i ^ip'--'''ff^'''mm '='^, LIBRARY OF 1685- IQ56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ^n HUitstratfb Journal OF GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. De. D. sharp, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c. 'By mutual confidence and mutual aid Great deeds are done and great discoveries made." VOLUME THE FORTY-FIFTH. LONDON WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limited. 1912. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Abbot, E. P., 183 Adams, Cyril, 278 Adkin, B. W.,F.E.S.,299 Adkin, B., F.E.S., 79, 81 Aiken, The Eev. James, M.A., 146 Anderson, Joseph, 208, 209, 327 Barclay, F. H., F.E.S., 209 Barraclough, W., 209 Barraud, p. J., F.E.S., 48 Barrett, J. Platt, F.E.S., 232, 283, 306 Baumann, E. T., 157 Blair, R. G., F.E.S., 207 Blenkarn, S.A., F.E.S., 101, 182, 184, 209, 299 Bowater, W.; 137 Boyd, A. W., M.A. F.E.S., 47, 212, 234, 284 Braithwaite, J. 0., 205 Burr, Malcolm, D.Sc, M.A., F.E.S., 236 Burt, L. T., 182 Butler, Douglas H., 327 Butler, W. E., F.E.S., 80, 328, 343 Cameron, P., 195 Campion, F. W. & H., 173, 321 Campion, Herbert, 117, 151, 185, 235, 327, 328 Carter, J. S., 300 Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., 181, 182 Claxton, Eev. W., 181, 208, 301 Clutten, W. G., 30, 158 Cldtterbuck, C. Granville, F.E.S., 39, 101, 343, 344 Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A., 9, 119, 175, 322 CoRBiN, G. B., 278 Croft, E. Octavius, M.D., F.E.S., 36 David, G. U., 231 Dewar, D., 326 Distant, W. L., F.E.S., 200, 251 DoiDGE, H., 231, 300 DoLTON, H. L., 29, 157 Donisthorpe Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 100 Druce, Hamilton, H.,F.Z.S.,F.E.S., 182 DuNSTER, L. E., 100, 230 Edelsten, H. M., F.E.S., 285 Edwards, F. W., B.A., F.E.S., 191, 217 260, 277, 298 Enoch, G. J., 100 Fleet, H., 230, 299 Frohawk, F. W., M.B.0.U.,F.E.S., 225, 237, 253, 298 Gahan, C. J., M.A., F.E.S., 49, 107, 206 Goodwin, Edward, F.E.S., 79, 326 Gurnet, Gerard H., F.E.S., 96, 133, 158, 278 Haines, F. H., D.P.H. (Lend.), &c., 201 Harrison, J. W. H., B.Sc, 315 Harwood, Bernard Smith, 208 Hodge, A. E., 80 Holford, H. 0., F.E.S., 157 HooLE, The Eev. Arthur, 279 Jackson, F. Seymour, 209 JoiCEY, J. J., F.E.S., 229, 231, 342 Jupp, B. E., 181, 182, 183 Kaye, W. J., F.E.S., 150, 156 Kershaw, G. B., F.E.S., 31, 229, 256 Le Eay, G., 299 LiTTLEwooD, F., 35, 138, 156, 161, 186, 211, 277, 281 LOFTHOUSE, T. ASHTON, F.E.S., 29 Lowe, The Rev. F. E., M.A., F.E.S., 144 Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 48, 99, 106, 114, 141, 164, 171, 182, 184, 221,224, 227, 234, 350 Lyle, G. T., 126, 138 Mason, G. W., 30, 326 MANDERs,Lt.-ColonelN.,F.Z.S.,F.E.S., 30 Manley, Capt. W. G., 79, 80 Mansbridge, W., F.E.S., 45, 84, 94, 139, 233, 350 Mathew, G. F., Paymaster-in-Chief, R. N., F.E.S., 34, 135, 137, 153, 178, 202, 227, 264, 278, 296, 301, 343 Meldola, Prof. E., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., &c., 8, 156, 184 Mellows, Charles, 30, 344 Metcalfe, The Eev. F.E.S., 279 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.E.S., F.E.S., &c., 89, 205 Morley, Claude, F.E.S., F.Z.S., 4, 29, 76, 79, 99, 153, 155, 275, 341, 342 Morris, A. C, 137, 230 Morton, Kenneth J., F.E.S., 109 Moulton, J. C, B.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S., S:c., 213, 246 Muirhead, J. M., 100 Nevinson, E. B., F.E.S., 79 Nicholson, C, 158, 206 Noakes, a., F.E.S., 229 Noebs, G., 29, 278 Nurse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., F.E.S,, 93 Oliver, G. B., 208 Pizza, E., 184 Plum, H. V., 182 PoRRiTT, Geo. T., F.L.S., F.E.S. , 205 Postans, a. T., 230, 325 IV INDEX. Prodt, L. B., F.E.S., 1, 3, 181, 196, 241 Rattray, Colonel R. H., 80 Raven, The Rev. C.E., 208 Reid, Percy C, 184, 206 Riley, Norman D., F.E.S., 212, 308 Robinson, L. H. Mosse, 33, 182 Robinson, L. W., 182 Rothschild, The Hon. N. Charles, M.A., F.L.S., P.E.S., &c., 237, 279 Rootledge, G. B., F.E.S., 48 Rowland-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 5, 14, 56, 78, 84, 137, 207, 268, 287, 307, 324, 333 Saville, W., 181 Sharp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.E.S., &o., 289 Shaw, V. E., 106 Sheldon, W. G., F.E.S., 23, 65, 100, 122, 309, 337 Sladen, The Rev. C. A., 343 Smith, B. Harold, B.A., F.E.S., 183, 209 Smith, Robert S., 207 Sopp, E. J. Burgess, F.E.S., 149 South, Richard, F.B.S., 1, 62, 73, 108, 138, 140, 156, 157, 188, 204, 231, 236, 308, 325, 327, 342, 350, 351, 352 Stenton, Rupert, F.E.S., 7 Stiff, The Rev. Alfred T.. 326 Stoneham, Lieut. H. F., F.E.S., 157, 210 Stowell, E. a. C, 182, 183 Tatchell, Leonard, 231 Tarbat, The Rev. J. E., 30, 100 Theobald, F. V., M.A., F.E.S., &c., 20, 165, 223 Thorne, G. Talbot, F.E.S., 325 Thdrnall, a., 327 Todd, R. G., F.E.S., 285 Tulloch, Major B., F.E.S., 17 Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S., 45, 104, 139, 188, 233, 284, 307, 349 ViGGERS, Charles, 209, 332 Vinal, Hugh J., 300 Warren, B. C. S., F.E.S., 138 Waldegrave, Rt. Hon. Earl, 299 Wheeler, The Rev. G., M.A., F.E.S., 41, 103, 163, 187, 212, 331, 346 Whittaker, Oscar. 45, 84, 233 Whittingham, The Rev. W. G., M.A., F.E.S., 289, 324 Whittle, F. G., 230 WiLEMAN, A. E., F.E.S., 69, 91, 130, 147, 168. 258 Williams, D. S., 181 WooDBRiDGE, Francis B., F.E.S., 300 Young, S.L. 0., M.D., 230 INDEX. GENERAL. Abnormal Emergence of Pieris rapae, 30 A Book Sale, 80 Abundance of Larvae of Abraxas grossu- lariata, 205 ; of Pyrameis atalanta larvffi, 299 Acheron tia atropos at Bradford, 209 ; and Sphinx convolvuli in Lancashire, 100 A Collecting Trip to the Camargue and the Sierra Albarracin, 109 Adams Collection of Lepidoptera, The, 342 Africa : Khodesia, 196 ; Transvaal, 92 Agrotishypoborea(alpina), &c., inPerth- shire, 343 ; puta in May, 208, 230 A Holiday in Norfolk, 287 Anarta myrtilli reared in July from June larvae, 325 A New Generic Name in the Hemi- theinte, 181 A New Species of Phasmidte of the Genus Prisopus, 49 A New Strawberry Aphis, 223 Annosia plexippus. Note on, 146 Aporophila nigra, 138 Apparent Autumnal Migration of Pyra- meis atalanta, 324 A Public Benefactor, 306 A Bare Jamaica Butterfly, 150 Arctic Dragonfiies, 327 Argynnis euphrosyne, ab., 277 ; Selene in August, 80 As Others See us, 287 Attempt to Colonize Papilio machaon in Essex, An, 8 Balatella germanica (Orthoptera), 184 Boarmia Cinctaria, 157 Borneo: Serambu, Sarawak, 213, 246 Brephos parthenias, ab., 181 British Mosquitos (Culicinffi), Notes on the, 191, 217, 260 British Neuroptera in 1911, 221; Odo- nata in 1911, 141, 171 ; Orthoptera in 1911, 114 Butterflies, &c., at Freshwater, 230 Butterflies at Digne, 96, 133 Butterfly Collecting in Sicily and Cala- bria in 1911, 231, 281, 303 Butterfly Hunt in Some Parts of Un- explored France, 14 Butterfly Notes from Heidelberg, 34 By the Way, 27, 76, 98. 152, 275, 340 Callophrys (Thecla) rubi, early appear- ance, 156 Calymnia pyralina in West Surrey, 157 Camptogramma fluviata, and Phryxus livornica at Lewis, 300 Capture of Moths at Sea, 204 Catocala nupta, ab., 300 Celastrina (Cyaniris) argiolus in April, 157 Cerura bifida in May, 183 Ccenonympha typhon, 137 Colias edusa at Keigate, 181 ; in Bucks, 207 ; in Dorsetshire, 231 ; in Gla- morganshire, 231 ; in Isle of Wight, 231 ; in Kent, 231 ; in North Devon, 342 ; in Somerset, 299 ; in Wiltshire, 278 ; notes on, 298 Colias edusa, &c., in North Devon, 343 Colias edusa, Pyrameis cardui, and P. atalanta at Folkestone, 299 ; in the Isle of Wight, 278 ; in Wilts, 343 Colias edusa var. helicein Channel Isles, 299 ; in Kent, 299 Colias hyale in Hants, 1911, 79, 80 Collecting in North Devon in 1909-1910, 36 ; in Westmoreland, 158, 185, 210, 279 Cornwall : Penzance, 30 Corrections, 158, 184, 298 CucuUia umbratica reared in September, 29 Cyaniris argiolus at Beading, 29 Daphnis (Choerocampa) nerii in Kent, 209 Dasycampa rubiginea at Christchurch, 183 Dasypolia templi in Lincolnshire, 326 Depressaria putridella in the Harwich district, 137 -Description of a New Ethiopian Cicada, 200 ; of a New Species of Anomalon (Ichneumonidse) from Hong Kong, 195 ; of the Egg of Vanessa poly- chloros, 225 Devonshire : North, 36 ; South, 30 Deilephila galii in Inverness-shire, 278 ; in Somerset, 231 ; a correction, 300 Diaphora mendica in Ireland, 209 VI INDEX. Dicycla oo and Palimpsestis ocularis at Winchraore Hill, 230 Dipterygia scabriuscula in Hyde Park, 279 Discomyza cimiciformis, Hal., On the Habits of, 342 Dorset Odonata in 1911, 201 Dragontiy Season of 1911, 173 Drymonia ehaonia, ab., 181 Early Apoearance of Butterfiies in 1912, 208 ; of Lepidoptera, 100 Early Emergences, 137, 183, 207 Early Stages of Eustroma reticulata. The, 85 ; of Hesperia linea (= thau- mas), 253 Editorial, 1 Egg-laying of Hesperia linea (thaumas), 253 Egg of Eustroma reticulata, 277 Endromis versicolor in October, 29 Erebia epiphron var. cassiope, Fabr., Note on, 333 Erebia manto and its Varieties above Champery, 144 Erebia melampus, Fuessl., in Central France, 333 Erratum, 39 Essex : Dovercourt, 135, 137, 152, 178, 202, 208, 227, 264, 296 Euchloe cardamines in April, 182 Eurois occulta and Cosmia paleacea in Yorkshire, 344 Euproctis chrysorrhoea in Norfolk, 230 Eustroma reticulata, Schiff., Variation of, 1 Feeding Habits of Scorpion-flies, The,321 Formalin a Eemedy for Mould on Cabinet Specimens, 30 France : Aries, 109 ; Camargue, 109 ; Gharente-Inferieure, 14 ; Digne, 96, 183 ; Dompiere, 14 ; Gavarnie, 61 ; High Pyrenees, 56 Further Eecords of Colias edusa in Eng- land, 327 Germany : Heidelberg, 34 Gloucestershire Lepidoptera, 101, 344 Gynandrous Antheraa mylitta, 46 ; Cya- niris argiolus, 208 ; Euchloe carda- mines, 181 Hampshire : Christchurch, 149 ; New Forest, 126, 158, 301 ; Porchester, 31 Hesperia melotis, Dup. (Hypoleucos, Led.), 77 Hesperia onopordi in the Pyrenees, 137 Idiaspa maritima, Hal. in Suffolk, 155 Immigration of Pyrameis atalanta, 17 Isle of Wight, Lepidoptera in, 184 Italy : Calabria, 281, 303 Ithysia, The Genus, 315 Kent : Aphididae, 20 ; Tonbridge dis- trict, 80 Labidura riparia, 99 Lancashire : Burnley, 30 ; Grassington, 157 Laphygma exigua in South Wales, 184 Large '• Coppers " in Wicken Fen, 156 Larva of Cardiophorus asellus, The, 189 Late Emergence of Apatura iris, 326 Lepidoptera and Odonata in South Cornwall, 30 Lepidoptera at Burnley, 30 ; at Gras- sington, Notes on, 157 : at Light in early May, 183 ; attracted " by Honey- dew " on Larch-shoots, 229 ; from the Isle of Wight, Notes on, 184 ; in the Porchester district of Hants, 31 ; in the Tonbridge district 1911, 80; of the Norwegian Provinces of Odalen and Finmark, 309, 337; of the Swedish Provinces of Jemtland and Lapland, 23, 65, 100 Leucania favicolor, Barr., Notes on, 62 ; unipuncta in Isle of Wight, 326 Life-histories of Tapinostola concolor and T. helmanni, 285 Life-history of Melanargia japygia subsp. suwarovius, 237 Limenitis sibyila and Apatura iris in . Surrey, 231 Lincolnshire : Peterboro', 154 Lithosia lutarella (pygmreola) and Crambus fascelinellus in Norfolk, 279 Lycfena argiades (Life-history), An Amendment, 298 Lyctenopsis (Cyaniris) argiolus, Linn., in April, 182 Males of Bupalus piniaria attracted by a Spider, 229 Manduca (Acherontia) atropos in Salop, 182 Metopius dentatus, Fab., and Sphinctus serotinus, Grav., 78 Metrioptera (Platycleis) roeselii. Notes on British Occurrence, 117 ; in Essex, 207 Metrioptera roeselii (fig.), 224 Metrocampa margaritaria and Thyatira batis in Isle of Skye, 279 Monochamus galloprovincialis, Oliv., at Hackney, 205 Mortality among Delphax (Arseopus) pulchellus, Curt., 341 Natural History Books from the Harri- son Library, 204 Nemophila noctuella at Kew, 182 Nemoura dubitans, Morton, as a British Species, 93 New Aberration of Zonosomalinearia, 3 New and Little-known Bees, 175 New British Proctotrypidse, 97 New Forest Notes, 1911, 126, 158, 301 New Species of Boarmiinaj from For- mosa, 69, 90 ; of Geometridffi from Formosa, 168 ; of Lepidoptera from Formosa, 258 ; of Noctuidte from For- mosa, 130, 147 Norway — Finmark and Odalen, 309, 327 Vll Notes from an Essex Lepidopterist's Diary, 135, 153, 178, 202, 227, 264, 296 Notes on Agrotisexclauiationis, &c., 300 Notes on Anosia plexippus, 146 Notes on " Micro " Lepidoptera in South Devon, 30 Notes on the Dragonfly Season of 1911, 173 Notes on the Life-history of Colias nastes var. werdandi, with Descrip- tion of Ova and Larvse, 122 Notes on Rhopalosiphum solani, Kalt., 165 Nyssia hispidaria in Norfolk, 137 Obituary : — Capper, S. J., 84, 139 Cottam, Arthur, 48 Dixon, Michael C, 48 Fitch, Ed\Yard Arthur, 235 Jeffrey, William Eickman, 332 Kirby, WiUiam Forsell, 351 Shelford, Robert, 236 Smith, Prof. John B., 164 Occurrence of Second Broods of Py- rameis atalanta and P. cardui, 324 Odonata in South Cornwall, 30 ; in the Chichester District, 149 On the Name Rhyacionia, Hb., 89 Oviposition of Nemobius lucina, 229 ; of Plusia moneta, 206 ; of Tapinostola concolor, 256 Panorpa cognata in Surrey, 328 Papilio dardanus var. leighi and Danais chrysippus-dorippus in Natal, 324 Pararge egeria : Early Appearance, 156 Percnoptilota (Camptogramma) fluviata in Surrey, 230 Phigalia pedaria in December, 100 ; noted from Reading, 80 Phryxus (Deilephila) livornica, 278 ; at Dover, 183 ; in Cornwall, 209 ; in Devon, 100 ; in Norfolk, 209 ; in North Wales, 209 Phryxus livornica, Manduca atropos, and Heliothis peltigei*a in Cornwall, 183 Plusia moneta. Notes on, 181, 206, 207 Polyploca flavicornis in February, 183 Pupation of Lepidopterous Lavas in Glass Tubes, 7 Pyrameis atalanta, ab., 326; at Chi- chester, 208 ; at Dover, 182 ; at Hasle- mere, 182; in Early Spring, 138; in Isle of Wight, 182 Pyrameis cardui at Chichester, 208 ; at Dover, 182 ; at Kew, 182 ; in Isle of Wight, 182 ; in April, 156 ; in Nor- folk, 182 ; Notes on, 298, 328 Recent Liteeatuke : — • Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, vol. v., 47 Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 47 House-flies and their Connection with Disease, 48 A Manual of Philippine Silk Culture, by C. S. Banks, 48 Leitz' Catalogue of Prismatic Binocu- lars, 48 The Annals of Scottish Natural His- tory, 1911, 106 Social Life in the Insect World, by J. H. Fabre, 106 Ichneumonologia Britannica. The Ichneumons of Great Britain, vol. iv., by Claude Morley, 107 Bulletins of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, 108 Transactions of the Norfolk Society, 108 Dermaptera (Fasc. 122. Gen. Insect.), by M. Burr, D.Sc, 163 Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 164 Butterfly-hunting in many Lands, by Dr. G. B. Longstaff, M.A., F.E.S., &c., 188 British Butterflies, by A. M. Stewart, 212 How to use the Microscope : A Guide for the Novice, by the Rev. C. A. Hall, 212 Forty-second Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 234 Early Stages of our Dragonflies, by W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., 234 Polymorphism in a Group of Mimetic Butterflies of the Genus Pseud- acrosa, by Prof. Poulton, 307 Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 1911-12, 308 Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phal- ffinrs in the British Museum, vol. xi., by Sir George Hampson, Bart., 308 Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, vol. \i., Nos. 1-3, 350 Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Ano 1911), 350 Two Insect Pests of the United Pro- vinces—the Sugar-cane Grasshop- per and the Potato Moth, by T, Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., 350 Dragon Flies of the Cumberland Val- ley in Kentucky and Tennessee, by C. B. Wilson, 350 The Proportion of the Sexes in Forfi- cula auricularia, byH. H.Brindley, M.A., 350 "Microscopes for Entomologists," 350 The Humble-Bee, its Life-History, and how to Domesticate it, by F. W. L. Sladen, F.E.S., 350 TiansacLions of the Carlisle Natural History Society (1912), 351 Kediscovery of the Braconid, Meteorus vexator, Hal., with Description of the Male, 4 Eetinia (Rhyaiionia) purdeyi in Norfolk, 327 Rhopalosiphum solani, Kalt., Notes on, 165 Rhyacionia (Retinia) purdeyi, Durrant, and E. logfea, Durrant, 73 Scarcity of Arctia caia in 1912, 280 Second Brood of Agrotis exclamationis, (fee, 33 ; of Apatura iris, &c., 79 Second International Congress of Entomology, The, 268 Second List of Aphididje found in Kent, A, 20 Seitz's ' Macro Lepidoptera of the World,' Notes on, 322 Sicily, Lepidoptera in, 281, 303 Societies : — City of London Entomological, 104 Entomological of London, 39, 81, 101, 161, 186, 211, 328, 344 Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo- gical, 45, 84, 139, 233, 349 Manchester Entomological, 45, 212, 233, 284 South London Entomological, 41, 103, 139, 187, 232, 284, 306, 346 Some Bees from Formosa, 9 ; of the Genus Nomia from Australia, 119 Spain — Albarracin, 112 ; Barcelona, 112 Sphinctus serotinus, Grav.,78 Sphinx convolvuli reared from the egg, 29 Sphinx convolvuli and Acherontia atro- pos at Eastbourne, 79 Sphinx ligustri in May, 183 Spilosoma urtics in Isle of Wight, 209 Spring Lepidoptera, &c., in Essex, 1912, 208 Spring Brood of Cyaniris argiolus, 208 Stephens's Culicidfe, Notes on, 277 Suffert Collection of Butterflies, The, 342 Supplementary Note on Hesperiid Classi- fication, 5 Sweden— Abisko, 23, 65, 100; Jemt- land, 23, 65 Syrapetrum scoticum, Don., 157 Tseniorhynchus richiardii. Fie, in Mid- dlesex and Hampshire, 327 Tephrosia punctularia in March, 183 Teratological Specimen of Anthrocera filipendulae, 106 ; of Epinephele ianira, 346 ; of Carabus catenulatus, 44 ; of Mimas tilia-, 44 ; of Pimelia for- nicata, 44 ; of Spilogaster nliginosa, 44 ; of Wheeleria spilodactyla, 44 The Entomological Club, 138 The Genus Ithysia, Hubn., 315 The Larva of Cardiophorus asellus (Coleoptera), 189 The Summer of 1911 and the Present Season, 155 Thera variata in Britain (fig.). 241 Three Weeks in the High Pyrenees, 56 Thyatira batis in Isle of Skye, 279 Tortrix iironubana, 301, 326 Two Peculiar forms of Boarmia repan- data, 94 Vanessa antiopa in Kent, 1911, 209; io. Note on, 100 Variation of Eustroma reticulata, Schiff., On the, 1, Varieties : — Abraxas grossulariata, 284 Acidalia incanaria, 105 ; ornata, 349 Adactylus beunettii, 38 Agriades corydon, 15, 43, 57, 349 ; thetis, 14 Anthrocera filipendulaj, 44, 106 Apatura iris, 348 Argynnis euphrosyne, 32, 43, 105 ; ■ niobe, 348 Boarmia repandata, 94 Brenthis euphrosyne, 43, 284 ; selene, 43, 316 Brephos parthenias, 181 Callimorpha dominula, 44 Catocala nupta, 44, 300 Colias nastes, 26 Conistra vaccinii, 281 Cupido minimus, 15 Cyaniris argiolus, 106, 348 Drymonia chaonia, 106 Ematurga atomaria, 47 Ennomos queicinaria, 349 Ephyra annulata, 187 ; pendularia, 44, 232 Erebia euryale, 60 Eubolia bipunctaria, 105 Euchloe cardamines, 44, 104 Guophos obscurata, 44 Heodes hippothoe, 345 Melanippe fluctuata, 46 ; montanata, 44 Melitsea aurinia, 105, 232 ; parthenie, 133 Nola cucuUatella, 105 ffineis norma, 68 Parasemia plantaginis, 185 Pieris napi, 26, 105, 348 Polygonia c-album, 43 Polyommatus argus, 57 ; icarus, 15 Porthesia similis, 44 Pyrameis atalanta, 104, 326, 343; cardui, 43 Eumicia phlseas, 42,43.44, 103, 104, 266, 348 Satyrus semele, 348 Spilosoma lubricipeda, 106 IX Strenia clathrata, 46 Urbicola comma, 60 Zonosoma linearia, 3, 43; orbicu- laria, 43 Where Wallace Trod " : An Entomo- logical Trip to Mt. Serambu, Sarawak, 213, 246 West Surrey, Lepidoptera of, 184 Westmoreland : Lepidoptera in 1911, 158, 185, 210, 279 Xanthorhoe (Melanippe) fluctuata in December, 80 PLATES. I. — Aberrations of Eusiroma reticulata and Zonosoma linearia II. — Gavarnie, July, 1911 : A Portrait Group . I Near Puerto de La Losillo, Sierra Albarracin to face III [ In the Camargue, near Les Saintes Maries I Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (Mole Cricket), wings spread IV. J ,, ,, wings folded . Meconema tlialassinum, ovipositing VI. VII.- VIII. ■ Where Wallace Trod ' -Puszta Peszer -Early Stages of Hesperia linea. yv (Appendages of Tapinostola concolor I vianni, female and ova . female, and 2 X. — Portrait of Professor E. B. Poulton XI.— Valley of the Laxelv (habitat of Colias liecla) . XII. — Dolomite Screes, Kolvik, Porsanger Fjord „' jForms of Scandinavian Diurni. hell PAGE 1 109 117 213 237 253 285 268 309 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Prisopus Jisheri, Gahan 55 Larva of Eustroma reticulata 85 Rhopalosiphum solani (structural details} 166, 167 The larva of Cardiophorus asellus 189 iletrioptera roeselii 224 Thera variata 243 Theobaldia theobaldi (Meij.) and T. morsitans (Theo.) 262 SPECIAL INDEX. New Genera, Species, Sub-Specics, and Varieties are marked with a?i asterisk. Order III. THYSANUEA. saccbarina (Lepisma), 139 Order VII. OETHOPTEEA. albipennis (Apterygida), 114, 164 albopunctata [ = grisea] (Metrioptera), 225 annulii^es (Anisolabis), 164 aracbidis (Prolabia), 164 auricularia (Forficula), 114, 164, 350 auricularia var. forcipata (Forficula), 114 australasiffi (Periplaneta), 103, 246 bicolor (Staui'odorus), 116 bipunctatus (Tetrix), 116 bracbyptera (Metrioptera), 115, 207, 225 brevipennis (Acrida), 119 carlottse (Prisopus), 54 cavernicola (Iscbnoptera), 246 centurio (Opistbocosmia), 251 chorea (Loncbrea), 345 Cotylosoma, 49, 54 crurifolium (PulcbripbylUum), 284 dipneusticum (Cotylosoma), 53, 54 *fisberi (Prisopus), 49, 54, 101 flabelbformis (Prisopus), 51 forcipatus (Cordax), 251 fuliginosus (Tetrix), 117 fusciter (Hieroglypbus), 350 germanica (Blattella), 114, 184 grossus (Mecostetbus), 116 gryllotalpa (Gryllotalpa), 115, 117 guttata (Spodromantis), 284 Heraimerus, 41 ! horstokkii (Prisopus), 55 lesnei (Forficula), 164 lewisi (Anecbura), 164 maculatus (Gomphocerus), 115, 116 maritima (Anisolabis), 164 minor (Labia), 106, 114, 164 morio (Cbelisoches), 164 morosus (Dixippus), 42 orientalis (Blatta), 114, 347 parallelus (Cbortbippbus), 116 Prisopus, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 101 riparia (Labidura), 76, 99, 164, 345, 349 roeselii (Metrioptera), 116, 117, 118, 119, 207, 224, 225, 348 scabriuscula (AUodablia), 251 sylvestris (Nemobius), 115 tbalassinum [ = varium] (Meconema), 115, 117 vicinus (Timomenus), 251 viridulus (Omocestus); 116 Order VIII. PLECOPTEEA. dubitans (Nemoura), 93, 94 fulviceps (Nemoura), 113 grammatica (Chloroperia), 113 inconspicua (Nemoura), 94 marginata (Perla), 113 variegata (Nemoura), 94 Order X. ISOPTEEA (Termites). tlavipes (Termes), 272 Oi-der XIII. ODONATA. [ = Paraneuroptera. acutipennis (Platycnemis), 110, 111 senea. (Cordulia), 141, 174, 201 ^schna, 84, 173 affinis(.Eschna),110, 111 alpestris (Somatochlora), 327 annulatns (Cordulegaster), 31, 111, 112, 142, 149, 171, 172, 202 annulatus var. immaculifrons (Cordule- gaster). 111, 112 arraatum (Agrion), 235 arctiea (Somatochlora), 235 barbara (Lestes), 110, 111, 112 brunneum (Orthetriim), 110,112 Cferulea (.Eschna), 172, 235, 327 cffirulescens (Orthetrum), 110, 112, 143, 149, 174, 201 cancellatum (Orthetrum), 110, 111, 112, 201 curtisii (Oxygastra), 110, 112 cyanea (^schna), 112, 149, 172, 174, 202 cyathigerum (Enallagma), 141, 172, 175, 202, 234 dauae (Libelhila), 151 dan£e (Sympetrum), 151, 173 depressa (Libellula), 112, 141, 142, 174, 201 dryas (Lestes), 112, 174, 235 elegans (Ischnura), 84, 111, 142, 149, 172, 173, 175, 202, 234 elegans var. rufescens (Ischnura), 149, 172, 175 erythrtea (Crocothemis), 110. Ill, 112 Haveolum (Sympetrum), 112, 143, 144, 173, 235 flavipes (Gomphus), 110, 111 fonscolombii (Sympetrum), 112, 114, 130, 143, 144, 172. 234 fulva (LibeUula), 110, 111, 112, 142, 201, 235 fusca (Sympycna), 110, 111, 112 graellsi (Ischnura), 112 grandis (.Eschna), 149, 172, 173, 174, 175, 202 hffimorrhoidalis (Calopteryx), 110, 111, 112 hafniense (Brachytron), 174 hastuiatum (Agriou), 172, 235 imperator (Anax), 110, 111, 112, 202 isosceles (^schna). 111 juncea (.Eschna), 149, 171, 172, 202 iatipes (Platycnemis), 110, 111, 114 Libellula, 84 lindenii (Agrion), 110, 111, 114 Macromia, 109 mercuriale (Agrion), 110, 111, 142, 174, 202 meridionale (Sympetrum), 112 metallica (Somatochlora), 174 mixta (.Eschna), 111, 112, 174, 202 naias (Erythromma), 173, 175 *nigrescens (Sympetrum), 171 nympha [ = dryas J (Lestes), 235 nymphula (Pyrrhosoma), 141, 142.149, 172, 175, 185, 202 parthenope (Anax), 110, 111 pennipes (Platycnemis), 110, 142, 173 pratense (Brachytron), 142, 149, 172, 202 puella (Agrion), 111, 112, 142, 172, 175, 202 pulchellus (Gomphus), 110, 111 pulchellum (Agrion), 111, 142 pumilio (Ischnura), 142 quadrimaculata (Libellula), 111, 112, 141, 142, 149, 171, 172, 201 quadrimaculata var. prsenubila (Libel- lula), 112 sanguineum (Sympetrum), 111, 112, * 143, 174, 235 scoticum (Sympetrum), 149, 161, 152, 171, 172, 173,201 simillimus (Gomphus), 110, 111 splendens (Calopteryx), 110, 111, 112, 114, 149, 174, 175, 202 splendens, race xanthosoma (Calo- pteryx), 110, 112 splendens (Macromia), 109 sponsa (Lestes), 111, 142, 171, 172, 202 striolatum (Sympetrum), 112, 142, 143, 171, 172, 173, 175,201 Sympetrum, 84 tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 110, 111, 141, 174, 175, 202 uncatus (Onychogomphus), 112 virgo (Calopteryx), 31, 142, 174 viridis (Lestes), 110, 111 viridulum (Erythromma), 110, 111 vulgatura (Sympetrum), 171, 234 ' Order XIV. THYSANOPTEEA. Hoodia, 162 Liothrips, 162 nobilis (Megalothrips), 328 INDEX. Order XV. HEMIPTERA. abdominalis (Serinetha), 250 affinis (Pemphigus), 22 albiguttata (Maua), 249 albipes (Psylla), 187 alni (Callipterus), 21 Aphidioides, 21 Aristaphis, 21 arundinis (Hyaloptera) , 342 auratus (Chrysochoris), 250 basinotata (Suracarta), 250 beryllus (Z.), 252 betularius (Callipterus), 21 betulicola; (Callipterus), 21 biplagiata (Narbo), 250 Bucktonia, 22 bursarius (Pemphigus), 346 Byrsocrypta, 22 Callipterus, 21 capreffi (Chaitophorus), 21 capini (Callipterus), 21 castanseae (Callipterus), 21 Chaitophorus, 20 Cladobius, 21 convergens (Eicauia), 250 corni (Sehizoneura), 22 coryli (Callipterus), 21 crassa (Z.), 252 crocea (Scieroptera), 249 Dactylopius, 162 f delineata (Tricoxarta), 250 Delphax, 341, 342 dianthi (Rhopalosiphum), 165, 166, 167, 168 dilineatus (Hyalopterus), 20 dislocata (Phymatostetha), 250 Drepanidosiphum, 21 dryophila (Vacuna), 22 fabEB (Aphis), 165 farinosa (Tettigoniella), 250 filaginus (Pemphigus), 22 fimbriata (Plautia), 250 Flata, 344 flavus (Hyalopterus), 20 *fragaria; (Myzus), 229 fullo (Erthesina), 47 fuscata (Pochazia), 250 gnaphalium (Pemphigus), 22 graminis (Rhizobius), 22 graminis (Rhizoicus), 22 humuli (Alibis) , 165 Hyalopterus, 20 Kallistaphis, 21 Lachnus, 22 lactuarius (Pemphigus), 22 lanigera (Sehizoneura), 165 . laricis (Chermes), 229 Vliberiana (Platypleura), 200 limitaris (Ricania), 250 Macrosiphum, 273 ■^makaga (Platypleura), 201 marsupialis (Pemphigus), 22 megistus (Conorhinus), 47, 48 *monti vagus (Glaucias), 252 Myzocallis, 21 nigronotatus (Thessitus), 250 oculata (Dalpada), 250 Pemphigus, 22 persicfe (Aphis), 165 picus (Cimex), 252 pieus (Halyomorpha), 252 platanoides (Drepanidosiphum), 21 populeus (Aphidioides), 21 populeus (Cladobius), 21 populi (Chaitophorus), 21 Psylla, 276 Pterocallis, 21 Pterocomma, 21 pulchellus (Arfeopus), 341 pulchellus (Delphax), 341 pyriformis (Pemphigus), 22 quercus (Callipterus), 21 raphse (Aphis), 165 Rhizobius, 22 Rhizoicus, 22 salicivorus (Chaitophorus), 21 Sehizoneura, 22 *scutel]atus (Hippotiscus), 251 semiclara (Bhandara), 250 signoreti (Centrocnemis), 250 simulans (Opistharsotheus), 250 solani (Aphis), 165 solani (Rhopalosiphum), 165 spirotheese (Pemphigus), 346 stellata (Phymatostetha), 250 superba (Phromnia), 344 tomentosus (Lachnus), 22 tricolor (Suracarta), 250 trimaculata (Dalpada), 251 trimaculata (Pentatoma), 251 Tuberculatus, 21 Vaccuna, 22 vastator (Aphis), 165 versicolor (Chaitophorus), 20 Order XVI. NEUROPTEEA. appendiculatus (Macronemurus), 113 barbara (Lertha), 39 bipennis [^lusitairica] (Nemoptera), 39 boeticus (Ascalaphus), 112 Chrysopa, 347 chrysops (Osmylus), 221 cognata (Panorpa), 222, 328 cognata (Raphidia), 221 communis (Panorpa), 222, 321 concinnus (Hemerobius), 222 flava (Chrysopa), 222 fuscata (Sisyra)', 221 germauica (Panorpa), 40, 222, 322 hiemalis (Boreas), 42 humuli (Hemerobius), 113, 222 ictericus (Ascalaphus), 110 lineolata (Chrysopa), 113 longicornis (Ascalaphus), 111, 112, 113 lutaria (Sialis), 188, 221 lutescens (Hemerobius), 222 meridionalis (Dilar), 113 micans (Hemerobius), 222 nervosus (Hemerobius), 222 nitidulus Hemerobius), 222 notata (Raphiclia), 221 orotypus (Hemerobius), 222 perla (Chrysopa), 222 plumbeus (Creagris), 113 prasina (Chrysopa), 113 septempunctata (Chrysopa), 222 stigma (Hemerobius), 113, 221, 222 subnebulosus (Hemerobius), 222 vulgaris (Chrysopa), 113 xanthostigma (Raphidia), 221 Order XVII. TEICHOPTERA. fragilis (Metalype), 113 guttata (Hy dropsy che), 113 instabilis (Hydropsyche), 113 lepida (Hydropsyche), 113 vittatum (Sericostoma), 113 Order XVIII. LEPIDOPTERA. abietaria (Boarmia), 188, 245 abjeeta (Mamestra), 32, 180, 203, 204, 227 ablatrix (Pencillaria), 308 abruptaria (Hemerophila), 208 acaciffi (Strymon), 97 acanthodactyla (Amblyptilia), 154 accipiter (Epilecta), 131 acciusalis (Ramila), 249 aceriana (Hedya), 38 *aclea (Zamarada), 200 Acrffia, 41, 83 *acritoides (Acra3a), 41 actfea (Satyrus), 134 action (Hesperia), 254, 255, 256 actaaon (Thymelicus), 60, 96 actuaria (Craspedia), 249 adippe (Argymris), 97, 158, 202, 279, 302 admetus (Polyommatus), 97 adrasta (Pararge), 62 adulatrix (Eurhipia), 308 adulatrix (Eutelia), 308 adustata (Ligdia), 208, 349 ad vena (Aplecta), 45, 179 advenaria (Epione), 32 advenella (Eurhodope), 37 advenella (Rhodophaea), 37 adyte (Erebia), 67 .Egeria, 43, 44 agidion (Plebeius), 65 asgimiusalis (Piletocera), 249 ffigon (Lycfena), 84, 280 ffigon (Plebeius), 37, 97 aequalis (Eugoa), 249 *ffirata (Archanara), 148 rescularia (Anisopteryx), 159 ■ ffisculi (Zeuzera), 180 sestiva (Leptosia), 187 sethiops (Erebia), 43, 83, 102, 157 affinis (Calymnia), 31, 227 affinis (Horagia), 248 affinitata (Larentia), 100 aliinitata (Perizoma), 136, 153 agatha (Neptis), 186 agathina (Agrotis), 47, 160, 280, 340 agathyrsus (Alcides), 234 agestis (Lyceena), 157, 185 aglaia (Argynnis), 62, 97, 343 agnes (Eucherodes), 169 agramella (Coleophora), 284 Agriades, 15 ajax (Papilio), 44 alba (Colias), 323 alba (Rumicia), 103, 104 *alberta (Acrtea), 41 albicans (Lymantria), 249 albicillata (Melanthia), 157, 179 albicincta (Polyommatus), 57 albicolon (Melanchra), 180 albida (Epinephele), 323 albidus (Epinephele), 323 *albigutta (Perigea), 133 albipuncta (Leucania), 348 albipunctella (Depressaria), 30 albistria (Argyresthia), 38 albitarsella (Coleophora), 38 albovenosa (Arsilonche), 46, 292 albulahs (Nola), 349 albulata (Emmelesia), 69, 106 alcaese (Carcharodus), 16 alciBse (Erynnis), 96 alcella (Chrosis), 38 alchemillata (Emmelesia), 157 alcinoe (Planema), 102 alciphron (Loweia), 60, 97 alcon (Lyc£ena), 15 alcyone (Satyrus), 60, 133 alcyonipennella (Coleophora), 38 alecto (Erebia), 59 Aletis, 161 alexandra (Colias), 323 alexanoi- (Fapilio), 97, 347 alexis (Lycffina), 80, 35 alexias (Agriacles), 345, 348 alexias (Polyommatus), 331 algirica (Hipparchia), 44 aliris (Thaumantis), 247 alni (Acronycta), 129 alniai-ia (Eugonia), 293 Alotsa, 308 alphusalis (Bertula), 249 alpina (Agrotis), 343 alpina (Hesperia), 7, 78 alpina (Ithysia), 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321 alpinaria (Ithysia), 316, 317, 318 alpinellus (Crambus), 295, 296 alsines (Caradrina), 37 alstrcBmeriana (Depressaria), 38 alternata (Semiothisa), 127 althese (Carcharodus), 60 alticola (Hepialus), 58 alveolus (Hesperia), 154 alveus (Hesperia), 6, 59, 78, 137 amata (Sinthusa), 248 amataria (Tirnandra), 33, 180, 203, 204, 227, 228, 264, 297 ambigua (Caradrina), 32 amethystus (Zeuxidia), 247 amphidamas (Chrysophanus), 65, 310 anceps (Mamestra), 179 anderregiella (Argyresthia), 38 andrei (Cricula), 284 andreniformis (iEgeria), 233 andromedae (Hesperia), 59, 69 anemosa (Acraa), 83 angustana (Enpoecilia), 30 angustana (Hypermecia), 38 anigrusalis (Pilocrocis), 249 annulata (Ephyra), 127, 187 anomala (Hypolimnas), 247 anthedon (Euralia), 161 antiopa (Euvanessa), 61, 133 antiopa (Vanessa), 35, 36, 105, 209, 227 antiphus (Papilio), 248 aphirape (Brenthis), 25, 65 apicalis (Ilema), 248 apicella (Coleophora), 347 apiciaria (Epione), 80, 161, 228, 292 apiforniis (Trochilium), 179, 180, 202 apoUo (Parnassius), 61, 97, 305 applana (Depressaria), 30, 38, 188 *approximaria (Urapteryx), 168 approximata (Atacira), 308 aprilina (Agriopis), 281, 296 aquilo (Latiorina), 309, 314 arbuti (Heliodes), 136, 308 arcania (Coenonympha), 62, 134, 306, 307 archesia (Precis), 83 archippus (Anosia), 105 arctica (Agrotis), 100 *arctiea (Pieris), 338 arcuana (Boxana), 153 arenella (Depressaria), 30 *arenosa (Agrotis), 130, 279 areola (Lithomia), 153 areola (Xylocampa), 84 arete (Aphantopus), 279 arethusa (Hipparchia), 16, 17, 134 arge (Melanargia), 283, 305 argentimaculella (Tinea), 37 argentula (Bankia), 46 argiades (Everes), 15, 17, 97, 248 argiades (Lycasna), 35, 298 argillacea (Alabama), 273 argiolus (Celastrina), 17, 97, 157, 207, 310, 345, 347, 348 argiolus (Cyaniris), 29, 35, 106, 128, 135, 157, 182, 203, 208, 231 argiolus (Lycfena), 208 argiolus (Lycasnopsis), 182 argus (Plebeius), 37, 57, 59, 97 argyrognoraon (Plebeius), 65, 97 arion (Lyca^na), 15, 16, 61, 97, 345, 348 aristolochiaj (Papilio), 248 armoricanus (Hesperia), 7 arundineta (Nonagria), 203, 204, 227, 290 arundinis (Nonagria), 293, 294 asella (Heterogenea), 129 asella (Limacodes), 302 ashworthii (Agrotis), 45, 46, 349 asinalis (Botrys), 30 aspasia (Danais), 247 aspersana (Peronea), 37, 38 assimilata (Eupithecia), 268 associata (Cidaria), 158 asteris (Cucullia), 180, 297 astrarche (Aricia), 207 astrarche (Lycffina), 157 astrigera (Acrasa), 41 Atacira, 308 atalanta (Pyrameis), 17, 18, 19, 30, 31, 36, 104, 133, 138, 182, 187, 208, 228, 230, 266, 278, 296, 297, 298, 303, 324, 325, 326, 328, 343 athalia (Melittea), 133, 232 atoraaria (Ematurga), 47, 103, 154, 179 atra (Laverna), 38 atrata (Tanagra), 157 atrella (Gelechia), 332 atricapitana (Eupcecilia), 36, 295 atricapitana (Phalonia), 36, 37, 38 atricommella (Elachista), 39 atropos (Acherontia), 79, 100, 104, 100, 182, 209 atropos (Manduca), 182, 183, 348 augur (Noctua), 159, 178 aurago (Xanthia), 46 aurantiaria (Hybernia), 296, 297 aurata (Pyrausta), 30, 293 aurelia (Melitroa), 163 aureoflavcscens (Anthocharis), 323 *aureola (Acrtea), 41 aureolalis (Pionea), 249 aurifrontella (Chrysoclista), 36 aurinia (Melit;Ea), 105, 133, 187, 232 aurivillius (Colias), 323 XV australis (Hesperia), 7 autumnaria (Ennomos), 45 autumnaria (Oporabia), 162 aversata (Acidalia), 79, 279 aversata (Ptychopoda), 4 avis (Callophrys), 162, 188 badiana (Argyrolepia), 37 badiana (Phalonia), 37 badiata (Anticlea), 179, 208 badiipenella (Coleophora), 328 baia (Noctua), 135, 203, 227, 228 baluana (Amnosia), 247 barbalis (Hypsena), 153 barcealis (Agrotera), 249 barrettii (Dianthoecia), 284 basilinea (Apamea), 178 *basinotata (Alcis), 91 *basistrigaria (Lygris), 170 ♦bathyscaphes (Zamarada), 19G, 199 batis (Thyatira), 46, 249, 279 belina (Hestia), 233 bellargus (Agriades), 14 bennettii (Adaetylus), 38 bennettii (Agdistis), '-iS bentleyana (Ehyacionia), 74, 75 betulffi (Ornix), 349 betulaj (Thecla), 154 betulte (Zephyrus), 35, 128, 227, 302 betulaetana (Penthina), 292 betularia (Amphidasys), 135, 153, 234 bianca (Chionfema), 248 bicolorana (Hylophila), 129 bicolorata (Miana), 203 bicoloria (Miana), 38, 295 bidentata (Gonodontis), 47, 160 bidentata (Odontopera), 95, 137 bifasciana (Sericoris), 295 bifida (Ceruva), 183 bifida (Dicranura), lOG, 306 bilineata (Camptogramma), 180, 241, 280 bilunaria (Selenia), 38, 46, 160, 292 binajvella (HomcBOsoma), 267 binaria (Drepana), 295 bipunctaria (Eubolia), 38, 105 bipunctata (Senta), 204 bipunctidactyla (Mimaesioptilus), 38 *bipupillata (ffineis), 68 birdella (Ochsenheimeria), 38 bischoffaria (Acidalia), 105 bisetata (Acidalia), 279 bistortata (Tephrosia), 100 bizonoides (Asura), 248 blandina (Erebia), 157 blomfieldii (Smyrna), 347 boeticus (Lampides), 15, 17 boisduvali (Hewitsonia), 187 boisduvalii (Opsiphanes), 347 bombycaria (Ithysia), 316 bombyliformis (Hemaris), 310 bondii (Tapinostola), 105 bore ((Eneis), 25, 68 borealis (Brenthis), 66, 67 borealis (Phragmatobia), 100 borneensis (Parthenos), 248 bracteata (Miresa), 249 bracteolalis (Eurrhyparodes), 249 brassicffi (Mamestra), 33, 228, 281 brassicffi (Pieris), 26, 34, 35, 97, 135, 159, 280, 302, 322, 343 brevicovnis (Baronia), 163 *brevifasciata (Ectropis), 69 brevilinea (Nonagria), 291, 292, 293, 294 briseis (Hipparehia), 16, 134 briseis (Satyrus), 113 *britannica (Ithysia), 316, 321 brumata (Cheimatobia), 297 brumeata (Halia), 45 *brunnea (Acraea), 41 brunnea (Noctua), 127, 159 brunnearia (Selenia), 46 bryonire (Pieris), 265, 331, 338, 346 bucephala (Phalera), 297 buoliana (Ehyacionia), 74, 75 burrowsi (Hydroecia), 330 butesalis (Simplicia), 249 buxtoni (Kallima), 248 c-album (Polygonia), 17, 34, 35, 43, 133 c-nigrum (Noctua), 31, 33, 179, 228, 265, 267, 281, 297 Cfficilia (Erebia), 58, 59, 60 cserulea (Colias), 323 Cferulea (Polyonimatus), 65 ca'ruleopuncta (Rumicia), 103, 104, 105, 340, 348 Cfesiata (Entephria), 47, 160, 211 cassiata (Larentia), 45, 69 caia (Arctia), 44, 187, 203, 230, 323 caicus (Grammodia), 40 Caledonia (Erebia), 43, 83, 102 Caledonia (Pararge), 83 cahginosa (Arctia), 301 callandra (Actias), 46 caUidice (Pontia), 61 Callidryas, 19, 346 callunaria (Eupithecia), 349 camelina (Lophopteryx), 32, 46, 157, 280 Camilla (Limenitis), 133, 323 cana (Catoptria), 37 candidata (Acidalia), 153 canescens (Adolias), 248 canteneri (Thais), 45 capsincola (Dianthcecia), 32, 345, 347 capsophila (Dianthoecia), 46, 345, 347 captiuncula (Phothedes), 157 capucina (Miselia), 281 carbonaria (Fidonia), 100 cardamines (Euchloe), 43, 44, 104, 135, 159, 181, 182, 207, 208, 231, 232, 310 cardui (Pyrameis), 17, 42, 43, 61, 82, 133, 156, 182, 208, 209,228, 230, 265, 266, 278, 297, 298, 299, 300, 323, 324, 825, 343, 344, 346, 347 Carea, 308 carlinse (Hesperia), 96 carnana (Amaurinia), 204 *carniolica (Ithysia), 319, 321 carniolica (Zygtena). 305 carpini (Saturnia), 135, 203, 232 carpophaga (Dianthoecia), 32, 44, 296, 345, 347 carthami (Hesperia), 61, 96 cassioides (Erebia), 58, 134 cassiope (Krebia), 58, 158, 210, 333, 334, 335, 336 cassiusalis (Bertula), 249 castanea (Noctua), 160, 280 *castanea-punc[ata (Colias), 27 castrensis (Malacosoma), 180 catena (Augiades), 69 Catophaga, 39 Catopsilia, 19 cecropia (Philosamia), 42, 346 celeno (Lampides), 248 celestina (Tachyris), 39 celtis (Libythea), 305, 346 cenea (Papilio), 83, 271 centaurese (Hesperia), 25, 68, 69, 310 cephalariffi (Saturnia), 212 cerago (Xanthia), 268 cerinus (Zygsena), 323 cerri (Strymon), 97 cesonia (Colias), 323 cesonia (Meganostoma), 323 cespitis (Luperina), 31, 32 ceto (Erebia), 163, 335 chamomillte (Cucullia), 34, 180 chaonia (Drymonia), 31, 160, 181, 183 chaonia (Notodonta), 185 Charaxes, 233 chariclea (Brenthis), 309, 337 chenopodii (Hadena), 33, 180 chi (Polia), 30, 45, 139, 281, 348 chlorana (Earias), 308 Chlosyne, 151 christiernella (Hypereallia), 332 ehristiernssoni (Colias), 27 ' chrysippus (Danais), 324 chrysitis (Plusia), 31, 32, 227, 268 chrysorrhcea (Euproctis), 184, 230 chrysorrhcea (Liparis), 230 chrysorrhcea (Porthesia) , 348 cinctalis (Spilodes), 203 cinctaria (Boarmia), 157, 233 cinerea (Acraea), 41 cinerea (Agrotis), 32, 183 cinerella (Brachycrossata), 37 cinerella (Recur varia), 37 cingulalis (Ennychia), 38 cinxia (Melitaea), 16, 17, 133, 232 cinxioides (Melitffia), 133 circe (Satyrus), 133, 303 circeis (Acraea), 83 circellaris (Amathes), 265, 281 circellaris (Orthosia), 265 circii (Hesperia), 96 circulana (Eucosma), 75 circumscripta (Simplicia), 249 clararia (Ophthalmodes), 249 clathrata (Chiasmia), 280 clathrata (Strenia), 46 Claudius (Euplcea), 247 *clava (Trigonophora), 147 cleodoxa (Argynnis), 97 Cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 44, 97, 232 clivalis (Dichocrocis), 249 codina (Agathea), 249 coecilia (Erebia), 145 ccelestis (Agriades), 14, 15 j Coenonympha, 306 I Colias, 125, 349 colorata (Miana), 203 comariana (Peronea), 139 comes (Triphasna), 292 comitata (Pelurga), 204 comma (Augiades), 69 comma (Leucania), 32, 178 comma (Urbieola), 60 commixta (Papilio), 186 compactaria (Boarmia), 249 comparataria (Paradarisa), 258 complana (Lithosia), 180, 295 complanula (Lithosia), 36, 38, 204 compositella (Stigmonota), 37, 38 concinnata (Cidaria), 82 concinnata (Dysstroma), 82 conclusa (Chionasma), 248 concolor (Tapinostola), 104, 256, 285, 286, 287 conferta (Pomasia), 249 conflua (Agrotis), 100 confluens (Anthrocera), 104 conHuens (Zygsena), 209 conformis (Xylina), 41, 184 conigera (Leucania), 180, 203 *conjuncta (Alcis), 90 *connexa (Colias), 27 consortaria (Boarmia), 79, 80 conspersa (Dianthoecia), 32 conspersana (Sciaphila), 38 conspicillaris (Xylomiges), 105 constrica (Lygris), 170 contaminei (Anthrocera), 57, 59 contigua (Mamestra), 46, 127 contiguaria (Acidalia), 47, 140 continua (Ariola), 249 continuata (Neptis), 186 conversaria (Boarmia), 43, 45 *convexa (Lygris), 170 convolvuli (Agrius), 44 convolvuli (Sphinx), 29, 32, 79, 100, 106, 264, 266, 257 coracina (Psodos), 100 cordigera (Anarta), 69 cordula (Satyrus), 133 coretas (Everes), 97 coridon (Agriades), 43, 347, 348, 349 coronata (Eupithecia), 38 corticea (Agrotis), 32 coruscans (Lampides), 248 corydon (Agriades), 15, 17, 43, 44, 57, 97, 146 corydon (Lycnena), 46, 301 corylata (Cidaria), 153 XVll coryli (Demas), 183 cosmius (Xylophanes), 40 costalis (Ilema), 248 costana (Tortrix), 154, 178, 234, 349 costaria (Boarmia), 249 *costimacula (Alcis), 72 *costimacula (Eustroma), 3 costleyi (Mimacrsa), 328 costovata (Melanippe), 46 crabronifonne (Troebilium), 210 cramerella (Lithocolletis), 349 crassistriga (Pachyodes), 259 cratffigata (Rumia), 208 crataegi (Aporia), 97, 126, 158, 301, 302 crepuscularia (Tephrosia), 79, 160, 161 crepuscularis (Nyctipao), 249 crinigera (Baniana), 249 crishna (Neorina), 346 croceago (Oporina), 84 crocealis (Ebulea), 36, 266 croceus (Colias), 323 croesus (Ornithoptera), 188 cruciata (Miltochrista), 249 cruda (Tffiniocampa), 159 cubicularis (Caradrina), 31 cucubali (Dianthoecia), 32, 183, 211, 296 cucullata (Nola), 105 cuculloides (Stictoptera), 308 culmellus (Crambus), 290 cuneifeia (Asura), 248 cuneiplana (Darantasia), 248 cuneonotata (Miltochrista), 249 curtisellus (Prays), 38 curtula (Pygasra), 80 cyllaris, 281 cyllaris (Glaueopsyche), 310 cyparissus (Polyommatus), 65 cytisaria (Pseudoterpna), 136, 180 dahlii (Noctua), 280 damon (Polyommatus), 97, 146, 348 damone (Euchloe), 44, 282, 328 daos (Ideopsis), 247 daphne (Brenthis), 97 daplidice (I'ontia), 16, 17, 62, 97, 278 dardanus (Papilio), 83, 162, 270, 288, 324 deauratella (Coleophora), 344 debora (Eumteus), 284 decolorata (Hydriomene), 37 decolorata (Perizoma), 3, 153 defoHaria (Hybernia), 104, 136, 296, 297 deione (Melitrea), 133 delamerensis (Tephrosia), 79 deleta (Abraxas), 105 deliaria (Problepsis), 249 Delias, 40 dentata (Hipparchia), 134 dentina (Hadena), 32, 157, 178, 179 deplana (Lithosia), 41, 103 derivalis (Herminia), 203 derivata (Anticlea), 208 desertella (Gelechia), 38 designata (Coremia), 157, 160, 161, 292 Entom. Vol. xlv. 1912. deversaria (Ptychopoda), 4 dharma (Cirphis), 132 dia (Brenthis), 62, 97 Dianthoecia, 345 dictasa (Notodonta), 31 dictasa (Pheosia), 183 dictajoides (Notodonta), 160, 183 dictfeoides (Pheosia), 80, 211, 280 dictynna (Melittea), 62 didyma (Apamea), 292, 295 didyma (Melitaea), 17, 62, 133 dilutata (Oporabia), 162, 281, 296, 297 dimidiata (Acidalia), 33, 289 diniensis (Leptosia), 187 diores (Thaumantis), 347 disa (Erebia), 309, 312 discibrunnea (Daseochajta), 132 discistriga (Alotsa), 308 discordella (Coleophora), 37 dispar (Chrysophanus), 103, 156 dispar (Porthetria), 331 dissimilis (Mamestra), 45, 46 *distincta (Colias), 340 ditrota (Luxiaria), 249 diversipennis (Risoba), 249 *divisa (Alcis), 91 dodonea (Drymonia), 31 dodoneata (Eupithecia), 135 dolobraria (Eurymene), 32, 46, 153, 160 domestica (Gelechia), 37, 38 dominula (Callimorpha), 44, 303, 347 dorilis (Chrysophanus), 283 dorilis (Loweia), 36, 97 dorippus (Danais), 324 dorsigera (Toxocampa), 249 dorus (Coenonympha), 134, 307 dotata (Cidaria), 158, 180, 203 doubledayaria (Amphidasys), 135, 234 doubledayi (Zeuxidia), 247 doxo (Pinacopteryx), 328 dromedarius (Notodonta), 129, 159 dromus (Erebia), 58 dryas (Ennodia), 134 dryope (Eurytela), 163 dubia (Euralia), 161 dubitata (Triphosa), 160, 185 dumerilii (Luperina), 43 duplana (Retinia), 74 duplaris (Cymatophora), 32, 178 duplaris (Palimpsestis), 178 duplicana (Padenia), 248 duponcheli (Leptosia), 97, 187 d'urvilleana (Ornithoptera), 234 Earias, 308 ectypa (Leucania), 62 edusa (Colias), 16, 17, 19, 42, 97, 181, 182, 187, 207, 230, 231, 232, 278, 282, 284, 298, 299, 327, 339, 342, 343,347, 348, 349 edwardsi (Colias), 323 effertalis (Agrotera), 249 ega (Catophaga), 39 egea (Polygonia), 133, 283 egenaria (Syntomis), 248 c XVlll egeria (Pararge), 30, 34, 35, 126, 128, 133, 155, 207, 231, 232, 299, 343 egerides (Pararge), 207, 231 egialea (Amauris), 187 Eleale, 308 electo (Colias), 323 eleus (Chrysoijhanus), 266 eleus (Rumicia), 43, 104, 105 elinguaria (Crocalis), 135 *ella (Acrjea), 41 elpenor (Chffirocampa), 46, 294 eltringhami (Mimacrnea), 328 elutalis (Ercta), 249 elutata (Hydrioniene), 299 elymi (Tapinostola), 295 emarginata (Acidalia), 33, 180, 204, 267, 292, 297 emberizipenella (Lithocolletis), 38 embla (Erebia), 67, 310 emesioides (Zemeros), 248 emutaria (Acidalia), 32, 180, 264 Ephestia, 348 Epiblema, 75 epiphron (Erebia), 45, 46, 57, 145, 333, 334, 335, 336 Erebia, 56. 163 erecta (Kodaria), 249 ericetana (Orthotfenia), 38 ericetata (Selidosoma), 280 eriopsis (Epiphele), 284 erippus (Anosia), 105 eris (Argynnis), 348 Erites, 247 eros (Polyommatus), 58 erymantliis (Gupha), 247 esclien (Polyommatus), 15, 61, 97, 348 eso (Zemeros), 248 Eulia, 74 eulimene (Calopieris), 330 eupheme (Zegris), 44, 45, 78 euphorbiiB (Deilephila), 35 euphrosyne (Argymiis), 32, 84, 105, 136, 153, 154, 184, 277, 305, 349 euphrosyne (Brentliis), 43, 62, 67, 284 Euptea, 103 euprepoides (Asura), 248 Eurhipia, 308 eurota (Eunica), 347 euryale (Erebia), 6Q euryaloides (Erebia), 60 eury theme (Colias), 323 eurytus (Pseudacrffia), 307 Eutelia, 308 evemon (Papilio), 139 Evetria, 75 excelsior (Isognathus), 40 exclamationis (Agrotis), 179, 228, 281, 300 exigua (Laphygma), 44, 184 exoleta (Calocampa), 159, 268, 281 expallidana (Eucosma), 39 extensaria (Eupithecia), 106, 296 "extincta (Ithysia), 317 extranea (Leucania), 326 exulans (Anthrocera), 57, 59 exulans (Zygasna), 45, 69 exulis (Crymodes), 347 fagaria (Scodiona), 161 fagella (Diurnea), 208 fagi (Stauropus), 129, 183 faginella (Lithocolletis), 37 falcataria (Drepana), 45, 129, 292 fascelinellus (Crambus), 279, 290 fasciana (Erastria), 153 fasciana (Hapalotis), 178 *fasciata (Breuthis), 66 fasciata (Chrysophanus), 823 fasciata (Spilosoma), 106 *fasciata (Zonosoma), 4 fasciuncula (Miana), 179 fauculalis (Mabra), 249 faunula (Urbicola), 60 fausta (Anthrocera), 16 favicolor (Leucania), 42, 62, 63, 101, 102, 106, 108, 179, 180, 203, 228, 204, 265, 297 ferrugalis (Scopula), 349 ferrugata (Coremia), 34, 135, 157, 161, 346 ferrugata (Larentia), 100 ferruginella (Blabophora), 37 *fessa (Zamarada), 199 festiva (Noctua), 159, 178 festucaB (Plusia), 279, 292, 349 fibrosa (Apamea), 44, 292 fibula (Adela), 36 ficklini (Dianthoecia), 284, 348 fidia (Hipparchia), 134 filigrammaria (Oporabia), 30, 47, 162, 211, 280 filipenduhe (Anthrocera), 37, 38, 44, 106 filipendulffi (Zygajna), 129, 323 fimbria (Triphsena), 32, 127, 135, 159, 180 fingal (Brenthis), 67 fiava (Zygffina), 44, 323 flavago (Gortyna), 267 flavibasalis ((Etholis), 249 flavicornis (Asphalia), 137 flavicornis (Polyploca), 159, 183 •flavilinea (Epilecta), 130 *flavimacula (Phalera), 259 flavofasciata (Abraxas), 349 flavofasciata (Perizoma), 3, 161, 279 *flavopuncta (Colias), 27 flexula (Aventia), 30 florentina (Ithysia), 318, 319, 321 . fluctuata (Larentia), 100 fluctuata (Melanippe), 46, 80, 160 fluctuata (Xanthorhoe), 80, 135 fluviata (Camptogramma), 36, 230, 300 fluviata (Percnoptilota), 230 fcenella (Epiblema), 75 forficellus (Schcenobius), 349 formosa (Tn-umala), 186 *formosana (Alcis), 71 XIX fortunata (Epinepliele), 44 freija (Brenthis), 25, 66, 187, 310, 340 frigga (Brenthis), 25, 66, 187 fritillum (Hesperia), 5 frugalis (Kemigia), 249 fuciformis (Hemaris), 46, 153 fuciformis (Macroglossa), 84 fulgens (Nepticula), 101 fuliginosa (Phragmatobia), 31, 100 fuliginosa (Spilosoma), 291 fulva (Tapinostola), 30, 280, 292, 294 fulvago (Citi'ia), 43 fulvana (Eucosoma), 39 fulvata (Cidaria), 279 fumata (Acidalia), 44, 45, 69, 157, 160, 185 furcata (Hydriomene), 44, 299 furcifera (Xylina), 41 furcula (Cerura), 80, 126, 129, 227 furva (Mamestra), 46 fusca (Philosamia), 46 fusca (Phycis), 349 fusca (Pygmsena), 100 fuscantaria (Ennomos), 32 fuscediaella (Coleophora), 349 fuscula (Erastria), 32, 153, 178 gffidartella (Argyresthia), 104 gachtaria (Eiibolia), 105 galactodactyla (Aciptilia), 178 galatea (Melanargia), 44, 82, 126, 134, 158, 239, 240, 241, 301, 303, 304, 305, 306 galiata (Melanippe), 349 galii (Deilephila), 231, 278, 300 gamma (Plusia), 31, 184, 227, 265, 343 gemina (Apamea), 179 geminipuncta (Nonagria), 32, 227 gemmana (Rhyacionia), 74, 75 gemmaria (Boarmia), 158, 284 geniculeus (Crambus), 30, 38, 295 genistie (Mamestra), 80 gentiana (Penthina), 38 geometroides (Adrapsa), 249 gerronella (Brachmia), 37 gerstffickeri (Mimopacha), 161 gilvago (Mellinia), 43 glacialis (Erebia), 59, 346 glandifera (Bryophila), 31, 46 glareosa (Noctua), 159, 283 ' glauculalis (Glyphodes), 249 glyphica (Euclidia), 178 goante (Erebia), 134 Gonepteryx, 346 goniosigma (Cirphis), 132 gonostigraa (Orgyia), 188 gordius (Chrysophanus), 303 gordius (Loweia), 60, 97 gorge (Erebia), 145 gorgon (Epistor), 40 gorgone (Erebia), 58, 60 gothica (Tffiniocampa), 159, 230 gracilis (Tseniocampa), 135 gradiens (Terias), 139 grfficaria (Ithysia), 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321 graminea (Hemithea), 249 graminea (Stellaria), 347 graminis (Char^eas), 31, 227, 280 grandipennis (Butalis), 38 granitella (Acrolepia), 38 graslini (Luperina), 43 grisea (Stenosticta), 308 grisea-typica (Adactylus), 38 griseata (Lithostege), 40 griseola (Lithosia), 204, 292 grossulariata (Abraxas), 43, 45, 105, 184, 187, 205, 232, 284, 299, 344, 349 *grosvenori (Acrsea), 41 grotiana (Dichelia), 227 gueneei (Luperina), 43, 47, 102, 212 guttistriga (Euproctis), 249 guttulata (Euproctis), 249 halitherses (Euripus), 103 halteres (Parnassius), 284 hamula (Drepana), 31, 32, 158, 203 hamula (Platypteryx), 208 hartmanni (Parnassius), 284 harversoni (Saturnia), 212 hasfcana (Rhyacionia), 74, 75, 89, 90 hastata (Eutype), 161 hastata (Larentia), 100 hastiana (Rhyacionia), 74, 75 haworthii (Celffina), 30, 294 hazeleighensis (Abraxas), 349 hecabe (Terias), 248 hecate (Amauris), 186 hecla (Colias), 25, 309, 312, 315, 339, 340, 345, 349 hectus (Hepialus), 157 heldreichi (Colias), 339 helenas (Polyommatus), 16 helenus (Papilio), 248, 298 helice (Colias), 231, 298, 299, 303, 348 heliconia (Asota), 249 hellmanni (Tapinostola), 104, 285, 286, 287 helvola (Agrotis), 281 heparata (Euchceca), 153 hepatica (Xylophasia), 159 hera (Ccenonympha), 306 herbosana (Dichrorampha), 101 herbosana (Hemimene), 101 hermione (Satyrus), 133 Hesperia, 78 hesperides (Anthocharis), 323 hesperina (Eudule), 205 hexadactyla (Orneodes), 37 hexapterata (Loboi^hora), 136, 153 hiarbas (Eurytela), 163 hiera (Pararge), 62, 310 hilda (CEneis), 68 hilda (Neorina), 346 hippocoon (Papilio), 83, 102, 270, 271 hippolyte (Hipparchia), 78 hippothoe (Chrysophanus), 25, 29 hippothoe (Heodes), 345 hirtaria (Biston), 155, 156, 232, 233, 284 XX INDEX. hirtaria (Lycia), 135 hispidaiia (Apocheiraa), 80 hispidaria (Nyssia), 137 hispulla (Epinephele), 44 hobleyi (Pseudacraea), 308 hochenwarthi (Plusia), 69, 338 holmiana (Acalla), 36, 37 holmiana (Dictyopteryx), 37 homerus (Papilio), 151 honoratii (Thais), 45 honorius (Epitola), 187 honrathi (Tenaris), 347 hortella (Lithocolletis), 42 hospita (Nemeophila), 45, 350 hospita (Paraseuiia), 45, 185 hostilis (Nephopteryx), 267 hubnerella (Chilaria), 139 humilis (Acrfea), 83 humuli (Hepialis), 227 hyale (Colias), 16, 17, 35, 42, 44, 02, 79, 80, 97, 106, 323 hybridalis (Stenopteryx), 208 hybridaaa i Sciaphila), 139 Hydroecia, 102 hylas (Polyommatus), 59, 97 hyperantbus (Aphantopus), 279 hyperanthus (Epinephele), 34 hyperborea (Agrotis), 343 hyperboiea (Pacbnobia), 338, 347 hypericana (Catoptria), 178 hypericella (Depressaria), 178 hypermnestra (Hestia), 233 hypoleucos (Hesperia), 7, 77, 78 hypophlffias (Chrysophanus), 65, 103, 323, 340 hypsea (Cethosia), 247 ianira (Epinephele), 35, 95, 134, 279. 299, 301, 343, 346 ianthina (Triphmna), 31, 134, 159, 180, 227, 228 icarinus (Polyommatus), 348 icarus (Lycsena), 157, 210,227, 228, 233, 268, 284, 297 icarus (Polyommatus), 15, 17, 65, 97, 103, 207, 348 ichnusa (Aglais), 328 ictericana (Tortrix), 38 iduna (Melitasa), 25, 309 ignieosta (Zamarada), 307 ilicis (Strymon), 97 imbutata (Carsia), 280 imitaria (Acidalia), 47 imitata (Pseudacraea), 307 immaculata (Colias), 27 immanata (Cidaria), 42, 45 immutata (Acidalia), 292, 293, 294, 348 impar (Bryophila), 46 implicitaua (Eupoecilia), 82 implicitana (Phalonia), 82 improba (Brenthis), 25 impudens (Leucania), 46 impura (Leucania), 179, 203, 204, 279, 292 inachis (Kallima), 248 incanaria (Acidalia), 266, 267 incanata (Acidalia), 33, 105 incanata (Larentia), 100 incarnatana (Spilonota), 38 incisa (Hermonassa), 131 "inconstans (Hermonassa), 131 incursata (Larentia), 100 indigens (Erebia), 145 ines (Melanargia), 113 inextricata (Silacida), 308 iufracta (Anaphe), 331 inopiana (Idiographis), 37 inquiuatellus (Crambus), 38 insolitalis (Nacoleia), 249 *inspersa (Urapteryx), 168 instabilis (Treniocampa), 159 iusularia (Pleuroprucha), 204 interjecta (Triphsena), 37, 80, 135, 136, 180, 228 interrogationis (Plusia), 44, 45, 160, 211 inuus (Hemeroijlanes), 40 io (Vanessa), 34, 35, 100, 101, 133, 184, 266, 280, 297, 299, 305, 343 iogani (Hestia), 139 iota (Plusia), 32, 80, 211 iphioides (Ccenonympha), 113, 306 iris (Apatura), 35, 79, 103, 128, 129, 231, 326, 348 ii'regularis (Dianthcecia), 46 *irrorata (Boralia), 147 ismene (Melanitis), 247 istrianus (Ithysia), 320, 321 *italica (Ithysia), 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321 itamputi (Papilio), 139 Ithysia, 315, 310 jacobosffi (Euchelia), 37, 208, 299, 345 japonica (Caligula), 46 japygia (Melanargia), 113, 237, 304,305 jasioneata (Eupithecia), 31 jasius (Charaxes), 305, 346 juliaria (Selenia), 292 jurtina (Epinephele), 17, 44, 62 jutta ((Eneis), 67, 310 karwinskii (Smyrna), 347 kolga (Norasuma), 102 lacertinaria (Drepana), 129 lachesis (Melanargia), 113 lacteella (Laverna), 344 lacteella (Mompha), 344 lacticolor (Abraxas), 105 Iffitana (Phoxopteryx), 135 laglaizei (Papilio), 234 lambdella ((Ecophora), 38 lappona (Erebia), 58, 59, 66, 338, 345 lapponica (Brenthis), 25, 66, 340 lapponica (Colias), 27 laijponica (Larentia), 100 largetani (Obedia), 169 laricella (Coleopbora), 38 laripennella (Coleophora), 37 lathonia (Argynnis), 36, 305 lathonia (Issoria), 62, 97 *latifasciata (Glaucopteryx), 109 XXI latiorana (Tortrix), 234 lavandulfe (Zygaena), 328 lavatei-ffi (Carcharodus), 60, 96 lecheana (Ptycholoma), 306, 347 lefebvrei (Erebia), 58, 59 leighi (Papilio), 271, 324 lemolea (Syntarucus), 102, 162 lepida (Discophora), 347 leporina (Acronycta), 80 Leucania, 42 leucographa (Tfeniocampa), 159, 184 leuconoe (Deilemera), 186 leucophfea (Pacetra), 332 leucophii;aria (Hybernia), 129, 155, 159, 232, 284 leucospila (Doronaga), 249 leucostigma (Apamea), 44, 290, 292 levana (Araschnia), 35, 36, 45 libatrix (Gonoptera), 31, 208, 211, 228, 265 libatrix (Seoliopteryx), 136 lichenaria (Boarmia), 32 ligea (Erebia), 67, 134 lignata (Phibalapteryx), 349 ligula (Orrhodia), 80, 281 ligustri (Sphinx), 183, 238, 343 limacodes (Cochlidion), 129 limacodes (Heterogenea), 129 limitata (Ortholitha), 279 linea (Hesperia), 35, 203, 253, 254, 255, 256 linearia (Zonosoma), 3, 4, 43 lineola (Adopa?a), 96, 203 lineola (Hesperia), 254, 255 lineolata (Hesperia), 60 literana (Leptogramma), 43 literosa (Miana), 32,. 38, 227 lithargyria (Leucania), 31, 64, 136, 160, 179, 203, 326 lithodactyla (Alucita), 37, 38 lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 179 littoralis (Sericoris), 36, 38 littoralis (Leucania), 295 litura (Amathes), 266, 268, 281 liturata (Semiothisa), 80 liverana (Tortrix), 234 livorniea (Deilephila), 100, 127, 209, 278 livorniea (Phryxus), 42, 44, 100, 127, 183, 209, 278, 326 lobengula (Amauris), 331 leuwenhoekella (Pancallia), 349 lofua (Acrjea), 41 logfea (Rhyacionia), 73, 74 Lophoptera, 308 lota (Amathes), 80, 161, 281 lotella (Anerastia), 38, 203, 295 lotis (Cupha), 247 lowii (Danisepa), 139 lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 106 lucernea (Agrotis), 44, 159, 280 lucina (Nemeobius), 32, 84, 127, 136, 153, 185, 229, 349 lucipara (Euplexia), 31, 178 luctuosa (Acontia), 32 ludovicaria (Lygris), 170 lunaria (Selenia), 100, 160 lundana (Phoxopteryx), 135 lunosa (Amathes), 268 lunula (Philosamia), 46 luridata (Tephrosia), 349 lurlinus (Papilio), 44 lutarella (Lithosia), 279 lutea (Abraxas), 349 lutea (Leucania), 62, 63, 203 luteago (DianthcEcia), 284, 348 luteata (Asthena), 135 lutescens (Arctia), 323 lutescens (Zygfena), 323 lutipennella (Coleophora), 349 lutosa (Calamia), 265, 268 lutosa (Nonagria), 32 lutulenta (Aporophyla), 80 luzella (Lampronia), 36, 37 lycaon (Epinephele), 134 lychnitis (Cucullia), 32 lydius (Ornithoptera), 188 lynceus (Hestia), 233, 247 macarista (Planema), 307 machaon (Papilio), 9, 16, 17, 35, 36, 44, 97, 292, 303, 347, 348 macilenta (Amathes), 281 *macularia (Alcis), 91 maculata (Venilia), 135, 157 maculea (Lita), 38 maculifera (Pansethia), 249 'maculosa (Arichanna), 258 mffira (Pararge), 35, 62, 133, 283 malaya (Megisba), 248 malvffi (Hesperia), 5, 6, 77,78, 154,207, 310 malvella (Gelechia), 104 malvoides (Hesperia), 5, 6, 77, 78 manni (Pieris), 97 mannus (Dicchoragia), 248 manto (Erebia). 58, 59, 144, 145, 336 marcellus (Papilio), 44 margaritaria (Eudalinia), 127 margaritaria (Metrocampa), 127, 157, 279 marginalis (Ambia), 249 marginalis (Redoa), 249 marginaria (Hybernia), 232 marginata (Lomaspilis), 136 marginepunetata (Acidalia), 31, 38, 178 marionalis (Nacoleia), 249 maritima (Senta), 203, 204, 227 marmorea (Gelechia), 37, 38 marmorinaria (Hybernia), 159, 284 marshallana (Agrotis), 104 marshalli (Mimacraa), 328 matura (Cerigo), 227, 228 maura (Mania), 42, 204, 265 medicicastra (Thais), 45 medon (Aricia), 61, 97, 207 medon (Polyommatus), 15, 17 medusa (Erebia), 335 megacephala (Acronycta), 179 INDEX. megffira (Pararge), 17, 30, 35, 62, 83, 133, 136, 184, 207, 227, 232, 267, 268, 229, 302 megaspilaria (Alcis), 91 megillalis (Dichocrocis), 249 ruelaina (Parnassius), 284 melaleuca (Anarta), 69 melaleuca (Xylomiges), 105 melampus (Erebia), 134, 158, 333 melania (Tachyris), 39 Melanitis, 247 Melanocoma, 316 melanopa (Anarta), 69 meleager (Polyomruatus), 57, 97 melicerta (Neptis), 185 melilotis (Zygjena), 129, 302 Melitffia, 163 melotis (Hesperia), 7, 77, 78 mendica (Diaphora), 209 menthastri (Spilosoma), 160 menyanthidis (Acronycta), 45 mercedonia (Tirumala), 186 meridionalis (Zegris), 45 mesomella (Cybonia), 32, 45 metarete (Delias), 248 metella (Neptis), 186 meticulosa (Phlogophora), 31, 33, 265, 343 *metrioscaphes (Zamarada), 199 mi (Euclidia), 161, 178, 266, 349 miata (Cidaria), 296 micacea (Hydrascia), 31, 32, 227, 265, 267 microdactylus (Meioptilus), 292 miegii (Heodes), 61 mimeticus (Papilio), 186 minima (Lycsena), 253 minimus (Cupido), 15, 61, 207 ministrana (lihyacionia), 74 ministrana (Tortrix), 153 minor (Agriades), 44 minor (Authocharis), 322, 323 minor (Colias), 323 minor (Pyrameis), 323 minorata (Larentia), 100 minutata (Coremia), 69 misippus (Hypolimnas), 331 mnemon (Erebia), 334 mnemosyne (Parnassius i, 58, 284 modestalis (Herminia), 100 moestata (Larentia), 100 monaclia (Psilura), 35 moneta (Plusia), 80, 101, 104, 181,206, 207, 302 monodaotylus (Pterophus), 30 montanata (Larentia), 100 montanata (Melanippe), 44 moolata (Parnara), 248 morgani (Tirumala), 186 morpheus (Caradrina), 80, 179 mucronellus (Schoenobius), 294, 349 iiiulciber (Euplcea), 247 multinealis (Sylepta), 249 munda (Tseniocampa), 84, 128, 154, 159 mundana (Nudaria). 46, 158 munitata (Cidaria), 45 munitata (Coremia), 279 muralis (Bryophila), 32, 347 muricata (Hyria), 210 muscffiformis (^Egeria), 348 muscerda (Lithosia), 292, 293, 294 musciformis (Sesia), 31 muscula (Hylesiaj, 46 Mycalesis, 247 mylitta (Antherea), 46 myrtilli (Anarta), 325, 326 nana (DianthcECia), 349 nanatella (Depressaria), 38 napi (Pieris), 34, 35, 44, 97, 105, 135, 159, 202, 232, 265, 280, 310, 331, 338, 346, .■i48 nastes (Colias), 26, 39, 42, 122, 309, 339 navalis (Glyphodes), 249 nebritana (Endopsia), 178 *nebulimargo (Zamarada), 197 *nebulosa (Alcis), 91 nebulosa (Aplecta), 32, 46, 127, 160 nebulosa (Mamestra), 127 nechus (Xylophanes), 40 nefte (Atiiyma), 248 neglectana (Hedya), 179 nelamus (Erebia), 336 nemetes (Neptis), 186 neoridas (Erebia), 134 nephelus (Papilio), 248 nerii (Cha;rocampa), 209 nerii (Daphnis), 209 nero (Catophaga), 39 nesimachus (Dicchoragia), 248 netunaria (Orthocraspeda), 181 netunaria (Orthorisma), 181 neurica (Nonagria), 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295 neustria (Malacosoma), 179, 297 ni (Plusia), 44 niavius (Amauris), 187 nickerlii (Luperina), 43, 102 nicoraedes (Neptis), 186 nictitans (Hydrcecia), 102, 227, 281 nigra (Abraxas), 344, 349 nigra (Aporophyla), 138 nigra (Boarmia), 94, 95, 96, 233 nigra (Epunda), 281 nigra (Gonodontis), 160 nigra (Limenitis), 323 nigra (Odontopera), 95 nigrella (Elachista), 39 nigrescens (Elymnias), 247 nigrescens (Pieris), 322 nigricans (Agrotis), 104, 203, 292, 301 nigrifasciata (Aricbanna), 73 nigrilinearia (Ectropis), 70 nigrina (Limenitis), 323 nigripalparia (Luxiaria), 249 nigripes (Nodaria), 249 nigrocffirulea (Abraxas), 349 nigrocincta (Polia), 31 nigrocrocea (Orgyia), 249 INDEX XXI 11 nigrofasciaria (Aaticlea), IGO, 183 •nigrofusa (Apophyga), 72 nigromaculana (Cydia), 37, 38 *nigronotata (Alcis), 71, 91 •nigropallicla (Boarmia), 94, 95, 96 *nigropuuctata (Archanara), 148 *nigropunctata (Colias), 3-iO nigrosparsata (Abraxas), 105, 344, 349 niobe (Argynnis), 348 nisella (Grapholitha), 292 niveus (Acentropus), 349 nivifera (Athyma), 248 noctuella (Nomophila), 182 noma ((Eneis), 25, 68, 338 notata (Macaria), 188 notata (Semiothisa), 80 nupta (Catocala), 32, 44, 227, 228, 266, 268, 300 nyassinus (Papilio), 44 Nyctalemon, 233 nympheata (Hydrocampa), 349 nysiades (Neptis), 186 obeliscata (Theia), 242, 243, 244, 245, 246 obfuscaria (Dasydia), 45 obfuscata (Gnophos), 388 obliquisigna (Alcis), 71 obliterans (Ancara), 249 obliterata (EuchcBca), 153 obliterata (Eupisteria), 295 obliterata (Limenitis), 323 obliterata (Thera), 244 oblongata (Eupithecia), 34, 180 obscura (Chrysophanus), 65 obscura (Colias), 340 obscura (Itbysia), 316, 321 obscura (Pseudacr£ea), 307 obscuraria (Pseudopanthera), 37, 38 obscurata (Gnophos), 44, 160, 280 obscurata (Pieris), 322 obsoleta (Agriades), 44 obsoleta (Asura), 248 obsoleta (Colias), 323 obsoleta (Ephyra), 187 obsoleta (Epinephele), 279 obsoleta (Erebia), 336 obsoleta (Leucania), 178, 179 *obso!eta ((Eneis), 68 occulta (Eurois), 344 ocellaris (Daphnusa), 249 ocellaris (Erebia), 322 ocellaris (Mellima), 43 ocellata (Mesoleuca), 299 ocellata (Smerinthus), 31 ochracella (Laverna), 38 ochrata (Zamarada), 198 ochrearia (Aspilates), 136, 295 *ochreasuffusa (Colias), 340 ochronigra (Boarmia), 95, 96 octogesima (Cymatophora), 230 octomaculata (Ennychia), 157 *octoscripta (Obedia), 169 ocularis (Palimpsestis), 230 oculatrix (Targallodes), 308 oculea (Apamea), 203, 227, 228, 280 ocdipus (Coenonympha), 306 oeme (Erebia), 333 oleracea (Hadena), 33, 179, 297 olivata (Larentia), 280 onopordi (Hesperia), 137, 138 00 (Dicycla), 230, 302 operculella (Phthorimrea), 350 ophiogramma (Apamea), 80, 292 opbione (Neptidopsis), 186 Oporabia, 162 optilete (Polyonimatus), 65, 340 or (Cymatophora), 179 or (Palimpsestis), 136, 179 orbicularia (Zonosoma), 43 orbiferana (Hemonia), 249 orbitulus (Latiorina), 309, 314 orbona(Triphffina), 33, 135, 268 orestia (Acrsea), 83 orion (Scolitantides), 806 ornata (Acidalia), 349 ornithopus (Graptolitha), 343 ornithopus (Xylina), 84 Orthocraspeda, 181 Orthorisma, 181 Orthotronia, 74 osiris (Cupido), 97 ossianus (Brenthis), 25, 65, 66 ovulata (Eustroma), 2, 3 oxyacanthffi (Miselia), 80, 281 pactolinus (Callioratus), 331 Pffictes, 308 pseonalis (Nacoleia), 249 palasmon (Carterocephalus), 84, 154 palajno (Colias), 27, 42, 345 palawanicus (Papilio), 248 paleacea (Cosmia), 344 pales (Brenthis), 25, 62, 66, 337, 340, 345, 348 palleana (Tortrix), 157 pallens (Leucania), 31, 33, 37, 42, 62, 63, 101, 102, 108, 179, 203, 228, 232, 265, 266, 267, 268, 297 pallescens (Colias), 323 pallescentella (Tinea), 139 pallida (Brenthis), 66 ^pallida (Colias), 27, 323 ^pallida ((Eneis), 68 pallida (Scoparia), 230 pallidice (Colias), 323 ♦palUdior (Colias), 323 pallidula (Graphiphora), 132 pallidula (Hermonassa), 132 palpina (Pterostoma), 160 paludata (Carsia), 46 paludella (Schoenobius), 294 paludis (Hydrnecia), 32 paludis (Hydrilla), 203, 204, 227, 228, 265, 267 pamphilus (Ccenonympha), 31, 35, 62, 134, 136, 207, 208, 210, 306, 310 pandamalis (Dichocrocis), 249 paniscus (Carterocephalus), 154 pantoni (Chlosyne), 150 XXIV INDEX. paphia (Argynnis), 31, 35, 128, 202, 232, 299, 301 paphia (Dryas), 97, 187 papilionaria (Geometra), 45, 80, 280 paradisea (Ornithoptera), 234 paradoxus (Papilio), 233 paragea (Planema), 307 pardalaria (Pantherodes), 205 parenthesella (Sophroiiia), 139 parthenias (Breplios), 181, 208 parthenie (Melita?a), 62, 133 pastinum (Toxocampa), 32 paulina (Catophaga), 39 pavonia (Saturnia), 46, 47, 160 *pearsoni f Saturnia), 47 pectinitaria (Larentia), 157 pedaria (Phigalia),80, 100, 137, 155,159 pelaus (Papilio), 151 peltigera (Heliothis), 183 Pencillaria, 308 pendularia (Ephyra), 44, 129, 232 penkleriana (Grapholillia), 292 periphanes (Acraea), 41 perla (Bryophila), 31, 347 perlellus (Crambus), 37 permixtana (Lobesia), 101 petraria (Lozogranama), 135, 159, 160 petrificata (Xylina), 43 phalantha (Atella), 19 Phalga, 308 pharte (Erebia), 145 pheretes (Albulina), 162, 330 pheretes (Lyc^na), 330 phicomone (Colias), 323 philanthiformis (Sesia), 31 philodice (Colias), 323 phlasas (Chrysoplianus), 30, 35, 65, 128, 161, 207, 208, 227, 228, 266, 267, 268, 296, 297, 323 phljgas (Rumicia), 42, 43, 44, 61, 97, 103, 104, 105, 232, 310, 340, 348 phoebe (Melitfea), 16, 17, 133, 303 phorbas (Pholus), 40 phorcas (Papilio), 346 phragmitellus (Chilo), ISO, 203, 290, 291 phragmitidis (Calamia), 204, 290, 291, 292, 294 pictella (Argyritis), 44 pilosa (Dochephora), 205 pilosaria (Phigalia), 136, 137 pinellus (Crambus), 295 pinetellus (Crambus), 179 piniaria (Bupalus), 43, 229, 322 piniperda (Panolis), 159, 183 pinivorana (Retinia), 155 pisi (Hadena), 153, 160, 297 pistacina (Amathes), 267, 268, 343 pistacina (Auchocelis), 104 pitho (Erebia), 145 plagiata (Anaitis), 280 plagiata (Ilema), 248 plana (Catophaga), 248 Planema, 270, 331 planemoides (Planema), 274 plautaginis (Nemeophila), 30, 32, 45, 178, 350 plantaginis (Parasemia), 45, 154, 157, 178, 185 plauta (Lyca^nopsis), 248 plebeia (Alcis), 70 plecta (Noctua), 31, 33, 179, 265 pleione (Teracolus), 330 plexippus (Anosia), 146 plusioides (Eleale), 308 podalirius (Iphiclides), 97 podalirius (Papilio), 303, 305 podana (Tortrix), 41, 267 PcEcilopsis, 316 polaris (Aglais), 65, 340 polaris (Brenthis), 25, 187, 309 polata (Larentia), 100 politella (Gelechia), 37 polixenes (Papilio), 44 pollux (Brenthis), 67 polychloros (Eugonia), 133 polychloros (Vanessa), 225, 227, 297, 305 polycommata (Lobophora), 159 polydactylus (Orneodes), 37 polyodon (Xylophasia), 180, 203, 265 polyxena (Thais), 282 popularis (Epineuronia), 265, 280 popularis (Neuronia), 31 populata (Cidaria), 45 populata (Lygris), 100, 160, 279 populeti (TiLuiocampa), 80, 154 populi (Amorpha), 42, 43 populi (Smerinthus), 47, 136, 100, 211, 297 porcellus (Chferocampa), 32, 211 porphyrea (Hadena), 187 porina (Araschnia), 45 posthumus (Epitola), 187 posticana (Retinia), 295 potatoria (Cosmotriche), 46, 136 poveli (Colias), 323 prasina (Enrols), 159 priamus (Ornithoptera), 234 prieuri (Satyrus), 113 primulae (Agrotis), 100 princetonia (Neophasia), 323 proboscidalis (Hypena), 136, 178, 180, 268 procellata (Melanthia), 178 proeida (Melanargia), 82, 305 prodromaria (Amphidasys), 208 progemmaria (Hybernia), 137, 208 promissa (Catocala),128 promutata (Acidalia), 31 pronoe (Erebia), 145 pronuba (Triphajna), 33, 126, 179, 228, 265, 267, 280, 281 pronubana (Tortrix), 326 propugnata (Coremia), 157 prorsa (Araschnia), 36, 45 prosapiaria (Ellopia), 32 protea (Eumichtis), 128 protea (Hadena), 267, 281 provincialis (Melitfea), 133 pruinata (Pseudoterpna), 136, 180 prunaria (Angerona), 44, 79 prunata (Cidaria), 158 pruni (Thecla), 154 pruniuna (Penthiua), 208 Pseudaci'fea, 330, 331 pseudargiolus (Celasfrina), 345, 349 pseudomas (Colias), 323 psi (Acronycta), 33, 179 psyttalea (Amauris), 102, 18G pudens (Chionffima), 248 pudibunda (Dasychiia), 153, 266, 267 pudicaria (Bronchelia), 205 pudorina (Leucania), 32 puella (Neptis), 186 pulchellata (Enpithecia), 36 pulcherrima (Ripogenus), 308 *pulchra (Daseocha^ta), 132 pulchrina (Plusia), 32, 80, 158, 211 *pulveraria (Ectropis), 91 pulveraria (Numeria), 135, 136, 153 pulveratella (Aristoleia), 344 pulveratella (Doryphora), 344 pumilata (Eupithecia), 34, 135, 203, 228 Ijunctalis (Stenia), 37 punctaria (Zonosoma), 3 punctifera (Agriades), 348 punctilinea (Aichanara), 148 punctivenaria (Gnophos), 73 punetularia (Tephrosia), 157, 183 purdeyi (Retinia), 73, 327 purdeyi (Rhyacionia), 73, 327 *purimargo (Zamarada), 197, 199 purpuralis (Pyrausta), 30, 157, 208,349 purpurea (Depressaria), 37 purpurescens (Colias), 323 pustulata (Phorodesma), 32 puta (Agrotis), 33, 46, 127, 208, 230, 267, 268 putridella (Depressaria), 44, 137 putris (Axylia), 31, 179 pygnifeella (Argyrestliia), 139 pygmiT?el!a (Lithosia), 279, 290 pyraliata (Cidaria), 157, 279 pyralina (Calymnia), 157, 184 pyralina (Cosmia), 157 pyramidea (Amphipyra), 227, 228 pyrenaica (Colias), 323 pyrenaica (Erebia), 58 pyrenaica (Hesperia), 78 pyrenaica (Polyommatus), 57, 59, 60 pyrenaicus (Hepialus), 345 pyretorum (Saturnia), 47, 196 pyri (Saturnia), 347 pyrocincta (Zamarada), 197 pyrrha (Erebia), 336 pyrrhula (Erebia), 145,336 quadra ((Enectra), 302 quadrifasciata (Flammona), 249 quadrilineata (Bocola), 249 quadripuncta ((Ecogenia), 37, 38 quadripuncta (Symmoca), 37, 38 quadripunctata (Caradrina), 28 quercifolia (Gastropaclia), 182 quercifolielia (Lithocolletis), 349 quercinaria (Ennomos), 349 quercus (Bombyx), 231 quercus (Bithys), 42 quercus (Lasiocampa), 36, 37, 78, 79, 135, 297, 299 quercus (Thecla), 180, 185 quercus (Zephyrus), 35, 97 quintella (Neptis), 186 radiata (Phlaas), 348 radiata (Spilosoma), 106, 323 radiella (Furaea), 135 radiosa (Agriades), 15, 17 ramella (Grapholitha), 293 rantaizanensis (Paradarisa), 258 rappe (Pieris), 30, 34, 62, 97, 105, 135, 159, 343 *rectifascia (Vindusara), 259 regulata (Macaria), 205 reliquana (Lobesia), 101 remutata (Acidalia), 136 repandata (Boarmia). 32, 43, 45, 46, 94, 127, 129, 135, 157, 160, 283, 349 resinaria (Thera), 244 reticulata (Cidaria), 350 reticulata (Eustroma), ], 2, 85, 88, 89, 277 reticulata (Neuria), 349 Retinia, 73, 74, 75, 89, 295 retusa (Plastenis), 80 revayana (Sarrothripus), 308 rex (Papilio), 186 rhamni (Gonepteryx), 17,34, 35, 44, 97, 128, 158, 280, 329 rhediella (Pyrodes), 36 rhodopensis (Erebia), 335 rhoio (Melitffia), 133 rhomboidaria (Boarmia), 204, 268 Rhyacionia, 73, 74, 75, 89, 90 ribeata (Thera), 245 ridens (Polyploca), 154 ripsB (Agrotis), 179, 180 Ripogenus, 308 rippertii (Polyommatus), 97 roborana (Notocelia), 37 roboraria (Alcis), 71 roboraria (Boarmia), 45, 46, 80, 84, 129 robsoni (Aplecta), 46 robustalis (Simplicia), 249 rogersi (Pseudacraa), 307 rondoui (Polyommatus), 61 rosa (Colias), 323 roscidaria (Fidonia), 100 rosea (Agrotis), 349 *rosea (Colias), 323, 339 roseana (Phalonia), 38 *rossica (Ithysia), 316, 321 rotundipennis (Nishada), 248 ruberata (Hydriomene), 161 rubi (Callophrys), 65, 156, 207, 208, 281 rubi (Macrothylacia), 185 rubi (Noctua) 33, 153, 227, 294, 297 rubi (Thecla), 32, 156 rubicilia (Agrotis), 129 rubidata (Anticlea), 188 rubiginata (Acidalia), 46 rubiginea (Dasycampa), 183, 184 rubricollis (Gnophria), 84 rubricosa (Tsniocampa), 159 rubricosta (Miltochrista), 249 rufa (Coenobia), 46, 291, 295 rufa (Leucania), 63, 203 rufina (Amathes), 288, 296 rumicis (Acronycta), 33, 159, 228, 267 rumina (Thais), 45 rupicapraria (Hybernia), 159 rupicola (Phalonia), 37, 38 ruralis (Notarcha), 37 rurea (Xylophasia), 38, 159 russata (Cidaria), 44 russula (Diacrisia), 42, 45 russula (Nemeophila), 84 *rusticaria (Alcis), 91 rusticellaria (Monopis), 104 rutilus (Chrysophanus), 103, 156 saba (Glutophrissa), 161 saclava (Neptis), 186 sacraria (Sterrha), 42, 44 salicata (Melanydris), 159, 161 salicis (Acronycta), 159 salictella (Marmara), 102 salinellus (Crambus), 180 salmoni (Caligula), 46 sangana (Phalera), 249 sanio (Diacrisia), 42, 45, 46, 185, 210 sao (Pyrgus), 16, 59, 96 saponaria (Neuronia), 32 sari (Terias), 248 Sarrothripus, 308 satellitia (Eupsilia), 80, 281 satellitia (Scopelosoma), 296 satura (Hadena), 187 saturnus (Papilio), 248 satyrata (Eupithecia), 349 saucia (Agrotis), 31, 265, 343 scabriuscula (Dipterygia), 228, 279 schaldusalis (Simplicia), 249 schalleriana (Peronea), 30 scbmidtii (Rumicia), 42, 43, 44, 103, 104 schultziana (Mixodia), 139 schultziana(Ilhyacionia), 75 scipio (Erebia), 96, 134 scolopacina (Xylophasia), 184 scopoliana (Catoptria), 39 scopoliana (Eucosma), 39 sebrus (Cupido), 97 segetum (Agrotis), 31, 33, 265, 281, 296 selasellus (Crambus), 294 selene (Actias), 46 selene (Argynnis), 46, 79, 80, 84, 153, 185, 260 selene (Brenthis), 42, 43, 346 selene (Tenaris), 347 semele (Hipparchia), 17, 44, 103, 134 semele (Satyrus), 30, 35, 36, 83, 160, 848 semialba (Alcis), 72 semiarcuata (Polyommatus), 348 semiargus (Cyaniris), 36, 97 semiargus (Nomiades), 15, 16, 61 semibrunnea (Lithoplanes), 80 semibrunnea (Xylina), 32, 43 semiclarata (Alcis), 91 semifuscana (Padisca), 292, 294 semisyngrapha (Agriades), 44, 347, 349 senex (Comacla), 32, 180 senex (Nudaria), 180, 293, 294 senicionis (Homceosoma), 267 separata (Boarmia), 249 Serena (Hecatera), 32 serratulae (Hesperia), 59 Sesia, 43 shepherdana (Peronea), 292, 294 Sibylla (Limenitis), 127, 135, 136, 202, 231, 267 siculana (Phoxopteryx), 292 silaceata (Cidaria), 30 silaceata (Eustroma), 160, 183 Silacida, 308 silenusalis (Bocana), 249 ■silvatica (Antherea), 46 similis (Lyman tria), 249 similis (Porthesia), 44, 47, 126, 227,297 Simla (Caligula), 46 simpliciana (Dichrorampha), 38 simplonia (Anthocharis), 61 sina'pis (Leptosia), 35, 62, 97, 187, 232, 301 sinapis (Leucophasia), 126, 158, 188, 310, 349 sinuella (Homceosoma), 38 *sinuosa (Hermonassa), 131 sinuosa (Phalga), 308 snelleni (Zobia), 308 socia (Lithophane), 128, 343 socia (Xylina), 43, 84 solidaginis (Calocampa), 280 solidaginis (Lithomoia), 210 sorbi (Litbocolletis), 101 sordaria (Gnophos), 100, 338 sordida (Mamestra), 32, 179 sordidata (Hydriomene), 44 sordidata (Hypsipetes), 42 spadicearia (Larentia), 100 sparganiella (Orthotoeiia), 227 spartiata (Chesias), 136, 296 speciosa (Agrotis), 100 spilodactyla (Wheeleria), 44 spini (Strymon), 61, 97 spiniella (Argyresthia), 38 spinula (Ciha), 208, 280 sponsa (Catocala), 128 sponsana (Peronea), 30 squammigera (Lopboptera), 308 stabilis (Tajniocampa), 159 stachydalis (Pyrausta), 37 stagnata (Hydrocampa), 332, 349 XXVll statices (Procris), 349 statilinus (Hipparchia), 134 staudingeri (Anarta), 100 steiberi (Chrysophanus), 25 stellata (Perigea), 133 stellatarum (Macroglossa), 19, 182, 183, 229, 230,267, 299,347 Stenosticta, 308 stettinensis (Lithocolletis), 42 sthennyo (Erebia), 58 Stictoptera, 308 stigmatica (Noctua), 228 stragulata (Thera), 244 straminalis (Orobena), 295 straminata (Acidalia), 127 straminea (Conchy lis), 258 straminea (Leucania), 31, 46, 64, 153, 154, 203, 204, 290, 292 straminicola (Lithosia), 292 strataria (Amphidasys), 187 stratiolata (Paraponyx), 349 striata (Agriades), 44 strigilis (Mianaj, 179 strigillaria (Perconia), 45, 185 strigula (Agrotis), 128 strigula (Nola), 127 strigulata (Diacrisia), 249 stringipennis (Asura), 248 stygne (Erebia), 58, 134, 163 suasa (Hadena), 32, 33, 178 *subalba (Eucherodes), 169 subalbida (Epinephele), 323 *subdecora (GirpLis), 147 subfulvata (Eupithecia), 42, 348 *subfusca (Trachea), 260 subhastata (Larentia), 100 sublustris (Xylophasia), 46 subnigrella (Elachista), 39 subnotata (Eupithecia), 180 subornata (Chionfema), 248 subpropinquella (Depressaria), 30, 38 subpiirpurea (Trigonophora), 148 subroseata (Ephyra), 232 subsericeata (Acidalia), 79 substriata (Agrotis), 349 subtnsa (Plastenis), 80 succulenta (Erebia), 310 suffumata (Cidaria), 157 suffumata (Larapropteryx), 159, 160 suffusa (Agrotis), 31, 265, 267, 268, 343 suffusa (Conistra), 281 suffusa (Xylina), 41 sulitelma (Colias), 25, 339 sulphuralis (Emmelesia), 46 sulphurea (Colias), 27 sulphurea (Pieris), 26 •suppressa (Colias), 339 supracasrulea (Polyommatus), 15 suradeva (Vitessa), 249 suwarovius (Melanargia), 237,239,240, 241 swynnertoni (Neptis), 186 sylvanus (Augiades), 96, 207, 210 sylvanus (Hesperia), 35 sylvata (Hydrelia), 32 sylvella (Lithocolletis), 42 sylvestrana (lletinia), 295 sylvestrana (Rhyacionia), 74 Sylvia (Parthenos), 248 syngrapha (Agriades), 15 syracusana (Melanargia), 82, 303 syringaria (Hygrochroa), 47, 127, 128 syringaria (Pericallia), 32, 136 syringella (Gracillaria), 41, 104 tffidella (Coccyx), 154 tseniata (Emmelesia), 32 tages (Nisoniades), 16, 96 tages (Thanaos), 154, 161, 207 *taiwana (Cirphis), 132 *tai\vana (Gnophos), 73 *taiwana (Pachyodes), 259 talaca (Hyposidra), 249 tauaceti (Dichrorampha), 101 tanaceti (Hemimene), 101 Targallodes, 308 tedella (Evetria), 75 telicanus (Lampides), 97 tellesalis (Piletocera), 249 tellus (Planema). 307 telphusalis (Bocchoris), 249 temerata (Bapta), 127, 160, 349 templi (Dasypolia), 159, 234, 326, 332 tenebrella (Aristotelia), 36 tenebrella (Monochroa), 36 tenebrosa (Rusina), 31 tentacularia (Herminia), 100 tenuiata (Eupithecia), 292 tephradactyla (Leioptilus), 233 terra (Pseudacraja), 307 terrella (Bryotropha), 30 testacea (Luperina), 31, 43, 265 testata (Cidaria), 280 testudo (Limacodes), 78, 107 tetralunaria (Selenia), 183 thaumas (Adopsea), 200 Thera, 241 thetis (Agriades), 14, 15, 17, 59, 97, 348 thore (Brenthis), 66, 67 thules (Emmelesia), 106 tilaha (Terias), 139 tileicles (Papilio), 233 tilise (Mimas), 44 tiliaria (Ennomos), 267 tincta (Aplecta), 45 tiphon (Coenonympha), 45, 306, 307 tithonus (Agriades), 15, 17 tithonus (Epinephele), 16, 17, 30, 31, 134, 180, 299, 323 tityrus (Hemaris), 310 *torneoensis (Colias), 27 tortricoides (llema), 248 trabealis (Emmelesia), 46 tragopogonis (Amphipyra), 265, 281 trajanus (Erebia), 145 transitelea (Deilemera), 186 INDEX. translucida (Zamarada), 198, 200, 249 transvisaria (Zamarada), 199, 200 trapeziiia (Calymnia), 227 tremula ^Pheosia), 80, 160, 211 trepida (Notodonta), SI, 80, 160, 183 triangulum (Noctua), 135, 159 tridens (Acronycta), 179 trifenestrata (Cricula), 284 trifolii (Anthrocera), 104 trifolii (Hadena), 180 trifolii (Pachygastria), 348 trifolii (Zygft'iia), 209 trigeniinana (Ephippiphora), 37 trigeminana (Epiblema), 36, 37 trigeminella (Coleophora), 328 *trilineata (P^ctropis), 70 tringipenella (Gracillaria), 37 tripartita (Abrostola), 32 triplasia (Abrostola), 158 tristellus (Crambus), 31, 38 tritici (Agrostis), 37, 203, 292, 295 Trochilium, 44 trophonius (PajDilio), 271, 324 truncata (Cidaria), 44, 228, 280 tuibaria (Larentia), 100 turca (Leucania), 302 turcica (Melanargia), 304 turionana (Ehyacionia), 74 turpisaria (Luxiaria), 249 turritis (Anthocharis), 323 tyndarus (Erebia), 58, 134 typhie (Nonagria), 46, 294 typhon (Ccenonympha), 45, 46, 137, 160, 161, 185, 210 typica (Mania), 179 uhcetana (Catoptria), 38, 135, 322 uliginosellus (Crambus), 38 ulmana (Ehyacionia), 75 ulvfB (Senta), 203 umbratica (CucuUia), 29, 32, 46, 211 umbrosa (Noctua), 228, 280 unangulata (Hydriomene), 37 unanimis (Apamea), 159 undulata (Eucosmia), 159 undulataria (Luxiaria), 249 unguicula (Drepana), 32 unicolor (Erebia), 310 unidentaria (Coremia), 34, 135, 203, 280 unifascia (Thalera), 249 unifasciana (Tortrix), 30 uniformeola (Asura), 249 unimaculella (Micropteryx), 349 unipuncta (Leucania), 326 *unipupillata (CEneis), 68 urticte (Aglais), 17, 61, 65, 328, 340 urticaj (Spilosoma), 209, 323 urticfB (Vanessa), 30, 31, 35, 184, 226, 228, 281, 297, 343 vaccinii (Conistra), 281, 266 vaccinii (Orrhodia), 80 vagigutta (Eugoa), 249 valezina (Argynnis), 128 vanadis (Zyga^na), 69 varia (Chrysopsycha), 331 varia (Melitfea), 163, 345 variata (Thera), 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246 variegana (Peronea), 30, 38, 43 varipes (Carea), 308 varleyata (Abraxas), 105, 34 venatus (Pinacopteryx), 328 venetia (Peratophyga), 249 venustula (Erastria), 39 verbasci (CucuUia), 233 vernacularia (Pomasia), 249 vernaria (Geometra), 32 vernetensis (Melitaia), 62 versicolor (Endromis), 29 verticalis (Spilodes), 203 vestigialis (Agrotis), 266, 295 vetusta (Calocampa), 265, 281 viburniana (Tortrix), 180, 204 vicaria (Ilema), 248 vidura (Dacalana), 248 villica (Arctia), 32, 230 viminalis (Bombycia), 46 vinula (Dicranura), 135, 346 viretata (Lobophora), 32, 44, 183, 294 virgata (Agrotis), 349 *virgata (Alois), 90 virgata (Melitsa), 232 virgata (Mesotype), 46 virgaureffi (Heodes), 60, 96 virgaureata (Eupithecia), 31 virgo (Hestia), 139 virgularia (Acidalia), 42, 103 viridaria (Prothymnia), 185 viridisquama (Aquis), 249 vitiosata (Thera), 244 vittata (Coenocalpe), 279 vittata (Phibalapteryx), 292, 293, 294 vittella (Cerostoma), 38 vittellina (Leucania), 63 vosgesiaca (Erebia), 145 vulpina (Zamarada), 197 walkeri (Amphimsea), 40 walkeri (Craspedia), 249 waterstradti (Tagiades), 248 werdandi (Colias), 26, 39, 42, 122, 125, 309 whytei (Amauris), 331 wiskotti (Colias), 323 xanthographa (Noctua), 228, 232, 265, 266, 267, 280 xanthomista (Polia), 44 xerampelina (Cirrhcedia), 160 ypsilon (Amathes), 281 Ypthima, 247 zalmora (Neopithecops), 248 Zamarada, 196 zancleus (Papilio), 305 zebra (Lampides), 248 ziczac (Notodonta), 129, 160, 267, 280, 295 zitenius (Melanitis), 247 INDEX. Zobia, 308 zoegana (Euxanthio), 37 zoegana (Xanthosetia), 37 zollikoferi (Xylophasia), 108 zonaria (Ithysia), 315, 316, 320, 321 zonaria (Nyssia), 232, 349 Order XIX. COLEOPTEEA. abbreviata (Diaprepes), 272 Amara, 46 analis (Heptadonta), 250 analis (OdonLachila), 250 Anchomenus, 46 andouini (Oxynopterus), 83 annulipes (Apion), 344 ai-ietis (Clytus), 42, 347 asellus (Cardiophorus), 189, 190 aurulenta (Cicindela), 250 Bembidium, 46, 341 bipustulatus (Chilocorus), 82 bowringi (Poteriophorus), 252 brunnea (Micrurula), 41 Carabus, 107 Cardiophorus, 189 catenulatus (Carabus), 44 Cebrio, 331 celia (Glenia), 250 cereus (Discbissus), 250 Chalasnus sp., 252 clavicornis (Mycetoporus), 83 coarctatum (Aetidium), 99 Coccinella, 41, 46 corruscus (Philonthus), 83 cyaneus (Ocypus), 41 Cybister, 46 discipennis (Aleochara), 40 donisthorpei (Philonthus), 83 Eleodes, 351 elytoides (Daphisia), 83 fairmairei (Eryx), 102 fastuosa (Cassida), 347 fimbriata (Leprodera), 250 formicetorum (Stenus), 83 fornicata (Pimelia),44 forticornis (Mycetoporus), 83 fucicola (Actinopteryx), 99 fuscipes (Pasderus), 341 galloprovincialis (Monochamus), 205 gigas (Cebrio), 331, 348 glauca (Entelopes), 250 Harpalus, 46 heydeni (Haliplus), 42 Hister, 46 button! (Pentarthrum), 347 Hydrous, 46 immaculata (Haliplus), 42 intermedius (Philonthus), 83 Lesticus sp., 252 linearis (Hypophlseus), 83 longicornis (Claviger), 186 luctuosa (Lestiva), 39 lunatus (Diphyllus), 4 lundii (Euryphagus), 250 luteola (Psylliodes), 344 mserkeli (Triarthron), 40 marginalis (Dytiscus), 42 melanocephala (Micrurula), 41 melanocephalus (Longitarsus), 40 melanura (Pterolophia), 252 micans (Orchesia), 5 montivagus (Catops), 162 morio (Stenus), 83 moschata (Aromia) , 42 Nabis, 341 nigroguttata (Mysia), 187 nomax (Haliplus), 232 nucleorum (Caryoborus), 348 nuctuorum (Caryoborus), 42 obliterata (Adalia), 344 oblongoguttata (Mysia), 187 obsoletus (Carpophilus), 161 o'connori (Phsedrophilus), 82 pallescens (Luciola), 250 pallidum (Lathrobiuni), 344 pedestris (Xylotrechus), 250 plumosa (Himantocera), 250 Pterolophia sp., 252 Pterostichus, 46 puella (Philonthus), 347 pustulata (Glenea), 252 pyrostieta (Chrysodema), 250 quadraticollis (Praonetha), 2-50 quadripustulatum (Bembidium), 83 rutipes (Cardiophorus), 190 sarawacensis (Aspidomorpha), 250 seenicus (Xylotrechus), 250 serratus (Henoticus), 348 sexdecimpnnctata (Micraspis), 342 sexpustulatus (Carpophilus), 161 silacea (Aspidomorpha), 40 stellatus (Polriophorus), 250 stipes (Gabrius), 42 sublineata (Adalia), 344 sutor (Monochamus), 205 sylvatica (Cicindela), 42 testaceus (Claviger), 186 tredecimguttata (Laccoptera), 250 tristis (Catops), 162 undecimpunctata (Coccinella), 342 undeviginta-punctata (Coccinella), 341 vittatus (Orthogonius), 250 vittatus (Peltonotus), 252 wehnckei (Haliplus), 347 XXX INDEX. Order XXI. DIPTEBA. {including (6) Siphonaptera.) Aedes, 192, 193, 260 affinis (Culex), 277 albopunctatus (Culex^, 220 annulata (Theobaldia), 192, 261, 262, 264, 277 annulatus (Culex), 262 annulipes (Ochlerotatus), 192, 194, 217, 218 Anopheles, 98, 192, 193 apicotoniata (Uranotaeina), 93 arcanus (Culex), 218 auricincta (Erephopsis), 47 austeni (Glossina), 350 barberi (Anopheles), 193 bicolor (Brachyopoda), 306 bicoloi- (Culex), 264, 277 bifurcatus (Anopheles), 193 *caballa (Grabhamia), 93 caliginea (Glossina), 331 calopus (Culex), 263 cantaus (Ochlerotatus), 192, 218, 264 cimiciformis (Discomyza), 342 cinereus (Aedes), 192, 260, 261, 263, 264 concinnus (Culex), 220, 277 conitus (Xanthandrus), 232 Culex, 192, 163, 194, 263, 286 Culicella, 286 Dacus, 162 detritus (Ochlerotatus), 220 Discomyza, 342 diversus (Ochlerotatus), 192, 194, 219, 264, 277 doliorum (Culex), 263 domesticus (Culex), 263 dorsalis (Ochlerotatus), 192, 194, 264 equestris (Merodon), 139 ficalbii (Culex), 262 flavescens (Culex), 218 flavirostris (Culex), 277 fumipennis (Culex), 218, 263, 277, 286 fusculus (Culex), 220 Glossina, 29, 331 * gossypii (Contarinia), 273 grossa (Glossina), 47 guttatus (Culex), 220 hiemalis (Boreas), 42 Hyperechia, 330 lateralis (Ochlerotatus), 192, 194, 218, 220, 277 *lineata (Pseudohowardina), 92 lineola (Syrphus), 43, 82 ludlowi (Anopheles), 98 luteovittatus (Culex), 219 lutescens (Culex), 263, 277 maculatus (Ochlerotatus), 194, 195, 217, 218 maculipennis (Anopheles), 193, 261, 263, 277 major (Bombylius), 44 marginalis (Culex), 263, 277 mellinum (Melanostoma), 232 morsitans (Theobaldia), 192, 195, 261, 262, 263, 286 mutabilis (Microdon), 186 nemorosus (Ochlerotatus), 192, 194, 195, 218, 219, 220, 264, 277 nigitulus (Culex), 220, 261, 263 nigra (Physocephala), 330 nigripes (Anopheles), 194, 220 *nivipous (Uranot;eina), 93 Ochlerotatus, 193, 261 ornatus (Culex), 219, 203, 277 palpalis (Glossina), 29 penicillaris (Culex), 195 pertiuax (Eristalix), 44 perturbans (Tseniorhynchus), 261 Phlebotomus, 47 pipiens (Culex), 192, 220, 263, 277 planifrons (Platycephala), 155 plumbeus (Anopheles), 193, 194 Pristirhynchomyia, 164 pulchripalpis (Culex), 195 punctatus (Culex), 263, 277 pyrastri (Catabomba), 232 richiardii (TEeniorhynchus), 192, 218, 261, 327 riparia (Ephydra), 155 rossi (Anopheles), 98 rufus (Culex), 263, 277 rusticus (Culex), 263 salinus (Ochlerotatus), 192, 194, 219 scutellaris (Hyctodesia), 306 simplex (Sciomyza), 43, 82 Simulium, 47, 273 Stephens! (Neocellia), 98 sylvte (Culicada), 220 sylvaticus (Culex), 277 sylvestris (Culex), 195, 264 Tasniorhynchus, 193, 261 terriei (Culicada), 219 theobaldi (Theobaldia), 192, 218, 262, 263, 277, 286 Theobaldia, 192, 193, 286 uliginosa (Spilogaster), 44 vexans (Ochlerotatus), 192, 194, 195, 264 vittiger (Syrphus), 44 waterhousei (Culicada), 218 Order XXII. HYMENOPTEEA. aceris (Phyllotoma), 284, 346 adelaidella (Nomia), 119 aenea (Nomia), 119 algicola (Paragryon), 99 Andrena, 45 annularis (Polistes), 273 Apanteles, 127 argentifrons (Nomia), 1'20 aricensis (Megachile), 175 atratulus (Anergates), 345 *atriventris (Paraniesius), 100 aulicus (Mesoleius), 233 aurifrons (Nomia), 13 australica (Nomia), 121 basalyformis (Spilomicms), 100 bolivari (Vespersus), 191 Bombus, 351 C£Bspitum (Tetramorium), 345 chalybeata (Nomia), 12 Cilissa, 42 *citrullina (Xenoglossa), 177, 178 coarctata (Ponera), 345 contracta (Allasa), 341 corticalis (Leptothorax), 82 cuUmnanus (Bombus), 351 dentatus (Metopius), 78 doddii (Nomia), 120 Dolerus, 44 elegans (Paracolletes), 177 elliotii (Nomia), 10 erichsoni (Nematus), 233 fasciipennis (Megalyra), 77 ferruginea (Osmia), 43 filicornis (Spilomicrus), 100 flava (Philibertella), 175 flavoviridis (Nomia), 119, 120 iioralis (Nomia), 18 formosa (Nomia), 11 *frenchi (Nomia), 120 fruhstorferi (Nomia), 13 fuliginosus (Lasius), 84 fusca (Formica), 186 geuerosa (Nomia), 120 germanica (Vespa), 130 gigas (Camponotus), 250 gracilis (Ccelinius), 285 gyammensis (Nomia), 13 halictella (Nomia), 13, 122 hemipterus (Spilomicrus), 100 Hoplonomia, 9 iridescens (Nomia), 12 kurandina (Nomia), 121 labralis (Microcryptus), 233 lenticula (Megachile), 176 leucocephala (Tetralonia), 177 lucorum (Bombus), 350 maculitarsus (Nomia), 13 manicatum (Anthidium), 43 maritima (Alysia), 155 maritima (Idiaspa), 155 *maturans (Nomia), 10 *mediorufa (Nomia), 12, 13 Megalyra, 77 *megasoma (Nomia), 11 Meteorus, 4 mirabilis (Nomia), 9 nitidulus (Formicoxenus), 345 noctilio (Sirex), 39 Nomia, 9 obfuscatus (Meteorus), 5 obscuripes (Galeaus), 100 Odynerus, 271 (Ecophylla, 187 opposita (Nomia), 13 opulenta (Nomia), 10 Osmia, 346 Oxyura, 106 papaveris (Osmia), 43 Paracolletes, 176 Paranomia, 11 parvula (Ceratina), 43 *pavonura (Nomia), 11 pedisequa (Loxotropa), 99 *pedi3sequus (Spilomicrus), 100 *philinca (Megachile), 176 *pilosus (Spilomicrus), 100 pini (Lophyrus), 129 planiventris (Nomia), 9, 11 pruinosa (Xenoglossa), 177, 178 pseudoceratina (Nomia), 122 Psithyrus, 351 pulchricornis (Meteorus), 128 *punctulata (Nomia), 9, 10 *pyretorum (Anomalou), 195 quadrifasciata (Nomia), 10 reitteri (Vesperus), 161 rufa (Formica), 345 rufocognita (Nomia), 121 ruginodis (Myrmica), 186 *satelles (Nomia), 120 semiaurea (Nomia), 121 serotinus (Sphinctus), 78, 79 smithella (Nomia), 121 soroensis (Bombus), 351 Sphinctus, 79 spinosus (Paramesius), 100 takauensis (Nomia), 9, 13 terrestris (Bombus), 350 thoracica (Bombus), 11 *Trichocolletes, 170 tuberoafBnis (Leptothorax), 345 tuberum (Leptothorax), 82 turneri (Paracolletes), 177 umbratus (Lasius), 186 venustus (Lamprocolletes), 176, 177 venustus (Trichocolletes), 176 Vesperus, 161 vexator (Meteorus), 4 vexator (Perilitus), 4 vulgaris (Vespa), 130 Xylocopa, 43, 330 The Entomologist, January, 1912. P^*y. ^^^^ i*%- -'^^ 2 %^' %rjr Plate M ^^ liffei^ i^' *■•%>' .^ 14 Aberrations of Eustroma reticulata and Zonosoma lineari; THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLV.] JANUAEY, 1912. [No. 584 EDITORIAL. With very great pleasure we have to announce that Mr. Charles Joseph Gahan has been good enough to join the Refe- rence Committee of this Journal. As an authority on Coleoptera, Mr. Gahan is so widely known that his association with the ' Entomologist ' will enlarge its field of operation, and so enhance its usefulness as a "Journal of General Entomology." As there appears to be some misconception about the date of publication of the first volume of the * Entomologist,' we may mention that No. 1 of Vol. L was issued on November 1st, 1840, and No. 26 — concluding the volume — in December, 1842. In 1843, and for some twenty years afterwards, the * Ento- mologist ' was merged in the * Zoologist,' but in May, 1864, it was revived, and has continued to appear month by month from that date up to the present time. It should be stated that the first six volumes were double— that is, they each comprised the numbers for two years. ON THE VARIATION OF EU STROM A RE TIC ULA TA ( Schiff.) By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. (Plate I.) My little note on Mr. Nurse's interesting aberration of Eustroma reticulata (Entom. xliv. p. 59) seems to have attracted some attention, and has been instrumental in bringing me some really astonishing information as to the occasional capacity for variation of this usually constant species. In February Mr. Frank Littlewood, of Kendal, sent me a very fine photograph of the pick of a long series bred by himself ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1912. B 'Z THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and Mr. George Holmes, of Kendal, and it is only extreme pressure of work that has prevented my calling attention to them earlier. Then more recently Mr. B. H. Crabtree, of Levenshulme, Manchester, followed with a photograph of some extraordinary forms bred by Mr. H. Murray, of Carnforth, in 1893, and now in Mr. Crabtree's collection — probably some of the most remarkable aberrations of the species in existence. Our Editor has wisely made arrangements for all to be presented to readers of ' The Entomologist ' together, and I believe they furnish a new chapter in the written history of E. reticulata. To begin with Mr. Littlewood's photograph as the first which reached me — ^^although chronologically his specimens are the younger. Since 1904, when (after an interval of eight years) JB. reticulata was rediscovered through the energy of the Rev. A. M. Moss, Mr. Littlewood, Mr. Holmes and others have profited by his generosity in putting them into the way of working for it, and have bred it in good numbers. I may perhaps be allowed to say in parenthesis that Mr. Littlewood has accumulated some very interesting notes on the early stages, which I hope he will be induced to publish at no very distant date. The specimens figured are, I understand, the pick of the breeding of the years which have supervened on the said rediscovery. Mr. Littlewood and Mr. Crabtree both agree with my remarks as to the general constancy of the species. Figs. 7 and 14 represent the two ordinary forms (both about equally common), and show that the normal range of variation is restricted to a difference in the degree of approximation of the antemedian and postmedian lines on the costa, as mentioned in my note above referred to. The other specimens are all aberrant in some way, some strikingly so. The frequency of asymmetry is a noteworthy feature ; it will be recollected that the two most striking aberrations previously described (Mr. Nurse's and Mr. Webb's) are both asymmetrical. In Fig. 8 the asymmetry, though slight, is curious, probably even unique ; on the right fore wing the first median (vein 3) is only white as far as the postmedian line instead of to the termen. Fig. 9 speaks for itself ; the abnormality, it will be noticed, is confined to the left fore wing. Fig. 10 I take to be roughly the ab. ovulata, Borgmann, though his example may probably have had the central mark more nearly oval — more as in Mr, Crabtree's Fig. 4. Figs. 11 and 12 are a noteworthy asymmetrical pair, each with one wing of the ovulata form. In Fig. 13 the antemedian double white line is broadly coalescent on both wings. Still more strange are some of Mr. Crabtree's aberrations, all of which, however, are full sized and well formed, so that one cannot attribute them to arrested development. Fig. 4 is a fine extreme example of ab. ovulata. Nos. 2, 3, and 5, though differing widely inter se, may be considered as having something NEW ABERRATION OF ZONOSOMA LINEARIA. 6 in common in their general "make-up," illustrating in varying degree the potentialities of ** concentration " of the dark colour into costal blotch or blotches, of which I spoke in discussing Mr. Nurse's and Mr. Webb's aberrations. As this phase of variation now proves to be recurrent, and not entirely confined to asymmetrical manifestation, I think it convenient to give it a special name, ab. costimacula, nov. ab., and designate Fig. 5 the type thereof. Those who believe in naming every differentiable form may like to add names for Figs. 2 and 3, but I prefer to cover by the name all forms which have a dark blotch in the middle of the costa followed by a suffusion of white in the middle of the wing. The distinctions between the three specimens in question are well shown in the figures : No. 2, with its very extended pale area and the blurred inner marginal markings, is the most ex- traordinary ; Fig. 5 is on the right wing intermediate between costimacula and ovulata. As regards Fig. 6, it is the only example yet known in which the ground-colour, as well as the scheme of markings, has materially changed. The parts which are ordinarily brown (and which, in spite of their reduction, I still regard as theoretically the " ground-colour ") are ochreous, only a shade darker than in Perizoma flavofasciata (decolorata) , while the white parts are duller white than is typical. The general scheme somewhat suggests a nebulous ab. costimacula, vaguely akin to that in Fig. 5. N A NEW ABERRATION OF ZONOSOMA LINEARIA. By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. The very interesting aberration of Zonosoma linearia figured (Plate I., fig. A) was taken by my friend, Mr. D. P. Betts, in Epping Forest, on June 5th, 1908, and is now in Mr. South's collection. As is well known, this species varies a good deal in the precise position and thickness of the median line (or shade), and I myself have one pretty specimen in which it is thickened Just as in Mr. Betts's. But what gives to the new aberration its distinctive charm is that the entire space between this line and the postmedian on both wings is suffused with smoky, resulting in the formation of a definite postmedian band, which is faithfully brought out in the figure. The under side shows the same peculiarity, though more faintly. The only specimen previously known to me which could possibly be described as "banded" is that figured by Barrett on Plate 329, fig. Ic, of his 'Lepidoptera of the British Islands,' in which the dark shading that accompanies the median line is in-oximal, not distal. On the other hand, it is of interest to note that a specimen of the allied Z. 'punctaria, which was sold in the b2 4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. collection of the Eev. G. H. Eaynor (bred from Colchester), shows a parallel variation to Mr. Betts's linearia, and Barrett figures one or two aberrations of punctaria beginning to approach it ; while a very similar scheme is normal in annulata, and is well known among other branches of the Acidaliinre — Ptychopoda aversata, deversaria, d;c. Although I do not consider it always expedient to give special names to single aberrations, the present is sufficiently striking and definite to warrant it, and I therefore christen it Zonosoma linearia iib.fasciata, nov. ab. KEDISCOVEEY OF THE BRACONID METEORUS VEXATOR (Hal.), WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE MALE. By Claude Morley, F.Z.S., &c. In his "Essay on Parasitic Hymenoptera " in the old Ent. Mag. (1836, p. 33), A. H. Haliday describes a new species, Perilitus vexator, in the female sex only — ''Habitat cum prsece- dentibus rarus "=" Habitat in nemoribus passim frequens. Femina, locis fungiferis autumno." This duly appeared, with no addition, in the Rev. T. A. Marshall's 1872 Catalogue of British Hymenoptera, and the original description was reproduced by the same author in hi^ Monograph of British Braconidae (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1887), with that of its supposititious male. Both sexual descriptions were copied in Andre's Spp. Hym. d'Europ. 1891, p. 86, with the remark: " J'ai ajout^ ce qui concerne le ^ d'apres un mauvais exemplaire de ma collection ; pourtant la reunion des sexes ne parait pas incertaine, a cause de la grandeur exceptionnelle du stigma." In Entom. 1908, p. 125, I gave a table of British Meteorus species, assigning M. vexator a position based upon its description alone. This is all we knew of the insect — one or more Irish females and a doubtfully associated male. From a black, hemispherical fungus — almost certainly Stromatosph(^ria concentrica — Mr. J. H. Keys recently sent me from Plymouth two female M. vexator, which were bred along with a lot of the clavicorn beetle, Diphyllus lunatus, Fab., during August, 1911 ; no other host or parasite emerged from the fungus, which constitutes conclusive evidence of parasitic as- sociation. I at once enquired whether no males were also raised, and Mr. Keys has kindly presented me with the only one bred : in all six females and one male Meteorus appeared among numbers of the beetle. The true male differs from that described by Marshall in having the antenna no longer than the body, of twenty-six joints, with the basal half dozen ferruginous ; metathorax nearly SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON HESPERIID CLASSIFICATION. 5 horizontal to its transcarina, which in both sexes is centrally interrupted by a laterally carinate longitudinal area, and then abruptly declived ; on either side of this central area the metanotum is not smooth, but finely shagreened, in both sexes ; the wings are even less clouded than those of the female, with costa piceous but nervures testaceous ; the stigma is not uni- colorous but, exactly as in the female, large and nigrescent piceous with its basal third pure white (= " stigmate latissimo, fusco puncto pallido " — Hal.); the second cubital cell is subparallel- sided and neither triangular nor constricted towards the radial nervure ; abdomen longer than thorax. Length, 11 mm. The insect is closely allied to Meteorus obfuscatus, so fre- quently bred from the heteromerous beetle, Orchesia micanSy in dry Boleti on elm and other large trees. A SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE ON HESPEEIID CLASSIFICATION. By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. The 'Entomologist,' vol. xliii. pp. 306-9, contains "A Note on the New Classification of certain Hesperiid Butterflies," rela- tive to the researches of Dr. J. L. Reverdin and M. Charles Oberthiir, in which, inter alia, I drew attention to the difficulty of separating the malvce-fritillum forms. Dr. Reverdin has now most kindly furnished me with an extract from the * Bulletin de la Soc. lepid. de Geneve ' (vol. ii. fasc. 2, August, 1911), in which he gives the results of his completed investigations on this particular subject. A close examination of long series leads him to the conclu- sion that, superficially, Hesperia malvce, and the insect which we have known hitherto as H. fritillum, Rambur, are practically inseparable. It is only when we come to compare the male appendages that we are conscious of a complete specific differ- ence ; but there are one or two points also of structure and habit, which, pending a complete life-history ol fritillum, Rbr,, may assist us to differentiate these perplexing little butterflies. I take the liberty, therefore, to epitomize Dr. Reverdin's several experiments ; but, as a preliminary, repeat what I have already explained in my paper on the species met with by me in the Basses-Pyr6nees (Entom. vol. xliv. p. 335), that fritillum, Rbr., is henceforth to be known as malvoides, Elwes and Edwards (c/. "A Revision of the Oriental Hesperidse," Trans. Zool. Soc. xiv. 1898) :— Size: Malvoides ordinarily larger than malvce (but not invariably). Shape of wings : Fore wings of malvoides more pointed, and relatively less broad ; malvcB appears more compact {ramasse). 6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Coloration : Malva darker ; and the white markings, therefore, shown up in stronger reHef on the ground colour; in malvoidcs, the general tint rather brownish than actually black ; the white spots contrasting less vigorously. (Examples must be quite fresh to demonstrate this difference.) This is due to the hairs which cover the wings being somewhat lighter and whiter in malvoidcs, which is also more abundantly provided with them than vialvce. Fore wdngs, upper side : No palpable difference in the distribution scheme of the white spots forming the irregular Y in the middle of the wing ; but the row of small ante-marginal spots, very clearly defined as a rule in malvcB, absent in malvoidcs, or reduced to a few atoms ; instead of the spots traces of feeble brownish, lighter than the ground colour. Hind wings, upper side : Differences even less constant. Usually the median band of white spots with denticulations turned out- wards is more extended in malvcB. Fore wings, under side : In malvoides the costa, and a thin "piping" the length of the outer margin immediately inside the fringe, ochreous yale yellow ; in malva more or less dirty white. Hind wings, under side : Normal colour in malva greyish, in onal- voides rather yellowish ; median band of spots more often carried through unbroken from one margin to the other in malvoides ; in malvcd almost invariably broken at the back of the large spot. In very fresh examples pearly reflections of the white spots more pronounced in malvoides. Inner margin in malvce usually greyish, or blackish normally ; in malvoides whitish or yellowish. Not constant. Black spot in line with the anal angle more obvious in malvoides. Tiny black spot in white spot just beyond anal angle fails or almost disappears less frequently in malvoides than in malvcB. Nervures : Usual colouring hind wings, either yellow or reddish yellow in malvoides ; whitish, or of a less pronounced yellow, in malvcB. Antennae : The club in malvoides yellow or tawny, and almost con- stant ■■'- ; in malvcz brown or black almost without exception. Palpi : In malvoides, seen from below, sometimes white, more often pale grey ; in malva sometimes pure black, and more often grey of a deeper shade than in malvoides. Seen from above the bunch of black hairs in the middle in malvoides usually contains several white or grey hairs ; in malvce they are black or blackish. Less constant than the differences of the antennae. Joints of antennas : Less on the average in malvoides than in malvce, on the whole ; but not constant, some examples even showing a different number on one antenna to the other ! Examination of ordinary and androconeal scales inconclusive. Dr. Reverdin concludes with a number of observations from entomologists in the various countries where it occurs tending * E. Audre, ' Lepid. de Saone-et-Loire ' (Macon, 1902), under alveus var'. fritillum, Hb., writes, quoting Frey, "Under side of the clubs of the antennEe rusty-red." PUPATION OF LBPIDOPTEROUS LARV^ IN GLASS TUBES. 7 to show that malvoides mvariably affects marshy ground, whereas this pecuHarity has not been noticed in malvcs. I can supple- ment these with two further observations of my own to the same effect. My Biarritz malvoides were taken flying singly ni the marshland outside that town ; and my Berisal example (as far as I recollect) in a damp upland pasture near to a mountam stream. , As a result of these discoveries, coupled with Dr. Leverdm s further discovery (based also on the character of the male appen- dages) that Hesperiamelotis, Duponchel (= hypoleucos, Lederer), is a good species, it follows that some modification and amend- ment is required in Tutt's exhaustive account of Hesperia malvce ('British Butterflies,' vol. i. pp. 221-255). His var. pyrenaica (p. 225), by reason of the date of captures made on the Pyrenees- Orientales, must be referred as a var. of malvoides— unless, as I suspect, it be malvoides itself. His var. alpina, for the same reason, is probably the mountain malvoides of Switzerland, and belongs, therefore, to that species. Lastly, though I observe that Tutt cites and describes var. melotis, Dup., and var. hypoleucos, Lederer, as two separate varieties of H. malv(S— the former occurring at Locarno— Dr. Eeverdin (and other authors) regard the names as synonyms of what now appear to be one and the same true species, viz. melotis. Mr. J. Edwards, of Colesborne, having kindly determined tor me the specific identity of H. armoricanus, Obthr., with //. alveus, despite certain pronounced superficial differences, my abstract of the classification of this particular group should now read as foll(iws {cf. Entom. xliii. p. 308) :— To the vars. of H. alveus add (g) var. armoricanus, Obthr. For H. FRiTiLLUM, Rbr., read H. malvoides, Elw. & Edw. (a) ? var. alpina, Tutt. (6) ? var. pyrenaica, Tutt. and add H. malv-e, L. (a) var. (et ab.*) australis, Tutt. H. melotis, Dup. PUPATION OF LEPIDOPTEROUS LARV^ IN GLASS TUBES. By Piupert Stbnton. It may not be generally known that lepidopterous larvae will pupate in glass tubes plugged with cotton-wool, and as far as I * I notice on p. 224, ' British Butterflies,' vol. i., Tutt gives full varietal rank to australis, u. var., but on p. 225 he calls a form from Digne ab. (et var.), and another from Draguignan, a few miles away, ab. simply. 8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. have observed, a larger proportion will do so more successfully in the artificial cocoon thus made than in the earth or other material provided for them in captivity. Of course, if biological data are desired it is the obvious thing to do, but does not seem to have been hitherto regarded as a simple alternative to the usual and more natural method. I first noticed that larvae would so pupate in the autumn of 1910, when an attempt at transferring external parasites to other hosts (Noctuid caterpillars) failed, partly perhaps through the intended victims too rapidly turning to chrysalids in the tubes. Since then, by way of a test, I have placed all my larvse under the same conditions, and they have all, without exception, turned to healthy chrysalids : and in thus managing them I have found several advantages, among which may be mentioned the elimination of earth, &c., a decreased mortality w^hen changing, being able to feed several species in the same cage without an eventual mixing of chrysalids, and keeping in touch with individual larvse through to the imago ; also, when travelling, to have the difficulties of dealing with larvae then obtained, which desire to pupate, removed is an advantage, as they can be accommodated en route by carrying a supply of tubes and wool. I must add, though, that I have had nothing like a sufiicient number of caterpillars to make a really comprehensive test of the usefulness of this method. But perhaps some collector with greater opportunities, and to whom large boxes of earth and other impedimenta are cumbersome, may think it worth while to experiment. St. Edward's, St. Mary Church, Torquay, Devon. AN ATTEMPT TO COLONIZE PAPILIO MACHAON IN ESSEX. By Professor Eaphael Meldola, D.Sc, LL.D., F.E.S., &c. In the November issue of the ' Entomologist ' (vol. xliv. p. 365) there are three records of captures of this butterfly, one at Bishop's Stortford, one near Kelvedon, and a third at Enfield. The tendency to attribute the occurrence of the insect in districts so far removed from its native habitat to the exceptionally warm summer is quite justifiable, and may be the correct explanation. I remember in 1895, when at Sheringham, in Norfolk, seeing a boy sweep a specimen of P. machaon off a flower-head with his net, but this locality is not very remote from fenny districts. With respect to the recent captures in Hertfordshire, Essex, and Middlesex, however, I think it only right to offer a suggestion. In 1909, in the course of a conversation with the Earl of War- SOME BEES FROM FORMOSA. » wick concerning a swampy area in the grounds of his estate at Easton, near Dunmow, in Essex, the wish was expressed that this marshy bit could be "naturalized " as far as possible, both with respect to insects and plants. With the concurrence of Lord and Lady Warwick I determined to try and introduce P. machaon. Large supplies of the food-plants were procured and planted round the swamp, and in the spring Lord W^arwick and I attached six dozen chrysalids of the butterfly to various posts and walls of summer-houses round about. All the butter- flies emerged in due course, and were seen from time to time sailing away, but no larvae were found on the food-plants that season, nor have they been found at Easton since; neither has the butterfly been seen in the grounds. So far the experiment was a failure, and I believe that others who have attempted to introduce this butterfly into new districts have had similar experiences. But there is a lurking suspicion that these "escapes " from Easton may have founded a successful colony, or successful colonies, elsewhere, and that the recently captured specimens may have spread therefrom. Bishop's Stortford is only about eight miles in a bee line from Easton, and Kelvedon cannot be very much further. Enfield is the farthest point from the centre of distribution. It will be interesting to note what happens next season. Of course, it is too much to hope that any specimens seen at large should be simply recorded and not slaughtered. With strange butterflies, as with rare birds, the tendency is to " kill at sight." Had we been successful with the Easton experiment, it is needless to say that no " collecting " of this butterfly would have been permitted. 6, Branswick Square, W.C. : Dec. 14tb, 1911. SOME BEES FEOM FOEMOSA.— IL By T. D. a. Cockerell. The genus Nomia is represented in the Sauter Collection by six species, but three others {N. takauensis, N. mirahilis, and iV. planiventris) were earlier collected by Sauter and have recently been described, from males only, by Friese. According to the material before me, two species appear to be exceedingly abundant, and these are the species which also occur on the Asiatic main- land. The others, apparently endemic, are represented by few specimens. Group A. (Subg. Hoplonomia, Ashmead). Postscutellum with two large teeth. Nomia punctulata, Dalla Torre, var. a. Forty-six specimens, all males. The wings are dusky, and 10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the first recurrent nervure joins the second submarginal cell beyond the middle ; otherwise the insects seem not to differ from the mainland form. Finding no females, I wondered whether N. maturans could be the true female, although it is very unlike punctulata female as known from elsewhere. Close comparison led me to abandon this idea, for maturans differs from male jmnctulata in the duller surface of the mesothorax, the non- bilobed scutellum, and the dull metathorax, with the area merely granular. A'', yunctulata is a Chinese and Japanese species, while N. jjiaturans is related to a species of the Philippine Islands. The Formosan N. punctulata all come from Takao, August to October. The abdominal bands are light emerald green, the first two suffused with orange, the last two with purple. Nomia maturans, n. sp. ? . Length about 10-11^ mm. ; black, the head and thorax strongly punctured, with rather abundant pubescence, white on cheeks, pleura and metathorax creamy-white on face and prothorax, black on mesothorax and scutellum, but white tomentum along hind border of mesothorax, and a little at the sides, postscutellum covered with white hair, slightly creamy above ; head broad ; eyes dark brown ; mandibles strongly bidentate ; clypeus and supraclypeal area with a dehcate but distinct median carina, not reaching the lower margin of clypeus ; sides of lower half of clypeus carinate ; antennas black, with the fourth joint red beneath, and the apical part of the flagellum reddish beneath ; front shining, strongly and closely punc- tured ; a flattened, slightly concave smooth area at side of each lateral ocellus ; mesothorax dull, with very large strong punctures, sparse in the middle posteriorly ; scutellum with strong widely separated punctures ; postscutellum with two large triangular teeth ; metathorax dull and granular, the area with a more coarsely granular band, the lateral areas strongly punctured ; tegulas black with creamy- white margins ; wings dusky, stigma dark ferruginous, nervures brown ; second s. m. rather broad, receiving first r. n. much beyond middle ; legs black, with mainly white hair, ferruginous on inner side of tarsi ; abdomen sparsely punctured, segments two to four with broad tegumentary orange bands, sometimes flushed with emerald green. Hah. Takao, Formosa, three collected November 10th, 1907. Evidently closely allied to N. quadrifasciata (Ashm.) from the Philippine Islands ; the first distinctly Philippine type I have noted among the Formosan bees. Some years ago I hastily examined Ashmead's type of N. quadrifasciata, but only noted that the abdominal bands were green tinged with orange- vermilion. Ashmead's description of N. quadrifasciata is rather incomplete, and his account of the legs of the female is evidently based on a male. In the colour of the abdominal bands, N. ma- turans also recalls N. opulenta. Smith, In Bingham's work on the ' Hymenoptera of India' it runs in the table to A^". elliotii. SOME BEES FROM FORMOSA. 11 Sm., from which it differs at once by the colour of the bands and the absence of a band on the first segment. According to Friese, N. elliotii also occurs in Formosa. Group B. (subg. Paronomia, Friese). Postscutellum unarmed ; abdomen with coloured tegumentary bands. Nomia thoracica, Smith. The specimens have been compared with a thoracica from F. Smith's collection. Thirty specimens, including both sexes, all from Takao, July to October. Easily known from the other Formosan species of this group by the dense covering of moss- like fulvous or ferruginous hair on the thorax above. Nomia megasoma, n. sp. ? . Length about 13J-15 mm. ; black, the head and thorax finely punctured, clothed with fulvous hair, that on the mesothorax not hiding the surface ; mandibles thick, bidentate ; clypeus shining, with scattered punctures, and with a median keel which is strong above, evanescent below ; supraclypeal area convex, not keeled ; antenniB black, the scape long, the flagellum obscurely ferruginous beneath ; vertex angulate behind ocelli ; front finely rugosopunctate ; mesothorax dull, finely and rather closely punctured ; scutellum irregularly punctured, the punctures of different sizes ; metathorax shining, with scattered punctures, more or less in rows ; basal area consisting of a broad shining transverse sulcus, crossed by raised lines, and a V-shaped median apical smooth area ; tegulae rather large, bright ferruginous ; wings dusky, strongly orange-tinted, the apex with a dark fuscous patch ; stigma and nervures ferruginous ; first r. n. joining second s. m. near its base ; legs black with ferruginous hair, the tarsi dark reddish ; abdomen shining, sparsely punctured, the punctures on first abdominal segment distinctly larger than those on second ; first two segments with fulvous hair, the others with mostly black, but fulvous at sides ; hind margins of segments two to four with pale orange tegumentary bands, which are narrow, only covering about half of the apical depression ; venter with much red hair. Hab. Formosa (no special locality given) ; four specimens. In Bingham's table this runs nearest to N. thoracica and N.formosa, but does not closely resemble these species. N. plani- ventris, Friese, of which only the male is known, appears to be very similar, but the outer margin of the wing is dark, not merely the apex. I am not sure that N. viegasorjia is not the female of planiventris, but, after carefully going over Friese's description, I have thought it best to regard it as distinct. Nomia pavonura, n. sp. S . Length about 12 mm. ; black, the head finely and irregularly punctured, the shining mesothorax and scutellum strongly and quite 12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. closely ; head and thorax with very pale ochreous hair, white on lower part of pleura, light fulvous on sides of metathorax, on meso- thorax and scutellum strongly mixed with dark fuscous ; eyes strongly converging below ; clypeus finely rugose, it and the supraclypeal area with a longitudinal carina ; front densely punctured ; hair on anterior part of cheeks shining silvery ; antennae long, black, basal half of flagellum with a poorly defined red band beneath ; scutellum moder- ately bigibbous ; metathorax shining, the basal area smooth, with a fine transverse raised line separating the apical part ; tegulse pointed behind, testaceous with a large piceous patch ; wings faintly dusky, more strongly so on apical margin ; nevures and stigma dusky ferruginous ; first r. n. joining second s. m. beyond middle ; legs black, with pale hair, reddish on inner sides of tarsi ; hind femora moder- ately swollen, flattened beneath ; hind tibiae thick, trigonal, strongly curved, the broadly truncate apical lobe light yellow, stained at end with ferruginous ; hind basitarsus pallid on outer side near base ; abdomen more or less metallic, with purple tints, very strongly punctured, with broad tegumentary bands (occupying much more than half of the apical depression) on segments two to five ; in the type the last two are iridescent, with brilliant emerald green and purple colours, while the other two (doubtless abnormally) are dull greenish ; in a second specimen they are all dull greenish ; penultimate seg- ment with a dentiform lobe on each side ; apex very broad, emar- ginate. 2 . Similar, but more robust, with the usual sexual differences ; abdominal bands three, green without purple ; hind femora beneath with a curled fulvous scopa, but scopa of hind tibiae white ; flagellum bright ferruginous beneath except at base ; mesothorax and scu- tellum with most of the hair black or dark fuscous ; scutellum with a median groove ; basal sulcus of metathorax rather faintly beaded laterally ; abdomen not so strongly punctured as in the male. Hah. Takao, Formosa, August 18th, 1907, one female. The female approaches N. iridescens, Smith, but is much larger, with very much larger punctures on the two basal segments of abdomen. The closest affinity is with N. chalybeata, Smith, which differs in the colour of the thoracic pubescence. The insect may be regarded as the Formosan representative of N. chalybeata. The type is a male. Group C. Postscutellum unarmed ; abdomen with hair-bands ; tegulae not enlarged. Nomia mediorufa, n. sp. $ . Length about 8 mm. ; black, with the flagellum (dusky in middle above), the basal two-thirds or more of the first abdominal segment, the knees, the anterior tibise (with a large dusky cloud) and the tarsi ferruginous ; pubescence of head, thorax, and legs fulvous, nowhere becoming white ; head transversely suboval, eyes strongly converging below ; face covered with appressed pale fulvous hair ; SOME BEES FROM FORMOSA. 13 clypeus normal not keeled ; mandibles red subapically ; front, vertex, mesothorax, and scutellum granular from minute dense punctures ; basal sulcus of metathorax with fine transverse ridges ; posterior face of metathorax dull and rough, with much hair ; tubercles, upper border of prothorax and postscutellum densely covered with hair, but surface of mesothorax not hidden by hair ; tegute clear ferruginous ; wings dusky, nervures and stigma pale ferruginous ; b. n. not quite reaching t. m. ; abdomen very finely punctured ; hind margins of segments testaceous, with heavy broad fulvous hair-bands, widely interrupted on first segment, thin in the middle on second ; apical ventral segment broadly rounded. Hob. Koroton, Formosa, September 8th, 1907, two females. N. takauensis, Friese, was based on males from Takao and Ku-sia, Formosa ; it appears to resemble N. mediorufa, having the same fulvous pubescence, but the abdomen is not red at base, and the mesothorax and scutellum are much more densely hairy. I do not think takauensis can be the male of mediofura. In Bingham's table N. mediorufa runs near N. floralis, Smith, but the clypeus is produced at apex into a short truncate lobe, not toothed as in floralis ; the hair of face is pale fulvous, not fuscous as in floralis ; and the scutellum is closely punctured, while in floralis it has scattered punctures. N. maciditarsis, Cam., may also be compared, but that species has smooth silvery white apical margins to the abdominal segments. Nomia mediorufa gyammensis, n. 5 . Like N. mediorufa, but abdomen not at all red basally ; legs darker, hind tibise with dark, fuscous hair on outer side ; pubescence paler, the abdominal bands very pale ochreous ; flagellum black above except at apex. Hah. Gyamma, Formosa, April 6th, 1907. This is almost exactly like the Australian N. halictella, Ckll., so much so that without very close scrutiny they would be considered identical. N. halictella has the wings distinctly darker, and is a larger insect, but the resemblance is most extraordinary, extending to every microscopical detail. It is a question whether N. gyammensis and medionfa should not be regarded as races of halictella, in spite of the wide geographical separation. Among the Indian species N. gyammensis may especially be compared with N. kangrcB, Nurse, in which, however, the pubescence hides the sculpture on front, and there are other differences. It is easily known from N. opposita, Sm., by the smaller size and light nervures, and from N. fruhstorferi, Per., by the yellowish hair- bands on abdomen, &c. In Bingham's tables it runs nearest to N. aurifrons, Sm., which is very different. 14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. (Concluded from vol. xliv. p. 389.) (iv) Donipierre-sur-Mer, Charente-Infeneiire. I think the quahfication of my title admitted in a previous paper of this series is not required for Dompierre-sur-Mer, which is six miles away from the sea north-east of La Rochelle, in the Charente-Inferieure, and only designated " sur-Mer " to distinguish it from several other Dompierres elsewhere. But Dompierre has a history, and a very remarkable one, which I may briefly state, inasmuch as one incident at least bears directly on the entomological wealth of the region. From La Rochelle to Dompierre, and for some little way further inland, there is a canal, and along the huge bank of excavated earth on the south side runs the railroad to Nantes. At this particular spot the banks are scarcely less than fifty feet deep, and almost perpendicular, so that there it is not possible to scramble up or down, and close to the station is a long tunnel, through which the canalized waters of one of the Sevre rivers (the neighbouring Department is that of Deux- Sevres) are carried. The work was conceived by Louis XIV., and achieved, so far as it goes, by convict labour. But it has never been completed, and the waterway is abandoned. The soil, however, is calcareous, and for two hundred years the immediate surrounding land on each side has been left uncultivated — a wild garden such as one seldom encounters elsewhere in a country where great enclosed estates are unknown, and every inch of available earth pressed into the service of industry. When I entered this No-man's Land, on the morning of August 4th, I must confess that the prospect filled me with dismay. Every blade of grass seemed to have been burnt up by the fierce sunshine of the past weeks, and such land as might have escaped on the railway banks had been devastated by fires. However, I set out for the village of Dompierre, about three-quarters of a mile away, to seek out M. Vige, the schoolmaster, who is an enthusiastic lepidopterist, and would no doubt guide me to the best localities. Not only did he offer me the warmest of welcomes and the requisite advice, but, net in hand, accompanied me back to the canal-banks, where, despite the drought, a few green oases survived. Now, my chief object in visiting Dompierre was to investigate the wonderful Lycsenid races, duly recorded and examples of many figured by M. Charles Oberthiir (' Lepid. Compar6e,' fasc. iii., Rennes, 1909). In particular there is the blue form of the female of Agriades thetis {= bellargus), ab. coelestis, Obthr., in BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF FRANCE. 15 which the upper side of the wings is suffused entirely with a silky blue, closely approximating to the colour of typical males. I may say at once that I did not have the good fortune to net a single one. The males of the second generation were just coming out, the one sole female, observed in cop., being of the normal and, at Dompierre apparently, the rarer form. Thus, just as at Angouleme, in Charente, I had been too early for the coclestis of the first brood, here I was in advance of the next emergence. Still, there were many compensations in store for me, for A. thetis is not the only member of the family which exhibits this remarkable tendency to " cseruleanism " in the female. A. conjdon was well out, the males in hundreds flitting over the dry grass-bents, with rarer females, all of which, or nearly all, were ab. tithonus, Mieg. (= ab. syngrapha, Kef.), and I was able to collect on this day and the morning of the 5th a very respectable series of this exquisite butterfly. In size they show great variation, from about the dimensions of a large Cupido minimus to those of the fine well-developed British type ; while I took one with the nervures superimposed blue, and striated as in the remarkable form first described from a less pronounced example by Gaschet as ab. radiosa {cf. * British Butterflies,' Tutt, iv. p. 31).* I gather further from M. Oberthiir's illuminating account of the species that the blue female form predominates here over the brown, and though there were many fine richly coloured brown females in evidence, the tithonus form was decidedly the commoner of the two. In the case of Polyommatus icarus, also abundant on the wing in both sexes, I could observe no marked predominance of the blue form ; indeed, it was decidedly less in evidence than I have found it on the Chilterns and other English localities where ** blues" are common. I took, indeed, but one worn female corresponding in detail to the ab. supraccerulea, Obthr. {op. cit. p. 147). None the less, it is worthy of observation that in this natural locality the blue females of the Agriades group should apparently tend to oust the " brown," while another still more remarkable feature is the extraordinary frequency hereabouts of androgynous P. icarus. M. Bene Oberthiir informs me {in litt.) that his collector in the spring of 1911 brought back no fewer than twenty-seven such examples — surely a record ! Single Everes argiades ; Lam- pides boeticus, common round the acacia-bushes ; two or three belated Lycmia arion, which I was unable to net ; A. medon, of the second emergence ; and, less frequently, Nomiades semiargus complete the tale of "blues" upon the wing. But M. Vig6 tells me that Dompierre produces L. alcon, and P. escheri var. * M. I'Abbe Gaschet's radiosa is described from examples taken also in the Charente-Inferieure — St. Georges, near Royan, which is in the extreme south-west of the Department, as Dompierre is in the extreme north-west. It is probable, therefore, that the aberration is not unusual in this region. 16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. helencB, Obthr., has, of course, been distinguished and named quite recently by M. Charles Oberthiir from examples taken in this same district. But, notwithstanding the arid condition of the soil and the exhausted verdure both of plants and trees, there were countless butterflies besides Lycaenidfe upon the wing. The fast-fading clumps of valerian on the railway bank were clustered with Colias edusa and C. hyale, and occasional Pontia daplidice; while on the outskirts of a little pine-wood, which filled the whole air with sweet resinous odour and afforded a grateful shade, fresh examples of Papilio machaon were chasing each other with an energy we poor perspiring mortals might well envy. Pyrgus sao, isolated Carcharodus alcece, and Nisoniades tages represented the ** skippers," while every blue thistle was alive with Epinephele tithonus, and the driest pathways and glaring masonry of the canal with Hipparchia arethusa ; that other heat-loving Satyrid, H. hriseis, being not yet emerged. Of the Argynnids I saw nothing ; they must have been well over in this forward season, but a fresh brood of MelitcBa cinxia was about, and some very small but lively coloured M. phcehe. Several stout Anthrocerid larvte also found their way into the net, although the only member of the family on the wing was A.fausta, very small and in brilliant condition. But the sands of holiday-time were already running low, and I could only give Dompierre a second visit of a few hours on August 5th, though in a normal year, throughout the collecting season, a profitable month might be spent in the Charente- Inferieure. The difficulty is to work this locality from comfort- able headquarters. The best way, I should think, to reach La Rochelle is by steamer to La Pallice from Liverpool, thus avoiding the tiresome journey across France; or, if the long sea- voyage is not convenient, via Southampton, St. Malo, Rennes, and Nantes. The trains stopping at Dompierre from La Rochelle are, however, very limited in number, and there seems no alternative between spending the whole day there from ten to six, or returning a few hours before noon. But there is a small cafe opposite the station, kept by a sympathetic landlord, who waxed eloquent on the entomological treasures of his locality ; and it is, therefore, not necessary to transport dejeuner, a considera- tion when box-room is limited, and the sun making every ounce, human or otherwise, tell against the carrier of bag or satchel. I cannot recommend the small hotel in which I put up at La Rochelle, but I dined each evening at the Hotel du Commerce in the Place d'Armes, and it appeared to be admirably managed. Butterflies observed at Dompierre-sur-Mer, Charente- Inf:6rieure, August 4th and 5th, 1911. — Carcharodus alcece ; Pyrgus sao ; Nisoniades tages ; Lycana arion ; Nomiades semi- THE IMMIGRATION OF PYRAMEIS ATALANTA. 17 argus ; Agriades corydon, and ab. tithonus, and ab. radiosa, A. thetis ; Polyommatus icarus ; Aricia iiudon ; Everes argiades ; Celastrina argiolus ; Lampides hoeticus ; Papilio machaon ; Pontia daplidlce ; Colias hyale, C. edusa ; Gonepteryx rhamni ; Melitcea phoebe, M. cinxia, M. didyma ; Pyrameis cardui, P. atalanta ; Aglais urticcs ; Polygonia c-album, Pararge megcera ; Hipparchia semele, H. arethusa ; Epmephele jartina, E. tithonus. Harrow Weald: December, 1911. THE IMMIGEATION OF PYRAMEIS ATALANTA. By Major B. Tulloch, F.E.S. I HAVE been much interested in reading in various numbers of the ' Entomologist ' discussions as to whether P. atalanta is a regular immigrant to the British Islands or not. Without wishing to lay down the law in any way, and say definitely that P. atalanta does or does not immigrate regularly, yet I should like to make a few observations bearing on the subject, and relate certain facts that have come under my own observation. There are always two sides to every question, and my remarks may tend to prove that I am an " anti- immigrationist." As a matter of fact, I have an open mind on the subject, but I am afraid I cannot enter into any wordy war- fare with such eminent authorities as Mr. Frohawk, for instance, as I am too far away. Therefore, from the safe distance of Hong-Kong I can only state facts as known to myself, and leave others to draw their own conclusions. My life at school, and afterwards as a soldier, has led to my having lived at certain places which were peculiarly well placed for the observation of the movements of butterflies across the sea. I can also lay claim to have been an observer of butterflies and moths ever since I can recollect catching beetles in the sand on the neutral ground of Gibraltar about 1874. Since then I have lived, amongst other places, at Dover (one period of three years, and another of two years), at Guernsey one and a half years, Alderney one year, Malta one year, Mauritius two and a half years, and now I am on another island — Hong-Kong. Now, of the above places, Dover, Malta, and the Channel Islands are situated on the known lines of flight of migrating birds. Before continuing the subject further I should like to ask the upholders of the theory of the immigration of butterflies, and of P. atalanta in particular, whether they will agree to the fact that butterflies do not fly by night, or on cloudy days (in England, but not necessarily in the tropics), or when there is a ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1912. C 18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. strong east wind blowing or a stiff south-wester, nor as a rule before 10 a.m., nor after 4 p.m., except to sun themselves? I should also like to know whether they consider that P. atalanta immigrates in swarms or singly, whether they are supposed to come from the east from Germany, Holland, and Belgium, or from the south from France ? If they come from the east, they can only come on an east wind, which they hate, and the distance across the North Sea is too far for them to travel in a day — and by night they do not fly. If they are supposed to come from France in the spring, then any reference to meteoro- logical records will show that in late spring or early summer there are a very great number of days when a strong cold east wind blows ; in fact, I have recollections of east winds prevailing all through May. If the butterflies immigrate in swarms, then surely some entomologist in North France must have noted the gatherings preparatory to migration, in the same way that swallows gather preparatory to their autumn flight abroad. If it is contended that P. atalanta comes over by single individuals in the spring, then what theory is advanced that it should only enter the head of certain individual butterflies to migrate, and must not the number of individuals be very great to admit of their spreading over England ? I have previously stated that Dover, Malta, and the Channel Islands are places on a regular line of migration for birds. Any day during spring or autumn, about the time that certain birds migrate, you will find those birds at Dover, Malta, and the Channel Islands in places where you do not see them at any other times. For instance, standing on the shore at Dover, one can observe the swallows coming to land, and in my garden on the outskirts of the town during the migrating season I have seen numbers of warblers and small birds that live outside towns. Now apply the preceding remarks to the migration of P. atalanta. It can only arrive by day, during a limited number of hours, from France, on a south-east to south-west breeze, not too strong, at certain times of the year, and the sun must be shining, and there must not be any abnormally large gathering of the butterflies reported on the north coast of France. Given the above conditions, has anybody noticed P. atalanta arriving over the sea in sufficient quantities to spread all over England and be the parents of the autumn specimens ? Personally I have never noticed them, and for the five summers that I lived at Dover I suppose I was on the cliffs or in a boat pretty well every fine day that was possible, and I take it that Dover is the most advantageous place possible in which to note the arrival of " red admirals." I have noticed every year in my garden in spring abnormal numbers of small birds immigrating and going inland, but never abnormal numbers of P. atalanta, and yet the autumn brood appears regularly. I always *' sugar " for P. ata- THE IMMIGRATION OP PYRAMEIS ATALANTA. 19 lanta in the early autumn because I like watching them (not to " collect " them), and the autumn supply always seems to me to be pretty constant, however few I may have seen in the spring. Neither have I observed any numbers passing the Channel Islands. At Alderney, in 1892, there was a perfect plague of Colias edusa and Macroglossa stellatarum, but they remained in Alderney the usual period, and did not leave the island. Will somebody turn up the back files of the 'Entomologist' to see whether 1892 was a clouded yellow year in England or not? In Malta, P. atalanta is a very common insect. It appears to have a succession of broods there. I had particularly good opportunities of observing the insect in that island, as my road to work every day led me past a spot where the insect bred freely. I could always find it in one or other of its stages, and when the perfect insects emerged I never noticed that they moved far from the particular locality, neither did the numbers of butterflies appear to diminish as though they migrated, although Sicily and Italy are handy places for them to go to. Being very keen on sea-fishing and rowing, I spend many days on the water, and at none of the islands where I have lived have I seen any migration of butterflies, not even at Dover. Individual butterflies of course I have seen, but those I always put down to chance ones, blown ofi" shore, or those that have lost their way. One day, when steaming near Aden, a sudden squall came off shore and brought with it hundreds of locusts and many butterflies, which afforded amusement to the children on deck, who enjoyed a butterfly and locust hunt at sea, but nobody could say that either insect was migrating. One often reads in accounts of tropical butterflies about the migrating swarms of certain kinds, and especially species of Catopsilia and Callidryas. Has anybody ever followed up a swarm, or had a correspondent at the other end of the line of flight to say where the butterflies ceased their wild career ? I take it the answer is "No," because it is generally impossible in the tropics to go straight across country, on account of the jungle. In Mauritius, however, I once did see a migrating swarm — or rather thought I did. It happened that one bright day when the south-east trade wind had died away and a " Malagash " wind, i. e. a westerly breeze from Madagascar, was blowing, that I went butterfly hunting on the Trou-aux-Cerfs. Now a "Malagash" wind only blows but very rarely, and when it does, the atmo- sphere is very clear and bright but hot. The Trou-aux-Cerfs is an extinct volcano, with a well-formed crater, perfectly circular, filled with jungle, and on the outer sides grow small trees, bushes, and lots of grass and Lantana. On arriving near the top of the crater, and whilst collecting on the outside slope, I noticed that there was an abnormal number of Atella phalantha c 2 20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. about, a common insect at any time in Mauritius. Soon I noticed that they were in immense numbers and all flying in one direction, viz. up towards the top of the crater and down wind, i. e. towards the east. Here at last I thoughf is a migra- tion of butterflies, such as I have often read about. Then the thought occurred to me, " Where do they go to when they get to the top of the crater — do they go right up into the air and drift away to sea, and what happens to them there?" This seemed a problem that I could solve if I climbed to the top and looked to see whether they went away in any given direction, probably going straight before the wind. Up I went to the top, when I found that the insects did not go any higher, but just made a bee line for the other side of the crater, one after the other — thousands of them. Then I walked round to the other side, when I found to my astonishment that they were now all going downhill. This required some further explanation, so downhill I went after them till I got nearly to the bottom of the Trou, when I found that the swarm was now going right-handed round the base of the volcano. After them I went round to the other side again, where I had been before, when I found that the swarm went uphill ! In fact, the butterflies were all going on an endless round, up the hill, across the top, down again, and round to where they started. So much for a migration when followed up. Why the butterflies did it I don't know ; perhaps because as it happened to be a particularly fine day they were feeling extra fit and happy, and were indulging in a butterfly game. Possibly somebody will explain, for I cannot. Hong-Kong, South China: August 11th, 1911. A SECOND LIST OF THE APHIDIDiE FOUND IN KENT. By Fred V. Theobald, M.A., F.E.S., &c. (Concluded from vol. xliv. p. 399.) Genus Hyalopterus, Koch. Hyalopterus flaviis, Kittel. — On cultivated aquilegias in a garden in Wye, found by Mi'. Alban Duffield, June 6th, 1911 ; a few winged and wingless females. H. dilineatus, Buckton. — On the upper surface of young rose leaves. Wye, May 21st, 1911. All wingless females in small colonies along the middle of the leaves. Genus Chaitophorus, Koch. Cliaitophorus versicolor, Koch. — On maple leaves, Wye, May 5th to June 25th ; winged and wingless females. Also at Hollington Wood, near Hastings, May 12th, 1911. This is given by Schouteden as a APHIDID^ FOUND IN KENT. 21 variety of Linnaeus's populi, which I have been unable to find in Kent. C. salicivorus, Walker. — Wye, on the under side of willow leaves. Very pale and sluggish, all wingless females, July 10th, 1911. G. caprece, Koch. — Wye, on willows, July 10th, 1911, under the leaves. Winged and wingless females. Genus Callipterus, Koch. CallipUrus quercns, Kaltenbach. — Wye ; abundant on oak leaves in June, and on to September 22nd. Winged females and young under and on the leaves, and producing much honey-dew, especially abundant high up on the trees. The species and the querceus of Kaltenbach are placed in Mordwilko's genus Tuherculatus. C. castancBCB, Buckton. — Godmersham ; beneath leaves of the sweet chestnut, June 9th and 29th, 1911. Winged and wingless females. Placed in the genus Myzocallis, Passerini, by Schouteden. C. alni, Fabricius. — Wye ; common on alders by the old river. Winged females and larvae, &c., under the leaves and causing little or no harm, very numerous from June to August. None seen in Sep- tember. Many winged females also occured on willows, osiers, hazel, and on water grasses growing under and around the alders. Schouteden now places this in Pterocallis of Passerini. G. carpini, Koch. — Wye, July 14th, 1911, a few apterous females on birch leaves, very uncommon in the neighbourhood. Schouteden makes this the same as Goetze's coryli. From a casual examination so far it seems distinct. G. querceus, Kaltenbach. — Under oak leaves, Wye, July to Sep- tember. The adult winged females skip readily, whilst the apterous females crawl backwards and stick tenaciously to the leaves. Not abundant. Also from Pitlochry, N.B., September 7th, 1911. G. betulicolce, Kaltenbach.* — A single wingless female and a nymph on under side of birch leaf, Wye Downs, July 30th, 1911, the latter hatched on August 7th. This species was also sent me from Pitlochry, N.B., in September by Mr. A. Duffield. Most on birch, but a few winged females on oak. G. hetularlus, Kaltenbach. — A few apterous females and many larvie under birch leaves. Wye, August 13th, 1911, on the downs. These last two should also come in Myzocallis. Genus Deepanidosiphum, Koch. Drepanidosiplmm platanoides, Schrank. — Wye Downs, July 30th, 1911. Many winged viviparous females on maples and sycamores, beneath the leaves, a few only on each leaf, all of the green variety. Genus Aphioides, Passerini (Cladobius), Koch.f Aphioides {Gladobius) populeus, Kaltenbach. — -A single colony of * Kirkaldy (1905) places this in his genus Eallistaphis ; it certainly differs from typical Callipterus, in which genus Buckton places it. f Kirkaldy (1905) proposed the new name Aristaphis for this genus, Schouteden places it in Buckton's genus Pterocovima. 22 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. some seventy wingless females from a poplar, Wye, July 14th, 1911. The insects were densely packed on the young wood near the top of a shoot. After several days' searching, I could find no more of this marked species. Genus Pemphigus, Hartig. (Byesocrypta, Haliday). Pevi2)hi(jus ■pyriformis, Lichtenstein. — Ulcombe and Bilting, near Wye, June. Galls full of winged females, continued at Bilting mitil July 9th, when winged females, pupaj and larvas, still in galls. Also from Haddenham, Cambridgeshire, June 27th, 1911. • P. marsupialis, Couchet. — Bilting, near Wye, July 9th, 1911. Galls found on poplars with the former, but scarce. Winged females and nymphs and a few larvae. P. affinis, Kaltenbach. — Bilting, near Wye, July 9th, 1911. Very abundant on poplars with above, notably with the latter on the pointed- leaved poplars. All winged females, many having left the galled leaves. Colour of young galled leaves tinged with red and pink, of older ones pale yellow. The females with very mealy coverings. P. filaginis, Boyer. — Wye, near railway station, on Gnaplialium uliginosmn, the marsh cudweed ; September 17th, on a few roadside plants. Many apterous females and one winged. Looks much like P. affinis^''' but slightly distinct. Produces a copious mass of white wool. I failed to find the host plant near Bilting, where P. affinis occurs on the poplars some two miles away. At this time there is no trace at all of live Pemphujiis on the poplars, and it is quite possible that Beyer's filaginis is the migrant form of the poplar gall aphis of Lichtenstein. Kaltenbach's Gjiaphalium appears to be the same species. P. lactucarius, Passerini. — On lettuce, July 24th, 1904, Wye. Wingless females and also winged females. Genus Schizoneura, Hartig. Schizoneura corni, Fabricius. — On Cornus sanguinea near Wye ; winged females appeared in abundance beneath the leaves on Octolaer 7th, and produced living young. Still breeding, October 17th, and very numerous. Genus Lachnus, Burmeister. Lachnus tomentosus, De Geer. — Wye Downs, on Scots fir, August 20th, 1911, a colony of wingless females. Also sent me on September 10th, from Pitlochry, N.B., by Mr. Duffield. I have three other Lachnus which I cannot yet identify, all from Conifers. Genus Vacuna, Heyden. Vacuna dryophila, Westwood. — Wye, on oaks, July 4th, 1909. Winged and wingless females. Genus Ehizoicus, Passerini (RftizoBius Burmeister). Bhizoicus (Bhizobius) graminis, Buckton. — Eoots of grasses, Paddock Wood, 1904, in winter. * Lichtenstein (1886) places this as the type of his genus Bucktonia. LEPIDOPTEEA OF THE SWEDISH PEOVINCES OF JEMTLAND AND LAPLAND. By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S. (Continued from vol. xliv. p. 362.) Abisko is finely situated on the southern shores of the beautiful Torne Traske, at an elevation, according to Baedeker, of 1296 ft. The lake has a length of about sixty and a breadth of eight or nine kilometres, and is surrounded on all sides by mountains, which rise steeply out of it for a height of from 2000 to 5000 feet. The shores are covered for some 500 feet above its level with forest, composed chiefly of birch, with, however, a sprinkling of mountain ash and here and there an isolated pine, and there are large quantities of sallow of many species in the swampy ground. This forest consists of trees, which on the water's edge attain a height of twenty feet, and in sheltered positions, especially on the north side of the lake, thirty and even forty feet is reached. The undergrowth consists chiefly of Vacc'mium of various species ; here and there along the whole length are tracts bare of trees, and more or less swampy ; and it is in these spots and on similar ones inland from the lake that the butterflies of the district are almost exclusively found. They have a growth of Vaccinium of four species, crowberry, dwarf sallow, dwarf birch, and many beautiful flowers, including Andromeda polifolia, A. tetrago?ia, and the nearly allied Phyllodoce ccerulea, Dryas octopetala, Trien- talis europaa, Silene acaulis, Astragalus alpinus, saxifrages of several species. Rhododendron lapponica, Azalea procumhens, and many others ; in fact, the flora is for so high a latitude a very rich one, and reminds one very strongly of that of the higher Alps, many species being common to both. Naturally the "national park" greatly hampers one's proceed- ings— much of the most fruitful ground, and the whole of the most convenient, is included in it — and for this reason, although the district all round is a magnificent one, and would probably, if thoroughly hunted, produce nearly all of the species of Khopa- locera known to inhabit the Arctic regions of Scandinavia, I am compelled to advise entomologists and naturalists generally to give it a wide berth, at any rate for the present. In the course of time, as the country gets more developed, and there is a proper service of boats on the lake that would enable all parts of it to be worked, and huts are built in the mountains round, the case would be different. I should mention that the surroundings of the hotels of the Swedish Touring Club in other parts of the country have also been constituted national parks, and therefore the objections to Abisko as a resort for naturalists apply to them also. In time no doubt the drastic nature of the regula- 24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. tions will be mitigated, for, judging from those I conversed with on the subject, they are exceedingly unpopular with the great majority of the Swedes themselves. I had a very bad experience with the weather at Abisko during my stay from June 16th to July 18th. There was not much rain — the rainfall of Lapland is quite small, the average being only sixteen inches per annum— but the weather was cold and sunless throughout. During the whole of the time there were only two cloudless days— June 18th and July 12th ; out of thirty- two days, eleven were absolutely sunless, and on many of the others the sun was very fugitive, and one could do but little. Up to the end of June the weather was passable, but after that date it got much worse, and during the last six days of my stay the sun did not appear at all. The temperature also was very low. There was a thermometer outside the hotel, from which, between July 6th and July 18th, I took the temperature daily at 8 am. and 2 p.m. The highest reading was 57°-2 Fahreneit at 2 p.m. on July 12th, and one day at that hour it did not exceed 42°-8. _ The average at 8 a.m. was 48°-7, and at 2 p.m. 50°-5. The slight difference between the early morning and afternoon temperatures was accounted for by the sun being above the horizon during the whole twenty-four hours of the day. With these temperatures one wonders that butterflies would fly at all, but it did not seem to much matter how cold it was so long as the sun was shining : such as were out flew merrily. At the date on which I reached Abisko the season was apparently an early one, and species were well up to the expected dates ; but of course the cold period put a stop to emergence or greatly delayed it, and specimens got fewer every day. One species found by Mr. Eowland-Brown I did not see, and others were evidently just emerging at the time of my departure. I had intended staying until the end of July, but the weather outlook was so hopeless at the middle of the month that I decided to get away, and the reports from other districts in the north being equally bad, it did not seem to be of use trying elsewhere. Undoubtedly, 1911 in Arctic Europe was a very dull and cold summer; in southern Scandinavia as far north as Stockholm the weather was very hot and dry, but north of this hne the reverse took place. I am informed that it is often the case that when in Britain we get a good summer, in Lapland it is cold and wet; and when it is cold with us it is usually a fine season in the north. 1910, for instance, which it will be re- membered was one of the most inclement summers we have experienced for many years in Britain and Central Europe, in Lapland was singularly fine. Of course the conditions I met with greatly governed the number of species and specimens found ; in Jemtland I came across twelve species of Ehopalocera, and at Abisko sixteen LEPIDOPTERA OF JEMTLAND ANf) LAPLAND. ; ' ^ 25 species, and an additional one at Narvik on my return- liome, , which journey took me ten days, via the west coast, the beautiful' Bergen and Christiania Railway, and the steamer from the latter place to Hull. Of the species found by Mr. Eowland-Brown at Abisko I met with all except Chrysophanus hippotho'e var. steiberi. I am informed from German sources that Melitcea iduna has been taken along the shores of the Torne Triiske on the way to Bjorkleiden. I searched carefully and often for this species, but did not find it ; and that Brenthis polaris and B. frigga are found on Nuolja, the mountain immediately at the back of the hotel. I saw in the National Collection at Stockholm an ex- ample of B. frigga var. improha, which was taken at Bjorkleiden, near the waterfall. I learn from Herr Max Bartel that Colias liecla var. siditelma is found not infrequently on the north side of the lake above the tree line, in July. The best localities for col- lecting which I could find outside the park were: (1) the road leading through the forest from Abiskojokk to Bjorkleiden, and in the mountains round the latter place ; (2) by taking the path alongside the Abiskojokk (right bank) for a mile or so until a marble quarry is reached, one comes to a series of swamps stretching eastward ; some of these are certainly in the Park, some are just as certainly not, and some are doubtfully so ; (3) probably the best ground of all is reached by walking along the railway, eastwards, past Abisko Station, and then following up the first brook one comes to, about a kilometre past the station. Along its course are some fine swamps, containing Brenthis pales var. lapponica, B. aphirape var. ossianvs, and B. freija; higher up, towards the valley called the Lapp Porten, Hesperia centaurece was commoner than I found it elsewhere in Lapland ; on the sides of the Lapp Porten itself, iEneis noma and 0. bore were not infrequent. The birches, at the date of my arrival at Abisko, were quite brown ; some trees had the leaves half developed, but in many instances the buds had not burst from the winter sheath. It was exceedingly interesting to watch them develop under the influence of the perpetual light, within one week all the trees were quite covered with full grown leaves. On dull days I spent my time chiefly in observing the birds of the district, which were very interesting to a Britisher. I suppose there must have been several hundreds of pairs of fieldfares breeding on the shores of the lake between Abiskojokk and Bjorkleiden, and of other British winter birds, redwings, bramblings, and mealy redpolls were very abundant on the same ground ; quite half a dozen pairs of rough-legged buzzards had their eyries within a mile of the hotel. Of the Scandinavian mosquito one could say a good deal : they were everywhere, both in Jemtland and Lap- land, and certainly most abundant in the former province; 26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. probably the cold weather experienced at Abisko prevented many of them from emergmg, or delayed their emergence until after my departure. For protection at night I had a small bell- shaped mosquito curtain, which was suspended by a brass hook to the wooden ceiling of my bedroom. I found this an efficient safe- guard ; without it I do not see how it would have been possible to sleep, at any rate with the window open. During the day it was absolutely necessary in warm weather to wear a veil and gloves. In spite of these precautions I got a good deal bitten ; fortunately the mosquito in these regions does not have much foul matter to feed upon, and so far as I was concerned the inconvenience was only temporary. I saw, however, a number of people who were not so fortunate, and whose faces and hands were greatly swollen from the effects of their bites. The species I met with are as follows : — Pieris brassiccz. — Flying about the gardens at Mattmar; of average size, with very pale tips to the front wings. P. napi var. bryonia. — Common at Abisko, and well out in both sexes at the time of my arrival there. The species was somewhat local, its occurrence being dependent apparently on the abundance of its usual food-plant in Lapland, Arabis aljnna, which, except for a small Draba and a species of Cardamines, was the only Crucifer I saw. The butterfly was most abundant by the side of the road leading to Bjorkleiden. The females, all of which are var. bryonia, are very variable ; some have the spaces between the veins showing pronouncedly white, others are suffused over almost all the wing area with the grey shading, and a certain portion of both of these forms are ab. sulphurea. I had no difficulty in procuring as many ova as I required, most of which I sent to the late Mr. A. Harrison, who specialized in this species. Others I brought home have since pupated. Colias nastes var. iverdandi. — Abundant everywhere on swampy ground at Abisko, frequenting the drier parts of the swamps, and also certain banks where its food-plant. Astragalus alpinus, grows, and extending up the mountains to at least 1000 ft. above the lake. The species was well out in both sexes at the date of my arrival, June 17th, and certain examples were then wasted. There is no doubt but that in an average year it is out in the first few days of June, and probably at the end of May. By the end of June the majority were worn, and the species quite disappeared about July 7th. The male flies swiftly, with the usual Colias flight, searching for the female ; it frequently rests on the ground, but rarely on flowers, the only flower favoured, so far as I saw, was Silene acaulis. The flight is so swift, and the ground frequented rough and in places swampy, it is better to lie in wait, and the butterfly can then be captured freely. The female flies much more slowly. Of this species I brought home a very variable series of twenty- eight males and twenty-seven females. As I understand the named European abei'rations, they are as follows : — BY THE WAY. 27 (i) A female form with ground colour of the wings pale sulphur, as in the male = ab. sulphurea, Lampa. (ii) A form of both sexes with ochre-yellow wings = ab. chris- tiernssoni, Lampa. (iii) A male form with the black band of fore wings not pierced with lighter nervures, and without the dark submarginal band = ab. ivimaculata, Lampa. My series contains three examples of ab. sulphurea and four ex- amples of ab. immaculata, but it is entirely without ab. christiernssoni, of which there is a long series in the National Collection, labelled as from Lainpa, and apparently taken at Kvickjock. In addition to these forms, my series contains the following : — (i) Males with the ground colour of both fore and hind wings of the same light yellow as that of the blotches in the border of the wings of typical examples of C. i)hicomone from the Alps = ab. torneoe^isis, n. ab. I have three specimens of this form. (ii) Males of very pale yellow, almost white, of the tint of the typical female = ab. ijallida, n. ab. I have two of this form. (iii) Females with the light blotches in the dark margin of the front wings forming a continuous light band, except that the dark wing- nervures pass through it = connexa, n. ab. Of this form I have half a dozen examples. (iv) Females with the light sulphur discoidal spot on the upper side of hind wings orange coloured=ab. flavopunctata, n. ab. I have one example of this form. (v) Males and females with the discoidal spot on the under side of the hind wings wholly chestnut-brown and without the white centre that is found in the type = ab. castanea-punctata, n. ab. I have four of this aberration. I succeeded in obtaining ova, both from captured females and by search, and despite the difficulties caused by the long journey home two of the larvae have reached the last stage. The wing expanse of my largest males and females are respectively 50 mm. and 56 mm. C. valcBJW var. lapponica. — Herr Sprongerts writes me that he saw two specimens near Abisko station on July 22nd.* (To be continued.) BY THE WAY. "On the 12th of December, at Holy Trinity Church, Upper Chelsea, by the Rev. E. M. Vaughan, vicar of Old Basford, assisted by the Rev. H. R. Gamble, vicar of the parish, and the Rev. E. G. Alderson, vicar of Stopsley, Sir John Robinson, of Worksop Manor, Notts, to Eveline Maude, elder daughter of Mrs. Alderson, Park House, Worksop." — ' Morning Post.' We hasten to congratulate Lady Robinson, who is so well known * It certainly should occur here, though I never saw an example in the much more favourable and advanced season of 1906. Its food-plant, Vacci- nium, grows everywhere. — (H. R.-B.) 28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. amongst us as a thoroughly good and practical all-round British entomologist. We trust she will still be enabled to spare some of her leisure for the study of insects. How far are the common or kitchen cockroaches become naturalised in Britain now ? A lady writes in reference to a remark at p. 298, that she well knows at least three truly rural houses overrun by the beasts. The first, in Gloucestershire, stands some two hundred yards from any other, surrounded by fields, except the front which looks over drive and garden to a large wood with small field between ; village beyond road and drive— quite too far for the insect to travel from the other houses ; village very scattered, of about one thousand very poor souls, pkis farmers. The second house, in the same county, is quite shut off from the village, has an entrance drive and shrubberies, but no house or buildings within one hundred yards. The third house, in Lincolnshire, is opposite the village church, with farm buildings and cottages around it; a population of not over four hundred. No store or warehouse was near any of the three. She suggests the importation in boxes of dry pro- visions from London, though owning none such occurred to her while in a Yorkshire country house ; and we, who get such from the Army and Navy Stores, have no cockroaches in rural Suffolk. Canada has given us more than one good lead lately, and we here tender her our sincerest jealousy, upon hearing the announcement that she is about to publish a detailed Catalogue of the whole of her insects. It has been our pet wish, since we began to attack all orders of British insects — not less than twenty years ago, be it softly said — that there were some sort of a geueral guide to the numbers occurring with us. The compilation of such figures is not the easy matter a one-order entomologist may presume. Who, for instance, can yet supplement Denny's obsolete account of the PhilopteridaB or Anoplura; can Theobald yet count the Aphidida3 or Bagnall our Thrips ? This was the principal motive for our compilation of the Chalcididae Catalogue ; and the ProctotrypidaB have been touched only by Chitty since 1873. When working on the Victoria History, we attempted a general conspectus, which was roughly : — Coleoptera 3264 Hemiptera 1233 (computing Anoplura at 211) Orthoptera 53 Neuroptera {s.l.).... 443 Lepidoptera 2100 (total hard to come at!) Hymenoptera 4830 Diptera 2577 (excl. italics in Ver. List) 14500 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 29 Two events of imporfcance to our knowledge of the British fauna will, we trust, take place ere long. These are the com- pletion of his very excellent account of the Sawilies by the Eev. F. D. Morice, and the publication by our highest authority upon Heteroptera, E. A. Butler, B.A., B.Sc, of his close investigations into the life-histories and metamorphoses of these most economi- cally injurious insects, of which we are really very ignorant, con- sidering their ubiquity. Douglas and Scott told us little of their earlier stages, because little was known in 1865 ; and Saunders in 1892 was deplorably tied down by his publishers. The extent of sleeping-sickness is yet unknown. Bruce, Hamerton, and Bateman have some interesting observations in the Proc, Eoyal Soc, and find that the water-buck, bush-buck, and reed-buck can easily be infected with the human strain of this disease, Trypanosoma gambiensis, by the bite of the fateful Glossina 'palpalis. Subsequent investigation, however, failed to reveal a trace of the parasites in the antelopes' blood, yet, even more remarkably, the infected animals can transmit the parasite to clean flies, even as long as eighty-one days after the latest attack upon the host by an infected fly. The previously cle*an fly is, too, capable of passing the virus on to other hosts, so that these bucks, living in districts inhabited by Glossina, become potential reservoirs of sleeping-sickness. We anticipate that Mr. Newstead, who is now upon the spot, will find a large proportion of indigenous animals to carry the disease. CM. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Sphinx convolvuli reared from the Egg. — -In the note sent for publication, on October 24th, I mentioned that I had reared S. con- volvuli from ova to pupa (Entom. xliv. p. 407). I have now to record emergence of the moths. The pupae were kept in a temperature of 75°, and on November 7th one imago appeared, another emerged on the 8th, followed by two imagines on the 19th. — G. Nobbs ; North Lodge, E. Gowes, Isle of Wight. Gucullia umbratica reared in September. — From ova ob- tained from a wild female of Gucidlia umhratica in June of this year a number of the larvae fed up and pupated in August, and it may be interesting to record that two specimens emerged during September. The other pupae are going over as is usual. — T. Ashton Lopthouse ; Linthorp, Middlesbrough, December, 1911. Gyaniris argiolus at Reading. — This species was seen in the garden on May 7th last, and a recently emerged specimen was found on a leaf of holly. — H. L. Dolton ; 21, Brunswick Street, Reading. Endromis versicolor in October. — On October 17th, 1911, I found in my breeding cage a female versicolor which had pupated 30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. near Aviemore in July, 1909. For two winters it has been subjected to a temperature of 90° to 140° F. and has finally emerged after ex- posure to cold air on frosty nights in October. This seems to be worthy of record as an unusual time of emergence. — Charles Mellows ; Bootham School, York, November 2nd, 1911. Formalin a Eemedy for Mould on Cabinet Specimens. — There is no doubt that the above is an excellent remedy for mould, but I would warn entomologists who may be tempted to use it that it is almost impossible to relax an insect that has at any time been subjected to it. I speak from bitter experience, as quite half a large collection of Lepidoptera brought home from the tropics was quite ruined, in spite of the skill and care exercised by an experienced setter. — N. Manders, Lieut. -Colonel ; London. Abnormal Emergence op Pieris rap^. — Yesterday afternoon (December 19th), when passing a greengrocer's shop here, I noticed a Pieris rapce, on the inside of the window. Entering the shop, I boxed the specimen, and found it to be a freshly emerged female of the spring form. — (Eev.) J. E. Tarbat ; Fareham, Hants. Notes on " Micro " Lepidoptera in South Devon. — In the course of a short visit to Paignton early in August, 1911, I took the following " Micros" near Paignton : — Pyrausta aurata, P. lourimralis, Botrijs asinalis, PteropJiorus monodactylus, Crambics geniculeus, Tor- trix unifascia7ia, Peronea sponsana, P. schalleriana, P. variegana, E'upoecilia angustana, Depressaria arenella, D. subpropinquella, D. applana, D. albipunctella, and Bryotropha terrella, not a large list, certainly, but the weather was not conducive to much energy. Mr. E. A. Atmore has kindly helped to identify doubtful specimens. I was fortunate in capturing a good specimen of Aventia flexida, which flew out of a hedge I was beating. — G. W. Mason ; Barton- on-Humber. Lepidoptera at Burnley. — On June 6th I captured a specimen of Cidaria silaceata, which is new to our local list. On June 10th I took a male Nemeophila plantaginis, a species I had not seen here for several years. On August 26th Celcena hmoorthii was fairly common on the moors, also a few Polia chi, but the season seems to have been a bad one for the latter here. By September 4th both G. haiu- orthii and P. chi were very nearly over, while Tapinostola fulva was flying at dusk, and Oporabia filigrammaria was found on rocks and walls. According to previous dates all these moorland species were a fortnight earlier than usual. — W. G. Clutten ; 132, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley. Lepidoptera and Odonata in South Cornwall. — A list of Lepidoptera seen or taken during last August in the Penzance district may be of interest. With the exception of one dull rainy day, the whole period was fine and hot, with brilliant sunshine during the day- time. During the first half of the month attention was chiefly directed to the district of the Try Valley, lying midway between Penzance and Gurnard's Head. Of butterflies, Lycana alexis, Chrysophamis phlceas (one nice dark specimen), Epinephele tithonus, Pararge egeria, P. megara, and Satyrus semele were common, together with all three NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 31 Pierids and a few Ccenonympha pamphilus. A fair sprinkling of Pyranieis atalanta was noticed on the flower-heads of Ewpatoriuvi, several Vanessa urticcB, and one or two worn Argynnis paphia. No varieties of E. tithonus similar to the Millook specimens were noted. At sugar the following insects were observed : Axyliaputris, Luperina c(E.spitis, Leucania pallens, L. lithargyria, Acidalia marginepunctata {promutata), Riisina tenebrosa, L^cperina testacea, Charaxes graminis (abundant), Plusia festuca, TriphcBna iantJmia, Noctua plecta (abun- dant), Agrotis saucia, A. segetum, A. suffusa, Plusia chrysitis, Gonoptera Uhatrix, Caradrina cubicularis, Noctua c-nigrum (common), Stilbia anomala (one male), Euplexia lucipara, Eupithecia jasioneata (two worn), E. virgaureata (3), Hydroscia micacea, Calymnia affinis and swarms of Phlogophora meticulosa and Plusia gamma. Neuronia popularis was a pest at light, flying punctually at 9.30 every evening. The dragonflies Gordulegaster annulatus and C. virgo were common along the course of the River Try. One of the former species hovering poised above the water was observed to fly backwards every now and then in small vertical arcs, having a versed sine of about six to nine inches. When performing this evolution the wings ap- peared to vibrate much more rapidly than during the forward flight ; this particular specimen when captured was engaged in eating a small crambid moth (?tristellus). The latter half of the month was devoted to working the cliifs. A sprinkling of Polia nigrocincta, both male and female, turned up at sugar between 8 p.m. and 8.30 p.m. One Bryophila perla and B. glandifera at rest on rocks. Some half dozen larvae of Sesia musciformis (philanthiformis) were extracted from clumps of thrift, three larvae being obtained from one plant. Curiously enough, the dwarf meagre plants did not appear to be tenanted, and many of them growing in chinks of rocks appeared to have succumbed to the heat. Jasionc montana abounds in the district, and several larvae of Eupithecia jasioneata were taken from the seed heads. By far the largest number was met with inland, away from the cliffs. The larvae of this species appear to move from one seed head to another in the evening, commencing about 7.30 in August, but this migration also seems to take place in the morning about 7, when there has been an early shower, and the seed heads of Jasione have become soaked. A tenanted or former tenanted seed head can be instantly detected by the " give " of the crown when taken between the finger and thumb. The larvae varied considerably in colouring. Ivy blossom was all but out on August 30th. The temperature each evening about 8 o'clock varied between the limits of 68° F. and 75° F., the average humidity at the same time being 59. — G. B. Kershaw ; West Wickham, Kent. Notes on Lbpidoptera in the Poechester district op Hants. — It might be of interest to record a few of the captures in this locality during the past summer, which has been an un- usually good one for Hght, though sugar was completely useless till the second week in August. At light the most prominent were : Smerinthus ocellatus, June 3rd ; Phragmatobia fuUginosa, July 30th ; Drepana hamula, May 17th ; Notodonta dictcea, May 18th ; N. trepida, May 27th ; Dnjmonia chaonia, May 17th ; D. dodoncea, 32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. May 31st ; Leucania straviinea, August 27th ; Nonagria gemini- piincta, July 29th ; Neuria saponaria, June 29th ; Agrotis cincrea, May 27th (this species was first observed to occur on Portsdown Hill by Mr. A. E. Bunas, of Portsmouth, who was fortunate enough to capture six specimens during this month) ; Lujjerina ccBsjntis, August 27th; Dianthcecia carpophaga (the very pale form), June 13th, and again in August ; Cucullia lychnitis, May 24th ; Plusia iota, June 30th ; Acontia luctuosa, July 28th ; Ennomos fuscantaria, September 12th ; Geometra vernaria, July 7th ; Emmelesia taniata, August 5th ; and Lohoplwra viretata, May 31st. More than one specimen of the majority of these was taken, though in each instance the earliest date of capture is given ; I had a light burning in one of my upstairs windows throughout the summer, and over two hundred species were attracted. During June the campion flowers {Silene inflata) growing on the hillside proved a prolific hunting-ground at dusk, Leucania comma, Mamestra sordida, Agrotis corticea, Neuria saponaria, Diantlimcia cap)sincola, D. cucubali, D. conspersa, Hecatera serena, Hadcna, dentina, Cucullia umhratica, Plusia chrysitis, and P. iota, all coming freely, whilst the large tract of forest-land around Southwick, on the far side of the hill, though only visited twice by day and three times at dusk, gave amongst others, Argynnis eiqjhrosyne (including a remarkable black suffused variety), Nemeobius lucina, Thecla rubi, Nemeopliila plantaginis, Gomacla scnex, Cybosia mesomella, Drepana hamula, D. unguicula, LopJiopteryx camelina (in cop. on an oak- trunk), Cymatophora duplaris, Leucania pudorina, Erastria fuscula, Toxocampa pastinuvi, Ellopia prosapiaria, Eurymene dolobraria, Pericallia syringaria, Epione advenaria, Boarmia lichenaria, Phoro- desma pustulata, and Hydrclia sylvata; also Plusia pulchrina at flowers of ragged robin {Lychnis flos-cuculi). Sugar, as has before been stated, was a complete failure up till the second week in August, but between then and the first week in October over seventy species put in an appearance, including Bryo- phila muralis, Nonagria lutosa, Hydrxcia imludis, H. viicacea, Mamestra abjecta, Miana litcrosa, Caradrina ambigua, Dianthcecia cticubali, Hadena suasa, Xylina semibmnnca (on September 16th), Abrostola tripartita, Gatocala nupta, and several Geometers; as my "round " was confined to the limits of an ordinary " villa" garden, I was more than satisfied with the results. Needless to say there was the usual multitude of things at dusk along the hedgerows during May, June and July, but these cannot be dealt with at length. Ghcerocampa p)orcellus and Acidalia emutaria were possibly the surprise captures among the host that was netted every night. Sphinx convolvuli also made its appearance at odd places in the village in September. The usual swarms of larvaB of Triphcena fimbria, Aplecta nebidosa, Boarmia rcpandata, &c., were to be beaten at night from the sallows in the spring, whilst by day those of Arctia villica were to be obtained by careful searching, sunning themselves on the rough herbage below the hedgerows in most of the lanes leading up on to the down. On the whole the district would appear to be an exceedingly interesting one, and one that would well repay careful study of its NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 33 lepidopterous fauna, more especially if more time than I have at my disposal could be devoted to collecting in the earlier stages, when I have no doubt many more unexpected species v^ould be brought to light. — Leslie H. Mosse Eobinson ; Margaret Villa, Porchester, Hants. Second Broods of Agrotis 'Exclamationis, &c. — There are several notices in the ' Entomologist ' for last year of second broods of this species, which some of the writers seem to think is an unusual occurrence. I have always considered it as a second-brood insect in this neighbourhood, and should be much surprised if I did not meet with it at sugar in August and September. It is generally very abundant, but this year was not as plentiful as usual, though some other double-brood species simply swarmed, and this was quite a feature of the past abnormal season. The moth which in point of numbers headed the list was Leucania pallens ; it began to appear about the middle of August, and on the night of the 26th every sugared post was covered with them ; there was a large proportion of the red variety amongst them, and a great many were remarkably small examples, one or two being the smallest I have ever met with, being only one inch in expanse of wing. The following were also very abundant, in the order they are named: — N. c-nigrum, N. ruhi, and A. imta, and of other second-brood species, A. segeUmi, N. i^lecta, P. meticulosa, H. suasa, H. chenopodii, and T. orhona were fairly plentiful. T. pronuba was seen from early June until the end of September, and I fancy it is more or less continuously brooded throughout the summer. I also noticed a few each of H. oleracea, M. hrassiccB, and A. psi, and on September 7th one A. rumicis. The last-named is sometimes numerous in the autumn, and I have seen the larvas late in October. Of Geometrae the most noteworthy was the abundance of T. amataria. On July 26th I found it in great numbers among broom on an old railway bank ; this of course must have been a second brood. I did not note the date the first was captured, but it was some day towards the end of May. From August 23rd until the end of the month I bred about two dozen from ova laid by the July moths ; this would be a third brood, and at the same time the moths were swarming in openings in woods where there was a strong growth of Ghenopodmm. I had a large number of larvae from three or four different females, but most of these are hybernating. A. emarginata was more numerous than I have ever seen it, and was most abundant towards the end of July, at which date they were much worn — these I have no doubt were a second brood. Some ova were obtained, and the larvae fed up rapidly, and were full grown by the beginning of September. The first moths emerged on the 21st of that month, and the last on October 17th — about forty were bred; these would be a third brood. A. dimidiata was also very plentiful. I have no note of the date the first was seen, but I ob- tained a few ova about the middle of July ; the first moth appeared on August 21st, and the last September 21st ; none of the larvas attempted to hybernate. A. incanata was abundant throughout the summer. I fancy there is always a succession of broods of this little ENTOM. — JANUARY, 1912. D 34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. species. The last was noticed on September 14th. A. emutaria was very scarce ; it is much rarer here than formerly on account of the encroachments of the sea and the destruction of the sea-banks and contiguous marshes. I netted the first on July 4th, a male ; trod up a female on the 8th of the same month, and obtained a small batch of ova which hatched on 22nd, aad another female a few days after I took the first one, and got another laying. About half a dozen of the larvae fed up rapidly, and the moths emerged the end of August, but the bulk of the larvae are hybernating. Of other species of Geometrae the second broods of C. ferrugata, G. unidentaria, E.pumi- lata, and E. oblongata swarmed, and I found the larvae of the last in great abundance upon chamomile when I was sweeping for larvae of C. chamomilla on July 6th.— Gervase F. Mathew ; Lee House, Dovercourt, December 18th, 1911. Butterfly Notes from Heidelberg. — From July 14th until August 3rd, 1911, I was on a visit to Heidelberg, and, although not systematically working the district, the following notes on the butter- flies met with may be of some interest. During the whole period the weather was intensely hot ; the shade temperature in the town on more than one occasion rose to over 100° F., and the sun shone brilliantly every day. The collecting grounds may be roughly classi- fied thus : — (1) The forest-covered hills on both sides of the Neckar, including on the left bank the Konigstuhl (1865 ft.), the Geisberg (1230 ft.), with the small intervening valley, the Klingenteich, running down to the town; on the right bank the Heiligenberg (1455 ft.). These hills are clothed with beech, chestnut, and pine woods, with some oak and other forest trees. There is practically no open land. On the lower slopes on the Heiligenberg are some vineyards and many fruit orchards. (2) The lower lying ground between the woods and the banks of the Neckar, extending up the river valley. This land is cultivated and grass land. (3) The level cultivated land of the Ehine plain beyond the mouth of the Neckar Valley. Arriving late in the afternoon, I found the garden of the hotel swarming with Pararge egeria, its markings being well defined and light in colour. Subsequent experience showed that this species far outnumbered any other butterfly seen. It was everywhere — in town, woods, gardens, hills, and valleys — and could not be got away from. In one lane, where some fruit had fallen, it swarmed so much that the insects were jostling one another to get at the rotten fruit. Pieris brassiccs was abundant generally, but napi was the predominant white, chiefly of a richly marked form. Although many "whites" were netted on sus- picion and released, I am not sure that I actually identified a single rapcB ; at any rate, they were relatively rare. In the gardens also Polygonia c-album was the characteristic Vanessid. It looked very brilliant in the sunshine, but evidently a little passA, as it was difli- cult to get perfect specimens. Goneptcryx rhamni occurred generally, more common in some of the woods, but most in the plain, especially where clover or veitch was cultivated. An occasional V. io appeared in the garden. Visits to the Heiligenberg on July 17th and 18th were interesting. In the woods at lower levels a few E. hyperanthus were met with, NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 35 but was not common, possibly over. Cyaniris argiolus about some ivy. ClirysopJianus phlceas, H. sylvanus, P. egeria, everywhere, even in the darkness of the pine woods. P. c-alhum here and there, but more common within easy distance of orchards and gardens. At the summit of the HeiHgenberg is the ruin of St. Michael's basihkon, forming a small space in the otherwise dense woods. This space formed a sort of sun bath for the insects from the surrounding woods to enjoy themselves in, and in an hour or so spent here most of the species could be reviewed. Papilio machaon in fresh condition dived down from the tree tops at one end and traversed the open space low down, rising again at the other end to depart over the ruined tower. A single L. sinapis was taken here. Zephyrus quercus came from the trees and flew about the ruins. P. megcera also on the walls. One or two Epinephele ianira occurred near here, but altogether I saw very few in the whole district. From the top of the view tower it was an interesting sight to watch with a field glass the numerous specimens of P. maciiaon flying about and resting on the tops of the chestnut trees. (A fine full fed larva of Deilephila euphorbicB was picked up crossing a forest path.) A visit to the Geisberg on July 22nd added Argynnis paphia to the list, also Satyrus semde and Vanessa urtica. (Psilura monacha common on tree-trunks in pine woods.) On the same afternoon, while in the churchyard at the old town of Dilsberg, a fine male Apatura iris floated in front of me, and in the valley at Neckarsteinach ^4 rasc/wwa levana turned up, also several Theclas and "blues," but having no net handy I was unable to take them for identification. A single Golias liyale was subsequently taken on the river bank. On July 24th I explored the cultivated land of the Ehine plain beyond Neuenheim. Here one had the rough cart roads between the orchards and patches of corn, clover, &c. ; also railway banks, the banks of the Neckar, and a few dyke or drain sides. Certain butterflies were very numerous, especially on the clover or veitch. These patches were alive with, roughly in order, P. napi, P. hrassicce, G. rhamni, C. hyale, of which a good series was soon obtained in perfect condition. An occasional Vanessa urticce, and V. io. Also about the banks and roads were taken P. machaon, P. megcera, P. egeria, H. sylvanus, H. linea, L. alexis, and an occasional G. pamphilus. On this date V. antiopa was first seen. July 26th, over the Heiligenberg to the valley of Siebernmuhlen. Several V. antiopa in fine fresh condition were noted, and V. io and V. urticcB getting more common. In one spot where the wood had been partially cleared L. sinapis was found abundant and fresh. Egeria still common, but getting shabby. Megcera increasing. Lyccena argiades taken on a rough bank by the roadside. July 27th P. mcera appeared in the hotel garden, and was soon common in various locaUties, in company with the now abundant P. megcera. On July 28th, and other occasions, the Klingenteich valley behind the town was visited : a small, partially open spot a little below the Molkenkur was found an excellent hunting ground. Besides many species already mentioned, Zephyrus betulce was taken, and several D 2 36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. A. levana (prorsa). It was almost pathetic to watch the insects trying to get some moisture out of dried-up stream beds. In one spot near here tliere had been a shght leakage from a water-pipe by the roadside, causing a moist patch in the dust. Here assembled were three V. antiojM, some other common butterflies, and possibly thousands of small and large dipterous and other thirsty insects. V. atalanta appeared on July 29, and antiopa was now common. On the Konigstuhl, near the Kohlhof, a solitary A. latonia was netted, and walking thence to Neckargemund, many species were found common. From Neckargemund along the low-lying land bordering the Neckar as far as Schlierbach are several favourable spots for collecting, but owing to the drought the grass land was so scorched that no doubt conditions were not so favourable. A visit earlier in the season would be more productive of Lyca^nidge, &c. The usual clover insects were seen, also P. machaon. L. dorilis was netted, and also P. semiargus. I had no other opportunity of returning to this rather promising locality. I find that my total list of butterflies taken or noted amounts to thirty-two, and this no doubt might have been extended considerably by further exploration and information as to localities. My collecting was limited to what could be done during morning walks in the near neighbourhood, and as it was almost my first experience of Continental butterfly hunting, it proved of much interest to me. There may be some readers of similar limited ex- perience whom these rough notes may interest. — E. Octavius Croft, M.D., F.E.S. ; 28, Clarendon Koad, Leeds, August 31st, 1911. Collecting in North Devon in 1909-1910. — Having had the privilege of spending some short holidays at an out-of-the-way spot in North Devon, some notes of my captures may be of interest. My first visit in 1909 only extended over three days. May 29th, 30th, and 31st, but the weather being fairly propitious, the following species were taken or noticed : — EupitJiecia imlchcllata, Campto- gramma fiuviata (taken after a rain-storm at 3 p.m. at rest on flowers of Anthyllis vulneraria growing on the clifi's on the shore). I be- lieve this species is very seldom found in the perfect state. Sericoris littoralis flying amongst Statice armeria, Pyrodes rhediella flying in the morning sunshine over hawthorn, Phalonia {Ewpoicilia) atricapitana amongst ragwort {Senccio jacohcea), Adela fibulella sunning itself on the flowers of the germander speedwell {Vero7iica chamcBdrys), Chryso- clista aurifrontella, Lampronia hizella (on the wing at 11 a.m.) and several larvse of Lasiocampa quercus feeding on bramble in the hedge- rows, and also larvse of Ehulea crocealis on the leaves of Inula dyson- terica. Quite a feature of the said hedgerows were the flowers of the red robin or campion {Lychnis diurna), which I had never previously seen so brilliant or luxuriant. My second visit in the same year extended from July 27th until August Idth. In the morning of July 28th on some rough ground above the cliffs I took Aristotelia {Monochroa) tenebrella, Satyrus semele, Acalla holmiana, and Epiblema trigeminana, whilst in the afternoon in a typical Devonshire lane I netted one Lampronia luzella (presumably a double-brooded species) flying in the sunshine, and beat one Lithosia cojnplanula out of a hawthorn hedge. In the evening amongst rag- NOTES AND OBSEKVATIONS. 37 wort on the sandhills, two worn specimens of Cydia nigromaculana were taken at dusk. The next day my exertions were rewarded with Euxanthis zagana, Pyrcmsta stachydcdis (disturbed at mid-day from a mass of tangled herbage including bracken, Stachys sylvatica, &c., growing at the back of the sandhills), Notarcha ruralis, Alucita litho- clactyla at rest on a flower of Inula dysenterica and Becurvaria (Brachycrossata) cinerella amongst grass on the sandhills. On July 30th, in the lanes near the sea, Plicdonia rwpicola was taken on the hedge near E^tpatoriiim cannabinum; Notocelia rohorana and Epi- hlcma trigeviinana were beaten out ; and on the sandhills amongst ragwort I netted Phalonia atrica-pitana and several Coleophora laripennella; amongst heather a male Plebeius argits (cegon), Peronea aspcrsana, and Pseudopanthcra obscuraria ; and amongst marram grass Gchchia politella and G. marmorea. On July 31st, in one of the aforesaid lanes bordered with furze bushes on one side and black- thorn on the other, two fresh specimens of Phalonia {AvgyroUpia) hadiana were boxed as they sat on the furze in the afternoon between 3 and 4 p.m. Subsequent search revealed the food-plant Arctia lappa in an adjoining meadow. Another specimen of P. badiana was netted at 8 p.m. in a lane near by. Other captures that day were Hydriomena decolorata, Orneodes hexadactyla (poly- dactyla), Euxanthis (Xanthosetia) zoegana, Eurliodope {Bhodophoea) advenella, Acalla (Dictyopteryx) hohniana, and Epiblcma {EpJiippi- phora) trigeminana. The morning of August 1st was wet, but the heavy downpour ceased about 1 p.m., and by 2 p.m. the sun was struggling to shine through the mist. A female Lasiocampa quercus, newly emerged in a cardboard box covered with leno, being placed in the window of a front room overlooking the sandhills, attracted several males, of which ten were taken either in the room or just out- side the window. In the evening between 9 and 10, at flowers of ragwort, Agrotis tritici (variable), Triphana inter jecta, Caradrina alsines and Leucania pallens were secured. Other species observed included Gatoptria cana and Gelectria domestica. On August 2nd in the lanes about a mile inland the beating stick dislodged Hydriomena {Melanippe) unangulata, H. dotata {pyraliata), P. badiana, Eupmcilia roseana, Stigvionota compositella, A. hohniana, and E. trigeminana, and in the evening, Brachmia gerronella and Idiographis inopiana (flying low just before 9 p.m. amongst Inula dysenterica). August 3rd produced several specimens of Acalla hohniana (beaten from blackthorn bushes at the back of the sandhills), Euchelia jacobcsce, Lampronia luzella, H. unangulata, Depressaria purpurea, Crambus perlellus, Blabophanes ferruginella, Symmoca {(Ecogenia) quadripuncta, Goleophora laripennella, and Lithocolletis faginella. The next day Anthrocera filipendulos, A. hohniana, Stigmonota compositella, and Gracilaria tringipennella amongst ribwort plantain {Plantago lanceolata) were taken. The only cap- ture of note on August 5th was Stenia punctalis—^\x specimens of which were secured on the cliffs at sunset. The next day three Tinea argent imaculella were taken flying at about 6 p.m. over an old wall about a mile from the coast, whilst a little further on at the roadside Goleophora discordella was netted. 38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. August 7th was one of the hottest days of the year, and a visit to the sandhills resulted in the capture of Cramhus uliginosellus (dis- turbed from the clumps of tall rushes), C. tristellns, one Anthrocera filipendulcs var. with a pink hind wing, Peronea aspersana, Phalonia roseana, P. atricapitana, Sciaphila conspersana, Tortrix ictericana, and Symmoca {(Ecogenia) quadripuncta on the wall inside the light- house. On August 8th in the evening I took Sericoris littoralis amongst Statice armcria on the cliffs. I visited the sandhills again on the 9th at dusk and took Alucita litJiodactyla, Cramhus uligino- sellus, Phalonia {Eupoecilia) atricapitana, Depressaria alstrcemcr- iana, and Acrolcpia granitella. Dicrorampha simpliciana was flying freely amongst Artemisia vulgaris at 8 p.m. on the 10th and a good series was soon boxed, and earlier in the day Ennychia cingulalis, C. nigromaculana, and CEcophora lamhdella were the best species obtained. The only new species noticed on the 11th was Depressaria suhpropinquella. On the 12th a further visit to the sandhills only produced Cramhus genicideus in addition to those species already mentioned. As we were leaving the next day, the 13th was devoted to setting my captures and packing up. After doing so a final walk round the cliffs added Acidalia marginepuncta and Adactylus (Ag- distis) hcnnetti to my list. The latter was flying between 8 and 9 p.m. amongst the spathulate sea lavender {Statice hinervosa). It was very much paler than specimens from Mr. Ovenden, of Rochester, and appeared to be the form described by Mr. Tutt (vol. V. p. 137) as (2) "Whitish grey with four black dots on the disc = ab. grisea typica, n. ab. This species does not appear to have been previously recorded for Devon. We had no rain after August 1st, the weather being brilliantly fine during the remainder of our visit. In 1910 I was prevented from visiting the neighbourhood until July 29th, and between that date and my return home on August 12th, the following species were taken, in addition to most of those already- mentioned : — Hypermecia angustana, Gelechia domestica, Butalis grandipennis (on the road below a bank where some dwarf furze bushes grew), Hedya aceriana (at rest on white poplar trees and fences in a garden), Argyresthia alhistria, Lita maculea (beaten from hedge in a lane), Goleophora alcyonipennella (brought into the house amongst knapweed flowers), Eupitliecia coronata, Phalonia rupicola, Cerostoma vittclla, Laverna atra, L. ochraceella, Stignionota coniposi- tella, Chrosis alcella, Lithosia complanula. Prays curtisellus, Argyris- thia andereggiella, Peronea variegana, Catoptria ulicetana, Litho- colletis cmherizipennella, Anerastia lotella, Selenia hilunaria, P. ohs- curaria, Euholia hipunctaria, Depressaria nanatella, D. ap'plana, Homoiosoma sinuclla, Ochsenheimeria hirdella (on bedroom window curtain at 7.30 p.m., a very unusual time and place for this species), Penthina gcntiana {on the wing at 1 p.m. amongst teazle), Orthotania ericetana (in a clover field in the afternoon), Miniasioptilus hiptuncti- dactyla, Miana literosa (at ragwort flowers at 7 p.m.), Spilonota incarnatana (sitting on the leaves of Bosa spinosissivia at sunset), Coleophora alhitarsella (at rest on a fern leaf in a hedge in the after- noon), C. laricella, Cramhus inquinatellus, Xylophasia rurea, Miana bicoloria, Gelechia desertella, G. marmorea, Argyresthia spiniella, SOCIETIES. 39 Eucosoma (Catoptria) scopoliana, E. fulvana, E. expallidana, Elac- hista atricomniella, E. nigrella, and E. subnigrella. The weather was most unfavourable, rough winds and rain prevailing most of the time. In fact August 10th was the only day during the fortnight free from rain : it was brilliantly fine, and about the hottest day experienced during a very disappointing summer. In conclusion, my grateful thanks are due to Mr. Edward Meyrick, P.E.S., for his kindness in identifying many of the species. — C. Granville Cluttebuck, F.E.S. ; Heathside, Heathville Eoad, Gloucestershire, November 13th, 1911. Erratum. — Entom. xliv. p. 381, 18th line from top, read : to the posterior surface of the mesothorax, instead of posterior centre of the anal segment, in next line. SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, October 18th, 1911. — ^The Kev. F. D. Morice, President, in the chair. — The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society : — Mr. Sidney Howard Cotton, 1a, Chesterfield Street, Mayfair ; Captain J. J. Jacobs, E.E., 2, Southport Street, Gibraltar ; Mr. Kunui Khunan, M.A., Assistant Entomologist to the Government of Mysore, Bangalore, South India ; Dr. Ivan Clarkson Maclean, M.D., B.Sc, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 28, Hill Street, Knightsbridge, S.W. ; Mr. Frank Taylor, The Technological Museum, Sydney, New South Wales. — Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited a pair of each of the following species : — Tachyris melania, Fabr., T. celestina and Gatophaga ega, Boisd., and remarked that Fabricius's type was preserved in the Banksian Cabinet, where it may still be seen, and that Mr. G. A. Waterhouse has now sent home specimens which are undoubtedly of the species described by Fabricius and represented by Donovan, which is not a Gatophaga allied to ega ot paulina, but a Tachyris belonging to the group which contains T. celestina and T. nero. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon, a living larva of Golias nastes var. loerdandi which he had bred from an ovum deposited by a female captured at Abisko, in Swedish Lapland ; the natural food- plant is Astragalus alpinus, L., but in captivity the larva fed upon white clover. — Mr. W. J. Lucas, two specimens of Nemoptera hipennis, Illig. {kcsitanica. Leach), taken by Mr. A. H. Jones; one in the cork woods at Almorima, Spain, on May 5th, 1911, and the other at Linea, Gibraltar, on the 28th ; also a specimen of Lertha barhara, Klug. taken by Mr. H. Powell at Aflou, Oran, Algeria, on June 30th, 1911. Mr. Lucas also exhibited a large specimen of Sirex noctilio, taken by himself at Leith Hill, Surrey, walking on the road, on September 8th, 1911. — Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe, a species of Coleo- ptera new to Britain, Lesteva luctuosa, Fauvel, wlT,ich he had taken in moss in a waterfall on the high ground in the Isle of Eigg, near Mull, on September 17th, 1911.— Mr. H. M. Edelsten showed some bred specimens of Erastria venustula ; the larvae had fed readily on flowers of Potentilla tormentilla, and on garden forms of Potentilla, 40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. strawberry, and bramble blossoms, and later on lettuce leaves, which they seemed to prefer. They pupated below the surface of the ground in a strong cocoon. — Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited a male and two females of a "stick-insect" (? Lonchodes sp.), which is usually par- thenogenetic. Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse said he had bred three gene- rations of this Phasmid and had had many hundreds of specimens, and he congratulated Mr. Blair on having the only male he had ever seen or heard of. — Dr. K. Jordan exhibited forty-six forms of Delias from three mountain-ranges of New Guinea. Whereas in other districts of the Oriental Region at the most seven or eight species (generally four to six) may be found in any locality, a surprising number are met with in the mountains of New Guinea from 3000 or 4000 ft. up- wards. In suitable localities of the Owen Stanley Range no fewer than twenty-four species have been obtained, of which eighteen are confined to the higher altitudes. — The Rev. A. Miles Moss, the following Sphingids from Para : — Amphimcca walkeri, IsognatJms excelsior, Gravimodia caicus, with pupa spun up in a leaf ; Hemero- planes inuus, Epistor gorgon, male and female ; Pholus phorbas, Xylojjhanes nechus, with chrysalis, and X. cosmius, female, the first known specimen of this sex.- — The President mentioned that the University of Cambridge had decided to appoint a Demonstrator in Medical Entomology. Wednesday, November 1st. — The Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., Presi- dent, announced that the Council proposed Fr. Eric Wasmann, of Valkenburg, Holland, as Honorary Fellow in the place of the late Herr P. C. T. Snellen, of Rotterdam, and Prof. J. H. Comstock, of Cornell University, U.S.A., for the vacancy caused by the death of Dr. S. H. Scudder, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, both of whom were then elected. The following gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society :— Messrs. T. J. Anderson, Teaninich, Craig Millar, Midlothian ; Edward Bernard Ashby, 33, Park Road, Whitton, Middlesex ; W. A. Lambourn, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Omi Camp, Lagos, West Africa; J. Jackson Mounsey, 24, Glencairn Crescent, Edin- burgh.— Dr. Nicholson showed a specimen of Aleochara dzsciiJennis, Muls. and Rey, taken in the early part of this year from moss in a small wood at Alphington, Devon. — Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, a terato- logical specimen of the rare beetle Triarthron maerheli, swept in the Wellington College district this summer. It has the two last joints of left antenna completely soldered together, making a two- jointed instead of a three-jointed club. Also a specimen of Longi- tarsus melanoceiihaliLS (?) taken by Mr. J. Collins at Oxford, with legs and tarsi remarkably thickened. — Mr. W. J. Lucas, five specimens, three males and two females, of Panorpa germanica, taken by Col. Yerbury, four at Dingwall in May and one at Lochinver in July. One male is practically immaculate, and the other two nearly so ; the female from Dingwall is sparsely spotted, while the one from Loch- inver is more nearly normal. — Mr. C. J. Gahan, a hving specimen of Aspidomori^ha silacea, Boh., an African species of Cassididse, which had. been sent by Mr. G. St. John Mildmay from Nyah in British East Africa on October 7th, reaching London on October 28th. — Dr. K. Jordan announced that the Polyctenidse contained in the col- lection of the British Museum, which are parasitic on bats in the 7 w/aLF SOCIETIES. 41 tropics, are viviparous like the parasitic Ortliopteron Hemimcrits. The young are born at a very advanced stage, but yet differ con- siderably from the adult. Two of the forms {spasmce, and talpa) described as distinct species, and lately placed in two different genera, are immature and adult examples of the same species. — Mr. Harwood exhibited two specimens of Micrurula melanoccphala taken near Bishop's Stortford by sweeping in the evening, which he believed to be var. bnmnea, Heer ; also two specimens of Ocijims cyaneus taken by Mr. W. H. Harwood at Colchester, one in May and the other in June of this year, the first specimens taken in the district for nineteen years ; also a species of Coccinella taken in a case of Tasmanian apples at Colchester. — Mr. H. Eltringham, specimens of African Acrteas, to show that wide differences of colour and pattern may occur in a single species, and, conversely, that certain species which can scarcely be distinguished by their outward appear- ance are nevertheless very distinct, as shown by the structure of the male armature. Several new species and forms were also shown, in- cluding A. lofua, Eltr., male and female ; A. grosvenori, Eltr., male ; A. aureola, Eltr., male; A. ella, Eltr., male; A. cinerea subsp. alberta, Eltr., male ; A. ijerii^hanes f. acritoides, Eltr., male ; and A. astrigera f. bnmnea, Eltr., male and female. Dr. Jordan remarked on the extreme variability of the genus and its allies, geographically, indi- vidually, and even in the characters of the genitalia. — Mr. Bethune- Baker remarked on the unrehability of the genitalia in certain Lycaenidge. — The President stated that the male genitalia were, as a rule, reliable in the Aculeata, but in the Tenthredinidse the male genitalia were quite useless for specific determination, though the females afford excellent characters. — The Hon. Walter Rothschild remarked on the identity of the male genitalia in certain distinct species of Macroglossinas.— Com. Walker read a paper on " The Effect of Temperature on Animal (especially Insect) Life," by A. G. Butler, Ph.D., F.L.S. — The following papers were also communi- cated : — " Parthenogenesis in Worker Ants, with special Reference to two Colonies of Lasius niger, Linn.," by W. C. Crawley, B.A. ; " A Monograph of the genus Acrcea," by H. Eltringham, M.A., F.Z.S. — George Wheeler, M.A., Hon. Sec. The South London Entobiological and Natural History Society.— Oc^ofter 12th, 1911.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. H. R. Sweeting, M.A., of S. Woodford, was elected a member. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited bred and captured series of Lithosia deplana, in which some of the former were much darker than usual. — Mr. Barrett, three series, one taken many years ago, one in 1909, and one this year ; the 1909 were generally darker in colour but not so dark as Mr. Kaye's bred specimens, although several specimens were without the yellow costa of the fore wings. — Mr. Barrett, also a Xylina furcifera (conformis) taken in 1904 in the east of England, and an example bred in S. Wales in 1876, by Evan John. The latter was var. suffusa, Tutt. — Mr. Sich, specimens of Gracilaria syringella bred from PhUlyrea media, a food-plant not hitherto recorded. — Mr. R. Adkin, an example of Tortrix podana bred on September 13th from a pupa taken in a shoot of Euonymus at 42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Eastbourne, and reported that the Eev. W. Claxton had reared several specimens in mid-September. — Mr. B. H. Smith, a specimen of Sterrha sacraria, female, taken by him just recently near the Lizard, and a Bumicia jMcsas with right fore wing ab. schmidtii. — Mr. Dods, the huge cocoons of Philosamia cecropia, all of which had become dark brown in colour except one which had kept its pure white colour. — Mr. Main said that the grub shown in the Coquillo nut exhibited at last meeting was that of the large " pea weevil," Caryo- borus nuctuoriim, a native of Brazil. — Mr. Blair, specimens of Boreas hiemalis from Stanmore Common, in Essex. — Mr. Blenkarn, many species of Coleoptera taken by him during the season, including Clytus arictis, Cicindela sylvatica, Dytiscus marginalis, Aromia moschata, &c. — Mr. Adkin and others gave their experiences of the season. October 26th, 1911.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair.— The Eev. George Wheeler, M.A., E.Z.S., F.E.S., and Mr. H. B. Wells were elected members. — Mr. Sich exhibited LithocoUetis hortella and L. sylvella, and noted their specific characters and markings. — Mr. Kussell, a Phryxus Uvornica from Purley, three autumn bred specimens of Diacrisia sanio (russula) from Grange over Sands, and recorded a Bithys qiiercus taken on September 1st. — Mr. E. Adkin, a series of Eupithecia subfidvata bred from ova laid by a female taken at Chiswick. — Mr. Moore, a large Cicada taken on a window at Wanstead, and read notes on a Silphid beetle from the Orange Eiver Colony, which in life bore an abundant waxy secretion on its elytra. — Mr. Sheldon, a long and fine series of Colias nastes var. tverdandi taken by him in Lapland. — Mr. Newman, a long and varied series of bred Amorpha poyuli, with three second-brood ex- amples.— Mr. Blair, living male and female specimens of the " stick" insect known as Dixippus morosus, and imagines of the rare Dipteron Boreas hiemalis. — Mr. Baumann, a fine melanic form of Acidalia virgularia from Lewisham. — Mr. Curwen, series of Colias palceno, C. phicomone, C. hyale, and C. edusa from the Swiss Alps, and also melanic forms of Cidaria immanata, Hypsipetes sordidata, and Mania maura. — Mr. Blenkarn, examples of three species of Coleoptera recently recognised as British, viz., Haliplus hcydcni, H. imviaculata, and Gabrius stipes, from the Cotswolds, Lowestoft, and Beckenham, respectively. — Mr. Buckstone, a very remarkable Brcnthis sclene from Wanborough, with almost all the usual markings absent on the upper side. November 9th, 1911.— Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., President, in the chair.— Mr. H. Page, F.E.S., of New Cross, and Mr. W. S. Coxhead, of Clapton, were elected members. — Mr. South, on behalf of the Eev. A. P. Waller, exhibited a series of Leucania reared from ova laid by a female favicolor, half of which were distinctly L. pallens, the rest agreed with the parent or were intermediate, and numerous captured examples for comparison ; also three specimens selected from thirty favicolor that were reared from ova deposited by a pallens-likQ female. — Mr. Newman, a long series of Pyrameis cardui bred from ova and fed up in a hothouse. The female was captured at Folkestone, on September 2nd, and the last imago appeared on October 16th. — - Mr. Kaye, bred specimens of Bumicia pihloeas, forced in a hot- SOCIETIES. 43 house from ova. — Mr. Andrews, the local Diptera Syrplms vittiger, S. lineola, and Scioviyza sim])lex from North Kent. — Mr. Adkin, specimens of Peronea variegana taken in or reared from his own garden, including a second-brood example on October 6th. — Mr. Tonge and Mr. Colthrup, series and specimens of Xylina socia {pctrificata) and X semibrunnea for comparison. One specimen of the latter species was from the New Forest. — Mr. Moore, specimens of the Tsetse Flies (Glossina) from the Lake Chad area, and read notes on them. — Mr. Buckstone, series of Brenthis selene from Surrey, one small and dark from high ground, gravel overlying chalk, mainly in July, the other large and light on low marshy ground clay, mainly in June. — Mr. Carr, a large number of Lepidoptera taken in Shrop- shire during 1910. — Mr. Sich, specimens of Lithocolletis stettinensis from Oxshott. — Mr. Tonge, lantern slides of imagines shortly after emergence of species of the genus JEgeria {Sesia), and also the ova. — Mr. J. P. Barrett, lantern slides of collecting grounds around Mount Etna. — Mr. Main, lantern slides showing details of the life-history and economy of a common millepede. November 23rd. — Annual Exhibition of Varieties, &c. — The Eev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.E.S., was elected a member. — Mr. South exhibited an extreme melanic aberration of Brenthis selene, a dark- banded Zonosoma Uncaria, Bumicia plilceas var. eleiis, B.^hlceas var. schmidtii, a fine series of varieties of Leptogramma literana, &c. — ■ Mr. R. Adkin, two series of aberrations of Abraxas grossulariata, {a) from wild larvee, {b) from inbreeding, a Zonosoma orbicularia with the whole of the wings of a rich red-brown, &c. — Mr. Blenkarn, varied series of Amorpha populi and Bupalus piniaria, and a Brenthis selene almost devoid of transverse markings. — Mr. Newman, a series of Mellinia ocellaris, including the forms similar to M. gilvago and Gitria fulvago, a large number of the more striking varieties from the "Capper" collection, a lemon-tipped ab. of Euchloe cardamines, a Brenthis euphrosyne with black hind wings, a Pyrameis cardui with apex of fore wings largely black, fine abs. of Agriades coridon, &c. — Mr. A. Quarrington, P. cardui with conspicuous blue spots, a yellow Polygonia c-album, A. corydon, with large confluent spots, B. p)hlceas with almost obsolete marginal bands, &c. — Mr. Bright, a drawer containing all the finest extreme varieties from the collection of the late Mr. J. A. Clarke, and a drawer of varieties of Amorpha populi, including a magnificent gynandromorph. — Mr. Turner, a series of Erebia oithiops from Scotch (var. Caledonia) and many Continental localities, a long series of Luperina nickerlii, including a fine series of the gueneei race from Mr. Baxter (St. Anne's-on-Sea), a set of the E. Pyrenean race graslini from M. Oberthiir, and the type form Bohemia, many forms of L. testacea kindly sent him by the same gentleman, from France and Algeria, together with a number of L. dumerilii from the same localities. — Mr. Main, long and fine series of Boarmia repandata bred by the late Mr. Harrison and himself, the results of crossing the dark and conversaria forms. — The Rev. F. D. Morice, the smallest known bee, Geratina parvula, and the largest bee, Xylocopa sp. '? Gilbert White's " Hoop-shaver bee " Anthidium manicatum, the famous " Upholsterer bee " Osmia pajjaveris, SuXid & Mediterranean snail-shell inhabiting bee, 0. ferruyinea, together with 44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. microphotographs of the " saws " of the sawfly genus Dolerus.— The Eev. J. E. Tarbat, Gnophos obscurata from many locaUties, including ochreous and ahnost black forms from the same place, Budleigh Salterton. — Mr. Barnett, a fine varied series of Apamca Icucostigma and var. fibrosa from the Fen District. — Mr. Schooling, a second brood Arctia caja with only an imperfect narrow fascia and a few apical and costal spots of cream colour on the fore wings. — Mr. Colthrup, a very long series of this year's Colias liyalc from E. Kent. — Mr. H. B. Smith, a Melanippe montanata almost white, Catocala nupta with smoky-brown hind wings, three Agrius convolvuli from Warlingham, with specimens of Phryxus livornica, Sterrha sacraria, Laphygma exigua, Plmia ni, and series of Folia xantliomista, and Bumicia j^hlceas, including a partial var. sclwiidtii, all from S. Corn- wall, in September last. — Mr. Sich, the Gelechiid Argyritis pictclla, which used to occur on Barnes Common and, for Mr. Green, Dcpres- saria putridella from its N. Kent habitat. — Mr. W. G. Blair, terato- logical specimens, Mimas tilicB asymmetrical, Carabus catenulatus, with reflex margins of thorax excised, and Pimelia fornicata, right antenna doubly branched, and, for Mr. W. N. Blair, examples of the Medicinal Leech from the New Forest. — Mr. Tonge, stereoscopic slides of lepidopterous ova in situ wild laid, with specimens of the imagines, genera Trochilium and JEgeria, and also varied bred series of Gidaria truncata (russata) and Lobophora viretata. — Mr. Pratt, an extreme dark margined form of Epliyra pendularia. — Mr. Baumann, Hydriomena furcata (sordidata), bred, from Surrey, wdth a black series from Manchester, very pale Dianthoecia carpopliaga from the Sussex coast, &c. — Mr. Scorer, aberrations of B. p)hlceas long-tailed, spotless under side, P. machaon heavily banded, Euchloii cardammcs with white streak through the orange patch, Porthesia similis with black edged costa, Gallimorplia dominula with rounded wings, P. napi male, heavily spotted, &c. — Mr. St. Aubyn, two ab. flava of A. filipen- dulcB from Coulsdon.— The Eev. F. M. B. Carr, a collection made in Mid-Wales last June, including Plusia inter rogationis, a fine varied series, Acidalia fumata, Agrotis lucernea, &c. — Mr. Andrews, dwarf Diptera, Bovibytius major, Eristalix pertinax, and CJirysochlamys cuprea, and, for Mr. Barraud, a teratological specimen of Spilogaster nliginosav^'ith missing fourth longitudinal vein. — Mr. Stanley Edwards Papilionidaa, P. policcnes and allied P. lurlinus and P. nyassinus from Africa compared with P. ajax and P. marcellus, American. — Mr. Piatt Barrett, male and female comparisons of British and Sicilian butterflies, G. rhamni and G. cleopatra, Hipparchia semele and var. algirica, E. jurtina \qx. hispuUa and \d,v. fortunata, a long series of Euchloe damone, sets of geographical forms of Melanargia galatlica, British, Alpine, Apennine, Calabrian, Sicihan, at various elevations, &c. — Mr. Barnett, for Mr. Cannot, a WJieeleria spilodactyla, Fresh- water, with no cleft in fore wings and one only in hind wings. — Mr. Kaye, an unusually large spray of the magnificent orchid Cattleya labiata, five flowers. — Mr. Pickett, results of breeding Angcrona Ijrunaria under coloured muslins, red, pink, orange-yellow and cream with green pattern, and aberrational series of M. galathea, Agriades corydon {semi-syngrapha, obsoleta, striata, minor), &c. — Mr. Sheldon, European Diurni taken by himself in the Kiviera, S. Spain, Digne, SOCIETIES. 45 &c., including fine series of Zegris euphevie var. meridionalis, Thais Tumina var. canteneri var. viedicicasti, and ab. honoratii, Araschnia levana var. prorsa and var. 2^orima^ &c. — Mr. Frisby, nearly all the species of British bees in the genera Andrena and Gilissa. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a drawer of species of Syntomidae he had taken at flowers in S. Brazil, and gave notes on their habits. — Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Beport. Sec. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meeting held at the Royal Institution, Colquitt Street, Liverpool, November 20th, 1911.— Dr. John Cotton in the chair.— Dr. P. F. Tinne read a paper on " The Application of the Lumi6re Process of Colour Photo- graphy to Entomology," and in the course of a most interesting address exhibited a number of colour portraits of Lepidoptera in their native haunts, as well as pictures of places he had visited when in the pursuit of insects. It is quite evident that there is a great future for this class of work as soon as coloured prints can be taken direct from the negatives. — Mr. Robert Tait, Jr., exhibited a fine lot of insects from Braemar, the results of his summer holiday which was spent in that locality. These included a very fine series of Plusia interrogationis, Dasydia obfuscaria, Ccenonympha tiphon, Zygana exulans, Nemeophila plantaginis, and var. hospita, the last being obtained as a partial second brood in October. Varied but smaller series of the following were also shown : — Cidaria populata, C. im- vianata, Goremia munitata, Larentia casiata, and Halia brunneata ; Mr. Tait further contributed an interesting account of his holiday with remarks upon the variation, &c., of the insects captured. — Mr. Wm. Mansbridge exhibited a series of Polia chi, taken in the Huddersfield district on August Bank Holiday, comprising the melanic forms for which that neighbourhood is famous. — Oscar Whittaker and Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sees. The Manchester Entomological Society. — The first meeting of the 1911-12 Session was held in the Manchester Museum, Owens College, on Wednesday, October 4th, Mr. B. H. Crabtree in the chair. The following exhibits were made : — Mr. R. Tait, Jr., a long series of varieties of Abraxas grossulariata, all bred from some two or three hundred larvae from the Huddersfield district ; beautiful series of Boarmia repandata — a black form from North Wales, var. conversaria and the type from South Wales ; series of Diacrisia sanio {russula), Drepana falcataria, Perconia strigillaria, Geometra papili- onaria, Cybosia mesomella, from Wyre Forest, June, 1911 ; Apdecta advena from Monkswood, A. tincta from Wyre Forest, Boarmia roboraria from Monkswood, &c. — Mr. B. H. Crabtree, bred series of Boarmia repandata from Delamere and Cornwall, Ennomos autum- naria from Southend stock, Agrotis ashwortliii from North Wales, Mamestra dissimilis from Manchester ; also a series of Ccenonympha typhon from North Lancashire, Erebia epiphron and Parasemia pilantaginis (with var. hospita) from the mountains near Helvellyn. — Mr. W. P. Stocks, a large number of species taken at Silverdale and Witherslack during June. These included, from Witherslack, series of Ccenonympha typhon, Diacrisia sanio, Acronycta vienyanthidis, Acidalia fumata, Perconia strigillaria, &c. From Silverdale were 46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. CharocamiM elpenor, Niularia mundana, Thyatira batis, XylopJiasia sublustris, Mamestra furva, Aplecta nebulosa (pale form), Mamestra dissimilis, M. contigua, Boarmia repandata (dark, light, and inter- mediate forms), Cucullia uynbratica, &c. — Mr. C. F. Johnspn, series of Asteroscopus nubeculosa from three-year-old pupae ; Dianthoecia capsophila bred from a bag of campion-pods from Howth ; Lopho- pteryx camelina from ova laid on June 10th — these emerged in mid- August and had taken only ten weeks from ovum to imago. — Mr. G. Storey, the following from the breck-sand district of Suffolk : — Dianthoecia irregularis, Emmelesia trabealis {sulphur alls), Acidalia rubiginata, Lithostege griseata. ' From Wicken Fen : Leucania stra- viinea, L. impudens, Cmnobia rufa, Arsilonche albovenosa, Bombycia viviinalis, Bankia argentula, &c., and a dark variety of Strenia clathrata. From Cambridge : Agrotis puta, Mesotype virgata, and Bryopihila glandifera var. impiar. From the New Forest: Boarmia roboraria, Eurymene dolobraria, Diacrisia sanio, and Heniaris fuci- formis. He also showed a female variety of Argynnis selene from Brockenhurst ; a blue female variety of Lyccena corydon from Cam- bridge ; a yellow male variety of Cosmotriche potatoria from Wicken Fen ; a male variety of Saturnia pavonia from Delamere ; and a fine Melanippe fliictuata var. costovata from Brooklands, Cheshire. — Mr. H. Massey, a drawer of Xanthia aurago from Eeading and Worcester. — Mr. Wm. Mansbridge, a fine series of Silenia bilunaria types and var. brunnearia from Delamere, and a series of Aplecta nebulosa bred from robsoni parents from Delamere ; these showed intermediate forms. — Mr. J. H. Watson, living larvae, feeding on rose, of Hylesia muscula, a well-armed Saturnid larva from Brazil, and also a pair of imagines. Newly described forms of the Saturnidas, viz. : — Philo- samia lunula sub. STp.fusca, and Actias selene sub. sp. callandra, both from the Andaman Islands. Caligula japonica and C. simla and a hybrid between them, to which the name of Caligula hybrid salmoni has been given, after Mr. Albert Salmon, who obtained the cross. A remarkable gynandromorphous specimen of Antheraa mylitta, hatched from a cocoon from Bengal. In this portions of the body and sections of the wings are golden yellow like a var. silvalica, the rest of the insect being of the chestnut-red male colour. Portions of each antenna have both male and female pectinations ; the genitalia are chiefly male, but not typical. — Mr. J. C. Cope, examples of Canadian Coleoptera of the following genera : — From Toronto : Pterostichus, Harpalus, Amara, Hydrous, Cybister, Coccinella. From Winnipeg : AncJwmenus, Bembidium, Hister.— -Mr. A. W. Boyd, series of Co&no- nympha typhon from Delamere, Erebia epipthron from Great Gable, Boarmia repandata and Agrotis ashtvorthii from North Wales, Carsia paludata from South Lancashire. November 1st. — Mr. W. Buckley, the President, in the chair. — Mr. E. Tait, Jr., gave a paper on " An Entomological Trip to Braemar," illustrating his remarks with series of the insects captured. These included very long series of Gnophos obfiiscata and Plusia interrogaiionis and fine series of Ccenomjmpha typhon, Zygcena exulans, Goremia munitata (including a partial second brood), Tham- monoma brimneata, Lygris populata (very varied), and Parasemia plantaginis types and var. hospita, bred as a second brood. — Mr. W. RECENT LITERATURE. 4? Buckley showed a very long and varied series of Acidalia contiguaria from North Wales ova, comprising three broods. — Mr. A. E. Salmon remarked that there had been great difficulties in breeding Saturnidae this year, e. g., a brood of larvae was divided up and each lot put into a separate room and fed on food from different trees ; all died on the same night. He also stated that there had been a second brood of Nonagria tiJ2)h(B this year. December 6th. — Mr. W. Buckley, President, in the chair. — Mr. A. E. Wright gave a paper on the " Macro- Lepidoptera of the Burnley District " (with the exception of the Noctuae). His list was the outcome of many years of collecting, and possibly its most remarkable feature was the absence of many common insects. The most noticeable feature of the insects as a whole was the general tendency to melanism. Fine black forms of Ematurga atomaria (both male and female), Gonodontis hidentata, Entephria casiata, &c., were shown. — Mr. J. H. Watson showed an example of Saturnia jnjretorum sub. sp. j^earsoni, a new subspecies from Hainan. — Mr. B. H. Crab- tree exhibited empty pupae and living larvae of Luperina gueneei from the Lancashire coast. — Mr. G. Bradburn showed, among others, a variety of Saturnia pavonia from Lindow Common, Cheshire, and a red form of Smerinthus populi from Brooklands, Cheshire. He also had two specimens of Porthesia similis taken at Brooklands on October 18th and 20th. — Mr. C. F. Johnson showed a series of Acidalia contiguarico (third and fourth broods) ; a long series of Oporahiafiligrammaria and series of Acidalia imitaria and Hygrochroa syringaria (second brood). — Mr. E. Tait, Jr., showed a bred series of Agrotis agathina from North Wales.— A. W. Boyd, M.A., Hon. Sec. RECENT LITERATURE. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. In vol. v. No. 1, April 20th, 1911, Liverpool, the papers of interest to Entomologists are : — (1) Non-ulcerating Oriental Sore : the cultural character- istics of the parasite as compared with a new similar parasite in Erthesina fullo (Thunb.), a pentatomid bug, by Capt. R. Markham Carter, I.M.S. ; (2) A very short note on Glossina grossa, &c., by R. Newstead, M.Sc, A.L.S., &c. In vol. v. No. 2, August 1st, 1911, there are also two papers: — (1) The Papataci Fhes (Phlebotomus) of the Maltese Islands, by R. Newstead, pp. 139-181, a full and well illustrated paper ; (2) Some new species of African Mosquitos {CulicidcB), by R. Newstead and H. F. Carter. Memorias do Institiito Osiualdo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro. The following papers may be of interest to Entomologists. (1) ErepJiopsis auricincta, a Tabanid of the subfamily Pangoninae (April, 1909) ; (2) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Dipteren (April, 1909) ; Beitrag zur Kenntniss der brasilianischen Simuliumarten (August, 1909) ; (4) Ueber eine neue Trypanosomiasis des Men- schen, in connection with a bug, Gonorhinus megistus (August, 1909) ; Cytologische studien ueber " Adelea hartmanni," ein neues Coccidinmaus dem Darme von Dysdercus ruficollis L. 48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. (1910) ; (5) Further account of Conorhimis megistus (1910) ; (6) Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntniss der brasilianischen Simul- iumarten (1910) ; (7) Neue Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Pangoni- nen und Chrysopinen Brasiliens (1911). 3. HoHse-Flies, and their Connection with Disease. Farmers' Bulletin, 459 ; U. S. Department of Agriculture. Washington. 1911. 4. A Manual of Philipjnne Silk Culture. By Chas. S. Banks. Bureau of Science, Manila. 1911. Pp. 1-53, with 18 fine plates. 5. Leitz' Catalogue of Prismatic Binoculars, 9, Oxford Street, London, W. Entomologists may perhaps be interested in examining a catalogue of these fine instruments. W. J. L. OBITUARY. It is with deep regret that we have to announce the death of Mr. Arthur Cottam, who passed away on November 23rd, 1911, at his residence, Furzebank, Bridgwater, in his seventy-fifth year, after an illness of some months' duration. As an entomologist he was perhaps better known to the past generation, as recently, owing to the weight of increasing years and failing health, he was not able to take such an active interest in the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera as formerly. His collection of Lepido- ptera, the second which he had amassed during his lifetime, was sold at Messrs. Stevens's Auction Kooms only ten days before his death. From his young days he had been an ardent student not only of entomology but of botany, astronomy, and microscopy ; and in January, 1875, he, with a few others, founded the Hertfordshire Natural History Society (at first called the "Watford Natural History Society), and was its first Treasurer. He did some active work, and contributed several papers to the Transactions. For many years he was a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and published some useful star-maps. Music and art also claimed a good deal of his spare time, outdoor sketching being one of his favourite occupations at all times of the year. In 1905 Mr. Cottam retired from the Civil Service (Office of Woods and Forests) and went to live at Bridgwater. His love and all-round knowledge of Nature from many points of view, which he was always ready and anxious to impart to others, made him a most interesting companion, and the writer can recall many delightful excursions made in his company. He leaves a widow and one daughter to mourn his loss, his only son having died suddenly some nine months ago, after an operation. — P. J. B. Michael C. Dixon died December 2nd, 1911, at Spennymoor, Durham, aged thirty-seven years. He was attached to the study of Lepidoptera, and specially interested in the preparation of the early stages to illustrate life-histories. His occupation was that of a post- man. He was a member of the Carlisle Natural History Society. — G. B. R. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLV.] FEBEUAEY, 1912. [No. 585 A NEW SPECIES OF PHASMID^ OF THE GENUS PRISOPUS, CONSIDERED ESPECIALLY IN EEF- ERENCE TO THE SUPPOSED AQUATIC HABITS OF THE GENUS. By C. J. Gahan, M.A. (Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Prisojms is a genus of Phasmidae which, owing to the sin- gularity of its form and structure, cannot very well be described either as a " stick " insect or as a " leaf" insect; but it is one of exceptional interest, inasmuch as it was believed to live under water, and to be eminently adapted by its structure for that mode of life. The species of the genus inhabit tropical America, and those that are known are few in number and apparently rare, very few specimens having yet found their way into public or private collections. I was glad, therefore, to be able to recognize as a member of this rare and interesting genus an insect which was recently brought to the British Museum and shown to me by Mr. P. G. Fisher, who discovered it at Xapury, a township on the River Acre, in the Amazon Valley. And I was still more pleased when Mr. Fisher very kindly offered to present it for the Museum collection, where we found we had no species quite like it. From investigations which I have since made, the species appears to be new ; so I have ventured to name it Prisopus fisheri in honour of its discoverer. A more detailed description of this new species is given below. Here I wish more particularly to call attention to certain points' about it which serve to throw a light upon the supposed aquatic habits of Prisopus ; and to say something also in reference to another Phasmid genus, Cotylosoma, to which similar habits have been attributed. When first I saw the specimen brought to me by Mr. Fisher, it struck me at once as being an extremely good and very beautiful example of protective resemblance. And then, though I felt there was no need for the question, I asked him where he found it. The answer was very much as I expected. Mr. Fisher ENTOM. — FEBRUARY, 1912. E 50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. found the insect at rest in the daytime on the trunk of a tree ; a small tree or sapling, he could not remember which, nor did he know the name of the tree, but that did not much matter. What chiefly impressed me about the creature was the great resem- blance it had to an ordinary piece of bark, and how remarkably well its colours seemed adapted in combination with every other feature to bring about that resemblance. Not that there was anything wonderful in all that ; resemblances of a similar kind, many of them quite as perfect, some even more so, are quite familiar to us ; and they are especially abundant amongst the Phasmidae. But we know that the " stick " insects and " leaf " in- sects do not go and hide themselves under water all day ; and I had a vague recollection that that was what Prisopus was supposed to do. It was impossible to believe this of the insect before me ; for, in such case, its colours and all the remarkable adaptations of structure I noticed could have no use and no signification. So I determined to refresh my memory, and to find out what was known about the habits of the genus. Turning, first of all, to the / Cambridge Natural History ' where, as I knew, there was a most interesting account given of the Phasmidse and their habits, I came upon the following statement : — " In Brazil a species of the genus Prisopus has the peculiar habit of seeking shelter under the stones submerged in the mountain streams ; to enable it to do this it is remarkably constructed, the under side of the body being hollowed, and various parts set with a dense fringe of hairs ; the insect is supposed to repel the air from the body in order to adhere to the upper surface of a stone, where it sits with its fore legs extended in front of its head, which is directed against the current." That was a sufficiently startling statement about a species of Phasmidae, and I felt certain that Dr. Sharp would not have made it except upon very good authority. Who or what was this authority I had now to find out. So I looked up the genus Prisopus in the most recent work on the family, an excellent monograph by Brunner von Wattenwyl and J. Kedtenbacher, and very soon found what I wanted. The authors say of Prisopus that: — ''This remarkable genus lives, according to Murray, in water, where with their hollowed-out ventral side the insects hold on to stones, with the body directed up stream." The same story again, more briefly stated, for which Murray, it appeared, was the authority. Andrew Murray was a well-known scientific man, and an entomologist of wide experience, who had written much about various groups of insects, including the PhasmidsB, to which he had given a very fair amount of attention. What he had to say on the subject, therefore, was bound to be of considerable interest. It is to be found in his paper ** On the Habits of the Prisopi," A NEW SPECIES OF PHASMID^. 51 which was published in the * Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' in the year 1866 (Ser. 3, vol. xviii. pp. 265-268). That paper is certainly well worth reading in full. But its chief point of interest for the moment is that it brings us to the fount and origin of that remarkable little story about Prisopus which has been repeated, as we have seen, by other writers. The real author of the story, however, remains so far anonymous that he is only known to us as a " person," later on dignified by the title of " observer," in whose veracity Mr. Alexander Fry, to whom he first related the story, had the fullest confidence. The story had reference only to one species of Prisopus — P. flabelliformis, but, as Murray very truly remarks : — " All the species are characterized by the same peculiarities of structure, and the habits of one will doubtless be the habits of all. " According to this observer, then, the insect was obtained by him in the mountains of Brazil ; and its habits were to spend the whole of the day under water, in a stream or rivulet, fixed firmly to a stone in the rapid part of the stream, but on the approach of dusk to sally forth into the night air." Murray believed this story ; he was not so much struck by its great improbability, as by the lack of perception on the part of other distinguished entomologists, who had not discovered in the structure of the genus the most admirable and most perfect adaptation for the very purpose explained by the "person." And the rest of his paper is almost wholly taken up with a very detailed description of the insect, in which he proceeds to show how every single detail of its structure fitted in with the story told about its aquatic habits. The details which he has given of the structure are, with one exception, and apart from the interpretation he placed upon them, very accurate, and may be quoted here in extenso, since they apply almost equally as well to the species discovered by Mr. Fisher. The one exception refers to his account of the tegmina or wing-covers. These structures do not reach to the end of the body, nor do they completely cover over the under wings, in any known species of the genus. So that if his description is correct, the species described could not have been flabelliformis. But it looks to me as if Murray, in his haste to see "waterproof" structures everywhere, mistook for a con- tinuation of the wing-covers that considerable part of the under wings which projects beyond them, and which is usually coloured so exactly like them in resemblance to bark. It is to be noticed, too, in his description which follows that not a word is said about the coloration of the insect : — " The whole underside, even the head, is hollowed out like the half of a reed. The surface of that side is flexible, smooth, and highly polished. The margins are thinned off, and the E 2 52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. segments of the abdomen, where not fitted to the posterior legs, are provided with flaps or quasi claspers. All the legs fit most beautifully and closely to the side of the abdomen [body rather] . Their outer margin is dentate and provided with a thick fringe of hair, which, like the feathers of a duck, repels water. More- over, at the knee-joint [this applies only to the front legs] where there is unavoidably an opening or unprotected space, it is pro- vided with a flap, or side knee-pan— a provision which occurs in no other insect with which I am acquainted. This flap hangs down, filling up the opening, and is furnished, like the rest of the outer margins of the leg and body, with a supply of hair impervious to water. The posture of the animal in the water is : fastened to the upper surface of a stone, and with its head turned up stream in opposition to the current. It sits with its forelegs extended forwards in front of the head, and the inner side of the thighs is hollowed out exactly to fit the sides of the head, and the thigh itself is bent down so as to form a continu- ation of the sides of the long cup or saucer which the underside of the animal represents. The antennas fold back on the upper- side of the head, where there is a depression to receive them. In the other Phasmidae the tegmina or upper wing-cases are usually short, narrow and coriaceous, and apparently not fitted for much use. Here they are as long as the body, so as to cover the whole of the large underwings when folded up ; they are broad enough to do so ; and the whole are only of a semi- coriaceous texture, flexible and pergaminous, but most so at the base, thinning away at the termination into a finer texture, approaching that of the lower wings. The claws of the tarsi are strong, powerful, and well adapted for clinging." Not satisfied with the proofs thus set forth of its aquatic habits, Murray next goes on to endow the insect with powers possessed by no other insect known : — " In this animal we seem to have a combination of two plans of structure : there are the claws and claspers and flaps for holding on by ; there is the hollow underside for adhering, by exhausting the air between it and the stone it clings to, on the principle of the air pump. If, when it settles on the stone and adjusts itself, its tracheae are full of air, and it then expels the air and by muscular power draws in the skin of the abdomen and underside generally, it must, of course, leave a vacuum, and consequently adhere like a sucker." We need not dwell upon the extravagance of the suggestions put forward here by Andrew Murray. It is enough for us to know that there is an insect, in all essential respects exactly like the one described by him, which has the habit, not of clinging to stones under water, but of spending the day in clinging by means of its strong claws alone to the bark of a tree. We can see how well this insect is adapted by its colours for concealment A NEW SPECIES OF PHASMIDiG. 53 in such a situation, and we can see also that the so-called claspers on the abdomen, the knee-pans, the fringes of hair, the dentate margins of the legs, &c., are only so many further adaptations, all of which lend themselves obviously to the same purpose of concealment. The under side of the insect's body is smooth and polished, and of a reddish-brown colour marked a little with black ; but that is just the part which, when the insect is at rest, cannot be seen. That it should act like a sucker, seems a physical impossibility ; and one needs only to examine the insect awhile to see how absurd is all the talk about the imperviousness to water of its various structures. As evidence, therefore, of the aquatic habits of Prisopus, all the wealth of " corroborative detail " supplied by Murray must be regarded as absolutely valueless, although, no doubt, it did succeed in giving " artistic verisimilitude to a bald and un- convincing narrative," and must have exercised a strong influence on the judgment of subsequent writers, who, without it, we may be well persuaded, would not for a moment have given credit to a story so highly improbable, so utterly opposed to everything known about the habits of the Phasmidee, Wood-Mason, well known as an authority on the morphology of insects, was one of those who fully accepted Murray's account of the habits of Prisopus ; and when his attention was called to another Phasmid, apparently closely related to that genus and distinguished by having a row of five flat oval, fringed structures attached to each side of the metathorax, he at once jumped to the conclusion that these structures were tracheal gills, and he has described them as such, giving to the insect the name of Cotylosoma dipneusticum. " This insect," he writes, " is closely related to the Prisopi, but is even more profoundly modified for an aquatic life ; for it breathes, not only in the ordinary fashion amongst insects by means of tracheae opening by stigmata to the exterior of the body, but also by the structures known as tracheal gills." His statement seems to have passed unchallenged until, in 1895, both Dr. Sharp and Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse called attention to it, and expressed their doubts about the function attributed to the so-called tracheal gills. The question, however, as to the true nature of the structures was left undecided. Having examined them lately, I have come to the conclusion that they cannot possibly be tracheal gills. In the first place, they exhibit no traces whatever of tracheae, and, secondly, they are dotted all over with dark pigment spots. They are to a certain extent movable, and they are in form and structure, as Waterhouse has pointed out, very like the two flat oval appendages at the base of the front tibiae in Prisopus, the so-called " knee-pans " described by Murray. And it appears to me that their purpose is the same — to effect the better con- cealment of a part which, without them, would be somewhat too 54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. easily seen. For this purpose it is an ndviintage that they should be movable, since they could be adjusted to slope down from the sides of the body to the surface on which the insect rests, playing the same part for the metathorax as the hind legs do for the abdomen, and the middle legs for the fore part of the body. It will be noticed that in the new species of Prisopus there is a well-marked triangular process on each side of the metathorax, corresponding in position with the movable ap- pendages of Cotiilosoma ; and as to the meaning of this process there can be very little doubt. Apart from the assumption made by Wood-Mason, there is no reason whatever for believing that Cotylosoma is aquatic in its habits. On the contrary, we have very good reason for believing that it is not. Before Wood-Mason wrote his paper, some years even before Murray's paper appeared, MacGillivray described as Prisopus carlotue a species which really belongs to the genus Cotylosoma and which is very closely indeed allied to dipncusticum. Concerning this species he tells us : — " The colour is variable ; it is either a dull greyish- green, finely and irregu- larly mottled, or silvery-grey, also mottled, having greenish and yellowish shades, altogether reminding me of some of the lichens.*' Very unusual colours for an aquatic insect, but by no means exceptional in an insect which "is said," as MacGillivray further states, ** to be found on the trunks of trees." Prisopus JisJtcri, n. sp. Colour : on the exposed parts of the head, thorax, femora, and tibite light yellowish brown, with a more or less considerable ad- mixture of ashy white and greenish white ; on the elytra, dark green at the base and over the basal prominences, dark brown beneath these on each side, yellowish brown, varied with greenish grey over the rest of the surface, but becoming darker towards the apex, and with two dark brown spots on each elytron a little past the middle ; pale grey on the upper surface of the anterior segments of the abdo- men, dark brown on the posterior segments ; exposed parts of the under wings coloured like the posterior half of the elytra, the folded parts pale green, mottled irregularly with dark brown ; body beneath chocolate-brown on the abdomen, pale testaceous on thorax, with blackish hind border to the meso- and meta-sternum. Head without spines, but with four short rows of small tubercles above extending forwards from the occiput, and with a crenulate carina, beneath which is a dark line, along each side. Pronotum without spines, and bearing only a few very inconspicuous granules. Mesonotum relatively rather short. Metathorax with a conspicuous triangular process on each side, whose edges are somewhat dentate, and with a few lateral cariniform tubercles placed anteriorly. Elytra furnished each with a large, laterally prominent, hump or tubercle near the base. A NEW SPECIES OF PRABTHIDTR. 65 Length : of body, from front of head to apex of abdomen, 67 mm. ; of pronotum, 4^ mm. ; of mesonotum, 5|- mm. ; of elytra, 36 mm. Breadth : of metathorax, measured below the elytral prominences, 13 mm. Hah. Xapury, on the River Acre, Amazon Valley. This species appears, on the whole, to be most nearly allied to P. horstokkii, de Haan, but is readily to be distinguished from Photo H. Main. H. Knight del. that species and from all others of the genus by the strong tri- angular process on each side of the metathorax. One of the figures is from a drawing made by Mr. Horace Knight to show the insect in what we conceive to be its resting position, with the legs placed, slanting outwards, alongside the body ; the other, from a photograph for which I am indebted to Mr. Hugh Main, represents the insect just as it was received — the middle legs hidden through being tucked in under the body, and the flexible lobes at the sides of the mesothorax and abdomen bent in more than would be quite natural in the living insect. 56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. THREE WEEKS IN THE HIGH PYRENEES. By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. (Plate II.) The summer of 1911, entomologically speaking, appears to have been remarkable in the Central Alps by reason of the comparative scarcity of butterfly life. In the Pyrenees things were by no means so bad as reported by our Swiss collectors, though I cannot say that Lepidoptera were anything like as abundant, with one or two notable exceptions, as I found them in the same localities in 1905. The climate of the Hautes- Pyr^nees is notoriously uncertain in the higher ranges ; settled weather is scarcely ever experienced for any length of time, and last July, though the sun blazed from a cloudless sky throughout the month on the plains, we had none too much of his majesty at Gavarnie. The tiresome cross-journey from Eaux Bonnes via Pau, up to the last hour or two when we were well on the road from St. Sauveur to Gedre, was insupportably hot. But by the time we had come to the upper valley of the Gave de Gavarnie the clouds had gathered round the higher mountain peaks, and it was raining as we pulled up at last before the Hotel des Voyageurs, to receive a most kindly welcome from M. and Madame Vergez-Bellou. Here we remained from the 13th to the 30th, Mr. A. H. Jones, Mr. G. T. Bethune Baker, and, lastly, Mr. C. J. Wainwright swelling the entomologist population, already represented by M. Charles Oberthiir and an energetic party of young hunters ; while from Gedre presently came M. Rondou, full of kind information and suggestions for our explorations. I had, however, already some knowledge of the country, and our first day was devoted to an Erebia hunt in the high valley under the Pic d'Astazou to the left of the famous Cirque. The clouds of yesterday had now dissolved, and it was under a radiant blue sky and in bright sunshine that we mounted the steep zigzag which leads up to the iris-covered slopes which six years before had provided the finest collecting-ground for me in the Pyrenees. Nothing apparently was changed. The mule-path was as rough and broken as ever; the humming waters of the cascades on either side made music in our ears, and the great purple iris swept in waves of delicate colour down the mountain side as far as the eye could see. But a change there was, and very much to our disadvantage ; for, whereas these preliminary slopes swarmed with butterflies in 1905, with the exception of one or two species nothing was now really abundant ; while on the ground where I took so many lovely Anthrocerids, not a single one did I see either on this or on any one of the several subsequent excursions in this direc- tion. Indeed, the Burnets were practically non-existent at The Entomologist, February, 1912. Plate 11. GAVAENIE, JULY, 1911. mm- ' ^'■,- ' T1*:J1 pi«^ to 1 West. Newman proe. B. C. S. Warren. Fayol, cadet. H. Rowland-Brown. P. RoNDOu. Charles Oberthur. Henri Oberthur. THREE WEEKS IN THE HIGHER PYRENEES. 57 Gavarnie this year, the only one even approaching abundance being A. exulans, on the opposite side of the Cirque at about 7000 ft. With these and a lonely example of A. contaminei my three weeks' list is practically complete ! Arriving at the top of the zigzag the ground opens out some- what with steep side slopes, terminating at the lower path level with beech woods and occasional firs. The numerous flocks and herds hereabouts had grazed the pasture thin, but still there were plenty of wild flowers and stubby conifers to attract the butterflies, it being noticeable, in this connection, that Plebeius argus, which was flying in hundreds, preferred the shrubs to the plants when at rest. A few days later, on the same ground, the females of this dainty " Blue " had almost entirely superseded the males, and were equally abundant. Of the latter I took one or two, and examined a great many for aberrations, but beyond occasional examples with the orange marginal lunules of the upper side obsolete, I found little worthy of remark. Mr. Lowe (Brit. Butterflies, Tutt, vol. iii. p. 182) notes this form in Guernsey apparently — " entirely fuscous " — but I am not familiar with it elsewhere, and it is curious that Tutt, who was singularly fertile of names, did not (I think) consider it worthy of a special designation. While I am on this subject, I may also mention that the Gavarnie form of Agriades corydon is quite characteristic, and M. Oberthiir in the first instance drew my attention to an almost constant variation of the under side of the male. On the fore wings, which are silvery white, no markings of any sort remain except the discoidal spot and the antemarginal sickle-shaped row, which is composed of abnormally small and sharply defined spots. The hind wings are of the same colour as the fore wings ; the marginal spots survive, but the marginal thin line and the orange lunules are almost imperceptible. The bases are powdered silvery blue ; the basal, costal, and antemarginal spots all with- out ocellation, and very small. Indeed, were it not for the remaining black spots on the marginal row of the hind wings, the whole facies bears a strong resemblance to the under side of Poli/ommatus meleager, male. Corydon was just coming out when we arrived ; it was afterwards plentiful locally. The females showed no tendency to blue suffusion, as was also the case with those of P. argus, but I took one of the pretty form on which all four " discoidals " are strongly edged with white (= ab. albicincta, Tutt). A rather striking peculiarity of the " Blues " this year in the Central Pyrenees was what might be called their emergence by instalments, and it happened both with corydon, and more markedly with P. pyrenaica, that just when the males appeared to be on the wane there would come (often in the same localities) a fresh supply to take the places of the forwards. 58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. To resume my account of the 14th of July — the lower slopes yielded little beyond some bright fine E. tyndarus of the eyed- form, for which it appears we must now revert to the Von Hochenwarth's prior name (1785) oi cassioides (= dromus, H.-S.) : the females were few and far between ; nor was there any pro- fusion of E. epiphron var. pyrenaica, H.-S. — that is to say, the casaiope form with broad, bright, macular chestnut bands and large spots — though I quite agree with Mr. H. J. Elwes (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1898, p. 174) that these characteristics are themselves inconstant, and that the form hardly deserves a varietal name, even in these days when it is the fashion to over- load our catalogues with undistinguished Latinity. Keeping to the left, and ascending what appear to be interminable grass slopes, too closely cropped to sustain much lepidopterous life, at a break in the monotonous verdure there is an outcrop of stone. Hereabouts the hitherto ubiquitous E. stygne (Ruhl's var. pyre- naica, and about as *' inconstans " as the last-mentioned " variety ") left us, and our old friend E. lappona began to appear — all var. sthennyo — and just before attaining the cow- shelter, which is beneath a vast overhanging ledge of rock, I netted an Erehia never before taken by me at Gavarnie — E. manto var. ccecilia, Hb. — actually an " all black " butterfly ; and, oddly enough, though I afterwards found it in another locality in the Val d'Ossue away to the west, I captured no second example at this spot, and conclude, therefore (it was in perfect condition), that it must have been a stray. Higher again, where E. gorgone swarmed in 1905, and E. lefebvrei also, single speci- mens alone fell to my net. The latter butterfly, at all events, was not out. Round the "bergerie" rocks also flitted a con- siderable number of Parnassius mneviosyne (also new to me at Gavarnie), and though no undamaged examples were taken on this expedition, quite ten days later I picked up a decent male or two among the predominating ragged rascals. Here also, flying at dizzy speed, were the males of Hepialus alticola, Obthr., mentioned by me in my paper on Eaux-Bonnes, and Mr. Warren, when we came back on the 20th, discovered a specimen of the extraordinary apterous female, to which the males were assembling, and this I had the pleasure of handing over to M. Charles Oberthlir, whose collectors were on the look-out for alticola, but apparently had not struck our excellent locality. .During the whole day we saw few other, even of the com- monest, Alpine butterflies, and it was not until the 25th that E. gorgone (males) became really plentiful. The 15th was devoted to the Val de Poueyespee, the lateral valley leading to the Porte de Gavarnie, on the Spanish frontier, to the right of the Cirque looking south. This was another of my former pet hunting-grounds, and at almost the identical spot where I had THREE WEEKS IN THE HIGHER PYRENEES. 59 netted my first P. pyrenaica six j'ears before I met with this exquisite little butterfly again. At a certain spring above the long series of zigzags, and on flower-covered rocks, the males were much in evidence for a few days — the black females very rare ; I only took three in as many weeks. This spring also furnished several male P. eros, yet another welcome addition to my Gavarnie experiences, and on the marshy pasture in which the stream loses itself Mr. Warren netted one or two male Colias phicomone — this season again unaccountably rare. The damp ooze was a veritable Lycsenid and Hesperiid trap ; clouds of P. argus mingling with P. hylas, a few worn A. thetis, and a grand form of Ilesperia alveus. Occasional H. serratulce also haunted the upper pastures, and the most beautiful race of Pyrgiis sao I ever saw ; the hind wings vivid carmine beneath, with the big costal white spots of pearly brilliance, but though we were both keeping a sharp look-out for H. andromedce, we saw nothing of this new-found Pyrenean Skipper. Ascending gradually, the " road " to Spain traverses a short series of skrees, and up and down the treacherous stone shoots, as long as the sun shines upon them, ascend and descend an endless procession of male E. lefebvrei, never in clusters, but singly. The best — in fact, the only — way to make sure of a series is to station oneself on the mule-track, and strike at the butterflies as they cross. But, in my experience, the females never came down or up to the path, and the two or three brought home by me must have been secured in one or other of the desperate rushes I made after some particularly fine male, who probably left me seated and sliding with half the mountain behind me after a last ineffectual sweep of my net ! The higher slopes up to and underneath the snow produced nothing this year except worn E. lappona, and some fresh Anthrocera exulans ; the afore- said skrees my single A. contaminci. And here I may offer a correction, based on the unrivalled authority of M. Oberthiir and my own far more limited range of observation in the Pyrenees, that, notwithstanding the records of Struve, d'Aubuisson, and Von Caradja, E. glacialis does not occur in the Pyrenees at all ; strange though it may seem, the last two authors, at all events, having mistaken E. manto var. ccecilia for the ab. alecto of the highest flying of the western Erebias. The more closely we con- sider the mountain-butterfly items of Von Caradja's list for the Department of the Haute-Garonne, the more certain it seems that the author took many of his observations at second- hand. But M. Ptondou is engaged on a new edition of his own * Catalogue Eaisonne des Lepids. des Pyr6n6es,' and in this no doubt such errors will be rectified. Lower down the " Coppers" were this year decidedly rare. Of Chrysophanus hippothoii (a beautiful sight upon the purple iris) I took one or two females and a male, practically identical with those I bagged in 1906 in 60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. South Sweden. Of Loiveia alciphron var. gordlus, occasional males only came my way. The Val d'Ossue, which we explored on the morning of the 16th, in the immediate neighbourhood of the village, proved the most repaying of all our hunting-grounds, and on the 19th, when we pushed further up on the Eoute de Yignemalle, we came upon the headquarters of var. ccecilia in a very " Garden of Eden " of iris, flying with E. curyale, and, with the exception of that mysterious single ccecilia on the 16th, this was the only locality visited where we found these two ** Kinglets," neither of which I had encountered in 1905. Euryale is so common a butterfly in the Alps that one is apt to neglect it. But the range of variation in this single valley within a quarter of a square mile was simply astonishing. I hardly seemed to take two alike, from males with the rusty bands of the fore wings broad and lavishly spotted (but without white ocellations) to examples in which all trace of the spots have disappeared, leaving only the macular bands {= ab. euryaloides, Tengstrom), and others, again, in which the bands are reduced to two fulvous spots centred with black on the fore wings, and two minute fulvous spots at the anal angle of the hind wings (? =ab. ocellaris, Stgr.) ; while I have a vivid recollection of having smashed on the setting-board a male which appeared to have lost all traces of fulvous on the upper side of both wings. I visited this place on several occasions ; on the 27th, after Mr. Warren's departure, picking up a few of the much-wanted female E. gorgone on the rough ground by the torrent, and some exquisite female H. virgaurece, Mr. Warren having already secured a grandly marked example, which he refers to ab. lineolata, Tutt. By the 23rd, however, P. pyrenaica, which was common on the runnel side by the mule-path in the lower Ossue valley, had almost disappeared, for the terrific rain which descended almost without intermission from the afternoon of the 17th to the night of the 18th had wiped out the species. Meanwhile, the "assem- blies " in this direction were even better attended than in the Poueyespee valley, and the mule-droppings especially drew im- mense numbers of " Blues " and Skippers, of which Carcha- rodus lavaterce soon became common, with occasional, and always single, C. althece, Thymelicus actceon, and, among the grass, Urbicola comma, of which latter M. Henri Oberthiir took a couple of the interesting aberration described ('Lepid. Com- paree,' fasc. iv. p. 361) as ab. faunida, Obthr., with the white spots on the under side of the hind wings confluent, and form- ing a single large white spot tinted slightly yellow in the centre. I spent a whole morning on this ground trying to emulate his success, but unsuccessfully. On the 19th, however, Satyrus alcyone — the sole Satyrid observed this year at Gavarnie- — put in an appearance, and almost simultaneously a fine fresh emerg- THREE WEEKS IN THE HIGHER PYRENEES. 61 ence of Pyrameis cardui took place. The other Vanessids were scarcely emerged, every nettle-patch being crowded with larvae of Aglais urtica, and on the wet 18th we found a roadside birch towards Gedre on which numbers of the larvae of Euvanessa antiopa were taking a shower-bath, and apparently enjoying themselves vastly. Mr. Warren returned next day, and filled with them a huge tin box commandeered from Madame's kitchen, and I believe the majority of the brood should now be qualifying for " white-bordered " British " Camberwell Beauties " this spring, after hybernation in the comfortable thatches of mid- Buckinghamshire. I do not remember having noted the species in the mountains elsewhere feeding on birch ; as a rule it pre- fers various kinds of willow. From the 25th onward to the 30th, when I left for Bordeaux, the weather was extremely unsettled, and nearly all the butterflies met with were becoming worn, after what was, certainly, in most cases, a remarkably short period of flight. I may add also that the usually com- mon Pierids were quite rare, while I took but a single Pontia callidice on the Astazou side of the Cirque, Parnassius apollo being only occasional where formerly it was present in large numbers. Earlier in the year a very fine form of Anthocharis simplonia haunts the mountains round Gedre ; M. Eondou, when I visited his fine local collection, most generously presented to me a series of males and females. Mr. Warren took a worn example or two at the beginning of our visit. Butterflies observed at Gavarnie, July 14th-July 30th. Hespkriid^. — Carcharodiis lavaterce, C. althece ; Hesperia carthami, H. alveus, H. serratidcs ; Pyrgiis sao ; Urbicola comma ; Thymelicus actceon. Lycjenid^. — Heodes virgaiirece, and var. miegii ; Chryso- phanus hippothoe ; Loiveia alciphron var. gordius ; Rumicia phlcsas ; Lyccena avion ; Cupido minimus ; Nomiades semiargus ; Agriades corydon ; Polyommatus hylas, P. escheri and var. rondoiii* Obthr., P. ei'os, P. pyrenaica ; Alicia medon (a large form) ; Plebeius argus ; Strymon spini. Papilionid^. —Parnassius apollo, P. mnemosyne. •'• As this form of escheri has been only recently distinguished by M. Oberthlir (Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1906, pp. 57, 58, and Lepid.Comparee, fasc. iv. pp. 216, 217), I think it may interest our collectors to transcribe a short description from the latter work : — Male. — Smaller than the type. On the upper side the blue, looked at in full dayhght, shows a light greenish reflection ; under side uniform grey ground colour, with the black spots very small, and the triangular white mark along the marginal border of orange-yellow spots on the hind wing almost wholly wanting. Female. — Characterized by blue dusting of the wing bases on the upper side ; the fringes of all four wings entirely white, and not brown with white at the apex as invariable in the type, 62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. PiERiD^. — Pieris rapce ; Pontia callidice (one female), P. daplidice ; Anthocharis simplonia ; Leptidia sinapis ; Colias phi- comone (males only), C hyale. Nymphalidje. — Argynnis aglaia ; Issoria lathonia ; Brenthis euphrosyne, B. pales (the Gavarnie form is brilliantly coloured, and more definitely marked with black than the typical p)ales of the Alps), B. dia ; Melitaa didyma (scarce), M. parthenie, M. dictynna var. vernetensis, Obthr. ,- Pyrameis cardui ; Euvanessa antiopa (larvae) ,- Aglais urtica. Satyridje. — Pararge mcera var. adrasta (very fine tawny females), [P. hiera — I think M. Henri Oberthiir took some worn examples in the Cirque, where it is known to occur in May and June] , P. megcera ; Satyrus alcyone var. pyrencea, Obthr. ; Epinephele jurtina ; Coanonympha arcania, C. pamphilus ; Erebia epiphron var. pyrenaica, E. manto var. ccecilia, E. stygne, E. gorgone, E. lefehvrei, E. euryale, E. tyndarus var. cassioides, E. lappona var. sthennyo. Fifty-nine species in all. Harrow Weald : January, 1912. NOTES ON LEUCANIA FAVICOLOR, Barrett. By Eichard South. In the autumn of last year the Eev. A. P. Waller, of Waldringfield, Woodbridge, Suffolk, very kindly sent for exami- nation a number of Leucanid moths, among which was a series of twenty-five specimens that he had reared from ova deposited by a female favicolor taken in a marsh in the Woodbridge district. The eggs were laid in early July, 1910, and the moths emerged from pupae, April to June, 1911. The majority of these specimens were referable to L. yallens, about nine to favicolor, and the remainder were intermediate in form, but approached more closely to pallens than io favicolor. From ova obtained from a " pallens-like female," taken June, 1907, in the marsh previously referred to, Mr. Waller, in June, 1908, reared twenty-three specimens of favicolor of the typical form, and seven examples of the yellow form of favicolor — ab. lutea, Tutt. I must admit that I could not distinguish the female parent from pallens. To illustrate the range of variation of L. pallens in his district, Mr. Waller included a series of captured specimens. Among these were a few of the red form, including one good example of ab. ectypa, Hiibn. Another specimen seemed to be much nearer to tjipica} favicolor than to pallens : indeed, if that speci- ^OF^BR NOTES ON LEUCANIA FAVIOOLOBC'^' "■■ "• 63 men alone had been sent for identification, I should have returned it as favicolor. Meditating on the significance of the above facts, a doubt arises as to the exact status of favicolor. Is it a species, or a salt-marsh development of L. pallens ? The evidence afforded by Mr. Waller's material certainly seems to indicate that favi- color cannot be a species, except perhaps in the Darwinian sense. In any case, the insect is of very great interest, because, so far as we know, it is a purely British production. The earliest recorded specimens of favicolor (one male, three females) were taken, among other Leucanid moths, by Pay- master-in-Chief G. F. Mathew, " on the coast of Suffolk and Essex," in the summer of 1895. Seven other specimens were secured by Mr. Mathew in 1896 (June 23rd to July 3rd). Six years later he captured five males, and saw a female, which flew off the sugar when he tried to box it. In recording the latter specimens he states that favicolor "is easily recognized, as it sits with its wings raised, whereas pallens closes them tight, and is much more quiet " (Ent. Mo. Mag. xxxviii. 220). At Harwich, in June, 1903, Mr. Mathew obtained a fine series, which was submitted to the late Mr. C. G. Barrett, who wrote (Ent. Mo. Mag. xl. 61) : — " These specimens give me a far more extended idea of this pretty species and its variation than we previously possessed. From the soft, smooth, honey colour of the typical form these show the fore wings tinged with red-drab in a less or greater degree, till a deep red, almost a coppery-red, is reached, with a gloss and smoothness very different from the dull and plain appearance of the allied species, and decidedly so from the more pinkish red appearance of some forms of L. pallens, in which also are always closely placed lines all over the fore wings. Moreover, these L. favicolor maintain the greater breadth of the fore wings, and the decidedly more robust habit of the body. Still more interesting than these red specimens are two or three in which the fore wings are of a distinctly light yellow,* almost the colour of L. vitellina." If at any time favicolor was restricted to the Harwich and Felixstowe districts it would seem to have extended its range since 1903. Mr. Waller, then living at Henley Kectory, Wood- bridge, secured a specimen of ab. rufa, Tutt, that was attracted by light into his room in September, 1904 ; and in the following year he captured four specimens, three of which (one lutea and two riifa) came to sugared flowers of dock in July. In 1906, Lieutenant Jacobs recorded red and yellow forms from the salt-marshes near Queenborough, Isle of Sheppey. In 1908 favicolor was taken at Benfleet, Essex, and a specimen " near ab. Zuiea " in East Sussex. At a meeting of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, November * Ab. lutea, Tutt.— E. S. 64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 25th, 1909, Mr. Newman exhibited a Leucanid moth, taken at Cranleigh, Surrey, that had been identified as favicolor, as pallens, and also as straminea. The specimen had been examined by genitalia experts, who reported that the specimen was cer- tainly not straminea, but whether it should be referred to favicolor or to pallens they were unable to say. Mr. Edelsten (Entom. xliii. 34) records a specimen of favicolor, labelled " Hackney Marshes, 2. vii, 05," that he detected in a series of L. pallens, ex coll. Clark. In a detailed account of the life-history of Leucania favicolor (Ent. Mo. Mag. xli. 77), Mr. Mathew compares the larvae of favicolor with those of pallens, but up to the half-grown stage found very little difference between them, except that the former were of a rather " warmer colour, less attenuated, larger, and more plump." In their last skin the larvae of favicolor were " cylindrical, short, and plump, very slightly attenuated towards each extremity, and their general colour was of a warm reddish ochreous, and more resembling the larvae of lithargyria than those of pallens, which are always of a more or less cold greyish or putty colour with very slight tints of ochreous. The larvae of favicolor, moreover, are considerably larger than those of pallens, which are also much more attenuated, and more slender " (p. 106). Mr. A. W. Bacot, to whom eggs of favicolor were sent by Mr. Mathew, states in the same paper (p. 134) that he carefully compared the larvae oi favicolor with those of pallens. He could find no trace of difference in structure, nor in markings, only some divergence in the general colour ; but here, he remarks, " one was met by the difficulty of discriminating between how much was individual and how much specific variation, as there was considerable variation in this respect in the larvae of each batch." With regard to the male sexual organs, important in questions affecting specific rank, the opinion of Mr. F. N. Pierce may be quoted. Referring to the type specimen of favicolor, he states : " I can see no difference in the form of the genitalia of this and pallens, except that favicolor is larger " (' Genitalia of the Noctuidae,' p. 27). In the foregoing notes the more important facts connected Viiih. favicolor are presented in the hope that entomologists in a position to do so will endeavour to ascertain the insect's true status. To arrive at anything definite in this matter it would, of course, be necessary to veav favicolor from the egg, and to have knowledge of both parents. The rearing oi favicolor from ova oi pallens, or of pallens from eggs of favicolor is strong pre- sumptive evidence of the male parent having been favicolor in the one case and pallens in the other ; still, it would be more conclusive if the male was known in each case. Mr. Crocker, LEPIDOPTERA OF JEMTLAND AND LAPLAND. 65 of Gillingham, Kent, writing to me in reference to favicolor, remarks: — "In their habitat it is quite common to take favi- color and pallens in cop. I have three such pairs taken this year [1911] ; also a few insects which I am unable to place either with favicolor or pallens." Perhaps other entomologists may have also met with such cross-pairings when in search of favicolor ; if so, it is very desirable that the observation should be recorded. LEPIDOPTEEA OF THE SWEDISH PROVINCES OF JEMTLAND AND LAPLAND. By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S. (Concluded from p. 27.) Callophrys riibi. — Worn specimens were frequent at Mattmar. Chrysophanus amphidamas var. obscura. — Abundant at Mattmar ; some of the examples even at the time of my visit, June 4th, were worn, but there was a good percentage of newly emerged ones ; the butterfly was most abundant amongst sallow thickets on the edge of the swamps, flitting about the bushes with a very Thecla-Yike flight, and settling on them from time to time. I found ova not infre- quently on the under side of the leaves of Polygonum viviparum. C. phlaas var. hypophlceas. — I found a single perfect example of this fine form at rest on a bent of grass, at Narvik, on July 19th. Plebius argyrognomon var. agidion. — First seen at Abisko on June 29th, after which date it became common on the banks of the tributary of the Abiskojokk, where Mr. Kowland-Brown found it in 1906, and which is in the park, but I did not see it elsewhere. Polyommatus optilete var. cyparissus. — The first example was captured on June 29th : it was not common, but I did not work for it, and only brought a few specimens home. P. icarus. — One female of the cceridea form was taken on July 16th : probably the species was only just emerging at the time of my departure from Abisko. „ Aglais urticce. — Larvae were very abundant at Are, a few of which I took to x\bisko ; they pupated there, and emerged on my way home ; the whole are very full-coloured specimens, with the central spots large, and one is distinctly var. (ab. '?) polaris. As Abisko was until a few years ago absolutely without cultivation, I scarcely expected to see this species there : however, a few days after my arrival I came across two battered imagos, and thereupon made a search for nettles, a few patches of which I succeeded in finding, in the proximity of some ruined buildings ; one patch in a sunny corner was covered with several hundreds of larvae, a number of which I brought home. These produced some fine var. polaris, which emerged from August 8th to August 18th. Brenthis aphirape var. ossianus. — This species was common at Mattmar, and less so at Abisko. It is essentially a swamp species, and I did not see a single specimen on other ground ; one of my examples ENTOM. — FEBRUARY, 1912. F 66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. from Abisko is without silver on the under side, and in this respect resembles the type ; but it has the bright red blotches beneath which characterise var. ossianus, and is thus intermediate between that form and the type. First seen at Abisko, on July 12th. Herr Sprongerts informs me he found it at Narvik on July 20th. B. iMles var. lapponica. — This species was noticed at Abisko on July 3rd, but was not common at the date on which I left ; probably it was not then fully out. B. freija. — A few worn examples were seen flying over the bog at Mattmar, and on my arrival at Abisko the species was fully out there and in good condition, and it remained so almost until the time of my departure. It was not very abundant, but I usually obtained about half a dozen examples on each sunny day. This species is purely a bog insect ; the males frequented at Abisko the low-lying swamps, probably attracted there by the warmth and shelter from wind. The females were chiefly found higher up the hill-sides. I confined several females on different plants, with a result that I obtained three ova ; these unfortunately vanished one day out of the pill-box I kept them in, I suspect in consequence of the attentions of an inquisitive chambermaid. They were deposited on the stems of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, which I give as a possible food-plant. Almost certainly the food-plant is not Viola, the only species of which I saw at Abisko being Viola hiflora and V. palustris ; the latter is rare, and although the former is locally plentiful in the birch forest, B. freija is not found there, except as a straggler ; practically the only plants growing when I saw most of the females were A. uva-ursi and several species of Vaccinium. I do not think any of the Scandinavian Brenthids are violet-feeders, except possibly B. tJiore var. borealis, for that was the only species I saw flying amongst these plants, or in the neighbourhood of ground on which they occur. The ova is of a dark straw colour when newly deposited; it has a glazed surface, that portion held next the light being iridescent ; it is funnel-shaped, wider at one end than at the other, and the ends are rounded ; the sur- face is ribbed longitudinally, the ova were attached by the narrow ends to the stem of the plant on which they were deposited. The flight of the imago is very irregular, but not fast ; it does not appear to frequent flowers, but one often disturbs it from the ground. It looks very dark on the wing for a Brenthid, The form of this species occurring at Abisko is sometimes described as var. 2:iallida, Elwes. This is an error. Certainly some of the examples are rather light, but amongst my series of about fifty specimens there is nothing approaching the types of the pallida in the British Museum Collec- tion, which were taken in the Altai Mountains by Mr. Elwes. The only striking variation in my series is that one male has the space between the central black transvei'se line, and that nearer the base of the front wings, almost filled in with black ; this is evidently a recurrent form, for I saw other specimens, and might thus be called ab. fasciata n. ab. B- frigga. — This handsome species frequents the bog at Mattmar, where I found it not uncommonly; in three days of intermittent sun I netted thirteen fine examples, including three females. It has much the same habits as the preceding species, but has a much LEPIDOPTERA OF JEMTLAND AND LAPLAND. 67 steadier flight, and looks larger and brighter-coloured on the wing. Tutt says (' British Lepidoptera,' vol. ix. p. 30) that " this species is only recorded as feeding on Bubus chamcemorus," a very abundant plant at Mattmar. B. eujjhrosyne. — Very abundant at Mattmar — in fact, the most abundant butterfly there — and a few examples were netted at Abisko. At Mattmar it frequented the rising ground at the edge of the swamps. The great majority of the specimens seen were certainly not var. fingal, though they were slightly darker than the type, and one or two were so clouded with dusky scales that they approached the variety, but they were not so dark as examples of it I saw in the National Collection at Stockholm and in the British Museum Collection. The Abisko specimens were quite typical. I also captured one female at Narvik on July 19th. B. thore var. borealis — This species, which Mr. Eowland-Brown found abundant at Abisko, was this year quite rare ; probably it was not out at the date of my departure. It was first observed — a single specimen — on July 10th. I obtained a pair on July 16th, and I believe my German friends accounted for half a dozen examples on July 12th. o Erebia lappona. — Common at Are, and equally so at Abisko, where it was certainly the most widely distributed and abundant butterfly. The forms from both localities are similar. On the under side of the hind wings some of the specimens have a strong tendency to lose the transverse lines = ab. polhix, though none of them quite do so. On the other hand, one of the females has the space between these lines filled in with dark coloration. The upper sides closely resemble my Swiss specimens, except that in the majority of cases the hind wings are entirely without ocelli, though in one or two instances these are well developed. E. ligea var. adyte. — A few examples were seen up the valley of the Abiskojokk, from July 10th onwards; the ocelli in these examples are very small, and the red bands in which they are placed narrow. A specimen netted at Narvik, on July 19th, has the ocelli very large on both fore and hind wings, and the red bands broad ; it is quite the brightest banded example I possess from any locality. Both this and the Abisko specimens are small, expanding only 44 mm. E. embla. — This species is said by Scandinavian entomologists to be only found commonly every alternate year, occurring freely in the even years, I was therefore not sanguine of meeting with many specimens. In this apprehension events proved that I was right, for I saw at Mattmar two examples only, one of which, a male in fair condition, I captured. E. emblof is, I believe, in an average season, to be found during the last few days of May. CEneis jutta. — I was unfortunate in only seeing one example of this species, which rose heavily out of the grass at my feet in the Mattmar Bog on June 5th ; it was a female of large size, expanding 62 mm., freshly emerged, but slightly crippled. I searched carefully and widely for further specimens, but without success, and can only suppose that the species was not fully out, though it should have been according to the records of previous observers. bS THE ENTOMOLOGIST. G^. noma. — I obtained in all thirteen examples of this species ; the first, a male, on June 25th, another male on June 29th, and a female on July 3rd. These were obtained on the rough ground fringing the swamps east of the Abiskojokk. On July 7thi, at Orto- jokk, on the north side of the Torne Traske, I found the species common, and obtained eight examples during a short period of sun. They were flying over some grassy slopes, which had a plentiful out- crop of rock, just above the tree line. On July 12th I obtained two specimens on the west side of the Lapp Porten, on similar ground to that on which I found the species at Ortojokk. There are several forms amongst this series which can perhaps be best described as follows : — (a) Two males and two females. Bases of all wings dark brown, with tawny hind marginal band, two ocelli on each front wing, one on each hind wing ^ noma, Thnb. (6) One male and one female, with ocelli as type, but with bases of wings in male pale brown with greyish tinge and hind marginal band pale buff ; in the female the brown is almost lost, and the buff tint is consequently spread over the whole wing area = ab. 'pallida, n. ab. (c) Two males as type, but with, one ocellus on each of front and hind wings = ab. hilda, Quens. {d) One female with one ocellus on each wing, and with the coloration of {h) = ab. hilda pallida, n. ab. (e) One male and one female with the coloration of the type, and with two ocelli on front wings, hind wings being without ocelli = hiimpillata, n. ab. (/) One male with the coloration of the type, and with one ocellus only on each of the front wings, hind wings being without ocelli = unipupillata, n. ab. (g) One male with the coloration of the type, all wings being entirely without ocelli = obsoleta, n. ab. CE. bore. — Flying with CE. noma on the slopes of the Lapp Porten. I captured one male and one female of an CEneis which compare exactly with description of this species by Kane and Lang, and which are identical with specimens of it in the National Col- lection at the British Museum labelled " Sydvaranger." Bearing in mind that specimens of this and the preceding species occur on the same ground at Abisko — and that CE. bore is superficially simply a grey Arctic form without ocelli of OE. noma, which varies greatly in the number and measurement of ocelli, and has at Abisko grey forms, those from the south having the greatest number of ocelli, which gradually decrease in number as one goes north — I should be inclined to suggest that the two form one species. But I am con- fronted with the statement by Mr. Elwes in the Entomological Society's ' Transactions,' 1893, that the claspers are quite distinct. The matter must, I think, remain undecided until both species or forms have been bred from ova. Hesperia centaurece. — I disturbed one fine example of this species from the bog at Mattmar on June 6th, and obtained half a dozen others at Abisko ; these were taken on the grassy drier portions of some swamps on the east side of the Abiskojokk, about two kilo- NEW SPECIES OF BOARMIIN^ FROM FORMOSA. 69 metres back from the lake, and on the rising ground (beyond the forest) on the way to the Lapp Porten. The first specimens were taken on June 25th, and the last on June 30th. H. andromedcB. — A "Skipper" netted on the swamp between Abiskojokk and Bjorkleiden on June 23rd, and supposed at the time to be H. centaurea, and two others taken with specimens of that species on June 30th, near the Lapp Porten, turn out to be un- doubted examples of this species. Augiades comma var. catena. — This species was common on the steep right bank of the Abiskojokk and on the banks of the tributary flowing into it on the west side, which was worked by Mr. Eowland- Brown in 1906. It was first seen on July 2nd. This brook, on the banks of which are found certainly more butterflies than on any other spot near Abiskojokk, is the first one on the left bank above the railway bridge ; it can be seen from the hotel, high up in its course as a waterfall. Amongst the Heterocera not a great number of species were seen at x\bisko. There were a good many Geometrse, chiefly Acidalia fumata, Larentia casiata, Goremia minutata, and Emmelesia albulata. Of night-flying Noctuae I did not see a single specimen ; but amongst the day-fliers the beautiful little Anarta melaleuca was to be startled off rocks commonly, A. cordigera and A. melanopa also occurred, and Plusia hochemvarthi was not uncommon on the banks of the tribu- tary of the Abiskojokk. On July 12th I found Zygana exulans var. vanadis, a fine form, abundant on the high ground approaching the Lapp Porten. Addendum. — Since writing the above my attention has been drawn to the fact that, in addition to the articles on Scandinavian Lepidoptera enumerated on pp.357 and 358, vol. xliv., there is one in Ent. Mo. Mag. xxxvii. p. 24, by K. J. Morton, F.E.S., entitled " Trichoptera, Neuroptera, Planipennia, Odonata, and Rhopalo- cera, collected in Norway in the summer of 1900." Youlgreave, South Croydon : August 21st, 1911. NEW SPECIES OF BOARMIIN^ FROM FORMOSA. By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S. Ectropis brevifasciata, sp. n. ^<^'^icb (two only out of a large number, both very small females), Acidalia aversata, and A. subsericeata. — Edward Goodwin ; Canon Court, Wateringbury, January 13th, 1912. CoLiAS HYALE IN Hants, 1911. — Though rather late in the day, it may be of interest to mention that my son caught a female G. hyale, on August 14th last in the New Forest, near Lyndhurst. I should be glad to know if many of this species were taken during last summer. — (Captain) W. G. Manley; 62, Albert Hall Mansions, S.W., January 10th, 1912. 80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. End of August, near Lyndhurst, New Forest, I took two males and saw a female caught by a boy of G. hyale all in good condition. — (Colonel) K. H. Eattkay ; Tonbridge, Kent. Aegynnis SELENE IN AuGUST. — I caught a specimen of A. selene on August 17th in fine condition and evidently of the second brood. —(Captain) W. G. Manley. Xanthorhoe (Melanippe) fluctuata in Decembee. — On December 27th last I took on a fence in Southfields a perfectly fresh specimen of X. fluctuata, the weather at the time being abnormally mild. — A. E. Hodge; 14, Astonville Street, Southfields, S.W., January 2nd, 1912. Phigalia pbdaria noted feom Beading. — This species was out here on January 7th ; my earliest previous dates were January 20th, 1895, and January 21st, 1887. — W. E. Butler ; Hayling House, Oxford Eoad, Beading, January 13th, 1912. Lepidopteea in the Tonbridge District, 1911. — The past year has been a very good one for moths around Tonbridge, Kent. Sugar was useless till after the middle of July. I caught the following moths around the electric lamps : A230cheima hispidaria, Tceniocampa popuUti, Notodonta trepida, Pygara curtula, Pheosia tremula, P. dictceoides, Acronycta leporina, Mamestra genista, and Centra fiircula ; specimens of the last-named species were taken on August 1st, 4th, and 6th, and were undoubtedly a second brood. On September 26th a fine specimen of Acherontia atropos was taken about 8 p.m. flying round a lamp, and on October 7th two pupae of the same species were brought in to me by potato diggers ; these emerged on October 17th and 22rd. Flying in garden after dusk I caught Plusia iota, P. pulckrina and five specimens of P. moneta, Geometra p)apilionaria, and Epione apiciaria (these latter were quite common). A few Semiothisa notata, many S. liturata, and a few Boarmia consortaria and B. roboraria were beaten out of trees and bushes. At sugar towards the end of July I took Apamea ophio- gramma (3), Caradrina morpheas, Triphcena inter jecta, Plastenis suhtusa, P. retusa (2). During September and October also at sugar I took a long series of Orrhodia vaccinii, 0. ligula, and Eupsilia satellitia, Aporophyla lutidenta (4), Lithophane semibrunnea (2). Amathes lota, and Miselia oxyacanthce w^ere particularly common throughout the autumn. — (Colonel) B. H. Batteay ; 68, Dry Hill Pack Boad, Tonbridge, Kent. A Book Sale. — It is not often that a more interesting collection of entomological books has been brought together than was the case on Tuesday, January 9th, when the libraries formed by Mr. C. H. Schill, the late Mr. B. G. Nevinson, and the late Mr. T. Vernon Wollaston were offered at auction by Mr. J. C. Stevens at his King Street rooms. The highest price realized for any one lot was £37 for a complete set of the 'Transactions' of the Entomological Society of London, from the commencement in 1834 to 1901, 49 vols, in all ; while another set commencing with 1836 to 1877 in 20 vols., and some unbound parts, brought £19. A set of the ' Annales de la SOCIETIES. 81 Soci6t6 Entomologique de Belgique,' vols, i-xli, 1857-97, sold for £6 ; ' HoriB Societatis Bntomologicae Rossicae,' vols, i-xxvii, 1861-93, £11 ; and two incomplete sets of the ' Annales de la Society Entomologique de France,' the one of 35 vols, commencing with vol. iv. of the first series and covering the years 1835-6 and 1843-76, £6 15/-, and the other of 46 vols., 1870-1901, 1903 and 1905, £2. A set of 58 vols, and some parts of the (Stettiner) ' Bntomologische Zeitung,' 1840- 1911, realized £6 6/- ; the ' Entomologist,' vols, i.-v., 1840-71 and some mibound parts, £2 15/- ; the 'Zoological Record,' vols, i.-xii., 1864-75, £2 10/-, and 'Novitates Zoologicse,' vols, i.-vi. in parts 1894-9, £2 7/6. There was a good assortment of works on Coleoptera, among them Lacordaire's ' Genera des Col^opteres,' 12 vols, and atlas of plates, 1854-76, 13 vols, in all, brought £3 10/-, and another copy, £5 15/-. Bestimmung's ' Tabellen der Europse- ischen Coleopteren,' heft 1-64 (heft 12 and 23 missing), 1879-1908, £5; Gemminger et Harold, ' Catalogus Coleopterorum synonymicus et systematicus,' 1868-76, 12 vols., £3 5/-; Gravenhorst's ' Coleoptera Microptera,' 1802, with others, £3 12/6; ' Biologia Centrah- Americana,' Insecta, Coleoptera, vol. ii., part 2, £2 17/6, and another copy, £3 ; vol. ih., part 1, £2 17/6, and vol. vii., £2 10/-. The only important work on Diptera, Meigen's ' Systematische Beschreibung der Europjsischen,' Zweifliigeligen Insekten, 7 vols., 1822-51, was knocked down at £3. Two copies of Westwood's ' Arcana Entomo- logica,' 1841-5, 2 vols., brought £2 2/- and £2 4/- respectively, and his ' Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis,' 1874, £3 15/-. Linnaeus's ' Systema Naturae,' ed. xii., 1766-7, 2 vols, in 3, reahzed £1 17/6 ; Eabricius's 'Entomologia Systematica,' 4 vols, and Supplement, 1792 -8, £1 1/- ; Rambur's ' Lepidopteres de I'Andalousie,' 1858, £2 ; Boisduval's ' Monographic des Zygenides, 1829, with Staudinger's 1871 Catalogue, 8/-; and Gerhard's ' Monographie der Europgeischen Lycaenidse,' 1853, £2 2/-. The ' Lepidoptera of Ceylon,' a large folio volume of coloured drawings of butterflies and moths and their larvae on seventy plates, brought £6 10/-, and among some of our more familiar books may be mentioned Stephens's ' Illustrations of British Entomology,' 1828-46, 11 vols, and Supplement, which sold for £2 4/-; Wood's ' Index Entomologicus,' 1854, £1 12/6 ; and Kirby's Synony- mic ' Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera,' 1871, with Supplement 1877, £1 17/6. The sale was well attended, but we noticed very few of our entomological friends in the room, who, had they been present, might have picked up many a useful volume at the cost of a very few shillings from among the three hundred and fifty-five lots that were offered. — R. A. SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, November 15th, 1911.— The Rev. P. D. Morice, M.A., President, in the chair.— The Rev. Samuel Proudfoot, 6, Lyme Grove, Altrincham, Cheshire, was elected a Fellow of the Society. — Commander Walker exhibited ENTOM. — FEBRUARY, 1912. G 82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. three specimens of PhcBclrophilus o'coimori, Broun, a large and hand- some weevil from Mount Quoin, Kaitoke, New Zealand, South Island. The specimens were taken by Mr. G. V. Hudson, F.E.S., of Wellington, New Zealand, at an elevation of 3900 ft., in December, 1910. Commander Walker also exhibited a specimen of the rax'e Tortrix, Phalonia {EupcBcilia) wipUcitana, Wocke, taken by Mr. H. G. Champion at Shoreham, Sussex, August, 1911. — Mr. W. C. Crawley, a female and a worker of Leptothorax tuberum, Fabr., subspecies corticalis, Schenk, new to Britain, found with two larvae in an empty beech-nut at Pangbourne, Berks, April 21th, 1904. It was named by Forel as a var. with long spines. — Mr. N. S. Sennett, some Coccinellids {Chiloconcs bipustulatus) as found on Mimosa trees at Mont' Estoril in Portugal, the small exudations of gum presenting what appeared to be a remarkable though hitherto unrecorded case of protective mimicry. — Mr. L. W. Newman, a long series of Pyrameis cardui, bred from females captured at Folkestone on September 2nd last. Ova were laid at once and placed in a hothouse kept at about eighty degrees ; they hatched on September 7th, and larvae fed up very rapidly on stinging nettle, the first pupating on September 30th. Imagines started to emerge about a week later, and all were out by October 16th — some five hundred in all. Considerable variation occurred, but the majority of the brood were normal. — Mr. H. W. Andrews, two rare species of Diptera from North Kent, viz., Syrphus lineola, Ztt., a male, taken at Bexley on July 8th ; and Sciomyza simplex, Fin., both sexes, taken in the Thames marshes on June 23rd and July 1st, all in the present year. Mr. J. E. CoUin remarked that he had only taken the latter species at Ringwood and in Suffolk. — Mr. E. A. Cockayne, a Geometer taken at Tongue, Sutherland, July 5th, 1906, probably Gidaria (Dysstroma) concinnata, Steph., speci- mens of which were placed below for comparison. — Mr. J. Piatt Barrett, a drawer of Melanargia galatea containing : EngHsh speci- mens, altitude under 500 ft., with one aberration. Specimens from the Alps, (1) Brigue, 2000 to 3000 ft., paler than (2) and probably larger; (2) Berisal, over 5000 ft., dark. From the Apennines, (3) Pracchia, near Pistoja, 3000 ft., the smallest form, dark. From Calabria, (4) Gioja Tauro, Plain of Radicena, near sea-level, large and very dark ; (5) Palmi, Monte Elia, 1000 ft., very dark ; (6) Aspromonte, above Scylla, over 2000 ft., very dark. From Sicily, (7) Mount Etna, over 3000 ft., moderate size, paler ; (8) Monte Cicci (near Messina), 2000 ft., large and dark ; (9) Monte Scuderi, 1000 ft., very large and rather pale ; (10) Messina (Gravitelli), 500 to 800 ft., large and dark (var. procida) ; (11) Megara Hybloea, sea-level nearly, large and pale ; (12) Syracuse, sea-level nearly (var. syracusana, Zell.). — Mr. A. E. Tonge, a gigantic spider {Mygale) from California. — Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, a specimen which he said was not strictly an entomological exhibit, but from its curious resemblance to a caterpillar might be of momentary interest to Fellows. It was in reality a species of West Indian oyster (Ostrea frons, L.) which attaches itself to twigs. Professor Poulton remarked that both this and the Coccinellid exhibited by Mr. Sennett were probably cases of accidental resem- blance.— Professor E. B. Poulton, the following specimens sent to SOCIETIES. 83 him by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton, all of which had been captured on the outskirts (3800 ft.) of Chirinda Forest, Gazaland, South-east Ehodesia : — (1) The female form hippocoon of Papilio dardamis cenea, Stoll, rescued, September 8th, 1911, by one of his native collectors from a M'lange Bulbul (Phyllostrojjhus viilanjensis). The head was wanting, and there were symmetrical injuries at the anal angle of the hind wings similar to those so often seen in living butterflies. (2) Two wings of Precis archesia, Cr., 0, and the fragments of a Blattid, probably of the genus Deropeltis, taken June 25th, 1911, from a spider's web. Professor Poulton also exhibited specimens sent by Mr. J. C. Moulton from Sarawak, showing instances of mimicry, and read Mr. Moulton's account of them. Mr. C. J. Gahan had described one new species of Daphisia (D. ehjtoides). — Professor Poulton, six male examples of a remarkable Lyesenid, all captured, November 22nd, 1910, in the Uhehe District (3000-3500 ft.) of German East Africa, by Mr. S. A. Neave, F.E.S. The pattern and brilliant colours, which were extraordinary in a Lycsenid, strongly suggested on both upper and under surface the appearance, although on a smaller scale, of an AcrcBa of the type of A. anemosa. — Mr. Stanley Edwards, a specimen of Oxynop)tenis audouini, a beetle from Borneo, with abnormal antennae, apparently gynandromorphous, and explained that Mr. Gahan had dissected it and found the genitalia to be entirely female. — Mr. H. C. Dollman, the following species of Coleo- ptera : — Philonthus intermedins, Bois. ab. donisthorpei, Dollman, described in the Ent. Eec, December, 1910 ; Stemis formicetorum, Mann., introduced as British in the Ent. Eec, April, 1911 ; Bevi- bidium qiiadnpusUdatum, Dj., an example from Ditchling, Sussex, August 17th, 1911 ; Hypophlaus linearis, F. retaken at Oxshott, in July of last year, a species hitherto taken in Great Britain only in Surrey, at Oxshott and Woking ; Mycetoporus forticornis, Fauv. (one specimen from the New Forest), wdth 31. clavicornis Steph., for comparison; Philonthus corruscus, G., taken from a dead rabbit at Ditchling ; Stenus viorio, Gr., from Ditchling, taken in October, 1910. — Mr. H. Eltringham, a bred series of Acraa orestia, Hew., containing the typical form and also the A. humilis of Miss E. M, Sharpe, thus demonstrating the truth of the conclusion at which he had previously arrived as to the specific identity of these two forms. He also showed three male black and yellow Acrseas, one of which was the A. circeis of Drury, from Sierra Leone. The other two, while differing in appearanee from A. circeis, were themselves exactly alike, but for the fact that the two tarsal claws of the second and third pairs of feet were equal and similar in one specimen and unequal and dissimilar in the other. A long and interesting discussion followed, on the question of the importance of the tarsal claws as a means of specific distinction, and on the possible correlation of uneven claws in the male, and the abdominal sac in the female. — Mr. Champion called attention to a paper by M. Eoger Verity, in the ' Bulletin de la Soci^te Entomologique de France,' Stance du 11 Octobre, 1911, on new Scottish races of Erebia cethiops, Esp. (race Caledonia), Satyrus semele (race scota) and Pararge megara (race Caledonia). The following papers were communicated:—" Descriptions of South 84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. American Micro-Lepidoptera," by E. Meyrick, B.A., F.E.S. "New Species of Hawaiian Hymenoptera, with Notes on some previously described," by E. C. L. Perkins, D.Sc, M.A., F.E.S. " Notes on Hawaiian Hemiptera, with Descriptions of New Species," by R. C. L. Perkins, D.Sc, M.A., F.E.S. "Experiments in the Formation of Colonies by Lasim fuliginosus, females," by Horace Donisthorpe, F.Z.S, and W. C. Crawley, F.E.S. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The Annual Meeting was held at the Royal Institution, Colquitt Street, Liverpool, on December 18th, 1911. — Mr. Wm. Webster in the chair. — As Mr. W. J. Lucas, the retiring Vice-President, was unable to be present to read his address " On the Present State of our Knowledge of the Pre-imaginal Stages of the British Dragonfiies," this was done by the Secretary. — Mr. Lucas dealt lucidly and in detail with the various methods of oviposition obtaining in the Odonata, drawing particular attention to the habit Ischimra elegans possesses of de- scending beneath the surface of the water for this purpose, and to the two types of dragonfly eggs — the elongate, cylindrical type such as is met with in ^scJma, and the more or less oval or pear-shaped type found in Sympetrum and Libellula. The development of the nymphs, their form, habits, and food, the duration of the nymphal existence, and otlier features of dragonfly binomics were then dealt with in an equally interesting and exhaustive manner ; the fact being emphasized that, although of recent years a considerable amount of work had been done, and our knowledge of the life-history of these beautiful creatures had been greatly increased, there yet remained a vast amount to be done in the future. The latter part of the address consisted of a review of the progress of our knowledge of the earlier stages of dragonfly existence, commencing with Thomas Mouffett's ' Insectorum Theatrum,' and bringing the subject down to the present day. The address and the excellent lantern slides with which it was illustrated were greatly appreciated by all who were present. — Mr. C. B. Williams exhibited a box of Lepidoptera collected during the past season in various localities, and including the fol- lowing : — TcBiiiocampa munda, Xylina socia, X. ornitJwpus, Xylocampa areo/a, and Oporina croceago, from the Conway Valley; Argynnis selenc, Carterocephakis palcemon, and Nemeobius lucina, from Northampton- shire ; Boarmia roboraria, Gnophria rubricollis, Nemeophila russula, Macroglossa fuciformis, Lycana cegon, and Argynnis euphrosyne from the New Forest. — Oscar Whittaker and Wm. Mansbridge, Hon. Sees. Obituary. — With great regret we have to announce that Mr. Samuel James Capper, of Huyton, Liverpool, passed away on January 22nd last. A biographical notice will appear in the ' Entomologist ' for March. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLV.l MAECH, 1912. [No. 586 THE EARLY STAGES OF EUSTROMA RETICULATA. By Frank Littlewood. Fig. 2. Fig. 1. Assuming Mr. Prout to be correct in his belief that my observations of the early stages of Eustroma reticulata will be of general interest, I have pleasure in placing the same before the readers of the 'Entomologist.' Seeing, however, that several years have elapsed since these notes were penned, and that I have found neither time nor opportunity for renewing my acquaintance with the species, it is necessary, perhaps, to state that the descriptions of both larvae and pupae were written down in my diary at the time, for in matters of this kind, where details are essentials, I have found one's memory to be, generally, delusive and unreliable. So that, whilst not pretending to scientific terminology, the following de- scriptions may be accepted as being, so far as they go, accurate. Descriptions of Larvce. — The smallest larva, taken on August 20th, 1905, and apparently only a few days old, was 4 mm., or five thirty-seconds of an inch in length. The majority, however, ENTOM. — MARCH, 1912. H 86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. were somewhat larger, and as they appeared to be only a further development of the same stage, one description will suffice. Length, 8 mm., or ten thirty-seconds of an inch. The natural colour of the body is a peculiarly transparent glossy white, and the texture of the skin reminds one more of a beetle-grub than of a lepidopterous larva. There are no markings on the body. Head and legs also of the same transparent white. On either side of the head is a group of six dark-coloured spots (ocelli), i. e., an upper series of four and a lower series of two spots. Very fine hairs scattered over body and head (visible only under pocket-lens). Owing to the transparency of the skin, however, the actual colour of the body is determined by the food that is passing through the larva. If feeding on the leaves, the anterior segments appear pale green; if on the flower-petals, reddish yellow ; if on the seeds, opaque white. The posterior segments are darker in colour, the effect of the digested food, and on looking at the larva against the light at least two separate pieces of frass are clearly discernible close to the anal extremity. A varied diet gives to the larva a somewhat striking appearance, and several, in confinement, where a variety of food was within their reach, exhibited a range of four distinct colours — the first IDortion of the body opaque white (seed) ; the next, yellow (petal) ; the next, green (leaf) ; the remainder, black (frass). The order of the colours varied according to the taste of the larva, and although this sort of thing would not happen in a state of nature, being simply the result of having the different kinds of food mixed up in the tin in which the larvae were kept, still it is an interesting illustration of the lack of natural colouring pigment in the skin. The largest larva, taken on the same day, August 20th, was 13 mm. or seventeen thirty-seconds of an inch in length. (This is the stage succeeding that already described.) Head and legs pale brown. Group of dark spots on head as before. General colour of body pale green. No trace of a medio-dorsal line. A faint white subdorsal line. Spiracles white and joined by a faint, hair-like white line. The incisions of the segments are white. Fine short hairs protrude from small black warts, dis- tributed sparsely but regularly over the body. The spots on the head also each emit a dark hair. The full-grown larva (described September 7th, 1905) is 25 mm., or one inch in length. Head and legs pale brownish green. The groups of spots on the head now show prominently and are quite visible without the aid of a lens. The body is thickest at the eleventh segment and tapers towards the head, which is narrow and flat. Natural colour of body pale trans- parent green and the skin not now glossy. There is an inter- rupted dull red medio-dorsal line, somewhat irregular in out- line. This, starting behind the head, continues unbroken to the THE EARLY STAGES OF EUSTROMA RETICULATA. 87 end of the fourth segment, afterwards being visible only at the segmental divisions, where it appears as an elongated spot. At the anal end two such spots join to form a conspicuous red blotch. The amount of this coloured line varies greatly in different individuals. There is not the slightest trace of red on the sides of the larva. The fairly broad white subdorsal lines join below the anal aperture. Two broad white lines, continuations of the subdorsal lines, extend down the outside of the wide-spread anal claspers. Spiracles dull yellow, con- nected by a delicate hair-like white line. Body sparsely sprinkled over with minute black warts, each emitting a short black hair. These warts are arranged in circular series around the middle of each segment. Down the middle of the ventral surface is a narrow white line, broken at each segmental incision. In the full-grown larva the white segmental divisions are not so con- spicuous. Colour of body still dependent to a great degree on the food, although the anterior portion of the body is now almost always opaque white, due to the full-grown larva's un- doubted preference for the seeds. Habits of the Larva. — The young larvae are found usually resting in various positions on the under sides of the leaves of Impatiens noli-me-tangere, and their presence on a plant is denoted by numerous circular holes in the leaves. The majority appear to affect the midrib as a resting-place in the daytime, especially when " lying up " for a change of skin, and in this position are extremely like the narrow unripe seed-pods, which themselves lie along the midrib on the under side of the leaf. Several young larvae, however, were found stretched at full length along the upper stems and amongst the flower-buds. In confinement, where a variety of food was provided, the young larvae fed indiscriminately on leaves, flower-petals, and flower-buds, but seemed to like the latter, which they hollowed out completely. The habit of drilling round holes in the food appears to be the natural instinct of the larva, and points, I think, to the fact of the seed being the proper food. I never observed a leaf eaten at the edge in the usual manner of leaf-eating larvae. In the last stage there is no doubt that the unripe seeds form the exclusive food of the larva, and I doubt much whether in confinement they can be brought to normal size if this diet is not provided for them. On several occasions, when my stock of seed-pods got low, I noticed the larvae wandering about in a restless manner in search of food, and although fresh leaves were introduced, they refused to touch them, and consoled themselves with nibbling the curled-up pods from which the seeds had been expelled. The ripe pods burst at the slightest touch, and the loose seeds lying on the box-bottom were eaten readily. In a state of nature the full-grown larva has a very characteristic habit of resting in the daytime with the claspers H 2 88 THK ENTOMOLOGIST. attached to the midrih of the under side of a leaf, about a quarter of an inch from the base of the leaf, and the bodj' stretched downwards towards the main stem on which the fore legs rest. The main stem, the leaf-stem, and the larva thus form an obtuse-angled triangle, of which the larva is the longest and lowest side. Occasional specimens are found attacking the pods during the day but the majorit}^ rest perfectly quiet till evening, when they wake up and exhibit considerable activity in their search for food. They eat voraciously and increase rapidly in size, the duration of the larval life being about a mouth. The larva loses its hold readily on being disturbed, and falls curled up with the head tucked in tightly. At the cessation of feeding, the larva shrunk very con- siderably, and moved about in an apparently aimless manner, seeking a place for pupation. In confinement the majority spun a tough cocoon of sand and silk, attached to the moss which was laid on the surface of the sand. Several larvie wrapped themselves tightly in the withered leaves of the balsam. Damp, and plenty of it, seems essential at this period to enable the larva to make a satisfactory change to the pupal state. A number of newly formed cocoons, which I removed to a dry tin on account of the decayed and mouldy state of the balsam, when opened contained crippled pupae, the larval skin not having been completely shed. All those left in the original tin, amongst the wet food and moss, changed perfectly to fine pupre. Full-fed and .young larvie were obtainable together on September 10th, 1905, but as the earliest appearance of larvte that year would be about August 12th, and the last of my larvse to spin up did so on September 30th, it appears that there is a period of something like seven weeks during which it is possible to find the larvne. This period would probably fall later in a cold and backward season {vide " Notes on E. reticulata," by the Rev. A. M. Moss, in Ent. Mo. Mag., May, 1897). Description of Pupa. September 16th, 1905. — Average length 9 mm., or rather over eleven thirty-seconds of an inch. Some, probably females, were nearly 10 mm. in length. The pupa is remarkably stout, so that its general appearance is short and stumpy. The surface is smooth and glossy. Anterior portion, enclosing head, thorax, antennre, legs, and wings, bright transparent green. Abdominal portion light golden brown, the incisions of the segments being darker brown. Green medio- dorsal line and, in some pupfe, traces of the red larval spots are visible at the segmental divisions. Between the eleventh and twelfth segments a dull red-brown spot (corresponding to the red larval blotch) is distinct in all the pupae. Perfect Insect. —The perfect insect appears to extend over a period of at least four weeks, and, judging from the behaviour of ON THK GENERIC NAME RHYACIONIA. 89 a number of pupae left in my care that year, 1905 (from larvae collected by Mr. Moss in 1904) and from observation of the insect itself in its natural haunts, I should say that even where it does occur it will never be very plentiful at any one time. Those I had, emerged in a desultory fashion from July 1st to 30th, one or two each day, and never more than five on one day. Outside, on July IGth, Mr. Geo. Holmes and myself, after four hours' hard work, secured only nine specimens (four fresh, five worn). We missed five, but may possibly have captured some of these again later in the day, so that the insect was certainly not common on that day. But I have not the slightest doubt that, had wo visited the localities from day to day, we might have taken fresh reticulata up to the first week in August. We were rewarded, however, for sparing the perfect insect in July by the discovery of the larvae in fair number throughout August and September. The flight of E. reticulata is quick and jerky, not of long duration, for they soon seek shelter among the leaves of the surrounding trees. The extremely rough nature of the ground, remarked upon by Mr. Moss in his former paper, makes their capture something of a feat. The rich colour of the fore wings is most distinct, even when the moth is flying, and notwithstand- ing the excitement which always accompanies the pursuit of a rare insect, it is impossible to mistake it for anything else. I regret that I did not find it possible to photograph the larvae in situ. The figures, however, show the general form of the larva and its usual resting postures during the daytime. Fig. 2 had to be coaxed into position for the camera, though, as stated before, the attitude depicted is a common and charac- teristic one of the full-(jroivn larva in a state of nature. ON THE GENERIC NAME RHYACIONIA, Hb. By Edward Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., &c. I SHOULD be sorry if Mr. South's commendation of the sub- stitution of this name for lietinia should attract others into a deceptive morass. An inspection of the facts as recited by Prof. Fernald will show that the supposed fixation of types by Stephens is accidental only ; I (and others) hold that his restrictions are not valid unless intentional. As the true hastana is not British, Stephens did not, by merely failing to mention it, exclude it from either of his two uses of the name. Further, by using the same name for a subgenus and genus within three pages, he evidently did not regard the first use as conflicting with the second, and therefore the first use was not intended to be generic, and there- fore was not. Again, in the generic use, though he misapplied 90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. a specific name, yet his intention was clearly to base the genus on Hiibner's species, and not to introduce a different one. Finally, the name Rhyacionia has sixty-two years' established use as based on the type hastana, which is after all in accordance with Hiibner's specification, and Stephens' intention, as ex- plained above. It might be deemed incredible that anyone would offer to cause so much confusion on such flimsy grounds. Even if the change were made, the discovery of a casual mention of Rhyacionia hastana in any publication of earlier date would suffice to reverse the whole procedure. Thornhanger, Marlborough: Feb. 9th, 1912. NEW SPECIES OF BOARMIIN.^ FKOM FORMOSA. By a. E. Wileman, F.E.S. (Continued from p. 73.) Alois (?) conjuncta, sp. n. ^ . Fore wings whitish, suffused and clouded with ochreous and speckled with blackish; antemedial line blackish, diffuse; postmedial line blackish, dentate ; discoidal spot black, placed on a blackish band from costa which connects the antemedial and postmedial lines on dorsal area ; subterminal area blackish, interrupted by the ground colour at apex and at middle, and traversed by a paler wavy line. Hind wings ochreous, merging into whitish on the costal area, speckled with blackish ; discoidal spot black, with traces of a trans- verse line just beyond ; some large blackish freckles about middle of terminal area and at tornus. Fringes of all the wings ochreous, marked with blackish. Under side whitish markings faint. 5 . Similar to the male, but on the under side the markings are almost as distinct as on the upper side. Expanse 28 millim. Collection number, 1638. One example of each sex from Arizan (730J ft.), August, 1908. Aids (?) virgata, sp. n. (? . Fore wings white, yellowish suffused and striated with black on outer area, dusted with blackish on basal area ; antemedial line blackish, diffuse, indistinct ; postmedial line black, only indicated by dots below costa, joined below cell by a black band from middle of costa ; terminal area black, patch with yellowish at apex and about middle. Hind wings white striated with black ; terminal area yellow tinged, black striae thicker towards costa, some black dots on dorsum towards tornus. Under side rather paler than above, otherwise similar. Expanse, 26 millim. Collection number, 1644. A male specimen from Kanshirei, July, 1908. NEW SPECIES OP BOARMIIN^ FROM FORMOSA. 91 Alcis semiclarata nebulosa. 5 . Fore wings blackish brown clouded with black especially on the median third ; antemedial line black, curved ; postmedial line black, angled at veins five and two. Expanse, 36 millim. Two female specimens from Arizan (7500 ft.), August, 1908. Alcis semiclarata divisa. c? . Basal half of fore wings blackish limited by a black, angu- lated, diffuse line. Hind wings ochreous lightly sprinkled with blackish. Expanse, 30 millim. Collection number, 1675. One male specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), August, 1908. Except that they are smaller in size, I cannot find that these specimens from Formosa are specifically separable from Indian semiclarata, Moore, and I therefore describe them as forms of that species. Alcis macularia, sp. n. (? . Fore wings ochreous, reddish tinged, striated and freckled with black, striae most distinct on the costa ; antemedial line black, diffuse, curved, not very distinct ; postmedial line represented by black marks on the costa, veins, and dorsum ; subterminal line pale ochreous, wavy, shaded with blackish except on the [^costal area ; discoidal mark black, linear, surrounded with blackish, a black spot above it on costa ; fringes ochreous marked with brownish between the veins, preceded by black lunules. Hind wings ochreous faintly striated with blackish ; discoidal spot black, small ; fringes as on the fore wings but hardly marked with brownish. Under side ochreous faintly striated with blackish ; terminal area of fore wings clouded with blackish. Expanse, 36 millim. Collection number, 807. A male specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 13tb, 1907. This species appears to be near A. megaspilaria, Swinhoe, from Sikhim. Alcis basinotata, n.n. Alcis nigronotata, Wileman, Entom. xlv. 71 (1912). Ectropis (?) rusticaria, sp. n. olaris, &c., and gave full notes on their characteristics and habits. March 28th.— Mv. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. C. F. Lloyd, of Ashford Common, Middlesex, was elected a member. — Mr. B. H. Smith exhibited ova of Aviphidasys strataria laid by a female with which he had assembled five males. — Mr. West, the specimen of Psylla albipes found by him at Box Hill in October last, and new to the British list of Hemiptera. — Mr. Newman, living examples of Melitaa aurinia, bred at a temperature of sixty to seventy degrees, and full-fed larvae of Dryas paphia fed under similar conditions. He called attention to the extreme scarcity of larvae of Arctia caia and of Abraxas grossulariata. Mr. W. G. Sheldon, specimen of Leptosia sinapis and L. duponcheli, with the summer broods of the same, var. diniensis and var. cBstiva respectively, and pointed out that the British summer form of the former species was an intermediate form. — Mr. E. Adkin, a specimen of Hadena porphyrea (satitra), and read a series of historical and critical notes on the species. — Mr. Andrews, the Syrphid S. arcticus, taken at Chattenden on March 12th. — Mr. Ashdown, a specimen of Mysia oblongo-guttata ab. nigro-guttata, from Oxshott, in May, 1911, and recently described as new. — Mr. Sich, for Mr. G. B. Eoutledge, a 188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. melanic example of Depressaria aplana, from Carlisle. — Mr. A. E. Tonge, a living specimen of Callophnjs avis, bred ab ovo. — -Mr. Edwards, examples of the closely allied Ornithoptera 0. lydins and 0. crcesus. — Mr. H. Main, the larva of the alder-fly, Sialis lutaria. — H. J. Turner, Hon. Bepori. Secretary. RECENT LITERATURE. Batter fly -Hunting in Many Lands : Notes of a Field Naturalist. By George B. Longstapf, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.G.S., &c. To which are added Translations of Papers by Fritz Muller on the Scent-organs of Butterflies and Moths : with a Note by E. B. PouLTON, D.Sc, F.R.S. Pp.-xviii, 1-728. Plates i-xvi (seven coloured). London : Longmans, Green, & Co. 1912. Op the ten chapters into which this handsome volume is divided, the first, entitled " Some Early Reminiscences," treats mainly of the author's field-work in various British localities. Among other inte- resting captures mentioned in this section we note — eighteen larvae of Orgyia gonostigvia on Wimbledon Common (1864) ; Anticlea rubidata, Wimbledon Common (1865) ; Leucophasia sinapis, Lynd- hurst (1865) ; Boarmia abietaria, Rugby (1866 or 7) ; and Macaria notata, Combe Wood (1867). In chapters ii-ix the author's impressions of the countries he travelled through, and the entomological observations he made therein, are chronicled in narrative form. Not only as regards butterflies, but every insect that presented itself to his notice seems to have been annexed, accurately identified, and its name entered in these interesting accounts of the author's wanderings in many lands. India and Ceylon were visited in 1903-4 ; China, Japan, and Canada in 1904 ; Algeria in 1905 ; South Africa in 1905 ; West Indies and South America in 1906-7 ; and New Zealand and Australia in 1910. Under the heading " Butterfly Bionomics " (chapter x. pp. 489- 600) are brought together valuable notes on several exceedingly interesting subjects such as Scents, Tenacity of Life, Successful Mimicry, Peculiarities of Life, Attitudes at Rest, Seasonal Forms, &c. A series of papers on scent-organs in Lepidoptera (twelve in number) by the distinguished naturalist Fritz Muller, who died in 1897, form the Appendix (pp. 601-666). These papers, some written in German, others in Portuguese, have been ably translated by Mr. Ernest A. Elliott, and English students will be grateful to him, as well as to Dr. Longstaff, for their publication in the present volume. The Appendix, which is prefaced by an introductory note written by Professor Poulton, D.Sc, F.R.S. , is illustrated by nine plates. We can heartily commend this capital volume of travel and entomology. It is readable from cover to cover, highly interesting throughout, and very instructive. If we were disposed to cavil at aught, we might take exception to the title, which does not appear to present an adequate conception of the contents of the book. The six excellent coloured plates, drawn by Messrs. Horace and Edgar S. Knight, represent some forty-eight species belonging to various Orders, and include twenty-two novelties. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLV.] JULY, 1912. [No. 590 THE LAEVA OF CARDIOPHORUS ASELLUS (COLEOPTERA, Fam. ELATERID^). By David Sharp, M.B., F.R S, F.E.S., &c. At the beginning of this month I had the pleasure of meeting with this extraordinary larva near Bournemouth. I have for many years wished to see this larva, not only because of its peculiarity, but because some of the points in the literature about it are vague and obscure. Although the genus Cardio- phorus abounds in species, some of which are very abundant in Continental Europe, yet the larva is so seldom met with that M. Henri du Buysson, who has devoted many years to the study of the European Elateridse, has never seen it ; and in his work (' Faune gallo-rhenane Elateridae') recently completed has been obliged to content himself with a summary of the observations of Schiodte and Ferris, who are apparently the only naturalists who have described this larva from personal knowledge. When I obtained it I thought it desirable to obtain a photo- graph before it underwent post-mortem changes in form, and my friend Mr, G. T. Lyle has been so good and so skilful as to produce a likeness that gives an excellent idea of the form and of some of the peculiarities of the creature, for which we owe him our best thanks. When alive the larva is totally dissimilar in its movements from other Elaterid larvse, being very quick and agile. The posterior part of the elongate body trails behind, and when it moves forward does so with a sort of peristaltic movement. But ENTOM. — JULY, 1912. Q 190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the anterior parts are quite different in action ; they are held raised a little from the ground, and moved about quickly from side to side ; the head moves the most freely, and the mouth- parts are kept in constant and rapid vibration, like the tongue of a snake ; the movements indeed are singularly reptilian, as well as the form of the creature. As regards the extraordinary segmentation, we may remark that at first sight there appear to be : head + 4 thoracic + 23 abdominal segments. A careful examination reduces the number of segments to that normal for coleopterous larvae. What appears in the photograph to be the head is really the progndthous mouth-pieces, which are separated from the rest of the head (i. e. the elongated part that immediately follows) by a trans- verse division that extends completely round. The head, in fact, is excessively elongate, and may be described as pseudo- bisegmental. The first thoracic segment is hard and of a brown colour like the head ; all the following parts are pale and soft. In length the three thoracic segments are subequal ; and the first is connected with the head, the third with the first abdo- minal, and the three one with the other, by means of inter- segmental membranes that do. not differ greatly from the intersegmental membranes of ordinary Elaterid larvae except by being somewhat longer and more exposed than usual. The apparently increased number of abdominal segments is due to great elongation and exposure of the intersegmental membranes. The number is made up thus : first abdominal segment consists of two divisions, segments 2-7 consist each of three divisions, segment 8 of two divisions, and segment 9 is single ; thus making up twenty-three, the pseudo-segmental number. The true tenth abdominal segment is concealed in a dorsal view by being placed under the ninth. When the larva is alive there is a slight difference in colour and texture between the super- numerary divisions and the others, that confirms the interpre- tation of the abdominal structure I have just given. The larva was found by Mr. A. Ford, of Bournemouth, and myself side by side with specimens of Cardiophorus asellus (of British collections). No other Cardiophorus is known to occur at Bournemouth, so that the connection of the larva and imago is not open to doubt. I mention this because the larva described and figured by Schiodte in his well-known work is said to be that of C. asellus. If so, his figure is far from successful, and I believe it really pertains to a species different from that I have described. Perris's figure (204, ' Larves de Coleopteres ') is said to be G. rufipes : this figure gives a better general idea of our larva than does that of Schiodte, which is far too broad and robust. The peculiarities of the larva of Cardiophorus are far from being confined to its segmentation. But a consideration of them NOTES ON THE BRITISH MOSQUITOS. 191 would involve comparisons and discussions that would extend far beyond the limits of an article in the ' Entomologist.' I may mention that the larva was found in the purest and driest of fine sea-sand. It was brought home in a tin containing some of the sand; this was wetted and so made more solid, and the larva evidently appreciated this, and burrowed in the wet sand. I did not "keep it long alive, as I feared it might change to a pupa. I have no doubt that it is carnivorous and predaceous. Brockenhurst : May 28th, 1912. NOTES ON THE BEITISH MOSQUITOS (CULICIN.E). By F. W. Edwards, B.A., F.E.S. (Published by Permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) Considering the great interest now taken in the blood-sucking gnats or " mosquitos," their economic importance in relation to disease, the large number of workers engaged in their study, and the enormous output of literature concerning them, it is somewhat remarkable that so little has been written about the British species. Indeed, the only attempt at a general syste- matic account of them (apart from the treatment in Walker's 'Insecta Britannica, Diptera' [1856]), so far as I am aware, is that of Stevens, published in 1825. Needless to say, these are hope- lessly out of date, and the descriptions are so meagre that it is impossible to recognize to what insects they are intended to apply. Thus their determination is a matter of needless difficulty. It is true that good descriptions of most of the species are to be found in Theobald's ' Monograph of the Culicidae of the World,' but these have to be picked out of an enormous mass of material, while the keys to the genera and species which the author gives are in many cases difficult of application and not of much value ; to say nothing of the fact that his system of classification is not accepted by other entomologists who have studied these insects, and by dipterists in general. This being the state of affairs, it seems as though it would be of use to give a concise synopsis of the British species, taking into account the most recent researches. It is hoped that the following tables and notes will be found workable and helpful, and that they may be the means of inducing some to take up the study of these interesting insects during the present summer. There is much work yet to be done before our knowledge of them approaches com- pleteness : the larvae of several species are yet undiscovered, and it is probable that even the number of species on the British list is not yet complete. One species is introduced in the present Q 2 192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. paper as new to our fauna, and others are very likely to occur if searched for. The writer merely hopes in these notes to pave the way for further and more detailed work by enabling the collector to name his material correctly. With this end in view, tables for determining the adults are given, with brief descriptions of each species. The common gnat is so well known that no general description is necessary — all Diptera with a long proboscis and the same type of wing-venation as is found in Culex pipiens may be assumed to be " mosquitos." This term is rightly applicable to any member of the group, and should not be limited to a particular species or genus. The following artificial key may serve as a rough guide in the identification of a specimen, but its proper generic position should, of course, be ascertained by the aid of the tables : — A. Tarsi ringed with white at the bases of the joints. a. Metatarsi without a median pale ring. 0. cantans, 0. annulipes, 0. vexans. b. Metatarsi with a median pale ring. Th. anmdata, Teen, richiardii. B. Tarsi pale-ringed, the rings embracing both ends of the joints. a. Abdomen with a median longitudinal pale stripe, more or less interrupted. 0. dorsal is. b. Abdomen without such stripe, but with whitish bands at the bases of the segments. Th. morsitans, Th. theobaldi. C. Tarsi entirely dark. a. Abdomen not scaly. Anopheles. b. Abdomen scaly. i. Segments of abdomen with complete basal pale bands. 0. divcrsus, 0. nemorosus, 0. salinus, C. pipiens. ii. No complete pale bands on abdomen. 0. lateralis, A. cinereus. Table of Genera. Males (antenna plumose) : 1. Scutellum rounded ; legs very slender ; abdomen without scales 1. Anopheles. Scutellum more or less trilobed ; abdomen scaly (the scales are, of course, easily rubbed off, but will be quite evident except in very bad speci- mens) 2. 2. Palpi very short 3. Aedes. Palpi long, rarely shorter than the proboscis . 3. 3. Last two joints of palpi more or less swollen, and never curved upwards 4. Last two joints of palpi quite thin, curved upwards 6. Culex. 4. Last joint of palpi distinctly thicker than the penultimate 5. Theobaldia. NOTES ON THE BRITISH MOSQUITOS. 193 Last joint of palpi never thicker than penultimate. usually distinctly thinner . . . . • 5. 5. The smaller claw on the fore and luid feet simple (metatarsi with pale rings in the middle) 4. TiENiOEHYNCHUS. The smaller claw on the fore and mid feet toothed (metatarsi not pale-ringed in the middle) 2. Ochlebotatus. Females : 1. Palpi as long as proboscis .... 1. Anopheles. Palpi much shorter than proboscis . _ . . 2. 2. Claws toothed (rarely the hind pairs are simple); abdomen pointed ; ovipositor externally promi- nent ......... 3. Claws all simple ; abdomen usually blunt-ended ; . ovipositor hardly visible externally . . . 4:. 3. Head almost covered with broad flat scales . . 3. Aedes. Middle of head (above) with only quite narrow scales 2. Ochlerotatus. 4. Hind metatarsus shorter than the tibia . . 5. Hind metatarsus as long as the tibia . . .6. Culex. 5. Cross-veins separated by less than the length of the posterior ; lateral vein-scales narrow . 5. Theobaldia. Cross-veins separated by more than the length of the posterior ; lateral vein-scales mostly rather broad 4. T^nioehynchus. Genus 1. Anopheles. The species of this genus are readily recognized by the long female palpi, and by a number of minor characters, such as the absence of scales on the body. We have only three species o( Anopheles in Britain. Theobald, indeed, states that he has taken a fourth — the North American A. barheri — in England, but this requires confirmation. The larva of A. barheriis distinguished from those of other Anopheles by "the slight development of the head hairs, the presence of plumose hairs after the third abdominal segment, and the absence of short teeth on the comb of the eighth segment." 1. A. macuUpennis, Mg. ; the Spotted Gnat. — Distinguished from the other two species by the presence of spots on the wings, formed by the accumulation of scales. Grey-brown to grey- ochreous in colour. Average length (without proboscis), 6 mm. Widely distributed in the south and east of England, and common in marshy places ; occurs also in North Wales. 2. A. bifnrcatus, h. — Closely resembles A. macuUpennis in size and colour, but differs most obviously in the entire absence of the dark spots on the wingSc It seems to be less common than the preceding, but has a similar distribution. 3. A. plumbeus, Stephens. — Smaller and darker than the two preceding ; the wings are somewhat narrower, the scales 194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. being blacker and rather denser ; the thorax (in good specimens) is ashy-grey in the middle, blackish at the sides, and bears anteriorly some white hair-like scales, the vestiture of the thorax in the other two species being yellowish ; the abdomen is black, not brown or greyish-brown. Average length, 4-5 mm. This species seems to have a wider distribution than the other two, as it has been recorded from Scotland and Ireland. As Theobald remarks: "There is little doubt that Haliday's [Stephens's] A. plumheus, taken in the North of Ireland in July, is this species [A. nigripes, Staeger]." It is best known under this latter name. Genus 2. Ochlerotatus. This genus includes most of the European species till recently placed in Ciilex. It is, however, at least as distinct from Culex as Acdes is. The eggs are deposited singly (as in Acdes), not in masses (as in Culex). The writer has been able to recognize eight species in Britain, which can be distinguished as follows : — 1. Tarsi (especially those of the hind legs) pale-ringed . 2. Tarsi entirely dark . . . " . . . . 5. 2. Pale rings of tarsi embracing both ends of the joints, on hind legs the whole of the last joint is pale . 1. dorsalis. Pale rings of tarsi at bases of joints only ... 3. 3. Pale rings of hind tarsi very narrow ; wing-scales all dark 2. vcxans. Pale rings of hind tarsi broad, except on first and last joints ; wings with both dark and light scales . 4. 4. Yellower species ; a broad band of yellowish scales on each side of the mesonotum . . . .3. ammlipes. Browner species ; mesonotum mostly brown-scaled, with lateral spots or lines of whitish scales . 4. maculatus. 5. Segments of abdomen with basal pale bands ; mar- gins of thorax not whitish 6. Segments of abdomen with lateral basal white spots ; margins of mesonotum broadly wdiite-scaled . . 8. lateralis. 6. Wings speckled with light and dark scales, on nearly all the veins 5. salinus. "Wings with few or no light scales . . : . 7. 7. Pale bands of abdomen yellow, tending to spread out in the middle, and sometimes forming a median yellow line on the last few segments . . .6. divcrsus. Pale bands of abdomen whitish, tending to spread out laterally, and sometimes almost divided into pairs of triangular spots .... 7. nemorosus. 1. O. dorsalis, Mg. — Scales of head bright reddish-brown at the sides, whitish in the middle. Thorax mainly clothed with bright reddish-brown scales, but with two rather broad whitish longitudinal stripes. Wings and legs speckled with dark and DESCKIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANOMALON. 195 light scales, as in 0. maculatiis and 0. nemorosus. Abdomen with yellowish bands, each embracing two contiguous segments, and connected by a median dorsal yellowish line, so that in pale specimens each segment of the abdomen appears to have a pair of subquadrate dark brown patches. Average length, $ 6'5 mm., ? 5 mm. This species occurs abundantly at Aldborough, Suffolk, and has been taken at various places in the London district (Charlton, Dartford, Albert Docks, Lewisham, Camberwell, Chiswick, Stam- ford Hill), and at Kochester and Wyre Forest. I believe that Eondani's Culex imlchripalins and G. penicillaris are both synonyms. Theobald introduced C . imlchripalins as British on the strength of some specimens of tliis species taken at the Albert Docks. 2. 0. vexans, Mg. — Thorax dark brown, uniformly clothed with dark golden-brown scales. Pale bands of abdomen (in female at least) narrowly interrupted at the sides and indented in the middle, so that they appear bilobed. Male genitalia very peculiar, the claspers being forked. Average length, 3- 6 mm., ? 5 mm. This species has at present but slender claims to a place in the British list. It has been confused with Thcohaldia morsitans, and probably some of the old records of 0. vexans really refer to that species. In the old CUfton collection in the British Museum were seven specimens of this species, all without locality label — three females unnamed, and two males, two females labelled *' ? calopus, Meig." Apart from these the only British specimens I have seen or heard of are a male and female in the Cambridge Museum, taken at Mildenhall, Suffolk, July, 1894, by Mr. C. G. Lamb. Both these are very much rubbed, and the characteristic abdominal markings of the female removed. 0. vexans occurs, I believe, in North America under the name of sylvestris, Theo. — variously placed in Culex, Ecculcx, or A'ccles. Theobald's type was said to have the hind claws of the female simple, but most American specimens have them toothed, like the European 0. vexans. (To be continued.) DESCEIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANOMALON (ICHNEUMONID^) FKOM HONGKONG. By p. Cameron. Anomalon pyretoriim, sp. n. Ferruginous, the abdomen brighter in tint ; the front broadly, the vextex less broadly, occiput, the greater part of mesonotum, the lower part of the pro- and mesopleurse, the metathorax, and more than 196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. the basal three-fourths of the second abdominal segment above, black ; the four front legs bright yellow, the coxae broadly at the base below rufous, the hind legs rufous, the coxie in the middle broadly above and entirely below, and the apical third of the hind tibiae, black, the hind tarsi yellow, tinged with fulvous, the base rufous. The face, clypeus, mandibles, and palpi bright yellow, as are also the malar space and a line on the lower part of the outer orbits. Wings fulvous- hyaline, the apex broadly tinged with fuscous violaceous, the ner- vures black, the costa and stigma rufo-testaceous. Male. Length, 28 mm. Bred from the larva of Saturnia pyretorum, West. Received by Mr, J. Henry Watson from Hongkong. Head, thorax, and base of legs densely covered with pale, almost fulvous pubescence. The vertex between the ocelli is irregularly, stoutly striated, a stout stria runs down from outside the posterior ocelli, and two stout oblique ones from between the outer and lower. Parapsidal furrows with stout striae, which are more numerous on the base. Middle of propleurae stoutly striated, the striae almost forming reticulations ; there is a broad reticulated band on the meso- pleuraB below the middle, the band widest at the base. Metathorax strongly reticulated. Mesosternal furrow curved, crenulated ; it is on the basal two-thirds. The transverse median nervure is received shortly beyond the transverse ; in the hind wings the transverse cubital is broken shortly below the middle. The basal joints of the flagellum are yellow below. SOME NEW SPECIES OF ZAMARADA (Fam. GEOMETPJDiE). By Louis B. Prout, F.E.S. Chiefly through the kindness of Mr. F. W. Short, B.Sc, F.LE., of Selukwe, S. Ehodesia, I have accumulated some very interesting material in the genus Zamarada, Moore, which seems to be remarkably prevalent in his district. As most of the forms are represented by more than one specimen, and entirely without intergrades, there can be no reasonable doubt as to their specific rank, although the structural uniformity throughout the genus robs one of the most decisive criteria. I subjoin descriptions of the new species. Zamarada bat]iyscaphes, n. sp. ^ ? , 26-27 mm. Face and palpus mixed red and pale ochreous. Vertex and antenna pale ochreous ; occiput red. Thorax and abdo- men above red, beneath (with legs) pale. Both wings very pale, iridescent yellow-green, with small basal patch, broad distal border, slight inner-mai'ginal shading and very small discal spot red (a blend of bright rufous, yellowish and violet scales), the fore wing in addition with costal edge (to SC) ochreous SOME NEW SPECIES OF ZAMARADA. 197 spotted with red ; the distal border 4 mm. broad anteriorly on fore wing, sHghtly less posteriorly and on hind wing, margined by a fine darker red or blackish line proximally and traversed by a usually indistinct, interrupted, dentate, pale (in some lights silvery) sub- terminal line ; between E^ and M^ the ground colour encroaches very deeply into the band, almost touching the termen at M^ and IVP, but leaving a small pyramidal red spot between these veins. Fringe yellowish, marked with red at the vein-ends. Under side similar, shghtly paler, the red border without markings. Selukwe, October, 1911 ; two females (type and co-type). Also three males : one taken early in 1911 ; one, December, 1911; one, March, 1912. In the females the discal spot of hind wing is almost obsolete, but it is distinct in all the three males. Otherwise there is no appreciable variation, except slightly in the strength of the markings on the border. May possibly prove a local race of vulpina, Warr. (Novit. Zool. iv. 123), from West Africa. Zamarada jnirimargo, n. sp. 5 , 29 mm. Face and palpus rufous mixed wuth pale ochreous. Vertex and antenna pale ochreous. Occiput with thorax and abdo- men dorsally bright rufous with slight violet reflections. Fore wing very pale, translucent yellow-green, with hyaline reflections, veins yellower ; costa to SC pale ochreous, except at base ; a small red basal patch, a distal border of about the same breadth as in the preceding species, of a delicate rufous with a slight admixture of shining violet scales, without traces of pale or dark markings, and with only a comparatively shallow, rounded sinus (narrowing the border by less than half its width) between E^ and M'l Hind wing similar excepting costa, but the basal patch much smaller and the proximal edge of the red border running obliquely after the sinus, so as to reach inner margin at middle. Fringes pale yellowish, tinged with red proximally. Under side quite similar, somewhat more washed-out. Selukwe, October 20th-27th, 1911 ; type in coll. L. B. Front. A co-type, precisely similar, but with minute discal dots, which are virtually obsolete in the type, Lilongwe district. Central Angoniland, 4-5000 ft., June 2nd, 1910 (S. A. Neave) in coll. Brit. Mus. Perhaps nearest to pyrocincta ab. 1 of Hampson (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1910, p. 470), but with larger basal patch, terminal bands broader, more devoid of markings, and at inner margin of hind wing quite differently shaped. Zamarada nehulimargo, n. sp. under side. Laxelv, July 11th, 1912. Fig. 5.-6'. hecla, $ , ab. distiiicta (dark border). Laxelv, July 11th, 1912. Fig. 6.— a. hecla, $ , ab. ochrea-sitffusa. Laxelv, July 11th, 1912. Fig. 7. — C. hecla, $ , ab. (Zis^inc^a (light border), Laxelv, July 14th, 1912. Fig. 8.—C. hecla, ? , ab. ohscura. Laxelv, July 11th, 1912. The Entomologist, November, 1912. Plate XIV. West, Newman proc. FORMS OF SCANDINAVIAN DIURNI. Fig. l.—Brentliis freija, Thnbg., typical $ . Abisko, June 25th, 1911. Fig. 2.— S./m'/rt, Thnbg., 2 (underside), Abisko, June 18th, 1911. Fig. o.—B. freija {ib. fasciata, 3_. Abisko, July 3rd, 1911. Fig. 4. — Pleris luqn, L., ab. arcfica. Bossekop, June 19th, 1912. Fig. 5. — Brentliis 'polaris, Bsd., J . Kolvik, June 28th, 1912. Fig. 6.— -B. polaris, $ (under side). Kolvik, Julv 3rd, 1912. Fig. l.—B.frigga, Thnbg., 2 • Laxelv, July 12th, 1912. Fig. 8.—B.frigga, Thnbg., 5 . Jemtland, June 5th, 1911. THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLV.] NOVEMBBE. 1912. [No. 594 THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE NORWEGIAN PROVINCES OF ODALEN AND FINMARK. By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S. (Plates XI.-XIV.) The expedition which I made into Scandinavia in 1911 (see * Entomologist,' vol. xliv. p. 357) did not enable me to observe certain species of Diurni which then evaded my search ; these included Colias hecla, Erebia disa, Bi^enthis polaris, B. chariclea, MeliUea iduna, and Latiorina orbitulus var. aquilo. The last four of these, so far as I am aware, have never been seen alive by my fellow-countrymen, whilst the only British record of Erebia disa I can find, is that Dr. Chapman took a few worn examples at Bossekop in 1896, and it was to get acquaintance with some at least of these species that I was, in part at any rate, induced to make another journey to the far north this year. I thought also, having worked out something of the life-history of Colias nastes, var. toerdandi (see 'Entomologist,' vol. xlv. p. 122), I would like to try if I could not do something with that of the other purely Arctic species of this genus, C, hecla. Of course there are many reasons why an expedition to Arctic Norway, to which district I decided this year to extend my operations, is one that has charms, apart from the Lepidoptera. The wonderful experience, perhaps unique throughout the world, of sailing for five days and nights, from Stavanger to the North Cape, through channels and fjords, passing thousands of islands, often approaching within a few feet of the precipitous shores towering many hundreds of feet above, the view continually changing the whole time ; the beauty of the scenery, the great wealth of life continuously around one — birds, seals, and ceta- ceans— the bracing air, the perpetual daylight, and the charming Norwegian people, so honest, kindly, and obliging ; all tend to impel one who has once been there to pay another visit. I crossed over from Hull to Christiania on June 1st in the good ship 'Eskimo,' and, wishing to see something of certain southern Norwegian Lepidoptera, spent a few days in the neighbourhood of the well-known — to Lepidopterists — bog of ENTOM. — NOVEMBER, 1912. 2 B 310 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Disenfen, in the Province of Odalen. This bog has been worked by several British entomologists, and its fauna recorded. I could not find accommodation at Sseterstoen, where my pre- decessors had stayed, but I discovered a fair inn at Aarnes, the next station to Sseterstoen on the Christiania side, and a con- venient train night and morning to convey me to my hunting- ground. Being favoured with good sun on June 4th and oth, I found plenty of butterflies. (Eneis jutta was in great numbers and fine condition ; the males one found at rest on the pine-trunks just on the edge of the bog, flying wildly therefrom when approached; females, less in number, were mostly disturbed from the ground. An hour or two amongst this species sufficed to obtain all I required. In the two days I managed to acquire half a score fine examples of Hesperia centaurece ; they frequented the edge of the bog, in clearings amongst the last trees. The other speciality of Disensen, Erebia embla, I nearly missed, for I had expected to find it either out in the open, or amongst the last trees ; but about an hour before the sun went in on June 5th I happened to cut across a thick belt of pine wood some fifty yards from the open, and here I found this fine species plentiful. As many examples as I required, some twenty in number, were quickly obtained ; they included four var. succulenta and one var. unicolor. Of the other species seen, the most interesting was Chrysophanus amphidamas, of which I netted several worn ex- amples on the railway bank between Saeterstoen and Disenaen, a few hundred yards from the former railway station. This is interesting, because Herr Sparre Schneider writes me that this species has never been taken in South Norway by Norwegians, only by Englishmen, and as the only account of its capture there by an Englishman that I can find is that of the one example recorded in 'Entomologist,' xxxi. p. 215, by Mr. E. S. Standen, the confirmation is satisfactory and conclusive. Amongst other butterflies seen were Euchloe cardamines, Coenonympha pamphilus, Hesperia malv(B, Pieris napi, Leptosia sinapis, Pararge hiera, Celastrina argiolus, Glaucopsyche cyllarus, and Bumicia phlceas, all fairly plentiful on the railway bank. Females of Brenthis freija were busily ovipositing out in the open bog, yards away from anything but mosses and lichen. An interesting and an unusual sight to me was the number of Hemaris tityus {bomby- liformis) that were flying over flowers of a species of Vicia, eight or ten examples being in sight at once. I fear that the fine bog of Disensen will soon be a thing of the past. It has at present an area of several hundred acres, and is crossed in the middle by the railway. On the north side the swamp is still in its pristine condition, but the southern half has deep dykes cut in it, and the surface at the time of my visit was being turned rapidly into arable .land, and I apprehend, from NORWEGIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 811 what I heard at Aarnes, that the northern portion will follow suit very shortly. On June 8th, the weather having temporarily broken up, I returned to Christiania, and calling upon the tourist agents respecting my passage to the far north, found I was confronted with a state of affairs which threatened to wreck my expedition at its outset. It appears there had been for some time dissatis- faction amongst the engine men on the Norwegian coasting steamers, and a strike of the whole of them was then imminent ; the last steamer that would go north for an unknown period having left Bergen the previous evening. This was not a plea- sant prospect and required consideration ; but I finally decided to risk being stranded somewhere in the vicinity of the North Cape indefinitely, and taking the night express for Trondhjem, caught the Bergen steamer, the * Richard With,' there early on the morning of June 9th, and sailed in her to Hammerfest, where we arrived in the small hours of the 12th. Here the strike had taken effect, and the local steamers were all lying in a melancholy row in the harbour, with crews paid off, and fires raked out. For some time after my arrival I was nonplussed, and how to get to my destination, Bossekop, in the Alten Fjord, some fifty miles distant, I did not know. Fortunately I had heard whilst on board the ' Richard With ' that there was a military station somewhere in the Alten Fjord, and coming across an army officer in the street, with whom I had travelled on the steamer from Trondhjem, I ventured to explain to him my dilemma, and my troubles were at once at an end for the time being, for this gentleman, who I afterwards found was the commander of the battalion in the Province of Fin- marken, Oberstloitenant Nyquist, with the kindness and obliging- ness which are inborn in a Norwegian, insisted that I should come as the guest of himself and a brother officer in a motor-boat they had chartered, and in which they were proceeding to Alten. We left Hammerfest about noon and reached Bossekop shortly before midnight, my hosts most kindly landing me there before proceeding to their destination. After some difficulty I got myself and my luggage to the small hotel, but the good people were gone to bed and I did not get any supper that night. At Bossekop I remained until June 23rd, on which day, taking advantage of the presence of a cargo motor-boat, I pre- vailed upon the captain to allow me to travel in her back to Hammerfest. Bossekop and the Alten Fjord are by far the best known localities for Lepidoptera in Arctic Norway. Zetterstedt was there in the first half of the last century, and in 1860 Drs. Staudinger and Wocke collected from May until August. A very complete account of the locality by Staudinger is to be found in the ' Entomologists' Annual ' for the year 1864, and the record 2b 2 312 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. of captures is detailed in the * Stettin Eutomologische Zeitung,' 1861. In 1896 Dr. Chapman and Mr. Lloyd paid a visit, and in 1906 Mr. Kowland-Brown was there. My chief reason for visiting Alten was to see a place so famous entomologically and botanically, for the flora for the latitude is very rich, but also I hoped to get specimens of Colias hecla and Erebia clisa, both of which occur there. I did not see the former species, but was fortunate, after several days' search, to stumble across a locality in which the latter occurred in some abundance. In the small hours of June 26th, the strike having by this time fortunately ended, I left Hammerfest on board the small forty-year old trading steamer * Kong Eystein,' on what turned out to be the rolliest and yet the most enjoyable voyage I have ever made. We steered first north-west to the island of Soro, then north-east to Rolfso, Ingo, Hjelmso, and Maaso, going outside these islands and calling at innumerable quaint little fishing stations, dropping here a little cargo, or a few passengers, taking up there some dried fish, a horse, or a cow, or some hardy fisher folk on travel intent. At Hjelmso we passed close under a cliff haunted by millions of fowl of different species, and as the syren was sounded by the orders of the obliging captain for my edification, the air was darkened by their countless numbers. The swell of the Arctic Ocean, accentuated by the currents between the islands, made the little vessel rock fearfully and wonderfully, but she took the seas like a duck, and it was delightful to be on her deck amongst the marvellous surroundings the whole of the day. About 9 p.m. we rounded that wonderful headland, the North Cape, where so many tourists go to see the midnight sun, and from which so few actually behold it, for this district is notorious for cloud and haze, even during midsummer. We steamed close under the gigantic cliffs, sheer and over one thousand feet in height, and passed Hornviken Bay into what is, in a sense, un- known Norway; that is to say, unknown to the tourist, who almost invariably stops at the North Cape, or who occasionally journeys in the large steamers through the Magerp Sound to Vadso, in the Varanger Fjord, where the voyage of these ships ends. Baedeker is silent respecting the intervening fjords, and, except for a solitary traveller journeying at intervals of years up the Porsanger Fjord to Karasjok, the capital of Norwegian Lap- land, which is situated some hundred miles in the interior, or an occasional salmon fisher, the only people are those who dwell on their shores. The inhabitants are chiefly Lapps or Finns, or a mixture of these races, with a very few Norwegian families. The Porsanger Fjord, which was the one I proposed to visit, NORWEGIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 313 is the one immediately east of the North Cape. It was discovered, entomologically, by the Norwegian lepidopterist, Herr W. M. Scboyen, who spent a considerable time there in 1878 and 1879. Since that date, except that his son, Herr T. Scboyen, visited the fjord in 1907, and Herr Sparre Schneider in 1907 and 1908, in which years, owing to bad seasons, the results were not good, I am not aware that anything has been done with the Lepi- doptera. In the early hours of June 27th the * Kong Eystein ' entered the quiet waters of the Porsanger Fjord, and a little before noon, on the west side, about half-way down, in a little haven known as Kolvik, I found a delightful place of rest. Kolvik is the head- quarters of Herr A. Bye, the Porsanger Whiteley, who, in addition to selling everything the inhabitants of the district require, and buying everything they have to sell, runs an excel- lent private hotel, the frequenters of which are entirely his acquaintances and customers who may have occasion to pass up and down the fjord. I spent a considerable time at Kolvik, making it my head- quarters, and never was unintroduced foreigner welcomed with greater kindness, or more charmingly, than was the writer by Herr Bye, his family, and his guests. The vegetation in the Porsanger is quite as luxurious, if not more so, than that of the much better known Alten Fjord. _ There is a great quantity of birch clothing the hillsides, which in shel- tered places attains a height of thirty or even forty feet. With this is a sprinkling of mountain ash and black poplar. At the south end stunted Scotch firs begin to appear, and I am in- formed that a few miles further up country this tree attains a good size. There is a very peculiar band of dolomite rock, several miles wide, which extends on both sides of the fjord, and which in- cludes several islands. In all there are about one hundred islands scattered about, the resort of countless flocks of geese, duck, gulls, cormorants, divers, waders, &c., which resort to them to breed. Whales are frequent, and were seen on several occasions. After remaining at Kolvik for a week, I took advantage of the visit of the local steamer to cross to Borselv, on the east side. The population of this village is entirely Lappish, and quarters were found at the postmaster's, who has a wooden house of two rooms, about twelve feet by eight feet, and six feet high, in one of which he and his family lived and cooked and slept ; the other was the post-office, and this I occupied during my stay, sharing it during a portion of the time with another individual. A quaint incident occurred here. I had noticed on arrival my host regarding me not altogether with approval ; a little 314 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. later on I found that the reason was that his only spare bed- stead was but five feet six inches long over all, and, as it had raised solid wooden head and foot, it was obviously not a suitable place of repose for a man something over sis feet in length ! However, he was energetic and obliging, and during the evening the district was ransacked, with the result that shortly before midnight he was seen approaching, with a neighbour, bearing in triumph a bedstead of a size almost long enough to accommodate King Og of olden time, and in which I was installed with great ceremony in due course. It proved to be a very comfortable couch ; in point of fact, I passed most of my time on it whilst at Borselv, for the weather at this period was the worst I have ever experienced in any country — an icy cold north-west gale blowing, with squalls of rain, almost the whole of my stay. I did eventually get a few hours of sun, during which, however, I could not find the particular species that was the chief reason of my visit — Latiorina orbitulus, var. aquilo, which Schoyen met with abundantly in 1879. With good weather, Borselv is a very desirable place to stay at, and I should, with these condi- tions, expect to find there most of the Diurni occurring in the district. There is a good driving road from Kolvik to Laxelv, which is situated at the extreme southern end of the fjord, some thirty- five kilometres from the former place. On July 10th I hired a Lapp to drive me to Laxelv ; the journey is vividly impressed on my memory by the eccentricities of the driver, who, after subjecting me to several hairbreadth escapes from disaster and the loss of my umbrella, succeeded in overturning the cart within one hundred yards of my destination. Fortunately I had not liked the appearance of that particular stretch of road, and did not happen to be in the cart just then, or my wanderings would most probably have come to an end — at any rate, for a time. All my luggage, except my boxes of specimens which I was carrying, was thrown out, and came within an ace of floating down the Elv, which was only a few feet away from the scene of the upset. At Laxelv I found quarters with the schoolmaster, Herr Nilsen, whose house is romantically situated on an island formed by two branches of the river, birch-clad, but with glades and meadows of charming Arctic flowers, and in every respect a delightful retreat. From Herr Nilsen and his excellent Fru I received every kindness, and morning and afternoon there was always one of his numerous family of frank and friendly small children ready to ferry me across the Elv. It did not in the least matter whether it was a boy or a girl ; they were equally efficient in piloting me safely across the turbulent waters. Laxelv will always dwell vividly in my memory. It was here, on July 11th, I first saw that exquisite Arctic butterfly, Colias THE GENUS ITHYSlA. 315 hecla, which was in such abundance that I selected over sixty perfect specimens in a few-hours out of perhaps three times that number netted. It will be understood what a treat it was to a lepidopterist to see the swarms of this beautiful species, after a week of storm and rain, passed chiefly in a Lapp hut, with a diet of, for the most part, sweet coarse rye bread and goat- cheese. My return journey to Kolvik, on July 17th, also nearly resulted in disaster, for at one of the two rivers which have to be crossed in a ferry-boat a cord slipped just as the cart containing the whole of my possessions was being got aboard, causing it to slide down the bank — which shelved rapidly — into the water and to come within an ace of being engulfed. By strenuous exertions, however, the driver and I managed to get my luggage out and placed in safety on the bank just in time. (To be continued.) THE GENUS ITHYSIA (Hubner). By J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc. As Mr. Prout has shown that the correct generic name of this group is Ithysia, I am adopting it in place of the more commonly used Nyssia (Dup.), which includes, in addition, the species I have included in my genus Poecilopsis. It was not my intention to supplement my notes on the Bistoninae, published in the ' Entomologist ' for July, 1910, until I had completed my work on the group, but I have been compelled by force of circumstances to publish the result of my investigations on this genus. As the genus now stands in our lists, it includes the three species, Ithysia zonaria, I. alpina, and I. grcecaria, or, as we now call them, Nyssia zonaria, &c. ; but I find that there are four species in the genus. These are : — Ithysia zonaria (Schiff.). I. alpina (Sulzer). I. italica, sp. n. I, (jfrcccana (Bdv.-Staudinger). To simplify the descriptions of the species it will be well to give here the scheme I have adopted in dealing with the various hybrids I have reared in this family. I look upon the fore wings in the " ideal " species as being crossed by three transverse lines, which may or may not be obsolete in any given specimen. The first three, viz. first, median, and second, are dark coloured. The fourth or sub- terminal I look upon, for the sake of simplicity, as the white or pale band, which is generally followed or preceded by a strong 316 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. blackish or brownish sufTusion. The hind wings are much the same, except that the first hne is only exceptionally present. Both wings have a white discal spot, surrounded by a blackish ring on the transverse vein. These spots may be absent. I have previously suggested that alpina and grcecaria should be separated from zonaria, but I am sure now that the separa- tion, as far as alpina is concerned, was premature. This species I consider to be generically the same as zonaria. There are a few structural points, such as the stronger antennal pectinations and the absence of cornuti on the vesica in the genitalia, which might be used to separate the two species italica and grcecaria from Ithysia under the generic name Melanocoma, but I prefer to call all four Ithysia. The relation between the forms or species has been very obscure in the past, partly owing to the difficulty of obtaining them, and partly on account of their great variability. I hope that this paper will clear up this confusion. I shall deal with the males of each species separately, but for the purpose of comparison I shall treat of the females as a whole. Ithysia zonaria (Schiff.). — This species has caused no con- fusion, as it is very widely distributed, being found throughout North and Central Europe, and extending even to Armenia. The type of the species, as found in Central Europe, has very dark markings^ — so dark, indeed, are they that they are nearly black. Our specimens (var. hritannica, mihi) have much greyer mark- ings, which tend to be obsolete inward from the prsesubterminal suffusion. In var. rossica (mihi), from the Ural Mountains, the specimens are very small, with strong dark markings and a line-like sub- terminal band. For the British form, almost totally suffused with smoky black, I propose the name obscura. I. ALPINA (Sulzer). — I. alpina was first described by Sulzer in 1776 from specimens taken in Switzerland, but when the plates were reissued by Eoemer in 1789, he " emended " Sulzer's name to " alpinaria," and this name was used by Herrich-Schiiffer in 1850, and MiUiere, in 1864, for the same species. In 1840, however, Boisduval described the species as bombycaria, and in this he was followed by De la Harpe in 1852. Guenee, too, used the same name. Alpina is most readily differentiated from the others struc- turally by its very weakly pectinated antennae. The pectina- tions themselves are exceedingly short, and at least six joints are without them, and those on the seventh are barely dis- cernible. The ground colour of the wings is a slightly glossy white, very faintly speckled with brown in some specimens. The fore wings are traversed as usual by the three lines and the subterminal white band. All of the lines are thickened, more THE GENUS ITHYSIA. 317 especially on the veins and before vein one. This thickening is especially marked on the median line, and extends for a space of 3 mm. at the costal end of the line. The directions of the first and median lines call for little comment, but that of the second line is exceedingly important. It proceeds from the inner margin, through the lower angle of the cell, to the fifth vein, and then proceeds with a sweeping curve almost the exact quadrant of a circle to the costa. In most specimens the median line is much nearer to the second line than to the first. There is generally a white discal spot surrounded by a blackish ring. The subterminal white band has a strong brown-black sufl'usion before it, and a weaker one after. In a fair percentage of the specimens the terminal suffusion is absent, and then the insects assume a very different appearance. I call this form ab. extincta. The same type of markings holds on the hind wings, except that the first line is absent, and the median one nearly so. The discal spot and pupil are clearly marked on the hind wings. In all wings the veins tend to be outlined in dark fuscous. The termina of all are quite rounded, giving us a crescent of almost perfect shape as the outline of the fore wings, and a semicircle for that of the hind wings. The thorax is densely covered with almost white fur above, tending to brownish below, and the patagia may be outlined in brown. The body is dark brown, more or less densely covered with greyish hairs or fur. The genitalia are very simple, but are quite satisfactory, for they afford us excellent characters for separating the species. The valves are very short for the size of the insect, i. e. when compared with other members of the group. The upper margin is concave, whilst the lower is slightly so for five-sixths of its length, when we have a strong upward curve to the rounded tip, giving the valve roughly the outline of a pruning-knife. The costal ridge on the valve is wide, and is slightly raised. The uncus is much the same as in the other species, except that the point is longer. The gnathos (the broad chin-like plate below the uncus) is wide, with a broad and shghtly roughened tip, and is notched at the base. Its surface is squamous. The oedeagus is short and stout, whilst the vesica is provided with a few claw-like cornuti. The tergite of the eighth abdominal seg- ment is slightly thickened, and is divided into two lobes. I. iTALiCA, sp. n. — This species has been assigned to both alpina and grcecaria by various authors, a fact that seems strange until one is acquainted with the fact that very few of the older authors possessed all the forms. The first author who dealt with this form was Scriba (* Beitrage ' iii. p. 215 (1793)), who imagined he was dealing with Sulzer's species, and used Eoemer's emended name "alpinaria" for it. In this he was followed by Esper (Band v. Heft 9) in 1803, Hubner in 1796, and later by Duponchel. It is noteworthy that Esper's form was the darker 318 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. form venamed flore7itina by Stefanelli in 1882, and treated by him as = grcecaria, Boisduval-Staudinger. As alpinaria, Bork- Scriba, was the first form described and the name is invalid, I propose the name italica for the species. The ground colour of italica is a somewhat glossy grey slightly mixed with light brown scales. We have the usual four lines, but the first and median are only faintly marked except on the costa, where they are suffused. In the direction of the second line we have a most important character to distinguish this species from its congeners. All the lines start from the basal half of the inner margin and then strike very obliquely outward until vein one is reached. This point is perfectly reliable to separate italica in all its forms from gracaria and alpina. After vein one the first two lines go as in the other species. The second line, as in alpina, then strikes across the wing to the lower angle of the cell, and then, unlike that species, it continues parallel to the termen, which is not strongly curved near the costa. The median line is midway between the first and second line. None of the lines are thickened, but become darker as they cross the veins. The subterminal band, owing to the weakness of the suffusions and the lines, is not so broad and rarely shows up so well as in alpina. The same differences are observable in the lines on the hind wings, but, owing to the difference in shape in the hind wings of the two species, both the median and second lines are nearer the base of the wings and are more parallel, with the result that very often the thickened second line crosses and obliterates the discal spot. In shape the wings are very characteristic. The fore wings are markedly longer than the hind ones, and the termen is much less rounded than in alpina. In the hind wings, as the upper angle is much produced, the wings are much broader than in either alpina or gracaria. The antennae are markedly different from those of either alpina or grcecaria, being very long and having very strong pectinations, which extend to the apex on the outer side, but are absent for the first four joints on the inner side. The pectina- tions, as well as being longer, are thicker and blacker than those of grcecaria. The thorax is broad, and is covered with grey fur, whilst the abdomen is brown and is more or less covered with greyish hairs. The genitalia, too, are very distinct. The valves are much longer and broader than those of alpina. The upper margin is not concave, as in that species, but for about two-fifths of its length is straight. There is then a slight dip followed by a rapid outward curve. The outer margin is very slightly hollowed ; then it turns upward, not with a bold curve, but with a slightly concave sweep until it reaches the downward curve of the upper margin. The costal ridge is narrow. THE GENUS ITHY8IA. 319 The point of the uncus is very short. The gnathos is much narrower than that of alpina, and instead of being indented at the base proceeds outward in a straight hne until the curved extremity is reached. It is much more strongly squamous than in alpina. In general shape it is not unlike some forms of the shells of the genus Pecten. The cedeagus is short and stout, and the vesica is merely thickened where the cornuti ought to be, for they are absent. The eighth abdominal tergite is not thickened. I. iTALicA var. FLORENTiNA (Stof. nec GR^cARiA, Bdv.-Staud.). — In this form the ground colour is strongly • suffused with light brown, whilst the markings and suffusions are much stronger than in the type. The thorax is quite brown. I. ITALICA var. CARNiOLicA, nov. — In this variety the ground colour is grey heavily suffused with blackish scales, whilst the markings and suffusions are colder in tone and much stronger than in the type. The thorax is dark grey. I. GR^CARiA (Bdv.-Staudinger). — This species was erected by Staudinger definitely in 1870, as Boisduval's name was without definite description, although proposed in 1840. The ground colour of the wings is a dead grey, slightly mixed with yellow or brownish scales in the type, and in this deadness of the colour we have a contrast to the gloss of alpina and italica. The yellowness of the ground is stronger in the hind wings. On the fore wings the first, median and second lines are all present, as well as the subterminal band. The median line is very near the second one, which, at the fifth vein, takes a rapid inward sweep to strike the costa nearly at right angles. The sub- terminal white band has both of the usual suffusions, and is broader and less prone to be scalloped than in the other two species. The markings on the hind wings have the same characteristics. Both the suffusions and the lines on all the wings are more line-like than in the other species, and this character in the second line of the hind wings is very important. The veins are not outlined in black or brown. The shape of the wings in this species is quite different from that of alpina and italica, for the fore wings, in proportion to the hind wings, are much shorter. In the hind wings the inner margin is not markedly less than the costal margin, so that the upper angle of the wing does not project as far as in italica, but is even rounded and turned in toward the base. The termen of the fore wings, too, is more rounded than in italica. The thorax is grey, slightly brown mixe4, and is not very broad, whilst the abdomen is brown with paler hairs. The antennse are shorter than those of italica, and, while more strongly pectinated than those of alpina, are less strongly so than in italica. The pectinations, too, are thinner. The 320 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. antennae are not pectinated to the apex, for five joints possess no pectinations, whilst on the four before these, those on the inner side are much shorter than those on the outer side. The genitalia come next, The valves are of a totally different type to the others. They are much broader. The edges are parallel, the upper side being slightly hollow and the lower convex. Instead of having a tendency to being hooked at the extremity they are evenly rounded, like the end of one's middle finger. They are actually broader toward the end than in the middle. The costal ridge is very broad, and is scarcely defined. The gnathos is broad, squamous and rounded, and more like that in alpina than that in italica, but it is only slightly indented, not notched at the base. The oedeagus is shorter and stouter than in italica, and, as in that species, the vesica lacks cornuti. I. GRiECARiA var. isTRiANUS, Staudinger, — This form is much whiter than the type, and the markings are weaker generally, although variable in this respect. 2Vie Females. The female of zonaria, owing to the golden yellow bands, is readily separated from the others, although I possess an abso- lutely black female (ab. nigra) from Eussia. The females of the other three species, at first sight so much alike, are easy to distinguish after a little practice. In all, the bodies are black, more or less closely covered with white hairs. The rudimentary wings are white above, and are darker below. The tips and base are well supplied with strong white hairs. Alpina is the easiest to separate, for sometimes the fur is yellowish, and, in all cases, the insect is more thickly covered with pale hairs. The great point of difference is, however, that the face and collar are white, whereas they are black in the others. At first sight, to recognize the other two seems a difficult problem, but close examination soon removes the difficulty. The most obvious point of difference is that the thorax of italica is much broader than that of grcecaria, and, like the rest of the body, is covered with fewer and shorter white hairs. The wings, too, are clearly less hairy, and, although in both species they are white above, in italica they are jet-black beneath, whereas in greecaria the under sides are blackish slightly mixed with whitish scales. The tips of the wings in italica are more pointed. The antennae in grcecaria are slender and the joints are well marked, but in italica they are thicker and the joints are masked by the close covering of scales. Compared with grcecaria, italica possesses enormously stout and strong legs, and the difl'erence is nowhere more definitely seen than in the femora and the THE FEEDING HABITS OF SCORPION-FLIES. 321 tibiae. However, the differences are better taken point by point, thus : — grcBcana. Femora and tibige weak. Both white and black scales on legs. Scales strongly toothed. Spurs cone-shaped, not thick. Femora concave on upper edge. Tibias not strongly haired. italica. Femora and tibias much broader, but less strongly scaled. Scales on legs all black. Scales weakly toothed. Spurs ninepin-shaped, thick. Femora somewhat regularly club- shaped. Tibiae weakly haired. In the legs, alpina and gracaria resemble each other, but in alpina the femora and tibise are even weaker than in grcecaria, although the scales are a trifle broader. I shall now close my paper by giving a list of the localities whence the various forms I have described were received :— I, zonaria. Central Europe. var. britannica. England, var. rossica. Ural Mountains, var. obscura. England. /. alpina. Switzerland, Tyrol. I. italica. N. Italy. var. fiorentina. Florence, Modena. var. carniolica. Carniola. I. grcBcaria. Greece. var. istrianus. Carniola. THE FEEDING HABITS OF SCORPION-FLIES (PANOPiPID^). By F. W. & H. Campion. During the present year we made a few experiments with the object of discovering, for our own satisfaction, the kind of food consumed by scorpion-ilie^ in their adult condition. At Ickenham, Middlesex, we obtained a living pair of Panorpa communis on May 19th, and placed them in separate glass-bottomed boxes. At 7 p.m. on the following day a live Aphid and a small live Muscid were introduced into the box containing the male Panorpa, and a live Aphid and a small dead Muscid into that holding the female. The next day, May 21st, the female was observed to be feeding on the dead Muscid. The male did not interfere at all with the living insects in its own box, but feeding soon took place when the dead Muscid, previously fed upon by the female, was offered to it. By nightfall on May 21st both the Panorpa were in a moribund condition, and were therefore killed off. 322 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. At Oxshott, Surrey, on May 29th, a male of P. germanica was enclosed in a box with a small living spider. Apparently, each arthropod was afraid of the other, and, as the Panorpa refused to feed, the spider was killed and replaced in the box. The scorpion-fly was then repeatedly observed to be feeding with manifest relish upon the dead spider, moving its wings and abdomen while doing so. On May 31st a living micro-lepidopteron (probably Catoptria ulicitana) was presented to another male of P. germatiica, also at Oxshott. Both insects were shy of each other, but, an hour after the moth had been killed and again presented, the Panorpa was found to be feeding, and its meal lasted fully half an hour. By that time the abdomen of the moth was entirely consumed. In this case feeding was not accompanied by movement of the wings or abdomen. Later on the same day a killed moth {Bupalus piniaria) was given to the Panorpa, but the scorpion- fly died without feeding having been observed. Our observations tend to show, therefore, that, although the timid scorpion-flies are undoubtedly carnivorous insects, they feed upon dead animal matter, and do not catch and devour living prey. Mr. W. J. Lucas has also arrived at the conclusion that " it is perhaps established that in the imago stage they suck the juices of dead or injured animals, but do not hunt them down themselves" (Entom. xliii. p. 186 [1910]). It is not at all clear, however, whether adult Panorpidae are really as short- lived as they appear to be, or whether, in a state of nature, they get nourishment at more frequent intervals than did the subjects of oar experiments. 58, Ranelagh Road, Ealing: October 9th, 1912. NOTES ON SEITZ'S ' MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WOELD.' By T. D. a. Cockerell. I HAVE just obtained Seitz's magnificent work, so far as published to date, and am truly astonished at its excellence and cheapness. It is a great privilege to be living at the time of publication of such a book. Going through the several parts I have noted a few things which may be of interest ; relatively trifling matters, but perhaps deserving notice at this time. Pieris brassicce var. ohsciirata is nearly the same as var. nigrescens (Entom. xxii. p. 55), which is based on the form from near Perth described by Newman and in Entom. iv. p. 258. The original publication of the name nigrescens is hardly sufficiently explicit. Anthocharis cardammes var. minor (Entom. xxii. p. 176) is SEITZ'S ' MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD.' 323 not turritis, but is the dwarfed form (hesperidis). The name minor has priority. The form of the male with yellow instead of orange tips is aureoflavescens (Entom. xxi. p. 189 ; Entom. Amer. v. p. 34). Colias hyale var. ■pallida was originally applied by Robson and Gardner (and also in Entom. xxii. pp. 4, 56) to the light form of the female, properly the typical form. The variety pallida, Tutt, may be named pallidior. C. electa var. aurivillius is the same as var. pallida (Entom. xxii. p. 5). C. tviskotti alexandra, Stgr., if a subspecies, is unfortunately named, since there is an American species with the same name. C. edwardsii is not from Virginia. The white female of C. philodice was named, long ago, pallidice, Scudd., alba, Maynard (c/". Entom. xxii. p, 5).. Similarly the white female of C. eury- theme has earlier names, one of which is pallida (West Amer. Sci. 1887, p. 217) ; see also Scudder's * Butterflies of New England ' for full details. C. (Meganostoma) cesonia var. rosea, Stgr., appears from Skinner's catalogue to be preoccupied by var. rosea, McNeill, 1889 ; but McNeill wrote rosa. G. croceus var. poveli is pseudomas (Entom. xxii. p. 26), and the later ohsoleta, Tutt. C. croceus var. pyrenaica is probably minor (Entom. xxii. p. 176). The ab. cceridea is evidently close to purpurascens (Entom. xxii. p. 3). Neophasia princetonia is from Arizona, not from Illinois. Epinephele tithonus vars. subalbida, Verity, and albida, Russel, are pallescens and albidus, Entom. xxii. p. 3, but there rather insufficiently indicated. For pallescens see also Entom. xix. p. 230. Pyrameis cardui var. minor, Canad. Entom. 1890, p. 57 ; Ent. Rec. 1890, p. 60, appears to have priority over var. minor, Cann. Limenitis Camilla var. nigrina = nigra, Entom. xxii. p. 54, the first doubtless earlier. See also nigra, Mosl. 1886, without description. The ab. obliterata, Shipp, is doubtless the one named obliterata, Robs. & Gard. Chrysophanus phlceas vsiY.fasciata, Ckll. (Entom. xxii. p. 99) is the banded form ; var. fasciata, Streck., is the corresponding variety of the American race (hypophlaas) . Zygcsna filipendulce ab. flava = ceiinus, Robs. & Gard. Z. lavandidce has a yellow ab. lutesens (Entom. xxii. p. 128). Spilosoma urticce ab. radiata was perhaps first named in Entom. xxii. p. 147. Arctia caia ab. lutescens, credited to Tutt, appears to have been first named in Entom., June, 1887, pp. 150-152. 324 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Papilio dardanus var. Leighi, and Danais cheysippus-dorippus IN Natal. — By a slip of the pen in our note on Professor Poulton's remarks in 'Nature' on "Polymorphism in a Group of Mimetic Butterflies" {antea, p. 271), we mentioned the assistance given the author by " the late " Mr. C. F. Leigh. We had in mind the late Mr. A. D. Millar, of Durban, and offer our apologies to Mr. Leigh, whose many friends in this country will be glad to hear that not only is he alive and well, but that he is continuing his successful breeding experiments. Under date, September 28th, he writes that " he bred on September 25th the finest example of the leiglii form of the Papilio dardanus that he has yet reared. This specimen — the seventh known to exist — was reared from ova obtained from a variety of the troplmims form of the female, and is now in the collection of Mr. D. Longsdon, of London." Mr. Leigh also asks us to announce the occurrence of the doripims form of the female of Danais chrysippus in some numbers in and near Durban this season, after not being seen for some years. — (H. R.-B.) Apparent Autumnal Migration of Pyrameis atalanta. — During the middle and latter part of September, when the settled weather for which we had looked so long came at last, a number of Pyrameis atalanta frequented a long bed of China asters in my garden. An atteinpt by my boy to catch one resulted in a torn hind wing, which served to identify the individual. On the look-out for the particular insect thus marked, I noticed an apparent migration of the butterflies. Thus on September 12th there were two, one with a torn hind wing ; on September 13th three ; on September 16th the torn one had disappeared, leaving two; on September 17th there were three again, but the torn one was not among them. On the 19th there were three, and one of these had again a torn hind wing, but this was not the same insect that had been previously noted, as the opposite wing was damaged. In two days this also had disappeared. On the following few days four butterflies were seen, but none of them had an injured wing. Then they were reduced to three, increased to four again, reduced to two, and finally disappeared altogether early in October. It seemed, therefore, that a migration was going on which the occurrence of two injured insects enabled one to follow. — (Rev.) W. G. Whittingham ; Knighton Vicarage, Leicester. Occurrence of Second Broods of Pyrameis atalanta and P. cARDUi. — In reference to Mr. Carter's note on the abundance of P. atalanta larvaB this season in Kent (antea, p. 299), I may state that larvge of this species also occurred very abundantly in this district in June. Some hundred that I collected were full-fed by the beginning of July, and every individual produced a butterfly later. Imagines commenced to emerge July 18th, and by this time larvae had disappeared from the nettle-beds in the lanes ; they were not in evidence again until about September 14th, when they commenced to appear, and by the beginning of October were quite as abundant as in June. At the time of writing this note I have larvae as small as a quarter of an inch in length, while others are preparing to NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 325 pupate. I am quite sure from my own experience that there is a second brood of P. atalanta, at least of larvae, every year, as I have found them in October for the past four years ; but in my opinion very few of these late larvas survive in a state of nature. Two years ago I made experiments with some of these late larvae. Some were fed in a cage in the open air, and others in an unheated room. Every one of those under the latter conditions fed up and pupated, and the imagines appeared in due course, the last one emerging as late as the end of November ; all were exceptionally fine specimens. The larvae kept out of doors fed much slower, and most of them shrivelled up, as Mr. Carter states happened to those he had. Of the few that did pupate, the imagines formed in every case, but only two emerged, and the wings of these were so deformed as to be useless for flight. The occurrence of P. cardui was almost identical with that of P. atalanta, excepting that P. cardui was not so abundant ; larvae occurred in June, and produced imagines in July, and larvae again appeared in September. My latest record is of six larvae, half an inch in length, taken October 9th. It seems natural for these two species of butterfly to go on reproducing their kind and not to hibernate in any stage, so that were it not for the periodical arrival of immigrants, the species would soon become extinct in this country, as the larvae seem unable to survive the cold. I believe there is no authentic record of either P. atalanta or P. cardui having been found in hibernation in this country, and the fresh condition of specimens seen in the spring could hardly be possible if they had weathered the vagaries of our English winter. — A. T. PosTANS ; Southsea, Portsmouth, October 14th, 1912. Anaeta myrtilli reared in July prom June Larvje. — I do not know if the following is worth recording. On June 17th I obtained locally twelve larvse of A. myrtilli — some full-fed, others about half-grown. Moths emerged from seven pupte about the end of July, and yesterday (Oct. 14th) another emerged, whilst the other four are still in the pupal stage. It seems to me that this species must be double- brooded, although I believe most books state that the imago flies in May. There can be no doubt, I think, that the full-fed larvae I had were from parents which emerged in May, and the fact that seven out of twelve emerged at the end of July really seems to point to the fact that in nature the insect is double-brooded. I shall be interested to notice how the remaining four pupae fare. What is your opinion on the matter ? — G. Talbot Thorne ; 53, Acland Eoad, Bournemouth, October 15th, 1912. [It is quite conceivable that, even in the open, A. myrtilli may in certain favourable seasons pass through two life cycles during the year. Mr. Thome's interesting observation is evidence that the species can do this in confinement. The statement has been made that the late as well as the early specimens seen in the same year are alike individuals of one generation, but it would seem to be more probable that specimens on the wing after July are the offspring of parents which were flying in the late spring or early summer of the year. Mr. Thorne notes that he still has four pup^ from the June larvae. Possibly moths from these may not emerge until next year, ENTOM. — NOVEMBER, 1912. 2 C B26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and, if so, this fact would seem to indicate that A. myrtilli does not usually attain the imago state twice in the year, although when conditions are suitable it may do so. At the same time it continues to be, in part at least, a one cycle species. — Ed.] Late Emergence of Apatura iris. — In the February number of the ' Entomologist ' {antea, p. 79) I reported the emergence of a specimen of Apatura iris as a second brood. The other larvae, with one exception, fed up in a normal manner, the perfect insects emerging last July. One lagged behind the others, and by the time they had pupated it was only about one-third grown. Eventually it changed to a chrysalis on September 1st, and the imago — a very small female — emerged on October 2nd. — Edward Goodwin ; Canon Court, Wateringbury, Maidstone, October 4th, 1912. Pyrameis atalanta, ab. — On Sept. 6th my little son captured a fine variety of the above-named butterfly in the rectory garden here. The normal red of the bands on the hind wings is replaced by yellow for a third of the length on the left side, and two-thirds on the right. South, in ' The Butterflies of the British Isles,' p. 81, records that " a specimen with the bands of hind wings marked with yellow has been noted," but I have been unable to trace the reference. — (Eev.) Alfred T. Stiff ; Grantham, Victor Drive, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. Leucania unipuncta in Isle of Wight. — On Sept. 7th last, whilst sugaring in the Isle of Wight I took what seemed to be a very unusual looking L. Uthargyria. By the light of day next morning 1 was convinced that I had something much better than that common object of the country, and I now find that my capture was a very fine male L. ttnijnmcta (extranea). It was taken at sugar about 8 p.m. on a dull cold night when very few other insects were about. — D. Dewar ; Altyre House, Stanley, E.S.O., Co. Durham, October 21st, 1912. Dasypolia templi in Lincolnshire. — I took a specimen of Dasypolia templi at rest on a gas-lamp on the evening of October 10th. This is the first authentic record of its occurrence in Lincoln- shire.— G. W. Mason ; Barton-on-Humber. ToRTRix PRONUBANA, Hb. — About the middle of last month I paid a short visit to the spot where the late Mr. G. H. Conquest found T. promihana last year, and having secured the few larvae and pupae I required to enable me to complete my own short series and that of a friend, I thought I would see what other food-plants I could find it on. All the above, it should be stated, were on Euonyvms japonicus. I found, after a long search, two pupas in spun-together privet-leaves, and one on Bohinia pseudacacia ; in this last instance the larva had spun the last pair of leaflets to the terminal one, forming a covering of a rough triangular outline. Although Bohinia is well known abroad as one of its very numerous food-plants, I am not aware that the larva of T. pronubana has been found on it in this country before. The insect is well established in that part of Essex, and I am quite prepared to find it on this side of the county at any time. It seems perfectly marvellous how this pretty moth has spread about in the past six or seven years, for so conspicuous an insect is hardly likely NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 327 to have eluded entomological eyes for any length of time previously. It might be of interest to mention that I found larvte, pupae, and imagines (two males) on the same day. — A. Thurnall; Wanstead, Essex, October 1st, 1912. Eetinia (Ehyacionia) purdeyi IN Norfolk. — The Eev. W. G. Whittingham has very kindly given me two specimens of the Betinia mentioned in his article (antea, p. 295). These I find are i-eferable to B. purdeyi, Durrant, a species quite recently described from specimens captured by Mr. W. Purdey at Folkestone, in Kent, about the third week in July, 1911. The Norfolk specimens were netted, as they flew about pine-trees, in the afternoon of August 20th last. — Eichard South ; 96, Drakefield Eoad, Upper Tooting, S.W. Arctic Dragonplies. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon was good enough to give me three dragonflies which he took this summer beyond the North Cape — one male ^schna carulea (= borealis) and two male Soviatochlora alpestris. The former occurs, not commonly, in the Highlands of Scotland ; the latter is not British, but is found in Switzerland. All the specimens Mr. Sheldon saw were at about sea-level in that latitude. Somatochlora alpestris was generally distributed in the Porsanger Fjord wherever there were pools of water. The first specimen was taken at Kolvik on June 27th, and several others of this species were seen there during the ensuing week. At Laxelv, at the southern extremity of this fjord, it was quite common, probably because there were here many pieces of stagnant water. Mr. Sheldon saw examples also at Kistrand on the west and at Borselv on the east side of the fjord. JE. ccerulea he saw only at Laxelv — perhaps half a dozen examples in all. They were very wary, and the specimen he gave me was the only one he got a chance at ; it was taken on July 13th. He did not see any Odonata at Bossekop, in the Alten Fjord, where he stayed from June 12th to June 28th, nor at Abisko, in Swedish Lapland, at which place he spent from June 16th to July 18th, 1911, although he kept a sharp look-out for them at both these places. — W. J. Lucas ; Kingston-on-Thames. T^NIORHYNCHUS RICHIARDII, Fic, IN MIDDLESEX AND HAMP- SHIRE.— Two new records can now be added to the short list cited by Mr. F. W. Edwards for this uncommon British mosquito {antea, p. 261). That gentleman has been good enough to identify two females collected by myself at Ealing on July 12th and 26th, 1912, respectively. He has also shown me a female which he took at Hook, Hants, on the 17th of the same month, and has kindly per- mitted me to publish his record with my own. — Herbert Campion ; 58, Eanelagh Eoad, Ealing, September 25th, 1912. Further Eecords of Colias edusa in England. — On August 28th, at Eeading, I captured one male G. edusa, and next day saw a female but failed to secure it. — Douglas H. Butler ; 293, Oxford Eoad, Eeading. Colias edusa appeared in limited numbers in the clover fields around Chichester on sunny days during July and August. The first specimen, a female, was taken by Mr. Gilbert Humphry on July 24th. — Joseph Anderson ; Aire Villa, Chichester, 328 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Panorpa cognata in Surrey. — On July 4th, 1903, Mr. E. South took at Ockham, Surrey, a male scorpion-fly, which he believed to belong to the scarce species Panorpa cognata, Eamb. Mr. K. J. Morton has novv been kind enough to examine the specimen, and he informs us that the identification is correct. A female taken by Mr. W. J. Lucas at Byfleet, in the same county, on July 23rd, 1904, has been already recorded (Entom. xhii. p. 187 (1910) ).— F. W. and H. Campion ; 58, Eanelagh Eoad, EaHng, October 9th, 1912. Note on Pyrameis cardui. — On July 2nd, at -St. Leonard's-on- Sea, I found several dozen larvae of P. cardui. At the same time worn specimens of the butterfly were on the wing. On July 7th several of the larvae had pupated ; two imagines emerged July 19th and the last emerged July 29th. One specimen has a white spot in the red portion of the wing, two have an additional white spot in the apical region of the fore wing, as mentioned in Barrett's 'Lepidoptera,' and one has a black spot in the red portion of the wing. — W. E. Butler ; Hayling House, Oxford Eoad, Eeading, October 16th, 1912. SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, May 1st, 1912. — Mr. A. H. Jones, Vice-President, in the chair. — The Eev. B. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock, F.L.S., F.G.S., Cadney Vicarage, Brigg, Lincolnshire, was elected a Fellow of the Society.— Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited three examples of Aglais urticce var. ichmisa showing the absence of scales in the centre of the wings, where the central spots are present in the type. Also examples of Eilchloe damone from Asia Minor and Sicily, showing the difference in the depth of colour of the transverse black streak on fore wings and in the tone of colour of under sides. — Dr. G. B. Longstaft', a series of twelve specimens (five males and seven females) of the rare white butterfly, rinacopteryx doxo, Godart (venatus, Butler), from the White Nile. — Mr. x\lfred Sich, two specimens, with their cases, of Goleophora trigeminella, Fuchs, and one specimen of C. hadiipermella, Dup., with its case for comparison. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, three small groups of Ithomiine butterflies that had been taken by himself in S. Brazil. — Mr. Hamilton H. Druce, male and female of the new Mimacraa eltring- hami, captured by Mr. S. A. Neave in the Bugoma Forest, Unyoro, Uganda ; also another new Miviacraa, which he proposed to name costleyi, after its discoverer Mr. Costley- White, at Mlanji, Nyasaland, which appeared to be allied to M. viarshalli, Trimen, a specimen of which was also shown for comparison. Mr. S. A. Neave described the capture of these specimens. This species in common with several others flies very high, and he said that it was often necessary to employ small native boys perched at the top of the trees and armed with nets. — Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited a drawer of butterflies received from Dr. Davis, of Belize, collected in British Honduras and the neighbouring Eepublic of Guatemala.— Mr. C. B. Williams, a speci- men of the male Megalothrips nobilis, Bagnall, from Wicken Fen, taken April 11th, 1912. This is the largest European species, and, SOCIETIES. 329 since first taken by Dr. Sharp in 1894, has not been recorded.- — Mr. S. A. Neave, some of the Tabanidae collected during his recent tour in East Africa, on behalf of the Entomological Eesearch Committee of the Colonial Office. He called attention to the male individuals exhibited, and expressed the opinion that their rarity in collections was perhaps due to the fact that they were short-lived. Mr. G. A. K. Marshall observed that probably many of the Fellows present would hardly realize the importance of Mr. Neave's exhibit. Even amongst the English Tabanidie by no means all the males were known, and this sex was hitherto unknown in the large majority of the species then exhibited. — Mr. E. M. Prideaux brought for exhibition seven- teen ova of G. rhaumi.iound in a cluster at Brasted Chart, on April 28th, on a shoot of Bhamnus francjula. — Professor Poulton said that he had long been struck, especially in the collections of butterflies received from Uganda and British East Africa, with the immense development of mimicry in Lepidoptera from the forest as compared with the open country. It occurred to him that probably this difference v/as to be accounted for by the difference between the insect-eating animals in these two types of locality, lizards being probably the great vertebrate insect-eaters of the open, birds of the forest. Mr. S. A. Neave said that he had recently had an interesting experience near Entebbe. On January 12th, 1912, at Gabunga's, near Enteblie, he had watched a wagtail, most probably Motacilla capensis, catching butterflies on a small patch of damp sand in the bed of a forest stream. The bird was so tame that he stood within three or four yards of it. In less than half an hour this bird captured and ate nineteen butterflies and failed to catch many others. The butterflies eaten were nearly all small Lycaenids. — Professor Poulton drew attention to a few observations which supported the conclusion that birds possessed the extraordinarily acute and far-reaching vision required by the Batesian and Miillerian theories of mimicry. — The following paper was read : " On the Colour Groups of the Hawaiian Wasps," by Dr. E. C. L. Perkins, M.A., D.Sc, F.Z.S., F.E.S. In illus- tration of the paper. Prof. Poulton exhibited the specimens referred to by Dr. Perkins. The colour-groups vi^ere arranged in the order of the islands, from Kauai in the north-west to Hawaii in the south-east. Wednesday, June 5th, 1912. — The Eev. F. D. Morice, M.A., President, in the chair. — Mr- Henry Francis Carter, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in Medical and Economic Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, was elected a Fellow of the Society. — The President announced that it was requested that for the future the names of intending exhibitors should be handed in at the beginning of the meeting, in order that they might be called upon from the chair. — The Eev. G. Wheeler read the follovv'ing report of the Committee on Nomen- clature: — "The Committee appointed on April 3rd, 1912, to con- sider the subject of nomenclature, and report to the June meeting with a view to the coming International Congress, has endeavoured to deal carefully and minutely with the matter entrusted by you to its attention. In accordance with the powers conferred on members by resolution of the Society, they added Mr. L. B. Prout to their number after their first meeting. Your Committee probably thus 330 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. represented almost every form of divergent opinion on the subject of nomenclature, but nevertheless arrived at a unanimous report which they recommend to the Society for presentation to the International Congress. It will be evident that if these recommendations are adopted by the Society, and the suggestions of the Society by the International Congress, an opportunity will be afforded for putting before the International Committee the different views on matters of detail held by the members of your Committee, or by any other entomologists." The report, which is signed by every member of the Committee, is as follows : — " The present independent and irre- sponsible methods of giving and adopting names having resulted in much unnecessary synonymy, and even graver abuses, the Entomo- logical Society of London feels that the time has arrived when some check should be placed upon the practice, of more weight than that which can be exercised by any single individual, society, or publica- tion, and would urge upon the International Congress the establish- ment of a permanent International Committee to deal with questions of nomenclature as affecting Entomology ; to consider what elucida- tions, extensions or emendations, if any, are required in the Inter- national Code, and to confer with the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. The Entomological Society of London recommends that the International Entomological Committee, when formed, shall take such action as. to ensure the adequate representa- tion of Entomology on the International Zoological Commission. The Society also recommends that, considering the difficulty of frequent International meetings, the leading Entomological Society of each country be invited to appoint a Committee, whose duty it shall be to deal with all questions arising in their own country, subject to reference to the International Committee ; and suggests that the International Committee be composed of two, or three, members of each of the National Committees, elected either by the Committees, or directly by the electing Societies. (Signed) Chas. O. Waterhouse, Chairman ; G. T. Bethune-Baker, T. A. Chapman, Jno. Hartley Durrant, Louis B. Prout, Hy. J. Turner, George Wheeler." The report was adopted. — Mr. J. E. Collin exhibited a series of thirteen specimens of Physocephala nigra, De G., the largest British species of the Conopidae, caught on Studland Heath (Dorset- shire) during the last week in May, when Colonel Yerbury, Mr. C. J. Wainwright, and himself took some twenty-four specimens ; though widely distributed, the species was always considered a great rarity, and its occurrence in such numbers had never before been recorded. — Dr. T. A. Chapman, a specimen of Hydrcecia burroiosi, Chpn., a new species that has turned up (from Vladivo- stock) since Mr. Burrows' s paper on the group ; also a specimen of L. (Albulina) i^heretcs, female, bred at Eeigate from the egg, supposed to be the first (and only) bred specimen of the species. — Dr. G. B. Longstaff, two uncommon Sudanese butterflies, Calopieris enliinene and Teracolus pleione. — Mr. S. A. Neave, some specimens of the Asilid genus Hyperechia, representing three, perhaps four, species, all taken during his recent tour in East Africa ; also, for comparison, four common species of Xylocopa, bees to which the flies bore a marked superficial resemblance ; also a remarkable new nymphaline SOCIETIES. 331 butterfly, probably belonging to tbe genus Pseiidacrcea, taken on Mt. Mlanji, Nyasaland. He pointed out tbat it bore a marvellous superficial resemblance to Amauris lohengula ivhytei, Butler, the Danaine which occurred in the same place. He further exhibited a number of unnamed Lycsenids, principally from Uganda. — Mr. H. Main, series of Pieris napi and var. bryonicB, and pointed out that the latter, reared from ova received both from Lapland and Switzerland, had produced a partial second brood. — Mr. K. G. Blair, larvae of Cebrio sp. (? gigas) from Sicily, received from Mr. J. P. Barrett. — Prof. Poulton, the females of two families of Hypolimnas misippus, reared in 1911, from female parents of the type form, by Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers, M.A., F.E.S., which confirmed the conclusions drawn from his earlier work that misippLis was dominant and inaria recessive. Also the fragments of a Glossina identified by Mr. E. E, Austen as a female of G. caliginea, Aust. ; the specimen had been bitten and rejected by a monkey. He also exhibited several families of butterflies bred by Mr. W. k. Lamborn in the Lagos district, and referred to the strong fight which was thrown by them upon different biological problems. Also a specimen of the Eupterotid, or, as Aurivilfius considers, the Notodontid moth, Anaphe infracta, concerning which Mr. W. A. Lamborn had written from Oni Camp, April 22nd, 1912: — "The moths undoubtedly possess urticating hairs. The female Mona was allowed to steal one. She smelt it, rubbed off the hairs and scales, then dropped it and in a few minutes was rubbing all four feet on the ground. I made some sympathizing remarks with the result that she suddenly sprang on to my bare neck and I have been troubled with skin irritation all the evening." Prof. Poulton said that Mr. A. Hamm had found hairs from the anal tuft of tlie exhibited specimen produced irritation on his hand and face. Mr. Eltringham had found that the hairs of the female but not of the male tuft were covered with minute, excessively fine spicula-like teeth. Prof. Poulton also exhibited the imagines and cocoons of Chryso- 23sycha varia sent to him by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter from Damba Island. The larval skin was still projecting from some of the cocoons and showing its blue spots. — Dr. T. A. Chapman remarked that the hairs covering the eggs of Porthetria dispar are also urticating. He also observed that there are other species of moths w^iich extrude the larval skin, but in these cases it was from flimsy cocoons. Mr. J. H. Durrant also gave instances of this fact. — -Prof. Poulton exhibited the larvae, pupae and imagines of " Callioratis " pactolicus, sent by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter, to illustrate the warning colours of this Hypsid moth in all its stages. He said that Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter had left Damba in December, 1911, and after spending Christmas at Entebbe had gone in January to Bugalla Island, in the Sesse Archi- pelago, and had found there representatives of all the Planema- Pseudacrcea associations. The disproportion between Planema and PseudacrcBci is even greater here, so much so that Sesse confirms the Damba records, the results being still more striking. The following papers were read : — " Studies in the Blattidae," by R. Shelf ord, M.x\., F.E.S. ; " Polyommatiis alexins, Freyer, a good Species," by T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S. —George Wheeler, M.A., Ho7i. Secretary. 332 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. OBITUARY. William Rickman Jeffrey, who passed away on October 14th last, was born at Ashford, in Kent, in April, 1836. He was the son of J. F. Jeil'rey, a member of the Society of Friends. In 1845 he was sent to a boarding school at Croydon and often recalled the bitter winter day, when as a small boy he travelled by the South Eastern Railway (not then opened to Dover) in an exposed carriage without a roof ! His health being somewhat delicate, he left school in 1848, and the next three years he spent at Folkestone, where, often roaming over the then much less frequented Warren, he caught buttertiies, &c., and acquired that taste for the pursuit of Natural History which he followed throughout his life. In 1851 he was apprenticed to the late Thomas Nickalls, watch- maker, at Reigate. Here it was his good fortune to receive the kindly notice of the late H. T. Stainton, in the early days of the ' In- telligencer ' ; when our great and genial lepidopterist frequently came to Reigate overnight, and rising next morning before the people at the hotel were about, he pursued his practical field work in the early morning hours, returning to London in time to superintend the publishing of his weekly and other works. These pleasant hours before business were much valued by W. R. Jefl'rey, when invited to join in the rambles; and were often recalled in the correspondence which followed in after years. In 1857 he was at Scarborough, where the late Thomas Wilkinson was then working out the life-histories of some of the micro-lepidoptera. After a few years spent at Scarborough, and at Guisboro', and afterwards at Saffron- Walden, he returned to his native place, Ashford, Kent. Here life-histories of several of the Pyrales w'ere worked out, in conjunction with the late William Buckler, with whom he was in frequent correspondence. Readers of Buckler's ' Larvae ' will find Jeffrey's name frequently mentioned in that work. Mr. Buckler was so much excited by the emergence of an imago of H. stagnata, that he sent a telegram (which was amusingly hashed in transit) announcing that it was out. In 1876 he met with a specimen of Pachetra leticophaa, which afterwards led to the taking of a number of that species, so that it is now represented in most collections. (First notice in the ' Intelligencer for April 18th, 1857, when at Reigate.) Whilst at Scarborough the larva of Dasypolia templi was discovered, and at Saffron -Walden that of Gelechia atrella in May 1866. x\t Ashford he was one of the first to find the larva of Hypercallia christicrnella. W. R. Jeffrey also turned his attention to the Coleoptera, and had a good collection of beetles. He was also an ardent botanist ; of late years the study of the Cryptogams took much of his spare time, and he had many long rambles in his search for mosses, liverworts, and fungi. One of his two sons is Curator of the Herbarium at the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. He leaves a widow, two sons, and three daughters. He was gathered to his people, at the Friends' burial ground at Kennington, near Ashford, on October 16th. — C. V, THE ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. XLV.] DECEMBER, 1912. [No. 595 EREBIA MELAMPUS, Fuessl., IN CENTRAL FRANCE, AND A NOTE ON E. EPIPHRON var. CASSIOPE, Fabr. By H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., F.E.S. While overhauling my this year's captures at Brenner, and transferring the Erebias to the cabinet, I observed among an extended series of Erebia epiphron var. cassiope from the Central Alps, Pyrenees, &c., two unmistakable males of E, melampus, taken by me on the Plomb du Cantal on July 31st, 1909 {cp. "Butterflies of Cantal and Lozere," Entom. xlii. p. 267). Apparently this butterfly has never before been recorded from the volcanic regions of Central France, though the higher mountain slopes, where not grazed too closely by cattle, are affected by some other members of the genus. M» Oberthiir (' Lepid. Compar6e,' fasc. iii. p. 288) tells us that melamp)us is absent from the Pyrenees, despite Staudinger's assertion to the contrary (as quoted by Mr. H, J. Elwes in his "Butterflies of the French Pyrenees"*), and neither I nor the many English entomologists who have explored the range more recently have come across it. Staudinger, in fact, only repeats the brothers Speyer (' Schmett. Deutsch u. der Schweiz.' p. 94), who themselves copied a previous erroneous report. Meanwhile, also, both Guenee and Sand overlooked melampus at Le Lioran, nor is it included in Guillemot's ' Catalogue des Lepids. du Puy-de-Dome,' and it would be as well, therefore, for collectors in Auvergne to keep a sharp look-out for the species. Erehia oeme was discovered by Bellier de la Chavignerie in the Forez Mountains, somewhat south-east of the Pierre-sur-Haute (5380 ft.), the furthest-west locality ascertained. But no one to my knowledge has since hunted in the beautiful hills that watch over the valley of the Dore, and the noblest of Benedictine Abbeys, La Chaisse Dieu. At sufficient altitudes hereabouts melampus may precede its larger congener, for oeme is usually over before it is on the wing. The dry mountains of the southern Cevennes and Lozere, how- ever, are less suggestive of missing links in the "life line" of the species. - Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1887, p. 396. ENTOM. — DECEMBER, 1912. 2 D 334 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. What is Erebia epiphron var. cassiope, Fabr. ? While on this subject, I should like to draw the attention of British lepidopterists to M. Charles Oberthiir's remarks (loc. cit. pp. 284-88) on the relation of Erehia epiijliron, Knoch, to its so-called variety cassiope, Fabricius. "In what respect," he asks, " does it actually differ from cassiope ? According to Staudinger and Eebel, because of the extracellular (antemarginal) rusty band, and the white-pupilled black eye-spots in the female epiphron ; in cassiope the eye-spots are blind, and the rusty bands obsolete ; but on the same moun- tains are found examples of epiphron and cassiope. Epiyhron, then, only designates one local race as cassiopte designates another. There may be localities where cassiope predominates, e.g. the Grisons ; but I think cassiope is to be found in all places where epiphron exists, and vice versa.'' * British epiphroUy he continues (note they are called by the type name), are relatively large. . . . They most resemble the form of the Vosges (which, by the way, is a reputed head- quarters of the type), in that each black eye-spot in the ante- marginal series of the fore wings is surrounded by a sort of reddish brown circle (this suggests mnemon, Haw.), instead of being placed in the middle of a reddish brown band, the exterior contours of which are irregular, and do not form a ring. In the classification of the form cassiope, then, should we not denominate it rather as var. et ab., or even only ab. of epiphron'} Or does the male cassiojje in its numerous forms differ so materially from the male epiphron as to entitle it to varietal rank at all ? M. Oberthiir suggests that it does not differ so materially ; and if, as he says, and I have found to be the case, the female with the unpupilled ocellations occurs on the same ground as the female with the white-pupilled eye-spots, would it not be more correct to describe the " unpupilled " cassiope as epiphron var. et ab. female cassiope only ? In this connection the genesis of the names epiphron and cassiope is exceedingly interesting. Knoch (' Beitnige,' iii. p. 178), without differentiating the sexual forms, is emphatic : — " Alse superiores ante ocellis duobus, seu pluribus saepius maculis tantum vel punctis nigris ; post eadem ratio. Inferiores supra ocellos tres infra totidem plures(q)ue seu maculas exhibent." But, on turning to the beautifully executed figure of the butterfly, tab. vi. fig. 7, it will at once be seen that the figure is - For example, Mr. B. C. S. Warren, collecting with me in the moun- tains above Eaux Bonnes in the western Pyrenees in July, 1911, took one of these white-pupilled females of " cassiope " ; but all others seen or captured by us were of the usual form (cp. Entom. vol. xliv. p. 337) ; and in the British Museum there is another similar female from the Leach collec- tion among the others taken by Sir George Hampson on the mountains above Luchon. EREBIA MELAMPUS AND E. EPIPHRON VAR. CASSIOPE. 335 that of a female white-pupilled on all the wings, and therefore typical female epiphron ; in fact, I think, in all authors down to a comparatively recent period, wherever epiphron is figured, this female of Enoch's is copied and adapted (?) to the male. Thus we find Godart and Duponchel (' Diurnes,' vol. ii. pi. xvi. figs. 3-4) figuring both male and female studded with silvery- white spots on the rufous bands of both wings, and the examples are as large in size as E. ceto at least. Nor does the text suggest the absence of the white pupils in the male : "La bande des pre- mieres ailes offre de deux a quatre yeux noirs a prunelle blanche." Herrich Schaeffer figures the male epiphron with continuous antemarginal bands on all the wings filled with white-pupilled spots (Schmett. von Europa. pi. xx. figs. 92, 93) ; but he shows us no more than the under side of the female (fig. 94) with the spots on the abbreviated ante-marginal band of the hind wings only pupilled white. Spuler, also (Schmett. Europas. 1910, pi. ix. fig. 7), figures the male epiphron, curiously enough ignoring the typical female altogether as well as both sexes of cassiope ; and there is nothing in his figure to distinguish it from such male cassiope as one may take in the Scotch mountains ; at all events, in my copy of this work I can detect no white pupilling of the eye-spots ; and I say " curiously," because it seems strange that in a German work of the kind, the female, which should be the characteristic German (Harz and V^sges) epiphron, is omitted altogether. Dr. Seitz, however, illustrates both sexes, and in my opinion correctly : the female with white pupils to the eyes, the male with none. Lang, also, figures the male only ('Butter- flies of Europe,' pi. Iviii. fig. 1) ; nor does he insist in the text on the white pupils as a sexual character of the female type form alone, but implies, apparently, that these may occur in both sexes. I have carefully gone through the series of epiphron and its forms in the National Collection at South Kensington, including the soi-disant var. cassiope, and not until I arrived at Mr. H. J. Elwes's var. rhoclopensis from the Balkan Rilo Dagh (6500 ft.), could I detect a trace of white pupillation in a single male. In this variety, which is more strongly reminiscent of E. medusa by the brilliance of the ocellation in the female, there are males with two tiny apical ocellations on the fore wings, and a smaller pair nearest the costal margin of the hind wings distinctly white- pupilled. On the other hand, none of the males from the Harz and the Silesian Alps, or the Vosges (with white-pupilled females in each case) show a trace of white, so that we may fairly con- clude that the typical male epiphron, known to entomologists who have more than a book knowledge of the species, is a plain black spotted form, and that Staudiuger is right in his short diagnosis limiting the white pupilled form to the female . . . "fascia {maculis) extrema rufa ocellis ( ? ) albopunctatis." I do not think many British entomologists, however, will 2d2 336 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. agree with his version of var. cassiope : " maculis rufis obsoletis, ocellis nigris caecis " (unless he means to imply that the band is simply broken up). We have always regarded our insular forms as cassiope, but of the number met with how many can be said to have the band on the fore wings entirely obsolete ? A very small percentage, I think ; and these in any case referable either to var. (et ab.) nelamus, Bsdv., or Tutt's more complete ab. ohsolcta. Mr. Wheeler (' Butterflies of Switzerland,' p. 123) describes cassiope as differing from the type in that the fulvous band on the upper side of the hind wings is replaced by three or four black dots in fulvous rings, which corresponds more with Fabricius's description, but not with Staudinger's. But, though he does not say so, I gather that he also, when he was writing on the subject, regarded the male epiphron as white-pupilled, the male cassiope as lacking these eye-spots. Meanwhile, Fabricius, who is cited as the author of the name cassiope (' Mantissa Insectorum,' 1787), gives us a de- scription totally at variance with Staudinger's conclusions : — " Alis integris fuscis ; fascia riifa ; punctis tribus ocellaribus nigris, posticis subtus punctis solis. " Habitat in Austria Gramine Dom. Schieffermyler " (sic). The italics are my own, for I think from what follows, and from Fabricius's limitation of cassiope to the Austrian Alps (?), that he may have meant a different insect altogether. " Prace- denti affinis at pauUo minor," he says. But the preceding species is not, as one might expect, epiphron; it is pyrrha, F. (= manto, Esp.) ; and I think that any one acquainted with the smaller forms of manto transitional to var. pyrrhula, Frey, which occurs in the Austrian Tyrol, and generally in the higher alps of the East, would not find it hard to square Fabricius's cassiope with some forms of that extremely variable species {cp. Mr. Lowe's remarks on Erebia manto, and its Varieties, antea, p. 145). Dr. F. J. Buckell, who deals with the subject at some length in his admirable study of 'Erebia Epiphron and its Named Varieties ' (Ent. Record, vol. v. pp. 161-165), hazards no suggestion of this possibility. He does not mention the fact that Fabricius associated his cassiope with manto — the type form of which butterfly is surely so entirely different in appearance, and everything else — habits and flight — from our " Small Mountain Einglet." For whereas in my experience cassiope is on the move only when the sun is shining, manto will fly even on the greyest days. Dr. Buckell may, indeed, have been unacquainted with the forms of manto in the eastern alps. We know, then, what we mean by cassiope in Britain and Ireland. What we want to make sure of is what Continental authors and collectors mean by male epiphron in contradistinc- tion to the male of the so-called variety. 337 THE LEPIDOPTEBA OF THE NORWEGIAN PEOVINCES OF ODALEN AND FINMAEK. By W. G. Sheldon, F.E.S. (Continued from p. 315.) From July 18tli I spent five days at Kistrand, the principal village in the district, and the residence of the only clergyman, doctor, and herdsman in the Porsanger Fjord. I found excellent quarters with Herr Lillebo, the local merchant. Schoyen, in 1879, captured here some examples of the very rare Brenthis chariclea, flying in swampy meadows with B. -pales. The first four days of my stay the sun did not appear, but on July 23rd it shone briUiantly ; B. pales on this day was not un- common, but the rarer species could not be turned up. On the evening of this day I left, with much regret, the most interesting Porsanger district, and, traveUing in the local steamer to Hornig- svaag, the next day boarded the mail boat there, in a perfect hurricane. Fortunately the passage is partly sheltered by islands, and thus we did not get the full effect of the storm, but what we did get was more than sufficient for almost the whole of the passengers. On my return journey I stayed three days at Tromso, chiefly to see the Museum, but partly also to do some collecting. Un- fortunately the sun did not shine during my stay, and conse- quently I did not see there a single butterfly. From Tromso I travelled direct to Trondhjem, at which port I booked a passage to England on the Hull boat. I suppose the weather dui-ing my stay within the Arctic Circle was about an average of what is to be found there in June and July, and certainly it was much better than what I expe- rienced in 1911 in one respect— the number of perfect days enjoyed ; though in other ways there was not much difierence in the two years. On turning up my diaries I find that in 1911 I spent thirty-three days in Lapland ; out of these only two were cloudless. On twenty there was more or less broken sun- shine, and on eleven the sun did not break through the clouds. This year I was in Finmarken forty-two days, of which fifteen were perfect, ten not perfect, and seventeen cloudy throughout ; unfortunately, five of the perfect days were wasted — from a lepidopterist's point of view — by my having to travel on them from Bossekop to Kolvik, a distance as the crow flies of about fifty miles, but through swamps, over mountains, and through roadless, uninhabited, and impossible country. In addition to the Porsanger there are three other fjords in Arctic Norway east of the North Cape ; of these the most easterly, the Varanger Fjord, is well known entomologically, but the other two, the Laxe and Tana Fjords, have, I believe, 338 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. never been explored for Lepidoptera. I understand there is accommodation to be fomid in both of them, and I was informed at Kistrand, by Pastor Astrup, that the vegetation is even more hixuriant there than is the case in the Porsanger Fjord. Mosquitoes were not much in evidence at Bossekop, Kolvik, and Kistrand, but -at Laxelv they were in countless millions in the forest, and my experience there was the worst I have ever had to put up with in this respect. The utter impossibility of accurately forecasting the date on which one should be on the collecting ground in Arctic Scandi- navia was strikingly exemplified by my receiving a letter from Herr Sparre Schneider, which was written in May, and in which he stated that the season at Tromso promised to be an early one, whereas when I got to Bossekop in early June, I found that in consequence of a cold spell everything was very backward and the season a late one. I had a good opportunity of testing the effect of the perpetual dayhght upon the flight times of Lepidoptera, and the result of my observations was that I found the Diurni were not on the wing before 8 a.m. and that the flight was practically stopped by 4 o'clock in the afternoon. I. was out at 6 a.m. on several bright sunny mornings, but although an occasional Erebia lajjpoiia, or Gilneis noma was to be kicked up between 7 o'clock and 8 o'clock, they did not fly of their own accord until the latter hour. The Geometry flew fairly freely in the afternoon, but their natural flight time was from 6 p.m. to midnight and after. It was very striking to see a large Geometer such as Gnophos sordaria, a species resembling our G. ohfuscata, flying gently in the full light at midnight, depositing ova. The Nocture I saw consisted mostly of Anartas. These flew in the bright sunlight of mid-day. But the same habit obtained in the other species I came across, includng Plusia hochemcarthi, and Pachnohia hyperborea. The species of Lepidoptera I met with in Finmark are as follows : — Pieris napi. — This species was rare at Bossekop ; perhaps it was not fully out,' for it is usually abundant there. It was not un- common at Kolvik. The chief characteristic of the Northern Scandinavian P. napi appears to be the profusion of dark shading on the veins on the under side of all the wings, more especially on the inferiors. This tendency culminates in certain of the males, in which the shading on the veins almost covers the inferiors, and on all wings terminates on the outer margins in broad wedges, not gradually tapering to a point, as is the case in Central European forms. This extreme form, of which I have examples from Bossekop and Kolvik, and also from Abisko in Swedish Lapland, is figured on Plate xiv., fig. 4, and I propose for it the name arctica, n. ab. The females, which are of course all var. bryonies, have a strong tendency to ochreous, especially on the under side of the inferiors. NOEWEGIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 339 As far as I could ascertain, the food-plant in Finmark is Draba incana, which is almost the only crucifer I came across there. Colias hecla. — This most beautiful species was apparently not out at the time of my visit to Bossekop, where previous observers had found it not uncommon. I was fortunate enough, however, to come across it in great abundance in the open meadows lying on both sides of the river at Laxelv (see Plate xi.), flying swiftly with the customary Colias flight and often settling on and sucking at the flowers of Astragalus alpimis, which to my surprise I found to be the food-plant of the larva, and which thus in addition furnishes the imago with sustenance. It will be remembered that last year I found the food-plant of the other arctic species of this genus C. nastes at Abisko to be A. alpiniis also. The imago, especially the male, by its swift low flight amongst the plants of Vaccinhmi, Empetrum, &c., which grow in its habitat, soon gets damaged, and on the day on which I first came across it, July 11th, I had to exercise a good deal of selection to get good specimens. Ova were plentiful, and I now have larvae hibernating in the third stage. The series of about one hundred examples I brought home is a very variable one ; the males vary in size from 42-50 mm., and the females from 44-54 mm. On looking over the European series in the National Collection I find that a few of the males have a rosy sufiusion on the upper sides of all the wings, similar to that which is found in some male Colias eclusa ; in my series fully seventy-five per cent, have this rosy suffusion, which is very pronounced and beautiful in some specimens ; for this form I propose the name rosea, n. ab. The ground colour of the male varies very much, the majority are of a rich red orange, but a few are of a much lighter orange tint, not darker than in typical C. edusa, whilst one example has the entire upper side of the brown colour of typical male C. heldreichi, the darker margins being brown, also of a darker tint ; this specimen is, however, not freshly emerged, and one suspects abnormal conditions after emergence have caused what is certainly a remarkable form. There is a tendency in some of the males for the light veins crossing the dark margins to be reduced in number and distinctness, some specimens being entirely without them ; there are examples in the National Collection of this form labelled Kvickjock, and Lapland ; a suitable name for it appears to be ab. su'iypressa, n. ab. Professor Aurivillius who is responsible for the European specimens being named var. sulitelma, has only described the female as " above rather more vivid in tint, brown or sometimes rose-flushed, much less suffused with black." He does not mention some of the most characteristic features of this sex, for instance, the prominent light blotches in the dark marginal band, described by Lefebvre in ' An- nales de la Soci^te Entomologique de France,' tome v., p. 386 — the original description of C. hecla — to be seven in number in the front, and four on the hind wings, and therefore one can only assume that as Aurivillius does not distinguish var. sulitebua from the type in this respect, he did not notice the difference. My Porsanger examples have almost all seven pale blotches on the superiors, though one has six, and another only five ; but the whole of them have six blotches S40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. on the inferiors, and I find that almost all the European examples in the National Collection are of this form, which one must therefore conclude should be the typical European form in this respect. Lefebvre's specimens, which he states came from Iceland — where we now know C. hecla does not occur — were no doubt from Arctic America, judging by the figures. The variation of the hind wings in my specimens takes two forms, one is the extra distinctness of the blotches, and this is emphasized in those specimens which have an extra dark marginal band, or dark ground colour to the wings. This form I have figured on Plate xiii., figs. 5 and 7, and propose for it the name clistincta, n. ab. In the other form the lower four blotches are suffused with the ochreous ground colour of the wings, and they thus become much less distinct; for this form (see Plate xiii., fig. 6) I propose the name oclirea-suffusa, n. ab. A few of my females have the base of the superiors with dark suffusion ; there are specimens of this form in the National Collection, a suitable name for which appears to be obscura, n. ab. (see Plate xiii., fig. 8). There is a good deal of variation in both sexes in the shape and size of the discoidal spot in the centre of the superiors ; in the males in some cases it is a narrow line, in others it is as broad as it is long. Lefebvre describes and figures this spot in the female " with an orange centre " ; my specimens generally agree with this, but in about ten per cent, the orange centre is wanting, which thus might be called nicjro- imnctata, n. ab. Buinicia jjhlceas, var. hyjJOijhlcBas. — This fine form I had expected to meet with freely, but only saw two males, both of which were captured at Laxelv ; one of them is ab. cceruleopunctata. Polyommatus optilete. — Abundant at Laxelv. Amongst Vaccinium. Arjlais urticce. — The only larvae I saw were a colony at Borselv, which I managed to bring home as pupae ; these emerged in the middle of August as fine dark examples, not, however, so strongly banded as some I obtained at Abisko last year ; they were, of course, all tending towards var. ^iolaris. Brenthis ijales, var. lapponica. — Fairly common at Laxelv and Kistrand, but not so abundant as I expected to find it. B. freija. — Not infrequent at Bossekop, and in good condition. In the Porsanger Fjord it was not common ; I saw one or two worn examples at Borselv on July 7th, and perhaps half a dozen others a week later at Laxelv. (To be continued.) BY THE WAY. We have read with such attention as it deserves the proposal of the Entomological Society — as Verrall said, being the oldest Society of the kind it lacks all need for the minimising appange " of London" — to the infant International Congress of Entomology, respecting priority of nomenclature ; and we have NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 341 no hesitation in asserting that nothing short of an appeal to the Hague Tribunal will bring about the effect they desire. Edward Saunders discarded Cyllocoris fiavoquadrimaculatiis, De Geer, because it was too long a specific name. We are inclined to add sic ; but each author is, at least for the nonce, a law unto himself (unless he is suffering from an editor). Moreover, the present system is inconsistent : it admits such generic terms as PiezodoriLs, Tropicoris, and Acetropis, but rejects individuality to Prof. Westwood's memory by writing westwoodii — this is surely but a step short of rendering the name occidentaUsilvce ! Ento- mological topics have become too specialized to often be of wide interest, and we think nomenclature in all its aspects that most fitted for general discussion, utterly bootless though it be. A contemporary publishes some elucidation of the cause of the "humming in the air" so often heard on summer days, for which Gilbert White and later authors have lacked an explana- tion. That it is caused by dancing Chironomi shortly before dusk is true enough ; but it is not confined to that hour, and Mr. J. E. Collin is of opinion that the facts stated cover but part of the ground necessary to clear up the whole mystery. The humming is a very well-known phenomenon, and the author of * The Caxtons ' has turned it to a philosophical simile in ' Kenelm Chillingly ' (1873, i. 320) thus : — " I declare I know no more why the minds of human beings should be so restlessly agitated about things which, as most of them own, give more pain than pleasure, than I understand why that swarm of gnats, which has such a very short time to live, does not give itself a moment's repose, but goes up and down, rising and falling as if it were on a seesaw, and making as much noise about its insignificant alternations of ascent and descent, as if it were the hum of men." The devotee would answer with our author — " It is thou who art shoreless on every side, And thy width will not let thee enclose content." C. M. NOTES AND OBSEEVATIONS. Mortality among Delphax (Ar^opus) pulchella, Curt. — The larvae of this species of homopteron were in countless thousands at the base of reeds and on the moist mud between them in Covehithe Broad, on the Suffolk coast, last July, and the younger, less agile ones appeared to form the staple food of every carnivorous insect there. I saw neither Pcederus fuscipes nor Coccinella 19-punctata actually prey upon it, but Bembidium, Nabis, and a micropterous Alysiid (closely alUed to Alloea contracta, Hal.) certainly did so, for in one or two places, where the base of the reeds had grown circularly 342 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. together, forming a kind of chamber above the mud — a place where the saltatory powers of Delphax would be of little avail for escape — were great numbers of their sucked skins with gorged individuals of those species ; the Alysiid, however, was more probably in search of a dipterous victim, for no males were apparent. The mortality must be very great and the oviposition of the survivors prolific, for in September perfect Delphax, though not rare, are only in their tens where now the larvae are in their thousands. I fancy other Cocci- nellaB must attack them too, for both Micrasjns 16-imnctata and C. ll-punctata were common, though I saw with careful searching but a single specimen of an Aphid, which was a winged Hyalopterus arundinis, Fab.— Claude Morley. On the Habits of Parydropteea discomyzina, Collin (MS.) In the middle of September, 1910, two specimens of this new dipteron occurred to me in a salt-marsh at Southwold ; this was just before dusk. Accordingly at dusk I searched for the species at the same spot on several subsequent occasions, but with no success till the 17th of last July, when four examples were secured, with several the next day. These were only aroused from the salt-marsh plants {Aster, Sueda, Spergularia, Atriplex, &c.) by smoke ; then they would jump from the mud level to about an inch up the pressed-back herbage, and great care was necessary in bottling or a second leap was made — usually downwards, though the insect invariably headed upward. This frequently led to loss, as it was usually effected through some aperture in the stalks and the fly lost to sight ; nor was it often again aroused, even by smoke. Thus I lost nearly half those seen. The appearance when alive is that of a shining and peculiarly convex Salda, for the wings are pressed flat to its back and apically deflexed ; and the saltatory powers are very similar in degree. This time it occurred in the same salt-marsh as formerly, though some hundred yards from the original spot, where a diligent search failed to reveal it. In both situations it was found on ground just too wet to lie upon (though I did !), and yet by no means covered with water ; so salt was this that sand-hoppers and whelks kept Pari/drojHera company. In all I secured some two dozen examples with three hours' close work. — Claude Morley ; Monk's Soham House, Suffolk. The Adams Collection op Lepidopteea. — This exceedingly rich and very extensive collection of Lepidoptera is now installed in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington. It is contained in sixty-eight cabinets and numerous store-boxes. The number of specimens probably totals something like one hundred and fifty thousand, among which are hundreds of types. The Suppert Collection op Butterflies. — The large collec- tion of African butterflies, with its numerous types, formed by the late Herr B. Suffert, of Berlin, has passed into the Joicey Collection. Entomologists are invited to compare their specimens with the types. — J. J. JoiCEY ; The Hill, Witley, Surrey. CoLiAs EDUSA IN NoRTH Devon. — On August 20th, 1912, as my wife and I were walking along the road from Northam to Appledore, NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 343 a fine specimen of Colias edusa flew over a gate into the road, but escaped before I could get out my net, which had just previously been placed under my rainproof coat during one of the many showers which fell on that day.— C. Granville Clutterbuck; 23, Heath- ville Eoad, Gloucester, November 8th, 1912. Colias edusa, &c., in North Devon. — I arrived here on the 8th inst. On the 9th Colias edusa was seen, and a full-grown larva of Sphinx ligustri taken at Torrington. On the same day a fresh- looking E^Jinephele ianira was seen, and numbers of Pyrameis atalanta and Pliisia gamma, a few Vanessa urticce, and one V. io were noticed flying around and settling on various clumps of Michaelmas daisy in the gardens. On the 11th three C. edusa were seen at Tawstock, near Barnstaple, and several Pararge egeria in the lanes. Sugar was tried that evening, but was only visited by one Phlogo- pliora metic^dosa, and one Amathes instacina. On the 12th a bright male ediisa was captured in the garden, and great numbers of P. gamma were flying at dusk among flowers of Antirrhinum. On the 17th several Pieris brassica and P. rapce were seen at Ilfracombe. Sugar was tried again on the night of the 19th, and single specimens of Agrotis saucia, Lithophane socia, and Graptolitha ornithopus were taken, and several Agrotis suffusa and P. meticulosa were seen. On the 25th my wife caught a light-coloured edusa in her hand in a road close to the house. It was very feeble and worn, so she let it go. It was probably a female. There has been a lot of rain and gales of wind lately and the nights have been too cold for sugar or ivy. If the weather had been brighter and warmer in September and during this month, I believe it would have been a record year for edicsa in this neighbourhood. — Gervase F. Mathew ; Instow, North Devon, October 30th, 1912. Colias edusa, Pyrameis atalanta, and P. cardui in Wilts. — I saw one C. edusa male on Sept. 7th, the first I have seen during the eleven years I have been here. The larvte of Pyrameis atalanta have been abundant, and with them I found two larviB of P. cardui, also feeding on nettle. I did not recognize that the two were not P. atalanta larvae until they changed to chrysalids. All the larvaj were taken in August and September, P. atalanta emerging from August 30th to October 18th ; the first P. cardui on August 31st, and the other on October 7th. — (Eev.) C. A. Sladen ; Alton Barnes Eectory, Pewsey, Wilts, November 1st, 1912. Pyrameis atalanta. — On June 19th I found a larva of the above nearly full grown ; it pupated on June 24th and the butterfly emerged on July 10th. One full-fed larva obtained on September 8th pupated on September 12th, and the imago emerged October 2nd. — W. E. Butler. Agrotis hyperborea (alpina), &c., in Perthshire. — On August 5th I took a worn female specimen of Agrotis hyperborea at rest on cro wherry on a spur of Schiehallion. The capture of the imago seems to be somewhat unusual, but it was still more unusual to find a few fresh females of Argynnis aglaia on the wing within two or 344 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. three hundred feet of the crowberry line some minutes later. — C. Mellows ; The College, Bishop's Stortford. EUEOIS OCCULTA AND COSMIA PALEACEA IN YOEKSHIEE. — Tllis species is in its old York habitat this year. One specimen came to sugar on the night of July 24th. Mr. Walker tells me that the species had not been seen in the locality for several years. C. paleacea was very abundant at sugar the same night. — C. Mellows. FuETHEE Additions to the Gloucesteeshiee List of Lepi- DOPTEEA. — Thanks to Mr. E. Meyrick's kindness in identifying the specimens I am able to add the following species to our county list: — • Mompha (Laverna) lacteella, " curious abnormal dark form, the whitish ochreous area obscured by dark fuscous suffusion," taken on March 28th and April 9th, 1912, on the window of a railway station on the outskirts of the Forest of Dean ; Aristotelia (DorypJiora) jmlverateUa, taken on the Cotswolds on April 25th, 1912, flying in the afternoon ; and Coleophora deauratella, also taken on the wing in the afternoon sunshine near Gloucester on May 19th, 1912. — C. Geanville Clutteebuck ; 23, Heathville Koad, Gloucester, November 8th, 1912. SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London. — Wednesday, October 2nd, 1912.— The Eev. F. D. Morice, M.A., President, in the chair.— Miss Lily Huie, Hollywood, Colinton Eoad, Edinburgh, was elected a Fellow of the Society. — The death was announced of the Hon. Fellow, Prof. L. Ganglbauer, of Vienna, and also of Messrs. R. Shelford, M.A., F.Z.S. ; E. A. Fitch, F.L.S. ; and G. H. Grosvenor, M.A. — Dr. Nicholson showed three specimens of Adalia obliterata, L., ab. sublineata, Weise, an aberration not as yet recorded from Britain. — Mr. G. T. Porritt, various forms of the variety nigrosparsata, together with the type specimen of the var. nigra of Abraxas grossulariata, all bred from larvse and pupse collected from one garden at Huddersfield during the present year.— Commander J. J. Walker, series of the following rare species of British Coleoptera, recently taken in the Oxford district :—Lathrobium palUdiim, Nord. : Api(y)i annuUpes, Wenck., male and female ; and Psylliodes luteola, Miill. Also a specimen of the so-called "insect-catching grass" (Cenchrus australis), from Cairns, N. Queensland, with several Coleoptera, belonging to various genera, adhering to the spinous awns.— Mr. R. M. Prideaux, a beautiful aberration of P. cardui, closely resembling one figured by Newman.— Mr. C. J. Gahan, a small series of Phromnia superba, Melich, a dimorphic species of Homoptera of the subfamily Flatince, taken by Dr. A. C. Parsons in Northern Nigeria, and read a letter received from Dr. Parsons to explain the great interest attaching to the specimens. — Mr. W. A. Lanaborn, a series of twelve Homoptera of the genus Flata, all taken feeding on one plant, seventy miles east of Lagos, on December 1st, 1911. The insects were dimorphic, and he stated that the pink and green forms were mixed as they rested on the plant.— Prof. Poulton, SOCIETIES. 345 an apparently uninjured example of E. jacohcea given him by Mr. Eoland Triraen, F.E.S. The moth was flying slowly at midday in his garden at Woking, when a robin captured it on the wing and flew with it behind a bush. After about three minutes the bird flew away, and Mr. Trimen found the moth lying upon the ground.— Dr. T. A. Chapman, several unusual forms of some common " blues " taken this year in the Valley of the Isere and at Courmayeur. He said that the " blues " of this region are generally large and more than usually variable ; and that it is also the headquarters in Western Europe of Agriades alexius, Frr. — Mr. Donisthorpe, a number of males of Ponera coarctata which he had swept at Box Hill, and remarked that no one living appeared to have taken males in Britain. Also males, females, and workers of Formicoxenus nitiduhis, taken in a nest of F. riifa at Weybridge. Also males, females, and workers of Leptothorax tubero-affinis, a form new to Britain. Also a male, and winged and dealated females of Anergates atratulus, which lives in the nests of Tetramorium caspitum. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, on behalf of the Kev. C. E. N. Burrows, a long series of bred Gelastrina argiolus. He stated that the larvae had occurred each year for some time past in the garden at Mucking, feeding on Portugal laurel, attacking the flower buds in the early summer. The whole of the specimens were unusually large. Many of the females had a strong development of whitey-blue on the basal half of the costal area, and there was a tendency to develop a whitish suffusion in the discal area of the fore wing. The form closely resembled the Nearctic form pseiulargiolus. He believed that the food-plant had not hitherto been recorded. He also exhibited a curious colour-print of an " Entomologist," published in 1830 in London, in which the whole of the figure was ingeniously made up of various species of the Insecta, only the face being human. — Mr. L. W. Newman, specimens of Diantlicecia, bred from North Kent wild larvse, resembling exactly, both in size and colora- tion, Dianthcecia capsophila from the Isle of Man. This appeared to confirm the opinion of several leading men that D. capsophila and D. carpo2)haga are the same species. He also showed for comparison varied series of D. carpophaga ; a pair of D. capsopkila and D. capsin- cola. — Mr. W. G. Sheldon, a series of Colias liecla, from the Porsanger Fjord, Arctic Norway, with specimens of the other orange species occurring in Europe for comparison. — Mr. W. J. Lucas, a living male of Labidura riparia (the Giant Earwig), taken on the shore near Christchurch, Hants. He also exhibited a drawing giving the colour of the living insects, and demonstrating how well they are protected by resemblance to the pale sand of the Hampshire coast. — Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, specimens of Hepialus pyrenaicus, a species found not uncommonly on the higher parts of Mount Canigou, with the apterous female. Also a fine form of Lyccena arion, and a specimen of Heodes hippothoe that was at once radiated, obsolescent, and asymmetrical. — Mr. Douglas Pearson, a drawer of Ehopalocera from the Black Forest and the Swiss Alps, including an albinistic specimen of Erebia lappona, an unusually large female of Melitaa varia, the large Black Forest form of Colias palceno, Brenthis pales from Pontresina, with under side hind wings of a deep purple-red, and others. — Mr. J. A. Simes read the following note : — 346 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. " On the 15tli July, 1912, I came across Erebia glacialis in some numbers on a scree slope belov/ the summit of the Colette de Gily, Dauphiny, and saw a female alight on a piece of loose rock on the slope, sun itself for a time and then proceed to walk slowly back- wards until it reached the lower end of the rock. It then bent its abdomen underneath the slab of rock and deposited an egg on the lower surface of it. I subsequently observed a second female behave in precisely the same manner, and eventually deposit an egg on, the under side of a detached slab of rock on the scree slope." — The President exhibited a species of Osmia and its cell, found three and a half years ago, beside a little stream at Jericho, and which only emerged during the Oxford Congress this year. — Mr. H. Baker Sly, a very dark example of Brenthis selene, having the under wings clouded with dark brown all over, except for a slightly lighter shaded spot in the middle, and the upper wings very heavily clouded with dark brown ; it was taken in Worth Forest, Sussex, May 26th, 1912. He also showed a specimen of Epinephele ianira, one upper wing having a white blotch at the tip, and also the under wing on the same side with a white streak, taken at Box Hill, August 11th, 1912. The following papers were read: — " Life-history of Lonchaa chorea," by A. E. Cameron, M.A., B.Sc. ; communicated by H. S. Leigh, F.E.S. " A Few Observations on Mimicry," by W. J. Kaye, F.E.S. — George Wheeler, M.A., Hon. Secretary. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.— /?% lltJi.—Mv. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. Dennis exhibited galls from the poplar-tree made by two species of Aphis, Pemphigus hursarius and P. spirotheccB , the former of a pyriform shape on the petiole, and the latter of a spiral shape, also on the petiole. — Miss Fountaine, a fine set of examples, mostly bred by herself, of species of Callidryas from the West Indies and South Africa, with the large species of Gonepteryx from America. — Mr. Main, living larvae of Pyrameis cardui from Eastbourne, and a line series of Pieris napi and var. bryonies, the results of recent experiments. — Mr. J. Piatt Barrett, a bred specimen of Gharaxes jasius from Sicily, and made remarks on the spring and early summer of the present year in that island. — Mr. Step, photographs of the leaves of the maple and sycamore, with the cases of the sawfly larva, Phyllotoma aceris, and remarked on the occurrence of the species at Ashtead and Ox- shott. Several other members had also met with the species. — Mr. Adkin, the cocoon of Platysamia cecropia, previously shown by Mr. Dods, and pointed out that the inner envelope of the cocoon was reversed, hence the imago had to emerge from the wrong end of the outer envelope. He also showed several bred series of Goremia ferric- gata, and read notes on the variation. — Mr. H. Moore, a variety of Papilio phorcas from Africa, in which the veins were margined with white on the green areas of both wings. — Mr. Sich, the pupa-cases of Libythea celtis, showing that the pupa lies in a horizontal position under a leaf without a girdle, and also white egg-shells of Gerura vinula found in Sussex. — Mr. Edwards, two large species of Eastern Satyridge, Neorina hilda and N. crishna. Jiily 26th.— Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair.— SOCIETIES. 347 Mr. West (Ashtead) exhibited ova of a Ghrysopa on the leaves of the garden ox-eye daisy. — Mr. Edwards, the butterflies Eunica eurota from Brazil, Smyrna blomfeldii from Mexico, and S. kanvinskii from Brazil. — Mr. J. Piatt Barrett, a full-fed larva of Saturnia pyri, from Sicily, young larvae of Colias ediisa from ova of an English caught female, and a large number of butterflies from South Africa. — Mr. E. Adkin, Ptycholoma lecheana from Brentwood, one almost unicolorous buff colour and unusually pale, the other a rich deep brown with very distinct silvery markings. — Remarks were made on the abundance of Gelastrina argiolus, and the occurrence of Sesia stellatarum and Colias eclusa this season. August QtJi. — The President in the chair. — Mr. Ashby exhibited larv£e and imago of the local coleopteron, Cassida fastuosa, from Otford. — Capt. Cardew, larvae of Papilio machaon from. Stalham Dyke spun up for pupation. — Mr. Hugh Main, larvae of Papilio alexanor from the South of France. — Mr. H. Moore, a short series of Colias ediisa taken in the Forest of Arques, Dieppe, in August. — Mr. Priske, a female cockroach, Periplaneta orientalis, with the ootheca still attached to her. — Mr. F. D. Cooke, the pupae of Pyrameis cardui to show the difference between those spun up on white muslin and those on darker material. — Mr. Newman, long series of Diantlicecia carpophaga, specimens of D. capsincola and D. capsophila, and Kentish Dianthaicia identical with Isle of Man D. capsophila. — Mr. Blenkarn, Haliplus wehnckei with aberrant oedeagus, a specimen of ClytiLs arietis with the first yellow belt reduced to a minute spot, an unusually small example of Philonthus pitella, and specimens of the very rare coleopteron, Peniarthrum huttoni, from the cellars of Messrs. Moet & Chandon. August 22iid. — Mr. B. H. Smith, Vice-President, in the chair. — Mr. Edwards exhibited the exotic butterflies — Thaumantis diores from Assam, Discopliora lepida from Ceylon, Tenaris selene from the Malay, and T. honrathii from Madagascar, all belonging to the Asiatic section of the Morphinae ; and specimens of Opsiphanes hoisduvalii from Mexico, referring to the conspicuous tuft of scent- hairs. — Mr. Newman, a very long series of Pachnobia liyperborea from Rannoch, showing much variation ; a short, very uniform series from Shetland, where the species was fast disappearing from the attacks of ichneumons ; a few Crymodes exulis from Shetland, in- cluding a very pale specimen ; and a long series of his inbred yellow form of Callimorpha dominula, with the only intermediate he had obtained. — Mr. Sheldon gave a very interesting account of his holiday near the North Cape in search of butterflies and birds' eggs. — Mr. Sich, specimens of Coleopihora apicella, taken at Byfieet in June, where its food-plant, Stellaria graminea, grows abundantly. — Mr. Adkin, Chrysopa ova, which were on unusually short stalks. — Reports were made that larvae were very scarce this season, especi- ally in the New Forest. Bryophila perla was noted as very scarce. Agriades coridon was still common in Hertfordshire, and several var. semi-syngrapha had been taken, while the females varied from very deep black to khaki-coloured ground. Capt. Cardew noted the curious fact that B. muralis was common at Folkestone, but com- 348 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. pletely absent from Dover, where apparently conditions were most favourable. September IMi.—Mv. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Mr. Tonge exhibited an Ephestia sp. bred from an Egyptian date. — Mr. Moore, galls found on the wild rose. — Mr. Gibbs, a Bumicia pJilceas from Woburn, a combination of ab. radiata and ab. candeopunctata. — Capt. Cardew, an Apatura iris with much fulvous shading on the fore wings and apex of hind wings ; a series of Eupithecia suhfulvata, bred, from Northumberland ; and living larvae of Acidalia iminutata.—M.v. Curwen, a large summer form of Pieris napi with rays evanescent, Polyommatns icarus ab. semi-arcuata, Agriades coridon with aberrant markings on the under sides, and an Argynnis niohe var. eris with an extremely deep green ground on the under sides of the hind wings. — Dr. T. A. Chapman, specimens of Agriades alexins and of Polyommatus icarus ab. icarinus, and gave a detailed account of the former species, which Freyer put forward in 1858. — Mr. Tonge reported Leucania albipuncta at sugar at Deal, and specimens of Polia chi at Winslow, in Bucks. — Mr. Sich read his report as delegate to the International Congress of Entomology at Oxford in early August. September 26th. — Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the chair. — Dr. Chapman exhibited varieties of "blues" taken in the French Alps this year, where several species were of unusually large size ; they included Polyommatus icarus resembling P. escheri, Agriades thetis ab. punctifera, a possible hybrid between P. clamon and A. coridon, &c. — Mr. Colthrup, long series of Pachygastria trifolii from Eomney and Eastbourne, the former showing much variation, especially in the males ; specimens of Satyrus semele with the eye- spot in the anal angle of the hind wings absent ; an unusually large example of Colias ediisa var. helice, &c. — Mr. Newman, a long bred series of Papilio machaon, of fine size mostly, but only showing trivial variation in size and position of the discoidal spots, in amount of blue in the hind wings, in the breadth and depth of colour of the transverse bands, &c. — Mr. Hugh Main, a beetle, Caryoborus micleorum, bred by him from the Coquilla nut previously exhibited with the larva in by Mr. Joy. — Mr. J. P. Barrett, the larvas of Gebrio gigas (?), a coleopteron occurring somewhat freely in his son's garden in Messina, doing injury to his potatoes ; a short series of Lyccena arion from Cornwall, Mgeria musccBformis and Dianthoscia luteago var. ficklini from the same county, and a huge earthen cocoon of Manduca atropos. — Mr. Tonge, a fragment of slate from Cornwall containing a fossil in appearance very much resembling an orthopteron. — Mr. Curwen, a very varied series of Brentlus pales from Switzerland. — Mr. Blenkarn, the rare coleopteron, Henoticus serratus, taken in the offices of Messrs. Moot & Chandon's, Northum- berland Avenue ; and a series of bred Porthesia chrysorrhosa from Sandown, including two with bright golden tufts instead of the usual rich brown. — Mr. Lucas, a living female of the rare orthopteron, Metriovtera roeselii. — Mr. Turner, for Eev. C. R. N. Burrows, a beautiful series of Celastrina arqiokis, bred from larvae taken on SOCIETIES. 349 Portugal laurel, notable for their large size and brilliant coloration, approaching the American form j^seudargiohts. October 10th.— Mr. A. B. Tonge, P.B.S., President, in the chair.— Mr. Lucas exhibited specimens and detailed drawings of the species of British earwigs to illustrate his paper, with living examples of the very local Lahidura riparia from Christchurch. — Mr. Tonge, a very dark-marked example of Acidalia ornata from Reigate. — Mr. Sheldon, a long series of Colias hecla from North Lapland, with examples of other European Colias species for comparison. — Mr. Adkin, specimens of Nola alhulalis bred from larvae that had hybernated in confine- ment.— Mr. Newman, a long series of Agriades coridon, including several ab. seviisyngrajjha, from Royston, and showing in the females much variation in the ground colour of both upper and under surfaces; and third generation specimens of Ennomos quercinaria, all with the apex of the fore wings dark — twenty-five per cent, of the second generation had been melanic, of a dark chocolate colour. — Mr. Lucas read a paper on " Earwigs that Breed in Britain," and illustrated his notes with a large number of lantern-slides. — Hy. J. TuENER {Hon. Bep. Sec). Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Meeting held at the Eoyal Institution, Colquitt Street, Liverpool, October 21st, 1912. — Mr. Wm. Webster, Vice-President, in the chair. — This being the opening meeting of the session was devoted to exhibits of the past season's work. — Mr. E. N. Pierce showed a box of Lepidoptera from Silverdale, Lancashire, which included Nevieobius lucina, Argynnis euphrosyne, and Euclidia mi ; from Tansor, Huntingdon- shire, Schcenobms mucronelhis, S. forficellus, Acentroinis niveus, Hydrocampa nympheata, H. stagnata, and Paraponyx stratiotata ; also Scopula ferriigalis from Oxfordshire. — Mr. L. West exhibited his recently pubhshed work ' The Natural Trout Fly and its Imitations,' containing a fine series of coloured illustrations of the flies used by the angler for trout, together with a set of the artificial flies inserted on special pages. — Mr. B. H. Crabtree, two drawers containing his very fine series of variations of Abraxas grossulariata, including vars. nigra, nigro-sparsata, nigro-ccendea, flavo -fas data, hazeleighensis, liitea, varleyata, and other striking forms. — Mr. R. Tait, Jun., a long bred series of Agrotis asluvorthii, with vars. substriata and virgata; very fine set of A. agathina, including var. rosea and a melanic form of Boarmia repandata from North Wales ; Leucophasia sinapis, Colias echisa, Ligdia adustata, Bapta temerata, and Melanippe galiata, from South Devon ; Tephrosia luridata, from Wyre Forest ; and Nyssia zonaria, from Conway. — Mr. W. A: Tyerman, the follow- ing species from Ainsdale, viz. : — Procris statices, Neuria reticulata, Dianthacia nana, Pliisia festucce, Phibalapteryx lignata, and Eupi- thecia satyrata var. caUunaria. — Mr. W. Mansbridge, Micro-Lepido- ptera collected in Lancashire and Cheshire during the past season, viz., a long bred series of Tortrix costana and melanic and inter- mediate variations ; a long bred series of Phycis fusca ; series of Micropteryx ^mimaculella, ColeopJwra fuscedinella, and C. luti- 2)ennella, Oniix betulcB, Lithocolletis quercifolieUa, and L. cramerella, from Delamere; Pancalia lemvenhoekella and Pyrausta purpuralis, ENTOM. — DECEMBER, 1912. 2 E 350 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. from Grange, the last being very brightly coloured. — Mr. Prince, a bred series of Cidaria 7-eticulata, from Windermere ; Nemeophila plantagmis var. hospita, from the Lake District ; and many coast species. — Wm. Mansbeidge, Hon. Sec. RECENT LITERATURE. 1. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Vol. vi. No. 1, b (May 29th, 1912) ; No. 2 (July 31st, 1912) ; No. 3, a (September 12th, 1912). Liverpool. In addition to papers concerning insects in their relation to disease, such as malaria and sleeping-sickness, there are : — (1) " A new Tsetse-fly from British East Africa {Glossina a^isteni) by Prof. R. Newstead, F.R.S., in No. 1 ; and (2) Three important papers in No. 2 by H. B. Fantham, D.Sc, and Annie Porter, D.Sc, on the " Isle of Wight Disease of Bees." 2. Memorias do Instituto Oszvaldo Cruz (Ano 1911, Tomo iii. Faciculo ii). Rio de Janeiro, 1911. — Pages 295-300 are concerned with certain Culicidae. 3. Two Insect Pests of the United Provinces — the Sugar-cane Grasshopper {Hieroglyphus fuscifer) and the Potato Moth {Phtho- rimcea operculella) — by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N. ('Agricultural Journal of India,' vol. vi. pt. ii). Calcutta, 1911. 4. Dragonflies of the Cumherland Valley in Kentucky and Ten- nessee, by C. B. Wilson (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 43, pp. 189-200). Washington, 1912. 5. The Proportion of the Sexes in Forficula auricularia, by H. H. Brindley, M.A. (Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. vol. xvi. pt. 8). Cambridge, 1912. A short but important paper, which must have entailed a large amount of work in its preparation. 6. " Microscopes for Entomologists.'" — We have received a copy of the new edition of E. Leitz' Catalogue of Microscopes, and a pamphlet concerning a new eyepiece for demonstration purposes. Some of the new forms of microscope are specially suitable for entomologists, and anyone intending to purchase an instrument would do well to call at 18, Bloomsbury Square, W.C., and inspect them. W. J. Lucas. The Hwnble-Bee, its Life-History, and hoio to Domesticate it. By F. W. L. Sladen, F.E.S. Illustrated with Photographs and Drawings by the Author, and Five Coloured Plates Photo- graphed direct from Nature. Pp. i-xiii, 1-283. London : Macmillan & Co., Limited. 1912. Peobably few insects of the open country are more familiar to field entomologists than Humble-Bees, and yet, speaking generally, how limited is our knowledge of these very interesting members of the Hymenoptera-Aculeata ! Except, of course, to those who specially study Bombi, the separation, for example, of the workers of B. lucorum from the workers of B. terrestris would not always be an RECENT LITERATURE. 351 easy task, even when the respective queens of these species could be distinguished with some certainty. The beautiful and very Hfehke figures, together with the descrip- tions, comparisons, &c., furnished by Mr. Sladen in the book under notice, sliould certainly remove most of, if not all, the difficulty con- nected with the satisfactory identification of our humble-bees and usurper-bus. Apart, however, from its utility as an aid to identi- fication, the book is a veritable storehouse of information concerning life-history, habits, parasites, enemies, and many other matters of great interest to the student of Bombi. The seventeen species of Bomhus recognized by Mr. Sladen as British are here divided into two main groups : Pollen-storers (eight species), and Pocket-makers (nine species), the latter being again subdivided into Pollen-primers (four species), and Carder Bees (five species). Two species — B. soroensis and B. cullumamts — have only been associated with the pollen-storers because they possess struc- tural affinities with members of that group, the author so far having been unable to study their nests. Six species of the genus Psithyrus are described and also figured on the plates. Transactions of the Carlisle Natural History Society. Vol. ii. Pp. 1-256. 1912. Among other papers of interest to naturalists in this excellent publication are two which will chiefly appeal to entomologists. These are: " The Lepidoptera of Cumberland, Part ii. (Moths)," by George E. Eoutledge, F.E.S. (pp. 94-183), and " The Coleoptera of Cumber- land, Part ii.," by Frank H. Day, F.E.S. (pp. 201-256). In the instalment of Mr. Eoutledge's list over two hundred and thirty species, belonging to the families Sphingidge to Noctuidte, are entered as found in the county. Mr. Day, dealing only with Haliplidse, Dytiscidee, Hydrophihdse, and StaphylinidaB, records six hundred and seventy species for Cumberland. Localities are given in each list, and in that of the Lepidoptera there are references to literature and remarks on variation, &c. OBITUARY. William Forsell Kirby, F.L.S., F.E.S. For a second time this year the ' Entomologist ' appears in mourning, for we have to deplore the loss of yet another of the willing workers who have so materially assisted us on the Eeference Committee of our magazine, William Forsell Kirby. Mr. Kirby, indeed, in retirement as in active harness, proved himself to be one of the most accurate, original, and painstaking of naturalists. Nor was the field of his activities circumscribed within one particular Order ; while, independently of entomological work, he made name 352 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. and fame as linguist, and poet in the realms of folk-song, and fairy- land. The sagas of the North and the tales of the Orient particularly exercised a fascination over a mind none the less imaginative because, tutored in the schools of science, it had achieved the virtue of orderli- ness. I regret to say that it was only in his later life that I came in close touch witli him, and learned to appreciate his exquisite and fantastic humour, his literary sense, and profound scholarship. Away, indeed, from his Department in the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, where he did faithful service from 1879 and 1909, after twelve years' apprenticeship in the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society, he allowed himself to pass from the dusty road of reality to the by-paths of romance with all the enthusiasm and freshness of a heart which never grew old. He even broke a lance or two in the arena of controversial theology, his views as a naturalist in relation to the organization of the cosmos finding expression in a book on ' Evolution and Natural Theology.' But it is not within our province here to appraise his literary labours outside the sphere which he con- tinued to enrich and adorn to the last days of a useful life ; though I recall now that it is barely a year since he wrote to me in con- nection with a projected entomological text-book which he had been offered : " I have other work in hand, and can hardly spare the time ; besides which, I have rather written myself out in that direction." This, however, was no more than a characteristic assertion of the innate modesty of the man whose pioneer endeavours opened up to so many otherwise "British" entomologists new and dehghtful regions to explore. His ' Manual of European Butterflies ' appeared in 1862, and was, I believe, the first guide to the subject by an English author published in England, and this he supplemented in 1863 with ' A Synonymic List of European Butterflies for Labelling Cabinets,' which, again, was followed eight years later by the ' Sy- nonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera ' (Supplement, 1877) — still a standard and much consulted authority. Meanwhile, a number of papers from his pen on all Orders were being contributed to the 'Transactions' of the Entomological Society of London, and the Journals and Reports of other scientific Societies ; and past issues of the ' Zoological Record ' bear further testimony to his unflagging industry as a compiler. He was elected a member of the Entomological Society in 1861, and served as one of the Hon. Secretaries from 1881 to 1885, and as member of the Council in 1886. He joined the staff of the ' Entomologist ' in 1894. The son of Mr. Samuel Kirby, banker, of Leicester, he was born in 1844, and married, in 1866, Johanna Maria Kappel, who pre- deceased him in 1893, leaving one son. Wilham Forsell Kirby him- self died on Wednesday, November 20th last, and was buried in Chiswick Cemetery on November 26th. H. Row LAND -Brown. PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., HATTON GARDEN, LONDON, E.G. '\^ l.p>^' ■p-l-p