — I could by no possi-
bility have found my way to the particular terrain still conse-
crated to the loveliest and rarest of western " Coppers."

The localities in the near neighbourhood of Bordeaux, speci-
fied for rutilus {— hippothoe, L.) by M. Charles Oberthiir in his
quite recent ' Lepidopterologie Comparee ' (fasc. iv. pp. 137-155,
&c.), have already disappeared. The "marshes" of Baccalou
are now part and parcel of the city open spaces — drained dry,
and overrun with humanity ; and it is necessary, therefore, to
go further afield to find rutilus at home. Half an hour's journey
by tram to Cauderan on August 1st — a cloudless, brilliant
morning— brought me to M. Brown's house, where I found my
friend awaiting me, and prepared to take the field at once, he
having already explored certain old-time haunts of the species
only to draw these " coverts " blank. Once more we took to
wheels : this time the tram which leads to Le Vigean and
Blanquefort — outlying villages — and passes rapidly from sub-
urban villadom into the network of market-gardens which in this
direction have invaded the former marshland. We alighted at
an opening between two such highly cultivated pieces of land
in the neighbourhood of Bruges — a name so suggestive of the
Low Countries that I at once asked my companion the meaning
of this Flemish-sounding appellation in the midst of a Depart-
ment which deals chiefly in "acs" and "ocs" — Pessac, Medoc,
and the like. His reply was instructive, not only etymologi-
cally, but entomologically. Some two hundred years ago the
" Grand Monarque," recognizing the possibilities of the soil,
composed of detritus brought down by the great rivers from the
Pyrenees, colonized the then existing "landes" with Nether-
landers as being the most experienced and expert reclaimers —
then as now — of such localities. The experiment succeeded.
The " landes " were reclaimed, and the process of absorbing the
marshes into cultivation still goes on, to the inevitable destruc-
tion of all indigenous beasts, birds, and insects — not least of
these, Chrysophanus rutilus ! The same forces, then, which de-
stroyed the " Large Copper " in the Cambridge and Huntingdon
fens are in full swing here, and the final extermination of this
butterfly over most of the Bordeaux country is but a question
of near time.

Pursuing our way down a sandy cart-track, hemmed in
between prosperous-looking fruit-farms — a track lined until re-

BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF FRANCE. 387

cently with wet alluvial deposit, and haunted by marsh Lepid-
optera — we came in about twenty minutes to a level railway
crossing, a few minutes beyond a large farmhouse where entire
poplar avenues had been laid low by a recent hurricane, and
hereabouts M. Brown informed me I might hope to set eyes on
my quarry. Hitherto, beyond swarms of EimiephcU tithonus, a
very small form of Melitcea parthenie, and one or two Celastrina
argiolus, with a single battered Iphiclides jJodalirius, we had seen
nothing worthy of a box.

But at this point we entered an unreclaimed fen extending
for about a quarter of a mile, narrow in width, but essentially
primitive land, with broad ditches dividing it from fields on one
side, and the road on the other. I had hardly unpacked my net
when the unmistakable glint of copper wings announced us
on the right ground, though this proved to be no more than a
single stray male from much further on. The sight of occasional
heads of the Great Water Dock among many other familiar
aquatic plants, punctured and caterpillar-eaten, gave promise of
further success ; while the whole inland area, entirely dry after
the prolonged drought, teemed with butterfly life. Polyom-
matus icarus, a fine bright form ; Loweia dorilis, small and
rather wasted ; Everes argiades, even more dwarf, Pyrgus sao,
Melitcea cinxia, and M. parthenie disputed possession of the
fleabane flowers and frequent spires of purple loosestrife, on
which also Lampides hoeticiis — a very common "blue" about
Bordeaux — disported with Colias edusa (I missed a fine ab. pal-
lida, Tutt), Pyrameis cardui, and other Vanessids. But, the
sky becoming momentarily overcast, it was not until the very
end of the marsh was reached that I began the chase for rutilus
in earnest. The few males on the wing at this point were
getting worn ; the females, rare but in good condition : both
sexes very small.

After returning for dejeuner to Le Vigean, exploration of
the swampy fields further on and a walk back late in the
afternoon to the Blanquefort-Bordeaux tramway by the banks
of a little river resulted in the capture of some ten or twelve
more examples. But I had now all the indications I required,
and next day I started work alone at the furthest field from the
marsh, whence I was speedily ejected by an excited farmer,
though what possible harm I could be doing in all that tangle of
weeds, of which his pasture (!) consisted, beats my compre-
hension. My mild baritone invective was, however, no match
for the terrific tenor patois which distracted that good man's
vocal chords ; and I bowed to the storm. Undisturbed in this
same waste the day before, I had come upon two rutilus larvae,
one quite small, the other in the last instar, suggesting a some-
what prolonged emergence, though not a few females were
already wasted. I handed over these larvse to M. Brown to

388 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

rear, my chances of securing food-plant during the next fort-
night's travel being altogether hopeless.

The headquarters of C. var. rutilus, hereabouts, I soon found
to be in the low-lying fen, and on the banks of the stream
between the Bruges and the Le Vigean-Blanquefort road. On
August 2nd males and females were in abundance— rather larger,
and both sexes in better condition ; while at one point, where
the brown peaty water falls over a little weir, and provides an
agreeable bath for the lads of the district, I had the extreme
pleasure of observing no fewer than eighteen males and six
females on a single plant of Inula dysenterica.

This Blanquefort locality was known evidently for many
years to local collectors of a past generation, but M. Brown
informed me that for the moment lepidopterists are scarce in
Bordeaux. I find in Trimoulet's * Cat. des Lepids. de la Gironde'
(Bordeaux, 1858) : — "Hippothoe, L., June and August. In the
marshes on Inula dysenterica. At Blanquefort, Begles, Coure-
g6an, &c. Larva in April and June on Iris pseud-acorus " —
surely a mistake, even if hippothoe, Hb., be not the " Copper"
intended — as I am sure it is — because hippothoe, L. (=: chryseis,
Hb.) does not occur in Gironde, and M. Brown told me that he
had himself introduced the late M. Trimoulet to these haunts of
rutilus. The butterfly, as we have seen, still affects the fleabane.
Tutt has collected the various food-plants (' British Butterflies,'
vol. i. p. 448), and, with the exception of Polygonum historta — on
the authority of Heyne — they are without exception species of
Rumex. If Trimoulet had said that the imago rests on the 7ns,
I could have endorsed his evidence, for, when the sun was
temporarily clouded, I noticed several females sitting on the flag
blades, probably conveniently near to the hydrolapathum, of
which there was plenty in all the ditches and at the edge of
the river.

Looking over the series in my cabinet, I find very little
variation in the males. They differ chiefly in the degree of
visibility of the under- side marginal and antemarginal spots of
the hind wings showing through. In the females, which display
a considerable difference of size, ranging from about 33 mm.
to 40 mm., the tendency to dark sufi'usion of the hind wings
upper side is most marked, while the antemarginal black spots
on the fore wings range from light inconspicuous to heavily
accentuated dots.

I can only regret that my time should have been necessarily
limited to two days, or rather a day and a half, at Bordeaux. The
country round is varied, and the lepidopterous fauna rich.
Another year I hope I may have the good fortune to be going
south in this direction in June, when the first and finest emer-
gence of rutilus takes place, the butterfly then being in size no
whit inferior to our long defunct and lamented C. dispar.

revised list of the british ants. 389

Butterflies observed: Environs of Bordeaux (Gironde),
August 1st and 2nd. — Carcharodus alcecE; Pi/rgus sao ; Nisoniades
tar/es ; Chrysophanus dupar var. rutilus, L. dorilis, E. phlceas ;
Nomiades semiargus ,- Poh/ommatus icaras, P. medon ; Pleheius
argus {(sgon) ; Everes argiades ; Celastrina argiolus ; Lampides
hoeticus ; Iphiclides podalirius ; Pontia daplidice ; Colias hyale, C.
ediisa (and ab. pallida) ; Gonepteryx rhamni ; Issoria lathonia ;
Melitcsa cinxia, M. parthenie ; Pyrameis cardiii ; Aglais urticce ;
EpinepJiele tithonus ; Pararge megcera ; Coenonympha pamphilus.

(To be continued.)

A REVISED LIST OF THE BRITISH ANTS.
By Horace Donisthorpb, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

I hope shortly to publish the distribution of the ants which
occur in Britain, as far as is at present known. It seems to me
therefore desirable first of all to publish a list of our species in
the proper order and with the correct synonymy.

It is also necessary to place on a proper footing the different
species, subspecies, and varieties. Three of the varieties and
one subspecies have been added within the last two years, and
it is probable that when more attention has been given to our
ants, and more collecting has been done, several other species or
forms will be found to exist.

I use the term "subspecies" instead of "race," as the former
is more generally employed now by myrmecologists, though I
think perhaps Prof. Porel's word " race " is more expressive.

The difference between subspecies and varieties in ants is
only one of degree. The former is more constant, nearer to the
species ; the latter exhibits more hybrid forms and transitions.

The following is our list : —

FORMICID^.

Subfamily PoNERiNiE.

Genus Ponera, Latr.
coarctata, Latr. {contracta, Latr.).
punctatissima, Roger. ■

Subfamily Myrmicin^.
Genus Myrmecina, Curt.
graminicola, Latr. [latreillei, Curt.),

Genus Formicoxenus, Mayr.
nitidulus, Nyl.

Genus Solenopsis, West.
fug ax, Latr.

390 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Genus Myemica, Latr.
sulcinodis, Nyl. scahrinoclis , Nyl.

Icevinodis, Nyl. lohicornis, Nyl.

ruginodis, Nyl.

Genus Stenamma, West.
weshvoodi, West.

Genus Leptothorax, Mayr.
acervorum, Fab.
tuherum, Fab., subsp. nylanderi, Forst.

,, ,, ,, corticalis, Schenck.

,, ,, ,, unifasciata, Latr.

Genus Tetramorium, Mayr.
ccespitum, L.

Subfamily Dolichoderin^.
Genus Tapinoma, Forst.
erraticum, Latr.

Subfamily Camponotin^.
Genus Lasius, Fab.
fuliginosus, Latr.
niger, L.

„ subsp. aliemis, Forst.
flavus, Fab,
umbratus, Nyl.

„ subsp. mixtus, Nyl.

Genus Formica, L.
rufa, L.

,, var, alpina, Santschi.
,, var. rufo-pratensis, Forel.
,, subsp. pratensis, Deg.
sanguinea, Latr.
exsecta, Nyl.
ficsca, L.

var. glebaria, Nyl.
var. rubescens, Forel.
var. fttsco-rufibarbis, Forel.
subsp. rufibarbis, Fab.
subsp. gagates, Latr.

With regard to some of the changes in the above list, I may
mention I have placed the Ponerinae at the beginning of the
list because they are the most primitive of all the subfamilies of
ants. In the genus Myrmica I have treated them as species,
which I have always regarded them to be, instead of subspecies,
and Prof. Wheeler refers to them as " the closely allied species.

FOKMALIN A REMEDY FOR MOULD. 391

scahrinodis, lavinodis, &c., which were formerly regarded as mere
subspecies" ('Journal New York Ent. Soc' xix. 1911, p, 163).

The varieties of Formica fusca, L., have been quite in-
accurately dealt with in this country. It is impossible to tell
if the various records of rufiharhis and cunicularia really refer to
the subspecies rufiharhis, ¥., or one of the vars. of fusca.
{F. cunicularia, Latr., is really a synonym of rufiharhis, F.) The
Ya,Y. fusco-rufiharhis is very abundant at Whitsand Bay, and all
the ants in some of the nests are of a very dark colour, being
intermediate between Xightev fusco-rifiharhis and gleharia. The
former lives chiefly in the sand on the borders of rivers, lakes,
and by the sea; the latter in the earth on the plains. F. fusca
is more common in woods. Forel says that gleharia, ruhescens,
Qiud fusco-rufiharhis have more the habits of F. fusca, and are
not so warlike as rufiharhis. On the other hand, I have found
the var. fusco-rufiharhis is not nearly so cowardly an ant as*
fusca proper, and Crawley tells me this is his experience with
gleharia. The var. fusco-rufiharhis is very silky (with silvery
pubescence), darker than rufiharhis, the back of the thorax brown,
less polymorphic, and much less hairy, especially on the thorax.
It resembles ruhescens, but is more pubescent and less red, more
red, however, than gleharia as a rule.

It is of interest to notice that the myrmecophilous beetles,
Atemeles paradoxus and Dinar da pygmcea occur with fusco-rifi-
harhis and not with fusca proper ; the known distribution of
both species in Britain being almost confined to the seaside (the
first having been found in the Plymouth district, Weston-super-
Mare, Isle of Wight, Folkestone, Bournemouth, &c., and the
second in the Plymouth district and at Weston-super-Mare), as
might be expected from the habits of the Formica hosts. Of
the former genus, Atemeles emarginatus, on the other hand, is
only found with /ttsc^i, and not with its subspecies or varieties ;
the winter hosts of both Atemeles being species of the genus
Myrmica.

FOBMALIN A REMEDY FOR MOULD ON CABINET
SPECIMENS.

By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S.

It is now some thirty-five years since I was informed by the
late John T. Carrington that the best remedy for mould on
cabinet specimens was " glacial carbolic acid," and from that day
until about a year back I used it exclusively for that purpose.

The treatment proved fairly successful until I came to reside
in my present house some seven years ago ; but in consequence
I suppose of the house being a new one, and the walls being full
of damp, mould commenced to appear extensively in my collec-

392 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

tions ; and although frequent appHcations of carbolic acid kept
the fungus down, I could not get rid of it.

About a year ago, whilst showing some drawers of my
European butterflies to a medical friend, I pointed out to him
a fine specimen of Apatura iris, the thorax of which was covered
with mould.

My friend advised me to use "formalin" which, he stated,
he believed to be absolutely fatal to all such growths. I took
his advice, with the result that every trace of mould vanished
within a few days from my cabinet drawers, and up to the
present date there has not been the slightest return of it.

My method is very simple : I pour out a small quantity of
formalin into a saucer, stick a wad of cotton-wool on the head
of a pin, immerse it in the formalin, and then stick it in the
drawer, which must be closed immediately. After a few days the
pin and cotton-wool can be removed and the cure is complete. I
have not found the slightest damage to a single specimen result
from this process.

I was particularly struck with the result of the remedy on a
bos of large Chinese Sphinges which had been kept in a damp
cupboard, and which were in consequence a mass of mould. A
few days after treatment with formalin the fungus was not only
dead but withered away.

I have made a number of enquiries amongst entomological
friends, but cannot find anyone who has used formalin for
mould ; I am therefore sending this note. Probably there may
be some who have used it, and, if so, their experiences, which
may possibly have extended over a longer period than mine has
done, would be interesting.

Youlgreave, South Croydon : October 21st, 1911.

ON SOME EECENT ATTEMPTS TO CLASSIFY THE
COLEOPTEEA IN ACCOKDANCE WITH THEIR
PHYLOGENY.

By C. J. Gahan, M.A.

(Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)
(Concluded from p. 351.)

The Eucnemidse and Throscidae are without doubt closely
related to the Elateridae and Cebrionidae, and should be asso-
ciated with them in the same minor group, either as derivative
forms, or as collateral descendants from the same ancestors.
The Dicronychidae, recognised by Koble as a family, are only
distinguishable from ordinary ElateridaB by having somewhat
remarkably modified asymmetrical male genitalia, and a peculi-

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 393

arity in the structure of the tarsal claws. But the CerophytidaG
are very distinct, and their relationship to the Elateridse is much
more remote ; so that, if they are to be included in the same
group, it is only because they possibly may be a divergent off-
shoot from the ancestral stock.

The Buprestidfe are in many ways a highly specialized family
of beetles, and cannot be ancestral to any of those just named.
But at the same time, although it is possible, it is very difficult
to see how they can be derived from any of those Elateroid
families, the differences being so great, and the connecting links
nowhere among existing forms to be found. So far I agree with
Lameere. But to me it is equally difficult, and for the same
reason, to see how they can be derived from the Dascillidae. I
look, then, upon the Buprestidae as a very isolated family, whose
origin is almost as much of a problem as is that of the Lamelli-
corns or Longicorns. The wing-venation in this family is quite
characteristic, easily distinguishable from that of other beetles,
but not very easily to be derived from that of any other family :
(1st) the median vein (M2) has moved forwards towards the
radius, and its short recurrent branch comes off at a considerable
distance from the apes of the wing; (2nd) the recurrent branch
(R^) of the radius (Pij) lies very close to the latter, leaving only
a very narrow cell between ; and (3rd) the cubitus appears to
have four longitudinal branches, three of them in a position to
correspond with the two marked Cu^ in my figure of the
Lampyrid wing on p. 125, the fourth homologous with Cug of
the same figure. The cell between Cu2 and A^ is generally
complete, and then somewhat elliptical in form, with only a
single vein continued from it to the margin of the wing, and
this vein might be interpreted as A-^ instead of Cu2, if we did
not find both often continued up to the margin, while the
anterior three branches are at the same time present. The
modifications undergone in the fore part of the wing are not
unlike those met with in the Lamellicorns, and might easily
enough be explained as derived from the Elaterid or Dascillid
type. But it is less easy to account for the additional vein in
the cubital area. It may possibly have arisen from the conver-
sion of a vein originally transverse into a longitudinal one, which
then further develops ; it may be due to the bifurcation of an
originally single branch, or it may be an inheritance from some
ancestor in which the cubitus had four longitudinal branches.
If we accept as correct either of the first two alternatives, then
the Buprestid wing may without much difficulty be derived from
the Elaterid or Dascillid wing ; but if we consider the last of the
three as the most probable explanation, we must look for the
origin of the BuprestidsB elsewhere.

The male genital organs have been investigated in only a
few species of Buprestidse, and not yet, so far as I know, in any

ENTOM. — DECEMBER, 1911. 2 G

394 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

species of Dascillidse. Their structure in the Buprestidae is
somewhat remarkable, and constitutes what might almost be
regarded as a distinct type. Each testis, as described by L6on
Dufour in the genus Corcehiis, consists of five very long, slender,
tubular capsules, which, arising from the dilated end of the
vas deferens, are intricately coiled up together in a mass, from
which their ends emerge, terminating each in a slight oval
swelling. In another Buprestid {Anthaxia manca), investigated
by Laboulbene, there are six spermatic capsules, which are
swollen and somewhat fusiform at the base where they join the
efferent duct, and then taper out into long fine tubes, which are
coiled together and run into one another, their ends not being
free as in the preceding case. It would be interesting to find out
not only how far this type of structure occurs in the Buprestidfe,
but whether it is to be met with also in any other family. The
only other beetles I know of in which the structure is at all
similar are the Cleridse.

In another respect also the Buprestidse call for some remark
and further inquiry. The Malpighian vessels, which in most
other families, and even in whole groups, are tolerably constant
in number, either four or six, are in this family not at all con-
stant, but appear to be nearly as often the one number as the
other. Out of seven species, investigated by Dufour and La-
boulbene, four were found to have six Malpighian tubes and
the remaining three only four. In the larvae he dissected,
Dufour found six of these vessels, and not knowing at the time
that any Buprestid imago had six, he was led to infer that the
larvfe of Buprestidae had six and the beetles only four Malpighian
tubes.* This would be a surprising fact, if true. But the infer-
ence was wrong, and the probability is, as Laboulbene said,
that larva and beetle have, in the case of each species, the same
number of vessels.

From these different facts I have mentioned concerning the
Buprestidae, it is evident that there is much still to be done
before we can finally decide what place that family should take
in the ranks of the Coleoptera.

Having but a very limited knowledge of some of the families
included in the Dascilloidea of Kolbe, I can hardly venture to
go further in the way of criticism than to point out that there
is some room for a difference of opinion in regard to the compo-
sition and validity of the group. This is evident from La-
meere's treatment of the same series of families. He has
placed some of them with the Elateroids and Buprestidae in his
group Sternoxia. For the Psephenidae, Dryopidae, and Hel-
midae he makes a separate group — the Macrodactylia. And he

* Hence, probably, an error, which appears on p. 355 of Packard's ' Text-
book of Entomology.'

CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA. 395

associates together the Dermestidse, Byrrhidae, and Nosodendridse
in another group — the Brachymera.

Coming next to a consideration of the Clavicornia, we find
Kolbe in much closer agreement with the views of Lameere
although here also there is the slight difference, already noted —
the inclusion in the group by Lameere (but with doubt) of two
families, the Cioidae and Sphindidye, which Kolbe places in the
Bostrichoidea ; and there is this further and important diffe-
rence, that Kolbe places the Clavicornia after, not before, the
Heteromera. If I had to accept the Clavicornia as a distinct
and separate group, independent in origin from the rest of the
Diversicornia, I certainly should side with Kolbe in placing them
after the Heteromera. There are no doubt points of resemblance
both amongst the larvae and the adults, suggesting a somewhat
close affinity between the Heteromera and the Clavicornia, but I
consider the latter to be on the whole a more highly specialized
group, and one of minor value, that might readily enough be
derived from some other of the Diversicornia.

The Heteromera show a considerable amount of diversity in
their structure, and it has been suggested, perhaps more than
once, that they are not really a natural series, and might be
better placed, scattered among various other groups of Coleoptera.
That heresy, I am glad to say, has met with no favour from any
one of our three authors. They agree to look upon the Hetero-
mera as a perfectly natural and monophyletic family series. In
no other way, except as derived from a common ancestor, can
they explain the complete disappearance of the missing segment
of the hind tarsus, a character met with in every member of the
group without a single exception. That character, moreover,
does not stand alone, for an intimate study of the different
families included in the group tends to show that the view as to
their common relationship is on other grounds also well justified.
But at what period in the history of the Coleoptera did the first
Heteromeron appear ? Were the Clavicorns then in course of
being difierentiated into a group such as we now know them ?
It is extremely doubtful ; and I know of no ancestral feature
exhibited by the Clavicorns that would lead us to consider them
of earlier origin than the more primitive of the families of
Heteromera. The genus Phreriapates, between which and some
of the more primitive Clavicorns my friend Lameere finds points
of affinity, has no right to be regarded otherwise than as a highly
specialized form of Heteromeron, and the family to which it
belongs — the Tenebrionidae — no claim whatever to the first place
in the family series. In his suggested arrangement of the
families in this series, Lameere is considerably at variance with
Ganglbauer and Kolbe, and my own opinion in the matter is
that his arrangement is wrong, and that the course of develop-

2 g2

396 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

merit within the group was ahnost quite the reverse of that sug-
gested by him.

I have now dealt with the three classifications in all but
their least important points, and I hope I have given no unfair
representation of the views held by their authors. From the
criticisms which I have ventured to offer as I went along it will
be evident that my own views on the phylogeny of the Coleoptera
are in more or less complete accord with those of Ganglbauer.
His classification, it is true, is not altogether satisfactory,
because it leaves us still somewhat in doubt as to the origin of
certain of the groups, but in the present state of our knowledge
it could hardly have done otherwise. We may in course of
time be better able to see how the Phytophaga and Lamelli-
cornia have been derived. If we are to attach great importance
to the pedicellate structure of the testes, common to the two
groups,* and believe that it could not have been acquired in-
dependently by each, we must look for the origins of both groups
very near one another. That they were near one another in any
case seems quite probable, and it is only a question with me as
to which was the later of the two, and which therefore should
come last in the classification.

I think it possible also that the Heteromera, instead of being
derived directly from the Protocantharideon, may have branched
off at a very early date from the common stem of the Diversi-
cornia — that the Diversicornia and Heteromera may have gone
together a little in one direction, the Phytophaga and Lamelli-
cornia together in another, before the final differentiation into
the four groups took place. Of these four groups, the Diversi-
cornia, in their lowest forms the Malacodermata, seem to have
retained most of the ancestral characters ; and the Lamelli-
cornia, taking them as a whole, seem to be the most modified.
The Ehynchophora are indeed, as Kolbe maintains, another
highly modified group, and if there were no such group as the
Phytophaga existing, to which they show so close an affinity,
they might very well be placed after the Lamellicornia. All
things considered, I agree, then, as in most other points, with
the order in which Ganglbauer has arranged the groups, and I
think that his classification may well stand for the present as
the one best devised to express our knowledge of the phylogeny
of the Coleoptera.

* Since writing the footnote on p. 169, I have ascertained from dissections
made by myself, and also by Mr. F. Muir, that the testes of Timarclia are as
described by Dr. Bordas, and of a different type from those of other Phyto-
phaga— a fact which is somewhat disconcerting.

Errata. — In the last paragraph on p. 124, and the first two on
p. 125, for Mg read Mj^. In the last paragraph on p. 349, and the
last on p. 350, for Dascillidge read Dascilloidea.

397

A SECOND LIST OF THE APHIDID^ FOUND IN KENT.
By Fred V. Theobald, M.A., F.E.S., &c.

(Continued from p. 356.)

A2)his solani, Kaltenbach. — Wye, June 26th, 28th, July 7th, 1911,
a few apterous females beneath potato leaves, and a single winged
female on June 28th.

A. tragopogonis, Kaltenbach. — On Tragopogon pratensis, Wye,
August 12th, 1911, and Heme Bay, July 18th, 1911, and on Schor-
zonera at Wye and Heme Bay, July 15th and 20th, 1911.

A. cratcegiella, nov. nom. for.

A. cratcegi, Buckton (non Kaltenbach). — Common on the top
shoots of hawthorn in hedgerows, Wye, and Godmersham, forming
large dense colonies, May 22nd and 29th, June 7th and 10th, July
1st and 18th, September 20th, 1911. One apterous female had black
cornicles. Kaltenbach's A. cratcegi is black, Buckton describes and
figures a green species which is quite distinct. The two species I
have twice found together.

A. malvcs, Koch. — A few apterous females on the leaves of the
dwarf mallow {Malva rotundifolia) in Wye churchyard, August 22nd
to 27th, 1911. Apparently rare.

A. lappcB, Koch. — ^On cultivated celery, sometimes freely on the
leaves, at others in masses hidden between leaf stalks. Wye, Septem-
ber to November, 1907 ; also sent me from Ely in September, 1909.

A. cratagi, Kaltenbach (non Koch, non Buckton). — Wye, on
hawthorn. May 29th, September 12th, 1911 ; also from Haddenham,
Cambridgeshire.

A. ochropus, Koch. — On Bumex, Wye Downs, July 30th, 1911,
a single dense colony of winged and wingless females and nymphs.

A. ilicis, Kaltenbach. — On holly leaves, Wye, a few scattered
wingless females ; also found at Hastings, May 3rd, 1911, a single
colony on a leaf.

A. cracccB, Linn. — A few wingless females on Lotus corniculatus,
along Olantigh Eoad, Wye. This appears to be the A. vicica of
Fabricius.

A. opima, Buckton. — Wye, on begonias, March 27th, 1903, under
glass.

A. atriplicis, Buckton (non Linn.). — The only black aphis I have
found on mangolds, and which has swarmed and done enormous
damage this year, answers to Buckton's description of his A. atriplicis.
It is, however, apparently only A. papaveris, Fabricius. This
black Aphis curls the leaves and twists them up into crinkled masses ;
abundant all over Kent on mangolds, most so in Thanet.

A. lactuccB, Kaltenbach. — Wye and neighbourhood. This is a
true Aphis, found in great alDundance on sowthistles {Sonchus
arvensis and S. pahistris), also on garden lettuces run to seed. The
pale bright green wingless females and larvae collect in numbers on
the flower stalks and fall on being shaken, especially the adult
females. First noticed on June 27th and continued on through Sep-
tember. No winged females have been found. The shiny brown

398 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Siplwnophora sonchi (Kalt.) now and then occurs, mixed with the
colonies, especially towards the end of August ; also taken in July at
Crundale and Heme Bay, also sent me from Haddenham, Cambs,
June 27th. In the first list I recorded Siphonophora lactucce, Kalt.,
taking Buckton's description. I have since found the true A. lachiccB
of Kaltenbach ; it is certainly a true aphis, with moderately long
cornicles. SiphonopJiora (M.) lactuca, described by Buckton, has
longer cornicles.

A chrysanthemi, Koch. — Wye, on chrysanthemum, September
10th, 1906; also from Great Staughton, Hunts, July 25th, 1904.
Schouteden places this as a synonym of Linnaeus's A. cardui ; they
appear very distinct to me.

A. atriplicis, Linnaeus. — This is quite a distinct species, of a pale
green colour, and must not be confused with the A. atriplicis of
Buckton, a dark, almost black insect which I fail to separate from
A. papaveris, Fabricius. The true {i.e. Linnaeus's) atriplicis causes the
leaves of various chenopodiums and also mangolds to curl upwards
from the middle, forming marked boat-shaped galls. I found this
insect quite common in the village of Wye, on the small creeping
goosefoot {Ghenopodium polyspermum) and on Atriplex portulacoides,
and also producing similar deformities on mangolds and sugar beets
at Wye and on the former at Heme "Bay, Seasalter, and Faversham.
Apterous viviparous females occurred from July 7th to September 25th,
when a few nymphs were found. The insects have a mealy coat, and
there are many oil globules in the galls. It often occurs alongside
with A. jMpaveris, Fabricius, A. chenopodii, Kaltenbach, and a new
species which I am describing.

A. jacobcecB, Schrank. — Heme Bay, July 15th, 1911, on ragwort
{Senecio jacobcea) ; winged and wingless females.

A. charophyllii, Koch ?. — Wye, July 1st, 1911, on mangold leaves.
A few specimens differing from other mangold aphides answered to
the description of this species.

A. oxycanthcB, Koch. — On apple leaves and shoots. Wye, June 20th,
1911, and Mortimer, Berks, June 12th, 1911. This black aphis seems
uncommon on apple, but appeared in numbers in the two localities
mentioned this year, and caused no little harm on some Worcester
pearmains at Wye. It probably comes in the genus Myzus.

A. chamomillcB, Koch?. — On chamomile plants at Wye, June 6th,
1911. This answers generally to Koch's species, but I am not sure
that it is a distinct species from A. papaveris until microscopic pre-
parations have been made.

A. loti, Kaltenbach. — Wye, on Lotus corniculatus during May.
A small black species found singly between the leaves and stems and
amongst the flowers ; larvae, apterous females and one nymph. Also
at Ecclesbourne Glen, May 12th, 1911.

A. avencB, Fabricius. — On barley, Wye, June 30th, 1904, wingless
females and nymphs, on oats and wheat. Wye, July 7th and September
20th, 1911, the last-named on some self-sown corn by roadside, found
both on the blade and in the ears. Schouteden places the A.fitchii,
of Sanderson, found on apples as a synonym of this species. I have
so far not been able to trace the connection between these two insects,
both of which occur here, and it is quite likely they are migrant forms.

OVA AND YOUNG LARVA OF CHRYSOPHANUS AMPHIDAMUS. 399

A. sijmpJiyti, Schrank. — Wye, October 13th, 1911. A single
apterous female on groundsel flower-head. I have been unable to
find more of this very marked species.

(To be continued.)

DESCRIPTION OF OVA AND YOUNG LARVA OF
CHRYSOPHANUS AMPHIDAMAS.

By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S.

Whilst at Mattmar in the province of Jemtland, Sweden, I
discovered on the under sides of the leaves of Polygonum viviparum
on June 5th last several Chrysophanid ova. I did not see them
actually deposited, but they were identical in every respect with
ova I obtained by dissecting a female of Chrysophanus amphi-
damas, and as they differ markedly from the ova of all the other
species of Chrysophanus occurring in Sweden, which are well
known, there cannot be the slightest doubt that they are those
of this species.

The description of the ova is as follows : — Horizontal
diameter 20 mm. ; vertical diameter 50 mm. ; diameter of
micropyle 15 mm. ; shape spherical, somewhat flattened at the
crown ; colour a clear, frosted white, when looked at from above ;
but when viewed sideways the ovum has a beautiful opalescent
sheen.

The surface is covered by a network of deeply pitted cells,
rounded, but with irregular outline ; six of these cells surround
the micropyle.

Larva emerges by eating a large hole at the apex of the ovum,
removing the micropylar area, as well as a portion of the sur-
rounding cells.

The first larva emerged on June 23rd ; the micropylar area
for the two or three days previous to emergence became of a
leaden tinge.

The newly emerged larva is about one millimetre in length,
of a dull greenish white colour, thickly covered with long white
spines ; it commenced at once to feed on the under side of
the leaves of P. viviparum alongside the midrib, forming a deep
channel in which the young larva was almost hidden, and eating
the lower cuticle of the leaf only.

The larvae emerged whilst I was in Lapland, and in con-
sequence of my being unable to keep the food-plant in water, the
leaves curled up, which they have a great tendency to do, and
probably crushed the larvas ; at any rate I did not see them
after they were four days old.
Youlgreave, South Croydon : October 21st, 1911. .

400 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

NEW GEOMETRID^ FROM FORMOSA.
By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S.

Spilopera ruhridisca, sp. n.

2 . Pale ochreous brown, sparingly dusted with fuscous. Fore
wings suffused with reddish on central area ; a white centred purplish
spot at end of cell ; antemedial line dusky, angled below costa, where
it is dotted with black ; postmedial line purplish brown, oblique from
apex to dorsum ; some purplish marks below apex ; subterminal line,
indicated by purplish dots, starts from costa before apex, curves
under oblique line, thence almost parallel with it to dorsum. Hind
wings have a purphsh spot at end of cell — this is centred with white
on the left wing, but not on the right wing ; postmedial line purplish
brown, appearing to be a continuation of the line on fore wings ;
traces of a dusky subterminal line. Under side similar to above, but
the postmedial lines are indistinct, and the subterminal lines are
indicated by black dots.

Expanse, 36 millim.

Collection number, 1606.

A female specimen, minus fringes, from Kanshirei (1000 ft.).
May 2nd, 1908.

Craspedia indigcnata, sp. n.

3- . Whitish brown, irrorated with darker brown, especially on
the outer area of all the wings. Fore wings : antemedial line brown,
slender, dotted with black on each nervure ; medial line brown, very
faint, undulate ; postmedial line brown, slender, double, sinuous,
dotted with black below costa, marked with black about middle and
at dorsum. Hind wings agree in colour with the fore wings ; discal
dot black ; antemedial and postmedial lines brown, the former very
indistinct, the latter dotted with black. Fringes paler, preceded l)y
an interrupted black line. Under side rather paler than above, lines
more distinct.

Expanse, 26 millim.

Collection number, 886.

One specimen from Punkio (4000 ft.), August 4th, 1908.

Near C. ligataria, Walk.

Acidalia arizana, sp. n.

S ■ Pale brown, the area within the medial line of fore wings
and the antemedial line of hind wings suffused with fuscous. Ante-
medial line of fore wings hardly darker than the area it crosses,
angled below costa ; postmedial line brownish, nearly parallel with
termen ; veins beyond the postmedial hne whitish, dotted with black ;
terminal series of black marks between the veins ; a black dot at end
of cell. Hind wings have the termen slightly angled at vein j&ve ;
faint black dot at end of cell ; antemedial line brown, rather broad ;
postmedial line brownish dotted with darker ; veins beyond post-
medial line whitish dotted with black ; terminal dots as on fore wings.

NEW GEOBIETRIDiE FROM FORMOSA. 401

Under side whitish, markings similar to those of upper side, but the
dots on terminal area less distinct.

Expanse, 28 millim.

Collection number, 883.

A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), September 12th,
1906.

Chrysocraspeda duplicilinea, sp. n.

(? . Fore wings pale yellow, costa reddish towards the base ;
antemedial line red ; postmedial line red, double, outwardly angled
below middle ; subterminal line red, double, interrupted, marked with
purplish towards tornus ; a reddish dot at end of cell. Hind wings
pale yellow ; red lines as on fore wings, but brighter and more
distinct ; the subterminal line single, followed by a red band on
termen. Under side whitish, markings of upper side faintly in-
dicated.

Expanse, 23 millim.

Collection number, 91.

A male specimen from Takow (on the plains), September
2nd, 1904.

Seems to be allied to C. marginata, Swinhoe, from Burma.

Anisodes lentiginosaria, sp. n.

(? . Fore wings yellow, freckled with reddish orange ; antemedial
line dusky, indistinct except towards the costa ; spot at end of cell
black, enclosing a white speck ; a dusky shade-like band just beyond
discoidal spot ; postmedial line black, undulated, preceded by black
dots on veins three, four, and six ; area beyond postmedial clouded
with purplish and blackish, chiefly towards dorsum ; fringes yellow.
Hind wings yellow, freckled with orange ; antemedial band purplish
mixed with black, enclosing a black-ringed white spot ; postmedial
line purplish mixed with black, preceded by black specks set in red-
dish orange dots ; area beyond postmedial purplish, traversed by an
interrupted line of the ground colour. Under side paler, markings
fainter.

$ . Similar to the male, but less freckled ; the medial line of
fore wings and the antemedial line of hind wings are reddish.

Expanse, S' 38 milhm., J 32 millim.

Collection number, 861.

One example of each sex from Arizan (7300 ft.), August,
1908. I have also a male specimen from Tozan (8500 ft.),
September, 1906 (No. 1600 f).

Hydrelia ruhrivena, sp. n.
^ . Fore wings brown, tinged with reddish ; subbasal line
blackish ; antemedial line blackish, indistinct, preceded by a still less
distinct line ; postmedial line black, wavy, indistinct towards dorsum,
outwardly edged with red, which colour is extended along the veins ;
traces of a blackish subterminal line, chiefly towards the costa.
Hind wings brown ; three dusky, curved, and interrupted lines, all

402

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

indistinct. Fringes pale brown, preceded by black dots at ends of
the veins. Under side whitish ; fore wings from base to postmedial
line dusky ; hind wings with blackish dot at end of cell, and a blackish
postmedial line ; the latter is slightly serrated and indented oppo-
site cell.

Expanse, 26 millim.

Collection number, 882.

A specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), September 14tb, 1906.

ab. obscura, nov.
(? . General colour as in ruhrivena, but all markings are much
obscured and difficult to trace ; similar to the type on the under side.
Collection number, 882 a.
One male specimen from Arizan, September 27th, 1906.

THE MACEO-LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD.*

The plan of this great work, which is appearing both in
German and in English, is as follows. There are to be four
principal parts or sections, dealing respectively with the fauna
of the Palsearctic, Indo-Australian, ^Ethiopian, and American
regions, and each part, again, will comprise four volumes, the
first, third, and fourth of each series covering the Ehopalocera,
Noctuidae, and Geometridae, the second the much more hetero-
geneous residue — most of which have figured as "Bombyces"
in the older entomological literature. Thus Dr. Seitz hopes, in
sixteen volumes (some of which we fear may prove rather
unmanageably bulky), to provide a complete account of the
known Macro-Lepidoptera, with figures of nearly all the principal
forms.

Numerous of the volumes are in progress, several (especially
on the Butterflies) well advanced ; while we have before us the
completed first volume, the Paltearctic Rhopalocera, bound in two
parts, the letterpress and the plates separately, and thus of a
convenient size for handling. The only main group on which
nothing has yet appeared is the Geometridae, and we learn that
vol. iv. (Palaearctic Geometrae) is now in preparation, will com-
mence to appear at the beginning of 1912, and will be published
rapidly.

Any who look for a complete biological or morphological
work will, of course, not find it here. Even if the time is ripe
for such, it is difficult to conceive of any at present workable
plan whereby it could be carried out. At the same time, it is
only justice to Dr. Seitz and his numerous collaborators to
emphasize the fact that they are providing much more than the

- Edited by Dr. A. Seitz. Stuttgart : Alfred Kernen, Verlag. Poststrasse 7.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 403

" illustrated catalogue," which was somewhat slightingly spoken
of when the work was first announced a few years ago. Brief
descriptions of the earlier stages are included wherever these are
known, and the dry descriptive matter is often enlivened by notes
on the habits of the imago. Scientifically, too, the names of
such contributors as Jordan, Aurivillius, and others are guarantee
that we have work of real classificatory value, and their synopses
and differentiations should be a real help to advanced students.

The completed volume (vol. i.) will appear to many to be less
important than most of those which follow, as we have already
so many good text-books and iconographies of the Palsearctic
Ehopalocera. On the other hand, the large number of the
students of the group justifies an extensive literature, and the
present volume by no means duplicates its predecessors, but
gives a wider view of the Palsearctic area and much new or newly
collected information.

The illustrations are for the most part good, and of practical
use for the determination of species. We wish the enterprise
continued success.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Second International Congress of Entomology, — The Second
International Congress of Entomology will be held at Oxford from
August 5th to 10th, 1912. Further particulars will be announced
shortly.

The President of the Congress is Professor E. B. Poulton, D.Sc,
E.E.S,

The Executive Committee proposes to find for Members of the
Congress lodgings in the town, or rooms in one or more of the
Colleges, at a moderate charge ; rooms in the College will be available
only for men. The Executive Committee invites an early provisional
notice of intention to join the Congress, in order to be able to make
the arrangements for the necessary accommodation. The proceed-
ings of the First Congress are in the press and will be published
shortly. All communications and enquiries should be addressed to
the General Secretary of the Executive Committee, Dr. Malcolm
BuRB, c/o the Entomological Society of London, 11, Chandos Street,
Cavendish Square, London, W,

Abnormal Union of Butterflies. — While collecting in Puszta
Peszer on June 12th this year, I captured a specimen of Argynnis
daphne in copula with a Melitoea athalia. The two specimens were
transferred from the net into a pill-box and remained united for some
considerable time. On examination after they came apart both
specimens proved to be males. — N. Charles Rothschild ; Arundel
House, Kensington Palace Gardens, W.

Note on the Eoosting Habits of Heliconius charitonia. —
My attention was first drawn to observe the manner of clustering
together in groups of this species when asleep, by Bersa, who told me

404 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

that he noticed a dozen or so every morning at about six a.m., con-
gregated always on the same twig of the same plant {Phenax hirtus,
" a member of the nettle family "), growing deep down in a gorge, and
overhanging the rocky bed of the stream — all apparently, at that
early hour, sound asleep. I therefore visited the same spot one
evening, between five and six p.m., and found as we had expected,
that they had now begun to assemble for the night. I counted eight
specimens, clustered closely together on one small twig, all with
their long, closed wings hanging downwards — a withered twig it was,
covered with brown, prickly seeds, possessed of unusually adhesive
tendencies, and it struck me that this was probably the main cause
for this twig, and others always more or less dried up, being espe-
cially favoured ; though of course it also admits of protective sugges-
tions. Bersa said he had always found them in the morning on these
very same twigs. When disturbed they flopped sleepily about in the
immediate neighbourhood, but soon tried to resettle, invariably
rejecting all the green leaves, and returning ultimately to the dried-up
dead twigs by preference, most of them selecting the same one as
before. — Margaret E. Fountaine, F.E.S. ; Bath, Jamaica, October
7th, 1911.

Stridulation inthePupaofanIchneumonid. — During the month
of June last I noticed that several ■ of the Tortrix larvae that I beat
from oak carried a small external parasitic larva firmly attached to
the second and third segments. Some of these parasitised caterpillars
I kept in chip boxes, and in the course of a few days the parasitic
larvae, which were then of a pale green colour, and nearly as large as
their hosts had been when first attached, had completed their growth
and spun thin transparent, papyraceous, white cocoons, with a
medial band of a thicker texture. In a state of nature these cocoons
are formed within the rolled leaf which has previously been in-
habited by the host, and a curious thing about them is that if wetted
they turn to a deep brown in colour. As soon as the larvae had changed
to pupae, I was much surprised to find that they made a very notice-
able sound by wriggling in their cocoons. The noise appeared to be
produced by the abdomen, and, in the case of the female, the
ovipositor, which was curled over the back in the usual way, being
scraped against the cocoon, and was distinctly audible at a distance
of several yards, so much so that a maid, whose duty it was to clean
the room in which these pupae were kept in a drawer, was much
alarmed and distressed, thinking she had heard a "ticking spider"
(the local name for the death-watch beetle). The imagines emerged
in July, and I at first took them to be the Lissonotid Phytodictus,
but on submitting a specimen to Mr. Claude Morley, he very kindly
pointed out that they were Phytodictus polyzonias, Forst. — G. T.
Lyle ; Brockenhurst.

Lepidoptera op Torquay. — In a list of the moths and butterflies
occurring in the Torquay district (Journal of Torquay Nat. Hist.
Soc), Mr. H. Lipton enumerates upwards of five hundred and twenty
species and varieties.

Ehopalocera of Cyprus. — Mr. John A. S. Bucknill, in a Supple-
ment to ' English School Magazine,' Easter, 1911, gives a " List of

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 405

the Butterflies of Cyprus." Sixty-three species are mentioned, and
of these about twenty are noted as occurring also in Britain.

The Lepidoptera op Lincolnshire. — Mr. G. W. Mason, of
Barton-on-Humber, has pubHshed the fourth part of his ' Annotated
List of Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire.' This treats of the " Micros," of
which about four hundred and eighty-five species are knov/n to occur
in the county. The List of Butterflies was published in the ' Lincoln-
shire Naturalists' Union Transactions' for 1906. Heterocera, Parts
i.-iii., appeared in the Transactions for 1907, 1908, and 1909 respec-
tively. Part iv. was published in 1910.

Unusual dates op Occureence and Emergence op Lepidop-
tera IN 1911. — The following records in this connection may be of
interest. Argijnnis euphrosyne, August 17th ; Porthesia similis, Sep-
tember 20th, two males at light ; Leucania pallens, September 23rd,
in good condition, at sugar. Dioryctria splendidella, first appeared
June 4th ; Dasycampa rubiginea, bred from ova on August 20th (of
course without artificial heat). Besides these, I may mention the
occurrence of a third brood of Trichoptilus pallidum. This species
was on the wing in fresh condition during the second week of June,
the first and second weeks of August, and again in the second week
of September. Specimens of the first and second broods were bred
from larvae found full-grown on May 21st and July 12th respectively;
the second brood was by far the most numerous, and the third was
by no means rare. Nemoria viridata also had a partial third brood.
Several imagines were taken on May 27th, and ova obtained from a
female captured then gave us larvae which pupated about July 16th ;
five pupae were obtained, from two of which imagines emerged on
August 9th and September 7th, respectively, the other three remain-
ing over the winter. Most of these observations are due to my
brother, E. J. Champion ; they all refer to localities in the south-east
of England, chiefly in Surrey. — H. G. Champion ; New College,
Oxford, October 29th, 1911.

AcHERONTiA ATROPOS IN CORNWALL. — On September 19th a
very fine specimen of the above was taken by Mrs. Luke, of Mount
Pleasant, Camborne, settled upon her lawn. She very kindly for-
warded the insect as an acceptable present to me. — A. J. Spiller ;
Godolphin Cross, Helston.

On September 24th two specimens of A. atropos came to light in
the Lizard district. — B. Harold Smith.

AcHERONTiA ATEOPOS IN NoRFOLK. — On August 4th I received a
full-fed larva of A. atropos from Bladeney, Norfolk. — H. M. Edelsten ;
The Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield.

Acheeontia ateopos IN Beekshire. — I should like to record
the capture of A. atropos at Wargrave, Berks, by my sister. Miss
A. Dolton. It flew to the light in the kitchen, about 7 p.m., on
October 6th, and was eventually secured in a cake tin. It is a fine
specimen and in very good condition. — H. L. Dolton; 27, Brunswick
Street, Beading, October 12th, 1911.

406 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Sphinx convolvuli in Suerey. — A specimen in fair condition
was brought to me by Eric Mackney, the moth having been taken in
a shop in Kingston-on-Thames on October 11th last. — W. J. Lucas ;
Kingston-on-Thames.

Sphinx convolvuli in Worcestershire. — A specimen of S.
convolvuli was brought me ahve and in fairly good condition on Sep-
tember 22nd. The species has been taken here before, but not often.
We are far inland, quite the middle of England. — (Kev.) A. Day ; The
Vicarage, Malvern Link.

Sphinx convolvuli in Bedfordshire. — It may be of interest
to note that I had a fine female S. convolvuli brought to me on Sep-
tember 19th last. The specimen was quite stiff', and had apparently
been dead about a fortnight. It was discovered on a book in an office
in Luton, Beds. — L. G. Higgins ; Eurzedown, Harpenden, Herts.

Sphinx convolvuli in the Isle of Man. — I have just received
a specimen of S. convolvuli taken alive this September by a friend on
the sea coast near Port Erin, Isle of Man. This locality is interesting
to record in connection with those mentioned in the ' Entomologist '
for August.— E. O. Croft, M.D., E.E.S.; 28, Clarendon Road, Leeds,
October 5th, 1911.

Sphinx convolvuli in Hants. — Mr. Cecil Haig has asked me to
record the capture of eight specimens of S. convolvuli, four males and
four females, from August 21st to September 11th, at Exbury, Hants.
They were brought to him by a friend who took the moths, which
had flown into his house. Other specimens were seen in the garden,
but were not taken. — E. S. A. Baynes ; 120, Warwick Street, S.W.

Sphinx convolvuli in Isle of Wight. — During the last week
in August and the first week of September numbers of S. convolvuli
were seen hovering around the tobacco plants in our garden at Ryde.
They were exceedingly difficult to catch, and I only managed to
capture two specimens, one of which came to light in a room. —
A. C. Morris ; Gibson's Hill, Upper Norwood.

Sphinx convolvuli at Manchester. — On September 5th an
example of S. convolv^Ui was captured in a narrow street in Ancoats,
Manchester, by one of the juvenile members of the Heyrod Street
Lads' Club. This unusual visitor to Ancoats is now preserved in the
Club "Museum." — T. A. Coward; Bowdon, Cheshire.

Sphinx convolvuli in North Devon. — Mr. K.Rhodes, of Bowdon,
has shown me a specimen of S. convolvuli, captured at Woolacombe
Bay, North Devon, on August 24:th. — A. W. Boyd ; The Alton,
Altrineham, Cheshire, October 19th, 1911.

Sphinx convolvuli in Surrey. — Two female specimens of S.
convolvuli were captured at light on August 25th. A clump of
Nicotiana affinis was growing in the border just below the window,
and a male was taken at the flowers on September 1st ; other
specimens were also noticed at the flowers during the early part of
the month. — B. Harold Smith ; Edgehill, WarUngham, Surrey.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 407

Sphinx convolvuli reaeed from Ova to Pup^e. — It may be of
interest to record the rearing of S. convolvuli larvae, from ova deposited
by a female captured on September 7th ; several ova were obtained
and the larvae hatched out on the 15th and 16th. Convolvuhis sejnum
w^as given as food. After each moult, which was of short duration,
they fed at an enormous rate, and duly pupated on October 9th,
10th, and 11th.— G. Nobbs; North Lodge, East Cowes, Isle of Wight,
October 24th, 1911.

Sphinx convolvuli in Kent.- — We wish to record the capture
of two specimens of S. convolvuli this year. The first of these was
netted at about 9 p.m. on September 13th at a bed of petunias,
having seen it on some verbenas a quarter of an hour previously.
Another was seen on the same petunias the next evening at dusk,
and on September 16th we captured one on white nicotiana (tobacco
plant) at 7.20 ; we had been watching it for some time in the twilight,
hearing the hum of its wings most distinctly as it flew from flower
to flower. Both specimens captured are males. We saw a third
specimen about a week later, but failed to catch it. A noticeable
point was that they entirely disregarded the dark red nicotiana
blossoms, though they were more plentiful in the garden than the
white ; this must be either owing to the fact that they are less visible
in the darkness, or that, being more highly cultivated than the white,
they have less scent or honey, just as the most highly cultivated
mignonette has no scent at all. — P. A. and D. A. J. Buxton; Fairhill,
Tonbridge.

Sphinx convolvuli and Acherontia atropos in Hampshire, —
This is evidently a great year for the larger hawk moths. I have had
four specimens of &. convolvuli brought me this month, and have seen
another flying round one of the electric lamps in the town, while news
of a good many more having been taken in the neighbourhood has
reached me. A week ago a fresh specimen of A. atropos was brought
me. — (Rev.) J. E. Tarbat ; Earnham, September 27th, 1911.

Sphinx convolvuli at Dovercourt. — This species appears to
have been rather common in this neighbourhood this autumn, for I
have had five brought to me. The first on August 23rd; one on
September 7th ; one on September 8th ; one on 12th, and the last on
September 13th. Two of these were very large and fine, and quite
uninjured, but the other three had been so roughly handled that they
were unfit for the cabinet. — Gervase E. Mathew ; Dovercourt,
November 20th, 1911.

Agrotis exclamationis, &c., in September. — In view of the
recent record of a second generation of A. exclamationis in the
' Entomologist ' for October, you may be interested to hear that we
took this species at sugar here several times. August 30th (three
females, fresh), September 1st (one male), September 6th (one) and
September 21st. I also hear of the capture of two specimens in late
August near Norwich. A. segetum was found in fresh condition at
sugar on September 1st and 8th. Barathra (Mamestra) brassiccB
occurred quite fresh on August 30th (one), September 1st (two), Sep-

408 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

tember 4th and 8th (two). All the above must surely be examples
of a second brood emerging in this unusually favourable summer.
Noct'ua xanthographa continued in fresh condition till September 4th.
It seems probable that some of these specimens belonged to a second
brood. Even in a normal year fresh specimens would be over long
before the end of August. Unfortunately we were not at home in
July, and so cannot say when the species came out first. Hadena
2)rotea was very abundant at sugar in early September, and a few
specimens came to light. We never saw one in 1910. — P. A. and
D. A. J. Buxton ; Fairhill, Tonbridge.

Ageotis exclamationis in September. — ^This species is not un-
known here in the month of September. I find I have tlie following
records : — September 9th and 26th, 1893, at sugar ; September 4th,
1900, at sugar ; September 10th, 1906, at sugar.— P. C. Whittle ; 7,
Marine Avenue, Southend.

Ageotis EXCLAMATIONIS, &c., IN August. — A. exclamationis occuYred
in the garden here between August 22nd and 31st this year. I also
noted Hadena oleracea on August 27th ; Plusia moneta and P.
chrysitis on August 19th and 20th respectively. Hejnalus liqndinus
was seen on August 19th. — F. W. J. Jackson ; Woodcote End
House, Epsom.

Ageotis exclamationis in September. — In the ' Entomologist '
for October, 1911, I noticed an Editorial note to the effect that
Agrotis exclamationis was not usually taken in September. Whether
this species always occurs in that month in this particular locality,
sheltered as it is to the north by Portsdown Hill, I do not know, as
I have no previous experience to judge from, but this season at any
rate the second brood was to be taken freely at sugar from the middle
of August up to September 10th in perfect condition, the specimens
being rather more finely marked and of a more distinct clarety shade
on the fore wings than in the first brood. I sugared in my small
garden here regularly from August 10th up to the end of September,
and the extraordinary abundance of the second brood of many of our
common species was most noticeable, especially as I had only been
able to take one or two of the earlier brood in June, and in some
cases had not noticed the presence of the species at all. The more
conspicuous and abundant were, in addition to the above — Acronycta
psi, one only on August 31st; Mamestra hrassicce up to October 10th;
Triidhana j^ronuha to October 11th ; Caradrina cubicularis, Agrotis
imta and Agrotis segetum to the present date ; Hadena suasa to
August 25th ; H. chenopodii and H. oleracea exceedingly abundant
to the end of September ; Acidalia imitaria to September 3rd ;
Timandra amataria to September 6th, and Eupitliecia centaureata to
September 30th ; perfect specimens of each were obtained on the
dates mentioned, whilst those that extended into the present month
have been in great numbers on the ivy, the same remark applying to
TriphcBua comes which has been noticed every month from June
onward. A larva of Agrotis exclamationis taken on August 9th pupated
the next day, the imago emerging on August 19th, thus showing
the extraordinarily short duration of the pupal stage in this unusually
hot summer. In this connection, however, perhaps the most ex-

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 409

traordinary capture was that of Uropteryx samhucaria at light on
October 13th, in view of the fact that this species passes the winter
in the larval stage. — Leslie H. Mosse-Eobinson ; Margaret Villa,
Porchester, Hants, October 22nd, 1911.

Agrotis exclamationis in September. — Eeferring to Mr. J. S.
Carter's record of the capture of three specimens of A. exclamationis
in September and the Editorial note on the same, in the ' Entomo-
logist ' for October, perhaps it is worth mention that I found this
species common at sugar on the Devonshire coast in September.
Furthermore, I took a long series at sugar a few years ago at
Shanklin, Isle of Wight, during the month of September, under the
impression that the species was A. corticea. I still have this series
in my cabinet. They are smaller, somewhat paler, and more dis-
tinctly marked than the first brood. It seems probable that the
species is normally double-brooded, at any rate on the South Coast.
I cannot recall the capture of the species in the Midlands during
September or October. — (Dr.) Beckwith Whitehouse ; 52, Newhall
Street, Birmingham.

Agrotis exclamationis and Mamestra brassic^ in September.
— With reference to Mr. Carter's note in the October number of the
' Entomologist,' it may be of interest to mention that fresh specimens
of Agrotis exclamationis came to sugar in my garden here on Sep-
tember 7th and 8th. Throughout September Mamestra brassicce
appeared at sugar in some numbers, and one was seen at ivy-bloom
on October 16th. — A. K. Kidner ; Swinney Garth, Hatherley Cres-
cent, Sidcup, Kent.

Mamestra trifolii : Third Generation. — M. trifolii has been
very abundant here this season. A female taken early in August laid
a batch of ova. The larvae fed up rapidly and the moths are now
emerging — a third generation. — H. M. Edelsten ; Forty Hill, En-
field, October 3rd, 1911.

Laphygma exigua in Cornwall. — On September 20th last a
specimen of L. exigua came to light in the Lizard district. —
B. Harold Smith.

Ephyra pendularia var. subroseata, Woodforde, in Lincoln-
shire.— ^I have bred a number of this variety from ova laid by a
typical female taken in a wood near Lincoln in June, 1910. The
majority of those which emerged were this form. — G. W. Mason ;
Barton-on-Humber.

CoLiAS EDUSA IN West CORNWALL. — In October I saw a male
Colias edusa in the grounds of Penrose (near Porthleven) ; another
was seen on the way to Penrose by the cliffs from Porthleven, and
another (a few days earlier) on the towans near Hayle. I had been
staying in AVest Cornwall from September 1st but had seen no
G. edusa until the first week in October. It was just the same, I
remember, when I was staying in the same district a few years ago ;
but then in the first ten days of October I saw quite a considerable
number of C. edusa. — Harold Hodge ; 9, Highbury Place, London, N.

ENTOM. DECEMBER, 1911. 2 H

410 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

CoLiAs EDUSA IN CHESHIRE. — On September 24th I took a specimen
of Colias eclusa at Parkgate in the Wirral peninsula of Chesire. — A.
W. Boyd ; The Alton, Altrincham, Cheshire, October 19th, 1911.

Colias edusa in Cornwall. — A few specimens were seen in the
Lizard district during September, but they only appeared one at a
time. — B. Harold Smith ; Warlingham, Surrey.

Colias hyale at Dartford. — I captured five male specimens on
September 2nd. No example of the female was seen. — A. J.
Exeter ; Southern Hospital, Dartford.

Colias edusa and Colias hyale at Colchester. — On September
25th I captured a fine, quite fresh, male specimen of C. edusa in a
lucerne field here ; the following day, while my son was intent on
collecting larvaB of Cryptohlaptcs bistrigella, a ma.le C. hyale flew
past him. — W. H. Harwood ; Colchester.

Colias hyale in Essex. — I took a specimen of C. hyale at
Dunmow, on October 2nd, flying over some lucerne. — H. M. Edel-
sten ; Forty Hill, Enfield.

Colias hyale in Essex. — The only Colias I have seen here this
year is one male of C. hyale which my son caught with his straw
hat on August 30th. — Edward A. "Fitch ; Maldon.

Macroglossa stellatarum and Polia xanthomista, (tc, IN Corn-
wall.— This species abounded in the Lizard district, in September.
I was much interested in watching one hawking up and down the
lee side of some tamarisk bushes at 6.30 p.m. in a strong south-west
gale, with rain and sea fog. At sugar, P. xanthomista and P. flavi-
cincta, E. nigra and A. australis. Some nice black varieties of the
latter turned up in fair abundance, also several examples of second
broods of A. exclamationis. — B. Harold Smith; Warlingham, Surrey,
October 10th, 1911.

Macroglossa stellatarum in West Cornwall. — This moth was
very common about Hayle in September and in the earlier days of
October this year. There were other twos and threes together in
the conservatory in the house where I was staying. One was found
in a bedroom as though it was going to hibernate. — Harold Hodge.

Sterrha sacraria in Cornwall. — On September 8th a female
S. sacraria was captured flying over rough grass, but though kept
for eggs refused to lay. Careful searching did not produce any more,
though a friend took a male in the same place a night or two before.
— B. Harold Smith.

Heliothis arbiigera in the Isle of Wight. — When sugaring
with the Eev. J. E. Tarbat at Freshwater, on September 11th, we took
a fine H. armigera. — (Eev.) John W. Metcalfe ; Ottery St. Mary.

Perizoma (Emmelesia) t^niata in North Devon. — A stay at
Lynton, North Devon, during the first fortnight in July, disappointing
from an entomological point of view, was redeemed by the capture
of about thirty specimens of P. tcsniata. They were taken just above
Watersmeet, and I have since seen that the locality is given in Mr.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 411

E. South's ' Moths of the British Isles.' It is satisfactory to find
that the insect survives in this its most southern locahty. The un-
workable nature of the ground gives hope that it will continue to do
so. The specimens are of the pale form, with a moderately dark
band. — (Eev.) John W. Metcalfe; Ottery St. Mary.

Time of Appearance of Stilbia anomala. — Most authorities
give August and September for S. anomala, others early in August or
even the end of July. Here we take the insect in great profusion by
searching the grasses on the edge of a common, flanked by a ditch
and hedge surrounding a pinewood. None are taken more than a
few yards from this hedge. In normal years not a specimen is to be
had before the first week in September, and then only the males, the
females following about a week later. In this year, when all species
were early, the following dates may be of interest : — August 15th,
males just beginning to emerge ; August 23rd, males in profusion,
only one female taken ; August 30th, males comparatively scarce,
females in almost equal numbers, but evidently out a day or two.
The moths soon get damaged, and it is easy to detect a freshly
emerged specimen. The larvae are found in great numbers on the
same spot in the early spring. — (Eev.) John W. Metcalfe ; Ottery
St. Mary.

Xanthia ocellaeis near Downham Market. — On September
6th last I had the good fortune to take a male specimen of X. ocel-
laris a few miles from here. — Eobt. S. Smith, Jun. ; The Laurels,
Downham Market.

CH.ER0CAMPA (Eumorpha) elpenor IN NOVEMBER. — On November
7th my brother sent me a specimen of G. eljJenor which had been
captured in a shop. This seems to be an unusually late date. —
Eobt. S. Smith, Jun.

SpILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA AND PORTHESIA SIMILIS IN SEPTEMBER. —

On September 26th I took a male specimen of S. Uibricipeda and two
males of P. similis off lamps. — Douglas H. Butler; Hayling
House, Eeading.

Arctia caia IN October. — A male specimen of A. caia was
brought to me on October 8th last. The moth had only just emerged
from the pupa ; in fact, it completed the drying of its wings after I
received it. — A. J. Exeter ; Southern Hospital, Dartford, Kent.

Phryxus livornica in Cornwall. — Two specimens of P. livornica
came to light on September 10th. — B. Harold Smith ; Warlingham,
Surrey.

Phryxus livornica in East Devon. — A splendid example of
P. livornica was brought me early in September, captured in a friend's
greenhouse. It was in perfect order, save for a rub on the thorax,
due to the small box in which it was packed, and had evidently only
just emerged. — (Eev.) John W. Metcalfe ; Ottery St. Mary.

Plusia ni in Cornwall. — On September 11th, when staying in
the Lizard district, a specimen of P. ni was captured at flowers of
Virginia stock. — B. Harold Smith ; Warlingham, Surrey.

412 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Pyrameis atalanta, ab. — Referring to Mr. A. W. Lynn's note in
' Entomologist ' for November, asking for previous records of the
above ab., I beg to state that I have a similar one in my collection,
captured in Guildford, Surrey, and exhibited at the South London
Natural History Society (see ' Entomologist,' vol. xxxix. p. 111). —
W. E. Butler ; Hayling House, Reading.

Second Brood of Boarmia repandata. — Larvae from the usual
summer brood of B. repandata fed up and pupated, and produced
perfect insects during September and October. One of the moths, a
male, is a black specimen. All were strongly and beautifully marked,
and some were intermediate between strongly marked and black —
the black showing on the basal half of the wings. The parents
of the first brood were reared from Delamere Forest larvae, and I have
caterpillars now from eggs laid by females of the second brood of
moths. — J. Thompson ; 20, South View, Chester.

Catocala nupta, ab. — At the end of August last a specimen of
C. oiupta, in which the usual reddish colour of the hind wings was
replaced by dusky brown, came to light. — B. Harold Smith; Edge-
hill, Warlingham, Surrey.

Chrysophanus phl^as, ab. — C. 2McBas was in great numbers
near the Lizard, Cornwall, last September. I took one female which
had the right fore wing mainly white instead of the usual copper
colour. — B. Harold Smith.

Dragonflies bred in 1911. — I have bred this year ^schna
grandis, ^. cyanea, Ischnura elegans, Agrion puella, Erytliromma
naias, Pyrrliosoma nymphida. I did not find it a good season for
nymphs ; a week-end at Wicken Fen at Whitsuntide produced but a
few ; it was of course rather late for them. Brachytron pratense was
flying in fair numbers. — Harold Hodge.

Notes on Durham Lepidoptera. — Eupitheciainnotata. I obtained
a few larvae last year in Durham from scabious and rose, that I took
to be E. fraxinata. However, when the insects emerged this year they
proved to be E. innotata. My friend, Mr. Johnson, of Gateshead,
deserves the credit for detecting these larvae on scabious, for he took
a fair number in 1909 from which no moths were reared the following
year. These food-plants seem unusual, but the larvae from ova laid
by bred females fed readily on a potted plant of Artemisia absinthium
I had ready for them. The females pair readily enough, but they
have a decided objection to depositing their ova. I secured about
two dozen and have nine pup®. A point worthy of note is that the
insect is double-brooded in captivity, although perhaps the present
season has not been suitable for giving one a general rule. I was
unable to go for wild larvae this year. — Oporahia autumnata. I have
discovered this species in tolerable abundance in a mixed birch and
alder wood at Birtley, North Durham. The forms were quite typical.
— 0. filigrammaria. This too occurs not uncommonly at Birtley.
One locality is on heather, but what it feeds on at the other, unless it
is elder or hawthorn, is a mystery to me. — 0. christyi. One female
on a telegraph pole at Birtley. — Hydriomene ruherata. — Very common
indeed at Birtley. Nearly all are of the red form, but the type occurs

SOCIETIES. 413

and so does a uniformly black aberration with markings practically
obscured. This form is hereby named aterrima. — H. impluviata.
Nearly all the specimens are iDlack (ab. et var. nigerrima, mihi),
although those occurring in one swamp have a pale spot on the dorsum
where the central fascia normally ends (ab. unipunctata). — Selenia
tetrahmaria. I beat a single larva from birch which yielded a male
of this species ; this provides the first Durham record. — Vanessa io.
I caught one in August on a tansy head. This is the first taken in
Durham for many years. — J. Haeeison ; 181, Abingdon Eoad,
Middlesborough.

Entomological Club. — A meeting was held at the Savage Club,
Adelphi Terrace, W.C, on Nov. 16th, 1911, Mr. H. Eowland-Brown in
the chair. Other members present were Mr. R. Adkin and Mr. Horace
St. John Donisthorpe ; Honorary Members: Mr. A. H. Jones and Mr.
A. Sich. Mr. Adkin proposed that Mr. Sich, an Honorary Member,
be elected a Member of the Club; this was seconded by Mr. Eowland-
Brown. Ballot to be taken at next meeting. On the proposition of Mr.
Donisthorpe, seconded by Mr. Adkin, Dr. Malcolm Burr was nominated
an Honorary Member of the Club. This being the first meeting of
the Club since the death of Mr. G. H. Verrall, the Chairman, referring
to the great loss the Club has sustained, testified to the many excel-
lent qualities of the late member. It was largely due to Mr. Verrall's
exertions that the Club was revivified at a time when dissolution
seemed inevitable. The other Members present — Mr. Adkin and
Mr. Donisthorpe ; also Dr. Dixey and Mr. Sich — offered tributes to
the memory of one who had taken such deep interest in the welfare
of the Club, and was largely instrumental in establishing it in the
secure position it holds in this the eighty-fifth year of its existence.
— EiCHAED South, Hon. Sec.

SOCIETIES.
Entomological Society op London. — Wednesday, October Ath,
1911. — The Eev. E. D. Morice, President, in the chair. — Mr.
C. B. Wilhams, of 20, Slatey Eoad, Birkenhead, was elected a
Fellow of the Society. — The President proposed a vote of con-
dolence with the relatives of the late Mr. Verrall, which was
seconded by Professor Poulton. — A vote of condolence with the
relatives of the late Mr. Albert Harrison was proposed by the Eev.
G. Wheeler, and seconded by Mr. W. J. Kaye ; and a similar vote in
the case of Dr. Scudder was proposed by Mr. Champion, and
seconded by Professor Poulton. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited speci-
mens (males and workers) of Formica pratensis, De G. {congerens,
Nyl.), taken at Eannoch in June; also workers of F. sang^dnea
captured in the same region, a new locality for it ; and females
and workers of a new race of Formica rufa, also from Eannoch. —
Mr. Bethune-Baker, a specimen of Melanargia galatea var. lugens,
taken at Digne in July last. It is an entirely dark brown
(almost black) form, with no white markings, though the ordinary
markings are just traceable in a sHghtly fighter shade. Commander
Walker observed that a similar example had also been taken in

414 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

England. — Mr. Norman H. Joy, a remarkable specimen of Oxytehis
taken at Tresco, Scilly Isles, April, 1908. In many respects it is
quite intermediate in character between 0. sculptus and 0. laqueatus,
Marsh. It is probably a species new to science, but may possibly be
a hybrid of these two species. He also showed Liodes stenocoryphe,
Joy, male, taken by Mr. W. E. Sharp, at Forres, in 1910, as well as its
near allies for comparison, viz. L. picea, 111., taken by Mr. Tomlin
and Mr. Joy at Dalwhinnie, Inverness-shire, in September, when the
larva was also found feeding on a small underground fungus ;
L. ditbia, King, and its various varieties, and L. algirica, Eye, almost
certainly only another variety of this species. — Mr. W. C. Crawley, a
mixed colony of Lasius umbratus and L. niger. This colony consists
of a female L. wnbratus, which was accepted in 1908 by a queenless
colony of L. niger. During 1909 and 1910 only niger workers
came to maturity in the nest ; those, therefore, that hatched in
1910 must have been from parthenogenetic eggs laid by the niger
workers. Over a dozen of these latter were dissected, and
found to contain no receptaculum seminis. — Mr. Donisthorpe com-
mented on the interest of Mr. Crawley's experience, remarking that
while it had formerly been supposed that parthenogenetically laid ova
produced only males, Mr. Crawley had shown, and proved by dis-
section, that workers were capable of parthenogenetically pro-
ducing workers. The President observed that parthenogenesis
was not unusual in sawflies, and mentioned that in Crcesus varus,
which had been founded on a male specimen, the original specimen
was the only male known. Dr. M. Burr remarked that the common
" stick insect " is largely parthenogenetic, and has been bred par-
thenogenetically for more than twelve consecutive generations. — Mr.
E. A. Cockayne exhibited a melanic specimen of Lithosia deplana,
male, taken in Surrey last July. — Mr. J. Piatt Barrett, some species
of Sicilian butterflies taken this year, in contrast with corresponding
British species, viz. Euchloe cairlamines and E. damone, Gonep-
teryx rhamni, and G. cleopatra, Hipparchia semele, and var.
algirica. Small southern forms were also exhibited of E. carda-
mines and Leptosia sinapis. — Dr. Chapman, living larvae of Albulina
piheretes, and a living imago of Latiorina orbitulus ; and observed
that his former suggestion that A. pheretes had probably a larva
without a honey gland was incorrect. The larva of A. pheretes
possesses a honey gland and fans. Owing probably to the warm
weather during August and September, three of the larvse reached
the last instar, and he was therefore able to exhibit the larva in the
third, fourth, and fifth (or last) instars. L. orbitulus also afforded
" forward " larvae this season, and the Hving butterfly of this
autumnal emergence, which was exhibited, left the pupa on October
2nd ; but Vacciniina optilete, without exception, stopped at the third
or hybernating instar. — Mr. J. H. Durrant, two new British species
of Blmjacionia, Hb. {^Betinia, Gn. ; Evetria Hb. Meyr.), viz. Ehy-
acionia purdcyi, sp. n., taken among Scots firs at Folkestone at the
end of July, 1911, by Mr. W. Purdey, a very distinct species inter-
mediate between sylvestrana, Crt. and duplana, Hb. ; and B. logcea,
sp. n., from Forres, Scotland (W. Salvage and H. McArthur), closely
allied to duplana, Hb. and posticana, Ztst. The type male of this new

SOCIETIES. 415

species is the specimen figured as duplcma by Barrett (' British Lepido-
ptera,' xi. pi. 476, fig. 2) ; the female is similar but smaller than the
male and somewhat more distinctly marked. B. duplana, Hb. male and
female, as also both sexes of B. jiosticana, were exhibited for com-
parison. — - Mr. J. H. Durrant also exhibited eighteen specimens of
Golias taken by himself in a field of lucerne at Barcote, near
Farringdon, Berks, from September 4th to 10th, 1892. These com-
prised both hyale (two) and eclusa (fourteen) and two aberrations of
the latter, one of a very light orange colour (ab. helicina) and the
other a fine ab. helice. All the specimens of G. eclusa were of a
yellowish orange tint. — Mr. W. J. Lucas, specimens of Sympetrum
fonscolomhii, a species very seldom taken in Britain and quite new to
the Forest, taken by him at a pond in the south of the New Forest,
on August 4th, 7th, 8th, 25th, and 29th, all but one being males.
S. fonscolomhii is usually considered to be a casual visitor only to our
shores, but this case seems rather to throw doubt on this supposi-
tion, for the date is a late one. The insects on the first visit to the
pond were very fresh ; one was a female, which looked even fresher
than the males, and females seem seldom to join migratory swarms.
— Dr. F. A. Dixey read a letter received by him from Mr.
E. A. Agar, of Dominica, West Indies, on the subject of the
separation of the sexes of Hypolimnas viisipinis, the writer re-
marking that in that island, although haunting similar localities,
the female remains on the coast while the male is to be met with
some distance inland. The former is scarcely ever to be seen in
company with the male of its own species, although it flies with
Danaida plexii^ims, of which it is a mimic. Dr. Dixey remarked
that it was a common experience that one sex of a butterfly at any
given time was more in evidence than the other. Mr. Millar, of
Durban, had drawn his attention to the fact that, speaking generally,
the males were more apt to be on the wing during the morning, and
the females in the later hours of the day. Dr. Longstaff observed
that in North Africa certain species of Teracolus gave abundance of
males in the morning, whilst in the afternoon the females predomi-
nated greatly. — Professor Poulton exhibited the cocoon of the
Hypsid moth Deilemera antinorii, Oberth., which Mr. W. A. Lamborn
had intended to exhibit on June 7th last. He also exhibited examples
from three of the all-female broods obtained by Mr. W. A. Lamborn,
chosen because they prove that the unisexual batches are not neces-
sarily associated with either of the forms of encedon in the locality,
one brood being all lycia, another all encedon, while the third was as
nearly as possibly half and half (23 to 24). Professor Poulton also ex-
hibited a series of eight A. alciope and five A. aurivillii bred in the
present year by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter from thirteen small larvae
found on a single leaf of the food-plant on Damba Island, in the
Victoria Nyanza, to the east of Entebbe. The result entirely con-
firmed the conclusions of Mr. Eltringham and Dr. Jordan that A.
aurivillii is the female of A. alciope. — The Eev. G. Wheeler exhibited
some living workers of a small ant, identified by Mr. Donisthorpe
as Monomorium pharaonis, imported from Madeira, and now settled
in England, together with several butterflies whose bodies and
heads had been devoured by them- while in the setting box. He

416 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

observed that these insects had all been killed in the cyanide bottle,
whilst others in the same setting box, which had been injected with
oxalic acid, were left untouched. — The President said that about the
beginning of July this year he had noticed, while collecting near El
Guerrah, the junction for Constantine, Biskra and /Vlger, both sexes
of the yellow and black Leucospis gigas and of another red and black
Leiicospis, flying in great numbers round a cairn of stones on the top
of a hill, and suggested that the common instinct to seek high places
might provide a meeting-place for the sexes. — Commander Walker
read the following papers : — (1) " Eeport on a Collection of Bomby-
liinte (Dij)tera) from Central Africa, with Descriptions of New
Species," by Professor Mario Bezzi, Turin, Italy (communicated by
G. A. K. Marshall, F.E.S.). (2) " An Enumeration of the Rhynchota
collected during the Expedition of the British Ornithologists' Union
to Central Dutch New Guinea," by W. L. Distant. (3) " CEstridcB
cavicolcB," by Ivan E. Middleton, E.E.S., of Serampore, India. —
George Wheeler, M.A., Hon. Sec.

City of London Entomological Society. — October 17th,
1911. — Abraxas grossulariata, abs. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows ex-
hibited a number of aberrant examples, mostly bred from larvae
collected at Macclesfield and Wallasey ; these included a specimen
of ab. lacticolor (Raynor) with basal area of superiors suffused
with black, also ab. fidvapicata (Raynor) and others with increase of
black marking. — Zygtenids. Mr. E. A. Cockayne a number of five
and six spotted specimens of somewhat doubtful identity from a
colony found in a field in Berkshire, which produced both forms in
June, 1911. — Peronea variegana. Mr. J. E. Gardner a very variable
series, mostly collected in a garden at Clapton. — (Edamatoi:)}iorus
litJiodactylus. Mr. G. H. Heath a series from S. Wales showing
colour variation parallel to that occurring in Pteropliorus monodactylus.
— Smerinthus popidi. Mr. L. W. Newman a long series bred ex
selected Bexley parents, ranging from pink flushed forms to pale
cream coloured, and including two hermaphrodites, of which ten were
bred ex one thousand pupae. — Angerona pr^maria : effect of environ-
ment. Mr. C. P. Pickett some half dozen series, mostly from same
brood, reared ab ovo under different coloured muslins ; the series as
shown displayed marked differences in coloration which the exhibitor
attributed to the varying enVivonvaent.—GcenonympJia p)avvp}iilus, ab.
Mr. J. Riches, a dingy brown specimen with pale patch in marginal
area of inferiors, Lewes, August, 1911. — Colias edusa, vars. Mr. A, J.
Willsdon specimens from Plymouth and Torquay, 1900, including
females without usual yellow patches on black margin of superiors,
and the lemon coloured form of var. helice. — Mr. Willsdon recalled
having captured a freshly emerged C. hyale early in June of the fol-
lowing year. — Colias hyale. Mr. L. W. Newman reported that males
taken in September and kept for ova showed no inclination to lay,
and seemed disposed to hybernate. — Vanessa cardui and Sphinx con-
volvuli : short larval period. Mr. Newman recorded that by feeding
up larvae in a hothouse he had secured the completion of this stage
in three weeks for the former and twenty-six days for the latter. —
S. J. Bell, Hon. Sec.

Z. p. METCALF