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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Apxin, Rozert, F.E.S., 18, 79, 93, 96,
115, 162, 236

Aten, W. E. R., 163

ANDERSON, JOSEPH, 256, 277

ArmsrroneG, B. H., 111

Baker, H. W., 137

Benson, R. B., 188, 235

Betts, E. B. G., 138

Brackman, T. M., 234

Buatr, K. G., B.Sc , F.E.S., 147

BiLENKARN, Stantey A., 111

Briss, AntHur, 210, 255

Bonam, GEoraeE, 139, 234

Bonck, Baron, 162

Bonn, L. H., 88, 191, 209

Boorne, Morais, 235

Bowater, Capt. W., F.H.S., 237, 255

Bracken, W., B.A., 277

BRAMWELL, F'. G. S., 136, 256

Brooks, Ginpert E., M.A,, L.R.C.P.,
247

Brown, J. A., 236

But, G. V., M.B., 279

Burkinn, H. J., 23, 118, 259, 264

CAMPBELL-Taytor, J. K., 162, 166

Campion, Hersert, 71

CHaRrREs, S. A., 20

CiLurren, W. G., 64

Cuurrersuck, C. Granvinur, F.E.S.,
155, 189

CocnrrewL, Prof. T.D.A., F.H.S., 17,
49, 67, 135, 176

Cooxe, Lieut.-Colonel, 67

Counson, F. J., 163

Corset, A. Steven, 280

Cox, G. Lissant, 19

Crisp, K., 212

Crurcuury, Rev. G. W., 245

Day, F. H., F.H.S., 120

Droirt, ALAN, 20

DurrteLp, C. A. W., ..8., 237

Durrant, JNo. Harriey, F.H.S., 209

EpELSTEN, H. McD., 62

Esson, L. G., 278

_ Fassniper, Wm., M.A., 89, 190

Fuercuer, Prof. T. Barnpriper, R.N.,
F.E.S., 231

Forp, Haroun D., 234

Fox-Wutson, G., 137

Frouawk, F. W., F.E.S., M.B.O.U., 136,
280

GIACOMELLI, H., 225

GILLETT, Major F., 274, 278

Grrautt, A. A., 205

Gomm, H. G., 233

Gray, C. J. V., 212

GREER, Tomas, 259

Grirritus, Gro. C., F.E.S., 39, 111

Grosvenor, T. H. L., F.E.S., 162

Haines, F. H., M.R.C.S., 17, 40, 84, 104

Harps, C. H., 260

Haywarp, A. R., 211

Havywarp, G. H. Srmpson, 211

tae ae Capt. Kenneru, F.E.S., 178,

SUSE, H. C., M.A., F.E.S., 188, 258,

~ 278

Hepess, ALFrep V., 88,

Hincuuirr, Miss, 162

Hopeson, S. B., 22, 212

Hopson, W. E. H., 282

Hotteyman, B. J., 188

Hotroyp, Grorez C., 238

Hunt, H. F., 88

Jacoss, Major J. J., F.E.S., 210, 238

Jacops, Stanuey N. A., 260

Jaques, J. M., 38, 137

JEDDERE-FisHER, H. C., 163

Jones, A. H., F.B.S., 255

Jones, Hueu, 42

Jorpan, Dr. K., F.E.S., 152

KiInuineton, FREDK. J., 235

Lancum, F. Howarp, F.L.S., ete., 166

Lirrnewoop, FRanx, 90, 260

LorrnHovuss, I’. AsHton, F.E.S., 65

Lone, [atx D. JEx, 237

LowrtHer, Dr. Ricwarp C., 64, 137, 257,
279

Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 4, 57, 62,
67, 85, 91, 125, 136, 152, 200, 210,
221, 239

loyaviog, (Gig dbh, INGID Sagal!

Macraaa@artr, M., 188, 236

Maupen, Rev. P., 187

ManspripGe, Wm., F.E.S., 43, 145

Marurw, Gervase F., Paymaster-in-
Chief BR.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., 14, 113,
192

Metyixt, J. Cosmo, M.A., F.E.S., 19

Mera, A. W., 257

Meyrick, Epwarp, B.A., F.R.S., ete.,
16, 255, 270

Micuextmore, A. P. G., 162

Miter, N. C. E., 213, 282

Miuman, P. P., 21

Mrunr, R. M., 136

Moraan, E. D., 63

Morey, Cuaupe#, I’.E.S., F.Z.8., ete., 1
59, 82, 108, 132, 157, 182

Morris, C. E., 36

IV LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Morton, Kenneta J., F.E.S., 80

Morr, Ina B., 164

NAKAHARA, WARo, A.M., Ph.D., 123

Nasu, W. GirrorpD, 90, 238, 278

Neave, S. A., M.A., D.Sc., F.H.S., 116,
214, 240

NeEwstTgEAD, ALFRED, F.E.S., 163

Nicuoxson, C., F.H.S., 88, 91

Norton, F., 63

Oupaker, F. A., M.A., F.H.S., 127

Ouiver, G. B., 187, 190

Pracu, A. H., 237

Peacock, A. D., M.Sc.,

Petuz, Lieut.-Colonel H. D.,
F.E.S., 100

Prerce, WALTER, 257

Picgotr, Major G. T., 187, 277

Porritt, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., 279

Posrans, A. T., 19, 21, 252, 258, 271

Prout, L. B., F.E.S., 144

Raynor, Rey. A. G. S., 22, 234

Raywarp, A. L., 162

Ricuarps, A. W., 67, 234

Rinzy, N. D., F.H.S., F.Z.S., 25, 51,
136, 139, 140, 144, 167, 211, 216, 236,
237, 250, 256, 261, 278, 284

Rimmer, CHaruns P., 119; 139

F.E.S., 227
LM.S.,

RovruscHiLp, Mirtam and HLizaBETH, 258 -

Rowianp-Brown, H., M.A., F.H.S., 36,
38
Ruston, A. Haroun, 188, 237

SHELDON, W. G., F.E.S., F.Z.S., 30, 48,
53, 72,73, 95, 112, 116, 1235 tai ole
166, 179, 194, 221, 241, 265, 282, 288

Suewury, T. J., 187

Sueara, J. R., 163, 210

Sour, Ricwarp, 43, 44, 91, 211, 265

SPLORING, ALFRED H., 213

Srarrorp, Auacustus E., 189, 190

Sranton, Guy, 111, 210, 238

Stipsron, Engr.-Comdr. 8. T., BR.N.,
F.E.S., 162, 163

STowELL, EH. A. C., 233

Surton, G. P., 280

Syms, Encar H., F.E.S., 239

Taugor, G., F.E.S., 188

Tams, W-H. T., F.E.S., 196

Tanrspat, Rev. J. H., 65, 236, 256, 257

TuHompson, A. H., 68, 166

TuHurNaLL, A., 189

Tirn, G. H., 136

Toruesse, A. D., 187

Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S., 69, 117, 141,
168, 215, 240, 264

Vickers, J. H., 236

Watson, Douanas, 88

Wearz, Cuas., 187

Westropp, DupLeEy, 37

Wuirrte, F. G., F.E.S., 10 :

Witteman, A. E., F.H.S.. 197

Wiuuiams, C. B., M.A., F.E.S., 173

Wituycomse, C. L., F.E.S., B.Sce., 97

Rypanp, Lieut.-Colonel Atrrep W., 165, 169, 193
F.R.M.S., 204 Woop, F. F., 279
Sane, G. Hanson, 37, 39 WoovrrorpE, F. C., B.A., F.E.S., 12,
Scort, i. M. B., 18, 20 23
Scotr, H. H. L., 256 Wricut, E., 38, 112
SHARP, Epwin P., 20 Wynne, A. R. F. P., 280
Sumppen, J. D. W., 257 Wywne, J. F. G., 70, 118
PLATES.

FACING
PAGE
1. Henry Rowland-Brown 121
2. Coniopterygidx 169
3. David Sharp 217

FIGURES IN THE TEXT.
PAGE

Orthetrum cerulescens, Fabr. 6
Diaphora mendica venosa, n.f. “79
Lestes viridis (appendage) 81
Hemerobius stigma, Steph. 97
Blastobasis lignea and ab. adustella 147
Danais chrysippus, ab. 178
Metrioptera brachyptera . : 202
Conwentzia psociformis (venation) . 224
Mosquito wing-spots, Fig. 1 248

29 ” 9 eat

INDEX.

—

GENERAL.

Aberrations of Agrotis corticea, 278

Aberrations of Colias croceus and Agrotis
exclamationis, 259

Acherontia atropos at sea, 278

Acontia luctuosa at sugar, 20

Acrobasis tumidana, Schiff., 112

Additions to Glamorgan List of Lepi-
doptera, 63

A fortnight in Carnarvonshire, 22

An entomological holiday in S. France,

147
An uncommon Ant, 281

An unusual variety of Chaerocampa |

elpenor, 278

“A new Callimorpha from N.W. Persia |

and Armenia, 196
A new Genus and Species of Micro-
lepidoptera from New Zealand, 270

A new Mymarid from North Wales, 204 |

A record capture of Blues, 238

Argynnis lathonia at Gravesend. 88

Aricia medon ab. albiannulata, Harr.,
260

Attractiveness of electric
moths, 89, 90, 138

A variety of Cupido minimus, 212

light for

Blastobasis lignea, Wlsm. (Lep.): A |

species new to Britain, 145

Blue spots in Chrysophanus phlaeas,
36

Boreus hyemalis, Linn. (Neuroptera), 91

British Macrolepidoptera in the Hope
Department of the Oxford University
Museum, Noies on the, 12

British Neuroptera in 1921, Notes on,

By

British Odonata in 1920, 4

British Proctotrypidae, 1, 59, 82, 89, 108,
132, Lot, 182

Butterflies attracted by human perspira-
tion, 112, 212, 282

Butterflies of the Vienna district, 65

Cannibalism among Cucullia verbasci,
190, 280

Catocala fraxini in Hast Kent, 237

Celerio lineata livornica, Esp., in the
Isle of Wight, 188

Chrysophanus phlaeas, var., 190

Colias croceus ab. faillae in Lines, 277
ab. helicina at Plymouth, 278

Colias croceus, Foure. (edusa), Fab., 7,
211

Colias croceus and Herse conyolvuli in
Surrey, 255

Colias croceus and other Lepidoptera
Cumberland, 233

Colias croceus at Delamere, 166; in
Derbyshire, 234; in Sussex, 210; in
August at Brighton, 210; in Bucks,
Cambridgeshire, Glamorgan, Lincoln-
shire, Shropshire, Suffolk, Worcester-
shire, 187; in Cheshire, 163; in
Devonshire, 37, 162; in Hunts, 234;
in Hants, 235; in Lancashire and
Westmorland, 234; in Northumber-
land, 234; in N. Wales, 255; in
Somerset in May, July and August,
210; (edusa) in Surrey, 162; in Surrey
and N. Cornwall, 210; in Sussex, 162;
in Wiltshire, 162; and Vanessa ata-
lanta in the Isle of Wight, 162

Colias edusa and C. electra : Proportion
of pale forms, 88

Colias edusa and some other species at
Eastbourne, 17

Colias edusa in South Devon. 37; in
Dorset, 18; in Kent, 18

Colias edusa migration in Cannes dis-
trict, 35

Colias electra and C. lesbia (?), 36

Collecting by powerful lights, 63

Collecting in 1920 in Gloucestershire,
N. Wales, ete., 155

Colour-preservation in Dragonflies, 209

Co-ordinated rhythm in Insects: with a
record of sound production in an
Aphid, 173

Correction of a generic name, 16

Correction of nomenclature of Micro-
lepidoptera, 209

Crickets and refuse dumps, 23

Curious aberrations of Danais chry-
sippus, L., 178

Cydia citrana, Hb., near Wanstead, 185

in

Danais chrysippus, L., ab. candidata,
Hayward, 212
Daphnis nerii off Scotland, 278

e

vl

Deiopeia pulchella bred from 8S, Devon
larva, 137

Deiopeia pulchella and Sterrha sacraria
at Lulworth, 20

Destruction of Papilio machaon larve
by Cuckoos, 280

Diaphora mendica, form venosa, n.f., 79

Dr. Chapman’s Library, The sale of, 93

Harlier stages of Cacoecia crataegana,
Hubn., On the, 194

Harly and late dates for Lepidoptera,
62

Harly appearance of Vanessa urticae, 88

Early occurrence of Smerinthus populi,
ete., 111

Hditorial, 73, 244, 265

Emmelesia minorata, etc., at Grassing-
ton, 64

Eromene ocella, etc., in Lancashire, 38

Kuchloé cardamines in September, 277

Kupithecia trisignaria in Derbyshire
and notes from N. Staffs, 237

Farn Collection of British Lepidoptera,
91, 103

Flashlight photography and nature, 139

Food plants of Callophrys avis and
Celastrina argiolus, 38

Fossil Longicorn Beetle, a new, 176

Fossil Sawflies of Florissant, Colorado,
49

Further notes on
Constantinople, 80

Further notes on Sarrothripus revayana,
131

the Odonata of

Genus ‘‘Amblypodia’’ Auctorum, 20, 51
Gynandromorphs, 114

Heliconisa pagenstecheri (Saturnidae),
191

Heliothis armigera in Kent, 188

Hemerobius stigma, Steph. (Neurop-
tera), 67

Henri Fabre and the Microgaster, 245,
281

Herse (Sphinx) conyolvuli at Bedford,
278 ; at Chichester, 256

Herse convolvuli and Colias croceus at
Brighton, 256; at Wadhurst, Sussex,
255

Herse(Sphinx)convolvuli in Ayrshire 237;
in Cambridgeshire, 237 ; in Hants and
the Scilly Isles, 256; in Lincolnshire,
277; in London, 236; in Sussex, 236,
255, 256 ; in Scotland, 237; in the Isle
of Wight, 256

Hippotion celerio in Devonshire, 136

H. Rowland-Brown: A correction, 161

Hybridisation in Nature, 190, 213

Hydroecia micacea f. brunnea at
Seaford, 111

Hyloicus pinastri in Suffolk, 236

INDEX.

Ichneumons attacking cocoons of Cerura
bifida, 257

Killing with cyanide, 260, 280

Labidura riparia, Pallas, 238

Larve of Sphinx convolvuli in Hants,
19

Lepidoptera at Lowestoft in August,
258

Lepidoptera from the neighbourhood of
Oundle, 258 ~

Lepidoptera in Hast Tyrone, 1922, 258

Lepidoptera in the Bradfield (Reading)
district, 1922, 212

Lepidoptera in the Swanage district,
189 y

Lepidoptera of Glen Fender, Perthshire,
and Invershin, Sutherlandshire, 10

Lepidoptera taken or bred from larve
and pups in Westminster, 22

Lepidopterous notes for S. Dorset, 86

Leptogramma literana in Yorkshire,
65

Leucania vitellina reared from ova, 69

Libellula depressa, Linn. (Odonata), 67

Life-cycle of Penthina soroculana, Zett.,
179

Life-history of Hemerobius
Steph., 97

Light trap experiments in connection
with temperature, 274

Lycaena adonis in Bucks, and an appeal,
186

Lycaena astrarche vars. in N. Lanea-
shire, 111

stigma,

Manduca atropos in S. Devon, 163

Manduca atropos in Bucks, 235

Melanic Eupithecia trisignaria, 278

Mosquito diagnosis: A suggestion to
describe wing-spots, fork-cells and
palp-markings by means of written
formule, 247

Nemotois minimellus, 4Z., ete., in
Gloucestershire, 189

Neuroptera in Dorset, 84; the Order, 61

New Bees from Madeira, 91

New Chalcid flies from Australia, 205

New method of preserving specimens,
115

New name for a fossil fly, 17

New names for old, 231

Non-attractiveness of electric light: A
query, 64

Note on Synonymy of two Micro-lepi-
doptera from British Columbia, 254

Notes from Alton district, Hants (lep.),
231; from Brockenhurst, 136; from
Kast Kent (Lep.), 233 :

Notes on British Odonata in 1920, 4;
British Odonata in 1921, 125, 152;
British Orthoptera in 1921, 200;

INDEX. Vil

Notes—continued:
Butterflies from the Bucks Chilterns,
1921, 21; Colias croceus, Foure.
(edusa), in Mesopotamia, etc., 100;
Lepidoptera from the Chiltern Hills,
ete., 1922, 259; Lepidoptera from the
New Forest and Swanage, 1922, 211;
the Lepidoptera of the Assynt dis-
trict of Sutherlandshire, 30, 53, 73;
the Lepidoptera of Glen Fender, 10;
Vanessid larvee, 14

Nymphs or Naiads, 67

OBITUARY :
Bacot, Arthur, 120, 142
Burton, R. F. L., 144
Chapman, Thomas Algernon, 44
Distant, William Lucas, 70
Druce, Hamilton, 215
Hilwes, H. J., 288
Fruhstorfer, H., 144
Gibb, Lachlan, 95
Horne, Arthur, 261, 288
Newnham, F. B., 216
Purdey, William, 48, 71
Sharp, David, 217
Sloper, G. Orby, 288
Storey, Gilbert, 120
Observations on the biology of Sawflies,
227
On a new species of Calpe from Japan,
197
On the identity of Sympherobius (Heme-
robius) elegans, Steph., 193
Orrhodia erythrocephala, etc.,
Eastbourne, 20 =

near

Pachys betularia doubledayaria at
South Norwood, 211

Parasemidalis annae, Enderlein, a Coni-
opterygid new to Britain, with notes
on some other British Conioptery-
gidae, 169

Percnoptilota fluviata and other captures
in Westmorland, 136

Perenoptilota fluviata in Lancashire
and Westmorland, 257

Phryxus livornica at Cardiff, 163

Phryxus livornica larva in Somerset,
211; in Warwick, 163

Pieris rapae, L., in December, 17

Platymischus dilatatus, Westwood, 67

Plusia moneta in Lancashire, 88

Polygonia c-album, etc., in Berkshire,
235; in Bucks, 156, 256; in Herts,
235; in New Forest, 209; in Staffs,
and Heodes phlaeas ab. schmidtii, 257

Pontia daplidice at Brighton, 188

Present values of the principal works on
the Palearctic Lepidoptera, 221, 241,
265

Probable danger of a new pest, 255

Pupal habit of Telea polyphemus, 38,
163

Psithyrus distinctus in Kent, 166

Pyrameis atalanta in December, 38

Pyrameis atalanta: Immigrants or
hibernated specimens, 88

Pyrameis cardui and Colias croceus on
the Sussex coast, 162

Pyrameis cardui in North Lancashire
and Westmorland, 18

Rambles in South-Eastern France, 127
Recent Literature:
Insect Transformations, 43
The Lancashire and Cheshire Natura-
list, 44
Catalogue of Indian Insects, Part I,
95

The Genitalia of the Tortricidae, 282

The Bulletin of the Hill Museum,
166, 261

Der Insectenkorper und sein Termino-
logie, 167

Empire Forestry, 167

Natureland, 213

The London Naturalist. 213

Records and Observations of British
Lepidoptera during 1921, 213

Annals of Tropical Medicine and
Parasitology, 239

Pollination of early Spring Flowers by
Moths, 261

Index Animalium: 1801-1850, 139
Report of the Proceedings of the
Fourth Entomological Meeting held
at Pusa, 139
Seitz’ Macrolepidoptera of the World,
284
The Scottish Naturalist, 140, 239
Records from a log-book for 1920, 252,
271
Resting habit of Pieris rapae, 67
Retarded emergence of Mesoleuca albicil-
lata, 260
Rhopalocera from Rhodes,
Gallipoli, ete., 137
Russian Odonata and Neuroptera, 85

Samos,

Sale of Dr. Chapman’s books: a sequel,
166
Scarcity of Spilosoma lubricipeda, 257,
279
Second broods of Nisoniades tages and
Cupido minimus, 19
Socrerrss:
Carlisle Natural History, 119
Entomological, of London, 23, 68,
116, 140, 167, 214, 239, 285
Entomological, of Hampshire, 285
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomo-
logical, 42, 118
London Natural History, 118, 264,
287
Manchester Entomological, 69, 118
South London Entomological, 68, 116,
140, 168, 192, 214, 239, 262, 286

viii

SocretIns—continued.
South-West Yorkshire Entomological,
140
Some notes on the habits of male
Tabanidae, 40
Some undescribed Rhopalocera in the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 11, 250

Sphinx convolvuli in Cambridgeshire, |

Derbyshire, Herts, 188
Spring Lepidoptera in Surrey, 189
Stauropus fagi in Epping Forest, 257
Sterrha sacraria in Deyon, 237
Sugaring results in 1921 and 1922, 163
Sympetrum scoticum, Don., in Dorset,
39
Synopsis of British Proctotrypidae
(Oxyura), 1, 59, 82, 108, 132, 157,
182

Tabanidae, some notes on the habits of
male, 40
Teratological

nupta, 238
Thalpochares (Micra) parva, 21
Thanaos tages : second brood, 235
The claw-album in Staffs, ete., 210

specimen of

The Dipterous family Blephariceridae,

135

The Order Neuroptera, 61

The relative attractiveness of various
types of electric light for moths,
165

Third brood of Pararge megaera and
Colias edusa in Hants, 19

Trichoptera in Dorset, 104

Trois Lepidoptéres
Rioja, Rép. Argentine, 225

Two gynandromorphs of Argynnis
paphia in New Forest, 238
Two new species of Far Hastern

Rhopalocera, 123
for Lepidoptera, 86
Unusual occurrence of Pieris rapae, 111

Vanessa antiopa in Gloucestershire,
111; in Surrey, 136

Catocala |

nouveaux de la

INDEX.

Vanessa c-album in Bucks, 136 ; in New
Forest, 209
VARIETIES :
Aglais urticae, 92
Agrotis corticea abs., 278
Aphantopus hyperanthus, 92
Argynnis adippe, 92
Argynnis aglaia, 92, 168
Argynnis paphia, 238
Aricia medon, 260 -
Boarmia repandata, 43
Brenthis euphrosyne, 92, 190
Catocala nupta, 238
Chaerocampa elpenor, 278
Chrysophanus phlaeas, 190
Cupido minimus, 212
Diaphora mendica, 258
Dryas paphia, 92
Hpinephele ianira, 92
Epinephele tithonus, 93
Euchloé cardamines, 69, 92, 258
Hupithecia trisignaria, 278
Limenitis sibylla, 92 —
Lycaena aegon, 42
Melanargia galatea, 92
Melitaea athalia, 233
Melitaea aurinia, 69
Nemeophila russula, 43
Pararge megaera, 69
Pieris brassicae, 259
Pieris napi, 35
Polygonia e-album, 92
Polyommatus icarus, 69
Pyrameis atalanta, 92
Pyrameis cardui, 92
Thecla w-album, 190 .
Triphaena fimbria, 43
Vanessa io, 42
Vanessa io, ab. belisaria, 136
Vitality of Brenthis euphrosyne, 39

| Wicken Fen Fund, 116
Unusual habits, dates, and occurrences |

Wine venation of the Coniopterygidae, —
24

_ Zoological Record, 115
| Gygaenidae attracted by Lasiocampa

quercus 2, 280

pet Civ IN DHX,

Lae

New Genera, Species, Subspecies and Varieties are marked with an asterisl.

Order VII.

Acridium, 95

Acrydium, 95

aegyptium (Acridium), 149

albicincta (Ectobia), 149

auricularia (Horficula), 200, 239

auricularia, var. forcipata (Forficula),
137, 200

bicolor (Stauroderus), 203

bimaculatus (Gryllus), 201

bipunctatus
202

brachyptera (Metrioptera), 202

burdigalensis (Gryllus), 149

campestris (Gryllus), 149, 201

decipiens (Forficula), 148

decipiens (Loboptera), 149

desertus (Gryllus), 149

domesticus (Gryllus), 23 (presumably),

201

egena (Empusa), 149, 263

gallicus (Bacillus), 149

germanica (Oedipoda), 263

griseoaptera (Pholidoptera), 201

(Tetrix—Acrydium), 95, |

ORTHOPTERA.

grossus (Mecostethus), 203
gryllotalpa (Gryllotalpa), 149
lapponicus (Ectobius), 200
maculatus (Gomphocerus), 203
moesta (Anisolabis), 148
morosus (Carausius), 140
morusus (Baurosius), 192
orientalis (Blatta), 200
parallelus (Chorthippus), 203
pauperata (Empusa), 141
perspicillaris (Ectobius), 200
pubescens (Forficula), 148, 203
punctatissima (Leptophyes), 201
religiosa (Mantis), 149, 263
riparia (Labidura), 238, 262
rufipes (Omocestus), 203
stridulus (Psophus), 263
subulatus (Tetrix), 202
sylvestris (Nemobius), 201
viridissima (Phasgonura), 201
viridulus (Omocestus), 203
vittiventris (Ectobia), 149

Order XII. KPHEMEROPTERA.
danica (HKphemera), 9

Order XIII.

aenea (Cordulia), 7, 126, 153, 154
albistylum (Orthetrum), 85

anceps (Orthetrum), 80, 82
annulatus (Cordulegaster), 7, 125, 153
barbarus (Lestes), 81, 85, 150
brunneum (Orthetrum), 85

|
caerulescens (Orthetrum), 4, 5, 6, 125,

126, 153, 154
eancellatum (Orthetrum), 4, 82
cyanea (Aeschna), 7, 125, 152, 153

cyathigerum (Enallagma), 4, 10, 86, 127, |

153, 154
depressa (Libellula), 4, 67, 125, 153.154
dubia (Leucorrhinia), 4, 153

elegans (Ischnura), 9, 125, 126, 152, 153

erythrea (Crocothemis), 150

PARANEUROPTERA.

[= OponaTa.]

flaveolum (Sympetrum), 4, 85
flavomaculata (“Somatochlora), 80, 82
fonscolombei (Sympetrum), 80, 82
fonscolombii (Sympetrum), 152, 153
forcipatus (Onychogomphus), 82
fusca (Sympycna), 85, 150

grandis (Aeschna), 8, 125, 152
haemorrhoidalis (Calopteryx), 150
hafniense (Brachytron), 150
imperator (Anax), 126, 153, 154
juncea (Aeschna), 7

lindeni (Cercion), 80, 82
macrostigma (Lestes), 81

mercuriale (Agrion), 9, 127, 150, 153, 154
meridionale (Sympetrum), 80, 82
metallica (Somatochlora), 82

x

mixta (Aeschna), 7, 80, 82, 150

naias (Erythromma), 86, 153

nymphula (Pyrrhosoma), 4, 9, 80, 82,
125, 127, 150, 152, 153, 154

nymphula, var. melanotum (Pyrrho-
soma), 152

pennipes (Platycnemis), 9, 82, 126

pennipes, var. lactea (Platycnemis), 9,
82

pratense (Brachytron), 7, 125, 153

puella (Agrion), 9, 125, 127, 150, 153,
154

pulchellum (Agrion), 9, 86, 153

pumilio (Ischnura), 9, 85, 127

quadrimaculata (Libellula), 4, 85, 125,
126, 154

|

INDEX.

sanguineum (Sympetrum), 126

scoticum (Sympetrum), 4, 39, 126, 154

splendens (Calopteryx), 9, 153

sponsa (Lestes), 9, 126, 154

striolatum (Sympetrum), 4, 126, 150,
153 ;

tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 9, 127, 154

tenellum, var. melanogastrum (Pyrrho-
soma), 9, 127

virens (Lestes), 80, 81

virgo (Calopteryx), 8, 125, 126, 153, 154

virgo, var. anceps (Calopteryx), 153

virgo festiva (Calopteryx), 80

viridis (Lestes), 80, 81

vulgatissimus (Gomphus), 7, 125

Order XV. HEMIPTERA.

coffeae (Toxoptera), 175
‘culiciformis (Ploiariola), 119
lanigera (Schizoneura), 69
lateralis (Philaenus), 120
leucocephala (Philaenus), 120
leucophthalma (Philaenus), 120
lateralis (Philaenus), 120
lineata (Philaenus), 120

Order XVI.

luridus (Strongylocoris), 119
marginellus (Philaenus), 120
niveus (Oecanthus), 174
pilosus (Bothynotus), 119
populi (Philaenus), 120
spumarius (Philaenus), 120
vittata (Philaenus), 120

NEUROPTERA (ineluding MeGatoprera and

MECOPTERA).

abbreviata (Chrysopa), 84

alba (Chrysopa), 84

aleurodiformis (Semidalis), 58, 171, 172
angulatus (Micromus), 84

atrifrons (Hemerobius), 84

beckwithii (Hemerobius), 194

bipennis (Nemoptera), 263

capitata (Nothochrysa), 58, 85

Chrysopa, 98

chrysops (Osmylus), 57, 84

coa (Nemoptera), 263

cognata (Raphidia), 84

communis (Panorpa), 58, 85

concinnus (Hemerobius), 58, 84

Coniopterygidae, 169, 224

Coniopteryx, 141

eryptoneuris (Conwentzia), 171

curtisiana (Semidalis), 171, 172

dalii (Sisyra), 84

dorsalis (Chrysopa), 165

elegans (Sympherobius), 193, 194

flava (Chrysopa), 84

flavifrons (Chrysopa), 84

formicarius (Myrmeleon), 150

fuliginosa (Sialis), 57, 84, 151

fuscata (Sisyra), 84

fuscipennis (Parasemidalis), 169, 170,
171, 172

germanica (Panorpa), 58, 85

Hemerobius, 98, 287 f
humuli (Hemerobius), 84, 99
hyemalis (Boreus), 91

| lactea (Coniopteryx), 85
annae (Parasemidalis), 169, 170,171,172 |

libelluloides (Ascalaphus), 150
libelluloides (Palpares), 150, 240, 263
longicornis (Ascalaphus), 150

lutaria (Sialis), 57, 84

lutea (Helicoconis), 172

| lutescens (Hemerobius), 84, 99
| maculicollis (Raphidia), 84, 287

marginatus (Hemerobius), 84
marshami (Hemerobius), 194
micans (Hemerobius), 57, 84
nervosus (Hemerobius), 84
nitidulus (Hemerobius), 84

| notata (Raphidia), 84, 287

| paganus (Micromus), 84

pellucidus (Hemerobius), 84
perla (Chrysopa), 58, 85, 287
phyllochroma (Hemerobius), 85

| pineticola (Conwentzia), 171, 172

pineticola, var. tetensi (Conwentzia),171

pini (Hemerobius), 84

prasina (=aspersa) (Chrysopa), 58, 84,
151, 168

psociformis (Coniopteryx), 85

psociformis (Conwentzia), 171, 172, 224

pygmaea (Coniopteryx), 169, 170, 171,
172

INDEX. xl

pygmaeus (Sympherobius), 194

‘quadrifasciatus (Hemerobius), 84

Semidalis, 224

sinuata (Nemoptera), 263

stigma (Hemerobius), 57, 58, 67, 84, 97,
99

striatellus (Sympherobius), 193, 194

‘ssubnebulosus (Hemerobius), 84

‘tenella (Chrysopa), 58, 84

tetragrammicus (Formicaleo), 86
tineiformis (Coniopteryx), 171, 172
trigrammus (Myrmecaelurus), 86
variegatus (Micromus), 84

ventralis (Chrysopa), 84

vittata (Chrysopa), 84

vulgaris (Chrysopa), 58, 84, 151, 168
vulgaris, state carnea (Chrysopa), 84
xanthostigma (Raphidia), 84

Order XVII. TRICHOPTERA.

aifinis (Limnophilus), 104
albicorne (Odontocerum), 106
albifrons (Leptocerus), 106
angustata (Molanna), 106
angustella (Orthotrichia), 106
angustipennis (Hydropsyche), 107
annulatus (Drusus), 105
articularis (Beraea), 106
aterrimus (Leptocerus), 106
atomarius (Grammotaulius), 107
auricula (Limnophilus), 104
azurea (Mystacides), 106
bicolor (Triaenodes), 106
bilineatus (Leptocerus), 107
bipunctatus (Limnophilus), 106
centralis (Limnophilus), 104
ciliaris (Notidobia), 105
cinereus (Leptocerus), 106
comatus (Agapetus), 107
‘conspersa (Plectrocnemia), 107
conspersa (Triaenodes), 106
costalis (Oxyethira), 106
digitatus (Halesus), 105
dissimilis (Leptocerus), 106
dorsalis (Rhyacophila), 107
dubius (Holocentropus), 107
‘elegans (Limnophilus), 104
falcata (Oxyethira), 106
femoralis (Hydroptila), 108
flavomaculatus (Polycentropus), 107
forcipata (Hydroptila), 106
fulvipes (Hydropsyche), 107
fuscipes (Agapetus), 107
grandis (Phryganea), 104
griseus (Limnophilus), 104
guttata (Hydropsyche), 107
hirtum (Lepidostoma), 105
incisus (Colpotaulius), 104
lateralis (Micropterna), 105
latipennis (Stenophylax), 105
lepida (Hydropsyche), 107
longicornis (Mystacides), 106
lunatus (Limnophilus), 104
luridus (Limnophilus), 105

Order XVIII.

abbreviata (Eupithecia), 253
abruptaria (Hemerophila),-22, 118, 141
achilleae (Zygaena), 13, 96

actaeon (Adopaea), 138, 189, 212

machlachlani (Hydroptila), 106
marginata (Chimarra), 107
marmoratus (Limnophilus), 104
maurus (Beraea), 106

minor (Phryganea), 107
minuta (Beraeodes), 106
muliebris (Apatania), 108
multiguttatus (Polycentropus), 107
multipunctata (Agraylea), 108
nervosa (Anabolia), 105

nigra (Mystacides), 107, 108
nigricornis (Silo), 105

ochracea (Oecetis), 106

pallipes (Silo), 107, 108
pellucidula (Hydropsyche), 106
pellucidus (Glyphotaelius), 104
permistus (Stenophylax), 105, 106, 108
personatum (Sericostoma), 105
phaeopa (Lype), 107

picicornis (Holocentropus), 107
pilosa (Goera). 105

| pullata (Beraea), 106

pusilla (Psychomyia), 107
radiatus (Halesus), 105

reducta (Adicella), 106
rhombicus (Limnophilus), 104, 105
Rhyacophila, 107

ruficrus (Neuronia), 108

sequax (Micropterna), 108
sparsa (Hydroptila), 106, 108
sparsus (Limnophilus), 104
stellatus (Stenophylax), 105
striata (Phryganea), 104
subnigra (Wormaldia), 107
subnubilus (Brachycentrus), 105
testacea (Oecetis), 106

tineoides (Hydroptila), 10°
trimaculatus (Cyrnus), 10/
tristella (Oxyethira), 106

varia (Phryganea), 104

villosa (Chaetopteryx), 105, 107
vittatus (Limnophilus), 107, 108
waeneri (Tinodes), 107

LEPIDOPTERA.

actaeon (Thymelicus), 130
Actias, 39

adippe (Argynnis), 92, 130
adonis (Lycaena), 186, 189

Xi INDEX.

adoratrix (Colias), 35

adusta (EKumichtis), 55, 272
adustata (Ligdia), 233, 279

adustella (Blastobasis), 38, 119, 147
advenaria (Hpione), 271

advenella (Rhodophaea), 258

aegon (Plebeius), 42, 46, 65, 114, 211
aethiops (Hrebia), 64, 66, 113, 118
affinis (Calymnia), 22

affinitata (Perizoma), 137

eee (Argynnis), 22, 53, 92, 119, 130,

Cpunaans (nice: 260
albiannulata (Lycaena), 112
albicillata (Mesoleuca), 260
albicosta (Coleophora), 78
albimacula (Dianthoecia), 115
albipunctata (Hupithecia), 254, 278
albistriana (Peronea), 76
albulalis (Nola), 114
albulata (Perizoma), 64, 73
alceae (Carcharodus), 130, 138
alcetas (Hveres), 46
alchemillata (Perizoma), 73
alchimiella (Gracillaria), 156
alcon (Lycaena), 46
aleyone (Satyrus), 131
algae (Bryophila), 44
allous (Lycaena), 112
alnifoliella (Lithocolletis), 156
alopecurus (Xylophasia), 55
alpinellus (Crambus), 258
alternata (Xanthorhoé), 63
altheae (Carcharodus), 130
alveus (Hesperia), 130
amandus (Polyommatus), 138
ambigua (Caradrina), 63
ambigualis (Scoparia), 75, 156
Amblypodia, 25
amethystina (Polyommatus), 66
anchisiades (Papilio), 113
*andamanica (Horsfieldia), 28
andreniformis (Sesia), 14, 118
angelicata (Hupithecia), 278
angellicella (Depressaria), 63
angularia (Cleora), 115
angustana (Eupvcecilia), 78
angustana (Steganoptycha), 77
angustea (Scoparia), 75
anita (Horsfieldia), 25
anna (Horsfieldia), 52
annetta (Horsfieldia), 26, 51
anomala (Stilbia), 23
anthemidana (Eupoecilia), 258
antifaunus (Hypolycaena), 282
antimachus (Pseudaletis), 251
antiopa (Huvanessa), 72, 92, 111, 118,
129, 136
antiqua (Orgyia), 22
apiciaria (Epione), 75
apicipunctella (Elachista), 78
apidanus (Amblypodia), 25
applana (Depressaria), 78

| aquilana (Peronea), 76

Arbela, 231

arbutella (Huchromia),77 ~~ ~

arbutella (Eucosma), 11

arcua (Polyommatus), 66

arcuella (Hucosma), 156

arenaria (Cleora), 12

areola (Xylocampa), 253

arethusa (Hipparchia), 131

argiades (Everes), 46, 66, 130, 148

argiolus (Celastrina), 22, 38, 114

argiolus (Cyaniris), 86, 136, 138, 189, —
232, 238

argus (Plebeius), 46, 116, 118, 130, 138

Arhopala, 25

arion (Liycaena), 46, 96, 14,4155, 189,
211

armigera (Heliothis), 188

arracana (Horsfieldia), 27

ashworthii (Agrotis), 70

aspersana (Peronea), 76

assimilis (Crymodes), 55

asteris (Cucullia), 155

astrarche (lLycaena),
238

atalanta (Pyrameis), 16, 17, 21, 22, 24,
38, 53, 63, 66, 88, 92, 119, 130, 136,
137, 141, 162, 189, 258

athalia (Melitaea), 66, 92, 130, 233

atomalis (Scoparia), 75

atomaria (Kmaturga), 13, 66, 75, 254.

atra (Acanthopsyche), 1

atrata (Odezia), 56, 283

atropos (Acherontia), 163, 278

atropos (Manduca), 235, 258

Attacus, 39

aubuissoni (Colias), 103

augur (Noctua), 55

aurago (X.), 64

aurantiaria. (Hybernia), ee

aureatella (Eriocephala), 1

aurinia (Melitaea), 69, i 148, 207,
258, 259

autumnana (Peronea), 76

autumnaria (H.), 64

avis (Callophrys), 38, 46

*axantha (Danais), 178

baia (Noctua), 119

barrettii (Dianthoecia), 22, 23, 115

basilinea (Apamea), 272

*batjana (Horsfieldia), 51

baton (Lycaena), 130

baumanniana (Argyrolepia), 78

bavius (Polyommatus), 138

beatricella (Lozopera), 72

belisaria (Vanessa), 136

bellargus (Argiades), 54, 65, 66, 114, 130,
211, 235,:238, 257

bertrami (Platyptilia), 188

betulae (Ornix), 78

betulae (Salebria), 76

betulae (Zephyrus), 42, 155, 271

betularia (Amphidasys), 69, 211

111, 138, 189,

INDEX.

betularia (Biston), 12

betularia (Pachys), 75

biarcuana (Ancylis), 77

bicolor (Notodonta), 114

bicostella (Pleurota), 78

bidentata (Gonodontis), 12, 90

bifida (Cerura), 258

bifida (Dicranura), 257

bilineata (Camptogramma), 73, 141

bilunaria (Selenia), 22, 62, 75, 119

bimaculata (Bapta), 63, 254

binaria (Drepana), 258

bipunctaria (Ortholitha), 65

bipunctidactyla (Stenoptila), 76

birdella (Ochsenheimeria), 156-

biselliella (Tineola), 78

bistortata (Ectropis), 13

bistrigella (Phylloporia), 78

-biundularia (Ectropis), 13

boeticus (Lampides), 114, 130, 138

brassicae (Barathra), 22

brassicae (Pieris), 18, 22, 34, 36, 91, 117,
130, 137, 188, 234, 245, 259, 280, 281

briseis (Hipparchia), 131

briseis (Satyrus), 66, 138

brockeella (Argyresthia), 78

brumata (Cheimatobia), 56, 64

brunnea (Hydraecia), 111

brunnea (Noctua), 55, 211

brunnea (Xylophasia), 55

brunneata (Itame), 13

bryoniae (Pieris), 33, 34

bucephala (Phalera), 22

byringerana (Peronea), 76

caerulea (Polyommatus), 22, 66

caeruleopunctata (Chrysophanus), 190

caesiata (Entephria), 56

caesiata (Larentia), 42

caespititiella (Coleophora), 78

caia (Arctia), 114, 141, 253

¢-album (Polygonia), 24, 66, 92, 118,
131, 136, 140, 209, 212, 235, 256,
258

Callosamia, 39

callunae (Lasiocampa), 54, 87

callunaria (Eupithecia), 74

cambrica (Venusia), 56

cambricaria (Venusia), 42

camilla (Limenitis), 129, 137

cana (Catoptria), 78

cana (Miana), 55

tandidata (Asthena), 87

*candidata (Danais), 179, 212

candrena (Catagramma), 113

Capsincola (Dianthoecia), 232

‘Capucina (Peronea), 76

carbonana (Argyrolepia), 284

cardamines (Huchloé), 69, 92, 117, 119,
141, 148, 189, 238, 258, 277

cardui (Pyrameis), 17, 18, 21, 22, 42,
53, 66, 92, 119, 130, 137, 138, 162,

. 189, 232, 271

carmelita (Odontosia), 234

|
|

carniolica (Zygaena), 65
carphodactyla (Hellensia), 72
carpinata (Lobophora), 10, 253, 279
carpophaga (Dianthoecia), 232, 272
cassiope (Erebia), 131

casta (Fumea), 11

castesti (Argynnis), 24

castigata (EKupithecia), 74
caudana (Rhaeodia), 63, 76
caulosticta (Euchloé), 258
celerio (Hippotion), 136
centonalis (Nola), 114
centumnotata (Cidaria), 43, 56
ceronus (Agriades), 66
cervinaria (Ortholitha), 272
cespitana (Sericoris), 34, 77, 156
chaonia (Notodonta), 90
charlotta (Argynnis), 92
charlottana (Peronea), 72 -

chi (Polia), 56

chrysippus (Danais), 178
chrysonuchellus (Crambus), 155
chrysotheme (Colias), 36, 66,
chrysothemeformis (Colias), 36
ciliella (Eupoecilia), 78

cinerea (Agrotis), 258, 271
cinxia (Melitaea), 92, 130

circe (Satyrus), 131, 137

citrana (Cydia), 188

citrata (Cidaria), 68

cladiella (Glyphipteryx), 78
clathrata (Chiasmia), 13, 66
clathrata (Strenia), 42

cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 128, 137
cloacella (Scardia), 78

elytie (Apatura), 66

c-nigrum (Noctua), 23, 55, 272, 280

, Coenosa (Laelia), 114

cognata (Thera), 11, 56
cognatana (Laspeyresia), 11
combustana (Peronea), 76
comes (Triphaena), 22, 23, 55, 119
comma (Augiades), 66
comma (Pamphila), 259
comma-notata (Cidaria), 43
complana (Lithosia), 88, 258
compositella (Stigmonota), 78
concinnata (Cidaria), 68
concinnata (Larentia), 141
conformis (Xylina), 115
*confusa (Horsfieldia), 51
congelatella (Exapate), 157
conigera (Leucania), 233

| conjugella (Argyresthia), 78

consociella (Rhodophaea), 258
consonaria (Ectropis), 13
consonaria (Tephrosia), 141, 254
consortaria (Boarmia), 13

| conspersa (Dianthoecia), 232

conspersana (Tortrix), 156
contaminellus (Crambus), 258
conversaria (Boarmia), 12

convolvuli (Herse), 236, 255, 277, 280

XIV

convolvuli (Sphinx), 19, 66, 188, 233,
236

coracina (Psodos), 66

coretas (Hveres), 130, 148

corticea (Agrotis), 273, 278

corydon (Agriades), 22, 65, 114, 130,
190, 235, 238, 256, 259

corylaria (Angerona), 12

corylata (Cidaria), 56, 254

coryli (Demas), 63, 90, 232

Cosmophorana, 11

costaestrigalis (Hypenodes), 23, 88

costosa (Depressaria), 254

crabroniformis (Trochilium), 232

crataegana (Cacoecia), 194

crataegi (Aporia), 92, 137

crataegi (Trichiura), 54

crepuscularia (Ectropis), 13

cribrum (Coscinia), 88

cristana (Peronea), 72, 76

crocealis (Ebulia), 42

eroceus (Colias), 100, 122, 162, 166, 187,
210, 232, 233, 235, 238, 255, 258, 259,
277, 280

cucubali (Dianthoecia), 232, 272

culmellus (Crambus), 76

curtisana (Peronea), 72

cydippe (Argynnis), 211

eyllaris (Liycaena), 148

cytherea (Adelpha), 113

damon (Lycaena), 65

daplidice (Pontia), 36, 66, 91, 128, 137,
188

darana (Horsfieldia), 27
*dardanella (Pseudaletis), 251
dardanus (Papilio), 24
defoliaria (Hybernia), 22
degenerana (Sarrothripus), 132
degreyana (Hupoecilia), 258
delamerensis (Ectropis), 13
dentina (Mamestra), 271, 272
designata (Coremia), 56
dia (Argynnis), 66
dictaeoides (Pheosia), 258
didyma (Melitaea), 130, 137
didymata (Malenydris), 56
diluta (Asphalia), 42
dimidiana (Penthina), 76
dimidiata (Acidalia), 87
dina (Horsfieldia), 27
dispar (Chrysophanus), 113
dispar (Heodes), 44
dispila (Euchloé), 258
distinctana (Coccyx), 76
ditrapezium (Noctua), 119
divisana (Peronea), 76
dolabraria (Hurymene), 90
dominula (Callimorpha), 114
dorilis (Heodes), 65, 130
*dorothea (Hurema), 123
doubledayaria (Amphidasys),
211
dromedarius (Notodonta), 54

12, 69,

INDEX.

dryas (Satyrus), 65, 131

dryodoxana (Depressaria), 254

duplaris (Palimpsestis), 54, 63

duponchelii (Leptidea), 148

eberalda (Horsfieldia), 52

edusa (Colias), 17, 18, 19, 22, 35, 36, 37,
63, 66, 88, 92, 100, 122, 128, 137, 162,
189, 280

egea (Polygonia), 137

egeria (Pararge), 21, 63, 65, 131, 136,
189, 259

egerides (Pararge), 21, 259.

*elapsa (Peronea), 255

electra (Colias), 36, 88

elga (Horsfieldia), 52

elinguaria (Gonodontis). 156

elongella (Gracilaria), 78

elpenor (Chaerocampa), 278

Emutaria, 188

epiphron (Hrebia), 42, 119, 131

ericellus (Crambus), 76

ericetana (Orthotaenia), 77

ericetella (Gelechia), 78

erichsoni (Horsfieldia), 29

eros (Polyommatus), 46

erosaria (Hugonia), 258

erythrocephala (Cerastis), 115

erythrocephala (Orrhodia), 20

escheri (Agriades), 46

escheri (Polyommatus), 130

euphemus (Lycaena), 46

euphenoides (Huchloé), 148

euphorbiae (Acronycta), 54

euphorbiana (Kudemis), 72

euphrosyne (Brenthis), 21, 39, 42, 69,
92, 189, 190, 271, 272

exanthemata (Cabera), 74

exclamationis (Agrotis), 22; 119, 163,
259, 273

exigua (Caradrina), 88

extinctaria (Phigalia), 12

exulans (Zygaena), 96

exulis (Crymodes), 55, 114

fabiana (Horsfieldia), 52

fabriciana (Simaethis), 78

fagaria (Scodiona), 75

fagi (Stauropus), 64, 257

faillae (Colias), 103, 277

faisina (Horsfieldia), 28

fara (Horsfieldia), 28

farinatella (Cedestis), 155

fascelina (Dasychira), 118

fasciuncula (Miana), 55

feisthameli (Papilio), 128

ferrugana (Peronea), 63, 76

ferrugata (Coremia), 56

festaliella (Chrysocoris), 76

festiva (Noctua), 55

fibrosa (Apamea), 43

fidia (Satyrus), 131

fieldii (Colias), 100

filipendulae (Zygaena), 13, 18, 34, 65,
75, 156, 280 Ase

INDEX. xV

fimbria (Triphaena), 43
flammealis (Emdotricha), 156
flava (Adopaea), 138
flava (Zygaena), 13
flavicinctata (Kntephria), 57
_ flavicinetata (Larentia), 64
flavicornis (Asphalia), 42
flavicornis (Polyploca), 54
flavo-ruta (Xylophasia), 55
flavus (Thymelicus), 130
fluctuata (Xanthorhoé), 22, 57
fluviata (Percnoptilota), 136, 257
forficalis (Botys), 75
forficalis (Pionea), 21
formiciformis (Sesia), 87, 88
fowleri (Agriades), 114
fractifasciana (Cydia), 11
fragariana (Tortricodes), 255 _
fraxini (Catocala), 115, 232, 237
frequentella (Scoparia), 75
fritillam (Hesperia), 130
fuciformis (Hemaris), 189
fuliginosa (Phragmatobia), 119, 183
fuliginosa (Spilosoma), 63
fulvaria (Itame), 13
fulvata (Cidaria), 56
fumata (Acidalia), 56
Fumea, 11
*fumosa (Tolype), 226
furcata (Hydriomena), 73
furcifera (Xylina), 115
furcula (Cerura), 54
fusca (Salebria), 76
fuscalis (Botys), 75
fusconebulosa (Hepialus), 75
fusco-undata (Hydriomena), 73
fusiformis (Hemaris), 271
gachtaria (Ortholitha), 65
galatea (Melanargia), 21, 65, 92, 131,
189, 211, 222, 235, 259
galiata (Plemyra), 156
galiata (Xanthorhoé), 57, 273
galii (Deilephila), 69
gallicus (Hepialus), 75
gamma (Plusia), 18, 22, 56, 65, 87
_genistae (Mamestra), 271
glabra (Orrhodia), 20
glareosa (Noctua), 23
glaucata (Cilix), 137
glyphica (Euclidia), 65, 115, 271
goedartella (Argyresthia), 78
gonerilla (Pyrameis), 16
_ gothica (Taeniocampa), 56, 119, 253
graafi (Lycaena), 111
gracilis (Taeniocampa), 56, 117, 253
griseana (Tortrix), 209
grisella (Achraea), 38
griseola (Lithosia), 63
*orisescens (Phalonia), 209
grossulariata (Abraxas), 12, 22, 34, 74,
115, 118, 141
grotiana (Dichelia), 258
gueneii (Luperina), 118

| hainana (Horsfieldia), 28

hamana (Argyrolepia), 78

harpagula (Drepana), 114

hastata (Hulype), 73, 210, 254, 271

hastiana (Peronea), 33, 63, 73, 76

haworthiata (Kupithecia), 272

hebudium (Hupithecia), 74

hecabe (Eurema), 123

helice (Colias), 35, 37, 66, 88, 101, 137
162, 210, 233, 256, 259, 277, 280

helicina (Colias), 35, 103

hepariella (Zelleria), 10

hepatica (Xylophasia), 273

hera (Callimorpha), 65, 128

herbosana (Dicrorampha), 78

hermes (Erystychia), 113

herminata (Diplodoma), 78

hermione (Satyrus), 66, 129, 137

hesperidis (Euchloé), 216, 238

hetaera (Teracolus), 69

hexapterata, 88

hibernica (Camptogramma), 73

hippocastanaria (Pachycnemia), 87

hirtaria (Lycia), 22, 254

hispidaria (Apocheima), 253

hispidus (Heliophobus), 69

hispulla (Epinephele), 33, 54, 131

*hokkaida (Calpe), 198

*Horsfieldia, 25

huebnerella (Chelaria), 78

humuli (Hepialus), 75

hyale (Colias), 18, 65, 66, 92, 129, 233,
280

| hylas (Liycaena), 66

hyperanthus (Aphantopus), 92, 211

hyperbius (Argynnis), 24

hyrax (Adopaea), 137

ianira (EKpinephele), 92

icarinus (Polyommatus), 69, 117, 130

icarus (Polyommatus), 21, 22, 46, 54,
65, 69, 114, 117, 130, 138, 156, 189,
211, 238, 259

ictericana (Cnephasia), 284

ida (Epinephele), 131

ilia (Apatura), 66

ilicis (Thecla), 138

ilione (Ituna), 113

illuminata (Argyresthia), 155

immanata (Cidaria), 56, 115

immundata (EHupithecia), 74

impluviata (Hydriomena), 73

incerta (Taeniocampa), 117, 253

incertana (Cnephasia), 284

*Tndarbela, 231

infuscata (Hydriomena), 73

inopiana (Ephipiphora), 63

*insulicola (Nacoleia), 231

intermedia (Bombycia), 55

interrogationis (Plusia), 56

invirae (Opsiphanes), 113 ;

io (Vanessa), 14, 21, 42, 66, 92, 131, 136,
156, 253, 271

iole (Apatura), 66

XV1

iphicla (Adelpha), 24
iphis (Coenonympha), 65
iris (Apatura), 66, 92, 128
irrorella (Semta), 114
isis (Coenonympha), 69
itea (Pyrameis), 16
jacobaeae (Huchelia), 233, 258
jasius (Charaxes), 128
julia (Colaenis), 113
juliaria (Ennomos), 22
juniperata (Thera), 11
jurtina (Epinephele), 18, 33, 53, 66, 131,
138, 273 ,
kilmunella (Elachista), 78
lacertinaria (Drepana), 54
lacteella (Endrosis), 78
lacticolor (Abraxas), 12
lacunana (Sericoris), 77
lambda (Xylina), 115
Lamprosema, 231
Janceolana (Bactra), 77
lanestris (Eriogaster), 69
lapponaria (Poecilopsis), 12
lariciata (Hupithecia), 74
laripennella (Coleophora), 78
larissa (Melanargia), 138

lathonia (Issoria), 66, 72, 88, 92, 128, |
| maravalica (Nymphidium), 24
| margaritaria (Metrocampa), 75

137
latistrius (Crambus), 258
laurentia (Apatura), 113
lavaterae (Hesperia), 130
lenea (Dircenna), 24
lestia (Colias), 36
lethe (Hypanartia), 113
leucographa (Pachnobia), 63
leucophaearia (Hybernia), 141, 253
levana (Araschnia), 66, 92
libatrix (Scoliopteryx), 273
libythea (Eurema), 124
lichenea (Aporophyla), 23
ligea (Erebia), 53
lignea (Blastobasis), 38, 69, 119, 145
ligures (Liycaenesthes), 282
ligustri (Sphinx), 273
limbaria (Isturgia), 13
limitata (Ortholitha), 56, 65
linariata (Eupithecia), 63
linea (Hesperia), 190
linearia (Ephyra), 118
literana (Leptogramma), 65
lithargyria (Leucania), 119
lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 55
littoralis (Leucania), 23, 118
littoralis (Sericoris), 34, 76
liturata (Macaria), 12
liturata (Semiothisa), 75
liturella (Depressaria), 78
livornica (Deilephila), 155
livornica (Phryxus), 114, 163, 188, 211
logiana (Peronea), 63
lota (Amathes), 22

INDEX.

lucina (Nemeobius), 22, 130, 148, 271
lucipara (Huplexia), 22, 56

luctuosa (Acontia), 20

lunaris (Oecophora), 155

lundana (Ancylis), 77

luneburgensis (Aporophyla), 23
lunosa (Aporophyla), 23

| lupinus (Epinephele), 137
| lupulinus (Hepialus), 141

lurideola (Lithosia), 63

lutea (Xanthia), 141

lutealis (Botys), 75

luteata (A.), 64

luteolata (Opisthograptis), 12, 75

lutescens (Zygaena), 13

lutulenta (Aporophyla), 23

lutulenta (Epunda), 42

machaon (Papilio), 65, 69, 91, 128, 137,
155, 280 :

maculalis (Nacoleia), 231

macularia (Venilia), 12, 87, 115, 254

maera (Pararge), 137

maha (Zizera), 124

| malathana (Catochrysops), 282

malvae (Hesperia), 65, 188, 189, 254
mandela (Pieris), 113 .
manni (Pieris), 36

margaritellus (Crambus), 76
marginana (Penthina), 76
marginaria (Hybernia), 75

| marginata (Euchloé), 69, 117, 258

marginepunctata (Acidalia), 272
masseyi (Liycaena), 42

maura (Mormo), 22 '

mayrana (Peronea), 76

| medicicaste (Thais), 148

medon (Aricia), 114, 130, 211, 235, 260,
271, 273

megaera (Pararge), 18, 19, 21, 66, 69,
117, 118, 119, 131, 137, 189 :

melanops (Liycaena), 148

| meleager (Lycaena), 65

memphis (Anaea), 113
mendica (Diaphora), 68, 79, 116, 254,
258 :

| menthastri (Spilosoma), 22, 90, 188, 233,

279

| menyanthidis (Acronycta), 54, 141
| meticulosa (Phlogophora), 22, 253

mi (Euclidia), 271
miata (Cidaria), 56

| micacea (Hydroecia), 56, 111

lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 22, 233, 257, |

279

micra (Thalpochares), 21

minimellus (Nemotois), 189

minimus (Cupido), 18, 19, 22, 42, 65,
211, 212, 238, 259

miniosa (Taeniocampa), 63, 253

minorata (Emmelesia), 64

minuticornis (Calpe), 197

mixtana (Peronea), 76

- moeniata (Ortholitha), 65

a
‘

‘molesta (Laspeyresia), 255

monacharia (Phigalia), 12

moneta (Plusia), 43, 63, 88

monoglypha (Xylophasia), 23, 55, 63,
163, 211, 213

montanata (Melanippe), 115

montanata (Xanthorhoé), 57, 87

Mothonica, 16

Mothonodes, 16

multistrigaria (Larentia), 63, 87

munda (Taeniocampa), 90, 117, 253

munitata (Coremia), 42, 56

murana (Scoparia), 75

muricata (Hyria), 42 —

muricata (Perizoma), 73

musculana (Cnephasia), 77

mygindana (Kucosma), 11]

myricae (Acronycta), 54

myrmidone (Colias), 66

myrtillana (Ancylis), 77

myrtillata (Gnophos), 75

myrtilli (Anarta), 56

Nacoleia, 231

nana (Phalonia), 155

nanata (Eupithecia), 74, 156

napi (Pieris), 33, 34, 67, 92, 117, 130,
188, 238, 259

narada (Amblypodia), 25

narada (Horsfieldia), 25

naradoides (Horsfieldia), 27

neapolisata (Xanthorhoé), 57

nebulosa (Aplecta), 211, 213

neleus (Marpesia), 113

nemorivaga (Coccyx), 78

nemorivaga (Epiblema), 11

neoridas (Erebia), 129

nerii (Daphnis), 278

nigra (Agrotis), 279

nigra (Aporophyla), 21, 23, 63

nigra (Gonodontis), 12, 90

nigricans (Agrotis), 141

nigricata (Boarmia), 12

nigricostana (Argyrolepia), 284

nigrofasciaria (Anticlea), 90, 253

nigrofulvata (Macaria), 12

nigronotata (Pieris), 117

nigro-rubida (Xylophasia), 55

nigrosparsata (Abraxas), 12

mimbella (Homoeosoma), 258

niveana (Peronea), 10

noctuella (Nemeophila), 75

nostrodamus (Gegenes), 138

nupta (Catocala), 238

obeliscata (Thera), 56

‘obliterata (Huchaeca), 137

oblongata (Eupithecia), 22, 118

obscura (Agrotis), 235

‘obscura (Palimpsestis), 54

obscura (Rusina), 56

obscuraria (Gnophos), 42

‘obscurata (Xanthorhoé), 57

obsoleta (Agriades), 114

obsoleta (Colias), 210

INDEX.

XVil

ocella (Eromene), 38

ocellata (Melanthia), 63

ocellata (Mesoleuca), 73, 87

ochrea (Triphaena), 55

ochrea (Xylophasia), 55

octogesima (Palimpsestis), 233

octomaculalis (Ennychia), 42, 118

oleracea (Mamestra), 22

olivata (Amoehe), 56, 64

ononaria (Aplasta), 72, 115

onopordii (Hesperia), 130

or (Palimpsestis), 54

orbifer (Hesperia), 138

orbitulus (Latiorina), 46

orientalis (Carcharodus), 138

orla (Horsfieldia), 27

osseana (Aphelia), 64

osteodactyla (Alucita), 155

ostrina (Thalpochares), 115

ostrinalis (Pyrausta), 75

pagenstecheri (Heliconisa), 191

palaemon (Carterocephalus), 114

palarica (Erebia), 46

palealis (Spilodes), 258

pallens (Leucania), 273

pallida (Colias), 35

pallidior (Lycaena), 111

palpina (Notodonta), 273

palustris (Hydrilla), 115

pamphilus (Coenonympha), 22, 54, 65,
131, 137, 156, 189, 190

pandora (Dryas), 130, 137

paphia (Argynnis), 117, 211, 238

paphia (Dryas), 21, 65, 92, 130

papilionaria (Geometra), 63, 155, 254

parthenias (Brephos), 118, 253

parva (Thalpochares), 21, 115

pascuellus (Crambus), 69, 76

pavonia (Saturnia), 54

pavonia-major (Saturnia), 128

pedaria (Phigalia), 12, 75, 253

pellionella (Tinea), 78

peltigera (Heliothis), 162

pendularia (Ephyra), 141, 254

peneleos (Acraea), 282

penkleriana (Grapholitha), 77

penziana (Cnephasia), 77

perfuscata (Cidaria), 43, 56

perlepidana (Stigmonota), 63

petasitis (Hydraecia), 111

pflugiana (Epiblema), 284

pflugiana (Halonota), 77

phanias (Pedaliodes), 113

pheretes (Albulina), 46

Philoros, 135 ;

Philosamia, 39

philoxenus (Coenonympha), 69

| phlaeas (Chrysophanus), 18, 21, 22, 36,

42, 86, 114, 118, 119, 130, 136, 138,
156, 189, 190

phlaeas (Heodes), 24, 112, 259

phoebe (Melitaea), 130, 137

picta (Eurota), 113

XVill

pictaria (Aleucis), 253

pigra (Pygaera), 54

pilosellae (Oxyptilus), 72

pilosellae (Zygaena), 23

pinastri (Hyloicus), 236

piniaria (Bupalus), 75, 89

pinivorana (Evetria), 155

pinivorana (Retinia), 78

pisi (Hadena), 42

pisi (Mamestra), 55

plagiata (Anaitis), 56, 283

plantaginella (Gelechia), 155

plantaginis (Parasemia), 54, 254, 259,
273

*plateni (Horsfieldia), 29

plecta (Noctua), 23, 55

plumbaria (Ortholitha), 69

plumbeolata (Hupithecia), 74 :

podalirius (Papilio), 66, 128, 137

polychloros (Vanessa), 14, 137

polycommata, 63, 279

polyphemus (Telea), 38, 163

polytes (Papilio), 140

populata (Lyris), 56, 141

populi (Amorpha), 111

populi (Limenitis), 66

populi (Poecilocampa), 114

porcellus (Metopsilus), 69

porphyrea, 88

posticana (Retinia), 11

potatoria (Odonestis), 254

praecox (Agrotis), 88, 118

praelatella (Lampronia), 78

praetellus (Crambus), 76

prasina (Eurois), 233, 253

pratana (Argyrolepia), 78

prattorum (Papilio), 261

primulae (Noctua), 22, 55

proboscidalis (Hypena), 56

pronuba (Triphaena), 22, 23, 42, 55,
253, 273

pronubella (Roslerstammia), 11

prorsa (Araschnia), 66

prosapiaria (Hllopia), 74

provinciana (Peronea), 76

pruinata (Pseudoterpna), 118

pruinosana (Peronea), 76

prunaria (Angerona), 12

prunata (Cidaria), 115

pruni (Strymon), 113

psi (Acronycta), 22

pudorina (Leucania), 258

pulchella (Deiopeia), 20, 114, 137

pulchellata (Kupithecia), 74

pulchellata (Tephroclystis), 157

pulchrina (Plusia), 56

pulverulenta (Taeniocampa), 253

pumilata (Hupithecia), 62, 74, 87, 253,
272

punctidactyla (Amblyptilia), 76
punctinalis (Boarmia), 13
punctularia (Tephrosia), 254
puniceus (Teracolus), 69

INDEX.

purdeyana (Peronea), 72

purdeyi (Rhyacionia), 72

purpuralis (Pyrausta), 11, 75

purpuralis (Zygaena), 13

purpuraria (Lythria), 115

pusaria (Cabera), 74

pustulata (Phorodesma), 43, 211

puta (Agrotis), 272

putris (Axylia), 22

pygas (Catagramma), 113

pygmaeella (Argyresthia), 78

pyralina (Cosmia), 233

pyramidea (Amphipyra), 22 -

pyrausta (Chalybe), 11

pyrenaica (Latiorina), 46

quadriplicaria, 113

quadripunctaria (Callimorpha), 196

quadripunctata (Caradrina), 22, 111

quadripunctata (Huchloé), 258

quercana (Carcina), 255 ~

quercinaria (Ennomos), 22, 141

quercus (Bombyx), 87

quercus (Lasiocampa), 54, 114, 280

quercus (Zephyrus), 21, 114, 119, 189:

radiata (Huchloé), 69, 117 :

ramburialis (Diasemia), 72

ramella (Grapholitha), 77

ramosana (Sarrothripus), 132

rapae (Pieris), 17, 18, 21, 22, 34, 36, 63.
67, 92, 111, 130, 137, 188, 234, 253.
280

rectilinea (Hyppa), 55

repandata (Boarmia), 12, 43, 75, 211

resinella (Evetria), 11

reticulata (Neuria), 272

retusa (Plastenis), 273

revayana (Sarrothripus), 131

rhamni (Gonepteryx), 21, 66, 88, 92.,.
128, 136, 189, 253, 280 Ft:

rhizolitha, 87

rhomboidaria (Boarmia), 22

rhynchosporella (Elachista), 78

ribeana (Tortrix), 76

*riojana (Thyreion), 226

ripae (Agrotis), 118

rivata (Xanthorhoé), 273

roboraria (Boarmia), 43, 211

rondoui (Erebia), 129

rondoui (Polyommatus), 130

rosana (Tortrix), 76

rossi (Pieris), 130

roxelana (Pararge), 137

ruberata (Hydriomena), 73, 254

rubi (Bombyx), 54

rubi (Callophrys), 46, 67, 119, 189, 254,.
258, 271

rubi (Macrothylacia), 156, 166

rubi (Noctua), 55

rubrotibiella (Acrobasis), 112

rufa (Noctua), 55

rufana (Peronea), 76

rufescens (Triphaena), 55

rufillana (Semasia), 77

“INDEX.

rufimitrella (Adela), 63

rumicis (Acronycta), 54

rurea (Xylophasia), 55

russula (Nemeophila), 43

rustica (Diaphora), 69, 79

sabellicae (Pieris), 238

sacraria (Sterrha), 20, 115, 237

sagittatus (Sarrothripus), 131

salaciella (Opostega), 78, 156

salicata (Malendyris), 56

salira (Horsfieldia), 29

.sambucaria (Ourapteryx),

Samia, 39

sanio (Diacrisia), 211

sao (Pyrgus), 130

satellitia (Scopelosoma), 253

Saturnia, 39

satyrata (Hupithecia), 74

scabiosae (Hemaris), 258

schmidtii (Chrysophanus), 42

schmidtii (Heodes), 112

sehulziana (Mixodia), 77

scoliiformis (Sesia), 13

scopoliana (Catoptria), 78

scota (Coenonympha), 54

scota (Hipparchia), 53

scotica (Fumea), 11

sebrus (Lycaena), 148

secalis (Apamea), 23 -

sedi (Aporophyla), 23

segetum (Agrotis), 22

selene (Brenthis), 22, 23, 53, 69,. 92,
117, 119, 211, 272

semele (Hipparchia), 53, 131, 156, 189,
273

semele (Satyrus), 66, 118, 119, 138, 211

semi-allous (Liycaena), 112

semiargus (Nomiades), 130

sSemibrunnea (Xylina), 20

semifuscana (Paedisca), 77

senex (Nudaria), 88

sequella (Cerostoma), 64

sexalisata (Lobophora), 87

shetlandica (Xanthorhoé), 57

sidae (Hesperia), 138, 148

sibylla (Limenitis), 92, 189, 211, 212,
272

silago (Xanthia), 56

similana (Halonota), 77

similata (Acidalia), 66

similis (Porthesia), 119

sinapis (Leptosia), 65, 92, 128, 137

smeathmanniana (Tortrix), 188

sociata (Xanthorhoé), 57, 87

sociella (Galleria), 76

sodorensium (Boarmia), 12

solandriana (Paedisca), 63, 77

sorbiana (Cacoecia), 195

sordida (H.), 272

sororcula (Lithosia), 271

sororculana (Penthina), 76, 179

spadicearia (Coremia), 56

sphegiformis (Sesia), 13

12, 22

XIX

*splendidior (Cal morpha), 196
*spolia (Pseudaletis), 250
squamana (Leptogramma), 65
stabilis (Taeniocampa), 56, 253
statices (Ino), 190, 258, 259
statilinus (Satyrus), 131
stellatarum (Macroglossa), 66, 128, 212:
Stenoma, 16

stigmatella (Gracilaria), 78, 157
stoninus (Sarrothripus), 131
straminata, 88

straminea (Argyrolepia), 78
strataria (Pachys), 90

strigosa (Acronycta), 114
strigula (Agrotis), 55

stygne (Hrebia), 46
subcapucina (Peronea), 72
subchristana (Peronea), 76
subfulvata (Tephroclystis), 156
subhastata (Eulype), 73
subjectana (Cnephasia), 284
sublustris (Xylophasia), 273
subocellana (Grapholitha), 77
subrosea (Noctua), 115
subsericeata (Acidalia), 88, 272
succenturiata (Kupithecia), 118
sylvanus (Augiades), 65, 130, 138
*sylvia (Zizera), 124

sylvinus (Hepialus), 75
syringella (Gracilaria), 78
tabaniformis (Sciapteron), 13
taedella (Coccyx), 78
taeniolella (Anacampsis), 156
tages (Nisoniades), 19, 42, 130, 148
tages (Thanaos), 189, 235, 254
tagis (Huchloé), 148

taminata (Bapta), 254

*tamsi (Psectrotarsia), 225
taooana (Horsfieldia), 28

| taraxaci (Caradrina), 22

Telea, 39

telicanus (Tarucus), 138

telmessia (Epinephele), 137
temerata (Bapta), 63

templi (D.), 89

tenebrella (Aristotelia), 78
tenebrosa (Rusina), 56

Teragra, 231

terrella (Gelechia), 78

testata (Lygris), 56, 141

tetraonis (Indarbela), 231
tetraquetella (Grapholitha), 77
thalassina (Mamestra), 69
*Thambotricha, 270

thersamon (Heodes), 138

thersites (Agriades), 46, 138
thrasonella (Glyphipteryx), 78
thaleus (Hepialus), 141

tiliae (Mimas), 22, 69 ‘
tiphon (Coenonympha), 54, 69, 155
tithia (Dynamine), 113

tithonus (Epinephele), 93, 119, 131, 211
tolanus (Peronea), 72

»:@.4

torquatus (Papilio), 113

trayja (Siproeta), 113

trepida (Noctua), 63

trepida (Notodonta), 90

triangulum (Noctua), 119

trifolii (Zygaena), 13, 43, 157, 190, 273

trigeminana (Halonota), 77

trigrammica (Grammesia), 271

trilinea (Grammesia), 163

tringipennella (Gracillaria), 78

triplasia (Abrostola), 22

tripunctana (Penthina), 76

trisignaria (Kupithecia), 237, 278

tristata (Xanthorhoé), 57

tritophus (Notodonta), 89

truncata (Cidaria), 56, 68, 115, 272

tumidana (Acrobasis), 112

tyndarus (Erebia), 129

typhon (Coenonympha), 113, 119, 122

typica (Naenia), 22, 253, 272

ulmata (Abraxas), 259

ulmifoliella (Lithocolletis), 78

unca (Hydrelia), 88

uncula (Hydrelia), 231

undulata (Hucosmia), 63

unionalis (Margarodes), 21

unipuncta (Leucania), 280

unitaria (A.), 64

upsilon (Agrotis), 22

unguicella (Ancylis), 77

urticae (Aglais), 18, 21, 22, 24, 43, 53,
66, 92, 131, 136, 258

urticae (Vanessa), 14, 88, 117, 118, 189

vaccinii (Orrhodia), 253 9

valesina (Argynnis), 238

INDEX.

valesina (Dryas), 92

varleyata (Abraxas), 12

*vates (Thambotricha), 270 ~
velleda (Hepialus), 75

vellida (Junonia), 16

*venosa (Diaphora), 79, 116
venosata (Eupithecia), 88, 272
verbasci (Cucullia), 190, 271, 273, 280
verrucella (Acrobasis), 112
vestigialis (Agrotis),.22

vetusta (Calocampa), 56

viburniana (Tortrix), 76
viduaria-(Cleora), 12

villica (Arctia), 254

viminalis (Bombycia), 55

vinula (Dicranura), 212

viretata (Lobophora), 11, 63, 87, 210

| virgata (Hyppa), 55

virgaureae (Heodes), 65

virgularia (Acidalia), 141

viridana (Tortrix), 254

viridaria (Amoebe), 56, 271
viridaria (Phytometra), 42
viridaria (Prothymnia), 56
vitalbata (Phybalapteryx), 271, 272
vitellina (Leucania), 62, 88, 280
vulgata (Hupithecia), 22, 272
w-album (Thecla), 21, 190, 210
wauaria (Thamnonoma), 75
xanthographa (Noctua), 22, 55, 280
xerampelina (Cirrhoedia), 64
zephyrus (Polyommatus), 137
ziczac (Notodonta), 156, 273
zonaria (Nyssia), 12, i18

Order XIX. COLEOPTERA.

analis (Grammoptera), 24
Aspidosoma, 174

*atavellus (Ergates), 177
autographus (Dryocoetes), 120
bipunctata (Pimelia), 151
bremii (Anoplitis), 177
brevicollis (Nebria), 158
Caliphotes, 174

Callipogon, 177

campestris (Cicindela), 136
chalcographus (Pityogenes), 120
chalybeata (Gonophora), 178
concentrica (Sphaeria), 108
consanguineus (Photinus), 173
corruscus (Phalacrus), 108
coryli (Cryptocephalus), 117
curculionoides (Mycterus), 151
cursor (Lissodema), 69

exilis (Meligethes), 120

faber (Ergates), 177

huttoni (Pentarthrum), 69

laticollis (Phyllodecta), 117
*lepidus (Exillis), 152
Luciola, 174

| lunatus (Diphyllus), 108

maxillosus (Creophilus), 158, 183
melanarius (Omaseus), 158
micans (Orchesia), 108
mucronata (Tentyria), 151

olens (Ocypus), 158

paniceum (Anobium), 120
pedestris (Formicomus), 151
polyphemus (Ergates), 177
Polyrachis, 174

sanctaecrucis (Aspidomorpha), 68
serraticornis (Pyrochroa), 3

_ spectabilis (Krgates), 177

spiculatus (Ergates), 177

taurus (Onthophagus), 116
typographus (Tomicus), 120
vulgaris (Pterostichus), 119, 158

INDEX.

Order XXI.

apiformis (Pocota), 144
autumnalis (Tabanus), 41
Blepharicera, 135
Blepharocera, 135

bovinus (Tabanus), 40, 119
bromius (Tabanus), 40
caecutiens (Chrysops), 40
Cecidomyia, 108

Chrysops, 40

distinguendus (Therioplectes), 156
elegantula (Bibiocephala), 135
excavata (Dicranomyia), 17
*exhumata (Dicranomyia), 17
fasciata (Stegomyia), 143
fulvus (Atylotus), 41

fusca (Bolitophila), 109
griseicollis (Brachycampta), 182
lasiophthalma (Lonchaea), 110
maculata (Macrocera), 135

Order XXII.

abdominalis (Nematinus), 227
aculeator (Proctotrypes), 59, 83
alienata (Labidia), 49

apterygonus (Paracodrus), 133, 185
areolater (Disogmus), 3, 134

ater (Exallonyx), 158, 183
*auriceps (Australomphale), 207
*Australoddera, 207
*Australomphale, 207
*Austroencyrtoidea, 206
bethyliformis (Paracodrus), 186
bicolor (Proctotrupes), 110
bimaculatus (Eriodorus), 110
brevicornis (Exallonyx), 160
brevimanus (Proctotrypes), 59, 82
brevipennis (Proctotrupes), 110
buccatus (Proctotrypes), 2, 60, 132
calear (Proctotrypes), 2, 60, 133
campanulator (Ichneumon), 109
*chittii (Proctotrypes), 60, 159
Cimbex, 49

Cladius, 49

Cryptoserphus, 2, 59

curtipennis (Proctotrypes), 60, 134
cyanescens (Xylocopa), 151
*damoni (Aphelinus), 208

*dei (Babinda), 205

devagator (Proctotrypes), 60, 109
Dineura, 49

*disjecta (Hriocampa), 50
Disogmus, 2

distinctus (Psithyrus), 166
elongatus (Proctotrypes), 2, 60, 133
Eriocampa, 49

Eriocampoides, 49

erythromera (Spalangia), 24
Exallonyx, 2, 59, 159

XX)

DIPTERA.

maculicornis (Tabanus), 40
nervosus (Bibio), 49

nigra (Mycetophila), 83
obtusa (Hylephila), 69
Philorus, 135

pluvialis (Haematopota), 40
punctata (Mycetophila), 183
quadrata (Chrysops), 40
relicta (Chrysops), 40
richardi (Taeniorhynchus), 69
Sciara, 3

Sciophila, 110

solstitialis (Therioplectes), 40
sponsa (Hylephila), 69, 117
sudeticus (Tabanus), 119
Syrphus, 2

Tabanus, 40

tropicus (Therioplectes), 40

HYMENOPTERA.

flavimanus (Geniocerus), 116
*flaviventris (Neurotes), 204
fuliginosus (Acanthomyops), 24
fuliginosus (Lasius), 184
fumipennis (Exallonyx), 182
fuscipennis (Nematinus), 227
fuscipes (Proctotrypes), 3, 60, 83, 134
*oemmus (Mesocalocerinus), 206
gladiator (Proctotrypes), 60, 110
glomeratus (Apanteles), 281
glomeratus (Microgaster), 245
gravidator (Proctotrypes), 60, 109
guineense (Tetramorium), 118

| hyalinipennis (Proctotrypes), 60, 157

iridescens (Neurotes), 204

Janus, 49

kollari (Cynips), 109

laeviventris (Exallonyx), 184

laricis (Proctotrypes), 59, 82
*latiscapus (Mesanusia), 208
*leichhardti (Austroencyrtoidea), 206;
ligatus (Exallonyx), 183

lineolata (Athalia), 231

longicornis (Exallonyx), 160

| longitarsis (Proctotrypes), 59, 83

luridiventris (Platycampus), 228
luteus (Nematinus), 227
Macrophya, 49

maderensis (Andrena), 91
Megaxycla, 49

*Mesanusia, 208
*Mesocalocerinus, 206

micrurus (Proctotrypes), 60, 158
*mirum (Trichogramma,) 207
muraria (Chalicodoma), 151
Neurotoma, 49

niger (Exallonyx), 182

XXil

nigricornis (Disogmus), 3
obductus (Pachynematus), 227
obfuscatus (Meteorus), 108

*omnirubricornis (Kurytomocharis), 206

-orchesiae (Thersilochus), 108
ovata (Eriocampa), 50
pallidipes (Proctotrypes), 60
*pallidistigma (Exallonyx), 182
pallipes (Allantus), 227
pallipes (Pristiphora), 68, 227
pallipes (Proctotrypes), 135
Paracodrus, 2, 184 ~

parvulus (Proctotrypes), 59, 108
pavida (Pteronidea), 228
petrefacta (Megaxycla), 50
Phaenoserphus, 2, 60
Phenacoperga, 49
portosanctana (Andrena), 91
Proctotrypes, 1, 59
Pseudocimbex, 49
Pseudosiobla, 49

Pteronus, 49

*Raftaellia, 205

*raffaellini (Habrolepoidea), 208
ruficornis (Pristiphora), 228
ruginodes (Myrmica), 184
sscabrinodes (Formica), 182

INDEX.

Schizocerus, 49

scutellaris (Melipona), 116
Selandria, 49

serotinus (Emphytus), 227
Serphus, 2

seticornis (Proctotrypes), 60, 134
*sidneyi (Raffaellia), 205

socialis (Exallonyx), 184
Tenthredella, 49

*tintoreti (Erythmelus), 205
Trichiosoma, 50

*varicornis (Australomphale), 207
*varicornis (Australoddera), 207
*vetusculus (Cimbex), 50

viator (Proctotrypes), 60, 135, 158
viminalis (Pteronus), 3

violacea (Xylocopa), 151
virginalis (Angitia), 157

vittatus (Amauronematus), 228
vorax (Phylledestes), 50
vulgaris (Vespa), 24

wasmani (Exallonyx), 184
westwoodi (Stenamma), 281
wollastoni (Andrena), 91
wollastoni (Halictus), 91
xanthocerus (Exallonyx), 161 —

*

THE ENTOMOLOGIS

yee

Le

4 ts; :

Vou. LV.] PANO AR Yt

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PR
(OXYURA).

By Cruaupr Mortey, Pages: F.Z.8., mvc. per

I. Subfamily PROCTOTRYPINA.

As is the case with nearly all the groups of our smaller
insects, neglect has been the portion of the Oxyura for a great
number of years; and it is a plaintive task to compare the
general interest nowadays taken in entomology as a whole with
that evinced by our grandfathers. Their numbers were certainly
few, but ours, in the less-worked groups, are nugatory ; nor can
much more be said, in respect of this family of Hymenoptera,
upon the Continent. Nothing but a well-sustained publication
of the André’s excellent ‘Species des Hyménopteres d’Europe’
has recently been issued of importance, but in this great work
Kieffer has brought forward such a foule of new species, incor-
porated in a most comprehensive manner with those already
published, that ignorance now lies at the door of wilfulness, and
not necessity. In order that we should not be behind our
neighbours in a knowledge of the Oxyura of Britain I have
attempted, in the following concise tabulation and notes, to
present a superficial notion of the 680 species already recorded
from our islands, together with some initial idea of their distri-
bution here.

The first of the eleven subfamilies into which the Oxyura are
now divided is the typical one Procrorryrin®, and this is
distinguished from all the remainder by the following characters :
Antenne rising far from mouth. Seutellum neither discally
bisuleate nor basally constricted. Abdomen not laterally
margined by a carina. Wings no more than normally ciliate ;
front ones with a determinate stigma, but no discal triangle of
nervures, its radial cell entire; hind ones not basally lobed or
attenuate. f

Until quite recently this subfamily consisted of the single
genus Proctotrypes, which was beautifully monographed by
Haliday in his ‘Hymenoptera Britannica Oxyura,’ fase. i, pub-
lished by Bailliére in 1839. But nowadays it has been commi-
nuted into several smaller groups upon characters not, perhaps,
too trivial to regard as genera, though the facies are in every
case the same, and it is of little moment whether we accord them
this rank or simply that of divisions of a single genus. It is, as
Vollenhoven says, “‘ to be regretted that Haliday’s most precious

ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1922. B

2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

paper on the Oxyura remained unknown to Thomson, whilst he —
wrote on this subject,’ but the circumstance seems to have
given rise to little synonymy ; the latter redescribed the abundant.
P. calcar, and possibly his #’. buccatus is not distinct from
Haliday’s P. elongatus. Their specific distinction may be owed
to Kieffer’s habit of regarding everything as different till proved
identical even to the last pilus (in the broadest sense of the
word !). The affinities of this subfamily are not at all with the
other Oxyura, but with the Polymorphi group of Braconide,
wherein the Euphorids have equally peculiarly contracted radial
cell and the Liophronids very similar abdomen, with reflexed ~
terebra.

Nota.—There has been a recent attempt to sink the name
Proctotrypes (originally spelt‘‘ Proctotrupes,”’ presumably because
the Germans possess no y) to Serphus. Science is the essence
of common sense ; consequently, to alter a name that has been
in universal use by scientists from the earliest times, the
particular name, moreover, by which an entire group of
Hymenopterous insects is known, in favour of one utterly un-
known, one that is so similar to Syrphus of Fabricius (which
antedates it) that in speech they are identical, to say nothing of
any doubt that may exist respecting the synonymy—such a —
proceeding is, I have no hesitation in definitely stating, so far
from common sense as to border upon folly. Such a course
shall never be accepted by me.

TABLE OF GENERA.

(6). 1. Metathorax scabrous, or, at least, with a central carina.
(5). 2. Mesothoracic notauli entirely wanting.
_ (4). 3. All the tarsal joints and claws simple.
ProcrotryPeEs, Latr..
(3), 4. Anterior claws trifid, fifth joint explanate.
EXaLbLonyx, Forst..
(2). 5. Mesothoracic notauli deeply impressed Disoemus, Forst.
(1). 6. Metathorax smooth, with no central carina.

Paracoprus, Kieff.

But for practical use, in a rough and ready way, I have found
the following conspectus sufficiently comprehensive :

Metathorax rugose or scarbriculous throughout.
Notauli deeply impressed . : . 1. Disogmus.
Notauli wanting.
Propleure striate ; abdomen red 3
Propleurz smooth ; abdomen black.
Claws dentate; onychii explanate 4. Hzallonyx. :
Claws simple; onychii slender 3. “Phenoserphus,”’ Kf.
Metanotum at least partly smooth, niti-
dulous
Metathorax with smooth discal arez
Metathorax entirely smooth throughout

. “Serphus,”’ Kieff.

. “Cryptoserphus,” Kf.
. Paracodrus.

cr bo

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPIDM (OXYURA). 3

DISOGMUS, Forster.
Hym. Stud., ii, 1856, p. 99.

Hleven European and three American species are known.
We have but two:

(2). 1. Pronotum laterally tuberculate ; metanotum'tricarinate.
1. areolator, Hal.
(1). 2. Pronotum not tuberculate ; metanotum unicarinate.
2. nigricormis, WKief.

1. Disoagmus arztonator, Hal.

Proctotrupes areolator, Hal., Hym. Brit., i, 1839, p. 18, ¢ ?.
Curt., Brit. Entom., xvi. 1839, pl. deexliv, ¢. Disogmus areo-
lator, Forst., lb. cit., p. 100, ¢; Ashmead, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1893, p. 332, pl. xii, fig. 6; André, Spp. Hym. Eur., x, 1907,
Piero Gp. 283, J 9 .

This species is at present confined to Britain and is among
our rarer kinds. Taken in sylvan places in Ireland during the
autumn by Haliday and in England by Walker. It has occurred
to me singly on bracken at Wilverley Inclosure in the New
Forest, and by sweeping long grass at Wortham in Suffolk, both
in the middle of June. That it is actually much less rare than
would seem is proved by its existence in my Monks Soham
garden, where I have never through fifteen years found it wild. On
April 10th, 1907, a piece of ordinary old willow-stump was brought
in from this garden, bored by insects ; in the early morning of
May 10th a female of the present species had emerged there-
from ; two more were out on 13th inst., and made no attempt
to come up to the light; on 20th a fourth emerged; on 18th
a single Proctotrypes fuscipes was bred; but the only other
emergants were one female sawfly, Pteronus viminalis, on
Q1st at 11 a.m., four very small—too small, I think, to have
been hosts of this parasite—dipterous Sciara sp. on 13th and
20th, and a couple of the heteromerous beetle, Pyrochroa serra-
ticornis, on 13th and 20th. On May 20th, 1910, Mr. Ernest A. .
Elliott took the species in some quantities in his garden at
Belsize Grove, in Hampstead, running over a half-decayed black
poplar billet, recently felled; it was noticed upon this and a
similar billet from the same tree for four vears in succession,
until the wood rotted and fell to pieces, in annually increasing
numbers, but no probable host was detected (such as the above
P. serraticornis). I have seen one pair from Nottingham in
May, on 6th at Radcliffe-on-Trent and on 15th at Glapton, near
Clifton.

2. Disoamus nicRicornis, Kieff.

André, lib. cit., p. 285. 3.

Unknown to me, and doubtfully British: ‘ France et
probablement Ecosse ’—Kiefter, l.c.

4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON BRITISH ODONATA IN 1920.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., E.HCS:

For myself the season commenced rather late with the
capture of Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz. (a female) and Hnallagma
cyathigerum, Charp. (also a female), both in teneral condition,
on 3 May at the Black Pond on Esher Common, Surrey.
Thence onwards dragonflies were met with till towards the end
of October. :

LipeiiuLtipm.—Leucorrhinia dubia, Lind. was very common
at Abbot’s Moss, Cheshire, in May and June (Jackson). A male
and a female of Sympetruwm striolatum, Charp. were sent to me in
teneral condition, with the note that they were in remarkable
profusion (14 August) on the sand dunes of the South Laneca-
shire coast about Formby Point. They seemed very partial to
resting on the Ragwort, which is a feature of the vegetation
(Dallman). It was met with near Lewes, Sussex, in September
(Blair). There is one record of Sympetrum flaveolum, Linn.—a
female taken on 19 Aug. by the River Wey in the Royal
Horticultural Society's Gardens near Wisley, Surrey (Fox-
Wilson). Sympetrwm scoticum, Don. was on the wing at the
Black Pond, Esher Common, on 15 July, but examples seemed
to be teneral and probably the species was only just appearing.
By 7 Aug. it was common there and a few were black in colour,
but most were of a saffron tint and no doubt represented teneral
males as well as females. On 7 Oct. a number were seen on
the Common, and at least one was noticed on 25 Oct. (Lucas).
Stowell met with it on Parley Heath (apparently in August),
and strange to say this seems to be almost or quite the only
record of its occurrence in Dorset. Libellula depressa, Linn.
was common in Alice Holt, Hampshire, on 24 May (Stowell).
On the 21st of the same month one at least was sighted in
the New Forest. On 25 May it was seen on the shore near
Mudeford, Hants, presumably having bred in the pools there,
the water in which was no doubt brackish. An Orthetrum
cancellatum, Linn. was taken at the same pools on the same
day and presumably also bred there. On 25 June a nice male
L. depressa was taken in the New Forest, where the species
appeared to be pretty common. Several L. depressa were seen
on 8 June and a yellowish teneral male was taken at Stanmore.
Common, Middlesex (Lucas). One Libellula quadrimaculata,
Linn. at least was seen on 25 May over the marshy ground
(no doubt braskish, if not salt) between Hengistbury Head and
Christchurch Harbour, Hants. Possibly the species breeds
in the marsh! One was almost certainly seen on 7 Oct.
at Hsher Common; if captured, this would have been a
remarkably late record, for the species often appears upon
the wing in April (Lucas). On 21 June Orthetrum cerulescens,

NOTES ON BRITISH ODONATA IN 1920. 5

Fabr. was on the wing in the New Forest, though it was
only occasionally that a blue specimen was seen (Lucas).
On 30 May in Oberwater, New Forest, I found three naiads*
of what I presumed to be O. cerulescens and took them away
with the hope of breeding them. On the morning of 10 June
a male was found to have emerged since the previous evening,
and was hanging about 9 a.m. (s.t.) with wings pressed together
over its back. About an hour later it had spread its wings,
which were seen to be very glossy. The pterostigma was
yellowish, and the body various shades of brown with yellowish
markings. The insect was a male, and O. cerulescens as I
expected. On 14 June it was moribund. It had been kept
under a glass shade and had eaten nothing. Some of the
gloss had disappeared from the wings, but the ‘‘cerulean”’
bloom had not developed on the abdomen. Another male
emerged on 22 June. It had been on a stick above water about
a couple of days, but remained wet (perhaps the tip of the body
touched the water, which spread over its hairy surface). The
third specimen was put in formalin for figuring and description.
The latter follows:

Description.—Body generally of a rather warm sepia tint (but
the colour is often hidden, the body being incrusted with mud or
decayed bog material) ; hairy ; somewhat cylindrical above, and there-
fore not so much spread out as some Libellulines. Length including
appendages some 19 mm.; greatest breadth about 55 mm. Head
somewhat pentagonal in shape; transversely about 5 mm. ; fairly
broad from front to back—about 3-5 mm.; top of head (epzcranvwm)
convex; occiput well developed, hind margin a little concave.
Antenne of 7 segments, basal two short and swollen, the next
slender and about equal in length to the basal two together, the
rest slender and sub-equal; hairy. Hyes—the spherical part
prominent at each fore corner of the head, with a prolongation
backwards reaching about one-third across the head. Labiwm
(mask) rather short; but just extending beyond the insertion of
the fore legs; spoon-shaped; deeply concave; inner surface bearing
scattered hairs (or slender spines) ; submentum narrow ; mentum
becoming rather suddenly broader; mid lobe finely crenated, with
about 13 crenations on each side of the mid point, a minute spine
in each depression; mid lobe making a decidedly obtuse angle in
front, produced centrally into a blunt point, a short ridge leading
up to the point internally; lateral lobes (palpz) triangular, concave,
distal border with a few (about 7) shallow crenulations and
irregularly arranged spines near the margin; inner margin entire;
outer margin entire and considerably thickened; mental sete in two

* Comstock in his ‘‘Introduction to Entomology” (Ithaca, 1920) proposes
(p. 179) to restrict the term ‘‘nymph” to the immature instars of insects with
gradual metamorphosis (e.g. grasshoppers), to use the term naiad for those
with incomplete metamorphosis (e.g. dragonflies and mayflies), reserving the
terms larve and pupe for the earlier stages of insects with complete metamorphosis
(e. g. butterflies and beetles). As there seem to be advantages in this arrangement.
I have used the term naiad in this article.

6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

series, each consisting of two long slender spines near the outer
margin disconnected from the remainder (about 18), which are

W. J. Lucas, del.

ORTHETRUM C®RULESCENS, Fabr.
Naiad (x 4); a. Labium (x about 5); b. moveable hook (x about 22). |

shorter and decreasing in length towards the centre, where they
terminate in a cluster of about 12 (so that the mental sete are in
all about 40); lateral sete 3 on each side (occasionally perhaps 4)

"eo

NOTES ON BRITISH ODONATA IN 1920. %

rising from distinct bases, rather long and slender, subequal (a few

smaller spines, irregularly arranged, on the actual margin; in one
specimen one on each palp was longer than the rest and might
have been taken for a fourth seta had it been in line with the other
three); moveable hook dark, rather short, somewhat slender, sharp
pointed, about one-fourth to one-third the length of the outer margin
of the palp. Prothorax collar-like, with a fringe of hairs. Combined

-meso- and meta-thorax small, hairy. Mesothoracic spiracles very

pronounced. Wang-cases reaching nearly to the distal edge of the
fifth abdominal segment. Leys rather short, sturdy, hairy; fore
about 8 mm. long, mid about 9 mm., hind about 15 mm.; femora
and tibiz about equal; 3-segmented tarsi shorter, the basal two
segments in fore and mid legs being short; claws rather long,
curved, sharp-pointed. Abdomen slightly hairy; broadest about the
sixth segment, contracting slightly forwards, gradually tapering to
the tip of the appendages behind; subcylindrically arched above,
flattened ventrally; colour a fairly uniform brown, the sutures
paler; segments subequal in width, except the tenth, which is much

narrower ; a blunt mid-dorsal spine near the hind margin of segments

4-7 that on 5 being most prominent, surrounded by some longish
hairs, continued as a slightly raised smooth space on 8 and 9;
small lateral spies on segments 8 and 9. Dorsal anal appendage
triangular, about as long as segments 9 and 10 together; male
process fairly prominent ; cercz just longer than the dorsal appendage ;
circoids about half the length of the cerci; all five appendages
sharp-pointed. [Material: two New Forest naiads bred in 1920;
one, captured at the same time, preserved in formalin; five other
skins found in the New Forest under conditions which left no doubt
as to their identity.] *

Of Cordulia @nea, Linn. several were seen and one was
taken in Alice Holt on 24 May (Stowell); a female was taken
at Camberley, Surrey, on 28 May (Green); two females were
captured at Abbot’s Moss on 31 May and about 7 June (Jackson) ;
and a female was caught at Horsley, Surrey, on 9 June (Lucas).

Aiscuntipe.—On 22 May a somewhat teneral female
Gomphus vulgatissimus, Linn. was taken in the New Forest
(Lucas). A male Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr. was captured
in the Forest of Dean in June (Jackson). Near Lymington,
Hants, Brachytron pratense, Mull. was found to frequent a very
boggy birch wood in Roydon Woods: 15 May was the earliest
date on which it was seen (Sones). There are two records of
Aischna mixta, Latr.—a male at Brighton in August (Kullington)
and a specimen near Lewes in September (Blair). A teneral
female of 4. juncea, Linn. was taken at the Byfleet Canal,
Surrey, on the occasion of the S. Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist.
Society’s Excursion there on 24 July. On 12 Sept. a female
4g. cyanea, Mull. was taken at Rainow, Cheshire, in which the
* Dr. E. Rousseau in ‘Ann. Ent. Soe. Belgique,’ lii, (1908), p. 286, has given a

description, which in the matter of the labium does not agree entirely with the
New Forest examples. He does not give the source of his material.

8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. -

pterostigma looked rather larger than usual. Both right wings
and the left hind one had a cross-vein on the pterostigma (Neave)-
Such a cross-vein seems to be exceptional, and this example had
three. The species was taken at Horsley, Surrey, on 8 Oct.
(Blair). On 28 June a naiad was taken at Marlborough
Deeps in the New Forest, and from it the same evening a female
imago emerged. At 7.20 (s.t.) the thorax was noticed partly out ;
emergence, however, had but recently commenced. By 7.24 the
head and fore legs had emerged, and at 7.25 the mid and hind
legs were out. The ‘rest’ then commenced and lasted till 7.59.
There was at first during this ‘‘ rest’? a good deal of twitching
of legs and lower lip in a somewhat rhythmic manner. During
the latter part it became less, the hind and mid legs becoming
practically still, fore legs and lip slowing down and becoming
still later. During the ‘‘ rest’ the body twitched violently a few
times. At the end there was a sudden jerk forwards and speedy
extraction of the tip of the abdomen, which was then a little
longer than the abdomen of the naiad. The imago—yellowish-
green with browner markings—was now hanging to the empty
skin. The wings then began to expand from the base, and
during most of the time occupied in the expansion there was a
slight (or more pronounced) swaying of the abdomen backwards
and forwards. By 8.10 the wings had extended till they were
about opposite the tip of the abdominal appendages, but the
abdomen had apparently also lengthened a little. The extension
of the wings was more rapid towards the end of the period. At
8.12 they reached much beyond the tip of the appendages. At
8.15 they were about full length and of a beautiful pale yellowish-
green colour. The face had by now turned from green to yellow.
The abdomen was arched round the margin of the wings. At
8.23 the wings were flat and becoming slightly transparent.
The abdomen extended but slowly: at 8.32 if was contracting
and extending slightly, up and down, but the tip of the appen-
dages was still more than half an inch short of the tip of the
wings. At 8.45 I had to leave it for about an hour and a half,
the abdomen then being not much longer than at 8.32. On my
_ return the abdomen was fully extended. The dragonfly spread
its wings in the darkness, and flew off to the window in the
morning, the wings then being very glossy.

On § June a brown-winged discina flew by at close quarters
near Horsley: it could only have been 4. grandis, Linn. and if
a capture had been made it would have constituted an early date
for the species (Lucas). It was taken at Delamere in August
(Jackson). On 3 Oct. one was seen flying over the Long Water
at Hampton Court, Middlesex (Lucas).

CaLOPTERYGIDE.—Calopteryx virgo, Linn. was swarming in
Alice Holt on 24 May; ‘the wood was in parts all alive with
them, largely more or less immature” (Stowell). In the New

NOTES ON BRITISH ODONATA IN 1920. 9

Forest a very teneral female was caught on 20 May; on
21 May it was frequently seen in teneral condition; by the end
of the month it could be obtained of good colour. The species
was pretty numerous on 18 and 19 June; on the 22nd it was
very common, especially over sunny pools of Blackwater. Twice
one was seen with prey which appeared to be Yortrix viridana,
Linn., but, contrary to the habit of many dragonflies with prey,
it was too restless for capture; one secured with prey had caught
a sub-imago of the Mayfly Ephemera danica, Mull. A male of
C. splendens, Harris was met with in May at Hampton Water-
works, Middlesex (Blair).

Lestipm.—Lestes sponsa, Hans. was taken on Studland Heath,
Dorset on 16 Aug. (Stowell), and near Lewes in September
(Blair).

AGRIoNIDM.—Platycnemis pennipes, Pall. was well out in the
New Forest on 23 June, and usually full coloured: it had
clearly been out some days at least. On 380 June it was very
common there as well as its whitish form—var. lactea, Charp.
Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz. was common at Wicken Fen on
9 May (Lyle); it was taken, somewhat teneral, in the Royal
Hort. Soc. Gardens on 8 May (Lucas) ; by 24 May it had been
out some time in Alice Holt (Stowell). In the New Forest
one was caught on 10 May in rather teneral condition; on
21 May it was sometimes fairly mature in colour and texture ;
by the end or the month it could be obtained of good colour.
The species was obtained mature as well as teneral on 3 June
at Stanmore Common, Middlesex (Lucas). P. teneliwm, Vill. was
captured, teneral, on 21 June in the New Forest; it was very
common there on the 80th of the month. An example of the
var. melanogustrum, Selys was secured in the Forest on 10 Sept.
(Lucas). On various occasions and in a number of its known
haunts in the New Forest Ischnura pumilio, Charp. was sought
for in 1920, but without success, and it seems certain that this
little dragonfly has disappeared, at any rate for the time being
(Lucas). Its congener, J. elegans, Lind. was captured at Hatch-
mere, Cheshire, in August (Jackson); it was met with as late
as 14 Sept. near Hythe in the New Forest (Lucas). <Agrion
pulchellum, Lind. is reported from Delamere in June (Jackson).
A. puella, Linn. was taken at Stanmore Common on 3 June,
and at Epsom Common, Surrey, on 11 June (Lucas); at
Rainow, Cheshire, on 7 Aug. (Neave). On 21 June both sexes of
A. mercuriale, Charp. were found at Duck-hole Bog in the New
Forest, males being numerous. Most were mature in colouring,
and one or two cases of connection per collum were noticed. At
Oberwater on 80 June males were very common; a few females
also were taken. This sex always appears to be less common in
this species than the male, but it is possibly because the females.
are less active. In one female the blue colouring was very deep,

10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

but the markings were normal. On 7 July F. J. Killington
sent me for inspection two males with very abnormal markings
on the second abdominal segment. In one the two forward horns
of the mercury-sign were detached, in the other they had practi-
cally disappeared altogether. These, with normal examples, were
taken at the River Itchin, Eastleigh, Hants. He reported that
the species entirely disappeared after the spell of bad weather
(sc. in mid August). Hnallagma cyathigerum, Charp. was taken”
(mature and teneral) at Stanmore Common on 3 June, and at
Epsom Common on 11 June (Lucas); at Studland Heath on
16 Aug. (Stowell) ; and at Wicken Fen on 15 Aug. (Lyle).

Kineston-on-Thames ;
October, 1921.

NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF GLEN FENDER,
~ PERTHSHIRE, AND INVERSHIN,
" SUTHERLANDSHIRE

| ape THE Lare F. G. eee FES.

A stray at Glen Fender in April last was the means of my
getting an introduction to Peronea niveana. Two of the examples
obtained were on pine trunks, where they were conspicuous. One
was beaten out of pine. All-were in good order. It is curious
that, although I gave a lot of attention to the birches, I did not
find, either by searching or beating, even one P. niveana. I did,
however, find a beautiful series of freshly-emerged, well-marked
Lobophora carpinata.

Acanthopsyche atra 2 from a pupa obtained on a fence near
Blair Atholl, exposed on the sill of my bedroom window and
watched several times daily for male visitors, failed to attract,
unless visits were paid in the small hours of the morning, which
is unlikely.

Zelleria hepariella was beaten out of ash in Glen Tilt on
April 26th.

I suppose it often happens during the winter months, when
collectors are able to find time to consult old records, that
volumes of the ‘ Entomologist,’ ‘ Intelligencer,’ ‘ Record,’ * Monthly
Magazine,’ are taken down, and notes made to be put to good use
in the ensuing season. Last winter, when so engaged, I came
across a note by no less an authority than the late H. T. Stainton
on BK. C. Buxton’s remarkable capture in the valley of the Shin
(‘ E.M.M..,’ vol. xx, p. 81). I resolved that I would, if possible,
spend a few weeks in that district at the proper time. Harly in
May I arrived at Invershin for Inveran, just above the junction
of the rivers Oykel and Shin. Though I failed to find either of
the two great rarities, 1 did not find my visit unprofitable.
Several interesting species occurred in moderate numbers. A

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA OF GLEN FENDER AND INVERSHIN. 11

_ Fumea like casta, but larger, quite 15 mm. in wing expanse,
was bred from two or three spun-up cases found on a rock.
They are, I think there is little doubt, the Fumea_ scotica,
Chapman. I searched carefully for cases, but they were scarce ;
less than half-a-dozen were obtained, all of them on one boulder,
from one of which the moth had already emerged.

I was surprised to find Lobophora viretata so far north. An
example of Peronea niveana was found on a rock by the side of
the Shin; also Cydia fractifasciana on the moor. Near the river
bank, among Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Hucosma arbutella and
i. mygindana sparingly; Epiblema nemorivaga more freely.
Some of the Pyrausta purpuralis obtained were unusually bright.

On my return home I visited the Natural History Museum,
and had the pleasure of an interview with Mr. Durrant. He it
was who, always helpful, drew my attention to Buxton’s own
communication (which i had somehow missed) to the ‘ Ento-
mologist,’ vol. i1, pp. 24, 25, in which further and more precise
particulars are given of the capture, in the years 1853 and 1854
respectively, of Chalybe pyrausta and Roslerstammia pronubella
between the upper and lower falls of the Shin.

At Invershin, close to the inn and railway station, some
insects of special interest occurred. They were for the most part
in small numbers, but the quality was good—Retinia posticana,
Laspeyresia cognatana (well marked and of large size), Hvetria
restinella abundant. I was pleased to breed a very handsome
‘Cosmophorana from resin balls gathered for Resinella. Thera
cognata and T’. juniperata larve were beaten from juniper, and
with them Hriocephala aureatella imagines in some numbers.

[The above notes were written by Mr. Whittle a few days
before his death. It is not surprising that he did not meet with
the rare Lepidoptera reported by E. C. Buxton from Invershin,
Supposing that they are still to be found there ; for, with respect
to Chalybe pyrausta, I know he expected to find it amongst its
reputed food-plant, Thalictrwn, but Buxton states that he thought
he beat it from blackthorn, Roslerstammia pronubella, from beech.
Buxton's recollections, written thirteen years afterwards, are
probably at fault, for I do not think there is any blackthorn on
the banks of the Shin, and I am still more strongly of opinion
that beech does not grow there. I presume for beech one should
read birch, which is abundant; the only other trees 1 can recollect
there are sallow and rowan. Mr. Whittle wrote me in May last
that he had found a species of Thalictrum growing at Invershin,
probably T. alpinum.—W. G. SHepon.]

12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

SOME NOTES ON THE COLLECTION OF BRITISH
MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA IN THE HOPE DEPARTMENT
OF THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY MUSEUM.

By F. C. Wooprorpsz, B.A., F.E.S.
(Continued from vol. liv, p. 289.)
GEOMETRIDE, GEOMETRINE.

(Arranged according to L. B. Prout’s classification in Seitz’s
‘ Palearctic Macrolepidoptera.’)

Abraxas grossulariata.—A very varied series of 135.

Most of the specimens are wild ones, with the variation
tending to an increase of the black coloration, but two specimens
from the Meldola Collection, taken in Wigtonshire, are almost
quite white. Among the bred specimens are 3 var. nigro-
sparsata, 6 var. lacticolor, and 9 var. varleyata.

Angeroma prunaria.—A remarkable specimen of the ab.
corylaria type from the Meldola Collection labelled ‘* Hissex.
Chingford,” has the usually dark base and outer margins of a
pale ochreous colour with a reddish orange central band.

Gonodontis bidentata.—In the long series are 13 ab. nigra,
Prout, from Yorkshire, and 14 from the Manchester district.

Ourapteryx sambucaria.—A specimen from the Chitty Col-
lection, labelled ‘‘ HZ. Woodhay, 1882,” is almost pure white. A
specimen of a second brood was presented by Mr. J. Collins,
taken by him October 38rd, 1921.

Opisthograptis luteolata.—A specimen from the Meldola Col-
lection, bred from a Perthshire larva, May 5th, 1912, has both
hind wings and the lower half of the left fore wing pure white.

Ventha macularia.—A specimen from the Meldola Collection
labelled ‘‘ Kent, Dartford, June 25, 1872,” is almost pure yellow,
a few of the normal dark markings being very faintly shown by
a pale ochreous colouring.

Macaria liturata.—'The series includes 6 specimens of ab.
nigrofulvata, Collins, 2 from North Staffs, and 4 from Delamere, ©

Phigalia pedaria.—The series includes many specimens of ab.
extinctaria and ab. monacharia.

Nyssia zonaria.—A long series from Cheshire and Lanes,
and 4 from Tiree.

Pecilopsis lapponaria.—A long series of both g and @.

Biston betularia.—The long series includes ‘several forms
intermediate between the type and ab. doubledayaria. -

Boarmia repandata.—Series of over 200.

Ab. conversaria, ab. nigricata and ab. sodorensium are well
represented. The restriction of the melanic forms to the North
Midland and Northern English Counties is well illustrated.

Cleora arenaria (viduaria).—Series of 7 from the Spilsbury
Collection, and 1 from the Sellon Collection.

NOTES ON THE COLLECTION OF BRITISH MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 13

Boarmia punctinalis (consortaria).—A long series of typical
forms, and 12 melanic specimens bred from Sutton Coldfield
stock, obtained from L. W. Newman.

Ectropis crepuscularia.—The long series contains many speci-
mens of ab. delamerensis, from S. Wales, N. Staffs, Cheshire and
Cumberland.

Ef. bistortata (biundularia).—Twenty melanic specimens from
Swansea are included in the series.

fj. consonaria.—The series includes 15 melanic specimens
bred from larve of Rainham stock obtained from L. W. Newman.

Isturgia limbaria.—A long series from the Spilsbury and
Chitty Collections without data, 6 from the Meldola Collection
labelled ‘‘ Ipswich, 1895,”’ and 2 from the Pogson Smith Collec-
tion labelled ‘‘ Ross-shire, Achanalt, 6, 91.”

Himaturga atomaria.—A long and very varied series. A most
remarkable male specimen from the Chitty Collection and
labelled ‘“‘ New Forest, 1887,” is pure pale yellow without any
markings at all.

Itame fulvaria (brunneata).—A long series from Perthshire
and Aberdeenshire, and two specimens from North Staffs taken
in June, 1920.

Chiasmia clathrata.—A remarkable specimen from the Pogson
Smith Collection taken at Nettlebed, Oxon., in August, 1892,
has the ground-colour of a uniform chocolate. Towards the
outer margin of all four wings are a few small white spots.

ZYGRNIDE.

Zygena purpuralis.—A long series from N. Wales, Galway
and Clare.

Z. achillee.—A series of 8 taken near Oban in 1919 by
P. C. Reid, Esq., presented by him.

Z. trifolii.—A very long and varied series showing almost
every form of variation, including var. lutescens, Cockl., from
Emsworth, presented by W. M. Christy, Esq.

Z. filipendule.—Nine examples of ab. flava, Robson, bred by
L. W. Newman from Kentish stock.

SEsuUDz.

_Sciapteron tabaniformis.—Three specimens. One from the
Hope Collection labelled ‘‘ Ealing Gardens, 1853.” One from
the Spilsbury Collection without date. The third from the Sellon
‘Collection labelled ‘‘ Cummings Collection.”

Sesia scolieformis—A series of 14 from Rannoch, and a
larva taken by myself in Canncock Chase, June 7th, 1920.

S. sphegiformis.—Four specimens bred Berkshire, presented
by C. Rippon, Esq. Three from the Sellon Collection labelled
“Tilgate Forest,” and 10 from North Staffs taken at flowers,
June, 1919, by myself.

14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

S. andreniformis.—Series of 11 with full data, all from Kent. —
Three from the Meldola Collection, 8 presented by BiG. Aca
Esq.

HEPIALIDS.

Hepialus humuli.—Included in the series are over 70 speci-_ :
mens of var. hethlandica.
(To be continued.)

NOTES ON VANESSID LARVAL.

By Paymasrer-in-Curer Grervass F. Maruew, R.N.,
Telesis Iida

In the ‘ Entomologist * for 1864—5, vol. 11, p. 132, Mr. J. BR. S.
Clifford surmises that the larve of V. urtice and of the genus
Vanessa in general are remarkably exempt from the attacks of
ichneumons. ‘This is not quite my experience, for since I began
collecting—as long ago as 1855—I must have fed up many
hundreds of larve of Urtice, Io and polychloros, and I generally
found that they were more or less infected with parasites. In
two instances | remember having had large broods of the larve
of polychloros, and only bred a single butterfly from each lot.

This year, on June 10th, I found a nest of very young
larve of V. urtice. They were spun up among the terminal
leaves of a couple of stems of nettle, growing side by side, and
almost touching, and appeared to be divided into two little
family parties, one of which contained twice as many larve as
the other. I took the largest lot, which comprised, as far as I
could guess, from 150 to 200 larvae, and left the other. I
judged from their size they were about two days old. I had
read somewhere that if the larve are taken very young they are
seldom found to be ichneumoned, and | thought this would be a
good opportunity of testing the truth of the statement.

On reaching home I put the larve, in their little nest, under
a large glass cylinder, with some nettles pulled up by the roots
and plunged into a wide-mouthed bottle beneath it. The larve
erew fast, and in a few days had reduced the leaves near their
nest to mere skeletons. By June 20th they were more than half
srown, and were in avery healthy-looking condition. On this day
I went to the place where I found them on the 10th of the month,
to see how those I had left behind were getting on. They appeared
to be a trifle larger than those I had at home, had quitted their
nest and were scattered about the plant. I took all I could
find—just 50—and when I got home they were placed under a
separate cylinder. By June 25th they were in their last skins,
and were consuming a large quantity of food. In the first
cylinder (the one that contained the first lot of larvee) they were

NOTES ON VANESSID LARVA. 15

too crowded, so I divided them into three lots, under separate
cylinders. I now had four cylinders on the table in front of my
sitting-room window, where [ could see and note everything that
went on.

On June 29th one or two of the second lot of larvee, taken on
the 20th, suspended themselves from the muslin roof of the
cylinder, but others seemed to have some difficulty in doing so,
and were evidently suffering from the attacks of parasites. A
few had ceased to feed and were resting in a listless humped-up
condition on their food-plant. The larve in the other cylinders
—those taken on June 10th—were all feeding up well and
rapidly, and by July 1st had become pup. At this date of the
second lot of larve only seven had changed to pupx, and the
remainder appeared to be stung, and I found several fat white
maggots wriggling about on the paper on which the cylinder was
standing, and also a number of dark reddish-brown fly pupe
about the size of those of the common house-fly.

The first butterflies emerged on July 14th and by the 18th
they had all hatched out as follows :

Seven only irom the 50 larve taken on June 20th; the rest.
were all ichneumoned or died.

Of the 141 larve comprising the first lot—taken June 10th—
every one produced a butterfly. so this seems to prove that very
young larve are not attacked by parasites.

On August 1st 1 found another small brood of larve, about
half grown, and took 58 of them. This was probably a second
brood. By the 12th most of them had changed to pupe, but
there were six or seven white maggots and a few brown fly pupz
lying on the paper beneath the cylinder. The butterflies emerged
on August 21st and 22nd, 46 altogether, so only 12 of these
larvee failed to produce imagines. This brood therefore seems to
have escaped the attention of parasites to a considerable extent.
The larve were found in a bed of nettles beneath the shadow of
some willow trees, where they were more or less sheltered.

In various countries abroad I found such Junessid larve as I
attempted to rear on board ship were singularly free from the
attacks of parasites. In 1878, when up the Dardanelles in
H.M.S. “‘ Cygnet ’—during the Russo-Turkish war—the larve of
V.antiopa were abundant on both sides of the Straits throughout
May and June. In the neighbourhood of Gallipoli, on June
13th, I noticed a number of full-grown larve wandering about
the branches of a small willow tree as if they were looking for
sheltered positions where they could attach themselves for pupa-
tion. I took 30 of the largest, and when I returned to the ship
put them into an empty biscuit tin, and tied a piece of muslin
over the top. The next morning they were all hanging to the
muslin, and by the evening of the 15th had become pup. ‘The
butterflies emerged on the 26th, and were most magnificent

16 _ THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

specimens, the largest I have ever seen. There were no signs —
of ichneumons. ia

At Lyttelton, near Christchurch, New Zealand, on January —
27th, 1884, I found the larve and pup of the beautiful Pyrameis —
gonerilla, Fabr., plentiful among nettles in the gullies on the ‘
mountain slopes at the back of the town, and took a large —
number. This stinging-nettle upon which the larve were —
feeding was taller and much more robust and bushy than our ~
common English plant, and its stinging powers about twice as
severe. The habits of the larve were much the same as those
of P. atalanta, as was also their general appearance I also
caught three fresh butterflies, evidently just emerged, and
observed worn females engaged egg-laying, so there was probably
a succession of broods during the summer. Subsequently a
number of the perfect insects were bred, and I did not find that
any of the larve or pupe had been attacked by parasites. On
March 9th, 1883, the first time I ever saw P. gonerilla alive, I
took three fine specimens in the Botanical Gardens, Wellington,
where I found them feasting on the sweet-smelling flowers of a
kind of privet. It is a beautiful insect when seen with its wings
fully expanded in the bright sun.

The larve of Pyrameis itea, Fabr., were very common at
Hobart, Tasmania, in February, 1883, and I took a number from
beds of nettles in various parts of the town and its outskirts,
and bred many of the butterflies, but did not notice any sign of
ichneumons. It also occurred in Australia, where I saw larvee
commonly in the neighbourhood of Sydney, as well as at Black-
heath, on the Blue Mountains, in February, 1885.

Another Vanessid, Junonia vellida, Faby., was common in
Australia, and upon all the islands in the Pacific that I visited.
Its habits much resemble those of A. urtice. Near Sydney I found -
the larve feeding on Plantago major and P. lanceolata, as well as
upon Antirrhinum, in the Botanical Gardens. At the Friendly
Islands they fed on sweet potato and on other islands they were
to be met with feeding, quite exposed, on the leaves of a kind of
Daphne. I bred a large number of the butterflies, but did not
notice that any of the larve or pupe were “ stung.”

Dovercourt ;
November 23rd, 1921.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

CoRRECTION oF A GENERIC NamE—In my ‘ Hxotic Microlepi-
doptera,’ vol. ii, p. 456, issued in November, 1921, I described a new
genus of Cosmopterygid@ under the name Mothonica, unaccountably
forgetting Lord Walsingham’s use of the same name for a genus of
Xyloryctide (probably a synonym of Stenoma). I now propose to
substitute for my genus the name Mothonodes—E. Muyrick ;
Thornhanger, Marlborough, November 24th.

4
tS NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. aby

‘ _ New Name For a Fossin Tipunm Fry.—By an unfortunate over-
i sight I have given the name Dicranomyia excavata to a Gurnet Bay
fossil in ‘Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ June, 1921, p. 458, when the same
_ name had been applied to a different species in ‘Entomologist,’ May,
1921. The later (June), D. excavata, may be renamed D. exhumata,
~n.n.—T, D, A. CockERELL.

Pieris rapa, L., In DrcemBER.—My daughter, Miss G. M.
Haines, brought in, yesterday afternoon, a specimen of Pieris
rape, l., which she found settled on a blade of grass in this village.
The specimen is a very small male and appears newly emerged. It
is somewhat more strongly marked than the paler specimens of the
usual spring brood, but much more lightly than normal summer
specimens. The apical blotch of the fore wings is quite distinct, but
palish, as in the rather faint central spot. A very pale, rather linear
suffusion is present before the apex on the costal border of the hind
wings. The weather is still very mild, and the insect might represent,
alter such a phenomenal season, a fourth brood of the species !—
F, H. Hatnes; Brookside, Winfrith, Dorset, December 9th, 1921.

CoLIAS EDUSA AND SOME OTHER SPECIES aT HastBourNE.—All
through the past glorious summer, with its brilliant sunshine and
undue share of easterly and south-easterly gentle breezes, we have been
on the look-out for Colias edusa, but it was not until so late a date as
October 26th that it came under our notice. On that morning, as I
strolled on the Parade between 9 and 10 o'clock, I noticed a yellow

butterfly feasting at a blossom of red valerian, and on approaching
nearer to it found that it was without doubt edusa, but before I had
time to examine it closely it flew up over the top of the bank and
away inland, but from the glance that I got I judged it to be some-
what faded in colour. An hour or two later on the same morning I
-c¢ame upon another some mile or so further along the coast in one of
the hollows under the Downs. This I was able to examine carefully and
found it to be a female, without a chip in its wings, but undoubtedly
much faded as though it had travelled a considerable distance.
Although the weather continued fine for nearly a fortnight longer no
other specimens of this species were seen. Other species that
frequent our sea-front and its adjacent gardens have been remarkable
rather for the late dates to which some of them have lingered with
us than for their abundance at any time during the summer. Of the
Vanessids, for instance, Pyrameis (Cynthia) cardut was first seen on
July 1st, but not again until September 25th, from which date it
occurred sparingly until the last week in October, when it became
quite numerous for a few days, the last, a single individual, being met
with on November 7th. Pyrameis atalanta was noted on July 30th,
a single specimen, then from the end of September until October 30th,
when it was last seen, was of almost daily occurrence, but only to
the extent of some two or three individuals in a day. It appears to
have been somewhat commoner a few miles inland, and I may
mention in passing that when I was at Latchford, on the Cheshire
border, on September 3rd it was there very abundant, a score or
more frequently feeding at the blossoms of a Buddleia, of which
shrub several fine specimens were growing in the garden that I was

ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1922. C

18 - THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

visiting. Aglais wrtice has been quite a rarity. Pzeras brassicae was ~
at no time sufficiently common to cause any serious anxiety as to our |
cabbages, and P. rapa, although for a week or so towards the end of |
July looking like becoming too numerous, soon died down, and had |
disappeared altogether by October 10th. Pararge megera has |
thrown three fairly well-defined broods, the first appearing on ~
May 2nd and continuing throughout that month. The second and ~
most numerous was out from July 22nd until about August 20th,and |
a small third brood from September 29th to October 7th, which was |
the last date on which the species was noted. Chryosphanus phleus
has produced certainly three and possibly four broods during the ~
season. From May Ist to 16th it was frequently met with; then ~
came a gap until July 3rd, from which date to the end of the month
it was common. A few were seen about the middle of August, but
whether stragglers from the earlier brood or a small third one it is
difficult to say, but from September 29th to October 11th it was
againcommon. Three or four species should, however, be mentioned
on account of their great abundance. Round about the end of May
and first week or so in June Cupido minimus occurred in greater
numbers and over a wider area than I have before met with that
species, even invading the Parades and our gardens. In the middle
of July Epinephele jurtina rose from the long grass of the hollows of
the Downs in numbers in the evening at every step as one walked
through it, and at the same time practically every knapweed head was
seething with Zygena filupendule, a single head frequently haying
half a dozen individuals upon it. During the latter half of October
Plusia gamma, which species by the way had been fairly common in
June, suddenly became very abundant about the middle of October,
swarming about the red valerian blossoms in vast numbers both by
day and night, and so continued until the end of the month. It was
last seen out of doors on November 7th, but an individual insisted
upon buzzing about the house as soon as the lights were turned on
until the evening of the 10th.—Rosrrt ApxKin; Eastbourne, December,
1921.

ConIAs HYALE IN Kent AnD C. EpuSA IN Dorset.—C. hyale was
common this year in the Ashford district, notably more so than
at Folkestone. The insect favoured lucerne fields in preference to
clover, especially in spots where it was protected from a rather cold
south-east wind which was blowing during the month of August.
My first specimens were taken on July 31st, and the last on August
26th. White females were fairly common, especially towards the end
of August. C. edusa was conspicuous for its absence. The latter,
however, was fairly abundant at Weymouth during the first fortnight
in October. I believed many of these to have belonged to a second
brood. Scorr, M.B.; Hayesbank, Ashford, Kent.

PYRAMEIS CARDUI IN NortH LANCASHIRE AND WESTMORLAND,—
The following occurrences of Pyrameis cardui may possibly be worth
recording as I have not seen the species before in the following
localities: High Carley, near Ulverston, Lancashire—a female—Sep-
tember 19th, 1921. Another specimen at Elswick, in the Fylde,
September, 1921. Two specimens in a garden at Bowness-on-_

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 19

_ Windermere, Westmorland, September 18th, 1921.—G. Lissanv Cox;
Preston.

_TuirD Broop oF PaRARGE MEGHRA AND COLIAS EDUSA IN
Hants.—With reference to the Rey. Gilbert H. Raynor’s remarks
(‘ Hutom., vol. liv, p. 269) on the third brood of this species, I should
like to place on record its occurrence as late as the last week of
October and first of November on low cliffs facing the sea, between
Milford-on-Sea and the Hurst Castle marshes, South Hants, in prime
condition, of normal size, very active and elusive on the wing, and
hardly resting for a moment. At the same time and place Colias
edusa was likewise to be seen, with, however, somewhat changed
methods of flight, fluttering, uncertainly and weakly, round bramble
and other bushes, and could have been captured without any exertion
or trouble. The specimens were equally fine. At Milford the
weather conditions of this very remarkable autumn were abnormally
mild and summerlike till November 7th, when, after a sudden
furious storm of wind and rain, cold weather suddenly set in, with
deep snow in some places and keen frost throughout England.—
I. Cosmo Menyitt; Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury.

SECOND Broops oF NISONIADES TAGES AND CUPIDO MINIMUS.—
Numerous examples of Nisoniades (Thanaos) tages were observed on
the Downs here during the last few days of July. So far as my own
observations were concerned I could not see that these specimens
were in any way different from the normal spring ones. Cupido
(Zizera) muumus occurred at the same time and place in abundance,
although the early June emergence was quite scarce.—A. T. Postans;
148, Fawcett Road, Portsmouth.

Larv# or SPHINX CONVOLVULI IN Hants.—On October 25th, whilst
_ pulling mangolds in a field nearby, the worker found two larvee which
he brought to me, and which proved to be S. convolvulr. The field
- was searched over on subsequent days but Convolvulus arvensis was
_ yery scarce. On November 4th one other larva was found. Further
search was not successful, and doubtless the cold weather and snow
of the nights of the 7th and 8th destroyed both any other larve there
may have been and what little remained of the withering food-plant.
Each of the three larve is of a dark muddy sepia brown ground-
_ colour, inconspicuously and minutely mottled with yellow dots. The
face mask is blackish with three yellow stripes on either side with a
shorter sub-triangular central stripe. There is a more or less
conspicuous yellow sub-dorsal stripe on each side extending from the
head to the fifth segment. From that point its position 1s indicated
by a yellowish spot on the anterior portion of each segment from the
sixth to the eleventh. These spots are not connected by any
intermediate stripe. Below the spiracles, which are blackish in
colour, there is an interrupted continuous bold whitish subspiracular
- line throughout the whole length. This line extends round the anal flap,
at which point it is more yellow in colour. There are distinct oblique
blackish side stripes on segments 5 to 11 and indications of a dorsal
stripe on segments 2 and 3. The horn is black and shiny. Ee
ventral area, legs and prolegs are dark, slightly shagreened wit
_ yellowish. When at rest the larva lies half curled with head paralle

20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. —

to the 10th or 11th segment. The length of the two larve frst
found was about 82 in. The third larva was slightly smaller. This |
description of the larva when compared with the plate in Kirby's”
‘European Butterflies and Moths’ does not give the impression that |
his illustration is true to life. It may be that the larva assumes the |
magnificent appearance as shown in the plate when fully grown, and ~
that the larvee found by me have yet to cast their skins for a final |
time. It agrees, however, well with the plate in Buckler’s ‘ Larvee,’ |
vol. ii, except that the larvee all showed a marked melanic tendency ~
in harmony with the dark soil of the field where they were found. |
In years gone by S. cunvolvuli not infrequently was to be seen hovering ~
over a bed of Nicotiana affinis in my garden, but this year no specimen ~
was seen.—ALANn Druitt; Willow Lodge, Christchurch. i
[Since writing this note two of the larva have died. The third ~
has been preserved as a cabinet specimen.—A. D.] |

DEIOPEIA PULCHELLA AND STERRHA SACRARIA AT LULWORTH.—
I wish to record my capture on October 11th of a fine fresh female
specimen of D. pulchella and a fine fresh male specimen of
S. sacraria on the cliffs near Lulworth. The moths were taken
within a few yards of one another. It was a cold day and there was ~
a strong breeze blowing from the sea. On this account I presume ~
that they were likely to be migrants.—E. Scort, M.B.; Hayesbank,
Ashford, Kent.

ORRHODIA ERYTHROCEPHALA, ETC., NEAR HASTBOURNE. — This
species turned up again on October 29th on the same sugaring
round and within about forty yards of the spot where I took one in
November, 1913. It is the glabra form and in very good condition.
I have tried twice since but the evenings were unsuitable. Ivy
bloom has been the best method of collecting here this autumn.
Although insects were not at all numerous the first week in October
I took twelve Xylina semibrunea, two on the Ist, one on the 5th,
and on the 4th, 6th and 8th three each evening, all in fine condition.
The bloom was nearly gver when I went with a friend on the 10th, ~
but on the only clump we were able to search before a heavy storm
drove us home the, insects were far more numerous than on any
previous occasion, but I am still waiting for the evening when
‘every bunch of blossom has three or four occupants.” —Hpwin P.
SHARP; 1, Bedfordwell Road, Hastbourne.

ORRHODIA ERYTHROCEPHALA GLABRA AT HasTBouRNE.—At the
suggestion of Mr. H. P. Sharp I am writing to inform you that I was
fortunate enough to capture a specimen of Orrhodia erythrocephala
ab. glabra at sugar on November 24th within a short distance of the
spot where Mr. Sharp made his capture.—S. A. CHartres; 4, King’s
Drive, Hastbourne, December 14th, 1921. ;

AconTIA LuUcTUOSA aT SuGAR.—In glancing through my entomo-
logical diary for the past season, I am reminded of a somewhat
phenomenal occurrence which I thought might be worth recording
in the ‘ Entomologist.’ This was the capture of two examples of
A. luctwosa from sugar patches quite late in the evening, viz. 10 p.m.
The exact date was July 27th, the evening of which was not a

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 1

‘particularly favourable one for sugaring in consequence of the
exposed situation chosen (a row of posts on an almost bare hillside),
and upon which the rays of an almost full moon were directed.

One of the moths taken flew off from the sugar as I approached and
the net had to be brought into action for its capture. The thought

has occurred to me that possibly the bright moonlight may have
-been in some way responsible for the late activities of this usually

sun-loving species. It would be interesting to know if other readers
have observed this unusual habit in Juctuosa.—A. T. Posrans :
148, Faweett Road, Portsmouth.

‘THALPOCHARES (MICRA) PARVA.—Whilst searching ivy here at
2 p.m. on November Ist, 1921, I took a good specimen of 7. parva at

‘rest on an ivy leaf immediately below an ivy bloom on which it had

most probably fed. It sat with wings depressed after the fashion of
Pionea forficalis and Margarodes wnionalis, and was very active when
the “closure” was applied. Mr. J. W. Metealfe, with his usual

‘kindness, has verified my capture. Several Noctwe were observed

taking long and rapid flights in the bright October sunshine. Most
of them appeared to be Agrotids, but one that was netted proved to

-be a male Aporophyla mgra. Autumn “sugar” was a failure. —

P. P. Minman; Cyprina, Lower Conway Road, Paignton.
Notres oN BUTTERFLIES FROM THE Bucks CuiutTERNs, 1921.—

Generally speaking buttertlies were abundant on the hills. The

spring broods all appeared early, and were perhaps only normal in
numbers, but the unbroken hot dry weather from May to July was
favourable to larvee, etc., and second and third broods of some species
were very plentiful. I saw no evidence of scarcity of food-plants
adversely affecting any species; the chief effect of the drought
seemed to be the unusual rapidity with which insects became worn.
It was difficult to get ‘cabinet’ specimens a fortnight after
emergence—such was my experience, at any rate. The following
notes on certain species from one area may be of interest: Pveris
rape, perfectly fresh specimens taken in September suggest a third
emergence. Gonepteryx rhamnt (July 14th):Vanessa vo (July 11th),
Aglais urtice (July 3rd), Pyrameis atalanta (July 3rd), a fair number
about for two or three weeks subsequent to these dates, then
altogether disappeared. P. cardwi, only worn insects seen, early in
July. Dryas paphia, first seen June 26th, fairly common in several
woods. Brenthis euphrosyne, common and well distributed. Melan-
argia galatea, emerged about June 22nd, abundant in certain localities.
Pararge megera, fairly common in May and August though rather
local. P. egeria, var. egerides, four broods occurred, and the butterfly
was common in most woods all the season. Hmergences approxi-
mately as follows: (1) middle of April, (2) June 10th, (3) July 25th,
(4) first week in September. The females of the spring brood are an
unusually yellow form, I think. Fourth brood males very dark; one
taken has all yellow obsolete except for two small spots towards tip
of fore wings. Zephyrus quercus, Thecla w-albwm, very local.
Chrysophanus phl@as, spring brood rather scarce, second and third
plentiful. The last emerged early in September. Polyommatus
icarus, three emergences, May 12th, July 16th and September Ist.

22. THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Second and third broods abundant, var. cwrulea frequent. Females |
of last brood often very dark. Cwpido minimus, emerged May 12th. |
Plentiful in many places; a partial second brood in August. |
Celastrina argiolus, very scarce in the spring, and by no means ~
common in July and August. Agriades corydon, emerged about —
July 20th. Not so plentiful as might have been expected this
summer; females mostly typical. Nemeobsus lucina, very local.— ~
S. B. Hopason; 3, Bassett Road, North Kensington, W.

LEPIDOPTERA TAKEN OR BRED FROM LARVHZ AND PUP FOUND IN
THE GARDEN AT 3, LirrneE DraAn’s YARD, WESTMINSTER.—Said ~
garden measures about 84 feet by 36 feet. Rhopalocera: Pverts —
brassice, Pierts rape. Heterocera: Dilina (Mimas) tihe, Phalera ~
bucephala, Orgyia antiqua, Spilosoma menthastri, Spilosoma lwbrici- —
peda, Acronycta psi, Noctua primule, Aaxylia putris, Triphena —
(Agrotis) comes, Triphena (Agrotis) pronuba, Barathra brassice, —
Mamestra oleracea, Huplexia lucipara, Phlogophora meticulosa,
Mormo maura, Nenia typica, Caradrina taraxact, Caradrina
quadripunctata, Amphipyra pyramidea, Calymnia affinis, Amathes —
(Orthosia) lota, Plusia gamma, Abrostola triplasia. Xanthorhoé
fluctuata, Hupithecia oblongata, Hupithecia vulgata, Abraxas grossu- —
lariata, Ennomos quercinaria, Selena bilunaria, var. julraria, Oura-
pteryx sambucaria, Hybernia defoliaria, Lycia hirtaria, Hemerophala
(Synopsia) abruptaria, Boarmia rhomboidaria.—(Rey.) A. G. S.
Raynor, 3, Little Dean’s Yard, Westminster. ae 7d

A FortTNIGHT IN CARNARVONSHIRE.—We—that is, my friend
Mr. E. D. Bostock and myself—started on September Ist for a
fortnight’s pursuit of Lepidoptera at Abersoch, a village on the coast
seven miles west of Pwllheli. The first object of our expedition was
to search for the larvee of Dianthecia barretti, the imago of which I ~
had taken there in 1897 and 1899 (‘Entom.,’ vols. xxx and xxxii), but
though we examined hundreds of plants of Silene maritima not a
trace of the larva could we find. During the first week the weather
was warm and sunny, and butterflies were numerous. Pieris brassice
and P. rap@ were common, and Pyvameis atalanta abundant on the ~
purple flowers of a large species of Veronica. P. cardwz also was
fairly common, but seemed to prefer the flowers of heather to the
Veronica, though it visited both. Vanessa urtice in fair numbers
was in good condition, possibly a third brood. Worn specimens of
the second brood of Lycena icarus were numerous on the sandhills,
where were also many Canonympha pamphilus, some in quite fresh
condition, and a third brood of Chrysophanus phl@as was beginning
to appear. Hive specimens of Colias edusa were seen, but their flight
was too rapid for capture. On the sandhills at Port Nigel, which
we visited one day, we found a few specimens in fair condition of a
second brood of Brenthis selene, and saw a worn female of Argynnis
aglaia. On the sandhills at Abersoch there were a few wooden posts
still standing, the remains of what had once been a fence enclosing

a large square. On these we put sugar every night, and to it moths
came freely. The most abundant visitors were Agrotis vestigialis,
Noctua xanthographa and Phlogophora meticulosa, and in smaller
numbers were Agrotis segetum, A. exclamationis and A. upsilon,

3

Noctua glareosa, N.c-mgrum and N. plecta, Triphena pronuba and
2D. comes, Xylophasia monoglypha, Leucania littoralis (these last
evidently from their condition and small size a second brood), and
Apamea secalis. Occasional visitors were Stilbia anomala, Hypenodes
costestrigalis, Aporophyla lichenea, A. nigra and A. lunosa. On
September 8th A. lutulenta appeared, and continued to come in
increasing numbers until the day of our departure (September 15th)
and altogether we took over thirty specimens. None of them were
of the ordinary English brown form, but all were ab. luneburgensis or
ab. sedt. The occurrence in this locality of these forms of A. lutulenta
of D. barretia of the brown Howth form, together with that of the
4ygena pilosellg, is extremely interesting. The abnormality of
the season is well shown by the second broods of three species
usually only single-brooded on this side of the English Channel
aa B. selene, A.exclamationis and L. littoralis.—¥.C. WooprorpE:
xford.

CRICKETS AND Reruse Dumps.—With reference to Mr. Campion’s
note (p. 246), I can put on record that last autumn crickets were
plentiful and very noisy about 3 p.m. on two Saturday afternoons on
the edge of a large dump between Kew and Mortlake. I have not
come across my notes on the occurrence, so cannot just now say the
exact dates, but I see from my pocket diary that I passed the spot on
October 2nd and 9th, and again on November 6th and 20th. Probably
the two former dates would be the ones. November 20th was at the
beginning of the cold spell we had last winter, so can be ruled out.
The dump faced south, and was composed of household refuse, ashes
and old tins, flanked by a mass of old cabbage and Brussels sprouts
stalks, amongst which were the crickets. Then, again, on October 1st
this year, near Grays, Essex, we found crickets plentiful on the sea-
wall between the stones, and further on the edge of a refuse dump,
mostly ashes. Both these dumps were smouldering in places, so
there would be extra temperature beyond that derived from the sun’s
rays, this being similar to the case mentioned by Mr. Campion.—
H. J. Burxinyu; 79, Cornhill, H.C. 3.

-. SOCIETIES. 93

SOCIETIES.

THE EntTomonocican Society oF Lonpon.—November 16th,
1921.—The Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild, M.A., F.B.S., etc., President,
in the Chair.—The Secretary announced that the Council had
nominated the following Officers and Council for 1922: President:
The Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild, M.A., F.R.S., etc. Treasurer:
W.G. Sheldon, F.Z.S. Secretaries: Messrs. S. A. Neave, M.A., D.Sc.,
F.Z.S., H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.8. Librarian: H. J. Turner.
Council: Messrs. Robert Adkin, H. EK. Andrewes, Ernest C. Bedwell,
James H. Collin, F.Z.8., J. Davidson, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. J. Joicey,
H.L.S., F.Z.S., F.B.G.8., etce., Frederick Laing, William G, I’. Nelson,
Prof. E. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., ete., Norman Denbigh
Riley, H. Rowland-Brown, M.A., J.. Waterston, D.Sc., B.D. After
some discussion, it was decided to hold an informal meeting on
January 4th, 1922, at 5.30 to 7.30 p.m.—Hhibits : Mr. W. J. Kaye,

DA THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

a new race of the Ithomiine butterfly Dircenna lenea, from Trinidad, —
with a series of the typical forms from the Potaro district of British
Guiana.—Mr. A. W. Bacot, enlarged microphotographs of the eggs —
of bed bugs.—Mr. W. G: Sheldon, Lepidoptera from Sutherlandshire—
Dr. A. E. Cockayne, an example of Pyramezs atalanta with larval —
head.—Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., discussed the question of —
fluorescence as evidence for the evolution of the pigments of mimetic
females from those of their non-mimetic males, and said that with
the help of Dr. Cockayne, he had been able to examine for
fluorescence the Nairobi forms of Papilio dardanus that had been
shown by Canon StA. Rogers at the last meeting.—Mr. H.
Donisthorpe, specimens of the Chalcid, Spalangia erythromera,
together with its Dipterous host, and the ant Acanthomyops
fuliginosus in the nest of which these insects live-—Dr. Neave read
a translation from the German of an amusing skit on modern —
systems of zoological nomenclature. ; Age
December 7th, 1921.—The Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild, M.A.,
F.R.S., etc., President, in the Chair.—The Secretary again read the
list of nominations of officers and council for the ensuing year, and
said that he had not received any alternative names.—The following
were elected Fellows of the Society: Messrs. W. Bevan Whitney,
B.Sc., A.M.Inst.C.E., “Glen Doone,’ Gerrards Cross, Bucks;
Edward Nevill Wilmer, Trafford Hall, near Chester, and Corpus
Christi College, Oxford ; and John Glover Hugo Frew, M.Sc., 262,
Church Road, Yardley, Birmingham, and Rothamsted Experimental
Station, Harpenden.—The Secretary expressed the hope that the
informal meeting to be held on January 4th, 1922, between 5.30-
7.30 p.m.; would be well attended, and said that Dr. Cockayne had
kindly offered to show the effect of fluorescence on butterflies—an
exhibit which would be of great interest to Fellows.—Prof. H.
Maxwell-Lefroy, on behalf of Dr. A. Moore, a new method
of preserving insects.—Mr. G. Talbot discussed the existence in
Africa of a remarkable Papilio of the antimachus group, and also
exhibited, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, a gynandromorphous
example of Argynns hyperbius castestz.—Mr. R. Adkin brought for
exhibition a series of Aglais urtice ; this exhibit gave rise to some
discussion on the comparative rarity of A. wrtice in 1921, and on the
relative abundance and apparent spread in the South of England of
Vanessa c-album.—My. W. J. Kaye, Heliconius from Trinidad, and a
remarkable Hrycinid, Nymphidium maravalica, with its supposed
model, Adelpha aphicla.—Prof. Poulton, black varieties of the Longi-
corn beetle, Gramoptera analis, on behalf of Mr. J oseph Collins; he
also gave an account of some observations of Mr. A. H. Hamm on
the third brood of Heodes phleas trom the Newbury district in 1921,
and exhibited the specimens referred to.—Mr. R. Stenton, some
living Mantids bred from an egg-case taken by Mr. J. C. F. Fryer on an
imported Japanese maple.—The following papers were read: “ Descrip-
tions of South American Micro-Lepidoptera,” by Mr. HE. Meyrick,
B.A., F.B.S., F.Z.5. ‘ Notes on Orthoptera in the British Museum;
Group II, Callaptaminz,” by Mr. B. Uvarov.—Mr. C, Nicholson read
some notes on Vespide@, and on a remarkable nest of Vespa vulgaris,
illustrated with lantern-slides.

EXCHANGE.

: [The publication of Notices of Exchange, or of Advertisements, in the ‘ Hntomo-
ist.” is in nO way & guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good
fition of the Species. This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of
agers or Advertisers. but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, in case the liberty
d@ should be abused.| Mariced * are bred,

Kes" Noricns. or Excuancu should be received by the 2lsv or BACH
TH to insure insertion. Not moré than Six Lines ean be allowed for each

| Duplicates.—Pupe: S. ocellatus. Imagos: Ocellatus,* Tipuliformis, B.
uercus™ (very fine, 4.9, 1 4), Nupta, Maura, Moneta, Flavoeincta, Palleus,
Matura, Puta, Xanthographa (various), Pyramidea, Prunaria & (3), A. promutata
2), Tersata (second brood), Decolorata (4). Desiderata.—Procellus, Promissa,
Sponsa, Fuciformis, Bombyliformis, Crabroniformis, Apiformis, and local Northern
species. Black pins, full data and good condition only.—Herbert Wm. Baker,
26, Woodfield Terrace, Ipswich Road, Stowmarket, Suffolk.
\ Duplicates.—Seléne, T. rubi, Blandina 4, Rumicis* and var., Salicis,* Chi,
War. Olivacee, Glauca,* Pedaria* (melanic), Luteata, Leucophearia and var., Car-
Pinata,* Tristate, Testata,* Atrata, ete. Desiderata.—Very numerous to renew
d/extend.—G. Fleming, 26, West Grove, Merthyr Tydfil.
» . Duplicates.—Ova: Olivacea, Pennaria, Angularia. Pups :,Innotata, Bidentata,
)Dromedarius. Wanted.—Ova: Tiliaria, Erosaria. Pupe: Crepuscularia, Biun-
fularia, Rivata, Galiata. Tmagines: “pugs,” Immanata, Grossulariata varieties,
lata, Siterata, Salicata, Olivata, Picata, Munitatia, Nigrofasciaria, Firmata.—
A. Harrison, The Avenue, Birtley S.0., Co- Durham.
» Duplreates——M. captiuncula, EH. congelatella, P. varieagana (white var.),
PSauciana, Brunhichiana, Semifuscana. (6), Occultana,, Schulziana, Dorsana,
»Biarcuana, Nanana, Vacciniana, Strobilella, Incarnatana (4), Dimidiana,* Badiana,
) Baumanniana, D. salicella (4), Bertrami, T. corticella, Nervosa, etc. Desiderata.—
Pyrales; Tortrices, ete.—T. Ashton Lofthouse, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.
— Duplicates.—Bicolorana,Couvolvuli, Menyanthidis, Dicteoides, Interrogationis,
‘Thalassina, Oratesi q, Triplasia, Tincta (fair), Alternata, Mendica, Nupta, Urticz,
“Atalanta. Desiderata.—C. album, summer brood only. with data.—B. W. Neave,
| Lyndhurst. 95, Queens Road, Brownswood Park, London, N. 4.
ie Duplicates:—Selene, Sibylia (fine), Galatea,.T. rubi, Algon, Corydon, Acton,
? Heetus, Populata, Viretata (fine), Multistricaria, Fimbria, Ambigua, etc., ete.
_ Desiderata.—Depuneta, Populeti, and very numerous to replace; first-rate condi-
tion only.— W. C. Wells, 354, Boldmere Road, Erdington, Birmingham.

|. Ositvary,—With very great regret we have to announce that Dr.
Chapman passed from among us on December 17th. A detailed notice will
“appear in our February issue.

> To CorresPonDENTs.—All notes, papers, books for review, &¢c., and notices
‘ot Exchange should be sent to the Editor

RICHARD SOUTH, 4, MAPESBURY COURT, SHOOT-UP HILL, BRONDES-
BURY, N.W. 2.

FoR SALE.—Nearly every species of British Macro-
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‘condition and at lowest possible prices. Also many pupe,
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~ A: J: SPILLER, Chinnor, Wallingford.

CONTENTS. : 3

A Synopsis of British Proctotrypide (Oxyura), Claude Morley, F.E.S., F.,
1. Notes on British Odonata in 1920, W. J. Lucas, BA., FAS
on the Lepidoptera of Glen Fender, Perthshire, and Invershin, Suthei
The late F. G. Whittle, F.E.S., 10. Some Notes on the Collection o:
Macro-Lepidoptera in the Hope Department of the Oxtord University M r
F. C. Woodforde, B.A. F.E.S. (continued from vol. liv, p, 289), 2%
on Vanessid Larve, Paymaster-in-Chief Gervase F. Mathew, i.
F.ES., 14. ,

Noves anp OgpservaTions.—Gorrection of a Generic Name, #. Meyrick iG, Ne
Name for a Fossil Tipulid Fly,’ 7. D. A. Cockerell, 17. Pieris rape, L., i
December, F’. H. Haines, 17. Colias edusa and some. other Species at Eastbourn
Robert Adkin, 17. .Colias hyale in Kent and C. edusa im Dorset, His
M.B.,18. Pyrameis carduiin North Lancashire and Westmorland, G@. Lis
Cox, 18. Third Brood of Pararge megera and Colias edusa in Hants, J. Co
Melwill, 19.. Seeond Brodds of Nisoniades tages and Cupida minimus, #
Postans, 19. Larve of Sphinx conyolvuli in Hants, Alam Dractt, 19. Deioper
pulchella and Sterrha sacraria at Lulworth, #. Scott, M.B., 20, Orrhodi
erythrocephala, ete., near Eastbourne, Hdwin P. Sharp, 20. ) Orth
erythrocephala glabra at Eastbourne, S. A. Chartres, 20, Aéontia luet
at Sugar, A. 1. Postans, 20. Thalpochares’ (micra) parva, P. P. Milman,
Notes on Butterflies from the Bucks Chilterns, 1921, S. B. Hodgson, 24
Lepidoptera Taken or Bred from Larve and Pup» found in the Garden at 3,
Little Dean’s Yard, Westminster, (Rev.) A. G. 8. Raynor, 22. A Formight
Carnarvonshire, ¥. C. Woodforde, 22. Crickets and Refuse Dumps,”
Burkill, 23. Sry

Socreties.—The Entomological Society of London, 23. ve

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THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vou. LV| © ##=«FEBRUARY, 1929. [No. 705

——

THE GENUS “ AMBLYPODIA” AUCTORWM (DE NECED
VILLE, MOORE, SWINHOE, ETC.), NEC HORSFIELD \
(LEP. RHOP). ( FEBIy iyz2

By.N. D. Rmey, F.E.S., PS, é
SOSONI AN GEL
THE. generic name Amblypodia was proposed by Horsfield
(‘ Cat. Lep.,’ E.1.C., p. 98, 1829) for a large number of species of
Liycenide, divided into five sections. viz.: (1) ‘Narada;
(2) vwarna; (3) apidanus, centaurus, helus, eumolphus ;
(4) phocides ; (5) vulcanus, lohita, syama and some others. On
p- 111 of the same work he states that he considers the species
of the third section to be typical of the genus. The type of the
genus must therefore be one of the species included in the third
section, and Boisduval’s action in 1870, specifying narada as the
type, cannot be accepted. The type was finally fixed by Scudder
in 1875, who specified apidanus as the type. His action was
perfectly correct, and must be upheld. Amblypodia must there-
fore supersede Arhopala as at present used, and I propose the
name Horsfieldia, n.n., to replace the Amblypodia of modern
authors, with narada, Horsf., as the type of the genus.

Since theappearance of Bethune-Baker’s excellent ‘ Monograph
of the Amblypodia Group’ little has been done with this rather
obscure genus. ‘The life-history of one of the species (H. anita,
Hew.) has been admirably described by T. R. Bell in the ‘ Journal
of the Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,’ xxvi, p. 444, and that of the
other (H. narada, Horsf.) less fully by Snellen in ‘ Rhop. Java,
Lycenide,’ p. 68, 1918; and the various races of the species
‘hopelessly confused by Fruhstorfer in a paper in the ‘ Ent. Zeits.’
(Stuttgart), xxi, p. 150, 1907.

As the latter paper is very misleading and also very little
known, the following summary of the species and their named
forms would appear to be necessary.

The genus, so far as is known, is composed of three species,
“separated as follows :

42

Males.

a. Upper side fore wing, purple with a narrow even black
border . ‘ : é ; : : :
B. Upper side fore wing, brilliant blue.
‘a. Black border narrow on costa and posterior portion
of hind margin, broad at apex. i ‘ . narada.

ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1922. D

. anita.

26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

b. Black border very broad, occupying more than half
the wing surface.

a’. Lower teeth at extremity of clasper strong,

well separated, the ventral edge of clasper

concave centrally ; —narada,
b’. Same teeth small, close together, ventral edge
of clasper nowhere concave 3 : . annetta.
Females.

a. With blue (or purple) markings on fore wing only, or
none at all . ; anita.
B. With blue (or purple) m markings on both wings.
a. The outer edge of blue on fore wing conforming to
the contour of the hind margin, or, if not, then
only of small extent. anita.
b. Outer edge converging markedly with hind margin
towards inner angle; if only of small extent then
very much longer posteriorly than anteriorly . narada.
c. The blue of approximately the same extent on both
wings, barely extending more than half-way from
base to hind margin... : : : : . annetta.

The males in this genus fall very readily into three well-
defined groups, according to their genitalia. Individual varia-
tion of these parts, however, is considerable, and seasonal
variation seems also to occur; in a typical ‘‘ wet’ male from
Ceylon the teeth at the extremity of the claspers are not nearly
so strongly developed as are those of a “‘ dry” male, with red .
underside, from the same locality. The claspers in all three
species are only strongly chitinised outwardly, ventrally and
towards the base for a short distance from the extremity, the
bulk of the inner and dorsal surfaces being only membranous.
In all three the distal edge is characterised by having two large
teeth, one above the other, and a series of smaller ones above
these. Anitaand annetta are very similar as to the arrangement
of these teeth, but annetta has the lower two the more delicate,
shorter in relation to the length of the whole clasper, and with
the lowest arising sooner than in anita, the remainder not
directed upwards to such an extent. Narada is separable at
once from either of the others by the size and different arrange-
ment of these two main teeth, and by the constriction of the
clasper about the middle.

(1) HorsFrerpia anita, Hew.

This species is only ara and somewhat doubtfully separable
inte local races, the differentiation of which is not very advanced.

THE GENUS ‘‘ AMBLYOPODIA’’ AUCTORUM. 27

(a) H. anita naradoides, Moore.

Confined to Ceylon. Although I have examined some forty
examples of this race, I cannot find any definite character on
which to separate it from Indian specimens. It is, however, on
the average considerably larger and somewhat darker. The
typical female has a large blue (or purple) patch on the fore
wing, and occasionally a trace of blue about the bases of veins
3 and 4 onjthe hind wing above; the ¢ -f. darana, Moore, has
the blue area replaced by a brown of markedly lighter shade
than the rest of the wing, and occasionally a little blue scaling
centrally in area 1 a of fore wing above.

(b) H. anita anita, Hew.

Amblypodia narada dina, Friihst., op. cit., p. 150.
Amblypodia arracana, Grose-Smith, A.M.N.H. (5), xx, p. 268.
Amblypodia narada, Swinhoe, Lep. Ind., viii, p. 136.

Hixtends from the Nilgiris to Khandala and across to Bengal,
Darjeeling, Assam, Burma and Siam, and possibly to Malacca.

Hewitson’s type is a small, bright purple specimen, with a
moderate black border and a red underside; it came from Siam.
One example in the British Museum from Darjeeling (Klwes
Coll.) agrees remarkably well with the description of arracana.
Burmese specimens are usually very pale above and below, and
have only a very narrow black border on the upperside; they
have an extremely ‘dry’ appearance. Specimensfrom Madras
and the Nilgiris have markedly pale cilia, the males rather pale
above, pale reddish buff below, the females generally very light.
From Kanara specimens are usually small, rather dark, the
dlack border in the male comparatively broad ; the females
similar to naradoides, or the blue may be entirely absent or very
much reduced.

Should these slight differences prove to be constant in their
respective areas (which hardly seems probable), then dina should
be restricted to the race from Madras and the Nilgiris, arracana
be applied to the Darjeeling and Assam race, anita to the Siam
and Malay Peninsula form, leaving the Kanara and Burmese
races to be named.

(ec) H. anita orla, Fruhst.

The Javan race. Frubstorfer bases his description on four
females. He confuses anita and narada throughout, and the
description might apply to either; but since he separates it from
typical narada (described from Java), the probability is that it
refers to anita. A pair in the British Museum are characterised
by their very dark and uniform undersides, the diagonal * mid-

28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

rib” line being almost entirely obscured in the male, faintly
present in the female. ,
(d) H. anita andamanica, ssp. nov. ; ‘
Readily distinguished from A. anita in the male by the more
bluish coloration of the upperside and the very dark underside ;
in the female by the larger bright blue area of the fore wing and
the repetition of the same colour over a large area centrally on
the hind wing. On the underside of the female there seem to-
be no distinguishing features. '
B.M. Types No. Rb. 20146, 2022, Andamans (ea Hewitson
Coll.).
Confined to the Andamans.
This race has been variously regarded as erichsont, narada or
anita by different authors. The genitalia of the male prove it
to belong to anita.

(e) H. anita hainana, Crowley.

The largest and most brilliant race of anita, only known fronr
the type specimen in the British Museum. ‘The genitalia prove:
it to belong to anita.

(2). Horsrretp1a naRapa, Horsf.

(a) H. n. taooana, Moore.

The upperside in the male is very brilliant blue, and the
black marginal band is about 2 mm. wide at the inner angle,
5 mm. in area 5. The underside varies from reddish to dark
purplish brown.
Occurs in Burmah and Tennasserim, Malacea and KE.
Sumatra.

(b) H. n. fara, Fruhst.

Fruhstorfer describes this as “‘ larger, with rounder wings.
than Javan examples, male of a more intense and brilliant blue
than in narada {probably narada narada intended |, female darker
than anita from Pahang [? narada taooana intended|. Underside
darker than in examples from the mainland and Java, with two
prominently displayed whitish-grey submarginal bands on the
hind wing.” Hethen goes on to say that it occurs in two seasonal
forms, one “ with a violet suffusion and yellow-brown underside
from N.EK. Sumatra, dry season’; the other almost ‘‘ sage-blue,”
whatever colour that may be, and violet-brown underside. What.
I assume to be the latter is the only form I have seen. It comes.
from Nias, and also apparently from W. Sumatra. :

THE GENUS ‘‘ AMBLYOPODIA’’ AUCTORUM. 29

(c) H. n. narada, Horsf.

This is the smallest and least brilliant race, and is confined
to Java. The black border in the male is not nearly so narrowed
posteriorly as in the preceding subspecies, and is more even.
The female type has the blue scaling on the hind wing extending
in the form of rays along veins 2, 3 and 4 right to the margin.

(d) H. n. salvia, Fruhst.

Described from N. Borneo. Fruhstorfer describes it as having
a much narrower black distal border to the fore wing than the
preceding. ‘he reverse is the case in all the specimens I have
examined, but the inner edge of this border is a great deal more
diffuse than in the subspecies mentioned so far, and the under-
side is very dull and uniform, even the hind wing submarginal
bands being hardly discernible. Only known from N. Borneo.

(e) H. n. erichsom, Felder.

Very similar to salvia, Fruhst., above, but far less uniform on
the underside. Of the two distal grey bands on the hind wing
below, the inner is by far the more conspicuous. Originally
described from Luzon, and said by Fruhstorfer to come also from
Palawan and Bazilan; I have only seen it. from Luzon.

(f) Hn. platent, ssp. NOV.

$. Differs from all the preceding races in that the distal
black border occupies the whole of the area from costa to upper
edge of cell, the whole of the apical area, areas 4 and 5 with the
exception of a few scattered scales proximally, more than half
of area 8, rather less than half of area 2, and is 3 mm. wide
at its narrowest point in area 1b. In effect the border appears to
occupy practically the whole of the distal half of the wing. On
. the hind wing the blue does not extend into area 6 at all. Under-
side dark, greenish, markings as in erichsonit.

B.M. Type No. Bh. 208, ; Davao, S.H. Mindanao (Dr. Platen),
ex Godman & Salvin Coll.

The female (B.M. T'ype No. Rh. 204) from the same source
is very dark above with only a trace of blue distally in the cell
on the hind wing, and a large blue patch on the fore wing
occupying the bulk of areas 1a, 1b and the cell, but only extending
into area 2 in the form of a few scattered scales. The underside
is smooth dull ochreous, the markings very fine and delicate.

Apparently confined to Mindanao.

(To be continued.)

30 THE BNLOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ASSYNT
DISTRICT OF SUTHERLANDSHIRE. j

By W. G. Surnpon, F.Z.S., F.E.S. -

PRoBABLY as little is known of the lepidoptera of Sutherland-
shire as of any county in Great Britain, and the Assynt district.
being situated in the extreme west, its nearest point some thirty
miles from the railway, it almost necessarily follows that it is.
one of the least known of that extensive county. :

The literature on the subject is very scanty. Unquestionably
the most important notes I can find are contained in an excellent.
paper by Mr. F. C. Hanbury in the ‘EH. M. M.,’ vol. xxxi,
p. 1, but as Mr. Hanbury’s time during his stay was largely
taken up by botanical research, and the weather at the time
of his visit being extremely unfavourable, with almost continuous.
rainfall, but few species of Lepidoptera were noted. There is
also a short list of thirty-eight species by Dr. W. W. O.
Beveridge in the ‘Annals of Scottish Natural History,’ vol. i,
p- 172 (1892). These two papers are all the records I can
trace, but I understand from Mr. R. Adkin that William Salvage
spent the summer of 1894 in Assynt; there is, however, no
record of the species he took further than reports by Mr. Adkin
of specimens received from him in the ‘ Proceedings of the
South London Entomological and Natural History Society’ for
the years 1894-5.

I fancy the late Dr. Buchanan White knew the district fairly
well—-more perhaps as a botanist than as an entomologist; but
he does not appear to have published anything on either subject.

I had Assynt in my mind for many years, but it was not
until 1920 that I was able to traverse the ground which had
been so often thought of.

Perhaps before dealing with the Lepidoptera met with I had
better describe the district, which ig in certain respects quite
one of the most remarkable in Britain.

If one examines the map of Scotland it is seen that the
only railway in the county of Sutherland runs up the east
coast, which for a few miles inland is comparatively well
cultivated and wooded; but between this and the west coast,
on which Assynt is situated, there is a stretch some thirty
miles wide of bleak sterile mountains and moors, almost.
treeless, and except for an occasional shepherd’s hut, and at
wide intervals two or three inns, frequented almost entirely
by trout and salmon fishermen, there is not a sign of human
habitation.

It follows that the insect fauna of the west is extremely
isolated from that of the rest of Britain. Probably this state

LEPIDOPTERA OF ASSYNT DISTRICT OF SUTHERLANDSHIRE. 3b

of isolation has existed for several hundreds of years at least,
but not for more, at any rate to such an extent as at present.

The Highlands of Scotland are to-day very largely treeless ;
they were not always so. At the dawn of history we read of
the Great Caledonian Forest, composed principally of Scotch fir
(Pinus sylvestris) and silver birch (Betula alba), covering vast
tracts of country now bare of trees. Isolated bits of this forest
still remain, for instance, along the southern shore of Loch
Rannoch, and in Glen Orchy. Apparently the principal cause
of this depletion of timber was fire. .

In almost any part of the Highlands, even up to 2000 ft..
above the sea-level, if one looks at a section of the peat where it
has been worn through by the action of water, one sees roots.
and trunks of trees, mostly those of Scotch fir, and almost
invariably they bear the marks of fire. How these fires originated
Tam not certain; no doubt some were caused by drought and
subsequent accidental firing ; others were probably the result of
clan feuds.

After passing this bleak stretch of moor and mountain one
comes to a district singularly beautiful, even grand, and
extremely interesting to the Nature-lover. ‘The mountains
around Loch Assynt, one of the most beautiful sheets of water
in Britain, are very remarkable, and although none of them
quite reach 8000 ft. in height, Suilven, Canisp, and Quinag
amongst others, are three of quite the most isolated and
picturesque heights we possess; the view especially of Suilven
from the neighbourhood of Altnacealgah on the way to Assynt
being very remarkable, the mountain standing up aboye its
surroundings like a huge tooth, and from this point appearing
to be quite inaccessible.

The whole district is studded with hundreds of.small lochs,
and in the hollows and on the sheltered sides of the mountains
there is a fairly luxuriant growth of trees. ol

Agsynt is unfortunately not a cheap district to visit at the
present time; the cost of a first-class ticket comes to rather more
than in 1912 I paid by the same class to travel beyond the
North Cape in Arctic Norway! and even a third-class ticket costs
a good round sum. The hotels, which are in most places the
only possible places of accommodation, are the reverse of inexpen-
sive; moreover, as they are usually full of fishermen, who are
almost solely catered for, they are, perhaps, not in certain
respects ideal places of sojourn for an entomologist.

In search of information as to where I should put up, I read
in a local fauna book a statement that the north and eastern
sides of Loch Assynt were of limestone formation and possessed
a very beautiful flora, and as there was at the extreme north-
eastern end of the loch, ata small hamlet named Inchnadamph, a&
famous fishing hotel, which had the reputation of being extremely

32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

comfortable, I made arrangements to pass several of the weeks —
_ of 1920 there. I should mention that Inchnadamph was a place

of sojourn of my predecessor, Mr. Hanbury. .

Unfortunately the beautiful flora hardly materialised. It is
true there were a few very local plants, including Saxifraga azoides
and Dryas octopetala, which made a brave show, but the whole
district was too bleak and destitute of wood and too wind-swept to
harbour a numerous insect fauna, and although I did turn up a
few interesting species, and passed a most pleasant time at the
very comfortable hotel, the result of my visit, extending from
June 20th to July 16th, was hardly satisfactory from the point
of view of species or specimens procured. Fortunately, after my
stay at Inchnadamph I spent a few days at the village of Loch-
inver, on the west coast, and what I saw there induced me to
return this year. After securing apartments in a private house,
and accompanied by my friend, the late Mr. F. G. Whittle. I
reached Lochinver on June 18th last and stayed there until
July 26th; Mr. Whittle remained until September 6th. The
results of his observations during the period of my stay, also
those which he made after my departure, and a list of the species
of Tineina met with by him at Lochinver, are also included in
this paper.

To reach Assynt one takes the train to Invershin in Hast
Sutherland ; from this station there are, daily, comfortable cars
traversing the forty-five miles to Lochinver in about four hours,
ata cost of sixteen shillings. The ride, perhaps unique in Britain
for its wild, desolate grandeur, reaches its climax at the lower end
of Loch Assynt. On the right of the road the precipitous cliffs
of Quinag tower up, whilst the road runs along the shores of the
beautiful lake on the left. At the head of the loch the shores
are bleak and sterile, but gradually they begin to be clothed
with fine old birch and rowan trees, and clumps of naturally
planted Scotch fir. I do not know a more beautiful Scotch scene
than the lower end of this charming lake.

The outgo of the loch is by the rapid and beautiful river Inver,
some eight miles long, which empties into the head of a fjord or sea
loch penetrating inside the general coast line about three miles.
At the edge of this fjord the village of Lochinver is situated.

On the south side of the inlet stands what was formerly a
seaside house of the Dukes of Sutherland, but is now known as
the Culag Hotel, exceedingly comfortable and well appointed,
but distinctly expensive. .

_ Around this house the hillsides have been planted extensively
with many kinds of trees, now of good size, and including larch,
spruce, Scotch fir, ash, beech, birch and rowan. On the north side
of the inlet there is a certain amount of natural wood, mostly
birch, sallow and aspen, and a number of small flowery crofters’
meadows.

LEPIDOPTERA OF ASSYNT DISTRICT OF SUTHERLANDSHIRE. 33

_ The picturesque banks of the Inver, which are very precipitous

and winding, are extremely sheltered from all winds, and as for
the first two miles or so they have been planted with similar trees
to those around the Culag Hotel, and in addition there is a fairly
luxuriant natural growth of sallow, birch and sweet gale, they
form a very suitable sugaring ground. 5,

The whole district around Loch Inver is extremely rocky and
irregular, with numerous small lochs in the hollows, and where
there is shelter from the prevailing west winds there is a luxuriant
srowth of sallow of several species. Myrica gale abounds all over
the district, as do the two common LHricas and Calluna vulgaris.

One of the drawbacks is that there is very little vaccinium,
and what there is consists entirely of the most universally dis-
tributed species, V. myrtillus. The nearly allied Arctostaphylos
uva urst is locally a common plant.

Lochinver gets the full effect of the Gulf Stream, and
for the latitude the climate is extremely mild; snow very
seldom lies in winter, and the absence of severe frost is
proved by the presence of the common tree fuchsia, which will
stand all there is unprotected in the gardens. The rainfall in
Assynt is very heavy. I gather that it almost always rains 1n
the winter ; certainly even this year there was rain more or less
on the majority of the days during my stay, and I learned from
Mr. Whittle that there was much more rain after my departure.

The mildness of the climate has produced its effect on the
Lepidoptera ; there is very little melanism, and in some instances
the type occurring is distinctly southern. The most remarkable
is unquestionably Hpinephile jurtina, some of the specimens
differing very little from those I have from the South of France,
and from Spain—that is to say, they come very near to var.
hispulla, Hub.

We know that this form occurs in the Scilly Islands, but it
will come as a surprise to lepidopterists to be told that it is also
found in the North of Scotland. On the other hand the form of
Pieris napi from the bleak and treeless Inchnadamph, fourteen
miles inland, and amongst the mountains, if not actually the
Alpine and Arctic form, var. bryoniae, Och., comes nearer to it
than any British race I have seen. :

One of the most abundant species to be found at Lochinver,
and the principal reason of my second visit, was Peronea hastianca.
On the afternoon of the day before I left Lochinver in 1920 I
discovered that the sallows everywhere contained enormous
numbers of the larve of this species, and the forms bred being
so fine and variable I was very keen to get a further and larger
supply of larve.

Just outside the coastline, blocking up the entrance to the
fjord, and some three miles from its head, is the little island of
Soyea, entirely treeless, and perhaps one thousand yards long

34 ' THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

by five hundred yards wide. This island is uninhabited except

for a few sheep and goats, and quantities of sea-fowl. I paid

several visits and the results were most interesting. The island
has, considering its size and situation, an extensive Lepi-
dopterous fauna. The larve of Peronea hastiana swarmed, as on.

the mainland, and several species occurred which could not be

found elsewhere, including Anthrocera filipendulae, Sericoris cespt-

. 4 ~ m,)
ate ail

tana and S. littoralis. Perhaps the most remarkable colony on

Soyea was one of Abraxas grossulariata, which was rare on the
mainland but swarmed on the island. The usual food-plants
did not exist, and the only plants in its haunt, except a very
limited amount of grass, were bracken and Calluna vulgaris ; L
have not any doubt but that the larve fed upon the latter, which,
according to Mr. South in ‘ British Moths,’ is the food-plant in
the Hebrides.

I cannot say that Lepidoptera were met with at Lochinver
in great abundance, except in the case of a very few species; in
fact the great bulk of them were distinctly rare. Nor can I say
that any great rarities were found; one could hardly expect
these in such a remote corner of the British Isles. Still, a large
number of species occurred, some interesting ones amongst them,
and the forms in many cases were distinctly interesting. The

number of species observed in Assynt in 1920 and 1921 was 232,
as follows :

Those species marked with an asterisk occurred at both —

localities. It should be noted that sugar was only tried at

Lochinver.
Preris brassice.*—Common at lLochinver, one or two

specimens in the hotel garden at Inchnadamph; large, with the

black markings well developed.
P. rape.—Lochinver.

P. napi.*—Towards the end of June, 1920, I observed several

whites flying in a swamp near the head of Loch Assynt; these-
were found to be worn examples of this species very strongly

marked, and with a good deal of dusky clouding on the bases of ~

the superiors, thus showing some approach to the boreal and
alpine form ab. bryoniae, Och. A search of the sides of a ditch
draining the swamp resulted in my finding a number of ova
and larve feeding upon Cardamine pratensis, the only wild
crucifer I saw in the district. The resultant imagines, 24 im
number, emerged in May last, and are very interesting.
Although not identical with ab. bryoniae, they present a very
distinct approach to that form, and several of the females are:
very near examples i obtained at Semmering in Styria at a
height of about 4000 ft. in 1910. The bases of the superiors
are dusky, and the veins are very strongly developed owing to
their being thickly shaded with dusky scales; the undersides
are very strongly veined, the ground-colour of the inferiors

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 35

being greenish-yellow with very strongly-developed fuscous
shadings on the veins. The females on the upperside strongly
resemble the example figured in Barrett, plate iu, fig. 1c.
Two of them have an ochreous ground-colour, in this respect
also resembling ab. bryoniae. There is no doubt but that at
Inchnadamph the species is single-brooded. At Lochinver on
July 17th last I netted a single very fresh example, the only
one noticed, a female. This specimen resembles very closely
the second-brood south of England form; it has only slightly
dusky shaded bases to the superiors, the usual dark markings
are well developed and bright, and the veins on the underside
are similar to the southern summer form. There is not any
doubt in my mind but that this is an example of a second brood ;
it ¢losely resembles Barrett’s figure on plate ii, fig. la.
(To be continued.)

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

_ConiAs EDUSA MIGRATION IN Cannes District.—We have had a
remarkable visitation of C. edusa to the waste just around our villa,
and in to the town (Lie Cannet). Almost wherever Jnwla and cala-
mint were blooming it swarmed, and passed downwards towards the
coast from September 10th to October 20th, when with the cessation
of the flowering of Inula viscosa they ceased too, having, I feel certain,.
re-migrated to Algiers or Egypt vid Corsica (?). At any rate I am
sure they re-migrated, their destination being, of course, a hazard.
That these insects had migrated in the first place to Le Cannet I
insist upon from the following facts. Firstly, they had all undoubtedly
travelled, and showed signs of wear. Secondly, the insects them-
selves were larger than the normal local late summer brood (? first
autumnal), and appeared to agree with the largeform described as being
found in Sicily-(cp. Dr. Verity’s remarks, ‘ Entom.,’ vol. liv, p. 187).
Thirdly, they were almost all females, or at least 80 per cent.—abs.
helice and pallida about 30 to 40 per cent., Helicina, a few, a beauti-
ful bright (fore wings) cadmium female, with green-yellow hind wings.
being to me a new form, border as in. ab. adoratria, Stauder ; others
of varying depths. One pallida with damaged right fore wing is the
largest edusa I have ever seen. I took about 80 helice, helacina,
pallida, and about 60 other orange forms, typical, etc. This series
convinces me that it is impossible to say where one form leaves oft
and another begins; that is to say, all the aberrations and varieties
merge one into the other in the case of helice, helicina and pallida,
for they show all shades. During the latter part of the passing, for
such it was, as the whole ground was worked every day by, Mr. Tucker
and me, and a new batch identified and picked out which, for the
sreater part, were not there the previous day, and together with the fact
_ that as we worked inland they became scarcer, although the plant did
not, seems to indicate that they worked down to the coast, and, as I
think, crossed the sea. The almost entire disappearance with the
passing of the flower was also most striking, although at the time of

36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

writing (November 13th) there are still stragglers. Both type and
helice visited the Zinnias in the gardens until the welcome break in

the unprecedented drought a few days ago. Males became more ~
plentiful the last fifteen days of the flight, and some of these, as wellas —
temales, were smaller and of the pale-yellow costa type known as
chrysothemeformis, Verity, transitional to gen. vern. By the way, it is
curious that Dr. Verity has given this name, for although I knew
nothing of the name having been accepted I had noticed this resem-
blance, and have the name in my correspondence with Mr. Rowland- —
Brown, which only goes to show how striking is the resemblance to
C. chrysotheme. The late autumnal partial reversion to spring
forms occurs here in many Pieride, P. rape and P. mann especially,
P. brassice and Pontia daplidice; all these often show this peculiarity.
—C. E. Morris; Le Cannet, Alpes-Maritimes, November 13th, 1921.

[A century ago Stephens figured C. chrysotheme as a British
species with rather vague indications of origin (Stephens, ‘ Haust.,’
i, fol. 2). Feeling some doubt on the subject, and that Stephens
might have figured C. edusa, gen. vern., in error, I asked my friend
Mr. Sheldon to examine the record for me, being confined to the
house, and not possessing Stephens’ work. He agrees that the
insects, J and 9, figured are chrysothenve, but, as I myself, is con-
vinced that the models were of foreign origin. I may add that
collectors in France again and again have announced the capture of
chysotheme, though none of the great cabinets contain an authentic
example. Those announced have usually turned out to be the very
chrysothemefornus of Mr. Morris’s note.—H. R.-B.]

BLUvuE Spots IN CHRYSOPHANUS PHLHAS.—With regard to the dis-
cussion as to damp places and climates, causing or affecting the blue
spots in C. phleas, I may add that we have had a drought unprece-
dented in memory here, and the hottest of autumns, and the blue
spots are larger and bluer than I have ever seen them. But I think
damp was found to have nothing to do with it, and you had “ indi-
genous ” evidence that the spots were developed just as finely in dry
places as upon marshes.—C. E. Morris; Le Cannet, Alpes-Maritimes,
November 13th, 1921.

CoLiss ELECTRA AND CO. LESBIA (?): PREPONDERANCE OF PALE
Form.—I have read with interest Mr. Rowland-Brown’s article on
the variation of Colias edusa (‘Entom.,’ vol. liv). I thought that
perhaps it might be useful to state that when I was in Natal in
1897-8 I took C. electra there commonly, but that the proportion of
females of the pale form greatly outnumbered the ordinary yellow
females. 'Trimen, in}his work on South African butterflies, announces —
the pale female form of electra scarcer than the yellow form. Among
those of electra I took, I find that the proportion of the pale females
was about 3 to 1 of the yellow form. My specimens were all
taken in the Ladysmith district. My wife collected any butterflies
she could for me in Uruguay, and among the things she brought
back were several, I think, of C. lesbia. They consisted of about 6 —
males, two dark, and 10 pale females. They were all taken casually,
‘so 16 seems to indicate that the pale form predominated. Perhaps
in the warmer climates the pale females outnumber the yellow form,

,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. ST

and as the genus approaches colder regions the reverse takes place.
—Duptry Westropp; National Museum, Kildare Street, Dublin. °
Commas EDUSA IN SoutH Drvon.—Further to the Rev. J. E.
Tarbat’s record of the appearance of C. edusa at Budleigh Salterton
in August last (‘ Entom.,’ vol. liv, p. 242), the insect seems to have
been fairly common along the coast, as I saw it in some numbers in
September. My son noticed the first, apparently a female, flying over
the shingle at the base of the cliffs on September 15th just below
Salcombe Regis. On going up the valley to a flowery meadow we
saw several others and captured two, one of which was a female.
One or two rough days followed, but on visiting the same ground
quite a number were seen, a good many of which were flying over a
field of marigolds apparently seeking places of rest for the night.
One or two more were taken but they were somewhat worn and were
released. In the course of a week the brood dispersed, and odd ones
were noted a few miles inland and on the coast near Ladrum Bay.
The female taken on the 15th was put in an ordinary glass jam-jar
with some red clover and covered with net, which was placed in a
sunny window with partial shade. She laid about one dozen eggs on
each of the first three days, and on the fourth, which was exceedingly
hot, nearly 100, but a good number of the latter proved unfertile.
The obliging female then died. The eggs began to hatch on
September 27th and continued to do so irregularly for about three.
weeks. On reaching home in October the larve were placed on
potted-up plants of Lrifoluwm repens, upon which they seemed to do
well. Red trifolium they refused when white was available. As
there was a small patch of lucerne within fifty yards of the house, a -
crop which I have never seen grown in this neighbourhood before, a
number were given this food as a change of diet and commenced

ideeding upon it at once. Being so late in the season and as I have

no glass the cages were placed in a warm bathroom at night and
later inside a heated linen cupboard. The temperature of the
cupboard went up to a great height occasionally, especially once
when the door was inadvertently shut, but the larvee seemed to get
active with both heat and sunshine and generally began to feed.
The young larvze ate their own eggshells, and at each instar devoured
every fragment of the old skin, beginning with the head. Not a
single old head or skin was found in the cages during the larval stage.
The first pupated on October 20th. The linen cupboard was still
requisitioned, and the first imago appeared on November 3rd and the
last on November 22nd. In all 56 were bred, 31 males and 25
females, of which 10 were var. helice. Out of this total there were
five cripples. Most of the specimens are of good size, some being
larger than those taken at Sidmouth. The female from which the
eges were obtained was normal in coloration with the light spots
on the margin of the fore wing well marked. The majority of the
females reared and especially the helice are remarkable for the
absence of the marginal spots, many of them being very dark and the
black bands quite deep. I am told that for 40 per cent. of the

‘females to be helice is unusual. Can this be accounted for by the

absence of sunshine or the heat of the linen cupboard? The males.
are typical.—G. Hanson Sate ; Coxbench, Derby.

38 _ HE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Foop-PLANTS OF CALLOPHRYS AVIS, AND CELASTRINA ARGIOLUS.—_

Any doubt as to Arbutus (wnedo ?) being a food-plant of C. avis is set
at rest in the first part of fase. xix, ‘litudes de Lépidoptérologie —

Comparée”’ (January, 1922) which has just reached me from Rennes. —

This volume is devoted wholly to the Lepidoptera of Morocco, and in
the note on C. avis, Chpmn., it is stated that Mr. Harold Powell
found it rather common in the Zehroun district of the Lower Atlas
in March and April last year. The larva feeds there on Arbutus, on
which shrub a female was observed laying her eggs. In November,

}
i
q
j

1920, Mr. Harold Powell discovered larvee of Celastrina argiolus also 4

feeding inside the flowers of the Arbutus, and observed a female
ovipositing on the young shoots of hawthorn in February, 1921, at
Mrassine. I mention this because neither Arbutws nor hawthorn is
included in Tutt’s exhaustive list of food-plants for Argiolus (‘ Brit.

Butterflies,’ vol. ii, pp. 410 and 447-448). In a shrubbery in my —

garden, Ilex (loc. cit.), holly and Arbutus grow side by side, and ivy is
not far off, but I never saw the females egg-laying on Jlex, or
Arbutus which flowers here in October and is a great attraction to
P. atalanta, though I did once detect a female laying on Berberis
(Gallipoli, loc. czt.). I regret to add, however, that argzolus, which
had been fairly abundant here for many years, disappeared entirely in
1920. Whether Arbutus is the food-plant of C. avis on the French
Riviera in those localities where Corzaria myrtifola is absent
remains. still, I believe, to be proved by experience. (Cp. Dr.
Chapman’s, and my own notes on the subject, ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xlix
(1916), pp. 187-188.)—H. Rownanp-Brown; Harrow Weald, January
18th, 1922.

EROMENE OCELLA, Etc., In LANCASHIRE.—On October 5th, at
11.45 p.m., I observed two moths at the window of my room. On
examining same I find one is Hromene ocellea and the other Achrea
grisella. I have been successful during past season in taking a nice
series of the new British species, Blastobasis lugnea and vay. adustella,
along with intermediate forms. I have taken a few each year since
1918, but it was only identified last winter by Mr. Durrant.—ALBeERT
HK. Wriest; “ Brunleigh,’ Kents Bank Road, Grange-over-Sands.

PYRAMEIS ATALANTA IN DECEMBER.—Perhaps it might be of
interest to record that I saw a specimen of Pyrameis atalanta on
December 11th, 1921. This seems rather late in the season for the
‘species.—J. M. Jaques; The Red House, Banstead, Surrey.

THE Pupat Hasir or TELEA PpoLyPHEMUS.—My late friend and
correspondent, Mr. Hi. N. Collins, who resided for several years in
Canada, removed about 1886 to the neighbourhood of Jacksonville,
Florida, and very soon after wrote me as follows: ‘‘ Can you give me
any idea why polyphemus here fastens its cocoon to the branch of
‘the tree instead of rolling it up in the leaf and letting it fall to the
ground, as it always does in the Northern States?’’ With the inquiry
he enclosed a small cocoon, showing the invariable attachment to a
twig of Florida cocoons, which is a strong silken pedicel about 5 in.
in length. I replied suggesting that in the Northern States the
cocoons would lie warmer on the ground amongst. dead leaves during

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 39

the severe winters, whilst field-mice and other possible enemies would
be hibernating, but that in the usually mild winters of Florida they
would be far safer if hanging upon the trees, as the mice might not
be dormant. I have searched in vain amongst American entomo-
Jogical literature for any reference to this habit of southern pup of
polyphemus, but have recently accidentally found a paper in the
‘Canadian Entomologist,’ vol. xxvii, September, 1895, by the late
A. R. Grote, entitled, ‘Notes on the North American Saturnina.”
After giving particulars as to the larve, Grote continues: “There
remains for me to point out some facts with regard to the formation
of the cocoon in our American genera which induces my arrangement
of the family. In Attacus, Philosamia and Callosamia the larva
attaches the deciduous leaf, which forms the basis and natural
attachment for its web, firmly to the branchlet by a pedicel of silk.
Evidently this is an acquired habit. It has been found more useful
to the species that the cocoon be prevented from falling to the ground
with the fall of the leaf. Telea and Actzas have not this habit. The
cocoon falls in the autumn with the leaf which was used in the
spinning. . . . I therefore place the genera with the pedicel
habit at the commencement of the family, Saturnia and Sania
following, and closing with Actas and Telea, in which the thinner
cocoon falls with the leaf to the ground.” It is evident from the
above that the departure of the southern cocoons of polyphemus from
the habit of the northern examples was quite unknown to Grote, or
it would have materially affected his classification of the group.
If, as I imagine, this point is still very little known, it seems advisable
to place it on record; it certainly is a very remarkable adaptation of
‘a species to the varied circumstances of its environment.—Gn5o. C.
‘GrirFitas, F.E.S.; 3, Leigh Road, Clifton.

VITALITY OF BRENTHIS EUPHROSYNE.—In June, 1919, I went with
Mr. A. Simmons to Lincolnshire for a few days’ collecting. On the
jJast morning five B. ewphrosyne were captured and boxed. On
reaching our rooms they were put in a killing bottle. Lunch was
hurried as we had to catch a train: A question arose as to whether
they were dead. We decided that they must be, as a sufficient time
had elapsed. They were accordingly taken out of the killing bottle
and put in a Newman’s relaxing tin. It was ten days later before
time was found for setting, but when the tin was opened and the
-cotton-wool lifted, all five of the Huphrosyne crawled out and at once
began to fan in the lamp-light. They had been tightly pressed
between the wool and were quite uninjured. They are now in the
cabinet. The tin was rather an old one—G. Hanson Sane;
Coxbench, Derby.

. SyYMPETRUM scoTiIcuM, Don., In Dorset.—Mr. Lucas says, in his
“Notes on British Odonata in 1920,” that Mr. Stowell’s record of
Sympetrum scoticum, Don., on Parley Heath ‘‘ seems to be almost or
quite the only record of its occurrence in Dorset.” The species is
qbundant in all suitable localities, in late summer and autumn,
throughout the county. It has been recorded by C. W. Dale in the
appendix to his ‘Lepidoptera of Dorset’ (first edition, 1886) as
«« generally distributed.” 1 alluded to it as ‘abundant as usual” in

40 _ THE ENTOMOLOGIST. :

my notes on “Dorset Odonata in 1911” in the ‘ Entomologist’ of
July, 1912. It is also called ‘“‘abundant”’ in the ‘ Proceedings of the —
Dorset Field Club, 1917, p. 226—F. H. Haines; Brookside,
Wintrith, Dorset, January Ist, 1922.

Some Notes oN THE Hasits or ¢ Tasantpa#.—The following
observations were made in the New Forest—an especially favourable
habitat, as most visitors there will admit from painful experience,
for the blood-sucking ‘“ horse flies ’—but the majority of the species,
enumerated occur commonly elsewhere in the south, so that it is not.
thought necessary to “localise’’ the subject of this article. The
scarcity of the harmless ¢ Tabanid compared with the abundance:
of the 9, with its apparently insatiable thirst for fresh blood, seems.
to have puzzled our too few Dipterists, and one seeks in vain through
the text-books* for some satisfactory explanation of the cause.
_ Most authorities, however, seem agreed, and with reason, on one:
point—z. e. the liking of the males for heights. Whether hovering
“over mountain tops ”’ (szc) or merely sunning themselves on the leaves.
of the highest oaks, it is difficult to tell, but undoubtedly they spend
the most of their time in the higher air, whence, it seems reasonable.
to suppose, the female joins them after sanguinary work below.
[At least such seems to be the case with the bigger species (Tabanus),
but the smaller (Chrysops) prove a partial exception ; the males of
this family, although adapted, as their wings and build indicate, for
rapid flight, show a fondness for flowers, and follow their respective
females in possessing a much more sluggish habit than their larger
brethren.| Previous to the past tropical summer (1921), the capture.
of a ¢ Taubanid was considered by me quite the catch of a day's.
hunting, but the exceptional conditions produced by prolonged
drought somewhat altered this opinion, and besides resulting in the:
capture of a large number of specimens, gained me a useful insight.
as to the habits of these remarkable creatures. Towards the middle
of July most of the Forest streams were reduced—in the expressive -
phrase of an entomological friend—to a chain of puddles, and it was
whilst prowling round-a “muddy” link of the erstwhile clear and
trickling “water (?)” that a growing suspicion that many of the thirsty
forms of insect life continually “dipping” into the pool would
prove to be ¢ Tabanide@ at last became a certainty by the capture
of a number of 7. bromius. The catching was a matter of some
difficulty, the flies coming down with almost the swiftness of a
falling stone, just “sipping” the water and then flying straight up.
again, the art being to net them on the uptake without collecting
more of the pool in the bag of the net than could reasonably be
helped. By perseverance, however, and the use of a spare “ kite”
net—the usual small implement used by Dipterists here being
useless—I managed to obtain the following species of ¢ Tabanide
by the end of the day (identification, of course, is difficult, but no-
doubtful specimens are included): Hematopota pluvialis, Linn. ;.
Therioplectes solstitialis, Meig.; Th. tropicus, Harr.; Tabanus bovinus, -
Linn.; ZT. bromeus, Linn.; 7’. maculicornis, Meig.; Chrysops cecutiens,
Linn. ; C. relicta, Meig., and C. quadrata, Meig. The capture of three -

* I must confess to almost complete ignorance of Continental works on Diptera. -

4 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 41
species of Chrysops from the same pool was rather extraordinary, as
up to then I had not found even 9 @ of relicta in the Forest at all.
For the sake of my determination I was greatly relieved to take
several females later from the same locality (Rhinefield). The
Tabanus bovinus males taken numbered six, and were the first I had
captured of the sex. The flight is extremely swift and difficult to
follow, but they seemed to come down from a great height, give one
“dip” or a series of ‘“ dips ’—in which latter case invariably in a
rapid circle—and then instantly fly up again out of sight. The
smaller species of Tabanus behaved in much the same manner,
allowing for their size and weaker flight, but Therioplectes solstitialis
(next to 7’. bromzus the commonest present) was much more casual inits
mode of flight, and not infrequently “rested” for a short space on some
convenient leaf overhanging the stream. The “rest” was presumably
for the purpose of imbibing the water collected on the forelegs during
the “dip” above mentioned, for, so far as I could make out from my
necessarily brief observations, this was the method used for drinking,
although possibly a certain amount of moisture is gathered in the
beak-like proboscis as well.* Moreover, in support of the above
theory, the rest was never a preliminary to a dip, although I have
found the same species (¢) sitting on leaves of bushes} in the drives
of enclosures miles from any surface water, in which case the insect
was probably merely carrying out a habit common to all Diptera—
2. é€. a love of basking motionless in the sun. On several occasions
in the spring I found Therioplectes tropicus 8 S sitting on damp mud
by the margins of partially dried-up puddles, but most specimens of
Tabanus upon being captured in this position have simply proved to
be females. Chrysops and Hematopota males, however, are great
“mud-sitters,’ and the former haye also a liking for flowers
(especially Senecio and Mentha arvensis), which causes them to be
much more commonly taken than the larger members of the group.
Atylotus fulvus, Meig., was one of the species that failed to turn up
at my observation pool, preferring more open, heathy woods, or those
adjoining heaths, but I managed to secure a male last year (1920) on
Setley Plain, near Lymington. In this case the creature must have
been flying just over my head at the time, for upon hearing a distant
“buzzing” I whirled my net rapidly,and so luckily caught undoubtedly
the most handsome ofall our ¢ Tabanide. With a remembrance of the
above capture I tried the same locality in 1921, but this time without
result. The formerly heathy and boggy ground was dried brown and
cracked by the sun, and even the females were at a premium. Another
absentee was Tabanus autwmnalis, Linn., a fine large species which
is none too common in the Forest—I write from the Dipterist’s point
of view !—but I could have taken the males of several common
species (notably 7. bromius) in scores had I desired, to say nothing
of hundreds of females, and yet not once did I witness a pairing.
Judging from the habits of both the g and 9? bovinus, this all-
important function must either take place in the air, or, as the only
* Such as when a “series of dips”’ is given. See bovinus.
+ Generally in the early morning. In normal seasons the dew on the leaves
may provide them with sufficient moisture, as one seldom sees the males at water,
or mud, except in very hot and dry weather.

ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1922. E

49 : THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

alternative, high up on some sunny tree-top. Certainly it is the

habit of the to fly high, as one seldom hears the extraordinary
deep and characteristic hum until the insect is actually circling
round one—a good enough indication that the creature first views its
victim from a considerable height. Again, the only ¢ A. fulvus
taken was undoubtedly hovering over my head at the time, and may
have been making a final unsuccessful bid for some elusive “she” just
alighted on my coat from on high. ‘“ From on high,” however, may
be a mistaken term in the case of the heath-haunting fulows. The
wood-frequenting species, with their intolerance of deep shade, would
naturally keep above the tree-tops, except when a forest clearing,
such as afforded by the comparatively modern “drive,” allows the
females to descend on some passing prey; but the Tabamd of the
open heath is under no such restriction. He may fly where he likes,
and for all we know may take his partner for life on some neighbouring
gorse bush. If so, there some day I shall find him !—Hueu Jongss;
7, Gosport Street, Lymington, Hants. :

SOCIETIES.

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTomonoGicaL Society.—Meeting
held at the Royal Institution, Colquitt Street, Liverpool, October
17th, 1921, Mr. R. Tait, President, in the Chair.—Exhibitions were
numerous and varied as is usual at the opening meeting of the session.
—The Hon. Sec. exhibited on behalf of Mr. O. J. Wilkinson photo-
graphs of (a) P. cardui pupating, (b) larva of Hadena pisi, (c) an
unusual variety of P. phlwas taken at Delamere having the right side
var, schnudti and the left side typical Mr. W. Mansbridge showed
Lepidoptera from North Lancashire, Vanessa 10 with nearly blind
eye-spots on hind wings from Cark; Lycena e@gon, var. nassey?, from
Witherslack, and a short series from Delamere for comparison. From
Arnside, Westmorland, Argynnis ewphrosyne with pale ground-colour,
Thecla betule, Nisoniades tages, Asphalia diluta, Phytometra vir-
daria and Hnnychia octomaculalis; from Formby, near Liverpool, a
series of Hbulea crocealis, and from Cark a short series of Gnophos
obscuraria of a dark grey colour.—The Rey. F. M. B. Carr showed a
long series of Hpunda lutulenta from his garden at Alvanley, and said
it had been abundant there in the autumn; also two fine varieties of
Asphaha flavicormis and several P. cardui trom Delamere.—Mr. 8. P.
Doudney northern insects as follows; Lycena minima, Hyria
nuricata and Strena clathrata from Witherslack; Hrebia epiphron,
Coremia munitata, Larentia cesiata and Venusia cambricaria from
Cumberland. In the same exhibit was a fine under-side aberration
of Lycena egon with elongated spots captured at Delamere.—Mr. 8.
Gordon Smith was unable to be present, but sent a fine drawer of
Smerinthus tili@ and a large number of varieties of other spécies
captured or bred this season in various localities; prominent among
the latter was a specimen of Triphena pronuba with hind wings

RECENT LITERATURE. 43

nearly white, bred from a wild pupa dug at Tarvin near Chester ; an
ab. of Vanessa urtice with nearly black hind wings captured at Pare
Llwydiarth, North Wales; Triphena fimbria with crescent mark on
hind wings, bred from Delamere, two vars. of Nemeophila russula also
with hind wings black nearly all over taken in the New Forest, con-
fluent forms of Zygena trifolli, Boarmia roboraria, Phorodesma
pustulata, Pterostoma palpina and Leucania turca from the New
Forest. A fine series of Cidaria truncata from various localities,
comprising vars. centwmnotata, commanotata, perfuscata, etc., was
much admired, and a long series of Boarnwa repandata which contained
several examples of the Penmaenmawr melanic form characterised by
whitish submarginal blotches on the black ground.—Mr. Chas. P.
Rimmer had a box of Micro-lepidoptera taken this year chiefly round
Liverpool, also his fine series of Hzbernia defoliaria from Delamere.—
Mr. A. W. Hughes exhibited from Witherslack a long series of Carsia
paludata, Lycena egon and Cenonympha typhon and Argynnis
euphrosyne, the last being from Cartmel.—Mr. R. Tait brought Wicken
insects as follows: Catocala nupta, Apamea leucostigma and var.
fibrosa, Calanua phragmitidis, Noctua wmbrosa, Hadena trifolit and
Phibalapteryx vittata, anda few Papilio machaon bred from ova found
in 1920. Plusia moneta is now well established in Cheshire, as shown
by a long series from Carrington included in this exhibit. The New
Forest was represented by Macroglossa fuciformis and Nemeobius
lucina, and North Wales by a nice series of Agrotis ashworthiw.—Mr.
J. B. Garner-Richards, Mr. J. W. Griffin and Mr. H. B. Prince also
made interesting exhibits.—Wwu. MansBripce,. Hon. Sec.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Insect Transformation. By G. H. Carpenter, D.Sc. 8vo. Pp.x
+ 982, 4 Plates and 124 Text-figures.. London: Methuen &
Co., Ltd., 1921. Price 12s. 6d. net.

A carefully prepared volume and well worth the money, which
unfortunately cannot be said of all the recent attempts of writers of
this style of entomological publication. mois

The author takes as his first example a grasshopper, which is
dealt with very fully as to morphology and development, and follows
this up with similar but briefer studies of a dragonfly and of a moth.
This is succeeded by chapters on development in the Exopterygota,
the Endopterygota and some Apterygota, in which a very large range
of types is surveyed and the salient features of their Ppsloraeelons
emphasised. There follows a short chapter on classification, an
then the most important question of the influence of environment on
all stages of insect life is dealt with ably and at considerable length.
To many readers the last chapter, on the phylogenetic interpretation
of the known facts of development in the order, will probably prove
the most interesting.

uh

44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The Lancashire and Cheshire Naturalist, vol. xiv, No. 1, 1921.

The above part of this well-known journal contains a short but
interesting article by J. C. Melvill on the Sidebotham Collection of
British Lepidoptera recently presented to the Manchester Museum.
The collection is a valuable one, being chiefly remarkable for the
number of rarities it contains, such as, to mention only two species,
a very fine series of Heodes dispar and a genuine British specimen of
Bryophila alge.

OBITUARY.
Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN.

THE angel of death has taken a heavy toll from the ranks of
British Entomologists during the past year, but the beating of his
wings has not been heard so loudly as when it heralded the departure
from amongst us of Thomas Algernon Chapman; for in him
Entomology has lost one of its foremost figures, one who was
respected and admired by all who knew him.

“The Doctor,” to give him the name by which he was universally
known by his very numerous friends, was born at Glasgow on June
2nd, 1842, and he would thus be in his eightieth year at the time of
his death, which occurred at his residence at Reigate on December

17th last. He was the son of Thomas Chapman, himself a well-_

known entomologist, from whom no doubt he inherited his tastes

for the insect world. Although born at Glasgow, Dr. Chapman was

English on both his father’s and mother’s side.

According to the ‘Times’ he “ qualified as L.R.C.S.Hdin. and
M.D.Glasg. (Honours). He became Resident Physician and Surgeon
of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, and afterwards joined the Staff of the
Abergavenny Asylum; later he obtained the appointment of Medical
Superintendent of the County and City Asylum at Hereford,” an
appointment he relinquished about the year 1896. Shortly after this
date he came to reside at Reigate; he was never married.

Without doubt the late Dr. Chapman was one of the greatest
and most scientific entomologists we have ever produced, and one who

-
‘yy

in certain departments must be regarded as the greatest exponent |

Britain has given the science. Some of his characteristics can
perhaps be best conveyed by quoting the following description
written of him by his great friend and co-worker the late J. W. Tutt
some twenty years ago: ‘An unlimited capacity for hard work, a
scientific training that can only be attained by entomologists who
follow medicine as a profession, an omnivorous reader, a logical
reasoner, and a profound thinker, these are amongst the factors that
have united in placing him in the very front ranks of the entomolo-
gists of his time.”’ Foremost amongst his remarkable powers was his
acuteness of observation; little facts that others would not have
noticed were seized upon, their significance realised, and important
deductions made therefrom. His clear logical mind and soundness

j OBITUARY. 45
of judgment were of the greatest importance, and usually led him
_ straight to the desired goal.

Tt was the writer’s good fortune to spend a few weeks at Hyéres
during one of “ The Doctor’s”’ visits to that resort ; and he vividly recol-
lects the walks and talks we had, and his wonderful powers of observa-
tion. Nothing seemed to escape his notice, and upon everything
discussed or seen he had thought deeply. First a busy stream of ants
we passed on the path attracted his attention; then it would be the
burrow of a trap-door spider in a sandy bank; the cryptic attitude of a
mantis; or some striking peculiarity in the structure of a flower:
about all of these and others he would point something of absorbing
interest ; to him all Nature was an open book. I remember wonder-
ing if even Darwin could have been more interesting and instructive!

Although primarily a lepidopterist, with which order the great
bulk of his work was associated, the other orders received at different
times a great deal of attention, and on each occasion in which he

became interested in a problem affecting them some important
and interesting scientific discovery was bound to take place. On
one occasion when I called upon him he was deeply interested
in the life-cycle of the common earwig, and on the next, the
method of oviposition of certain species of the Tentheride was being
studied, and something previously unknown was pointed out. On
my last visit he was most anxious I should ascertain the meaning
of a remarkable pupal structure of a Pyralid moth he had detected,
and had not time to work out.

Had circumstances led him in the same path as Fabre, he would
have been to British Entomology what that fascinating personality
was to that of France, but his work would have been far more correct
than some at any rate of that of the brilliant Frenchman.

His entomological work was carried out in a thorough manner,
and every detail carefully studied and worked out by his acute and
logical mind; it was always illustrated profusely with explanatory
plates, many of them exquisitely drawn and coloured, and costing
large sums of money. His assistance to the Entomological
Society by the gift of the beautiful plates by which his papers in the
publications were accompanied is attested by a glance through the
list of benefactions. Whenever money was required for any purpose
in connection with the science he loved so well, an intimation to him
was always sure to meet with a generous response.

Although he collected a great many specimens of the Lepidoptera
a collection in the ordinary sense of the word was never made; his
specimens were used for scientific purposes only, and the choicest of
them were cut up remorselessly if science demanded it. They were
equally at the service of his friends if required for a scientific object.

It was in connection with his association with the late J. W.
Tutt that a vast amount of his entomological work was done. The
association of the two was greatly to the advantage of the younger
man, for ‘The Doctor” in his work, as.in everything else, was abso-
lutely unselfish ; his sole anxiety in dealing with a scientific problem
was that it should be solved: it did not signify to him one iota whether
he or someone else solved it, provided it was solved. Consequently
a great deal of the work that appears in Tutt’s books his co-worker

46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

was solely responsible for. In justice to Tutt it should be stated that —

wherever possible he acknowledged the value to him of the work of
his friend, of whom he was an enthusiastic admirer. Obviously,

however, there was a great deal that was not and could not be —

acknowledged.

After Tutt’s death Dr. Chapman wrote of the association as follows: —

« Hntomology, therefore, owes to Tutt not only Tutt’s own work, but
also that of his collaborators, which would otherwise not have been

done. As one of these I have sometimes felt a grievance that I
elaborated material for Tutt when I would have preferred to work on ~

lines of my own sélection.” His scientific work as an entomologist—
and all of his work was scientific—is, in addition to that included in

Tutt’s books, scattered through the publications of the Entomological —

and Zoological Societies and the various entomological magazines, to
most of which he was a prolific contributor. It is far too voluntinous
to be mentioned here, except in the case of a few of his more
important subjects.

Some of the most valuable and interesting work he ever undertook
was the elucidation of the earlier stages of certain species of the
Lycaenidae, including his share in working out the life-history of our
own Lycaena arion. Most remarkable and characteristic of him was
the sagacity with which he discovered that the mysterious winter food
of the larva was the larvee of its ant hosts themselves! It will be
remembered he detected this by subjecting to microscopic analysis
the contents of the intestinal canal of the only larva obtained by
making a journey to Cornwall! Remarkable, too, was the discovery
in the south of France of a butterfly new to science and named by
him Callophrys avis, very similar to C. rubi, but abundantly distinet
from it.

Dr. Chapman was one of the earliest lepidopterists to appreciate
the value of the genitalia in determining nearly allied species and

much of his most valuable work is in connection with this subject. :

Amongst other results obtained by this means was the discovery, or
rather re-discovery after the original discovery had long been

discredited and forgotten, of a Lycaenid butterfly, superficially very

near to Polyommatus icarus, but which was shown by its genitalia to
be much nearer to Agriades escheri—a species it is superficially quite
unlike. This re-discovery was Agriades thersites, Cantener. By the
aid of the genitalia he detected the distinctness of Hveres alcetas
from EH. argiades, with which it had previously been included. He
also separated Hrebia palarica from EH. stygne, and proved that what
had hitherto been denominated Plebeius argus (egon) consisted of
several species.

__ His researches into the earlier stages of the Lycaenidae included the
discovery of the larve of the following species: Polyommatus eros,
Agriades escheri, A.thersites, Latiorina orbitulus, L. pyrenaica, Albu-

lina pheretes, Lycaena alcon and L. euphenvus. His work on these,

most carefully and minutely described and magnificently illustrated,
is to be found in the ‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society.’ His
achievements in this group alone, if it had included everything he ever
did, would have satisfied most men, and would have stamped him as
an eminent lepidopterist.

OBITUARY. AT

One of the tasks most useful to the student of British Lepidop-
tera he undertook was the examination of the genitalia of that
difficult group the Scoparidae. This is to be found in the ‘ Transactions
the Entomological Society ’ for 1911, pp. 501-518 and plates xxxy-
xliv. The examination did not disclose any new species, but it cleared
up several doubtful points, and established as good species some that
had hitherto been considered doubtful. A most important paper is
entitled “A Revision of the Genus Hrebia, Based upon the Examination
of the Male Appendages”’ it is to be found in the ‘Transactions of the
Entomological Society’ for 1898, pp. 209-239 and plates v—-xvi. It
was written in connection with an equally important paper on the genus
entitled ‘‘ A Revision” by Mr. H. J. Elwes; which precedes it. One
of his principal earlier papers is the first article published in the first
volume of his friend Tutt’s magazine, the ‘ Entomologist’s Record,’
“The Genus Acronycta and its Allies,’ dealing with all the species
in that very composite group, and splitting them up into several
new genera. ‘The details are worked out in his usual thorough style,
and all the stages are exhaustively treated.

Dr. Chapman was a supporter of the law of priority in nomen-
clature in the most pronounced sense of the word. He held that a
name once given must stand unaltered, no matter if it was ungram-
“matical, or even misspelt. He would argue, if you once permit
alterations there is no tribunal with authority to bid you where to
stop. The present writer is of opinion that his views were entirely
justified.

He was one of the strongest exponents of the doctrine that we
cannot satisfactorily classify species by one character alone, no matter
whether it is by the ova, larva or pupa stage, or by structure and
markings of the imagine, but that we must take everything into
consideration. There does not seem to be any reason to doubt but
that this view will ultimately prevail.

_ Dr. Chapman made many expeditions, in search principally of
Lepidoptera, to various parts of HKurope; prominent amongst these
were several journeys to Spain, in which he was accompanied by his
friend Mr. G. C. Champion. These expeditions were designedly
directed to unworked districts and resulted in several important
entomological discoveries; the records he has given of them are
amongst the most fascinating of their kind that have ever heen
written. 4

He possessed one of the finest and most complete entomological
libraries owned by any private individual in this country, practically
everything that has been written upon the Palearctic Lepidoptera
being included in it.

“The Doctor” was a very regular attendant at the meetings of the
various scientific societies of which he was a member, took much
interest in their proceedings, and usually contributed something of
weight on the subjects discussed. He was Vice-President of the
Entomological Society on half a dozen occasions, and often served on
the Council. For some unknown reason, although repeatedly invited,
and even pressed, he declined the Presidentship, which had been held
by Alfred Russel Wallace, H. W. Bates, Lord Avebury, Lord
Walsingham, H. T. Stainton, and most of the great British

48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

entomologists who have lived during the past three-quarters of | Fe
century, and to which his friend Tutt was elected, though he did
not live to occupy the Chair. a

He was a Fellow of the Zoological Society, but the greatest :
honour came in the year 1918, when one of the few Fellowships of —
the Royal Society that have come the way of entomologists of recent ’
years was conferred upon him. 2

In his youth he was noted for his great activity and staying —
power; a walk of forty miles or so was frequently undertaken and —
enjoyed, and the writer remembers that after he had passed- the —
three score years and ten, which is the allotted life of man, he was —

still capable of climbing several thousands of feet in the Alps or —

Pyrenees in search of his beloved butterflies.

It was perfectly marvellous only a few years ago to see him thread
the motor traffic in the busiest parts of London, it was his
frequent custom to cross a stream of traffic, leaving his friends to —
keep up with him if they could: very often they couldn’t!

At the Entomological Society meetings at Chandos Street he
would remain in conversation with friends until he had only just
time to catch his train at London Bridge; he would then leave,
walking at something nearer four miles per hour than three, and if he
thought the occasion required a sharp run would follow, he would’
rush up stairs and down stairs in the tubes, jump into trains in
motion, and do all sorts of things with impunity that would be
impossible for most men much his junior.

He had a very happy, genial disposition and was very sociable
provided his company was congenial. His conversation in its lighter _
vein was full of fun and repartee, and sallies were always accompanied
by the merriest of twinkles in his shrewd, kindly grey eyes.

In December, 1919, he, who had always enjoyed the very best of
health, was attacked by a serious illness. His great strength of
constitution and hfelong temperance enabled him to partially
recover from this, and he was enabled to continue research work
until the day before the end came. His illness was borne with —
characteristic fortitude and hopefulness.

“The Doctor” rests in the graveyard of the old church at
Reigate, amidst the beautiful Northdown country he had wandered
over so often and loved so well. May the greenclad turf lie lightly
upon him! We shall not see his like again !

To his sisters, the Misses Chapman, who resided with him, we-
desire to tender our very respectful sympathy. W.G.S.

WE regret to state that Mr. W. Teenie of Thanet Gardens,
Folkestone, died on January 19th last.

EXCHANGE.

(The publication of Notices of Exchange. or of Advertisements, in the ‘Mntomo-
isi is im no way a guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good
ndition of the Species. This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of
Exchangers or Advertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, in case the liberty
lowed should be abused.) Marked * are bred. 9

Ks Notices or Excuanex should be received by the 2lst of waAcH
Monte to insure insertion. Not more than Six Lines can be allowed for each

_ Dupheates.—Athalia, Polychloros, Paniscus, and many others. Desiderata.—
Hine female Davus and a few others——B. W. Adkin, 8, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent.
Duplicates.— Cerago, Silago, Plecta, Segetum;, Xanthographa, Palleus,
)N.c-nigrum, Solidiginis, Decolorata, and Doubledayaria. ,Desiderata,—Porata,
‘Trilinearia, Pendularia, Heparata, Atomaria, Piniaria, Juniperata, Comitata,
en W. Baker, 26, Woodfield: Terrace, Ipswich Road, Stowmarket,
wijOlk.
| Duplocates.—Blandina, A’gon, Adippe, Davus, Velleda and var., Plumaria,
Mimorata, Filigrammaria, Impluviata, Ruberata, Salicata, Flavicinctata, Chi and
/vars., Megacephale,« Haworthii, Valligera, Cursoria, Agathina, Interrogationis,
/Unea, Pulchrina, Rumicis, Atomaria (dark), Bidentata vars. Desiderata.—
Numerous.— W. G. Clutten, 1386, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley, Lancs.
| Duplicates from well-knogyn collection, many in fine condition: Aurinia,
» W-album, Betule, Chaonia, Trimacula, Curtula, Pigra, Anachoreta, Muralis, Coryli,
‘Orion, eporina, Rubricollis, Quadra, Lurideoia, Aini, Leucophea, Rumicis,
Phragmitidis, Absinthii, Chomomille, Tripartita, Festuce, Pulchrina, Moneta,
and others. Desideraia.-—Pupe and imagos in fine condition only with full data.
—W. 8: Gilles, The Cottage, Bocking, Braintree, Essex.
- Duplicates.—Io,* Galatea, Caniola, Exulans, Rumicis, Suffusa, Pyramidea,
Vetusta, Ambieua, Comes,* Nigra, Oxyacanthe, Impura, Carpophaga,* Capsincola,*
Moneta, hunosa, Ligula, Fluviata,* Siterata, Truncata, Asinalis,’H. sinuella.
Desiderata.—Well set renewals, local forms, or pupe.—P. P. Milman, Oyprina,
Lower Conway Road, Paignton.
\ . Duplicates—Ova: P. populi, Antiqua, Silago. .[magines: T. rubi, Silago,*
Antiqua,* Hyperanthus, Napi (vernal), Adustata, Populata, Baja, Atomaria,
»Boreata, Multistrigaria, etc: _Wanted.—Very numerous in all stages.—Thomas
| Smith, Whiston Haves, Froghall, Stoke-on-T'rent.
- Duplieates—Napi (Irish), Rhamni, Selene, Aurinia, Atalanta, Sibylla (fine),
Galatea, T. rubi, Aigon, Corydon, Hectus, Crepuscularia, EH, autumnaria, Adyenaria,
| Multistrigaria, Lariciata, Tristata, Viretata (fine), Populata, Straminea, Cannw
ee Fimbria, Augur, Ceraga; ete., ete. Desiderata.—Fluctuosa, Depuncta,
Venustula, and very numerous to replace ; first rate condition only.—W. C. Wells,
$54, Boldmere Road, Hrdington, Birmingham. ;
- Duplicates:—Sibylla, Galatea, Ocellatus, Tipuliformis, Rhizolitha, Socia (2),
| Semibrunnea (1 fair), Prunaria (4 4s), Roboraria (fair 4's), Hastata. Desiderata.
'—Castrensis 4s, Cucullina, Cribrum, Cinerea, Ravida, Ashworthii, Notata,
» Obfuscaria, Smaragdaria and others, also vars. and local forms.—Harold #.
'Winser, Kent Howse, Cranleigh, : ;
\ Specially Wanted for Research Pirposes.—Fertile ova of all species of
‘Ennomos except I. autumnaria. Duplicates.—Ova : Autumnaria, Antiqua. Pupie :
Mrepida, Bidentata (black). Imagines: Io,* Fuliginosa,*S. populi,* Carpini, Caja,”
/Villica,* Antummaria,* Quercinaria,* and others.—G. Wynne, 78, Shrewsbury
| Street, Old Trafford, Manchester.

(aig To CorresponpENnts.—All notes, papers, books for review, &c., and notices
Exchange should be sent to the Editor—

> RICHARD SOUTH, 4, MAPESBURY COURT, SHOOT-UP HILL, BRONDES-
- BURY, N.W. 2.

CONTENTS. oS.
The. Genus “ Amblypodia auctorum” (De Niceville, Moore, Swinhoe, ete:
Horsfield (Lep. Rhop.)., N. D, Riley, FHS. F.48,, 25. Notes ™
Lepidoptera of the Assynt District of Sutherlandshire, W. G. Sheldon,
F.E.S., 30.

Norges anp OpservaTions.—Colias edusa migration in Cannes District, OC. HB. r4
35. Blue Spots in Chrysophanus phleas, C. FE. Morris, 36. Colias elect
and C. lesbia ?): Preponderance of Pale Form, Dudley Westropp, 36. Coli
edusa in South Devon, G. Hanson Sale, 37. Food-Plants of aie rys_
and Celastrina argiolus. H. Rowland-Brown, 38. romene ocel Sig
Laneashire, Albert EH. Wright, 88. Pyrameis atalanta in Decemnbigh: dM
Jaques, 38. ‘The Pupal Habit of Telea polyphemus, Geo. C. Grafiths, FHS
38. Vitality of Brenthis euphrosyne, G. Hanson Sale, 39. Sympetrum
scoticum, Don., in Dorset, F. H. Haines, 39. Some Notes on the Habits 6
3 Tabanide, Hugh Jones, 40. . en

SocieTies.— Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, 42. is :

» Recent Literature.—lInsect Transformation, 48. The Lancashire’ and Chee
Naturalist, 44.

Oxstruary, 44.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Enromo.oaicaL Society or Lonpon, 41, Queen’s Gate, 5. W. 7 (nearest statio
South Kensington and Gloucester Road). _F february 1st.

Soutn Lonpon EntomoLogicaL aNnp Naturat History Socmry. Hiber
Chambers, London Bridge, S.E. 1.—Thursday, February 9th, Ordinary Meeting:
at 7 p.m. Thursday, February 23rd, Lantern Evening at 7 p.m—Hon. Seeg
Staniey Hpwargps, F.L.S., etc.,.15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E. 8

Lonpon Natura. History Society now meets in Hall 40, Winches
House, Old Broad Street, H.C. 2, at 6.30 p.m. Full Society meetings are held on
the first Tuesday in each month, and sectional meetings on the third Twesdaye
Visitors welcomed at all ae —Hon. Sec., W. E: Guree, The House, a on
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ENTOMOLOGISI

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" GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
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"Vor. LY] MAROH, 1922.

[No. 706

THE FOSSIL SAWFLIES OF FLORISSANT, ~
. : COLORADO.*

By T. D. A. Cocxrretu.

. THe sawflies, owing to their position near the base of the
_Hymenopterous series, are of more than ordinary interest to the
evolutionist. Primitive Siricoids are known from far down in

the Mesozoic, but, except at Florissant, tertiary sawflies are rare.

- The remarkable Oligocene deposit at Gurnet Bay, in the Isle of
Wight, has produced a long series of Hymenoptera, but not a

single sawfly. In the famous Miocene deposit at (iningen in

_ Baden a few species have occurred, only three of them described
and named. Others are known from the Oligocene of Aix,

_ Brunstatt and in Baltic amber, and the Miocene of Radoboj,
but the species are few and for the most part inadequately

known. A primitive Siricoid of large size, preserved in the
British Museum, has been described from the Eocene of Bourne-
mouth. tf
It is only in the Miocene of Florissant that we have a fairly
representative extinct sawfly fauna. No less than forty-two
species have been described, referable to twenty-four genera.
Ten of the genera have been regarded as extinct, Pseudocimbex,
Rohwer, and Phenacoperga, Ckll., being placed by Rohwer in a
sub-family—Phenacopergine. Theremaining genera are typical

Nearctic and Holarctic types, without any suggestion of
Neotropical affinities. They are Janus, Megazycla, Neurotoma,
Hemichroa, Dineura, Pteronus, Eriocampa, Pseudosiobla, Macro-
phya, Tenthredella, Schizocerus, Selandria, Cladius and Erio-
campoides. It is evident that the modern sawfly genera have
come down practically unaltered from the Miocene, but many
genera once associated with them have died out.

The genus Cimbex and a new species of Hriocampa may now
be added to the Florissant list, the specimens being in the
Colorado Museum of Natural History in Denver. I am indebted

to Director J. D. Figgins for permission to describe them. A

Cimbex larva was reported by Menge as occurring in amber, but
otherwise the genus has not been known fossil.

* Sawflies are known as Hymenoptera Phytophaga, but the adults have been
found in the act of devouring other insects. Thus at Brainerd Lake, Colorado,
a3 ane Labidia alienata, Rohwer, preying upon Bibio nervosus, Loew (det.
Aldrich).

ENTOM.—wmaRCH, 1922. P

CN TIN
vere Ce 5

50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Among the fossils received from Mr. Figgins, I also found |
the third known specimen of Megaxycla petrefacta, Brues (14 mm. —
long), and the second known example of the caterpillar Phylle- ”
destes vorax, Ckll. a

Cimbex vetusculus, un. sp. 4

Male. Length 17:3 mm., of the usual form, with the stout hind —
legs projecting from the sides of the abdomen ; head, thorax, abdo- —
men and legs black; wings hyaline, suffused with ‘brown in the E
vicinity of the stigma, veins dark brown. Compared with a male ~

Cimbex americana, Leach, from Boulder, Colorado, there is ‘little

difference except in-size. The interradius is more oblique in the ~

fossil, and- the second recurrent neryvure: does not meet the. 3

transverse-cubital, but ends some distance before it. I find,
however, that some recent specimens have the second recurrent —
distinctly before the first (morphologically second) transverse- cubital.
The scanty hair on the body agrees with Cimbex and not with
_Trichvosoma. -

Wing measurements in microns: lower: side of ‘age cell from

interradius to apex, 3170; radial cell on second (morphologically

third) cubital, 960; end of second recurrent nervure to first inter-

cubitus (transverse- cubital), 590; end of first recurrent nervure to —
end of second, 1455; lower side of first discoidal cell, 1690 ; lower:
end of basal nervure Peed of nervules, 95. 5

Hriocampa disjecta, n. sp.

‘Length 11 mm., anterior wing 7 mm.; head and thorax black ; f
abdomen narrow, ferruginous, with the last two segments darkened ;
wings clear, stigma and nervures ferruginous. Compared with
Magegillivray’s figure (‘Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,’ vol. xxix, pl. 28) of
E. ovata, L., it differs thus: radial cell longer ‘and more tapering, its.
lower side before apex gently curved inward; -interradius curved;
distance between basal nervure and nervules greater; third cubital —
cell narrower in proportion to its length; anterior and posterior
sides of first discoidal cell nearly parallel, slightly converging above,
but basal side (basal nervure) considerably longer than apical ; first.
discoidellan (hind wing) considerably longer.

Among the fossils it is nearest to H. pristima, Ckll., which is.
about the same size and similarly coloured, but the apical part of
marginal cell is much more produced than in pristina, and there are
many other differences in detail. They agree in having the third
intercubitus arched inward.

Wing measurements in microns: upper side of radial cell from
stigma to apex, 2120; lower side of radial from third intercubitus to-
apex, 1185; lower end of interradius to third intercubitus, 255;
second intercubitus to lower end of interradius, 690; upper side of
second cubital cell, 960; depth of stigma, 430; first cubital on first
discoidal, 415; second conial on first Bhadiitail 350; second inter-
cubitus to Second recurrent, 400; basal nervure, 1120; apical side.
of first discoidal, 605; first discoidal on submedian, 445; first dis-
coidal on first brachial, 620.

7
g
he

THE GENUS ‘‘AMBLYPODIA”’ AUCTORUM. 51

_ THE GENUS “ AMBLYPODIA” AUCTORUM (DE NICE-
VILLE, MOORE, SWINHOB, ETC.), NEC HORSFIELD
(LEP. RHOP.).

By N. D. Ritey, F.E.S., F.Z.S.
(Continued from p. 29.)

(g) H. n. batjana, ssp. nov.

3g - Upperside: Somewhat similar to plateni, the distal black
border being very broad; its inner edge, however, is very much
curved (not nearly straight as in plateni), and it does not extend
at all into the basal portions of areas 4, 5,6 or even 7. On the
hind wing the blue reaches partly into area 6. The underside is
distinctly greenish.

B.M. type No. Bh. 205, 3; Batchian (Dr. Platen), ex Godman
and Salvin Coll.

Very distinct from the next species (H. annetia), which was
also obtained from Batchian by Dr. Platen. Its genitalia are
decidedly of the narada type.

(h) H.n. confusa, ssp. nov.

6. Upperside: The blue is much thinner and paler and is
restricted on the fore wing to the cell, the proximal quarter of ©
area 2, the proximal two-thirds of area 1b and the whole of la;
on the hind wing it occupies the cell, the bulk of area 2 and most
of the proximal halves of areas 3 to 6. The underside is light,
glossy purplish brown, the diagonal line prominent, very wavy.
B.M. type No. Rh. 206, 3; Macassar, ex Hewitson Coll.

This specimen very closely. resembles the next species in

- colour and markings and in the great reduction of the blue areas

of the wings ; in fact, it stood as annetta in the collection. Its
genitalia, however, show it unquestionably to belong to narada.

(3) ‘Horsrrexpra ANNETTA, Staud.

The oblique transverse line on the underside of fore wing in

this species does not run to the apex, but towards the costa

some little way short of the apex, though seldom, if ever,
actually reaching the costa.

. (a) H. a. annetta, Staud.
Amblypodia annetta, Staud.

Typical annetta was described by Staudinger from examples
sent him by Dr. Platen, and he gives an excellent figure of it
(Ex. Schmett, pl. 96). It is characterised by the small area
occupied by the rather purplish blue of the upper side, and its
extremely dark underside, against which the grey marginal and
submarginal bands of the hind wing show up very conspicuously.
Any of these characters will at once separate it from H. n.

52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Dr. Platen.
Only known from Batchian. _
(b) H. a. elga, Frihst;

Described from Obi. It is said to have a more brilliant and
larger light blue basal area to all Ryne and a light red-brown
a eeeide! It is unknown to me.

(c) H. a. anna, Staud.

The male has less and much lighter blue than typical anna —

on the upperside. On the underside the grey bands on hind

wing are slightly more prominent, and the diagonal line which ~

runs across both wings is very wavy and comparatively con-
spicuous; in typical annetta it is scarcely visible. The crouse
colour of the underside is very uniform dark brown.

This race was described from Amboina and Saparua. o is
in the British Museum from Ceram only.

(d) H.a. fabiana, Fruhst.

This race was described from a solitary female from Waigiu.
It is represented by one female from Salwatty in the British
Museum.

It is said to “‘ connect annetta with faisina”’ (from the Solo-
mons!), than which the “‘ blue of the upperside is rather darker

and more sharply defined. Underside: Ground-colour light

grey, with a broad red-brown wavy median band. Both wings
with a complete black submarginal band which, on the hind
wing, is proximally strewn with whitish-grey. The ante-
marginal. brown spots of the hind wing more delicate than in
faisina, the subanal spots grey, instead of dull yellow, and
larger.”

(e) H. a. eberalda, Frihst.

All the males of this race that I have seen are very brilliant
blue above, the blue being of much the same shade as in anna,
rather light (very much lighter than in typical annetta), and of
considerable extent; underside very dark purplish-black, on
which the wavy diagonal line is barely visible; of the grey
markings towards hind margin of hind wing the inner series is
the more prominent. The underside may, however, be bright
red-brown, in which case the normal markings are quite promi-
nent. Frihstorfer describes the female as being “above like
narada fara, but darker blue, basal coloration of the hind wing
almost reaching the margin at anal angle. Underside rather
lighter, more reddish- brown, more richly sprinkled with grey.”

Described from the high Forest of Kabenau, German New
Guinea; occurs also in Dutch New Guinea, Kaju- “metas Fak-
Fak, and probably throughout New. Guinea.

‘

batjana, the Batchian race of narada which was also obtained by 4

|
|
"{
5

. LEPIDOPTERA OF ASSYNT DISTRICT OF SUTHERLANDSHIRE. 53

(f) H. a. faisina, Ribbe.
Based on a single female taken on Faisi Island in the

_ Bougainville Straits, Solomon Isles. It is remarkable for the

very light distal half of both wings below, and the pronounced
marginal markings on the hind wing. The upperside appears
to agree quite well with a. anna female. It is not represented
in the British Museum ; it probably is a good local race.

‘NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ASSYNT
sate DISTRICT OF SUTHERLANDSHIRE.

By W. G. SHewpon, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 35.)

Aglais urticae.—Larve abundant at Lochinver. The imagines
bred are of good size and extremely bright in colour, the tawny
dise of the wings being especially bright. The most striking
feature in this race is, however, the brilliance and size of the
blue blotches in the dark external band; this character,
especially as it applies to the superiors, is more pronounced
than in any specimens I possess either of British or Kuropean

origin.

Pyrameis cardui.—One or two visitors at Lochinver in June.

P. atalanta.—One example around nettles at Inchnadamph.

Argynnis aglaia—Common at Lochinver, less so at Inchna-
damph. Some of the females resemble south of England
specimens, and some are very dark.

Brenthis selene.*—Fairly common.

Hipparchia semele-—Common at Lochinver and on the Island
of Soyea, but very difficult to capture in consequence of its
wariness and the rough character of the ground it frequented ;
very fine bright examples of race scota Verity.

Epinephele jurtina.*— Unquestionably the most interesting
butterfly met with. My first specimen taken at Inchnadamph
on July 5th gave me quite a shock. A large, apparently jet
black butterfly got up and flew with a very Hrebia-like flight ;
I wondered if I had come across E. ligea, which certain people
considera not impossible species to occur in western Scotland.
The wind carried the insect some half a mile before I could
capture it and solve the mystery. I found it was a very dark

male H. jurtina, and afterwards captured one female, very much
like our south of England form, except that the dark portion

of the wing was darker than obtains in that race; the fulvous
patch was confined to the dise of the superiors. At Lochinver
the form is a really astonishing one if one considers the
geographical position. Both males and females are very

5st THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

strongly coloured, and in the latter the fulvous patches spread
over almost the entire superiors, and there is even a band of —
this colour across the inferiors. Some of the specimens —
resemble very closely examples I have from Spain and southern
France, and are practically identical with ab. hispulla, Hub. —

I am aware, of course, that the Scilly Islands produce a very —
similar form, but Lochinver is several hundreds of miles further —

north ! 4
Coenonympha tiphon.*—Common throughout the district on
bogs; the usual highland Scotch form. rt

C. pamphilus.*—Not infrequent at Inchnadamph ; hardly seen
at Lochinver. The examples brought home are very typical of —
southern British specimens, and = not show any approach to
race scota Verity.

Polyommatus icarus.*—Fairly common at Loshenyes and
on Soyea, less so at Inchnadamph. The examples from the
latter locality (males only) show distinct traces of black spots
on the uppersides of the inferiors; this does not apply to the
Lochinver specimens. ‘The males and some of the females
of these are of an extremely bright blue, almost rivalling
Agriades bellargus in this respect. The blue coloration in some
of the females is extremely pronounced. The undersides are
typical. The size is, as in most Scotch specimens, larger than
southern British.

Cerura furcula.—Larve beaten i Mr. — from sallow
at Lochinver.

Notodonta dr dnvedane —lLarve on birch; Mr. Whittle ; :
Lochinver.

Pygaera pigra.—Larve extremely common on sallow 6
Lochinver, at the end of July.

Palimpsestis or.—Larve on aspen at Lochicneet not un-
common.

P. duplaris, var. obscura, Tutt.—Common at sugar. iy

Polyploca flavicornis. *—Tarve scarce in both localities,
imagines not yet bred.

Trickiura ‘or ataegi.—We each obtained a larva at Lec
on sallow. Maine has not emerged.

Lastocampa quercus, var. callunae.*—Larvex on heather. —

L. rubi.—Larve at Lochinver.

Saturnia pavonia.*—Larve common on heather at Lochinver,
less so at Inchnadamph.

Drepana lacertinaria.—Larve at Lochinver; Mr. Whittle.

Parasemia plantaginis.*—At each locality. Scarce. —

Acronycta menyanthidis.—One larva on Myrica gale at Loch-
inver, now a pupa.

A. ewphorbiae, var. ieee ee ichneumoned larva at
Lochinver.

A. rumicis.—At sugar, the type form.

aw
rte

ae
a

ry:

Tp
x

LEPIDOPTERA OF ASSYN' DISTRICT OF SUTHERLANDSHIRE. 55

_, — Agrotis strtgula.—Common amongst heather at-dusk.

Noctua augur.—At sugar.
__N. brunnea.—Common at sugar; a beautiful reddish form, =

var. rufa, Tutt. | a : ie
_. N, ¢-nigrum.—At Lochinver ; Mr. Whittle.

é ON. primiulae, Esp., = festiva, Hb.—Common at sugar. The
specimens were reddish-brown unicolorous forms showing little

variation.

N. rubi.—Common at sugar.
N. xanthographa.—One dark example. at sugar, July 14th—

a very early date.

N. plecta.—Common at sugar; the examples have the costal
streak darker than is the case in southern specimens.

Triphaena comes.—T'wo examples only at sugar, one a bright
pale red = var. rufescens, Tutt, the other = var. ochrea, Hufn.

T. pronuba.—Common at sugar. Various forms; particulars
not noted. .

Mamestra pist.—One example only at sugar, =var. pallida,
Tutt. |

Humichtis adusta.— At sugar ; = the type form.

Bombycia viminalis.—Larve not uncommon on sallows at
Lochinver ; the resultant imagines are very beautiful and highly
variegated forms perhaps near intermedia, Tutt, but I have never
seen similar specimens.

Hyppa rectilinea.—Scarce at sugar; very beautiful dark
examples of var. virgata, Tutt.

Miana fasciuncula.—Scarce at sugar; the red form = type,
and yar. cana, Stgr., and intermediates.

Xylophasia rurea.—This, the most interesting Noctua met
with, was common at sugar; a very variable series was taken,

- eonsisting of the greyish-white type, and the following aberra-

tions: ochrea, Tutt; flavo-rufa, Tutt; alopecurus, Esp.; and
nigro-rubida, Tutt. Of this form Tutt writes (‘ British Noct.
and their Varieties,’ vol. i, p. 81): ‘‘I have only seen this
variety from the Island of Lewis.”

X. lithoxylea.—One example at rest on a post in the daytime,
Lochinver. °

X. monoglypha.—This variable species was abundant at sugar,
but the forms were not so dark on the whole as one expects to be
the case in examples from Northern Scotland. I saw, perhaps,
half a dozen black specimens, and the great bulk were the light
southern form =the type; there was a considerable number of
ab. brunnea, Tutt. I brought away two examples which do. not
agree with anything described by Tutt, or that 1 have seen
elsewhere. They are very handsome, extremely dark variegated
forms, but the ground-colour is a rich intensely dark brown.

Very similar to that of Crymodes exulis, var. assimilis, but even

more intense and brilliant than obtains in that form.

5O re _ THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Polia. chi.—Mr, Whittle reported this deg from Lochinver 5 :
the grey type only. *

Hupleaia lucipara.—Common at sugar.

Hydraecia micacea.— Reported by Mr. Whittle. ce

Rusina tenebrosa.—Common at sugar ; var. obscura, Tutt; Ag. a

Taentocampa gothica and T. stabilis.-—Larve of poe these a
species were beaten commonly at Lochinver. a

T. gracilis.*—Larve common on Myrica gale. .

X. silago.—Reported by Mr. Whittle ; Lochinver. - . 4

Calocampa vetusta—A larva found on Myrica gale at a
Lochinver. ie

Anarta myrtilli, —F lying over heather at Lochinver. Co a

Prothymnia viridaria.*—Not common. oan

Plusia pulchrina.—Lochinver ; P. gamma,* common. _ |

P. interrogationis.—At Inchnadamph : very local, and not
common. ae

Hypena proboscidalis. —Lochinver ; Mr. Whittle.

Acidalhia fumata.*+—Common.

Ortholitha limitata.—Lochinver.

Odesia atrata, Anaitis plagiata.—Common locally at Lochinver :

Cheimatobia brumata.—Lay ve ; Lochinver.

Lygris testata.—Bred from sallow ; Lochinver. |

LL. populata.*—Not common, and strictly typical.

Cidaria fulvata.—Lochinver ; Mr. Whittle.

C. corylata.*—Not common; the type only seen.

C. truncata.*—Perhaps the most abundant Geometer. Very
common on rocks and trees everywhere ; the forms consisted of
the type, ab. perfuscata, Haw., ab. centumnotata, Schulz., and
one or two others.

C. immanata.—Lochinver; Mr. Whittle ; the type form only.

C’. miata.—Lochinver ; bred from birch.

Thera obeliscata. —Lochinver ; common.

T’. cognata.—This species was reported as common by.
Dr. Beveridge at Lochinver. We searched in every direction for
bushes of juniper but for a long time without success. Hven-
tually, however, I located three or four small ones on a hill behind
the Culag Hotel, and on these the larve were common. I
presume the juniper has been almost grazed out of existence.

Coremia munitata.*—A few examples only. .

C. ferrugata.*—Very beautiful forms of ab. ase Haw. Ne
were not uncommon.

CC. designata.—Lochinver.

Amoebe olivata.—Lochinver. .

A, viridaria.*—Beautiful brilliant green forms, very, abundant.

Malenydris salicata.—Lochinver ; not common.

M. didymata.*—Abundant.

Venusia cambrica.*—Not common on trunks of mountain ash.

Entephria caesiata.*—Abundant; very light forms. -

NOTES ON BRITISH NEUROPTERA IN 192]. 57

. 4. flavicinctata.—Lochinver ; not common. Its usual food-
_ plant, Sazifraga aizoides, is not found there, and the larval pabulum
_ was no doubt Sedum sp.
___ Xanthorhoé montanata.*— Common and very variable ; some
of the forms resemble ab. shetlandica, Weir.
_. XX. fluctuata.—I only saw one example at Lochinyer; this is a
very dark example of ab. neapolisata, Mill.

X. galiata.—One example only; Lochinver, Mr. Whittle.
_ X. sociata.*—Abundant ; not showing any approach to the
Hebridean form obscurata, South.

X. tristata.—Lochinver, not common ; a black and white form
_ resembling the Yorkshire ‘specimens, and not the smoky brown
ordinary Scottish form.

(To be continued.)

NOTES ON BRITISH NEUROPTERA IN 1921.
By W. J. Lveas, B.A., F.E.S.

__ As Neuroptera were not persistently worked for during 1921,
not many records were made, and those that follow were often
noted chiefly for the sake of the dates.

Alder-flies.—Two males of Sialis lutaria, Linn. were taken
in the New Forest on May 18. The dusky S. fuliginosa, Pict.,
which is a less common. and somewhat later insect, I met with
first on June 1-at. Blackwater in the New Forest. South took
S. lutaria on June 1. at Harefield in Middlesex, and on the 14th
at Padworth in Berks. wie, ihrem

Brown Lacewings.—My first capture of the antlion-like
Osmylus chrysops, Linn: was made at Queen’s Bower in the New
Forest on June 5, though I possibly saw one in the Forest about
three weeks earlier. Two or three further examples were met
with near Blackwater on June 8. These were all I saw during
the season of an insect which I hoped to meet with more freely.
Hemerobius micans, Oliv. was taken near Withybed Bottom at
Stony Cross Plain in the New Forest on Aug.4. My first experi-
ence with H. stigma, Steph. in 1921 occurred on Jan. 13, when
one was captured flying on Ksher Common, Surrey; another was
taken there on Jan. 24. About twelve were secured on Jan. 30,
when I visited the Common again with C. L. Withycombe ; these
were obtained by tapping small Scotch Firs over a beating-tray.
On Feb. 4a male was taken on Esher Common. On Feb. 21
two were beaten from Scotch Firs on the same common, and on
March 10 one only was captured there in the same way. On
March 22 I visited Stanmore Common, Middlesex, with South.
Only one Conifer was met with, but from this a few examples of

58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Hemerobius were beaten; though of a rather dark and: well-_ ¥
marked form, I take: them all to be H. stigma. ¥ =

On April 4 I obtained a Hemerobius larva from a. Scoteh Fir ‘
on Esher Common. In colour the thorax was bluish-white; with
two small semilunar black marks, one on each sidé of’ the —
pronotum. ‘I'he abdomen was: yellowish-white with two. longi- —
tudinal rows of dark bloteches—one on each side—and a fine |
mid-dorsal black line. The larva was placed, with some Scotch —
Fir aphides, in a glass-bottomed box, where it began to spin up on eS
April 6. Though the pale yellow cocoon, made between ‘two e
‘‘needles,” was very thin, I could not tell when the larva became 4
a pupa, but I think not at once. A nice imago of H. coneinnus, —
Steph. appeared during the daytime on May 2. The pupa, of —
course, leaves the cocoon before the final change, and in this —
case did so without revealing clearly the place of exit. The
pupal skin was a very perfect one. South captured this species
at Padworth on June 12, a5

Green Lacewings.—Chrysopa tenella, Schn. was captured at
Brondesbury, Middlesex, on June 1 (South). C. vulgaris, Schn.
was met with three times in the New Forest—on July 15 and 25
and on Aug. 81. Of C. prasina, Ramb. (= aspersa, Wesm.) one
was taken at Esher Common on June 14 and two on June 22.
Withycombe took his first specimen of the blue-green species,
C. perla, Linn. on May 21; I captured specimens on June 16 in
Juniper Vailey, Boxhill, Surrey. South secured two Nothochrysa
capitata, Fabr. on or near Guelder Rose, Viburnum opulus, Linn.
at Padworth on June 12.

Dusty-wings.—I have but one note on these tiny Neuroptera
with powdered wings—a capture of Semidalis aleur ontforiiss
Steph., on the wing at Ramnor in the New Forest on June 5. |

Scorpion- flies.—My first experience of the genus Panorpa —
was on May 23, when a female P. germanica, Linn. and a teneral
female P. communis, Linn. were captured in the New Forest.
By the 24th they seemed to be common, and a male P. communis
was taken, a male P. germanica being secured on May 29. On
May 31 Panor pas appeared to be very plentiful in the Forest, as
they were againon June 5. Their flight is usually clumsy and
of short duration, often nearly in a straight line. They quickly
fly off, or drop, when disturbed. On July 25 at Denny Bog a
female P. communis, a large and bright specimen but with wing-
tips damaged, when disturbed went down into the rank herbage,
and being followed tried persistently to hide in the deep grassy
growth at the base of the taller herbage—a frequent proceeding
of this species and its congener P. germanica. South took males
of P. communis and P. germanica at ER from June 12-14.

Kingston-on-Thames ;
Feb. 4, 1922.

5
uy

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPIDH (OXYURA). 59

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPIDE
(OXYURA).

By Craupz Moruey, F.E.S., F.Z.S., wre.
(Continued from p. 3.)
PROCTOTRYPES, Latreille.
Proctotrupes, Latr., Pree. Car. Gen. Ins., 1796, p. 108;

Serphus, Schr., Schrift. Berl. Ges., 1, 1780, p. 307 (vec. Syrphus,
Wap, L779); i

This genus as restricted nowadays occurs in Africa, Australia,

Chili, and both North and Central America; I have seen none
from India. It has been divided into three subgenera. by

Kieffer, who considers them probably worthy of generic rank ; I

do not. ‘The species are very distinct inter sc, and easy of

determination ; in fact, until the structure of the claws be
examined they are less different from those of Hxallonyx than
from each other. They appear to occur ubiquitously and with no
referencerespecting situation; 1 haver never, or extremely rarely,
found them upon flowers, but usually by beating boughs and
sweeping rank herbage; though most frequently they are
attracted by honey-dew upon the leaves of oaks, and particularly

_ of limes.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

(10). 1. Abdominal petiole not visible from above; metanotum
smooth with more or less distinct avez; terebra filiform
[CryprospRPHus, Kieff.].

(9). 2. Radial cell as long, or nearly so, as stigma.
(6). 3. Metanotum basally trifoveate; hind calear short, always
: straight...
(5). 4. Pronotal tubercles small; metanotum without arew.
ay > ; 1. brevimanus, Kief.
(4). 5. Pronotal tubercles acute; metanotal aree entire.
ar 2. laricis, Hal.
(3). 6. Metanotum not foveate; larger hind calcar long, often
arcuate.
(8). 7. Radial nervure straight; notauli slightly indicated.
So 3. longitarsis, Th.
(7). 8. Radial nervure curved ; notauli utterly wanting.
4. aculeator, Hal.
(2). 9. Radial cell much shorter than stigma; body squat.

5. parvulus, Nees.
(1). 10. Abdominal petiole distinct, visible above; metanotum
entirely sculptured.
(16). 11. Propleure usually striate; abdomen or second segment
entirely red; terebra filiform, at least half abdominal
length [Sprpnus, Kieff.].

. Metathorax reticulate ; terebra apically deflexed.

. Metathorax longitudinally striate; terebra evenly ATGUaIGE:
. Wings aborted ; large hind calear straight.

. Propleuree smooth, basally punctate ; second segment black —

‘THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

6. gravidator, Linn.

7. devagator, Ol

: Wings fully developed; large hind calcar arcuate. é :

8. gladiator, Hal.

or piceous. rarely apically rufescent ; terebra gradually
attenuate throughout, SUE TEL than half abdomen Bi
SERPHUS, Kieff.]. i

. Metathorax centrally suleate throughout i (eagene!
. Head transverse, as broad as thorax; cheeks dentate. -

9. buccatus, Thoms.

. Head globose, shorter than thorax ; radial cell acute.

10. _elongatus, Hal.

. Metathorax centrally carinate throughout its length.

. Frons apically convex; radial cell fully length of stigma.
. Metanotum evenly rugose; discal nervures indicated.

. Wings normally developed; abdomen entirely black.

11. calcar, Hal.

. Wings aborted ; central segments often brunneous.

12. curtipennis, Hal.

. Metanotum rugose, basally smooth; discal-vein wanting.

13. seticormis, Th.

26. Frons produced ; radial cell much shorter than stigma. .
. Metathorax tuberculate ; head globose; legs infuscated.

14. fuscipes, Hal.

. Metathorax mutic; head distinctly. transverse; legs

rufescent.

. Frons tuberculiformly prominent between antenne.
. Head transverse ; flagellar joints long, not cylindrical.

15. pallidipes, Jur.

. Head and flagellar joints quadrate, latter cylindrical.

16. hyalinipenns, Morl.

. Frons deplanate and not prominent between antenne.
. Stigma twice length of radial cell; discal nervures wanting.

17. micrurus, Kieff.

. Stigma thrice length of radial cell; discal nervures indicated.
‘ Legs of normal length ; metanotum evenly rugulose.

18. viator, Hal.

. Legs elongate; metanotum triangularly smooth basally.

19. Chittit, Morl.
(To be continued.)

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 61

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

THE ORDER NEUROPTERA.—It would be of much interest to

_ myself and some other entomologists in New Zealand if a brief state-
_ ment were made through the pages of the ‘ Entomologist’ as to what
_ extent the breaking up of the old Order Neuroptera into a number of
_ new Orders is generally approved by British entomologists. In the
‘Cambridge Natural History’ the Order Neuroptera is dealt with in

the broad sense, and is subdivided into families in accordance with
the system followed by most of the older entomologists. Recently,

_ however, attempts have been made to raise most of these families to

‘\

ordinal status and to give them new names. For example, we find
the Perlidz spoken of as the Order Perlaria; the Ephemeride as the
Order Plectoptera; the Sialide as the Order Megaloptera; the

Panorpidez as the Order Mecoptera, and soon. The Phryganide have

of course long been regarded by many writers as a distinct order,
the Trichoptera and the Dragonflies as another Order—the Odonata,
although even in these cases opinion does not appear to be by any

means unanimous. It is almost impossible for workers out here to

_ discriminate between the views of one or two special students and

those of entomologists in general, and hence some authoritative

_ statement on the questions I have raised would be very welcome.

Incidentally, I gather from the writings of Mr. Lucas in your pages
‘that the old Order Neuroptera has not been entirely abandoned, and
also that the old family designations appertaining thereto are still in

current use amongst British entomologists.—G. V. Hupson ; Welling-
ton, New Zealand. ; oi
[In vol. xlii, 1909, will be found an article by Dr. D. Sharp, giving
a scientific scheme of the natural orders of insects, and since that
time it has been the one employed by the ‘Entomologist’ in its
index, etc. In this scheme the heterogeneous Neuroptera of Linnzeus

is broken up into its natural divisions. This scheme is in the main

that proposed by Dr. Shipley in ‘ Zool. Anz.,’ xxviii, 1904, and, as it
is made use of in Prof. Sedgwick’s ‘Text-book of Zoology,’ vol. ili,
1909, it has practically the sanction of Cambridge biologists. Dr.
Sharp, we know, would like to amend the list of Orders in his
‘Insecta’ if only the publishers would produce a new edition. Since
1909 Mr. Lucas has always used the term Neuroptera in its restricted
sense, and we would very much like all our contributors to do the
same. We append the list of Orders:
APTERYGOTA:

Protura

Collembola Wingless insects supposed to have descended

Campodeioidea from wingless ancestors.

Thysanura

ANAPTERYGOTA:

ees Wingless insects whose ancestors were probably

Anoplura winged.

Siphonaptera

62 . HR ENTOMOLOGIST.

HXOPTERYGOTA :
Orthoptera
Plecoptera*
Psocoptera
Zoraptera
Isoptera
Embioptera
Ephemeroptera
Paraneuroptera

= Odonata
Thysanoptera 4
Hemiptera | cGatey 0 eer

E,NNDOPTERYGOTA :
Neuroptera
Trichoptera oo. ee
Lepidoptera Winged insects whose wings arise as invagina-~ —
Coleoptera tions of the hypodermis, and for a time project —
Strepsiptera . - within the body. ee
Diptera
Hymenoptera

It will be noticed that Protura and Zoraptera have been added to

the list of 1909, and Dr. Chapman suggests a small Order, Zeugoptera,

‘between the Trichoptera and Lepidoptera. Some biologists prefer to

separate the earwigs from the Orthoptera as Dermaptera; and some

would still further reduce the Neuroptera by breaking off the Scorpion-
flies, etc., at one end, as Mecoptera, and a group containing the

alderflies‘and others, as Megaloptera, from the other.—W. J. L.]

LEUCANIA VITELLINA REARED FROM Ova.—In October, 1920, —
Mr. L. W. Newman sent me some ova of L. vitellina. These —
hatched the same month and I placed the larve on Poa annua. I
kept them in my sitting-room, where there was generally a fire every
evening. They did not attempt to hibernate, but fed right through ~
the winter. As they got larger I moved them into a large pan in
which I put a pot of Cocksfoot grass. I had potted up a number of
small-tufts of this grass, which I brought on in the greenhouse, and I ~
used to change the food every other night. When foreing this
species in a dry room it is advisable to have the grass slightly damp,
as when changing their skins the larve have difficulty in getting out
of them. It is not a good plan to sprinkle them with water otherwise
they go off. The grass, being grown in a damp greenhouse, is moist
enough. They had all pupated by the middle of April, 1921; the
first emergence was on May 18th and the last on June 8th. They
always emerged in the early morning. Almost the whole brood —
were males and all large specimens.—H. McD. Eprnsten; Oakhurst,
Balcombe Road, Haywards Heath.

Harty AND Late Dats ror Lepipoprera.—The following dates
of appearance of certain species of Lepidoptera in this district during
the past abnormal season may be of interest: February 16th, Selenia
bilunaria and Hupithecia pumilata (the last specimen seen of the

* The components of the Neuroptera (Linn.) are in block type.

Winged insects whose wings develop outside the
body. ie OHS

RR eS

NOLES AND OBSERVATIONS. 63.

latter species was on October 21st—a freshly emerged one). February
24th, Larentia multrstrigaria; March 21st, Pieris rape; March 24th,
~Pararge egeria; April 4th, Spilosoma. fuliginosa ; April 22nd,
_ Melanthis ocellata. A specimen. of Bapta temerata was taken on
October 21st and Vanessa atalanta was observed on the wing on
_ December Sth and 9th. Caradrina ambigua was abundant at sugar
during August and September, and several Colias edusa were seen in
the autumn.—H. D. Morean; 27, Sanford Crescent, Chelston,.
Torquay.
_. ApprTions TO GLAMorRGAN List or Lepipoprera.—A specimen of
_ Lnthosia griseola was taken on July 19th last year at Llanishen.
_ Possibly this insect has been overlooked owing to its similarity to
LL. lurideola. It seems rather remarkable that the first example of
_ Hupithecta linariata to be met with locally should have turned up at
- light on September 2nd—an unusual date for this species to be on the:
wing. Amongst a number of “micros” submitted to Mr. F. N.
Pierce for identification in connection with the Faunistic Survey of
the County the following were some of the more interesting new
records: Peronea ferrugana, P. hastiana, P. logiana, Kheodia
caudana, Ephippiphora inopiana, Pedisca solandriana, Stigmonota
perlepidana, Adela rufimitrella and Depressaria angellicella, all
from Llanishen.—F. Norton; 69, Whitchurch Road, Cardiff.

_ Comnrectinc By Powrerrut Licuts, etc.—During the past two
years I have worked this favoured district with great determination,
collecting a large series of insects and filling a bulky note-book with

daily observations. Most of the work has been carried out with the
aid of a car and powerful headlights at Grange, Witherslack and
Holker Mosses, Bigland and Cartmel Fells, and Newly Bridge.
During 1921 a couple of 400-candle-power petrol vapour lamps were.
purchased. In regard to weather, nights varied very much. Many
hot, still, muggy nights produced very little; on the other hand one

_ wild night of westerly lashing rain gave us a “ great night.” Fog is
worse than an east wind. Some species, notably D. coryli: and
G. papilionaria, which most local collectors consider scarce, came in
great numbers. P. lewcographa and T. miniosa, both taken in fair
numbers, are apparently a new record: for the district. D. chaonia
occurs at Bigland and N. trepida occurred twice on the very stormy
night, May 11th, 1921. ZL. polycommata is evidently well established
here. J. viretata is much more local in my experience, being only
taken in 1920. P. duplaris shows great variation. Many insects
absolutely ignore light; others, on two nights apparently similar, act
very differently, on the one crowding right up to the light, on the
other never coming within 15 feet. Plusia moneta was taken at
dusk in 1919 and 1920 upon some eight occasions, always hovering
over Delphiniwm or Viola, but none were seen last year. Is this a
“farthest north” record? B. bimaculata is a scarce insect In
Witherslack woods which apparently ignores light altogether. I
took M. alternata at rest on a Pine tree at Holker, May 28th, 1920.

~ It is known to occur at Witherslack, but is this often noted in
Lancashire? The dark sepia black forms of X. monoglypha occur
frequently (at sugar). A. migra, common at sugar. E. undulata was

64 | THE ENTOMOLOGIST. — an
taken by myself at Grange in August, 1900, but during the past two
years of hard collecting has not been seen. dA. unitarca apparently
is scarce here. My only record is July 27th, 1920, Grange. Also ™
A. luteata June 17th, 1921, Holker. It is frequently necessary to get
a car into apparently impossible places or to back a mile, but a
doctor’s car in the Lake District has to go almost anywhere, some- ~
times even through flowing tidal waters, or through timber-felling ~
tracks, and I can strongly suggest that others should follow our —
example and try ‘“‘mothing by motor.” (N.6.—Witherslack is
Westmorland. Other localities all North Lancs.).—(Dr.) RicHaRrp
LowtHER; Fernleigh, Grange-over-Sands. 5 aa
-JIMMELESIA MINORATA, ETC., AT GRASSINGTON.—I paid a short visit —
to Grassington on July 27th last. The day was fine but overcast; in —
consequence Hrebia ethiops, though fully out, was not flying freely, —
but several nice specimens were taken. My chief object was to
discover if Larentia flaviconctata still occurred in its old;haunts, as it
had not been seen for some time; however, it was.still found on the —
limestone rocks, but was not numerous, about a dozen being taken. —
Returning over the high ground above the woods, Aphelia osseana
was flying freely, but the best thing taken was Hmmelesia minorata.
The first specimens taken were sitting on the walls; they flew off —
quickly as one approached and were bad to secure, but a week later, —
August 3rd, they were flying over the short grass, settling on the
stems or sometimes on the bare ground; this was about 5 o'clock in
the afternoon—probably this is the time of their natural flight, which —
is very much like that of H. albulata. I believe this is the only
recorded Yorkshire locality. Larentia olivata was common in the ~
same locality, but the only other interesting insect caught was a fine
Cerostoma sequella taken from a tree-trunk.—W. G. Cuurten; 132, —
‘Coal Clough Lane, Burnley.

Non-ATTRACTIVENESS OF Erectric Light: A QuERry.—Can
anyone offer an explanation of a curious phenomenon which has
very much puzzled me? In pre-war days the stout electric lamps
here attracted a large number of moths. There was one are lamp
in particular, near by, which shed its light upon a house with a
cemented front, which always produced an abundance of visitors. On
the house front I would often find as many as a dozen moths late in
the evening, including such species as H. autwmnaria, 8. fagi, X.
aurago and C. zerampelina. During the war the lighting was reduced -
to a minimum, in consequence of which no more moths were seen at
thelamps. Since the war, however, the old lighting has been restored,
though with different lamps. These seem to possess absolutely no
power of attraction. Not a single moth is ever found now at any of
our lamps. During 1921 I only saw one moth resting on the wall of
the house mentioned, and that wasa ¢ H. brumata at the beginning
of December. What is the cause of this? I have asked the
electrical engineer if he can explain, but he cannot. I find the old
lamps were called ‘Flame Arcs”; the present ones, which give a
rather whiter light than the old ones, are known as “gas filled”
or “ half Watt” lamps. It seems to me that there must be some
particular ray which was present in the old lamps that is absent in

\

~

_ the female somewhat similar to the female of C. virgauree; H.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 65

the light produced by the present ones’ which was the cause of the

attraction, but up till now I had been under the impression that all

bright lamps were equally attractive to moths. I shall be glad if
anyone can explain. One cannot imagine any change in the
sensitiveness of the moths to light.—(Rey.) J. HE. Tarsar; Fareham,
elamtsy. >.

LEPTOGRAMMA LITERANA IN YORKSHIRE.—In reference to Mr,
Sheldon’s invaluable contribution to the life-history, variation and
distribution of this species, it may be well to put on record that I have
taken this species very sparingly over a number of years in the
Kildale district of North Yorks, never more than two or three speci-
mens in a season, all in the spring months of February, March and
May ; all on or about Oak except one specimen beaten out of Birch.
The specimens taken included the type and var. squamana, the latter
probably being the more frequent.—T. Asaton Lortuouss, F.H.S.;
Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. :
BUTTERFLIES OF THE VIENNA DistRict.—Being in Vienna during
the latter part of the summer of 1920 I had the opportunity of
spending my Sundays in the surrounding country. The neighbour-
hood is renowned for the beauty of its scenery and the variety of its
Lepidoptera, and though one’s observations were necessarily confined
to the day-flying species, the results may possibly be of interest to
your readers. On July 25th, a very hot, sunny day, I climbed the
slopes of the Kahlenberg, which overlooks the Danube west of
Vienna; the grass had not been cut in the meadows, which were a
mass of wild flowers and teemed with insect life. The following
were among the many species noticed: Papilio machaon, about six
specimens more or less damaged; Colzas hyale, a fair number,
recently emerged; Melanargia galatea, mostly damaged; Satyrus
dryas, 2 handsome, strong-flying species of the Satyridee, several in
good condition; Canonympha iphis, first cousin to C. pamphilus.
The following “ blues,’ recently emerged, were in large numbers, and
formed a lovely sight in the brilliant sunshine: L. corydon, C. muumus,
L. egon, L. meleager, a large sky-blue species; L. damon, the male
of which is the colour of moonlight on water, with black edging, the
female dark brown, both sexes having a long white streak on the
underside of the hind wings. Of day-flying moths the following
were seen: Zygena carniolica, a pretty species of the Burnet tribe,
in very large numbers, five or six on every thistle head; 4. filipendule,
O. limitata, O. meniata, O. bipunctaria, the latter in enormous
numbers, together with var. gachiaria, P. gamma, Ei. glyphiea. On
August Ist, a warm, cloudy day, I noticed the following in the woods
and adjoining meadows of the Wienerwald, near Mauer: D. paphia,
rather worn specimens; L. sinapis, P. egerra, Li. 1carus, L. corydon,
L. bellargus; L. egon ; Chrysophanus dorilas, belonging to the
“copper” family, the male being greyish-brown with black saa
malve;
A. syluanus; also one specimen of C. hera sitting on a thistle.
August 8th, a fine and very hot day, was spent In the pine woods
above Baden, in the Wienerwald, at a height of about 800 feet above
sea-level, and the following species were noticed, either flying among
the pine trees or on the grass or heathery clearings on the side of the
ENTOM.—MaRCH, 1922, S

66 P THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

hills: P. podalirius, one specimen; L. sinapis; P. egeria; P. megara;
M. galatea ; E. aethiops, freshly emerged and in large numbers; S.
semele; E. janira; S. briseis, a fine large species of the Satyridee ;
A. paphia; Lycena hylas, 2 member of the “blue” family very
prettily marked on the underside. Several specimens of C. hera were —
found sitting on hazel, and I also noticed H. atomaria, C. elathrata
and P. coracina. On August 15th we had a day’s partridge shooting ~
in the plains south-east of Vienna, over open fields of grass and ~
maize, intersected here and there by streams lined with scrub and —
small woods. The weather was sunny and very hot, and them
following were noticed: P. daplidice, freshly emerged and in large —
numbers ; Colias hyale, very plentiful, including variations in mori
and colouring; C. edusa; C. chrysotheme ; C. myrmidone, all plen- —
tiful. I took one specimen of the pale female variety of the latter, —

*

which much resembles var. helice of edusa, and is far from common
in Austria; LZ. senapis, including several entirely devoid of the black —
tip to the fore wing; S. brisezs; S. hermione; A. lathonia; A. dia, in —
large numbers, freshly emerged; M. athaiva; P. cardu; L. bellargus; —
very plentiful, including several of the female bright blue variety
ceronus ; L. corydon; C. nunima; Lycena argiades; A. comma; M.
stellatarum ; S. convoluuli ; A. sumilata. On several evenings during
August I noticed the following in the Prater (the Bois-de-Boulogne
of Vienna): A. lathonia ; C.minamus ; Lycena argiddes ; P. c-albwm.
On September 4th, during a day’s stag shooting in the mountains of
Lower Austria, H. e@thiops was found in considerable numbers up to

a height of about 3000 feet. September 12th, a sunny morning, —
was spent in some large woods, well known to local collectors, north
of the Danube. The woods largely consist of oaks and open occa-
sionally into marshy meadows. The following were seen: Araschnia
prorsa, the dark summer form of A. levana; V. io; V. urtice; P.
c-album ; P. atalanta; A. paphia; A. lathonia; L. argiades (plen-
tiful); C. virgauree. On September 19th and 26th, in the same
district and in hot weather, many of the same species were found as
on the 12th, and in addition P. machaon, C. chrysotheme and G.
rhamnt, the latter newly emerged. YJ. 20 was in very large numbers.
The following varieties of L. zcaruws were also taken: arcua ;
amethystina ; cerulea. The usual colour of the female in Austria is
dark brown with practically no blue scales on the upper side. These
same woods in July are celebrated hunting-grounds for the Apaturias.
A. iris can be taken in numbers; a friend of mine last summer had
three in his net at one time. The bandless variety iole is by no
means unknown here. A. tlia and its reddish variety clytze are also
to be had, and that wonderfully handsome insect Limenitis popult is
comparatively common. The end of September practically ended
the butterfly season, and one would have to travel far indeed to find
a greater variety of insects, plants and flowers, amid such charming
and varied surroundings within half an hour’s journey of a large
capital city, as in the Vienna neighbourhood. Two insects left a
particular impression on one’s mind—A. lathonia on account of its
habit of skimming low along cart tracks at the edge of woods and of
settling in the ruts, ands P. c-albwm on account of its tameness. The
green colour of a net seems to attract it, and I have several times
known it to settle on the net, It will persist in flying round and

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 67

found the same spot and settling on the same leaf or twig, as one
has seen 7. rwbi do in England, and is not easily frightened away.—
_ B. H. Cooxe (Lieut.-Colonel) ; Naval and Military Club, Piccadilly.

| Nympus or Naraps.—Mr. W. J. Lucas, in the January number,
_ p.9, adopts the term ‘“‘naiad”’ for odonate nymphs, following Comstock.
Tilyard, in his excellent work on dragon-tlies, uses the term “larva.”
_ It may be useful to employ a special name, but ‘‘naiad”’ is inadmissible
since it has long been in use for the freshwater mussels. Thus, for
_ instance, Isaac Lea in 1836 published a ‘Synopsis of the Family of
_ Naiades,’ and in 1900 C. T. Simpson published a ‘Synopsis of the
_ Naiades, or Pearly Freshwater Mussels.’ If a special term is required
for the larve of Odonata, possibly Odonaiad would be suitable—
'T. D, A. CockERELL.

PLATYMISCHUS DILATATUS, WESTWoopD.—On October 5th, 1920,
my wife and I were walking on the beach at Ventnor, Isle of Wight,
where quantities of Fucus and other seaweeds had been thrown up.
Here and there were large boulders, and swarming over them were
vast numbers of small wingless Hymenoptera, at first sight appearing
to be ants. On collecting a number it was at once evident that they
belonged to the Proctotrypoid series, and on looking up the literature
they were readily identified as P. dilatatus. They undoubtedly came
from Dipterous larve in the seaweed. The species has been
considered rare, and even the British Museum had only a few species.
I probably obtained more than had been secured by all collectors
previously, or at any rate could easily have done so.—T. D. A.
_ CocKERELL.

LIBELLULA DEPRESSA, Linn. (OponatA).—It may be of interest
to record that I captured, flying slowly and low up a small stream at
Tibshelf, Derbyshire, a specimen of Lbellula depressa, Linn., on
August Bank Holiday, 1921. The upper part of the abdomen was
covered with slate-coloured bloom, whilst underneath the abdomen
was so badly eaten away (possibly by some parasite) that it was
useless as a cabinet specimen.—A. W. RicHarps; 2, Denman Drive,
Newsham Park, Liverpool.

‘Hemeropius stigma, Steps. (NeuRopTERA).—Two examples of
this interesting little lacewing were taken at Esher Common, Surrey,
on January 30th last. As they passed by on the wing they could be
at once recognised by their slow characteristic style of flight, and
were easily secured even without the help of a net. Their presence
‘in January is welcome, although they can scarcely be looked upon as
harbingers of the spring, for I believe I have taken imagines in every
month of the year. It would be interesting to know how many
broods there are in a season.—W. J. Lucas; February 3rd, 1922.

; Restinc Haprr or Preris rap#.—In the evening of July 20th,

when the declining sun had thrown the southward facing hedgerows
into shade, I saw nine Pieris rape and one P. napi at rest amongst
a patch of nettles. All the P. rape had chosen as resting-places
nettle leaves which through some cause were bleached to a creamy
white colour, remarkably similar to the colour of the butterflies. In
one case there were three butterflies on one leaf, and in another case
two. This would suggest that the sites had been chosen deliberately,

68 HE ENTOMOLOGIST.

I think it is a fact that the dead leaves would part with their heat at
the sun’s declension to a much smaller extent than the living foliage,
if so this would probably be the true determining factor, not the
question of colour for protective purposes.—A. H. THOMPSON;
54, Church Road, Northwich.

SOCIETIES.

Tue Enromonoaican Socimry or Lonpon.—Wednesday, January —
18th, 1922 (Annual Meeting).—The Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild, F.R.S., —
etc., President, in the Chair.—Dr. Neave, one of the Secretaries, read 7
the Report of the Council, which was adopted on the motion of ,
Mr. T. H. Grosvenor, seconded by Mr.S. Hdwards. The Treasurer then
read his report and balance-sheet, which was adopted on the motion of —
Mr. A. EK. Tonge, seconded by Dr. EH. A. Cockayne. The Fellows —
nominated by the Council as Officers and Council for the ensuing —
year were declared by the President to be formally appointed.
The President then delivered hig address, illustrated with lantern-
slides, after which a vote of thanks to him was passed with acclama-
tion, on the motion of Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker. A vote of thanks —
to the Officers was also passed on the motion of Mr. H. H. Green,
seconded by Dr. C. J. Gahan.

Wednesday, February 1st, 1922.—The Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild,
E.R.S., etc., President, in the Chair.—The President announced the
Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year to be Mr. R. Adkin, Mr. H. C.
Bedwell, and Prof. E. B. Poulton, D.Sc., F.R.S., etc.—The Treasurer
read a letter from the Hon. N. C. Rothschild announcing the death of
Mr. W. Purdey, of Thanet Gardens, Folkestone, and a vote of condo-
lence was passed to his relatives.—The Rev. F. D. Morice also gave a
short account of the life of the late Mr. F. W. Sladen —The following
were elected Fellows of the Society: Dr. R. EK. McConnell, Arua,
Uganda; Dr. H. T. Fernald, Ph.D., Professor of Entomology, Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College, Amhurst, Mass., U.S.A.; and Dr. Alfred —
Moore, M.D., 31, Alfred Place, South Kensington.—The President,
Mr. Sheldon and Mr. Adkin all brought for exhibition some remarkable
series of Cidaria truncata, C. citrata and C. concinnata.—Mr. F. D.
Morice made a short communication on the life-history of a British
sawlly, Pristiphora pallipes, Lep.—Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited, on
behalf of Mr. Thomas Greer, a series of aberrations of British Lepi-
doptera from Co. Tyrone.—Mr. Ashby exhibited some butterflies
from Piedmont, Italy, and said that he considered the Val di San
Bartelemi, close to Nus, to be one of the best collecting grounds in
northern Italy.—Mr. J. H. Durrant, on behalf of Dr. Gahan, exhibited
some living examples of the Cassid beetle Aspidomorpha sanctecrucis
from India; the causes of the brilliant metallic coloration of this
beetle were discussed by Mr. Arrow and Mr. Willoughby Hllis, and
Dr. Neaye commented on the habits of similar African species.—A
paper by Mr. Martin H. Mosely was read on “Two New British
Species of Hydroptila.”

THE SoutH London Enromonocican Sociery.—December 8th,
1921.—Mr. K. G. Blair, B.Se., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.—
Mr. H. Worsley-Wood, of Acton, was elected a member.—Mr, R.
Adkin exhibited series of Diaphora mendica from co. Cork and eo,

,

~

roe ee Sean

or ewe se

i SOCIETIES. 69

Tyrone; Treland, pointing out that the latter differed from the Cork
specimens known as var. 7wstica in that they were of a greyer tone

_ of colour and the veins indicated in dark grey; he suggested ab.

venosa as a suitable name to distinguish the form.—Mr. Staniland,
large galls on the roots and branches of crab-apple from N. London
formed by the woolly aphis, Schizoneura lanigera.—Mr. H. Leeds,
the heart of a cauliflower with extensive fasciation and of a green

-coloration—Mr. B. Adkin, specimens of Brenthis selene and B.

euphrosyne, and inquired what were the upperside differences if any.
_—Mr. H. Moore, a short series of Teracolus puniceus = hetera from
Nairobi.—Mr. K. G. Blair, a Papilto machaon without the red spot
at the anal angle of the hind wing, and avery light form of Crambus
pascuellus from Tring —Mr. Blenkarn, the local Coleoptera, Pentar-
thrum huttoni, from Killarney, and Lissodema cursor from Ranmore
Common.—Mr. Dennis, the oak ‘“spangle”’ gall, Newroterus numes-
matis, from N. Sussex.—Mr. Bunnett, the var. doubledayaria of
Amphidasys betularia with an intermediate form from 8.B. London.—
Mr. R. Adkin read a report as the Society’s Delegate to the Con-
ference of Corresponding Societies of the British Association.
January 12th, 1922.—Mr. BH. J. Bunnett, M.A., Vice-President,
in the Chair.—A Member exhibited Heliopholus hispidus, the
dark form from Torquay, and the lighter form from Dorset, and a
very dark aberration of Ortholitha plumbaria.—Mr. Withycombe,
larvee of Temorhynchus richardi (Dip.) attached by siphons to roots
of Typha angustifolia from Epping, with illustrative photographs.—
Mr. Hy. J. Turner, for Mr. Thomas Greer, Tyrone, the following
aberrations recently taken by him: Huchloé cardanunes, (1) ¢, ab.
margimata ; (2) 3, dark streaks on the orange blotches; (3) ¢, very
small; (4) ¢, unusually large; (5) Q, ab. radiata; (6) 2, with
orange streaks above and below. Melitea aurinia, 9, dull obscure
coloration. Pararge megera, (1) g, with apical ocellus reduced to a
small dot; (2) ¢, with double apical ocellus. Polyommatus icarus :

j (1) gynandromorph R. re L. Q : (2) 3, with faint red marginal

blotches upper side hind margin hind wings, underside ab. tcarimus ;
(3) 9, with marginal red blotches extended to form a band.—Mr.
Goodman, Canonympha tiphon, typical and rare philorenus trom
Britain, and rare isis from the Dauphiné.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon.
Editor of Proceedings.

Mancuester Enromonocican Socrmty.—Meeting held on Feb-
ruary 1st, 1922, at the Manchester Museum, Mr. H. Britten, BES.
in the Chair.—Messrs. G. E. Whitehead, Wychwood, Buxton; EH. R.
Brown, 237, Brunswick Street, Manchester; C. S. Merriman, 29,
Central Road, West Didsbury, were elected members of the Society.
—Exhibits: Mr. G. Wynne, series of D. galii from N. Cornwall,
larve; D. tilig, including 1-spot and banded forms from Kent,
larve ; and M. porcellus from Macclesfield, larvee; all bred this year.
—Mr. W. P. Stocks bred H. lanestris and 2 Noctuz, near M. thalas-
sina.—Mr. Britten for Mr. Wright, series of the new Tineid Blasto-
basis lignea from Grange—Mr. Britten, Hylephila obtusa, H. sponsa
and-H. sp. ?, species of Diptera which follow Hymenoptera 1n flight.

Ova of Lepidoptera preserved by blowing and mounted on black
cards. About 60 species of Diptera new to Lancashire and Cheshire
list in addition to those exhibited last month.—Mr. R. Tait then read

70 HE ENTOMOLOGIS''.

a paper oh “Agrotis ashworthi: Life-History up to date.” In
addition to the general history of the life of this interesting moth he
gave some very interesting personal experiences of collecting and —

breeding the insect. Mr. Tait illustrated his paper bya drawer con~ |
taining a fine series of the perfect insect showing marked variation. —
His. remarks and experiences were confirmed and amplified by ~
Messrs. W. Buckley and C. F. Johnson, who both exhibited a fine —
series of the perfect insect.— J. F. G. Wynnz, Hon. Recording Secretary.

OBITUARY.
W. L. Distant.

Ir is with sincere regret that we record the death, on February
4th, of another old and valued contributor to our pages, who had also
been a member of our Reference Committee since February, 1890.
After a long illness, due to cancer, the end came, at a. nursing home
at Wanstead, at the age of seventy-seven years. A

Born at Rotherhithe on November 12th, 1845, William lLueas
Distant was a son of Capt. Alexander Distant, ‘‘who, in old South-
Sea whaling-days, sailed round and round the world, and transmitted
a love of roaming to his sons.” On August dth, 1867 (which he
always spoke of as being the most eventful day of his life), our friend
himself started on a voyage to the Malay Peninsula, a voyage which
bore fruit in 1882-1886 in the publication of his valuable work
‘Rhopalocera Malayana: a Description of the Butterflies of the Malay
Peninsula.’ eae

In 1873 he married Edith Blanche de Rubien, and his family —
consisted of five sons and three daughters. E

In June, 1890, he sailed for a ‘“‘ twelve months’ business sojourn
-in the Transvaal,” in connection with the tanning industry, and an
account of his observations and experiences as a student of Nature
was published in 1892, under the title of ‘A Naturalist in the
Transvaal.”

In 1897 he succeeded J. E. Harting as Editor of ‘ The Zoologist,’
and resigned the editorship at the end of 1914.

Another visit to the Transvaal was made in 1898, and during ©
1900-1911 appeared the first volume (which had no successor) of
‘Insecta Transvaaliensia: A Contribution to-a Knowledge of the
_ Entomology of South Africa.’

From April, 1899, to November, 1920, he was engaged as a part-
time Assistant at the British Museum (Natural History), and during
this period of 214 years he re-arranged the national collection of
Rhynchota, and described in a voluminous series of memoirs the
‘wealth of new species which he found there. His private collection
of about 50,000 specimens, chiefly Rhynchota, and containing alto- \
gether over 2,500 types, came to the Museum in 1911, and th
purchase of it by the Trustees was completed nine years later. . The
large and attractive insects forming the Cicadide always remained
his favourite group. ner

A series of family bereavements contributed largely to the break-
up of his health. In 1913 his second son was drowned in Australia,
his wife died in 1914, and in the following year his youngest son died
at Alexandria, while serving with the Mediterranean Expeditionary

:
B
j
-

OBITUARY. 71

_ Foree. Towards the end of 1920 he went for a prolonged visit to
_ Yarmouth, which was always a favourite health-resort of his, but, as

his colleagues had only too clearly foreseen, he was destined never to
_ resume his labours in the old fields of activity. He was buried in the
family grave at Nunhead Cemetery on February 7th, 1922.

His connection with the Entomological Society of London was a
long one, for he was elected a Fellow (then termed a Member) as
long ago as 1875. He was a Vice-President in 1881 and again in
1900, and acted as one of the Secretaries from 1878 to 1880, while
he served upon the Council from 1900 to 1902. Of other learned
societies he was Member of the Anthropological Institute (of which
he was Director and Honorary Secretary 1878-1881), Member of the
Entomological Society of France, and Corresponding Member of the
Entomological Society of Stockholm and of the Buffalo Society of
Natural Sciences.

Distant’s literary output was considerable, and reference has
already been made to his special memoirs and the books on the

_ Transvaal and the Malay Peninsula. Other important publications

tively few, and mostly consisted of records of his captures.

were: ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana,’ ‘ Hemiptera- Heteroptera,’ vol.
i (1880-1893) and (in part) ‘ Hemiptera-Homoptera,’ vol. i (1881-
1905); ‘A Monograph of Oriental Cicadide’ (1889-1892); ‘The
Fauna of British India,’ ‘ Rhynchota,’ vols. i to vil (1902-1918) ;
and ‘A Synonymic Catalogue of Homoptera, Part 1—Cicadide’ (1906)
_ Although he was keenly sensitive to adverse criticism, his
conversation was both humorous and entertaining, as he always had
a large fund of anecdote and reminiscence to draw upon, and knew
how to tell a good story with the greatest effect. At one time he
was an enthusiastic fresh-water fisherman, but, when the burden of
years began to press heavily upon him, he found a more congenial
pursuit in the cultivation of his flower-garden. Angling and
gardening incidents never failed as a basis for friendly intercourse,
whenever he met with others who shared in his genuine love for
such things. HERBERT CAMPION.

Winu1AmM PuRDEY.

As announced in the February number of this magazine, the
death of William Purdey took place on January 19th last.

He was born at Folkestone on January 22nd, 1844, and was thus
within three days of the completion of the seventy-eighth year of ©
his age on the date of his decease.

By occupation he was a locksmith, and for fifty-six years he
faithfully served the South-Eastern Railway Company, his particular
duty being to keep in repair the locks on the Channel boats.

Purdey was essentially a field lepidopterist, and his special stud y;
aj any rate for many years past, has been the lesser British

Lepidoptera, including all groups except the Tineina.

He was of an exceptionally persevering and energetic nature, with

_ excellent powers of observation, and the necessary sound judgment

to enable him to use these qualities to the best advantage. He was
unquestionably, if not the best, at any rate one of the very best field

_ workers we have ever produced.

His contributions to the literature of the science were compara-

The

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7 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

earliest the writer can trace is an announ¢ement’ that i
Hudenus ewphorbiana ; this note appeared in the ‘
p. 106 (1868).

He was the discoverer of Rhyactonia purdeyt, a Tortrix:
science, which the describer, Mr. J. H. Durrant, named after h
“H.M.M.,’ vol. xlvu, p. 252, He also reinstated Hellensia carp
dactyla in the British{list, ‘ Ent. Record,’ vol. xix, p. 78.

His last note appears to have been on the discovery of the la
of the very local plume, Oxyptelus pilosellae, for which he had d
covered a locality near Folkestone, ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xliu, p.
(1910). He also described the larva of Lozopera beatricella, ‘En
mologist, vol. xxxil, p. 306.

Amongst the most notable of his captures were a specimen of
Aplasta ononaria, one of about half-a-dozen that have ever been found
in Britain, and one of Diasemia ramburialis, of which species Barrett
states ‘‘ seven examples have occurred in Britain”; he also record
the capture by himself of Argynnis lathonia and Huvanessa antiopa a
Folkestone. RS

Purdey was famous for his captures of the rare onl beautiful —
forms of Peronea cristana occurring at Folkestone, including those —
of ab. purdeyana, named after him by S. Webb. Of this form every —
specimen known (about a dozen in number), except one, was whe
by Purdey. <a

Of the extremely rare and beautiful ab. tolana, Desvignes, he tack ie
five examples, and also perhaps the most beautiful specimen in —
existence, the one Clark took for his type of ab. charlottana, which
is, however, identical with the form named previously by Desvignes —
ab. curtisana. The most abundant white form, ab. subcapucina, oo
Desvgs., extremely rare elsewhere than at Holleeeronct he captured in ©
scores; the writer possesses thirty of these, and has seen a consider- 3
able number in other collections. :

Purdey possessed his powers unimpaired almost to ae last, and
made many captures during the past summer; two years ago he —

indulged in a day’s collecting involving a walk of at least twenty-five
miles! ;
He had an excellent collection of the groups he studied, and the |
writer well remembers with what surprise he looked through it a
.few years ago, and saw the long rows of rare species, all of his own
‘capturing. There were very few occurring in the south-east of
England that he could not obtain as many examples as he required,
when necessary !

During his long life he became associated more or less intimately —
with practically every lepidopterist who was his contemporary,
including Howard Vaughan, P. B. Mason, J. A. Clark, C. A. Briggs,
W. P. Weston, Sydney Webb, Battershell Gill, and very many 4 ty

others.
Purdey was ee more than a very capable field lepton. Ds
In all his actions he was honest, straightforward and honourable; a
man whose word was to be trusted, and who thought | and sae of a
his fellow men with kindness and courtesy. i ait
He had earned the respect and: esteem of all who came ‘into. uf

contact with him. W. G. S,
February 15th, 1922, ko

EX CHANGE.

od publication of Notices of Eecheraey or of Advertisements, in the ‘Entomo-
it 8 im no way & guarantee for the British nationality, authentici
tion of the Species. Ys enticity, or good

Boe Sen acts Sie is ne Bk to throw doubt on the bona fides of
eHhangers or Advertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibilit - ,
lowed should be abused.} Marked * are bred. Uecevande wie! berty

Kee Noricrs or ExcHANGr should be received by the 21st or EacH
NTH tO insure insertion. Not more than Six Linms can be allowed for each.

| Duplicates.—Athalia, Polychloros, Paniseus, and many others. Desiderata.—
fine female Dayus and a few others. —B. W. Adkin, 8, Hope Park, Bromley, Kent.
ie Duplicates. — Cerago, Silago, Plecta, Segetum, Xanthographa, Palleus,
N. c-nigrum, Solidaginis, Decolorata, and Doubledayaria. Desiderata.—Porata,
Prilinearia, Pendularia, Heparata, Atomaria, Piniaria, Juniperata, Comitata,
a W. Baker, 26, Woodfield Terrace, Ipswich Road, Stowmarket,
folk. - :
| | Duplicates.—Gemmaria (dark), Obscurata, Obfuscata, Auroraria (pink var.),
iB ubricata, Pendularia, Sylvata, Cambrica, Alternata, Belgiaria, Cesiata, Dealbata,
Wnifasciata, Centaureata,* Absinthiata,* Innotata,* Lariciata and var., Pusillata,

ybrinata, Imbutata,.and Atrata. Desiderata.— Waves” and “ Pugs ”’ or offers.
W. G. Clutien, 136, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley, Lancs.
| Duplicates from well-known collection, many in fine condition: Aurinia,
W-album, Betulie, Chaonia, Trimacula, Curtula, Pigra, Anachoreta, Muralis, Coryli,
“Orion, Leporina, Rubricollis, Quadra, Burideoia, Aini, Leucophea, Rumicis,
Phragmitidis, Absinthii, Chomomillx, Tripartita, Festuee,. Pulchrina, Moneta,
and others. Desiderata.—Pupe and imagos in fine condition only with full data.
——W. S. Gilles, The Cottage, Bocking, Braintree, Essex.
/. Duplicates.—lo,* Galatea, Caniola, Exulans, Rumicis, Suffusa, Pyramidea,
Yetusta, Ambigua, Comes,* Nigra, Oxyacanthe, Impura, Carpophaga,* Capsincola,*
Moneta, Lunosa. Ligula, Fluviata,* Siterata, Truncata, Asinalis, H. sinuella.
Desiderata.—Well set renewals, local forms, or pupe.—P, P. Milman, Cyprina,
Lower Conway Road, Paignton.
» Duplicates.—Ova: P. populi, Antiqua, Silago. Imagines: T. rubi, Silago,*
-Autiqua,~ Hyperanthus, Napi (vernal), Adustata, Populata, Baja, Atomaria,
Boreata, Multistrigaria, ete. Wanted.—Very numerous in all stages.—Thomas
Sith, Whiston Haves, Proghall. Stoke-on-Trent.
_ Piphicates.—Naypi (Irish), Rhamni,. Selene, Aurinia, Atalanta, Sibylla (fine),
Galatea, T. rubi, icon, Corydon, Hectus, Crepuscularia, BE. autunmaria, Advenaria,
‘Multistriearia, Lariciata, Tristata, Viretata (fine), Populata, Straminea, Cann
ae: Bimbria, Augur, Cerago, etc., ete. Desiderata.—Fluctuosa, Depuncta,
Wenustula, and very numerous to replace - first rate condition only.—W. C. Wells,
304, Boldmere Road, Mrdington, Burmir., ham.

' Dupheates—Sibylla, Galatea, Ocellatjs, Tipuliformis, Rhizolitha, Socia (2),
Semibrunnea {1 fair); Prunaria (4 4s), Roboraria (fair $s), Hastata. Desiderata.
—Castrensis qs, Oucullina, Cribrum, Cinerea, Ravida, Ashworthii, Notata,
Obfusearia, Smidracdaria and others, also vars. and jocal forms.—Harold HF.
Winser, Kent House, Cranleigh.

‘Specially Wanted for Research Purposes.—Fertile ova of all species of

Ennomos except W. autummaria, Duplicates.—Ova:; Autumnaria, Antiqua. Pups:
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epee se STEN EP SE ERE ES A LT
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of Exchange shouldbe sent to the Editor—

\ RICHARD SOUTH, 4, MAPESBURY COURT, SHOOT-UP HILL, BRONDES-
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CONTENTS

The Fossil Sawflies of Florissant, Colorada, 7’. D. A. Oockerell, 49,
* Amblypodia auctorwm” (De Niceville, Mooré; Swinhee, ete.), nec
(Lep. Rhop.)., N. D. Riley, F.ES., F.ZS. (continued from p,
Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Assynt District of Suthetlandshire, te :
Sheldon, F.Z.8., F.H.S. (continued from p. 85), 53: “Notes on Brith
Neuropteva in 1921, W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., 57. 4K Synopsis of Briti
Proctotrypide (Oxyura), Claude Morley, PELS., F482, 0c, (conte

8), 59.

NBER AND OxpservaTions.—The Order Neuroptera, G. V. Hudson, 61. Let
vitellina reared from Ova, H. McD. Edelsten, 62. Harly and Late Dates.
Lepidoptera, E. D. Morgan, 62. Additions to Glamorgan List of Lepidoptera
F. Norton, 63. Collecting by Powerful Lights, etc., (Dr.) Richard C. Low
63. Enomelesia minorata, etc., at Grassington, 'W. G: Clutten, 64,
Attractiveness of Electric Light: A Query, (Rev.) J. B. Varbat, 64. 1
gramma literana in Yorkshire, J’. Ashton Lofthouse, F.H.S., 66. Butte
of the Vienna District, B. H: Cooke (Lieut.-Col.), 65. Nymphs or N
T. D. A. Cockerell, 67. Platymischus dilatatus, Westwood, 7. D. A. Coch
67. Libellula depressa, Linn. (Odonata), A. W. Rechards, 67. Heme)
stigma, Steph. (Neuroptera), W. J, Lucas, 67. Resting Habit of Pieris,
A. H. Thompson, 67.

Societ1us.—The Entomological Society of London, 68. ‘The South Tondee Bi
mological Society, 68. "Manchester Entomological Society, 69, CaN

OBITUARY, 70. of

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THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vou. LY.] APRIL, 1922. [No. 707

EDITORIAL.

For a period of over thirty years it has been my much
valued privilege to conduct this Journal. Under advice, how-
ever, I have now reluctantly decided to withdraw from some of
the duties this work entails. To this end Captain Norman D.
Riley has very kindly undertaken to act as Editor for me from
May next. [R. S.]

NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE ASSYNT
DISTRICT OF SUTHERLANDSHIRE.

By W. G. Suexivon, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 57.)

Hulype hastata.—I only saw one example; this was at Loch-
‘Inver and in the possession of Mr. Whittle. It was the form
subhastata, Nole, or near it. ;

Mesoleuca ocellata.*—Common.

Perizoma alchemillata.—One example at Inchnadamph.

P. albulata.*—Common in meadows.

P. minorata.—Not uncommon on rocks at Lochinver.
PP. blandiata.*—Abundant; the form is in some instances
distinctly more banded than Rannoch specimens.

Camptogramme bilineata.*—Abundant; most of the speci-
mens are much darkened; some of them are similar to ab.

_hibernica, Prout, as figured in South’s ‘Moths of the British
Isles.’ pl. 61, fig. 5, and some are even darker than that
specimen.

Hydriomena furcata.—The larve of this species were common
at Lochinver on the sallows. I beat out some three dozen, from
which I only bred six examples, but these made me wish I had a
much longer series. No two of the specimens are alike and they
are all good aberrations. One is ab. infuscata, Staud.; two are
forms near fusco-undata, Donovan. The most remarkable example

has white ground-colour to the superiors, clouded and mottled
with bright chestnut colour, and some black transverse markings.

H. impluviata.—Lochinver, amongst alder; the only example
brought home is a light-coloured variegated form.

_ H.ruberata.—Some half-dozen larve turned up amongst sallow
tips gathered to rear Peronea hastiana from.

ENTOM.—APRIL, 1922. H

74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Eupithecia pulchellata. Larve common on foxgloves at Loch-
inver. The series bred includes the southern type, race hebudium,
Sheldon, and intermediates.

E. lariciata and I. castigata.— A few examples of each at
Lochinver.

I. satyrata,* var. callunaria.—Common flying over heather.

E. plumbeolata.—1 met with this species fairly commonly at
Inchnadamph under remarkable circumstances ; it is, of course.
well known that the usual, and, so far as my knowledge goes,
the only recognised food-plant, is Melampyrum pratense ; but
the moth at Inchnadamph was only found in meadows where
Melampyrum does not grow. ‘They, too, seemed to have
the transverse lines somewhat more pronounced than in southern
examples of this species, and one wondered if possibly a hitherto
unrecognised British species had been met with in this remote
spot. Females were captured and confined over specimens of all
the likely plants growing in the meadows, with the result that
they deposited eggs on Rhinanthus crista-galli and Huphrasia
officinalis ; on the seeds and flowers of these plants, and also on
those of the nearly allied Bartsia odontites, the larve fed up.
These larve showed a remarkable feature which is not noticeable
in the specimens fed upon Melampyrum pratense—they had very
noticeable black chitinous thoracic and anal plates! I consulted
Mr. Prout, who thought they might refer to the nearly allied
EH. immundata, which has these plates, and is found in North-
West Europe. The imagines, however, when compared_,with speci-
mens of #. immundata in the National Collection, did not agree —
with that species, and with the exception that the wings were
slightly narrower in relation to their length, did not appear to
differ from EH. plumbeolata. Examples were then handed to Mr.
Pierce for examination of the genitalia, but these were found to
be indistinguishable from those of E. plumbeolata.

This discovery of additional food-plants has thrown light —
upon a problem that has puzzled me. Some years ago I netted
in the centre of Wicken Fen examples of a moth which I could
not distinguish from EF’. plumbeolata; and certainly Melampyrum
pratense does not grow there. Last autumn, however, I did see
Rhinanthus crista-galli growing freely in the Fen, and have no
doubt but that it is the food-plant there also.

i. nanata.*—Common.

E. pumilata.*—Certainly the most abundant Hupithecia, being —
extremely common on the heathery ground. Some’of the examples
from Inchnadamph were entirely grey in colour.

Abraxas grossulariata.—A few at Lochinver, but abundant on —
the Island of. Soyea.

Cabera pusaria.*—Fairly common.

C. exanthemata.—Lochinver, not common.

Hilopia prosapiaria. —Lochinver.

LEPIDOPTERA OF ASSYNT DISTRICT OF SUTHERLANDSHIRE. 75

Metrocampa margaritata.*—Common.
Selenia bilunaria.—Lochinver ; larve ; Mr. Whittle.
Gonodontis bidentata.—Lochinver.

Opisthograptis luteolata.—Lochinver.

Epione apiciaria.—Lochinver ; bred from sallow.

Semiothisa liturata.—Lochinver.

_ Hybernia marginaria and Phigalia pedaria.—Larve at Loch-
dnver on birch and sallow.

Ree vociinver; at rest on rocks ; the light form
only.

Boarmia repandata.*—Common at rest on rocks; the speci-
a were grey, resembling the Hebridean form ab. sodorensium,

elr.

Gnophos myrtillata.*—Not uncommon at rest on rocks; a
rather dark form.

Fimaturga atomaria.*—Common on the moors.

Bupalis pinaria.—Lochinver, abundant ; the northern form
of course. |

Thamnonoma wauaria.—Gardens at Lochinver.

Scodiona fagaria.—Lochinver, rare.

Zygaena filipendulae.—I could not come across a colony
of this species on the mainland, but Mr. Adkin reports that
William Salvage found one on the mountain, Suilven, and
Mr. Whittle wrote me that he found a Zygenid cocoon at
Lochinver which was probably one of this species. As I have
already stated, there was-a numerous colony on the Island of
Soyea. The examples of those I have brought home do not
differ from southern specimens with the exception that the
thorax and abdomen is somewhat more shaggy.

Hepialus humuli.—Lochinver; the examples are strictly
_ typical.

H. sylvinus.—Reported by Mr. Whittle from Lochinver.

_ Hi. fusconebulosa (velleda).»—Common at Lochinver, less so
at Inchnadamph. A very dark and richly variegated form,
quite as much so as the Shetland specimens; var. gallicus, Ld.,
occurred in the proportion of about 1 to 5 of the type form.

Scoparia ambigualis, race atomalis.*—Abundant everywhere.

S. murana.—One or two examples on walls at Inchnadamph.

S. frequentella.—Lochinver, at rest on rocks ; common.

S. angustea.—Reported by Mr. Whittle at rest on the house
at which we stayed at Lochinver.

Nemeophila noctuella.—Very pale specimens were common
-on Soyea at the end of June.

Pyrausta purpuralis.*—A few examples only of either this
species or of P. ostrinalis ; the specimens are intermediate.

Botys lutealis.—Lochinver ; reported by Mr. Whittle.

B. fuscalis.*—Common.

B. forficalis.—In gardens at Lochinver.

76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Chrysocoris festaliella.—One or two examples at Lochinver. —

Stenoptila bipunctidactyla.—Inchnadamph ; abundant in a.
meadow.

Amblyptilia punctidactyla.—Lochinver.

Crambus praetellus.*—Abundant.

C. ericellus.*—Frequent in its usual haunts, 7.é€. moors on
which heather is mixed with grass, and at an altitude of about:
500 ft.

C. pascuellus.*— Extremely local but not uncommon.

C. culmellus.*—Abundant.

C. margaritellus.*—Extremely veal but not uncommon.

Salebria fusca.*—Not common; a very variegated form,
similar in this respect to S. betulae.

Galleria sociella.—Lochinver.

Tortrix rosana and T’., ribeana.—Lochinver, bred.

T’. viburniana.*—Common amongst Myrica gale.

Peronea rufana.*—Larve on Myrica gale, mostly the pale
straw coloured unicolorous form ; one or two examples have traces:
of longitudinal streaks.

P. mixtana.—The larve of this species were extremely abun-
dant at Lochinver, each tuft of Calluna vulgaris on the moors.
having several larve in it. The imagines bred varied from uni-
colorous reddish brown to almost white = ab. provinciana, Peyer.

P. hastiana.—This species was as abundant on ‘sallow at
Lochinver and on the Island of Soyea as the last was on
heather. It was noticeable that only the very small bushes.
that did not rise above the surrounding heather were frequented.
On bushes that attained a greater height than this hardly a
larva was to be found. I brought home two large bagsfull from
Lochinver and bred out over 1000 examples. Many of them
are very remarkable; one or two very beautiful forms I have .
never seen before. They are developments of ab. byringerana,
Hub., having the brown transverse strige broken up with white
blotches and longitudinal striz, and somewhat closely resemble
P. cristana, ab. capucina, Johnson. The other forms include
abs. mayrana, Hub., autwmnana, Hutb., combustana, Hub.,
aquilana, Hub., subcristana, Stphs., byringerana, Hub., divisana,
Hub., albistriana, Haw., pruinosana, Ster., and numerous.
unnamed forms.

P. ferrugana. —Lochinver, bred from birch.

P. aspersana.—Soyea, bred from sallow tips.

Rhacodia caudana.—Lochinver ; reported by Mr. Whittle.

Penthina soroculana.—Lochinver, common amongst birch.

P. dimidiana.*—Abundant amongst Myrica gale, both in larva
and imago stages.

P. marginana.*—A few examples.

P. tripunctana.—Lochinver. .

Sericoris littoralis—A very bright silvery form with strong

LEPIDOPTERA OF ASSYNT DISTRICT OF SUTHERLANDSHIRE. 77

fuscous transverse strige was common on the rocks on Soyea; we
could not find it on the mainland, although thrift was 2 common
plant along the seashore.

S. cespitana.—A fine bright ochreous form of this species was
abundant on Soyea, and so far as our observations went it was
peculiar to it, for we could not find it on the mainland.

S. lacunana.*—A very small form.

Mixodia schulziana.*— Occurring sparingly at all levels that I
visited, i.e. up to 2000 ft.

Euchromia arbutella—Not uncommon amongst its food-plant
Arctostaphylos uva ursi.—At Lochinver.

Orthotaenia ericetana.*—Common at dusk flying in meadows.

Cnephasia musculana.*—Common, extremely bright forms.

C. penziana.—This much-wanted and beautiful speeies
produced a mild sensation. On July 16th Mr. Whittle reported
that he had disturbed on a rock, but missed, a very handsome
moth, which from the momentary glance he had of it appeared
to be a “Nola,” but if it was a species of that group then it was
new to Britain! The next day I, too, disturbed a moth from a
rock, fortunately capturing it. Obviously it was C. penziana, and
on showing it to my friend he at once pronounced it to be his
lost prize. On the same evening I took another example, also from

a rock, but although we both searched rocks and walls for hours

each day for over a week, until after my departure further ex-
amples were not met with. Mr. Whittle, however, after that date
discovered one on the garden wall of the house in which we stayed.

Bactra lanceolana.*—Very abundant in all swamps up to
1500 ft.; the high-level forms were extremely small.

Ancylis unguicella.*—A few examples only.

A. biarcuana.*—Not uncommon amongst sallow.

A. myrtillana.—One example at Inchnadamph.

A. lundana.—Lochinver ; not common. ae

Grapholitha ramella.—Reported by Mr. Whittle from
Lochinver.

G. subocellana.*—Abundant.

G. penkleriana.—Reported by Mr. Whittle from Lochinver.

G. tetraquetrana.*—Abundant. . :

Steganoptycha augustana.—Extremely brightly marked speci-
mens were bred commonly in July from larve obtained in sallow
shoots from Soyea; one or two examples were taken on the
mainland. i

Paedisca semifuscana.*—Larve common on Myrica gale in

July ; the examples bred were grey and brown forms only.

P. solandriana.—Reported by Mr. Whittle from Lochinver.
Halonota similana.—Lochinver, bred from birch.

H. pflugiana.——Lochinver, fine large examples.

H. trigeminana.—Lochinver.

Semasia rufillana.—Lochinver.

78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Coccyx nemorivaga.— Not uncommon amongst Arctostaphylos —

at Lochinver.

C. taedella.— Swarming amonest spruce at Lochinver.

C. distinctana.—This, one of our most local Tortrices, is
apparently an introduced species to Britain, as it feeds exclusively
on silver fir, Pinus picea, and on other non-indigenous conifers. It
was therefore very surprising to find it at such an out-of-the-way
spot as Lochinver. On the left bank of the river Inver, some
quarter of a mile from its mouth, a dozen or more silver spruce
trees had been planted forty or fifty years ago, and around these

5 ie Gs aor

the species was fairly common at the end of June.
were knocked out of the lower branches, and were not seen to fly

naturally.

.Retinia pinivorana.—Lochinver, common amongst Scoteh fir-
- Stigmonota compositella.—Inchnadamph, in meadows.

Dicroranpha
meadows.

herbosana.—Lochinver,

not uncommon in

Catoptria cana, and C. scopoliana.*—Common.
Eupoecilia angustana.*—Common; fine large dark specimens..

E.. ciliella.—Lochinver.

Argyrolepia baumanniana.—Lochinver,

bright form.
A. straminea.* —
A. pratana.—Lochinver.
A. hamana.— Lochinver.

I am indebted for the following list to Mr. Whittle, all taken

at Lochinver by him.

List oF THE TINEINA,

very local; a small

Common in meadows.

IN THE ORDER IN WHICH THE VARIOUS:
SPECIES OCCURRED, NOTED DURING OUR STAY AT LOCHINVER,.

JUNE 18TH To AuGust 27TH, 1921.

Simaethis fabriciana (common).

Lampronia praelatella (common).

Inthocolletis ulmefoliella.

Argyresthia conjugella (common).

Coleophora albicosta (common).
Scardia cloacella.

Eilachista apicipunctella.
Swammerdamia heroldella.
Orme betulae.

Gracillaria tringipennella.

Glyphipteryx thrasonella and var.

cladiella.
Argyresthia brockeelia.
Pleurota bicostella.
Gracilaria elongella.
Coleophora caespititiella.
Phylloporva bistrigella.
Elachista kilmunella.

Gelechia errcetella.
Plutella maculipennis.
Elachista rhynchosporella.
Gracilaria syringella.
Eindrosis lacteella.
Gelechia terrella.
Coleophora laripennella.
Aristotelia tenebrella.
Opostega salaciella.
Argyresthia pygmaeella.
Diplodoma herminata.
Argyresthia goedartella.
Tineola biselliella.
Depressaria lrturella.

D. applana.

Chelaria huebnerella.
Tinea pellronella.
Gracilaria stigmatella.

The moths ©

DIAPHORA MENDICA, FORM VENOSA, N.F. 79

DIAPHORA MENDICA, FORM VENOSA, N.F.
By Rogerr Apxin, F.E.S.

Male, white-grey with a faint brownish tinge, veins darker
grey, fringes paler. Female white-grey, veins darker grey,
fringes white.

The form above described somewhat approaches rustica, and,
as in that form, individuals vary somewhat in depth of colour,
but differ from rustica in the general tone of colour inclining

‘towards grey instead of ochreous shades. In the lightest males

it is very pale grey with the slightest tendency towards a
brownish tinge, while in the darkest the grey takes a somewhat
more brownish tone, whereas in rustica there is always a sus-
picion of an ochreous tone even in the palest specimens, the
darkest being a decided, although it may be pale, ochreous

brown. Moreover, the dark grey veining, especially in the more
strongly marked specimens of both sexes, is a character that at
once separates venosa from other forms of the species. This
form is also less densely scaled than rustica, which gives it a
semi-transparent appearance which is more particularly notice-
able in the female. Both sexes have the black spotting common
to the species more or less well-defined and agreeing as to the
number of spots.

The race occurs in the lowlands of County Tyrone, Ireland,
and a few specimens, reared from a captured female, bred true
to form. ‘as

Types, male and female, in the collection of the British

Museum (Natural History), and co-types in that of the Tring
~ Museum and my own.

Eastbourne ;
February, 1922.

- 80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. —

FURTHER NOTES ON THE ODONATA OF CONSTAN-
TINOPLE AND ADJACENT PARTS OF ASIA MINOR.

By Kennetu J. Morton, F.E.§S.

Since the appearance of my “ Notes on the Odonata of
Constantinople” (‘ Entomologist,’ 1915, pp. 129-134), Major
Graves has kindly sent me two additional lots of dragon-flies
collected by him in and around Constantinople, and at Kury
Yalova and Brusa, in Asia Minor. ‘These include some species
which are not mentioned in my former list, and as the existing
information regarding the dragon-flies of the region is none too
full, it may be well to publish these further records. Another
reason for doing so is to call attention to the examples of Lestes
viridis, which in some respects differ from the ordinary form of
this species as it is known to me from Central and South-Western
Europe and Algeria. The following species were not included in
the collections previously received from Major Graves: Lestes
virens, Cercion lindeni, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Aeschna mixta,
Somatochlora flavomaculata, Sympetrum fonscolombei, S.meridionale
and Orthetrum anceps.

CALOPTERYGID.

Calopterya virgo festiva, Brullé.—Belgrade Forest, 2? ,1.vi. 19.

AGRIONID&—LESTINA|.

Lestes viridis, Vanderl.—Gyok-su, ¢, 6. vili; 2,18. vill.
20; Brusa, 2¢ ¢, 12, 19-21. ix . 20; Kestel, 10 m. S.EK. of
JBrablSele eh GA VAL) gerbe @ AON ;

Somewhat smaller and less robust than specimens in my
collection from Switzerland, South of France, Sicily and Algeria,
and there seems to be a constant and quite noticeable difference
in the form of the superior appendages in their dorsal aspect.
To follow the diagnosis of de Selys (‘Revue des Odonates,’ p. 148),
these appendages in Lestes viridis show interiorly a basal tooth
and what he terms a ‘‘tubercle’’ before the extremity (the
expansion seems, however, to be too gradual for this term to be
strictly appropriate). In his more extended description he says
the inner margin is, as it were, divided into three lobes, of which
the first is terminated near the base by an obtuse tooth, and the
second by a tubercle before the extremity. In the eastern
. examples now under consideration this tripartite division is little
evident, the distal tubercle being apparently represented by a
weak tooth which scarcely projects beyond the inner margin of
the appendage. There is a certain amount of individual variation
in the appendages of both forms, probably in part due to unequal

FURTHER NOTES ON THE ODONATA OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 81

shrinkage in drying, but in the main the distinction pointed out
holds good. On the distal side of the tubercle in the larger form
there are some short spines, variable in number, which I do not
trace in the eastern examples. Post-nodals in the latter: Fore-
wing, ¢ 9-11, 2 10; hind wing, s 8-11, 2 9-11 (Selys gives
11-13 for L. viridis). Length of hind wing: 3 22-24 mm.,
? 23-25°5 mm. (L. viridis from Zurich, 9 25-26mm., 2 27-
‘28 mm.).

Mr. Herbert Campion has been good enough to examine the
material of Lestes viridis in the British Museum, and he reports
that males from Belgium, Germany and Sicily agree with one
another in having the distal tubercle well developed in the
superior appendages, while in one from Cyprus it is barely, if at
all, discernible, three males from Ostia, Italy, resembling the

Fig. 1.—Dorsal view of left superior appendage of Lestes viridis, §, from Brusa ;
fig. 2, of ¢ from Zurich.

last-mentioned. I had been disposed to consider Major Graves’s
specimens as an eastern race or sub-species, but the Ostia
examples are a disturbing factor, and I leave the matter as if 1s
until more abundant material is forthcoming, especially from
Italy and the Balkan countries.

Lestes viridis is an interesting species on account of the
circumstances connected with the hatching of the larve from
the eggs, which are laid in the branches or twigs of willows and
Rhamnus overhanging the water, and which give rise to what
have been called “ galls.” Ris, in his ‘‘ Ubersicht der mittel-
europaischen Lestes-Larven ”’ (‘ Festschrift fiir Zschoke,’ Basel,
1920), gives characters for the determination of the larve of all
the European species of Lestinae except L. macrostigma.

L. barbarus, Fabr.—Kuchuk Chekmejé Lake, 3,31. vi. 19.

L. virens, Charp.—Kury Yalova, 3 ¢, 21-28. vill . 19.

32°. THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Platycnemis pennipes, Pallas.—Gyok-su, 43 9 ,1?,13.viil -
20; Sweet Waters of Europe, @ (/actea), 14.v. 20.

“Cereion lindeni, Selys.—Kuchuk Chekmejé L., 3, 29 . vii. 20.

Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz.—Kartal, ?, 18 .iv . 20.

A‘ SCcHNIDEZ—GOMPHINA.

Onychogomphus forcipatus, Linné.—Kiat-hané (Hiarepers
side), 22 9, 10-16. viii. 19; Yalova, 3, end vin . 19

ASCHNINA.

Zischna miata, Latr.—Pera, 9°, 15 . viii . 19; Kuchik —
Chekmejé, 2, 23. vil. 20.

LIBELLULIDM— CoRDULINAE.
Somatochlora flavomaculata, Vanderl.—Kadikeui (Asiatic nue
OF Gey 20s rena Island, Prince’s Islands, 2? 9,10.vi. 20
(pine woods, common’’).
S. rine Vanderl.—Belgrade Forest, ¢, 24 . vi. 19.

LiIBeLLULINe.
Orthetrum anceps, Schneider.—Belgrade Forest, 3 , 20 .vii. 19.
O. cancellatum, Linné.—Kuchiik Chekmejé L., 2? , 29 . vii . 20.
Sympetrum meridionale, Selys.—Kuchuk Chekmejé, o 5, dle
vill. 19; Yalova, @ end viii . 19.
S. fonscolombet, Selys.—Kuchuk Chekmejé L., 3, 29. vii. 20.

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPIDA
(OXYURA).

By Craupe Mortey, F.E.S., F.Z.8., pre.
(Continued from p. 60.)

1. ProcrorryPEes BREVIMANUS, Kieff.

Serphus brevimanus, André, l.c., p. 3238, ¢ 2.

Hitherto this species was only known in a single pair,
captured at Govilon on the Usk, near Abergavenny, and at
Niton, in the Isle of Wight, by the late Rev. T. A. Marshall.
The female occurred to me at Killarney, i in South-west Ireland,
in June, 1913; and it occurred on the windows of Monks ‘Soham
House on September 1st, 1916, and July 10th, 1918. Sich has
found it during October, 1907, on the stem of a mushroom at.
Kew, in Surrey.

2. ProctoTrypEs Laricis, Hal.

Proctotrupes laricis, Hal., l.c., p. 14, 0 2. Serphus laricis,
Andre, l.c., p: 322; 3 2.

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPIDA (OXYURA). 83:

France. Not very common in English woods (Walker) ; once
taken abundantly during September in Ireland (Haliday) ; two
at Burgess Hill in Sussex on May 38rd, 1911 (Lyle) ; Scotland in

_ September, (Cameron). Very rare in my experience. I have

swept it from long grass near Conifer, at Bourne Bridge, in
Ipswich, during May, and near Killarney, in Ireland, during
early June. It once occurred among half a dozen P. fuscipes
during May on lime leaves in my Monks Soham garden.

3. PRocroTRYPEs Loncirarsis, Thoms.

Proctotrupes longitarsis, Thoms., Ofv. Sv. Ak. Forh., xiv,
1857, p. 415; Vollenhoven, Pinacographia, iv, p. 30, pl. xviii,
fig. 8, 2. Serphus longitarsis, André, l.c., p- 3840, g 2.

Algeria, south coast of France, Lapland. Not hitherto
recorded from Britain. I possess a female, correctly named by
both Marshall and Chitty, which was captured by Alfred
Beaumont on October 13th, 1894, at Boxhill,in Surrey. Chitty
himself took one at Dodington, in Kent, on October 2nd, 1903,
and I have found it singly at Tuddenham Fen in early June,
and on Southwold beach during late and mid-September, in

Suffolk.
4, PRocToTRYPES ACULEATOR, Hal.

Proctotrupes aculeator, Hal., l.c., p.14,.¢ 9; Blanch. Cuvier,
Regne Anim., 1849, pl. cxv, fig. 4; Voll., l.c., iv, 1876, p. 30,
pl. xix, fig. 3, 2. Serphus aculeator, André, l.c., p. 219, 3 ¢.

France and Finmark. ‘A parasite of Mycetophila nigra,”
Mg. (Voll., who figures the female with entirely. rosy and deeply
notaulate mesothorax!). Not infrequent in woods (Haliday
and Walker); Niton, in Isle of Wight (Marshall). Not very
common with us. It doubtless hibernates, for my dates range
from November 4th, 1897, when I swept it in a marsh at
Bramford, in Suffolk, through mid-April, when it was beaten from
Pinus sylvestris at Bentley, near Ipswich, to May 38rd and 4th,
1907, when Chitty and I found several on spruce fir at Elveden ;
Southwold, on salt-marsh rushes in mid-September, on the
Suffolk coast ; Felden, in Herts (Albert Piffard) ; Attenborough,
Gedling, Mapperley Plains and Teversall, in Notts, during May
(Notts Museum) ; Coventry on July 10th, 1920 (Saunt) ; several
at Bubwith, near Selby, in Yorks (Dr. Fordham) ; Ballater on

3 August 8th, 1910, in Scotland (Elliott).

(To be continued.)

‘84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

NEUROPTERA IN DORSET.
By F. H. Harnzs, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.

Durine the last few seasons the following species of
Neuroptera have been met with by me in the Wareham district.
The list is not rich, but it may have some interest : Sialis lutaria,
Linn., abundant on all rivers and suitable ponds, chiefly in May,
but also much earlier and later. I have never detected S. fuli-
-ginosa, Pict., here: Dale calls it abundant at Glanvilles Wootton.
Raphidia maculicollis, Steph., at Morden, Moreton and Upper
Bockhampton in June. Dale records R. xanthostigma, Schum.,
from Glanvilles Wootton, and R. notata, Fab., from Middlemarsh.

[I may mention, incidentally, that several years ago, the rare
it. cognata, Ramb., used to be quite common in a copse near the
river Eden, at Hever, in Kent, frequenting brushwood in June.
It was so active as to be difficult to catch without a net.|
Osmylus chrysops, Linn., is very uncommon ; Sisyra fuscata, Fab.,
common near East Stoke mill and Morden lake from May to
July ; Hemerobius micans, Oliv., Kast Stoke in July, Morden in
September; H. nitidulus, Fab., Moreton in May; H. humul,
Linn., very common and wide-spread throughout the year;
HI. lutescens, Fab., Morden, Bloxworth and Coombe Wood in
May and June; H. marginatus, Steph., at East Stoke in July;
FH. subnebulosus, Steph., at Winfrith in gardens, West Lulworth,
etc., from May to September; H. stigma, Steph., Kast Lulworth,
Morden, Moreton, etc., from May to September; H. concinnus,
Steph., one specimen in West Knighton Wood, June 13th, 1919,
H. quadrifasciatus, Reuter (?), one specimen at Bloxworth, June
1th, 1919. Micromus paganus, Linn., Coombe Wood, Wood —
Street, Winfrith gardens and Upper Bockhampton, May to July.

Dale has recorded from Glanvilles Wootton S. dalit, McLach.,
H. nervosus, Fab., H. atrifrons, McLach., H. pint, Steph., H.
a Walk., Micromus. variegatus, Fab., and M. angulatus,
Steph.

I have taken Chrysopa vittata, Wesm., in the Wood Street
woods in June; C. flava, Scop., at Hast Chaldon in, June;
C. alba, Linn., at Coombe Wood, Upper Bockhampton, Yellow-
ham Wood, and West Knighton Wood from June to August ;
C. flavifrons, Brauer, at Tadnoll and Moreton in July ; C. tenella,
Sch. (?), in the Wood Street Woods in June; C. vulgaris, Sch.,
is distributed very commonly in the area during the whole year ;
the condition, carnea, is very frequent throughout the winter,
specimens often coming to light. C. prasina, Ramb., Morden,
Kast Stoke and West Knighton woods in June and July; C.
ventralis, Curt., Morden, Holme, Upper Bockhampton and
Yellowham Wood in June and July; C. abbreviata, Curt.,

ety &

RUSSIAN ODONATA AND NEUROPTERA. 85.
Bloxworth in June; C. phyllochroma, Wesm., Winfrith cardens
in June; C. perla, Linn., is one of our most abundant species
occurring very freely in all bushy places through the summer,
especially in May, June and July.
Dale has recorded from Glanvilles Wootton Nothochrysa
capitata, Fab., Coniopteryx psociformis, Curt., and (?) C. lactea
Wesm.
Panorpa communis, Linn., is very common in all woodland
places through the summer, notably from June to August; P..
germanica, Linn., is extremely abundant in brushwood the whole
summer, particularly from May to August; it is very variable.

Brookside,
Winfrith,
Dorset.

RUSSIAN ODONATA AND NEUROPTERA.
By Wo Jd. duucas, BAY, FES.
Just before the outbreak of war Mr. W. G. Sheldon was kind

‘enough to give me a few insects, which he took at Sarepta on

the Volga in South-eastern Russia during May and June 1914.
Although that date, after all that has since happened, seems
almost prehistoric, yet as the fauna of the district is not too
well known, even thus late it will not be unsuitable to publish
the list. As out of fourteen insects in the little collection there
are no less than eleven different species, it may be inferred that
Mr. Sheldon purposely selected the specimens he brought away.
One or two are somewhat damaged, some are very teneral, and
some again are represented by females alone. It is strange that
only four species of the dragonflies (indicated by an asterisk) are
not British—Orthetrum albistylum, O. brunneum, Lestes barbara,
and Sympycna fusca. There are no British antlions.

Odonata.

Libellula quadrimaculata, Linn. 1 June. A large female,
strongly marked especially at the nodes, and, in this respect,
somewhat like many Southern England examples.

*Orthetrum albistylum, Selys. 12 June. A female quite
mature.

*Orthetrum brunneum, Fonse. 12 June. A teneral female.

Sympetrum flaveolum, Linn. 4 June. A very teneral female
of good size, with wings rather broad and much suffused with a
saffron tint.

*Lestes barbara, Fabr. 26 May. Two teneral females.

*Sympycna fusca, Vanderl. 26 May. A male.

Ischnura pumilio, Charp. 8 June. A male and a female
taken in copula.

86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Agrion pulchellum, Vanderl. 27 May, a male; 21 May, a
female. ae:
Erythromma naias, Hansem. 5 June. A male.
Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp. 8 June. A male.

Neuroptera.

*Formicaleo tetragrammicus, Fabr. An antlion taken on 30
May.

[Mr. A. H. Jones, who accompanied Mr. Sheldon, gave me
another antlion, taken at Sarepta in June—*M yrmecaelur us tri-.
grammus, Pall.] —

Kingston-on-Thames ;
“March, 1922.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Some Lxpipoprerous Notes ror South Dorset or UNUSUAL
Hasirs, Erratic DATES, AND OCCURRENCES FOR 1921.—My obser-
‘vations for 1921 have been similar to many others, since the summer
was so exceedingly hot that one expected abnormalities in all direc- -
tions; yet contrary to these expectations some of the unusual habits
which I have to record would have synchronised better with a cold
one. For instance, the laying-over habit of pupz I found was very
prevalent last summer, much more so than usual, although one would
have expected the reverse, and I found that several species which are
regularly double-brooded failed to do so, and are still in the pupa.
As regards Rhopalocera, I have only two to report. on—Cyaniris
argwlus and Chrysophanus phlaeas. Of the first I had a large
-quantity from ova deposited by May females on holly; they had all
pupated by June 25th, and 50 per cent. emerged between July 10th
and 16th; the rest I expected to emerge in September, but I have
them still and no doubt they will emerge as spring brood, after passing
through the whole of the hot summer of 1921. I took several female
phlaeas in September last, obtained ova to get pupx for spring brood
1922, the larvee emerged and I fed them upon sorrel; I noticed they
didn’t seem to feed as fast as some of the earlier broods I had reared,
and when they got to November (hardly a quarter grown) it was
manifest that they didn’t intend pupating as they should do, but
going to hibernate instead. I have eight still living (February 14th)
in a cool outhouse and I feed them twice weekly, but I have had
several die lately and am enclosing one that died two days ago as an
authentic record. They will remain under a particular leaf for a week
or nine days, then move out and eat small holes in the leaves for a
-day or so. As lateas January 10th I found two larve of similar size
to my own under some sorrel leaves I brought home to feed mine on.
I think this seems to prove that it has the dual habit of sometimes
passing the winter in the pupa, or if the ova are deposited by late —
females the young larve hibernate. I should be glad to know if
anyone else has had this experience of phlaeas. Taking Heterocera

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 87

for the year 1921, I have a quantity of pupe of the following laying-
over that should have emerged as a second brood last summer (in the
regular way) and some partially emerged, the rest going over, which
seems more curious still, and in one instance (that of Venilia macu-
lata) going through a second winter this time. G. rhizolitha all

emerged August 10th to August 18th—very early date. Xanthorhoé
— soctata: 20 per cent. of summer brood emerged, the rest going to
emerge next spring. Mesoleuca ocellata: I have forty fine larve
which spun up in thin webs on the side of the pot last August; the
larve have been in a half-circle inside ever since, half changed to
pupe, and the first three did so last week (February 8th, 1922). The
others now look as though they are going to change also. Xanthorhoé
montanata : Have been feeding sixty odd larve all last summer; only
three pupated. One emerged October 10th, 1921, and was in pupa
only fourteen days; another emerged December 4th—only nine
days, an astoundingly short period; the third died, and the balance
of the larve are hibernating at all sizes from fully grown downwards
(foodplant, bedstraw). Venzla maculata : Took females Bere Wood,
‘Bloxworth, May 29th, 1920, reared on wood sage. Not more than
10 per cent. emerged May, 1921 (last summer), and the balance, about
twenty-five pupe, are passing through this winter, 1922. I will record
later what happens to them. Lobophora viretata: Beat fifteen larvae’
from holly, June 17th, 1921; four emerged August 38rd to 10th, rest
of the pupz laying over. I picked up three larvee of Bombyx quercus
July 18th and 30th and August 21st. They all pupated early
September, 1920; I presume they were var. callune. However, one
died during the first winter; the other two I expected to emerge May
or June, 1921, according to callwne habit, but they didn’t arrive,
neither did they arrive in August, and on October 1st I broke open
the cocoons to see if the pupz were dead, as I anticipated they must
be, but they were both alive and healthy, and remained so until
January 10th, 1922, when the first died, and on the 15th the second
one died. Had I not broken the cocoons open there is no doubt
but they would have lived right through this winter, which goes
to prove that quercus, or callunae, sometimes passes two winters
in the pupa. I beat four larvee of Gymmnoscelis pumilata trom holly,
June 17th, 1921. They emerged very small, and a dove grey
coloration all over (most unusual food-plant). Acidalia dimidiata
double-brooded last August: not usual to double-brood here, generally
further north. Asthena candidata and Lobophora sexalisata both
failed to double-brood last summer, although they both usually do
here, and the pupe are passing through the winter. I had two fine
specimens (one male, one female) of formeceformis emerge September
1st and 3rd, 1921, from sticks of sallow I had cut the previous
April and May (a very late date for emergence). Hrratic dates : The
most unusual for 1921, and one 1920, of wild captures were the
following: gamma, December 24th, 1920, just emerged, quite fresh,
flying over heather. January 28th, 1921: hzppocasianaria in plenty,
also pumilata. February 10th: lthoriza on a fence (when with
Mr. Newman of Bexley). February 12th: Several muliestrigata.
March 12th: dozens of heppocastanaria. May 15th: hippocastanara
(very late) showing a long range of emergence from January 25th

88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

above; the same date I took eight or nine freshly emerged porpho-
ryea which were some months before their time. Noteworthy occur-
rences which I have taken during the year 1921 for this district are-
as follows: exigua, vitellina, praecox, fornuciformis, stranunata,
complana, hexapterata, subsericeata, wnea, costiestrigalis, emutaria,
senex, cribrum, venosata and wmterjectaria.—ALFRED V. HEDGES ;:
Sandbanks, Parkstone, Dorset.

CoLIAS EDUSA AND C. ELECTRA; PROPORTION OF PALE Horms.—
Referring to Mr. Westropp’s notes in the February issue of the:
‘Entomologist,’ and his theory that the ratio of pale to normal females.
may be higher in warmer climates, I may say that during four years’
residence (from 1913) in the Cape Peninsula, 8. Africa, I found the
proportion of pale forms of C. electra little, if any, higher than in the
case of helice in England; I should estimate the proportion at rather
less than 5 per cent. of the total seen. Natalis, of course, considerably
hotter than the Cape. At Knysna, where I made a short stay, about.
one-quarter way from the Cape to Natal, a higher ratio of pale electra
forms certainly seemed to prevail, but the total numbers seen were
hardly sufficient to make a definite pronouncement. At Malta the
relative numbers of helice, as compared with normal edusa, appear to-
me about the same as in England; of several scores of edusa seen at
Tunis and vicinity during a holiday last year, I secured only one:
helice and saw no more. As far as my limited experience in the.
Mediterranean goes, helice forms do not seem to preponderate in
hotter climates any more than at home. It would be interesting to:
know whether the two closely-allied species, C. electra and edusa,.
exist side by side in any country, such as Abyssinia, which appears,
to be roughly the limit of their respective zones.—H. F. Hunr;.
5, Dockyard Terrace, Malta, February 10th, 1922.

PuusiA MONETA IN LancasHiRE.—Dr. Lowther does not say on
p. 63 (antea) which of the six localities he mentions produced P. moneta,
but I assume it was Grange. In any case this is not a “farthest north”
record, for that species has been recorded from Hart, which is in
Durham (see vol. lii). I am awaiting with interest any records of
this species beyond that.—C. Nicuonson, F.H.S.; 35, The Avenue,
Hale End, E. 4.

Harty APPEARANCE OF VANESSA URTIC#.—On March 12th, 1922,.
I saw a specimen of Vanessa urticae in a sunny spot in a meadow
here. The insect was evidently newly emerged and in good con-
dition. The earliest specimen that I saw last year was in a local.
garden on March 24th.—L. H. Bonn; Welby Gardens, Grantham,,.
March 15th, 1922.

ARGYNNIS LATHONIA AT GRAVESEND.—I should like to record my
capture on September 4th, 1921, of a specimen of Argynnis lathonia
in the neighbourhood of Gravesend. It is in fair condition, though.
obviously not fresh—probably an immigrant I suppose-—Doueuas.
Watson; Stuart House, Overcliffe, Gravesend. .

PYRAMEIS ATALANTA: IMMIGRANTS OR HIBERNATED SPECIMENS ?—
On Saturday, February 25th, a warm and sunny day, I saw three

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 89

specimens of Pyrameis atalanta, in quite good condition, in the
_ glades of the New Forest near Lyndhurst Road. Two specimens of
Gonepteryx rhamni, both males, were also seen, and it certainly looks

as if the same weather conditions had brought both species out of
hibernation together—Wwm. Fassnipex, M.A., 47, Tennyson Road,
Southampton.

ATTRACTIVENESS OF Enecrric Ligut ror Mornus.—In the
‘Entomologist’ for March, p. 64, the Rev. J. E. Tarbat introduces a
subject of much interest, and one which for some years I had
intended to write about. Up to about ten years ago the electric
lights of Bedford were very attractive to moths, and my friend
Mr. W. B. Brocklehurst, who worked them very assiduously, captured
an immense number of insects, including Notodonta tritophus and D.
tempi. The lamps at that time were open-type arc lamps. A
change was then made to gas-filled lamps and with their advent the
moths disappeared. It is quite a rare event to see a moth ona lamp
at the present time. The Borough Electrical Engineer, Mr. R. W. L.
- Phillips, informs me that these latter consist merely of an incan-
descent filament in an atmosphere of argon or sometimes nitrogen.
The best are lamp in the town was fixed on the east side of a wall of
the light-generating station and its rays would not be visible for more
than 200 yards as houses spread around it in every direction for half
a mile toa mile. Our experience was that a very large proportion
of the moths taken at the lamps were males, and that many of those
taken must have travelled one or two miles. A good example was
B. piniaria, which is not found within two miles. It is evident
therefore that the moths were not solely attracted by light rays. It
would appear therefore that moths are attracted to electric lamps by
some other means than by light waves, and the change of lamps may
assist in determining the nature of this attractive force. Some years
ago an article appeared in a daily paper by Mr. Hubert Stringer
entitled, ‘Moths and ‘ Wireless.’ Do moths use wireless telegraphy ?”’
He noted that the males of many moths are attracted great distances
by females, much further than could be accounted for by scent, and
that males will approach females down wind. They therefore have
some means of communication unknown to us. He remarked on the
highly-developed antenne of the males, which would serve as receiving
aérials, and that these differ from the female antenne, which would be
the transmitting aérials. He suggested that tests could be made by
placing the female in a box of metal or wire gauze, which would cut
off any wireless waves. If the male did not come to that box it
would support the wireless theory. He states that definite proof
could be obtained by making the female’s signals audible. In what
way, then, does the change of lamps affect this theory? My friend
the electrical engineer informs me that a modern argon gas-filled
lamp does not propagate any «xthereal waves other than light or
heat. The arc light, however, can be made to set up oscillatory
impulses and most of the powerful wireless stations employ ‘are
transmitters.” In a street arc lamp oscillations of moderate rapidity
may be constantly emitted due to the continually varying electrical
state of the vapour between the carbons. Mr. Stringer, in the article

ENTOM.—APRIL, 1922. I

90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

previously referred to, says ‘the final coup would be to imitate the
female moth’s wireless ‘cry’ with such accuracy, by means of the
artificial circuit, that the males would be deceived into approaching
the latter in the belief that a hidden female was calling.” It appears
we have a very near approach to this in the “are” lamp. I believe
the vibrations of the female are caused by rapid movements of their _
wings and not by their antenne.—W. Girrorp Nasw; Clavering
House, Bedford.

ATTRACTIVENESS OF EEectric Licht ror Morus.—I think your
correspondent, the Rey. J. EH. Tarbat, is correct when he opines
(p. 64) that only certain of the rays of light are the cause of its
attractive power for moths. My own experience has been that all
artificial lights are not attractive, or, at any rate, equally attractive.
In the days of the old ‘‘ ordinary”’ burners our street gas-lamps here,
especially on the outskirts of the town, well repaid the working; but
the substitution of the ‘incandescent mantle” was, entomologieally
speaking, a retrograde step. Nowadays, for we have not yet attained
to the dignity of electric street-lighting, the lamps, though brighter,
are not profitable. I do not mean to convey that no moths are
attracted, but comparatively very few. Neither does a “big blaze”
appear to be essential, for experiences at Windermere some years
ago proved again that the quality of the light was far moreimportant _
than the quantity, though one would imagine that an abundance of
light, provided it be of the proper kind, would be advantageous. In
those days the Windermere electric lights were of a curious old-
fashioned pattern, emitting only a dull reddish glow, sadly insufficient
for a street illumination, but wonderfully attractive to the moths!
A friend of mine worked them assiduously for several seasons and
turned up several species considered to be locally rare, viz. Noto-
donta trepida, N. chaonia, Demas coryli, Eurymene dolabraria, the
first three in fair numbers; other desirable moths, Pachys strataria,
a large dark race of Anticlea nigrofasciaria, and Taenocampa nunda,
were plentiful, whilst the commoner moths, such as Spzlosoma
menthastri and Gonodontis bidentata (with one var. nigra), came in
swarms. The acetylene gas-flame I used myself to find very attrac-
tive, and Dr. Lowther has worked the petrol vapour lamps with
great success in the district around Grange (vide his interesting note
in last month’s issue). Visiting me recently, my friend, the Rey. A.
Miles Moss (British Chaplain at Para, Brazil), told wonderful tales
of the attractive power of the city arc-lamps there, and especially of
the success of his private arc-light installation right on the border of
the virgin forest. His opinion was ‘the blwer the light, the better!”
His accounts of the numerous Sphingid, Arctiid and Notodont
visitors on a favourable night made me long for the health and the
leisure to join him there—to sample the sport and to share the
spoil.—F rank LirrLewoop; 22, Highgate, Kendal, March 3rd, 1922.

NoN-ATTRACTIVENESS OF Hnectric Licut.—Is it not more likely
that the “ gas-filled” lamps give off some rays which are distasteful
in some way to moths, than that they lack some attraction present
in the ‘flame arcs.” I know nothing of the technicalities of electric —

7

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 91

lighting, but the fact that the new lights give a somewhat whiter
light than the old ones suggests that there may be more ultra-violet
rays in the former, and these rays are known to be unacceptable
to some insects, e.g. ants. This opens up a very interesting aspect
of the attraction of light for insects, and perhaps Mr. Tarbat can get
some definite information on the comparative composition of the
respective lights.—C. NicHoxson,

New Brxzs rrom Maperra.—In a paper published in the ‘ Pro-
ceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington,’ vol. xxiv,

No. 1 January, 1922), Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell describes four new

species of bees from the Madeira Islands. These are Halictus
wollastont, Andrena maderensis, A. portosanctana and A. wollastont.
Excepting A. portosanctana all are in the British Museum.—R. 8.

- Borgus Hyemauis, Linn. (NeuRopTERA).—In the ‘Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., January, 1922, will be found a paper by C. L.
Withycombe, B.Sc., giving a full account of his breeding of this
aberrant member of the Neuroptera (or Mecoptera, if it is preferred
to constitute the Panorpas and their allies a distinct Natural Order
of the Insecta). One peculiarity of this insect is that it appears as
an imago in November and continues as such in December and
possibly longer. The larval period extends from December till
August. 3B. hyemalis is a small insect—from 3 to 5 mm. long. The
male has four bristle-like wing-remnants; the female is wingless, and

_has a long ovipositor somewhat resembling that of the Locustodea

amongst the Orthoptera. Both sexes possess the Panorpid ‘“ beak.”
Through all its stages B. hyemalis lives in moss, especially Mniwm
hornum, Litn. The larva also feeds on moss, but the food of the
imago consists of animal juices,* although apparently it does not
attack living insects. The paper is illustrated by good enlarged
figures of the larva and of the male and female imagines, while a
photographic plate shows all stages on a smaller scale-—W. J. Lucas;
Kingston-on-Thames.

Tue Farn Connection or Brirvish Lepmorrers.—lt is given to
few men to spend so many years of a long life in the formation of a
collection of British Lepidoptera as in Farn’s case. For little short
of three-quarters of a century he was an assiduous worker in the
field ; he also lost no opportunity of adding any remarkable specimen
that came in his way to his cabinet. Sabine, too, was a diligent
worker throughout the greater part of his life, more particularly
among the butterflies, and at his death Farn acquired his collection
and amalgamated it with his own. The auctioneer was therefore

justified in saying, when he offered the first portion of this collection
at Stevens’s Auction Rooms on February 14th, that it contained many

“ehoice lots.’ The best Papilio machaon, a light form, made £4,
while the whole series of Pieris brassicae, which included several
specimens showing minor variations, went for 16s. Pontva daplidice
in couples sold for 35s. to 55s. per lot, and a very nice one by itself

~* After more recent observation, Withycombe considers that normally the
imago, as well as the larva, feeds on moss.—W.ds Lu.

92, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

for 50s. Of Pieris rapae in lots of about fifty, the best, which
included a deep cream-coloured female and forms with united
spots, made 32s. 6d., but a single very dark P. napz ran up to £9,
Aporia crateegi in lots of eight or nine sold for 12s. to 16s. per lot.
A lot of forty Leptosia sinapis which included one cream-coloured male
made £4, and another in which was a very white specimen with tips
of fore wings creamy £3 5s., while a male Gonepteryx rhanvni with the
costa of left fore wing and most of the hind wing of female coloration .
sold for the like amount. A female Huchloe cardamines with large
blotches of orange colour on each of its fore wings made £8, and
another with orange streaks on its underside 40s. The series of
Colas edusa contained. many nice forms but nothing of outstanding
peculiarity, and the best, a very dusky specimen, in a lot of two,
brought £4 10s., others ranging from 30s. to £3 each, while nice forms
of C. hyale, generally in lots of two or more, went for round about two
to three guineas. Good forms of Dryas paphia ranged round £4, an

exceptionally dark and somewhat rayed specimen ran up to £12,a —

practically black var. valezina £17, and the only really remarkable
Argynnis adippe, a silvery creamy-white specimen, £20. A fine black
A. aglaia with rayed borders made £13, and three undersides more
or less of the charlotta form, £3, £4 10s., and ten guineas respectively.
There were nearly a score of well-authenticated A. lathonia, and they
sold for from 22s. to 52s. 6d. apiece, while an exceptionally fine dark
specimen ran up to £8. A fine dark Brenthis selene with silver-
Yayed underside made £8 10s., and a light black-blotched specimen
£6 10s. Pale forms of B. ewphrosyne did not exceed £3, but the
most strongly black-marked ran up to £6 10s., £8 10s., and ten
guineas ; while a remarkable underside with rayed hind wings
brought £8 10s. The only really remarkable Melitaea conaia made
£6 10s., and good forms of M. athalia £4 10s., £5 10s. and £6. Two
lots, including among other species the one eighteen and the other
eleven specimens of Araschia levana, made only 18s. and 12s. respec-
tively. A curious specimen of Pyramets cardui, described as a
“unique white var.,” ran up to £16, and a P. atalanta, in which the
white markings were much ‘smeared’ with black, to £10. The
eleven specimens of Huvanessa antiopa ranged between 30s. and 50s.
each. The only two Vanessa io lotted singly were remarkable
aberrations and fetched £6 and £7 10s. respectively. A silvery-white
Polygonia c-albwm ran up to £21, and one with confluent blotches
made £10—both specimens were taken by Farn in 1914; other
forms, varying slightly from type, sold for 25s. to 55s. each. Aglais
urticae with confluent costal blotches and the like brought £2 Qs.,
£4 15s., £5, £2 10s., £2 5s., and 16s. each, and a very pale specimen
£1 15s. Black Limenitis sibilla made from a guinea to 50s. each, a
fine Apatura iris of a similar form £11, and another not quite so good
£4 10s., while fine typical specimens of the species in lots of five
went from 24s. to two guineas per lot. The feature of the sale was
a black Melanarge galatea, which quickly ran up to the record price
of £32. A lot which included a pale buff male Hpinephele ianira
brought £3, one with a cream-coloured specimen £4 10s., a golden-
brown male the same price, and a “ white underside” 50s. A curious
pale golden-ochreous form of Aphantopus hyperanthus made £7; a

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 93

specimen with broad light borders to ocelli 70s., with lanceolate
ocelli 25s. and 30s., and a pale golden male of Hpinephele tithonus
70s. The total of the day’s sale was, in round numbers, £750.—R. A.

THE Sate or Dr. CxHapman’s Lisprary.—This sale, which
took place at Stevens’s on March 15th, was a notable ento-
mological event, for such an assemblage of books treating on the
science has not been seen in the auction rooms for many years.
“The Doctor,” in his choice of books as in everything else, was
philosophical. It was his invariable custom, before making up his
mind on any subject that was being studied, to find out everything
possible about it and to become acquainted with everything impor-
tant that had been written upon it; and therefore it was necessary
for him to have an exhaustive library of the subjects of his studies at
hand for reference. He had for this reason acquired practically all
the books dealing with the Lepidoptera of various parts of the world;
all the more important works on the other orders; and a large
accumulation of books on other sciences, apart from entomology. The
gathering of buyers was not what might have been expected for such
an occasion, and the dealers, as has unfortunately too often been the
case, reaped a rich harvest. Whilst some of the lots, and especially
those embracing important British works, fetched fair prices—for
there was competition here—others, especially the long series of
foreign magazines and the publications of scientific societies, were
practically given away. Amongst some of the more important lots
and prices were the following: Curtis,’ ‘ Brit. Ent.,’ complete—£3 10s.,
about one-fifth of its value; Stephens’ ‘ Brit. Ent.,’ £3; Barrett's ‘ Lep.
Brit. Isles,’ the large paper edition with coloured plates, £18;
Buckler’s ‘ Larvee’ fetched £9—this figure is within a few shillings of
its price as issued to subscribers; ‘British Aphides,’ Bucekton,
£4 15s._the issue price was £4 4s.; Fowler’s ‘ Coleoptera of the Brit.
Isles,’ £12: Stainton’s ‘Nat. Hist. Tineina, £2 15s.; Saunders’
‘Hemiptera,’ £2 15s.; ‘Aculeate Hymenoptera,’ by the same author,
£3 15s.; Verrall’s ‘Brit. Diptera,’ all parts issued, £3 5s.; Harris
‘Aurelian,’ a fine copy, £3 10s.; another copy, £1 15s. ; ‘ Novitates
Zoologice,’ 25 vols., £8! Amongst the British magazines the follow-
ing prices were obtained; ‘Entomologist,’ the first 36° vols.,
including the rare vol. i (1840), £7 10s.; another series, 1887 to
1920, £5; ‘Hint. Mon. Mag.,’ 1864-1921, £9; ‘ Ent. Record, 32 vols.
(all issued), £5; ‘Ent. Intelligencer,’ 10 vols. (all issued), £1; a
complete set of the ‘Transactions of the Entomological Society of
London’ sold for £21—about half what it usually fetches. _The
slump in foreign magazines and publications of foreign societies
embraced the following: ‘Stettiner Ent. Zeit.,” 72 vols., £3! ‘An-
nales Soc. Ent. Belgique,’ 59 vols., £3! ‘ Annales Soc. Ent. b rance,
complete, 91 vols., £3! ‘Berlin Ent. Zeit.,’ 58 vols., £5. The only
non-British magazine that produced a fair value was ‘ Iris,’ of which
35 vols. were sold for £8 10s. I suspect the reason for this was that
a certain well-known entomologist, who I know wanted a copy,
purchased it. The tragedy of prices was, however, reached in the
sale of a very fine copy of Hitbner’s beautiful ‘Sammlung Huro-
paisches Schmetterlinge,’ which was sold to a well-known dealer for

94. THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

£16 !—entirely because there was no opposition. The copy, which
once belonged to Dr. P. B. Mason, is not likely to be resold at under
£60, and but for the fact that one cannot very well acquire duplicate
copies of these beautiful but expensive books, the writer would have
felt inclined to give the purchaser a run for his money. Hiubner’s
‘Larve,’ an imperfect copy, realised £9, and his ‘ Exotic Butterflies,’
the modern ‘“‘Wytsman” edition, £11. The other great German
work, Herrich Schaffer’s ‘ Bearb. Schmett.,’ had a better fate, and
went to adorn the library of one of our best-known lepidopterists,
the price paid was £42. Hven this, however, was very considerably
less than the last copy brought to auction realised, and which was
acquired by the writer at Godman’s sale. The book is valued in
Quaritch’s Catalogue at £63. Another ridiculous price was Roesel’s
beautiful ‘ Insecten Belustigungen,’ which actually changed hands for
£4. What are so many of our wealthy Lepidopterists thinking of ?
They pay £20 or £30 for a variety of a butterfly that has not even the
merit of being unique, and is much more abundantly met with in
Continental Europe than with us, and yet they allow these most —
beautiful and interesting old books, which are the vital literature of —
their science, to pass to the dealers for one-fourth of their current
value without making an effort to secure them! There is no
doubt but that these books will greatly enhance in price in the
not far distant future, as culture becomes more general, and they
get scarcer. It must be borne in mind that they were only
issued in very small editions. Take Hibner’s ‘Sammlung,’ for
instance: in my copy the number of subscribers is given as sixty-
nine, and although it is believed others were afterwards added, the -
total number is not likely to have exceeded 100. We have in Britain,
so far as I know, about a dozen copies, of which the majority
are in libraries, and the book is much scarcer abroad than with us.
It seems pretty certain that in a few years the four or five copies still
in private hands will be absorbed into public institutions or sold to
Americans. One would think that even to the variety collector such
books would appeal, for apart from their merit as representatives of
an age that justly prided itself on the exquisite quality and conscien-
tiousness of its work, which will never be reproduced or equalled, the
figures are quoted extensively in all the literature of our science, and
therefore, if the subject is to be understood, copies must be held for
reference. Of course they cannot be borrowed ; no library possessing

a copy will loan it out on any consideration. Cramer and Stoll,
‘Papillons Exotique,’ realised £10 10s., and the beautiful ‘ Lépidoptéro-
logie Comparée’ of Oberthur £43. ‘Genera Insectorum’ reached £20,
and Seitz’s ‘ Pal. Lep.’ £4 6s. A remarkable purchase was that of
Culot’s ‘Noct. et Geom. d’Hurope,’ only just completed. The exquisite
figures—thousands of them—are hand-coloured by the premier ento-
mological artist of the day, and the cost of the work to subseribers has
been about £20. It was bought for £7! Another remarkable bargain
was Godart et Duponchel’s ‘ Hist. Nat. de Lep. de France,’ usually
listed at about £25. The price on Wednesday last was £4! Snellen
(Sepp) ‘Nederland Insekten,’ four volumes, complete, was acquired
by the writer for £6. Trimen’s ‘South African Butterflies’ sold
for £3, and Hewitson’s beautiful * Lycznide’ for £3 10s. only! Of

OBITUARY. 5

Boisduval’s ‘Icones’ there were three copies, which realised £3
£3 3s. and £3 respectively, whilst the only copy of the same author's
‘Chenilles’ was purchased by the writer for £4 15s. Leach’s
‘Butterflies of China’ sold for £4 10s. The total realised was
£731 9s. 6d., which sum ought to have been doubled. A considerable
portion of the library was acquired, by the courtesy of the Misses
Chapman, for the Entomological Society, and this, of course, did not
figure in the sale-—W. G. SHELDON ; March 18th, 1922.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Catalogue of Indian Insects. Part I—Acrydide (Tettigide). By
T. Bainbrigge Fletcher. Calcutta, 1921. f

Here we have the first instalment of what promises to be a most
useful publication. In addition to the actual catalogue, which itself
contains a certain number of notes, we have a bibliography of Indian
forms, a short account of the family, and a key to the sub-families as
far as India is concerned. In all 169 species are enumerated, one
only of which, Tetrix (= Acrydium) bipunctatus, Linn., is British.
This family is usually considered to be part of the family Acridide
(=Acridiide or Acridiodea of most authors). If, therefore, these
grasshoppers, with no pad between the claws and with elongated
pronotum, are constituted a family in themselves, the name
Acrydid, named from the genus Acrydiwm (= Tetrix), which appears
to be but an incorrect spelling of Acridiwm,* is rather confusing to
say. the least. To raise the sub-family Tetrigine to the family
Tetrigidee (or Tettigide) would seem to be preferable. Wied vale

OBITUARY.

LacHuAn Grips died March Ist, 1922, aged 68 years: thus ran the
legend that we read when we laid him to rest in Charlton Cemetery
on a beautiful spring day such as he would have loved. A man of
wonderful energy, too great perhaps for his bodily strength, for he
was not a very robust man, he was throughout his life actively
engaged in business, yet he found time to devote to his two chief
recreations, his garden and the Lepidoptera, in both of which he
took a keen interest from very early days. He had considerable
business interests in Canada and spent some years of his life in
that colony, during which he made many ‘entomological friends
there, with whom he was enabled to keep in touch almost to the last
by reason of his visits to Montreal, which after his re-settlement in
this country it was his custom to pay regularly every year.

Gibb made no profession of scientific study and it is doubtful
if he personally ever made any contribution to literature, although

* Greek, ’Axpic = a locust. Schrank and Zetterstedt use the correct derivative,
Acridium.

96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

in his frequent letters to correspondents he often conveyed much |
useful information. His joy was to see the living creature in the
field, and to this end he made many arduous journeys both in this

country and in Canada. In this wise, some thirty-six years ago, he,

in company with the late W. H. Tugwell, set out for Aberdeenshire

in search of the then little known 4ygaena exulans, and not only — ‘

found the species freely, but brought back much useful information
as to its locality and habits (see ‘ Entom.,’ vol. xix, p. 217). Again,
goon after Lycaena arion was turned up in Cornwall, he wrote to the
present writer from Montreal that he was coming over by a certain
boat and would meet him in Exeter on a specified evening. ‘I must

see that big blue alive,” he wrote. We met in Exeter; we, thanks —

to friends we fell in with, found the “big blue,” indeed, we took

quite a number in the one day that we were able to devote to it, and —
by the evening he had posted the majority of them alive to friends at

a distance who, as he said, had not the opportunity of seeing the
species for themselves. That was the man! it was never any
question of exchange with him, he simply wished to give his friends
a share in his own delights.

Tt was in the spring of last year, while on one of his usual visits
to Canada, that he was stricken with the disease that ultimately
proved fatal, but on his return to this country, although in an
enfeebled condition, the call of the wild was too strong to be resisted,
so he set forth for the scenes of his early pleasure with his grandson,
a lad of twelve years. They went to Braemar and again found
Zygaena exulans, they crossed to Argyleshire and got 4. achilleae,

and returned much elated with their success, but it was the last trip

he was to make.

He was elected a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London

in 1913, having previously, in 1884, joined the South London

Entomological and Natural History Society, and was its frequent

benefactor.

It was but a short time before his death that he called the
present writer to his bed-side; he was too weak for any lengthy
conversation, but he said, ‘‘ Do encourage the youngsters to take up
entomology; it has been such a help to me.” So he passed away in
peace, and will be missed by a large circle of friends both on this and
the other side of the Atlantic. R. A,

ioe ered

EXCHANGE.

publication of Notices of Hxchange,. or of Advertisenients, in the ‘Kntomo-
‘inno way a guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good
cae Sorption ee is Eh given to throw doubt on the bona fides of
ngers 0 erfisers, but to absolve the Nditor from responsibility, i :

should be abused.) Marked * are bred. ‘ A Reo abeamen td

‘ os Sy ae ;
eet) L— Novicus or Excuanex should be received by the 2lsr or kAcH
* Monte to insure insertion. Not more than Six Lines can be allowed for each

me

w), Clathrata, Pulveraria, Tristata, Notata, Rubidata, Straminea, Pudorina,

Advena, Pyramidea.| .Desiderata.Nunierous.—(Dr.) D. A. Dewar, Altyre

House, Stanley S.O., Co. Durham. .

Bo gS Duplicates.—Pupe of Innotata, Campanulata, Asteris.. Destderata.—Ova of

‘Tilunaria, Bistortata (Crepuscularia), Biundularia, and pupe of Napi-~—-H. H.

Harrison, The Avenue, Burtley-8.0., Co. Durham.

) Duplieates.—L. favicolor, E.satyrata* (fine), Seabiosata, Vulgata, Plumbeolata,

ete., ete. Northern and western forms down to Pyrales, with full data, veqnired.

Major J. J. Jacobs, « Holmesieigh,” Burgess Hill, Sussex.

\ Duplicates.—Lepidoptera from neighbourhood of Gibraltar. 'T.ramina, P.

aplidice, B. euphenoides, G. cleopatra, D. livornica, C. celerio, and many others.

‘Some set, others in papers. All with full data. What offers in British insects ?

pena forms vequired:—Major J: J. Jacobs, ‘Holmesleigh,”. Burgess Hiil,
Ussexr,

- Duplicates.—Ova : Badiata, Rupicapraria, Progemmaria, Multistrigaria,

Munda, ete, Iniagines: Numerous. , Desederata.—Very many species of Macros

in all stages, also Micros.—Thomas Smith, Whiston: Haves, Froghall, Stoke-

on-T rent.

ae Wanted.—¥ertile ova of Ennomos erosaria (wild or from wild) or wild larve
a

later on. Will do my best in exchange.—G. Wynne, 78, Shrewsbury Street, Old
Trafford, Manchester.

> Gwanar or Appress.—Mr: H. McD. Edelsten from ‘ Oakhurst,” Baleombe

Road, Hayward’s Heath, to “ Buntinghill,’’ Balcombe: Road, Hayward’s Heath,

Sussex. ,

A ee ————
TO CORRESPONDENTS.—All notes, papers, books for review, etc., and notices

of Exchange should be sent to—

>>’ - N. D. RILEY, 5, BROOK GARDENS, BARNES, S.W. 13.

2 eine MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Een PNPOMOLOGIVAL Soormry oF Lonpon, 41, Queen’s Gate, 5.W. 7 (nearest stations,
South Kensington and-Gloucester Road).—Wednesday, A pral Sth, at T p.m.

‘Sourn Lonpon EnromoLocicaL AND NatukaL History Socmry. Hibernian
Ordinary

-Charnbers, London Bridge, 5.5. 1.— Thursday, April 13th, at 7 p.m, © n
“Meeting. Thursday, April-27th, at 7 p.m., Paper, “The British Cogeidie, by
“fi. FR. Green, F.H.S.—How. Sec., STANLEY Epwarps, F.L.S., efc., 15, St. German's
‘Place, Blackheath, 8.E. 3. :

"* Gonpon Narurat History Society now meets in Hall 40, W inchester
‘House, Old Broad Street, H.C. 2, at 6.30 p.m. Full Society meetings are held on
“the first J'wesday in each month, aud sectional meetings on the third Tuesday.
‘Visitors welcomed at all meetings.—Hon. Sce., W. E. Gieaa, The House, Albion
_ Brewery, Whitechapel Roadsa. 1. - .

CONTHNTE, | ae

Epirrortan, 73. } pies.

Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Assynt District of Sutherlandsh
Sheldon, F.Z,8., F.H.S. (concluded from p. 57), 73. Diaphe
Form Venosa, N.F., Robert Adkin, FES. 79. Further Nx
Odonata of Constantinople and Adjacent Parts of Asia Minor, © et
Morton, F'.E.S., 80. A Synopsis of British Proctotrypide (Oxyura), C
Morley, F.E.S., F.2.8., etc. (continued from p, 60), 82. Neni
Dorset, F'. H. Haines, 84, Russian Odonata and Neuroptera, W.
BAY FHS. Bae

Notes AND OBSERVATIONS.—Some Lepidopterous Notes for South Dorset of.
usual Habits, Erratic Dates, and Occurrences for 1921, Alfred V. Heda
Colias edusa and C. electra; Proportion of Pale Forms, H. #. Hunt, 88,
moneta in Lancashire, C. Nicholson, 88. Harly Appearanee of
urtice, L. H. Bond, 88.. Argynnis lathonia at Gravesend, Douglas
88. Pyrameis atalanta: Immigrants “or Hibernated Specimens
Fassnidge, 88. Attractiveness of Electrie Light for Moths, W. Gifora
89. Attractiveness of Hlectrie Light for Moths, Frank Littlewood, 90.
attractiveness of Ileetric Light, C. Nicholson, 90. ~New Bees from Ma
&.S., 91. Boreus hyemalis, Linn. (Neuroptera), W. J. Lucas, 91. The
Collection of British Lepidoptera, 2. A., 91. The Sale of Dr. Char

ot

Library, W. G. Sheldon, 93.
Recens Lirerature.—Catalogue of Indian-Inseets, 95.
OBITUARY, 95.

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ss

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vou. LV.] MAY, 1922.

THE LIFE-HISTORY OF HEMEROBIUS STIGMA, STEPH.
By C. L. Witaycomes, B.Sc. F.E.S.

_As there have been several records recently of Hemerobius
- stigma being taken in the early part of the year, the following short
account of the hfe-history of this insect may be of interest.

Hemerobius stigma, Steph.—Fig. 1: Pair of pine needles showing positions

in which eggs are laid (indicated by arrows), natural size. Vig. 2: Egg,

x30. Fic. 3: Larva, x6. Fig.4: Pupa, x6. Fig. 5: Imago, x 4,

Hemerobius stigma is perhaps one of the most variable of all
the brown lacewings, one form common in summer having warm
brown wings practically devoid of markings, while the other extreme
has greyish-brown, much spotted wings. The last form is In my
experience the only one found in winter, but during the warmer
months all varieties may be taken. The species is easily captured
by beating conifers. On falling into the tray the insects either
feign death, bending the antennz with the legs under the body,
or they may jump about for a second or two with a peculiar hopping
motion, finally walking away and taking to flight. They are not
strong flyers, and are rarely long on the wing. The adults feed on
aphids, honey-dew, etc., and, in some cases observed, live for at
least eight weeks.

ENtoM.—May, 1922. K

98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

On emergence from the cocoon the eggs in the ovaries are not — ws

fully developed and egg-laying does not commence for three or
four days, sometimes a week. Hggs are laid singly, attached by
their sides to a surface, but sometimes in groups of up to seven
in number. The favourite positions are (1) a quarter of an inch

from tip of pine needle on inner flat face of same; (2) under the

scaly wrapping at the base of a pair of needles and hidden from

view. In the first case the female crawls up the needle until the —

tip is reached ; then, on finding she can go no further, the egg is
deposited at her body’s length from the tip. less often eggs are
laid anywhere on the twigs and needles.

Description of egg.—Size‘7mm.x-3mm. Hlongate oval,rounded

at both ends, but varying slightly in shape. The surface is smooth,
broken by many small granular pits. At the micropylar end of the
egg is a small white knob. Colour yellowish white when first laid,
but in about six days (at 60° F.) colour darkens to orange brown, and
a day or so before hatching the eyes of embryo are visible as black
dots through the shell at the micropylar end. Average length of egg
stage is 9 days at 60° F., or 27 to 36 days in winter at 45° FP.
approximately.

The larva makes its escape by a small irregular rent in the ege-

shell, and is at first of a pale yellowish colour. . In two or three days |

the head markings appear, sometimes also markings on the body,
but these latter are usually only visible in the second instar.

Description of third instar larva.—Body almost naked, fusiform,

cream-coloured, pale brown or pink, with two longitudinal chocolate-

coloured bands. Head dirty white with a brown wedge-shaped central
mark widening from behind forwards. Sides of head brown. Hyes
black. Antennee blackish, as also are labial palpi. Jaws dark coloured,
brown or blackish, composed of mandibles and maxille united to form
a tube through which juices of victims are sucked. Body colour is
variable, usually creamy white. There is a fine median dorsal dark
brown or black longitudinal line, a pair of dorso-lateral longitudinal
chocolate-coloured bands, which may be continuous or interrupted at
each segment or barely visible. Generally there is also a lateral
brown line on each side. Embedded in the dorso-lateral bands of the
three thoracic segments are paired shiny greyish-brown sclerites—
attachments for muscles. The legs are smoky white in colour, black
at the knees; tarsi also darker.

Length of larva when full fed about 7 mm. There are three larval
instars.

Contrary to general opinion* the larvee of Hemerobius do not
cover themselves with skins; the habit is, however, characteristic
of some species of Chrysopa. |

* McLachlan, ‘Mon. Brit. Neur. Plan.,’ p.175, 1868, and ‘ Cambridge Nat. Hist.
Insecta,’ pt. i, p. 468.

THE LIFE HISTORY OF HEMUROBIUS STIGMA, STEPH. 99

Tt is impossible to give, in a brief note such as this, sufficient
details to distinguish the larva of H. stigma from that of other
species. The present description would answer almost as well for
larve of such distinct species as H. humuli and H. lutescens ; but
of course these larvee are rarely found on pines. Colour in Hemerobiid
larve is extremely variable, being due largely to the colour of
internal organs.

During the greater part of the year larvee may be found on
pines, where they feed on aphids, leaf hoppers, and mites, piercing
these with their jaws and sucking out the juices. The larva runs
actively with a slight side-to-side motion of the head, the tip of
abdomen being used as an additional leg. When at rest it has a
_ habit of lying stretched out along a needle with its head towards
the base. The period of larval life varies from 22 to 28 days with
with an average temperature of 65° F., or 46 to 50 days with a
temperature averaging 50° F. When full fed a crevice in the
bark or between two needles is sought out and here a loose cocoon
of silk is spun, the anal extremity being used as a spinneret.

The cocoon, as in other Hemerobiids, is quite a loosé structure
of elongate oval shape. In from eight to ten days after spinning
the pupa is disclosed. This is at first of a yellowish colour, the eyes
and back being brown. All the characters of the adult are now
visible, the legs held close together ventrally, the wimg rudiments
at the sides and the antenne lying over these and curling ventrally.
In from one and a half to three weeks, according to temperature,
the pupa has darkened wholly to a deep brown colour, and from
now onwards the imago may emerge anyday. In summer emergence
takes place very shortly after this darkening, but in cold weather
the pupa may rest for weeks in this condition or may even pass
the winter as such. This is, in fact, the stage in which the coldest
weather is passed, but a warm spell even in December or January
will cause the appearance of the adult fly.

The pupa struggles for a time within its cocoon, the legs and
antenne being now free, then tearing an irregular hole with its
mandibles, it emerges and crawls on to a suitable support. Here
the pupal skin is cast and the insect commences adult lite. Pairing
takes place in a day or so, usually at night, the insects being of
nocturnal habits mainly. ie hs

Eggs may be laid directly they mature, but in winter only on
warm days; these then hatch according to the prevalent tempera-
ture, as has been shown.

We see then that this species is really on the wing all the year
round in a normal season. At no period have I found its food com-
pletely absent, species of Lachnus and Eulachnus, besides various
-Psocids, being always procurable, even in the hardest of winters.

100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON COLIAS CROCEUS, FOURC. (EDUSA, F.) ~

IN MESOPOTAMIA AND NORTH-WEST PERSIA,
1918-1921.

By 1t.-Con. 4 Ds Rummy Mes:

I nave been much interested in reading Mr. Rowland-Brown’s
paper on Colias croceus in the ‘ Entomologist’ for June (etc.),
1921. I tried while in Mesopotamia in 1918-21 to get a good
series of this species, besides others, and when in England
selected some for setting, and of these Capt. Riley took 150 for
the National Collection. On seeing Mr. Rowland-Brown’s article
I thought readers of the ‘ Entomologist’ might be interested in
this series of croceus, such as I was able to capture, and that the
rough notes taken from my field note-book might also be of some
interest as giving some idea of the appearance of the different
broods, and proportion of white to yellow females seen and taken
by me. There was much variation among captures on one and
the same day at the same spot.

It has always seemed curious to me that although a white
form of the female occurs so often among the species of Colas,
and this form of the female is so common in Mesopotamia, I
have never, so far as I know—and I have collected in India since
1908—come across a white female of Croceus fieldit, Men.; and I
doubt, therefore, the accuracy o: Leech’s statement in his
‘Butterflies of China, Korea and Japan,’ that he took a white
female of this in Kashmir.

CoLias croceus IN Mesopotamia anp NortH-west Persia.

hile} =
May 23.—(Amara.) Very common.
», 24.—(Amara.) One large white ? h.w. all grey, with white
centred discdl. spot; f.w. grey at basal third.
Also a small white female quite different from the
above large specn. taken a few minutes before at
the same spot.
June 9.—(L. bk. R. Dyala at Jebel Hamrin.) 3g recognised as

brighter orange than usual on the wing, and

having white centre to blk. d. spot present though
smaller than in fieldii (of India). |

», 15.—White ? and ¢ orange yellow above and without
white centre to f.w. disedl. spot beneath.

», 18.—White ? taken.

», 19.—White ? taken, small and damaged.

», 2%2.—Large f taken.

July 38.—Pair taken in cop. orange-yellow without any

white centre to discdl. spot, 2 white similar to
other white females captured here.

‘NOTES ON COLIAS CROCEUS, FOURC. 101

July 5.—Three yellow ? 2 taken, one with large yellow
spots on band, one with a few spots slightly
indicated, and one with medium spots.

,, 6.—Large ¢ with white centre to large blk. spot, and
another with small plain blk. spots on f.w.
> ¢-—® ovipositing on a common vetch on bank of R.
Dyala; this one has indication of pale centre to
blk. spot on U.f.w.
~ 4, 14-17.—(Karind valley, N.W. Persia.) Common both at
. 5300 ft. and at 6000; U.f.w. disedl. spot plain
Bo blk. and large, discdl. cell yellow anteriorly,
orange posteriorly, remainder of U. very green.
- Aug. 7.—(Paitak Pass, 2500 ft., N.W. Persia.) ¢ aud white
2 taken.
Sept. 10.—(Kd. valley, 5300 ft.) Helice white 2, very fresh,
{ taken. .
Nov. 16.—Dark helice white 2 chased.
17.—Worn yellow ? taken.

Jan. 24.—(Kizil Robat, R. Dyala.) Several seen, worn yellow
2 taken.
» 25.—1%,1 2 in fresh state taken.
Feb. 2.—White 2 taken, the first seen this year.
», 11.—Common.
,, 19.—Common, 13, 2 92 in very fresh state taken.
,, 22.—Several taken.
25.—Very common, white 2, one very worn.
», 28.—Common.
Mar. 20.—One ¢ with minute white centre to blk. disedl. spot.
27.—Fine orange 2 taken.
29.—Freshly emerged and very common ; one ¢ found on
fd.-plt. (small trefoil) with its wings not yet dry.
One pair in fresh state taken in cop. One white
2 seen.
April 1.—Very common in fresh state. Several of both sexes
taken and one white female.
2 Two white 2 2 taken, ordinary yellow f. very
common.
6.—Very common, many very fine and fresh females,
especially at white scabious-like flowers. One
white 9 taken.
10.—Very common, many very fine 2 about ; six white
2 9 taken.
,, 21.—Abundant. Three white 9 2 taken, others seen.
One of these three was taken in cop. with croceus
g. About 8 a.m. one is very likely to put up
two or more white ? ? about stony slopes near
the camp.

39

ay:

39

102

May 21.—(Kizil Robat.) ¢, bright orange upperside and

June 28.—White 2 seen; yellow-orange ? with white centre to-
disedl. spot on Uf.w. taken; a very brightly

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
yellow U.

coloured ¢ seen.

July—Oct.—(Busy at Kirkuk.)

Nov.

o)

1920: ;
May 25-26.—(Baiji.) Larva pupated (3% croceus emerged

3.—(Baiji, Rt. bk. R. Tigris.) Several rather worn seen.
6.—Very common in worn state.

1 June). Fd.-plt. lucerne.

June 38.—Very common about lucerne; white female taken

93

+)

in cop., two other white ? ¢ taken, one ovi-
positing on lucerne. Yellow female also seen
ovipositing. Does not pause long to lay the egg ;

ege laid singly on middle of half of upperside of

medium-sized leaf.

4.—Y. common about lucerne: pair (both sexes
yellow) taken in cdp., the female being in very
fresh state. Another fine fresh female being

courted by two males, and apparently recently
emerged, taken.

Two white 2 ? taken having much grey about them

above. Yellow female seen ovipositing on lucerne..

8.—Very common, seven white females taken and some

very fine males.

9.—One white @ taken and another seen.
13.—At lucerne; one very good example of true helice

form, cream coloured with tinge of orange about
the postr. margin of the fore wings; grd. col..
beneath yellow. The only true helice yet taken
here, although white females are common, and
it is quite distinct from these. Several white
females were taken in about half an hour (8.30:
to 9 a.m) at the same spot. This helice female
laid several eggs of the usual spindle shape in
the paper envelope.

15.—A white ? with large amount of grey at base of f.w.,.

but orange discal spot on h.w.

19.—White ? taken, another seen.
About 6 p.m. took a remarkably large white female.
Took larva of croceus this morning on lucerne.
Colour uniform dark green matching very well the

colour of the lucerne leaves, lateral white line with
red dot on it at each segt. With a temperature
of 114° inside my tent this larva was not happy
inside an inverted tumbler with plant in water.
In the cool of the evening it showed a little more
sign of life when put on lucerne inside an old net.

a ee

NOTES ON COLIAS CROCEUS, FOURC. 103

June 20—21.—This larva pupated, head upwards on main stem
of lucerne plant; colour, semi-transparent green
(pea-green), a little lighter than the lucerne
leaves. White lateral line along thorax and
abdomen, with dark brown dorso-lateral mark as
in the other pupa. The colour closely resembles
that of the leaves around it.

», 26.—Markings of female croceus conspicuously showing
through the pupal skin, and the butterfly emerged
about 5 a.m. 27th.

1921:

Oct. 28.—(Baghdad.) Colias croceus seen.
Noy. 9.—(Baghdad.) Colias croceus male taken in worn state.

», 10.—Six seen in garden, three at one time.

,, 15.—Remarkably common in garden in last few days.

5, 28.—Male seen courting settled female, both worn specns.

Capt. N. D. Riley, having selected a series of 150 of my
specimens, as stated above, for the National Collection, writes of
‘them as follows:

““A magnificent species. The Persian specimens cover the
dates 14/7/18-10/9/18. The Mesopotamian series represent cap-
tures in nearly every week of the months January—July (middle).
As regards size they range from an expanse of 3°7 mm. ( 2 Jebel
Hamrin, 8/7/18), to 5-4 (9 Amara, 26/5/18). The January and
February specimens are noticeably and consistently smaller
than those of any other month, with the exception of the one
very small female mentioned above, and an exactly similar one
from same locality dated 10/6/18.

“The amount of variation in colour and markings is
remarkable. One male (Kizil Robat, 22/3/19) has ground almost
lemon-yellow instead of orange; some examples in which all the
veins are marked with yellow across the outer marginal border
are referable to ab. faillae, Ste.

“Of the females, almost exactly 333 per cent. [of those
selected] are of the white helice form; two of the f. aubuissone,
Caradja, intermediates in which the yellow has failed; one of
the 2 f. helicina, Oberth., an intermediate form ‘in which the red
pigment is absent, leaving the specimen a delicate lemon-yellow.

‘‘Por the rest no two specimens are alike, so it would serve
no useful purpose to go into details.”

Mhovy, India ;

January 31st, 1922.

Tt

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SraIN
¥

\ VAY Poe 10 4

os. eur
f : m \ Ath
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any of Con

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104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

TRICHOPTERA IN DORSET.
By F. H. Harness, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.

_ Tue following species of Trichoptera were met with during some
seasons in which attention was paid to this Order in the Wareham
district. Phryganea grandis, Linn., common round the lake in
Morden Park in May and early June, resting by day on trees and
other objects near. It associates itself pleasantly with the spirit
of the spring morning. P. striata, Linn., occurs with it, but less
commonly. It is found also among the osier beds of the backwaters
of the Frome. P. varia, Fab., is abundant in July, especially at
Morden, hiding in the crevices of fir trees growing near heathland
ponds. Colpotaulius incisus, Curt., 1s found on Tadnoll marsh in
May, harbouring in the coarse growth to run up the rushes fast
and fly a short way if disturbed. Glyphotaelius pellucidus, Retz.,
is very abundant, breeding in the small ponds found in copses as
well as in the larger existing in certain woods. It shelters in the
very low bushy branches of the oak trees round its haunts, and is
most numerous in early summer. The commonest species of Limno-—
philus are L. marmoratus, Curt., lunatus, Curt., centralis, Curt.,
affms, Curt., auricula, Curt., and sparsus, Curt., most of them
abounding. JL. marmoratus frequents rivers in summer and early
autumn, and is very common on the Frome and also round the ~
lake (through which a stream runs) in Morden Park. JL. lunatus
inhabits the still waters of ponds and marshes throughout the
area chiefly in late summer and autumn. L. centralis is found near
standing waters, but also far away from even a pool in the fir-
woods. McLachlan suggested that it might breed in spongy bogs
where there was no surface water. Judging from the positions in
which L. auricula and sparsus are found, also often in woods, distant
from anything beyond puddles and damp hollows, they may breed
in these spots amid dead leaves in very shallow water, which is
occasionally reduced to mere dampness. Abounding everywhere
auricula occurs from May to autumn. Sparsus is largely a May
and summer insect, but it continues later. They are easily secured
by shaking pine branches into a net in the fir districts. L. affinis,
considered rather a woodland species, occurs in numbers amid the
Spartina and other growth on the shores of Poole Harbour: eyi-
dently a maritime tendency is not exceptional. It occurs earlier,
but I have met with it most freely in autumn. L. rhombicus, Linn.,
is commonest in June about Morden Park lake in the reeds and
tushes. LL. elegans, Curt., occurs rather uncommonly at Morden
near heathy swamps, and it is to be beaten out of the lower branches
of oaks where the woods and heathlands meet. I have taken L.
griseus, Linn., in Coombe Wood and near Tadnoll marsh in April

TRICHOPTERA IN DORSET. 105

and May, but it is not common. L. luridus, Curt., another rarer
species, occurs in June and July about ponds at Morden, East
Lulworth, and on the backwaters of the Frome at Ilford, evidently
breeding in either still or slowly moving water. These three species

are local. Anabolia nervosa, Curt., is very abundant on the Frome

system and also on the Morden Park lake at the entry and outfall
of the stream. It may be seen in multitudes running up the flags
and rushes evidently when first hatching out, on bright warm
days from early to late fall. It will even settle on the collector
sitting by. At other times the insect hides by day in the bank
growth. L. rhombicus has a similar habit. Of species of Stenophylaz,
stellatus, Curt., is far commoner than latipennis, Curt.. coming to
light freely like the very common permistus, McLachlan. S. stellatus
is found mostly in September, occurring often in Winfrith, bred
from the village brook, also on the Frome and on the Puddle at
Carey. SS. latuypennis occurs at Iford in September. Nearly all my
specimens of pernustus have been taken in April and May, perhaps
hibernated. It occurs freely at Winfrith, Bockhampton, and along
the Frome, often harbouring of a day in outhouses. Micropterna
lateralis, Steph., occurring along our heathland brooks in June in
those spots “‘ that seem to lie sacred to flow’rets of the hills, and
sacred to the sky,” is retiring and seldom seen. Halesus radiatus,
Curt., is very numerous by streams at Morden, Moreton and [ford.
H. digitatus, Schr., is not so common, but occurs on Wintrith Heath
by the Frome. These species sometimes dance gregariously in the
sunshine. They often come to light at night. Drusus annulatus,
Steph., has occurred in May on our Winfrith brook, although this
is but very rarely swift. It is not common. I have no record of

- Chaetopteryx villosa, Fab., from this area, though it will surely

occur on streams here, as in other parts of Dorset, from early to
late autumn. The variable Sericostoma personatum, Spence, 1s
abundant on all the rivers, and lends some animation in summer
to many a stream as it wends its way through the green pastoral
tracts. I have seen it ovipositing in the pond in Morden Park.
Like most of the Sericostomatidae it does not travel far from the
water, and flies by day and of an evening readily. NV otidobia ciliaris,
Steph., is abundant, especially in May, at Lower Bockhampton,
Iford and Moreton, and is of similar habits, and very noticeable,
resting on the herbage. Goera pilosa, Fab., is common in June
and July at Iford and Moreton. Silo nigricornis, Pict., 1s another
frequent species flying over rivers in the sunshine at Moreton,
Stafford, and Bockhampton, notably in May, but also later in the
season. The whole family tends to be diurnal. Lepidostoma h irtum,
Fab., another of our common river caddis-flies, is found at Kast Stoke,
Holme and Moreton in July, August and September. Brachycentrus,
subnubilus, Curt., swarms on the Frome in April and May, sporting

106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

in crowds over furze bushes by the banks at Iford. I have found it
on the flowers of Umbelliferae, so that evidently, as with S. permastus,
which comes to sugar, and L. bipunctatus, which comes to ivy-

blossom, the mouth apparatus is not entirely atrophied. The species

of Beraea occur in the various backwaters and ramifications of the

Frome, where the water is slow, shallow and full of plant-growth,
particularly in spring and early summer. I have taken, especially
in May, Beraea pullata, Curt., at Iford and Tadnoll, mawrus, Curt.,
on Winfrith Heath, and articularis, Pict., at Tadnoll, to quote but
a few localities for these insects. Beraeodes minuta, Linn., occurs
at Morden in May. Molanna angustata, Curt., is common at Tadnoll
and Morden in May and early June, and may be taken resting by ©
day like a Crambite, but with the legs out sideways, on the walls of
the open boat-house by Morden lake, as well as at the roots and on
the stems of reeds, rushes and flags, where they stand thickly by the
water. Odontocerum albicorne, Scop., is not common. I have taken
it by the Puddle at Culeaze on herbage. Leptocerus aterromus, Steph., -
is very common on the pond at Morden Park in June. L. cunereus,
Curt., is abundant in July on the Frome and its branches at Hast —
Stoke, Moreton and Tincleton. It often flies in large clusters just
above the water in the quiet of the evening. JL. albifrons, Linn.,
occurs freely by beating the trees just below the mill at Hast Stoke
in July and August, as does, more rarely, L. dissemalis, Steph.
Mystacides azurea, Linn., is abundant on backwaters and ponds,
with a current through them, as at Morden and Kast Lulworth,
from May to August. M. longicornis, Linn., is common round Morden
Park Lake in May and June. Triaenodes conspersa, Ramb., is not

uncommon at Hast Stoke mill; Holme Bridge and Moreton in July —

and August. 7’. bicolor, Curt., a pond species, occurs at Morden —
Park in July, as does Adicella reducta, McLach., a water-fall species,
in June. Oecetis ochracea, Curt., is very common amongst the rushes —
round the large pond on Morden Heath from June to September,
flying fairly fast, if awkwardly, over it of an evening. I find O.
testacea, Curt., chiefly near East Stoke mill on the mill-stream,
also at Tadnoll in July and August. Hydroptilidae are apt to come
to light in multitudes, and by day they may be found running
over bridge parapets, lichen-covered stones, and similar objects
near water with quick alertness. Hydroptila sparsa, Curt., occurs
very commonly on the Puddle at Culeaze, at Tadnoll, and on the
Frome at Bockhampton in May and June. H. maclachlam, Klap.,
is found freely on the Frome Bridge at Bockhampton. H. forcipata,
Katon, is found at Tadnoll and Morden in May and June. Ortho-
irichwa angustella, McLach., occurs at Tadnoll in April. Oayethira
costalis, Curt., 1s exceedingly abundant at the Morden Park lake.
O. tristella, Klap., is found at Tadnoll in May, and O. falcata, Morton,
in the Winfrith neighbourhood. Hydropsyche pellucidula, Curt.,

TRICHOPTERA IN DORSET. 107

occurs in May and June at Iford ; fulvipes, Curt., rather particularly
known as a Dorset insect, in May, June, and July, at East Stoke,
Tford and Bockhampton ; angustipennis, Curt., from May to Sep-
tember, is abundant at Winfrith and Iford; gutiata, Pict., from
May to August, is very common at Winfrith, Iford and Moreton :
the males often dance in groups in sunshine near the Frome, like
those of angustupennis. H. lepida, Pict., is abundant at East Stoke
mill in July and August. Wormaldia subnigra, McLach. (females
only), occurs in August and September at Studland Heath, near a
heathland spring, and at Morden at the outfall of the Park lake.
Chimarrha margimata, Linn., is very common on moss-grown boul-
ders, hatches and such objects in May, June and July on the swifter
reaches of the Frome at Moreton. Plectrocnenia conspersa, Curt.,
occurs at Morden in May by the rushing outfall and stream from
Morden Park lake. It tends to that golden spotted appearance so
common in caddis-flies frequenting swift streams, cataracts over
boulders, and places where light and shade and spray make such
colouring harmonise with the surroundings. Polycentropus flavomacu-
latus, Pict., found at Morden, Moreton and Bockhampton, is ex-

_ tremely abundant from May to September. P. multiguttatus, Curt.,

though also a stream-frequenting insect, is common on the Morden
Park lake, but less so than the last. Here also the pond-breeding
Holocentropus dubius, Ramb., occurs in May and June, and at
East Lulworth lake, as does, more rarely, H. picicornis, Steph. .
Cyrnus trimaculatus, Curt., abounds at Morden Park lake and at
Holme in May, June and July. Tinodes waeneri, Linn., is ubiquitous

on all our rivers and ponds as at the Corfe River, Morden, Kast

Lulworth, Winfrith, Moreton, etc., from May to September. Lype
phaeopa, Steph., is often met with, as at Moreton and Morden from
May to September, in the slower flowing waters, as is, not rarely,
Psychomyia pusilla, Fab., at Moreton and Iford from May to
September. Rhyacophila dorsalis, Curt., is general on all our streams
from May to October, even breeding in the small Winfrith brook,
whence the imago flies indoors to light. But the species of Rhya-
cophila are usually most at home glancing and flying in the roar,
rush and sparkle of tumbling waters amid precipice and peak !
Agapetus fuscipes, Curt., is very common on the Frome system at
Moreton, Stafford and Bockhampton from May to September.
I have A. comatus, Pict., from Moreton in May, but it is much
scarcer than the preceding. ‘

The foregoing will give a total of 73 species found in the Wareham
district. C. W. Dale’s British list, revised by K. C. Morton in 1907,
gave 174 British species. Dale’s Glanvilles Wootton list gives 42
species, of which 9 are not in my list: Phryganea minor, Curt.,

5 5 ° . . |
-Grammotaulius atomarius, Fab., Limnophilus vittatus, Fab., Chacto-

pteryx villosa, Silo pallipes, Fab., Leptocerus bilineatus, Linn., Mysta-

108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
cides nigra, Linn., Agraylea mutvpunctata, Curt., and Micropterna a
sequax, McLach. But as the common S. permistus is not recorded
at all, it suggests that this species is meant. I have reckoned Dale’s
Hydroptila tineoides as sparsa, not femoralis, Katon. Li. vittatus,
S. pallipes and M. mgra seem curious omissions from my list.
Neuronia ruficrus, Scop., is recorded from Holnest, and Apatama
mulebris, McLach., from Blandford, bringing the Dorset total to
83. I have a list of 39, most of which, judging from their habits
and distribution elsewhere, would probably be found were the
county thoroughly worked throughout. This would give Dorset
121 species. The remaining 53 species are probably too northern

or alpine in habit, or require haunts of a kind not developed in
Dorset, such as wide-spread fen country and broads on the one
hand or mountain torrents on the other.

Brookside,

Winfrith,

Dorset. ee

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPIDA
(OXYURA).

By Cuiaupr Morury, F.E.S., F.Z.8., mre.
(Continued from p. 83.)

5. Procrorryprs parvuuus, Nees.

Codrus parvulus, Nees, Hym. Mon., ii, 18384, p. 360, 3 2.
Proctotrupes parvulus, Hal., l.c., p. 14, 3 2. Serphus parvulus, —
André, l.c., p. 315.

A little-known species. Germany ‘“‘in Fungis, presertim in
Boleto circinante, Mycetophillarum larvis infestato, gregarius ;
Septembre et Octobre mensibus in memoribus” (Nees) ; and
Finmark in July. Not common in woods during autumn
(Haliday) ; females gregarious in Boleti (Walker). I have bred
this species in some numbers from Boletus-fungi on old elm-
trees about Ipswich ; but, as I have already remarked (‘Trans. -
Entom. Soc.,’ 1907, p. 89), it is impossible to determine if these
were parasitic upon the dipterous genus Cecidomyia, the beetles
Orchesia micans and Phalacrus corruscus, which were also bred
therefrom, or upon Meteorus obfuscatus and Thersilochus orchesia,
Morl., which were themselves parasitic upon the above Orchesie ;
judging solely by the comparative bulk of these various insects,
it 1s probable that the Proctotrypes was a direct parasite upon
this Heteromeron. Felden, in Herts, doubtless bred (Piffard) ;
bred from Orchesia micans at Luccombe Chine, in Isle of Wight,
on May 7th, 1914 (J. C. Pool); several bred from Diphyllus
lunatus in Sphacria concentrica at Oxford (Lyle), who has proved

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPIDM (OXYURA). 109

the order of its host by breeding both sexes and a nymph during
October, 1915, from Coleopterous larve, to which the parasite is
in this case still actually attached. On a single sunflower
during mid-September at dusk in Ipswich.

6. PRocroTRYPES GRAvIDATOR, Linn.

_Ichneumon gravidator, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1758, p. 565;
Oliv. Encycel. Méth., vii, 1792 (nec. Thunb.). Banchus gravidator,
Fab. Syst. Piez., 1804, p. 128. Codrus gravidator, Jurine
Nouv. Méth, 1807, p. 309, 2; Nees, lc., p. 854; Zett., Ins.
Lapp., 1, 1838, p. 416. Proctotrupes gravidator, Lep. Eneyel.
Meéth., x, 1825, p. 208;. Hal., l.c., p. 14, ¢ 9; Thoms., l.c.,- xiv,
pat Vell: Uc, p. 29, pl. xviii, fic. 3, 2.

The colour of this species is variable, and Haliday instances
examples with femora and antenne nigrescent, and others with
black abdomen and infuscate legs, having only base of both tarsi
and tibie dark ferrugineous; my darkest male, taken at Market
Rasen, in Lines, during June, 1912, has nothing but base of
second segment and part of tibie dull rufescent. That this
species has the power of, at least occasionally, stinging, is proved
by W. Rollason, who wrote to me that his little daughter was
- quite sharply stung by one in his garden at Truro on October 16th,
1909 ; it ‘‘ caused a raised white bump, which remained for about
four hours.”

In sunny fields, frequent everywhere in summer; Sweden,
Italy (Haliday) ; all Europe to Sicily (Kieffer) ; bred from galls
of Cynips Kollari by Fitch (‘ Kntom.,’ xiii, p. 260), and according
_ to Vollenhoven, from the common British fungus-gnat, Boleto-
phila fusca, ete. I have found it a not uncommon species in dry
places, such as the coast sand-hills and the “‘ Breck” of N.W.
Suffolk ; never taken on flowers, but sometimes hiding beneath
Erodium cicutarium and swept from gorse; rarely sheltering in
rabbit-holes. Evenly distributed through the third quarter of
the year from June 10th to September 27th, at Foxhall, in 1896,
Ipswich, Herringswell, Belstead, Kessingland, Wangford, and
common about Brandon at the end of June, especially so in 1918,
- though a female was once swept from nettles at Belstead so late
as October 29th. Copthorne Common, Surrey (Wilson Saunders,
1871) ; Felden, in Herts (Piffard) ; Faversham, in Kent (Chitty) ;
Lichfield, in Stafford, 1917 (Lance Carr) ; Selby, in Yorks (W. J.
Fordham) ; apparently very rare in Notts, whence Prof. J. W.
Carr has sent me but one female, taken at Bulwell Hall on
August 17th, 1917.

7. PROCTOTRYPES DEVAGATOR, Oliv.

~ Ichneumon devagator, Oliv., Encycl. Méth., vii, 1792, p. 192.
I. campanulator,‘Fab., Ent. Syst. Suppl., 1798, p. 227 ; Piez, p. 99.
Proctotrupes campanulator, Klug., Mag. Ges. Nat., 1, p. Ta Vou,

110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

en p. 29, pl. xviii, fig. 4, 2. Eriodorus bimaculatus, Walek., L

Faun. Paris, ii, 1802, p. 47. Codrus campanulator, Nees, l.c.,

p. 358, excl. @. Serphus divagator (sic), André, l.c., p. 292. 2. a
Modern authors have seen fit to regard this female as distinct
from P. gladiator ; personally I am convinced that it is no more ~

than a brachypterous form thereof, for the entire structure is
identical throughout. Chitty fully concurred in this opinion.
Italy, Hungary, Germany and France (Kieffer); it has
recently been bred in some numbers in southern Hurope from
galls of the Dipteron, Lonchea lasiophthalma, on Dactylon ;
Vollenhoven, however, records it from the fungus-gnat, Sciophila
lim., none of which are British ; it is said to occur in September,
sometimes under stones on the ground. Unknown to Haliday,
and Westwood’s 1840 figure obviously refers to P. gladiator ;
apparently hitherto not found in Britain, and erroneously
recorded hence. .1 am glad to be able to definitely reinstate this
name in our fauna by the capture of a typical specimen running
on the bare sand during the afternoon of July 26th, 1904, on
Foxhall Plateau, near Ipswich, in Suffolk.

8. PrRocrorRyPEs GLADIATOR, Hal.

Proctotrupes gladiator, Hal., l.c., p. 10, 2. Vollenh., e.,
p- 30, fig. 7, 2. LP. bicolor, Hal. l.c., 6. P. brevipenmis, West-
wood, Introd., 11, 1840, p. 169, fig. xxviii, 9. Serphus gladiator,
André, l.c., p. 294, 3 2.

Very rare in northern Ireland. Haliday took a female running
among grass roots on a sunny sandy cliff; near Dublin (R.
Ball) ; southern France (Walker) ; Sweden, Switzerland, Russia,

Hungary (Kieffer). In my experience it is less frequent than

P. gravidator, but not rare by sweeping short herbage in the
most arid and sandy places, though not confined thereto ; some-
times on flowers of Composit, and by beating bushes in woods.
It has occurred to me only during September at Ipswich, in 1897 ;
Depden, Frostenden, Covehithe Broad on Tanacetum vulgare and
Senecio Jacobea, and Baylham, except once, when a male was
swept as early as June 22nd at Brandon. ‘These Suffolk dates
are connected by two other males found at Devonport during
July (P. de la Garde) and Southampton on July 25th (H. 8.
Gorham) ; it has also occurred at Felden, in Herts (Piffard), and
during 1900 at Westleton, in Suffolk (Elliott). -

_

: NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. EE.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

VANESSA ANTIOPA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—On September> 12th,
1921, a specimen of Vanessa antiopa was captured near Speech House,
Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, by Mr. Heslop, of 34, Henleaze
Gardens, Durdham Down, Bristol, which was afterwards shown to
me.—Geo. C. Grirritus; Penhurst, 3, Leigh Road, Clifton, Bristol.

HyYDROECIA MICACEA 7. BRUNNEA AT SEAFORD.—I should like to
report the occurrence of H. nucacea var. brunnea, Tutt, at Seaford last
August. I should be interested to learn if this form has occurred in
Sussex before. In general appearance it is very similar to H. petasitis.
—B. H. Armstrone ; 7, Sandford Road, Bromley, Kent.

~UnusvuaL OccurRRENCE oF Pieris RAP#.—On March Ist a
newly emerged Pzerzs rapae was brought to me, having been taken in
the Head Office of the London County and Westminster Bank,
Lothbury. It was a cold day, and the nearest square where the larve
could obtain food is, I think, Finsbury.—Svrantey A. BurnKarn ;
Burford Lodge, Boxhill, Dorking.

_ HARLY OCCURRENCE OF SMERINTHUS POPULI, ETC.—This morning
a @ of S. popult was brought to me which had been taken at light in
a barrack-room near Shooter’s Hill some time during the last week of
January. It was in fairly good condition and had deposited a few
eggs which had proved fertile, but the young larve had died. On
February 28th of this year Mr. M. Gaitskell, of Denstone College, took
a specimen of C. quadripunctata, also at light.—Guy Stanton;
Devon Lodge, Green Lane, Eltham, §.E. 9, April 16th, 1922.

Lyc@NA ASTRARCHE VARS. IN NortH LAncasHireE.—On July 23rd,
1917, I took a fine specimen of L. astrarche with the full complement
of spots on upper side of wings pale canary yellow in colour, in
place of the usual reddish-orange spots. The spots are large and
well developed. This is referable to var. pallidior, Obth. On July
Ind, 1921, I was fortunate in capturing a specimen with the spots
white, exactly the colour of the fringes of this species. It is also in
first-class condition, but does not contain the full complement of
spots. On the fore wings there are only three spots near the inner
angle, and five better developed on the hind wings. This is referable
to var. graafiz, ver Huell.. According to Tutt’s ‘ British Butterflies,’
vol. ii, p. 256, pallzdior does not appear to have been previously
recorded in the British Isles. He states that there is a specimen in
the British Museum Collection taken in Norway, July 15th, 1887,
from the Elwes Collection, With reference to graafii, the previous
three or four specimens have all been taken in Holland, and this also
appears to be new to Britain (v. Tutt, /.c.). On July 3rd, 1921, |
took a variety of underside. The fore wings have four spots in the
series and the usual spot in end of cell, but in the hind wings there is
only the white discal spot, and another spot near the upper margin
_ present, the usual row being entirely absent. On July 7th, 1921,

another was taken with the fore wings containing the spot in cell
well developed, but in the usual series only two very small spots
present. On the hind wings only the white discal spot, the spot near
upper margin, and the upper spot in usual series, are visible. The

112 . THE ENTOMOLOGIST. m

butterfly is fairly common in North Lancashire, and vars. allows, —
Hb., semiallous, Harrison, and albiannulata, Harrison, are of frequent —
occurrence. The pathological specimen, taken on July 21st, 1906, —
mentioned in Tutt, vol. ii, p. 231, which has the right hind wing of —

‘a silvery colour as in H. phlaeas ab. schmidta, but with the orange-

reddish spots normal, was kindly sent to me many years ago by Mr,

Harrison, and is in my collection along with all those mentioned
above.—ALBERT Ei. Wricut; Brunleigh, Grange-over-Sands.

ACROBASISTUMIDANA, SCHIFF = VERRUCELLA, HB., = RUBROTIBIELLA,
E.R., at Darentu.—tIn the catalogue of the second portion of the
Farn Collection I noticed that there was included in Lot 433 five
examples purporting to be this extremely rare British species, and
for their sakes I acquired the lot. A close examination, before the
sale, of course, convinced me that they were actually A. twmidana.
The history of this species as British is one of the most remarkable
of any of our Lepidoptera. It was first taken by R. McLachlan, in
1858, at Forest Hill, on the outskirts of London, apparently in some
numbers. Odd specimens have since been taken at wide intervals
in Hants, Dorset, and Suffolk. The Farn specimens are labelled
in Farn’s own writing ‘‘ Darenth”’; they bear the dates August,
1873 (1), and August, 1875 (4). They are mounted on the ordinary
gilt pins, and judging by the setting, were probably taken by Farn
himself. At this date his labels, at any rate amongst the Phycids,
did not state the name of the captor. It seems rather remarkable
that these specimens were never recorded; but then Farn hardly
ever recorded any of his captures, and one supposes, too, that the too
well known and frequented locality from which they came—Darenth
—prevented him, for reasons of strategy, from disclosing their origin,
or even the fact that he possessed them.—W. G. Saxenpon; April
12th, 1922.

BUTTERFLIES ATTRACTED BY Human Persprration.—The small
collection of Lepidoptera enumerated below was received some months
ago from my brother-in-law, Mr. Frank B. Hinchliff, who had recently
obtained them while on a fishing expedition in Paraguay and Misiones
in company with his cousin, Mr. Theodore Hubbard. He had no net
nor any collecting apparatus with him, and his account of the means
by which the butterflies were captured is so unusual I feel it should
not be left unrecorded. He writes: “I have just returned from a
six weeks’ trip to Paraguay and Misiones, where I stayed at T—’s
_ estancia—a very interesting trip indeed. . . . Butterflies were not
in hundreds, but in thousands. It was a sight to see poor T— trying
to fish with swarms of ‘Purple Emperor’-like butterflies and others
settling on his face and hands like mosquitoes—he counted nine
different varieties at one time on his rod alone, and his face was
covered with them, lapping up the perspiration that flowed down his
cheeks. ‘Swallow-tails’ of all sorts and sizes simply swarmed. Some
I failed to get, having no net, but I caught others by hand off my
rod and face.” With regard to this curious attraction that human
perspiration seems to have for butterflies, 1 may mention that I have
had many opportunities of collecting in the tropics, in both hemi-
spheres, yet such an experience never happened to me, although I

-_

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 11S

was usually in a most profuse perspiration, with scores of butterflies
around me; nor have I ever read or heard of anything like it.*
In reply to my brother-in-law’s letter I wrote and told him how
interesting his account was, and begged him to try and send me
further particulars. His answer reached me a short time ago, so that -
IT am able to add a few more notes: “The ‘Purple Emperors’
(Apatura laurentia, Godt.) were not: sitting on me in ones or twos,
but at one time I must have had a dozen, and they were so tame
that we had what we called a ‘pet’ one. Several times we caught it
between our fingers and thumbs and threw it up into the air, but
italways came back. . . . They werea perfect nuisance to one—they
alighted all over one’s face and hands and arms, and sucked up our
perspiration. They seemed to prefer T—’s to mine, though they
were at times like mosquitoes buzzing and settling on me, and kept
me busy brushing and waving them off. I found that the butterflies
were also attracted by the ‘ droppings’ of tapir, or ‘ carpincho,’ in a
clearance of the forest, and were swarming over the dirt.” In a later
letter my brother-in-law writes, in reply to queries from me: ‘As
regards scent, sometimes we rubbed ‘citronella’ on our hands and
necks as an anti-midge protection. It is supposed to keep insects
away, but I do not think it attracted the butterflies, as they settled
on face and clothes as well.’ I am indebted to Mr. N. D. Riley,
of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), for kindly giving me the names
of the insects. Of course it was only the butterflies that were
attracted in the way described; the moths were obtained otherwise.
Danaine: Ituna tlone, Cram. Satyrine: Huptychia hermes, Fabr. ;
Pedaliodes phanias, Hew. Brassolinee: Opsephanes invirae, Hibn.
Nymphaline: Coloenis julia, Fabr.; Hypanartia lethe, Babr.; Dyna-
mine tithia, Hibn.; Catagramma candrena, Godt., and C. pygas,
Godt.; Marpesia neleus, Sulz.; Siproeta trayja, Hiibn.; Adelpha
cytherea aca, Frihst.; Apatura lawrentia, Godt. ; Anaea menuphis,
Feld. Pierine: Pieris mandela, Feld. Papilionine : Papilio anchi-
siades, Hsp.; Papilio torquatus, Cram. Syntomide: Hurota picta, H.S.
Saturnide: Hyperchiria, sp. Geometride: Heterusia quadriplicaria,
Hiibn.—G. F. Matrurw; Dovercourt, Essex.

Tae Farn Connection: SeconD aND Tuirp Days’ Saue.—The
sales of the remaining portions of this well-known collection, which
were held at Stevens’s Rooms on March 14th and April 4th, were again
well attended, and although it was sometimes difficult to place long
series of some of the commoner species even at five or six shillings,
anything “at all out of the ordinary” easily found buyers, and often
at very good prices. Included in the two days’ sales there were
twenty-six specimens of Chrysophanus dispar, of which the best
easily made £10 to £13, grading down to £5 or £6 for those having
less satisfactory condition and data, while an exceptional specimen
with golden margins ran up to £17 10s.; one pupa skin was sold for
6s., but another failed to find a buyer. Nice series of about fifty
Coenonympha typhon (davus) made £2 2s. to £4; a lot of fifty Hrebia
aethiops (blandina), including two or three aberrational forms, 58s. ;
one of eighteen Strymon prumnz, including a broadly-banded form, 42s. :

* Several cases are on record. See ‘Proc. Ent, Soc. London.’—Ep.

_ pNToM.—may, 1922. L

114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and an “hermaphrodite” Bithys quercus 30s. Chrysophanus phlaeas
was well represented ; silvery forms sold for 21s. to 88s. apiece, a pale
golden for 84s., a lot of two bright golden for 70s., a remarkable form _
with a broad band of large blotches across centre of fore wings £9, —
and an “‘ hermaphrodite” in a lot of twelve for 35s. the lot. A lot of
three Celastrina argiolus, which included a very pale and a very
dusky male, made 90s.; one of fifty-six Plebezus aegon, including a
pale lilac male and other remarkable specimens, 55s.; a well-marked
‘‘hermaphrodite”’ £5 10s.; and a very pale, broadly-streaked under-
side of Aricza medon (astrarche) £9. There was one Lampides baetica
in the collection, ‘‘ taken near Dartford, by C. EH. Sabine, 7 Sept.,
1893,” but even so the £9 paid for it seemed to be a good price. A
smoky black male Polyommatus icarus sold for £9, a greenish-blue male
40s., one “left-side male, right-side female also 40s., a pale strongly--
striped underside £7, and another, more strongly marked, with some
other aberrations, £10 10s., while a nice series, including some well-
marked Irish forms, made 55s. An asymmetrical Agriades coridon,
in which the left fore wing was practically black, with narrow blue
stripes, brought £5 10s., and a grey-brown radiated underside £9; a
lot of eight v. fowlerz £3 5s., and one containing two underside y.
obsoleta and one radiated 50s. An ochreous-grey male A. bellargus and
one black-dusted with broad margins in a lot of fourteen made £6 10s.
the lot ; four ‘‘ black” forms sold separately at £8 10s. for the best, and
40s., 30s. and 16s. each for the others; and one of the most beautiful
and perfect radiated male undersides we remember to have seen ran
up to £20. There were three lots of twelve each of the “blues”
taken by Sabine near Rainham in 1886 and said to be hybrids
between P. tcarus and A. bellargus, and they sold for £20, £5 and
£3 per lot respectively. Lycaena arion in lots of about twenty made
£4 per lot for those from Barnwell Wold and Gloucestershire, and
from 35s. to 52s. 6d. for the Cornish, while an almost spotless speci-
men with an asymmetrical underside put up in one lot brought £8,
and a beautiful dark aberration of Carterocephalus palaemon £5. The
Heterocera were by comparison less interesting and had apparently
not been so well kept up to date as the Rhopalocera, but there were
many nice things among them and they found ready buyers. Phryxus
livornica bred from larva taken at Ryde with its pupa skin made
20s., Utethersa pulchella 30s., while couples of the same species in
lots with other species brought 75s., 20s. and 16s. per lot. A black
Callimorpha dominula sold for 55s., a nice light form of Aretia caja
for £5 10s., and an almost unicolorous brown one for £5. Laelia \
coenosa was not in demand, the best two selling for 20s., four others
for 18s., and five with four preserved larve for 14s. An “ herma-
phrodite” Poeczlocampa populi made 20s., a smoky form of Lasio-
campa quercus (with other species) £3, and a ‘“ hermaphrodite” —
L. quercus £6. Lots of six Nola centonalis with eight N. albulalis
brought 25s. to 30s. per lot, a lot in which was included a fine black-
streaked Senta zrorella 65s., and Drepana harpagula (secwla) in pairs
20s. and 35s. per pair. The one Notodonta bicolor in the collection
ran up to £4 15s.; it was labelled “ Burnt Wood, Staffs, Chapple.”
Acronycta strigosa sold at 25s., 45s. and 32s. 6d. per lot of ten,
Crymodes ewuwlis from Shetland at 18s., 18s., 45s. and 21s. per lot of ©

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 115

three, and from Rannoch at 65s. per lot of two for the two lots
offered. A fine male Hydrilla palustris, of Farn’s own taking, made
50s. Noctua subrosea ranged from 21s. to 63s. each, and Cerastis
erythrocephala from 7s. to 12s. per couple, while an aberration of
Huchdia glyphica having the outer third of its wings buff colour
made £3 10s. Catocala fraxini in couples sold for 21s. and 28s.,
and Dianthecia baretiv and D. albimacula put up in lots containing
twelve of each species 32s. 6d. and 28s. per lot. Xylina furcifera
(conformis) in lots of four made 32s. 6d. to 45s. per lot, a lot of six
X. conformis and one X. lambda (zinckenit) 60s., and two other lots
in each of which one X. lambda was included 80s. and 55s. respectively.
A lot of sixty-four insects in which one each of Thalpochares ostrina
and 7. parva were included ran up to £4, while another lot which
contained among its eighteen Venzlia macularia one almost spotless
and four heavily-blotched forms realised the like amount. Two
Boletobia fuliginaria sold as one lot made 30s., and three Cleora
angularia (viduaria) 60s. the lot. A sporting lot of six insects, viz.
two Aplasta ononaria, three Lythria purpuraria and one Sp. ? sold
for 42s., and another consisting of three L. purpwraria and three
Sterrha sacraria 35s., while two lots of three S. sacrarza each made
30s. and 37s. 6d. per lot respectively. The collection was not strong
in remarkable forms of Abraxas grossulariata, and the highest price
paid for any one lot of the species was 45s. for one of ten specimens.
Long and varied series of Melanippe montanata made 50s., of Crdaria
truncata (russata) 55s., and C. ammanata 50s. and 40s., while two
specimens of C. prunata, “‘ suffused forms with cream bands,” ran up
to 70s. The ‘‘ Micros” also sold fairly well, quite a number of lots
realising between one and two pounds each. The cabinets that con-
tained the collection were all well made and in thoroughly good
condition, with drawers 20 x 18 inches, and the prices at which they
sold were for those with 36 drawers £59 17s., £50, and £73 10s. ; for
the two 18-drawer pedestals £28 and £25 4s.; for the 12-drawer
pedestal £14; and for a 20-drawer pedestal with 18 x 16-inch
drawers £22. Among four lots of books that were included in the
sale, one consisting of Newman’s ‘ British Moths’ interleaved with
notes by Farn and ‘ Stainton’s Manual’ sold for 20s., and another of
14 parts of Mosley’s ‘ Illustrations of Varieties of British Lepidoptera

£8. The total realised for the whole collection, cabinets and books was,
in round figures, £2100.—R. A.

A New Mersop or Preservinc Specimens.—We understand
that “Thymo-Plas,” a specially prepared plasticine compound for
the preservation of specimens in small handy cells, has now been put
on the market together with the necessary accessories by Messrs.
Harbutt’s Plasticine, Ltd. The method is the invention Gin ar.
Alfred Moore, and has been adopted by the Entomological Depart-
ment of the Royal College of Science. It is claimed that by this
method specimens can be kept in a fresh condition for very long
periods.

Ge ZooLocica REcorD.’ —Since 1914 the whole cost of printing and
publishing this invaluable annual summary of zoological literature
has been borne by the Zoological Society of London. Owing to the

116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

present high prices of printing, etc., the sum which has to be found —
annually is now between £1500 and £2000, and it is very much
feared that unless a more cordial support is forthcoming from
zoological workers in general it may be necessary to cease publication ~
in the near future. The annual subscription for the complete —
volume is £2 10s.; for the Insecta 15s. It is most earnestly to be ©
hoped that the publication may not cease from lack of support on
the part of entomologists.

WickEen Fen Funp.—This fund is raised annually by entomolo-
gists to assist in defraying the expenses incurred by the Custodian of
Wicken Fen, the National Trust, in administering and preserving the
Fen, and in providing a watcher to protect the plants and wild life
dwelling therein. Contributions are earnestly solicited; they should
be sent to the Hon. Treasurer, W. G. Sheldon, Youlgreave, South
Croydon.

SOCIETIES.

Tue Entomonocican Society or Lonpon.—Wednesday, March
1st, 1922.—The Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild, F.R.S., ete., President, in
the Chair.—The following were elected Fellows of the Society: Mrs.
Margaret Rae, Courthill, Birkenhead; Dr. A. F. Rosa, M.D., 28,
Pitt Street, Edinburgh; Mr. Frank Russell, F.G.S., Auldam House,
Worksop; and Capt. Francis Moysey, Suffolk Regiment, Talodi,
Nuba Mountains, Sudan.—The Treasurer made a statement on the -
Wicken Fen Fund. He called attention to the valuable work that is
being done on this Nature reserve and made an appeal for contribu- —
tions towards its maintenance.—The Treasurer announced that the
late Mr. G. A. J. Rothney had bequeathed the sum of £150 to the
Society—The President announced the death of Prof. Geldart, and
a vote of condolence with his relatives was passed —Dr. Waterston
exhibited a Brazilian bee, Melipona scutellaris, Latr., taken near
Brighton; also a stem of Arundo phragmites from which numerous
pupe of a Chalcid, Geniocerus flavimanus, Thom., were projecting.
—Mr. H. Mace, a number of butterflies from the neighbourhood of
Khartoum.— Mr. Adkin, Diaphora mendica var. venosa, Ad., from Co.
Tyrone, and compared it with other races of the species.—Mr. H. B.
Ashby, numerous insects of various orders. from Piedmont, Italy.—
Prof. EK. B. Poulton reads some notes on the utilisation of derived
plant pigments in the colouring of Lepidoptera; he also read ay
communication from the late Dr..T. A. Chapman on germinal
‘‘factors ‘’ and their independent existence and development.—Mr.
Hugh Main read some notes on the metamorphoses of Onthophagus
lawrus, L., illustrated with some remarkable lantern-slides.—The —
following papers were read: ‘‘ Gynandromorphous Plebeius argus, L.,”
by Dr. HE. A. Cockayne; ‘ Butterflies from the Nile,” by Mr. H.
Mace; “Types of Oriental Carabide in the Stettin Museum,” by Mr.
_H. H. Andrewes; and “ New Genera and Species of Neotropical
Curculionide,” by Dr. G. A. K. Marshall.—S. A. Nzave, Secretary.

THE Souts Lonpon EntromonocgicaL Soctrety.—Annual Meeting,
January 26th, 1922.—Mr. Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., Vice-President,

Te ne ee ae ee ee ee

; SOCIETIES. SiT

in the Chair.—The Report of the Council, Statement of the Treasurer
and Balance Sheet were received and adopted. The following mem-
bers were declared elected Officers and Council for the ensuing year :
—President: E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S. Vice-Presidents: K. G.
Blair, B.Se., F.E.S., and N. D. Riley, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Treasurer:
A. EK. Tonge, F.E.S. Librarian: A. W.Dods. Curator: S. R. Ashby,
F.H.S. Assistant Curator: T. L. Barnett. Editor of Proceedings:
Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. Hon. Secretaries: Stanley Edwards, F.L.S.,
#.H.S., and Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. Recorder: L. E. Dunster.
Lanternist: A. W. Dennis. Council: T. L. Barnett, A. A. W.
Buekstone, L. E. Dunster, O. R. Goodman, F.E.S., T. H. L.
Grosvenor, F'.H.S., H. A. Leeds, G. S. Robertson, M.D., E. Step,
F.LS., and $8. Syms.—The President being unwell, his Annual
Address was read by Mr. Riley. It was entitled ‘« Will o’ the Wisp,”
and dealt historically and biologically with fireflies—The new Presi-
dent, Mr. KE. J. Bunnett, then took the Chair, and votes of thanks were
passed to the retiring Officers and Council. Major C. EH. Lyles, 6,
Hyde Park Mansions, and Mr. J. H. Adkin, Whitecliff Road, Purley,
were elected members.—Mr. C. Craufurd exhibited an Aglais urticae
with a curious deficiency of colour in two streaks on the hind margin
of the hind wings; the scaling was perfect.

February 9th.—The President in the Chair——Miss Alice K. Lock,
77, Grove Hill Road, S.E., was elected a member.—Mr. R. Adkin
exhibited a. second brood series of Brenthis selene from Abbot's
Wood, Sussex, at end of July and in August.—Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone,
a large form of the same species racial in the Isle of Arran, and a
series of a small race from Headly; and an aberrant form of
Taeniocampa incerta, resembling both TZ’. munda and T. gracilis.—
Mr. H. W. Andrews, the Anthomyidae (Dip.), Hylophila sponsa, said
to be rare, but common in Kent, and species of local Limnophora.—
Mr. H. Moore, a large species of Galeodes from Cape Town, usually

placed between the spiders and the mites; it attacks small birds, lizards,

ete., and is venomous.—Mr. Blenkarn, Cryptocephalus coryli from
Mickleham, with a spot on each elytra, and the racial form of
Philodecta laticollis from Killarney, December, 192i1—Mr. H. J.
Turner, for Mr. Greer of Stewartstown, aberrations of butterflies,
Euchloé cardamines, 8 ab. marginata, g orange. streaked with
black, g small, @ large, 2 ab. radiata, Q orange streaks on fore
wing; Melitaea aurinia, Q dull and obscure; Pararge megera, g,

~ apical blotch reduced to a dot, apical spot duplicated ; Polyommatus

icarus, ¢, faint red marginal spots on hind wing above and below,
ab. icarinus, § Q gynandromorph, 9 with red spots in margin
forming a band.—Mr. Frohawk, Aglazs urticae, suffused very con-
siderably; Pieris napi g, asymmetrical central wing spot, R. almost

missing, L. unusually large; Argynnis paphia, g, central markings

much suffused; Euchloé cardamines, $ and 2, with discal spots in
hind wings; P. brassicae, a series of nigronotata with well-developed
discal spot; also a fine pencil sketch of a hybrid pheasant and grouse.
—Mr. Enefer, Curcuta epithymum, the dodder of the gorse, an

- anastomose specimen of oak, and a section of the mistletoe on apple.

—H. J. Turner, Hon. Sec.

118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Lonpon Narurat History Soctmty.—November 22nd, 1921.— —
Among the entomological exhibits were seven specimens of Grapia —
c-albwm bred from pup found in September in Herefordshire, showing ~
both “ marbled” and “ non-marbled ” forms, exhibited-by Mr. Robbins,
and some Huvanessa antiopa with white borders caught in August and
September in fresh condition by Dr. Cockayne. The paper read was
on “ Bird Protection,’ by Mr. Masefield.

January 3rd, 1922.—Mr. Mera exhibited Hphyra linearza, first and
second broods, and Mr. Burkill, galls of Cryptocampus medullarvus on
Salix pentandra. Papers read dealt with the season of 1921, Mr.
L. W. Newman giving a comprehensive survey of his experiences
with Lepidoptera during the long drought.

February 7th—Among the exhibits were a series of gynandro-
morphs of Plebeius argus (Dr. Cockayne), varieties of Abraxas
grossulariata bred in London (Mr. Riches), Dryas paphia (Mr. H. B.
Williams), Hemerophila abruptaria (Mr. W. A. Southey), Hrebia
blandina, Chrysophanus phloeas, Brephos parthenias and Pseudoterpna
pruinata and their varieties (Mr. Worsley Wood), and mounted
specimens of plant galls (Messrs. Hall and Burkill). Mr. O. G. Pike
exhibited a series of coloured slides of birds.

February 21st.—Paper read, “‘ British Ferns,’ by Mr. Robbins.

March 7th—Eahibits: Burrow of Sesia andreneformis, and galls
of Hriophyes ilicis, ete. Paper read, ‘‘ The Buried Palace at Knossos,”
by Rev..H. J. Gamble, M.A.—H. J. Burxinu, Minuting Secretary.

MancuesterR HNromonoGican Society.—Meeting held on March
1st, 1922, at the Manchester Museum, Mr. H. Britten, F.H.S., Presi-
dent, in the Chair. Messrs. Daniel Lea, 27, Bridge Street, Manchester,
E. P. Collett, 8, St. John Street, Manchester, were elected members of
the Society.—The President read a letter announcing the death of
Mr. Kenneth Rhodes at Oxford on February 16th, 1922, and a vote
of condolence was passed +o his relatives—Hahibits: Mr. W.
Buckley, for Mr. W. Mansbridge, several fine photographs illustrating
the resting habits of Lepidoptera, taken by Mr. H. Main.—Mr. H.
Halkyard, a storebox of Hymenoptera collected during 1921 from
Broadbottom, Cheshire, and 9? 9 and © & of the ant Tetramoriwm
guineense from. same locality—Mr. B. H. Crabtree, several fine
varieties of Vanessa wrticae.—Mr. G. Wynne, Ennychia octomaculata
from Macclesfield, new to the Cheshire list. Lepidoptera from St.
Anne’s-on-Sea, Lancashire, 1921: Lwperina guenéet, Agrotis praecox,
A. ripae, Leucania littoralis, Hupithecia succentwriata, EH. oblongata}
Nyssia zonaria, Dasychira fascelina, Pararge megaera, Satyrus semele.
The meeting then adjourned to an open lecture given by Mr. H.
Britten, F.E.S., on ‘“‘ Protective Coloration in Insects,” Ulustrated by.
some fine lantern-slides showing the resting habits and protective
coloration of insects, mostly Lepidoptera, and a few birds. Most of
the slides were photographed by the lecturer himself.—J. EF. G.
Wynne, Hon. fecording Secretary.

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE EntTomonogicaL Socrmty.—Meeting
held at the Royal Institution, Colquitt Street, Liverpool, January 16th,
1922.—Mr. J. W. Griffin, F.E.S., in the Chair.—Mr. H. O. Wells,

s

ae
:

SOCIETIES. 119

“Tnehiquin,” Lynwood Avenue, Epsom, was elected a member
Society.—Mr. Wm. Mansbridge reported favourable progress Ae ch
Joint Committee of Scientific Societies in Liverpool tomende arranging
an Associated Soiree, and the general closer co-operation of flge
scientific societies in the district——Mr. Mansbridge then read his
report as Recorder of Lepidoptera for the years 1920 and 1921. He
mentioned that, besides many interesting records, five species had
been added to the Lancashire and Cheshire list in 1920 and five in
1921. These included one species new to Britain, viz. Blastobasis
lignea, Wlsm., and its variety adustella, Wlsm. Most of the additions
had been made by the members who study Micro-lepidoptera, and
this was considered to be a very encouraging feature of the Society’s
work.—Mr. H. B. Prince exhibited a box of insects which he had
bred from a number of larve caught in paper traps at Hightown;
they included A. triangulum, A. ditrapeziwm, P. fuliginosa, L. lithar-
gyrea, T’. gothica, T. baja and A. comes. This is the first record of
ditrapezium in Lancashire.—CuarueEs P. Rimmer, Hon. Sec.

CaruisLeE Naturat History Society.—November 17th, 1921.—
Mr. G. B. Routledge showed a specimen of the ground beetle
Pterostichus vulgaris from which a long intestinal worm was pro-
truding.—Rey. H. D. Ford, a pale example of Brenthis selene, a
curiously bleached Coenonympha typhon, a dwarf Zephyrus quercus,
Hrebia epiphron with white pupillation, Agrotis exclamationis with
enlarged markings and Selenia bilunaria with the left hind wing
missing.—Mr. F. H. Day, a dwarf @ Pararge megaera from
Cummersdale, Porthesia similis from Drigg and not taken in Cumber-
land for a very long time, Hpinephele tithonus from South Cumber-
land, where it had been very common last July; in the north of the
county it was unknown. Some discussion took place on the early
appearance of butterflies in 1921, most of the species having been
two to three weeks before their usual time; thus Callophrys rubi had
been “out” at the end of April, Huchloé cardamines and Pararge
megaera early in May, Coenonympha typhon on June 4th and
Argynnis aglaia on June 18th.—Mr. Murray, Hemiptera taken locally,
including Strongylocoris luridus, the first to be taken in Cumberland
and extremely rare in Britain, Bothynotws pilosus and Plovariola
culociformus.

December 1st.—Dr. Day showed a long variable series of
Satyrus semele from the Cumberland coast where it had been
- commoner than usual in 1921, also vars. of Chrysophanus phlaeas

from the second brood which were remarkably dull in colour.

January 5th, 1922.—The extreme abundance of Pyrameis atalanta
in 1921 was discussed, the general view being that it had never been
observed in such large numbers in the district before. P. cardwi had
been fairly well represented. Among a number of P. atalanta
exhibited was one with the left primary aborted, the colours pale, the
- scarlet band broken, but entire on the right side—Mr. Murray, the
large Dipteron Tabanus sudeticus, and it was remarked that the allied
T. bovinus had not been taken in Cumberland.

February 2nd.—Mr. Day showed about 70 specimens of
Bombus and Psithyrus taken in Cumberland last season, and said that

ge ee on ee

120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

14 species of the former genus and 4 of the latter had now b
captured in the county.—Mr. Murray, a box of Cayenne pepper
which the beetle Anobiwm panicewm was breeding.
March 3rd.—An exhibit of locally-taken forms of the commo
froghopper Philaenus spumarius was made by Messrs. Murray an
Day, the following being represented : lateralis, L., populr, ¥., lineata,
F., vittata, F., leucophthalma, L., leucocephala, L., and marginellus, —
F. Mr. Day showed the following Coleoptera which had n
occurred in Cumberland before: Meligethes exilis from Drigg,
Pityogenes chalcographus, Dryocaetes autographus and Tomicus typo- —
graphus, the three latter taken under bark of spruce in Carlisle.—
EF. H. Day, Hon. Sec. *

OBITUARY. | 4

GinBert Storey was already a keen naturalist when at school —
at King William’s College, Isle of Man. - He went to Queens’ College,
Cambridge, in 1909, and there spent much of his spare time collecting _
Lepidoptera in the neighbouring fens. i ants

On leaving Cambridge in 1912 he obtained a temporary appoint-—
ment inthe Imperial Bureau of Entomology, but three months later
he went out to join the Entomological Section of the Ministry of
Agriculture of Egypt. His work there was largely administrative,
but he was closely associated with Dr. L. D. Gough in the develop-
ment of the seed-heating method of destroying the Pink Boll-worm —
of cotton. Later he was appointed Sub- Director of the Entomological
Section.

In 1920 his exceptional abilities caused him to be offered the
post of Technical Secretary to the Cotton Research Board—a
recently formed organisation for research on problems of cotton
cultivation in Egypt. After piloting through the press the first
annual report of this Board, he was engaged on the second report
when he was taken ill, but finished the report in bed a few days
before his death on April 5th, 1922. *

In addition to being an excellent entomologist, he was a first-clas
athlete, and possessed a fluent knowledge of Arabic. '

His death at the early age of thirty-one is mourned in Hgypt by
Europeans and Higyptians alike. C. B. Wa,

WE deeply regret to hear of the death of Mr. Arthur Bacot at
Cairo on Wednesday, April 12th, from typhus. Oe

EXCHANGE.

Far (The Dublication of Notices of Exchange, or of Advertisements, in the ‘Entomo-
logist’ is mm no way a guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good
_ condition of the Svecies. _ This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of

Exchangers or Advertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, in case the liberty
lowed should be abused.) Marked * are bred.

ES Notices or Excwance should be received by the 2lsr or BACH
~ Monte to insure insertion, Not more than Srx Lines can be allowed for each.

yes Duplicates.—EKarly stages of Progemmaria, * Flavieornis, Cruda, Munda,
: Anstabilis, Rubricosa, Rupicapraria and many others. Imagines.—Most Tenio-
-campids. Wanted.—Very numerous, all stages; also Micros.—Thomas Smith,
| Whiston Haves, Froghall, Stoke-on-Trent.

Duplicate.—Vol. IV of Tutt’s ‘British Butterflies,’ new condition, original
cloth. — Wanted.—A copy of Vol. III. Correspondence invited.—C. M. Woodford,
| Lhe Grinstead, Partridge Green, Sussex.

~ TO CORRESPONDENTS.—AIl notes, papers, books for review, etc., and notices
‘of Exchange should be sent to—

N, D. RILEY, 5, BROOK. GARDENS, BARNES, S.W. 43.

va

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

ENPOMOLOGICAL Soctery or Lonpon. 41, Queen’s Gate, 5. W. 7 (nearest stations,
“South Kensington and Gloucester Road).— Wednesday, May 3rd, at 8 p.m.
ig Souta Lonpon EwtomotoGicaL anp Narurat History Sociery. Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge, 8.H..1.+— Thursday, May 11th, at 7 p.m., Ordinary
Meetine. Satuiday,; May 20th, Field Meeting at-Ranmore Common. Thursday,
May 25th, at 7 pim., Ordinary Meeting. Paper, ‘‘ The Lepidopterous Enemies of
: Man, , with Special Reference to the British Species.”—Hon. Sec., STANLEY
~ Epwarps, F.L:S., efc., 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3.
a Lonpon Narvurat History Socrery now meets in Hall 40, Winchester
> House, Old Broad Street, B.C. 2, at 6.30.p.m:. Full Society meetings are held on
“the first fuesday in each month, and sectional, meetings on the third Tuesday.
“Visitors weleomed- at all meetines.—Hon. Sec., W. BE. Gueae, The Honse, Albion
Brewery, Whitechapel Road, E. 1.

_ENTOMOLOGICAL DATA LABELS.

ORDINARY TYPE.
: Locality, date, and name (3 lines), one to six localities, equal numbers, neatly and legibly printed
“on-gaod paper: 1,000 labels, 9/9 ;. 2,000, 12/9; 3,000, 15/9.
58 Locality and date only (2lines): 1,000 labels, 9/- 5 2,000, 42/-; 3,000, 15/-.
| FOR MICROLEPIDOPTERA, &c.
"Printed in the smallest type made (‘‘ Brilliant’), essential for such small subjects, including

logality, date, and mame (3 lines), one to six localities, equal numbers :
ee. 1,000 labels, 12/=; 2,000, 15/-.; 3,000, 18/~.

s Locality and date only (2 lines) :. 1,000 labels, 10/6 ; 2,000, 13/6 ; 3,000, 16/6.
‘ ~ Wnequal quantities of localities, etc., or each additional line, in either style of type, 1/6 extra.
. Special wordings, involving more than the average amount of matter, printed to order,

Pointers for Aberrations (t= I), |, > “a ), 100, 1/6 ; 300, 3/-.

Blease state whether open or black pointers required.
Herbarium and other labels also suppiied.

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. Mapesbury Court, Shoot. -up Hill, London, N.W. 2,

JUNE, 1922.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST

AN

Ilustrated Monthly Juul

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GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY,

: ea :
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EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH,. F.E.S.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF

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C. J. GAHAN, D.8c., M.A., F.E,S. Dr: D: SHARP, F.R.S., B.H-S.,| &c.
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Required by Collectors of Insects, Birds’ Egos, Plants, etc,

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BIG BARGAIN IN SOUTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES.

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43. SPRATT-HALL: ROAD, WANSTEAD, £B. 11.

The Entomologist, June, 1922. Plate I.

H. ROWLAND-BROWN.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vou. LY.] JUNE, 1922. [No. 709

HENRY ROWLAND-BROWN.
(Plate I.)*

It is with the deepest regret that we have to: record the death of
one of the best known and most popular of British entomologists,
a member of our Editorial Staff, and one whose writings are
known and appreciated by all our readers. ©

Although past his first. youth Mr. Rowland-Brown was of
such strong physique, and had enjoyed such perfect health until
recently, that so far as could be seen there were many years of
life before him. About a year ago, however, he developed a
heart affection, which it is thought originated early in life
through athleticism, and which there is not much doubt was
hastened by his strenuous war work. Although apparently hope-
lessly ill last summer, his splendid constitution enabled him to
make a wonderful rally, and it was hoped he might be restored
to partial health and comfort, but it was not to be, and he passed
away at his residence, Oxhey Grove, Harrow Weald, on May
drd last. ; .

Henry Rowland-Brown was born at Woodridings, Pinner, on
May 19th, 1865, and would thus be in his fifty-seventh year at the
time of his death... He was educated at Rugby, being during a
portion of his schooldays, under the care of the well-known
hymenopterist, the Rev. F:D. Morice. At school he was a noted
athlete, and. winner of the record quarter-mile. After leaving
Rugby he proceeded to Oxford (University College), where he
took his degree of Master of Arts. After leaving Oxford, he, a
member of an old legal family, studied for the Bar, to which he
was called in due course. ae

He was a man of many parts: journalism and other literary
_ pursuits occupied much of his working time, and he frequently
contributed to the J’imes, and to the ‘Strand,’ ‘Cornhill,’ and
other magazines. But he was alsoa poet of no mean powers, and
his two volumes, ‘ Rhymes and Rhapsodies’ and ‘ Preludes and
Symphonies,’ betray true poetic genius. He usually wrote under
the nom-de-plume of ‘Oliver Grey,” a name associated with that
of his sister, Miss Rowland-Brown, the novelist, whose name and
writings as ‘‘ Rowland Grey” have attained world-wide fame.

Amongst his troops of friends he numbered as intimate ones

* We are greatly indebted to M. Charles Oberthiir for his express permission to.
reproduce this photograph from his ‘ Lépidoptérologie Comparée.’—Ed.

ENTOM.—JUNE, 1922. M

a
122, THE ENTOMOLOGISY.

Sir William Gilbert (of Gilbert and Sullivan Opera fame), and
M. Charles Oberthur, the greatest of French entomologists. During
the war, as he was too old to join up, he gave voluntary assistance
for a time as secretary to the Royal Patriotic Fund. Later he was
appointed a Commissioner for Civil Liabilities, holding the largest
single-handed district, Wandsworth and Battersea; as before
intimated, this work, which was very arduous, overtaxed his con-
stitution, and hastened his end.

Rowland-Brown was a Nature-lover and entomologist from
his childhood; his great love was the Rhopalocera. The writer,
who knew him intimately for many years, recollects the joy with
which he spoke of chasing Colias edusa with his sister when
they were young children. One of his last letters (dictated) to
the Editor of this magazine recounts that he commenced to
take it in when he was twelve years of age, and that he had con-
tinued to do so ever since. The last book he read was the
‘Entomologist.’ Readers will not need to be told that for years
he has been its most prolific contributor, and that much of his
most important work, with accounts of the many excursions he
made in search of butterflies to various parts of Continental
Europe, are to be found in its pages. His special study was the
Diurni of France, with which he undoubtedly possessed a
greater acquaintance than any other Englishman. He intended
at one time to bring out a book on this subject, but the war put
an end to the project, as well as to a revised edition of Kane’s
classic, ‘Kuropean Butterflies,’ at a period when they were well
advanced. A number of his papers are included in M. Oberthur’s
beautiful publications, including ‘ Nature Study and the War,’
which had appeared previously in the Times, and a monograph
on the British races of Coenonympha tiphon. The latter paper,
beautifully illustrated by Culot, and by a series of photographs,
was thoroughly worked out, and is, in the opinion of the writer,
one of the best papers on any British Lepidopteron. His last
contribution to entomology, which appeared in this magazine,
was a very exhaustive one on the forms of a very favourite
species—Colias croceus (edusa).

The subject of this notice was éssentially a lover of all Nature,
and especially of what he used to style his ‘‘ beloved butterflies.”’
The writer’s last visit was paid to him in October last; he had
been able to get down to the library, amongst his cabinets, after
months of pain and sickness. It was touching to see the glee
with which he showed and discussed certain of his treasures. _

It is understood that his collections, including those of the
Rev. F. EK. Lowe, recently bequeathed to him, and his ento-
mological library will be given at his request to the London
Entomological Society with remainder to the Hope Museum,

Oxford. The latter has previously received a fine microscope
left him by Sir W. S. Gilbert.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF FAR EASTERN RHOPALOCERA. 123

Rowland-Brown was one of the best-known Fellows of the
Entomological Society, which he joined in 1887, and one of its
most helpful friends. He was a regular attendant at its meet-
ings. Beyond everything else he rendered it great service as
Honorary Secretary from 1900 to 1910, and again in 1921, when
the health of the Rev. G. Wheeler would not permit him to con-
tinue his duties, they were resumed by him. He was one of the
best and most popular secretaries the Society ever had, was
nominated a Vice-President in 1908 and 1910, and elected on
the Council in 1914-16 and again in 1922. The writer remem-
bers, too, the valuable assistance rendered by an excellent review
of, and appeal for, the Society’s Housing Fund, which appeared
ain this magazine early in 1921.

Before the war, when the Entomological Club, of which he
was a member, was in full activity, his share of its hospitalities
‘was delightfully dispensed at the Savage Club, and the writer
remembers happy hours passed under those auspices; he was an
excellent raconteur, and a most charming host, both there and
at his own home.

He was laid at rest in the cemetery adjoining the old church
at Pinner, amongst his happy hunting-grounds. Nature wel-
‘comed the return of her lover to her breast: the sun shone
brightly ; the warm southern wind blew softly ; plant and shrub
and tree were breaking into leaf, and the birds mingled their
motes with the melody of the organ and the voices of the choristers.
He will sleep soundly after long suffering, patiently and bravely
borne. To his bereaved mother and sister we desire to tender
‘our very deep and sincere sympathy.—W. G. 8S.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF FAR EASTERN RHOPALOCERA.
By Waro Naranara, A.M., Pu.D.

Eurema dorothea, n. sp. (Pieridae).

Male.—Wings bright lemon yellow, sprinkled with black atoms in
the basal one-third. Fore wing with straight outer margin, not
angulated at apex; the black border broadest at apex, slightly
narrower toward hind angle, and very narrow along costa; the inner
portion of the black border evenly undulated, showing no marked
‘indentation at the third and fourth interspaces as in H. hecabe, Boisd.,
i. latimargo, Hoft., H. andersonz, Moore, etc. ; the black border of hind
‘wing nearly as broad as in H. latimargo, Hoff. Marginal fringes
iblackish in fore wing, yellow in hind wing. Underside: both wings
‘with minute black dots along the margin and two dots near the end
-of discal cell; hind wing irregularly and slightly sprinkled with dark
atoms. Head and thorax black above, pale yellow beneath; palpus
yellow, with a delicate dorsal black streak ; abdomen yellowish, with
an intact dorsal, and broken lateral black stripes.

Length of body 2 in.; expanse of wings 14 in.

124 i THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Holotype: g, Horisha, Formosa, July 20th, 1919 (K. Asakura). —
Type in the collection of the author. See

Very close to HE. libythea, Fab., but far larger in size, and lacks.
the orange border to the fore wing underside. ,

Zizera sylvia, n. sp. (Lycenidae). .
Male.—Wings, upperside, violet-blue, darker and less purplish
than in maha; costal margin of fore wing without whitish scales,.
outer margin broadly bordered with black, with a trace of a short
whitish streak at hind angle. Hind wing similarly marked, but the-
black border narrower, and with a row of four or five obscure black
spots along outer margin. Fringes white. Underside grey, not.
buffish as in maha; fore wing with three rows of black spots along:
outer margin; internal row consists of five round spots, each encircled
with white, and a less distinct bar at the bottom of the row ; median.
(submarginal) row with six very much larger spots; external (mar-
ginal) row rudimental, disappearing toward hind angle; a prominent.
black bar at the end of discal cell; no black spots in the middle of
discal cell, or near the base of the wing. Hind wing with five:
series of black spots; basal series with two or often three spots;
costo-discal series three spots, including the bar at the end of discal
cell; limbal series with six spots, extending from the first to sixth
interspaces; submarginal series most conspicuous, consisting of
eight very heavy spots; marginal series indistinct, often hardly
recognisable; all the spots more or less distinctly encircled with
white. Fringes white, regularly interrupted by grey.
Female-—Wings ; upperside fuscous black with a trace of blue:
near the base; underside same as in the male.

7

Length of body } to 2 in.; expanse of wings % to 33 in.

Holotype: ¢ ,Kusakimura, Province of Harima, Japan, July
7th, 1920 (S. Iguchi). Allotopotype: 9. Paratopotype: 2 gs
and 2. Types in the collection of the author.

Resembles the summer brood of Z. maha, Koll., but smaller,
and has narrower wings. It can be most readily told from maha
by the markings on the hind wing underside. In maha the black
spot in the seventh interspace is so situated as to connect the
spot in the eighth interspace to the limbal series (as in most
Lycaenas), whereas in sylvia the corresponding spot is located
right behind the spot of the eighth interspace, separating that
spot from the limbal series (asin Cyaniris argiolus, L., ete.). In
this respect this species is more like Z. labradus, Godt., from
which, as well as from maha, differing conspicuously by the sub-
marginal series of black spots on the underside being much,
heavier than the marginal series. .

11, West Sixty-Highth Street,
New York City ;
February 5th, 1922.

NOTES ON BRITISH ODONATA IN 1921. 12

Or

NOTES ON BRITISH ODONATA IN 1921.
ByeWe oi Lueass; BAS EES:

_ My first dragonfly experience for 1921 was the receipt of a
very teneral male Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz., from G. T. Lyle,
which he captured on 1 May at Wicken Fen. I did not myself
meet with a dragonfly till 16 May, when Jschnura elegans,
Vanderl., was found in large numbers—many mature, a smaller
number teneral—along a ditch or drain at Lodmoor, Weymouth.

On 18 May I took in the New Forest a male P. nymphula,
- fairly mature but still with the thoracic markings yellow instead
of crimson. ‘he next day, in addition, I met with Calopteryx
vugo, Linn., Libellula depressa, Linn., and Gomphus vulgatissimus,
Linn., most, if not all, of which appeared to be teneral. On the
20th Libellula quadrimaculata, Linn., was captured in somewhat
teneral condition and Orthetrum caerulescens, Fabr., decidedly in
that state; Agrion puella, Linn., male, was, however, taken
mature, and P. nymphula, which was by then common, was
secured with crimson thoracic markings for the first time. On
21 May Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr., was met with, and by
this time the dragonfly season may be said to have been in full
swing. — .

JEschnide.

Gomphus vuigatissimus, Linn. Besides the one seen on
19 May, a pair were takén in copula on 7 June near Oberwater
in the New Forest, and the species was-seen again in the same
locality on 9 June.

Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr., was first met with in the
New Forest on 21 May, and last noticed in the same place
between 31 Aug. and 20 Sept., when dragonflies, no doubt owing
to the drought, were no longer common in the Forest.

Brachytron pratense, Mull. On 6 June two males were taken
at Marlborough Deeps in the New Forest.

Aeschna grandis, Linn., was seen ovipositing in the Long
Water at Hampton Court, Middlesex, on 19 August. At the
Hut Ponds near Wisley, Surrey, it was seen on 22 Aug.

Ae. cyanea, Mull. On 5 Sept. a male was caught near
Avonwater in the New Forest. While held by its wings a fly
was offered it about the size of a house-fly—one of those that
follow one so persistently in the summer. This 1t took readily
‘and ate; but a second that was offered was refused. While its

wings were held it was still able to set up vibrations in some
way. Its head and surrounding parts were seen to be in motion,
0. it seemed clear that these vibrations were not due to move-
ments originating in the wings. The last dragonfly seen during
the season was an Aeschna (probably of this species), flying
about a Scotch Fir at Oxshott Heath, Surrey, on 29 October.

126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Anax imperator, Leach. Several were noticed on 14 June at
the Black Pond, Esher Common, Surrey, although dragonflies.
did not seem to be very numerous in the neighbourhood.

Libellulide.

Cordulia aenea, Linn. One male was taken at Marlborough
Deeps in the New Forest on 6 June, perhaps the only specimen
seen. This capture is an interesting one, since the species is.
but little known and apparently quite uncommon in the Forest.

Libellula quadrimaculata, Linn., was fairly common on the
same date and at the same place as the last.

Orthetrum caerulescens, Fabr. On 3 June there append to-
have recently been a great “hatch” of this species, for they
were plentiful on that date in the Forest, though still teneral ;.
but by 9 June some were acquiring a blue tint. This species.
seems to take some time to develop the cerulean bloom.

Sympetrum striolatum, Charp., appeared to be less commom
fiom usual, possibly in consequence of the drought. On 9 Oct.,.
a warm day, considerable numbers of Sympetra, no doubt all
S. striolatum, were flying, some connected per collum and the
female ovipositing, at the large pond on Epsom Common,
Surrey. All the examples captured were of this species.

Sympetrum sanguineum, Mull. A female was taken at the:
Hut Ponds near Wisley, Surrey on 22nd August, and possibly
the species was seen there as late as 25 Oct.

Sympetrum scoticum, Don., was noticed at the ponds just.

mentioned on 22 August.

Calopterygide.

Calopteryx virgo, Linn. After being first met with in the
New Forest on 19 May, it was found to be common on the 22nd,.
though few comparatively had attained a blue tint to the wings ;.
the same thing was noticed the next day. By 8 June, however,
the wings were commonly blue and the insects made a fine show
as they flitted about in the sunshine. On 22 July they were-
passing, only occasional specimens being seen. They dis-.
appeared earlier than usual, as was perhaps to be expected.

Lestide.
Lestes sponsa, Hans. This dragonfly was noticed but once—
at the Hut Ponds on 22 August. Itis really one of our common

dragonflies, but the naiad seems to be rather elusive, and the
writer would-be glad to receive some, or their empty skins.

Agrionide.

Platycnemis pennipes, Pall., was first seen on 4 June, in re
oe Forest, and the specimen epenes to be the var. lactea,.
1arp.

Ischnura ats’ Vanderl., was not sought for. After finftines

~

RAMBLES IN SOUTH-EASTERN FRANCE. 127

it on 16 May at Weymouth, I took a teneral example in the
New Forest on 9 June, and noticed it again on 22 Aug., at the
Hut Ponds. ;

Iscknura pumilio, Charp. I searched several times and at
various. places in the New Forest for this little dragonfly, but
again failed to find it. It is to be feared that for some reason it
has disappeared, at any rate for the time being. It probably
lives in bogs, rather than in more open waters, and should be
looked for in such places.

Agrion mercuriale, Charp. On 25 May two females were
secured at Duck Hole Bog in the New Forest, and perhaps a
male was seen, but a male was not captured till 3 June.

Agrion puella, Linn., was first taken on 20 May in the New
Forest ; it was common on 6 June at Marlborough Deeps. On
18 July I took a male at Blackwater in the New Forest with a
black dot within the U-spot on the 2nd segment of the abdomen;
but aberrant black markings are not uncommon on the blue
Agrions.

_ Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz. This common dragonfly was
not much noted after the middle of May. It was common at
Marlborough Deeps on 6 June.

Pyrrhosoma tenellum, Vill., was first seen in the New Forest
on 3 June, when it seemed to be out plentifully. A female of
the var. melanogastrum, Selys, was captured.

Finallagma cyathigerum, Charp. This very common little
Agrionid was not particularly looked for. It was, however, taken
on 1 July at two interesting localities in Middlesex—Stanmore
Common and Elstree Reservoir. One specimen from the latter
locality had on the 2nd segment a very goblet-shaped spot with
but slight attachment to the circlet, while one from the former
place had the spot quite detached. The species was met with
commonly at the Hut Ponds on 22 August.

(To be continued.)

RAMBLES IN SOUTH-EASTERN FRANCE.
By F. A. Oupaxer, M.A., F.K.S.

The walking tour that I had planned for August, 1914, but
which was rendered abortive by the outbreak of the Great War,
was carried out by my son and myself in a somewhat extended
form during August, 1920, and with other members of my family
I paid another visit to the same district in August, 1921.
Though entomology was not, I fear, the only object of interest to
us on either occasion, we used our nets in every suitable place
en route, and the list of captures appended will show that our
efforts were not altogether unproductive.

Arrived at Avignon on August 1st, a walk outside the walls
by the river gave us some much-needed coolness, and we saw

128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

several butterflies, including a fine male Apatura iris and a large
number of Colias edusa flying very fast. In the evening we
went onto Arles, and the next day we saw Colias edusa and many
other insects, including Pontia daplidice. About three in the
afternoon we started on our first tramp, from Arles to St. Gilles.
The road was dusty and the heat great,.but we caught a few
butterflies, and found very comfortable quarters at the Hotel du
Globe. THarly the following morning we were on the road again
with Nimes as our objective, and a clearing by the railway, with
a marsh and small copse alongside, yielded our first really
interesting bag. From Nimes we took the train to Narbonne,
where serious business began. It was showery on the morning
of August 4th, and an occasional thunderstorm led us more
than once to take what shelter we could find. Passing through
Sigean, we made our way to La Nouvelle. On August 5th we
had what was probably our most uninteresting walk. but it was
relieved by the capture of two full-fed larve of Saturnia pavonia-
major, which were walking over the dusty road, and which spun
up the next day. (A fine female emerged from one of these on
May 21st, 1921.)* We also took a very large female Papilio
podalirius ab. feisthamelii in perfect condition, and saw some
small larve of Papilio machaon. Hot and dusty we reached
Perpignan about seven, but soon recovered after. the excellent
dinner provided at the Hotel de la Loge. On the following day
we took the train to Argelés-sur-Mer, and walked along the coast
through Collioure, Port Vendres, Banyuls-sur-Mer and back
again—a delightful walk with grand views of mountain and sea.
A few butterflies, chiefly Argynnids and Meliteas, were taken on
this day, and many Macroglossa stellatarwm and Callimorpha
hera were seen among the rocks in the brilliant sunlight. On
August 7th we began our tramp at Le Boulou, and walked along
the valley of the Tech, over the Pont de Ceret, through Palalda
and Amélie-les-Bains to Arles-sur-Tech, where we were fortunate
in getting the last available room in the Hotel Glycines. On
this road we took our first specimens of Gonepteryx cleopatra
(which here as elsewhere we always saw flying in company with
Gonepteryx rhamni), Leptosia sinapis and Issoria luthonia; we
also saw Charaxes jasius flying high among the tree-tops, but we
could not entice him into our nets. Papilio podalirius ab.
Jeisthamelit and Papilio machaon were in profusion, but mostly in
rags. Though we were up betimes on August 8th our start was
delayed, because we could get no breakfast till the kitchen fire
was lighted (and they’seemed disinclined to hurry the process).
However, we were off before the heat of the day, and began a
long and arduous climb through Corsavy up to the Col de la
Cirére. When we were within a short distance of the iron mine —
at Batere we were overtaken by a severe storm of thunder and
* The other, also a female, emerged May 21st, 1922.—F. A. O. .

RAMBLES IN SOUTH-EASTERN FRANCE. 129

hail, and we considered it prudent to make a halt at the cantine,
where eventually we stayed the night. The people were most
friendly, and the proprietor of the cantine rose to the unusual
occasion in fine style. Next morning we did not go over the
Canigou, but skirted round it to Valmanya. The views all
found us were magnificent, and we took a large number of
butterflies, including Erebia tyndarus var. rondoui and Erebia
mneoridas. In places the going was bad, owing to the uncertainty
of the track and the loose stones, and so we could not pursue
what we took to be a Parnassius some distance above our path—
the only Parnassius we encountered during the whole trip. We
had a long rest and some extremely refreshing beer at the Café
du Canigou at Valmanya, prior to our 16 kilometre tramp
to Vinea, through a magnificent winding gorge, with a thunder-
storm passing behind but not overtaking us. At Vinca we
struck what was perhaps the least comfortable hotel of the trip,
but even here the food was good. On August 10th we walked to
Vernet, and as the day was overcast we caught little. On the
following day we tramped through Olette and Fontpédrouse to
Mont Louis—a grand walk, with rushing torrents far below us
and little streamlets leaping down the mountain sides. On
August 12th we had another glorious walk through Saillagouse
to Bourg Madame, where we arrived in a deluge. But we were
soon comfortably installed in the Hotel Salvat, and towards
dinner-time it cleared. On the following morning we started
early for a longish tramp over the Col de Puymorens to
IHospitalet. The views into Spain are grand, and the short cut
across the rough ground from the Col down to |’Hospitalet saved
us a good many kilometres. We got some good butterflies on
this day, and just before reaching the Col we saw our first
Ewwoanessa antiopa. On August 14th we walked through inter-
mittent showers to Ax-les-Thermes. ;

On the 15th we woke to find it raining in torrents, and it
looked like continuing to do so for the rest of time. But it had
cleared a little: by ten o’clock, so we started off, prepared for a
wettish walk over the Col de Chioula and the Col de Marmare to
Beleaire. All the valleys on the way up were obscured by mist,
so we did not see much.

On the following day—August 16th—after passing through
Espezel and down many zigzags, we came upon sucha profusion
of butterflies as I had never before seen: Gonepteryx cleopatra,
G. rhamni, Limenitis camilla, many Vanessids and Argynnids, and
countless swarms of Leptosia sinapis, Colias edusa and C. hyale,
Papilio machaon and P. podalirius ab. feisthamelit, | Browns
and Blues, Satyrus hermione on the tree-trunks, ete. The Blues
and Whites were mostly in large bunches on the road wherever
there was a damp patch, and they rose in clouds as one got
close to them. This profusion lasted all along through Belfort,

130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Joucou and Marsa, and as the road was on a gentle decline:
through the truly magnificent Gorge of the Rebenty, this day
stands out in the memory. (In 1921 we revisited this. same
gorge, but it was a dull day and we took next to nothing.)

The next morning (August 17th) we walked south from Axat.
for a few kilometres through the Gorge of St. George, and were
rewarded at its further end by another prolific bag in a small.
clearing by the riverside. Most of the species we had met with
on the previous day were again taken here, as well as some nicely
marked Melitaea phoebe and some large Agriades corydon. After
spending a couple of hours on this delightful spot we returned
to Axat, and went on to Quillan through another fine gorge
(Pierre Lys), in which we saw a few butterflies and found a full-
fed larva of Papilio machaon, which duly produced an imago on
June 8th, 1921. .

This practically finished the entomological part of our trip-
in 1920, for on the following days we walked along the valley
of the Aude through Esperaza Couiza and Alet to Limoux, and
thence to Carcassonne, where our interests were other than
entomological, though we saw many Whites in the Hautes Lices:
within the city walls.

In 1921 we reversed the order of our trip. Starting at Car-
cassonne on August 6th, in the scorching sunshine, we went on
to Quillan, where we spent three weeks.

On August 25th we left Quillan for Perpignan, and from
Perpignan we went to Banyuls-sur-Mer. On September 2nd we
returned to Paris.

Mr. Rowland-Brown and Mr. Bethune-Baker have very kindly
looked through my captures, so the following list can be relied upon =:

Hersperupm.—Carcharodus lavaterae, C. althaeae, C. alcaeac,
Hesperia fritillum (= cirsit), H. alveus, H. onopordi, Pyrgus sao,
Nisoniades tages, Pamphila sylranus, Thymelicus actaeon (very
worn), JZ’. flavus (= thaumas).

Lycznipa#.—Chrysophanus dorilis, Rumicia phlaeas, Nomiades
semiargus, Liveres argiades ab. coretas, Agriades corydon, A.
bellargus, Lycaena baton, Polyommatus eschert var. rondoni, P.
wcarus (several of the arcuata form) and ab. icarinus, Avricia.
medon, Plebeitus argus, Lampides boeticus.

Erycinipm.—Nemeobius lucina.

Papittonipm.— Papilio podalirius ab. feisthamelii, P. machaon,
Parnassius apollo ? (seen only).

Prrripm.— Pieris brassicae, P.rapae, P. manni, f. rosst, Pontia.
daplidice, Leptosia sinapis, Colias hyale, C. edusa and abz helice,
Gonepteryx rhamni, G. cleopatra.

NympHaLipa.—Dryas paphia, D. pandora, Argynnis aglata,
A. adippe, Issoria lathonia, Melitaea phoebe (very varied), J..
didyma (including one small male, probably of the third brood),
M. athahia, M. cinxia, Pyrameis curdui, P. atalanta, Huvanessu

I

FURTHER NOTES ON SARROTHRIPUS REVAYANA, SCOP. 13%

antiopa, Vanessa io, Aglais urticae (only one taken). Polygonia
c-album, Limenitis camilla, Apatura iris (seen at Avignon),
Charaxes jasius (seen near Amélie-les-Bains).

SaTyRIDH.—Pararge megaera, P. egeria, Satyrus hermione, S.
Jidia, S. aleyone, S. circe, S. stutilinus, Enodia dryas, Hipparchia
briseis, H. semele, H. arethusa, Epinephele jurtina var. hispulla,
H. tithonus, H. ida, Coenonympha pamphilus, Krebia epiphron
var. cassiope, EH). neoridas, KE. tyndarus var. rondowi, Melanargia
galatea.

FURTHER NOTES ON SARROTHRIPUS REVAYANA,
SCOP.

By W. G. Swenvon, F.Z.8.; F.H.S.

At the sale of the concluding part of the Farn Collection on
the 4th inst. the rather extensive series of this species came
into my possession; and as it included three very interesting
specimens, | am writing this note as an addenda to my paper on
S. revayana which appeared in vol. lii of this magazine. In this.
paper I alluded to the supposed type-specimen of ab. stoninus
described by Curtis, and which is at present in the possession of
Prof. Image. Now this specimen was formerly in the collection of
Dr. P. B. Mason, who acquired it from the late Edwin Shepherd,
whose collection he purchased ‘‘ en bloc.’ Unfortunately it does
not agree with Curtis’s description of ab. stoninus, and I have:
therefore named it ab. sagittata, and figured it, tig. 4 on plate.
I have also figured the true ab. stoninus, fig. 5. Now amongst
Farn’s specimens is an example of ab. stoninus labelled as such,
or rather as ‘‘ab. stonanus, Sheppard.’’* ‘This example was on
one of the old round-headed pins and would thus in any case
date ante 1850, or possibly about the date (1829) in which year
Curtis named the aberration. The specimen was no doubt
acquired by Farn at the sale of the late A. F. Sheppard’s
Collection (with which was incorporated that of EK. Sheppard)
in 1889. I am wondering whether the specimen was not the
actual type that Curtis described. Curtis never possessed a
type, and apparently the example he described was in the
possession of a collector, Stone, well known in those days. Curtis
says it was taken at Darenth. Both Stephens and Westwood,
however, speak of it as taken at Birchwood. They each write
of one example only, and I cannot find any evidence that more
than one was known in those days, when it was unquestionably
extremely rare. In any case an example of such an age
labelled as ab. stonanus is satisfactory proof that the old
Lepidopterists correctly understood the form.

* Stephens and Westwood both corrected Curtis’s ungrammatical name of
Stoninus to stonanus; but as Curtis himself adhered to his first name, although he
had several opportunities of correcting it, I have, following the law of priority,
adhered to his nomenclature.

1382 j ‘THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The second interesting specimen in the Farn Series is an
example very close to the very rare (in Britain at any rate) type —
form. Scopoli describes this—‘‘ Superior wings greenish grey
with fuscous longitudinal lines.” The Farn specimen was clear
grey with a slight brown tinge, superiors with blackish longi-
tudinal lines, a black discal spot, and slight indications of dark
‘transverse waved lines. There is no trace in this specimen of
the reddish-brown ground-colour of the superiors of ab. ramosana,
Hub., and it certainly is nearer to the type than any example I
have seen. It is labelled ‘‘ New Forest, A.B.F.”

The third noticeable specimen is an example of ab. degenerana,
Hub. At the date I wrote my paper I had only seen one
example of this the most beautiful of all the revayana forms,
purporting to be of British origin, which was said to have been _
taken by a professional collector, KE. Morris, in the New
Forest. Since then I discovered there‘ was an example in the
Webb Collection, acquired by him from the Briggs Collection
in 1896, and originally in the Howard Vaughan Collection.
‘This example is the one alluded to by Barrett in ‘Lep. Brit. Isles,’
vol. vi, p. 235, and is described in the iast few lines at the
bottom of the page. I am not aware that the place of origin of
‘this specimen is known. At the Webb sale the name of the
purchaser was not disclosed, and therefore I do not know its
present location. .

The Farn ab. degenerana is labelled ‘‘ Chattenden,” without
‘any indication of the name of the captor, or of the source from
which Farn obtained it. The example is set in the English
fashion, with wing slope rounded; it was mounted on a gilt pin
-of the usual British make, and apparently was set between the
-dates 1850 and 1890. It is of the average size of S. revayana,
expanding about 24 mm.; whereas Continental examples of this
form are usually considerably larger than other forms. There
‘does not seem any reason to suppose that this is anything but a
genuine British example. The Farn series of S. revayana was
badly affected by verdigris, and I have for this reason removed the
-old pins, and substituted for them verdigris-proof pins.

April 12th, 1922.

b

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPIDA
(OXYURA).

By Criaupr Moruey, F.E.S8., F.Z.8., ere.

(Continued from p. 110.)

9. PRoctotryPEs Buccatus, Thoms.

_ | Proctotrupes buccatus,, Thoms., 1.c., p. A2iege Serphus
-buccatus, André, l.c., p. 802, 2. .

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPID® (oxyura). 133

Though only recorded from Sweden, this is not an uncommon
Species with us, and seems confined to the autumn. It ranges
from August 9th, when I took it in the West Leake Woods near
Nottingham, in 1914, to October 8th, when it occurred ander
some sacking lying on the ground in Dodnash Wood, in Suffolk ;
it has occurred by sweeping at Blythburgh Wood, and I have
noticed it on the Lowestoft cliffs flying slowly and hovering over
the sand, about half-way up their face, on an oppressively hot
morning with slight westerly breeze. Foxhall (Tomlin) : Tostock
near Bury St. Edmunds (Tuck) ; Felden, in Herts (Piffard).

10. PRocrorrypEs ELoNGAtTUSs, Hal.

Proctotrupes elongatus, Hal., l.c., p- 11,2. Serphus elongatus
mendre, 1 ¢., p. 302, ? . : ,
Somewhat rare in northern Ireland, “in litoribus ” (Haliday)
which Kieffer considers to mean ‘‘ rivage de la mer.’ It has not
been anywhere discovered since first described in 1839, and is
said to be similar in its abdominal and terebral structure to
Paracodrus apterogynus ; nor is the male yet known.

11. Procrorrypes caucar, Hal.

aN Proctotrupes calcar, Hal., l.c., p. 12, ¢ 2 ; Voll., Le, p. 28,
pl. xix, fig. 10,?. P.calearatus, Thoms., l.c., p. 419, 3. Serphus
ealcar, André, l.c., p. 306, 3 2 .

The large radial cell, combined with elongate pale legs and
evenly sculptured metathorax, render this a very distinct species.

A common insect in woods from spring to autumn, extending
throughout Europe, from Sweden to Spain and Algeria. Haliday
considered it very common in woods and among grass on coast
sandhills, and recorded it from England. For its most interesting
parasitism upon the centipede, Lithobius forficatus, cf. Edward
Newman’s paper in ‘The Entomologist,’ ii, 1867, p. 342, “A
Proctotrypes Parasitic on a Myriapod ”’; I know of no subsequent
breeding. One of our commonest species, at least in the east of
England, and ranging from early May to September 8th, most
abundant in June. About half my localities are on the coast,
but it also frequently occurs inland in marshes, and sometimes
on lime-tree honey-dew, at Barton Mills, Mildenhall, Monks
Soham, and Walberswick in Suffolk; Bury St. Edmunds (Tuck) ;
Mablethorp, in Lincs, and Newstead, in Notts (Morley) ; Clacton-
on-Sea (Newbury) ; Felden, in Herts, several (Piffard) ; Reigate,
in Surrey (W. Saunders) ; Lyme Regis, in Dorset (Chitty) ; New
Forest (Lyle); Olveston, in Gloucester (Charbonnier) ; Arnold,
Edwinstow, in Sherwood Forest and Aspley Woods in June,
Thorney in August ; and Epperstone Park during September, in
Notts (Carr) ; Killarney, in 8.W. Ireland.

134 THE ENTOMOLOGIS®.

12. ProcroTRYPES CURTIPENNIS, Hal.

Proctotrupes curtipennis, Hal., l.c., p.12. Serphus curtipennis,
André, l.c., p. 300, 2.

Instantly known by its brachypterous condition; but the
structure, and especially that of the metathorax and terebra
leaves little doubt that it is a mere form of P. calear. Two
specimens alone are recorded, both from England, but unlocalised ;
one was taken by John Curtis long before 1839, as mentioned in
his Guide of that year (Haliday), and the other isin Marshall’s
collection, which ‘is in the Vienna Museum. It has not been
found in Ireland, pace Kieffer. I am the fortunate possessor
of a third specimen, kindly given me by Rev. H. 8. Gorham, who
captured it during 1907 at Malvern, in Worcester; and Dr. W. J.
Fordham found another in 1917 at Bubwith, near Selby, in Yorks.

13. PRocToTRYPES SETICORNIS, Thoms.

Proctotrupes seticornis, Thoms., é.c., p. 419, ¢ 2. Serphus
seticornis, André, l.c., p. 304.

Hitherto known only from Sweden. A single female was
swept by me so long ago as October 7th, 1899, in a very swampy
alder wood in the Bramford marshes, near Ipswich ; and another
on June 14th, 1907, from bracken in the particularly dry Wilverley
Inclosure of the New Forest. But actually I expect it to be one
of our commonest, though overlooked, species, for fully a dozen
were sitting quiescently below lime-leaves on June 20th, 1919,
in my Monks Soham garden after a thunderstorm. ~

14. Proctotryres Fuscipes, Hal., 3 2.

Proctrotrupes fuscipes, Hal., l.c., p. 18, 2. Serphus Suscipes,
SAGTUCLHG al Cac aage ae

Taken near Edinburgh during September; also very rarely
in northern Ireland (Haliday). Not rediscovered since first
described, and the male is hitherto unknown, though it differs
only sexually from the female, and the species is realiy one of
our commonest. It is on the wing from May 18th, when it
emerged with the above Disogmus areolator,to September ; usually
swept from reeds and rushes in marshy places, but it also occurs
in some numbers on honey-dew on lime leaves in my garden
here, especially during thundery weather late in the day. Felden
in Hente (Piffard) ; Sherwood Forest in June (Carr) ; in a wicker
beehive at Bury St. Edmunds (Tuck) ; Rookley Wildnerness in
Isle of Wight (Morey) ; and Banchory in the Kincardine high-
lands of Scotland (Elliott). My numerous examples are from
Brandon Staunch, Monks Soham, Henham Park, Barton Mills,
‘Ousden on banks of the River Kennet, Easton Broad, Southwold,
Reydon, Westleton, in Suffolk, Louth in Lines, and Chippenham
Fen in Cambs.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 13:

Or

15. PRocrorryPEs PALLIPES, Jurine.

Codrus pallipes, Jur., Nouv. Méth., 1907, p. 309, pl. xiii, gen.
46, ¢; Nees, l.c., p. 356, excel. syn. et var. Proctrutrupes pal-
dupes, Latr., Gen. Crust. et Ins., p. 38; Hal.,lc., p. 11, ¢ 2;
Mom, cc-, p. 418, 2; Voll., U.c., p..29, pl, xix, fig. 1. Serphus
pallipes, André, l.c., p. 309.

This species should certainly be ascribed to Jurine, and not

to Haliday as is done in André; for nothing in the former’s
account is inaccurate but the antennal coloration, which is
depicted as flavidous throughout. Haliday’s two varietal forms
appear quite different tome. The centrally produced propleure
are distinctive of the present species.
_ Wide-spread from Hungary to Sweden ; Vollenhoven records
it (J.c.), as preying on the fungus-gnat, Macrocera maculata, Mg.
Frequent everywhere in woody places in Britain (Haliday and
Walker). I have found it very far from common, and pretty
well confined to the month of June; it has always turned up
at random in the sweep-net, or flying in sunshine, and several
times in shady places in woods at Foxhall, Wherstead, Ipswich,
Barton Mills and Tuddenham in Suffolk; Market Rasen in
ines; Helpstone Heath near Peterborough, and Matley Bog in
New Forest. There seems to be an entirely different mode of
hfe to the above Mycetophilid suggestion, for Kawall says
(‘ Stett. Entom. Zeit.,’ 1855, p. 260): ‘‘ Many years ago, I found
under a stone a shrunken beetle larva, which undoubtedly
belonged to the Staphyline, dead. In it were several parasites
in naked pupal state; these proved to be Codrus pallipes, Jur.” ;
and there is no reason to suppose that he mistook P. viator for
the present species, as I myself did (‘ Trans. Entom. Soc.,’ 1911,
p. 458), in ascribing Mr. Step’s breeding to it.

(To be continued.)

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

THe Diererous Faminy BLEPHARICERID®.-—- Macquart (1843)
wrote Blepharicera, but this was amended to Blepharocera, and the
family has been called Blepharoceride. It seems evident that the
original spelling must be restored, and the family name changed to
Blephariceride. Were we to permit such changes in the spelling of
generic names, it would be impossible to save the name of the
Blepharicerid genus Philorus, Kellogg, long antedated by the Lepidop-
terous Philoros, Walker.* I will take occasion to record that by St.
Vrain Creek, above Peaceful Valley, Colorado, August 23rd, I found
the Blepharicerid Bibiocephala elegantula, V. Roder, preying upon the
subimago of a mayfly (Hphemeridae).—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

* Tf we consider an “‘emendation” equivalent to an error in spelling, and hold to
the ‘‘one-letter rule,’ the Lepidopterous Blepharocera, Chambers, stands, preoccupied
neither by the Dipterous genus nor by Blepharocerus, Blanchard. This seems to me
the proper course, following the spirit of the Tnternational rules, and the obviously
wise principle that names should not be changed without absolute necessity.

136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

VANESSA ANTIOPA IN SuRREY.—In reply to inquiries made, Col.
G. J. Farmar has kindly given me the following particulars respecting —
a specimen of V. antiopa seen by him at Camberley, Surrey, on April —
10th last: “It was a warm, bright day and the butterfly was sunning
itself on a bank bounding the Portesbury Road, just off the High
Street, which is not much frequented, and at that particular part.
separates the road from a small plantation. It was a very perfect
specimen, wings and body not in the least rubbed. I watched it for
“some minutes ‘at a distance of a couple of yards. It was still there:
when I left.’ It is always interesting to record the appearance of
antiopa in this country, especially those which have hibernated, as.
comparatively few have been recorded during the spring months. In
my series of twelve British-caught anteopa only two are biberaaue
examples.—F. W. FronawkK.

VANESSA C-ALBUM IN Bucxs.—On May 6th I was surprised to.
capture a specimen of Vanessa c-album ; it was flying at Aston Hills.
near Tring. Apparently there are no other records of this insect.
from the Tring district in the back numbers of the ‘ Entomologist.’— _
G. E. Tirm; Park Road, Tring.

HIpporioN CELERIO IN DEvonsHIRE.—Cadet T. Hi, Podger, who:
is an enthusiatic young collector, has written to me from Dartmouth, .
Royal Naval College, stating that a female specimen of this insect
has been taken at rest in one of the College sheds on May 13th.—
F. G. 8. Bramwetu; 1, Dyke Road Drive, Brighton.

A Strirep Hawx Mots (ZH. celevio) was found here last Saturday,.
(May 13th) by Chief Stoker Seecombe fluttering about the boats near
the river. It was caught, and I have the insect. I think it is a.
male.—R. M. Minne; R.N. College, Dartmouth, May 18th, 1922.

VANESSA IO AB. BELISARIA.—It may be of interest to record that a.
specimen of this aberration of V. 20 (the “blind” Peacock) was.
captured at Selworthy in August, 1919, by Miss Thompson, of 97,.
Albemarle Road, Beckenham, “and recently shown to me.—N. D. R.

Nortss FROM BrockENHURST.—Cicindela campestris: The green
Tiger Beetle is exceedingly abundant; I never saw so many.
Apparently the hot summer was good for them. Gonepteryx
rhanmi has been common on suitable days, as usual. Vanessa 10
appeared on April 19th, apparently just outof hibernation. V.atalanta:
On May dth I saw two, which I think must have hibernated. P. egeria.
was first seen on April 26th: it has since become very common.
Cyamris argiolus was first seen on May 6th; it is now pretity common.
I have seen only one Aglais wrtteae—on May 7th—and but one Heodes:
phlaeas*—on May 12th. The season of course is very late—perhaps a.
fortnight behind.—W. J. Lucas.

PERCNOPTILOTA FLUVIATA AND OTHER CAPTURES IN WESTMORLAND.
—TI should like to record the capture of P. fluviata in Witherslack on.
May 11th last. This moth was taken at car head-lights in a lane at.
10.30 dusk. Its identity has been confirmed. Night work has been
difficult this year, much snow in the mountains off and on until mid

* One or two H. phlaeas have been seen on parade pone at Clacton each
sunny day from 12th May.—R. 8S.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 137

May and all “earliest dates” for the year behind time. The only
early arrival was C. glaucata on April 21st at Holker. Sallow work
has been very bad indeed, and most work done by “light.” The past
week has been very bad, with high winds or heavy rain each night.
Tam told that Huchaeca obliterata, which I found locally common
in 1921, and Perzzoma affinitata, of which we took six in 1921, are
new records for the district. Up to May 13th fifty-one local
“earliest dates for 1922’’ have been listed—Dr. Lowrner; Grange-
over-Sands, May 17th, 1922 5

_ DEIOPEIA PULCHELLA Brep From S. Devon Larva.—A friend of
mine brought me, last year, from a South Devon locality, a larva
that was not known to me. I fed it upon forget-me-not (Myosotis),
for which plant it appeared to entertain a partiality, subsequently
pupating. I have since forced through the resulting pupa, from
which a fine specimen of D. pulchella emerged last Saturday. I
write this as it might be interesting to record in the ‘ Entomologist.’
—J. M. Jaques; The Red House, Banstead, Surrey, April 20th, 1922.

OCCURRENCE OF FORFICULA AURICULARIA, LINN., VAR. FORCIPATA,
STEPH. In SuRREy.—I found about 8 to 10 specimens of this variety in
_an old rotten gate-post, about 4 foot high, near Wisley Bridge, Surrey,
on March 10th, 1922. There were no other earwigs present in this
spot, only that particular variety, and all, of course, of the male sex.
—G. Fox-Winson; Entomological Dept., Royal Horticultural Society's
Gardens, Wisley, Ripley, Surrey.

RHOPALOCERA FROM RHODES, SAMOS, GALLIPOLI, ETC.—The follow-
ing notes from the Islands of Rhodes and Samos, the country round
Maidos on Gallipoli, and the Island of Afisia in the Sea of Marmora,
may be of interest. We only stopped at the above places for
a very short time, and at Samos and Afisia I was only able to get
ashore for a couple of hours between 5 and 7 p.m., local time. The
weather, except at Gallipoli, was very bad, and collecting at Rhodes
was done during a very heavy thunderstorm, which lasted two or
three days. Iam indebted to Major P. P. Graves for the identifica-
tion of the specimens of S. hermione from Rhodes, EH. lwpinus,
H.. telmessia and A. hyrax, and for confirmation of identification of
P. zephyrus. Owing to weather and time at my disposal, Gallipoli,
in the neighbourhood of Maidos, is the only one of the above places
which can be considered to have been thoroughly worked.

A. = Afisia, G@. = Gallipoli, R. = Rhodes, §. = Samos.

Papilio podalirius, R., one. P. machaon, R., larva full fed ;
G., imago. Aporia crataegi, G., common, worn. Preris brassicae, R.,
P. rapae,G., A. Pontia daplidice, B., G. Leptidia sinapis,@. Colias
edusa, G., plentiful; var. helice, G., one. Gonepteryx cleopatra, S.,
one. Argynnis maia (pandora), G., fairly common. A. lathonia, G.,
one fresh male. Melitaea didyma, G@. M. phoebe, G. Polygonia egea,
S. Vanessa polychloros, §., three females; G., not uncommon.
Pyrameis atalanta, 8.,G., A. P.cardwi, R.,8., G. Limenitis camilla,
$.,@. Pararge rorelana, R., 8., common; A. P. maera, R., tolerably
common; in proportion to megaera of 7:4; §., equal proportion to
megaera. P. megaera, R.,8. Coenonympha pamphilus, @. Satyrus
circe, A., one fresh male. S. hermione, R., one worn male and two
_ ENTOM.—JuNE, 1922. N

138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

fresh females; more unicolorous grey on the underside of the hind
wings, and more fulvous on the upperside of the fore wings along
the submarginal band than Constantinople specimens; considered by
Major P. P. Graves to be a race local to Rhodes, the specimens from
Samos approximating to Constantinople specimens. S., common.
S. briseis, G., males common and in very good condition; females
just emerging, two taken. §S. semele, §., common. Hpinephele
lupinus, G., plentiful along the dried-up water-courses, keeping to the
shade; A. H. gurtina, G., A. H. telmessia, R., §., males few in
number and very worn; the females common and in good condition ;
the apical eye on all females examined, except one, was bipupillated
both above and below. Melanargia larissa, G., absolutely swarming
everywhere, especially amongst patches of Scabious; by far the
commonest butterfly on Gallipoli, where insects of all deseriptions
were very plentiful; formed about 70 per cent. of the butterflies seen.
Thecla tlicis, $.,G. Heodes thersamon, R., one female. H. phlaeas,
R.,8.,G. Lampides baeticus, R., common; §.,one female. Tarucus
telicanus, §., several seen. Polyommatus argus, G., very worn.
P? zephyrus, G., two males and three females. P. bavius, G., two
females, somewhat worn. VP. astrarche,8.,G@. PP. icarus, R., G., A.
P. amandus, G., one male, worn. P. thersites, R., several taken in
fairly good condition. LP. argiolus,8.,@. Carcharodus alcaeae, R., G.
C. orientalis, G. Hesperia sidae, G., one female in fair condition.
fH. orbifer, A., one fresh female. Adopaea actaeon, R.,G. A. thaumas
(flava), G, common. A. hyrax, §., one worn male. Augiades
sylvanus, G. Gegenes nostrodamus, G., common in one small area.

The dates for the above captures or observations are as follows :
Rhodes, June 5th and 6th, 1921; Samos, June 8th, 1921; Gallipoli,
June 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th, 1921; Afisia, June 16th, 1921.—
lig lby C. Betts ; Observer Officer, R.A.F.

ATTRACTIVENESS OF LigHt ror Morus.—The notes under this
heading in the last two issues of the ‘ Entomologist’ open up a most
interesting question. Many old lepidopterists must have noticed, as
I have done, that even the old-fashioned oil-lamps were not all
equally attractive, or equally attractive on all nights. Sometimes
every moth appears to “come to light,” while perhaps on the follow-
ing night, though equal numbers may be upon the wing, compara-
tively few will be taken. With street lamps my experience has not
been very extensive, but when motor cars first came in I used to find
the lights they carried (or some of them at any rate) very attractive ;
nowadays one seldom sees insects fluttering round the dazzling
head:lights. To turn to another aspect of the question, there seems
no reason to doubt that the anténnz of certain insects (midges as
well as moths) may play a part as emitters and receivers of sound-
waves, but that any such “calls” could originate from a lamp I
should think extremely doubtful. In any case, like would surely
only call to like. The same call would not bring up the other species,
nor the crowd of other moths, beetles, flies, and even other creatures,
commonly attracted to one and the same lamp. It would surely
follow that it is the light only which attracts, and it would be very
interesting if somebody could demonstrate why one form of light is
more attractive than others, or if some light-rays are actually repel-

‘RECENT LITERATURE. 139

lant. That scent is certainly the chief (if not the only) sense that
attracts male moths to a female would seem to be proved by the fact
that the box, or pocket, in which the female may have been carried
does not instantly cease to be attractive with the removal of the
captive, or with the ending of her life. I have seen Eggars and
Emperors drawing up wind to a female for quite surprising distances,
but il never remember to have seen one come in the contrary
direction.—_Grorce Bouam; Alston, April 24th, 1922.

FuASHLIGHT PHoToGRAPHY AND Narurg.—At a recent meeting
of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society Mr. Wilkinson
showed how the student who had little daytime leisure for camera
work could obtain better results at night by means of flashlight, and
at the same time gather a series of records of nocturnal habits of
insects and other creatures of great value to science. There is a
vast field of research in this direction, for as yet only the fringe has
been touched, and the speed of the exposure—about z,j,th of a
second—makes the operator almost independent of the movements
of the subject. The slides showing the change of the caterpillar of
Pyrameis cardut, for instance, proved this unmistakably: during the
process of getting rid of its old skin the caterpillar is in a state of
rapid oscillation, but the photographs were as clear and definite as if
the insect had been at rest. The succession of pictures showed the
different stages of this metamorphosis from the first spinning up of
the larva to emergence of the butterfly —Cuarues P. Rimmer.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Inpex Anmatium: 1801-1850. Pt. I: Introduction, Bibliography
and Index—A-Aff. By C.D. Saerporn. 8vo. Pp. i-cxxi
and 1-128. London: By Order of the Trustees of the British
Museum, 1922.

Zoological workers in all groups who know a good thing when
they see it, and especially those who value accuracy in nomenclature,
will welcome with thanksgiving this further instalment of the fruits
of Mr. Sherborn’s years of self-sacrificing labours. To catalogue a
small group of animals is no light task; to index accurately all the
names applied to animals over a period of fifty years is indeed
heroic. The amount of work done is clearly shown by the great
length of the bibliography, which alone will save many trying hours
of labour to other workers in this field. There can be no two
opinions as to the value of the work; it is indispensable. We

strongly advise all systematic workers to get it and to wse ut.
N. D. R.

_ Report of the Proceedings of the Fourth Entomological Meeting held
at Pusa, February,1921. Edited by T. BaINBRIGGE FLETCHER,

R.N., F.L.S., ete. Pp. xii+401. Plates J-LVII. Calcutta:

_ Government of India, 1921. Fae
Naturally composed mainly of matter of economic interest, this
-yolume is quite up to the standard of its forerunners In quality if not
in bulk. Well over half the volume is devoted to lists of crop pests,
observations on miscellaneous pests; forest, medical and veterinary

140 THR ENTOMOLOGIST.

entomology, lac, ete. Amongst the papers on bionomies, systematic
entomology, etc., we note “A Check List of Coccide of the Indian

Region,” by T. VOR. Ayyar, and a paper on the ‘“‘ Proportion of 2 —

forms of Papilio polytes, L., in Dehra Den, U.P., and Bihar,” by
Prof. E. B. Poulton. But it is impossible even to indicate the scope
of the work in the space at our disposal, its interests are so many
and varied.—N. D. R.
The Scottesh Naturalist, March to April, 1922. - i
Apart from a number of notes and articles of general interest,
varying from the homing of salmon to the history of feathers, this
number contains a valuable and well-illustrated article, ‘‘ Notes on
Aphides from Sutherland,” pt. i, by Miss pec! Jackson, whose
work on this group is already w idely EoOw wee _R,

SOCIETIES.

Tue Enromonocican Socimty or Lonpon.— Wednesday, March —

15th, 1922.—Prof. E. B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S., ete., Vice-President,
in the Chair.—The following were elected Fellows of the Society :
Messrs. Reginald Charles Treherne, Kntomological Branch, Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada; T. G Sloane, Moorilla, Young,
New South Wales, Australia; William Monod Crawford, B.A.,
Orissa, Marlborough Park, Belfast; Leonard Charles Bushby, 11,

Park Grove, Bromley, Kent; Arthur Morel Massee, “ Park Place,’”

The Common, Seven Oaks, Kent; Linnaeus Greening, ‘“ Fairlight,”
Grappenhall, Cheshire; John Wilson Moore, 151, Middleton Hall
Road, Kings Norton, Birmingham; John Edmund Hastwood, Wade
Court, Havant, Hants; Dr. Francis Arthur, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 395,
Bethnal Green Road, E.2; and Dr. H. Silvester Evans, M.R.C.S.,

L.R.C.P., Lautoka, Fiji. Hahibits—Mr. W. H. Tams exhibited a ,

selection of insects, chiefly Lepidoptera, taken on the Mount Everest

expedition.—Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited a new species of Huchroea

and a female of the rare Saturniid moth Argema nultre: from Mada-
gascar.—Dr. C. J. Gahan exhibited an example of the Indian
Phasmid Carausius morosus, in which homeotic regeneration had
taken place, an amputated antenna having been replaced by a tarsus.
—Prof. EK. B. Poulton, F.R.S., who illustrated his remarks with

lantern-slides, read some notes by Mr. A. H. Hamm on the occur-.

rence of Syntomaspis druparwm in hawthorn seeds in birds’ droppings,
and some notes by Dr. R. C. L. Perkins on the procryptic resting

attitude of Polygonia c-album. He also exhibited somg Chaleids:

bred by Mr. J. Collins from beetles in dog biscuits and plum branches.
—Dr. 8. A. Neave read a letter from Mr. W. J. Harding recording
the capture of Grapta c-albwm at Holeombe in Devonshire, and some
discussion took place as to the distribution and recent spread of this
butterfly in the south of England.

Tux Sourx Lonpon Enromonoaican Soctery. —February 93rd. —

The President in the Chair.—Mr. Cheeseman, 30, Clayton Road, 8.H.,
was elected a member.—Mr. Hugh Main exhibited slides illustrating

the latest results of colour photography, and series of slides illustrat-
ing the life-history of the field-cricket and the wolf spider Lycosa.—
My. Frisby, slides showing the Serotine bat, nests of water-fowl, and

SOCIETIES. 141

British orchids 77 sitzi.—The President, slides of the liverwort showing
remarkable proliferous growth, of ‘fairy flies” and of the trachee of
a beetle.—Mr. Syms, slides of the ova of the more local species of
British butterflies——Mr. Tonge, slides of the ova of a number of
British Geometers.-—Mr. Staniland, slides of the galling of the wild
erab by the woolly aphis Eriosoma lanigera and of the Syrphid
(Syrphus vitapennis)—Mr. Withycombe, a curious fungus growth
_ froma dead ant, a nest of Osmia rufa in a door lock, the egg-mass
of Empusa pauperata, the lite-history of a Coniopteryx, etc. —

March 9th.—The President in the Chair.—Mr. G. C. Champion,
A.L.S., F.E.S., was elected an honorary member; Mr. L. C. Bushby,
of Bromley, and Mr. A. M. Massee, of Sevenoaks, were elected
members.—Captain J. Ramsbottom, F.L.S., gave a lecture on “‘ Sym-
biosis of Fungi and Orchids,” illustrated with lantern-slides and
diagrams.— Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Sec.

Souta-West YorKSHIRE EnromonocicaL Socisty.—January
23rd, 1922.—The annual meeting was held at Huddersfield at the
invitation of Mr. G. T. Porritt.—The President, Mr. B. Morley, was
in the Chair.— After election of officers for 1922 and new members,
_ Mr. Mosley, the Curator of the new Huddersfield Museum, made
an appeal for the co-operation of the Society in working out the
entomology of the district and supplying material for the museum
collections.—Hahibits: Mr. G. T. Porritt, a specimen of Ptychoptera
minuta taken by himself at Hornsea, Yorks, June, 1908, probably the
earliest known example of this fly —Mr. B. Morley, various Hepialids,
including the whitish Wicken form of H. lupulinus and H. humulz,
var. thuleus; Larentia concinnata, Arran, and varied series of L. trwn-
cata, including ab. rufescens, from Skelmanthorpe ; Lygris populata,
ab. musauaria, from Penistone; Acronycta menyanthidis, ab. suffusa,
a second-brood specimen from Penistone; aberrations of Agrotis
nigricans, Lygris testata and Ephyra pendularia.—Mr. Mosley, a
collection of Micro-lepidoptera taken at Diggle and presented to the
Museum by Mr. F. Buckley.—Mr. E. A. Smith, a long series showing
range of variation in Agrotis fimbria, Elland, 1921, one specimen
having the band of the hind wing traversed by white rays.—Mr. KE.
Cocker, aberrations of Arctia caja, one with yellow and one with
heavily-suffused hind wings.—Mr. J. Hooper, series of hybernids,
including melanic H. leucophearia and H. awrantiaria, ab. fuscata.—
Mr. W. Buckley, Huchloé cardamines, 3, with the patches of a faded
lemon colour, a faint sub-terminal grey streak and a grey streak
prolonging discal spot to costa.—Mr. W. Dyson, two aberrant
specimens of Pyrameis atalanta, portions of the bands in one being
of a bright orange colour.—Mr. T. Fisher, aberrations of Xanthia
lutea having the “pink bar” intensified and brown in colour;
aberrations of Abraxas grossulariata including ab. nigrosparsata.—
Dr. H. D. Smart, a series of Camptogramma bilineata, including
ab. atlantica and ab. isolata; Ennomos quercinaria, banded and
melanic forms; melanic forms of Hemerophila abruptaria, Tephrosia
consonaria and Acidalia virgularia.—Mr. Porritt, as far as time
allowed, showed portions of his collection of British Lepidoptera, a
deseription of which is beyond the scope of these notes.—H. D. 8.

142 ; THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

OBITUARY.

Artruur W. Bacot.

EntomoLogy—one may add, indeed, the Nation—has suffered
another irreparable loss in the death of Arthur W. Bacot, briefly
announced in the May number of the ‘ Entomologist.’ Still in the -
prime of life, and in the midst of varied and important scientific
researches, he had, by permission of the Lister Institute, gone to
Egypt in Government service for investigations into typhus, and at
Cairo he made the “supreme sacrifice”’ on April 12th. Call the con-
tracting of the fell disease what we may—an unavoidable accident or
a result of insufficient precautions—the greatness of that sacrifice
remains; and while we deplore the tragedy, we cannot but recognise’
in it a fitting coronation of a life of singular unselfishness and
devotion. _

Bacot first became known to the entomological world as a
lepidopterist, and during the early nineties of the last century rapidly -
attained to front rank, mainly owing to his careful work in breeding,
his accuracy in describing, and his genius for sound inductive
reasoning from his observations. Although he was a keen field-
naturalist, the mere collecting for collecting’s sake had little attraction,
for him; to obtain the material was ever a challenge to him to use it
for some scientific end. Having assimilated, with surprising quick-
ness and thoroughness, not only the biological theories of the greatest
masters (Galton, Weismann, Mendel and others), but also the
detailed descriptive methods of Dyar and Chapman on larve, pupe,
etc., he devoted himself with the greatest assiduity to the elucidation

of the life-histories of a number of our British species and groups, —

notably some of the Sphingids, Hndromis, the Liparidae, and—in
connection with Tutt’s monumentul ‘British Lepidoptera’—the ~
Lasiocampidae and Psychidae.

Most of his earlier papers were produced under the auspices of
the smaller natural history societies (the City of London and North
London), in which he was a leading light, and were published or
re-published chiefly in the ‘ Entomologist’s Record,’ vols. iv to xviii.
He did not join our premier entomological society until November,
1901, but was thenceforth a regular exhibitor and a valued participant
in the discussions. a

It was one of the crimes of our economic system that for many years
Bacot’s best hours were claimed by routine work in a City office, but
the reward of his arduous labours as an amateur came when, in 1911,.
he was appointed Entomologist to the Lister Institute of Preventive —
Medicine, and thenceforth he was able to follow untrammelled his
natural bent for scientific research.

In 1914 appeared Bacot’s monograph on the bionomics of the
common rat fleas, a research undertaken at the invitation of the
Commission for the Study of the Plague in India. This work, which
stamped Bacot as an investigator of high order, was carried out at his
home in Hssex, and during the time that he was forced to work all day
at the office. He had the services of an assistant to carry out his
instructions whilst absent, but even so the difficulties were great. —

OBITUARY. 148

_-+ Bacot continued his work on the rat fleas at the Lister Institute
where he was able to study plague-infected individuals. In 1913, in
collaboration with Dr. C. J. Martin, there was published an important
paper demonstrating the mechanism of the transmission of plague by
the rat flea. i

In 1914-15 Bacot acted as Entomologist to the Yellow Fever
Commission sent out by the Colonial Office to Sierra Leone. Durine
the year August, 1914, to July, 1915, he studied the bionomics of
Stegomyia fasciata, the mosquito which transmitted the disease.
These studies formed the subject of a very complete monograph
published in 1916 by the Yellow Fever Commission. All engaged in
combating mosquitoes or in studying their bionomics will find a mine
of information in this work.

Upon his return to England in 1915 he began a long series of
experiments on lice to determine what methods were most suitable
for ridding our soldiers of this pest. The experiments were always
made upon himself and conformed very nearly to conditions in the
field. In 1916 he accepted the post of Honorary Entomological
Adviser to the War Office. He made valuable recommendations on
the louse problem, and all devices and substances for combating this

_ evil brought to the notice of the military authorities were submitted

to Bacot for tests and reports.

In 1917 he was invited to join the British Trench Fever Committee
appointed by the War Office. The study of the louse had now become
more vital than ever as it was thought to be the agency transmitting
trench fever. Bacot and his colleague Dr. J: A. Arkwright demon-
strated the existence of minute organisms, similar to the Rickettsia
associated with typhus, in the gut of lice fed upon patients suffering

- from trench fever. It was further established that only lice carrying

these organisms were capable of transmitting the disease.

At the close of the War he turned his attention to typhus. In
1920 he went to Poland with the Typhus Research Commission of
the League of the Red Cross Society. Returning to London in a few
months he pursued his experiments in an endeavour to decide as to
the real nature of the typhus virus. Circumstances were not favour-
able, and he welcomed the opportunity of going to Egypt at the
invitation of the Egyptian Government. Accompanied by his
colleague Arkwright, he commenced work early this year in the
laboratories: of the Public Health Department in Cairo. The
research advanced most hopefully, and had already confirmed
the statement of an earlier worker that the excreta of infected lice
were capable of conveying the disease. At the end of March both
men were struck down, but we are glad to hear that Arkwright is
making a good recovery.

Bacot was never reckless, and was always most careful in his often-
times dangerous work. Like several other distinguished students of

' typhus there is little doubt that he fell a victim to some accident.

The nature of the disease and of the insect carrying it renders this
research one of the most dangerous nature. As Dr. Greenwood has

- wellremarked: ‘If ever any man earned the Victoria Cross ‘for valour,’

that man was Bacot.”
‘He will be remembered by all who knew him as ever helpful and

144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

considerate. Those whose privilege it was to work with him at the -
Institute found him inspiring and original, and ever ready to give the
best of his wide knowledge whenever his advice was sought.

A very appreciative notice of Bacot and his work, from the pen of
Dr. C. J. Martin, Director of the Lister Institute, appeared in
‘Nature’ on May 13th. To this we are indebted for several details
concerning the medical side of Bacot’s* work, and without which any
notice would be incomplete. L. B, Pj annie

R. F. L. Burton.

All scientists who knew him, those particularly of his native

county, Shropshire, much regret the passing of Richard Francis
Lingen Burton, of Longner Hall, Shrewsbury, after a long illness, on
January 8th last. Born in 1864, and educated at Hton, he was a
man of varied attainments, especially devoted to botany and zoology,
including entomology. Having lived many years in New Zealand,
where he farmed on a large scale, he knew the fauna and flora of
that country most intimately,and was successful in growing at Longner
many of the endemic plants, which stood the English climate better
than might have been imagined. He paid particular attention to the
Orchidaceous tribe, both British and New Zealandic, and likewise
studied Culicide, publishing an account of our British mosquitoes,
most of which were found to occur on his estate, bordered as it is by
the River Severn for along distance. He also discovered the rare bee-

fly (Pocata apiformis) to be a native of Salop, and aided much in the

compilation of the preliminary Catalogue of the Diptera of this
country, which was published in the ‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.’ for November,
1920. J.C. M

H. FRUHSTORFER.

We very much regret to announce the death of Hans Fruhstorfer
at Miinich on April 9th last after an unsuccessful operation for cancer.
He was only in his fifty-fifth year.

A man of genial disposition and of untiring energy and boundless
entomological enthusiasm, devoted almost entirely to the Rhopalocera,
he had during the last 25 to 30 years produced a prodigious number of
papers on that subject and written a very large proportion of the Rhopa-
locera Section of Seitz’ Exotic Macro-Lepidoptera, largely based on
the results of his own collecting trips abroad. His work contains
unfortunately many errors—he worked too fast to allow himself time
to check his detail—and in the matter of his racial names many
without doubt will have to be discarded. But there will always
remain a great deal of value; he is without doubt a great loss to
Entomology. - N. Daiks

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MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

a PNTOMOLOGICAL Socinty of Lonpon, 41, Queen’s Gate, S.W. 7 (nearest stations,
VSouth Kensington and Gloucester Road).— Wednesday, June 7th, at 8 p.m.

7’ SoutH -Lonpon ENTOMOLOGICAL AND Narurat History. Socrery,. Hibernia
“Chambers, London Bridge, S.E/ 1.—Ordinary Meetings, Thursdays, June Sth
“and 22nd. Wield Meeting at Canvey Island, Saturday, June 10th.—Hon. Sec.,
“STANLEY Epwagps, #.L.S., etc., 15, St. German’s Plate, Blackheath, 5.E. 3.

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Serle ts Se ect he ee |

: CONTENTS.

Henry Rowland-Brown, 121. Two New Species of Far ee ae
Waro Nakahara, A.M., Ph.D, 123. Notes on British Odonata in
Lucas, B.A., F.B.S.; 125. Faanhles 4 in South: Bastern France, I.
V.A., F.E.S., 127. Further Notes on Sarrethripus revayana, Seo
Sheldon, F.Z.S., F.E.S., 181. - A Synopsis of British Proctotrypida:
Claude Morley, FE. Sj F.Z.S. (continued from p. 110), 182.-4° ~

Norres’ AND OBSERVATIONS,—The Dipterous Family Blepharicéridee,
Cockerell,.135. Vanessa antiopa in Surrey, #. W. Prohawk, 136) Va
c-album in Bucks, G. EH. Tite, 136. Hippotion celerio in Devonshire, -
Bramwell, 186, A, Striped Hawk Moth (H. ceélerio), BR. M, Mati
Vanessa io ab. belisaria, N. D. R.; 136. Notes; from Brockenhurst,
Lucas, 136. Perenoptilota finviata and other Captures in Westmorlane
Lowther, 136. Deiopeia pulchella Bred from S$, Devon’ larva, J. My
LSR Ocontrence of Forficula auricularia, Linn., var, foreipata, St
Surrey, G. Fox- Wilson, 187. ' Rhopalocera from Rhodes, Samos, Gallip
B. B.C, Beits, 137. Attractiveness of Light for Moths, George Bole
Flashlight Photography and Nature, Charles P. Rimmer, 189, ‘oJ

Recent Lirerature.—Index Animalium; 1801-1850, 139, Report. of.
ceedings of the Fourth Entomological Meeting held at. Pusa, Hebe
The Seottish Naturalist, March to April) 1922, 140.

SocieTiEs.—The Entomological Society of London, 140. The South 0
Entomological Society, 140. ‘South-West Yorkshire Entomological §
141. +.)

Opituary, 142.

“ENTOMOLOGIST”: | x
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Vou. LY.] j Ue 19.20" [No. 710

BLASTOBASIS LIGNEA WLSM. (LEP.): A SPECIES
NEW TO BRITAIN.

By Wm. Mansspripes, F.K.S.

In August, 1917, Mr. A. EK. Wright captured at Grange-over-
Sands, N. Lancashire, a few worn specimens of a Tineid moth
and others again the following year. Various attempts were
made to identify the species without success. The worn condition

5 6
3 4
: 2

Photo, by Mr. Hugh Main.

Blastobasis lignea Wlsm. x 2:—Figs. 1 and 2, typical; 3 and 4, intermediates ;
5 and 6, var. adustella Wlsm.

of the specimens appeared at the time to be sufficient to account
for the inability to determine the name of the moth. In 1919
and 1920 Mr. Wright was fortunate enough to meet with the
insect in better condition and in larger numbers. A specimen
was sent to Mr. F. N. Pierce, who reported that the genitalia
were unknown to him. A larger amount of material now being
available a series of the moth was sent to Mr. J. Hartley
Durrant, who at once recognised it as Blastobasis lignea Wlsm.
The moth appears to be attached to the Cotoneaster,
Cotoneaster microphyllum Wallich, but the association 1s not
certain. The plant is freely cultivated as an ornamental shrub
in N. Lancashire, and as an introduced alien is found wild at
various places in the Lake District and in N. Wales. There 1s no

ENTOM.—JULY, 1922. oO

146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

direct evidence yet available that B. lignea feeds upon the Coton-
easter ; it has been beaten from that plant, but it also comes to
the lamp, usually late at night.

When disturbed in the daytime the moth at once drops to

the ground, and in the most lively fashion skates about on its

back until it finds a crevice where it can conceal itself.

Working upon the supposition that B. lignea is a rubbish-

feeder the mixture of dead leaves, fallen fruits, etc., from the
Cotoneaster has been collected, and any larvae therein have been
bred, but hitherto only Diptera have been obtained.

The above facts have been communicated to the writer by
Mr. A. E. Wright, who is continuing his endeavours to elucidate

the life-history of this addition to the British fauna ; and for the

following additional notes I am indebted to Mr. J. Hartley
Durrant :-—

In our lists Blastobasis should be placed before the Oecopho-
ridae, and it should be noted that the inclusion of Endrosts in the
Blastobasidae (as in Staudinger’s Catalogue) is incorrect—
Endrosis belongs to the Oecophoridae. As no full description of
this latest addition to the British List has yet appeared in any
readily accessible British publication I give below a copy of the
original descriptions.

BLASTOBASIDAE.

Buastopasis Z.
Blastobasis lignea Wlsm.
Wlsm. Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1894. 550-1 (1894).

“Antennae pale greyish fuscous ; basal joint enlarged, tufted and
notched in the male, pale cinereous. Palpz pale cinereous, shaded
and mottled with greyish fuscous externally. Head and Thorax pale
cinereous, the latter shaded with greyish fuscous. Forewings pale
cinereous, much shaded and speckled with greyish fuscous, with a
slight purplish gloss; five small blackish spots (the first on the dise
before the middle is sometimes connected with one on the middle of
the fold below, and somewhat before it; a small one on the lower

edge of the cell lies halfway between these and two spots, the one —

above the other, at the outer end of the cell); around the apex and
apical margin is a series of six or eight ill-defined greyish fuscous
spots along the base of the cilia, which are greyish cinereous, some-
times darker towards the apex. Hindwings very pale cinereous,
with pale greyish cinereous cilia. Abdomen missing. Legs pale
cinereous, somewhat speckled and shaded with greyish fuscous
externally. Hap. al. g 14, 9 19 mm.”

Type ¢ (13681); Type ? (18683); CZ. g (13682); PTT. (13684-
96), B.M. (Mus. Wlsm.).

Hab. Maperra ; sixteen specimens.

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL HOLIDAY IN S. -FRANGE. 147

Blastobasis lignea Wlsm. + adustella Wlsm.

“In a single specimen the darker shading is more conspicuous,
and the two inner spots are merged in an angulated fascia, leaving
the dorsal margin at one-third and tending obliquely outwards to the
disc before the middle, where it is angulated back towards the costa
from what should be the position of the upper spot; but, before
reaching the costa, it is again bent upwards and slightly outwards
to the margin. Abdomen very pale cinereous, the segments marked
by narrow greyish fuscous transverse lines. Hp. al. 19 mm.”

Type ? (13697), B.M. (Mus. Wlsm.).

Hab. Mapxrra ; one specimen.

“Intermediate varieties in which the fascia is slightly indicated
appear to occur, but I have no specimens before me in condition for
comparative description.”

The capture of Blastobasis lgnea Wlsm., in some numbers
- during the last few years by Mr. A. E. Wright, at Grange-over-
Sands (Lancashire), is of extreme interest, as it adds not only a
species, but a genus and also a family to our lists. I am not aware
that, with the exception of Mr. Wright’s specimens, this species has
been taken anywhere but in Madeira. The first British specimens I
saw belonged to the variety adustella Wlsm., and tended to confirm
an opinion held by Lord Walsingham and myself, that the variety,
founded on a single specimen, was probably distinct, but the receipt
of other specimens from Grange-over-Sands showed that the species
was even more variable than we had thought. The variety adustella
is an extreme form, but the best one by which to remember the
species. Variation from adustella takes place in the loss of the
strong markings, such specimens being pale and inconspicuous; in
the other direction a brownish suffusion produces lignea, and some
specimens are very dark fuscous (Drnt.).

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL HOLIDAY IN 8. FRANCE.
By K. G. Buatr, B.Sc., F.H.S.

The insects here noted were collected in the course of a short
holiday in the south of France, in May, 1921, in the company of
Mr. Hugh Main. The prime object of our trip was the observa-
tion, and the photographing in their natural haunts, of the
insects that form the subject of the late J. H. Fabre’s fascinating
series of ‘‘Souvenirs Entomologiques,”’ especially of those that
‘cannot be observed in this country. In the short time at our
disposal we could not of course hope to discover anything like all
of these, and the time of year chosen was too early for many of
them, yet the exhaustion of Mr. Main’s supply of plates and the
running short of our stock of collecting boxes sufficiently demon-
strate that we found a very satisfactory proportion of them.
Many of the pictorial records of the trip, which were the work
entirely of Mr. Main, were on view at the Exhibition of Nature

148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Photographs held at the rooms of the Royal Photographic Omee 4

in February last.

Our trip was divided into two portions—from the 7th to 15th
May at Hyéres, from which short excursions were made by road
or rail to Carqueiranne to the west and Le Lavandou to the
east; from the 17th to the 29th May at La Sainte Baume, a
locality of which an excellent account from a butterfly-hunter’s
point of view by the late Rev. F. HK. Lowe has already appeared 1 in
our pages (‘Entom.’ vol. xlvii, 1914, pp. 14-20, 60-63). Mr. Main
had previously visited this locality i in July, 1920, and an account
supplementary to Mr. Lowe’s is given by Mr. Bethune Baker,
who was there at the same time, in ‘Ent. Record,’ 1921, pp. 101—
105. This valley is about 2000 ft. above sea- level, and at the
time of our visit the insects as well as the plants were found to
be about three weeks later than the same species in the
neighbourhood of Hyeres.

Though collecting was not our prime object, and was not
indeed attempted with any degree of thoroughness, yet a very fair
bag was secured. As regards Rhopalocera, for example, series
were not collected —merely a few samples of the different species
noted. Although our stay was five weeks earlier than that of
Mr. Lowe, and only half as long, the number of species we secured
was exactly half the number recorded by him, viz. 87 compared
with 74: Twenty-three of those found at Ste Baume were the same
as noted by him, and the following mostly spring species were found
in addition to those noted by either Mr. Lowe or Mr. Bethune
Baker: Thais medicicaste, Huchloé tagis, EH. cardamines, H.
euphenoides, Leptidea duponcheli, Melitaea aurinia, Nemeobius
lucina, Everes argiades f. coretas, Lycaena sebrus, L. cyllarus, L.
melanops, Nisoniades tages, and Hesperia sidae (for these
identifications I am indebted to Mr. Riley).

By a mere accident a method of sending these home was
discovered that will perhaps repay further trial. The butterflies
were papered in the usual way, ordinary newspaper being used,
and the envelopes packed in tin boxes which had been moistened
with glacial acetic acid, and, owing to corrosion, were useless for
the living insects for which they were intended. For some weeks
the butterflies remained limp and in perfect condition for setting,
and showed no tendency to develop mould.

Of insects of other orders the following are perhaps of
interest, the letters (H.) and (8.B.) after the name signifying
Hyeéres and Ste se aumae ROSCOE

, Orthoptera.
ForFIcuLIpE.
Anisolabis moesta, Géné (S.B.).
oe ie decipiens (H.).

» pubescens, Géné (H.).

AN. ENTOMOLOGICAL HOLIDAY IN §. FRANCE. 149

Buattipz.
Ectobia albicincta, Br. (S.B.), 2 2 and young.
4, vittwentris, Costa, 1 3 recently mature.
Loboptera decipiens, Germ. (H. and §.B.), in all stages, and by
_far the commonest species. All these and the Forficulide
were found beneath stones.

Manripz.
Himpusa egena, Charp. (H.), g d only and egg-cases; (S.B.)
egg-cases only.
Mantis religiosa, L. (H.), young and egg-cases; (8.B.) egg-
cases only.

The young Mantis and egg-cases of both species were
brought home, but the former soon died, and the latter
have completely failed to produce either young Mantids or
parasites.

PHASMID™.
Bacillus gallicus, Charp. (H.), young only, which fed up well
on rose, all, as usual, turning out to be 9. These only
lived a few weeks, but have deposited a fair number of eggs.

GRYLLIDA.

Gryllus campestris, L. (H. and §.B.). Abundant everywhere,
especially on the margins of cultivated ground. Their
presence appeals, both by day and by night, very much
more to the ear than to the eye—in fact it was not till we
commenced systematically to search for them at Ste Baume
that we actually found them at all. But once we had dis-
covered their burrows it was easy to find as many as we
required. The g ¢ were much more numerous than the
2 2, or at any rate appeared to be so, and many of the
latter, when dug up, were found to be immature. They
lived for some time in captivity, ovipositing freely in earth,
but we were unsuccessful in rearing the young crickets
above about 1 cm. in length.

Gadeserius, Pall. (H.),1 9.

G. burdigalensis, Latr. (H.), 1 3. ; .

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, L. (H.), 1 immature specimen under a
stone.

AcriDIIDm.

Acridium aegyptium, L. (H.). The 2 was much more common
than the @. On seeing this huge insect start from a low
bush just in front of one and settle in a cork-oak a few
yards away, it was difficult to believe that it was not a bird.

150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Odonata.

Crocothemis erythrea, Br., Sympetrum striolatum, Aeschna mixta,
Brachytron hafniense, Calopterya haemorrhoidalis, Lestes barbarus,
Sympycna fusca, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Agrion mercuriale, A.

uella.

: All these were taken on a single day at Hyéres Plage, and
that only in the afternoon when our time was getting very short.
To British collectors it appeared strange to find Sympetrum
striolatum and Aeschna mixta in mid May; Sympycna fusca is
well known to hibernate, and the single ? found is obviously
not freshly emerged. For the identifications 1 am indebted to
Mr. H. Campion.

Neuroptera.
ASCALAPHIDA.

Ascalaphus longicornis (H. and 8.B.).
A. libelluloides (S.B.).
On this occasion A. longicornis was found only at Hyeres,
but it was taken by Mr. Main at Ste Baume in July, 1920.
A long search for the larve under stones at both places (a
search encouraged by each of us finding one, and one only),
and that in spots where the adults were common, appears to:
demonstrate that though the larve may occasionally be
found in these situations such are not their usual haunts.
Unfortunately, though one of the larve moulted once, we
could not get them to feed properly and both died.

MyYRMELEONIDE.

Myrmeleon formicarius (H. and §.B.), larve only.

The well-known pits of these insects were found in plenty
in both localities, sometimes on sheltered ledges of rock
faces, sometimes on open stretches of sand, even on the sea-
shore. It is not certain that these were all of one species,
as unfortunately the larve were not kept distinct. The
only flies to emerge in August were of this species.

Palpares libelluloides (H). Larve only. ‘These were found in ~
some numbers on the !andward side of a low ridge of sandhills
bordering the sea. They form no pit,like Myrmeleon, and
the only sign of their presence was a few dead beetles and
other insects on the sand. On running the hand over the
surface of the sand, immediately beneath which they le,
the larve, large and small, were easily turned out and
discovered. No flies emerged during the summer, and no
cocoons were formed, though the larve fed well until the
autumn. During the winter they have been kept in an
unheated room and not fed at all. A few have died, but

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL HOLIDAY IN §S. FRANCE. 151

most are still (April 2nd) alive though very sluggish. Mr.
Main had taken the flies in the Ste Baume neighbourhood
in the previous July, but a long search on the few bare
sandy patches at that spot failed to produce any more larve.

SraLipz.
Sialis fuliginosa (S.B.). A single specimen.

CHRYSOPIDE.
- Chrysopa vulgaris (S.B.)
C. prasina (H. and §.B.).

Of Coleoptera about 3800 species were taken—a list far too
long to be inserted here. Of these over 180 were taken at
Hyéres, while only 38 were found common to both places—figures
which indicate the strong Mediterranean element in the coastal
fauna. Of this total 104 species find a place on the British
list.

Particularly interesting were the sea-shore species, the giant
Scarites, Pimelia bipunctata, Tentyria mucronata, Formicomus
pedestris, etc. The flowers of Cistus on the hillsides were very
prolific, Bruchidae being represented by 13 species, Oedemera by
7, Mycterus curculionoides, various Dasytids, Cetoniids, etc.,
while the flowering oaks and pines were sometimes swarming
with Omophlus; At Ste Baume on the other hand the dis-
tinctive feature compared with Hyéres was given by those groups
with wood-boring larve, e.g. Longicorns with 11 species as
against 7 at Hyéres, Buprestide with 6 species against 2 at
Hyéres, Scolytide with 5 species to none at Hyeres, and so forth.

For the Hymenoptera, to which so much attention was
devoted by Fabre, we were too early, though about fifty species
were captured, including the fine Xylocopa violacea and X.
cyanescens, while Chalicodoma muraria was nidifying in plenty on
the walls. _

Enough has perhaps been said to give an idea of the possi-
bilities of the district to those of us in search of pastures new.
The attractions of collecting on the Continent have long been
realised by our lepidopterists (I should perhaps say our rhopa-
locerists !), but as regards other orders, except for a very limited
number of coleopterists, the Continent is indeed to British
- entomologists a terru incognita. Signs, however, are not wanting
that interest in the Continental fauna is now waking, thanks
chiefly to the English translations.of Fabre’s accoudts of his
beloved insects. "

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JUL 13 1922 }

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P ey
Neon, SAyyAN yet ;

—

152 THE ENTOMOLOGIS®Y.

A NEW SPECIES OF EFXILLIS, A GENUS OF
ANTHRIBIDA (COL.).

By Dr. K. Jorpan.

Tue Entomologist to the Board of Commissioners of Agri-

culture and Forestry at Honolulu, D. T. Fullaway, has sent to

me for identification a small species of Anthribid belonging

to the oriental genus Hillis. It isa new species, which can be

recognised among the other species (mostly undescribed as yet)

by the following particulars:
Hxillis lepidus, nov. spec. -

Proboscis and head coarsely rugate-reticulate, the former with a
short and deep median groove; frons without carine. Hye
moderately convex. Angle of pronotal carina rounded off. Hlytra
rather coarsely punctate-striate, with the interstices convex.

Rufescent brown, densely covered with a creamy grey pubescence;
no markings below, but the upperside variegated with ill-defined and
variable dark brown spots: two on occiput, one in centre of pro-
notum, and several, more or less confluent and large, on sides of

disc, a spot near base of each elytrum, a large one in middle, usually .

oblique, continued sidewards and forming a kind of interrupted

band, a patch or a network of spots at the beginning of the apical

declivity, and in most specimens a small spot at the apex. Antenna

blackish, segments 1, 2 and half 3 like the legs pale rufous, tarsal

segments 2 to 4, apex of 1 and extreme tip of tibie dark brown.
Length: 2°2-2°5 mm.

A small series of both sexes from Oahu, collected by D. T.
Fullaway in July, 1921.

NOTES ON BRITISH ODONATA IN 1921.

By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.H.S.
(Continued from p. 127.)

_ In addition to these notes of my own I have received several
interesting communications from other Entomologists who devote
some attention to our dragonflies. N

K. G. Buarr reports that from 1-12 July Ischnura elegans
Vanderl., Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz. (with its var. melanotum,
Selys), were found at the Curragh, Isle of Man. On 28 Aug.
Aeschna grandis, Linn., and Ae. cyanea, Mull., were met with at
Stanmore Common, Middx.

F. H. Haines, writing 18 Aug., says: ‘‘I went again yesterday
to the Morden pond to try to get some fresh specimens of
Sympetrum fonscolombii, Selys. As I feared, the insect was over,

Ihad been once or twice at the beginning of this month without
success. I would not be quite certain that one specimen did not

ox ae > "q

4
‘

NOTES ON BRITISH ODONATA IN 192]. Ld

present itself, but S. striolatum, Charp., had appeared in some
numbers to complicate observation as regards at least the females.
This latter species was quite absent when I was there in July.
So my captures for this season stand at the single male and
female quoted in the ‘Entomologist.’ The females were, if
present, elusive. The one secured is redder, and not so
teneral-looking as those I took in 1912, 13, and 14. The West
Knighton Heath pond has quite dried up, most unfortunately.
The Morden pond is very low comparatively, but it is a big one.
Yet the nymphs, if present, must have a bad time from the very
numerous birds. Asregards the non-appearance of S. fonscolombii
this month, 1 may point out that every time I have gone the
weather has been unfavourable—windy and cloudy, if not rainy,
though yesterday was better.”

R. Sours captured: Calopteryx splendens, Harris, at Rick-
-mansworth Canal, Herts, on 1 June; Calopteryx virgo, Linn.,
at Padworth, Berks, from 12-14 June,—one full-coloured male,
one male perhaps var. anceps, Steph., and one female with rather
narrow wings; Ischnura elegans, Vanderl., Pyrrhosoma nymphula,
Sulz., and Hnallagma cyathigerum, Charp., also at Padworth from
12-14 June.

A. RanDELL Jackson reports: Ae. cyanea, Miull., A. imperator,
Leach, C. annulatus, Latr., C. aenea, Linn., L. depressa, Linn.,
O. caerulescens, Fabr., C. virgo, Linn., J. elegans, Vanderl., A.
puella, Linn., P. nymphula, Salz., and EH. cyathigerwm, Charp.,
at Ashdown Forest, Sussex,in June. In Delamere, etc., Cheshire,
in 1921 early things were numerous, but the later ones—
presumably affected by the drought—were rarer than usual.
Leucorrhinia dubia, Vanderl., and C. aenea, Linn. were common

in Delamere and he got a few Hrythromma naias, Hans., in early
June. He saw a pair of what he was sure were Brachytron
pratense, Mull., in a lane near Chester at the end of May. As it
would be new to the county list he hopes to get it in 1922. Agrion
pulchellum, Vanderl., was absent from the place where it occurred
in 1920.

F. J. Kinuineron writes 14 Jan., 1922: The year as a whole
has been the most disappointing one for Odonata that I have
experienced. Hiven so I was astonished at the number of
imagines that did get through considering that most of our local
ponds dried up completely (2. ¢. near Eastleigh, Hants), yet later
a fair number of such things as Ae. cyanea, Mull., appeared.
A. mereuriale, Charp., did not occur in abundance but of those
taken a fair percentage had aberrant markings on the 2nd
segment. I did not notice any imagines after June. A. puella,
Linn., A. pulchellum, Vanderl. (scarce), P. nymphua, Sulz., 1.
elegans, Vanderl., C. virgo, Linn., and C. splendens, Harris, were
all in evidence at the beginning of the season, but seemed to
disappear quickly. I came across one specimen only of Lestes

154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

sponsa, Hans., on a dry pond bed (80 July). EH. cyathigerum,
Charp., swarmed on the open clear sheets of water around ——
Southampton from spring until the end of September. Harlyin
the last named month (1st to 8rd) I took teneral specimens of
this species. On 21 May I came across C. aenea, Linn., here—a.
species I had previously overlooked in this neighbourhood.”

H. Starter, writing 18 Sept., 1921, tells me that—Capt.
Troup brought him (on 11 July) from Maiden Down near
Burlescombe (N. Devon) the only little blue dragonfly he saw.
It was A. mercuriale, Charp., and a record for Devon. He goes
on to say: ‘“‘ He and I worked, a fortnight later, other parts of
the Blackdown Hills (where Orthetrum caerulescens, Fabr., 18
endemic, but not found, as far as I know, elsewhere in the
county). Again we met with one only little blue, and it was.
again a male of A. mercuriale—this time in Somerset. I expect
I shall find it all along the hills, on which are healthy and
sphagnous bogs, constituting our boundaries with Devon.” —

HK. A. C. Srowsut informs me that: ‘‘ Of the less common
species the most generally distributed in our woods (sc. near
Alton) seems to be C. aenea, Linn., which I have found in Alice:
Holt and Binswood (both clay with oak) and Headley Park (sand
with fir and birch). I caught A. imperator, Leach, at Kingsley
pond—an open heath pond with no trees or bushes near. This
pond was nearly dry in October and ducks were evidently making
havoc of surviving naiads. Both Oakhanger ponds have also.
gone stone dry. Pyrrhosoma tenellum, Vill., was taken on 24
Aug. at a pond in Cranmer Bottom, Woolmer Forest. It was not
a very bright day, and it was sitting on the vegetation beside the:
pond, which is a long one with poor pines growing in bog at one
side and open heath on the other. The specimen I took was a
male. There was no abundance of them, and when I went again ~
in September there were none to be seen. I noted—C. virgo,
Linn., 14 May, Bentley; C. aenea, Linn., L. depressa, Linn.,
and P. nymphula, Sulz., on 20 May, the first in fir-wood at
Headley Park, the other two at Kingsley ; A. puella, Linn., H.
cyathigerum, Charp., P. nymphula, Sulz., and L. quadrimaculata,
Linn., on 22 May at Oakhanger; A. imperator, Leach, on 2
July at Kingsley ; P. tenellum, Vill., S. scoticum, Don,, L. sponsa,
Hans., and H. cyathigerum, Charp., (the last with strangely —
aberrant marking: on abdomen) on 24 August at Cranmer
Bottom.

There seems to be no doubt that the drought affected
adversely the dragonflies in the latter part of the season,
reducing their numbers and causing their periods to pass by
rapidly. Its effect in the present season will be watched with —

interest by students of our Odonata.
28, Knight’s Park, :
Kingston-on-Thames ;
April, 1922.

ay

COLLECTING IN 1920 IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE, NORTH WALES, BTC. 155

COLLECTING IN 1920 IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE,
NORTH WALES, ETC.

By C. GranvinLte Ciurrersucr, F.E.S.

I was too busy in the spring to do much, added to which
Haster in Gloucester was a complete ‘‘ washout,” four days of
almost continuous rain rendering field work impossible. My
first good day was May 8rd, when in company with Capt. G. H.
Simpson-Hayward we found Crambus chrysonuchellus on the
Cotswolds for the first time, and also larve of Geometra
papilionaria by searching the young birches. The latter were
mostly stung but some fine specimens were bred. The afternoon
of June 2nd was spent in Leigh Woods with Mr. G. C. Griffiths
and Mr. A. EH. Hudd. The latter took a specimen of Phalonia
- nana in his Diptera net and kindly gave it to me. Amongst others

I secured Alucitu osteodactyla amongst Golden Rod and Argyresthia

iluminatella arsongst larch, both for the first time. June 13th
found me on our hills, when Lycaena arion was observed in a new
locality which, on the 18th, produced specimens of Gelechia
plantaginella—a new record for Gloucestershire. They were
taken at rest on stones scattered about in a hilly field. The
24th was a fine, warm day, and whilst I was taking Hvetria
pinivorana by beating Scot’s firs, two visitors, Capt. Tebb and
Mr. J. J. Lister, were taking ZL. arion in yet another locality.
The weather during the last week in June and practically the
whole of July was most disappointing, villainously cold, wet and
windy, and made collecting micros practically impossible.
However, on July 9th I realised one of my ambitions by dis-
covering a locality for our rarest local orchid, the Red Helleborine
(Cephalunthra rubra). The same day Ccophora lwnaris and
Cedestis farniatella were observed at rest on a neighbouring
fence. Having arranged to visit Towyn in North Wales from
July 27th to August 18th, I wrote to Mr. H. Rowland- Brown and
Mr. W. Mansbridge for information as to the district, which they
kindly supplied. The former said he had supplied specimens of
Papilio machaon to Dr. Jackson of Aberdovery to try planting
them out and suggested that I should inquire as to the result of
the experiment. I learnt from Mr. Jackson that the species
entirely failed to establish itself. Going through his collection
I noticed a specimen of Deilephila lineata (livornica), which he
had taken locally in May, 1912, at flowers of Silene maritima.
He also had specimens of Zephyrus betulae and Coenonympha
tiphon taken in the district. He told me that the larve of
Cucullia asteris were to be found on Golden Rod in September on
the mountain at the back of his house. Personally I was
disappointed with the district. The first week at Towyn was
spoilt by the wet and windy weather.

_
156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

On July 29th I cycled to Talylyn (ten miles), lefi my machine —
at a farm house and started to climb Cader Idris (2920 feet).
There was a cloud over the peak, but in my inexperience 1 ~
disregarded it, to my cost. The path leading from the road
through a belt of scrub oak was covered with loose pieces of
slate, rather trying to one’s boots, and beating the oaks only
produced Hucosma arcuella and Gracilaria alchimiella (swederella).
On emerging from the tree belt 1 netted a dipteron, which has
been kindly identified by Mr. Claude Morley, F.H.S., as
Therioplectes distinguendus,, Verr., and then went through a farm-
yard, where the farmer’s wife obligingly directed me to the best
way up the mountain. On the way up I netted two specimens
of Coenonympha pamphilus in the hope that they were C. tiphon.
The west wind from the sea made a net practically useless had
there been anything to catch, but only a larva of Hriogaster rubs
was observed sunning itself on a stone amongst whortleberry.
When 2000 feet up I had a glorious view of Snowdonia. A
little further on 1 was swallowed up in the mist but nevertheless:

proceeded to the summit, where I was just able to look down the ~

precipice into the tarn called Llyn Cau. On the return journey ©
on the roadside at the foot of the mountain I noticed a nest of
Vanessa io larve about three-quarter grown feeding on the
nettles. August 2nd being fine we walked to the Bird Rock,
a mountain rising 1000 feet sheer out of the valley, the home of
the cormorant and other sea birds, but the only species noted
worth mentioning was Hndotricha flammealis. ‘To visit Mr. D. A.
Jones, M.Sc., of Harlech, twenty-three miles away, I cycled
through Barmouth on the 5th. Just before 1 came in sight
of the picturesque ruins of Harlech Castle a freshly emerged
$ Gonodontis elinguaria was boxed from a telegraph post.
Tephroclystis subfulvata and T. nanata were boxed from a fence
near Barmouth. Next day on the way to Owen Glendower’s
Cave at Tonfanan a burying beetle, Necrophorus rustator, was:
noticed at work on a dead Meadow Pipit. A solitary Polyom-
matus icarus was seen on the sandhills of Aberdovery on the 7th,
and a green bottle fly was found impaled on a spike of marram
grass. On the railway bank adjoining the sands of Towyn, where
the seaside Everlasting Pea (Lathyrus maritimus) was growing,
Hipparchia semele, Chrysophanus phlaeas, Plemyria galiata,
Zygaena filipendulae, Hucosma cespitana, Tortriz conspersana
and Anacampsis taeniolella were taken. Other captures included
Opostega salaciella (on some iron railings near the shore on the
13th) Lithocolletis alnifoliella and Ochsenheimeria birdella. My
wife found a larva of Notodonta ziczac on poplar on the 9th. On
the 11th I cycled to Dolgelly. My only capture there was
Scoparia ambigualis. On the 15th O. birdella 3 was observed at
rest on a gate-post on the local marshes where Juncus acutus
was growing, and also a worn pair of Zygenas in cop. on flowers

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPIDEH (OXYURA). 157

of Ragged Robin, which have been since kindly identified by
the late Mr. Rowland-Brown as Z. trifolii. We returned home
on the 18th.

_ From larva feeding in purses at the end of osier leaves
picked in our beds in September I reared a few specimens of
Gracilaria stigmatella and its ichneumon, Andgitia virginalis,
Grav. The latter was kindly identified by Mr. Morley. I beat
out a So Hxapate congelatella from a hedge near here for the first
time on October 14th. Y'ephroclystis pulchellata began emerging
on June 4th, 1921, from pupe brought from Towyn. In
conclusion my thanks are due to Mr. E. Meyrick, F.B.S., for
- identifying most of the micros.

23, Heathville Road,
Gloucester ;
June 10th, 1921.

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCYOTRYPIDA
(OXYURA).

By Cuaupr Morty, F.E.S., F.Z.S., src.

(Continued from p. 135.)

16. PRocToTRYPES HYALINIPENNIS, sp. Nov.

A black and finely pubescent species ; tegule, base of flagellum
obscurely, and the legs except basally, clear red. Superficially
very like the lagt species, but abundantly distinct in its longer
head, short, stout and filiform flagellum, whereof the joints are
parallel-sided, and nearly truncate at both extremities, with the
seventh to twelfth but slightly longer than broad, the radial
appendix is wanting, the metathorax is shorter and apically less
attenuate, with its disc less smooth ; the abdomen is slightly, and
the legs very distinctly shorter, with the terebra very nearly
straight. The orbicular head is not at all broader than long in
? and but slightly so in ¢, and resembles that of P. clavipes,
Thoms., but the short metathorax with its finely sculptured disc,
and the equally long third and thirteenth antennal joints, render
it distinct. In the g the flagellum is more slender than in 2,
though its joints are equally cylindrical and truncate. Length
33-5 mm. fo ¢.

Types of sexes in author’s collection.

Doubtless a winter species, since of my single pair, the female
was swept from thistles (Onicus palustris), in marshy ground at
Bentley Woods so late in the year as November 16th, 1895,
and Mr. W. H. Tuck kindly sent me the male, taken by him
during May, 1899, at Tostock, in Suffolk.

158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. .

17. Procrotrypes micrurus, Kieff.

Serphus micrurus, Kieff, in André, Spp. Hym. Hur., x, p. 312.

Hitherto known from only Portugal and France. I am
enabled to introduce this species as British on the strength of
three females taken by me on October 2nd, from the inside of a
dead rabbit at Bentley woods, near Ipswich; another captured
with these is now lost. All four were probably no more than
sheltering here from the weather, since with them were no insects
but the Braconid, Meteorus jfilator, Hal. (cf. ‘ Kntom.,’ 1908,
p- 150), a Lepidopterous parasite. .

18. Procrorryres viator, Hal.

Proctrotrupes viator, Hal., l.c., p. 12, d¢ 2 ; Vollielicmaassas
pl. xix, fig. 7, 29. Serphus viator, André, l.c., p. dll.

Southern and western Europe from the Crimea to France,
from May to September. Common in woods in both Ireland
and England, though less frequent than P. pallidipes (Haliday and
Walker), Scotland (Cameron). We have nothing published |
respecting its economy but Curtis’ two records: he says (‘ Farm
Insects,’ ». 198) ‘‘ that on opening the cells of the specimens of
this beetle [Nebria brevicollis, Fab.] I found them partly con-
sumed, and the other had produced six specimens of VP. viator (?),
thus showing that this parasite keeps in check . . . the —
larve of ground beetles.’ Kieffer omits the query, carefully
perpetuated by van Vollenhoven, whom he obviously copies, for
he omits Curtis’ more certain record from another ground beetle,
Pterostichus vulgaris, Linn. (lib. cit., p. 181), thus: the larve of
Omaseus melanarius are ‘‘ frequently infested by a parasite called
P. viator.” Itis remarkable that entomologists nowadays ascribe
the host to the Staphylinide ; thus Edward Step sent me four
bred in 1909 ‘‘ from Creophilus maxillosus’’ at Worcester Park in
Surrey; K. G. Blair gave me three bred at the end of April,
1913, ‘‘ from Ocypus olens”’ larva at Eastbourne in Sussex, and
Dr. T. A. Chapman was interested in an ‘‘ Ocypus olens”’ larva
found at Reigate, in Surrey. I have recorded (‘ Trans. Entom.
Soc.,’ 1907, p. 9) the occurrence of a similar larva in my Monks
Soham garden. A later record is that of a ‘‘ Coleopterous larva”’
dug up in a garden at Skegby in Notts during July, 1917, whence
two imagines emerged the same month. Charles Nicholson, in
1918, met with two instances of ‘‘ Coleopterous larve,” dug up in
a Walthamstow garden, each producing about fifteen of these
parasites. It is more than probable that Frohawk’s record
(‘ Entom.,’ 1886, p. 225) also refers to the present species, since
Exallonyx ater has hitherto been so little understood. P. viator
is everywhere common, and I have records from Suffolk, Wilt-
shire, Hampshire, etc., up to Banchory in the Kincardine
highlands of Scotland, where Elliott found it not uncommonly.

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRIPIDH (OXYURA). 159

19. Procrorryprs CHITH, sp. nov.

A shining species with the frons normal, metathorax except
basally scabriculous, terebra hooked and a dark spot below the
alar stigma ; abdomen oblong and apically subtruncate. Similar
to P. viator in its wings, centrally unicarinate and laterally
mutic metathorax, red legs with all onychii nigrescent, deplanate
frons and subdistinct discal nervures, but very different in having
the radial cell so short as to be hardly distinct from the stigma,
head buceate and in ? but slightly broader than long, all the
cox red, disc of metathorax subtriangularly nitidulous to its
base with this area weakly circumcearinate, and remainder of
metathorax more finely rugulose; second segment basally less
compressed with more feeble striz, terebra longer and stout,
~stongly arcuate, much longer than metatarsus, and as long as
half segment ; legs also very much longer, and the hind ones
nearly double abdominal length, all the onychii and onyches of
? black with the anterior distinctly explanate though simple.
Length 5mm. ¢ @.

Types of sexes in author’s collection.

The late Arthur John Chitty, M.A., recognised this species
as undescribed when working through the genus in 1907, and
had distinguished it by a MS. name. It is peculiarly his, since
he captured the unique female near his country house at
Huntingfield, in Kent, on September 2nd, 1905, and the male in
the same district of Faversham on October 8th, 1906. I here
do myself the honour of perpetuating the memory of a most
brilliant entomologist and intimate friend.

EXALLONYX, Koeffer.
Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, xi, 1904, p. 34.

This genus differs from the subgenus Phenoserphus of Procto-
trypes in little but the explanate anterior onychii and their
remarkably trifid onyches. Highteen palarctic species and
~ some from America were known in 1908.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

. Radial cell at most half length of the normal stigma.
. Second, large abdominal segment basally striate.
. Frons deplanate, not elevated above antennal insertion.
. Metathorax discally smoother ; antenne mainly nigrescent.
. Antenne of 2 slender, reaching to abdominal centre.
1. longicornis, Nees.
. Antenne of 2 stout, not reaching beyond thoracic apex.
2. brevicornis, Hal.
. Metathorax reticulate throughout; antenne flavous.
3. xanthocerus, Kieff.

ae

=

—
1D OhwdeH

160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

(3). 8. Frons prominent, convex or carinate above antennal ~

insertion.
(10). 9. Wings strongly infumate and nigrescent throughout.
4, famines Kief.
(9). 10. Wings hyaline or but slightly infumate.
(12). 11. Terebra quite straight and not discally curved.
5. niger, Panz.
11). 12. Terebra always distinctly arcuate discally.
). 18. Flagellar joints cylindrical and not crenuiate.
6. ater, Nees.
(13). 14. Flagellar joints curved, rendering flagellum crenulate.
7. lagatus, Nees.
). 15. Second, large abdominal segment not basally striate.
8. leviventris, Kiet.
). 16. Radial cell very nearly as long as the small stigma.
9. Wasmannt, Kiet.

1. EXxaLLONYX LONGICORNIS, Nees.

Codrus longicornis, Nees, l.c., p. 858, 2. Proctotrupes longi-

cornis, Hal., lc., p.9, & 2. Haxallonyx longicorms, André, l.c.,
. 885. ee

i France, Germany and Italy. Frequent in England (Walker),
northern Ireland and near Edinburgh (Haliday). The commonest
species of this subfamily in my Monks Soham garden, running
over and resting beneath leaves of lime-trees, doubtless attracted
by the honey-dew of the always present aphis, Pterocallis tile,
Linn.. But we have no hint of its hosts, though I have taken
it running over oak-leaves along with the beetle, Malthinus
punctatus, Foure., and De la Garde has found it among the
muddy leaves in a pond at South Brent in Devon, where
‘‘Flydrobius fuscipes was the only not purely aquatic species
present”’ so late as September 16th. My dates extend from
April 12th, in which month it is not rarely beaten from Scots
pine, through the whole summer to August 23rd, though none ~
have been noted in May. Golspie in Scotland (Yerbury) ;
Wymondley in Herts, one in “‘ nest of Vespa vulgaris’ (Butler) ;
Loudwater in Bucks and Foxhall in Suffolk (Newbery) ; Ollerton ©
in Sherwood Forest and Nether Langwith in Notts during June
(Carr) ; New Forest (Lyle); Surrey (W. Saunders) ; Holiday
Hill (HJliott) and Wilverley in New Forest; Edwinstow in Notts ;
Aspall, Brandon, Tuddenham Fen, Bentley ‘Woods on spruce
and Bucklesham Heath, in Suffolk.

2. EXALLONYX BREYVICORNIS, Hal.

Proctotrupes brevicornis,. Hal., l.c., p. 9, 2 &. Eaallonya
brevicornis, André, p. 387.

Italy (Kieffer). Taken very rarely in the north of Treland
during September (Haliday). I do not possess this species, and

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 161

the solitary female I have examined was captured on July 28th
1917, by Prof. J. W. Carr, at Lambley, near Noiinehara ;

3. EXxaLLONyx xanTHocervs, Kieff.

Eaxallonyx xanthocerus, André, Spp. Hym. Kurop., x, 1907,
p. 882, 92.

Head transverse, but not twice as broad as long; frons
deplanate; mandibles and palpi flavidous. Antenne uni-
colorous bright flavous throughout, as long as head and
_ thorax; flagellum of ¢ slender with exactly cylindrical joints,
of ¢ somewhat stout and apically attenuate; in both sexes
the third joint slightly longer than the stout scape and twice
—as long as broad, the penultimate half as long again as broad
and a little shorter than the apical joint. Thorax nitidulous;

pronotum laterally tuberculate; metathorax gradually declived,
evenly reticulate to base and longitudinally unicarinate through-
out. Abdomen with the ? segments three to six brunneous;-
petiole transverse, and like base of second segment, striate;
terebra arcuate and a fourth of second segment, or three-fourths
of metatarsis, in length. Legs slender and clear flavous, with
only the claws and base of ¢ hind coxe infuscate; the large
hind calear one-third of the metatarsal length. Wings hyaline,
tegule flavous; stigma semicircular and double length of radial
cell; discal nervures wanting. Length 3°5-43 mm. ¢$ ?.

The male has not before been recognised, and the female
was described from Italy. But these insects have been so little
worked that it is not very surprising to find this species in
southern England; it is doubtless rare with us and cannot
extend far north, as it is unknown in Suffolk. I had the good
fortune to beat a single male from oak-boughs in the Wilverley
Inclosure of the New Forest on July 11th, 1909. The orange
antenne render it extremely conspicuous. ¢

(To be continued.)

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

H. Rowranp-Brown: A Correction.—On page 122 of the
present volume the statement is made that the late Mr. Rowland-
Brown had bequeathed his collections and library to the Entomological
Society of London, with remainder to the Hope Museum, Oxford.
This statement, for which I was not responsible, although made on
the best authority, is incorrect. Mr. Rowland-Brown’s bequest 1s
actually as follows: Such books in his library as the Entomological
Society of London does not possess sufficient copies of are bequeathed
to it; with the remainder of the books and the whole of his collec-
tions to the Hope Museum, Oxford.—W. G. SHELDON.

ENTOM.—JULY, 1922. P

a

162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

CoLIAS CROCEUS (EDUSA) IN SuRREY.— While hunting for Odonata

to-day I caught a female of C. croceus. It is in good condition and

was flying over a piece of marshy land.—Baron Boncr, F.E.S.;
Springfield, South Godstone, Surrey, June 6th, 1922.

CoLIAS CROCEUS IN SuRREY.—It may be of interest to record that
on June 38rd, at Dorking, I saw seven specimens of Colas croceus,
four of which were taken, including one ? from which a few eggs
were obtained.—T. H. L. Grosvenor; Gloucester Road, Redhill.

PYRAMEIS CARDUI AND COLIAS CROCEUS (EDUSA) ON THE SUSSEX
Coast.—On the morning of May 24th several specimens of Pyrameis
cardui were seen flitting about the flowery banks that border the
western parades on the sea-front of this town. On the 25th they
were still more commonly met with in the same place, and on this
occasion were accompanied by a Colias croceus. I had not previously
noticed either species in this neighbourhood this year, although an
almost daily look-out is kept for anything that may come along, nor

have I seen either species there since, but I hear that P. cardus
turned up about this date in the woods a few miles inland.—RoBERT ~

Apkin; Hastbourne, June 8th, 1922.

CoLIAS CROCEUS, ETC., IN SussEx.—I have seen this month Colsas —

croceus and a number of P. cardui, and also on the 30th I took
Heliothes peltigera.—J. E. Camppnntt-Taytor; Southdown Villa,
St. Anne’s Crescent, Lewes, Sussex, May 31st, 1922.

CoLiIAS CROCEUS AND VANESSA ATALANTA IN THE ISLE OF WIGHT.—
Yesterday, May 24th, I saw near Alum Bay in the Isle of Wight a
Coltas croceus flying rapidly over the downs, and during the same
afternoon, near the same place, I also saw a Vanessa atalanta. The

day was warm and sunny with a light air from the south-east. °

Huchloé cardanunes was very late in emerging this year in the
Bournemouth district, the first noticed by me—a §—appearing in
my garden on May 20th.—A. L. Raywarp; Durdells, Kinson, near
Bournemouth.

Conias CROCEUS IN WILTSHIRE.—Several specimens of this species
have been seen here during the last week.—A. P. G. MicHEn~Morz ;
Marlborough College, Wilts, June 4th, 1929,

CoLias CROcEUS IN DrvonsHire.—I am able to report the oceur-
rence of this species both in North and South Devon jast week, on
May 25th. I have not seen either myself nor were the specimens
captured, but my informants were in both cases reliable. Are we

going to have another “ croceus”’ year at last ?—Miss HINcHLIFF; —

Worthington House, Instow, N. Devon, May 28th, 1922. si

Conias CROCEUS (EDUSA) In §. Devon.—It may be interesting
to record the appearance of Colias croceus along the South Deyon
coast near the mouth of the Hrme on May 22nd, 1922.. On this
date I took the female form helice, and saw one male. From
May 22nd to present date I have seen, in the Yealmpton district,

7 others, 2 females and 5 males, all in perfect condition.—S. T. —

Stipston, R.N.; Revelstoke Villa, Torre, Yealmpton.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 163

_ Colas crocEus In CHEsHIRE.—On May 28th, within a mile of
the city of Chester, a specimen of this insect was captured by
Mr. P. G. Nagle, of Chester, who also saw three other specimens on

the same day in the same district.—ALFRED NeEwstEe4D; Grosvenor
Museum, Chester.

Manpuca atropos In §. Drvon.—On May 18th, 1922, a worn
and damaged specimen of Manduca atropos was taken on the foot-
board of a local train at Millbay Station, Plymouth. It was sent to
me by a student at Plympton Grammar School called Reginald Linton.
—S8. T. Stipston, R.N.; Revelstoke Villa, Torre, Yealmpton.

PHRYXUS LivoRNICA aT Merton, Surrey.—A specimen of this
species was found at rest by a neighbour of mine on May 15th at
- 9a.m. and brought me alive on that date.—F. J. Coutson ; 17, Bird-

hirst Rd., Merton, S.W.

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA IN WaRWICK.—A specimen of Phryxus

lavornaca, in good condition, was captured in a garden here on
Saturday (May 27th); it is now in my possession. It was at mid-
day, and the insect was found hovering over some bluebells.—J. R.
SLEATH ; 2, Swan Street, Warwick.

PHRYXUS LIVORNICA (?) at Carpirr.—While weeding in my
garden this evening about 9.15 I saw either a striped or silver-striped
hawk moth hovering over some iris and stocks quite close to me.—
W. H.R. Auten; Fairwell, Llandaff, Cardiff, May 20th, 1922.

SUGARING RESULTS IN 1921 anv 1922.—It is interesting to note
the difference in results at sugar this year as compared with last
year. On the night of June 10th, 1922, I sugared about 30 trees
round the garden. At 10.30 p.m. (sun time) the best patch was visited
by 106 moths, next best 95, and many had over 70. The bulk
were G. trilinea and A. exclamationis. Also common were X. mono-
glypha, T. pronuba, M. strigilis and fasciwncwla. In smaller numbers
were A. corticea, segetum and puta, N. c-mgrum, A. nebulosa, A.
basilinea, X. hepatica, P. meticulosa, fh. tenebrosa, L. comma, A. psi,
and single specimens of C. or, C. ocularis, T. batis and A. ligustre.
On June 14th, 1921, the note in my diary reads: “Sugar, nzl. Not
surprising, as every leaf is covered with honey-dew.” Yet in this
year, also a dry one, there is no honey-dew, and moths in conse-
quence are swarming to sugar.—H. C. JeppEre-Fisuer; Apsleytown,
Dormansland, June 11th, 1922.

Tue Cocoons of TrexEA PonypHemus.—The article by Mr.
Geo. Griffiths (antea, pp. 38-39) was very interesting to me, as for
several seasons I have kept numbers of these cocoons, obtained both
through rearing the larve and by looking for them in the fall, through
our long winters and in the spring. The diversity of method in
making the cocoons, their outward appearance, the situations in
which they are found and the probable explanation of them make
careful and extended observations necessary. Not only is there a
difference between the usual method of attachment in Canada and in
Hlorida, but there is a type of cocoon prevalent through the
Laurentian mountains, about 60 miles to the north of us, entirely
different from any that we find about Montreal. We had hoped

164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

to study this further during last summer but the continued hot

dry weather was seemingly disastrous to 7. polyphemus, for not a

i ‘a

larva was seen, but in order to learn what others had recorded about — y
this beautiful moth, notes were made of all the articles available to

me, so perhaps the following references to cocoon-making may be of
interest :

The first note is in Abbot and Smith’s ‘Nat. Hist. of the Rarer
Lepidoptera of Georgia,’ p. 93 (1797), in which we read: “It
attaches its web to the underside of a leaf, taking care to spin round
the stalk of the leaf and part of the twig, by which means the
chrysalis is kept from falling off during winter.” Witech—‘ Third
Report, Noxious and other Insects of N.Y.,’ No. 181, p. 455, 1856—
says: ‘‘ It sometimes attaches its cocoon partly to the side of a limb,

or sometimes with its silken thread draws two or three twigs together’

sufficiently to tie its cocoon between them, in which case it does not
fall to the earth with the fall of the leaves in the autumn, but it is
very apt, by remaining exposed in the tree, to be perforated and have

its inmate destroyed by woodpeckers.’ Riley—‘Fourth Missouri ,

Report,’ p. 126, 1872—‘ The cocoon . . . generally attached to a leaf
or leaves, with which it falls to the ground, though sometimes it is
fastened to twigs and therefore remains exposed during the winter to
its enemies.” Since the article by Grote (1895) referred to, Daggett
—‘ Entom. News,’ vol. x, p. 204, 1899—speaks of T. polyphemus
cocoons in California as ‘‘ being closely woven the full length of the

stem, and including the twigs adjoining, these being permanently —

attached to the tree”’ in contra-distinction to those he was familiar
with in the Hast, in which no attempt was made to fasten them to
the twigs and which readily fall to the ground. In ‘Can. Entom.,’
vol. xxxv, p. 110, 1903, Grote refers to having recorded in ‘ Proc. Am.
Philos. Soce.,’ vol. xii, p. 401, 1902, ‘an instance of the spinning of
a silken attachment around the stem of the enveloping leaf in the
cocoon of Telea polyphenws, reminding us of the habit of Phylosamia

cynthia or even perhaps of Antherea mylitta”’ and then adds that he -

has found three more examples of this hitherto unnoticed habit. To
this Cockle replied (‘Can. Entom.,’ vol. xxxv, p. 1389, 1903) that this
was the rule and not the exception at Kaslo, British Columbia, and
further, in vol. xxxvi, p. 100, 1904, quotes Denney that in Montreal
‘‘in some seasons 19 out of 20 are firmly attached to the twig.”
Webster (‘Can. Entom.,’ vol. xxxvi, p- 1383, 1904), suggested the

possible interrelation of attacks by woodpeckers and the method of

attaching cocoons, and in a supplementary note on p. 336 refers to
an article by Davis in ‘Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc.,’ vol. v, pp. 42-43.
Foster (‘Can. Entom.,’ vol. xxxvi, p. 144, 1904) then records ‘a
cocoon sent from §. Carolina securely fastened to a twig after the
manner of cynthia or promethea.”’ For further references to this
subject see ‘ Entom. News,’ vol. xvi (1905), p. 275 and p. 333 (Soule),
p. 310 (Dyar); (1906), p. 32-33 (Skinner), pp. 33 (Soule), p. 112
(Kuschel), p. 177 (Kunzé), p. 225 (Forbes). - Bs

It would appear that Webster was about right in his conclusions
(‘Can. Entom.,’ vol. xxxvi, p. 336) “that these insects do the best
they can under existing circumstances.””—Ina B. Murr; 55, Aberdeen
Ave., Westmount, Quebec, Canada.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 165

CHRYSOPA DORSALIS, Bur., at OxsHort, SuURREY.—On J uly 8th,
1921, I took from a Scots fir at Oxshott a second instar Chrysopa
larva which was new to me, and, having seen the majority of our
British species, I suspected that this might prove to be C. dorsalis,
although the example in question did not entirely answer Miss E. M.
Alderson’s description of that species (v. ‘H. M. M.,’ March, 1911).
On June Ist of this year I was so fortunate as to observe the emer-
gence of this insect, and was pleased to find that my expectations
proved correct. C. dorsalis was first recorded as British in 1900,
when it was discovered by the late Mr. Alfred Beaumont at Oxshott.
-Since then, I believe I am right in saying, it has not been captured
in that locality. Near King’s Lynn in Norfolk, however, Mr. E. A.
Atmore has for some years taken it fairly regularly, and in 1917
Mr. B. 8. Harwood recorded several specimens which he took near
- Colchester, Essex. The species is therefore decidedly uncommon in
this country, and this record of its reappearance in its old haunts
may be of interest.—C. L. Wiraycompe; Walthamstow, June 6th,
1922.

Tue RELATIVE ATTRACTIVENESS OF VARIOUS TyPES OF ELECTRIC
Ligut ror Morus.—Some interesting letters have recently appeared
in this Journal anent the attraction and non-attraction of present-
day electric street-lamps for moths, and there is a suggestion that
the attraction is some kind of electric emanation rather than the
actual light vibrations themselves. The writers, however, appear to
have left out of consideration that other sources of light are equally

attractive to moths and certain other insects as is the electric one.
- Both oil and gas lamps are powerful attractions, as also is the
acetylene light; and even a candle will serve to trap many insects ;
it therefore seems superfluous to invoke any other kind of ray than
the light-ray itself, notwithstanding that the present type of electric
light (the gas-filled incandescent filament) seems to attract much
fewer moths. I particularise this type of light, as the complaint
seems to be against this form, and the Borough Hlectrical Engineer
of Lowestoft informs me that he sees no difference in the attractive
power of the old type of are (the Crompton enclosed arc) and the
modern “flame arc.” But the filament lamps are certainly less
attractive, and this was the case with the old ‘carbon filament

equally with the present ‘“ metallic filament’? which has superseded
it, and may more than likely be due to the greater intrinsic brilliancy
of the “are” lights. I have collected for twenty-five years at gas
and electric lamps and have had some remarkable nights at both.
In the year 1904 at Lowestoft I took in one night sixty-four different
species of moths at the electric lamps, which were of the ‘Crompton
enclosed arc” type on the top of the standards, with “ carbon
filaments” on the lower arms, which were lit on the extinction of the
upper arms. There was a falling off at once in the “ visitors on
this taking place, but as it was about 1 a.m. the lateness of the hour
(or perhaps I should say the earliness) may account In some measure
for this, though I should also be inclined to say the sapere”
in brilliancy was certainly a factor. I consider the fact that gas and
other forms of illumination being equally attractive as electric, does

166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

away with the suggestion that the attraction is due to electric waves.

The suggestion of Mr. Stringer that the antenne of the females
might be “transmitters” and those of the males “receivers” is
ingenious and imaginative, but it presupposes the power of setting
up an electric current in the body of the female, of which there is not
the slightest evidence. I have failed with a delicate electroscope to
detect any current emanating from a “calling” female, and with
regard to his suggestion of putting the female in a metal box, I have
done this with the female of M. rwbz and males have come to it.
The vibration of the wings appears to cause merely an air current,
and most likely is simply the result of sexual excitement and has no
direct connection with the attraction of the male. One should not
lose sight of the fact that this peculiar sense of sexual attraction at
a distance is not confined to insects, but exists, as is well known, in
other animals. It would, as suggested by Mr. Nicholson, be very
instructive and perhaps enlightening to have an analysis of various
lights and some direct experiments with them on their relative attrac-
tiveness.—J. EH. CampBeLL-Taytor; Lewes, Sussex.

THE Sate oF Dr. CHapman’s Booxs: A Szequen.—In my review
of the sale of this library in the April number of the ‘ Entomologist,’
I mentioned that sets of the ‘ Stett. Ent. Zeit.’ and of the ‘ Annales
of the Société Entomologique de France’ were sold for £3 each set.
T now learn, from a friend, that the identical set of the former has
been recently offered to him for £30! and a set of the latter for
£150!! Comment is unnecessary! I hope to return to the subject

of the present value of old entomological books in this magazine at

an early date.—W.G. SHetpon; May 9th, 1922.

PSITHYRUS DISTINCTUS IN KEntT.—On June 7th, at Birchwood, I
took a 9 specimen of Pszthyrus distinctus, this being the first of
the species that I have encountered in this locality.—F. Howarp
La cum, F.L.8., F.Z.8., F.H.S.; Fernside, Shepherds Lane, Dartford.

CoLias cRocEUS AT DErLAMERE.—A Oolias croceus, which I think |

was a female, was seen flying at Delamere on May 28th. On June
4th, also at Delamere, Mr. W. Rutter and myself saw three more,
two males and a female var. helice, the latter am cép. with one of the
former.—A. H. TuHompson; 54, Church Road, Northwich.

RECENT LITERATURE. x
The Bulleton of the Hill Musewm: A Magazine of Lepidopterology.
Edited by J. J..Jorcny and G. Tanpor. | Vola ene

Pp. 200 + 32 plates. London: John Bale, Sons & Danielsson,
Ltd. October, 1921.

Though somewhat belated, it is hoped this notice is not too late
to convey to Mr. Joicey and his assistants our congratulations on the
appearance, and on the contents, of this new publication. As the
title explains, the magazine is devoted entirely to Lepidoptera, and
commences with a brief notice of the aims, methods, and previously
published results of work undertaken atthe Hill Museum. The bulk
of the text is occupied by papers contributed by Messrs. Joicey,

.
ae Ss

villi

SOCIETIES. 167

Talbot and Prout and Miss Prout, representing the valuable results
of Mr. T. A. Barns’ expedition through East Central Africa on
behalf of the Museum, which adds to science a large number of new
and interesting species. The new material obtained from the little-
known island of Hainan by Mr. C. T. Bowring is also worked out by
‘Messrs. Joicey and Talbot. Of biological interest is the first article,
admirably illustrated, by Mr. Talbot, on ‘ Huploeinae forming Mimetic
Groups in the Islands of Key, Aru, Tenimber, etc.’ The information
in this paper is the more valuable because the method of collecting
was known and the whole of the material passed through the writer’s
hands. The volume is fortunately not spoilt by the lack of an index:
a very comprehensive one is included.
We are glad to know that Part 2 of this magazine is already on
the way. N. D. R.

Der Insektenkorper und seine Terminologie. By Dr. H. Karny.
Pp. 93. Vienna: A. Pichlers Witwe & Sohn. Price 7 marks.

Dr. H. Karny, Lecturer in Vienna University, but at present
engaged in the Zoological Museum, Buitenzorg, Java, has written
the above most useful little book on the insect body and _ its
terminology. The book is meant for a help in the identification of
insects, and especially for a supplement to the author’s ‘ Tabellen
zur Bestimmung einheimischer Insekten.’ It consists of the follow-
ing parts: (1) The insect body in general; (2) the metamorphosis
of insects ; (3) a discussion of the severalorders; (4) the phylogeny
of insects; (0) an explanation of the principal technical terms in
_ alphabetical order—this last part embracing 32 pages.

The book’s value is much increased by 45 excellent woodcuts,
illustrating mouth-parts, antenne and venation. It should prove of
great use both to beginners and to advanced students, especially to
those who wish to make themselves familiar with the terminolo}'y
employed in German entomological literature. R. Fr

Empire Forestry; Journal of the Empire Forestry Association.
Vol. i. Pp. 125. London: Macmillan & Co. March, 1922.

This new periodical is intended to be published quarterly with the
avowed object of fostering an interest in forestry at home and over-
seas. We are glad to note this further evidence of the awakening of
a conscience in the matter of the preservation and maintenance of
our vast forest resources, so wantonly destroyed in the past. It isa
question to which entomologists have always been fully alive, and
the article by Mr. R. L. Robinson in the present volume (‘ Forestry
in the Empire’) does little to dispel the gloominess of the outlook.
At the end is a useful short bibliography of recent works connected
with forestry. Many of our readers should find matter of interest
in this publication. N. SD. aR:

SOCIETIES.

_ Tar Entomonoaican Society or Lonpon.—Wednesday, Apr
5th, 1922.—The Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild, F.R.S., ete., President,

168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

in the Chair.—The following were elected Fellows of the Society:
Messrs. William George Clutten, 136, Coal Clough Lane, Burnley ;

ae :

Edmund James Pearce, The Lodge, Corpus Christi College, Cam-

bridge; George Evelyn Hutchinson, Aysthorpe, Newton Road,
Cambridge ; Charles Herbert Lankester, Cartago, Costa Rica; Arthur

D. R. Bacchus, 29, Abbotsford Road, Redland, Bristol; and Captain —

Douglas 8. Wilkinson, Kennington Vicarage, Ashford, Kent.—
Exhibits : Lord Rothschild exhibited a group of mimetic Lepidoptera

and Hymenoptera from South America.—Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhi-.

bited, on behalf of Mr. T. Greer, a series of Hpinephile gurtina and
of Pieris napi from Co. Tyrone. Mr. A. W. Pickard-Cambridge
exhibited Zeller’s types of a number of moths, mainly Crambids,
from Egypt and Palestine—Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg exhibited an

example of Colaenis telesiphe tithraustes from Ecuador, in which the

band of the hind wing is white as in the typical form.—Mr. G. T.
Bethune-Baker exhibited a series of Heodes phloeas, and a specimen
of Zygaene transalpina ab. elongata from Florence.—Dr. G. A. K.
Marshall, on behalf of Mr. B. P. Uvarov, exhibited some remarkable

mimetic long-horned grasshoppers with their Cicindelid models.—Dr. —

J. Jordan, F.R.S., exhibited a pair of the Agaristid moths, Aegocera
mahdt, the male of which has a stridulatory organ; also a series of
Liphyra brassolis—Dr. 8. A. Neave gave an account of the fauna

of Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, and illustrated his remarks with lantern-

slides and with an exhibition of some typical insects from that locality.

THe Soutn Lonpon EntomonocicaL Society.—March 23rd,
1922.—Mr. E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.—

The death of Mr. Lachlan Gibb, F.H.S., a life member, was announced.
—Mr. Goodman exhibited an aberration of Argynnis aglava with the

discal blotches much increased in area and united to form an irregular

band.—Mr. Grosvenor, Dr. Chapman’s bred series of Callophrys avis. —
—Mr. Turner, the remarkable silver Satyrid Argyrophorus argenteus -

from Chili. ;

April 13th Mr. E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S., President, in the
Chair.—Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, series of Brenthis ewphrosyne all
strongly marked, taken on high ground at Horsley compared with
others taken at a much lower elevation in the valley. Also one
from Oxshott with xanthic markings, and ab. obscura of Cleoceris
vinunalis from Yorks.—Mr. Enefer, beetles attacking lentils from
Egypt.—Mr. Withycombe, the results of pine-beating at Bagshot,

including Panolis piniperda, larve of Hllopia prosapiaria, Chrysopa

vulgaris and C. prasina with its prey Chermes laricis.

April 27th.—Mr. K. G. Blair, B.Se., F.E.S., Vice-President, in

the Chair.—Messrs. A. D. Hobson, of Highgate, W. Rait Smith,
F.R.S., of Bickley, and A. G. West, of W. Dulwich, were elected
members.—Mr. 8. 8. Green, F.E.S., gave a lecture on “British
Coccide,” with blackboard sketches and numerous coloured figures
of species and their depredations.—Mr. Grosvenor, a collection of
the species and forms of the genus Hndrosa (Setina).—Mr. Step,
a living salamander (Salamandra maculosa), which he and his son
had found under a heap of stones by the roadside near Boulogne.
—Hy. J. Turnnr, Hon. Hditor of Proceedings. ae

poe

i.

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of Motives ae Heahenieh or of Advertisements, in the Entomo-
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cies. This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of
, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, in case the rads

pac ned * are bred. :

Tus

: Larve: Vv inula, ‘ita peulal Reehieds Verspoloe: Flavicornis, Spinula,
ata, Lubricipeda, Mendiastri, Prodroraria; Tilumaria, Melanic
ee ehingide, Bombyces, and ea Bombyces,

a

a) BROOK GARDENS, BARNES, S.W. 13.

TY OF Pe res ts § date a1 W. 7 (nearest stations,
ae Road). —Wednesday, October 4th, at 8 p.m.
Dg aia AND NATURAL History Sociery, Hibernia
ge, S.H. 1.—Ordinary Meetings, Thursdays, July 18th
Field Meetings, Saturdays, July 15th, at Horsley, 29th at
STANLEY var vi alas Bakes, tes, 15, St. German’s Place,

Histone ‘sadn now meets in Hall 40, Winchester
, B.C; 2, at 6.30 p.m. Full Society meetings are held on
ae onth, and sectional meetings on the third Tuesday.
; all me etings.—Hon, ‘Bec., W. E. . Gunes, The House, Albion

oe CONTENTS: lee
lastobasis lignea, Wism. (Lep.): A pcctes New @ Britain,. Wm, 7
Be F.E.S.; 145. An Tintoiieldeibal Holiday in 8. France, K. GB a
F.EWS., 147. (A New Speties of Haclirg, A Genus of Anthribide (
K: Jordan, 152. Noteson British Odonata in 1921) W. J, Lucas, B.A
(continued es p. 127), 152. Collecting in 1920 in Gloucestershi
“Wales, etc.. C. Granville Clutterbuck, P.HOS., 1855 A Synopsis of!
Prociely pi (Oxyura) Clawde. Morley, F. B.S 2G 8 cones
ABD) ,) LO Ue
Notis AND OBSERY Antone EL. Rowland-Brown: A Correction, We G. sg
161. Colias croceus. (edusa) in Surrey, Baron \Bonck, #.HS., 162.”
croceus in Surrey, 7. H. L.. Grosvenor, 162. | Pyrameis ania and
eroceus (edusa) on the Sussex Coast, Robert Adkin, 162. Colias croce
in Sussex, J..H..Campbell-Taylor, 162. -Colias eroceus and Vanéssa ate
in the Isle of Wight, A. L. Raywvard, 162. Colias eroceus in Wiltshire, A, P
Michelmore, 162. Colias eroceus in Devonshire, Miss Hinchliff, 162, Coli
croceus (edusa).in S. Devon, 8S. 1. Stidston, &.N., 162. Coli ins” croceus in
Cheshire, Alfred Newstead, 163. Manduca atropos in 8. Devon, -
Stidston, R.N., 163. Phrvxus livornica at Merton, Surrey, F. J.
1638. Phryxus livorntien in Warwick, J. R. Sleath, 168: Phryxus issesten |
at Cardiff. W. EH. R. Allen, 163. Susaring Results in 1921 and 1922, H, Gr
Jeddere-Fisher, 168. The Cocoons of Telea polyphemus, Ina B. Muir, 1
Chrysopa dorsalis, Burm., at Oxshott, Surrey, C. L. Wathycombe, 165. Th
Relative Attractiveness of Various Types of Blectric Light for Moths, J.
Gampbell-Taylor, 165. The Sale of Dr. Chapman’s Books: A Sequel, Wy
Sheldon, 166. Psithyrus distinctus in Kent, F. Howard Lancuwm, F.
F.Z.S., F.E.S., 166. Colias croceus at Delamere, A. H, Thompson, | 166,

Recent Litwratore.—The Bulletin of the Hill Museum: A-Magazine of Lepi
terology, 166. Der Insektenkorper und ‘seine Terminologie, 167.”
Forestry; Journal of the Empire Forestry Association, 167. ’

Socret1Es:—The ‘Entomological Society of London, 167. bbe South Lond
Entomological Society, 168. i

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The Entomologist, August, 1922, Plate II.

CoNIoPYTERYGIDA.
WINGs. Mane GENITALIA.
1. C. psocifornis. 4. S. aleurodiformis, var. 7. C. psociformis.
2 C. pineticola. curtisiana. 8. S. aleurodiformis.
3. S. alewrodiformis. 5. P. annae. 9. P. annae.

6. P. fuscipennis.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vou. LV.] PaUrGUssl, 1929"

[No. 711

PARASEMIDALIS ANNA, ENDERLEIN, A CONIOP-
TERYGID NEW TO BRITAIN, WITH NOTES ON
SOME OTHER BRITISH CONIOPTERYGIDA.

By C. L. Wirxnycomss, B.Sc., F.E.S.
(Plate II.)

On June 17th, 1922, when beating Scots fir at Oxshott, I
noticed among the numerous Coniopteryx pygmaea present, a
darker specimen which appeared to me distinct. Closer exami-
nation showed this to be a female of Parasemidalis annae,
Enderlein, a species not hitherto recorded as British. This
- species was described by Enderlein in 1905 from a single female
taken at Berlin, which he distinguished from P. fuscipennis,
_ Reuter, mainly on the position of a cross-veinlet in the hind wing.
In my specimen this cross-veinlet was correctly placed in the
right hind wing for P. annae, but in the left hind wing the vena-
tion was intermediate between P. annae and P. fuscipennis. As
this kind of variation is very common in the Coniopterygide,
I was anxious to settle the identity of my species. Therefore on
June 24th I went again to Oxshott, and secured eight more speci-
mens—two males and six females—by beating the pines.* These
were typical P. annae or intermediate, but one female had the
right hind wing as in annae, the left hind wing being as in
Suscipennis.

Parasemidalis belongs to that tribe of the Coniopterygine
with subequal wings (Coniopterygini of Enderlein), and can be
separated from Coniopteryx by the forking of the media in the
hind wings. Two genera possess a biramous media in the hind
wings, Semidalis and Parasemidalis. In Semidalis the cross-vein
between fore cubitus Cu, and media strikes the latter on the
lower arm of fork M,,, in both wings (Fig. 4), while in Para-
semidalis this cross-vein strikes M on the stem of fork and below

- fork point (Fig. 6). In the field Parasemidalis can at once be
recognised by its dark grey colour.

Enderlein, in his ‘‘ Monograph of the Coniopterygide,’’ ‘ Zool.

Jahrb.,’ 1906, records two European species of Parasemidalis—
- P. annae, Enderlein, 1905, and P. fuscipennis, Reuter, 1894.
The latter may, he says, be distinguished from P. annae, End.,

* Since writing, two more specimens have been taken at Oxshott by Mr. W. E.
China and four more by myself.

ENTOM.—aveust, 1922. Q

170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

by the termination of the cross-vein between A, and Rs, in the ~
hind wing, on R,,, instead of on the stem Rs (Figs. 5 and 6), by
the pubescence of the wing, by the red-brown colour of the wing
membrane, and by the blacker hind wing.

The position of cross-veins I regard, from my study of this
family, as being very liable to variation, and I have already
mentioned that one specimen of mine (@) has one hind wing as
in annae and the other as in fuscipennis. Thus the venational
character, on which most stress is laid, is a poor one. As regards
the pubescence of the wing I should not like to make a definite
statement, but of the two species under consideration I should
be inclined to place mine as fuscipennis on this character. The
pigmentation of the wing membrane is, as a rule, very variable.
In Coniopteryx pygmaea, End., for instance, some specimens
have dark brown or blackish wings, while in others the membrane
is almost colourless. This is not due to the age of the specimen.
Therefore, although my specimens of Parasemidalis have blackish
wings and not brown, I do not think much importance can be
attached to this distinction. However, since they have in great
majority the venation of P. annae, I shall provisionally consider
them as such until further work shall confirm or disprove.

In all the insects examined, the more strongly chitinised
parts of the body, i.e. head and appendages, thoracic sclerites, ~
legs and tip of abdomen are: blackish brown; the rest of the
body, including wings, dark grey. Antenne are longer, and
somewhat thicker basally, in males than in females. Number of
antennal joints in two ¢ 3, 31 and 32 respectively. In females
the antenne are 27- to 29-jointed, but one example has the
exceptional number of 32 joints. I find no records of a male
of either of the two Kuropean species of Parasemidalis having
been taken, and therefore avail myself of this opportunity of
figuring the male genitalia (Fig. 9).

The whole body of the insect is covered very sparsely with
the waxy powder common to the Coniopterygide. This powder,
it should be stated, is secreted by glands in definitely arranged
areas on the body of all Coniopterygide, and is rubbed over the
wings by the insect shortly after emergence. This it does by
scraping the abdomen with its hind femora, then rubbing these
over and between the two pairs of wings. It is strange that this
habit has apparently not been noticed previously, since a very
similar proceeding obtains in the Aleurodide.

The method of pairing is somewhat unusual, and for Para-
semidalis is as follows: The male approaches the female from
behind, and, pushing his head under the wings of the female,
seizes her hind coxe with his jaws. Now he grasps her hind legs
with his fore legs, and bending up the tip of his abdomen, pairing
is effected. In this way the male is carried about, the female
being able to use only her first two pairs of legs ‘for walking.

PARASEMIDALIS ANNH, ENDERLEIN. nly ca

The pair separated, in each case observed, after about five or ten
minutes.

__ Eggs are laid on pine needles, lying attached by their flat
sides. They are ‘4mm. long, white in colour, oval, but rather
short as compared with the eggs of other Coniopterygids. The
micropylar end is drawn upwards and pointed. I shall hope
shortly to be able to give further details of the life-history of this
species, together with a full account of our other British species.

The Coniopterygide are well worthy of more attention from
entomologists, and present many interesting biological problems.
They are semi-gregarious in habits, and where found are usually
to be takenin numbers. They fly very little. Variation, especially
in wing venation, is common. and as species have been largely
named on such characters, the family requires much reinvesti-
gation. Being semi-gregarious in habits, with poor locomotive
powers, colonies of a form may be found on one tree differing
considerably from another form of the same species found else-

where. With a view to clearing up some of these points I have
been breeding these insects in captivity and studying the forms
obtained. Semidalis-is thought to possess two British species—
S. aleurodiformis, Steph., and S. curtisiana, End. These I find
are one and the same, having bred both forms from the eggs of
one female. S. curtisiana was separated from S. alewrodiformis
by Enderlein on the position of the cross-vein between R, and Lis
in both pairs of wings. In S. aleurodiformis this cross-vein
strikes the radial sector on the upper arm of fork R,,;, whereas
in S.curtisiana it strikes the stem Rs. In a series of this species
—TI have examined more than fifty examples—one can observe all
stages between the forms curtisiana and aleurodiformis. The only
other character noted by Enderlein is the tarsal ratio, and this
I also find variable. ‘he species curtistana was described from
females only. I therefore now figure the male genitalia (Fig. 8),
which, of course, are identical for both alewrodiformis and
curtisiana. It is highly probable that Purasemidalis fuscipennis
and P. annae are also one and the same.

Coniopteryx pygmaea, End., and C. tineiformis, Curt., are good
species, having distinct larve. They are, however, liable to
variation, and intermediate forms occur which often render
determination difficult.

With the genus Conwentzia I am still somewhat puzzled.
We have two species, C. psociformis, Curt., and C. pineticola, End.
Bagnall brought forward C. cryptonewris, Bagn., as a new species
in 1915. This is identical with Enderlein’s C. pineticola, var.
tetensi. Bagnall mentions also the lack of pigmentation of the
membrane in the outer cells of the wing, but this is quite
unreliable as a character and very variable. The remaining
species, C. psociformis and C. pineticola, present many difficulties.
They are separated as follows by Enderlein :

172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.”
Hind wings considerably reducedy
Cross-vein between fF, and pe fore wing
striking the upper arm A,,;-of ork. Antenne
38- to 43-jointed . ~~ . psociformis, Curt.

Cross-vein between R, and Rs#in fore wing
striking the stem Rs of forks. Antenne 28- to
34-jointed : . pineticola, End.

Both species are of similar hafitas Tam at present only able
to distinguish between the larve by the fact that in C. psociformis
the antenne are longer, as indeed might have been expected.
The male genitalia appear to be the same in both species (Fig. 7).
Intermediate forms occur. I have two ? 2 and one gf from
Heston, 1921, which have 37-jointed antenne, and the cross-vein
between R, and Rs striking the latter at the fork point. These
were the only examples of Conwentzia taken in this locality, and
evidently represent a distinct race. I have a similar but very
large and well-marked example from Epping Forest. In breeding
experiments I have not yet found a sufficient variation to indicate
that the two species psociformis and pineticola are not distinct.
It has been already mentioned that the Coniopterygide are of
semi-colonial habits, and this rermark applies especially to Con-
wentzia, in ‘which colonies occur, completely isolated from one
another when only a short distance actually separates them.
Possibly the two species under consideration may have been
isolated in this way. Under‘these circumstances we must for
the present leave Conwentzia as comprising two forms which,

- within limits, breed true.
Our British list therefore now comprises seven ea)
Conwentzia psociformis, Curtis.
3s pineticola, Enderlein.
Coniopteryx tineiformis, Curtis.
pygmaea, Enderlein.
Semidalis aleur odiformis, Stephens, and its var. curtisiana,
End.
Parasemidalis ? fuscipennis, Reuter, and annae, Einderlein.
Helicoconis lutea, Wallengren.

The last species was discovered by J. W. H. Harrison in 1915,
and recorded in the ‘ Naturalist,’ 1916. He rejected, Enderlein’s.
generic name in favour of Aleuropteryx, Low. As I have very
little experience of this form, I have provisionally retained
Enderlein’s genus, though it is very possibly, as Harrison says,
a poor one.

Walthamstow ;
July 1st, 1922.

CO-ORDINATED RHYTHM IN INSECTS. 173

CO-ORDINATED RHYTHM IN INSECTS: WITH A
RECORD OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN
AN’ APHID.

By C. B. Wiuiams, M.A., F.E.S.

THERE are many scattered records of co-ordinated or collec-
tive action in insects scattered through entomological literature,
which, however, do not seem to have attracted the attention they
deserve.

Mass migrations of locusts, butterflies and dragonflies are a
form of co-ordinated movement; termites and processionary
caterpillars have a ‘‘ follow-my-leader ”’ habit which is somewhat
related, and the up-and-down movement of clouds of midges,
other diptera and some may-flies also shows a collective spirit.

Of greater interest are rhythmic actions which are carried
out by a number of insects simultaneously and synchronously.
Those so far recorded refer to the rhythmic production of light
and sound, and it is the purpose of the present note to draw
attention to the more interesting of these and to record a new
case of rhythmic sound production, which is of particular interest
in that it was found in an Aphid, in which family, so far as I
am aware, sound production has not yet been recorded.

The existence of synchronised flashing of fire-flies has been
the subject of much dispute. My own observations during five
years’ residence in the West Indies and Tropical America, where
both Lampyride and Elateride are abundant, have so far
produced no evidence for it, but in view of the circumstantial
accounts from other parts of the world its existence must
undoubtedly be admitted.

Severin, as early as 1881 (‘ Nature,’ vol. xxiv, p. 165) writing
of an unidentified Indian Lampyrid says: ‘‘ The curious pulsation
or flashing of their light is remarkable, the insects on the tree
all act in perfect concert, i.e., five seconds of no light, then seven
rapid flashes; five seconds no light, seven flashes; and so the
game continues throughout the dark hours.”” He states also
that insects on trees close together keep the same time, but
“« sroups of trees separated by one or two hundred yards may
not agree, and do not do so as a rule.” #

Muir, speaking of fire-flies in Borneo (‘ Hawaiian Ent. Bull.,’
vol. xiii, p. 67) says: “‘ In some places thousands had congregated
together and all kept time with the pulsations of their light.”

A still more definite account is that given by Hess (‘ Biol.
Bull.,’ vol. xxxviii, 1920, p. 39), when he describes Photinus con-
sanguineus flashing in concert in a small valley near Ithaca, N.Y.
He writes: “‘ For a moment there was a blaze of flashing lights,
and then for a moment it was darkness, except for an occasional
flash which seemed to come from a different species.” ‘This was
noticed on two nights, on the second of which Hess found that

174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

they would respond to an electric light if flashed just previous
to the time of their normal light. He notes, however, that
during five years he had never at any other time seen this
co-ordination in P. consanguineus or any other species.

Still more recently, O. A. Rheinking (‘ Science,’ May 20th,
1921), describes the synchronised flashing of fire-flies of the
genus Caliphotes in Siam, where all the insects on one tree
flashed together perfectly at regular intervals at a rate of between
105 and 109 flashes per minute.

Other records are quoted in the above and Blair (‘ Nature,
vol. xevi, 1915, p. 411) says that the phenomenon has been
noticed in the ‘European species of Luciola and in the genus
Aspidiosoma in South America.

Turning to the co-ordination of sound production I have only
been able to find a very few records. Sharp (‘ Camb. Nat. Hist.
Ins.,’ vol. 1, p. 156) gives two of these without references. The
first, credited to Forbes, refers to a large brown ant found in
Sumatra which produces a tapping noise by striking the leaf with
its head. It is a species of the genus Polyrachis. The indi-
viduals were ‘“‘ spread over a space of perhaps two yards in
diameter on the stem, leaves and branches of a great tree which
had fallen, and not within sight of each other; yet the tapping
was set up at the same moment and stopped at the same instant.
After the lapse of a few seconds all recommenced at the same
instant. The interval was always of about the same duration,
though I did not time it; each ant did not, however, beat.
synchronously with every other in the congeries nearest to me;
there were independent tappings so that a sort of tune was
played, each congeries dotting out its own music, yet the
beginnings and endings of the musical parties were strictly
synchronous.”

The second record given by Sharp is that according to a
Mr. Peal, an ant, presumably an Assamese species, ‘‘ makes a.
concerted noise loud enough to be heard by a human being
at twenty to thirty feet distant, the sound being produced by
each ant scraping the horny apex of the abdomen three times in
succession on the dry crisp leaves of which the nest is usually
composed. «

In 1900 Gounelle (‘ Bull. Ent. Soc. France,’ 1900, p. 168),
describes the sounds produced by a large number of termites.
tapping with their heads on dried leaves of Bromeliads in Brazil,
but the movement is apparently not rhythmic and he describes
it as ‘‘ like a pinch of sand hitting paper.” In the same paper
he also describes a concerted noise produced by ants of the
genus Camponotus in rolled-up leaves of bamboo, again by
tapping with their heads.

The last record is of the ‘‘ Snowy Tree Cricket ” (Occanthus
niveus) of which Comstock says (‘Introduction to Entomology,’

CO-ORDINATED RHYTHM IN INSECTS. 175

2nd Hd., 1920, p. 93), ‘All in any locality chirp in unison.
Karly in the evening, when the chirping first begins, there may
be lack of unanimity in keeping time, but this only lasts for a
short time—soon all chirp in unison and the monotonous beat
of their call is kept on uninterrupted throughout the night.
Individual singers will stop to rest, but when they start again
they keep time with those that have continued the chorus.”

To the accounts above I can now add the following from my
own experience. On several occasions during the past few years
I have observed a co-ordinated action in a dark-coloured aphis
which is common at certain times of the year on the young
leaves of cocoa in Trinidad and other parts of Tropical America.
The aphis was identified for me by Mr. Theobald as Toxoptera
cofeae, Nietner, and is apparently distributed throughout the
world wherever coffee or cocoa is found.

The aphis sits on the undersides of the leaves of cocoa,
almost anywhere on the surface but is usually particularly
common along the main veins, and when abundant there may be
a hundred or more winged and wingless insects in various stages
of growth side by side on the leaf.

When such a colony is disturbed by turning over the leaf to
the light or by scraping slightly with the finger nail, a greater
or smaller number of the aphids on the leaf set up a regular and
rhythmic movement which consists essentially of raising the
hind part of the body into the air, keeping the head fixed and
the beak still in the leaf tissue.

The raising and lowering movement occupies abcut one
second and it is repeated at intervals of three or four seconds
with great regularity, sometimes for twenty or thirty times. If
the colony is responsive every aphis on the leaf will be moving
in absolute co-ordination and with absolute regularity.

Sometimes two or three separate movements will be set up
on one leaf so that all in one section are keeping time with each
other, but not with another section, but more usually all on one
leaf move together. Individuals quite isolated would keep
regular time with the rest.

While observing this closely I found that each movement was
accompanied by a distinct scraping sound, audible, with a big
colony, as much as eighteen inches away from the leaf and clear
enough for me to be able to tell when the aphids were moving
without seeing them.

I do not know whether the sound is a deliberate production
on the part of the aphis, or whether it is an accidental result of
the movement magnified by the leaf surface. I have carefully
examined mounted specimens of the aphis with a microscope,
but have been unable to find any trace of a stridulating organ.

That the movement is significant and not accidental is shown
by the fact that I have observed it on at least a dozen occasions

176 _ THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

in localities as widely separated as Panama and Costa Rica in

‘Central America, and in the islands of Grenada and Trinidad in
the West Indies, but always, and only, on this one species of
aphid. E

It has been suggested to me that the movements are pro-.

tective and designed to ward off parasites, and in this connection
it should be noted that on one occasion I observed that the
aphids on a leaf that I had not touched were moving rhythmi-
cally, and further search disclosed the presence of two syrphid
fly grubs moving among them and feeding on the colony. It
must also be recollected that the sound, if deliberate, may be
awe-inspiring to some small enemy although almost inaudible to
our ears. e

This whole question of synchronised actions needs much
more investigation before a complete understanding is likely to
be found. At the same time, it seems likely from the above
that we are dealing with extremely rapid responses of a large
number of individuals to a single impulse or stimulus. In the
case of the fire-flies recorded by Hess this seems the obvious
explanation, and in most of the other cases it could also be
applied. All the above insects, and many others, normally
produce rhythmic actions as individuals, and when large numbers
are within range of an original stimulus, the synchronising of
the rhythm is natural. In the case where each individual gets
its stimulus from the one next to it we would expect a more or
less rapid wave from one end of the association to the other.
Something of this nature was seen by Hess. .

The case of the aphids shows that if two sets of rhythm are
in progress at the same time, some individuals will respond to
one and some to the otlier, but none are able to respond to the
stimulus from the other section which takes place between their
own pulsations and outside their rhythm.

Cairo ;
June 9th, 1922.

A NEW FOSSIL LONGICORN BEETLE.
By T. D. A. CockeRELu.

Last year, when at Cambridge University, I was kindly per-
mitted by Prof. Marr to study a collection of Miocene fossils
from the famous locality at Giningen in Baden. I wrote a paper
on certain fossil beetles in the collection, and sent it to the
‘Canadian Entomologist.’ Through some mischance it never
reached the Editor’s hands, and unfortunately the figures are
lost and cannot be replaced. There was, however, one very
fine new longicorn (Prioning), which should be made known.

A NEW FOSSIL LONGICORN BEETLE. 177

Ergates atavellus, n. sp.

Length about 25 mm.; entirely piceous; width of head 6 mm.,
of prothorax 8 mm., length of prothorax nearly 4 mm., its sides
hardly convex in profile, exceedingly minutely and briefly denticulate,
the only clearly visible denticles being a couple above the anterior
femora, not far apart, but there are faint indications of others ;
antenniferous tubercles large and prominent; antennal joints
measuring in mm. (1) 3°7, (2) -5, (3) 4:9, (4) 4:5, (5) 4, (6) 4, (7) 3:5,
(8) ne (9) 3:5; anterior tibie 5 mm. long; elytra 16-5 mm. long and
© wide. ~

Labelled ‘‘ Prionus, Upper Molasse, Giningen (Whidborne Col-
ee It is on a slab with about nine Planorbis declivis,
a bY.

It agrees with Hrgates in form, in antenne, etc., but differs
by the almost obsolete denticulation of sides of prothorax, and
smaller sizes.

From the American £H. (T'richocnemis) spiculatus, Lec., it
differs by the much shorter third antennal joint, which is about
equal to the fourth ; in spiculatus the third is about 10 mm. and
the fourth 3°5 mm. It also seems to lack the distinct ridges on
the elytra, or they arevery obscure. The elytra also are broadly
rounded at the end, without a denticle at the inner corner, so
far as can be seen.

In the European L. faber (L.), the characters are much more
like those of the fossil, both as to elytra and thorax, but in that
also the third antennal joint is much longer than the fourth.

Heer figured from Ciningen two species of Hrgates, under the
generic name Prionus. They are said to have no teeth or serra-
tions at the sides of the thorax.

E. polyphemus (Heer) is said to be very like H. faber, and is
of the same size. The elytra are 33°5 mm. long, and the third
antennal joint is about twice as long as the fourth.

E. spectabilis (Heer) has the elytra 22 mm. long and 5°3
wide, with very distinct longitudinal ridges as in LH. spiculatus.
The thorax is considerably narrower than in our fossil. The
antenne are poorly drawn, but the third joint is considerably
longer than fourth, and the antenne are less attenuate than
in ours.

Scudder in 1895 reported a Prionus, n. sp., from (ningen,
but gave neither description nor name.

The genus Ergates is to-day represented by few species,
placed in three different subgenera. It appears to represent the
remnants of a formerly more extensive group. The related
genus Callipogon is neotropical.

I also found in the collection, from Giningen, three specimens
of Anoplitis bremii, Heer. The genus Anoplitis is American,
and I think Heer’s fossil is not congeneric, but falls better in the

178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Oriental genus Gonophora, from which it differs by the short
antenne (beetle about 5°7 mm. long, antenne about 1:5 mm.).
The sides of the thorax, seen from above, are distinctly concave
below the median angle, practically as in G. chalybeata, Baly. —
For the present I think the fossil may stand as Gonophora
bremit. ;

“KH del

Danais ckrysippus, ab.

SOME CURIOUS ABERRATIONS OF DANAIS
CARY STP PWS, Ta.

By Carr. Kenneto J. Haywarp, F.E.S.

Waist collecting at Reservoir (near Aswan, Egypt) on
January 15th, I took a very curious aberration of Danais
chrysippus, L., of which an illustration is eiven above. As will
be seen, the left hind wing is toothed at vein 5 in the form of a
tail 5 mm. long, below which it curves sharply inwards, resum-
ing the normal shape again at vein 38. The usual white
markings in the black marginal border are entirely absent in the
hind wings, and only occur as one or two isolated pin-points on
the fore wings. The tailed wing has not the usual slightly
scalloped edge.

1. Danais chrysippus, L., ab. axantha, ab. nov. > nee

3 2. Antennae black. ’ Head, thorax and abdomen bia marked
with white as in chrysippus. (In some specimens the abdomen
above is dark brown, heavily dusted with black.) Fore wings and

THE LIFE-CYCLE OF PENTHINA SOROCULANA, ZETT. 179

hind wings above a uniform dark brown, marked with black and
white as in chrysippus. Underside: Fore wing dark brown, the yellow
ground-colour showing only in the apical area and at the inner angle,
marked as in chrysippus: hind wing as in chrysippus.

Described from 2 g¢ ¢ and8 2 & bred at Aswan and in coll.
auct., December, January and February.

The above aberration differs from f. cratippus, Fldr., in that
the dark brown colouring extends evenly over all the upper-side.
Beneath it resembles cratippus. I have never taken it wild but
have bred it not uncommonly from late December till early
February, namely during our cold weather. I have bred over
3000 chrysippus during the last two and a half years, and
invariably found that the cold-weather broods produced a large
percentage of dark specimens, sometimes as many as 35 per cent.
being the f. cratippus, whilst spring and autumn broods seldom
produce more than 5 per cent. dark specimens, and summer
broods are always lightly coloured.

2. Danais chrysippus, L., ab. candidata, ab. nov.

6. Antennae black. Head black marked with white as usual.
Hyes dull dark red. Thorax black with a white central stripe.
Abdomen above ash-grey ; beneath light grey; marked with white as
in chrysippus. Wings both above and below of a pale whitish-buff
ground-colour; the costal and basal areas of the fore wings grey, the
wings having the apical patches and margins black marked with
white as in chrysippus, the veins light grey.

Deseribed from a male in coll. auct. bred Aswan, Egypt,
January, 1922. Probably occurs rarely everywhere amongst
typical specimens. .

Aswan, Egypt.

THE LIFE-CYCLE OF PENTHINA SOROCULANA,
Ane.

By W. G. Suetpon, F.Z.8., F.E.S.

Tue life-cycle of this, in certain districts, common species, 1s
very little known, and, so far as I am aware, a reliable descrip-
tion of the larva even does not exist. Barrett speaks of it—
“larva hardly described.’ Dr. Chapman says, ‘it 18 a very
active green larva, feeding on birch between leaves flatly. united,
in August, September, and October.” Machin says, ° it spins
up between two united leaves and les in pupa during the
winter.” Kennel, ‘Pal. Tort.,’ gives similar short particulars.
These details are correct so far as they go, but they do not go
- very far, and as in June, 1921, at Lochinver in Sutherlandshire
I captured a female, she was put up for eggs, with the result
that I made the following observations on the early stages :

180 THE. ENTOMOLOGIST.

The ova were deposited on June 29th, singly, on upper and —
lower sides of leaves of birch. Seika

The following day the ova were pale green, opalescent, and
semitransparent, the veins of the leaf showing through the
ovum. The length was‘9 mm. by*7 mm. As the larva develops
in the ovum it shows conspicuously, especially the dark head.
The surface is of the usual tortrix pattern, divided into a
number of spaces by ridges, irregularly shaped, but with the
sides of the spaces consisting of straight lines; the polar axis of
the ovum is, of course, horizontal. The larve commenced to
emerge on July 18th, and the following observations were made
on one that hatched on that date.

The newly-emerged larva is about 1:25 mm. long, head
brown, lobes prominent, it has a black dot in front of each lobe,
the jaws are honey brown; the prothoracic plate is greenish
white, the legs and feet black; the segments behind prothorax
and claspers are greenish white; there is no sign of anal plate.
This larva was put between two birch leaves and kept in an air-
tight tin box. On July 15th it was eating the lower cuticle of
the upper leaf, making small sinkings in it. . rag

On July 28rd the larva had changed into second instar, and

was now 2 mm. long; the head was jet black and glabrous, with
the lobes not so prominent as in the last instar ; the prothoraci¢
plate was dark greenish grey with a wide division between it and
the head, in colour light grey ; the remaining segments, prolegs
and claspers were light greenish grey; the larva was very trans-
parent, the contents of the alimentary canal showing as a
reddish-brown line; the tubercles were rather noticeable, and
lighter than the surrounding areas; the larva was spiny, the
anal plate was not noticeable.
On July 30th the larva had changed into the third instar ;
it was then 3°5 mm. long; head dark brown and glabrous, lobes
prominent; prothoracic plate lighter brown; division between
head and prothorax light grey. The prolegs were tipped with
black, otherwise the larva was in all respects as in last instar.
In this instar the larva fed on the inner cuticle of both leaves.

On August 8rd the larva was in the fourth instar, and measured
6 mm. in length; the head was intensely black and glabrous,
the lobes were prominent; the prothoracic plate was light
greyish green clouded with darker markings near the rear
margin ; included in these was a black blotch on each side in the
subdorsal area. The larva tapered very much to anal extremity.
It was with the above exceptions similar to the last instar in all
respects. o
_ On August 10th the larva had changed into fifth and last
instar and was then 10 mm. long. %

The changed appearance in this instar was very noticeable;
the head was light greyish green without any darker markings,

THE LIFE-CYCLE OF PENTHINA SOROCULANA, ZETT. 181

and the lobes were not as prominent as in previous instars; the
antenne were very prominent, although not noticeable pre-
viously. The frontal plate was lighter in colour than the head
itself, and had two black dots near the centre; there were two
other black dots outside the antenne. The segments behind the
prothorax were pea-green in colour; the prothoracic plate was
rather lighter pea-green ; the alimentary canal showed as a dark
green dorsal stripe, and there were two, in appearance similar
subdorsal stripes above the spiracles. 1 could not see any
signs of an anal plate; the tubercles were prominent and licht
coloured ; the spiracles were very small and inconspicuous ; the
claspers and prolegs were pea-green without any darker shading ;
the spines were light coloured and of about the average length
and number that obtain in larve of the Tortrix group. The
larva tapered greatly to anal extremity, and rested with head
flattened out. —

On August 16th the larva had increased in length to 16
mm., when it was full grown. Three days later it had not
increased in size; the pea-green colour was deeper, and the
stripes were not so prominent. It was evidently commencing to
pupate.

In order to pupate, the larva (in continement) spins together
two birch leaves, and forming a silken lining to the pocket so
formed pupates therein.

The pupa is 8 mm. long, and measures across the dorsum
1:‘75 mm. broad. The colour of the wing-cases and head are
dull greenish buff, of the abdominal segments dull brown with a
slicht green tint, darker on the dorsal area, and with the
divisions of segments darker; the covering of the head projects
slightly in the shape of a bulb, but there is no trace of anything
in the nature of a cocoon opener. The antennz cases project
rather prominently from the surrounding portions of the pupa ;
each of the abdominal segments has two rows of about a score of
spikelets, each pointing rearwards. The wing-cases extend to
near the rear of the third abdominal segment; the abdomen
tapers regularly and gradually from the fourth abdominal to the
anal segment, which is bent over towards the ventral surface
and is furnished with several hooks which keep the pupa in
position in the cocoon. The surface of the pupa is not in any
way glaucous.

The imagines emerged in May last.

Youlgreave,
South Croydon ;
July 13th, 1922.

182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPIDAG
(OXYURA).

By CuaupE Mortey, F.E.S., F.Z.S., Etc.
(Continued from p. 161.)

4, HEixALLONYX FUMIPENNIS, Kief.

Exallonyx fumipennis, André, Spp. Hym. Europ., x, p. 839, 3.

The female of this species differs from the male in nothing
but its sexual characters and in having the antenne stout
with the six basal flagellar joints subserrate, and in its greater
length of 44 mm. The typical male form is from Austria and
not yet recorded from Britain; the female is here described for
the first time. ,

The British varietal male was taken in England with the
ant, Myrmica scabrinodis, by Donisthorpe, and subsequently in
France by André. But the typical form also occurs here, since
Tuck sent me one from Tostock in Suffolk during September,
1900; and both sexes have occurred to me in the same county
at Hriswell, where I swept the new female from dry grasses,
and at Tuddenham Fen, as well as at Edwinstow in Sherwood
Forest, all during August.

5. ExaLLONYX NIGER, Panz.

‘Codrus niger, Panz., Faun. Germ., viii, 1805, p. 85, pl. ix, 3.
C. pallipes, var., Nees, l.c., p. 857, 2 3. Proctotrupes nigra,
Spin, Ins. Lig., 1808, p. 168. P. niger, Latr., l.c., 1809, p. 38;
Hal., l.c.,p.7, ¢ 2. Hwallonyx niger, André, l.c., p. 340.

Var. PALLIDISTIGMA, var. nov.— Under this name Chitty had
ranged as a distinct species a number of specimens differing
slightly from the typical form in having the stigma testaceous
and quite remote from the apical abscissa of the radial nervure,
leaving the radial cell comparatively broad. It is a good deal
rarer than the ordinary form; Piffard has found it at Felden,
Saunders at Reigate, Morey at Rookley in the Isle of Wight;
I have taken it on the Felixstowe cliffs in Suffolk and swept
it at Wicken Fen in Cambs.

Italy, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, France, Sweden, ete.
Not infrequent in woods during autumn; found by Walker
and Haliday, presumably in both England and Ireland.
Vollenhoven tells us (Pinac., p. 81) that it has been bred from
the fungus-gnat, Brachycampta griseicollis, Staeg., which occurs
in England. This is one of our most abundant species of the
subfamily, though very rarely seen on the boulder-clay at
Monks Soham and never on honey-dew; it is nearly always

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPIDH (OXYURA). 183

taken by sweeping, usually in shady glades of woods in the
afternoon, and I have dates from May 15th pretty continuously
to October 5th. Rookley (Morey), Surrey (W. Saunders), Herts
(Piffard), Suffolk (Tuck), Cambridge (Lyle), Derby and Notts
(Carr), Yorks (Fordham). I have taken it at Newport, Ryde
and Norton in the Isle of Wight, Lyndhurst, Wicken Fen, West
Leake and Edwinstow in Sherwood, all over the light lands of
Suffolk, at Killarney and on Clare Island in Ireland, and Elliott
has sent it from Banchory in the Scots highlands.

6. ExaLLonyx aTEeR, Ness.

Cotrus ater, Nees, l.c., p. 359, 3 2. Proctotrupes ater, Hal.,
l.c., p. 8; Voll., Lc., p. 28, pl. xix, fig. 4. Hzallonyx filicornis,
Kiet, André, l.c., p. 341; cf. p. 825, o 2.

I do not consider Kieffer has satisfactorily demonstrated
distinction between this species—which he did not know and
places as insufficiently described in his subgenus Cryptoserphus,
solely upon van Vollenhoven’s (often faulty) authority—and that
of Haliday, followed by Thomson. Frohawk, in the record
noted below, refers to an apterous form of this species, but he
does not make it plain whether it were an atrophied imago, like
Proctotrypes curtipennis, or merely a pupa which had failed to
attain maturity.

Germany, where Nees says it infests the larve of Mycetophile
in fungi, particularly Boleti, about which he tvok it frequently
in woods during October, as well as in copula on June 19th,
1810; Finmark and a variety in marine detritus in Heligoland.
Ireland (Haliday) and England (Walker). Not very common
with us; Olveston in Gloucester (Charbonnier); Ashfield Parva
in Suffolk (Elliott) ; Wymondley in Herts (Butler), West Leake
woods in June and September (Carr) ; Pakefield cliffs on sand
and Lowestoft dunes among marram-grass; Brandon staunch,
on long grass at Ousden, once at Monks Soham on under-side of
lime-leaf at dusk, in Suffolk; and in Guestling wood near
Hastings. It is on the wing from June 11th to September 24th.
Of. Frohawk’s breeding at Eltham in Kent from the larve of the
rove-beetle, Creophilus maxillosus, in the ‘ Kntomologist,’ 1886,
p. 225.

7. ExanLonyx tiegatus, Nees.

Codrus ligatus, Nees, l.c., p. 359, 2. Proctotrupes ligatus,
Eiericasp.s; o 9; Voll. te, p. 81; pk xix; fig. 9, 2.
Exallonyx ligatus, André, /.c., p. 344.

From Sweden and France through Spain and Italy to

Algeria; common on autumn fungi in woods; Vollenhoven
records it from the British fungus-gnat, Mycetophila punctata,
Mg. Very frequent everywhere; found in rotten seaweed, fungi,

184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

etc., by Haliday-and Walker. My dates are May 27th to
October 27th, excepting July, by general sweeping and on reeds,
on leaves of oak and lime, and house windows; at Foxhall,
Hulver, Ipswich, Monks Soham, Wherstead, Bramford, Wang-
ford, Covehithe, South Cove and Southwold in Suffolk. New
Forest in May and September (Lyle) ; Lambley, Southwell and
Nuttall in Notts (Carr) ; Oxshott (Newbery), Reigate (Saunders)
and Kew (Sich) in Surrey. That it more likely preys upon
some subterranean beetle than upon the above gnats is evidenced
by Keys, who bred it at Plymouth in Devon on May 10th, 1909,
from a mole’s nest. ;

8. EXxALLONYX LAEVIVENTRIS, Kief.

Exallonyx leviventris, André, Spp. Hym. Europ., x, p. 330,

Pie

England (P. Cameron); Austria (Trieste), Kieffer, lc. L
have seen no specimen of this subfamily with smooth second
segmental base, though my search has been comprehensive.

9. ExaLLonyx Wasmanni, Kief.

Exallonyx Wasmanni, André, Spp. Hym. Hurop., x, p. 328,
a 28

The type form was taken with Myrmica ruginodis in Germany,
and has not hitherto been known in Britain. The var. socialis,
Kieff. (/.c.), differs in having the legs flavescent, and the radial
cell one-third shorter than the stigma. This variety was dis-—
covered near London with the ant, Lasius fuliginosus, by Donis-
thorpe during September. ‘The typical form is, however, found
with us, for Chitty captured a male in the Faversham district of
Kent on May 19th, 1906; but I have no doubt that it is rare,
and probably confined to chalky places, since two females alone
have fallen to my net, one during the following August at Ring-
stead Downs in West Norfolk, and the other on August 14th,
1908, as it was flying about the face of the sandy Corton cliff at
Lowestoft on the Suffolk coast.

N

PARACODRUS, Kieffer.
André, Spp. Hym. Europ., x, 1907, p. 273.

This genus has usually been regarded as distinct from the
broad genus Proctotrypes under the name Codrus, Jurine, which
was restricted to it by Thomson in 1857; but, since it is really
synonymous, the erection of Paracodrus must be accepted. The
only other species of this genus, P. albipennis, Thoms., has been
erroneously synonymised with the first, not known as British.

A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PROCTOTRYPIDE (OXYURA). 185

Tapie oF Sprois.
(2). 1. Terebra distinctly exserted ; radial cell of 3 short.
1. apterogynus, Hal.
(1). 2. Terebra not exserted ; radial cell of 3 elongate.
2. Bethyliformis, Kt.

1. ParacopRus aprEroaynus, Hal.

Proctotrupes apterogynus, Hal, l.c., p- 15, d 2. Codrus
apterogynus, Ashm., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1893, p. 344, pl. xiii,
fig. 8. Paracodrus apterogynus, André, l.c., p. 276. (2) Codrus
apterogynus, Voll., l.c., p. 28, pl. xviii, figs. 1 and 2, 3 @.

That the female is sometimes fully winged has not before

been noticed; this form differs in no way but in the thoracic
_ modifications usual in such cases from the commoner apterous
_ form, and the neuration is exactly as in the male, which is by far
the rarer sex. I find that I beat a specimen of the macropterous
female from bushes in the village of Depden at the very highest
point (420 ft.) of Suffolk on September 24th, 1907; and that
the late Mr. Albert Piffard has given me a second, unnamed,
collected by him at Felden, taken upon the top of a dry hill
. bearing such herbage as Genista anglica, etc., above Boxmoor
station in Herts; though an example, labelled by Chitty ‘ astig-
maticalis, sp. nov.,” was found by the latter on September 24th,
1904, in the Sheppy marshes of Kast Kent—perhaps an inland
form, carried in the last instance by the wind.

P. apterogynus was originally discovered by Francis Walker
near London and on the south English coast between June and
September (Haliday). I have heard of no records later than
1839, and it is still unknown on the Continent. With us the
Species is distinctly uncommon, and my collection contains
hardly a score of specimens captured between July 19th and
October 7th; it is certainly an autumn insect, commonest in
August and September. It has usually occurred to me in very
marshy situations on Lythrum salicaria, by the river Gipping, at
Ipswich, in 1898, by the Gipping at Claydon, in a marsh at
Ashfield Parva and a moist wood at Wangford, near which it has
several times turned up on the coast at Southwold and Haston.
Other Suffolk localities are Corton, near Lowestoft, where it was
running on bare sand, half way up the face of the cliff in 1898
(Elliott) ; Monks Soham, where 1t was swept in a pasture con-
taining an-old moat in 1909 (Newbery), and the Bentley Woods ;
Felden, in Herts, and Hursthill, in the New Forest (Morley) ;
Malvern, in Worcester, during 1905 (Gorham) ; and Battle, in
Sussex, during August, 1881 (Butler), ig

Nothing has hitherto appeared respecting its economy. The
Irish National Museum in the autumn of 1919 sent me an
apterous female of this species for determination, with the
intimation that it had recently been bred along with identical

ENTOM.—AavuGusT, 1922, si

186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

specimens from a larva of the Coleopterous genus Agriotes, found
at Bangor, in Devon. This is valuable, for it enables us, with
some degree of certainty, to ascribe to the present parasite the
three old breedings of ‘‘ Proctotrypes’’-from the same ubiquitous —
Elaterid genus: (1) William Kirby knew at ‘Introd. Entom..,’
7th ed., 1859, p. 154, ‘‘the destroyer of the wireworm, which
belongs to Latreille’s genus Proctotrupes’”’; (2) Curtis, at ‘ Farm
Insects,’ p. 159, says the above parasite was from Starston, in
Norfolk, and that the host was Agriotes obscurus, Linn. He
adds, at p. 181, that he himself found two or three white
maggots, and another had already pupated from which he could
see that it was a Proctotrypes species; further, he quotes
Bierkander in ‘Communic. Bd. Agric.,’ vol. iv, p. 414, who had
a similar experience; (8) Curtis, at ‘ Farm Insects,’ p. 198,
refers to Proctotrypes-larve, figured at pl. a, fig. 46, protruding
from a beetle larva, which he considers to be Agriotes lineatus,
Linn., found during August, 1841, in Surrey. . In a general way
I consider that all the more reliable of our records point to the
parasitism of the Procrorrypin/ upon Coleoptera rather than
upon Diptera, as was supposed by the older authors. On the
other hand, there can be no doubt that Diptera are the staple
hosts of our next subfamily, the Brnytinaz.

2. Paracoprus Beruyuirormis, Kieff.

The terebral length of this insect appears hardly a specific
character ; the radial nervure of the present genus is so weak as
to be difficult to trace, and Kieffer gives no distinction from
P. albtpennis, Thoms.; moreover, the fact that he did not know
P. apterogynus renders it far from improbable that all three are
no more than forms of a single species. P. bethyliformis is
simply recorded thus: ‘‘ England (P. Cameron),” by its author.

Monks Soham House, Suffolk ;
March 10th.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Lycena adonis in Bucks, and an Appeal.—When at Folke-
stone in September, 1920, I sent about a gross ofxliving females of
L. adonis to friends to be liberated in suitable localities on the
Oxon, Bucks and Herts Chilterns. The Bucks ground in particular
appears to be well suited to the species’ requirements, as there it
is Increasing in numbers with each brood and also spreading. Might
I earnestly appeal to collectors not to take the insects, especially the
females, before the autumn of 1923, so as to give adonis a chance to
become firmly established. It seems necessary to make this request
as I understand a London entomologist has already been down to
Princes Risborough this spring and taken away about 200 specimens.
This quantity at a time when the butterfly is endeavouring to secure
a footing is a serious matter. I may here mention that Lycena

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 187

corydon was again a great rarity in 1921. On the old var. Syngrapha
ground (where the Royston females were put out in 1920) I saw on
various days only about fifty males and not any females, and, of
course, no varieties whatever.—G. B. Ou1ver; High Wycombe.

Cotas crocEus IN Bucks.—A fresh male of C. croceus was taken
on June Ist and a very worn female on the 11th.—G. B. Ourver.

_C. croceus, ETc., In SurFonK.—On June 8th I saw a C. croceus
flying along a dusty road here (another, or probably the same one,
reported same day in neighbourhood). E. cardamines were well out
here on May 7th and are still flying fresh and strong to-day.—
H. W. Baker; 26, Woodfield Terrace, Ipswich Road, Stowmarket,
Suffolk, June 16th, 1922.

Conias CROCEUS IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE.—On May 24th I saw two
specimens of C. croceus near Cambridge and on the following day
several specimens in a different locality. This is an early appearance
compared with some of the records from the south coast in the
July number of the ‘ Entomologist. —A. D. Tornesse (Sub.-Lieut.,
R.N.); Holywood, Lymington, Hants.

CoLIAs CROCEUS IN LinconNsHIRE.—I think it may be of interest
to record that on June 4th I took two specimens, both females
rather worn, of Colzas crocews; and on June 14th I took a third
croceus, also a female and rather worn. I netted these three speci-
mens within two miles of my house.—G. T. Picorr (Major) ;
Somerby, Barnetby, Lincolnshire.

Couias crRocEus IN 8. SHRopsHIRE.—It may be interesting to
you to know that on June dth (Wnhit-Monday) three specimens of
Colias croceus, one male and two females, were caught in South
Shropshire, one by myself and the other two by my little boy of seven
and a half. Also last year and the year before Vanessa c-album were
very fairly common in this district.—(Rev.) P. Manpren; The
Vicarage, Cleobury Mortimer, Salop.

CoLiIas CROCEUS IN WORCESTERSHIRE.—On Sunday, June 4th,
whilst out picnicking near Studley, Worcestershire, my son Allan,
aged thirteen, wandered off with my net and returned with a female
Clouded Yellow, very much worn. Is not this a rather unusual
species for the district? Although I fancied I saw one in the same
field last year it had escaped my memory. I shall work the district
well later on, hoping to find the progeny of this capture.—Cuas.
WearE; Drayton House, King’s Heath, Birmingham.

CoLIAs CROCEUS IN GLAMORGAN, ETC.—Two specimens of this
butterfly were seen in flight at St. Fagan’s, near Cardiff, on June 5th.
Later in the month (June 11th) four were seen in the same district.
Of these three were taken, the insects being males, and all perfect.
Just over the county border near St. Mellon’s, Monmouthshire, I saw
a further specimen in flight on May 27th, 1922. This butterfly was
frequently seen in 1901 near Cardiff, but I did not after this see it
locally for eleven years. About six specimens were seen 1n August
of 1920 at Sully but none were seen by me last year.—T. J. SHELLEY ;
5, Wishwell Road, Cardiff, South Wales.

188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

P. DAPLIDICE AT BrigHton.—I write to inform you that on Sunday,
June 4th, about 1 p.m., my eldest son caught a Bath White Butterfly
(P. daplidice) in our front garden, which is in the centre of this
town and a few hundred yards from the sea. The fly had settled
upon a pansy at the time of its being caught. The insect is in
perfect condition and has doubtless not been long out of the pupa. |
understand that this fly is one of the rarest in England and is rarely
taken in this country. A local amateur collector in this town, Mr.
Purbrook, of Upper North Street, has seen the fly and has set it, and
confirms the fact that it is a genuine specimen.—B. J. HoLLEyMan ;
Sea View House, Crown Street, Brighton. <3

CELERIO LINEATA LIVORNICA, Hsp., In THE IsLE oF WicHT.—A ¢
specimen of this Sphingid was taken at Sea View in a crevice of a —
wall on May 2nd, 1922. The insect was captured by Mr. Bennett,
gardener to J. J. Joicey, Esq., in whose collection the specimen
now rests.—G. Tatsot; The Hill Museum, Witley. -

SPHINX CONVOLVULI IN Herrs.—A friend has just shown me a
specimen of Sphinx convolvuli caught in his garden to-day at rest.
The specimen, however, is unfortunately worn. I should also lke
to mention that, though some insects have appeared late this season,
I have some quite early records; P. rapae, April 21st; P. brassicae,
P.napi, and H. malvae, May 6th; Phragmotobia fuliginosa, May 7th—
this specimen has very little dark colouring on hind wings; Spilosoma
menthastrt, May 26th—a pair which laid a large number of eggs on
May 28th to 30th which have hatched between June 5th and 14th.-—
R. B. Benson; Boldre House, Berkhamsted, Herts, June 15th, 1922.

SPHINX CONVOLVULI IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE.—I captured a fine speci-
men (male) of Sphinx convolvuli on honeysuckle here on the eyening
of June 7th last. I believe it has very seldom been taken so early in
the year.—A. Haronp Ruston ; Aylesby House, Chatteris, Cambs. —

SPHINX CONVOLVULI IN DERBysHIRE.—You may like to have a
note for the ‘Entomologist’ of the occurrence here of a fine specimen
of Sphinx convolvuli on the 10th of this month. Records of con-
volvult in June are not unknown, I am aware, but I fancy they are
very scarce, nor do I know quite how they are accounted for.—
H. C. Haywarp; Repton, Derby, June 14th.

HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA IN Kent.—I should like to record that on
June 21st I captured near Bexley, Kent, a specimen of Heléothis
armigera, as it was flying rapidly round a clump of valerian.—M.
as ; Moorcroft, Gravel Hill, Bexley Heath, Kent, J uly 3rd,

Cyp1a cirrana, Hs., NsAaR WANSTEAD.—Last evening I walked over
to a rough field some two miles away to search for’ Platyptilia
bertrams amongst a dense growth of Yarrow. I netted a few, but
they were all too bleached to be of any use. When on the point of
leaving I disturbed a pale-coloured Tortriz which I thought was
Phalonia smeathmanniana. As it was too late for the first brood and
rather too early for the second I netted it and was surprised to find
that it was cztvana—a worn male. Directly after I netted another
male, also worn. I have never seen it in this district before, and I

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 189

think its occurrence so close to London worthy of record.—aA.
THuRNALL, Wanstead ; Essex, July 12th, 1922.

NEMOTOIS MINIMELLUS, Z., ETC., IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—It may be
of interest to record that I took a fine male Nemotois minimellus at rest
on a flower of Sneezewort (Achillea pharmica) in a field near Gloucester
where the Devil’s Bit—Scabious (Scabiosa succisa)—grows, on August
1ith, 1921. Onthe same date Lycaena arion was reported on our hills
by Master Russell Brotherton. This was probably a case of retarded
emergence and not a second brood.—C. GRANVILLE CLUTTERBUCK,
H.E.S., 23, Heathville Road, Gloucester.

LEPIDOPTERA IN THE SwanaGE Disrrict.—It may be of interest
to record the many species of butterflies met with in the Swanage
district during the past week-end. The weather was all that could
be desired, and the Purbeck hills and valleys were looking glorious
in their wealth of summer foliage. The hills running from Ballard
Down to Corfe Castle form the ground that gives the best results.
Here were found J. tcarus swarming, a few worn ZL. adonis and
males of A. cardamines, which were very plentiful, and were flying
with a host of P. brassicae and P.rapae. A. ewphrosyne were in fine
condition, but not abundant; 4%. minima, H. malvae and T’. tages
were very common all along the bottom slopes, and were almost as
numerous in the quarry lands to the south. Females of C. edusa,
P. atalanta and P. cardwi were all ovipositing, and it looks as
though these species will be in plenty later. P. aegeria and
P. megaera were very worn but in fair numbers, C. phlaeas and
C. pamphilus were in prime condition, but L. astrarche was going
over. C. argiolus were flying very freely and quite fresh. A new
place for C. rwbz was stumbled upon by accident and they were
flitting about in scores. Not a single specimen of G. rhamnt was
met with nor A. actaeon, for although the text-books say July, I have
generally taken a few of the latter in June. Larve of M. galatea
and S. semele were scarce, but V. urticae plentiful, and only two
T. quercus were secured for thirty minutes’ beating. Unfortunately
time would not allow my visiting the home of L. sebylla and
T. fuciformis where these species occur abundantly but in a restricted
area.— LEONARD TATCHELL, F.H.S.; Wanstead, June loth, 1922.

Spring RHopaLOCERA IN SurREY.—I thought the following list of
species of British Rhopalocera seen or taken between May 19th and
June 4th in Surrey within a radius of twenty miles of London would
be interesting to readers of the ‘Entomologist’: C. argiolus
(common), P. rapae, P. napt, P. brassicae, EH. cardamines, G. rhamni,
V. to, V. urticae, P. atalanta, P. cardw, V. polychloros, H. malvae
(common), C. phiaeas (scarcer than usual), 7’. tages (common), T.
rubi (local), N. lwctina (abundant), L. astrarche, L. wcarus (common),
L. bellargus, A. ewphrosyne (common), C. pamphilus (common),
P. megaera, A. sylvanus and C. croceus. I also took a fair series of
P. egeria from Bucks on May 14th, making a total of twenty-five
species in all. The specimen of C. croceus is a female in very good
condition. I shall be interested to hear if any reader can exceed
this total for the same period for the county of Surrey—twenty-
four species—Avucaustus H. Srarrorp; 98, Cowley Road, Mortlake,
London, S.W. 14. -

190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

VARIETIES OF BRENTHIS EUPHROSYNE AND THECLA W-ALBUM.—
I should like to record some remarkable colour varieties of butterflies —
from the Chilterns. In 1920, in a certain wood, I secured a specimen
of Brenthis ewphrosyne having the underside of a deep, almost
uniform russet, with dull leaden instead of silvery metallic spotting ;
also three other specimens of tints ranging back to the type. This
year, from about twenty bred specimens, one has emerged of this
same form, whilst the wild captures include another, very extreme,
two intermediate forms and two with creamy undersides. Strangely
enough in all these specimens the uppersides are nearly or quite
typical. The first ewphrosyne seen in 1921, in a small copse some
few miles from the wood above alluded to, is probably the strangest
specimen of them all. The whole insect, upper and underside, is
toned a purplish-mahogany colour, the border metallic spots being
magenta-tinted and small. A specimen secured this year has the
upperside somewhat similar with typical underside; another has a
dull tawny upperside with underside of an olive-grey tint. All
these varieties are males. In 1919 I beat five full-fed larvee of T'hecla
w-album close to High Wycombe which produced the same number
of butterflies, one of which I think must be unique. Its colour, both
upper and underside, is golden khaki, rather similar to the khaki
form of Lycaena corydon (2) occurring at times at Royston and —
elsewhere. Other less important varieties met with are pale C.
pamphilus and golden H. linea.—G. B. Ouiver; High Wycombe,
June. 15th, 1922. se ts

C. PHL#AS, vAR.—On May 28th last, when taking Lepidoptera at
Horsley, Surrey, I netted a rather unusual specimen of C. phlaeas.
The fore wings are a bright golden colour, deeper at the base and
gradually getting to a paler shade towards the margins, the hind
wings as in typical specimens, but. with row of blue spots as in var.
caeruleo-punctata. The specimen, which is a perfectly fresh one, is
still paler in colour when looked at at an angle, being distinctly
primrose in shade. I have never seen a specimen exactly like it
before; the pale golden specimens I have seen have had the band in
the hind wings also of that colour, which is not the case with this

Seg eae EK. Srarrorp; 98, Cowley Road, Mortlake,
W. 14.

Hypripisation 1n Nature.—On June 10th, in a marshy field,
I took at rest on a grass stem a pair of moths. The female was
4. trifolt, newly emerged, and the male was A. statices in somewhat
worn condition. They remained “in cop” for about half an hour
only, the female being rather restless. Up to the time of writing no
eggs have been laid. <A. stateces was this year fully a fortnight
earlier than Z. trifolit, which is only just beginning in this particular
field. The observation seems interesting as affording evidence of
the close relationship between the two families —Ww. FAssNIDGE ;
47, Tennyson Road, Southampton. ny

CANNIBALISM AMONG CuCULLIA vERBASCI.—On June 23rd I found
some of the larve of Cucullia verbasci on a plant of great mullein.
I placed them in a zinc larva cage, and gave them a good supply of
the leaves of mullein. On the following day one of them was seen

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 191

to attack another with wide open mandibles, and on reaching it
killed and devoured it. The same thing happened with another
brood of the same. The remainder of the first lot pupated on
July 8th and 9th; those of the second are still feeding but will soon,
I think, spin up. Has cannibalism been known to occur before

with this species?—L. H. Bonn; The Cottage, Welby Gardens,
Grantham, July 13th, 1922.

A Note on HEnicoNIsA PAGENSTECHERI (SATURNIDR).—
(Extracted from letters from F. B. Hinchliff, Estancia ‘ Los
Flamencos,” Sancti Spiritu, F.C.C.A. Argentina. March 1st, 1922.)
“For the last thirty years I have occasionally seen what I always
thought was a kind of apollo owing to its flight and transparency of
wings. Ihave seen three or four specimens only. The flight is a floppy
and irregular one—something like a big white or swallowtail, a
distinct butterfly flight—and they very rarely alight. I only saw two
alight—wings closed like a moth (Noctua), the female with wings
closed like a ‘drinker’ moth. They only fly by day for a short
period. I found them at the best between 2 and 4 p.m., and when
I rode up to the house to get some more papers and got back to the
hunting-grounds at 4.45 they had all gone to roost. I could have
sworn when I saw them on the wing that they were butterflies, and
was quite nonplussed when I saw them on the grass with wings posed
like moths. I caught one female and one male in the act of mating
—otherwise I should never have believed that they were male and
female. An interesting feature about these Argentine specimens is
that to-day once the moth settled in the dead grass it was impossible
to put it up again, evidently it crawled down into the masses of dead
grass and there it roosted until the next afternoon. The grasses
where I caught it were about 3 to 4 ft. deep. The males settled very
occasionally on the dead grass, which, being straw colour, acted as a
good ‘ camouflage,’ and once they pitched they were not to be put
up again. I marked one specimen down and never put him up, and to
find him was like looking for a needle in a bundle of hay. Although
the males fly with a floppy flight they go very quickly—though appuar-
ently lazily. Having discovered their breeding-ground (they feed on
coarse grass about 3 to 4 ft. high) I can catch any quantity next
year if required.—This afternoon, 3 p.m. there must have have been
300 to 400 males on the wing in 20 acres of pasture, and having noted
the date I will be ready for them next year. Personally I should
never have thought that the butterfly-looking specimens were
moths, as in the sun they looked as if their wings were made of silver,
or glass, or celluloid, and the sun shining on the wings made them
flash. The caterpillars evidently feed on grass, and I shall keep that
island [on which the moth occurred] as a sanctuary of the moth. I
found it useless running or trying to run after them in the tall
growth so I simply waited until one flew near me, when I made a
dash at it. Of course I missed quantities, as they are very quick and
dodging, and I only had the small folding net you sent me. The
female never attempted to fly—too heavy in body.”

In a letter dated April 18th, 1922, he writes: ‘I wonder what
they (these moths) feed on, as they never once pitched on a flower,
though there were lots of big thistles in full bloom all over the place.

192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

I think it must have been the females that I saw several times flying
low and fast over the lake, every now and then dropping on to the —
surface, like a swallow, and having a drink. It was a dark brown
moth about the same size as the one I sent you, and close to the spot
on the lake where I saw two or three moths drop on to the surface
for a drink, and then off again—very quick flyers.” w
In a further letter dated June 11th, Mr. Hinchliff writes :—‘“ Re
my remark that I had discovered their breeding-ground, what I
meant was that I had discovered the locality where they evidently
bred, as it is the only spot where there were several of them
flying about; before, I had only seen single isolated specimens —
flying over the pampas, but here, on this island, there were some
hundreds flying over a given spot about twenty acres or so in extent —
composed wholly of coarse grass about three feet high (tussocks,
called red grass or paja colorada), a few plants of pampas grass with
the tall white bloom stalks, some tall thistles, and a few small weeds —
and a variety of small grasses, including a brome grass the same in
appearance as the grass on the sand-dunes at Braunton Lighthouse.
There were no shrubs or reeds or trees of any kind and they only
hovered over the red grass—so-called because in the winter the old
leaves turn a reddish colour sometimes. The whole place is two feet
deep with dried, rotted leaves of this grass, and occasionally they
seemed to disappear mysteriously into it, as the one I caught was in if,
and the female was also on a dry blade of the same grass. There is
a kind of loosestrife in this country and perhaps there may be some
plants there, but next season I will look out for the caterpillars on
all the different weeds I can find. Anyhow, I will make a point of —
trying to find them and will do as you request, taking a careful note
and drawing of them in the event of being successful.’—G. F.
Maturew; Lee House, Dovercourt, Essex. 7

SOCIETIES.

Tuer Sout Lonpon Entomonoaicat Society.—May 11th, 1922.—
Mr. E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S8., President, in the Chair.—Mr. C. B.
Leechman, of Purley, was elected a member.—Mr. H: Main exhibited
Thais polyxena, bred, from Hyéres, and some wingless sand-beetles—
Pimelia angulata—from Egypt.—Mr. E. Step, a large gall on
Populus alba from France, with small Diptera (Ceczdomyia, sp.),
which had emerged, and much smaller hymenopterous inquilines.
He also showed larve of the lichen-feeding Geometer, Cleora
lachenarca.—Myr. H. Moore, Lepidoptera from New Zealand, including
Vanessa gonerilla, Chrysophanus salusteus, ete.—Mr. R. Adkin ©
exhibited the ‘‘ brown-tail”’ and ‘ gold-tail”” moths, discussed their —
names, pointing out that the former should be called Nygmia
phaeorrhoea and the latter Leucoma chrysorrhoea.—Mr. Staniland,
the beetle Melanophila acununata from Suffolk.—Mr. Blair, for Mr,
Dods, the ‘stick-insect,” Bawrosiws morusus, of an unusual red-
brown colour.—Mr. Turner, the Brazilian Longicorn Phoenicocerus
dejeantt, which has the antenne furnished with extraordinarily long
lamelle.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Editor of Proceedings. a

fo. EKCHANGE
eat Gn of Noticés’ of Exchange. or of Advertisements, in the.’ Entomo-
y #4) guarantee, for the British nationality; authenticity, or good

This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of
but to absolve the’ Editor from responsibility, in ease the liberty

sertion. Not'more than S1x Lines can be allowed for each,
m Southern Spain.—T. rumina, BE. belemia, E. euphonides, »
ui), Li: telic¢anus, S. fidia, P. wgeria (Southern form), E.janira ©
Ada, Ei. pasiph, C. edusa,.L.sinapis, Z. boetica (Burnet)... The’.
papers, with data: 1. cribrum, E, pudica, A. crassa, P. chaleites,
« imitaria, S. sacraria, NM. nunionalis, A. marginepunctata, D) saporte,
ne A, clavipalpis, H. japygiaria,.G. mucidaria and. a few others, all
ck Enshsh pins, fall data. What.offers in British Lepidoptera, good con-
W oe with data Major Fed. Jacobs, Holmesleigh, Burgess: Hill;

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Rape, Euphrosyne,: T.. rubi,,’ Menthrasti, Jacobwa,*
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tistrigaria, Montanata, Petraria, Luteolata, Tristata, Plum-
tuata, Atomaria, Vilipendule,* also ova B. querens var,
nib Jacobea. Wanted-—Very numerous, especially Cassiope,
figers, Prominen 8, ete., also larve, pupe.—James N. Pickard, Brow Top,
more, Lance itera ATR EU HR ation Tia aati SRC ANN ae .
Vinula, Carpini, Glauca, Camelina, Verbasei, 8. ligustri,
ta, ete. “Pup: Munda, Cruda, Badiata, Multistrigaria.
, Monoglypha (melanic), Tristata, Propugnata, and

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‘SEPTEMBER, 1922, _ (No, 712.

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THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Von. LV.) ~ SEPTHMBER, 1922. [No. 712

}

ON THE IDENTITY OF SYMPHEROBIUS (HEMERO.-
_ BIUS) ELEGANS, STEPHENS (NEUROPTERA).

_._ By C. L. Wrraycompz, B.Sc., F.E.S.

In the ‘Entomologist’ for August, 1914, Mr. K. J. Morton
dealt with two species of Sympherobius which had been for some
time mixed in British collections under the name of elegans,
Stephens. One of these is smaller than the other and has
whitish interruptions on the dark brown veins in the fore wings,
while the other and larger species has the fore-wing venation
uniformly dark brown. MacLachlan, in his ‘‘ Monograph of the
British Neuroptera Planipennia” (‘ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,’
1868), gave an account of the species with the white dotted
veins, but attributed to it the name of elegans, Steph., although
Stephens’s description plainly refers to the anterior wings as
being wholly dark fuscous. MacLachlan makes no comment on
this discrepancy between the original description and his own,
although it is to be assumed that Stephens’s description and
type were both known to him.

With the object of determining the proper application of the
name elegans, Mr. Morton sent to Mr. Herbert Campion speci-
mens of both the species of Sympherobius in question, for com-
parison with the type material in the Stephens Collection at the
British Museum (Natural History). Mr. Campion was of opinion
that the larger and darker species was the true elegans of
Stephens, but said he preferred to await confirmation of his
identification by someone who had made a special study of the
group, before alleging against MacLachlan so strange an error
as had seemingly been committed. In the circumstances, there-
fore, Mr. Morton decided provisionally to retain for the smaller
variegated species the name elegans, Stephens, while employing
the name striatellus, Klapalek, for the larger and uniformly dark
species.

A short time ago, whilst working through Stephens’s Collec-
tion at the British Museum, I found to my surprise that the
elegans of Stephens was undoubtedly the wholly dark species,
that is, striatellus, Klap. Stephens’s Collection contains no
representative of the white-dotted form, and therefore there can
have been no confusion of types. His type of elegans agrees

ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1922. 8

194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

with his description entirely, and is clearly not the species
regarded by MacLachlan as elegans. S. elegans of Stephens is
the larger form, with the veins entirely dark fuscous, as stated
in his description (‘ Il. Brit. Ent.,’ Mand. vi, p. 118, 1836), and
is therefore synonymous with striatellus, Klap. Other specimens
of the same species were labelled by Stephens as marshami and
beckwithit respectively.

Having determined the larger species as elegans, Steph., it is
now necessary to find a name for the smaller form, and I think
we shall be safe in accepting Morton’s suggestion and adopting
the designation of S. pygmaeus, Rambur. Rambur’s description
(‘ Ins. Névropt.,’ p. 442, 1842) leaves the species somewhat ill-
defined, but Brauer’s later diagnosis (‘ Neuropt. Austr.,’ p. 56,
1857) admits of no doubt, at all events, as to his conception of
Rambur’s species. agri

The following comparison is adapted from Morton, and ampty
serves to separate the two species under consideration :

Face dark shining piceous; dorsum of thorax also dak pilehy
brown; neuration of fore wings entirely fuscous witho?! ale inter
ruptions, these wings heavily marked to the wing base, tue arnes
more or less radiate, especially those proximal to the middle 89>)

of gradate veinlets, those in the distal part of the wing much bros)

up into irregular dots; gradate veinlets usually heavily shaded.
Larger darker species.
elegans, Stephens (= strzatellus, Klap.).

Face and dorsum of thorax yellowish; neuration of fore wings
with pale dotted interruptions ; dark markings on outer half of fore
wings mostly placed opposite each other on either side of the dark
portions of the longitudinal veins. A pale space at the base of these —
wings in which the veins are rather indistinct, the transverse vein-
lets being hardly visible. Paler smaller species.

pygmaeus, Rambur.

ON THE EARLIER STAGES OF CACOECIA
CRATAEGANA, HUBN. ~

By W. G. Sueupon, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

In the month of June, 1917, searching for larve and pups
of Peronea boscana on elm at Brockenhurst, I found a pupa
spun up in an elm leaf which produced a male specimen of
Cacoecia crataegana, generally supposed to be attached to oak.
Three years later, at the same period of the year, I beat out of
elm at Brockenhurst several very large, dark olive green, almost

THE EARLIER STAGES OF CACOECIA CRATAEGANA, HUBN. 195

black, tortrix larve, which I did not recognise, and from them
had the following month imagines of C. crataegana.

The larva being now recognised I made an excursion to the
New Forest in June, 1921, to secure a supply, which I obtained
from oak, elm and sallow.

This larva is not readily to be mistaken for that of any other
species ; the only one resembling it in any way is C. sorbiana,
but this latter is an earlier larva, being usually full grown when
that of C. crataegana is only about half its eventual size; in
addition the full-grown larva of C. sorbiana is much lighter
olive green, and has a brown prothoracic plate. It is admirably
figured by Snellen in ‘ Nederlandsche Insecten,’ vol. iv, pl. xlviii,
figs. 1-3.

The following is a description of C. crataegana in the final
sistar: Head and prothoracic plate black and glabrous without
the conspicuous white collar which is a prominent feature in
C. sorbiana, although a narrow one is discerned when the head
is bent downwards. The segments at the rear of the prothorax
are in colour very dark olive green, almost black (quite black in
the previous instars) and somewhat spiny. The tubercles are
rather prominent and black in colour; the larva is somewhat
transparent, the alimentary canal being discernible. The anal
plate is very black and chitinous, with a rough surface; the
prolegs are intensely black; the claspers and ventral area are
of a lighter olive green than the dorsal area. The larva
tapers towards head and anal extremity; it rests with the head
flattened out.

The male pupa is 9°5 mm. long by 3 mm. broad, the female
pupa being 13 mm. long by 4°5 mm. broad. The head is biunt
and rounded, without a cocoon opener. The wing cases are
black and glabrous, striated longitudinally, the head, antenne
and eye covers are prominent and raised. The abdominal
segments are very dark brown, almost black, not glabrous; the
wing-cases reach to the rear of the second abdominal segment.
The pupa terminates anally in a long-drawn-out point which has
at the extreme end four hooks, and at the base of the anal
segment four others arranged in pairs. Hach abdominal segment
is armed with rows of spikelets and a number of long spines,
two pointing rearwards; the abdominal segments are reticulated
on the surface.

Youlgreave,
South Croydon ;
July 31st, 1922.

[We very deeply regret to have to announce the death, on
Sunday, August 27th, of Dr. Davip Suarp.|

196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

A NEW CALLIMORPHA FROM NORTH-WEST PERSIA
AND ARMENIA. :

By W. H. T. Tams.

Callimorpha quadripunctaria splendidior, subsp. nov.

Callimorpha quadripunctaria (Poda), Watkins and Buxton,
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., xxviii, p. 178 (1921).

g¢ and 9. General pattern and colour scheme as in quadrupunc-
taria quadripunctaria, Poda, than which it is somewhat larger.
Palpi: 1st and 2nd segments pale yellow, the 2nd with a blackish
spot outwardly near base; 3rd blackish. Antenne sepia. Head
pale yellow, with two black spots on vertex behind antenne. Patagia.
and tegule bright bronze green edged with yellow. Thorax pale
yellow with a median longitudinal bronze green stripe. Abdomen
rosaceous orange above, with a small black spot on each segment.
(Black spots sometimes absent, as in holotype ¢.) Pectus and
underside of abdomen pale yellow, the latter bearing a row of black
spots on each side, and a median longitudinal row. Fore and middle
legs pale yellow, the tibiz and tarsi with sepia bands above. The
hind legs pale yellow. Fore wing with the pattern of guadrupunctaria,
from which it differs as follows: Colour brilliant bronze green, with
the pale yellow bars more ample; a small pale yellow spot on vein
2, near middle; a pale yellow streak along the basal two-thirds of
the anal vein, broad basally, its attenuated extremity joined to the
broad pale yellow border of the inner margin. Fringe alternately
sepia and pale yellow from apex to two-thirds; remaining third pale
yellow. Hind wing and whole of underside as in quadripunctaria,
but with blackish markings reduced.

Holotype ¢ and allotype ¢: Harir (5800 ft.), N.W. Persia,
ie. 8. 18 (A; Dy Peiley:

Paratypes: 42 2, Harir (5800 ft.),N.W. Persia, 10-11.8. 718
(H. D. Peile). g and ?, Karind Gorge (6000 ft.), N.W. Persia,
14.7.718 (Peile). 4 3 3 and 2, Mungerrah Mts., near Dizful,
Persia, 1856 (W. K. Loftus). 2 ¢ 4 and ?, Suwara (4000—
4600 ft.), 60 miles north of Mosul, Armenia (Capt. Aldworth).

The above specimens are all that I have so far seen, and are
in the collection at the British Museum (Natural History).

Col. H. D. Peile says: ‘‘ July 13th to August 19th, 1918. In
large numbers settled on leaves of trees a few feet from the
ground, easy to catch; August 10th, abundant still, but more
females; 19th August, nearly over.” .

This very distinct form is in its outstanding features quite
constant throughout the series of 16 specimens. It is easily
distinguished from quadripunctaria, Poda, by its bright bronze
green colour, larger size, and by the very long pale yellow streak
on the anal vein of the fore wing. -

A NEW SPECIES OF GENUS CALPE FROM JAPAN. 197

It will be interesting to discover its western limits, as
quadripunctaria quadripunctaria occurs in Syria. There is a
specimen in the National Collection from the Amanus Mts..
near Alexandretta, and the Armenian specimens of splendidior
were taken 600 miles due east of this, beyond the Tigris.

Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.),
S. Kensington.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF GENUS CALPE FROM JAPAN.
By A. E. Wineman.

In the National Collection of the British Museum (Natural
History) there are three specimens of a new Calpe which have
hitherto been included in the series of Calpe minuticornis, Guenée,
but have now been separated and are unnamed, one male from
Chang-yang, West China (A. E. Pratt, July, 1888), and two
females labelled ‘‘ Hakodate” and ‘‘ Yezo’’ (Andrews) respectively.
Hakodate, I may state, is situated in the Island of Yezo, now
more commonly referred to by Japanese as Hokkaido, so that
both these Japanese specimens hail from Hokkaido, or Yezo. In
the same series there is. also exhibited an inflated larva of
minuticornis (ex Green Collection, Ceylon), coloured figures of the
larva and pupa drawn by Moore, and a preserved pupa shell from
the Moore Collection. Moore also figures and describes the larva
and pupa of minuticornis in ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ vol. 11, p. 78,
pl. cliii, fig. 3, imago; fig. 8a, larva; fig. unnumbered, of pupa,
1884-7.

I have in my Japanese collection four specimens of this new
Calpe, which agree well with the above-named three specimens
of the British Museum series, namely, two males bred at
Hakodate, Hokkaido, on August 6th and 7th, 1902; one male
bred at Hakodate probably about the same time as the two
preceding males; and one female received at Hakodate in 1902
from the Right Rev. Bishop Andrews, Bishop of Hokkaido, taken
by him in Hokkaido, but neither dated nor localised. One of
these four specimens was bred from a larva painted by a Japanese
artist on July 8th, 1902, whom I employed at Hakodate for the
purpose of figuring the larve of various Japanese Lepidoptera.
This drawing differs altogether from the coloration and markings
of the larva of minuticornis, Guenée, as exhibited in the series of
that species in the British Museum Collection, and as described
and figured by Moore in his ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon.’ Moreover,
a critical comparison of the series of minuticornis in the British

198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Museum Collection, which includes Guenée’s female type, with
the series of this new Calpe in the British Museum Collection
and my own collection, shows a variation sufficiently marked to
warrant the latter being separated as a distinct species, apart
from the fact that the larva differs entirely in colour and markings
from that of minuticornis. I therefore propose the name hokkaida
for this new species, and give below a description of the imago
and larva, and also the description of the larva of minuticornis
taken from Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon.’ In the series of
eighteen specimens of minuticornis in the British Museum Collec-
tion, which come from Formosa, Sikhim, India, Ceylon, Java —
(1 2 type Guenée) and Australia, there still remains one male
specimen from Oiwake, Japan (ez collection H. Pryer), which
agrees remarkably well with Guenée’s female type of minuticornis
from Java (Horsfield), so that there are apparently two quite
distinct, but very closely allied, species in Japan—one minutt-
cornis, Guenée, whose habitat is at Oiwake, in the island of
Honshu, situated at perhaps about 38000 ft. altitude, and lying
between 86° to 47° northern latitude; and the other hokkaida, —
Mihi, which, so far, has been found only at Chang-yang, Central
China, and on the plains of Hokkaido, between 41° and 42°
northern latitude.

Minuticornis is placed by Hampson in his unpublished
manuscript of the ‘Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalene in
the British Museum,’ vol. xiv, in Section VI of the genus Calpe,
to which hokkaida also apparently belongs : .

Section VI.—Antenne of male with uniseriate laminations :—
A. Antenne of male with the shaft fringed with scales above
towards base :—
(a) Fore wing with distinct white streak just
below costa, rather diverging from it

towards apex ; ; : : orthograpta.
(b) Fore wing without distinct white streak
below costa . F . : é . minuticornis.

Description.
N

Calpe hokkaida, sp. n.

_ 6: Head, thorax, and abdomen pale brown, the latter grey-_
tinged. Fore wings lustrous pale brown, with numerous whitish
strize and traversed by olive brown lines; subbasal line inwardly
oblique, not extended to dorsum ; antemedial line inwardly oblique;
medial line oblique, sharply elbowed at end of cell; postmedial line
coppery red, oblique from apex to dorsum a third from tornus; all —
the lines inwardly edged with olive brown, and there are some oliye
brown clouds between the postmedial line and the olive brown undu-
lated subterminal line. Fringes brown, paler at base, terminal line

A NEW SPECIES OF GENUS CALPE FROM JAPAN. 199

brown. Hind wings pale brown with darker medial line and outer
border; terminal line brown, fringes whitish. Underside whitish
brown with a broad purplish transverse shade beyond middle of fore
wings and two undulated lines beyond the blackish discoidal mark
on hind wings.

_ ¢. Similar to the male but darker in colour, especially on the
hind wings.

Expanse: ¢ 48 mm.; ¢ 538 mm.

Collection number 1163. Reference to British Museum,
Noctuine, Drawer 207.

Local distribution.—Hokkaido.

General distribution.—British Museum Collection, Central
China, Chang-yang (Pratt), 1 ¢. Japan, Hokkaidd (Andrews),
2 2. Wileman Collection, Hokkaido, Hakodate, 1 3 type bred
from larva of August 7th, 1902, 1 3s bred August 6th, 1902,
1 3 bred, undated, 1 2? type (Andrews), undated, unlocalised.

Larva (described from artist’s figure).—Length about 58 mm.
Head pale yellow. (One side of head only described.) Four black
spots. One large one on the side, and one small one just above;
two on the central area, namely one in the centre and one above on
vertex of head. The two side spots are no doubt reduplicated on the
other side of the head. Colour black. The body intersected dorsally
and laterally with a few slender, thread-like, silver, longitudinal lines,

more conspicuous on the anterior segments. Legs, prolegs and
_ claspers pale yellow.

Food-plant.—This has been identified for me from the figure
painted by my Japanese artist in Hakodate as being probably
Corydalis pailida, Persoon, var. platycarpa, Maxim, Japanese
name Kikeman.

Figured July 8th, 1902, pupated July 15th, 1902, ¢ imago
emerged August 7th, 1902.

Larva and pupa of Calpe minuticornis, Guenée.—‘ Larva olive-
grey; with a subdorsal row of black-hordered yellow spots and clots,
and a sublateral row of small yellow spots; a sublateral pale pinkish-
bordered black line enclosing the spots from fifth segment; stigmata
black ; head ochreous yellow with a black cheek-spot ; legs pale pink.
Pupa dark purplish-red. Feeds on Cocculus macrocarpus, etc.
(Thwaites).’ Moore (J. c.).

Lane End,

Westcott,
Dorking.

200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

NOTES ON BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1921.
By Wade Liveas, B.Acie Rees

Forficulodea.—EHarwigs (Forficula awricularia, Linn.), that
are found as imagines in the early months of the year, we are
accustomed to look upon as having hibernated in that stage;
but we are still somewhat uncertain when, in a state of nature,
the earliest imagines of the new season begin to appear. In
1921 R. South found a female between 8 and 17 June at
Padworth in Berks; but I first noticed one myself, a male, at
Merton Park, Surrey, on 26 June. C. W. Bracken found the
variety forcipata, Steph., common at Newquay in Cornwall in
August ; and I took one on the road between Esher and Oxshott,
Surrey, on 29 Sept. The latter was interesting as having the
pale spot distinct on the visible point of the wings.

Blattodea.—On 31 May in the New Forest I found in the
damp layer at the bottom of a heap of cut heath or heather
a fairly large nymph of Ectobius lapponicus, Linn.; this
apparently had hibernated as a nymph. Again in the Forest on
12 September, under a collection of dead leaves and sticks by
the side of Blackwater, I met with two or three small nymphs,
which clearly were going to hibernate in that stage. Of Hctobius
perspicillaris,* Herbst., an interesting record has come to hand.
H. M. Hallett, while at Llangennith at the extreme end of
Gower Peninsula in Glamorganshire during the second fortnight
of July, found this cockroach in all stages of growth. One was
carrying its ootheca; but this fell out while the insect was being
mounted. The nymphs, which ranged from straw-colour to
a reddish tinge, were most agile. They occurred in all their
stages under Hrodiwm, but were found most plentifully under cut
Marram-grass. In that district they mow the grass for the
purpose of thatching hay-ricks, and it was under recently mown
material that the insects abounded. The imagines made no
effort to fly when disturbed, but their rapidity of movement was
quite sufficient to render catching them a work of more than
ordinary difficulty. Mr. Hallett was kind enough to present me
with two females and an ootheca. K. G. Blair found a male
Blatta ortentalis, Linn., in the Isle of Man from 1-12 July in a
garden, but near a kitchen. In the refuse tip at Penarth,
Glamorganshire, H. M. Hallett states that he frequently turns

up 3. orientalis in all stages under old sacks, sheets of old
linoleum, ete.

* As suggested in my ‘British Orthoptera,’ p. 72, footnote, EH. perspicillaris —
is almost certainly only a pale form of H. lapponicus.

NOTES ON BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1921. 201

Gryllodea.—Nemobius sylvestris, Fabr., did not make itself
noticeable in the New Forest, but it was not necessarily less
common thanusual. Between 31 Aug. and 20 Sept. a few small
nymphs were met with on one occasion; possibly the drought
had caused the imagines to be over early, as I did not see any.
HK. A.C. Stowell on a visit to Selborne enquired for the “‘ Short
Lithe,” where Gilbert White used to get the Field Cricket,
Gryllus campestris, Linn.; but, if his identification was correct,
found it now planted with beech. One interesting accompani-
ment of the long drought was a great recrudescence of the
activities of the House Cricket, Gryllus domesticus, Linn. For
some years I had not seen or heard this insect in the Kingston
district, but during the summer and autumn it was remarkably
evident in Kingston, Surbiton and New Malden at least. At
night one was greeted with its chirpings out of doors in all
- directions, and this continued well into October, the sound
becoming fainter at last, as if the insects were retiring indoors.
Since they could not have arisen spontaneously, the race
apparently must have been continuing somewhat obscurely, till
the hot and dry weather caused a great increase in their numbers,
and brought them out of doors and so into prominent notice.
K. G. Blair makes a similar report for Hendon in June. H. M.
Hallett tells me (in litt. 19 Aug., 1921) that the House Cricket
swarms in the town refuse-tip at Penarth in Glamorganshire,
but seems very much scarcer in houses than it used to be,
- though he had heard it recently both in Penarth and Cardiff, as
well as in colliery villages in the county. On 5 December I
heard one in the evening at the Royal Caledonian School, Bushey,
Herts, and was told that the Crickets were common there and
were found to be a nuisance. When attention was called
to the chirp, one person present discovered that he could not
hear it, the pitch presumably being too high. At the beginning
of May the next year (1922) I received a female from the School,
where they were then not numerous. It had a double postal
journey before reaching me, but arrived apparently quite well.
No doubt other observers could report an increase last summer
in the number and activity of the House Cricket. K.G. Blair
had brought to him a female of Gryllus bimaculatus, De Geer,
from the London Docks in August. This of course is only a
casual arrival.

Locustodea.—Pholidoptera griseoaptera, De Geer, was taken
at Send in Surrey on 28 July (G. Fox-Wilson). One captured
on 13 September in the New Forest, when eviscerated, contained
only yellowish eggs, apparently not ready for laying (Lucas).
H. M. Hallett reports that Phasgonura viridissima, Linn., 1s not
uncommon in parts of Glamorganshire. He has several times
come across it himself, and others have sent or shown it to him.
Two males of Leptophyes punctatissima, Bosc, were taken at

202 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Abersock in Carnarvonshire in September (T. V. Campbell).

Besides the above new records, the outstanding event in connec-
tion with the Locustodea is the capture of a macropterous
female of Metrioptera brachyptera, Linn. This was taken by
G. Fox-Wilson at 9.380 a.m. on 3 August resting on a vine rod
about 23 feet above the ground in the Early Vinery at the Royal
Horticultural Society's Gardens at Wisley in Surrey. The side
and top ventilators were half open, which means that a wide

enough space was left to admit a bird as large as a plover. The
insect was resting on the rod quite near the side ventilator at

the north end of the house on oe ae
the east side. The Vinery is Gest
composed of three houses— je
Karly, Medium and Late—
joined into one house, and is
about the middle house of a
group of 8 glass-houses. On
the north end of the house a
shrub-border runs, with her-
baceous borders, etc., beyond
it. On the south there is a
lawn used for hay, with the
vegetable garden behind it.
Wisley Common is 200 yards
away on the east side. Con-
sequently it is quite reasonable
to suppose that the insect was
bred on the Common and flew
in at the ventilator. It is at
present a unique British ex- . [W. J. L., photo.
ual of ee form of M, cay | pe de ae (x 14).

rachyptera, but not absolutely _ (Macropterous female.

the only ‘specimen Imown, THs,2ind, wing is somata fold, bt
The figure is multiplied by se=subeosta. R=radius. M—medius.
i, and, though the hind- Cu=cubitus. IA =first anal.

wing is somewhat folded, the venation appears to be as
_marked.
Acridiodea.—G. T. Lyle captured at Wicken¥en, quite at the
beginning of April, a very dark male imago of Tetrix subulatus,
Linn., which he sent to me. Later he was able to send a
female (captured there on 1 May) with somewhat pale pronotum,
edged with paler yellowish-brown. On 6 June at one of the
haunts of this insect in the New Forest I took only one male and —
two females, although it was a bright day. No doubt most of the
hibernated examples had died after the next generation had been
provided for. On 80 May I captured in the New Forest a large
dark speckled female imago of its congener Tetrix bipunctatus,
Linn. On 13 June in the New Forest the first imago of Gompho-

S22 Se)

NOTES ON BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1921. 208

cerus maculatus, Linn., was secured—a female with pale mid-dorsal
line to head and thorax, and pale dorsal part of closed wings.
In August Bracken took this species at Newquay in Cornwall.
Mecostethus grossus, Linn., was found mature in the New Forest
on 21 July. Others were taken there in various localities after-
wards. A nymph captured on 31 July produced a female
imago on 6 August. Of Omocestus rufipes, Zett., the last noted
was a male on 12 September in the New Forest, but no particular
search was made for the species. Omocestus viridulus, Linn., was
taken mature as early as 30 May, in the New Forest. On 1 July
imagines were met with at Elstree Reservoir and at Stanmore
Common in Middlesex. A fine female was taken at Hillend Hill,
Pentlands, Midlothian, on 28 July (Evans). On 2 July the
common grasshopper, Stawroderus bicolor, Charp., was found
mature on high dry ground near Chessington in Surrey: there
_ were numbers of nymphs, but few imagines. Later,on 27 August,
at the same place, though there were darker specimens, most
examples were light in colour, often with pale yellowish longi-
tudinal stripes, thus assimilating very markedly with the scorched
grass: occasionally they had a reddish of greenish tint in parts.
Dr. B. P. Campbell sent me 19 males and 20 females which he
took on 17 July at St. Cyrus near Montrose. The females varied
as usual in colour, the males were much more uniform in tint.
A male was captured at Abersock in Carnarvonshire on 1 Sept.
(T. V. Campbell). One was taken on Esher Common in Surrey
on 29 September, when, after the fires and drought, grasshoppers
were fewin number. On 3 July a male Chorthippus parallelus,
Zett., was found mature near Chessington. The species was
taken there again, green in colour, on 27 August.

On the whole the season for grasshoppers appeared to be an
early one; but apparently it ended early also. From 31 Aug.—
20 Sept. in the New Forest they were not particularly numerous,
nor were their songs very often heard.

I must not conclude without referring to an addition to the
known Orthopterous fauna of the Channel Islands. On 23 Oct.
1921 J. R. le B. Tomlin gave me a female earwig, Forficula
pubescens, Géné, which he took in Guernsey in September. The
females of some species of Forficula are rather alike, but, after
detailed examination by K.G. Blair and myself, there was no
doubt about its identity. Entomological visitors to Guernsey
will perhaps secure other specimens, including males, of this
earwig, which has not yet been found in Britain.

Kingston-on-Thames ;
July, 1922. _

204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

A NEW MYMARID FROM NORTH WALES.
By Lrsevut.-Cou. AuFRED W. Ryuanp, F.R.M.S.

Neurotes flaviventris, sp. nov.

6. Head, viewed from above, subdeplanate, almost twice as
broad as long and slightly broader than thorax; in side view globose
with a line of five or six stout hairs running from the vertex to frons ;
antenne filiform, of ¢ thirteen-jointed and longer than insect; scape
dilate, sinuate, elongate and twice as long as first flagellum joint;
pedicellus broad and compressed, sub-equal in length to first Hagellum
joint; first joint of flagellum half the length of the scape, the four
following joints equal in length and slightly longer than the first; the
sixth to tenth equal in length and each slightly longer than the fifth ;
the apical joint slightly longer than the tenth joint. Thorax long,
one fifth longer than abdomen; in side view elongate deplicate and
apically truncate. Abdomen subsessile. Legs slender and elongate,
and seated compact at base of thorax; all tarsi longer than their
respective tibiz or femora; all femora shorter than their respective
tibiz; tarsi five-jointed. Wzngs narrow and elongate with the costal
margin convex and the lower margin straight; pilosity infumate ;
cilia long, the longest nearly double the width of the broadest part of
the wing. Costal nervure strongly elongate, slightly more than half
length of wing, and slightly enlarged at tip. Hind wings narrow,
and more than two thirds as long as front wings, with long cilia.

Head and thorax infuscate-fuliginous; scape, pedicel, entire legs
and ventral side of abdomen flavous; flagellum somewhat darker than
scape; dorsal area of abdomen nigrescent. Abdomen subsessile and,
in side view, subcuneiform, as deep as long and attached to thorax at
lower point of base. Tarsi of first legs longest, of hind legs shortest.
Tibize of centre and hind legs of equal length; femora of front and
centre legs of equal length. First and fifth joints of tarsi of front
legs of equal length and nearly double that of their respective
intermediate joints; all second, third and fourth tarsi joints of equal
se except the third joints of the centre legs, which are slightly
shorter.

Length, g 4, ‘65 mm., ‘74 mm.

At first sight this insect is much like Polynema, Hal., but
the abdomen ig subsessile, the thorax longer, and the legs all
seated far back; and it differs from Neurotes* iridescens, Enock,
in the entire pilosity of the front wings, which are more narrow
and elongate, with the apices more elongately ciliate.

?. (Somewhat damaged.) Scape slightly shorter than that of @.
Antenne broken off above second flagellum joint; first joint one-
third length of scape, second joint more than twice as long as first.
Thorax somewhat stouter and not quite so apically truncate asin g.

* This genus was described by Enock in the ‘Hastings and E. Sussex Nat.,’

vol. ii, 1915, p. 178. The present insect is best placed therein for the present,
though the elongate alar cilia allies it more closely with Litus, Hal.—C.M.

NEW CHALCID FLIES FROM AUSTRALIA. 205

Ventral side of abdomen extending below point of attachment with
thorax, and ascending from base in a straight line to anus. Terebra
not extending beyond anus. Legs not quite so long asin @; tarsi
of the centre and hind legs the same length as their respective
femora, and not longer; all second, third and fourth joints of equal
length except the third joints of the centre and hind legs, which are
slightly shorter. Wings shorter than those of ¢ and proportionally
narrower.

Length, 2 62 mm.

Captured on long fine grass at the top of hill Bryn Euryn,
Rhos, near Colwyn Bay, North Wales, ¢ on September 29th,
and 3 2 on October Ist, 1921, respectively.

Glen Hurst,
Fulwood,

Preston ;
May 4th, 1922.

—_=

NEW CHALCID FLIES FROM AUSTRALIA.
By A. A. Grravut.

Types in Queensland Museum and from Queensland unless
otherwise stated. Descriptions based upon comparisons, hence
their brevity.

1. Babinda det, sp. nov.—As genotype, but tibia 3 jet save apex
and knee narrowly, antennz jet save basal 4 scape, also ventral
margin femur 2 black. Postmarginal vein somewhat longer. Types
compared.

1 2, forest, Wynnum, March 30th, 1922.

2. Hrythmelus tintoretr, sp. nov.—As cinctus, but tibia 1 for the
most part dusky, distal funicle no larger than others and a half wider
than long; discal cilia of fore wing of two long lines from venation to
apex, one cephalad, one mid-longitudinal ; and fringes twice greatest
wing width.

Very distinct species. Wynnum, on a shop window, April
gnd, 1922.

RaFF@ELLIA, gen. nov. Encyrtini.

As Pseudaphycus, but metallic, and 1 of jaw distinctly shorter
than the acute 2 or 38, the jaw narrow. Habitus of Cocciden-
cyrtus. Scape moderately dilated.

3. R. sidneyi, sp. nov.—Dark eneus, wings clear, veins brown.
Knees, tibial tips, tarsi white, funicle soiled white. Pedicel twice
funicle 1, latter cup-shaped, a bit longer than wide, 2-3 equal,
somewhat wider than long, 4-5 quadrate, twice 3 and distinetly
larger than 1. Only 2-3 lines of cilia proximad hairless line and
these incomplete, caudad abruptly finer and fainter. A line of minute

206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

cilia along submarginal to base. Postmarginal a short stout cone.
Frons moderate, scrobes deep. Stigmal vein straight, paler, its knob
not differentiated. Club top-heavy, blunt at apex.

Sydney, New South Wales, forest, October 28th, 1917.

MesocaLoceRinus, gen. nov. Hetromini.

As Xenostryxis, but ovipositor not extruded, and as Cristati-
thorax, but scutellum simple, form and antenne slender. Frons
moderately wide.

4. M. gemmus, sp. nov.—Purple, head, thorax cephalad of
scutellum save cephalic margin of seutum on each side of meson and
cephalic margin of axilla and neck of prothorax, honey; basal ¢
abdomen, legs save coxee and the hind femora and tibie save ends of
latter, scape, whitish. Fore wings smoky from base of marginal 2
way to apex, the dense cilia coterminous with infuscation. Scape,
flagellum cylindrical, funicles subequal, $ longer than wide, a bit
shorter than pedicel. Postmarginal very short, stigmal short, nearly
half of marginal. Basal } femora and tibize 3 white. :

Wynnum, forest, May 24th, 1921. .

5. Eurytomocharis omnirubricornis, sp. nov.—Robust, abdomen
sublanceolate, nonstylate. Black, umbilicately punctate, head and
thorax with short golden pubescence. Legs save coxe, apex ovipositor
valves and antennz save pedicel above rich red, venation and fore
wing from base to apex of veins, yellow. Marginal somewhat exceed-
ing postmarginal. Funicles longer than wide, 1-2 longest, equal,
twice longer than wide, pedicel small. Propodeum with a gouged-out
rather wide median channel with 2 fovez at base, otherwise smooth
and shining. Mesopleurum with oblique irregular rug. Prepectus
scaly, with 3 fovez in a longitudinal line, 3 largest, at cephalic edge.
Abdomen 5 a bit higher than long, 2-4 moderately short, petiole very
short. Ocelli in a curved line, lateral a bit further from eye than
from cephalic.

Two females, Nelson and Kuranda (type), A. P. Dodd.

AUSTROENCYRTOIDEA, gen. nov. Encyrtini.

As Zaomencyrtus but postmarginal long, 4+ longer than
stigmal, club not enlarged, frons wide, ovipositor inserted at
base. x

6. A. letchhardtr, sp. nov.—Adneus brown, wings with a small
cloud against marginal and stigmal veins, latter dark brown; tarsi,
knees widely, tibie 1, distal + or more of other tibie, yellow, als
apex ovipositor and the scape. Latter a bit exceeding club ; pedicel
much exceeding any funicle; funicles 1-2 equal, a bit longer than
wide, 3-4 quadrate, 5-6 largest, subquadrate, each joint with a whorl
of not long bristly sete. Cheeks, vertex with short, very sparse
sete, jaws bare. About 5 lines of cilia proximad of the hairless line,
these most crowded proximo-caudad and prolonged toward base in a

widely-spaced single line; a closer line along submarginal to base.

NEW CHALCID FLIES FROM AUSTRALIA. 207

Costal cell entirely ciliated. Club 3 funicle. Scutum with white,
loose lying-down pubescence.

A female south-east Queensland.

1. Trichogramma nirum, sp. nov.—Trichogramma australicum
in Girault, ‘ Memoirs Queensland Museum,’ vol. iii, 1915, p. 153.

Specific character the minute bladder-like appendages on
antenne. From eggs of Chilo, Java. Form ought to be named
until its characteristic is known to be trifling, foreign or acci-
dental.

AUSTRALOMPHALE, gen. nov. Omphalini.

As Closteromphale, but stigmal nearly perpendicular to mar-
ginal, a bit shorter than postmarginal, a short slender neck, a
moderately large knob studded with short sete; abdomen dis-
tinctly compressed, ovipositor extruded 4% abdomen’s length,
above it a compressed stylus over 3 its length. Prothorax conical.
Scape coarsely serrate on one edge. Jaw 3 truncate. Sete
from venation gross.

8. A. auriceps, sp. nov.— Genotype. Blue, wings clear, a deep
cross-stripe from stigmal knob; head, legs save coxex, the femur 3,
the tibia 3 at basal 4, golden. A wide coppery median stripe on
dorsal thorax (save propodeum). Funicle 13 longer than wide or than
pedicel, 4 quadrate. Club with no terminal armature.

Nelson, A. P. Dodd, August.

9. Australomphale varicorms, sp. nov.—Same, but dorsal thorax
of one colour, head concolorous, wings clear, scape save slightly at
apex, nearly proximal } of funicles 2-4 white (club not seen). Coxe,
femur 3, femur 1 or 2 beneath and above more or less, tibiz 1 or 2
at apex, above and below on each side of middle and near base above,
dusky ; tibia 3 save apex, white. Stigmal knob and base of mar-
ginal jet, with a cluster of short jet hairs (that base marginal absent
in genotype). Funicle 1 nearly 3 times longer than wide.

Nelson, November, 1920, A. P. Dodd.

AUSTRALOODERA, gen. nov. EKupelmini.
As EHupelmus, but scutellum with a tuft of bristles near apex,
a smaller, looser one at base of the thickening of submarginal.
Ovipositor equal abdomen.

10. A. varicornis, sp. nov.—Orange, purple as follows: Scape
above at distal } and a spot at basal +, beneath to middle from basal
1; pedicel, funicles 1-2, 7-8, 3 above widely ; “cheeks centrally; ab-
domen except beneath at base rather widely, scutum at distal 4

-between the ridges, base coxa 3, propodeum, 2 cincti on tibia, 2 on
basal 4; ovipositor valves save basal 3 of distal 3. Silvery as follows:
Scape, funicles 3-4 save as noted, funicles 5-6, space between
cineti of tibia 2, coxa 3. Fore wings embrowned from the tuft to
apex, 4 eye-spots, 1-2 opposed to each other and at margins. Post-
marginal 4 longer than the short stigmal. Scape clavate; pedicel
elongate, equal funicle 3 which is longest, 3 larger than wide, 1

208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

quadrate. Discal cilia except caudad in a few longer lines termi-
nating at the tuft. - :
Four females, Kuranda and Nelson (type), A. P. Dodd. |

11. Aphelinus damont, sp. nov.—Orange, legs paler, wings clear,
veins yellow; scutum, scutellum each with a rather wide dusky stripe
on each side of median line save narrowly at each end ; abdomen with
4 complete dusky stripes, a shorter one at apex; a dusky dot on
axilla. Median groove scutum, scutellum distinct. Hairless line
widely closed cephalad, also by one line at caudal margin, 63 lines of
somewhat coarser cilia proximad of it, thence naked save 3 short lines
from band of submarginal. Marginal distinctly shorter than sub-
marginal, a short postmarginal ending in a bristle like those of
marginal. Scutum about 20 longish sete, scutellum 6. Stigmal
oblique. Hind wings 15 lines of discal cilia, the first two paired more
or less save distad. Submarginal 5, marginal 4 gross bristles. Hair-
less line if continued would meet costa distad of venation.

An odd species. Wynnum, forest, and a second female later
on March 1st, 1922. In my table follows ruskini.

12. Habrolepoidea raffaellini, sp.nov. Legs entirely concolorous
save knees, tibial tips, tarsi. Funicles twice larger than wide, equal
each other and pedicel. Jaws rather narrow, somewhat as Schedzus,
1-2 equal, subacute, 3 a half shorter. Postmarginal and stigmal
equal, marginal a bit shorter, nearly twice longer than wide. Frons
moderate.

AMneus, wings clear, a small cloud at marginal; club $ funicle.
Costal cell wholly ciliated, submarginal setz gross; 4—5 lines of cilia
proximad hairless line, these uniting before hind margin and running
to base (at least half way there).

Somewhat like Hchthrobacca angeliconint. 38 28, forest,
Sydney, New South Wales, October 28th, 1917.

Mezsanusia, gen. nov. EKctromini.

As Baoanusia but club pointed-ovate, 38 deeply sunken, the
region equal funicle; marginal 234 times longer than wide, a bit
exceeding stigmal. Ovipositor concealed. Frons narrow, dilation
of scape moderately great.

13. M. latiscapus, sp. nov.—Brown eeneus, fore wing lightly dusky
from about hairless line to apex; proximad of former cilia extending
to base, the line closed near hind margin by two lines of cilia. Sub-
marginal sete moderate, costal cell absent or nearly. Funicle 1
longest, half wider than long, 2 twice wider than long, rest gradually
widening but not lengthening, all shorter than the moderate pedicel.
Scape widest distad, somewhat over twice longer than wide. Hind
wings translucent, with short caudal fringes, apparently naked other-
wise, its submarginal long, convex. .

Pentland, forest, November, 1917.

Wynnum, Queensland,
Australia.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 209

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

CorrecTION oF NomenciATURE oF MIcROLEPIDOPTRERA. —
Phalonia grisescens, nn. (= § griseana, Hw.). This brief note is
published for the immediate correction of the name of a species now
under special study. The much-discussed Conchylis “qriseana, Hw.”
must still be criticised from another point of view. Tortrix griseana,
Hw., if Lp. Br.,’ 402 sp., 25 (1811), is absolutely homonymous with
Toriria griseana, Hb.,‘Smlg. Eur. Schm.,’ 7. Pf. 21. 135 (1797).
Haworth’s species is therefore nameless, and srisescens, nn., is sug-
gested to replace it—Jno. Harruey Durrant and J. pr JoANNis;
British Museum (N.H.), August 19th, 1922.

VANESSA ©-ALBUM IN New Forest.—At Brockenhurst, on
Tuesday, August 15th, I took a specimen of c-albwm off a lime tree
nearly opposite the New Forest Lawn Tennis Club. I believe that
this species is extremely uncommon in the forest. Colias croceus
was plentiful, though I did not come across var. helice.—L. H. Bonn ;
The Cottage, Weiby Gardens, Grantham.

CoLouR-PRESERVATION IN DraGconruies.—L. EH. CampBetn-
Taynor writes: “I suppose you do not know if there is a method by
which the colours of the Odonata can satisfactorily be preserved. I
have tried for many years in a great number of ways and cannot yet
find a satisfactory method. Lucas states in his book that Nunney
says the colours of Aeschna cyanea treated with an injection of boro-
glyceride were as bright after two years as when the insect was alive.
I feel bound to question the accuracy of this—at any rate boro-
glyceride will not do this for me; in fact it does not preserve the
colours two months, let alone two years.”

[Nunney’s method of preserving the colours of Odonata was quoted
for what it was worth. I have not tried it myself, nor have I heard of
anyone else doing so, previous to Campbell-Taylor’s attempt. Per-
sonally I should not care to put insects so treated into the cabinet. If
dragonflies are placed in spirit before any decomposition has taken place
their colours will usually be preserved almost or quite unchanged, and
will be available for examination. Many species of course do not
lose their colours in drying, especially after evisceration, and occasional
specimens of other species retain them perfectly. If the conditions
under which these latter keep their colours were known we should
be on the way to our desired result. Unfortunately we cannot tell
beforehand which specimens are going to retain their colouring, or
we might discover the determining cause. Keeping dragonflies
alive for a time without food seems to be an undoubted aid to colour-
preservation. Aeschna cyanea is one species that frequently retains
its colours un¢hanged, hence perhaps Nunney’s success with that
species in connection with the boroglyceride method. If, after speci-
mens had been dried in spirit, we could relax the legs and wings
without interfering with the abdomen, we might perhaps achieve some
measure of success from the cabinet point of view at any rate ; but for
scientific purposes a naturalist would prefer to have his specimens

_ ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1922. T

210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

“doctored” as little as possible—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on- —
Thames. |

C. croceus IN SomERsET IN May, Juty anp Auaust.—C. croceus
first appeared at Bruton this year on May 25th, when I took a Q of
68 mm. expanse (the largest specimen I have yet taken, although
T have examined several thousand in Egypt, etc.). On May 26th I
saw ab. helice and C. croceus was fairly common for a fortnight, but
I have only records of females. I also took it during this same
period on the Turf Moor at Ashcott and in Dorset at Shillingstone
(both females). On July 27th fresh males began to emerge at Bruton,
and are now not uncommon. I took my first ? on Aug. 7th—an ab.
helice (also ab. obsoleta, Tutt)—K. J. Haywarp, F.H.S.; Bruton,
Somerset, August 8th, 1922. 1

Couras crocEUS (EDUSA) IN AuGUsT aT BricHton.—I captured
a fine female specimen of Colvas croceus on the Downs here on
August 15th last.—J. R. Sueata; 112, Ditchling Road, Brighton.

Conias CROCcEUS IN SuRREY AND NortH CornwAbn.— Whilst
staying in North Cornwall in May I noted about half-a-dozen speci-
mens of C. croceus in the neighbourhood of Padstow, and on the
railway bank between Padstow and Okehampton. To-day when
taking a few Augzades comma on the downs at Coulsdon, I saw, but
did not capture, a male C. crocews, which appeared to be in fresh
condition. This was during one short burst of sunshine on an
otherwise almost sunless but bright morning.—ArrHuR Buiss;
The Cottage, Red Down Road, Coulsdon, Surrey, August 13th, 1922.

CoLiaAs CROCEUS, ETC., IN SussEx.—On July 20th I saw a
Colias croceus (edusa) on Sussex Downs, near here, and on August
10th I saw a specimen of the same species about twenty yards from
the same spot. This one I was able to bag, and found it to be quite
fresh and in perfect condition. I have seen no specimen since, but
expect by the time this is published C. croceus will be plentiful in
many places. On May 29th this year I netted a specimen of Hulype
hastata whilst beating herbage in this locality. It is very like
specimens taken at Rannoch, except that the black dots between
the bands on fore and hind wings and the dark triangle at base of
the latter are absent. On May 23rd I netted a fine specimen of
Lobophora viretata near its food-plant. This specimen was mostly
green in colour. On August 11th I took a second brood one at rest
on a fir tree; it was quite fresh but without a trace of green on it;
it was yellow with black markings.—(Major) J. J. Jacops; Holmes-
leigh, Burgess Hill, Sussex, August 15th, 1922. cal

THECLA W-ALBUM IN STAFFs, ETC.—On July 31st, at Denstone,
Staffs, [ had a rather worn ? of 7. w-albwm brought to me which
had been found with another specimen near Denstone. The other
specimen was not taken, however. This seems curious, since the
last North Statfs F.C. record is one seen in 1902 at Market Drayton
by Messrs. E. D. Bostock and F.C. Woodforde. It apparently also
used to occur near Burton. On August 10th, near Godalming, I saw —
a specimen of C. croceus.—Guy Stanton; The Glebe Farm, Shackle-
ford, Godalming, August 13th, 1929. . ree

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 211

Conras croceus, Fourc. (epusa, Fas.).—As several inquiries
have been received with regard to the use of the name croceus for
the species usually and very generally known as edusa, it may be
stated that it is purely a question of priority. Fourcroy gave the

name crocews to the species in the year 1785; Fabricius did not
publish his edusa till 1787. That croceus is the right name was
pointed out by Kirby in 1871, but very few writers have adopted it.
It is used here because it is the right name, in the hope that it
may be generally adopted, to the benefit of future entomologists.—

N. D.R

A Recorp Caprure or Buurs.—Mr. C. G. Clutterbuck and
myself saw in an area of about 200 yards, in the Bainswick district,
Glos., the following Blues: Aricia medon (astrarche), Polyommatus
warus, Agriades bellargus, Cupido minimus and Lycaena arvon—
surely a record. The date was June 10th, 1922.—G. H. Simpson
Haywarp; Icomb Place, Stow-on-the- Wold.

PHRYXUS Livornica Larva In SomerseT.—A larva of Phryxus
lavornica was brought to me a few weeks ago, found by a small boy
in a field near, on dock. The imago has emerged to-day.—A. R.
Haywarp; Misterton, Somerset, August 3rd, 1922.

PACHYS BETULARIA DOUBLEDAYARIA AT SoutH Norwoop.—A
male specimen of doubledayaria was found at rest on the pavement
in Grange Road, 5. Norwood, in the forenoon of July 23rd last. It
seemed to be in good condition when I picked it up. As I had no
box to put it in it allowed itself to be carried for about a mile
clinging to a finger of my hand.—Ricuarp SoutH; 4, Mapesbury
Court. —

Notes oN LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE NEw Forest AND SWANAGE,
1922.—A week in the New Forest this year, from July 1st to the
8th, proved rather disappointing, mainly owing to the inclement
weather. Many species of butterfly appear to have been late this
summer. Liamenites sibylla was plentiful and in much better con-
dition than is generally the case by July. Argynnis paphia, males,
just emerged, were about in good numbers, but only one female was
seen during the week. Argynnis aglaia and A. cydippe were fully out
-and. fairly common near Brockenhurst. Brenthis selene showed
evidence of late emergence, as it was still in quite good order.
Nothing was seen of Satyris semele, Aphantopus hyperanthus,
Epinephele tithonus and Adopaea thaumas. Males of Diacrisia santo
frequently turned up on the heather, and Huchloris pustulata was
not uncommon at dusk. Sugar proved attractive on several nights
at Hurst Hill, but only common species visited it. Boarnua
roboraria, B. repandata, Noctua brunnea, Xylophasia monoglypha,
Aplecta nebulosa, Euplexia lucipara and Triphaena pronuba were
most in evidence, the latter a perfect pest. The following week was
spent at Swanage, and the weather improved somewhat. Melanargia
_ galatea and A. aglaia were both abundant. Lycaena aegon swarmed

_on the moors north of Studland and also occurred in lesser numbers
on the downs, far removed from heather. Zizera minima and

219, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Lycaena bellargus, first brood, were still about in considerable —
numbers, but only one or two Satyrus semele were seen. Adopaea
actacon was late, not appearing until July 11th, and not more than a ©
dozen were seen up to the 15th, when I left. -Macroglossa stellatarwm ~
was not uncommon in the vicinity of the town. Sugar was attrac-
tive on the undercliffs, but produced no typical coast species.—S. B.
Hopason; 3, Bassett Road, N. Kensington. at

LEPIDOPTERA IN THE BRADFIELD (REapiInG) District, 1922.—
A list of the species of butterflies met with near Bradfield College in
the marshes and woods during the week ending August 1st may be
of interest. The weather was showery with very hot intervals,
generally of about an hour’s duration. Yet in the marshes west of
the College buildings Pieris rapae and P. nap were in great abun-
dance, also Polyommatus icarus, Heodes phlaeas, Aphantopus
(hyperanthus) and Hpinephile jurtina. Vanessa 10 and Aglais
urticae were plentiful, and I saw one specimen of Limenitis sibylla,
in very bad condition. At the Reservoir, a large open space in the
woods planted with shrubs and saplings, Zephyrus quercus and
Callophrys rubt were to be seen flying quickly over the trees.
L. sibylla and Dryas paphia were plentiful, though extremely fast on
the wing. P. rapae and P. napi abounded. I saw one specimen
only of Adopaea flava, which used to be plentiful; whilst, of the
other Skippers which used to abound here before the ground was
ploughed for planting saplings, I detected none. I saw and caught
one specimen each of Melanargia galatea, Aricia medon and Satyrus
semele. The latter, however, escaped. <A. hyperanthus and
Epinepheie tithonus were swarming over wild rose-bushes. Coeno-
nympha panvphilus was everywhere. Thecla w-albwm could be seen
flying high over a certain hedge not far distant. During the past
term one larva of Polygonia c-album was found on nettle and
pupated in due course, imago hatching about July 29th ; many larvee
of Dicranura vinula were collected, and one specimen of Amorpha
populs.—C. J. V. Gray;.17, St. John’s Park, Blackheath, S.E. 3.

DaNAlIs CHRYsIPPUS, L., AB. CANDIDATA, Haywarp.—Since my
notes on Danais chrysippus, Li. (antea, p. 178), were written, I have
succeeded in breeding (under natural conditions) a further specimen
of ab. candidata—a male specimen identical with the type. I also
saw but failed to take a similar insect (sex not determined) on the
wing. Both at Reservoir, near Aswan, Egypt.—KmnnetH HAywaArp ;
Vicarage, Bruton, Somerset. N

A VaRIETY oF CuPIpo mintmus.—On June 7th I found C. minimus
very common in several places along the Downs, near Lewes, and on
examining those settling at sun-down on grass stems I found amongst
them a male with the submarginal spots produced to form fine rays
or streaks on the undersides on all four wings.—H. Crisp; Heathcote,
Heathfield, Sussex.

BUTTERFLIES ATTRACTED BY Human Prrsprration. — Mr.
Mathew’s note in the May number of the ‘Entomologist’ has
reminded me of similar occurrences, although the butterflies in these
cases were far less abundant, both in numbers and species. In the

RECENT LITERATURE. 213

Mhondo forest, a favourite collecting-ground, which lies close to the
lake, at a distance of about three miles south of Bukoba, butterflies
—Lycenids and Acrasa—would frequently alight on my bare arms
to imbibe moisture, while I was resting in the shade beside a stream
which flows through to the lake. Several of these were captured,
but I regret I am unable to identify them at present.—N. C. BE.
Minter; Mwanza, Lake Victoria Nyanza, H. Africa, July 9th, 1922.

Hysripisation In Nature.—Re the note in the August number
of the ‘Entomologist’ on hybridisation in nature, on June 24th,
while sugaring in some woods a few miles from here, I took an X.
monoglypha (male) and A. nebulosa (female) iv cop. Unfortunately
both died while still paired, so that no ova were obtained.—
ALFRED H. Sprorinc; 65, Manners Road, Southsea, Portsmouth,
August 8th, 1922.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Natureland: A Quarterly Journal of Natural History. Edited by
GranaM RensHaw. Manchester: Sherratt and Hughes.

Numser 3, Vol. I, of this comparatively new periodical contains
some excellent photographic reproductions, including one of Hu-
vanessa antiopa, but is devoted mainly to Vertebrates and contains
little of direct entomological interest. It is, however, well got up,
and touches on many matters of more general interest, as suggested
_ by its title.

The London Naturalist (Journal of the London Natural History
Society) for 1921. Pp. xx + 80, with 1 plate. London:
Published by the Society.

To those interested in structural abnormalities in Lepidoptera
this volume should prove of immense assistance, as the greater part
of it is occupied by an exhaustive paper on that subject by Dr.
B. A. Cockayne, who has most successfully attempted to collect and
group all the scattered references in entomological literature to this
subject, supplementing this information throughout with a number
of new observations of his own.

Records and Observations of British Lepidoptera during 1921. By
S. Gorpon Smirx and EH. Nevirn Witmer. Pp. 71, 2 plates.
Chester: G. R. Griffith, Ltd., 1922.

Tuts small publication, consisting of a complete list of the 356
different species obtained by the authors in one season’s collecting,
chiefly around Chester, N. Wales and the New Forest, is mainly of
interest on account of the methods employed. By means of a self-
contained motor-caravan, fitted with a powerful electric light, some
interesting data as to times of flight and the suitability of atmo-
spheric conditions were obtained. A temperature below 0° Fahren-
heit proved fatal to good results, but the barometer readings afforded
little clue.

214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

SOCIETIES.

Tue Entromonoercan Society or Lonpon.— Wednesday, May 3rd, —

* 1922.—The Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild, F.R.S., President, in the
Chair.—The President announced the death of Mr. A. W. Bacot, of
York Cottage, York Hill, Loughton, Essex, and of Mr. Gilbert Storey,
of the Department of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt, and a vote of
condolence was passed to their relatives.—The following were elected
Fellows of the Society: Mr. C. L. Collenette, c/o Messrs. Barker &
Co., Singapore; and Mr. Michael G. L. Perkins, 4, Dean’s Yard,
Westminster Abbey, S.W. 1, and Trinity College, Cambridge.—The
Treasurer called attention to additions to the collection of portraits

in the meeting room, and especially to a beautiful pencil drawing

from a photograph of the late Dr. Longstaff—Mr. W. G. Sheldon
exhibited a series of Pararge roxelana from Herculesbad, and P.
clumene from Sarepta.—Prof. H. B. Poulton, F.R.S., illustrated some
of his remarks with lantern-slides, and read some notes on the life-
history of Catochrysops phasma, and on the life-history of a Bethylid
of the genus Cephalonomia, Westw., observed at Oxford by Mr, A. H.

Hamm; he also read some interesting notes on the habits of the —

Driver-ant Dorylus mgricans, Llig., in Tanganyika Territory —
Mr. C. L. Withycombe exhibited larve of an adult of Osmylus
chrysops with some enlarged figures of them, and also some larvee of
the mosquito Taemorhyncus richiardi taken in Epping Forest.—
The following papers were read: ‘The Mallophaga of the Oxford
University Expedition to Spitzbergen,” by Dr. J. Waterston, B.D.,
D.Se.; ‘The Dasytine of South Africa,” by Mr. G. C. Champion,
P.Z.8., A.L.S.; “A Monograph of the Genus Catochrysops,” by
Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S.; and “The Species of the Genus
Larinopoda,” by Dr. H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Se., F.Z.S.—S. A.
Nuave, Hon. Sec.

THe SoutH Lonpon EntomonocicaL AND Natura History |

Society.— May 25th.—Mr. E. J. Bunnett, F.E.S., President, in the
Chair.—Mr. Step exhibited the beetles Necrophorus vespillo and
Silpha thoracica from a dead toad at Ockham, and Mr. Withycombe,
the asparagus beetle Crioceris asparagi, now common at Enfield.—
Mr. R. Adkin read a paper, “ The Lepidopterous Enemies of Man.”

June 8ih.—Mr. E. J. Bunnett, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.—
Mr. Step exhibited a Vespa germanica, 9, which had hibernated in a
chimney and was so misleadingly black as to suggest a new species !—

Mr. Enefer an Acronicta alii, of which he had found three larve at

Penzance in August, 1921.— Mr. Withycombe, a Neuropteron, the

rare Chrysopa dorsalis, bred from a pine-feeding larva at Oxshott in —

1921.—Mr. Preston, butterflies from Macedonia, and Mr. Buanett,
ova, larvee and imagines of Melasoma populi (Col.), from Oxshott,
where it was found very commonly.—Mr. Step said that the Oleora
hichenaria larvee he had shown at a previous meeting had extended
their feeding two or three weeks beyond the normal time and were
found to be ichneumoned, except one which had developed to .an
Imago in the normal period.—Mr. Coulson reported the capture of

OBITUARY. 915

Phryxus lwornica at Merton, Surrey, on May 15th.—Various reports
were made of the occurrence of Colias croceus (edusa) on the N.
Downs, ete.

June 22nd.—Mr. HK. J. Bunnett, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.—
Mr. Staniland exhibited Pterognathus gigas and Archon centaurus
(Col.) trom the Gold Coast.—Mr. Withycombe, the Neuroptera (1)
Osmylus chrysops alive with its larva, (2) Salis lwtaria and a living
larva, (3) Lihone fusca from Australia and a preserved larva, (4)
Psychopsis leonina from Africa and a preserved larva from Australia,
and (5) Stenosmylus excisus from New Zealand, and gave notes on
their life-histories—Mr. Buckhurst, Hesperia malvae ab. taras from
Effingham.—Mr. Goodman, aberrations of Parnassius apollo much
approaching P. delius, from St. Martin Vesubie, P. deliuws with
‘sparser markings than usual, and a Parnassius with characters
intermediate between delius and apollo suggestive of a natural
hybrid.—Mr. Syms, a larva of Ruralis betulae and a larva of
Anthophagus vacca (Col.) in its cell for pupation.—H. J. Turner,
Hon. Sec.

OBITUARY.
EME C.J: Deuce.

Son of Herbert Druce, whose writings were concerned chiefly
with Heterocera, Hamilton Druce, stimulated no doubt by his father’s
collections, early evinced -a keen interest in Lepidoptera, which
developed into a specialisation on the Lycznidze and Hesperide.
His papers, of which the earliest was published in February, 1887, in
the ‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.’ (vol. xxiii, p. 203), at the age of nineteen, were
numerous, but confined almost entirely to his favourite families.
Included in them are: ‘‘A Monograph of the Genus Hypochrysops ”
(‘Trans. Ent. Soc.,’ 1891); “A Revision of the Genus Jolaus”
(‘ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.’ (6) vol. vili, 1891); “The Lycenide of the
Solomon Isles’’ (‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ 1891); ‘ Lycxnide of the 8.
Pacific Isles (‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ 1892); ‘‘ A Monograph of the Genus
Thysonotis”’ (‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ 1893, in collaboration with Bethune
Baker); ‘A Monograph of Bornean Lycznide”’ (‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,’
1895), with additions in the same publication in 1896; and a long
and valuable paper on ‘“‘ Neotropical Lycznidie” in ‘ Proc. Zool. Soe.,’
1907. A large number of shorter papers appeared from him, mainly
in the ‘ Annals,” the ‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,’ the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ and the
‘Trans. Ent. Soc.,’ the last being in the ‘Annals’ for March, 1913.
His only separately published work was a small but very valuable
volume containing photographic reproductions of many of the type-
specimens of Lycznide in the Berlin Museum, but he was, until
forced to give up on account of ill-health, actively engaged in
completing the volumes on Rhopalocera in the Fauna of British
India Series. His collections are now in the Hill Museum, Witley,
having been purchased by Mr. J. J. Joicey some three or four
years ago.

So
; ee

216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

|

Seriously ill for some years past. now, and unable to follow —
actively his favourite study, he recovered sufficiently latterly to be —

able to visit again some of his old haunts, but not for long,.as he died
rather suddenly, we regret to hear, on June 21st lastyat the age of 54.
And so yet another is added to our already too long list of losses.

N. D. R.

F. B. Newnuam, M.A.
Yer another of our older Entomologists has been claimed by the

angel of death in the person of F. B. Newnham, who passed away

very suddenly on June 2nd last, and was laid to’rest in the cemetery —
here surrounded by the woods that he had worked and loved so much. ~

Born 72 years ago at Kerry, Montgomeryshire, his younger days —
were spent in France and India. After taking his M.A. at Oxford -

he studied for the Bar, and when about to be called was struck with
a nervous breakdown, and sent to Church Stretton over 40 years
back. Its bracing climate soon had the desired effect, and he was so
taken with the place and its insect fauna that he abandoned the law,
giving himself up to Entomology and never leaving, except for a four
months’ stay in Switzerland and one delightful three weeks with
me at Fontainebleau. He had travelled throughout most of the
Palearctic Region, and amassed a remarkably fine collection of
Lepidoptera. Beef

After settling here he never missed a fine day in the field, and _

was exceedingly lucky in finding variations, in which his collection
abounds. His chief prize was a very wonderful ab. of Aglaia with

pale fawn ground and all the black markings on the upper side .

replaced by silver. In our numberless outings together he was
always the lucky one, excepting when a gynandrous zcarus fell to
my net. We were together in discovering the occurrence of ZL.
corydon here in 1916, and never previously noted in Shropshire.
Like his friend, the late Dr. Chapman, with whom he often
corresponded, Newnham was a very strong upholder of the law of

priority in nomenclature, and was equally averse to the needless ~

multiplication of genera, arguing that it is more scientific to include
and retain aS many species as possible under one head. He was
fond of quoting “ Rumicia”’ phiaeas as a flagrant example of sense-
less change. | 2

He was responsible for the Lepidoptera Section of the ‘ Victorian

History of Shropshire,’ and in 1894 separated, under the name of
hesperidis, a dwarf race of A. cardamines regularly occurring here.
A devoted student of Nature, full of humour, he had a ready joke

‘and kindly word for everyone, and was always pleased to show his

treasures to the numerous entomologists visiting this district. He

remained a bachelor, wedded to his hobby and the classics, reading —

usually until two in the morning and up again at seven for a long
day in the field. Thus, his happy earthly life was passed. He has
now crossed to those happier hunting-grounds that he loved to talk
of, leaving those who knew him to mourn the loss of a true friend. —

Church Stretton ;
August 21st, 1922.

ai
i, oa

MJ.o.

plication ‘of wont of | Wechance or of Advertisements, in the ‘ ¥ntomo-
nO way a guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good
he Species. This Notice is not given to throw, doubt on the bona fides of

Advertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, i in case the ail
be abused. | lek * ane bred.

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‘Others. Pofosia. cuprea, inserta and ors Heterocera, S. Russia, in
lat tls Desiderata.—Exotic butterflies, larve, ‘set (British) and unset

W. Dannatt, “St. Lawrence,” Guibal Road, S.E. 12.

.—Fine, well-set Blandina, Wanted.—Ova: T. betulz, solida-:
;pistacina. Larve: B. rubi—Frank Littlewood, Mount Pleasant,
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ed —Cardui and Atalanta; ova, larve or living fertile females. Good
mn, especially for Cardwi, in: Moderate abs. of V. urtiee and Io; Con-
: biginea, | Brevilinea, Pyralina, . Craccex, Lychnitis, Chamomillix,
Cro. yeago, Qo, Irregularis, Conspersa, Xerampelina and ab. unicolor;
N grocincta, Cassiope, fair Arion; black Lariciata, Dysodea, Pimpinellata,
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i: MEETINGS oF SOGHETIEE.

LO GIA > Soormry, OF Lowpon, 41, Queen’s Gate, 5, W.7 (nearest Stations,
gton and Gloucester Road), Wednesday y, October 4th, at 8 p.m.
D ENToMoLoGicaL ‘Anp Naturat History Socrpry. Hibernia

1 Bridge; 8 §.E/1.—Thirsday, September 14th, at 7 p.m., Exhi-
S ther than Lepidoptera. Thursday, September 28th, at 7 p.m.

i, The fiftieth anniversary of the foandation of the Society will
Pockét-box Wxhibition and Supper at the Holborn Restaurant
ober 19th.—Hon. Sec., HANES EDyWaRps, F.L.S.,\et¢., 15, St.
heath, S.H. 3.)

E Histony Sociery now’ meets in Hall 40, Winchester
E .C. 2, at 680 p.m. - Full (Society meetings are held on
h month, and.sectional meetings on the third Z'wesday.
pe metinas. .— Hon. :Sec., Ws E. GiLEGG, The House, Albion
‘#E. 1. ie

CONTENTS.

On the Identity of Sympherobius (Hemerobius) elegans, Stephens (Neuropter:
C. L. Withycombe, B.Sc., .E.8., 198. On the Earlier Stages of Cac
crataegana, Hiibn., W. G. Sheldon, F.Z.8., F.H.S., 194. A New Callim
from North-West Persia and Armenia, W. H..7, Tams, 196. On a
Species of Genus Calpe from Japan, A. HE: Wileman, 197. Notes on Britis
Orthoptera in 1921, W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., 200. A New Mym rom
North Wales, Lieut.-Col. Alfred W. Ryland, ¥.R.M.S., 204, New Chaleid®
Flies from Australia, A. A. Girault, 205. BERS Ty

Notss anp Opservations.—Correction of Nomenclature of Miefolepidoptera,,
Jno. Hartley Durrant and J. de Joannie, 209. Vanessa c-album im New:

. Forest, L. H. Bond, 209. Colour-Preservation in Dragonflies, —. He
Campbell- Taylor, 209. C. croceus in Somerset in May, July and. August,”
K. J. Hayward, F.E.S., 210; Colias eroceus (edusa) in Angust at ton, —
J: R. Sleath. 210, Colias croceus-in Surrey and North Cotnwall, Arthur”
‘Bliss, 210, Colias croceus, etc., in Sussex, J, J. Jacobs,210, Theela w-album ~
in Stafis, ete., Guy Stanton, 210. Colias croeeus, Fourc. (edusa, Fab.), )
N. D. R., 211. A Record Capture of Blues, G. H. Simpson Hayward, 2117
Phryxus livornica Larva in Somerset, A. R. Hayward, 211. Pachys betularia ~
doubledayaria at South Norwood, Richard South, 211. Notes on epidoptera ;
from the New Forest and Swanage, 1922, 8. B. Hodgson, 211. Lepidoptera ©
in the Bradfield (Reading) District, C. J. V: Gray, 212. Danais chrysippus, ~
L., ab. candidata, Hayward, Kenneth Hayward, 212. A Variety of Cupido ~
minimus, H. Crisp, 212. Butterflies attracted by Human Perspiration, NoC. Bo”
Miller, 218. Uybridisation in Nature, Alfred H. Sploring, 213, St

Recent Lireraturn.—Natureland :A Quarterly Journal of Natura] History, 218.
‘The London Naturalist (Journal of the London Natural History Society) for
1921, 213. Reeords and Observations of British Lepidoptera durmeg 1921, 213,

SoctgtrEs—The Entomological Society of London, 214. The South London ©
Entomological and Natural History Society, 214. ey es

Oxsrtvary, 215. io A

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Ate

Ci i Tana seca
. - OCTOBER, 1922, (No. 713. °

ENTOMOLOGY,

ree

WITH THE assistance: ee a et Pad areas

Ww. i Lucas; BAL FEBS.
| CLAUDE, MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.8.
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Write for Lists to

LEONARD TATCHELL, gntomelenane

43 SPRATT-HALL ROAD, WANSTEAD, B. 11.”

The Entomologist, October, 1922. Plate III.

W, J. Lucas, photo.)

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Vou. LV.]. OCTOBER, 1922. [No. 713

DAVID SHARP, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., Evc.
1840-1922.
(Plate IIT.)

Wir the deepest feelings of regret we have to chronicle the
passing away in the person of David Sharp of one from the
very front rank of zoologists, and we would like to express our
sympathy with his family and other relatives in their loss—a
loss which will appeal also to many a naturalist. Sharp’s
reputation as a learned and highly scientific entomologist was
world-wide, and he probably had few equals, if any, in his
favourite Order, the Coleoptera. He wrote largely, and has left
for those who follow in his steps a deep well of knowledge from
which to draw. Such as knew him personally were particularly
struck by the close touch and intimate association with living
things that were always revealed when he spoke of his experiences
in connection with insects and indeed with Nature in general.
Such experiences, scarcely capable of transmission by writing,
have gone to the grave with our late friend, and we cannot help
feeling that there is something unsatisfactory in the nature of
things, if so much of a man’s life work, looked at from this
point of view, seems almost to have been done fm vain.

David Sharp was born at Towcester on 18th October, 1840.
Some twelve years later his parents removed to London, where
therefore, as a boy he received his education. After attending
one or two preparatory schools, in 1853 he entered St. John’s
Foundation School which was then at Kilburn. At the age of
seventeen he commenced to help his father, a leather merchant,
and about the same time he began collecting beetles, some of his
favourite haunts being Ken Wood and Hammersmith Marshes,
as well as the sandy shores about Deal and Dover. As it was
found that he had a great distaste for a business life, it was
decided that he should qualify as a doctor. He accordingly,
after studying for two years at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, went
to the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained the degree of
- Bachelor of Medicine in 1866. After graduation he assisted a
friend with his practice in London for a year or two. He had
at first some thought of seeking an appointment in connection
with entomology at the British Museum, but abandoned the idea;
and about ten years later he went so far as to apply for the post
of Curator of the City of Glasgow Industrial Museum, being
recommended by H. W. Bates and Frederick Smith amongst

ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1922. U

218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

others. However, after his short residence in London he was
offered a post as medical officer in the Crichton Asylum at
Dumfries, which led to his taking charge of a case at Thornhill
in the neighbourhood, where he joined the Dumfriesshire and
Galloway Scientific, Natural History, and Antiquarian Society
upon its reconstruction in 1876. This engagement gave him
the leisure he desired for prosecuting the studies on which his
heart was set, and it was during this period that he published
some of his earlier papers. Here also his marriage took place.
On the death of his patient about 1882 he returned to England
and went to live at Southampton, but, finding it too far from
London, after about two years he removed to Dartford. In 1885
he was invited to go to Cambridge as Curator of the University
Museum. ‘There he spent the next nineteen years of his life,
till in 1904 he retired to Brockenhurst, where he had built a
residence, Lawnside, on the very edge of the New Forest, facing
the extensive heath of Black Knowl. Here he resided till his
death on 27 August, 1922.

In 186% Sharp became a Fellow of the Entomological Society
of London and he was its President in 1887 and 1888, his
presidential address being at the end of the former year on the —
subject of entomological collections, and of the latter on the
senses of insects with special reference to that of sight. Between
1889 and 1903 he was on several occasions a vice-president, and
he was on the Council from 18938-1895 and from 1902-1904.
While iiving in London he was Secretary to the Society during
1867. In 1886 he became a Fellow of the Zoological Society,
and he was on the Council from 1901-1905. The Linnean
Society is also able to claim him as a Fellow since 1888; and he
was connected by membership or correspondence with the chief
entomological societies throughout the world. The high distine-
tion of being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society fell to his lot
in 1890, and the next year the University of Cambridge conferred
on him the degree of Master of Arts, honoris causa.

David Sharp was the author of a very great number of papers
and larger works. Being connected with the Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine and the Entomologist, in either an editorial
or a reference capacity, many of his numerous shorter papers
appear in these magazines, and others in similar ones. Yet
others, as well as some of his more pretentious papers, will be
found in the transactions of societies with which he was con-
nected. Perhaps his earliest contribution to entomological
literature was a paper on the British species of Agathidiwm
(Coleoptera) read before the Entomological Society of London on
6 November 1865. An interesting discussion on heredity and
kindred subjects between Sharp and Wallace, arising in connec-
tion with Westwood’s introduction of the subject of ‘‘ mimicry”
at the Entom. Soc. of London in November 1866, was reported in

DAVID SHARP. 219

the Atheneum of 1, 8, and 15 December 1866, and gives Sharp’s
views at the time on this subject. A Revision of the British Species
of Homalota (Coleoptera) was published by the Entom. Soe. of
London soon after his graduation at Edinburgh. In November
1873 appeared a paper in Spanish—EHspecies nuevas de Coledpteros
por Don David Sharp. This refers to insects collected by his
friend G. R. Crotch, whose obituary notice Sharp contributed to
volume xi of the Entom. Monthly Magazine. ‘'he Object and Method
of Zoological Nomenclature appeared in November 1873. ‘This is
an important and well thought out paper ona debateable subject,
the argument of which is perhaps summed up in the sentence,
“Nomina si nescis, perit et cognitio rerum,” which appears on
the cover. A short paper on the Coleoptera of the Scotch Fir
came out in the Scottish Naturalist about this time. The
Dascillide of New Zealand was published in the Annals and
Magazine of Natural History in July 1878; while work on the
water-beetles was taken in hand for publication by the Royal
Society of Dublin. Sharp and Fowler’s Catalogue of the British
Coleoptera appeared in 1893; the Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of
Japan in 1896; the articles Insecta and Termites in the Encyclo-V
pedia Britannica in 1902; and an article on the Orders of Insects,
a subject in which Sharp was much interested, in the Entomo-
logist for 1909. The Distribution of Plants and Animals on the
Globe (a paper read before the Dumfries Nat. Hist. Society in
18838) ; Stridulation in Ants, 1893; an Account of the Phasmide,
1898 ; and the Grouse-fly, 1907, are away from his special order
—Coleoptera; while A Scheme for a National System of Rest-
Funds (or Pensions) for Working People (1892) shows that Sharp
could detach himself from entomology when he wished to do so.
We have still to notice the larger works, on which the author’s
claim to distinction chiefly rests. Papers on the Coleoptera of
the Hawaiian Islands had been published by the Entom. Soc.
of London in 1878, 1879 and 1880. ‘These were followed in
1899 and 1908 by the Fauna Hawauensis brought out by the
Roya! Society. Of even more importance is the Beetles of Central
America, prepared chiefly from material collected by Godman
and Salvin, and published in 1894 and later years in that
monumental work known as the “Fauna Centrali-Americana.”
In 1895 appeared the first volume of the Insecta in the
Cambridge Natural History, this being followed by the second
volume in 1899. Of their influence on the advancement of
entomology, and especially of our knowledge of insects as living
things, too much cannot be said. Their enormous sale has
prevented the appearance of a new edition, which their author
would have liked to bring out. One point especially which he
wished to emend was the classification of insects into Natural
Orders, his views and suggestions on which will be found in
the paper in the Entomologist to which reference has already

220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

been made. In 1910 the Insecta was translated into Russian.
In 1912 the Entom. Soc. of London, with the assistance of the
Royal Society, brought out as Part III of the Transactions
The Comparative Anatomy of the Male Genital Tube in Coleoptera
by Sharp & Muir, an exhaustive treatise of 166 pages, and 37
plates. All the families were examined, and the results of the
multitudinous dissections are given in detail. This work is of
first-rate importance.

Perhaps, however, the annual volume of the Zoological Record,
published by the Zoological Society, is the work for which most
credit should be given. This is a list of the publications for the
year in all branches of Zoology, British and foreign, classified
under the headings of author and subject. Sharp was editor for
the whole and recorder also for insects. No one, unless he has
seen something of the work involved, can imagine the amount
of detail to be sifted, and the care and knowledge required to
prevent errors. He entered on this work, which was to some
extent a labour of love, in 1892, and his methodical treatment
of the publication greatly improved it in every way. ‘This work
he continued till the year of his death, even completing the
reading of the final proofs of records for 1920 during his last
- illness.

When quite young—about seventeen or eighteen—Sharp went
with his father to Switzerland, and greatly enjoyed the trip.
More than onee in Jater days he went to stay with Oberthur im
France. The loss of his friend G. R. Crotch, Librarian to the
University of Cambridge, was a great grief to him. They had
been closely associated in entomological work, and had made
several excursions together—to the New Forest, to Rannoch, and
to Spain. Sharp often spoke of the primitive conditions in years
gone by to be found in the New Forest and in Scotland, and told
amusing stories of their difficulties in the way of procuring food
and lodgings. With another friend, Bishop, he visited Sherwood
Forest, and the last letter he wrote during his illness was to this
friend, who died only so recently as 26 August last.

Sharp knew most of the British naturalists of his time—
Huxley, Bates, Wallace, Buchanan White, ete. He was a great
friend of Spencer, and in 1904 wrote an article in the Zoologist,
entitled The Place of Herbert Spencer in Biology, having particular
reference to him in connection with the teachings of Charles
Darwin.

In Brockenhurst Sharp worked assiduously with one of his
daughters (now Mrs. Muir) in his entomological laboratory
elucidating the life-story or the anatomy of numberless insects,
chiefly Coleoptera, or adding to his extremely valuable collection
of British beetles, which we understand passes to Mrs. Muir.
His interest, however, seemed to grow less when working alone,
especially during the last year or two of his life. To the last

PRESENT VALUES OF PRINCIPAL WORKS ON LEPIDOPTERA. 221

Nature, whether exhibited on the animal or vegetable side
attracted him, and until a few months of his death he might be
recognised by his rapid stride, slight stoop, and long white beard
as he took his almost daily walk into the Forest he loved so well.

W. J. Lucas.

THE PRESENT VALUES OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS
ON THE PALHARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA.

By W. G. SHeupon, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

Ir has always been the case that those Lepidopterists whose
names have come down to the present time, and who will live in
the future through their entomological work, have possessed
copies of the principal books their predecessors or contemporaries
have written on the subjects of their studies. This must neces-
sarily be the case with all who propose to do original work,
because unless it is known what has been written by others, it
is impossible to form an accurate opinion as to whether a
particular fact or idea is new or not. In our own country
all the great Lepidopterists of the past have possessed libraries,
extremely complete ones many of them; J. F. Stephens, John
Curtis, Stainton, T. A. Chapman, J. W. Tutt, Henry Doubleday.
Edmund Newman and Lord Walsingham are a few who acquired
every book they could meet with that would be of assistance in
their studies ; as an instance of this the library of J. F. Stephens
in 1852, at the time of his death, consisted of 1150 volumes ;
it was purchased en bloc by Stainton, and the latter possessed
many other books on entomology. The library of the late ’. A.
Chapman consisted of practically everything of importance that
had ever been written on Palearctic Lepidoptera, and must have
consisted of at least 2000 volumes. The library, world famous,
which was acquired by the late Lord Walsingham, is, of course,
in the Natural History Museum. In addition to being practi-
cally complete so far as the owner’s studies were concerned, it pos-
gesses many priceless unique gems, such as the original plates of
Godart and Duponchel’s great work. Even to those who do not
aspire to do original work a library is an extremely desirable pos-
session. It is not possible to get anything like the full amount of
enjoyment out of one’s study without one. For instance, I pick
up a magazine and become interested in an article on a certain
species. In this article the writer refers to an.author on a point
which can only be appreciated or understood by turning up the
reference in that author; and when this has been digested it is
often found that a further reference to another book is necessary ;
and before the point is satisfactorily dealt with some half-dozen
books must be consulted. Now, how is one to get on unless all

299. THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

these books are available to refer to? It is true there are certain
public or semi-public libraries which can be referred to to a
limited extent ; but there are only two libraries in Great Britain
possessing a practically complete entomological library—those
of the British Museum (Natural History) and the Entomological
Society; the former does not loan out books at all, and the
governing body of the latter is compelled to prohibit the loan of
its more valuable, and especially of its irreplaceable works; and
thus many of the books one wants to consult can only be seen in
the libraries, and cannot be removed; of course, the difficulty of
consulting them even under these conditions is emphasised the
further one lives from London. If we want, therefore, to con-
sult the beautiful books—and many of them are extremely
beautiful—that have been published in the last 200 years, the
only recourse is to purchase as many as possible and to treasure
them upon our bookshelves. |

Unfortunately for themselves, and the science, many lepidop-
terists do not seem to know or appreciate the intense interest
that can be obtained from the perusal of its literature. We have:
had men, quite a number of them, who would spend hundreds of
pounds at a single sale of British Lepidoptera, and yet when their
effects came into the market it was found they did not possess
more than half a dozen books; every man to his taste, of course,
but surely postage stamp collecting is at least as intellectual,
and more useful, for there is some geography to be learnt
thereby! I would like to suggest that before giving £15 or
£20 for an aberration of a butterfly, it might be interesting,
and even profitable, to ascertain if it is equally rare abroad as
with us. .

At the sale of the Farn Collection a black aberration of
Melanargia galatea was described in the catalogue as unique;
probably it was, as a Britisher ; £32 was paid for it, but this form
is by no means unique on the other side of the Channel! I
could give other instances! To buyers of such I would commend
a glance through the plates of such authors as Hubner, Herrich
Schaffer, and Milliere; they might see something there that
would interest them!

The present paper is an attempt to make the more important
books and their present values better known, and, one hopes,
more appreciated. It is obvious that in a magazine article only
the more important books can be referred to for reasons of space,
and that the particulars of these must be cut down as much as
possible. |

In the following list the prices I quote are based upon
(1) either my own estimation of the current values of the works,
or (2) the prices that have appeared in the catalogues of the
second-hand booksellers. Unfortunately since the war very few
of these catalogues have been issued, and in some cases 1 have

PRESENT VALUES OF PRINCIPAL WORKS ON LEPIDOPTERA. 223

_ had to refer to catalogues dating from 1912 or 1913; prices
since then have advanced 20 or 80 per cent. Whether these
advances are permanent time alone can show, but it is
certain that the older and rarer books are getting scarcer every
year by absorption into the libraries of museums and other
public institutions, both in this country and abroad, and espe-
cially in America. As I have previously pointed out on page 92 of
the present volume, the result of recent sales by auction has been
extremely disappointing. Entirely through the want of interest
displayed by lepidopterists the dealers have been allowed to reap
rich harvests, and have obtained extremely valuable books for
a mere song, thereby realising in a few days a profit of, in some
cases, 2000 or 3000 per cent.

In dealing with the books seriatim it will perhaps facilitate
reference and lead to greater clearness if I arrange them alpha-
betically and keep those issued in each country together. But
before doing this I would like to refer to two works of exceptional
utility.

Tt is obvious that the first need of a student of the Lepidop-
tera is an efficient catalogue that will post him up in the
particulars of books that have been published, and also of one
that will give the references to everything of importance that
has ever been written about each species.

The only book as a single volume, or rather two volumes usually
- bound together, that has ever been written on the bibliography
of the science, is Bibliotheca Entomologica, by H. A. Hagen
(Leipzig, 1862), an excellent and careful work that gives par-
ticulars of all works or papers of importance that had been
written to that date. It is not an expensive work. My copy
cost 15s. a few years ago; it is now priced at 20s.

There are, of course, the volumes of the Zoological Record,
which I will deal with later on.

The bibliography of each species is described in Catalog der
Lepidopteren des Palearctischen, by Staudinger and Rebel, the
1901 edition (Berlin: R. Friedlinder & Sohn), published at 12s.,
and probably still to be had from the publishers at about that
figure. This is absolutely the most important book in existence
for a student of the Lepidoptera of this region or of any part of
it; one cannot move without it. There are errors, of course,
plenty of them, but it gives us the references of the most 1mpor-
tant works dealing with the almost 10,000 species inhabiting
the region. There are other catalogues in process of issue, but
apart from the fact that they are very expensive, they are too
frasmentary at present to be of much service to the student.

_ An extremely useful article entitled The Present Prices of the
Older Works on British Entomology, by Mr. South, appeared in
vol. xxxi, pp. 261—264, of this magazine; to this I refer my readers.

(To be continued.)

D294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

THE WING VENATION OF THE CONIOPTERYGIDAL
By C. L. Wrruycomse, B.Sc., F.E.S. .
In my last note on the Coniopterygide I described the vena-
tion of the forms under consideration in terms of Comstock’s
system, applying such names to the wing veins as are given in ~
his book The Wings of Insects. This was done for the sake of
simplicity, while realising full well that some of the implied

Conwentzia psociformis.—Fig. 1 fore wing, fig. 2 hind wing of pupa x 66;
fig. 3 fore wing, fig. 4 hind wing of imago x 26.

homologies were not exactly correct. Strictly, the venation is
not so simple as at first sight appears. .

I had then worked out the pupal venation of Conwentzia psoci-
formis, Curt., and was hoping to complete my study with that of
Semidalis, given by Comstock as typical of the Coniopterygide.
Unfortunately my larve of Semidalis, bred in captivity, are, 1
fear, not going to emerge this year as a second brood, probably
as a result of the cold season. ‘Therefore the venation of Sems-
dalis cannot be settled this year.

The fore wing of Conwentzia is of fairly normal type, but the
hind wing is strongly reduced, with correspondingly interesting
results in the venation.

TROIS LEPIDOPTERES NOUVEAUX DE LA RIOJA, REP. ARGENTINE. 225

The figures will largely explain themselves, so that a detailed
description is unnecessary. In the pupal wing the trachez of the
future veins are shown as black lines. The pale vein cavities,
visible in the pupal wing but lacking a trachea, are shown as
dotted lines. These, of course, should appear in the imaginal
wing as veins, though sometimes difficult to see. ‘The figures
of pupal wings are drawn to a larger scale than the imaginal
wings.

Comparison of the fore wings of pupa and imago shows that
the apparent cross-vein between Sc and &, is really Sc, and
the terminal portion of apparent R, is also Sc. The trachea of
fi, ends by bending anteriorly along the cross-vein, and does not
continue to the outer margin. No other cross-veins in the wings
are preceded by trachee. Another interesting point in the
venation of the fore wings, in all Coniopterygids, is the apparent
crossing of radius and media in the basal fourth of the wing.
From tne pupal venation this.is seen to be only an approximation
of the two veins, which then diverge.

The hind wings are very peculiar, and in the pupa appear to
‘promise a more complex venation than actually matures. Scand
, apparently coalesce at their extremities. This is not truly so.
RR, often does not exist in the pupal wing, its place here being
taken by the recurrent Sc,. More usually, however, R, has been
found present, though short and weak. The radial sector is well
developed, and its trachea is bent slightly at the future point of
junction with the cross-vein to media. The media is unbranched.
Cu, and Cu, are both present, but although the pupal wing shows
a pale channel for an anal vein, there is no trachea to be seen
within it.

The main interest of the venation is the bifurcation of the
subcosta. The presence of Sc, and Sc, is generally regarded as
primitive, and since the Coniopterygide are admittedly archaic
in many respects, though highly specialised in others, this
additional primitive character is of interest.

Walthamstow ;
August 26th, 1922.

TROIS LEPIDOPTERES NOUVEAUX DE LA RIOJA,
REP. ARGENTINE.

Par E. GIacoMELLut.

1. Psectrotarsia tanisi, SP. NOV.

- Port et taille de Psectrotarsia fuscirena, Hamps. Colé supérieur
Primaires d’une couleur verte ochracée claire tendre, tout uniforme.
Les secondaires blanches, avec une bande brune au bord, suivante
parallélement 4 toute la frange; cette bande disparait dans quelques

2°26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

exemplaires. Franges blanches. Téte et thorax de couleur verdatre
trés pale comme les primaires. Coté onfériewr : Toute la surface des
ailes est blanche, unicolore. Palpes, pattes, abdomen, inférieurement
blanc, ce dernier supérieurement blanc jaunatre crétacé. Yeux gris,
antennes jaunatre clair.

Exp. alar. ant. 28 mm.

Quelques exemplaires de la Rioja (R. Argentine). Usine de
la lumiere électrique. J] ne semble exister de différence marquée
entre le ¢ etla 2. Htats préparatoires inconnus pour moi.

J’ai le plaisir de dédier cette espece 4 mon ami distingué,
Mr. W. H. T. Tams, du British Museum. .

2. Thyreion riojana, sp. nov.

Un peu plus petit que Thyreion olivofusa, Dogn., et d'une stature
plus gracile. L’espéce semble variable, quelques exemplaires sont
supérieurement presque uniformes, jaune clair, crétucée, presque
blanc. Dans quelques exemplaires (? ? ?) les secondaires deviennent
grisatres, fumeuses, et on observe une ligne de points trés fins,
paralléle au bord extérieur, nets, mais a peine visibles. Le ecdté
inférieur est blanc 4 peine jaunatre, uniforme, sauf une tache tri-
angulaire fumeuse qui part de l’angle intérieur et se repand yers le
bord externe plus ou moins marquée selon les exemplaires. -

Corps, antennes, pattes et abdomen blanc jaunatre comme les.
ailes.

Exp. alar. ant. 22-23 mm.

6 exemplaires chassés a la lumiere électrique, La Rioja (R. A.).
Etats préparatoires inconnus pour moi.

3. Volype fumosa, sp. nov.

Couleur du fond, légérement rougeatre ou rouille, presque cachée
par les dessins noirs. Les ailes sont gris fumeux, plus dense vers le
bord antérieur et & l’angle postérieur des 2'mes. Cette couleur de:
fumée est formée par des lignes peu voyantes qui partent du bord
antérieur vers le postérieur, dans lesquelles s’en détachent principale-
ment deux plus nettes au premiére et 2°me tiers basale. Téte, thorax et
abdomen supérieurement de la méme couleur fumeuse encore plus
intense, surtout sur les pterigodes. Sur les ailes les nervures se
détachent assez clairement. x

Coté inférieur du corps et ailes aussi fumeux, les primaires légére-
ment opalines vers le bord externe, les secondaires au centre; l’abdo-
men blanchatre inférieurement. Antennes jaunes, yeux bruns.

Exp. alar. ant. 21 mm. :

Les 4 3 3 chassés a l’Usine de la lumiére électrique, de La
Rioja, présentent des légéres différences individuelles, deux
tendent plus a la couleur de rouille, que les autres deux plus
fumeux.

Nous possédons un exemplaire un peu plus grand (32 mm. exp.
alarum), que nous jugeons étre la ¢ des antérieurs. Hlle a

a

i

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF SAWFLIES. 227

absolument le port et le dessin de notre Tolype bipunctata, Giac.,
décrite en Lepidopteros riojanos nuevos o poco conocidos (Anales
Soe. Cientif. Argentina, T. Ixxii, pag. 19, Ano 1911), mais la
couleur générale est fumeuse, presque noire, semblable aux 3 3
ici décrits. Elle posséde bien marqués les deux points carac-
téristiques de bipunctata dans la méme position ; peut-etre bipunc-
tata et cette 2 pourraient étre deux formes de la méme espece.

Cette ¢ a été chassée dans le méme endroit que les 3 g
décrits. Htats préparatoires inconnus.

La Rioja,
Rép. Arg.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF SAWFLIES.
By A. D. Peacocx, M.Sc.

Tse following notes are summarised from observations
extending over the period autumn, 1920, to autumn, 1921, the
flies being reared in the laboratory from larve usually collected
in the field. Unless otherwise stated, the imagines were fed
on a syrup of sugar and water, which was almost invariably
accepted, given access to water, and provided with a twig of their
natural plant in water or with a potted plant. Plant and insect
were caged in a large glass bell-jar or other suitable glass vessel.
Iam greatly indebted to Miss EK. F. Chawner for certain larve,
and for giving me the benefit of her wide experience in rearing
sawflies. My thanks are due also to the Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A.,
for the identification of the adult insects.

PARTHENOGENETIC SPECIES AND THE RESULTS OF THEIR
Kea- Lavine.

The names of the’ experimental insects are according to
Enslin’s list (1), and for convenience the genera are arranged in
alphabetical order.

*Allantus (Emphytus) serotinus Mull.—Specimen 1: 6 eggs
laid; hibernating 1921-1922. On oak.

*Allantus (Emphytus) pallipes Spin.—All appear fertile; pro-

~ duced females only. On violet and viola.

Nematinus fuscipennis Lep. (abdominulis Panz.).—Specimen 1:

-5 larve from 10 egg-holes. Onalder. Specimen 2: 9 larve

from 24 egg-holes; failed to rear the larve. On alder.
*Nematinus luteus Panz.—Eggs (a few) which failed to hatch.

— On alder.

+ Pachynematus obductus Htg.—All eggs laid appear fertile ;
larvee hibernating 1921-22. On Poa sp.? ;

Pristiphora pallipes Lep.—All eggs appear fertile ; two broods
of larve reared during the summer of 1921 yielded all females ;
from Miss Chawner’s experiments, 1920-21, it is possible that

tL

228

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the rarer male may appear in the spring after hibernation. On
gooseberry.
*Pristiphora ruficornis Ol.—All eggs appear fertile; failed to

rear larve.
“Tapsed and did not hatch.

of 56 eggs; all except 1 fertile ;

On hawthorn.

Pteronidea pavida Lep.—Specimen 1: All the 62 eggs col-

On willow.
*Platycampus luridiventris Fall.—Specimen 1: 2 larve from.

7 ego-holes ;

Amauronematus vittatus Lep.,

failed to rear.

larve hibernating 1921-22.

On willow. Specimen 2: A batch

On alder.

‘T failed to obtain parthenogenetic eggs from 5 specimens of

using alder and birch, the plants

upon which the larve had been found and reared. I am
investigating the matter of food-plants of this species, which is
regarded as attached to willow.
The specimens starred are not recorded as parthenogenetic
in the lists of Cameron (2) and Enslin.

Regarding the alder

species N. fuscipennis, luteus and

P. luridiventris, which lay deeply in relatively hard plant-tissue,
it is impossible to say whether each egg-hole made contained an

egg or not.

From my observations on the insects while they

went through this performance, however, I should say that each
hole did contain an egg.

[ A

Number oF PartrHenocenntic Haas Lar anp THE Rare
or LayING.

Species.

A. serotinus

A. pallipes

N. fuscipennis .

N. luteus .

P. obductus

P. pallipes
P. ruficornis

Total laid per
insect.

6

61 from 2 flies
5D,

)

20
10-12

. 80 from 3 flies

16

Individual rate of laying.

.3in 7 days; 4 in 10 days; 6 in

. Spe

rh}

99

29

. Spe

99

9

(In

14 days.

ce. 1: 12 in 30 minutes.
ieee): 310) A:
3°: (18 aa0: fae

. Specs. 1 and 2: 61 in 6 days.

3 i,ueAe: OOM mele

ce. 1: 6 egg-holes in 24 hours.
2: 10 a i
3: ZOE © 3 24

the green stalk of leaf, ege

laid in 4 minutes; in harder
brown stalk, 7 minutes.)

9)

. Spec. 1: None.
. Spec. 2: 12 egg- tie in 24 hours;

20 in 48 hours.

. Spec. 1: 6 in 24 hours.

2: 10-12 in 7 days.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF SAWFLIES. 929

Total laid per

Species. saceetl Individual rate of laying.

P. pavida , 57 - None in 4 days; 6 after 4 days;
Ol, laid in about 10 hours,
after 5 days.

P. luridiventris —— . Spec. 1: 7 egg-holes in 4 days.

Bek ie . Foe g

er (In green stalk of leaf, egg laid in
| 3-5 minutes.)

PromptitupE in Layine anp Rewuation to Frepina.

In all the succeeding cases, except where otherwise stated,
the flies were obtained a few hours at most after emerging and
then given opportunity to feed on sugar syrup.

A. serotinus.—A single specimen laid after 7 days.

Allantus pallipes, and Pristiphora pallipes—Both these laid
immediately after hatching and feeding. They also laid normal
eggs in the normal fashion without feeding. In these latter
experiments moisture in the form of condensation on the glass
cage was available but whether it was taken or not was not
observed.

N. fuscipennis.—In two experiments the flies were kept fast-
ing with their host plant, alder, for 4 and 5 days respectively.
Neither laid. But immediately after a feed of sugar syrup both
commenced laying.

N. luteus.—One specimen produced eggs one day after
emerging and feeding, but another, despite frequent meals, never
laid. ;

P. obductus.—One specimen laid almost immediately after
emergence and feeding while a second delayed for about a day.

Explanation of the complete failure to hatch of tlte eggs of

oD

Nematinus lutews and Pteronidea pavida I am unable to offer.

EMERGENCE OF ADULTS.

Premature emergence.—In three instances this phenomenon
has been observed. About the end of May, 1921, a caterpillar of
Allantus serotinus, a non-spinner, went to ground in a litter of
peat, sand and coconut fibre. On June 4th it was placed in a
small corked bottle under about # in. of litter. Three months
later, September 2nd, a green male pupa was found on the
surface, where it remained on its back for 16 days when it became
active. Two other specimens did not emerge from litter till
ready for adult life.

The second case concerned Pteronidea pavida, which went
into the litter to spin about July 15th. The cocoons were kept
under conditions similar to the above. A month later, August
15th, a light green male pupa appeared on the surface and lay
there for 8 days before becoming active. ive other specimens
behaved normally.

230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

About July 12th specimens of Pachynematus obductus went
into litter, spun cocoons and kept as noted above. On July
25th a green female pupa was found on the surface, where it lay
2, days before adult activity. No other specimens behaved so.

These laboratory results are too insufficient to warrant much
comment. In no case was the metamorphosing insect disturbed.
The appearance of A. serotinus on the surface could be explained
on the grounds that the pupa, unencumbered by a cocoon, by its
wrigelings—pupe at times do wriggle vigorously in a corkscrew
fashion—managed accidentally to reach a higher level. But in
the other two cases explanation is not so ready because the
specimens belong to cocoon-forming species. Unfortunately my
notes do not record any facts as to the condition of the cocoons,
so the significance of these emergences remains obscure. Hither
the specimens spun feebly, in which case the cocoon-spinning
instinct is hable to vary, or the pupe were able to free themselves
prior to adult activity. If the former happened emergence could
be explained by pupal wriggling ; if the second, the conditions
governing emergence required further investigation. Under
natural conditions, unless some superficial shelter were obtained,
this faculty would be of very doubtful survival value to the
individual or species. The phenomenon does not appear to be
sexual. MacGillivray (3), whose papers came into my hands
since writing these notes, has already had similar experience, on
which he writes: ‘‘Just before they are ready to cast their larval
skins and become pupe, they may leave their cocoons or earthen
cells or tunnels in rotten wood and force themselves to the
surface of the soil, where they will remain as if dead, only
wriggling the body when disturbed. Such may pupate .. .
and produce adults or they may die.” As I only observed pupe
on the surface, I cannot give any information regarding the
behaviour of the larve.

Emergence of the sexes.—Attention in the following instances
has been confined to experiments in which I have reared the insects
from fair numbers of eggs or larve. The number of emergences,
however, is somewhat small. Females emerging first: P. pavida,
4 females out August 7th to 14th, 1921, then 4 males August —
15th to 26. P. luridiventris, 4 females out June 18th to July 4th.
No males. There is good reason for thinking that N. fuscipennis
and A.vittatus behave similarly. Males emerging first: A. serotinus,
2 males out September 18th, 25th, 1 female October 5th.
P. ruficornis, 1 male July 18th, 2 females July 15th, 19th.
P. pallipes, 1 male April3rd. First females June 21st. (Miss
H. F. Chawner’s experiment.)

SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR.

While visiting the Edinburgh Botanical Gardens on Sep-
tember 7th, 1921, a very hot day, a large number of Athalia

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 231

lineolata Lep. were observed swarming in the sun over beds of
Ajuga reptans. The great majority were males, but couples
were observed in copulation. iwo females and eight males were
captured, placed under a glass jar covering a patch of planted
A. reptans, and observed for a week. Copulation occurred at
intervals, and lasted for at least some minutes. No eggs were
laid—I was unaware then that the species lays on oak—but this
did not seem to affect the mating process. Polyandry was not
observed, but I think it very probable.

Pristiphora ruficornis.—In one experiment a single male and
female kept in a large glass jar with a hawthorn twig for four days,
and given opportunity to drink and feed, were never observed to mate.

Amauronematus vittatus.—Mating was not observed, during
observation lasting one hour, of flies in a small glass vessel which
capped a small alder twig.

REFERENCES.

(1) Ensurn, E.— Die Tenthredinoidea Mitteleuropas,”’ Deutsche
Ento. Zeit. Jahrgang, 1912-17.

(2) Cameron, P.—Phytophagous Hymenoptera.

(3) MacGinnivray, A. D.—‘‘The Immature Stages of the Ten-
thredinoidea,’ contribution from the Ento. Labs. Univ. of Illinois,
U.S.A., No. 38, and papers from the Maine Agric. Expt. Stn., Ento.,
No. 70.

Armstrong College,

Newcastle-on-Tyne ;
February 7th, 1922.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

New Names ror Onp,—In February, 1910, I published in Trans.
Linn. Soe. (2nd ser., Zool.), vol. xiii, pp. 304-305, the description of
a Pyralid moth from Praslin, Seychelles, under the name Nacoleia
maculalis Fletcher. As I now find that my name is an absolute
homonym of Nacoleza maculalis South (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1901,
p- 462, t. 14, f. 7), described from Central and Western China, the
Seychelles species may be renamed as zmsulicola nom.nov. The
generic name Nacoleva Wlk., 1859, is ante-dated by Lamprosema
Hb., Verz., p. 361, 1826.

The generic name Arbela Moore (P.Z.8., 1879, p. 411), in Lepidop-
tera, is a homonym of the Reduyiid genus Arbela Stal (Hem. Afyr., iii,
pp. 38-42, 1865). In vol. i on moths in the Fauna of British India,
p. 314, 1892, Sir George Hampson founded the family Arbelide on
Arbela Mo., but this family name has since been changed to Teragride,
founded on Teragra W1k., the first described genus contained in it. The
African genus Teragra is, I believe, not identical with the Indian genus
Arbela Mo., which is now renamed Jndarbela nom. nov., type tetraonis
Moore.—T. Bainspricge FLETcHER; Pusa, India, July 31st, 1922.

Notes From THE ALTON District, Hants (Lep.).—On June 10th
there emerged from a mixed lot of pupxe Hydrelia wncula. As I had
no marsh larvee or pups, the only explanation possible is the follow-
ing: The preceding autumn, passing the swamp near Oakhanger,

232 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

I filled my pocket with a couple of handfuls of clean sphagnum.
This reposed in a box on top of a bookcase all winter, exposed to
heat and fumes of gas in a sitting-room. In the spring I wrung it —
out in very hot water and used it to bed some wintered pup on. A
few evenings after the emergence I went down to the swamp to see
if H. wncula occurred there, and, sure enough, a few specimens were
flying. Itis amazing that a pupa, accustomed to lie in a freezing
marsh all winter, should endure such treatment. And what
physiological mechanism secures that after all it should emerge at
precisely the usual season? It is particularly exasperating when
one finds that choice pup refuse to live through the winter in the
most skilfully contrived cold storage. Another surprise was
Dianthaecia conspersa. In 1920 I collected larve from Szlene
which produced a series of D. carpophaga in 1921. I took no more
in 1921, so that D. conspersa, a species I had not met with here,
must have lain over a year. This is the more surprising as the
genus tends rather to be double-brooded than to lie over. I may
say that here D. cucubals always appears as a second brood; even in
this miserable summer it turned up on August 14th. D. carpophaga
is, I think, single-brooded here; and D. capsincola is a rarity with
me, of which I cannot speak. The third surprise concerns Trochiliwm
crabronifornus (surely it should be crabroniforme* ?). ‘Their borings
are very numerous in our woods, and I secured three stumps this
spring. The first emergence was a number of ichneumons, so that
my expectations were reduced to two. But to my surprise three
imagines emerged. Investigation of the stumps showed that two
larvee had pupated in one boring, and had presumably only the one
exit. Had they spent their whole larval life in the same bore, which ~
was only wide enough for one? I suspect that No. 1 made an exit
hole and pupated, and then No. 2’s bore converged on No. 1’s (like
the arms of a letter Y), and he proceeded to pupate between No. 1
and his exit. Fortunately No. 2 emerged first, and so cleared the
way for No. 1, who would otherwise have been bottled up. Mr.
Atkins, the woodman who brought me the stumps, is a keen observer,
and informs me that he captured a large moth in a recent year which
he identified as a ‘Clifden nonpareil.” He is probably right, as it is
difficult to mistake Catocala fraxint, but I wish he had kept it.
As regards the season, the most notable feature among the butter-
flies is the abundance of the second brood of Cyaniris argiolus,+
which has been about all through August and is flying in my garden
to-day (September 11th). It seems clear that unusual heat early in
the season sets a second brood on the way, and no subsequent cold
can arrest it. July and August this year were far below the average
in temperature, but Demas coryli came to light May 31st and
August 9th, and its small larvee and those of the ‘‘ Prominents” are
as numerous as usual. Colias croceuws and Pyrameis cardw are
present in fair numbers apparently—when the weather permits them
to fly. When the weather broke at the end of June sugaring was
very profitable for a time, and in a lesser degree throughout July.
* Lewin’s original spelling of the name in Trans. Linn. Soc., iii, p. 1, 1797, is
crabroniformis.—N. D. RB.

+ This appears to have been very general. I have never before seen it so
abundant in the south-west district of London.—N. D. R

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 233

The best additions to the Alton list were Cosmia pyralina and
Palimpsestis octogesima in single specimens, with Noctua stigmatica,
etc., and a beautiful series of Hurods prasina in very fresh condition.
In every season one or more species of the commoner Lepidoptera is
apt to predominate in numbers to an unusual degree. This season I
was struck by the exceptional numbers of Ligdia adustata in May.
The puzzling thing about this insect is the apparent discrepancy
between its abundance and the scarcity of its food-plant. I had the
curlosity to examine the hedges of a lane where it flew out of every
bush one tapped, and in a quarter of a mile I could only detect two
scrubby little bushes of Huonymus. Other unusually abundant
species were Huchelia jacobaeae and Leucania conigera—the latter a
perfect pest at light and at flowers in the garden. On the other
hand, I have seen but one single specimen of Spilosoma lubricipeda
m four years here! Can it be growing scarce? S. menthastri turns
up at light as usual. It would be interesting to learn if others have
had the same experience, or if the scarcity is merely local.—E. A. C.
STOWELL; Alton, Hants.

Nores From H. Kent (Lep.).—Melitaea athalia: Visiting a home
of these insects on June 13th I found larve in plenty, nearly full-
grown, also plenty of pups; on the same day imagines were on the
wing. I netted about three dozen; all being typical I retained none.
On June 24th I took a nice variety ; the anterior wings have a small
patch of brownish-orange at the basal area; the centres are obscured
by a deep black band three-eighths of an inch wide at the costa,
extending acress to the dorsal margin, followed by six deep orange
marks forming a narrow band; the outer margin has a deep black
band one-eighth of an inch wide with usual fringes. The specimen
is otherwise normal. I do not think this variety is mentioned in
South’s British Butterflies. Colias croceus (edusa): First noticed
here on July 30th, when four specimens were taken. Between that
date and August 20th ten others, including one var.,helice, occurred.
In 1921 I took thirty-two C. hyale, but saw no croceus. This season
I have seen no hyale. Sphinx convolvulc: September Ist a large
in fine condition was found in garden, resting during daylight, on
foliage of Nicotiana affinis. On September 2nd a ? was netted at
dusk hovering over the same plant. September 3rd, ? at dusk and
two others seen. September 5th, one ¢ and one other seen. Sep-
tember 11th, netted a large 9 very much worn.—H. G. Gomm;
Westbrook, Margate.

ConIAs CROCEUS AND OTHER LEPIDOPTERA IN CUMBERLAND,—On
August 29th I was shown a living specimen of C. croceus by the
inevitable small boy, who had taken it about ten minutes previously
and asked me if I could identify it for him. On September Ist and sub-
sequent dates my son and I obtained specimens, all of which were in
very beautiful condition. These were all netted on the shores of the
Solway, and they appear to be confined to a very restricted locality ;
they were generally flying among the marram grass a short distance
above high-water mark ; we found none in the clover fields. Hipocrita
yacobaeae used to be féund in a few restricted localities in this
county, but has gradually disappeared from them, and appears to
have approached extinction. We found, however, the larvee swarming

ENTOM.—OcTOBER, 1922. Vv

234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. j oy

on ragwort at the commencement of September. They appeared
to be confined to a patch of about five or six acres, and, though we
searched the surrounding moorland carefully, we found none. This
is singular, as the surrounding country does not vary in character,
nor is the ragwort less plentiful. I had the opportunity of observing

an ichneumon at work among the larve. She settled on the same

leaf as her victim and alongside it; then her ovipositor suddenly
flashed out twice. The larva appeared quite unconscious of the attack.
One other capture is, I think, worth recording. Last winter I dug
a pupa of Odontosia carmelita in a wood about three miles from
Carlisle from which a perfect female emerged in May. The only
other county record that I am acquainted with is the occasional
appearance of this species at Keswick, some thirty miles away.—
Haroxp D. Forp; Thursby Vicarage, Carlisle.

CoLIAS CROCEUS, ETC., IN DERBYSHIRE.—On October 30th, 1921,
I chased a male crocews for some distance, but failed to capture it.
On August 6th, 1922, I captured a female specimen evidently freshly
emerged, and saw a second on August 31st on the Duke of Devon-
shire’s land at Hardwick Park. At Ridgeway, near Sheffield, I saw
a specimen on August 13th, and have also seen odd specimens in
other areas as follows: Croxteth Park, Liverpool, May 25th; and in
a hay-field a few miles north of Worcester on August Ist.

Referring to the recent notes in the Entomologist on possible
hybridisation in nature, it may be of interest to note that on August
26th I found a female Pieris brassicae in cop. with a male P. rapae.
These I brought home in a tobacco box in which they became

separated. I kept them in a gauze cage over a growing cabbage ~

plant, but they did not repeat the operation, neither did the female
lay any eggs prior to her accidental release—A. W. RicHaRps;
High Street, Tibsnelf, Derbyshire.

CoLias CROCEUS IN NoRTHUMBERLAND.—To the references to the
occurrences of the clouded yellow in southern England this season,
which have appeared in the Entomologist, it may be worth while to

add that one was seen at Nunwick, Northumberland, on August —

25th.—GrorGE Bouam; Alston.

CoLias CROCEUS IN LaNCASHIRE AND WESTMORLAND.—Though
this species occurs in this district only at rare intervals, it has spread
this season as far north as Witherslack (Westmorland). I received
on September 6th a g which was taken there two or three days
before. The specimen was in such fresh condition as to lead me to
believe it had emerged in the locality, and the following day (Sep-
tember 7th) I visited the stretch of shore between Lytham and
St. Anne’s (Lanes) in the hope of seeing something of the species,
and was rewarded by the capture of a fine 2, the only one seen.—
T. M. Buackman ; 27, Black Bull Lane, Fulwood, Preston.

_ Contas croceus 1n Hunts.—I saw a male of this species flying
high in Brampton Park on May 31st last, and several specimens
were noted by other observers in the immediate neighbourhood. It
was, therefore, no surprise to me to catch adreshly-emerged specimen

at Spaldwick on August 5th. Since then I have captured nine

others, including three worn males yesterday, in the same village

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 235

and at Brampton. I should no doubt have taken more but for the
continued absence of sunshine, and the scarcity of clover and lucerne
fields in this county.—(Rev.) Ginpert H. Rayyor; Brampton,
Huntingdon, September 9th, 1922.

Cotas crocEus In Hants.—This species has been fairly abundant
on the Portsdown Hills; I have seen about 150 in all. The first
seen was on July 29th, which is rather earlier than usual. Females
have been scarce, and only one var. helice has been taken by me,
though I have heard of four others being captured. On September
11th, the last date I have been to look for them, I counted fifty-
four.—(Rev.) J. E. Tarspat; Fareham.

POLYGONIA C-ALBUM, ETC., IN BeRKsHIRE.—Since reporting the
appearance of Polygoma c-albwm in this locality (Wallingford
district) on July 12th of last year (Entom., liv, p. 243), it may be of
interest to report that I have found single specimens since on the
following dates :- September 3rd, 1921; May 16th, 1922; and August
18th, 1922. There is reason therefore to think that this insect has
established itself here, following the migratory influx which appa-
rently took place in the spring of 1921. I was interested to hear of
Mr. G. B. Oliver’s attempt to introduce Agriades bellargus (adonis)
in the Chilterns. I hope the experiment will prove successful. On
August 20th I spent the day on the edge of the Chilterns between
Wallingford and Nettlebed (my only visit this year). Though a dull
day butterflies were plentiful, but sluggish owing to the absence
of sunlight. A. corydon was common and in splendid order. Colias
croceus was also to be found here and there among the clover-fields.
Melanargia galatea was as usual fairly abundant, though not now in
the best condition. Aricia medon (L. astrarche), common. I have
been away most of this summer, and consequently devoted but small
time to entomological pursuits. Agrotis obscwra was common here
at Shillingford at the end of June and beginning of July of this year.
I found several at ‘honey dew”’ on the rose trees, and many others
caught in spiders’ webs in our loft, where they had been entrapped
while seeking out the ‘honey dew” on the rose tree just outside.
I have not seen this Agrotid before in this part of the country.
Morris Boorne; Shillingford, Wallingford, Berks.

PonyGontia c-ALBUM IN Herrs.—In connection with Mr. Tite's
capture of P. c-album at Tring on May 6th (Entomologist, June,
1922), I should like to record that I captured a specimen at Wendover
on July 31st, 1922. This surely belonged to the summer brood—
hardly expected in such an unfavourable season. They have also
~ occurred lately at another spot near Tring, the latest capture being
on August 26th, 1922.—R. B. Benson; Boldre House, Charles Street,
Berkhamsted.

THANAOS TAGES: SECOND Broop.—Two specimens were taken,
and a few others seen, on August 26th, on the South Downs, near
Winchester.—Frepx. J. Kinuinaron; 1, St. Catherine's Road,
- Kastleigh.

Manpuca arrovos 1s Bucks.—On August Ist I visited the Bucks
Chilterns. Here I was informed by a countryman that he had

236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

caught a specimen of Manduca atropos a few weeks previously.
The moth had been taken at rest in the daytime.—J. A. Brown;
“Keston,” Whitchurch Lane, Edgware, Middlesex. ae

[Two full-grown larve of this species were received by the
Entomological Department. of the British Museum on August 23rd
for identification. They had been found by Mr. D. Jones on jasmine
at Stony Stratford.—N. D. R.]

HyLoicus PINASTRI IN SUFFOLK.—Between August Ist and August
16th I took sixteen specimens of Hylowcus pinastra in. the Sax-
mundham district, Suffolk. I found them all by searching pine
trunks, on which they show up quite clearly, even when seen from
some way off. The greatest height at which I noticed the insect
was rather less than five feet up a trunk; the average height was
between two and three feet ; in several cases the moths were almost
on the ground. They could, without exception, have been seen by
viewing the trees from the south-east; sun and wind do not seem to
affect them; the north side failed to produce even a single specimen.
It is unnecessary to search the trunks closely, for pinastrz can be
seen at a glance (if there is one to be seen). Its occurrence appears
to be very ‘‘ patchy’; where one is detected it is probable there will
be others.—M. Macraceart; Moorcroft, Gravel Hill, Bexley Heath,
Kent.

HERsE (SPHINX) CONVOLVULI At HastBouRNE.—On the evening ~
of August 26th, at dusk, it being almost calm and fairly warm at the

time, I noticed a large Sphingid hovering at a poppy flower that was

growing in proximity to a patch of tobacco blossoms in my garden:
Thad no doubt as to it being H. convolvuli, but by the time I had
obtained a net it had gone. On the 29th another eluded me. On
September 1st I captured two which proved to he, as I expected,
this species; on the 2nd three were seen and two of them taken, one
of them at the time of capture feeding at blossoms of sweet pea, but
all the others seen were at the tobacco blossoms. On the 3rd the
moon was very bright and a light northerly breeze was blowing, and
the only two or three seen dashed wildly about the blossoms without
attempting to feed. The evenings of the 4th and 5th were overcast,
and on each of them a capture was made; the 6th was bright moon-
light and the wind well in the east, and the only moth seen flew
wildly, and this was the last seen of the species. The patches of
tobacco blossom worked were scattered over a considerable area, and,
as a moth seldom stays very long at any one lot of blossoms, it is
probable that the species has been really more common in this
neighbourhood than the half dozen captures would suggest.—
Rosert ADKIN; Hastbourne, September 16th, 1922.

HERSE CoNvoLvULI IN Lonpon.—On September 7th I had an
urgent request for a killing-bottle from my friend, Mr. Holmes, of
32, Helday Road, Lewisham. The previous evening his mother had
knocked something off a statue in their garden which seemed to be
alive, and, seeing it was a large moth, put it ina glass jar. It turns
out to be a fine female specimen of H. convolvuli.—J. H. Vickers;
16, Talgarth Mansions, Barons’ Court, London, W.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 237

HErRsE (SPHINX) CONVOLVULI IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE.—Sphingx con-
volvult is somewhat abundant here this year. I have taken nine
specimens in good condition in my garden on nicotiana, from August
30th to September 6th, when I ceased taking them. They were all
but one taken between 8 and 11 o'clock at night. One was taken in
the twilight, but that was the only occasion on which I went out
before 8 o’clock.. I was never out after 11 o’clock. I still see one or
more almost every night at various times between 8 and 11 o’clock.
Their apparent curiosity mentioned by Barrett in his British
Lepidoptera was very noticeable. Usually when the light was
thrown on them they became fidgety, and some left the flowers and
flew backwards and forwards a yard or two from me several times,
and then a few times at a rather greater distance, and then went off ;
but sometimes they returned at once to the same bed of flowers. A
white straw hat I sometimes wore seemed, on several occasions, to
be of great interest to them, and they flew round it and within a few
inches several times before going further away. They were ail males
but one. I also took a rather worn male here last October at rest
on a curtain in the billiard-room. The specimen recorded as taken
here in June was also a male. This sex this year seems to pre-
dominate largely. The times above mentioned are times according
to the sun (Greenwich time), and not the statutory summer times.—
A. Haroup Ruston; Aylesby House, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

HERsSE (SPHINX) CONVOLVULI IN ScoTLAND.—I have just seen a
specimen of this species, rather small but in good condition, taken
by Mrs. Douglas Mackay in a garden at Aberfeldy, Perthshire,
on September 6th.—W. Bowater; Highfield Road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.

Herset (SPHINX) CONVOLVULI IN AYRSHIRE.—On September 5th,
1922, I found a specimen of this moth lying on its back on the
road, alive but headless—lIams D. Jex Lone; 46, Eglinton Road,
Ardrossan, Ayrshire.

CATOCALA FRAXINI IN East Kent.—On Sunday, September 17th,
whilst visiting the “sugared” leaves of lime for Czrrhia crtrago, I
was astonished to find Catocala fraxini on a leaf. The insect was
taken at Stowting, about six miles from Hythe, and, judging from its
perfect condition, seems to be a locally hatched specimen.—C. A. W.
Durrietp; Pickersdene, Brook, near Ashford, Kent.

STERRHA SACRARIA IN Drevon.—A perfect male specimen of this
interesting migrant was taken on August 7th at Efford Fort,
Plymouth, about 6.30 p.m. The insect was actually disturbed by my
son, Howell Peach (aged 9), who saw it fly into a tuft of grass and
called my attention to it. The oblique bar is pink.—A. H. Prac;
48, Whiteford Road, Mannamead, Plymouth.

[A similarly pink-banded male was taken by Dr. W. D. Lang
this year on May 3lst at Stonebarrow Cliff, Charmouth, and pre-
sented to the Natural History Museum.—N. D. R.|

EUPITHECIA TRISIGNARIA IN DerBysHire AND Notes rrom N.
-Srarrs.—l have much pleasure in recording the capture, on May
97th, of a female Hupithecia trisignaria in a wood near Hllestone,

238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

which is only about 100 yards over the Derbyshire border, the insect
never having been taken in North Staffordshire before. The nearest
recorded captures are Market Drayton and Repton. Could any
reader of the Entomologist tell me if the following variety of
Euchloé cardamines has been named. In all cases but one that
I have seen the insect is of typical size and has the ordinary
markings, but, in addition, a distinct black spot on each hind wing.
The exception, however, is a 2 of the hesperidis form, which is
absolutely ordinary with the exception of very heavy basal spots
on the fore wings and the same curious black spots on the hind
wings. This is certainly no fresh occurrence, as the following —
dates of occurrence indicate: 9 f. hesperzdis, Denstone, June 4th, —
1922; 9, Denstone, during May, 1922; @, Dovedale, by Mr. T.
Smith, during June, 1920. Also there is one @ in the Daltry
Collection without data. I should be interested to hear if other
specimens of this variety have been taken. The extraordinary large
number of Preris nap of the sabellscae form that have been flying in
this district this year also is worthy of record. Nearly 25 per cent.
of the P. nape flymg in May were melanic.—Guy Stanton; Den-
stone College, Rocester, Staffs.

A Recorp Capture oF Bruus (antea, p. 211).—On August 29th
I went to a clover field at the foot of Wolstonbury Hill (Sussex
Downs) to look for C. crocews. At one spot in the rough grass
margin of the field, covered with flowering knap-weed, thistles, rag-
wort, etc., and bounded by a hedge of holly, privet and whitethorn,
. we netted szx species of blues within a few paces. They were
Li. astrarche, icarus, bellargus, corydon, argiolus, and minima. This,
I think, goes one better than your correspondent.—(Major) J. J.
Jacops; Holmesleigh, Burgess Hill, Sussex, September 12th, 1922.

Two GYNANDROMORPHS OF ARGYNNIS PAPHIA TAKEN IN THE NEw
Forest.—On July 18th Mr. W. S. Brocklehurst took a paphia with
left wings male and right the typical female, and on July 24th I~
took one with the left wings male and the right var. valezina. Both
ae ie perfect condition.—W. Girrorp Nasu; Clavering House,

edford.

TERATOLOGICAL SPECIMEN OF CATOCALA NUPTA.—On September
3rd I took a specimen of C. nwpta on a fence here with the left-hand
under-wing of an extremely light red, merging into almost yellow in
the centre, the colouring of the other wings being normal.—GEOoRGE
C. Hotroyp; “ Ganges Lodge,” Oriental Roid, Woking.

LaBIDURA RIPARIA, Pantas.—While spending the first two weeks
of August at Bournemouth I hunted up the giant shore-earwig—
Labidura riparia, Pallas—and was pleased to find it fairly common.
Hxamples were to be met with under stones in the daytime, from
the water’s edge up to the foot of the sand cliff, and in all stages of
development from nymphs # in. long to full-grown adults. On
the sand the young nymphs are much more difficult to see than
the adults, as the markings which are dark in the adult are very
faint in the young. These nymphs when exposed to the light
run very swiftly away; the adults either crouch down flat on the

SOCIETIES. 239

sand or else turn the forceps over their back in a very threatening
attitude. The stones they seem to preferyte hide under are the flat
ones resting upon the fine sand, and under them they often make a
pit in which to rest. I generally found one under a stone, although
sometimes there were two; but under a piece of lino, about 2 yards
by 1 yard, that I turned over, I counted a large number of adults and
nymphs. The thing that puzzled me was what they could find to
feed upon ; there were no plants or seaweed near where they were
found, nor were there fish of any kind. The only things I found
were some beetle larvee, like wire-worms, about 4 in. long, that live
in the sand. Some earwigs that I brought home alive have eaten
these larvae very readily. They have also eaten raw beef; but they
seem to like best living house-flies. These they chase and catch,
using their forceps to hold their prey whilst they feed. They also
use the forceps for carrying the flies about if they are disturbed while
feeding. I hope to be able to keep some alive and discover at what
period of the year they oviposit, and if the female is as attentive to
the ova as is that of the common earwig, Forficula auricularia,
Linn.—Epear EH. Syms; Wanstead, September 19th, 1922.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Vol. xv, Nos. 3
and 4. Vol. xvi, Nos. land 2. Liverpool: 1921 and 1922.

STUDENTS of the mosquitoes and other fly pests will find a number

of papers, usually well illustrated, that will be of great interest to

them, the list being too long to quote in detail. There are also in

vol. xv, No. 3, a paper on Rat-flea Investigation by R. Newstead and

A. M. Evans, and one on Dragonfly and other Natural Enemies of
Stegomyia calopus, Meigen, by C. J. Young. W. J. L.

The Scottish Naturalist.

In recent numbers entomologists will find notes on the
Stinging of Ophion luteus, pp. 17 and 93; the conclusion of Notes on
Aphides from Sutherland, by Dr. D. J. Jackson, nicely illustrated,
pp. 85-92 ; and short notes and observations on pp. 27, ai ae “a

SOCIETIES.

EntomotogicaL Society or Lonpon.—Wednesday, June Tth,
1922._The Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild, F.R.S., President, in the
Chair.—The President announced the death of Mr. H. Rowland-
Brown, M.A., formerly Secretary of the Society, and a vote of condo-
lence was passed with his relatives. He also announced that Mr. H.
Willoughby Ellis, F.Z.S., had been co-opted on the Council in the
place of the late Mr. Rowland- Brown. Donations to the Library were
‘announced, and thanks voted to the respective donors. The following
were elected Fellows of the Society: Messrs. B. A. R. Gater, B.A.,

ter me ax |

240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

F.R.M.S., 13, Arundel Mansions, Kelvedon Road, 8.W. 6; Lionel ~
Lacey, Churchfield, Rodborough, Stroud, Gloucester; Herbert Maes, é
Faircotes, Harlow, Essex; William H. Jackson, 14, Woodeote Valley ©
Road, Purley; Miss A. B. Flower, Hastbury, Surrey Road, Bourne-—
mouth West. —Hxhibits: Prof. Poulton made some remarks on
transformational deceptive resemblance in insects arising out of the
exhibits of long-horned grasshoppers made by Dr. Marshall on behalt
of Mr. Uvarov at the previous meeting. Prof. Poulton also exhibited
an example of Coccinella septempunctata as the prey of an Asilid,
Laphria flava. He called attention to some recent observations on —
the ‘false head” of Lyczenidz in relation to the attacks of enemies ;
he also gave numerous interesting particulars of the bionomics,
geographical races and affinities.of the remarkable African butterfly,
Pseudopontia paradoxa.—Dr. Dixey, who illustrated his remarks with
a lantern-slide, discussed the venation of this butterfly. He expressed
the opinion that it is more closely associated to the Pierine than any
other subfamily, and that there are probably two geographical races
of it distinguished by the venation.—Dr. Neave made some remarks
on the habits and distribution of this species, and of Leptosza medusa
and Leucerona pharis, butterflies that are associated with it in some
parts of Africa—Mr. G. Talbot, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey brought —
for exhibition some new and rare Lepidoptera from Africa, New
Guinea, and the Dutch Hast Indies. The following papers were
read: ‘Transformative Deceptive Resemblance in Long-horned Grass-
hoppers,’ by Mr. B. P. Uvarov; ‘“ Hlateride of the Seychelles
Expedition,’ by M. Fleutiaux, communicated by Dr. H. Scott.—
S. A. Neave, Hon. Sec.

South Lonpon Entomonoeican anp Naturat History Society.
—July 13th, 1922.—Mr. HE. J. Bunnett, F.E.8., President, in the ~
Chair.—Major Stuart Maples, Monkswood, Huntingdon, and Messrs. —
H. Candler, Broad Eves, Ashstead, and E. B. Watson, Winthorpe —
Grange, Newark, were elected members.—Mr. R. Adkin exhibited two
specimens of a dark grey form of Grammesia trigrammuca (trilinea),
from Abbots Wood, where the species had been unusually common
at sugar.—Mr. Buckstone, living larvee and pupx of Pyrameis cardua,
the ground-colour of the pupz varying from pale grey to blackish.—
Miss A. K. Loch, a uniformly pale yellow aberration of Brenthis
euphrosyne, with quite normal spotting, from Worth, Sussex.—Mr.
H. Main, several items brought by him from the South of France: (1)
larve of the ant-lion, Palpares libelluloides; (2) the Tenebrionid
beetle, Prmelsa gallica; (3) cases of the large Psychid, Acanthopsyche .
atra (opacella), with young larvee ; (4) the spider, Lycosa narbonensis,
discussed by Fabre; (5) the spider, Clotho duwrandi, found under
stones; (6) the Myriapod, Scutegera areneoides, said to be poisonous ;
(7) iarvee of the butterfly, Thars rumima.—Mr. Cheeseman, living
larvee of Atiacus cynthia and Sanua cecropia, two large silk-spinning
moths.—Mr. Hnefer, the larch weevil, Molytes germanus, from
Farningham, Kent.—H. J. Turner, Hon. Editor.

/
i Aste (The publication of Notices of Exchange. or of Advertisements, in the ‘Entomo-
# logist _/S In no way @ guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good
condition of the Species. This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of
‘ ‘Exchangers or Advertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, in case the liberty
“allowed should be abused.) Marked * are bred. }

nt

f lex -
Ps 7 RS Norices.or Exosanex should be received by the 21stT-or EACH
: ay ONTH tO-Insure msertion. Not more than Six Lines can be allowed for each.

Duplicates.—A. immorata and a few very fair L. favicolor; ‘also G. achracea,
x. ‘Turea,* N.. festiva, P. rubricosa, T. gothiea,.T. consonaria, S.- lutealis,
é =. crocealis, C. lemnata, H. nympheata, and other species. Wanted.—T. apifor-
> mis, S.ichneumoniformis, N. albulalis, Z. pyrina, N. Dodonea, D. Oo,-D. irregularis,
chrysozona, H. dipsacea, E. venestula, E. expallidata, C. saggitata; R. sangui-
A. nemoralis, S. decrepitalis, B. nubilalis, terrealis, asinalis, E. stachydalis,

_

ff S. Sticticalis, O. extimalis, T. strativata, A. niveus, and offers.—Major J. J.

acobs, Holmesleigh, Burgess Hill, Sussea.

+ Dupleates from Southern Spain.—As shown under “ Exchange” in Angust
: umber. A few good specimens still left.—Major J. J. Jacobs, Holmesleigh,
Burgess WAU, Sussex) a + ;

_ Wanted.—Well-set Tortricide, ‘especially cristana, hastiana, literana, and
~ northern and western species. Liberal exchange in Macros. Would ‘like to
© exchange lists,—S. N. A. Jacobs, 5, Exbury Road, Catford Hill, S.E. 6.
an | Duplicates.—Furva, Trititi, Nigra, Roboraria, Lucernea, Porphyrea, Myrice,
Monoglypha; Micacea, Glareosa, Exoleta, Meticulosa, Fureula.—W. Milne,
115, Causeway End, Aberdeen, Scotland. .

‘) _ Duplicates. —Fueiformis, Gonostigma, Senex (6), Mendica,* Urtice (4),
Crategi,* Connexa, Arbuti, Capsincola,* Festuex (8), Moneta,* Fimbria, Hispi-
daria,* Lunaria,* Alniaria,* Pulveraria,* Hastata, Silaceata,* Decolorata, Abbi-
eillata,* Assimillata.* Desiderata—Numerous.—A. Simmons, 42, Loughborough

Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham.

wm
.

re Oe ¢
—

oes =a CHANGES : F ‘Appress.—Dr. E. A. Cockayne from 65 to 116, Westbourne
Terrace, London, W.2.—Mr. H. McD. Edelsten from ‘‘ Buntinghill,” Balcombe
Road, Haywards Heath, to ‘‘ Oakhurst,” Baleombe Road, Haywards Heath, Sussex.
os a leeontte ahs 1 ee ca ’

-* TO CORRESPONDENTS.—All none: papers, books for review, ete., and notices

“of Exchange should be sent to— |
NN. D, RILEY, 5, BROOK GARDENS, BARNES, S.W. 13.

oer

“Contributors and correspondents requiring replies or acknowledgments are
“respectfully requested to enclose stamps. ie
ie Ne eet > as aur j : a

¥

=

‘MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.
“ Byromovoeicat Society OF Lonpon, 41, Queen’s Gate, 8.W. 7 (nearest stations,

South Kensington and Gloucester Road).— Wednesday, October 4th, at 8 p.m.

a

- Sourm Lonpon Entomotoeican anp) Narurat History Sociery, Hibernia
“Chambers, London Bridge, §.E.1.— Thursday, October 12th, at 7 p.m., Lantern
Evening. Thursday, October 26th, at.7 p.m., Paper, ‘ Diacrisia Mendica, its
: istory.and its Varieties.” The fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the
Society will be celebrated by a Pocket-box Exhibition and Conversazione in the
Golonel’s Room, Holborn Restaurant, on Thursday, October 19th, at 6 p.m.,
“followed by Supper at 8 p.m.—Hon. Sec., Srantey Epwarps, F.L.S., ete., 15,
St. German’s Place, Blackheath, $.E. 3. . ;

‘Lonpon Narvkat Hisrory Society now meets in Hall 40, Winchester
ics, Olt Bedell Seo E.C, 2, at 6.30 p.m. Full Society meetings are held on
first I'wesday in each month, and sectional meetings on the third Twesday.

tors -weleomed at all meetings.—Hon. Sec., W. BE. Guraa, The House, Albion
ery, Whitechapel Road, E. 1.

"agitate: tr
| ton, 28% A io

‘Gun uakeeee of DHMe
$ 1912, Val ‘45

CRATE

ser iptions

for 1922 (128) a are now. due “and should. be sent to R. South,
4, Mapesbury Court, bh Hill, London, N.W, 2.

|
(No. 714. |

gn

-- =

;
i
a2 = Bans Ha: anda, Bik cee. e
ee Ww a aaee: FR. ae MB. 0. U.| CLAUDE MORLEY, F-.E.8., B.L.8. |

©. J. GAHAN, Sc., M.A., FES. | Ne D: RILEY, F-E.S;; F.Z.S.
) Ww. G. SHELDON, edhe F.Z.S.

: “ Entomologist,

' WANSTEAD, e:) coe

PEELE: KN TOMOLOGIST.

Vou. LV.] NOVEMBER, 1929. (No. 7 714

Y THE PRESENT VALUES OF THE PRINCIPAL MN ORKS

ON THE PALAARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA.

By W. G. SHEtpon, F.Z.S., FW
Invi 4d 192;
(Continued from p. 223.) ( Sivan cae | Oe
Nop , a NS
Works Published in England. SWTysows an OF

Albin, E. Natural History of English Insects ; illustrated by 100
hand-coloured plates and 100 leaves of Text (1720); priced
at about 30s.

Barrett, C. G. Lepidoptera of the British Isles; 11 vols.; 504
coloured plates (1893-1907). This work deals with the whole
of the Order up to and including the Tortrices. It has some
serious defects, but is indispensable to the student. The
price of issue was £34 13s. It is now catalogued at £25. There

was also an edition without plates brought out at £6.

Buckler, W. lLarve of British Butterflies and Moths; 9 vols.
(1885-1899). A Ray Society publication, issued at £9 9s.
Still to be obtained, I believe, from the Ray Society, at the
price of issue. Copies that come into the market from time
to time usually realise the same amount, or thereabouts. This
is of course the standard work on the larve of the British
species, and treats of the whole Order to the end of the Phycids.
The coloured plates number 164.

Curtis, J. Illustrations and Descriptions of the Lepidoptera
found in Great Britain and Ireland; 2 vols.; 193 coloured
plates (1862); issued at £9 12s. 6d. This is a reproduction
of the Lepidoptera of Curtis’s great work British Entomology.
It can usually be picked up for from £3 to £4.

Donovan, E. Natural History of British Insects; 16 vols.; 576
coloured plates (1792-1813). The price of this work varies
from £6 to £9. There were reproductions issued in which the
plates are very inferior, and the lower-priced copies probably
refer to these.

Entomologist, The. Vols. I to LIV (1840-1921). A complete set
18 extremely difficult to obtain, owing to the scarcity of Vol. I
(1840). Dr. Chapman’s copy, which included about a dozen
duplicate volumes (1887-1898), fetched £12 10s. at auction.
ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1922 x

249, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

A complete set might be worth £10 or £11, but I have not
seen one catalogued recently.

Entomologist’s Annual. 20 vols. (1855-1874); usually to be
obtained at from 20s. to 30s. according to binding and condition.

Entomologist’s Record. Vols. 1 to 32 (1890-1921). A set is usually
to be bought for £6 or £7. Dr. Chapman’s sold for £5.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. Vols. 1 to 57 (1864-1921).
Dr. Chapman’s copy brought £9—probably its full value. A —
few years ago I required a number of volumes to complete my
set. These I picked up, bound, for less than 2s. 6d. per volume.

Entomologist’s Magazine. Edited by Edward Newman. 5 vols.
(1832-8) ; quoted at £2 10s. to £3 10s.

Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer. Edited by H. T. Stainton ;
10 vols. (1856-1861). I have seen this priced as low as 18s.
A clean bound copy can usually be obtamed for 30s. to 40s.

Entomological Society of London, Transactions. 69 vols. (1836—
1921). A set, 1836-1906, was priced at £60; another, 1836—
1920, at £75. Dr. Chapman’s copy sold for £21, but that of
course was a dealer’s bargain. The earlier volumes are out —
of print, and are almost impossible to obtain otherwise than as
part of a set.

Harris, Moses. The Aurelian (1778) and several subsequent inferior
editions; 44 coloured plates. A good copy of the original
edition sells for £4 to £5, one of the inferior subsequent editions
for from £1 10s. to £3.

Harris, Moses. An Exposition of English Insects (1782); with
31 coloured plates. Several editions were issued and are to
be had at from 20s. to 40s. according to condition and quality
of plates.

Haworth, A. H. Lepidoptera Britannica (1828), 609 pp. An
extremely scarce book, the greater part of some portions of the
issue being accidentally burnt; only a few complete copies are
in existence. In 1919 I wanted a copy, and a careful and
prolonged inquiry eventually elicited that there were two copies
it was possible to purchase. For one of those £5 5s. was asked ;
for the other, a much inferior copy, £8. I doubt if one now
could be purchased for less than £10.

Humphreys and Westwood. British Butterflies and Moths and ~
their Transformations. 3 vols. (1841-5), and subsequent
editions with much inferior plates. The first edition is usually
priced at from £4 to £5. The subsequent editions are almost
useless, the plates are so infericr.

Kane, W. F. de V. Huropean Butterflies; 1 vol.; 15 uncoloured
plates (1885). Admirable in every way, and absolutely essential
to all collectors and students of this branch of the subject.
Out of print, but can often be had second-hand for 10s. to 12s.

PRESENT VALUES OF PRINCIPAL WORKS ON LEPIDOPTERA. 243

Lang, H. C. The Butterflies of Europe Described and Figured ;
2 vols.; 395 pp.; 82 coloured plates (1884). As essential
as the last; published at £3 18s. To be purchased at from
£2 10s. to £3.

Leech, J. H. British Pyralides; 121 pages of letterpress and 18
plates (1886); with coloured and uncoloured plates. The
former is rare and costs from 20s. to 30s. The latter can be
had for 7s. 6d.

Lewin, W. Insects (Lepidoptera) of Great Britain; with 46
coloured plates (1795) ; £1 to £1 10s.

Meyrick, E. Handbook of British Lepidoptera (1895). Essential
to all British lepidopterists. There are plenty of second-hand
copies in the market at about 3s. 6d. per copy.

Newman, EH. Illustrated Natural History of British Moths; 1 vol.
(1869); and Natural History of British Butterflies; 1 vol.
(1871). These books, valued and invaluable in their day,
can now be obtained for about 2s. 6d. per volume.

_ Petiver, James. This author wrote a number of pamphlets on
various natural history subjects in the early eighteenth
century; amongst them was one on the Rhopalocera with 5
coloured plates published in 1717. These are probably the
earliest figures of British Lepidoptera. The work is scarce,
and I have never seen it offered, but I know of two copies

_ which cost their respective owners approximately £5 and £12.

Pierce, F. N. Genitalia of the Noctuidee of the British Islands ;
1 vol. with 32 plates (1909).

Pierce, F. N. Genitalia of the Geometride of the British Islands ;
with 48 plates (1914). These two volumes are indispensable
to students, and can still be obtained from the author. They
were issued at 7s. 6d. per volume.

South, R. Butterflies and Moths of the British Isles; 3 vols.
(1906-08). Published at 21s. One of the most practical

popular works on British Lepidoptera ever issued. Known
and appreciated by all students.

Stainton, H. T. Manual of British Butterflies and Moths ; 2 vols.
(1857-9). Tobe purchased for a few shillings, the price depend-
ing upon binding and condition.

Stainton, H. T. Natural History of the Tineina; 15 vols. ; 80
coloured plates (1855-73). Text in four languages. Infini ely

3 the best work ever published on this group. Issued at £8;
can be obtained at present for from £3 to £3 10s,

Stephens, J. F. Illustrations of British Insects; 12 vols. (1828-
46); 100 coloured plates. Was issued at £21. Can now be

purchased for from £4 to £5. Pi ae .

Stephens, J. F. Systematic Catalogue of British Insects (1829).

Published at 27s.; to be purchased now for about 5s.

244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Tutt, J. W. British Lepidoptera; 9 vols. (1889-1914). Tutt’s
“magnum opus.” It is absolutely necessary to all students.
It was issued at £9, and is now to be purchased for about £4.

Tutt, J. W. The British Noctuz and their Varieties; 4 vols.
(1891-2). Published at £1 8s.; now catalogued at £1 2s. to
sol DS

Wheeler, The Rev. G. The Butterflies of Switzerland and the Alps
of Central EKurope (1900). Admirable and indispensable to
all collectors and students of European Rhopalocera. Pub-
lished at 5s. per copy, or 6s. interleaved. Still to he obtained,
I believe, from the author.

Wilkinson, 8. J. British Tortrices; 1 vol.; 4 uncoloured plates ; ~
published at 18s., priced now at 15s. My copy, purchased in
1917, cost 7s. 6d. The price has appreciated of late years.

Wilkes, B. English Moths and Butterfiies; 120 coloured plates —
(1747-60); published at £9 9s. Several subsequent and
inferior editions. The present cost of the original edition is
£3 to £4 according to condition and binding.

Wood, W. Index Entomologicus (1839); 54 coloured plates
(1944 figures). An extremely useful work from several points
of view, but especially because Wood figured Stephens’s types
of species and forms named by the latter. A copy is priced
at 45s. The Westwood edition (1854) has much inferior plates,
but it contains a useful supplement. It is valued at the same
price as the original edition. There is another inferior edition
dated 1845, which is priced at 30s.

Zoologist, The. This magazine, between the years 1841-63, contained
a large amount of entomological matter. A year or two ago
I saw, too late, a copy of these volumes priced at 1s. per
volume. This is the only occasion that I have noticed them
catalogued.

Zoological Record (1864-1920) ; 57 vols. Published annually by
the Zoological Society. Gives references of everything of any
importance that is written within the year in every department.
of zoology. This work is, of course, essential to every advanced
student. Unfortunately its bulk prevents most private
libraries affording it shelf room. It is published at 30s. per
volume, and is usually catalogued second-hand at from 6s.
to 10s. per volume. :

(To be continued.)

Errata.—P. 198, line 19, for 47° read 37°; p. 199, line 33, for
clots read dots; p. 221, line 33, for original plates read original
drawings.

HENRI FABRE AND THE MICROGASTER. 24!

Ot

HENRI FABRE AND THE MICROGASTER.
By Rey. G. W. Crurcuiry.

SuRELY Fabre, that “ incomparable observer,’ cannot err in
his notes on the Microgaster, yet I am puzzled to account for
what I have seen of its activities. Fabre tells us that these flies do
not attack the larve of Pieris brassicae, but that they deposit their
eggs in the eggs of the butterfly. He enclosed Microgaster glomeratus
with the larvee of Pieris brassicae without result. But as soon as
he substituted eggs for caterpillars the flies eagerly used their ovi-
positors and laid their eggs inside the eggs of the butterfly. The
larvee of Preris brassicae emerged from the eggs, and developed
without any apparent inconvenience from the parasites which
hatched out within their tissues. When the larva of Pieris was
_ about to pupate the larvee of Microgaster issued from one of the
spiracles and formed the familiar yellow silk cocoon, in which they
pass the pupa stage of their development.

Gathering the eggs of Pieris brassicae | kept them until the
larvee appeared, then fed them until they had moulted four times.
Then J placed them on a cabbage which was growing in a convenient
position for observation and visited them every day. One day I
noticed a great deal of agitation amongst the caterpillars. They
had left off feeding, and every five or six seconds the upper half of
their bodies was jerked violently back. This action was continuous,
always with the pause of five or six seconds, then simultaneously
all the larvee would throw back their heads as by a common impulse.
They were gathered in groups of from six to eight, though there
were a few solitary ones. I sat and watched them with the aid of

a glass for over an hour and was well rewarded for my pains.

Presently I saw Microgaster flies coming singly and settling on
the cabbage, while I noticed others climbing painfully up from the
centre of the plant. As I watched a Microgaster fly alighted near
the head of a caterpillar that was quieter than the others. She
approached warily and appeared to touch and soothe the larva
with her antenne. Suddenly she sprang on the back of the
caterpillar and it immediately swung its head round and apparently
bit the fly, though I found out afterwards that in this I was mistaken.
The Microgaster was tumbled down into the cabbage and afterwards
I saw it climbing back slowly and with difficulty. I watched
another fly very busily cleaning its antennee, legs, wings and abdo-
men for a long time, and I wondered why. I also noticed a green
fluid on the surface of the cabbage leaves. Single flies continued
to arrive and others were still struggling out of the centre of the
cabbage. The one which had been so long at its toilet flew away
as though glad to be gone. Several others attacked the caterpillars,
_ always in the same way and with the same result. It was a certain

246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

prelude to a journey into the interior of the cabbage. Immediately —
the caterpillar felt the prick of the ovipositor the fly was flung off,
but in one instance, probably through the weariness of the larva,
the fly was in position three seconds before 1t was thrown off. But
it was not clear what was the nature of the defence which the larvee
had against the fly.

After about three-quarters of an hour the caterpillars grew
hungry and three or four of them climbed up to the edge of the leaf
and began to feed ravenously. Presently a Microgaster appeared.
on the opposite side of the leaf and slowly approached. I watched
through my glass and saw the mode of attack and the nature of the
larva’s defence. The caterpillar, conscious of danger, ceased feeding,
and the fly crept up until she had reached a position with one lee
on each side of the caterpillar’s head and gently waved her antenne.
With a sudden spring she was on its back and instantly the heads.
of the four larvee were turned towards the fly, while their move-
ments were so rapid that I could not follow them. It was like
watching a cat set on by four dogs. In about three seconds the
fly was thrown off and was dragging its body and struggling alone
the leaf. I examined it through the glass and found it was com-
pletely drenched in green liquid, which fastened the wings to the
body and stuck the legs together so that they were useless and
dragged behind. The liquid was so abundant that wherever the
fly went she left a trail of it behind her. Now she began the same
industrious toilet which I had seen the others perform, and when
cleansed seemed glad to escape and fly away.

It the Microgaster lays her eggs only inside the eggs of Pieris
brassicae what were these flies doing, and why this careful stalking
and fierce persistent attacks in spite of the unsavoury green liquid
with which they were drenched? The fear of the larvee as shown
by the jerking of their heads in unison and their refraining from
food proves that it is a recognised danger, the knowledge of which
must have come down to them through many generations.

We had a plague of Pieris in West Cornwall which stripped the
cabbage and turnip fields, and so numerous were the larvee that it
was impossible to put the foot down without crushing them. Nature —
provided the only effective remedy and the Microgaster cocoons.
were everywhere. They could be found on nearly every flowering
stem of thrift and plants of like character, and at Gwinnear Road —
Station, where there is a wall about three hundred yards long, the
wall was covered with them. Selecting a space covering one
square yard of the wall I counted 100 cocoons, each of which con-
tained from fifty to two hundred chrysalids. The entire space of
the wall was covered in like manner.

Porthleven,

Helston,
Cornwall.

MOSQUITO DIAGNOSIS. 247

MOSQUITO DIAGNOSIS: A SUGGESTION TO DESCRIBE
WING-SPOTS, FORK-CELLS AND PALP-MARKINGS BY
MEANS OF WRITTEN FORMULA.

By Gitpert E. Brooks, M.A.Cantab., L.R.C.P.Edin., DP
Chief Health Officer, 8.8. Medical Dept.

In describing a mosquito for a book or paper nearly every
detail can be adequately set forth in words without the aid of
diagrams or photographs. The various shapes of scales are now
well recognised and need only be referred to in zoological parlance.
The mosquito can be measured and its actual size given. The
position, colour and size of abdominal or leg-banding can be expressed
in words without ambiguity.

There are three details; however, which it has been almost
impossible up to the present to express in words, and recourse to
diagrammatic sketches or photographic reproduction has usually
been found necessary. I refer to (a) anopheline wing-spots ;
(b) the relative length of the first submarginal and second posterior
fork-cells in culicine wings ; and (c) to the size and position of ano-
pheline palpar banding. In working out diagnostic tables for the
use of my department, I felt that if these details could be reduced
to writing it would mean not only the saving of much expense in
the reproduction of illustrations, but also greater scientific accuracy.
Hence the formule presently to be described, which are now pub-
lished in the hope that they will prove useful to entomologists.

WING-SPOTS.

For all practical diagnostic purposes, with regard to wing-spots,
we are only concerned with those which occur on the costal, the
subcostal and the first longitudinal veins. These may be black
spots in a dominantly light wing, or white spots in a dominantly
dark wing.

The wing formula is arrived at in the followmg way: The
costa, from a basal point opposite to the axillary notch, as far
as its junction with the first longitudinal vein, is arbitrarily divided
into 25 equal parts. To each of these parts a letter of the alphabet
(omitting “i”) is assigned, beginning from the basal point. If
black spots are being described we begin the formula with ~ B
— go and so”; if white spots are being described, we begin with
“W = so and so.” The costal spots are described first, each
spot being designated by the alphabetical letter or letters of the
one or more sections which it occupies. A ciesura is used to pune-
tuate the spots, and the conclusion of the costal part of the formula
-is marked by a double cesura. The formula then proceeds with
the literal designation of the spots on the subcostal vein, similarly

248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

concluded with a double cesura. Finally the spots on the first
longitudinal vein are exemplified. - ;

It may sound a little complicated, but the absolute simplicity
of it will be seen by the following diagram of the wing-spots of
maculatus, and the formula which follows it. A long spot oceu-
pying, say, five divisions, at /, m,n, 0, p, can be shortened by calling
it J’, which shows at once its position and length. Sometimes
a spot may be only one division in length, while it actually
occupies half of one scale division and half of another; such we

designate by, say, pe Sometimes a spot occupies a little

more than one scale division; such can be shown by, say, [n+].
The objection has been made to me that it is very hard in practice

Fie. 1.—Wing of Anopheles maculatus.
Formula: B = a/c/e*/l/t?/y?//e3/05//e3/m/p/#2/y?//.

to divide up the costa by observation and to assign spots to the
definite divisions. This is much simpler than it seems, for all that
is necessary is to draw the wing and spots with a “ drawing-eye-
piece,’’ and then approximate a scale to the drawing and write
down the formula.

The following are the wing formule of some cf our Malayan
anophelines :

elegans B= @&/d?*/g?[8/s*/a?[/9?/8/q//d?/93/1/n*/s/u2/a?//.

umbrosus W = ofy//nil//y//. '

barbirostris W = qly/igllé A if7/4/% ||.

fuliginosus W = d/g"/0?/1/z//g?/0?//c?/92/k/n]u?/z//.

ludlowi B= a?/alf? [0/8] y?//f?/8)/bLf?[Un + [8 y2//.

karwari Jes ale/e®/U°/8/y?//e/i5//a/e]e/l/n?/q/t8/y?//.

Forxk-CE xs.

We frequently find such very indefinite descriptions as “the
first submarginal cell is a little narrower and much longer than the

MOSQUITO DIAGNOSIS. 249

second posterior cell”; or “the base of the first submarginal
cell is almost level with that of the second posterior.”

I therefore suggest that a line be drawn through the angles
of the two cells in question and produced to cross the costa. The
basal angle which this line makes with the costa can be used as a
critical angle for the fork-cells of each species. The size of the
angle can be quite reasonably gauged by mere observation, or
can be accurately measured from a camera lucida drawing or micro-
photograph.

Fig. 2.—Critical angles for fork-cells.

PALPS.

The position and size of bands of anopheline palps or culicine
probosces are of diagnostic importance. Diagrammatic representa-
tions are frequently misleading. I suggest therefore that a definite
numerical palp formula be assigned to each anopheline. ake!

The idea is, always to divide the palp into 24 imaginary divisions.
The relative proportions of dark or light segments are expressed
by a simple sequence of numbers beginning from the base of the
palp, dark sections being shown by ordinary numerals and light-
coloured sections by italic numerals. The number, size and position
of the bands is thus seen at a glance, and palps of different species
can be compared without the expense of reproduced drawings
and without the indefiniteness of a written description.

250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The following are the palp formule for some of our Malayan
anophelines : .

hoch — 5 142A a aie

elegans = (12 Ol Ais

umbrosus = 24.

barbirostris = 24.

fuliginosus = 7181 4 38.
maculatus = 8 1 T* 3 1 4.
TOSSU =" TA oeet
ludlow: =9 1°38 123

oe
karwart = 7 27072 levallnee
* A faint yellow band is often found in the middle of this dark section.

May 28th, 1921.

SOME UNDESCRIBED RHOPALOCERA IN THE BRITISH
MUSEUM (NAT. HIST.) I.

By N. D. Ritey.
LYCZNID.

Pseudaletis spolia, sp. nov.

do. Upperside, both wings: Black with lemon-yellow markings.
Fore wing : The yellow markings consist of a subquadrate spot in
cell slightly before the discocellulars, not extending quite across the
cell, and a broad irregular subapical bar from slightly beyond middle
of costa to rather below the middle of hind margin, but not reaching
either by some 2mm. Hind wing: On the hind wing there is a single
large conical yellow patch extending from the base towards hind
margin, which its apex, in area 2, very nearly reaches, but not
extending towards inner margin beyond vein 2. Three silver spots
marginally in areas 1b and le. Underside, both wings : Greyer, the
markings of upper side repeated and rather larger, the yellow slightly
paler. Fore wing: An indistinct, slightly paler narrow antemarginal
fascia, more marked anteriorly, and another, similar, from costa
between the subapical bar and the antemarginal fascia, curving out-
wards to join the antemarginal fascia in aredé 3. A short diffuse oval
white patch centrally at the base of arealb. Hind wing: The central
yellow area much more sharply defined and reaching nearer the
margin. Between it and the hind margin run two pale narrow
bands, the outer curved and forming a white spot on vein 0, the
inner straight. The area between vein 2 and inner margin is densely
covered distally and posteriorly with bright ochraceous scales through
which run two silvery bands, both black-edged, the proximal by far
the longer and broader ; neither quite reaches vein 1b. Internal to
ee of the three silver spots in areas 16 and 1c is a larger jet-black
spot.

@. Upperside, both wings: The lemon-yellow markings enormously

UNDESCRIBED RHOPALOCERA IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 251

increased in extent, in the fore wing reducing the black markings to
a narrowish band extending from base along costa and hind margin
into the extremity of area la, its inner edge very irregular throughout,
forming a broad tapering bar across the discocellulars, which fuses
with a triangular patch in the base of area 2, and a broad black
subapical bar enclosing an oval patch of yellow. The base of
the wing as far as the origin of vein 2 is suffused with pale orange.
In the hand wing the whole wing is lemon-yellow with the exception
of a narrow black border which extends as far as the anal lobe,
where it encloses the three silver spots, which are a good deal larger
than in the male. Underside, fore wing ; As above, except that there
is no basal orange suffusion; the cell is filled with black to a little
beyond the origin of vein 2, so that a yellow oblong spot is thus
enclosed in the cell; and that the band on the hind margin is narrower
than above, the difference in the corresponding widths being occupied,
in the apical area only, by white. Hind wing: Marginal band also
narrower than above, inwardly edged with white, terminating half-
way along costa with a wedge-shaped black mark directed towards
the extremity of vein 3, but barely reaching vein 7. A narrow
irregular black mark extends from base some slight distance along
vein 1b, and beyond this is a series of three rather indefinite black
points in a curve, the uppermost on vein 3 at its origin, the others
one each on veins 2and 1b, The orange scaling of the male in the
abdominal region is represented only distally and faintly along vein
1b; of the two silver bands of the male only the outer is present,
and extends as far as vein 2.

The abdomen, thorax and palpi in both sexes orange below ; in
the male black like the wings above, slightly banded with yellow
laterally, in the female the head and thorax above are dark brown,
the abdomen conspicuously yellow banded laterally and dorsally, and
the thick tuft of hairs at the extremity of the abdomen grey.

Length of fore wing, g, 23 mm.; 2, 27 mm.

B.M. Type No. Rh. 194 3, 195 9, Buar, Cameroons, May, 1914.

The male agrees very well with Holland’s figure of his nigra
(Ent. News, iv, pl. 1, fig. 9) and also with his description (Annals
and Mag. [6], x, p. 286) except as to colour. All the markings
-here described as yellow appear to be white in nigra. Similarly
the female would do very well for antimachus, Staud., were it white
instead of yellow. The probability seems to be that antimachus
nigra and spolia will all prove to be forms of the same species.

Pseudaletis dardanella, sp. nov.

Q. Upperside, both wings : Dead white, the hind margins and
cilia black. Fore wing : The costal area to just beyond end of cell,
the base of wing as far as the origin of vein 2, and the discocellulars,

all orange. The whole of the apical area black, the marginal band
decidedly broad, black, the inner edge of the continuous black area
thus formed very irregular and diffuse. Some slight orange suffusion
is also present against the marginal border on yein | and centrally

252 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

in area la. Hind wing: The black marginal border commences just
above vein 7, is broadest on vein 6, and from there gradually narrows
to just beyond vein 2, where it again expands and encloses three
largish silvery marginal spots; it is here internally bordered by a ~
slight orange suffusion.

Underside, both wings : White. Fore wing: Marginal border on
costa is about 5 mm. wide and rapidly tapers to a narrow line
posteriorly. The costal area is uniformly black, to within about
1 mm. of the marginal border, from which it is separated by a curved
tongue of the white ground-colour, and extends posteriorly in four
broad projections, of which the first occupies the base of the cell
and is barely separated from the second, which is directed towards
the origin of vein 2, but ends bluntly about halfway across cell; the
third forms a broad mark along the discocellulars, ending abruptly
at the origin of vein 3, and the fourth, by far the largest, extends to
the middle of area 3. The extreme base of area 2 is filled with black,
and there is a trace of an orange band against the marginal border
in area lb. Hind wing: The marginal border very much narrower
than above, reduced to a mere anteciliary line posteriorly ; a largish
black mark at the extremity of vein 8, slightly outwardly directed,
and a black dash along the base of vein la. Silver marginal spots as
above, inwardly surmounted by black dots, the surrounding area
orange, crossed near its inner edge by a very indistinct silver band,
and extending marginally as far as vein 4.

Head and thorax, above and below, orange. Abdomen banded
with white and grey, anal tuft grey. Antenne dark brown.

Length of fore wing 27 mm.

B.M. Type No. Rh. 196 9: Cameroons, Crowley Bequest.

Looks at first sight like Ps. antimachus, Staud., but can readily
be separated from that species by the absence of the white apical
area on the fore wing above and by the very different arrangement
of the black markings of the underside of the same wing. It un-
doubtedly belongs to that section of the genus.

sare vis GN: SEL) 5
S. Kensington ;
March, 1922.

RECORDS FROM A SOUTH HAMPSHIRE LEPIDOP-
TERIST’S LOG-BOOK FOR 1920.

By A. T. Posrans.

_ Tux following records are taken practically entire from my
original diary for the season 1920, the only omissions being
names of locality and detail of a minor nature. Further, I
would add that these records are a portraiture of field work
accomplished in spite of the handicap of living in the centre of a
large town, with the addition of a sixty-five-hour working week
fifty-two weeks of the year.

RECORDS FROM A LEPIDOPTERIST’S LOG-BOOK. 253.

_ The winter 1919-1920 will long be remembered as one of the
mildest on record—at least by people in the south of England.
Countless larvee, etc., must have been tempted early from their
hibernation. In my own small garden sallow was in bloom on

January 16th, and at dusk on the same date I found larve of
Nania typica, Phlogophora meticulosa and Arctia caja feeding on
hollyhock and the young shoots of honeysuckle. On February
Tth Xylocampa areola appeared in my outdoor cage and several
were bred during the following days. The 8th was extremely
mild and cloudy, and during the forenoon I eycled to the woods
to search palings and tree-trunks for imagines of Hybernia leuco-
phaearia, etc., but I saw not a single insect of any sort. During
the evening of the 13th I found many larve of N. typica, and a
few ZT’. pronuba and Eurois prasina feeding in the garden. The
15th was another mild day, and during the forenoon I was in the
woods to search palings, etc., and I observed about two dozen
males of H. leucophaearia at rest, but saw nothing else. On the
29th in the same locality, although the weather was still mild and
calm I only noted two male H. leucophaearia after much searching.
Of Phigalia pedaria or Apocheima hispidaria 1 had not as yet seen
a sign, although these two species are usually abundant here.
March 21st was an ideal spring day, being beautifully bright
and warm. I went to the woods in the forenoon and saw many
Brephos parthenias tlying round sallow bloom, and odd specimens
of Vanessa io and G. rhamni; along search of tree-trunks only
revealed a solitary X. areola. H. leucophaearia, etc., were now
apparently quite over as I did not observe any either on this date
or later. On March 22nd Aleucis picturia was bred and also
during the following days. They were from wild larve I had
collected the previous summer. March 24th was somewhat
cloudy after three or four bright days, and I determined to visit
sallow bloom, which was fast going over owing to the exception-
ally mild winter. So having observed a likely clump on the
previous Sunday I visited it in the evening atdusk. ‘Tiere were
very few insects about, however, chiefly O. vaccini and
E. satellitia and one or two each of T. pulverulenta, I’. miniosa,
1’. munda, JT’. incerta, X. areola, ete., and I netted a couple of
E. abbreviata. Rain commenced to fall about midnight and |
arrived home somewhat damp. On the 26th I noticed a newly
emerged Pieris rapae, drying its wings in the garden. The 28th
was a mild spring day, calm in the evening, with a half moon
behind a film of light cloud. I visited the sallows again, and
observed all the species noted on the 24th with the addition of
T’. gracilis and 7’. gothica. That usual pest 7’. stabilis seemed
quite scarce. My net gave me a couple each of LH. abbreviata
and Lobophora carpinata, while HZ. pumilata was flying in some
numbers about gorse by the road-side. On the 80th Anticlea
nigrofasciaria was bred.

254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

On April 4th saw imagines of 2. albipunctata appearing in
my cages. They were from wild larve collected the previous
autumn. On the 17th Hydriomena ruberata was bred. The 21st
was bright and warm during the day’ and in the afternoon |
found larve of Aretia villica and 4. caja, commonly, in bedstraw
clumps growing on a sunny bank bordering a main road outside -
Portsmouth. Ova of Lycia (Biston) hirtaria hatched on the 23rd.
On the 25th I found larve of Parasemia plantaginis swarming
on the downs a few miles outside the town. Quite 50 per cent. of
these larve subsequently fell victim to a fungoid disease that
invariably manifests itself after an unusually wet winter. During
the afternoon of the 28th I obtained more larve of A. villica in the
lanes and I saw many half-grown larve of Odonestis pon
on the rank grass.

On May “5th Ephyra pendularia was bred and larve ‘of
A. villica commenced to spin up for pupation. The 12th was
sunny with a rough wind from the 8.W. I went to the woods
in the forenoon, and beat much birch, chiefly to obtain larve of
G. papilionaria, but I failed to find even one. Indeed alllarve .
seemed to be remarkably scarce, and remained so throughout
the spring, the oaks in particular showing none of the usual
devastation by Tortrix viridana. Imagines of Venilia macularia
were just making their appearance, and I saw a couple of
Vanessa io, but observed little else. The 16th was a warm,
calm, sunny day, and I cycled to some woods fifteen miles
out. Much searching of beech trunks revealed solitary exam-
plessemly of Tephrosia consonaria and T’. punctularia, which
speciésusually abound here. Imagines of Hesperia malvae and
Misoniades tages were evidently just coming out, as Il saw a
few fresh specimens of each in addition to numerous G. rhamnt
and Vanessa to, etc. One side of the wood comes out at the top
of some downs, and here I found Callophrys rubi in superb
condition flying and sitting in abundance over and on beech
foliage. Here also were numerous Hmaturga atomaria flying
over heather, and I netted a few Wulype hastata and two female
S. mendica flying in the sunshine. Beating produced Bapta
bimaculata, B. taminata and Cidaria corylata, ete.

(To be continued.) *

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Nore on Synonymy oF Two Micro-LEpIDOPTERA FROM BRITISH
Cotump1a.—Through the kindness of Mr. E. H. Blackmore I lately
received some named species of micro-lepidoptera from British
Columbia, of which two eall for comment.

(1) Depressari ia blackmore Busck is a later synonym of D. arya
doxena, Meyyr., but the fine bred examples now sent show that the
species to which these names apply is unquestionably the European

costosa Haw. These examples, bred from Genista, agree exactly in

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 255

the minutest details with a series bred by myself from Genista at
‘Cambridge. The occurrence of this and some other European species
(as Careaa quercana) in British Columbia, and not in the Atlantic
States, is very interesting, and must indicate immigration by way of
Siberia.

(2) Tortricodes fragariana, Busck is by no means correctly assigned
to Tortricodes; it is in fact a Peronea, with veins 3 and 4 of hind wings
-coincident—an unusual character, but not involving exclusion from the
genus. Hence the name fragariana cannot stand, since there is
already an earlier Peronea fragariana, Kearfott: I propose for the
species the name elapsa nom. nov.—KE. Meyrick; Thornhanger,
Marlborough, October 12th, 1922.

PROBABLE DANGER OF A New Pest.—I lately received from Paris
for determination an example of a small dark Yortrizx which I
recognised as Laspeyresia molesta Busck, an insect native to Japan
and China, but accidentally introduced into the United States, whence
it was first described. The larva bores the fruit of the peach, and is
very destructive. M. Trouvelot, who communicated the specimen,
stated that it was bred at Fréjus (Var), where it appeared suddenly
last year for the first time, a large proportion of the crop being
damaged. I am not aware that it has been found previously in
Europe. It seems to me so highly probable that this obnoxious
insect will be imported into this country in fruit or otherwise (since
it has already crossed both the Pacific and the Atlantic) that I think
fruit-growers would be well advised to look out for it, and report at
once on its discovery. The larva attacks the twigs as well as the
fruit, and a description of its habits by A. L. Quaintance and W. B.
Wood will be found in the Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. vii,
No. 8 (1916), issued by the Department of Agriculture at Washi..ston.
—HE. Meyrick; Thornhanger, Marlborough, October 12th, 192..

Contas crocEus In N. Wates.—On August 19th a male of thi:
species was taken, and two others seen at Rhyl, N. Wales.—W.
Bowater; 23, Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

ContiAs CROCEUS AND HERSE CONVOLVULI IN SuRREY.— Since
reporting crocews at Coulsdon on August 13th, I have made several
additional captures in the neighbourhood up to September 3rd. The
preponderance of males is rather striking, 7.e. 13 out of lo. The
size of the specimens also seems much below the average.

On September 29th I had brought to me a fine 2 convolvult
which had been captured at rest on a shed door at Old Lodge Lane,
Purley. Although taken the day previously it was in almost perfect
condition, which seems to point to the fact that it had emerged locally.
—Arruur Buiss; The Cottage, Red Down Road, Coulsdon, Surrey.

HERSE CONVOLVULI AND CoLIAs CRocEUS AT WADHURST, SUSSEX.—
On October 3rd a fine female Herse convolvuls was brought to me; it
had been found at rest in the town. I kept her for eggs but failed to
obtain any. Judging by the spring immigration of Colias croceus, I
fully expected that 1922 would be an “ eds year,” but so far I have
taken but one specimen, a female, on September (th. Wadhurst is
under twenty miles from the coast and I was out collecting on most
sunny days.—A. H. Jones; Church Gate House, Wadhurst, Sussex.

256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

HERSE CONVOLVULI AND ConiAs EDUSA AT BricHTon.—During the
week ending September 11th a dozen H. convolvwls (mostly females)

were taken at Brighton. Two were found by lads, two in covered ~

buildings, and eight caught in the net hovering over the flowers of
scented Ncotina plant at dusk. A full-fed larva of this insect also
was found at Chichester in August, but unfortunately died just before
pupation. During August C. edusa appeared in the usual localities
here, but only in dozens (including two var. helice); probably this
was due to the continued rough and wet weather we have experienced
ever since the females arrived from France in early June. As to the
recent attempt te change the name of this insect, I am content to call
it ““edusa”’ as it has been known by that name for the last 150
years. Similarly, it may be, we shall soon be hearing that
Wellington’s great battle on June 18th, 1815, will in future be called
the ‘Battle of Planchmoit,”’ as it took place one hundred yards
nearer to this Belgian village than to Waterloo.—F. G. 8. BRAMWELL ;
1, Dyke Road Drive, Brighton. he
{No attempt to change the name of C. croceus has been or is being
made; it is merely being sought to depose the usurper edwsa in
favour of the rightful name croceus. The (wrongful) employment of
the name edusa, even for 150 years, cannot surely justify the
perpetuation of the error. Besides, what is 150 years afterall? Are
there not many more such periods to come? Is it so very difficult
to put up with a little inconvenience now if by so doing we may
very greatly benefit future generations of entomologists ?—N. D. R.|

HERSE CONVOLVULI IN Hants AND THE Scr~Ly IstEs.—Three
specimens of this Hawk Moth have been brought me within the last
six weeks, two being male and the last a female. All were in good
condition. The first and third specimens were taken at rest within
100 yards of one another. I have just heard from a non-entomo-
logical friend that while staying lately in the. Scilly Isles no less.
than ten specimens flew in, on different nights, to a conservatory.—
(Rev.) J. E. Tarpat; Fareham, October 13th, 1922.

HERSE CONVOLVULI AT CHICHESTER.—Several specimens of this
moth have occurred here during the last week of August and the
first of September. No less than four were caught on successive
evenings, and brought indoors by a cat. It is somewhat singular
that this moth so often falls a victim to Felis catws (domesticus) ;
but the explanation probably is that the moth is mistaken for a
bird. The first which I saw was on August 29th.—JosmpH ANDER-
son; Alre Villa, Chichester, Sussex.

HERSE CONVOLVULI IN THE IstE oF WicHt.—On September 8th
Mr. George EH. Norrish caught a fine male Herse convolvuld resting
on the heading of the side door of his shop in High Street, Ventnor.
He has kindly given the moth to me.—H. H. L. Scorr; Woodecliffe,
St. Lawrence, Isle of Wight.

POLYGONIA C-ALBUM, ETC., IN Bucks.—On September 2nd I saw a.
specimen of P. c-albwm at Monks Risborough, Bucks, and two
others have been seen in the district. I am glad to say Agriades
corydon was present in larger numbers this year and fresh specimens.

NOTES AND .OBSERVATIONS. 257

could be seen in mid-September. I took a specimen of A. bellargus
with a blue spot on the underside, also one semi-obsoleta, but aberra-
tions were scarce in both bellargus and corydon. Out of a batch of
12 C. croceus larvee seven produced females, of which two were of
the helice form. I have not seen croceus myself during the last two
months but a fair number have been seen in the district. I found
about 12 M. aurinia in the spring, all males, but have still to find
the headquarters of the insect—WattEerR Pisrce; The Bungalow,
Terry Road, High Wycombe. n

POLYGONIA c-ALBUM IN Starrs AND HEoDES PHLAEAS AB.
SCHMIDTII.— Mr. Overton, of Fairfield Mount, Walsall, and I took
a small copper, ab. schmidti, in Sutton Park, Warwickshire, a
day or two ago; it was a perfect specimen. Also I took P. c-albwm
in a garden here (Staffs), which I think is rather unusual—J. D. W.
SHEDDEN; 69, Highgate Road, Walsall, September 26th, 1921.

STAUROPUS FAGI IN Hppina Forest.—I was pleased to find that
Stauropus fagi is still to be found in its old locality of Epping Forest,
as this year on September 15th I beat out a small larva, and
another full-grown specimen on the 18th of the same month.—A. W.
Mera; 5, Park Villas, High Road, Loughton.

PERCNOPTILOTA FLUVIATA IN LANCASHIRE AND WESTMORLAND.—
In all six specimens of this species have been taken locally this vear.
My own Westmorland dates are May 11th, June 5th and June 23rd,
taken at light early in the evening (Witherslack). Mr. A. E. Wright
has taken three also, at a light in one of his windows. These are
Lancashire, therefore. The latest date (July 24th) seems to indicate
that the species may have bred in this country this year. Newman
and South consider it very rare in the north. - Dr. Ellis’ old
Lancashire and Cheshire list mentions two specimens only for Lanes.
Dr. Forsythe’s Lancaster list (Ent. 1905) makes no mention of it.
Mr. Wright also has a specimen that was taken at St. Anne’s,
Lancashire, within the last few years.—Dr. Lowrner; Fernleigh,
Grange-over-Sands.

Scarcity or SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA.—At the conclusion of his
notes on Lepidoptera in the Alton District (antea, p. 231), Mr.
Stowell says he has seen but one single specimen of S. lubricipeda
during the last four years, and asks whether it is getting scarce.
During the same period I have not seen even one in this district and
the same question has occurred to me. It used to be one of our
commonest species. I should like to know if a similar experience
has obtained in other parts of the country.—(Rey.) J. H. Tarsar;
Fareham, Hants.

IcuNEuMons Arrackinc Cocoons or CrrurA BIrIDA.—A_ few
days ago when examining cocoons of C. bifida, pupx of which I had
reared from ova during the past summer, | was surprised to notice In
several a tiny hole neatly drilled. Being curious to account for the
presence of these I opened the cocoons showing them. In nearly
every case I discovered the enclosed pupa to be dead and packed
with the full-fed grubs of some small species of ichneumon. In one
of the cocoons opened the parasite had evidently not long made its

ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1922. Y

258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

entry, for I discovered it at rest on the apparently healthy pupa
Examination of the latter, however, under a fairly strong glass —
revealed the fact that the intruder had been there long enough to
accomplish its purpose, for numerous ova were discovered, deposited
in the spiracles, particularly those nearest the head. Disgusted as I
was I could not help but admire the instinct that enabled the
_ichneumons to detect their hidden prey ; to penetrate successfully a
seemingly impassable barrier; and afterwards to deposit their ova
in the most vulnerable parts of the pupa, the spiracles.—A. T.
Postans ; 148, Fawcett Road, Portsmouth.

LeripopTerRA AT LowEstort in Auaust.—Crambus alpinellus
was taken in two or three localities, notably and unexpectedly in a
railway cutting about two miles inland from the sea. C. latisirous
was there also in smaller numbers and one Spilodes palealis. A
single Hupoecilia degreyana was taken amongst Lonaria, and other
insects of some interest were Cerura bifida, Pheosia dictaeoides,
Eugonia erosaria, Drepana binaria, Lithosia complana, Crambus
contaminellus Homoesoma nimbella, Rhodophoea advenella, FR. conso-
ciella, Dichelia grotiana, and Hupoecilia anthemdana.—H. C.
Haywarp ; Repton, Derby.

LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF OUNDLE.—Several
interesting species have been taken this year in Ashton Wold.
Colias croceus, a few. Melitaea aurimia (artenws), a single example
was taken in Ashton Wold, where it has not been observed for many
years. Polygonia c-albwm, hibernated specimens, and an example of
the summer brood were observed, and one captured. Callophrys
rubt, a butterfly usually very rare in this district, was obtained in
Ashton Wold, and in Oundle Wood. Manduca atropos, Hemaris
scabtosae, Ino statices, Leucania pudorina and Agrotis cinerea also
occurred in, or in the neighbourhood of, Ashton Wold. The larve
of Huchelia jacobaeae were exceptionally abundant, feeding in some
cases both on the wild and the cultivated strawberry.—Mrriam and
HrizaABETH RotuscHitpd; Ashton Wold, Oundle.

LEPIDOPTERA IN Hast Tyrone, 1922.—Huchloé cardamines was
about in large numbers during the fine hot weather in May and early
June, and the following aberrations occurred: margiata, Mahi,
dispila, Raynor, and some deeply- coloured forms of ab. ochrea,
Tutt. Most of these were found at rest on Cardamine pratensis in the
evening. On May 27th two females were captured with the fore wings,
above and below, extensively blotched and $treaked with orange, the
second specimen taken being also the ab. cawlosticta, Williams. By
the way, in answer to Mr. Guy Stanton’s query (antea, p. 238),
the aberration mentioned by him is ab. quadripunctata, Fuchs, and
is fairly common hereabouts. An interesting series of Diaphora
mendica was bred during the month; they vary from almost pure
white to a pale smoke colour. Several of the white forms have dark
bars across the central area of fore wings; the parent of these forms
was an almost pure white female, male parent unknown. Single
examples of Pyramezs atalanta were observed in early June, but none
have put in an appearance so far this autumn, to keep Aglais urticae
company on the scabious flowers. About the middle of June Ino

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 259

statices was found in some members, but mostly worn, in a new
locality in this district. The summer emergence of Pieris napt was
remarkable for the large percentage of examples with the apical
blotch, discal spots and inner marginal streak united, forming an
unbroken band across the fore wings ; this form occurs almost every
season but is seldom common. On September 23rd a fine Pieris
brassicae female was captured of a pale yellow colour, as well as
another example with the discal spots united to the apical blotch by a
sutfusion of black scales. Tuomas GreER; Curglasson, Stewartstown.

NotsEs ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE CHILTERN HIcts, wre., 1922.
— Butterflies were probably quite as plentiful in the Chilterns during
the past season as in 1921, except that no extra broods of Pararge
egerva var. egerides, Lycena icarus, Zizera minima and Heodes phlaeas
occurred this year. Insects seemed to appear more gradually, so that it
was often possible to get specimens in fine condition several weeks
after emergence commenced, in spite of periods of bad weather.
Melanargia galatea was locally abundant from second week in July
until the middle of August. Of P. egeria vav. egerides the first brood
was out at the beginning of May, the second about June 20th, and
the third August 18th. The butterfly seems to occur in nearly all
beechwoods, and is plentiful in some. One or two Melitaea aurinia
were taken or seen in June on chalk slopes. Odd captures have been
recorded several times during the last few years, and it is probable
that the species is established in some restricted locality among the
hills. Agrzades corydon males were first seen on July 30th, the
females being well out on August 13th, whilst freshly emerged
specimens of both sexes were obtainable as late as September 3rd.
Very plentiful in several localities, but scarce in others where some-
times common. Pamphila comma was locally abundant at the
beginning of September. Pieris napi was unusually scarce, but the
summer insects were sometimes exceptionally large and heavily
marked; others corresponding to the spring form sometimes turned
up in July and August. Colias croceus was seen or heard of in
several localities in late August and early September. Sallows
produced all the usual moths from the middle of March until Easter,
sometimes in good numbers. Parasemia plantagims was not
uncommon on one hill in the Chilterns during June. Abraxas
ulmata was plentiful. I found that the early morning was the best
time to take it, when it was often seen in considerable numbers
resting on brambles, fully exposed to view, in the beechwoods.
Later in the day it retires under the leaves. Sugar was nob very
productive during August and September.—S. B. Hopason; 3,
Bassett Road, N. Kensington, W., October 9th, 1922.

ABERRATIONS OF COLIAS CROCEUS AND AGROTIS EXCLAMATIONIS.
—While looking through the collection of Lepidoptera belonging to
my friend, Mr. F. Wood, of Ditchling, Sussex, I noticed two of his
captures for this year which I think are worth recording. The first
is.a male specimen of C. crocews which is of the helice form which I
understood to be peculiar to the female. The other, two specimens,
-a male and female of Agrotis exclamationis, in which the usual ‘ heart
and dart” marks are entirely obliterated by a dark cloudy suffusion

260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

covering the whole of the discal cell, and sharply bounded thereby. _
The croceuws was taken on the South Downs near Ditchling, and the
exclamationis were both captured at sugar in Mr. Wood’s garden in

itchling village—Sranuey N. A. Jacoss; 5, Exbury Road, Catford,

S.E

ARICIA MEDON AB. ALBIANNULATA, Harr.—On August 14th this
year I was so fortunate as to capture a well-marked male specimen
of this form at Dartford, Kent. It is remarkable also in that the
anterior end of the marginal series of red spots on the upper side of
the fore wing is conspicuously powdered with white.—C. H. Harps ;
40, Brewery Road, Plumstead, 8.H. 18.

RETARDED EMERGENCE OF MEsoLEUCA ALBICILLATA.—To-day,
September 26th, on looking into my pupa cage I was surprised to see
a newly emerged Q specimen of the above insect. It had only just
completed the drying of its wings. The other portion of the brood,
some twenty-five, had emerged normally in early June. South
(Moths of the British Isles) mentions the occasional appearance of
M. albicillata in the autumn. Possibly all such examples might be
due to similar retarded emergence, and if this sort of thing happens
with one species, why not with others that are perhaps regarded as
partially dowble-brooded ?— Frank LirrnEwoop; 22, Highgate,
Kendal, September 26th, 1922.

Kinuine with Cyanipe.—I do not think that it is known—at any
rate I have never seen the fact referred to in any book or journal I
have ever read—that a butterfly or moth killed in the cyanide bottle
(half an hour in a strong bottle will ensure death, although no harm
accrues if left in longer) and then simply pinned or laid loose in a
tin box (an empty tobacco tin will do) quite dry and without any
relaxing agent whatever, will, of zts own accord, in the space of about
forty-eight hours (for an insect of average size, like Pieris rapae)
return to its original natural flexible condition. A shorter period
(say twenty-four hours) will suffice for small insects, whilst an extra
day or even two days may be necessary for the largest moths: The
tin may be kept in the ordinary sitting-room temperature. The same
thing happens, of course, if the specimens are left 7 the killing bottle
for an equal period of time, but it is only this season that I discovered
that the happy result might be obtained in the above more conyenient
way, without the necessity of encumbering oneself with a number of
reserve killing bottles. Cyanide of potassium is one of the best all-
round killing methods, almost its only drawback being the “ rigor ”
that 1t causes, and which renders immediate setting impossible. The
above hint may enable even a busy collector to use cyanide more
freely, as it is an easy matter to put each day’s killing into a separate
resting-tin and to affix the date. If, when the insects have arrived
at the proper setting condition, it is not convenient to set them, I
use a laurel leaf tin, which is admirable for keeping them relaxed,
though apparently not at all necessary for bringing them to that
state in the first instance. In any case, the shorter time any speci-
men 1s exposed to cyanide or laurel, or to any other killing or
relaxing agent, the less likely are its colours to be injured.—F Rank
LirtLEwoop ; 22, Highgate, Kendal, August 23rd, 1922. % ie?

RECENT LITERATURE. 261

RECENT LITERATURE.

As was anticipated (v. antea, p. 167), Part 2, vol. i of the
Bulletin of the Hill Musewm was published on September 14th, and
contains a number of valuable contributions to the study of the
Macro-Lepidoptera. The first paper raises a point which is of con-
siderable interest to systematists dealing with the Heterocera. It
consists of four descriptions taken from the MS. compiled by
Sir George Hampson, and left by him in the Natural History
Maseum on his retirement. This MS. is extremely voluminous, and
was a continuation of the Catalogue of the Lep. Phalanae in the
British Museum, and contains numerous descriptions of both genera
and species to which Hampson had attached names, which latter he
had also placed in the Collections without, however, indicating that
the names were unpublished. This has led already to confusion on
more than one occasion in the literature of the groups; but steps
are being taken to avoid any possibility of a recurrence of the trouble.
The bulk of the papers, by Messrs Joicey and Talbot, are the result
of further work on the very valuable collections made by Messrs. Pratt
in Buru, Ceram, New Guinea, etc., and include the description of
very magnificent new Papilio of the Aeacus group, very aptly named
prattorum, from Buru, which has the same remarkable opalescent
hind wings as the Philippine species magellanus—a discovery on
which the Hill Museum is very much to be complimented.

The part unfortunately contains no illustrations, but it is under-
stood that these will appear in the next part. In this connection
the short article (Nomenclature and Illustrations) contributed by
Mr. Talbot on the subject of M. Oberthur’s dictum, ‘‘ Pas de bonne
figure 4 l’appui d’une déscription, pas de nom valable,’’ is of interest,
and undoubtedly expresses the common-sense view of this question.
To make the validity of a name dependent upon the publication of a
figure of the animal named, as well as a description of it, besides
putting a premium on scientific work is simply impracticable. The
importance of adequate illustrations is unquestionable; but the
financial aspect of the proposition renders it at present hopelessly
impossible.

A short article by Mr. W. H. T. Tams on The Pollination of
Early Spring Flowers by Moths (Journal of Botany, lx, p. 203,
1922), produces some results not perhaps generally known to
entomologists. The question was as to the length of the proboscis
in certain species of moths which are normally on the wing in this
country when the primrose is in flower; and it was found that
virtually nothing whatever was known on the subject. Measure-
ments were made of the tongues of a number of species, and it trans-
pired that of the four species with tongues long enough to be of
importance, one, Cucullia verbasci, was the only species which has
ever been observed to visit any primrose. Results go to substantiate
Darwin’s original suggestion that primroses are pollinated by
nocturnal Lepidoptera. N. D. RB.

WE very much regret to hear of the death recently of Mr. Arthur
Horne, of Aberdeen. A notice will appear in the next number.

962 ‘THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

SOCIETIES.

Sourn Lonpon EnTomoLoGicaL AND NatTurat History Society.
—July 27th, 1922.—Mr. E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.H.S., President, in the
Chair.—Mr. Step exhibited the insects he took on the Field Meeting at
Netley Heath, July 15th, including Strangalia armata (Col.), Volucella
pellucens (Dip.), ete.—Mr. R. Adkin, a short series of Cupido manimus
with blue dusting, from Hastbourne, where it was abundant in May
last, and generally large in size.—Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, Zygaena
anthyllidis, Z. transalpina and Z. scabiosae sent from the Pyrenees by
Mr. O. R. Goodman.—Mr. F. B. Carr, larvee of Nemoria viridata from
Witherslack, and of Bapta temerata from Horsley.—Mr. Barnett,
a series of Brenthis ewphrosyne from South Devon, and Hmaturga
atomaria, taken as late as June 22nd—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, the race
alexandrina of Melitaea awrinia with. other races for comparison.
It had abundance of light yellow markings on the fore wings.—Mr.
Bell, larve of Cerura bifida and C. furcula, and stated that the ova
were laid on the under sides of the leaves and not, as the books stated,
on the upper. Also he showed larve of Notodonta ziczac. All were
from ova found near Hatfield in June.

August 10th, 1922.—Mr. E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.8., President,
in the Chair.—Mr. D. W. Seth-Smith, 34, Elsworthy Rd., was elected
a member.—Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a series of Arctia villica reared
from larve picked up on Hastbourne Parade. They were common
this year, whereas larve of A. caja were unusually scarce.—Mr.
Tonge, a bred specimen of Malenydris salicata from Langridge Fell.
—Mr. Prideaux, aberrations of Rumicia phlaeas from Kent, and a
remarkable aberration of Mesoleuca albicillata bred from Brasted.—
Major Gillett, a unique black-banded form of Agrotis corticea, a very
light g and a dark @ of A. cinerea, and aberrations of A.
exclamationis, all taken in his light trap.—Mr. Bunnett, larva and
imago of Ledra aurita (Hem.), the cicada Centrotus cornutus, from
Boxhill, with the scarce beetle Agrilus sinuatus and SEhino-
macer attelaboides.—Dr. Robertson, lepidoptera taken by him at
Grindelwald in July. Pureris naps v. bryoniae, Albulina pheretes,
Acidalia tmmorata, Zygaena achilleae, Crambus myellus, ete.—Mr.
Hy. J. Turner, species of the South American genus Awtomeris mostly
sent by his friend Mr. Lindeman, and read notes on their distribution
and characteristics.—Messrs. Tonge, Ham and Carr reported the
abundance of 4. viliica larve, the scarcity of A.caja, and the occurrence —
of P. c-album near and in Oxford, and fresh’ C. croceus, respectively. —

August 24th, 1922—Mr. HE. Step, F.L.S., in the Chair.—
Mr. Barnett exhibited series of two forms of the female of Brenthis
selene from §. Devon.—Mr. Withycombe, the larva of Limacodes
testudo beaten from oak at Oxshott with the Hemipteron, Acan-
thosoma wnterstinctum.—Mr. Sims, examples of the large earwig
Labidura riparia, and referred to its burrowing habits. He had seen
a fly carried in the forceps.—Mr. Main, the spider Clotho durandt,
found under stones in §. France, with photographs of the structure
of its snare, and read Fabre’s remarks on the species.—Mr. Turner,
exotic species of Pieridae, to show the extreme development of
brilliant coloration with total, or almost total, suppression of the

SOCIETIES, 263

white coloration on both surfaces.—Mr. Robert Adkin, pup of Papilio
machaon ; 3, spun up ona carrot leaf, on the glass of the food-bottle,
and on a dark stick amid the food respectively, were pale yellowish
green ; .7, spun up on dark sticks leaning against the cage away from
the tood-plant, were putty-coloured with broad black stripes along
the sides and wing-cases black, giving them a very dark appearance.
September 14th, 1922.—Mr. EK. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.—Hzhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera.—Mr. R.
Adkin exhibited a large female of Sirex gigas from Eastbourne
70 mm. in expanse.—Mr. W. J. Lucas, Orthoptera—a brown form
of Mantis religiosa from Spain, 1911; Neuroptera—specimens of
Palpares lvbelluloides from Sierra de Carboneva and Algeciras, Spain,
1911-12, Nemoptera bipennis from Sierra de Carboneva, N. coa from
Corinth, and N. simuata from Macedonia and Syria; Hymenoptera—
two specimens of the rare Methoca ichnewmonoides taken by himself
in the New Forest, one on August 27th of this year—Mr. H. W.
Andrews, the Diptera Dioctria oelandica, found after many years’
search near Farningham, Kent; Catabomba pyrastri, a 2 var. wnicolor,
from Shoreham, Kent; Urophora cardwi, bred from thistle galls, and its
hymenopterous parasites, also from Shoreham.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner,
the curious “ fiue-brush”’ beetle, Rhina barbirostris (Curculionidae)
from Brazil.—Mr. F. J. Coulson, var. imfuscata of Xylophasia
monoglypha, August 22nd, at Wimbledon Common, and = a
blackish speckled form of Boarmia gemmaria bred from ova
from St. Leonard’s-on-Sea, with normal forms, and var. perfu-
maria from Wandsworth.—Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, eggs of
Raptores from North India: Pondicherry Vulture from Jamsher,
White-backed Vulture, Egyptian Vulture, and White-tailed Kagle.—
Mr. E. Step, living Pyrenean newts (Molge pyrenaicus = asper),
sent him by Mr. Goodman, and gave notes on its structure and habits.
—Mr. C. L. Withycombe, Orthoptera: Empusa egena and Oedipoda
germanica from 8. France, Psophus stridulus from the Pyrenees,
and a Mantid from the Straits Settlements with short prothorax and
ill-developed fore legs.—Mr. Enefer, Coleoptera, Clerus apivorus,
Strangalia quadrifasciata, both on cow-parsley; Liparus germanus
-and a Longicorn, both on pine logs; and a living Carabus auratus,
all from Miirren, Switzerland. He also showed a yellow crab-spider,
a wolf-spider (Lycosa) and the orb-spider (Hpeira fasciata), from
Clarens, L. of Geneva, and read notes on the last-named species.—
Mr. H. Main, the wolf-spider Lycosa picta, sent to him by
Mr. Bristowe from Oxshott, and described the habits of the young.
—Mr. Cheeseman, a striated Polyommatus icarus.—Mr. B. 8.
Williams, Coleoptera from Harpenden; Panagueus bipustulatus,
Cassida hemisphaerica, Stilicus subtilis, Megarthrus denticollis,
Antherophagus nigricornis and A. pallens, with Quedius othiniensis
and Aleochara spadicea from moles’ nests.—Mr. G. KE. Frisby,
Hymenoptera: Ammophila lujfiv from St. Ouen’s Bay, Jersey, with
A. hirsuta and Bembex rostrata; and the two British Sapyga,
S. 5-punctata and the rare S. clavicornis from Wrotham.—Mr.
Stanton, Coleoptera of economic importance: Bruchus rujimanus and
B. affinis, with notes on their occurrence, habits, specific identity,
ete.; B, obtectus, its origin and habits; Anthonomus cinctus, first

264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,

recorded as British in 1921, a pest of pears abroad.—Mr. Stanley

Blenkarn, Coleoptera: (1) British species of Bembidiwm, (2) larger

ground-beetles, (3) many species of water-beetles, (4) British Chryso-

melidae.—Mr. Tonge, living larve of Sphinaw hgustri, showing. wide

variation in the size and intensity of colour of the oblique stripes
on the sides——The Society, the Ashdown Collection of British

Chrysomelidae—The President, a specimen of the fungus Mutonus —

caninus, the lesser stinkhorn.

September 28th, 1922, Mr. KH. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S., President,
in the Chair.—Col. Rattray exhibited a large number of lantern-slides
of birds’ nests in India, and gave a lecture on the exhibit.—Mr.
Edwards, the fungus Plewrotus revolutws from a felled poplar at
Blackheath.—Mr. Sperring, specimens of the dark Lincolnshire race
of Brenthis ewphrosyne, and, on behalf of Mr. Coppeard, a dark-
suffused aberration of the same species, an Aphantopus hyperanthus
with a partial double row of eye-spots on the R. hind wing, an
Epinephele jurtina with additional spots on the fore wings and
another partially xanthic.—Capt. Crocker, aberrations of Agriades
coridon from Royston, ab. obsoleta, ab. striata, ab, roystonensis,
ab. semesyngrapha extended and approaching ab. syngrapha, females
streaked with ¢ colour, brown-suffused females, ab. marginals gs,

ab. caerulea, asymmetrical specimens, etc.—Capt. N. D. Riley, for
Mr. Hirst, Fabre’s Banded Epeira (Argiope bruenmichi), new to

the British fauna, from Rye, Sussex, and the Gorse Red Spider

Tetranychus lintearius from Devonshire-—Myr. B. S. Williams,

species of Pentatomids from Harpenden district including Podeps
znuncta, Selurus bicolor, ete.—Mr. Coulson, an abnormal cocoon of
Saturnia pavonia in the shape of a dish, and aberrations of Coeno-
nympha pamphilus—Mr. Mera, living larvee of Colias croceus (edusa)

from ova laid by a female taken during the Field Meeting at
Hastbourne, and a series of Triphaena fimbria bred from Epping

Forest, generally dark in coloration compared with an old (1880)
light specimen from Ipswich typical of the then specimens.—
Mr. Enefer, Callimorpha quadripunctaria (hera) from Clarens,
Switzerland, and Hrebia pronoé from Mirren in August.—Hy. J.
Turner, Hon. Editor of Proceedings.

Lonpon Naruran History Socirery.—October 17th, 1922,
Winchester House, H.C.—My. E. B. Bishop, President, in the Chair.
—Among the exhibits were galls of Dryophanta folii, D. divisa
(with flies emerging), D. disticha, Andricus fecundator, A. collaris,
A. globuli, A. trilineatus (with flies), A. glandulae, all on Quercus
pedunculata or YQ. sessiflora; Andricus testaceipes on Q. cerris,
Diastrophus rubi on Rubus sp., Perrisia Dittrichi on Silaus pratensis,
P. rosarum on Rosa eglanteria, P. acercrispans var. rubella on Acer
campestre, Perrisia sp. on Solidago virgaurea, Lasioptera populnea
on Populus tremula, Contarinia sp. on Silene maritima, Bhodites
eglantervae on Rosa spinosissima, Hriophyes galui on Galiwm tricorne,
Eriophyes sp. aborting flower-buds of Rumex acetosella, Eriophyes
padi on Prunus padus, and E. geranii on leaves of Geranium molle,

while the rootstock was attacked by Tylenchus devastatrix.—Paper —

read, “London Fresh-water Fishes,” by Mr. P, W. Horn.—H. J,
BuRKILL, Minuting Secretary. : Ra

la a |

i a
Tei od

Res.

eee

“EXCHANGE.

\ of Notices of Exchange. or of Advertisements, in the ‘ Entomo-
| “no way a. guarantee for the British nationality, authenticity, or good

e Species. _ This Notice is not given to, throw doubt on the bona fides’ of
vertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, in case the liberty
mld be abused) Marked * are bred.

PIES — OF. EXxcHanen should he received by the 2lsr oF EACH
are. insertion. Not more than Six LINES can ‘be allowed. for each.

Di plicate Be ienica, Momeba: ete. Débiderdia. A few of each : Paphia,
Ip Ok xii ‘Egeria, Galathea, Lucina and Comma.—H. W. Baker, 26, Wood:
A Perrace, Ipswich Road, Stowmarket, Suffolk.

mabe, berdeen. ib
Dupl licates. uD): “eoxidon, Th ballareus: H. lineola, Mi einxia, M. athalie,
ed.—English forms: ‘of, Ce typhon. Ww, ‘Chiford Nash, Clavering: House,

EBaplicater SS igdeienne. ohbareal: ‘Geminipuncta, Heahiai . Citraria,

sa, Cucullina, Fagi, ete. Wi J. Newell, 22, “Culloden Street, Poplar, Hi.

and many common species ; send marked list-wants. Wanted.—Cassiope,
WwW album, - Cardamines $$. Edusa; Iris, Hyale, Polychloros, Davus,

wanted.—Many Species of ova and pups ; liberal exchange or
Vewman, Bealey, Kent.

~O pupa of many 5 Species.—C. H. Newnham, Ringwood.

Wanted. for examination. of genitalia.—Nacaduba, all species, fron India,
oe fas pea ey Must be oeey labelled ‘with localities.

“¢ 0 ANGE: ¢

peed Biol: * oe ee ‘alpina,’ Diced * Domine Plan.

‘Tridens,* Ornithopus,* Statices, ‘Abbreviata, Galiata,* Rivata,* Hastata,* Tetra-
Pee pupee ofS. populi, Camelina, Lucina and Tetralunaria. Desiderata.
Pape of fmany species;-A. 7’. Postans, 148, Fawcett Road, Portsmouth, Hants.
‘Duplicates —Cardamines, Selene, Buphrosyne, Oceilatns,* “Tiliz,’* Moneta,*
trifolii, -‘Tridens. Desider ata. —Numerous.— I". J. Rasell, Weedon Road,
4 réhampton.

Duplieates. Saving) Brénoh! ae aeabeaie plot: Papilio memnon, sikki.
_ Mensis, nomius, crino, evon, hector, elytia, demoleus, protenor, rhetenor, jophon,
‘paris, ganesa, Parnassus hardwickii, epaphus, Colias nilagiriensis. ' Desiderata.
>: sritish’ ‘pupe and South American: Shopalocers-e2: G. Sevastopulo, 147,
loucester Terrace, Lontlon. W: 2.

Wanted. —Pupa ‘Obie. panned and 'p. gracilis. Bplisataa: —D. oo, X.
is. ud zoney othersrsdd. bod Wood, eat Agate Road, eel ch

AS oN
™ Sows H Lonpon Paar ones AND Vaca RaL Haden: ‘Soorery, Hibernia
hambes, London Bridge, $.B. 1.—Lhursday; November 9th, af 7 p.m., Ordinary
ing. Paper, ‘‘The Second Maxill of the Odonata,” W. J. Lueas, with lantern
Thursday, November 23rd, at 7 p.m., Annual Exhibition—Hon.
y Hpwarps, F.L.S., efe., 15, St. German's Place. Blackheath, 8.E. 3.
aR I Natura. ‘History Socrery now méets in Hall 40, Winchester
House Old Broad Street, H.C. 2, at 6.30 p.m. Full Society meetings are held on
firs Luesday i in each month, and msdeboat meetings on the third T'wesdag y-
ors welcomed. at. AOE cl aie dal Sec., W: BE. Gino, The House, Albion

a » Whitechapel Road, he a

ey See

alata, Cervinaria, Lutosa. Desiderata.—Numerous, especially Bondii, Canne,

seul, Ligniperda and others; perfeetion only sent and’

peates.—-Caia* ‘(nies forms), “Brdnvieata; Spartiata. . Desider hai
aap, Hawks, Sesia, Bombyces. —Eward, Hiseow, 6, salen iiacsh 3

Duplicates.—Varleyata, ‘Athalia, Yellow Diioainatey Senmnibeinnes), Conspi- | : |

ates.—Valézina, Selene, Kase (dark type), Adonis: Argiolus pup,
* Populi,* Complana, ‘Omicronaria, Variata (grey type). Desiderata. ate

+ Good

tazinis,* Ripe, Sublustris, ‘Typica,* Tenebrosa, Thalassina,* Umbya,* Fimbria,* °

CONTEN ee

X Present Value of the Principal Works on the Paleareti
_ W. G. Sheldon, #.2.8., F.E.S. (continued from p. 223); 24
and the Microgaster, Rev. G. W, Crutchley, 245. Mosquito
Suggestion to Describe Wing-spots, Fork-cells and Palp-mar
of Written Formule, Gilbert #.. Brooke, M.A.Cantab.,
D.P.H., 247.” Some Undeseribed Rhopalocera im the British
Hist.), NV. D, Riley, 250... Records from a South Hampshire J,
Log-book for 1920, A. T. Postans, 252: i

Norrs anD OxssERVATIONS.—Note on Synonymy of two Miero-
British Columbia, H. Meyrick, 254, Probable Danger is
EH. Meyrick, 255. Colias eroceus' in N., Wales, W. Bowater,
eroceus and Herse convolvuli in Surrey, Arthur Bliss, Qhax “A :
vuli and Colias croceus at Wadhurst, Sussex, A, Hz Jones; 265.”
_ convolyuli and Colias edusa at Brighton, FL G. 8. Bramwell, ;
convolvuli in Hants and’ the Scilly Isles, (Rev.) J. B. Tarbat,
convolvuli, at Chichester, Joseph Anderson, 256.. Herse conv
Isle of Wight, H. H. DL. Scott, 256. -Polygonia c-album,. éte.,
Walter Prerce, 256. . Polygohia ¢-album in Staffs’ and Heodes phi
schmidtii, J. W. D. Sheddon, 257. Stauropus fagi in Epping Pore
Mera, 257. . Perenoptilota fluviata in Taneashire and Westmo:
Lowther, 257. Scarcity of Spilosoma lubricipeda. (ev.), Je Be Pa
Ichneumons. Attacking’ Cocoons of Cerura bifida, 4. 7. Pe 24
Lepidoptera at. Lowestoft in August, H. C. Hayward, 258.
from the Neighbourhood: of Oundle, Miriam and Elizabeth Rothseha
Lepidoptera in East Tyrone, 1922, Thomas Greer, 258. Notes on.
tera from the Chiltern Hills, éte., 1922; 8. B, Hodgson, 259. Ab er
Colias croceus and Agrotis exclamationis, Stanley N. A. Jacobs, 26% “Ar
medon ab. albiannulata; Harr., 0. H. Hards, 260, Retarded Eme en
Mesoleuca albicillata, Krank Littlewood, 260. Killing with €yan
Littlewood, 260. sh ae
Recent Lrreraturk,—Bulletin of the Hill Museum, 261. - Mhe Po.
Karly Spring Flowers by Moths, 261. 2. Sl
SocieTims.—South London Entomological ‘and Natural History
London Natural History Society, 264. Bat

FOR SALE.—From the library of the late Mr.
Nuwnuam, M.A.’ Seitz’ < Palearctic Lepidoptera,’ Le
‘ Butterflies of Europe’; also works by Karby, Holland.
ilwes, Tutt, Boisduval, ete. Particulars from M. J. Harpine
*Briarcot,” Church Stretton. ‘se Se Oa

PN

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AL ENTOMOLOGY.

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Required by Collectors of Insects, Birds’ Kegs, Plants, so. ;

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OUR CATALOGUE ‘WILL BE SENT POST FREE ON APPLICATION,
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teed. Sample Drawer on appli ation: »

APPARATUS. seins: tostas, carve: om

Pins, Nets, etc., etc, a

Many good. Aberrations of BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. Selections on apEEO : ig

“my yi - an

Write for Lists to ate
ie

LEONARD TATCHELL, entomologisn:

43 SPRATT-HALL ROAD, WANSTEAD, Bolly

THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

* Vor. LV.] DECEMBER, 1922. [No. 715

EDITORIAL.

Captain Norman D. Ritey having consented to take over full
editorial duties, I have great pleasure in stating that he will be
the Editor of the next volume of this Journal. During his novitiate
this year he has not only mtroduced himself to our readers, but
has secured the writings of several new contributors to our pages,
and in many other ways added to the utility of the Entomologist.

Feeling therefore that the Journal will be in good hands I trust
that the same kindly indulgence will be extended to him as it has
been my gratification to receive during the past three decades.

To my coadjutors on the Reference Committee my sincere
thanks are cordially tendered for advice and assistance throughout
my editorship.” RicHaRD Souru.

THE PRESENT VALUES OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS
ON THE PALAARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA.

By W. G. Suexpon, F.Z.S., F.ES.
(Continued from p. 244.)
Works Published in Germany and Austria.

Borkhausen, M. B. Naturgeschichte der Europiiischen Schmet-
terlinge; 5 vols; Frankfort, 1788-94: 2 coloured plates.
An important work embodying many type descriptions of
European Lepidoptera. Catalogued at 10s. to 12s. (1912).

Charpentier, T. von, und Zincken, J. L. Die Zinsler, Wickler,
Schabe, und Geistchen der Wiener Gegend; 1 vol.; 178 pp.,
Brunswick, 1821. This work is a description of the Micro-
Lepidoptera contained in Schiffermiiller’s collection and an
identification of them with Hiibner’s figures. The joint authors
went through the whole collection at different dates and
it is obvious the result of their work should be in the hands of
every micro-lepidopterist. The book can often be obtained
for about 5s. Schiffermiiller’s descriptions are not sufficiently
full in the majority of cases to permit of identification by

~ them alone.

Esper, E. J. C. Schmetterlinge Huropiiischen ; 5 vols. and 1 vol.
supplement; Erlangen, 1777-1794; 440 one plates.

ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1922. Z

266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The great value of Esper as a work of reference is that he des-

cribed and figured so many types of species. His figures are

fairly good and nearly always recognisable. Catalogued at from
£10 to £12 10s. (1912). Recently the price has greatly creased
and it is now catalogued at from £25 to £30. A second edition
of this work was brought out by T. von Charpentier in 1829-39.
The disadvantage of this edition is that the plates, though
usually considered equal to the original edition, are not, of

course, coloured by or under the supervision of Esper. This

edition is usually priced a little lower than the original one.

Fischer, J. HE. (von Réslerstamm). Abildungen zur Berichtigung
und Erginzung der Schmetterlingskunde besonders der micro-
lepidopterologie ; 100 coloured plates; Leipzig, 1838. The
plates of this work are very beautiful. It was catalogued in
1912 at £4 and £5 10s.

Frey, H. Die Lepidopteren der Schweiz ; 1 vol.,454 pp.: Leipzig,
1880. An extremely useful work dealing with both macros

and micros. It should be in the hands of every student and.

especially those who visit Switzerland. It can usually be
purchased second-hand for 5s. or 6s. "

Freyer, C. F. Beitriige zur Geschichte Europaischer Schmetter-

linge; 3 vols.; 144 coloured plates; Nuremberg, 1828-30 ;
and Neure Beitrage zur Schmetterlingskunde; 7 vols.; 700
coloured plates ; Augsburg, 1833-58. These works have very
beautiful plates, and those of the larve especially, of which
large numbers are figured, are very useful. The former work
was catalogued in 1912 at from £2 5s. to £3 and the latter at
from £11 to £14.

Frélich, G. F. A. Enumeratio Tortricum Wiirtembergiz ; 1829 ;
102 pp. An extremely useful little book for students of the
Tortricide, catalogued in 1912 at 3s.

Gerhard, B. Monographie der Lycenen; Hamburg, 1853 ; 39
coloured plates. In this monograph the plates are good.

As it figures and names a number of aberrations of the Euro-
pean Lycenide it is essential to all students of that group.
Catalogued in 1912 at £3 5s. and £3,15s.

Hememann, H. Schmetterlinge Deutschlands und der Schweiz;
2 vols.; Brunswick, 1859-76. Essential to all microlepidop-
terists. Catalogued in 1912 at £3 15s. to £5 10s. The value
of this book is increasing in consequence of its rarity.

Herrich-Schiiffer, G. A. W. Systematische Bearbeitung der
Schmetterlinge von Europa; 6 vols.; 636 coloured and 36
uncoloured plates ; Regensburg, 1843-1856. This magnificent
continuation of Hiibner’s “Sammlung” is one of the most
important works ever issued on the subject. The plates are
very beautiful and even the smallest species figured is easily

io A ala

PRESENT VALUES OF PRINCIPAL WORKS ON LEPIDOPTERA. 267

i

recognisable. It was catalogued in 1912 at £40 and £47 10s.
and recently at £60. Dr. Chapman’s copy brought at auction
£42, and the last previous copy that came into the market,
from the library of F. D. Godman, certainly very beautifully
bound, was acquired by the writer for a considerably higher
figure. Herrich Schaffer’s work is much scarcer, at any rate
in Britain, than that of his predecessor Hiibner.

Hiibner, Jacob. Sammlung Europiischer-Schmetterlinge ; 1 vol.
of text and 789 coloured plates; Augsburg, 1796-1841. The
most important work ever issued on European Lepidoptera.
The plates are all hand-coloured and are extremely beautiful.
From the great number of types named and figured the work is
indispensable to the student. It is unfortunately rare.
Apparently only a small number of copies were issued. The
list of subscribers in my copy, which was formerly in the library
of the Rev. W. Bree, is given at 69 only, and as several of those
named took four, and one six, copies the names evidently
included those of booksellers as well as private individuals.
I fancy we have more copies in Britain than the continentals
possess, in proportion of course to our population, for I know
of at least a dozen in Britain, of which more than half are in
public libraries. The work is at present catalogued at from
£50 to £68, the price depending upon the amount of text and
number and condition of plates. Most of the copies contain
the full number of plates, but the text—fortunately this is
not extremely important from the student’s pot of view—is
apt to be very fragmentary, copies with full text being extremely
rare; I know of only two in Britain.

Hiibner, J. Geschichte Europiaischer Schmetterlinge ; Augsburg,
1796-1841 or 1842. The most beautiful work ever devoted
to the earlier stages. It is extremely scarce. The number of
plates varies greatly—more so than in any other work I am
acquainted with. Hagen gives 449 and probably this is about
the usual number, but I Tage seen a copy with 500 plates ; on
the other hand that of Dr. Chapman, which is inmy possession—
formerly it belonged to Fredk. Bond—contains only 126. A
copy with 447 plates was catalogued in 1912 at £37 10s.; one
with the same number in 1922, £49, and one with 500, £60.

Hiibner, J. Sammlung auslesener Vogel und Schmetterlinge ;
100 coloured plates; Augsburg, 1792. An extremely quaint
old book, mostly devoted to birds, as its title suggests, but
each of the plates, or many of them, contain a figure “of one or

more lepidoptera, and as many of these are the type figures,
the book is valuable. Unfortunately it is extremely rare, one
of the very rarest books on the subject in fact. I believe the
only copy in Britain is the one in the library of Lord Rothschild.

268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

ad

I have never known anyone who cared to put a value on this —

book, but a bookseller would possibly ask anything over £30
upon it.

Hiibner, J. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetterlinge ; Augsburg,
1816-26. This volume of 431 pages marks an era in the
literature, for it represents the genesis of the genera of the
order, as well as Hiibner’s final views on many of his names.
It is, of course, absolutely essential to every student. It seems
scarce, being seldom catalogued, but in 1912 it was priced in
a German catalogue at 4s. 6d. and in 1919 I obtained a copy
from Germany at about the same figure.

Kennel, J. von. Die Paleearktischen Tortriciden ; 727 pages of letter-
press and 24 large coloured plates (each of which contains about
100 figures); 1908-21. The latest work on the Tortricide.
The plates are excellent, but the nomenclature of the forms
figured is extremely incorrect in many cases. The letterpress
is very useful as it brings what is known of the life-histories
up to date. The price at the present moment I am quoted
is £6.

Ochsenheimer, F., und Treitschke, F. Die Schmetterlmge von

Europa: 10 vols. ; Leipzig, 1807-1834. The first four volumes.

were written by Ochsenheimer, the last six by Treitschke.
The value of this book is about 15s. It is, of course, valued for
the number of type species it describes.

Poda, N. Insecta Musei Grecensis ; Widmansbad, 176]. A little

volume containing a number of original descriptions. It is
extremely rare. There are, I believe, only two or three copies.
in Britain, one of which is in the Library of the Entomological
Society. It would be extremely difficult to put a value on
this little book, but if a bookseller who knew his business
had one he would probably ask £40 or £50, or more, for it,
although a well-known firm sold one not so many years ago:
for five shillings !

Rebel, H. Studien iiber die Lepidopterenfauna der Balklander ;
3 Tiel; 3 coloured plates ; Vienna, 1903-1913. A very useful

fauna lst of certain parts of the Balkans. The plates are

extremely good. To be obtained for about 30s.

Rosel von Rosenhof, A. J. Insecten-Belustigungen; 4 vols. ;
with Kleeman’s Beitrage, 2 vols., 6 vols. in all; 404 coloured
plates; Nuremberg, 1746-93. Rosel was a miniature painter,,
and his work contains some of the most beautiful figures that
have ever been produced. Apart from this much of its value
results from subsequent authors in describing a species

identifying it with Résel’s figures. There were several editions _

of variable value, and copies with the total number of plates
are rare. The original and best edition is extremely scarce. I

¢ - nee?
Pp ee ae a |

PRESENT VALUES OF PRINCIPAL WORKS ON LEPIDOPTERA. 269

only know of two in Britain: one in the Library of the Royal
Society ; the other is one I picked up a few years ago at a
second-hand bookseller’s ; it was at one time the property of

J.C. Dale, and contains his book-plate. The present price
of a copy is from £5 to £12, dependent on whether it is perfect
or not. I was, however, offered in 1919 a perfect copy by a
Berlin bookseller for the price of £50 English money. It is
needless to say I did not close with the offer.

Schiffermiiller (and Denis). Systematisches Verzeichniss der
Schmetterlinge der Wiener Gegend ; 1 vol. ; 322 pp., 3 plates ;
Vienna, 1776. This work, one of the earliest after Linné,
contains a large number of original descriptions ; unfortunately
they are so brief that many of them are unrecognisable.
Fortunately what with the references Schiffermiiller makes to
other authors, and the references other almost or altogether
contemporary authors make to his book, we are, however,
certain we recognise most of the insects he describes. Copies
of this book are not infrequently in the market at about
10s. each.

Scopoh, J. A. Entomologia Carniolica ; 1 vol., 420 pp.; Vienna,
1763. This little book, even earlier than the last, is valuable
for the same reason that it is. It can usually be purchased
for about 5s.

Seitz, A. Macrolepidoptera of the World (Paleearctic Section) ;
4 vols.; 245 plates; Stuttgart, 1909-1920. Purports to
describe and figure all the Lepidoptera of this region. Many
of the figures are good, and some of the letterpress, which is
the work of several writers, is good also. The whole work is
extraordinarily cheap, and as it is the only illustrated modern
work dealing with the region everyone should have a copy.
It is to be procured for £13.

. Sorhagen, L. Klein Schmetterlinge der Mark Brandenburg ;
1 vol., 376 pp.; Berlin, 1886. An extremely practical and
useful work dealing principally with the earlier stages. Can
be purchased for a few shillings.

Spuler, A. Die Schmetterlinge Europas und Raupen; 4 vols. ;
155 coloured plates ; Stuttgart, 1901-10. A popular and very
useful work. For the price the plates are very good, and no
student of European Lepidoptera should be without a copy.
It was catalogued in 1912 at £3 and £4 5s., and in 1922 at
£3 3s. and £4 4s. ug

Wagner, H. (Edited by). Lepidopterorum Catalogus; Berlin,
1911. An enormous work purporting to give the Bibliography
of every Lepidopteron of the world. This work, the necessity
for which will be obvious to everyone, is a collaboration of

~ several well-known writers, and as is usual in such cases the

270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

work is very unequal in quality. 26 parts which form 4 fairly
bulky volumes have been issued, and I understand from the: —
publishers, Herr Junk, of Berlin, the present price of them is
£4,

There are many German magazines that have appeared during
the last century and a half. Amongst the most useful are : .
Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift; Berlin. Commencing in

1857. A set, 1857-1907, was priced in 1912 at £12 10s. :
Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift; commencing in 1881. A
set, 1881-1911, was priced in 1912 at £14.

Entomologische Nachrichten ; Berlin, 1875-1900. A complete set
in 1912 was catalogued at £4 5s.
Iris. The publication of the Dresden Entomological Society.

Commencing in 1884. A set, 1884-1911, was catalogued in
UIA tiesto,
Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung; Berlin. Commencing 1840.
A set, 1840-1910, was offered at £18 10s. .
Weiner Kntomologische Zeitung; Vienna. Commencing in 1882.
A set, 1882-1908, was valued in 1912 at £7 10s.
Illiger’s Magazin f. Insectenkunde ; Braunschweig, 1802-7. Priced —
im 1912 at 22s. and 25s.
(To be continued.)

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
FROM NEW ZEALAND.

By E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R:S.

Fam. PuuTELLIp A.
Thambotricha, gen. nov.

Head with appressed seales ; ocelli posterior ; tongue developed.
Antenne 2,in ¢ slender, joints elongate, with spreading whorls of
extremely long fine ciliations, basal joint moderate, rather stout,
with rather small pecten. Labial palpi long, recurved, second joint
thickened with scales forming a very short apical tuft beneath, ter-
minal joint somewhat shorter than second, rather thickened with
scales, pointed. Maxillary palpi very short, drooping, filiform.
Posterior tibize with series of rough projecting bristly scales above.
Fore wings with 1 fureate, 2 from 2,7 to termen, 11 from middle.
Hind wings 4, elongate-trapezoidal, cilia 13; 2 remote, 3 and 4
approximated at base, 5-7 somewhat approximated towards base.

_ A remarkable form, perhaps nearest to Dolichernis, but very
distinct.
‘Thambotricha vates, sp. nov.

6 14mm. Head pale ochreous, side-tufts bronzy. Palpi bronzy-
fuscous. Antennal ciliations 8. Thorax purple-bronzy-ochreous.

PE ee ‘ M4
ee eS ae Se ee ea rs 4

RECORDS FROM A LEPIDOPTERIST’S LOG-BOOK. 271

Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Fore wings elongate, narrowed towards
base, costa sinuate, apex pointed, termen faintly sinuate, oblique ;
pale yellow overlaid with purple-bronzy-ochreous, costal edge pale
yellow from 2 to #; discal stigmata remote, rather dark fuscous, an
additional dot beneath and rather before second, these two partially
surrounded with pale yellowish; a slender terminal streak of purple-
fuscous suffusion ; cilia whitish-yellowish, on costa suffused purple-
ochreous, darkest above apex, on dorsum pale ochreous tinged
purple, cilia extending to before middle of dorsum. Hind wings
and cilia ochreous-whitish.

Wellington, in March, one specimen swept from forest growth by
a young collector, Edward C. Clarke, aged 14, and kindly forwarded
by Mr. Hudson. It is permissible to hope that the discoverer of this
very interesting species may be thus early inaugurating a distinguished
entomological career.

Thornhanger,

Marlborough ;
October 31st, 1922.

RECORDS FROM A SOUTH HAMPSHIRE LEPIDOP-
TERIST’S LOG-BOOK FOR 1920.

By A. T. Postans.
(Continued from p. 254.)

The 20th was calm-and cloudy with a south-west breeze
during the day. At sunset I went to the downs and sugared
posts. Grammesia trigrammica and Mamestra dentina came in
abundance, and I took one female M. genistae, but there was
little else. My net gave me one or two Phibalapteryz vitalbata
and a male Agrotis cinerea, whilst Amoebe viridaria was flying
commonly and in superb condition. The 23rd was a beauti-
fully calm, sunny day, and the warmest of the year as yet.
I spent the day in the woods, and saw numerous C. rubi,
in fresh condition, disporting over short herbage in company
with Huclidia glyphica, E. mi, Aricia medon, etc., also several
P. cardui and JV. io. Beating produced H. hastata, Hpione
advenaria, ete., but this method of collecting was not so produc-
tive as it sometimes is. Larva-beating likewise was not very
encouraging; however, I obtained a few small Z. betulae froin
sloe, and small larve of Cucullia verbasci were common on mullein.
The 24th was another bright day, and being a bank holiday
I went to the woods in another locality to look over the imagines
of Brenthis euphrosyne for varieties, but, although typical speci-
mens were numerous, I saw none worth taking. I netted a few
Nemeobius lucina, a solitary Hemaris fusiformis, and Lithosi t
sororcula, but nothing else. I do not remember observing a
single specimen of C. rubi all day in this locality.

Dike THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The evening of the 25th was calm and slightly cloudy, wind ©
S.W., and moon in second quarter. At sunset I went to the
downs and sugared posts. G. trigrammica came in profusion,
but M. dentina was much less in evidence than on the 20th, and
I saw numerous Apamea basilinea and three Agrotis cinerea, in
addition to one that I discovered newly emerged and drying its
wings at the base of one of my sugared posts. I netted Cidaria
truncata, P. vitalbata and EH. pumilata, but very little seemed to
be flying. In the evening of the 27th I went again to the downs,
but as they were enshrouded in mist I abandoned the original
intention of sugaring and confined my attention to campion
bloom in the lanes; but the weather conditions seemed to be
unfavourable, and very few insects were flying, so I only obtained
a couple of H. venosata and D. carpophaga and odd D. cucubali,
E. haworthiata, E. vulgata, ete. On the 28th ova of H. atomaria —
hatched from a female taken on the 16th, and N. typica was bred.

June lst was calm and clear in the evening after a cloudy, —
warm day, wind §.W., full moon rising. At sunset I went to
the downs and sugared posts as before. Some nice banded vars.
of G. trigrammuca were taken and the type was in profusion, but
getting worn. The only other species seen were a couple of M.
dentina, one H. adusta, also a few A. basilinea, and I netted
Noctua c-nigrum, D. cucubali, Acidalia marginepunctata, ete., and
E. venosata in abundance over campion at sunset. The 2nd was
warm and sunny, and in the afternoon I went to the woods on a
last venture for vars. of B. euphrosyne, but I saw none worth
taking, and the type was practically over as they were much
worn. 6. selene was just appearing and I saw numerous
beautifully fresh specimens, but all typical, so did not take any.
Larve of L. sibylla I noted in abundance on honeysuckle, fre-
quently half-a-dozen on one vine. Ova of N. lucina deposited
on May 24th hatched this day. The evening of the 3rd was warm
and calm after a southerly breeze during the day, so at dusk I
visited cam} ion bloom in the lanes. I found ZH. venosata flying
commonly, but they were now much worn; also I netted a
couple of flesh D. cucubali and D. carpophaga in addition to
Neuria reticulata. I found H. sordida, A. puta, G. trigrammica,
etc., rather commonly at honeydew on nettles. Imagines of A.
villica commenced to appear in my cages on the 6th. At sunset —
on the 7th I visited campion bloom again and saw practically all
the species noted on the 8rd, H. sordida in profusion. Larve of
Ortholitha cervinaria were common on mallow and were of all
sizes, some quite tiny while others were almost full fed. The
evening of the 10th was beautifully clear with a rather strong
breeze from the south-west. I went to the lanes at dusk, but I
only saw a few of the most common species flying round the
campion. No N. reticulata, which I went for chiefly. I boxed a
solitary specimen of the delicate Acidalia subsericeata from a

RECORDS FROM A LEPIDOPTERIST’S LOG-BOOK. 273

grass-stem. On the 12th ova of EH. hastata hatched and I
successfully reared 80 per cent. of the larve on birch in large
glass-topped boxes, and eventually these all pupated. The fore-
noon of the 13th was cool and somewhat cloudy after twenty-four
hours’ steady rain. However, the weather showed signs of
_ improving, so I went to the woods for the day, it being Sunday.
I found Z. trifolii out in numbers, but they were somewhat worn
although I managed to secure a few good confluent forms. The
only other insects observed were a few P. plantaginis and A.
medon. Half-grown larve of C. verbasci occurred on almost
every plant of mullein noticed. By beating sloe bushes growing
by the roadside on my way home I obtained larve of A. pictaria,
and from sallow a few small Notodonta ziczac, N. palpina, S.
libatrix, ete., but no P. retusa, as I was rather late for this species,
they having probably gone down for pupation.

The 14th was very bright all day with a south-westerly
breeze which dropped to calm in the evening. The conditions
seemed favourable for night work, so at sunset I went to the
downs and sugared posts, and when I had finished this
preliminary occupation I rigged the net and went to see what
was going at the campion bloom. There were many moths
flying round it, but they were very much on the alert, and I had
great difficulty in approaching near enough to see what species
were represented. JZ. sordida seemed to be the commonest, with
M. dentina a good second, and I had the good fortune to get a
few N. reticulata. I have always found this species difficult to
capture, as on the slightest alarm it dives at once into the
campion bed, and emerges somewhere round the edge where
least expected and is off like a flash. A. subsericeata was now
well out and I boxed several from the grass stems, and netted X.
galiata, X. rivata, etc., on my way to look at the sugar patches.
I found moths swarming on them and they dropped off in
numbers when I turned the light on them. The commonest
seemed to be A. corticea, T’. pronuba and A. exclamationis, and |
took a beautiful variety of the latter in which the orbicular and
reniform marks are united to form an irregular rayed blotch
over the centre area of the fore wings. In addition I took five
X. sublustris, numerous X. hepatica, some richly suffused with
reddish purple, and I observed several fresh L. pallens, the first
of the season. Countless larve of Hipparchia semele and
Epinephele jurtina were feeding on short grass by the roadside.
On the 15th imagines of Sphinx ligustri commenced to appear in
my cages. They were reared from ova from a female that |
captured on the sand dunes last summer.

(To be continued.)

274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

LIGHT TRAP EXPERIMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH
TEMPERATURE, ETC. .

By Masor FREDERICK GILLETT.

In Whitaker’s Almanae will be found the amount of light and
darkness each night given in the form of a rectangle divided into
four equal squares, each square representing one quarter (3 hours)
of the period from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m., the shaded squares being
darkness, when there is no light from the sun or moon. These
data have been accepted in the following tables. The temperatures.
which I give are the shade temperatures at 8 a.m. ‘The trap has
been run from 10 p.m. to 3 a.m. (summer time when that is used),
the electric light being cut off automatically by an alarm clock, but
I did not begin to run it consecutively till the beginning of May,
since which date, however, I ran it regardless of weather whenever
IT was at home. The numbers of moths are given regardless of
species, although it is curious that on certain nights a particular
class of moths may be attracted. For instance, one night there
may be several species of Prominents, whereas the next night there
may be none, but instead, perhaps, Poplar and Eyed Hawks.

A dark, warm, thundery night with a drizzle of rain will nearly
always bring a large number of moths to the trap, although one
is quite as likely to obtain something good when very few captures
are made. My impression is that a dark night is better than one
with a bright moon, but at the same time I do not consider it an
invariable rule. Temperature does not appear to have much
effect, except when it drops very low. Males come to light far
more freely than females; at the same time a very fair sprinkling
of females will be found amongst the captures, and I have even
had batches of eggs laid in the trap during the night.

Temperature, No. of

Date. 8 a.m. she Remarks.
April oth 3 36° 45. Nitin aaa. Light all night.

» 29th 44° 6 Dark 9 p.m. to 6 a.m.

Ps Oth , 42° 6 ». 12am, Forename
May 2nd , 44° 4 ihe 2 ,

ee Atta : 46° 4 aS as

ap al 4 44° 1 Light all night.

Obl : Ave ik ;

Wh Be ee OP i i

eth eae 5 é :

, 9th 80 9 ‘ i

Odhs ae. 25 gee eae ee ne < f

” llth 5 44° S Nil 3 : £

enn 5 ASP 1 Darke Gaaee |

eae , ae : ar p.m. to 12 a.m.

» 20th : 56° 4 » o p.l-to aeons

se oad

LIGHT TRAP EXPERIMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH TEMPERATURE. 27>

Date. ea ues ee Remarks.
May 21st : 61° : 10 Dark 9 p.m. to 3 a.m,

» 22nd : (ele 17 r r Y

», 2drd : ely : 15 ‘ : “:

» 24th : mle ! 16 : rs r

,», 25th ; 66° 21 : r» r»

» 2th : 61° ; 20 . 1D r
» 28th : 58° 16 ; . 52 r»

5 29th 62° 17 ; : i: ’
,»y 30th 64° 52 » 12a.m. to 3 a.m.
» olst 68° , 58 7 > rs

It will be noted this month that on the 8th there was a consider-
able rise in temperature ; the captures, however, did not increase
to any extent with it, in fact they were less than at the end of April
—possibly the darkness then accounting for it. On the 22nd there
was again a considerable increase in temperature with a small
increase in captures. . On the 30th there was a jump in the number
of captures, without any great increase in temperature, but a
lengthening in the hours of darkness. In this month the dark-
ness appears to have had more effect than the temperature.

Dato. eae No. of emaaie
a.m. moths.

June lst : 66° ; es ; Dark 12 a.m. to 3 a.m.
eS ONG ; 69° : ai : . 3 aS
Sie : 62° ined Oi 5 ie 4»)
ape etsy : 55° ; 84 ; Light all night.
$e Oth : 58° é 67 : - -
spe ol 5 0 ; Ge : 54 oi e =;
ith : 64° : 50 . ss us
eo 9th : 58° : 69 : o x
ey Onh : 59° ym, OO : sf i
Reena binlay : 60° best 5 fo, ; > a
ee iby : 60° Pe dy) : a “

So Poth 3 62° co ‘ Dark 9 p.m. to 12 a.m.
eA tia ‘ 50° 2 eal 245) 5 55 i

peel hla ( 56° on Gad : “M a cs

> sth : 56° Dood hy) 3 * e 3

., 19th : 64° nes OT. : i 43 +

Pe 20th : 58° pihaawite 6) , oe. Oe une tO: adi. DA.
~~ Dilist E 62° ale A F xe 4 ‘
oii : 59° spe Nees : i ss ES

eget) a ina e Ooe eo: 162 : a ‘s >

» » 24th : 59° . 190 : = =f :
bh : aoe ieee) oo) : ; a Hf

» 26th : oon ‘ 81 5 1 _ *

Fiame nol : 58° ee elias) s . is “i

» 28th : 59° eb ; 3 + rs
Eula . 54° . 164 : ;, 12a.m. to 3 a.m..

» 30th : 55° ‘ 43 : 5 - ‘

276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

On the 17th of this month there was an extraordinary number
-of captures for no apparent reason. On the 30th there was a great
-decrease in captures, also without any satisfactory reason. Whether —
the lack of honey dew this month had anything to do with the
captures I can’t say, but it may be a factor in the case.

Temperature, No. of

Date. 8 a.m. moths. Rem
July 1st 56° Oo Dark 12 a.m. to 3 a.m.
Hara 58° : 60 - 1 ”
i 3rd : Doe > 113 : ” ee) ‘ ’
eereeveilalety ha . 96° } 40 Light all night. —
a 13th : 57° : 48 . P ” oe)
in 14th Fs 5a - 43 : ” ”
on Lotta 52° 89 Dark 9 p.m. to 12 a.m.
39 16th : o7° : ol : oy ey ”
oe ida OM , 22 c » 1 ”
ieee Ashelal D2° : 106 i 5 5 ”
aan 19th : Oe 6 44 : ” ” ”
Ag 20th 3 58° : 88 : » ” , ”
eesti 61° 62 ' » (9 P.M. TO aan
sit) 22nd 0 64° 3 100 : ” 2? ”
a9 23rd : 5° . 88 ‘ ” ” ”
24th : 04° : 108 é 5 nb
~ ath : o6° : (es) : a 06 ”
eee Oa ‘ 60° ; 118 ; % % ”
a Talal , 60° : 45 : is 50 ”
» 20th : Jom : 96 : FP Fe fis
2 29th ; og? : 70 : x3 53 0
spe ial 3 Garg : 80 ; >» 12 a.m. toma eeats
POLLS : 06° : 46 é a as _

The three nights, 11th, 13th, 14th, when it was light all night,
produced a poor record of captures compared with the rest of the
month, otherwise there was no particular feature to which to draw
-attention.

Aug. 1st 54° : 43 Dark 12 a.m. to 3 a.m. ;
, Qnd BT? cn Pe eee ce er i j
99 3rd c 56° ¢ it “ ” ” : ” i 4
now ial , 56° : 30 f Light all night. :
ola CP tae 24 ss fs
anloun é 60° j 14 i %

35 7th z 09° : 30 ” 19
OGh : 58° ‘ iL 55 ”
eeu jiniay , 5° : 8 a 5
Ota : yale : oll 3 ma a
“9 11th 3 Das” 6 8 . ” oP) é
ae LOG 54° : 22 ; Dark 6 p.m. to 9 p.m.

5 UGth : 54° 13 é » 6 p.m. to 12 a.m.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 277

ae Eee ee: e sae Remarks.
Aug. 17th 59° Ht Dark 6 p.m. to 12 a.m.
eee Sth 54° 7 as 5 ”

pee Sika y D0° : 45 . ie oo tO aa aa,

» 20th ; 60° 96 rs i

a 21st : og 2 18 : M ” ”

= 29th ; 60- , 32, ; » - £2 am. to. G-aem.

er oubh 58° : 26 A ”

peo ksh 54° ; 9 te #
Sept, 1st 50° 3 FF - 53

<, | Dae oil 3 b 2) o. de. tO.6.ann-

eer ord : ole, ; 4

” %?

One asks oneself what was the cause of the increase in the
captures on 19th and 20th; the temperature gives no clue, the
amount of darkness increased, but it was the same on the 21st
when the numbers fell.

From these tables it appears that the hours of darkness have.
some efiect, the temperature during the summer months at any
rate little cr none.

Cheriton House,
Sevenoaks, E
Kent.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

KUCHLO# CARDAMINES AT CHICHESTER IN SEPTEMBER.—Mr. Guy
Stanton, of Dunston College, Rocester, Staffs, writes to me as
follows: “It may interest you to know that while staying at
Chichester for several days I noticed two specimens of Hwchloé
cardanuines on September 13th, and succeeded in taking one, a male,
near Boxgrove Priory.”—JosmpH ANDERSON ; Chichester.

CoLIAS CROCEUS AB. FAILLZ AND HERSE CONVOLVULI IN LINCOLN-
SHIRE.—On September 3rd on the railway bank not far from my
house I took a specimen in excellent condition of Colias croceus ab.
faillae Stef. I see the late Mr. Rowland Brown refers to this
aberration as follows: ‘ Often occurs near Florence and is no doubt
widely distributed elsewhere.’’ It would be interesting to learn
whether any other captures have been made this year in England.
On the day previous to this my neighbour brought me a large moth
that he had found at rest in his garden frame; on examination it
proved to be Herse convolvuli in good condition.—G. T. Picorr
(Major); Somerby, Barnetby, Lincolnshire.

- Con1as cRocEUS AT PuymMoutH.—Oolias croceus was plentiful at
the end of August near Plymouth. I saw quite thirty one morning
in the limestone quarries at Pomphlett, and was fortunate enough to
note two var. helice, one of which I took. I also captured a female

278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

intermediate* in shade between the var. and the normal.—C. W.
Bracken, B.A., F.E.5. ; Corporation Grammar School, Plymouth.

Hiurse CONVOLVULI AT BEDFORD.—Two specimens of this species
were taken in September in the County Hospital but were badly
damaged by the captors.—W. GIFFORD Nasu; Clavering House,
De Parys Avenue, Bedford.

DAPHNIS NERII OFF ScoTLAND.—A good specimen of D. nera has
just come into my possession. It was taken on a trawl-boat off
‘Buchan Ness, Aberdeenshire, in September, 1917. There was a large
pin through it, but I have managed to extract this and reset the
specimen.—L. G. Esson; 6, Esslemont Avenue, Aberdeen.

ACHERONTIA ATROPOS AT SEA,—Mr. W. T. Gilboy, of 99, Cold-
harbour Lane, Camberwell, writes that—‘‘ Whilst outward bound to
Montreal, about 1000 miles from land, I captured a fine specimen of
the Death’s Head Hawk Moth.’—-N. D. R.

An UnusuaL VARIETY OF CHHROCAMPA ELPENOR.—I recently had
the opportunity of examining a somewhat unusual variety of Ch.
elpenor bred by Mr. C. H. Hards from a larva of the green form,
taken in August, 1910, at E. Farleigh, Kent. It is remarkable in
that the areas usually green are chocolate-coloured, the normal pink
areas are pale dirty brown, and the basal and hind marginal areas of
the hind wing are a darker dirty brown. Unfortunately, owing to
neglect during the war, the specimen is in rather poor condition.
Two apparently similar specimens are recorded by Tutt in his
British Lepidoptera.—N. D. R.

ABERRATIONS OF AGROTIS CORTICEA.—An extraordinary aberration
of A. corticea was obtained in my moth trap on June 23rd last. Itis
a male in perfect condition. The antennze and hind wings are
normal. The centre of the fore wings is black without any markings,
and on either side of this area the colouring is grey peppered with
darker lines and marks. In a very strong light and at a certain
angle it is just possible to make out the normal markings. I also
obtained two other specimens leading up to this particular form.
The first, a male, is a typical male except that the general colouring
is darker. In the second, a female, the colouring is darker still, and
although the markings can easily be distinguished, they have become
somewhat blurred instead of standing oyt as they do in typical
specimens owing to the lighter background.—FREDERICK GILLETT
(Major) ; Cheriton House, Sevenoaks, Kent.

Metanic HuPITHECIA TRISIGNARIA.—I bred this year a single
specimen of this species which is as pure black as H. albipunctata
var. angelicata, and without markings except for the discoidal spot,
which, as in angelicata, is of a more intense black. I am not aware
that a pure melanic specimen of this species has hitherto been
reported. One or two other specimens bred at the same time were
darker than usual, but these are merely dark ordinary specimens and

* © f. helicina Ob.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 279

show all the usual markings.—H. C. Haywarp, F.E.S.; Repton,
October 18th, 1922.

SCARCITY OF SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA AND S, MENTHASTRI.—I am
much interested in the notes of Mr. Stowell and the Rey. J. E.
Tarbot (Entom., pp. 231 and 257) on the growing scarcity of
Sprlosoma lubricipeda, because I had got a notion that the pheno-
menon was probably only occurring in the north of England. In
my early collecting days, sixty or more years ago, S. lubricipeda
abounded here in every garden and on every piece of waste land
where docks grew luxuriantly, so much so that its larve were often
a destructive pest. It gradually became scarcer, and is now prac-
tically non-existent. I do not remember to have seen a single larva
for more than twenty years, and during that time not more than
three moths in any one season, often two or one, sometimes none.
_ This year I have seen one example only. Nor am [I at all sure that
the few specimens seen were bred here, as they have usually occurred
on the road-sides just outside the town, probably attracted by the
gas or electric lights, and may easily have been brought here on
_ railway waggons. I never see one in my own or other people’s
gardens. S. menthastri used to be alinost as abundant on the field
sides, but it, too, has almost disappeared, though more recently than
lubricipeda. Odd moths are still occasionally to be seen on the
country walls, or a larva now and then crossing the road, seeking a
place in which to spin up, but I have not seen even one of either
this year.—Gro. T.. Porritt; Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield,
November 3rd, 1922.

Scarcity oF SPiLOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA, ETC.—I have worked
“‘licsht”’ consistently during the past three seasons and found this
insect quite scarce during 1920 and 1921, first appearing on June
20th, 1920, and May 24th, 1921. During 1922, however, it was
quite common, appearing on May 30th (nine days after S. menthastrc)
and being about half as common as menthastrz. Agrotis nigra, which
was common at sugar in 1921, never appeared at all in 1922.
Lobophora carpinata—always less common here than JL. poly-
commata—tailed to turn up this year. Ligdia adustata was unusually
abundant from May 18th, being quite a pest—Dr. R. Lowruer;
Fernleigh, Grange-over-Sands, N. Lancs, November 15th, 1922.

SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA AND SEASONAL Notes.—With regard to
the scarcity of this species, I have not seen it at all in this district
this year and only took one specimen last year. Larve are very late in
pupating this season. I have a half-grown larva of Smerinthus
populi still feeding, and the last of some birch-feeding Geometer
larve .obtained by beating in early October only went down on
November 9th.—G. V. Bunn, M.B.; Montagu House, Hoddesdon,
Herts.

Scarcity oF SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA.—lI took two of these insects
~ in 1919 and have not seen one since. It used to be very common
here.—F Rep F. Woop; Hastons, Ditchling, Sussex.

Scarcity oF SPILOsoMA LUBRICIPEDA.—I took a small batch of
newly hatched larvz of this species this last summer on red currant

280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

bushes in my garden here. I have always found luwbricipeda by far

the most common of the ermine moths in Notts and_lincolnshire
where I have collected this last fifteen years.—A. R. F. P. Wynne;
Upton, Southwell, Notts.

ZYGENIDE ATTRACTED BY LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS 2, ETC.—
During a recent holiday on the South Devon coast I had the
pleasure of taking Colias croceus var. helice, Herse convolvulr,
Leucania vitellina and L. unipuncta on September 1st, 2nd, 4th and
6th respectively, the two last at sugar in spite of an exceedingly bad
spell of sugaring. L. wnipuncta was apparently newly emerged.
Of greater interest; almost, was the finding on a sugar-patch of a
female Noctua c-nigrum in cop. with N. xanthographa. No ova were
obtained, however. Assembling for Lasiocanvpa quercus produced
some curious results. “The female was besieged whenever I put her
down by swarms of Zygaena filipendulae, which would remain in the
box until removed. This happened over a very wide area, and she
seemed more attractive to the Zygaenidae than to her own species,
as only a few of these turned up.—G. P. Surron; 60, Oval Road,
Erdington, Birmingham, October 26th, 1922.

CANNIBALISM AMONG CUCULLIA VERBASCI.-—Cucullia verbaser larvee:
are common on the Salisbury Downs, and I have often collected them.
I have observed that when several are kept in a larva cage together
their numbers invariably diminish even when a plentiful supply of
food is at hand. Although I have never seen larve attack one
another, I have little doubt that they are cannibals.—A. STEVEN.
Corset; Reading. =

KInuing witH Cyanrpe.—Respecting Mr. Frank Littlewood’s.
note in November number, p. 260, on the use of cyanide for the
purpose of relaxation, I may point out the fact that certain species,
especially G. rhamnt and both C. edusa and C. hyale, are very liable
to become blotched with crimson and otherwise discoloured, and if
left for any considerable time in the cyanide bottle only a small
proportion of their original colour will remain.—F. W. FRowawk.

DEsTRUCTION OF Papinio MACHAON Larva By CucKoos.—lt is.
generally supposed that brightly coloured larve are immune from
the attacks of birds owing to such ornamentation acting as a pro-
tective colouring, and as a rule certain species possessing the
so-called warning colours are undoubtedly distasteful to birds—for
instance, I know of no bird which feeds on the larva of Preris
brassicae, which, although not brilliantly coloured, is nevertheless a.
conspicuous object. I have often watched several species of birds
such as garden warblers, willow warblers, wrens, robins, hedge-
sparrows and blue titmice, all busily engaged in searching beds of
cabbages for the larvae of P. rapae, which they manage readily to-

detect although their colouring harmonises perfectly with the colour —

of the leaves, and greedily devouring them, but I have never seen
any bird attempt to eat the larva of P. brassicae, which are passed
unnoticed by all birds, although they are among the most con-
spicuous larvee in their manner of living fully exposed on both
surfaces of the leaves. Whether brassicae larve are eaten by the

ee °
ee ee we a ee

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 281

cuckoo I have failed to determine; certainly those of which I have
examined the stomachs have contained no trace of these larve.
Unfortunately the handsome and richly ornamented larva of Papilio
machaon is a favourite diet of the cuckoo (although it might be
considered distasteful owing to its brilliant colouring, and the forked
retractile tubercles emitting a strong acrid scent which are protruded
when the larva is irritated) according to the facts stated by the late
Mr. Fergus M. Ogilvie, who was one of the most skilled and accurate
of field naturalists. I therefore think it may be of general interest
to other entomologists to quote the following observations made in
Norfolk and recorded by him. I omit the precise locality for obvious
reasons. Mr. Ogilvie states—‘‘One young cuckoo, obtained July 27th,
contained a considerable number of the larve of the swallow-tailed
butterfly. . . . Cuckoos are exceeding plentiful here. They are
distributed in greater numbers over the Broad district than in any
other locality with which I am acquainted. . . . I have little
doubt that the cuckoo of the Broad lays a heavy toll on the swallow-
tailed larvee when they are in season. It may well be that the pro-
gressive diminution of this—our handsomest British butterfly—is in
some measure due to the quantity of cuckoos in the district and their
insatiable appetites.”

It might be argued that as both the cuckoo and machaon have
been in existence for ages, these butterflies would in course of
time have long since ceased to exist where cuckoos abounded, but
when we know that birds sometimes gradually acquire a liking
for a new diet, which naturally becomes an inherited habit, such
may possibly be the cause for the now prevailing fondness of
cuckoos for machaon larvee, and if such is the case this fine insect
may finally disappear from its British haunts.—F’. W. FrRonawk.

Henri Fasre AND THE MicroGastEeR.—With regard to the Rev.
G. W. Crutchley’s article under the above title in last month’s
Entomologist, I know the account of the oviposition of Apanteles
glomeratus by Fabre quite well, and years ago, when his book was
first translated into English, had intended writing a note on the
subject. I fear the celebrated Frenchman was sadly astray in this
case and may have confused some egg-parasite (a Chalcid or a
Proctotrupid) with the Braconid. On more than one occasion I have
witnessed the imagines of A. glomeratus ovipositing on larve of
Pieris brassicae, and the process is as described by Mr. Crutchley.
The sudden and repeated attacks and the jerk given by the host to
dislodge the parasite I can confirm. I must admit, however, that I
have never noticed the attackers to be drenched by the green fluid
which exudes from the mouths of the caterpillars; indeed Mr.
Crutchley appears to prove that if this fluid is deliberately squirted
at the parasite, which I am rather inclined to doubt, it is far from
_ being a satisfactory method of defence.—G. T. Lyzte; Briarfield,
Shibden, nr. Halifax.

‘An Uncommon Ant.—Very little literature appears to exist con-
cerning the life-history and habits of Stenamma westwood Steph.
This small ant—a member of the sub-family Myrmicine—is chiefly
described as being taken in small numbers in the nests of other ants,

ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1922. AA

282 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and, indeed, was considered by many earlier writers to occur only in
such situations. However, it seems that such occurrences must be
entirely accidental, as it has been my good fortune to discover a
locality in North London in which nests of this ant are by no means
rare. A damp wooded spot with a clay subsoil covered in moss
seems to provide ideal conditions. The colonies are usually situated
at the foot of a tree, preferabiy a few inches from the trunk, on the
western side. There is no external indication of the nest, which
consists merely of a small hollow, never more than an inch below the
surface in summer. ‘This cavity has only one small aperture, through
which ants engaged in foraging are able to gain the surface of the
soil, where, however, they take every advantage of cover provided
by dead leaves, etc., rarely appearing in the open and neyer straying
far from the nest. The colonies are never very populous, about 200
workers being the maximum number that I have found. Some
forty workers and one dealated female constitutes a typical colony,
but in July last I found one nest containing no less than six dealated
females and only seventeen workers. The winged forms do not
appear until the end of August and remain in the nests until quite
late in the year. I still have both sexes in my observation nests
(November Ist). The food apparently consists entirely of small
insects and other animal matter. I cannot induce them to touch
honey or other sweet materials, Hggs and larve are present all the
year round. The larve particularly are interesting. The body is
much more globular than is usual in ant larvee, and the head is
mounted on a somewhat lengthy neck—in fact the whole thing
is very like a retort in shape. When a dead insect—for example,
a Culicid—is brought in, it is cut up and the pieces piled among the
larvee, which proceed to devour them, their mobile necks giving them
a considerable range of movement. The cnly Myrmecophile that I
have found in the nests is Cyphodeirus albinos Nicolet, belonging to
the Collembola—Wwu. E. H. Hopson; Harley Lodge, Enfield,
November Ist, 1922.

BUTTERFLIES ATTRACTED TO HumAN PrErsprrATION.—The names
of the butterflies referred to in my note on the above (ante, p. 212) can
now be supplied. They are—Lycenide: Lycaenesthes ligures Hew.,
Hypolycaena antifaunus Dbl. & Hew., Catochrysops malathana
Bois. Acreeinee: Acraea peneleos Ward., subsp. pelasgius Gr. Sm.—
N. C. E. Minnar; 90, Alleyn Road, Dulwich, 8.4

\

RECENT LITERATURE.

The Genitalia of the Tortricidae. By F. N. Prerce and The Rev.
J. W. Mercanre. "Pp. 101. 34 plates.

The joint authors of this very valuable work are to be congratulated
on the successful completion of their task of working out the genitalia
of this important division of the Lepidoptera.

__ The volume is of course another instalment of Mr. Pierce’s gigantic
life-work on the genitalia of the whole of the British Lepidoptera. |

RECENT LITERATURE. 983

The author has had it in preparation for many years, and we gather
that it would have been issued in 1917 but for the Great Wav.

The whole of the slides and letterpress are the work of Mr. Pierce ;
the plates, very excellent ones, are from the drawings of Mr.
Metcalfe.

In previous volumes the genitalia were drawn to scale, but in the
ease of the Tortricidz this process would have so reduced the figures
of the smaller species their value would have been greatly lost; the
drawings have therefore in this instance been kept of a fairly uniform
size, so that the different and characteristic points in even the smallest
species might be shown.

Jn the arrangements of the drawings on the plates the male organs
are on the right, those of the female on the left. This will no doubt
be apparent to most students, but in each future volume it might be
better to give a short explanation as to the precise meaning of the
various figures.

The author has gone a step further than in previous volumes, and
has introduced a scheme of classification based upon the characters
of the genitalia only.

This method is interesting, because it shows the relations of the
various species to each other from the point of view of these organs;
but it produces some strange bedfellows, and widely separates species
that have in the past considered themselves nearly related, and that
will in all probability continue to be regarded as such in the future.
The author, however, admits that the final classification must be based
upon a study of all the characters—a view with which we certainly
agree.

. Mr. Pierce states that the most arresting result of his study of the
genitalia of the Tortricide is the way the species fall into clearly
defined groups, and that it is possible at once to place a species in
the group to which it belongs ; but that these organs shed very little
light on the historic relationship of the groups. He considers that
with respect to position there is a connecting link with the Geometrzdae
where the characteristic hinged and much curved penis of the Torirv-
_cidae appears in the Chestadinae, notably in the case of Anaztis plagiata
and in Odezia atrata. When we come to specific differences, these,
although constant, are sometimes extremely small, yet within a group
it is possible to secure a perfectly natural sequence. a

In classifying in accordance with the characteristics of the genitalia,
the author has worked out the genera with the aid of Fernald’s
Genera of the Tortricidae and their Types; he does not, however,
create new names for genera or types in instances in which he has
been unable to trace any generic name, but has left blank spaces, in
order to avoid creating superfluous names for genera which may
already exist; he is to be thanked and congratulated on this
decision.

Mr. Pierce states that in the course of the investigations of Mr.
Metcalfe and himself they have added six new species to the British
List, though we think there is a doubt if all of these will permanently
stand. On the other hand he cannot find any difference in
the genitalia between no less than five pairs of species at present,
generally regarded as distinct, and with good reason in the majority

984 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

of cases. Ina few species the genitalia appear to be in a plastic ©

condition, and considerable variations are found, such as in the
case of Hpiblema pflugiana, which is apparently divided into several
distinct forms, but the genitalia give no constant character by which
to separate them. .

On looking through the lists of species certain points strike us.
We should have liked to see more synonymy in some cases. On p. 10,
for instance, Cnephasia incertana Tr. appears without its perhaps
better-known synonym, C. subjectana Gn.; on p. 11 C. longana
Haw. is similarly treated, without reference to its other name,
C. ictericana Haw. There are several other instances in which we

should have been glad to have the old, better-known names indicated.

On p. xxi of the introduction we are told that the author cannot

distinguish between the genitalia of Argyroploce carbonana and ~

A. nigricostana, but on p. 46 we see A. carbonana Dbl.=ustulana
Haw.=fuligana Barrett, and on p. 47 that it is the A. fuligana of
Hubner of which the synonym is carbonana Barrett, which has
genitalia not distinguishable from A. nzgricostana Haw.

The book is one all students of the Order, and all philosophic
entomologists, should possess; and we trust for the sake of the author
who has produced it in these very expensive times, for pure love of
science, that everyone who can possibly afford the cost will take a
copy. It is to be obtained from Mr. F. N. Pierce, The Old Rectory,
Warmington, Northants; and the price to subcribers, including
postage, is 15s. 6d. per copy. Wi Gre.

In Bulletin, No. 1 (Technical Section) of the Sultanie Agricultural
Society, Cairo, pp. 12, 13, (1922), Mr. F. C. Willcocks gives a table
of results of some moth-trap experiments using different coloured
lights. Assuming all the lamps to have been used an equal number
of times, the numbers of moths caught were: at blue light, 335;
white, 297; green, 67; orange, 38; red, 37. In view of recent

discussions in this magazine it is interesting to note that blue

light was more attractive than white. The experiments were in
connection with economic work, and a fuller report is promised

later. N. Deke

_ Seirz, Macrolepidoptera of the World, publication of which was
interrupted to some extent by the war, appears now to be on a
sound footing again. The Palearctic Division is complete and the
Rhopalocera volumes at least of the other Division are going on well.
In the German edition the Hesperide have been reached in the
American, the Lycenide in the Indo-Australian and African
sections. With the moths matters are unfortunately not so
advanced, but progress is certainly being made. The English
edition naturally lags behind the German to some extent, but is
gradually overtaking the arrears. Herren Seitz and Kernen are to be
congratulated on the success which is attending their determined
efforts to overcome the many difficulties with which violently
altered circumstances have surrounded their undertaking. At the

present rate another year or two should see the welcome conclusion
of this very valuable work. N..Die

SOCIETIES. 285

SOCIETIES.

ENTOMOLOGICAL Society oF Hampsuire.—A Hampshire County
List of Lepidoptera is in course of preparation. It is hoped that all
entomologists who can help will do so by sending lists, especially of
the Microlepidoptera, to Mr. W. Fassnrpaz, 47, Tennyson Road,
Southampton.

ENtTomoLoGicaL Soctmty or Lonpon.—October 4th, 1922.—Mr.

Robert Adkin, Vice-President, in the Chair.—Obitwary :—The deaths
of the following Fellows were announced and a vote. of condolence

with their relatives was passed: Dr. David Sharp, F.R.S., one of the
special Life Yellows of the Society; Mr. Hamilton H. Druce; Mr.
Arthur Horne; Mr. Frank M. Littler; and Mr. G. O. Sloper.—The
Collection of Portraits: The Treasurer made a statement as to four
new portraits that had recently been hung in the Meeting Room, and
a portrait of the late Dr. Sharp, presented by Mr. W. J. Lucas, for
addition to the collection, was gratefully accepted.—Hlection of
Fellows :—The following were elected Fellows of the Society: Messrs.
Guy Babault, 10, Rue Camille-Perier, Chaton, Seine-et-Oise, France ;
Albert E. Waight, Brunleigh, Kent Bank Road, Grange-over-Sands.
Hzhibits : Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited some moths from the Farn
Collection, including the rare type form of Sarrothripus revayana
Scop., as well as ab. ramosana Hb., and ab. degenerana Hb., also
Acrobasis twmidana Schiff., and A. zellert Rag.—Professor Poulton,
E.R.S., exhibited and made remarks on a living example of
Polygonia c-album.—Myr. Arthur Dicksee exhibited some rare butter-
flies from Hcuador.—Dr. TF. A. Dixey, F.R.S., commented on some
recent observations he had made on the scent of butterflies, chiefly
Pierines.—Mr. H. Donisthorpe exhibited specimens of Awlonzwm
ruficorne Ol., and Hypophloeus fraxint Kug, two beetles new to the
British list taken in the Forest of Dean.

October 18th, 1922.—Professor H. B. Poulton, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S.,
etc., Vice-President, in the Chair.—Hlection of Fellows : The following
were elected Fellows of the Society: Messrs. 8. Stuart Light, Redcot,
Linton Road, Hastings; G. H. EH. Hopkins, Downing College, Cam-
bridge; V.G. L. van Someren, C.M.Z.5., etc., Nairobi, Kenya Colony.
—Hxhibitions : Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited a series of both sexes of
Leptura rubra taken in Norfolk—Dr. K. Jordan, F.R.S., exhibited
some Notodontid Moths the males of which have a remarkable organ
on the side of the abdomen. The function of this seems to be to
transmit scent from the abdomen to the hairy hind tibia and hind
wing.—Professor EH. B. Poulton read a communication from Dr.
R. GC. L. Perkins, F.R.S., on seasonal changes in the colours of the
female of A. bellargus, and exhibited specimens of males of Papilio
- dardanus from Kibwezi, Kenya Colony, in which the colouring of the
hind wing was of the western pattern. He also exhibited a living
and healthy larva of Abraxas grossulariata, the only survivor of a
fifth inbred generation that had been sleeved out on Prunus pissardee
as long ago as the 21st July, 1921.—Papers :—The following papers
were read: On Schmit-Goebel’s Types of Carabide, by Mr. H. H,

286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Andrewes; On the Larva and Pupa of Sabatinca, by R. J. Tillyard ;
On Endomychid Coleoptera, by Mr. G. J. Arrow; On the Biology of
some British Neuroptera. by Mr. C. L. Withycombe ; On the Rhopalo-
cera of the 1921 Mt. Everest Expedition, by Mr. N. D. Riley. :
November 1st, 1922.—Professor EH. B. Poulton, D.Se., M.A., F.B.S.,
etc., Vice-President, in the Chair.—Hlection of Fellows : The following
were elected Fellows of the Society: Messrs. A. N. Burns, Salisbury
Road, Rose Bay, Sydney, New South Wales; R. T. Daubeney, B.A.,
Herne Vicarage, Herne, Kent; C. C. Ghosh, B.A., Agricultural
College, Mandalay, Burma; L. G. Higgins, M.A. F.R.C.S., Heather-
side, Woking, Surrey ; J. F. Marshall, M.A., Seacourt, Hayling Island ; _
A. EK. Moore, Brookside, Brent Mead Avenue, Golders Green, N.W. ;
A. Musgrave, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales; Miss
EK. Kx. Pearce, Kempston, Bournemouth West; Messrs. H. Piazza,
4734, 48th Street, San Diego, California, U.S.A.; J. Price, 165,
Corporation Street, Stafford; the Rev. W. H. Richardson, 32,
Wanderers’ Avenue, Wolverhampton; Messrs. A. H. Ruston, Ayles-
bury House, Chatteris, Cambs; F. EH. Wilson, Jacana, Darling Road,
East Malvern, Melbourne; and H. HH. Winser, 2, Mead Road,
Cranleigh, Surrey.—Guft to the Society: The Treasurer announced
that he had received £500 towards the Housing Fund from the
Misses Chapman on behalf of their brother, the late Dr. T. A.
Chapman, I'.R.S.—Haxhibitions: Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S. exhibited —
specimens and drawings of the genitalia and scent-scales of Belenovs
gidica, Godt., with those of some other species of Belenois for com-
parison.—Dr. K. Jordan, F.R.§. described the tympanal organ of
Speiredonia, and discussed the development of this organ in the
Noctuide.—Dr. Eltringham gave some account of similar organs in
Geometrids.— Dr. KE. A. Cockayne exhibited an example of Homeeosis
in Coenonympha pamphilus L.—Mr. J. E. Collin exhibited an intersex
of Mydaea duplicata.—Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited
on behalf of Mr. H. N. Willmer living larvee of a Nemopterid from
the Egyptian desert, and Mr. E. E. Green and Dr. Imms described the
ee a similar species from India and Ceylon.—S. A. NAVE,
on. Sec.

Tur Sours Lonpon Entomonocican Socrmry.—October 12th,
1922.—Mr. EK. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.—
Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited the fungus Clavaria crispula, from
Blackheath.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a photograph, by Mr. Step, of
Clavaria pistillaris, a rare fungus found oh Ranmore Common and
Norbury Park.—-Mr. Withycombe, a queen hornet, Vespa crabro,
caught when flying over a tramear at Walthamstow.—Mr. H. Main,
recently hatched young of the slug, Arion ater, the larve of the
glow-worm Lampyris lusitanica, a wolf spider, found under stones,
closely allied to Fabre’s Lycosa narbonensis, and a black scorpion
abundant at Pont du Gard.—Mr. Step, a small snake, Tropidonotus
viverinus, from the Pont du Gard, sent him by Mr. Main.—Mr.
Blenkarn, the Coleopteron Magdalis carbonaria trom Mickleham, not
hitherto taken south of Sherwood Forest, and Fthynchites pubescens,
which was not uncommon at Westerham in June—Mr. L. W.
Newman, a painting of an aberration of Agriades coridon g from

SOCTETIES. 287

Royston, with various streaks of @ coloration, and an extremely pale
Epinephele jurtina from the Chilterns.—Lantern-slides where shown
by Mr. H. Main, of the economy of the scorpion, of Microdon sp. (Dip.)
a scavenger in ants’ nests, and of the early stages of Cetonia aurata;
by Mr. Dods, of a series of plants; by Mr. Lucas, of points in the
life-history of Raphidia notata, R. maculicollis, Chrysopa perla and
Hemerobius ; and by Mr. Bunnett, the development of the fungi
Muitimus caninus and Phallus impudicus, the fungus Geaster sp., and
ova and young larve of the woodlouse, Porcellis scaber.

October 26th, 1922.—The President in the Chair.—Mr. F. T.
Vallins, 372, Sherrard Rd., EH. 12, was elected a member.—Mr. R.
Adkin exhibited his series of Diaphora mendica with its various
local races, ete.—Messrs. O. R. and A. de B. Goodman, both sexes of
Pieris rapae and P. manni for comparison, P. napi of the extreme
summer form napaeae, approaching P. mannz in facies, anda P. napi
with a spot near the apex strongly formed.— Miss Alice Lock, Herse
convolvult and a 2 Colias croceus (edusa) intermediate to v. helice,
both from Sidmouth in September.—Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, a large
sample of 500 Pyramezs carduz bred from Oxshott parents, pointing
out specimens (1) with pale blotch in centre of fore wing, (2) with
blue centres to spots on hind wings, (3) with pink nervure running
through the white blotch, ete-—Mr. Blair, the ant Myrmecophila
acervorum from §. France.—Mr. Main, flour infested with the beetle
Tribolium ferrugineum.—Mr. Mera, a series of D. mendica, including
a dwarf smoky female.— Mr. Enefer, the roots of the bean, pointing
out the nodules which are concerned in the formation of nitrogenous
compounds, which enrich the soil for the growth of crops.—Mr.,
Tonge, his series of D. mendica.—Mr. R. Adkin read a paper,
Diaphara mendica and its varieties. A short discussion took
place.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Hditor of Proceedings.

Lonpon Naturau History Societry.-—November 7th, 1922.—Mr.
E. B. Bishop, President, in the Chair—Among the entomological
exhibits were specimens of Hyloicus pinastr? and a living larva of
Colias croceus (Dr. Cockayne), a collection of butterflies from Java (Mr.
Collenette), examples of the second brood of Lycaena argiolus showing
darker coloration (Mr. A. W. Mera), Brenthis euphrosyne selected
from a number taken last May showing variation, and a pallid
variety of Hippocrita jacobaeae (Mr. H. B. Williams), Dicycla oo
(Mr. Worsley Wood), a case of Swiss butterflies (Mr. C. B. Smith),
and galls of Andricus Malpighit on Quercus pedunculata (Mr. Ross),
Callirhytis glandiwm on Quercus cerris and Adelges piceae on Abies
_sp. Paper read—A Pilgrimage in Provence, by Mr. H. Main, illus-
_ trated by his own splendid slides and living specimens of some of
the creatures described.—H. J. Burxinn, Minuting Secretary.

988 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.

OBITUARY.

ArtHurR Horne.

As announced last month, Arthur Horne has passe
had been for some time suffering from a very grave
although several operations afforded temporary relief,
end came on September 25th last. . on

The subject of this notice was the son of the late
Horne, of Longside, Aberdeenshire, where he was born —
16th, 1864; he was thus in the fifty-eighth year of hisa
of death. An excellent business man, he rose from smi
to a position of affluence. He was the founder and prin
of “ Hornes Limited,’ one of the chief commercial
Aberdeen. ae

Ever since his boyhood Mr. Horne has been one of t
of Scotch Lepidopterists, and although he contributed li
literature of the science, he was an excellent practical
and field worker, and undoubtedly knew more of | H
species than anyone now living. He was also well knowt1
ornithologist and horticulturist. M1. Horne was a famili
at the sales of British Lepidoptera held at Stevens’s Ro
time to time, but, although he would not grudge paying £15.
a choice aberration, his judgment and sense were excellent ;
not one of those men who must have a coveted specim:
what the price might run to! Although he had been se
many months, almost to the end he continued to take a
in his loved science. He was elected a Fellow of the
Society in 1897. 7

A typical Aberdonian, Mr. Horne was shrewd to a di
of his word, absolutely upright in all his actions, good
of humour, and with much personal magnetism; he w
respected by all he came into contact with, and his early
deeply to be regretted. He was one of the, also to
dopterists who appreciated and possessed a fine library,
every book that could assist his studies being included in
collection of British Lepidoptera, one of the very
country, it is understood will be disposed of, the
bequeathed to his son Hustace, who shows \marked signs o
to follow in his father’s steps as an Entomologist.
carry on. fo

Mr. Horne was twice married, and leaves a widow nd
children, to whom we desire to express our deep sympath
heavy loss they have sustained. ;

WE very much regret to have to record the death of |
SLOPER on September 22nd last.

Also with very great regret we record the death of
Ewes on Sunday, November 26th, at Colesborne, Glouc

Wy 24

ation: ot at of. Exchange, or. of pes Sete ae in the *Entomo-
“No. Way & guarantee for ‘the British nationality, authenticity, or good »
t “Species. This Notice is hot given to throw doubt on the bona fides of
t angers or Advertisers, but to absolve the Editor from responsibility, in case the Rens
ed should be abused)” Marked * are bred.

ICES - OF. Excnaner should be padowwer by the disk OF BACH.
jure insertion. ay more than Six Lines can ‘be allowed for each.
Ay Pte Seas
— fine, ail ok.’ Immutata, Lichenaria,* Heparata, Bmarginata, >
: abidata, -Ornata, Candidata, Promutata, Taminata,. Bimaculata,
3 eyeehaand many others. Desiderata.—Many common species
35) olabale condition only, —Wm: Per acl ow Gi, Hall Hall, Low Te augihe

: Pups. of Strataria, Betulariay. Fureula, Bicuepie Duplicates,
or wae pay cash. —W. Penta; 23, Highfield Road, be ii Bir

i Xe

Duplivaie.—Pen talon vars nipro- -subroseata. (strain lost take year), a ee
examples, Desiderata.—Var. Helice, Ocularis, Impar, Ulyw vars., Cannw, -
LEXA “Simulans,” Alpina, Xanthomista, Atriplicis, Orichaicea, Semibrunnea,
ata. and bu reas vars.—R. Fs ouput u, Frederica Road, Sree:

ws Pte meinen wi Captian Innotata @) ey, ‘salieatln,s Congele- ,
a ve

tl a coe vars. oe Veuione Gylaneineae aa ee es, Dor tries, ete.
De ee “The Croft,” Listhorpe, Middlesbrough. )
Desiderata. ~-Bombyliformis, Sesiide, Ligniperda, Bifida, Quercifolia sah
ombyces” and Noctur, etc. Duwplicates.—Many good Geometers. Lists -
_ exchanged Thomas Snuth,. “Whanton Haves, Froghall, Stoke-on: Trent.
Duplic zates.— Aglaia, Adippe, ‘Paphia, Sibylla, - ‘Galatea, 'T. rubi, \Adgon,
, Corydon, Fuciformis, Mesomella, Monacha, Derasa, Batis, I...comma,
lea,” Hepatica, Straminea, Herbida, ‘Nebulosa (very light), Thalassina,
a, Promissa, Advenaria, Syringaria, Autumnaria,* “Glabraria, Extersaria,
C tearia,- Viretata, Populata, ete., ete. © iS Desiderata, SI BS Clearwings,
ereana, Unguieula, Fluctuosa, Scolopocina, Depuneta, Oo, Bractea, Venustula,
ASparsata, and many others to replace. Only fine specimens offered and wanted,
William 0. Wells, 354, Boldmere Road, Erdington, near Birmingham.
Dup acates. —Croceus _dyand © (bred), Lueiua, Corydon, Bellargus, Galatea,
ie oros » (bred), Vete,; Convolvuli (one only, fair). ‘Wanted, —Epiphron, ,
at hiops,,'‘Typhon and oth r butterflies only. Correspondenée invited. =, M.
Woodie ‘Lhe Grinstead, ” Partridge Green, Sussex.
cs Duplicat woates. —C.. ‘eroceus: (Bdasa), on ‘ambigna. Desiderata, aye ee ,
pecially. 0, ‘quadripunetaria (Hera), Dominula, A. villica and H. convolyuli.—
ae we, Ny ‘t Rosemary,” Hampton-in-Ar den, ner wickshire.»

§
> aie

F ADDRESS. Hugh Perey Jones) fr one * Bastlands,” Lymington, to
Briars,”” Brockenhurst. <-R. Stanway, Parris, L.D.8., RiC.S:, from Beach-
ingsgate, Kent, to ‘* The Gables,” Sandhurst, Berkshire.

many ae einen notes: and papers intended for publication, books
eview, ete,, and notices: of ‘Exchange -should be sent to—

eo D. RILEY, 5, ‘BROOK GARDENS, BARNES, 8S.W. 13.
~€o ntributors and correspondents | requiring nenlles or acknowledgments. are
r) ny gue sted hos enclose. stamps.

Nt iy

A Akai hs
inet of 20 ‘Drawers can. be seen on eae premises. Further particulars ia

Prices of Five-Drawered Section

Visible Parts
Mahogany.

itt er at eee OKO 4. SOO
£810 0 . £10 0 O

Solid Mahogany.

sala Mm 3
ay Top Fitting, £1 1.0 Base Fitting, 18s. Gd.

Goatidental SHES
Terms on Request. Babies <

t *

x

‘MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Enromonoeican Soctery or Lonpon, 41, Queen’s Gate, ” WwW 7 tam
South Kensington and Gloucester Road).

SoutH Lonpon ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL Hrenoay Soama Hane:
Chambers, London Bridge, 8.E. 1.—Thursday, Janwary 12th, Ordinary Meet
at 7pm. Thursday, January 26th, Annual Meeting at 7 p m.—Hon, - 8
Srantey Epwarps, F.L.S., etc., 15, St. German’s Place, Slackheats SH! Shee eee

Lonpon NATURAL History Society now meets in Hall 40, Wincheste !
House, Old Broad Street, B.C. 2, at 6.80.p.m. Full Society meetings are held o :
the first Tuesday in each month, and sectional meetings on the third Twesday. |
Visitors welcomed at all meetings.—Hon. Sec., W. E. Guiree, The Matias Albion |
Brewery, Whitechapel Road, E. o 1k aaa Nico

TYPICAL FLIES |

A Photographic Atlas. Second Series.
By E. K. PEARCE.

With 125 photographs. Royal 8vo. 15s net. .

“The photographs are as good as any we have seen of this class of insect—a peowliarly ae |

. difficult class to represent pictorially in any natural manner; the venation of the wings is ~ |)
well brought out wherever the banding or colouring of\ the wings does not obscure if, and}
there are excellent short notes ag to habitat, larval habits, and.so on under the pictures,” |
Nature on First SERIES, Te

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, FETTER LANE, LONDON, E.C. 4:

C. F. CLAY, MANAGER, |
fre

Pricu 7s. 6d. "Postage 6d. :

BRITISH PYRALIDES,

By JOHN HENRY LEECH,

INCLUDING THE

AVENTIID4Z, HERMINIHDAE, HYPENIDA: AND PTEROPHORIDA:. Wei
With Highteen Fine Lithographic Plates. » © ‘i

ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD., 23, Bartholomew ele London, Ee. 1

COLOMBIAN BUTTERFLIES WHOLESALE. as

I am prepared to supply the trade (Wholesale) with mixed Colombia 5
Butterflies, first quality, papered, original unpicked collectings ;
rare and common included. Mor “pho cypris and Amathonte for sale}
in Wholesale lots only. Large and regular shipments. _ Please
state exactly what you want, and quantity. Prices on application. ‘

GEO. G. MacBEAN (Dealer), Assiniboia, Sask., Canada.

Bx:

by;

y ni

ar

oo nn

a

-

4

1

j3f

oe

fe

Pe isco pers. ATsiahe device 10s, oxere per Section. A complete ae

Sectional Cabinet of 20 Drawers can be seen on the premises. Further particulars —__
ent « onapplication, \ J

. Prices of Five-Drawer Section 5. ae
cts Ree” een Solid Mahogany, Tae aig
18% x 18" x 2" . wl. SB OO ; &9;' 0°03 ae

Oe 18 28" (BB IO . BIO 0 0

se Top Fitting, £1 us ‘Oo. __ Bate Fitting, 18s. 6d. Vee e

ae S AUCTION ROOMS, Lid.

38, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 2.
“Sale ty Auction, Tuesday, February 1th, at 12.30.

On view day prior and morning of sale.

“THE °WELL-KNOWN. AND IMPORTANT

formed by the late A. B. FARN, Esq.

‘he first portion of the above Collection, comprising the early Genera of
, B itt flies to Ccenonympha, including many very rare species: Daplidice .—
thonia 18, Antiopa 11, Iris 50. Also long series of extraordinary ot
rieties, many unique : An entirely black Galatea, magnificent series of
4phia, many richly blotched with black, velvety black Valezina and inter-
e forms; silvery white Adippe, v. charlotta (the: Queen of England
ry) 3, rayed and richly blotched Euphrosyne and Selene, remarkable
nd. Cinxia, white Cardui, C. album, Euphrosyne 3, Urtice, Pam- ;
nira and Tithonus. Many curious and interesting asymmetrical,
dite, gynandromorphous and teratological specimens, mostly in the
ne ible condition, and labelled with exact localities, car efully collected
y She Mr. Farn, or purchased from the more important sales (during
ears ) that have been held in these Rooms.
A further portion will be seld on March Lith,

JOHN WHELDON & CO. have the er ebee stock in the coun:

Books in all departments of Natural History and Science, also Transacti
and Journals of Learned Societies, etc., in sets, runs, and single volumes
numbers. Large Collection of Entomological Books always in Stock.

Libraries or small parcels purchased.

W A N T E D ‘Canadian Entomologist,’ Vols. 30-31 (1898-99. ‘* Annales Societé |
» Entomologique de France,’ 1833-(or Vol.2, No. 1), 1839 (or Vol. 8). 7

38, GREAT QUEEN ST., KINGSWAY, wel W.C. - 1

Telephone: Gerrard, 1412.

“RARE =xOTIGayy

WATKINS & TULLETT offer from their extensive stock of Bxotic
Lepidoptera the following rarities at reasonable prices :

AMERICAN. ‘

MORPHO ZEPHYRITIS. AGRIAS lugens. 8 OSD
4 eugenia. iss lugina. Te ete os i
hecuba (¢ and.?). xs claudia (gd and ¢).

35 metellus. 2s claudia sahlikei ie aa oy:
3 perseus. narcissus,
es rhetenor (g and ?). PREPONA preeneste.
x cassica. neorterpe, éte. ee
Bs adonis. POLYGRAPHA cyanea, ot BNO
“3 lympharis ( ¢ and @). C@NOPHLEBIA archidona, ~ ay een eas
3 melaicheilus, etc. BATESIA hypoxantha, RIPE SR he
CALLITHEA philotima.- Rome eh.
PAPILIO inca. » optima (¢ and 9).
5 mercedes. sh depuiseti ( ¢ and 2)
7 columbus (g. and 2). sapphira (¢ and aie
R ecelus. CASTNIA syphax, a
i paraensis (¢ and 2). ° of eronida. a
aS homerus. is pallatinus,. Sint his
3 orthosilaus. es melanolimbata. 4 ae
ey pausanias, ete. ie quadrata. pains
_ INDO-AUSTRALIAN. A eae ee
PAPILIO weiskei. PAPILIO humbloti. Ce tae
ae krishna (gf and 9). 5 M raddei, GA Seat aati
RB karna (¢ and 9). blumei, etc. ' A See ee
ye elephenor. ARMANDIA lidderdalei ( ¢ and 2 ). i e
is parinda (¢ and @). COSCINOCERA hercules (¢ and 2 Us |
BS androcles. fete =
AFRICAN.
KALLIMA ansorgei. TERACOLUS trimeris ( g and oe a
MYLOTHRIS ruppelli. XANTHOPAN morgani (g and 9), ote, as

THRACOLUS elgonensis.

|
Price Lists on application to— .

WATKINS & TULLETT, 4!" LONDON, . |

<a

MMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES

¥

us ae a FOR SALE. RUE i
GENUINE. LARGE ‘COPPER.
pret. damaged. What. onan |

e “ Penry,” St. Alban’ s Avenue, WEYBRIDGE, SURREY,

oy -

NS’S AUCTION ROOMS, LTD., a

G ST., COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2.

iTdesday, March 14th, ie 41 2.30 p.m.

‘THE FARN COLLECTION. >

oeiion of this well- known and yaluable Collection, comprising part of the Satyridw, — :
se and -Hesperidee, including twelve Specimens of the extinct Large Copper Buttertl

rand series of Varieties of Phleas, Alexis, Adonis, Corydon and Arion; rare Sphinges py

e varieties of Caja, Villica, Plantaginis and Cribrum ; exceptionally long and varied — hs

“ Subrosea 4 (extinct), Strigosa 33, Exulis 16, Erythrocephala, Oo 40, Ocellaris 40,
ken by the late Mr. Farn); Crambide and Phycide; many hybrids and ..
o two Mahogany, Cabinets, each of 36 drawers, ate,
will sell the above by auction on Tuesday, March lth, ; ra ‘ x

jand morning of sale, . * Catalogues on spplication, 2

STEVENS’S AUCTION ROOMS, I
Natural History Books.
Wednesday, March 15th, at 12.30. ae

HE valuable and important Library of Books relating to Natural History formed —
T by the late Dr. Cuapman, F.R.S., including the Transactions and Proceedings ~
of the Zoological Society, The Entomological Society, The Ray and Linnzan Societies,
‘Genera Insectorum,’ Long Series of the ‘ Entomologist’s Record,’ “The Entomologist; —
‘The Entomological Magazine’ and ‘The Zoologist,’ together with Standard Works —
by Barrett, Curtis, Stainton, Swainson, Hewetson, Leech, Seitz, Verity and others, ~~ -

On view day prior and morning of Sale. Catalogues on application to

38 KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.2. _

Pe SS
x

NOTICE OF REMOVAL.

WATKINS & TULLETT respectfully wish to advise
their clients that they have recently removed from their
former premises (2 Edward St.) to 19 REGENT ST.,
and take this opportunity of thanking their friends for
past favours, at the same time extending a cordial
welcome to them at their new premises. Furthermore, ~
they will be happy to meet new friends interested in ~~
Entomology, with the assurance of personal attention —
to all enquiries. ees,

=

hat die

WATKINS & TULLETT,
19 Regent Street, LONDON, S.W. 1.

\

FOR SALE.—Fine and perfect Lucina, Cinxia, Plantaginis, Dominula,

Monacha, Tritici, Gracilis, Munda, Autumnaria, 2d. each ; Vespertaria, —
Advenaria, Ocellatus, Villica, 8d. each; Croceago, Syringaria, Dolabraria, ©

Pudorina, Littoralis, Fibrosa, 4d. each ; Fuciformis, Putrescens, Lychnitis, »
Flavescens var. Straminea, 6d. each. Many spring pups. Orders booked ©
for coming season. rao

A, J. SPILLER, GHINNOR, WALLINGFORD.

bos”
#
¥,

SS YT LL ng ols! eo Sere ae

Ah , - [Established » 1760], 7
38, KING. ‘ST, ‘COVENT teeta LONDON, W.C. a

2 ‘Sale by Auction, Tuesday, April 4th, at 12.30 pithy
THE FARN COLLECTION.

. Farn, Esq., comprising 14 Specimens of ©. dispar, extensive and very varied

‘series of Geometrz, Tortrices and inex, and conclusion of the Noctuz; also Pyrales,
Psychide, and Pterophori, together with the valuable Mahogany Cabinets of ab, 20,
2 an two of 18 drawers in which the Collection is arranged.

My Pah Meas Catalogues on application.

ENTOMOLOGICAL DATA LABELS.

ORDINARY TYPE. : :

i one
D good paper : 1,000 labels, 9/9; 2,000, 12/9; 3,000,15/9.
Be Hows Ce date only e lines): 1,000 labels, 9/-; 2,000, 12/-; “3,000, 15/-.

te FOR MIGROLEPIDOPTERA, &c.
tar tea in the smallest type made (“ Brilliant”), essential for such small subjects, including

si ocality, ates and name (3 lines), one to six localities, equal numbers:
1,000 labels, 12/-,; 2,000,-14 rahe ; 3,000, 18/-.

Fe ranity fhe date only (2 lines): 1,000 labels, 40/6; 2,000, 13/6; 3,000, 1 6/6.
Unequal quantities of localities, etc., or each additional line, in either style of type, 1/6 extra.
ial wordings, involving more than the average amount of matter, printed to order.

nters for Aberrations (eos ZS), - “BG ), 10, 1/6 ; 300, 3/-.

se tate whether open or black pointers required.
: Herbarium and ‘other labels also supplied,

N & aha NEWMAN, de "er Bartholomew Close, LocheeF E.C. 1.

VENS'S AUCTION ROOMS, LTD

‘Ther remaining portion of the Collection of British Lepidoptera formed by the late

date, dnd name (3 lines), one to six localities, equal numbers, hembiat and legibly printed —

oe age

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ck

NATURAL HISTORY BOOKS AND SERIALS,
WHELDON & WESLEY, LI: ~~

have the largest stock in the country of Books in all depadaenee of ‘Mataral
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Cloth, foolscap 8vo. Price 33. 6d. Postage 4d.

POCKET-BOOK of BRITISH BIRDS
By E. F. M. ELMS. 34)

‘““An inexpensive volume, which well deserves to be a ‘ pocket-book’ for those oe
wish to become field ornithologists.’ "—Zoologist. :

‘‘ Contains more information on British Birds in a compact sonra than any. noe vith

which we are acquainted.” —T'he Auwic.
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ef A
AT REDUCED: PRICES.
os W extracts of Rarities from our Sohtie Gitslagnle ‘ i
ge $ ) oY i Bon hea
_s. d, os. d,. NESSAA 8. 05-5 ap ML
LE OR 2520 hewitsoni, Fldr. he, BO Soi Gamal
foe Hs 6 + ie hatesiiy Bldr: <0. ok ae 0c BaGee
10° 0 .-— .. obrinus, L:— cass Jn 0 6. Uae
20.0) >. <> -BATESIA f; tol eal
20 0 .— > hypoxantha,S.&G...0012 6 -—
35.-0,..—, . POLYGRAPHA. - nee eh
20 0 a cyanea, §$.&G. -..., 10. 6 _
: * SIDERONE. = Fahey
PRB ote eng mars, Bates .... Sane yO) =
18 0 °— -. eonfluens ... — Gy) ae |
20% Ors ae ~CG@NOPHLEBIA «~~ :
18 0. 60 0 archidona, Hew. eh 8p hes hh e)
6 0. 10 0. ANA apices htt a8 fe
4 0 8 0 sosippus, Hpft. Oh (Ot) 4 of
£10 10/0) 52, . lineata, Salv. ..: 3 0 — :
18 0 — 2 > divina, Stgr. ..:~ brats — |
AI Ore GOS. 059° nobolis, Bates - 92D op mee “al
180. —. (CASTNIA Miia 6s Ae aly a
a Oust syphax ... 8). 02. we
9 OF 18-08 eronida 20 O —_ ae
12 6 — © pallatinus 10) Oh Se eae
Pe Ose ‘melanolimbata TIO eis toes 3
£20. O08. Pas ah 1
; : “Indo-Australian. %c ‘os
4 0. 9.0 PAPILIO Le te
8 Oo — .. elephenor, Dbl. 20 0 _ aye
Opair —~ blumei, Bdv. ... 94:0 _ Fe
androcles, Bdv. 9 0, =— ‘3
125° 0 \ 40-0" weiskei, Rihbe 25 0 _— Fa
i 2OGs ONee re ARMANDIA = ‘¥
ae moh — Ce Atkins ... 18 0 35 0 ¥
P os cypris, Seratheites acnolane and ‘didius, Urania ripheeus and —
sh yy butterflies supplied: in latge quantities, Write for prices.
AN

ny Sok ‘the following ries Lists sent without charge:
o-Australian, bigs oh mmenenn. Rete a

STEVENS’S AUCTION — .

(Rstabichea 1760.)

Mr. J. GC. STEVENS will sell by-auction on the above date iimew roe) clection
British Lepidoptera, including Bpme extinct species and a few varieties. |

nea and a number of Cabinets, etc.

On view day prior and morning of sale. Catalogués t on. appl ae

38, KING SERER COVENT asians ais LONDON,

LOCALITY LABELS

Printed by an Entomologist —for Entomologists! —
Neat type. Accurate work. Labour-saving. arrangement, L
Send stamp (1d.) for Price List and Samples. — Pe LN

OR SALE.—Entomological cabinet » good maker.
oie cells, ete. Lift: glass tops. 17 drawers, 184 in. x 2

x £20 f.or. Particulars on application. "Also local:
15- nee cabinet, 15” x 22”, class tops. Suitable for been ‘
offer over £10 f.o.r. Apply—

Capt. HAYWARD, Vicarage, Bruton.

Cloth, foolscap 8v0, Price 8s. 6d. Postage ad.

By E. F. M. ELMS.

“An inexpensive volume, which well deserves to che a ‘ pocket- book” in ‘those whe
wish to become field ornithologists.” —Zoologist. |

_ Contains more information on British Birds in’a compet form than any bo
which we are acquainted.”—T'he Auit.

ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, Ltd., Bartholomew Close, London,

‘ORY
\

n the ar of Backs in all acacia of Natural
so Transactions and J: ournals of Learned At ete.,
ngle volumes or numbers. ©.

Collection of Entomological Books always in Stock.

ate Catalogues on all subjects twopence each, post free.
Libraries or small parcels purchased. _

EAT QUEEN ST., KINGSWAY, LONDON, W.C. 2.

. Telephone; Gerrard, 1412. Ms ek

‘OLUTIONARY |

Cc llecting nd Preserving all Forms of Small Insect Life— | =,
er “without in any way injuring the specimen— ie

-“THYMO-PLAS.”

imen ae placed in an air-tight cell formed by a ring of * Thymo-. 4 ied
d poaperarent covers. Complete eins 3/4 and bis Sk free. Fe ae &

| Crown 4to. 344 Pages. 105 IHustrations. 15s. net. Postage f Is.

For Medical and Junior ‘Students.

| Aros } aa \ ‘
D r. GILCHRIST, M. ms D.Sc., Ph.D., anv C. von BONDE, M.A., |
: Pi pia of Zoology in the University uf _ Lecturerin Zoology in the University
Cape Town, Py iey of Cape Town.

Ge tive features of the book are the particularly clear arrangement of the text, with the ee

und pages left blank to enable the student to draw up his own diagrams, and the remarkably } ,+—
ition of the 105 illus maton, most of which are entirely pena and have peer drawn from, SN i

et dissections. ; f :
feta toga sent post free on application. oe

, et als o

7

BENTALL Naturalist, Aes 4

4

a eee
The asaoine you have ies walla for
The Magazine that is different . . . . 9% | =

PAPERS REVIEWS. NOTES PHOTOGRAPHS -

Prospectus from the Hditor—

NOW READY. Demy 8vo, Cloth extra, 276 pp. Three Coloured an |
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VIGOUR AND HEREDIT}

J. LEWIS: BONHOTE, M.A. F.L.S., F.Z.S, ay
Price 10s. 6d. net. ene ee
ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, Ltd., Bartholomew Close, — |

Wanted.—aAsiatic and African Buttered in papers
Coleoptera ‘and full series British Humble Bees (fresh
specimens preferred, pinned but unset). In exchange for
S. American Lepidoptera (many bred) and other insects.
Address for correspondence :—W. Burun, c/o F. C. Buran s
Caur Be Tacarigua, Trinidad, B-W.I.

saibateihscaeipadhcbebenides ic DATA LABELS.

ORDINARY TYPE.

; Locality, date, and name (3 lines), one to six localities, equal numbers, edt and legibly printed
on good paper: 1,000 labels, 9/9% 2,000; 12/9; 3,000, 15/9. x

Locality and date only (2 lines): 1,000 labels, 9/-; 2,000, 42/-; 3,000, 415/=. ; # i" ae

FOR MICROLEPIDOPTERA, &c. °
Printed in the smallest type made (‘‘ Brilliant’’), essential for such small subjects i including
locality, date, and name (3 lines), one to six localities, equal numbers :
1,000 labels, 12/-; 2,000, 15/-; 3,000, 18/-. ‘ f
Locality and date only (2 lines): 1,000 labels, 10/6; 2,000, 13/6; 3,000,16/6. ~ © Hy hey
Unequal quantities of localities, etc., or each additional line, in either style of type, ule extr
Special wordings, involving more than the average amount of matter, printed to order,

Pointers for Aberrations (is “25i), I- “2, 100, 4/6; 300 H

Please state whether open or black pointers required.
Herbarium and other labels also’ supplied.

A a IR GT Pa Sic Nal bolt Fecaltes
Sigg at Ak eS ad i
N WTO SEY > Pitty y : ana “

|
y
y Vv
A: ‘sinaple & Loranent mgthiod : a a

2 :: for mounting insects, etc. ::

Adopted by the Entomological Department, it
— Royal College of Science, London. —— STG

\

Price 3/- (postame 6d.), sae Bis (postage ae

HARBUTT’S PLASTIGINE, at
56, Ludgate Hill, E. C.4, LTD,

r AND y : AD a

Wie Bathampton, nr. Bath. vg one

‘Agent: G. A. BENTALL, F.Z.S. Ae
392, Strand, LONDON, W. ae AO eye ~

. Wanted. LoAslatie and Rec Butterdies. in - papers;
optera and full series British ‘Humble Bees (fresh 7
specimens preferred, pinned but unset). - In exchange for
American | Lepidoptera (many bred) and other insects.
ess for correspondence :—W. Borun,- c/o aver 8 Buran, ° pec
Jau ay Tacarigua, Prinadad, Y 3 6 a are ame : : ae

mat EADY. Demy 8yo, Cloth nate. 276 pp., Three Ealouste and ie
Eight Uncoloured Plates, with Diagrams in the text. | | be

IGOUR AND HEREDITY) |

LEWIS BONHOTE, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S,
Price 10s. 6d. net.

| ; oie: A ans ; ; 4 ' mat ‘ j ; tok
* Method of Collecting and Preserving all Forms of Small Inseet bife—
without in any way injuring the specimen— eee

“THYMO-PLAS.”

The specimen is placed in an air-tight cell formed by a ring of * Thyvawe
Plas” and transparént covers. Complete Outfits 3/6 and 6/9 post free.

Full particulars and directions by Dr. Alfred-Moore, F.H.S., on receipt of stamp. i
HARBUTT’S PLASTICINE Lid., 48, Bathania BATH. - i

ho

ne

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WANTED, TO BUY OR EXCHANGE.—Catocalina;
Sphingide, Arctiide, Saturnide and Ceratocampide: from all
parts of the world. Prompt payment. Specimens on
approval solicited.—MORTIMER L. J; HIGGINS, 1303, Pea St.,
N.W., Washington, D.C., United States.

TO LET.—Comfortable Apartments. Good Table. Parties Catered
for. Close to Fen. Apply—
Mrs. Nixon, ro eee
“Red Lion,” slag
Wicken, Soham, Cambs.

ENTOMOLOGICAL DATA LABELS.

ORDINARY TYPE.

Locality, date, and name (3 lines), one to six localities, equal numbers, neatly and legibly printed
an good paper : if 000 labels, 9/9; 2,000, 12/9; 3,000, 15/9. .

Locality and date only (2 lines): 1,000 labels, 9/-; 2,000, 12/-: 3,000, 15/=. eS

FOR MIGROLEPIDOPTERA, &c. - ee ai:

Printed in the smallest type made (‘‘ Brilliant’’), essential for such small subjects; ineluding.
locality, date, and name (3 lines), one to six localities, equal numbers : M

1,000 labels, 12/=; 2,000, 15/-; 3,000, 18/-. ae
Locality and date only (2 lines): 1,000 labels, 10/G; 2,000, 4 3/6; 3,000, 1 bie.

Unequal quantities of localities, etc., or each additional line, in either style of type, As 2 extra.
Special wordings, involving more than the average amount of matter, printed to order.

Pointers for Aberrations is” “as ast), (s~ “aw, 100, 1/6 ; 300, 3/-

Please state whether open or black pointers required.
Herbarium and other labels also supplied.

ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD., 23, Bartholomew Close, London, E. 6 1

wv
DON & "WESLEY HY om |
ock in the country of Books in all departments of Natural
nce, also Transactions and J ournals of Learned Societies, etc., ;
single volumes or numbers. b.
ollection of Entomological ‘Books always in Stock. vines

rate Catalogues on all subjects twopence each, post free.
nes or small parcels ‘purchased.

INET. Must be i in oad condition and cite hes
i. G. H. Gurney, ae
ne ee | Keswick,

ee a viee Norwich.

a some fine South African eitte, together wth, about a
" Price the lot, £5, or

a
ae ag The Magazine you have been seca for
The Magazine that is different

“y
REVIEWS NOTES PHOTOGRAPHS j

pet the Editor— — ie
‘RENSHAW Bridge House, Sale, MANCHESTER. ‘a

Demy 8vo, Cloth. 292 pp. 38854 illustrations.

PLANT GALLS oF GREAT BRITAIN.
. A NATURE STUDY HANDBOOK. sone s

ties
EDWARD T. CONNOLD, F.Z.8., F.H.S.

Price 5s. net; post free, 5s. Gd. : ~

ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, Ltd., Bartholomew Close, London, E.C. 1.

POR SALE.—All fine specimens—Lucina, Cinxia, 2d.
Croceago, Littoralis, Pudorina, Xerampelina, Ridens, 4d. —
Lychnitis, Chaonia, Quadra, 6d. Alyecta, Ravida, Obsoleta, —
Craccee, Gueenei, 9d. Pruni, Connexa, Brevilinea, 1/6 each.
Nearly every other species equally cheap. Many pupe, none
inbred. ni Mee

A. J. SPILLER, CHINNOR, WALLINGFORD. |

ENTOMOLOGICAL DATA LABELS. |

ORDINARY TYPE.

Locality, date, and name (3 ines), one to six localities, equal numbers, neatly and legibly printed ~
on good paper: 1,000 labels, 9/9; 2,000, 12/9; 3,000, 15/9, V

Locality and date only (2 lines): 1,000 labels, 9/=; 2,000,42/=; 3,000, 15/-.

FOR MICROLEPIDOPTERA, &c.

Printed in the smallest type made (‘‘ Brilliant’’), essential for such small stibjecis, including
locality, date, and name (3 lines), one to six localities, equal numbers:

1,000 labels, 12/=; 2,000, 15/-; 3,000, 18/e A
Locality and date only (2 lines) > 1,000 labels, 10/6; 2,000, 13/6; 3,000, 16/6,

Unequal quantities of localities, etc., or each additional line, in either style of type, 1 iS extra, st
Special wordings, involving more than the average amount of matter, printed to order,

Pointers for Aberrations (as el), - a), 100, 1/65, 300, a

Please state whether ope or black pointers required.
Herbarium and other labels also supplied.

ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD., 23, Bartholomew Close, London, EC. 1 a

Ley,

Ta Seay beta GR fete eon ee

int. 9 40) 1896, cued ‘vols. : : “1997

); unbound vyols., all complete except January
Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ 1893 —
a4, y sing. ‘ Transactions of Entomological

Parts I, Il and III. - ‘Lloyd’s Natural History—
by Krrsy, Parts Ito XV. ‘Natural History of British

, Parts 14 to 17. ‘Entomologist’s Annual,’ 1855, 1857,
73.. ‘Handbook of British Lepidoptera,’ by EDwarp.
‘Handbook of Coleoptera,’ by Herzerr E. Cox,.
. ‘Naturalist’s Library;’ Vol. II—* Beetles,’ by J.
(30 coloured plates). ‘British Coleoptera,’ by W.: Ei
40 (94 beautiful plates). ‘British Beetles,’ by Rym and
‘An Introduction to Entomology,’ with plates, By: 4
pean, 2 vols., , 3rd. edition, 1818. What offers? et

7 eNatcral’ Veletay Work
te. uiliien! sought by. boy. just ett school.
PRINCIPAL, Ss. Margaret's College, LOWESTOFT. eee
wes Rk

ae

faa

age
oe

4x

OLLECTOR oe ties acquire ies: by purchase —
or exchange, a few good aberrational forms of British”
les. Write Pane to— . ERP

a

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Re
“af

FOR. SALE. rhe: Hutemologiat: , Fans 1878-1922 ea
‘inclusive, uniformly bound up to 1914; last eight years <a
unbound, but complete. Also ‘ Entomologist’s ‘Record, eee
‘ols. I- 17 inclusive, uniformly bound.

D. A. HILL, Vanessa Cottage, GREAT CLACTON, ESSEX.

ruant 6 GALLS of GREAT BRITAIN, |
i : | i é ip WALD ES STUDY HANDBOOK. ; /
| - EDWARD Le CONNOLD, E.Z. s, F.H.S.

Price 5s. net; post free, 5s. 6d.
-

ae eam NEWMAN, Ltd., Bartholomew Close, London, BC

M ‘i '

NOW. READY. Demy 8vo, Cloth extra, 276 | pp, Thee Coloured
Eight Uncoloured Plates, with Diagrams-in the text. —

VIGOUR AND HEREDITY|

J. LEWIS Bee M.A., F.L.S., PZ.S,
Price. 10s. 6d. net.
ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, Ltd., Bartholomew Close, London, Ey C. ie

OR SALE.—All fine, specimens. Autumnaria, Mimoga, ‘Munda,
Gracilis, Rubricosa, Verbasci, Glareosa, Upsilon, Suspecta, Cerago,
. Chi, Plantaginis, Perla (vars.), Valligera, Advenaria, L. comma, —
Fiezac, 2d. each, 1/6 doz., assorted species. Socia, Fibrosa, Cespites,
4d. each. Valezina, Trepida, Chaonia, 6d. éach. — Abjecta, Na
Leporina, Gueenei, Occulta, Radiata (var.), Flavescens (var.), 9d: each ;
etc., etc.

A. J. SPILLER, CHINNOR, WALLINGFORD. —

ENTOMOLOGICAL DATA LABELS.

ORDINARY $TYPE.

Locality, date, and name (3 lines), one to six' localities, equal numbers, neatly and legibly in
on good paper: 1,000 labels, 9/9; 2, 000, 12/9; 3,000, 15/9.

Locality and date only (2 lines): 1,000 labels, 9/-; 2,000, 12/- 5 3,000,,45/=,

FOR MICROLEPIDOPTERA, &c. a
Printed in the smallest type made (“‘ Brilliant’’), essential for such small subjects, including: ©
locality, date, and name (3 lines), one to six localities, egual numbers:
1,000 labels, 12/= ; 2,000, 15/-; 3,000, 18/-.
Locality and date only (2 lines) : 1,000 labels, 10/6; 2,000, 13/6; 3,000, 16/6.
Unequal quantities of localities, ete., or each additional lane! in either style of type, 1/6 extra.
Special wordings, involving more than the average amount of matter, printed to order,

Pointers for Aberrations (tas es), m= “aw ), 100, 1/6 ; 300, 3/-, a

Please state whether open or black pointers required,

Herbarium and other labels also supplied,

ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, LTD., 23, Bartholomew Close, ee E.C. 1.

WANTED. |

Small Collection of NORTH BRITISH COLEOPTERA.
FRED. F. WOOD, EASTONS, DITCHLING, SUSSEX. ye ‘

Cuanczs or Appress.—H. J. Burkill from 79, Cornhill, E.C. 3, 40:85 Newman’ Ss
Court, Cornhill, E.C.3.—F. W. Frohawk from “ Uplands,” Thundersley, Hssex,
‘to clo’ Dr. A. G.. Butler, 124, Beckenham Road, Beckenham, Kent.—W. G.
Sheldon from~‘ Youlgreave,” 8. Croydon, to ‘‘ West ‘Watch, ” Limpsfield, Surrey.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.—All notes and papers intended for publication, books.
for review, etc., and notices of Exchange should be sent to—
N. D. RILEY, 5, BROOK GARDENS, BARNES, S.W. 43.

Contributors and correspondents requiring replies or acknowledgments. are.
respectfully requested to enclose stamps.

' a
jew

eee ag

A simple & permanent method
:: for mounting insects, etc. ::

Adopted by the Entomological Department,
—— Royal College of Science, London. ——

4

Price 3/- (postage 6d.), and 6/= (postage 9d.)

HARBUTT'S PLASTICINE,

56, Ludgate Hill, E.C.4, LTD.,
i : AND j
Bathampton, nr. Bath.

Patural History Bookseller

Has always in Stock

A LARGE AND COMPREHENSIVE SELECTION
—— OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS ON ——

logy, Botany, Geology, etc.

Recently Purchased

THE WHOLE OF THE REMAINING STOCKS OF THE

as ae AND _
Bares: on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of
Ss.) “Challenger” during the Years 1872-76. ,

at Miran OGens SENT ON APPLICATION

New Bond St., London, W. I.

, ade*,

WHELDON & WESLEY Roa ——

have the largest stock in the country of Books in all departments of Natural — i
History and Science, also Transactions and Journals of Learned’ Societies, ete., 2 :
in sets, runs, and single volumes or numbers.

Large Collection of Entomological Books. always in Stock.
Separate Catalogues on all subjects twopence each, post free.
Libraries or small parcels purchased, Rie:

2,3 & 4, ARTHUR STREET, NEW OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C. a

Telephone: Gerrard 1412.

WANTED. ;
SEITZ’ ‘PAL/EARCTIC LEPIDOPTERA.’ 4
English Edition.
ALBERT F. ROSA, M.D., 28, PITT. STREET, epINBURGH, :

A FEW FINE ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES
For Sale.

Wild and Bred, including rare and unusual forms. . Cuaranteed British only.

G. B. OLIVER, OXFORD STREET, HIGH WYCOMBE. —

a

OR SALE.—AIl fine specimens, per each. Monacha, Salicis, Pini-”
perda, Lunaria, Illustraria, Tiliaria, 2d.; Unanima, Herbida, .
Glauca, 3d.; Fascelina, P. populi, Neglecta, Hrosaria, Aceris, ©

Croceago, Tincta, Orion, 4d.; Quadra, 'Trepida, 6d.; Caniola, Abjecta,
Sobrina, Subsequa, Ravida, 9d. ;- Chryson, Bubigines, 1/6; aie:
Hmpyrea, 2/6, etc.

A. J. SPILLER, CHINNOR, WALLINGFORD.

¥

Demy 8vo, Cloth. 292 pp. 354 illustrations,

PLANT GALLS oF GREAT BRITAIN.
A NATURE,-SPUDY HANDBOOK.
By 1A
EDWARD T. CONNOLD, B.Z'8., 1 Ee.

Price 5s. net; post free, 5s. 6d.

ADLARD & SON & WEST NEWMAN, Ltd., Bartholomew Close, London, E.C.1, ‘

4 TA i

eV Es
i