THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED BY PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK THE ENTOMOLOGISTS LOG-BOOK AND DICTIONARY OF THE LIFE HISTORIES AND FOOD PLANTS OF THE BRITISH MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA GIVING MANY THOUSANDS OF FACTS AND DATA CONNECTED WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE OVA, LARV.E, PVPM, AND IMAGINES; METHODS OF CAP- TURE; HABITATS; FOOD PLANTS; AUTHORITIES; SYNONYMS IN LATIN AND ENGLISH THROUGHOUT BY ALFRED GEORGE SCORER FELLOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY; MEMBER OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, CIRENCESTER ; PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATE OF THE SURVEYORS' INSTITUTION, ETC. LONDON : GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & SONS, LIMITED BROADWAY HOUSE, 68-74 CARTER LANE, E.G. 1913 S3CT PREFACE THE personal want of a suitable book in which to record fresh observations of the various stages in the life histories of the British Macro -Lepidoptera led to the compilation of the following pages. The task entered upon proved heavier than might have been expected, and took much research and time to bring into shape. While descriptions have been avoided, an endeavour has been made to provide active collectors with a work in which they will not only find the more salient points connected with the appearances, habits, etc., of Lepidoptera in their various stages recorded, but one that will furnish at the same time a simple medium for registering their own observations in alphabetical order, and so save them the trouble and worry of searching among old diaries and note-books for data they may be asked for or require themselves. All names are given in Latin and English. The nomenclature generally followed is that adopted by Mr South in his valuable book, The Butterflies and Moths of the British Isles. Synonyms, specific and generic, however, have been given as well. Under each food plant those larvae which commonly feed on it are given in alphabetical generic order, together with the times of appearance, but the specific names, as being more commonly used, have been placed first. These lists should lead to the quicker identification of species, give collectors hints what to look for and at what times of the year to search, and at the same time enable breeders to see at a glance what insects can be bred on the trees, shrubs, and plants growing in their own immediate locality. Every possible care has been taken to give facts that are thoroughly reliable and generally accepted as being correct. Many of the egg-laying data are new and hitherto unpublished, vi PREFACE thanks to the generous help afforded by several well-known entomologists. A little margin must be allowed for appearances of insects in abnormal seasons, and for the differences in latitude. For any errors of commission the indulgence of readers is asked. The author would feel grateful if they would kindly point these out, so that mistakes may be eliminated from any subsequent edition, should one be called for. Owing to the life histories of many rare insects being as yet imperfectly known, there are many omissions. An earnest appeal is made to entomolo- gists of standing to fill up these blanks as data and facts become known. Such help will be gratefully acknowledged. Information is particularly sought respecting egg-laying habits, and for actual dates of ovi-deposition and hatching ; for peculiarities of larvse, and for the names of unrecorded food plants ; for methods of treatment of pupae ; for pairing habits, hours of emergence, etc., of imagines ; and for any other hints that will tend to make the book more complete and up-to-date. The writer's sincerest thanks are due to Mr Hartley Durrant, of the British Museum, for his valuable suggestions ; to Messrs B. W. Adkin, R. Adkin, F. A. Oldaker, and A. E. Tonge, for supplying information on many points ; and indirectly to many other entomologists for the generous help given at various times over a considerable period. Also to Miss Field for her help in typewriting my manuscript — a task which, as may be imagined, was not an easy or congenial one. The books consulted are too many to mention in detail. They include the standard works, and for the facts derived therefrom, and for information obtained from the various entomological magazines and other publications of a similar character, the author is greatly indebted. A. G. SCORER. HlLLCREST, CHILWORTH, GUILDFORD. ABBREVIATIONS Beg. P. beginning Larva Pupa I. O. 1-12 Imago Ovum January- December LIST OF AUTHORS' NAMES WHERE ABBREVIATED B. or Bois. Boisduval Kn. Knoch Barr. Barrett L. Linnaeus Bgstr. Bergstrasser Lasp. Laspeyres Bkh. (or Bork.) Borkhausen La. Lederer Brh. Brahm Lef. Lefebre Cap. Caprieux Lew. Lewiu Cl Clerck Mab. Mabille Cr. Cramer Mull. Muller Curt. Curtis O. (or Och.) Ochsenheimer Dbld. Doubleday Pall. Pallas Don. Donovan Panz. Panzer Dup. Duponchel Pod. Poda Esp. Esper Ramb. Rambur EvT Everman Ross. Rossi F. (or Fab.) Fabricius Rott. Rottenberg Forst. Forster Sc. Scopoli Frr. Freyer Schrk. Schrank Fuesl. Fuessly Stph. Stephens Gern. Gerning Tausch. Tauscher Gn. Guence Thnb. Thunberg Gregs. Gregson Tr. Treitshke Gz. Goeze View. Vieweg Hatch. Hatchet Vill. Villers H.-B. Hiibner and Wd. Wood Geyer Wernb. Werneburg Hoch. Hochenwarth Wk. Wocke H.-S. Herrick-Schaffer Zett. Zetterstedt Hufn. Hufnagel Zk. Zincken Hw. (or Haw.) Haworth THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK abbreviata, Stph., Eupithecia. (Brindled Pug) L 6-7 Sometimes earlier. On Quercus. Beat. P. 7-3. In earthen cocoon. I. 3-4. Rests on tree-trunks. Comes to light and Sallow. 0. 5. Hatch in 15 days. Abies excelsa. (Spruce Fir) abietaria, Boarmia. (Satin Carpet) L. 8-5. Beat at night in spring, piniaria, Bupalus. (Bordered White) L. 8-9 or 10. togata, Eucymatoge. (Cloaked Pug) L. 7-8. Feeds on the base of seeds in the cone. Search for frass in fallen cones, 8-9. lariciata, Eupithecia. (Larch Pug) L. 6-7. Later North, pusillata, Eupithecia. (Dwarf Pug) L. 6-7. flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook-tip) L. 9-4 or 5. On Lichens. Beat. abietaria, Hb. (ribeata, Clerck), Boarmia. (Satin Carpet) L. 8-5 (end). Feeds mostly at night. Nibbles through the winter. Feeds on Abies excelsa, Betula, Crataegus (recorded), Pinus sylvestris, Prunus spinosa (recorded), Quercus, and Salix caprea. P. 6. Just below ground at foot. I. 6-8. Rests on trunks. Comes to sugar. Best bred. Sleeved - out females will ovi- deposit through the muslin on to the outside. 0. 7-8. Hatch in 19 days. 1 A 2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK abjecta, Hb., Hama (Mamestra). (Crescent Striped) L. 9-6. On Graminese, by the edges of salt marshes and tidal rivers. Hides by day. P. 6. In an earthen cocoon spun up amongst stones. I. 6-8. Comes to sugar and Marram Grass flowers, especially in early July. 0. 7-8. Abraxas. Genus includes grossulariata and sylvata. Abrostola. Genus includes tripartite^ and triplasia. abrotani = artemisice, Hufn. abruptaria, Thnb., Hemerophila (Synopsia). (Waved Umber) L. 5-8. On Cytisus, Jasminum, Ligustrum vulgare, Ribes, and Syringa vulgaris. Hangs pendant from twigs. P. 9-4. In cocoons on the twigs, or between the forks of branches. Will spin up on leno when sleeved out. I. 4-5. Rests on trunks, palings, and walls, etc. Comes to light. O. 4-5. Hatchings recorded 14, 15, 24, and 26 days. absinthiata, CL, Eupithecia. (Wormwood Pug) L. 8-10. On the flowers of Achillea millefolium, Eupa- torium cannabinum, Senecio jacobeea, and Solidago. P. 10-6. In an earthen cocoon. I. 6-7. Comes to light. 0. absinthii, L., Cucullia. (The Wormwood) L. 8-9. On the flowers and seeds of Artemisia absinthium and A. vulgaris. P. 10-6. I. 7. 0. Acacia. (Eobinia hispida) Acer campestris. (Maple) aceris, Acronycta. (The Sycamore) L 8-9. alni, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. Night feeder, but enjoys sunshine, THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 3 luteata, Asthena. (Small Yellow Wave) L. 8-9 or 10. Beat, annulata (omicronaria), Ephyra (Zonosoma). (The Mocha) L. 6 and 8-9. inturbata (subciliata), Eupithecia. (Maple Pug) L. 4 or 5-6. Beat, cuculla (ina), Lophopteryx. (Maple Prominent) L. 6 or 7-9. Beat, plumigera, Ptilophora. (Plumed Prominent) L. 4 or 5-6. aceris, L., Acronycta. (The Sycamore) L. 8-9. On Acer campestris, A. pseudo-platanus Aesculus hippocastanum, and Quercus (recorded). When young eats under side of leaf only. Rests under leaves. P. 10-6. Spun up on or behind bark. In confinement amongst dead leaves and moss, etc. I. 6-7. Rests on trunks. Comes to light and sugar. O. Acer pseudo-platanus. (Sycamore or Plane) aceris, Acronycta. (The Sycamore) L. 8-9. annulata (omicronaria), Ephyra (Zonosoma). (The Mocha) L. 6 and 8-9. In confinement, cuculla (ina), Lophopteryx. (Maple Prominent) L. 6 or 7-9. Beat, gilvago, Mellinia (Xanthia). (The Dusky-lemon Sallow) L. 4 to 5 or 6. Feeds on the seeds, aurago, Ochria (Xanthia). (The Barred Sallow) L. 4 or 5-6 or 7. In confinement give buds to feed on at first, plumigera, Ptilophora. (Plumed Prominent) L. 4 or 5-6. pyrina (sesculi), Zeuzera. (Leopard Moth) L. 2-3 years. Feeds inside branches, preferring growths of from 3-8 inches diameter. Acherontia. Genus includes atropos. Achillea millefolium. (Yarrow or Milfoil) marginepunctata (promutata), Acidalia. (Mullein Wave) L. 7 and 9-5. lutulenta, Aporophvla (Epunda). (Deep-brown Dart) L. 9-4. gilvaria, Aspilates. (Straw Belle) L. 9-6. 4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK absinthiata, Eupithecia. (Wormwood Pug) L. 8-10. On the flowers, oblongata, Eupithecia. (Lime-speck Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers, subfulvata, Eupithecia. (Tawny Speckled Pug) L. 9-10. On the flowers, succenturiata, Eupithecia. (Bordered Pug) L. 9-10. Night feeder on flowers and leaves, contigua, Mamestra (Hadena). (The Beautiful Brocade) L. 8-9. zonaria, Nyssia. (The Belted Beauty) L. 5-8. achillese, Esp., Zygcena. L. (?) On Astragalus and Coronilla. p. (?) I. 6-7. Has been known to pair with male filipendulse. 0. Acidalia. Genus includes aversata, bisetata, contiguaria, degeneraria, dimidiate, fumata, herbariata, holosericata, humiliata, imitaria, immorata, immutata, inornata, inter jectaria, mar- ginepunctata, ochrata, ornata, perochraria, remutaria, rubiginata, rusticata, strami- nata, strigilaria, subsericeata, trigeminata, and virgularia. acis, Schiff = semiargus, Rott. Aconitum. (Monk's-Hood) moneta, Plusia. (Golden Plusia). L. 5-6. Acontia. Genus includes lucida var. albicollis and luctuosa. Acosmetia. Genus includes caliginosa. Acronycta. Genus includes aceris, alni, auricoma, euphor- bice, leporina, megacephala, menyanthidis, myricce, psi, rumicis, strigosa, and tridens. acteeon, Esp,, Adopcea (Thymelicus). (Lulworth Skipper) L, 5-7. On Brachypodium pinnatum. In confine- ment will eat B. sylvaticum, and it is said Poa annua, Triticum junceum, and T. repens. Bests in a tube made of a single or two or THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 5 three grass blades, whose edges have been drawn together. Feeds at night outside retreat. P. 6-7. Between spun leaves. I. 7-8. Emerges at night. Comes to flowers of Rest-harrow and Lucerne. Best caught about 5 P.M. 0. 7. The larva is developed in a fortnight, but hibernates in the shell. Eggs are de- posited low down on dried leaves of food plant. adeequata, Hkh.=blandiata, Hb. adippe, L., Argynnis. (High Brown Fritillary) L. 4-6. On Viola canina. P. 6. Suspended in a tent-like structure. About a fortnight in this stage. 1. 7. Fond of Thistles. 0. 7 or 8-3 or 4. Larva develops in autumn, but hibernates in shell. adonis, Hb.=bellargus, Rott. Adonis Blue, (bellargus, Rott, Lyccena) Adopsea. Genus includes actceon, lineola, and thaumas. Adscita. Genus includes geryon and statices. adusta, Esp., Eumichtis (Hadena). (Dark Brocade) L. 7-9. On Gramineae, Lactuca, Myrica gale, Poly- gonum, Salix caprea, and Silene cucubalus, and S. inflata. Hibernates when full fed. P. 3-6. In a cocoon. 1. 6-7 or earlier. Comes to sugar and light. O. 6-7. Hatch in about a fortnight. adustata, Schiff, Ligdia. (Scorched Carpet) L. 6-7 and 8-9. On Euonymus europseus. P. 6-7 and 9-4. Spun up amongst leaves. I. 4 or 5-6 and 8. Beat out. Comes to sugar and light. 0. advena, F., Aplecta (Mamestra). (Pale Shining Brown) L. 7-9. Night feeder on Cytisus scoparius, Lactuca, 6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Ononis, Polygonum, Sonchus, Taraxacum, and Vaccinium myrtillus. Hides below ground by day. P. 9-6. I. 6-7. Sometimes autumn in confinement. Comes to sugar and light, and to flowers of Lychnis, Stachys, Teucrium, Echium, and Lilium Martagon. 0. 6. Hatch in about a fortnight. advenaria, Hb., Epione. (Little Thorn) L. 7-8. On Cornus, Rosa, Rubus fruticosus, Salix caprea, and Vaccinium myrtillus. (Where this last occurs the other foods are not used.) P. 9-5. Below ground. 1. 5-6. Comes to sugar. Best bred. O. Hatch in 10-14 days. segeria, 1i. = egeria, L. eegon, Schi^.-argus, Hw. senea, Hb.^viridaria, Cl. sescularia, Schiff., Anisopteryx. (March Moth) L. 4-6. On Be tula, Cerasus, Crataegus, Ligustrum, Prunus, P. spinosa, Ribes, and Rosa. P. 6 or 7-3. Below ground at foot. I. 3-4. Rests on trunks and palings by day and on hedges by night. Beat for wingless females. Males come to light. 0. 3-4. Laid round twigs in hair-covered necklaces of 200 or so. aesculi, 'L.=pyrina) L. flSsculus hippocastanum. (Horse Chestnut) aceris, Acronycta. (The Sycamore) L. 8-9. hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder. monacha, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Black Arches) L. 4-7. sethiops, Esp. (blandina, F.), Erebia. (Scotch Argus) L. 9-6. Night feeder on Gramineaa, especially on Poa and Aira. Hibernates low down in grass THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 7 tufts from 10-5. When searching at dusk, do not use a light. P. 7. Suspended head up. I. 7-8. 0. 8. Laid on grass stems. Hatch in about 3 weeks. affinis, L., Cosmia (Calymnia). (Lesser-spotted Pinion) L. 4-6. Night feeder on the lower branches of Ulmus campestris. Hides by day between leaves. Cannibal on other larvae. P. 7. In a loose cocoon amongst rubbish at foot, or in bark crevices. I. 7-8. Beat by day Comes to sugar, honeydew, and light. 0. affinitata, Stph., Perizoma (Emmelesia). (The Rivulet) L. 7-9. On the seeds of Lychnis dioica and L. vespertina. P. 9-6. On the ground. I. 6-7. And from early eggs sometimes in 8. Beat out of herbage by day. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. 0. agathina, Dup., Agrotis. (Heath Rustic) L. 9-6. On Calluna, Erica, and Salix caprea (as a change in confinement). Hides by day. Sweep at night in May, and reject small larvae. Give plenty of air in confinement. P. 6. Spun up close to ground at foot. Keep cool in confinement, or are unlikely to hatch. 1 . 7 (end)-9. Flies for three-quarters of an hour at dusk. Fond of Heather, from which it drops like a stone when disturbed. 0. 9. Scattered on leaves and stems. Hatch in about 3 weeks. agestis, Hb.=astrarche, Bgstr. aglaia, L., Argynnis. (Dark Green Fritillary) L. 8-5 or 6. On Viola canina, and V. tricolor (in confinement). Hibernates early under dead leaves. Search by day in spring. P. 6-7. Suspended amongst drawn leaves. I. 7-8. Fond of Thistles on flowery slopes. 8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 0. 8. Laid on the leaves. Hatch in about a fortnight. Best found by following a female from plant to plant. Agrimony (Eupatorium) Agriopis. Genus includes aprilina. Agrotis. Genus includes agathina, ashworthii, cinerea, comes, corticea, cursoria, exclamationis, hyper- borea (alpina), lucernea, lunigera, nigri- cans, obelisca, obscura, orbona, prcecox, pronuba, puta, ripce, saucia, segetum, simulans, strigula, subsequa, tritici, vesti- gialis, and ypsilon. Aira cee spitosa. (Tufted Hair Grass) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. sethiops (blandina), Erebia. (Scotch Argus) L. 9-6. Search at dusk without a light, epiphron (cassiope), Erebia. (Small Mountain Ringlet) L. 7-5. bicoloria (furuncula), Miana. (Cloaked Minor) L. 4-5. In the stems, fasciuncula, Miana. (Middle-barred Minor) L. 4-5. arcuosa, Petilampa. (Small Dotted Buff) L. 5-6. semele, Satyrus. (The Grayling) L. 8-6. Night feeder. Aira prsecox. epiphron (cassiope), Erebia. (Small Mountain Ringlet) L. 7-5. semele, Satyrus. (The Grayling) L. 8-6. Night feeder. albicellata, L., Mesoleuca (Melanihid). (The Beautiful Carpet) L. 8-9 or earlier. On Alnus, Clematis vitalba, Fra- garia, Rubus, and R. idaeus. P. 10-5 and sometimes 8-5. Just below soil, or amongst debris on surface. I. 6-7. Fond of open woods. 0. 7. Hatch in about 9 days. albioolon, Hb., Mamestra. (White Colon) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9. Night feeder on Atriplex, Chenopodium, Plantago, and Taraxacum. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 9 P. 7 and 10-5. Below ground. I. 5-6 and 7-8. Frequents sand - hills. Fond of Marram Grass, especially if sugared. Comes to light. 0. albimacula, Bkh., Dianthwcia. — (The White-spot) L( 7-8. Night feeder on the seeds of Dianthus, D. barbatus, Lychnis dioica, Silene inflata, S. maritima, and S. nutans. P. 8-5. I. 5-6. Flies at dusk over flowers, especially of own food plants. 0. albipuncta, F., Leucania (Sideridis). (The White-point) L. 8-10 (beg.) or 8 till spring. Night feeder on Gramineae. Sometimes feeds up, pro- ducing the imago in 10 (end). Hides under low plants by day. P. 10 or 5-8). I. 8-10. Comes to sugar. O. Hatches in about 11 days. albipunctata, Hw., Eupithecia. (White-spotted Pug) L. 8-9. On Angelica sylvestris, Heracleum sphondy- lium, Pastinaca sativa, and Sambucus. P. 10-4. In an earthen cocoon. I. 5-6. Early imagos sometimes produce a second brood. O. albistrigalis, ~H.w.=tcenialis. albovenosa, Gz. (venosa, Bkh.), Pharetra (Arsilonche). (Pow- dered Wainscot) L. 7-9. Night feeder on Phragmites. Hides under lower leaves by day. P. 10-5. In a white cocoon covered with bits of reed spun up on a leaf. I. 6 and sometimes 8. Comes to light. Emerges 9.30-12 A.M. 0. albula, Hb. (albulalis, Hb.), Nola. (Kent Black Arches) L. 8-6. On Eupatorium cannabinum, Fragaria, Potentilla reptans, Rubus, R. caesius and R. idaeus. 10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 6-7. In a brown, boat-shaped cocoon attached low down to grass stems, etc. I. 7. Flies at late dusk. 0. Laid 16-20th July 1909, hatched 6th August 1909 ; Laid 22nd July 1908, hatched 3rd August 1908 (R. Adkin). albulata, Schiff., Perizoma (Emmelesia). (Grass Rivulet) L. 7-8. On the seed-pods of Rhinanthus crista-galli. P. 9-5. Spun up in sepals of food plant ; sometimes under ground. May go over 2 or 3 years. 1. 5-6 Flies at sundown in damp meadows where food plant occurs. Beat out of herbage. 0. 6-7. Alchemilla. (Lady's-mantle) munitata, Coremia. (Red Carpet) L. 9-5. (6-5 (?)) alchemillata, L., Perizoma (Emmelesia). (Small Rivulet) L. 8-9. On the seed heads of Galeopsis ladanum, G. tetrahit, and Stachys. P. 9-5. In an earthen cocoon. 1. 6-7. May be brushed out of herbage. Comes to light. 0. Alchymist. (alchymista, Schiff., Catephia) alchymista, Schiff., Catephia. (The Alchymist) L. 8 (?). On Quercus (?). P. (?) L 5. 0. Alder. ( Alnus glutinosa) Alder Kitten, (bicuspis, Bkh., Cerura) Alder Moth, (alni, L., Acronycta) Aleucis. Genus includes pictaria. alexis, Hb.=icarus, Rott. algse, F., BryopTiila. (Tree-lichen Beauty) L. (?) On Lichenes. Hides by day. P. (?) L 7. 0. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 11 Alkanet. ( Anchusa) allantiformis, Wd.=andreniformis} Lasp. Allium. (Onion) trifolii, Mamestra. (The Nutmeg) L. 7-9. alni, L., Acronycta. (The Alder Moth) L. 7-9. On Acer campestris, Alnus, Betula, Cornus, Corylus, Fagus, Populus, Prunus spinosa, Quercus, Rosa, Salix, S. caprea, Tilia and Ulmus. Night feeder, but likes sun. Prefers food damp. P. 8-5. Give bored elder twigs or pieces of raspberry cane. Place in the sun in June. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar. Feed bred females for two nights, and then place a male in the cage if eggs wanted. About 320 laid. 0. alniaria, L. (tiliaria, Bkh.), Ennomos. (Canary-shouldered Thorn) L. 6-7. On Alnus, Betula, Quercus, and Salix caprea. P. 7-8. Spun up amongst grass, etc. I. 8-9. Comes to light in woods and marshy places. O. 9 to spring. Alnus glutinosa. (Alder) alni, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. leoporina, Acronycta. (The Miller) L. 7-9. litura, Amathes (Orthosia). (Brown-spot Pinion) L. 4-6. luteata, Asthena. (Small Yellow Wave) L. 8-9 or 10. Beat. testaceata (sylvata), Asthena. (Waved Carpet) L. 7-8 or 9. exanthemata, Cabera. (Common Wave) L. 6-9. Beat, pusaria, Cabera. (Common White Wave) L. 7 and 9. Beat, bicuspis, Cerura. (The Alder Kitten) L. 7-9. corylata, Cidaria. (Broken-barred or Hazel Carpet) L. 7-9. Beat, miata, Cidaria. (The Autumn Green Carpet) L. 6-9. Beat. 12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK ligustri, Craniophora (Acronycta). (The Coronet) L. 8-9. Beat, falcataria (falcula), Drepana. (Pebble Hook-tip) L. 6-7 and 7-9. alniaria (tiliaria), Ennomos. (Canary-shouldered Thorn) L. 6-7. autumnaria (alniaria), Ennomos. (Large Thorn) L. 5-8. Beat, versicolor, Endromis. (Kentish Glory) L. 5-7. Gregarious in early stages. ' pendularia, Ephyra. (Birch Mocha) L. 6-7, 8-9. apiciaria, Epione. (Bordered Beauty) L. 4-5. Beat. Shams death. obliterata (heperata), Euchaeca (Eupisteria). (Dingy Shell) L. 7-8. furcifera, Graptolitha (Xylina). (The Conformist) L. 4-6. marginaria (progemmaria), Hybernia. (Dotted Border) L. 4-5. Beat, impluviata (trifasciata), Hydriomena. (May Highflyer) L. 8-10. carpinata (lobulata), Lobophora (Trichopteryx). (Early Tooth-striped) L. 6-7. hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, albicellata, Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (The Beautiful Carpet) L. 8-9 or earlier. Beat, bicolorata, Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (Blue-bordered Carpet) L. 4-6. dromedarius, Notodonta. (Iron Prominent) L. 6-8 and sometimes 9-10. Beat, phcebe (tritophus), Notodonta. (The Three-humped) L. 6, 7, and 9. autumnata, Oporabia. (The Autumnal Moth) L. 5-6. Beat. duplaris, Palimpsestis (Cymatophora). (Lesser Satin Moth) L. 8-10. muscerda, Pelosia (Lithosia). (Dotted Footman) L. 8-5. populi, Pcecilocampa. (December Moth) L. 4-6. When full fed sun themselves on trunks. Beat at night, bilunaria (illunaria), Selenia. (Early Thorn) L. 5-6 and 8-9. Prefers lower branches. THE ENTOMOLOGISTS LOG-BOOK 13 tetralunaria, Selenia. (Purple Thorn) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Night feeder, alternata, Semiothisa. (Sharp-angled Peacock) L. 6-7 and 9. spheciformis, Sesia. (White-barred Clearwing) L. Feeds internally in young suckers for 3 years, bistortata, Tephrosia. (The Engrailed) L. 5-6 and 8-9. punctularia (punctulata), Tephrosia. (The Grey Birch) L. 7-8. Full fed in a month, orbicularia, Zonosoma (Ephyra). (Dingy Mocha) L. 6 and 8-9. Sleeve out captures. alpina, Stt.=hyperborea, Zett. alpium, Osbeck.=on'oft, Esp. alsines, Brh., Caradrina. (The Uncertain) L. 9-3. On Primula, Rumex, Stellaria media, and Viola. Feeds during winter. Keep in flower-pots with planted food. P. 4-7. In a tightly-spun earthen cocoon. I. 7-8. Comes to Privet. 0. 8. Hatches in about 6 weeks. alsus, F. = minimus, Fuesl. alternata, Stph., Semiothisa (Macaria). (Sharp-angled Pea- cock) L. 6-7 and 9. On Alnus, Prunus spinosa, and Salix caprea. P. 9-5. Below ground. 1. 5-6 and sometimes 7-8. 0. Althea rosae. (Hollyhock) corticea, Agrotis. (Heart and Club) L. 8-3 or 4. Night feeder, caja, Arctia. (Garden Tiger) L. 9 or 10-6. cervinata, Ortholitha (Eubolia). (The Mallow) L. 3 or 4-6. alveolus, Hb.=malvce, L. amata, L. (amataria, L.), Timandra. (The Blood- vein) L. 7 or 8-5. On Atriplex, Polygonum, Rumex, R. acetosa, Senecio vulgaris, and Sonchus. 14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 5-6. Amongst leaves. I. 6-8. Fond of damp ditches, wastes, and hedgerows. 0. Hatchings recorded 4, 8, and 10 days. amataria, 'L.=amata) L. Amathes. Genus includes circellaris, helvola, litura, lota, tychnidis, and macilenta. ambigua, F., Caradrina. (Vine's Rustic) L. 10-5. On Graminese, Lactuca, Stellaria media, and Taraxacum. If forced will some- times produce imagos, 11-12. P. 6-7. 1. 8-9 and sometimes 11-12 (same year as larva). Comes to sugar. 0. American Wainscot, (unipuncta, Hw. (extranea, Gn.), Leucania) Ammophilia. (Marram Grass) cursoria, Agrotis. (Coast Dart) L. 9-6. mi, Euclidia. (Mother Shipton) L. 7-9. Sweep, littoralis, Leucania. (The Shore Wainscot) L. 8-5. Buries in the sand during the day. Amoebe. Genus includes olivata and viridaria. Amorpha. Genus includes populi. Ampelopsis. (Virginian Creeper) celerio, Hippotion. (Silver-striped Hawk) L. 8-9. From immigrants, lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. Amphipyra. Genus includes pyramided and tragopogonis. Amulet or Annulet, (obscurata, Schiff., Gnophos) anachoreta, Hb., Pygcera (Clostera). (Scarce Chocolate -tip) L. 5-8 or 9. On Populus and Salix caprea. P. 8-5. Between leaves. I, 5, 7, and sometimes 9 in confinement. Will cross with curtula both ways. Male with THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 15 female curtula gives hybrid difficilis (hard to obtain). Female with male curtula gives hybrid raeschkei. 0. Laid 16th-19th July 1887 ; commenced hatch- ing 27th July 1887 (R. Adkin). Anagallis arvensis. (Scarlet Pimpernel) interject aria, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Dwarf Cream Wave) L. 8-4. Hibernates 9-3. oblongata, Eupithecia. (Lime-speck Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers, meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Anaitis. Genus includes plagiata. Anarta. Genus includes cordigera, melanopa, and myrlilli. anceps, Hb.=sordida, Bkh. Anchocelis. Genus includes lunosa. Anchusa. ( Alkanet) vestigialis (valligera), Agrotis. (Archer's Dart) L. 8-5. andreniformis, Lasp., Sesia. (Orange -tailed Clearwing) L. Feeds internally 2 or 3 years on Viburnum lantana. Very subject to ichneumon attacks. P. 3-4. In the stems close to the entrance of a capped hole. Keep the bottom of cut stems in damp sand. I. 5-6. Breed or assemble. 0. Anemone japonica. persicarise, Mamestra. (The Dot) L. 7-9. Angelica sylvestris. (Wild Angelica) albipunctata, Eupithecia. (White-spotted Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers, oblongata, Eupithecia. (Lime-speck Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers, trisignaria (ata), Eupithecia. (Triple -spotted Pug) L. 8-9. machaon, Papilio. (The Swallow-tail) L, 5 or 6-8 or 9. 16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Anger ona. Genus includes prunaria. Angle-barred Pug. (innotata, Hufn., Eupithecia) Angle Shades, (meticulosa, L., Phlogophora) Angle-striped Sallow, (paleacea, Esp. (fulvago, Hb.), Cosmia) angularia, Bkh. =quercinaria, Hufn., Ennomos. angularia, Thnb. (viduaria, Bkh.), Cleora. (Speckled Beauty) L. 8. (?) On Lichenes on Betula, Fagus, and Quercus. P. (?) I. 6. 0. Ania. Genus includes emarginata. Anisopteryx. Genus includes cescularia. annulata, Schulze (omicronaria, Hb.), Ephyra (Zonosoma). (The Mocha) L. 6 and 8-9. On Acer campestris and A. pseudo- platanus (in confinement). P. 7-9. Amongst moss, or suspended from a leaf (?). I. 5 and 7. Beat by day. Flies at dusk. 0. 6 and 8. Hatchings recorded 6, 10, 13 days. Laid 27th May; hatched 2nd June (Oldaker). Annulet or Amulet, (obscurata, Hb., Gnophos (Sciadion)) anomala, Hw., Stilbia. (The Anomalous) L. 9-2. Night feeder on Graminese. P. 2-6. I. 7-9. Comes to sugar and light on heaths and in rocky places. Local. 0. Anomalous, (anomala, Hw., Stilbia) Anosia. Genus includes plexippus. Anthemis. (Chamomile) chamomillse, Cucullia. (Chamomile Shark) L. 5-7. Anthriscus sylvestris and A. vulgaris. (Beaked Parsley) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 17 dimidiata (scutulata), Acidalia. (Single-dotted Wave) L. 9-4. ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. Feeds night and day. virgaureata, Eupithecia (Golden -rod Pug) L. 5 and 8-9. On the flowers. Beat, pumilata, Gymnoscelis (Eupithecia). (Double-striped Pug) L. 5-9. On the flowers. Anthyllis vulneraria. (Kidney Vetch) trifolii, Lasiocampa. (Grass Eggar) L. 2-6. caniola, Lithosia. (Hoary Footman) L. 8-5 or 6. Night feeder, corydon, Lycaena. (Chalk Hill Blue) L. 5-6. semiargus, Nomiades. (Mazarine Blue) L. 7-8. ichneumon if ormis, Sesia. The Six-belted Clear wing) L. 8-6. minima, Zizera (Cupido). (Small Blue) L. 6. On the flowers, filipendulae, Zygsena. (Six-spot Burnet) L. 8-5. Anticlea. Genus includes badiata, berberata, cucullata, nigro- fasciaria, and rubidata. antiopa, L., Vanessa. (Camberwell Beauty) L. 5-6. On Betula, Populus, Salix, and Urtica. P. 7 and 8. Suspended by tail. I. 8-5. 0. 5. Laid 5th May in England from Swiss imago, hatched 30th May (Tonge). antiqua, L., Orgyia. (The Vapourer) L. 5-8. On Corylus, Cratsegus, and Rosa. Sleeve out. P. 8-9. In a hairy web spun up amongst leaves, twigs, under copings, and on fences, etc. 1. 8-10. Flies by day, especially in thundery weather. Wingless females assemble males as early as 9 A.M. O. 8. Laid in one batch on the cocoon. Hatch very irregularly in Spring over a period of some weeks. Antirrhinum. (Snapdragon) linariata, Eupithecia. (Toadflax Pug) L. 7-8. On the flowers. 18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Antler Moth, (graminis, L., Charceas) Apamea. Genus includes basilinea, gemina, ophiogramma, pabulatricula, secalis, and unanimis* Apargia. (Leontodon autumnalis) Apatura. Genus includes iris. Aphantophus. Genus includes hyperanthus. apiciaria, Schiff., Epione. (Bordered Beauty) L. 4-5 (from wild eggs) and 7-8 (from eggs in cap- tivity). On Alnus, Corylus, Populus, Quercus, Salix, and S. caprea. P. 6-7 or 8. Under moss on trees (?). I. 7-9. Comes to light. O. 9. Take 9f months to hatch. apiformis, 01., Trocholium (Sesia). (Hornet Moth) L. Feeds for 2 years internally on the roots and lower parts of trunk of Populus. P. 5-6. In a cocoon of silk and wood scrapings made close to the entrance of burrow. I. 5 (end) -6 or 7. Search trunks from 7 A.M. till 8.30 A.M. for freshly-emerged imagines. Usually from 2 to 4 feet from the ground. 0. Scattered. Aplasta. Genus includes ononaria. Aplecta. Genus includes advena, nebulosa, and tincta. Apocheima. Genus includes hispidaria. Aporagia. Genus includes cratcegi. Aporphyla. Genus includes austmlis, lutulenta, and nigra. Apple. (Pyrus) Apricot. (Prunus armeniaca) aprilina, L., Dichonia (Agriopis). (Merveille du jour). L. 3-6. On Quercus. Rests on the trunks by day. P. 7-9. At foot of tress in a brittle cocoon. I. 9-10. Emerges between 6 P.M. and 7 P.M. Comes to sugar. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 19 O. 10. Hatch in spring. Deposited on twigs 6th October, hatched 10th March (Oldaker). Aquilegia. (Columbine) sagittata, Cidaria. (Marsh Carpet) L. 8-9. aquilina, 'H.b. = triticit L. Arabis. (White Arabis or Eock Cress) cardamines, Euchloe. (Orange-tip) L. 6-7. fluctuata, Xanthorhoe. (Garden Carpet) L. 6-10. Night feeder. arbuti, F.=tenebrata, Sc. Arbutus unedo. (Strawberry Tree) cordigera, Anarta. (Small Dark Yellow Underwing) L. 6-7. melanopa, Anarta. (Broad-bordered White Underwing) L. 5-7. arceuthata, Fuc.^helveticaria, B. Archer's Dart, (vestigialis, Rott. (valligera, Hb.)5 Agrotis (Euxoa)} archippus, F.=erippus, Cr. Arctia. Genus includes caja and villica. Arctium Lappa. (Burdock) humuli, Hepialus. (The Ghost) L. 7-4 or 5. May feed 2 years on the roots. oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-line Brown Eye) L. 7-9. ochracea (flavago), Ochria (Gortyna). (Frosted Orange) L. 4-7 or later. Feeds downwards internally. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Feeds at evening. gamma, Plusia. (Silver Y) L. 5-9. cardui, Pyrameis. (Painted Lady) L. 6. From immigrants. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. (Red Bearberry) hyperborea (alpina), Agrotis. (Northern Dart) L. 8-G. 20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK cordigera, Anarta. (Small Dark Yellow Underwing) L. 6-7. melanopa, Anarta. (Broad-bordered White Underwing) L. 5-7. certata, Eucosmia. (Scarce Tissue) L. 6-7. carbonaria, Fidonia. (Netted Mountain Moth) L. 5-7. Night feeder, rectilinea, Hyppa. (The Saxon) L. 7-9. solidaginis, Lithomoia. (Golden-rod Brindle) L. 5-7. arcuosa, Hw., Petilampa (Chortodes). (Small Dotted Buff) L. 5-6. In the stems of Aira caespitosa. P. 6-7. Below ground (?). I. 7-8. Females rest at night on grass stems. Males fly at dusk and come to light. 0. Arenaria. (Sandwort) cursoria, Agrotis. (Coast Dart) L. 9-6. peltigera, Heliothis. (Bordered Straw) L. 6-8 and 9-10. On the flowers and unripe seeds, genistae, Mamestra. (Light Brocade) L. 7-8. exulans, Zygsena. (Scotch or Mountain Burnet) L. 8-6. Sometimes feeds 2 years on A. cherleri. areola, Esp. (lithorhiza), Xylocampa (Xylina). (The Early Grey) L. 5-6. Night feeder on Lonicera. P. 6-3 or 4. I. 3-4. Rests on birch and fir trunks, walls and fences, etc. Hides in thatch. Flies at night round Sallows. 0. 4. Laid on stems. Laid 3rd April, hatched 28th April (Oldaker). Argent and Sable, (hastata, L., Eulype (Melanippe)) argentula, Hb., Banksia (Erastria). (Silver-barred) L. 7-8. On Poa aquatica and P. pratensis. Sweep. P. 8-6 (beg.). In an oval cocoon in grass crowns close to the ground. I. 6. Rests amongst marsh herbage. Flies at dusk. Comes to light. O. 6. Laid on grass stems. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 21 argiades, Pall., Cupido. (Bloxworth or Short-tailed Blue) L. 7-8. On Lotus corniculatus (eaten in confinement). P. 8. Suspended from a pad and by a thread round the body. I. 8-9. 0. argiolus, L., Cyaniris. (Holly Blue) L. 6 and 8-10. Night feeder on the flower buds and berries of Hedera, Ilex, and Rhamnus frangula. Full fed in 4 to 6 weeks. Search under side of holly leaves in June. P. 6, 7, and 9-4. Usually loose on the ground, or attached by fine threads to a leaf. I. 4-5 (or earlier) and 7-8. Flies round the food plants and over Bluebell beds in the spring. Will sip at puddles. 0. 4 and 7-8. Laid singly beneath the buds. Hatch- ing periods given as 3, 5, 7, and 10 days. Eggs laid 21st May, hatched 29th May (Oldaker). argus, Hw. (cegon, Schiff.), Lyccena (Plebeius). (Silver-studded Blue) L. 4-6 (or earlier). On Erica, Ornithopus perpusillus, and Ulex europaeus. In confinement feed the larvse on potted-up plants. P. 6-7. Secured by a few threads to some smooth surface just above ground level. 1. 6 or 7-8 (or earlier). 0. 7. Hatch 3 or 4. Laid singly on the food plant. The larva develops, but hibernates in the egg- Argynnis. Genus includes adippe, aglaia, euphrosyne, lathonia, paphia, and selene. arion, L., Nomiades. (Large Blue) L. 7-5. On Thymus serpyllum — on the flowers and calyx. After third moult refuses food, and may be dependent on ants for nour- ishment. P. 6. 1. 6-7 (beg.). O. 6-7. Laid singly amongst the buds of food plant. Armeria vulgaris. (Thrift) semiargus, Nomiades. (Mazarine Blue) L. 7-8. 22 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK muscseformis (philanthiformis), Sesia. (Thrift Clearwing) L. 8-6. Search amongst rock clefts for affected plants, which appear stunted. armigera, Hb., Heliothis. (Scarce Bordered Straw) L. 6-7. On Calamintha, Lycopersicum, Pelargonium, and Reseda lutea. P. 7-8. Below ground. I. 8-10. Comes to sugar. 0. Arran Brown (ligea, L., Erebia). Extinct. Arrhenatherum avenaceum. bondii (morrisii), Tapinostola (Chortodes). (Bond's Wains- cot) L. 6-8 Low down in the stems. Affected tufts look dead. Arsilonche. Genus includes albovenosa. artemis, ~Hb.=aurinia, Rott. Artemisia abrotanum. (Southern-wood) artemisise (abrotani), Cucullia. L. 8-9. Extremely rare. smaragdaria, Euchloris (Geometra). (Essex Emerald) L. 9-5. Covers itself with bits of leaves. Basks in the sun. extensaria, Eupithecia. (Scarce Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers and foliage. Artemisia absinthium. (Wormwood) cursoria, Agrotis. (Coast Dart) L. 9-6. praecox, Agrotis. (Portland Moth) L. 9-6. Night feeder. Hides under sand during the day. absinthii, Cucullia. (The Wormwood) L. 8-9. innotata, Eupithecia. (The Angle-barred Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers. Artemisia campestris. (Field Wormwood) vestigialis (valligera), Agrotis. (Archer's Dart) L. 8-5. scutosa, Heliothis. (The Spotted Clover) L. 7. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 23 Artemisia maritima. (Sea Wormwood) smaragdaria, Euchloris (Phorodesma, Geometra). (Essex Emerald) L. 9-5. Covers itself with bits of leaves. Basks in the sun. extensaria, Eupithecia. (Scarce Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers and foliage. Rests on stems during the day. castrensis, Malocosoma. (Ground Lackey) L. 5-6. Gregarious in a web. Likes its food damp. Artemisia vulgaris. (Mugwort) marginepunctata (promutata), Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Mullein Wave) L. 7 and 9-5. Sweep, absinthii, Cucullia. (The Wormwood) L. 8-9. artemisise (abrotani), Cucullia. L. 8-9. Extremely rare, innotata, Eupithecia. (The Angle-barred Pug) L. 8-10. Feeds on the flowers, succenturiata, Eupithecia. (Bordered Pug) L. 9-10. Night feeder on the leaves and flowers, scutosa, Heliothis. (The Spotted Clover) L. 7. strigata (thymiaria), Hemithia. (Common Emerald) L. 7-5. artemisise, Hufn (abrotani), Cucullia. L. 8-9. On Artemisia. P. 10-6. (?) I. 6-7. Rests on fences. Extremely rare. 0. arundinis, F.=castanece, Hb. Asclepias cornuti. (Swallow-wort) plexippus, Anosia. (Milkweed Butterfly) L. (?). Ascosmetia. Genus includes caliginosa. asella, Schiff. (cruciata), Heterogenea. (The Triangle) L. 8-10. On Betula, Fagus, and Quercus. P. 10-6. In a gall-like cocoon in a fork, or on a leaf. Pupation takes place in spring. I. 6-7. Flies in the sun. 0. Agglomerated together. Hatch in about a month. 24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Ash. (Fraxinus excelsior) Ash Pug. (fraxinata, Crewe, Eupithecia) ashworthii, Dbld.> Agrotis (Epipsilia.) (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. On Galium mollugo, G. verum, Helianthe- mum vulgare, Rumex acetosella, Salix caprea, Thymus serpyllum. Often found under loose limestones during the day. There are many other low plants on which the larvae feeds. P. 5-7. Below ground. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar. 0. Ashworth's Rustic, (ashworthii, Dbld., Agrotis) asiliformis. Stph. = tabaniformis, Rott., Sesia. asiliformis, Rott. =vespiformis. L. Asparagus. oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-line Brown Eye) L. 7-9. pisi, Mamestra (Hadena) (The Broom Moth) L. 8-9. Aspen. (Populus tremula) Asperula. (Woodruff) remutaria, Acidalia. (Cream Wave) L. 7-9. unidentaria, Coremia (Ochyria). (Dark-barred Twin -spot Carpet) L. 6-7 and 9-10. multistrigaria, Malenydris (Larentia). (Mottled Grey) L. 5-6. Food in confinement. plecta, Noctua. (Flame Shoulder) L. 6-7 and 8-9. Asphalia. Genus includes diluta. Aspilates. Genus includes gilvaria, ochrearia, and strigillaria. assimilata, Gn., Eupithecia. (Currant Pug) L. 6-7. On Humulus and Ribes. P. 10-5. In crevices. I. 5-6 and 8-9. Flies freely at twilight. Comes to light. O, THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 25 assimilis, Dbld. = eawfo's, Lef. associata, Bkh. (dotata), Lygris (Cidaria). (The Spinach) L. 4 or 5-6. Night feeder on Ribes nigrum and R. rubrum. Rests on the under side of leaves during the day. P. 6. In a slight cocoon on the ground. I. 7-8. Flies at night. Comes to light. 0. 8. Hatches middle of 4. Aster. asteris, Cucullia. (The Starwort) L. 7-9. gnaphalii, Cucullia. (Cudweed Shark) L. 8-9. Night feeder. Hides by day. absinthiata, Eupithecia. (Wormwood Pug) L. 8-10. expallidata, Eupithecia. (The Bleached Pug) L. 9-10. On the flowers. Aster tripolium. (Sea Starwort) asteris, Cucullia. (The Starwort) L. 7-9. asteris, Schiff., Cucullia. (The Starwort) L. 7-9. On Aster novi-belgii, A. tripolium, and Solidago P. 10-6. Inside stems (?). 1. 6-7. O. Asteroscopus. Genus includes nebeculosa and sphinx. Asthena. Genus includes blomeri, candidata, luteata, and testaceata. Astragalus. (Milk Vetch) achillea?, Zyg»3na. L. (?). astrarche, Bgstr., Lyccena. (Brown Argus) L. 8, 9-4, 5, and 6-7. On Erodium cicutarium and Helianthemum. P. 4-5, 7. Suspended by a few threads amongst leaves. I. 5-6 and 8. The Scotch form is known as Artaxerxes (Scotch White-spot), and the Durham form as Salmacis (Durham Argus). 26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK O. Laid on the upper side of young leaves. Deposited 24th June, hatched 29th June (Oldaker). atalanta, L., Pyrameis. (Red Admiral) L. 6-8. On Humulus (produces small imagos), Parie- taria officinalis, and Urtica dioica. Each in a separate tent-like structure of leaves. P. 7-8. Suspended in a canopy of leaves. I. 6-10. The early ones are immigrants from which the autumn stock is derived. Fond of ripe pears and plums, and the flowers of Hop, Teazle, and Thistle. Best taken at stale sugar patches. 0. Laid 4th July, hatched 1 1th July (Tonfje}. Atethmia. Genus includes xerampelina. athalia, Rott., Melitcea. (Heath Fritillary) L. 7-5. On Digitalis, Melampyrum pratense, Plan- tago, and Teucrium scorodonia. Hiber- nates in a common web. Does not like Plant ago when other food obtainable. P. 5-6. Attached by a fine web to leaves of food plant. I. 6-7 (beg.). Frequents wood clearings. Fond of Privet bloom. 0. 7. Laid in clusters on the food plant. Hatch in about 14 days. Atolmis. Genus includes rubricollis. atomaria, L., Ematurga (Fidonia). (Common Heath) L. 7-8 and sometimes 9. On Calluna, Cytisus, Erica, Rumex, and Trifolium. Full fed in 5 weeks. P. 8-5. I. 5-6 and sometimes 8. 0. 6 and sometimes 8. Laid on food, usually amongst heather. atrata, L., Odezia (Tanagra). (Chimney-sweeper) L. 5-6. On the flowers of Conopodium denudatum. P. 6. Below ground. I. 6-7. Flies in the sun. Fond of flowers. O. Atriplex. ( Orache) subnotata, Eupithecia, (Plain Pug) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 27 L. 8-9. Feeds on the flowers and seeds. Shake plants at night, castrensis, Malocosma. (Ground Lackey) L. 5-6. In a web. albicolon, Mamestra. (White Colon) L. 6-7 and some times 9. Night feeder, oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-line Brown Eye) L. 7-9. trifolii, Mamestra. (The Nutmeg) L. 7-9. comitata, Pelurga. (Dark Spinach) L. 8-9. Night feeder, meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, amata (aria), Timandra. (The Blood-vein) L. 7 or 8-5. atriplicis, Trachea (Hadena). (The Orache) L. 7-8. Night feeder. Hides by day. fimbria, Triphcena. (The Broad-bordered Yellow Under- wing) L. 9-5. atriplicis, L., Trachea (Hadena). (The Orache) L. 7-8. Night feeder. Hides by day under stones, etc. On Atriplex, Polygonum, and Rumex. P. 9-5 or 6. In an earth and silk cocoon below ground. I. 6. Comes to sugar and light. atropos, L., Acherontia (Manduca). (Death's-Head Hawk Moth) L. 8-9 (or even much earlier). On Lycium barbarum, Solanum dulcamara, S. tuberosum, and Symphoricarpus. When full fed, place separately in a flower-pot full of earth, and leave for 14 days — the time required for pupation. Then empty out carefully and force. P. 9. In a large earthen chamber. When found must be very tenderly handled. Often deep under ground, but in captivity sometimes on surface. I. 6. Immigrant. Fond of Honey. O. Laid singly or more rarely in small batches on the upper side of leaves. Hatch in about 12 days. Augiades. Genus includes comma and sylvanus. 28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK augur, F., Noctua (Exarnis). (Double Dart) L. 7-5. Night feeder on Betula, Cratsegus, Prunus spinosa, and Salix caprea in the spring ; and Rumex and R. acetosa in the autumn. Beat. P. 5-7. On or just below surface. I. 6-8. Comes to light, 0. August Thorn. (quercinaria, Hufn. (angular ia, Bkh.) Ennomos) aurago, F., Ochria (Xanthia, Tiliacea). (The Barred Sallow) L. 4 or 5-6 or 7. On Acer pseudo-platanus, Carpinus, and Fagus. Feeds on buds when young. Beat. P. 7-8. Below ground at foot of trees. I. 8. Comes to flowers. 0. 8-9. Colour corresponds with surroundings. Par- tially developed larvae have been noticed in the eggs towards the middle of January. aurantiaria, Esp., Hybernia. (Scarce Umber) L. 4-6. On Betula, Prunus spinosa, and Quercus. P. 6-10. In a cocoon on or just below the surface at the foot of tree. 1. 9-11. Search twigs at night for males and the trunks for females. Pairs may be found after 9.30 P.M. 0. 11. Hatch in about 5 month". aureola, Hb. = sororcula, Hufn. auricoma, F., Acronycta. (Scarce Dagger) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9. On Betula, Quercus, Rubus fruticosus, R. idaeus, and Vaccinium myrtillus P. 7 and 5. Spun up between, or under sides of , leaves in a silk cocoon. 1. 4-5 and 7-8. Rests on trunks. 0. auriflua, ^.-similis, Fuesl. aurinia, Rott., Melitcea. (Marsh Fritillary) L. 6 or 7-3 or 4. On Lonicera, Scabiosa arvensis, and S. succisa. Hibernates in the web from 8-3. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 29 P. 3 or 4-5. Suspended from a web attached to a leaf. I. 5-6. 0. Laid in batches up to 400 on under side of leaves of food plant. Hatch 6-7. auroraria, Bkh. =muricata. australia, B., Aporophyla. (Feathered Brindle) L. 10-4. On Gramineae and Silene maritima. Sweep at night. P. 5-8. Below ground. 1. 8 (end) to 10 Very local. Comes to light and to sugar about 11 to 12 P.M. 0. Autumnal Rustic, (glareosa, Esp., Noctua) autumnaria, Wernb. (alniaria, Esp.), Ennomos. (Large Thorn) L. 5-8. On Alnus, Betula, Crataegus, Prunus, and P. spinosa. Beat. P. 9-5. In a slight cocoon under a leaf, or on the ground. I. 9-10. Comes to light. 0. 9-10. Take about 7f months to hatch, or longer. Laid on twigs. Are best sleeved out. autumnata, Gn. (filigrammiria, HS., Oporabia (Epirrata). (The Autumnal Moth) L. 5-6. On Alnus, Betula, Crataegus, Larix, and Pinus. P. 6-9. Below ground. 1. 9-10 (sometimes later). Rests on trees. 0. Autumn Green Carpet, (miata, L., Gidaria) Autumnal Moth, (autumnata, Gn., Oporabia (Epirrata)) Avens. (Geum) aversata, L., Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (The Riband Wave) L. 7-5. On Galium, Geum avens, Polygonum, Rumex, Spiraea, and Taraxacum. After hibernation on Betula, Cratsegus, Salix. P. (5, 30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 6-7 (sometimes 9 and 10). Same year as larvae. Comes to light. O. 7. Hatch in about 8 days. Have been known to go, however, from 10th June to 23rd July. Axylia. Genus includes putris. Azalia procumbens. exulans, Zygaena. (Scotch or Mountain Burnet) L. 8-6. Sometimes feeds 2 years. badiata, Hb., Anticlea. (Shoulder Stripe) L. 5-7. On Rosa canina. P. 8-3. * In an oval cocoon below ground. I. 3-4. Frequents hedgerows. Hides in thatch. Comes to Sloe bloom. O. 3-4. Laid on the buds and stems of food. Hatch in about 11 days. bseticus, L., Lampides. (Long-tailed Blue) L. (?) On the seed-pods of Lupinus and Pisum. P. Suspended by a silk girdle. I. 8-9. O. baja, F., Noctua. (The Dotted Clay) L. 9-5. Night feeder on Crataegus, Prunus spinosa, and Salix caprea in spring; and on Primula vulgaris and Vaccinium myr- tillus in autumn. P. 6-7. I. 7-8. Comes to light, sugar, and honey-dew. bajularia, Schiff . =pustulata, Hufn. Ballota nigra. (Black Horehound) lupulina, Hepialus. (Common Swift) L. 7-4. At the roots. bankiana, 'F.=argentula, Hb. Bapta. Genus includes bimaculata, pictaria, and temerata. Barathra. Genus includes brassicce. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 31 barbalis, CL, Pechipogon (Herminia). (Common Fan-foot) L. 8-4 or 5. On Betula and Quercus. Likes the dead leaves, and in spring eats the catkins, of the former. P. 4-5. I. 5-7. Beat by day. O. 7. Barbarea vulgaris. (Yellow Rocket or Bitter Winter Cress) napi, Pieris. (The Green- veined White) L. 6-7 and 8-9. Barberry. ( Berberis vulgaris) Barberry Carpet, (berberata, Schiff., Anticlea) Barley. ( Hordeum) Barred Carpet, (tceniata, Stph., Perizoma ( Emmelesia)) Barred Chestnut, (dahlii, Hb., Noctua) Barred Hook- tip. (cultraria, F. (unguicula, Hb., Drepana)) Barred Red. (prosapiaria, L. (fasciaria, Schiff.), Hylcea (Ellopia)) Barred Rivulet, (bifasciata, Hw., Perizoma) Barred Sallow, (aurago, F., Ochria (Tiliacea, Xanthia)) Barred Straw, (pyraliata, F. (dotata, L.), Cidaria) Barred Tooth-striped, (polycommata, Hb., Lobophora (Trich- opteryx)) Barred Umber, (pulveraria, L., Numeria) Barred Yellow, (fulvata, Forst., Cidaria) Barrettii, T>Ud.=luteago, Hb. Barrett's Marbled Coronet, (luteago, Hb. (barrettii, Dbld.), Dianthoecia) Bartsia odontities. (Bartsia) bifasciata, Perizoma. (The Barred Rivulet) L. 9-10. In the capsules. 32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK basilinea, F., Apamea. (Rustic Shoulder-knot) L. 8-3. On Gramineae. Young larvae may possibly get harvested and escape from the stack after winter, when they may feed on various low plants. P. 3-5. In an earthen cell. I. 5-6. Comes to sugar and light. 0. 7. Bath White, (daplidice, L., Pieris) batis, L., Thyatira. (Peach Blossom) L. 7-9. On Rubus and R. idaeus. P. 9-6. Early larvae sometimes pupate in 8, giving imagos in 9 or 10. 1. 6-7 (sometimes 9-10). Comes to sugar, but is shy of light. 0. 7. Laid upon the edges of Bramble leaves. Deposited 23rd-24th September, hatched 9th and 10th October. Beaded Chestnut, (lychnidis, Schiff. (pistacina, F.), Amathes (Orthosia, Anthocelis)) Parsley. ( Anlhriscus sylvestris and A. vulgaris) Beaked Rush. (Rhynchospora alba) Beautiful Arches, (satura, Hb., Eumichtis (Hadena)) Beautiful Brocade, (contigua, Vill., Mamestra (Hadena)) Beautiful Carpet, (albicellata, L., Mesoleuca (Melanfhia)) Beautiful Golden Y. (pulchrina, Hw. (v-aureum, Gn.) Plusia) Beautiful Gothic, (hispidus, H.-G., Heliophobus) Beautiful Hook-tip, (flexula, SchifL, Laspeyria ( Aventia)) Beautiful Snout, (fontis, Thnb., Bomolocha) Beautiful Yellow Under wing, (myrtilli, L., Anarta) Bedstraw. (Galium) Bedstraw Hawk, (galii, Rott., Deilephila (Celerio)) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 33 Beech. ( Fagus sylvatica) Beech-green Carpet, (olivata, Bkh., Amoebe (Larentia)) Beet. (Beta) belgiaria, Hb. (fagaria), Scodiona. (Grey Scalloped Bar) L. 9-4. On Calluna and Erica. Sweep. P. 5 (end) -6. In a slight cocoon on the ground. I. 6-7. Later North. Rests on the ground, and can be brushed out of herbage. 0. 6. Laid on the food plant. bella, Ekh.=rubi, View. bellargus, Rott. (adonis, Hb.), Lyccena. The Adonis or Clifden Blue. L. 7 and 9-4. Feeds during winter on Hippocrepis comosa. Mines into the under sides of leaves. Occasionally eats Trifolium repens and other leguminous plants. P. 5 and 7-8. Unattached, or just below surface. Sometimes spun up in angles of branching stems. 1. 5-6 and 8-9. Sometimes triple brooded. Local. 0. 5-6 and 8. (Hatch in 9.) Laid 27th September 1909, hatched middle of October (R. Adkin) Belted Beauty, (zonaria, Schiff., Nyssia) bembeciformis, Tlb.=crabroniformis, Lew. berberata, Schiff., Anticlea. (The Barberry Carpet) L. 5-6 and 8-9. On Berberis vulgaris. P. 7 and 9-5. Spun up between leaves. 1. 5-6 and 8. O. 5 and 9. Berberis aquifolium. (Holly-leaved Berberis) certata, Eucosmia. (Scarce Tissue) L. 6-7. Berberis vulgaris. (Barberry) berberata, Anticlea. (Barberry Carpet) L. 5-6 and 8-9. certata, Eucosmia. (Scarce Tissue) L. 6-7. 34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder. Berry-bearing Alder. (Ehamnus frangula) Beta. (Beet) oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-line Brown Eye) L. 7-9. trifolii, Mamestra. (The Nutmeg) L. 7-9. plecta, Noctua. (Flame Shoulder) L. 6-7 and 8-9. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Beat at night. Betula alba. (Birch) aversata, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Riband Wave) L. 7-5. Food plant after hibernation, trigeminata, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (The Treble Brown- spot) L. 9-4 and 6. alni, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. auricoma, Acronycta. (Scarce Dagger) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9. euphorbice var. myricae, Acronycta. (Sweet-gale Moth) L. 7-9. leporina, Acronycta. (The Miller) L. 7-9. psi, Acronycta. (Grey Dagger) L. 8-9. tridens, Acronycta. (Dark Dagger) L. 8-10. pyramidea, Amphipyra. (Copper Underwing) L. 4-6. Beat, sescularia, Anisopteryx. (March Moth) L. 4-6. prunaria, Angeroma. (Orange Moth) L. 7-5. nebulosa, Aplecta (Mamestra, Apamea). (Grey arches) L. 8-4 or 5. Beat at night in spring, hispidaria, Apocheima (Nyssia). (Small Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. candidata, Asthena. (Small White Wave) L. 6-7. testaceata (sylvata), Asthena. (Waved Carpet) L. 7-8 or 9. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 35 tincta, Aplecta (Mamestra). (Silvery Arches) L. 8-5. brassicae, Barathra (Mamestra). (Cabbage Moth) L. 7-10. abietaria, Boarmia. (Satin Carpet) L. 8-5. Beat in spring, cinctaria, Boarmia. (Ringed Carpet) L. 9-5. consortaria, Boarmia. (Pale Oak Beauty) L. 7-8. gemmaria, Boarmia. (Willow Beauty) L. 8-5. repandata, Boarmia. (Mottled Beauty) L. 7-5. Night feeder, roboraria, Boarmia. (Great Oak Beauty) L. 8-5. Beat. nebeculosa, Brachionycha (Asteroscopus). (Bannock Sprawler) L. 5-6. parthenias, Brephos. (Orange Underwing) L. 4-6. exanthemata, Cabera. (Common Wave) L. 6-9. Beat, pusaria, Cabera. (Common White Wave) L. 7 and 9. Beat, trapezina, Calymnia (Cosmia). (The Dun-bar) L. 4-6. Cannibal, bicuspis, Cerura (Dicranura). (Alder Kitten) L. 7-10. boreata, Cheimatobia. (Northern Winter Moth) L. 5-6. corylata, Cidaria. (Broken-barred or Hazel Carpet) L. 7-9. Beat, immanata, Cidaria. (Dark Marbled Carpet) L. 4-6. miata, Cidaria. (The Autumn Green Carpet) L. 6-8. Beat, siterata (psitticata), Cidaria. (Red-green Carpet) L. 6 or 7-8. truncata (russata), Cidaria. (Common Marbled Carpet) L. 6 and 8-2. paleacea (fulvago), Cosmia. (The Angle - striped Sallow) L. 5-6. Between lower leaves, elinguaria, Crocalhs. (Scalloped Oak) L. 9-5. pudibunda, Dasychira (Orgyia). (Pale Tussock) L. 7-9. 36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK coryli, Demas. (Nut-tree Tussock) L. 6-7 and 9. Night feeder, mendica, Diaphora (Spilosoma). (The Muslin) L. 7-8. orion, Diphtera (Moma). (Scarce Marveille du jour) L. 7-8. falcataria (falcula), Drepana. (Pebble Hook-tip) L. 6-7 and 9-10. lacertinaria (lacertula), Drepana. (Scalloped Hook- tip) L. 6-7 and 8-9. chaonia, Drymonia. (Lunar Marbled Brown) L. 6-8. trimacula (dodonea), Drymonia. (Marbled Brown) L. 7-9. Hides by day. suspecta, Dyschorista. (The Suspected) L. 4-5. versicolor, Endromis. (Kentish Glory) L. 5-7. alniaria (tiliaria), Ennomos. (Canary-shouldered Thorn) L. 6-7. autumnaria (alniaria), Ennomos. (Large Thorn) L. 5-8. Beat, erosaria, Ennomos. (September Thorn) L. 5-7. quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos. (The August Thorn) L. 4-7. Beat out. pendularia, Ephyra. (Birch Mocha) L. 6-7, 8-9. porata, Ephyra (Zonosoma). (False Mocha) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10. Beat, punctaria, Ephyra (Zonosoma). (Maiden's Blush) L. 6-7 and 9. parallelaria (vespertaria), Epione. (Dark-bordered Beauty) L. 5-6. Beat, hastata, Eulype (Melanippe). (The Argent and Sable) L. 7-8. Between spun leaves, irriguata, Eupithecia (Marbled Pug) L. 5-6. lucipara, Euplexia. (Small Angle Shades) L. 8-9. Night feeder, occulta, Eurois (Aplecta). (Great Brocade) L. 8-5. Beat in spring, dolobraria, Eurymene. (Scorched Wing) L. 7-9. carbonaria, Fidonia. (Netted Mountain Moth) L. 5-7. Night feeder. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 37 papilionaria, Geometra. (Large Emerald) L. 7-6. bidentata, Gonodontis (Odontophera). (Scalloped Hazel) L. 7-10. strigata (thymiaria), Hemithia. (Common Emerald) L. 7-5. Beat, asella (cruciata), Heterogena. (The Triangle) L. 8-10. pennaria, Himera (Colotois). (Feathered Thorn) L. 4-6. Beat, aurantiaria, Hybernia. (Scarce Umber) L. 4-6. defoliaria, Hybernia. (Mottled Umber) L. 3-6. " marginaria (progemmaria), Hybernia. (Dotted Border) L. 4-5. Beat, prasinana, Hylophila (Chloephora). (Green Silver Lines) L. 8-9. lactearia, lodis. (Little Emerald) L. 8-9. Beat, dictseoides, Pheosia. (Lesser Swallow Prominent) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10. Beat at night, bicoloria, Leucodonta. (White Prominent) L. 7-8. solidaginis, Lithomoia (Cloantha, Calocampa). (Golden- rod Brindle) L. 5-7. socia (petrificata), Lithophane (Xylina). (Pale Pinion) L. 5-7. carpinata (lobulata), Lobophora (Trichopteryx). (The Early Tooth-striped) L. 6-7. camelina, Lophopteryx (Notodonta). (Coxcomb) L. 7-10. Beat, hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, testata, Lygris (Cidaria). (The Chevron) L. 5-7. neustria, Malocosoma. (The Lackey) L. 4-6. contigua, Mamestra (Hadena). (The Beautiful Brocade) L. 8-9. margaritaria, Metrocampa (Eudalimia). (Light Emerald) L. 9-5. bicolorata, Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (Blue-bordered Carpet) L. 4-6. maura, Mormo (Mania). (Old Lady) L. 9-5. 38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK viridata, Nemoria. (Small Grass Emerald) L. 7-8. Beat, augur, Noctua (Exarnis). (Double Dart) L. 7-5. Night feeder, ditrapezium, Noctua. (Triple-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. Late night feeder, sobrina, Noctua. (Cousin German) L. 9-6. triangulum, Noctua. (Double Square-spot) L. 4-5. Beat 10.30 P.M. to 1 A.M. carmelita, Odontosia (Lophopteryx). (Scarce Prominent) L. 6-7. dromedarius, Notodonta. (Iron Prominent) L. 6-8 and 9-10 (sometimes). Beat, luteolata (cratsegata), Opisthograptis. (Brimstone Moth) L. 4-9 and 10-4. phoebe (tritophus), Notodonta. (Three-humped) L. 6, 7, and 9. lapponaria, Nyssia. L. 5-7. In captivity, autumnata, Aporabia. (The Autumnal Moth) L. 5-6. dilutata (nebulata), Aporabia (Epirrata). (November Moth) L. 4-6. vaccinii, Orrhodia. (Chestnut Moth) L. 5-6. betularia, Pachys. (Peppered Moth) L. 7-9. Beat, strataria, Pachys (Amphidasys). (Oak Beauty) L. 5-7. duplaris, Palimpsestis (Cymatophora). (Lesser Satin Moth) L. 8-10. Night feeder, fluctuosa, Palimpsestis (Cymatophora). (Satin Carpet) L. 8-9. barbalis, Pechipogon (Herminia). (Common Fan-foot) L. 8-4 or 5. pedaria (pilosaria), Phigalia. (Pale Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. populi, Pcecilocampa. (December Moth) L. 4-6. Beat at night. When full fed sun themselves on trunk, flavicornis, Polyploca. (The Yellow Horned) L. 6-7. similis, Porthesia. (The Yellow-tail) L. 8 or 9 to 5 or 6. notata, Semiothisa (Macaria). (Peacock Moth) L. 6-7 and 8-9. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 39 bilunaria (illunaria), Selenia. (Early Moth) L. 5-6 and 8-9. Prefers lower branches, lunaria, Selenia. (Lunar Thorn) L. 7-9. tetralunaria, Selenia. (Purple Thorn) L. 6-7 and 9-10. culiciformis, Sesia. (Large Red-belted Clearwing) L. Feeds 2 years on inner bark, scoliseformis, Sesia. (Welsh Clearwing) L. 8-4 or 5. On inner layer of bark, lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. fagi, Stauropus. (The Lobster) L. 7-9. bistortata, Tephrosia. (The Engrailed) L. 5-6 and 8-9. eonsonaria, Tephrosia. (Square-spot) L. 6-7. Night feeder, luridata (extersaria), Tephrosia. (Brindled White-spot) L. 8-9. Beat, punctularia, Tephrosia. (Grey Birch) L. 7-8. miniosa, Tceniocampa. (Blossom Underwing) L. 5-6. At first in common web spun round an oak bud. munda, Tceniocampa. (Twin-spotted Quaker) L. 4-6. opima, Tceniocampa. (Northern Drab) L. 4-6. stabilis, Tceniocampa. (Common Quaker) L 5-7. fimbria, Triphsena. (Broad - bordered Yellow Under- wing) L. 9-5. Night feeder. Beat in spring, antiopa, Vanessa. (Camberwell Beauty) L. 5-6. betulse, Zephyrus (Thecla). (Brown Hairstreak) L. 5-6. Beat. betulae, L., Zephyrus (Thecla). (Brown Hairstreak) L. 5-6. On Betula, Prunus, and P. spinosa. Hard to detect. Rests under leaves by day. Beat. P. 6-7. On or under leaves, suspended by the cast skin. I. 8-9. Flies high, but comes to Bramble bloom. 0. 9-10. Hatch in spring. Are attached to twigs. 40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK betularia, L., Pachys ( Amphydasis). (Peppered Moth) L. 7-9. On Betula, Cytisus scoparius, Fagus, Prunus, Quercus, Rosa, Rubus fruticosus, Salix, Tilia, and Ulmus. Beat. P. 10-5. Below ground. Hatch, as a rule, between 6 and 11 P.M. Kill same night. I. 5-6 (or later). Females will cross with strataria, giving hybrid herefordii. 0. 6-7. Laid in deep crevices. Hatch in about 13 days. biangulata, Hw.=picata, Hb. bicolorana, Fuesl. (quercana, Schiff.), Hylophila. (Scarce Silver Lines) L. 4-6. On Quercus. Feed separately. Beat. P. 6. In a boat-shaped cocoon, keel-ended at the head end, attached to the under side of an oak leaf. 1. 7. O. bicolorata, Hufn., Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (The Blue-bordered Carpet) L. 4-6. On Alnus, Betula, Prunus, P. spinosa, Pyrus, and P. malus. Beat. P. 6-8. I. 7-8. 0. bicoloria, Schiff., Leucodonta. (The White Prominent) L. 7-8. On Betula. P. 8-5. In a silk cocoon between leaves. I. 5-6. O. bicoloria, Vill. (furuncula, Hb.), Miana. (Cloaked Minor) L. 4-5. On Gramineas (especially Aira and Festuca). Feeds inside the stems. P. 6-7. I. 8-9. Frequents rough places on the coast. O. bicuspis, Bkh., Cerura (Dicranura). (Alder Kitten) L. 7-9. On Alnus and Betula. Beat. P. 10-4. In a hard cocoon on the bark. Usually within 6 feet of the ground. Hard to find. I. 5-6. 0, THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 41 bidentata, 01., Gonodontis (Odontopera). (Scalloped Hazel) L. 7-10. On Betula, Cratsegus, Larix, Prunus, P. spinosa, Quercus, and Salix caprea. Beat. P. 10-5. Under moss on trees. I. 4 (end) -6. 0. Hatch in 6 days. Also recorded as hatching on 7th May from eggs laid on 12th April. bifasciata, Hw., Perizoma. (The Barred Rivulet) L. 9-10. In the capsules of Bartsia odontites. P. 10-7. Sometimes goes over 3 or 4 years. 1. 7-8. Comes to light. Visits flowers. 0. bifida, Hb., Cerura. (Popular Kitten) L. 7-9. On Populus. P. 10-6. In a cocoon of gnawed wood on a small branch, or more often in the crevices of the bark about 1 to 3 feet from the ground. Sometimes goes over to second year. I. 6-7. Bests on trunks and palings. Freshly- hatched females will assemble males by dark. Comes to light. 0. 7. Laid on upper side of leaves. Deposited 12th July, hatched 27th July (Tonge). Bilberry. ( Vaccinium myrtillus) Bilberry Pug. (debiliata, Hb., Chlorodystis (Eupithecia)) bilineata, L., Camptogramma. (Yellow Shell) L. 8-5. Night feeder on Graminese, Plantago lanceo- lata, Rumex, and Stellaria media. Hides by day. P. 5. Below ground. 1. 6-8. Found everywhere. Comes to flowers of Globe Thistle, Golden Rod, etc., also to sugar. 0. 9. Laid loosely. bilunaria, Esp. (illunaria, Hb.), Selenia. (Early Thorn) L. 5-6 and 8-9. On Alnus, Betula, Crataegus, Quercus, Salix, and S. caprea. Search low branches for young ones, which may be found on the under side of leaves. P. 7 and 9-4. At foot of trees. 1. 4-5 and 7-8. Simulate leaves. Come to light. 0. Hatchings recorded 9, 15, 16, and 28 days. 42 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK bimaculata, F. (taminata, Hb.), Bapta. (White - pinion Spotted) L. 6-7 (or later). On Crataegus, Primus, and P. cerasus. Beat by day. P. 8-5. In a slight cocoon. I. 5-8 (or earlier). Flies at dusk. O. Hatch in 11 days. Laid 9th June, hatched 20th June (Oldaker). bimaculata, Stph. = chalcites, Esp. bimaculosa, L., Miselia. (The Double-spot Brocade) L. (?) Food (?). P. (?) I. 7. 0. (?) binaria, Hufn. (hamula, Esp.), Drepana. (The Oak Hook-tip) L. 6 and 9-10. On Quercus. Cannibals unless plenty of food is given. P. 7 and 10-5. Spun up amongst leaves. I. 5-6 and 8. Fly in hot sunshine round oaks. Beat in dull weather. 0. Laid 28th May, hatched 4th June (Oldaker). Bindweed. (Convolvulus) bipunctaria, Schiff., Oriholitha. (Chalk Carpet) L. 9-6. Feeds at night on Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium. P. 7. Below ground. I. 7-8. On chalk downs and limestone hills. 0. Hatch in 19 days. Birch. (Betula alba) Birch Mocha, (pendularia, CL, Ephyra) Bird Cherry. (Prunus Padus) Bird's-foot Trefoil. (Lotus corniculatus) Bird's Wing, (scabriuscula, L. (pinastri, L.), Dipterygia) bisetata, Hufn., Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Small Fan-footed Wave) L. 8-5. On Polygonum, Rubus, and Taraxacum. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 43 Likes food withered. Hibernates at the end of 9. P. 6. I. 6-7. O. Hatch in 10 days. bistortata, Gz. (biundularia, Bkh.), Tephrosia. (The Engrailed) L. 5-6 and 8-9. On Alnus, Betula, Prunus, Quercus, Salix, and S. caprea. P. 6-7 and 10-3. Dig round trunks. I. 3 and 8. Search trunks, especially larch. Comes to flowers of Sallow and Berberis. Males will pair with crepuscularia, giving hybrid ridingi. 0. 4 and 8. Laid in bark crevices. Females will lay in a box if the sides are deeply scored. Eggs laid 21st to 27th May, commenced hatching the 5th of June. Bitter Winter Cress. ( Barbarea vulgaris) biundularia, Brk.= bistortata, Gz. Black Arches, (monacha, L., Lymantria) Black-banded, (xanthomista, Hb. (nigrocincta, Tr.), Polio) Blackberry. ( Rubus fruticosus) Black Collar, (flammatra, F., Noctua ( Agrotis)} Black Currant. (Ribes nigrum) Black Hairstreak. (pruni, L., Thecla) Black Horehound. (Ballota nigra) Black Medick/ (Medicago lupulina) Black Mountain Moth, (coracina, Esp. (trepidaria, Tr. non Hb.), Psodos) Blackneck. (pastinum, Tr., Toxocampa) Black Rustic, (nigra, Hw., Aporophyla) Blackthorn or Sloe. (Prunus spinosa) 44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Black- veined Moth, (lineata, Sc. (dealbata, L.), Scoria) Black- veined White, (cmtcegi, L., Aporia) Bladder Campion. (Silene inflata) blanda, Tr.=taraxaci, Hb. blandiata, Hb. (adcequata, Bkh.), Perizoma (Emmdesia). (Pretty Pinion) L. 9. On Euphrasia officinalis. Completely eat out the seed-vessels. P. 9-5. Below ground in a compact little earthen cocoon. L- 5-6. Rests on walls. Flies at dusk. 0. 7 or 8. Laid on the under sides of leaves or on the flowers. blandina, F. = cethiops) Esp. Bleached Pug. (expallidata, Gn., Eupithecia) blomeri, Curt., Asthena. (Blomer's Rivulet) L. 8-9. On Ulmus montana. Beat, or search the under sides of leaves. P. 10-6. Just under ground close to the trunk. I 6-7 (earlier or later). Rests on trees, especially Beech. 0. Eggs laid 13th to 17th July, commenced hatching 21st July. Blomer's Rivulet, (blomeri, Curt., Asthena) Blood-vein, (amata (aria, L.), Timandra) Blossom Underwing. (miniosa, F., Tosniocampa) Blotched Emerald, (pustulata, Hufn. (bajulalaria, SchifL), Phorodesma) Bloxworth or Short-tailed Blue, (argiades, Pall., Cupido) Bloxworth Snout, (obsitalis, Hb., Hypena) Blue-bordered Carpet, (bicolorata, Hufn., Mesoleuca (Melan- thia)) Boarmia. Genus includes abietaria, cinctaria, consortaria, gemmaria, repandata, and roboraria. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 45 Bog Myrtle. (Myrica gale) Bombycia. Genus includes viminalis. bombyliformis, Hw. = tityus, L. Bomolocha. Genus includes fontis. bondii, Knaggs (morrisii, Dale), Tapinostola (Chortodes). (Bond's Wainscot) L. 6-8. On Arrhenatherum avenaceum and Festuca arundinacea. Feeds low down in the stems. Presence shown by dead tufts. P. 9-5 or 6. I. 6-7. 0. Bond's Wainscot, (bondii, Knaggs, Tapinostola) Borage. ( Borago officinalis) Borago officinalis. (Borage) vestigialis (valligera), Agrotis. (Archer's Dart) L. 8-5. quadripunctaria, Callimorpha. (Jersey Tiger) L. 8-7. pulchella, Deiopeia. (Crimson -speckled Footman) L. 10-2. Likes the sun. Bordered Beauty, (apiciaria, SchifL, Epione) Bordered Gothic, (reticulata, Vill. (saponarice, Bkh.), Neuria) Bordered Grey, (ericetaria, Vill. (plumaria, Hb.), Selidosema) Bordered Lime Speck, (succenturiata, L., Eupithecia) Bordered Pug. (succenturiata, L., Eupithecia) Bordered Sallow, (umbra, Hufn. (marginata, F.), Pyrrhia (Chariclea)) Bordered Straw, (peltigera, Schiff., Heliothis) Bordered White, (piniaria, L., Bupalus) boreata, Hb., Cheimatobia. (Northern Winter Moth) L. 5-6. On Betula. 46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 6-10. Below ground. I. 10-11. May be found at night sitting on Birch-trees. Pairs may be found directly after dark. Females will pair with C. brumata. 0. 11-5. Take 5 to 5J months to hatch. Brachionycha. Genus includes nebuculosa and sphinx. Brachypodium pinnatum. actseon, Adopsea (Thymelicus). (Lulworth Skipper) L. 5-7. sericialis, Rivula. (Straw Dot) L. 8-5. Brachypodium sylvaticum. actseon, Adopsea (Thymelicus). (Lulworth Skipper) L. 5-7. Sweep, thaumas (linea), Adopaea. (Small Skipper) L. 8-6. palsemon, Carterocephalus. (Chequered Skipper) L. 6-4. Draws the edges of leaves together, sericialis, Rivula. (Straw Dot) L. 8-5. Sweep, lineata (dealbata), Scoria. (Black-veined Moth) L. 9-5. Bracken or Brake Fern. (Pteris aquiUna) bractea, F., Plusia. (The Gold Spangle) L. 8-5. On Eupatorium and Lactuca (given when eggs are forced so as to obtain an autum- nal brood). Lamium album, Lonicera, Plantago (use same as Lettuce), Senecio vulgaris (avoid, if possible), and Taraxa- cum. Hibernates when small till 3. P. 6. In a loose cocoon at the foot of plant. I. 6-7. Comes to blooms of Valerian, Honeysuckle, Raspberry, Viola Cornuta, and Lobel's Catchfly. 0. 7. Hatch in a week. Bramble. (Rubus fruticosus) Brassica napus. (Rape) saucia, Agrotis. (Pearly Underwing) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Hides by day. disignata (propugnata), Coremia. (Flame Carpet) L. 6-7 and 8-9. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 47 Brassica oleracea. (Cabbage) saucia, Agrotis. (Pearly Underwing) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Hides by day. tritici, Agrotis. (White-line Dart) L. 9-5. ypsilon (suffusa), Agrotis. (Dark Sword-grass) L. 4-7. Hides by day. brassicse, Barathra (Mamestra). (Cabbage Moth) L. 7-10. designata (propugnata), Coremia. (Flame Carpet) L. 6-7 and 8-9. oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-line Brown Eye) L. 7-9. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, rapse, Pieris. (Small White) L. 6 and 9-12. ni, Plusia. (Ni Moth) L. (?) lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. fluctuata, Xanthorhoe (Melanippe). (Garden Carpet) L. 6-10. Night feeder. Brassica rapa. (Turnip) exclamationis, Agrotis. (Heart and Dart) L. 7-5. Night feeder, above and below ground. Hides by day. segetum, Agrotis. (Turnip Moth) L. 7-4. Brassica sinapistrum. (Charlock) cardamines, Euchloe. (Orange-tip) L. 6-7. brassicse, L., Barathra (Mamestra). (Cabbage Moth) L. 7-19. On Betula, Brassica, and Quercus, and on almost any plant in confinement. P. 9 or 10-5. Below ground. I. 6-7 and sometimes 9. Comes to sugar. 0. 6-8. Laid in batches under the leaves. brassicae, L., Pieris. (Large White) L. 7 and sometimes 9-10. On Brassica oleracea, Reseda, and Tropseolum. P. Suspended by silk pad at tail, and by a belt round the body, to walls and fences. Fond of spinning up under wall copings, etc. 48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 4-6 and 6-8. O. Laid in batches of from 6-100 on either side of a leaf. Hatch in about 7 days in the summer. Laid 14th May, hatched 24th May. Brephos. Genus includes noiha and parthenias. brevilinea, Fenn., Leucania. (Fenn's Wainscot) L. 4-7. On Phragmites. Internal feeder until nearly full grown. P. 7. I. 7-8. Flies low at dusk. Comes to light and honey dew. O. Brick, (circellaris, Hufn. (fermginea, Esp.), Amathes (Or- thosia, Mellinia)) Bright-line Brown Eye. (oleracea, L., Mamestra (Hadena)) brightoni, Tutt.=hyb. $ linearia x $ orbicular ia. Brighton Wainscot, (musculosa, Hb., Synia) Bright Wave, (ochrata, So., Acidalia (Sterrha)) Brimstone, (rhamni, L., Gonepteryx) Brimstone Moth, (luteolata, L. (cratcegaia, L.)5 Opisthograptis) Brindled Beauty, (hirtaria, Cl., Lycia (hirtarius, CL, Biston}} Brindled Green, (protect, Bkh., Eumichtis (Hadena)) Brindled Ochre, (templi, Thnb., Dasy polio) Brindled Pug. (abbreviata, Stph., Eupithecia) Brindled White-spot, (luridata, Bkh. (extersaria, Hb.), Tephrosia) Broad-barred or Broad-bordered White Underwing. (melanopa, Thnb., Anarta) Broad-bordered Bee Hawk- Moth, (fuciformis, L., Hemaris) Broad-bordered or Broad-barred White Underwing. (melanopa, Anarta) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 49 Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing. (fimbria, L., Triphcena) Broad-leaved Wood Rush. ( Luzula pilosa) Broken-barred Carpet, (corylata, Thnb., Cidaria) Bromus Asper. palsemon, Carterocephalus. (Chequered Skipper) L. 6-4. Draws edges of leaves together. Broom. (Cytisus scoparius) Broom Moth, (pisi, L., Mamestra ( Hadena)) Broom-tip, (rufata, F., Chesias) Brown Argus, (astrarche, Bgstr., Lyccena (Polyommatus)) Brown Hairstreak. (betulce, Gz., Zephyrus) Brown-line Bright Eye. (conigera, F., Leucania) Brown Rustic, (tenebrosa, Hb., Rusina) Brown Scallop, (vetulata, Schiff., Scotosia) Brown Silver-line, (petraria, Hb., Lozogramma (Phasiane)) Brown-spot Pinion, (litura, L., Amaihes (Orthosia)) Brown-tail, (chrysorrhoea, L., Euproctis (Porthesia)} Brown- veined Wainscot, (dissoluta, Tr. (neurica, Dup.) Nonagria) brumata, L., Cheimatobia. (Winter Moth) L. 4-5. On Pyrus, P. communis, and on many other trees. P. 6-10. Below ground. I. 8-2. Comes to light. Will cross with C. boreata. 0. Laid in autumn and hatch in spring. brunnea, F., Noctua. (Purple Clay) L. 9-5. On Carpinus betulus, Plantago, Rubus, Rumex, and Salix caprea (in the spring). P. 5-6. Below ground. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar. 0. 50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK brunneata, Thnb. (pinetaria, Hb.), Thamnonoma (Fidonia). (Rannock Looper or Geometer) L. 3-5. On Vaccinium. P. 5-6. Below ground (?) I. 6-7. Flies in afternoon sun. O. Brussels Lace, (lichenaria, Chora) Bryophila. Genus includes algce. glandifera, and perla. bucephala, L., Phalera. (The Buff-tip) L. 8-9. On Corylus, Fagus, Tilia, and Ulmus. P. 10-6. Below ground at roots of trees. Sometimes goes over 2 years. I. 6-7. When at rest resembles a broken stick. Comes to light. 0. Laid in batches on the under sides of leaves. Deposited 18th June, hatched 7th July (Tonge). Buckthorn. (Rhamnus catharticus) Buff Arches, (derasa, L., Habrosyne (Gonophora)) Buff Ermine, (lubricipeda, L., Spilosoma) Buff Footman, (deplana, Esp., Liihosia) Buff-tip, (bucephala, L., Phalera) Bullrush. (Scirpus lacustris) Bullrush Wainscot, (typhce, Esp. (arundinis, F.), Nonagria) Bupalus. Genus includes piniaria. Burdock, (lappa, Arctium) Burnet. (Poterium) Burnet Companion, (glyphica, L., Euclidia) Burnet-saxifrage. (Pimpinella magna and P. saxifraga) Burnished Brass, (chrysitis, L., Plusia) Bur-reed. (Sparganium) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 51 Butter-bur. (Petasites) Butterbur Moth, (petasitis, Dbld., Hydrcecia (Gortyna)} Buttercup. ( Ranunculus] Buttoned Snout, (rostralis, L., Hypena) Cabbage. (Brassica oleracea) Cabbage Moth, (brassisce, L., Barathra (Mamestra)) Cabera. Genus includes exanthemata and pusaria. cseruleocephala, L., Diloba. (Figure of Eight Moth) L. 4-6 (or earlier). OnCrataegus, Prunus, P. spinosa, Pyrus, and P. malus. Prefers the end shoots of lower branches, on which it rests lengthways. P. 6-10. In an oval cocoon covered with bits of litter, usually attached to a stick, etc., on the ground . I. 10-11. Comes to light. Emerges between 5 P.M. and 7 P.M. 0. 9. Laid in small clusters at the base of lateral shoots. Hatch about middle of March. ceesia, Bkh., Dianthoecia. (The Grey) L. 6-8. On the buds, flowers, and seeds of Silene inflata and S. maritima. P. 9-5. Below ground. 1. 6, 7, and 8. Fond of Campion bloom. 0. 7-8. Laid on the flowers. caesiata, Lang., Entephria (Larentia). (Grey Mountain Carpet) L. 8-5. On Calluna, Erica, Polygonum, Salix caprea, and Vaccinium. Hibernates on the ground at the roots of plants, but recom- mences feeding in April. P. 5. In a slight cocoon amongst the leaves of food plant. 1. 6-8 (beg.). Rests on stones, trunks, and walls. Comes to Heather bloom and sugar. 0. 7-8. Laid on the stalks of food plant. Hatching periods recorded, 12 and 24 day? 52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK caja, L., Arctia. (Garden Tiger) L. 9 or 10-6. General feeder, preferring Althea rosea, Lactuca (give sparingly), Lamium, Rumex, and Sedum. Hibernates when about 3 weeks old, and recommences feeding on warm days in spring, when they sun themselves on Nettles, Docks, etc. P. 6-7. In a web. I. 7-8. Comes to light. May be found at rest amongst herbage. 0. Laid 2nd August, hatched 8th August (Tonge). Laid 12th July, hatched 20th July (Scorer). Cakile. (Sea Rocket) ripae, Agrotis. (Sand Dart) L. 8-10. Hides in the sand by day. Calamagrostis epigeios. (Wood Small Reed) hellmanni, Tapinostola. (Mere Wainscot) L. 8-6. Internal feeder. Calamia. Genus includes lutosa and phragmitidis. Calamint. ( Calaminiha) Calamintha. ( Calamint) armigera, Heliothis. (Scarce Bordered Straw) L. 6-7. c-album, L., Polygonia. (Comma Butterfly) L. 4-6 and 8. On Humulus, Ribes, and Urtica dioica (best food). Full fed in 5 or 6 weeks. P. 6-7 and 9. Suspended by tail. Frequently agitate themselves violently. 1. 7-8 and 9-5. The lighter forms usually emerge first. 0. Laid singly or in chains, usually on the tips of Nettle leaves. Hatch in about 8 days. caliginosa, Hb., Acosmetia. (Reddish Buff) L. 8 (?). On Seratula tinctoria. P. (?) 1. 7. Flies at dusk. Hides in herbage by day. Comes to light. O, THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 53 Callimorpha. Genus includes dominula and quadripunctaria (hero). Callophrys. Genus includes rubi. Calluna vulgaris. (Ling or Heather) continguaria, Acidalia. (Weaver's Wave) L. 9-5. fumata, Acidalia (Py large). (Smoky Wave) L. 8-5. immorata, Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Lewis Wave) L. 8-5. inornata, Acidalia. (Plain Wave) L. 8-6. euphorbise, var. myricse, Acronycta. (Sweet Gale Moth) L. 7-9. menyanthidis, Acronycta. (Light Knot Grass) L. 8-9. Day feeder, agathina, Agrotis. (Heath Rustic) L. 9-6. Hides by day. strigula (porphyrea), Agrotis. (True Lover's Knot) L. 8-5. macilenta, Amathes. (The Yellow-line Quaker) L. 4-6. myrtilli, Anarta. (The Beautiful Yellow Underwing) L. 7-10 and sometimes in spring. Sweep 8-9. rufina, Anchocelis. (Flounced Chestnut) L. 4-5. Cannibal in confinement, repandata, Boarmia. (Mottled Beauty) L. 7-5. Sweep at night, cribrum, Coscinia. (Speckled Footman) L. 8-5. fascelina, Dasychira (Orgyia). (Dark Tussock) L. 8-4. Hibernates early in a silk web. atomaria, Ematurga (Fidonia). (Common Heath) L. 7-8 or 9. caesiata, Entephria (Larentia). (Grey Mountain Carpet) L. 8-5. goossensiata, Eupithecia. (Ling Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers, nanata, Eupithecia. (Narrow-winged Pug) L. 8-10 and sometimes 6. Sweep, occulta, Eurois (Aplecta). (Great Brocade) L. 8-5. Sweep, myrtillata (obfuscaria), Gnophos. (Scotch Annulet) L. 9-6. furcata, Hydriomena. (July Highflyer) L. 5-6. 54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK taenialis (albistrigalis), Hypenodes. (White-line Snout) L. 8-9. On withered flowers, quercus, Lasiocampa. (Oak Eggar) L. 8-7. solidaginis, Lithomoia. (Golden-rod Brindle) L. 5-7. rubi, Macrophylacia. (Fox Moth) L. 8-10. Hairs very irritant, glauca, Mamestra. (Glaucous Shears) L. 7-8. Sleeve out. pisi, Mamestra (Hadena). (Broom Moth) L. 8-9. viridata, Nemoria. (Small Grass Emerald) L. 7-8. Sweep, castanea, Noctua. (The Neglected or Grey Rustic) L. 9-5. glareosa, Noctua. (Autumnal Rustic) L. 8-6. rubi, Noctua. (Small Square-spot) L. 6-7 and 11-4. lapponaria, Nyssia. (Rannock Brindled Beauty) L. 5-7. filigrammaria, Oporabia (Epirrata). (Small Autumnal Carpet) L. 3-5. hippocastanaria, Pachycnemia. (Horse Chestnut) L. 6-7 and 9. Sweep, strigillaria, Perconia. (Grass Wave) L. Autumn — 4 or 5. interrogationis, Plusia. (Scarce Silver Y) L. 9-6. Sweep, belgiaria (fagaria), Scodonia. (Grey Scalloped Bar) L. 9-5. Sweep, ericetaria (plumaria), Selidosema. (Bordered Grey) L. 9-4. Night feeder. callunse, Palmer = quercus, L., Lasiocampa. Calocampa. Genus includes exoleta and vetusta. Calymnia. Genus includes affinis, diffinis, pyralina, and trapezina. Camber well Beauty, (antiopa, L., Vanessa) cambrica, Curt, (cambricaria), Venusia. (Welsh Wave) L. 8 (earlier or later). On Pyrus aucuparia. P. 7-8. Spun up in a leaf. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 55 I. 7-8. Rests on tree-trunks. 0. Hatch in about 10 days. camelina, L., Lophopteryx (Notodonta). (Coxcomb Moth) L. 7-10. On Betula, Corylus, Fagus, Quercus, and Salix caprea. Beat. P. 10-5. In a tough, dirty -grey silk cocoon under moss, or below ground at foot of food plant. Sometimes 2 years in this I. 5-6 and 7-8. In the South there are sometimes second broods, which are rather paler in colour. Comes to light. Pairs may be found about 11 P.M. 0. 7. Laid on the under sides of leaves. Hatch hi 6-8 days. Campanula (various). lucernea, Agrotis. (Northern Rustic) L. 8-5. Prefers C. rotundifolia (Harebell). Hides by day. denotata (campanulata), Eupithecia. (Campanula Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers and in the seed-pods, scabiosata, Eupithecia. (Shaded Pug) L. 7-9. On the flowers. Campanula Pug. (denotata (campanulata, HS.), Eupithecia) Campanula rotundifolia. (Harebell) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. Campanula trachelium. (Nettle-leaved Bell-flower) denotata (campanulata, HS.), Eupithecia. (Campanula Pug) L. 8-9. In the seed capsules. campanulata, HS. = denotata, Gn. (?) Campion. ( Lychnis) Campion Moth, (cucubali, FuesL, Dianihoecia) Camptogramma. Genus includes bilineata. Canary-shouldered Thorn, (alniaria, L., Ennomos) candelarum, Stgr. = Ashworthii, Dbld. 56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK candidata, Schiff., Asthena. (Small White Wave) L. 6-7. On Betula, Corylus, and Rosa canina. P. 8-4. I. 5-7 (beg.) and sometimes 8-9. O. caniola, Hb., Lithosia. (Hoary Footman) L. 8-5 or 6. On Anthyllis vulneraria, Lactuca, Lichenes, Lotus corniculatus, and Tre- folium repens. Hibernates at the roots in a fine web. Usually feeds at night. P. 7. In a slight cocoon at roots of food plant. I. 7-8. Flies at dusk and dawn for about half an hour. Comes to light and sugar. Freshly- hatched females assemble males. 0. 7-8. Eggs laid 30th to 31st July, hatched 9th August. cannse, 0., Nonagria. (Reed Wainscot) L. 5-7. Internal feeder on Iris Ksempferi, Scirpus lacustris, and Typha latifolia ; but when young will feed on the sheathing leaf. Cut affected reeds six inches below exit hole, and place in water, which should be changed daily. P. 7. Inside the stem, head up. 1. 8-9. Flies over reeds at dusk. Males come to light. O. 9. Laid singly on the stems. Eggs laid 1st to 5th September, hatched from 10th to 17th April. capsincola, Hb., Dianthoscia. (The Lychnis) L. 7 and sometimes 9. In the seed capsules of Dian- thus, D. barbatus, Lychnis, L. flox-cuculi and Silene. Best found at night. P. At the base of food plants. I. 5-6. There is sometimes an autumnal brood. 0. Eggs laid in May have been known to hatch, some in August and the rest not till the following May. capsophila, Dup., Dianthcecia. (Pod-lover) L. 6-7 and 9. In the seed-heads of Dianthus barbatus, Lychnis, Silene, and S. maritima. P. 8 and 10-5 or 6. Below ground. 1. 5-6 and sometimes 7-8. Comes to flowers of food plants, valerian, etc. 0. 6. Hatch in 7-10 days. Usually laid between 9.30 P.M. and 10 P.M. on the flowers. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 57 captiuncula, Tr. (expolita, Stt.), Phothedes. (Least Minor) L. 8-6. On Carex glauca and Phalaris arundinacea (in confinement). Eats stems downwards. P. 6. I. 6-8. Flies in short, low nights in the early after- noon from 2-5 P.M. Partial to rough fields and hill-sides. 0. Caradrina. Genus includes alsines, ambigua, exigua, morpheus, quadripunctata, super stes, and taraxaci. carbonaria, CL, Fidonia. (Netted Mountain Moth) L. 5-7. Night feeder on Arctostaphylos, Betula, Erica, Salix caprea, and Vaccinium. P. 5. On the ground amongst leaves. I. 4-5. Found at considerable elevations only. Flies at noon. 0. Cardamine pratensis. (Cuckoo-flower) cardamines, Euchloe. (Orange-tip) L. 6-7. cardamines, L., Euchloe. (Orange-tip) L. 6-7. On Arabis, Brassica sinapistrum, Cardamine pratensis, Cochlearia armoracia, Hesperis matromalis, Lunaria, Nasturtium offici- nale, Sisymbrium alliaria, and S. officinale. Are very fond of the seed -pods. Has great protective resemblance to food. P. 8-4. Suspended by belt and tail, head up. Resembles a thorn. I. 4-6. Flies along hedge rows. Females sluggish. O. 5. Laid singly on the pedicel of a flower. Eggs laid 19th May, hatched 28th May (Oldaker). Usually hatch in 4-5 days. cardui, L. Pyrameis. (Painted Lady) L. 6. On Arctium, Carduus, Cirsium lanceolatum, Echium, Malva, and Urtica. From immi- grant specimens. Draws the edge of a leaf together, and lives in this retreat. P. 7. Suspended by tail inside a spun-up retreat. I 5-6 (immigrants) and 8-10. Flies till dusk. Fond of settling on roads, lead roofs, etc. Does not hibernate in England. Emerges 2-4 P.M. 0. 6. Usually laid singly. 58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Carduus. (Thistle) obscura (ravida), Agrotis (Orgyia). (Stout Dart) L. 9-5. Hides by day. exoleta, Calocampa. (Sword-grass) L. 4 or 5-7. pisi, Mamestra (Hadena). (Broom Moth) L. 8-9. ochracea (flavago), Ochria (Gortyna). (Frosted Orange) L. 4-7 (or later). Feeds downwards internally. Carex. (Sedge) lychnidis (pistacina), Amathes ( Anthocelis orthosia). (The Beaded Chestnut) L. 3-6. vetusta, Calocampa. (Red Sword-grass) L. 5-7. |cribrumalis, Herminia. (Dotted Fan-foot) L. 7-6. Hibernates at roots, uncula (unca), Hydrelia (Erastria). (Silver-hook) L. 7-8. Rests along the blades, captiuncula (expolita), Phothedes. (Least Minor) L. 8-6. festucae, Plusia. (The Gold-spot) L. 5-6 sometimes 7-8. fulva, Tapinostola. (Small Wainscot) L. 6-7. Internal feeder. Carex glauca. literosa, Miana. (Rosy Minor) L. 9-6. captiuncula (expolita), Phothedes. (Least Minor) L. 8-6. Carex paludosa. (Sedge (var.)) leucostigma (fibrosa), Helotropha (Apamea). (The Crescent) L. 5-7. In the stems. carmelita, Esp., Odontosia (Lophopteryx). (Scarce Prominent) L. 6-7. On Betula. Rests on stalks and mid-ribs. Full fed in about 4 weeks. P. 8-4. Sometimes 2 years in a dirty - grey silk cocoon below ground at foot of tree. I. 4-5. Emerges 8 A.M. -9 A.M. Search trunks and palings about midday 3-5 feet up. Comes to Sallow bloom, and is attracted by puddles. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 59 0. 4-5. On under side of Birch leaves. Eggs from early-bred females must be kept cold, or they will hatch before food is ready. Hatch in 14 days. Carnation. (Dianthus) carnica, Hering = hyper borea, Zett. carpinata, Bkh. (lobulata, Hb.), Lobophora (Trichopteryx). (Early Tooth-striped) L. 6-7. On Ahms, Betula, Lonicera, and Salix caprea. P. 8-4. In a slight web on the ground. I. 4-5. Rests on trunks, fences, posts, etc. 0. 5. Hatch in 23 days. carpini, Schiff . =pavonia, L Carpinus betulus. (Hornbeam) coryli, Demas. (Nut-tree Tussock) L. 6-7 and 9. Beat at night, quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos. (August Thorn) L. 4-7. Beat, chrysorrhsea, Euproctis (Porthesia). (Brown-tail) L. 8-6. marginaria (progemmaria), Hybernia. (Dotted Border) L. 4-5. Beat, monocha, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Black Arches) L. 4-7. brunnea, Noctua. (Purple Clay) L. 9-5. pulveraria, Numeria. (The Barred Umber) L. 6-8 or 9. Beat, aurago, Ochria (Xanthia). (The Barred Sallow) L. 4 or 5 to 6 or 7. Beat. Feeds on the buds at first, fimbria, Triphsena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Beat at night in spring. carpophaga, Bkh., Dianthecia. (Tawny Shears) L. 6-7 and 9. Night feeder on the seeds of Dianthus barbatus, Lychnis vespertina, Silene inflata, and S. maritima. P. 10-5. Below ground at the base of food plants. I. 5-6, sometimes 7-8. Comes to Campion bloom and to light. 0. Laid on the Calix or Corolla. Hatch in about a week. 60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Carrot. (Daucus) Carsia. Genus includes palndata. Carterocephalus. Genus includes palcemon. cassinea, Hb.= sphinx, Hufn. cassiope, J?. = epiphron, Kn. castanea, Esp., Noctua, (The Neglected or Grey Rustic) L. 9-5. Night feeder on Calluna, Crataegus (in captivity), and Salix caprea. Sweep Heather at dusk. P. 6-7. I. 8. Comes to Tritoma flowers, to resinous nodes of Fir-trees, and to sugar. 0. castaneee, Hb. (arundinis), Phragmatcecia (Macrogaster). (The Reed Leopard) L. 8-5. On Phragmites. Feeds low down internally and upwards. P. 6. Pupates in the stem. Exit hole covered with fine silk. Works upwards when due to hatch. I. 6-7. Emerges about 10 P.M, Comes to light. Flies slowly at dusk. 0. 7. Only one egg laid on each stem. Castanea vulgaris. (Spanish Chestnut) hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, monocha, Lymandria (Lipaiis). (The Black Arches) L. 4-7. castigata, Hb., Eupithecia. (Grey Pug) L. 8-10. On Eupatorium and many other plants generally. Beat. P. 10-4. In an earthen cocoon. 1. 5-6 and sometimes in autumn. Comes to light and to flowers of Ragwort, Golden Rod, Angelica, etc. O. castrensis, L., Malocosoma. (Ground Lackey) L. 5-6. On Artemisia maritima, Atriplex, Betula, Chrysanthemum, and Daucus. In a web. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 61 Likes air and sunshine. Sprinkle food. Should be bred for good specimens. P. 6-7. Spun up amongst herbage on salt marshes. I. 7-8. Sometimes comes to fight. Male Neustria will cross with female castrensis, giving hybrid Schaufussi. 0. Laid in necklace form around stems. Are deposited on their flat sides, and look as if varnished. Catch-fly. (Silene Otites] Catephia. Genus includes alchymista. Cat Mint. (Nepeta cataria) Catocala. Genus includes decta, fraxini, nupta, promissa, and sponsa. Cat's-tail. (Phlceum pratense) Celerio. Genus includes galii. celerio, L., Hippotion (Chcerocampa). (Silver-striped Hawk Moth) L. 8-9 (from immigrants). On Ampelopsis, Fuchsia, Galium verum, and Vitis vinifera. P. 8. I. 9-10. Comes at dusk to flowers — such as Rhodo- dendron, Petunia, Tobacco, and Ger- anium. Has been taken at light. 0. Laid singly. Hatch in about 15 days. Celcena. Genus includes haworthii. Centaurea nigra and C. scabiosa. (Knapweed) oblongata, Eupithecia. (Limespeck Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers, satyrata, Eupithecia. (Satyr Pug) L. 8-9. Sweep, globularise, Ino. (Scarce Forester) L. 8-5. Search for blistered leaves, zonaria, Nyssia. (The Belted Beauty) L. 5-8. centaureata, F. = oblongata, Thnb. Centaury. (Erythrcea centaurium) 62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK centonalis, Hb., Nola. (Scarce Black Arches) L. 9-5. On Lotus corniculatus, Medicago lupulina, and Trifolium — on the flowers. Will sometimes produce imagos in 11-12 in confinement. P. 6. In a boat-shaped cocoon. I. 7-8. Rests on the stems of grasses and Buckthorn, from 10.30 P.M. till early dawn. Has been taken at light. 0. Laid 16th to 17th July 1881, hatched 26th July 1881. Laid 20th to 21st July 1881, hatched 31st July 1881 (R. Adkin). Centre-barred Sallow, xerampelina, Hb., Cirrhoedia ( Ateth- mia) cerago, F. =fulvago, L. Cerastium glomeratum. (Mouse-eared Chickweed) tritici, Agrotis. (White-line Dart) L. 9-5. picata, Euphyia (Cidaria). (Cloaked Carpet) L. 8-9. Night feeder, tenebrata (arbuti), Heliaca. (Small Yellow Underwing) L. 6-7. On flowers and seeds. Cerastium tomentosum. (Woolly Mouse-eared Chickweed) pygmaeata, Eupithecia. (Marsh Pug) L. 6-7 and 9. In confinement. Cerigo. Genus includes matura. certata, Hb., Eucosmia (Calocalpe, Scotosia). (Scarce Tissue) L. 6-7. On Berberis aquifolium and B. vulgaris. P. 8-4 or 5. On the ground in a slight cocoon. 1. 5-6 (or earlier). Rests on palings, etc. Comes to light. 0. Laid 12th May, hatched 16th June. Cerura. Genus includes bicuspis, bifida, and furcula. cervinata, Schiff., Ortkoliiha (Eubolia). (The Mallow) L. 3 or 4-6. On Althea rosea, Malva sylvestris. P. 6-8. Below ground. 1. 9-10. Flies at night. O. Take about 5J months to hatch. cespitis, F., Luperina (Tholera). (Hedge Rustic) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 63 L. 4-6. Night feeder on Gramineae, especially Nardus stricta. Sweep. P. 7. In an earthen cocoon below ground. I. 8. Comes to light, to Ragwort flowers, and to sugared Bramble bloom. 0. Autumn, and hatch in spring. Chabuata. Genus includes conigera. chalcites, Esp., Plusia. L. 6-4. On various low plants. P. (?) 1. 5-8. Rare immigrant. 0. Chalk Carpet, (bipunctaria, Schiff., Ortholitha) Chalk Hill Blue, (corydon, Pod., Lyccena) Chamomile Shark, (umbmtica, L.. Cucullia) chamomillse, Schiff., Cucullia. (Chamomile Shark) L. 4-7. On Anthemis, Matricaria, and Pyrethrum. Until half grown live exposed or lie on unexpanded flower heads. Search on sunny days. P. 8-4. In a cocoon below ground. Sometimes 2 or 3 years in this stage. I. 4-5 (or later). In captivity sometimes as early as 3. 0. chaonia, Hb., Drymonia. (Lunar Marbled Brown) L. 6-8. On Betula and Quercus. Clings tenaciously to the mid-rib of leaves. Prefers isolated trees. P. 9-4. In a silk earth - covered cocoon having a brownish-gold silk lining. At roots in corners or close to the trunk. I. 4 (end) -5. Imagos emerge in the afternoon. 0. Laid 18th to 19th May 1884, hatched 26th May 1884 (R. Adkin) Chareeas. Genus includes graminis. Charlock. (Sinapis arvemsis or Brassica sinapistrum) Cheimatobia. Genus includes boreata and brumata. 64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Cheiranthus. (Wallflower) design ata (propugnata), Coremia. (Flame Carpet) L. 6-7 and 8-9. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, napi, Pieris. (Green-veined White) L. 6-7 and 8-9. fluctuata, Xanthorhoe (Melanippe). (Garden Carpet) L. 6-10. Night feeder. chenopodii, F. =trifolii> Rott. Chenopodium album. (Goosefoot) exclamationis, Agrotis. (Heart and Dart) L. 7-5. Night feeder. Hides by day. ypsilon (suffusa), Agrotis. (Dark Sword -grass) L. 4-7. Hides by day. subnotata, Eupithecia. (Plain Pug) L. 8-9. Night feeder on flowers and seeds, albicolon, Mamestra. (White Colon) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9. Night feeder, dissimilis (suasa), Mamestra. (Dog's-tooth) L. 7. oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-line Brown Eye) L. 7-9. Search under spreading clumps, peregrina, Mamestra. (The Stranger) L. 5-7. trifolii, Mamestra. (The Nutmeg) L. 7-9. reticulata (saponarise), Neuria (Neuronia). (The Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. comitata, Pelurga. (Dark Spinach) L. 8-9. Night feeder. Chequered Skipper, (palcemon, Pall., Carter ocephalus) Cherry. (Prunus avium) Chesias. Genus includes rufuta and spartiata. Chestnut-coloured Carpet, (cognata, Thnb. (simulata, Hb.), Them) Chestnut Moth, (vaccinii, L., Orrhodia) Chevron, (testata, L., Lygris (Cidaria)) chi, L., Polia. (The Grey Chi) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 65 L. 4-6. On Cratsegus, Lycium barbarum, Rumex, Salix caprea, Senecio vulgaris, and Tar- axacum. Likes a mixed diet, with plenty of change. P. 6-8. Below ground. I. 8-9. Rests on rocks, stones, etc. Fond of Heather bloom. 0. 8-9. Hatch rather irregularly in 4. Chiasmia. Genus includes clathrata. Ghickweed. (Stellaria media) Chimney Sweeper, (atrata, L., Odezia) Chinese Character, (glaucata, Sc. (spinula, Schiff.), Gilix) chlorana, L., Earias. (Cream-bordered Green Pea) L. 7-8. On Salix and S. viminalis. Draws terminal leaves of food plant together. P. 8-5 or 6. In a tough, boat-shaped cocoon spun upon bark or on a twig of food plant. 1. 5-6. Sometimes in the autumn, the same year as larva. Fond of fens and damp places. 0. Chloroclystis. Genus includes coronata, debiliata, and rect- angulata. Chocolate Tip. (curtula, L., Pygcera) Chcerocampa. Genus includes celerio, elpenor, nerii, and porcellus. Christmas Rose. ( Helleborus niger) Chrysanthemum. grossulariata, Abraxas. (Magpie) L. 8-5 or 6. segetum, Agrotis. (Turnip Moth) L. 7-4. subfulvata, Eupithecia. (Tawny Speckled Pug) L. 9-10. succenturiata, Eupithecia. (Bordered Pug) L. 9-10. Night feeder, castrensis, Malocosoma. (Ground Lackey) L. 5-6. In confinement. 66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK fluviata, Percnoptilota. (The Gem) L. Several generations from Spring and Summer immigrants. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. (Ox-eye Daisy) meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder. Chrysanthemum segetum. (Corn Marigold) meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder. chrysidiformis, Esp., Sesia. (Fiery Clearwing) L. 4. On the roots of Rumex and R. acetosa. Lift sickly-looking plants, which may contain half-a-dozen larvae ; water, and keep in the sun. Keep, if necessary, for two years. The holes are covered with brown silk. The whereabouts of the larvae shown by frass. P. 5-6. I. 6-7. Flies in the sunshine. 0. 7-8. Laid on the food plant. When hatched larvae mine to the roots. chrysitis, L., Plusia. (The Burnished Brass) L. 6-7 and 9-4. On Lamium and Urtica dioica. P. 7 and 5. In a cocoon amongst leaves. I. 6-7, 8, and sometimes 9. Comes to sugar and to Valerian and other flowers at dusk. 0. chryson, Esp. (orichalcea, Stt.), Plusia. (Scarce Burnished Brass) L. 9-6. On Eupatorium cannabinum. P. 6-7. I. 7-8. Comes to Honeysuckle and other flowers at dusk. Also flies by day. O. Chrysophanus. Genus includes dispar and phlceas. chrysorrhsea, L., Euproctis (Porthesia). (The Brown-tail) L. 8-6. On Carpinus, Crataegus, Hippophoe rham- noides, Prunus, P. spinosa, Rosa canina, Rubus, and Ulmus. Gregarious in a common web. Hairs very irritant. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 67 P. 6-7. In a brownish cocoon of silk and hair amongst the food. Often several in a web together. I. 7-8. Sluggish in habits. 0. 8. Laid in hair-covered batches on the under side of leaves of food plant. Hatch same month. Larvae feed for a short time, and then hibernate in a common web. chrysozona, Bkh. (dysodea, Hb.), Hecatera. (Small Ranun- culus) L. 7-8. On Crepis, Lactuca saligna, L. sativa, and L. virosa — on the flowers and seeds. Found stretched out on the flowers by day. P. 9-6. Just below ground. 1. 6-7. Comes to flowers at dusk ; especially fond of Spur Valerian. 0. Cidaria. Genus includes corylata, fulvata, immanata, miata, pyraliata, sagittata, siterata, and truncata. Cilix. Genus includes glaucata. cinctaria, Schiff., Boarmia. (Ringed Carpet) L. 6-8. On Betula, Calluna, Polygonum, and Salix caprea. P. 9-4. I. 4 (end) -6 (beg.). Rests on stunted tree-trunks and Heather. 0. Laid hi crevices. Hatch in 16 days. cineraria, ~ELb.=sepi(mat Hufn. cinerea, Hb., Agrotis (Euxoa). (Light Feathered Rustic) L. 6 (end) or 7 — spring. On Rumex and Thymus serpyllum. Hibernates when full fed. P. 4-5. I. 5-6. In chalk and limestone districts only. O. 5 (end) -6 (beg.). Hatch in about 12 days. Cinnabar, (jacobcece, L., Hipocrita) cinxia, L., Melitcea. (Glanville Fritillary) L. 7-4. On Plantago lanceolata and P. niaritima. After feeding for about 2 months, hibernate in companies in a common web. Only take full-fed larvae. 68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 4-5. Suspended from the stalks. I. 5-6. 0. Laid in clusters under the tip of a leaf. Circaea lutetiana. (Enchanter's Nightshade) silaceata, Eustroma (Cidaria). (Small Phoenix) L. 6-7 (sometimes 8-9). circellaris, Hufn. (ferruginea). Amathes (Orthosia, Mellinia). (The Brick) L. 4-6 or 7. On Fraxinus, Populus, P. tremula, Salix, Ulmus, and U. montana — on the flowers and seeds. P. 6-9. 1. 8-10. Comes to Tritoma uvaria flowers. O. Cirphis. Genus includes comma, loreyi, putrescens, and uni- puncta. Cirrhia. Genus includes citrago. Cirrhcedia. Genus includes xerampelina. Cirsium lanceolatum. (Spear Plume Thistle) cardui, Pyrameis. (Painted Lady) L. 6. Cistus Forester, (geryon, Hb., Ino (Adscita)) citrago, L., Cirrhia (Xanthia). (Orange Sallow) L. 4-5. On Tilia. Night feeder. Hides by day between two leaves spun together. When full grown retreats to the ground by day. P. 6-7. At roots and between leaves. Makes its cocoon early in 6, but does not pupate for some weeks. I. 8-9. Fond of honey dew, ripe pears, and sugared leaves. Comes to light and to Ivy bloom. 0. 9. Hatch 4. Keep eggs cool all the winter, or they will hatch before food is ready for them. citraria, Hb.=ochrearia, Ross. Cladium mariscus. leucostigma (fibrosa), Helotropha (Apamea). (The Crescent) L. 5-7. In stems. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 69 ccenosa, Lselia. (Reed Tussock) L. 8-6. clathrata, L., Chiasmia (Strenia). (Latticed Heath) L. 6-9. On Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium. In two broods. Sweep at night. P. 7-5. Two broods below ground. I. 4-5 and 7-8. Flies by day and at night. Comes to light. 0. Clay, The. (lithargyria, Esp., Leucania (Sideridis)) Clay Fan-foot, (derivalis, Hb., Herminia) Clay Triple-lines, (linearia, Hb. (trilinearia, Bkh.), Ephyra) Clear Underwing. (tabaniformis, Rott. (vespiformis, Westw. non L.), Sciapteron (Trochelium)) Cleavers or Goose-grass. (Galium aparine) Clematis vitalba. (Traveller's Joy or Wild Clematis) degeneraria, Acidalia. (Portland Ribbon Wave) L. 8-4. In two broods, strigilaria (prataria), Acidalia. (The Sub-angled Wave) L. 8-5. gemmaria, Boarmia. (Willow Beauty) L. 8-5. coronata, Chloroclystis. (The V-Pug) L. 6-7 and in autumn. Feeds on the flowers, isogrammaria (haworthiata), Eupithecia. (Haworth's Pug) L. 7-8. Search for discoloured buds, vernaria, Geometra. (Small Emerald) L. 8-5 or 6. Beat trailing shoots, pumilata, Gymnoscelis (Eupithecia). (Double-striped Pug) L. 5-9. On the flowers, lurideola, Lithosia. (Common Footman) L. 8-6. Beat, oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-line Brown Eye) L. 7-9. procellata, Melanthia. (Pretty Chalk Carpet) L. 8-9. albicellata, Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (The Beautiful Carpet) L. 8-9 (or earlier), lapidata, Phibalapteryx. (Slender-striped Rufous) L. 5-6. tersats, Phibalapteryx (Ccenocalpa). (The Fern) L. 8-9. Beat at night. 70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK vitalbata, Phibalapteryx. (Small Waved Umber) L. 6-7 and 9-10. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. Cleora. Genus includes angularia, jubata, and lichenaria. Clifden Blue or Adonis Blue, (bellargus, Rott. (adonis, Hb.), Lyccena) Clifden Nonpareil, (fraxini, L., Catocala) Cloaked Carpet, (picata, Hw. (biangulata, Hw.), Euphyia ( Cidaria)) Cloaked Minor, (bicoloria, Vill. (furuncula, Hb.), Miana) Cloaked Pug. (togata, Hb., Eucymatoge) Cloantha. Genus includes polyodon. Clouded Border, (marginata, L., Lomaspilis) Clouded Bordered Brindle. (rurea, F., Xylophasia ( Apamea)) Clouded Brindle. (hepatica, Hb., Xylophasia) Clouded Buff, (sanio (russula, L.), Diacrisia) Clouded Drab, (incerta, Hufn., Tceniocampa) Clouded Magpie, (sylvata, Sc. (ulmata, F.), Abraxas) Clouded Silver, (temerata, Hb., Bapta) Clouded Yellow, (edusa, F., Colias) Clover. ( Trifolium) c-nigrum, L., Noctua. (Setaceous Hebrew Character) L. 9-5. On Primula vulgaris, Kumex, Senecio vul- garis, and Stellaria media. P. 5-6. Below ground. Sometimes larva pupates in the autumn, giving imago in 5. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 71 I. 7-8 (sometimes as early as 5). Comes to sugar and light. Has been known to cross with N. Xanthographa. O. Coast Dart, (cursoria, Hufn., Agrotis (Euxoa)) Cochlearia armeracia. (Horse-radish) morpheus, Caradrina. (Mottled Rustic) L. 8, 9, 10-5. designata (propugnata), Coremia (Ochyria). (Flame Car- pet) L. 6-7 and 8-9. cardamines, Euchloe. (Orange-tip). L. 6-7. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. fluctuata, Xanthorhoe (Melanippe). (Garden Carpet) L. 6-10. Night feeder. Cochlidion. Genus includes limacodes. Cock's-foot Grass. (Dactylis glomerata) Goenobia. Genus includes rufa. Ccenocalpe. Genus includes tersata, vitalbata, and vittata. Coenonympha. Genus includes pamphilus and typhon (davus) Goenophila. Genus includes subrosea. coenosa, Hb.? Lcelia. (Reed Tussock) L. 8-6. On Cladium mariscus, Phragmites communis, . and Sparganium. P. I. 7. Comes to light. Probably extinct. O. cognata, Thnb. (simulata, Hb.), Them. (Chestnut-coloured Carpet) L. 5-6 and 9. On Juniperus communis. Beat. P. 6-7. Dark green. In a frail cocoon amongst litter underneath the bushes. Sometimes in moss. I. 7-8. Amongst Juniper bushes, especially at night. O. Colias. Genus includes edusa and hyale. 72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Collix. Genus includes sparsata. Colt's-foot. ( Tussilago) Columbine. ( Aquilegia) Gomacla. Genus includes senex. comes, Hb. (orbona, F.), Triphcena. (Lesser Yellow Under- wing) L. 9-4. On Gramineae. General feeder on low plants. Sweep grasses in February. P. 4-7. On the ground. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar. 0. 8. A female lays 400 - 500 eggs, but wants feeding beforehand. Hatch in 10 or 11 days. Comfrey. (Symphytum officinale) comitata, L., Pelurga. (Dark Spinach) L. 8-9. On the flowers and seeds of Atriplex and Chenopodium. Search at night. P. 9-7. In a web on the surface of ground. 1. 7-8. Comes to light. 0. comma, L.. Auyiades ( Urbicolor). (The Silver-spotted Skipper) L. 4-7. On Graminese, preferring Aira, Holcus, Poa, and Triticum. Draws grass blades together an inch or two above ground, and lives in this retreat. Is fully devel- oped in the egg by 10, but hibernates in the shell. P. 7 (end). In a coarse net-work cocoon amongst the grass close to the ground. This stage lasts about 4 weeks. I. 8. In wet seasons the colour is deeper than in dry ones. Fond of flowers of Centaurea, Hieracia, Scabiosa, and low Thistles. Will lay in confinement on potted-up plants. 0. 8. Laid singly on grass stems. Hatch 3 or 4 (early). comma, L., Leucania (Cirphis). (Shoulder-striped Wainscot) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 73 L. 8-4 (South says 6-8). Night feeder on Gram- insee, preferring Dactylis. Rests by day on stems. P. 5. Below ground. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar. 0. Comma Butterfly, (c-album, L., Polygonia) Common Blue, (icarus, Rott., Lyccena) Common Burnet. (Sanguisorba officinalis) Common Carpet, (sociata, Bkh., Xanthorrhoe (Epirrhoe)) Common Dead-nettle. (Lamium vulgatum) Common Emerald. (strigata, Mull, (thymiaria, Gn.,)3 Hemithea) Common Fan-foot, (barbalis, Cl., Pechipogon (Herminia)) Common Footman, (lurideola, Zk., Lithosia) Common Heath, (atomaria, L., Ematurga (Fidonia)) Common Marbled Carpet, (truncata, Hufn. (russata, Bkh.), Cidaria) Common Pug. (vulgata, Hw., Eupithecia) Common Quaker, (stabilis, View., Tceniocampa) Common Rustic, (secalis, L. (oculea, Gn., didyma, Esp.), Apamea) Common Swift, (lupulina, L., Hepialus) Common Wainscot, (pattern, L., Leucania) Common Wave, (exanthemata, Sc., Cabera) Common White Wave, (pusaria, L., Cabera) complana, L., Lithosia. (Scarce Footman) L. 8-6. On Lichenes, especially on Pinus. Possibly on Lotus corniculatus, Musci, Polygonum, and Trifolium, 74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 7. Amongst lichen and moss. I. 7-8. Flies at dusk. Comes to bloom of Centaurea and Carduus by night, and may be found by day on Eupatorium. 0. complanula, R.=lurideola, Zk. compta, F., Dianihoecia. (Varied Coronet) L. 7-8. On the seeds of Dianthus. p. (?) I. 5-6. Extremely rare. o. (?) concolor, Gn.=extrema, Hb. Concolorous. (extrema, Hb. (concolor, Gn.), Tapinostola (Nonagria)) conflua, Tr. =primulce, Esp. (f estiva, Hb.) conformis, F.=furcifera, Hufn. Conformist, (furcifera, Hufn. (conformis, F.), Graptolitha ( Xylina) confusalis, HS., Nola. (Least Black Arches) L. 7-8. On Fagus, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus, and Quercus. P 9-4. I. 5-6. Rests head downwards on trees in woods. 0. Confused, (furva, Hb., Hama (Mamestra)) coniferata, Stt.^simulata, Hb. conigera, F., Leucania (Chabuata). (Brown-Une Bright-eye) L. 8-5. Night feeder on Graminese and Triticum. P. 5-6. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar and light. 0. Eggs laid on 20th July, hatched 3rd August. Conium maculatum. (Hemlock) oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-line Brown-eye) L. 7-9. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 75 conjunctaria, ~Ld.=polygrammata, Bkh. connexa, Bkh. =pabulatricula, Brh. Conopodium denudatum. (Earth-nut) atrata, Odezia (Tanagra). (Chimney-sweeper) L. 5-6. consignata, Bkh. =insigniata, Hb. consonaria, Hb., Tephrosia. (Square-spot) L. 6-7. Night feeder on Betula, Fagus, Pinus, and Quercus. P. 8-5. Below ground at roots of trees. I. 5-6. Rests on tree-trunks. 0. 5-6. Laid on trunks. Deposited 22nd May 1886, hatched 6th June 1886 (R. Adkin). consortaria, F., Boarmia. (Pale Oak Beauty) L. 7-8. On Betula, Quercus, and Salix caprea. P. 8-5. Below ground. I. 6-7 and sometimes 9. Rests on trees. Comes to light and sugar. O. 6. Will lay in confinement in scored chip boxes. conspersa, Esp. (nana, Rott.), Dianthecia. (Marbled Coronet) L. 7-9 (or earlier). In the capsules of Dianthus, D. barbatus, Lychnis, Silene inflata, and S. maritima. P. 10-6. In a flimsy cocoon of earth and silk at the base of food plants. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar and flowers of food plants. 0. 6-7. Laid on the flowers or calyx. conspicillaris, L., Xylomiges. (Silver Cloud) L. 5 (end) -7. On the flowers of Lotus corniculatus, Rumex, and Trifolium minus. P. 7-4. Below ground in a compact, brittle earthen cocoon. I. 4-5. Rests on trees. Comes to sugar and plum blossom. O. 5. Laid in a batch. Hatch in about 10 days. conspicuata, Schiff. = limbaria, F. constrictata, Gn.=distinctaria. contigua, Vill., Mamestra (Hadena). (The Beautiful Brocade) 76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK L. 8-9. On Achillea millefolium, Betula, Corylus, Myrica gale, Polygonum, Pteris aquilina, Quercus, Rumex, and Solidago. P. 10-5. Below ground. I. 6-7. Rests on palings and trunks in or near woods. 0. contiguaria, Hb., Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Weaver's Wave) L. 9-5. On Calluna, Cotyledon, and Empetrum ; in confinement on Polygonum and Stellaria media. P. 6. In a loose cocoon. As a rule imago emerges in 14 days. I. 6-7. Flies at dusk. Rests on lichen-covered rocks. Pairs readily in captivity. O. Hatch in 14 days. Convallaria. (Lily of the Valley) lupulina, Hepialus. (Common Swift) L. 7-4. At roots. Convolvuli, L., Sphinx. (Convolvulus Hawk-moth) L. 7. On Convolvulus arvensis, C. sepium, C. soldanella. P. 7-9. Below ground. I. 8-10. Comes to tubular flowers at twilight and later; also to light. Immigrant. 0. 8. Hatch in 9-14 days. Convolvulus arvensis. (Bindweed) luctuosa, Acontia. (The Four-spotted) L. 6-8 or 9. Night feeder on flowers and seeds, emarginata, Ania (Acidalia). (Small Scallop) L. 8-5 or 6. Likes withered leaves, trabealis, Emmelia. (Spotted Sulphur) L. 7 and 9. peltigera, Heliothis. (Bordered Straw) L. 6-8 and 9-10. On flowers and unripe seeds. oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-line Brown Eye) L. 7-9. convolvuli, Sphinx. (Convolvulus Hawk) L. 7. Convolvulus Hawk, (convolvuli, L., Sphinx) Convolvulus sepium. (Great Bindweed) oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-line Brown Eye) L. 7-9. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 77 convolvuli, Sphinx. (Convolvulus Hawk) L. 7. Convolvulus soldanella. convolvuli, Sphinx. (Convolvulus Hawk) L. 7. Copper Underwing. (pyramided, L., Amphypera) coracina, Esp. (trepidaria, Tr., non Hb.), Psodos. (Black Mountain Moth) L. 5. On Musci (?) P. 6. I. 7. Confined to the Highlands of Scotland at 2,000-4,000 feet elevation. 0. cordigera, Thnb., Anarta. (Small Dark-yellow Underwing) L 6-7. On Arbutus, Unedo, Arctostacphylos, and Vaccinium uliginosum. P. 7-5. On the ground. I. 5. Flies in the sun. Pairs about sunset in middle of month. 0. 5-6. Hatch in about 12 days. Coremia. Genus includes designata, ferrugata, munitata, quadrifasciaria, and unidentaria . Corn. quadripunctata (cubicularis), Caradrina. (Pale Mottled Willow) L. 9-5. Gets harvested in the stacks. Probably escapes in the Spring and feeds on grasses and seeds of Plantago. Cornel. ( Cornus) Corn Feverfew. (Matricaria) Corn Marigold. ( Chrysanthemum segetum) Cornus. (Dogwood or Cornel) aini, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. rubi, Callophrys. (Green Hairstreak) L. 6-7. Beat, advenaria, Epione. (Little Thorn) L. 7-8. quercus, Lasiocampa. (Oak Eggar) L. 8-7. 78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK lurideola, Lithosia. (Common Footman) L. 8-6. Beat, viretata, Lobophora. (Yellow-barred Brindle) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10. coronata, Hb., Chlorodystis. (The V-Pug) L. 6-7 and in Autumn. On the flowers of Clematis, Cratsegus, Eupatorium cannabinum, Lythrum salicaris, and Solidago. P. 9-4. In a closely-spun earthen cocoon. I. 4-5 and 8. Bests on palings. May be beaten out of Clematis. O. Coronet, (ligustri, F., Craniophora) Coronilla varia. achilleae, Zygaena. L. (?) corticea, Hb., Agrotis (Euxoa). (Heart and Club) L. 8-3 or 4. Night feeder. On Althea rosea, Daucus, Galium aparine, Polygonum, P. persi- caria, Rumex, Trifohum, and Verbascum. Hides below soil by day. Hibernates in 11 when nearly full fed. P. 4-6. Below ground. I. 6-7 and sometimes 9. Comes to light and sugar. 0. 7. Usually hatch in about 10 days. corydon, Pod., Lyccena. (Chalk Hill Blue) L. 5-6. On Anthyllis, Hippocrepis, and Lotus corni- culatus. P. 7. Just below ground (?). I. 7-8. 0. 9. Hatch in Spring. corylata, Thnb., Cidaria. (Broken-barred or Hazel Carpet) L. 7-9. On Alnus, Betula, Crataegus, Prunus spinosa Quercus, and Tilia. P. 9-5. Under ground. I. 5-6. Rests on palings and trunks. May be beaten out of hedge rows. O. coryli, L., Demas. (Nut-tree Tussock) L. 6-7 and 9. On Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Fagus, and Quercus. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 79 P. 7-8 and 10-4. In a web under moss at the foot of tree. I. 5-6 and 8-9. Comes to light. O. 5 and 8. Corylus avellana. (Hazel) sylvata (ulmata), Abraxas. (Clouded Magpie) L. 8-10. Beat. Not usual food, alni, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. candidata, Asthena. (Small White Wave) L. 6-7. exanthemata, Cabera. (Common Wave) L. 6-9. Beat, ligustri, Craniophora (Acronycta). (The Coronet) L. 8-9. Beat, pudibunda, Dasychira (Orgyia). (Pale Tussock) L. 7-9. coryli. Demas. (Nut-tree Tussock) L. 6-7 and 9. versicolor, Endromis. (Kentish Glory) L. 5-7. Gregarious when young, apiciaria, Epione. (Bordered Beauty) L. 4-5. Beat. Shams death, papilionaria, Geometra. (Large Emerald) L. 7-6. derasa, Habrosyne (Gonophora). (Buff Arches) L. 8-9. Night feeder, strigata (thymiaria), Hemithia. (Common Emerald) L. 7-5. Beat, defoliaria, Hybernia. (Mottled Umber) L. 3-6. furcata, Hydriomena. (July Highflyer) L. 5-6. Night feeder, prasinana, Hylophila. (Green Silver Lines) L. 8-9. camelina, Lophopteryx (Notodonta). (Coxcomb) L. 7-10. Beat, contigua, Mamestra (Hadena). (The Beautiful Brocade) L. 8-9. dromedarius, Notodonta. (Iron Prominent) L. 6-8 and sometimes 9-10. Not usual food, phcebe (tritophus), Notodonta. (Three-humped) L. 6 and 7-9. pulveraria, Numeria. (The Barred Umber) L. 6-8 or 9. Beat. luteolata, Opisthograptis (crataegata, Rumia). (Brimstone Moth) L. 4-9 and 10-4. 80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK antiqua, Orgyia. (The Vapourer) L. 5-8. gonostigma, Orgyia. (Scarce Vapourer) L. 7 and 9-4 or 5. duplaris, Palimpsestis (Cymatophora). (Lesser Satin Moth) L. 8-10. bucephala, Phalera. (Buff-tip) L. 8-9. fagi, Stauropus. (The Lobster) L. 7-9. luridata (extersaria), Tephrosia. (Brindled White-spot) L. 8-9. Beat, fimbria, Triphaena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Beat at night in spring. Coscinia. Genus includes cribum and striata. Cosmopolitan, (loreyi, Dup., Leucania (Cirphis)) Cosmotruche. Genus includes potatoria. Cossus. Genus includes cossus (ligniperda) cossus, L. =ligniperda, F. Cotton Grass. ( Eriophorum vaginatum) Cotyledon umbilicus. (Navelwort) grossulariata, Abraxas. (Magpie) L. 8-5 or 6. contiguaria, Acidalia. (Weaver's Wave) L. 9-5. Couch Grass. (Triticum caninum) Cousin German, (sobrina, Gn., Noctua) Cow Parsley. (Heracleum sphondylium) Cow Parsnip. (Pastinaca saliva) Cowslip. (Primula veris) Cow- wheat. (Melampyrum pratense) Coxcomb Moth, (camdina, L., Lophopteryx (Notodonta)) Crab Apple. (Pyrus mains} THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 81 crabroniformis, Lew., Trochilium. (Lunar Hornet) L. Internal feeder on Populus, and especially on Salix and S. viminalis. Search cut osier rods 3 - 4. Those affected may be cut about a foot up and placed hole down- wards in damp sand. P. In a cocoon at the end of galleries in the trunks of food. Spun in spring near ground. Pupation takes place 6-7. Pupa sticks out of the holes when the imago emerges. I. 6 (end) -7. May sometimes be found at rest on Sallows or Poplar. Should be searched for between 7 A.M. and 8 A.M. 0. 7. Under Sallow leaves. Laid singly or in batches up to 5 on mid-rib. craccse, F., Toxocampa. (Scarce Blackneck) L. 5-6. On Vicia and V. sylvatica. Search at night. Drops off when disturbed. P. 6. 1. 7-8. Comes to flowers of Golden Rod, Hemp Agrimony, Wood-sage, etc., and to sugar. Flies between 8.30 P.M. and 9.30 P.M. 0. Cranberry. ( Vaccinium oxycoccus) Craniophora. Genus includes ligustri. crassalis, F. =fontis, Thnb. crataegata, ii.=luteolata, L. crataegi, L., Aporia. (The Black-veined White) L. 8-5. On Cerasus, Cratsegus, Prunus, and P. spinosa. Gregarious in a web at first. Feed morning and evening outside the web. Hibernate 10. P. 5-6. Suspended. I. 6-7. Comes to Daisies. O. 7. Laid in clusters on the upper sides of leaves. crataegi, L., Trichiura. (Pale Oak Eggar) L. 4-6. On Betula, Cratsegus, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus, Quercus, Rubus, and Salix caprea. Beat. Usually pupates same year, but sometimes hibernates and feeds till the following 82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Autumn. These give darker images. Gregarious in the web for a short time. Bask in the sun. Feed chiefly between 8 P.M. and 9 P.M. at the end of shoots. P. 6-8. In a brownish oblong cocoon on the ground at base of food, or under loose bark low down. I. 8-9. Emerge between 5 P.M. and 7 P.M. Males come to light about 7 P.M. O. 9. Deposited on twigs in hair-covered chain-like batches of 8-12, or in confinement are sometimes laid loosely. About 160 eggs are laid altogether. Hatch the following Spring very irregularly over 2 or 3 weeks. Crateegus oxyacantha. (Hawthorn or White Thorn) grossulariata, Abraxas. (The Magpie) L. 8-5 or 6. aversata, Acidalia. (Riband Wave) L. 7-5. immutata, Acidalia. (Lesser Cream Wave) L. 8-5. rusticata, Acidalia. (Least Carpet) L. 8-5. Likes withered leaves, psi, Acronycta. (Grey Dagger) L. 8-9. rumicis, Acronycta. (The Knot Grass) L. 7-9. strigosa, Acronycta. (Marsh Dagger or Grisette) L. 8-9. tridens, Acronvcta. (Dark Dagger) L. 8-10. ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. macilenta, Amathes. (Yellow -line Quaker) L. 4-6. trapogonis, Amphipyra. (The Mouse) L. 4-6. rufina, Anchocelis. (Flounced Chestnut) L. 4-5. sescularia, Anisopteryx. (March Moth) L. 4-6. prunaria, Angeroma. (Orange Moth) L. 7-5. nebulosa, Aplecta. (Grey Arches) L. 8-4 or 5. Beat at night in spring. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 83 tincta, Aplecta. (Silvery Arches) L. 8-5. Rarely, cratsegi, Aporia. (Black- veined White) L. 8-5. In a common web at first, hispidaria, Apocheima (Nyssia). (Small Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. lutulenta, Aporophyla (Epunda). (Deep-brown Dart) L. 9-4. Hibernates early. Feeds on buds in spring, nigra, Aporophyla (Epunda). (Black Rustic) L. 10-5. Night feeder. In confinement, bimaculata (taminata), Bapta. (White-pinion Spotted) L. 6-7. Beat. gemmaria, Boarmia. (Willow Beauty) L. 8-5. repandata, Boarmia. (Mottled Beauty) L. 7-5. Beat at night, coronata, Chloroclystis. (V-Pug) L. 6-7 and autumn, corylata, Cidaria. (Broken-barred or Hazel Carpet) L. 7-9. Beat, truncata (russata), Cidaria. (Common Marbled Carpet) L. 6 and 8-2. glaucata (spinula), Cilix. (Chinese Character) L. 6-7 and 9-10. elinguaria, Crocallis. (Scalloped Oak) L. 9-5. fascelina, Dasychira (Orgyia). (Dark Tussock) L. 8-4. Hibernates in a silk envelope amongst branches, cseruleocephala, Diloba. (Figure of Eight Moth) L. 4-6. Prefers ends of shoots, on which they rest lengthways. Search in the afternoon, autumnaria, Ennomos. (Large Thorn) L. 5-8. Beat, quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos. (August Thorn) L. 4-7. lanestris, Eriogaster. (Small Eggar) L. 5-7. Gregarious in a web till nearly full fed. dodonata, Eupithecia. (Oak-tree Pug) L. 6-7. Beat, exiguata, Eupithecia. (Mottled Pug) L. 9-10. insigniata (consignata), Eupithecia. (Pinion -spotted Pug) L. 5-6. vulgata, Eupithecia. (Common Pug) L. 6-7. chrvjsorrhaea, Euproctis (Porthesia). (Brown-tail) 8-6, 84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK quercifolia, Gastropacha. (The Lappet) L. 8-5. Night feeder, bidentata, Gonodontis. (Scalloped Hazel) L. 7-10. Beat. pumilata, Gymnocelis (Eupithecia). (Double - striped Pug) L. 5-9. derasa, Habrosyne (Gonophora). (Buff Arches) L. 8-9. strigata (thymiaria), Hemithea. (Common Emerald) L. 7-5. Beat, pennaria, Himera (Colotois). (Feathered Thorn) L. 4-6. Beat, defoliaria, Hybernia. (Mottled Umber) L. 3-6. marginaria (progemmaria), Hybernia. (Dotted Border) L. 4-5. Beat, rupicapraria, Hybernia. (Early Moth) L. 4-5. Beat, quercus, Lasiocampa. (Oak Eggar) L. 8-7. trifolii, Lasiocampa. (Grass Eggar) L. 2-6. flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook -tip) L. 9-4 or 5. On Lichens. Beat. solidaginis, Lithomoia (Cloantha, Calocampa). (Golden- rod Brindle) L. 5-7. hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, dispar, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Gipsy) L. 4-7. Now bred artificially, neustria, Malocosoma. (The Lackey) L. 4-6. Gregarious in a web. thalassina, Mamestra. (Pale-shouldered Brocade) L. 8-9. Night feeder, oxyacanthae, Miselia. (Green-brindled Crescent) L. 4-5. maura, Mormo. (Old Lady) L. 9-5. viridata, Nemoria. (Small Grass Emerald) L. 7-8. Beat, augur, Noctua (Exarnis). (Double Dart) L. 7-5. Night feeder. Food in later stages, castanea, Noctua. (The Neglected or Grey Rustic) L. 9-5. Night feeder, ditrapezium, Noctua. (Triple-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. Late night feeder. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 85 primulae (festiva), Noctua. (The Engrailed Clay) L. 8-5. triangulum, Noctua. (Double Square-spot) L. 4-5. Beat between 10.30 P.M. and 1 A.M. cucullatella, Nola. (Short-cloaked Moth) L. 8-6. pulveraria, Numeria. (The Barred Umber) L. 6-8 or 9. Beat, lapponaria, Nyssia. (Rannock Brindled Beauty) L. 5-7. In captivity luteolata, Opisthograptis (cratsegata, Rumia), (Brimstone Moth) L. 4-9 and 10-4. autumnata, Oporabia. (The Autumnal Moth) L. 5-6. dilutata (nebulata), Oporabia. (November Moth) L. 4-6. antiqua, Orgyia. (The Vapourer) L. 5-8. gonostigma, Orgyia. (Scarce Vapourer) L. 7 and 9-4 or 5. ligula (spadicea), Orrhodia (Conistra). (Dark Chestnut) L. 4-6. sambucaria, Ourapteryx. (Swallow-tailed Moth) L. 8-6. pedaria (pilosaria), Phigalia. (Pale Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. iota, Plusia. (Plain Golden Y) L. 8-4. populi, Poecilocampa. (December Moth) L. 4-6. Night feeder, but fond of sun. chi, Polia. (The Grey Chi) L. 4-6. similis, Porthesia. (Yellow-tail) L. 8 or 9-5 or 6. pavonia (carpini), Saturnia. (Emperor Moth) L. 6-8. Live gregariously till after third moult, bilunaria (illunaria), Selenia. (Early Thorn) L. 5-6 and 8-9. Prefers lower branches when young, gothica, Tseniocampa. (Hebrew Character) L. 4-6. incerta (instabilis), Tseniocampa. (Clouded Drab) L. 5-7. Beat, miniosa, Tseniocampa. (Blossom Underwing) L. 5-6. In a common web round oak buds at first, pulverulenta, Tseniocampa. (Small Quaker) L. 4-6. 86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK cratsegi, Trichiura. (Pale Oak Eggar) L. 4-6. fimbria, Triphsena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Beat in spring, ianthina, Triphsena. (Lesser Broad-border) L. 8-4 or 5. pyrina, Zeuzera. (Leopard Moth) L. Feeds internally 2-3 years. Cream-bordered Green Pea. (chlorana, L., Earias) Cream-spot Tiger, (villica, L., Arctia) Cream Wave, (remutaria, Hb., Acidalia (Leptomeris)) Creeping Cinquefoil. (Potentilla) crenata, Esp., Oluphisia (Chaonia). (Dusky Marbled Brown) L. 8. On Populus. P. 9-5. In an oval cocoon between two leaves. I. 6. Extremely rare. O. Crepis. (Hawk's-beard) ochrata, Acidalia (Sterrha). (Bright Wave) L. 7-10 or on to Spring. Eats the flowers, ochrearia (citraria), Aspilates. (Yellow Belle) L. 6-7 and 9-5. scabiosata, Eupithecia. (Shaded Pug) L. 7-9. On the flowers, chrysozoma (dysodea), Hecatera. (Small Ranunculus) L. 7-8. On flowers and seeds, dipsacea, Heliothis. (Marbled Clover) L. 7-9. dentina, Mamestra. (The Shears) L. 7-8. crepuscularia, ~Hb.=bistortata, Gz. Crescent, (leucostigma, Hb.5 Helotropha) Crescent Dart, (lunigera, Stph., Agrotis (Euxod)) Crescent Striped, (abjecta, Hb., Hama) cribralis, ~Hb.=cribrumalis. cribrum, L., Coscinia (Eulepia). (Speckled Footman) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 87 L. 8-5. On Calluna, Gramineae, Lactuca, and Taraxacum. Hibernates in dead Thistle stems, etc. P. 6. In a slight white silk cocoon amongst food. I. 7. Sweep Heather. 0. 6. Laid round Heather twigs. cribrumalis, Herminia. (Dotted Fan-foot) L. 7-6. On Carex, Graminese (Marsh vars.), and Luzula. Hibernates 10-4 at roots of food plant. P. 6. I. 6-7. Hides amongst herbage by day. Flies at dusk. Comes to light. 0. Crimson-speckled Footman, (pukhella, L., Deiopeia) crinanensis, Hydrcecia. L. (?) I. 7-9. Sits on Scabious flowers. P. (?) 0. Laid first week in September. Crocallis. Genus includes elinguaria. croceago, F., Xantholeuca (Hoporina, Cosmia). (The Orange Upperwing) L. 5-6. On Quercus. Easy to rear. P. 6. In a slight cocoon below surface. Larva does not pupate till end of August. I, 9-10. Hides between dried leaves on Oak-trees during winter. Comes to sugar and Ivy, and to Sallow bloom after hibernation. O. 4. Laid singly. Eggs laid 7th April, commenced hatching 26th April. cruciata, Kn. = asella, Schiff . Crymodes. Genus includes exulis. cubicularis, Bkh. =quadripunctata, F. Cuckoo-flower. ( Cardamines pratensis) cucubali, Fuesl., Dianthcecia. (The Campion). L. 7-9. On the seeds of Lychnis, L. flos-cuculi, and Silene. 88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 10-6. Under ground. I. 6 and sometimes 8. Fond of flowers and sugar. O. cuculla, (ina), Esp. Lophopteryx. (Maple Prominent) L. 6 or 7-9. On Acer campestris and A. pseudo- platamus (in confinement). Young larvae eat under sides of leaves. Beat. P. 9-5. In a gauzy silk cocoon at foot of trees under leaves or loose bark, sometimes under moss on trunks. I. 5-6. In confinement images may appear in 7 from early-laid eggs. 0. 6 or 7 (beg.). Laid in ones, twos, or threes on the under sides of leaves. cucullata, Hufn. (sinuata, Hb.), Anticlea. (Royal Mantle) L. 7-8. On the flowers of Galium mollugo and G. verum. P. 9-5. In a slight web amongst the flowers. 1. 6-7. Flies at dusk. Comes to light. Emerges 7-9 A.M. 0. 7, cucullatella, L., Nola. (Short-cloaked Moth) L. 8-6. On Crataegus, Prunus, P. spinosa, Pyrus, and P. communis. Hibernates in a silk- covered crevice. P. 6. In a slight web. 1. 6-7. Flies at dusk. 0. Cucullia. Genus includes abrotani, absinthii, arthemisice, asteris, chamomillce, gnaphalii, lychnitis, scrophularice, umbratica, and verbasci. cucullina, Hb,= cuculla, Esp. Cud- weed. ( Cfnaphalium) Cudweed Shark, (gnaphalii, Hb., Cucullia) culiciformis, L., Sesia. (Large Red-belted Clearwing) L. Feeds 2 years on the inner bark of Betula, preferring stumps of cut-down trees. Frass shows whereabouts. P. 4 (end). Obtained by splitting affected stumps. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 89 I. 5 (end) -6. Flies over Birch, and rests on the leaves. Comes to flowers of Rhododen- dron and Wood Spurge. 0. cultraria, F. (unguicula, Hb.), Drepana. (The Barred Hook- tip) L. 6-7 and 8-9 or 10. On Fagus. Hides between leaves in the day-time. Beat at night. P. 7-8 and 9-5. Between two leaves. I. 5 and 8. Males fly in sun. Beat trees and bushes. Rests on trunks in dull weather. 0. Cupido. Genus includes argiades. Currant. ( Ribes) Currant Clear wing, (tipuliformis, Cl., Sesia) Currant Pug. (assimulata, Gz., Eupithecia) cursoria, Hufn., Agrotis (Euxoa). (Coast Dart) L. 9-6. On Graminese (especially Ammophila), Aren- aria, Artemisia absinthium, and Viola. P. 7. At some depth in the sand. I. 7-9. Frequents sand-hills on East Coast, Cheshire, and Lancashire. Comes to sugar and Ragwort flowers. O. 8-9. Hatch in a few days. curtula, L., Pygcera (Clostera). (Chocolate-tip) L. 5-6 and 8-9. On Populus, P. tremula, and Salix caprea (prefers shrubby trees). Search by day or beat at night. P. 6 and 10-4. Spun up in leaves. I. 4-5 and 7-8. O. Laid hi batches on the leaves. Cyaniris. Genus includes argiolus. Cybosia. Genus includes mesomella. cynipiformis, Esp. =vespiformis, L. Cynoglossum officinale. (Hound's-tongue) ripse, Agrotis. (Sand Dart) L. 8-10. Hides in sand by day. 90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK dominula, Callimorpha. (Scarlet Tiger) L. 7 or 8-4 or 5. Cypress Spurge. (Euphorbia cyparissias) cytherea, ~F.=matura, Hufn. cytisaria, Schiff . =pruinata, Hufn. Cytisus laburnum. (Laburnum) hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, cytisaria (pruinata), Pseudopterna. (Grass Emerald) L. 7-6. Beat or search in May. Cytisus scoparius. (Broom) advena, Aplecta. (Pale Shining Brown) L. 7-9. Night feeder, gemmaria, Boarmia. (Willow Beauty) L. 8-5. rubi, Callophrys. (Green Hairstreak) L. 6-7. Beat, rufata (obliquaria), Chesias. (Broom-tip) L. 8-9. Search at night, spartiata, Chesias. (The Streak) L. 3-5 or 6. Beat, fascelina, Dasychira (Orgyia). (Dark Tussock) L. 8-4. Hibernates early in a silk web. atomaria, Ematurga (Fidonia). (Common Heath) L. 7-8 or 9. limbaria (conspicuata), Ematurga. (Frosted Yellow) L. 6 and 9. Beat, myrtillata, Gnophos. (Scotch Annulet) L. 9-6. pumilata, Gymnoscelis (Eupithecia). (Double-striped Pug) L. 5-9. On the flowers, abruptaria, Hemerophila. (Waved Umber) L. 5-8. genistae, Mamestra. (Light Brocade) L 7-8. pisi, Mamestra (Hadena). (Broom Moth) L. 8-9. Search night and day. thalassina, Mamestra. (Pale-shouldered Brocade) L. 8-9. Night feeder, margaritaria, Metrocampa. (Light Emerald) L. 9-5. glareosa, Noctua. (Autumnal Rustic) L. 8-6. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 91 plumbaria, Ortholitha. (Lead Belle) L. 8-4. strigillaria, Perconia (Aspilates). (Grass Wave) L. 8 or 9-4 or 5. cytisaria (pruinata), Pseudopterna. (Grass Emerald) L. 7-6. Beat in May. Dactylis glomerata. (Cock's-foot Grass) sylvanus, Augiades. (Large Skipper) L. 7-5. tithonus, Epinephele. (The Gate-keeper) L. 9-6. ochroleuca, Eremobia. (Dusky Sallow) L. 5-7. Sweep, comma, Leucania. (Shoulder-striped Wainscot) L. 8-4. Night feeder, galatea, Melanargia. (Marbled White) L. 7-6. literosa, Miana. (Rosy Minor) L. 9-6. egeria, Pararge. (Speckled Wood) L. 9-7. Sweep at night, megaera, Pararge. (Wall Butterfly) L. 9-3 or 4 and 6-7. Sweep at night, orbona (subsequa), Triphsena. (Lunar Yellow Underwing) L. 9-4. Sweep at night. Daffodil. (Narcissus) dahlii, Hb., Noctua. (The Barred Chestnut) L. 8-5. On Plantago, Primula veris, Salix caprea (in the Spring), Rumex crispus, R. pulcher, and Primula vulgaris. Sometimes full fed by 12 in confinement. P. 12-6. Below ground. I. 7-8 (or earlier). 0. Damson. (Prunus damascena) Dandelion. ( Taraxacum) Daphnis. Genus includes nerii. daplidice, L., Pieris. (The Bath White) L. 8-9 and 5-6 (?). On Reseda lutea, R. luteola, R. odorata, and Sisymbrium Sophia. 92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 7-8 (?) and 9-4. Usually killed during the winter. Suspended. I. 6, 7, 8. Immigrant. 0. Acorn-shaped. Laid on flowers of food. Dark Arches, (monoglypha, Hufn. (polyodon, L.), Xylophasia) Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet, (unidentaria, Hw., Coremia (Ochyria)) Dark-bordered Beauty. (parallelaria, Schiff. (vespertaria, Stph.), Epione) Dark Brocade, (adusta, Esp., Eumichtis (Hadena)) Dark Chestnut, (ligula, Esp. (spadicea, Hw.), Orrhodia ( Conistra)) Dark Crimson Under wing, (sponsa, L., Catocala) Dark Dagger, (tridens, Schiff., Acronycta) Dark Green Fritillary. (aglaia, L., Argynis) Dark Marbled Carpet, (immanata, Hw., Cidaria) Dark Spectacle, (triplasia, L., Abrostola) Dark Spinach, (comitata, L., Pelurga) Dark Sword-grass, (ypsilon, Rott., Agrotis) Dark Tussock, (fascelina, L., Dasychira) Dark Umber, (rhamnata, Schiff., Scotosia) Dasycampa. Genus includes rubiginea. Dasychira. Genus includes fascelina and pudibunda. Dasypolia. Genus includes templi. Datura. (Thorn Apple) peltigera, Heliothis. (Bordered Straw) L. 6-8 and 9-10. On the unripe seeds and flowers. Daucus. (Carrot) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 93 coiticea, Agrotis (Euxoa). (Heart and Club) L. 8-3 or 4. Give sliced, exclamationis, Agrotis (Feltia). (Heart and Dart) L. 7-5. Sliced, puta, Agrotis. (Shuttle-shaped Dart) L. 9-4. Sliced, segetum, Agiotis. (Turnip Moth) L. 7-4. scabiosata (subumbrata), Eupithecia. (Shaded Pug) L. 7-9. On the flowers, stigmatica (rhomboidea), Noctua. (Square-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. Daucus carota. (Wild Carrot) lunigera, Agrotis (Euxoa). (The Crescent Dart) L. 8-5. Burrows in sand, ochrearia (citraria), Aspilates. (Yellow Belle) L. 6-7 and 9-5. castrensis, Malocosoma. (Ground Lackey) L. 5-6. machaon, Papilio. (The Swallow-tail) L. 5 or 6-8 or 9. davus, ~F. = typhon (tiphon, Rott.). dealbata, L.=lineata, Sc. Death's-Head Hawk Moth, (atropos, L., Acherontia (Manduca)) debiliata, Hb., CTilorodystis (Eupithecia). (The Bilberry Pug) I. Nil L. 4 and 5. Night feeder on Vaccinium myrtillus. Hides during day between fastened leaves. P. 5-6. In a slight earthen cocoon. I. 6-7. Flies at dusk. Breed for good specimens. O. December Moth, (populi, L., Poecilocampa) decolorata, l^o.—flavofasciata, Thnb. Deep-brown Dart, (lutulenta, Bkh., Aporophyla) defoliaria, Cl., Hybernia. (Mottled Umber) L. 3-6. On Betula, Corylus, Crataegus, Lonicera, and Quercus. Beat by day. Often hangs from twigs by a thread. P. 6-9, On or below ground at foot of trees. 94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 10-12, and sometimes till 3. Males come to light. Females rest on trunks about 1 foot from the ground. 0. 10-11. Take4J months to hatch. Laid on twigs. degeneraria, Hb., Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Portland Ribbon Wave) L. 8-4. On Clematis vitalba, Polygonum, Rubus fruticosus, and Taraxacum. In two broods. P. 5-6 and 8. I. 6-7 and 9. 0. Laid 24th August 1881, hatched 7th September 1881 (E. Adkin). Deilephila. Genus includes euphorbice, galii, and livornica. Deiopeia. Genus includes pulchella. Delicate, (vitellina, Hb., Leucania (Sideridis)) delphinii, L., Chariclea. (Pease Blossom) L. (?) Food. (?) P. (?) 1. 6. O. Delphinium. (Larkspur) tragoponis, Anphipyra. (The Mouse) L. 4-6. moneta, Plusia. (Golden Plusia) L. 5-6. Demas. Genus includes coryli. denotata, Gn. (campanulata, HS.), Eupithecia. (Campanula Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers of Campanula and in the capsules of C. trachelium. P. 9-6. In a slight earthen cocoon. I. 7. Rarely caught. O. Dentated Pug. (sparsata, Hb., Colix) dentina, Esp., Mamestra (Hadena). (The Shears) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 95 L. 7-8. On Crepis, Hieracium, Polygonum, Stellaria media, and Taraxacum. P. 8-5. Below ground. I. 5-6. Comes to sugar. 0. deplana, Esp., Lithosia. (Buff Footman) L. 8-6. On Lichenes on Fagus, Quercus, and Taxus. New Forest specimens beaten from trees with no lichens. P. 5-6. In a cocoon. I. 7. Rests on the boughs and amongst foliage. Comes to light. 0. depuncta, L., Noctua. (Plain Clay) L. 9-5. On Primula vulgaris, Rumex, R. acetosa, and Urtica. P. 6. In an earthen cocoon. I. 7-9. Comes to sugar and to resinous nodes of Fir-trees. O. 8 9. Laid on food plants. derasa, L., Habrosyne (Gonophora). (Buff Arches) L. 8-9. Night feeder on Cratsegus, Corylus, and Rubus (especially under trees). Hides by day in a retreat. P. 9-5 or 6. In an earthen cocoon below ground or amongst moss. I. 6-7 (Sometimes 9-10, same year as pupation). Comes to sugar and Blackberry bloom. 0. derivalis, Hb., Herminia. (Clay Fan-foot) L. 8-6. On dead fallen leaves of Quercus and Salix caprea. Hibernates 11-4 in corners of leaves. P. 6-7. Between two leaves or in the corner of a leaf. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar and light. O. 7. Hatch early in 8. derivata, T$kh.=:nigrofasciaria, Gz. designata, Rott. (propugnata, F.), Coremia (Ochyria). (Flame Carpet) L. 6-7 and 8-9. On Brassica napus, B. oleracea, Cheiranthus, and Cochlearia armeracia. Full fed in 3 weeks or so, 96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 9-5 and 7-8. In an earthen cocoon. I. 5-6 and 8. 0. Eggs laid 27th May, hatched 6th June (Oldaker). Devil's-bit Scabious. (Scabiosa succisa) Devonshire Wainscot, (putrescens, Hb., Leucania (Cirphis)) Dewberry. (Rubus ccesius) Dew Moth, (irrorella, L., Endrosa) Diacrisia. Genus includes sanio. Dianthoecia. Genus includes albimacula, barrettii, ccesia, capsincola, capsophila, carpophaga, compta, conspersa, cucubali, irregularis, and luteago. Dianthus. (Pink or Carnation) ophiogramma, Apamea. (Double Lobed) L. 9-5. Not usual food. Hibernates at roots, albimacula, Dianthoecia. (The White-spot) L. 7-8. Night feeder on the seeds, capsincola, Dianthcecia. (The Lychnis) L. 7 and sometimes 9. Feeds at night in the seed- pods, compta, Dianthcecia. (Varied Coronet) L. 7-8. Feeds on the seeds. Extremely rare, conspersa, Dianthoecia. (Marbled Coronet) L. 7-9. In the capsules. reticulata (saponarise), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. Dianthus barbatus. (Sweet William) albimacula, Dianthcecia. (The White-spot) L. 7-8. Night feeder on the seeds, capsincola, Dianthcecia. (The Lychnis) L. 7 and sometimes 9. On the seeds, capsophila, Dianthcecia. (The Pod-lover) L. 6-7 and 9. On the seed-heads, carpophoga, Dianthcecia. (Tawny Shears) L. 6-7 and 9. Night feeder on the seeds, conspersa, Dianthcecia. (Marbled Coronet) L. 7-9. On the seeds, THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 97 Diaphora. Genus includes mendica. Dicranura. Genus includes vinula. dicteea, Eap.=tremula, Cl. dictaeoides, Esp., Pheosia. (Lesser Swallow Prominent) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10. On Betula. Beat at night. Rests on the under sides of leaves. Has a varnished appearance. P. 8 and 11-7. At the roots of Birch, or sometimes on the ground in a cocoon attached to a leaf. Put dug pupae on damp earth between layers of moss ; keep cool, and place in the sun in May. I. 5 and 7-8. Usually emerge in the afternoon. 0. 6 and 8. Eggs laid 31st May, hatched 13th June (Oldaker). Dicycla. Genus includes oo. didyma, Esp. =secaUs, L. didymata, L., Malenydris (Larentia). (Twin-spot Carpet) L. 4-5. On Graminese (on the flowers of coarse vars.), Luzula, Lychnis diurna, Primula vulgaris, and Vaccinium. P. 5-7. In a cocoon on the ground. 1. 7-8. O. diffinis, L., Calymnia. (White-spotted Pinion) L. 4-6. Night feeder on Ulmus. Rests by day under or between leaves. Beat. P. 6-7. In a slight cocoon amongst rubbish at foot of tree, or between two or more leaves. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar and light. 0. Digitalis. (Foxglove) pulchellata, Eupithecia. (Foxglove Pug) L. 7-8. On flowers and unripe seeds, athalia, Melitaea. (Heath Fritillary) L. 7-5. ochracea (flavago), Ochria (Gortyna). (Frosted Orange) L. 4-7. Feed downwards internally, meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder. G 98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Dilina. Genus includes tilice. Diloba. Genus includes cceruleocephala. diluta, F., Asphalia. (Lesser Lutestring) L. 5-6. Night feeder on Quercus. Hides by day between leaves fastened strongly together, preferring the lower branches. Feed captures separately. P. 6-7. In a flimsy cocoon between leaves. I. 9 (or earlier). Comes to sugar. 0. dilutaria, Hb. (prob. correct) = holosericata, Dup. dilutata, Bkh. (nebulata), Oporabia (Epirrata). (November Moth) L. 4-6. On Betula, Crataegus, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus, Quercus, Salix caprea, and Ulmus. P. 6-10. Below ground. I. 10-11. Rests on fences. Comes to light, sugar, and Ivy bloom. 0. 10-11. Laid on twigs. Hatch in spring. dimidiata, Hufn. (scutulata, Bkh.), Acidalia. (Single-dotted Wave) L. 9-4. On Anthriscus sylvestris, Galium, Pimpi- nella, and Taraxacum — on the withered leaves. P. 5. In a cocoon on the ground. 1. 6-8. O. 7-8. Laid in batches on leaves. Hatch in 5 or 6 days. Dingy Footman, (griseola, Hb., Lithosia) Dingy Mocha, (orbicularia, Hb., Ephyra) Dingy Shears, (fissipuncta, Hw. (upsilon or ypsilon, Bkh.), Dyschorista) Dingy Shell, (obliterata, Hufn., Euchceca) Dipgy Skipper, (tages, L., Thanaos) Diphtera. Genus includes orion. dipsacea, L., Heliothis, (Marbled Clover) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 99 L. 7-9. On the flowers and seeds of Crepis virens, Hieracium, Linaria, Ononis, Phaseolus multiflorus, Scabiosus, Silene inflata, S. otites, S. vespertina, and Trifolium. P. 9-5. Below ground ; preferably in sand. I. 6-7 (or earlier). Flies by day. Comes to various flowers. 0. Dipsacus sylvestris. (Teazle) ligustri, Sphinx. (Privet Hawk) L. 7-8. Dipterygia. Genus includes scabriuscula. dispar, Hw., Chrysophanus. (Large Copper) L. 8-6. On Rumex hydrolapathum. P. 6. Attached by tail and belt. I. 7. Extinct. 0. 8. Laid on the leaves of food. dispar, L., Lymantria (Liparis). (The Gipsy) L. 4-7. On Cratsegus, Prunus, P". spinosa, Pyrus, Quercus, Salix caprea, Ulmus, etc. P. 6-8. Spun up in crevices, etc. I. 7-8. Now reared artificially. 0. Laid in hair-covered batches. Hatching period lasts over several weeks. dissimilis, Kr. (suasa Bkh.), Mamestra (Hadena). (Dog's Tooth) L. 7. Night feeder on Chenopodium, Plantago, Polygonum, and Rumex. Grows rapidly. P. 7-6 (as a rule). 1. 6-7. Sometimes emerges in August same year as pupation. 0. 6. dissoluta, Tr. (neurica, Dup.), Nonagria. (Brown-veined Wainscot) L. 4-6. Internal feeder on Phragmites. P. 7. In lower part of stem, with head downwards in direction of exit hole. 1. 7-8. O. distinctaria (constrictata, Gn.), Eupifhecia. (Thyme Pug) L, 8-9. On the flowers of Thymus serpyllum. 100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 10-6. On the ground, in a slight earthen cocoon. I. 6-7. May be disturbed out of herbage. O. ditrapezium, Bkh., Noctua. (Triple-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. Late night feeder on Betula, Crataegus, Primula vulgaris, Rubus fruticosus, Rumex, Salix caprea, Stellaria media, and Taraxacum. P. 6. Below ground. I. 7. Comes to sugar. 0. 7. Dock. ( Rumex) dodoneea, Hb.=trimacula, Esp. dodoneata, Gn., Eupithecia. (Oak-tree Pug) L. 6-7. On Crataegus, Quercus, and Q. ilex. P. 8-5. Under loose bark. 1. 5-6. Flies in the sun and at dusk. In dull weather may be beaten out of trees. 0. Dog-rose. (Rosa canina) Dog's Mercury. (Mercurialis perennis) Dog's Tooth, (dissimilis, Kn. (suasa, Bkh.), Mamestra ( Hadena)) Dog Violet. ( Viola canina) Dogwood. ( Cornus) dolabraria, L., Eurymene. (Scorched Wing) L. 7-9. On Betula, Quercus, and Salix caprea. When young feeds on the end of shoots. P. 9 (end) -5. In moss, quite at the edge of patches. I. 5-6. Comes to light and sugar. Rests on trunks. O. Usually hatch in 10 days. Eggs laid 5th June, hatched 19th June (Oldaker). dominula, L., Callimorpha. (Scarlet Tiger) L. 7 or 8-4 or 5. On Cynoglossum officinale, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosa, Salix caprea, Senecio vulgaris, Symphytum officinale, and Urtica. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 101 P. In a silk cocoon spun up amongst leaves, or on the ground. In confinement in any angle in the cage. I. 6. Emerges between 7 A.M. and 9 A.M. Dot. (persicarice, L., Mamestra) dotata, Gn., non I^.=associata, Bkh. dotata, L. =pyraliata, F., Cidaria. Dotted Border, (marginaria, Bkh., Hybernia progemmaria, Hb.) Dotted Border Wave, (straminata, Tr., Acidalia (Ptychopoda)) Dotted Carpet, (jubata, Thnb. (glabraria, Hb.), Cleora) Dotted Chestnut, (rubiginea, F., Orrhodia (Dasycampa)) Dotted Clay, (baja, F., Noctua) Dotted Fan-foot, (cribrumalis (cribralis, Hb.), Herminia) Dotted Footman, (muscerda, Hufn., Pelosia) Dotted Rustic, (simulans, Hufn., Agrotis (Pachnobia)) Double Dart, (augur, F., Noctua (Exarnis)) Double Kidney, (retusa, L., Plastenis) Double Line, (turca, L., Leucania (Eriopyga)) Double Lobed. (ophiogramma, Esp., Apamea) Double-spot Brocade, (bimaculosa, L., Miselia) Double Square-spot, (triangulum, Hufn., Noctua) Double-striped Pug. (pumilata, Hb., Gymnoscelis (Eupithecia)) Drab Looper. (murinata, Sc. (euphorbiata, F.), Minoa) Drepana. Genus includes binaria, cultraria, falcataria, Jiarpa- gula, and lacertinaria. 102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Drinker (potatoria, L., Cosmotriche (Odonestis)) dromedarius, L., Notodonta. (Iron Prominent) L. 6-8 and sometimes 9-10. On Alnus, Betula, and Corylus, Prefers isolated and badly- grown trees, and feeds on ends of lower twigs P. 10-5. Inja tough cocoon of yellowish-brown silk, covered with earth. At the roots. Likes moisture at the time emergence is due. Sometimes goes over 2 years. I. 6. Comes to light. 0. Drymonia. Genus includes chaonia and trimacula. dubitata, L., Triphosa. (The Tissue) L. 5-6. On Prunus padus, P. spinosa, and Rhamnus. P. 6-8. In an earthen cocoon. I. 8-5. Comes to light, Ivy, and to bloom of Heather, Ragwort, and Sallow. 0. Duke of Burgundy Fritillary. (lucina, L., Nemeobius) dumerilii, Dup., Luperina. (Dumeril's Luperina) L. (?) Food. (?) P. (?) I. 9. Comes to light. 0. (?) Dumeril's Luperina. (dumerilii, Dup., Luperina) Dun-bar, (trapezina, L., Calynnia (Cosmia)) duplaris, L., Palimpsestis (Cymatophora). (Lesser Satin Moth) L. 8-10. Night feeder on Alnus, Betula, Corylus, and Quercus. Hides between spun leaves by day. P. 10-5. In a slight cocoon between leaves. I. 6-7. O. Dusky Brocade, (gemina, Hb., Apamea) Dusky-lemon Sallow, (gilvago, Esp., Mellinia (Xanthia)) Dusky Marbled Brown, (crenata, Esp., Gluphisia (Chaonia)} THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 103 Dusky Sallow, (ochroleuca, Esp., Eremobia) Dusky Thorn, (fuscantaria, Hw., Ennomos) Dusky Underwing or Clear Underwing. (tabaniformis, Rott., Sciapteron) Dutch Clover. ( Trifolium repens) Dwarf Cream Wave, (interjectaria, Gn. (?), Acidalia (Ptycho- poda)) Dwarf Pug. (pusillata,, F., Eupithecia Dyer's Greenwood. (Genista tinctoria) Dyer's Weed or Weld. (Roseda lutea) Dyschorista. Genus includes fissipuncta and suspecta* dysodea, ~ELb.=chrysozona, Bkh. Earias. Genus includes chlorana. Early Grey, (areola, Esp., Xylocampa) Early Moth, (rupicapraria, Hb., Hybernia) Early Thorn, (bilunaria, Esp., Selenia) Early Tooth-striped, (carpinata, Bkh., Lobophora (Tricho- pteryx)} Ear Moth, (nictitans, Bkh., Hydrcecia (Gortyna)) Earth-nut. (Conopodium denudatum) echii, Bkh. =irregularis, Hufn. Echium vulgare. (Viper's Bugloss) vestigialis (valligera), Agrotis. (Archer's Dart) L. 8-5. irregularis, Dianthoecia. (The Viper's Bugloss) L. 7-9. Sweep at night, or search round the roots by day. 104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK sylvinus, Hepialus. (Orange Swift) L. 7-5. Feeds 2 years at the roots, cardui, Pyrameis. (Painted Lady) L. 6. Edinburgh Pug. (helveticaria, B., Eupithecid) edusa, F., Colias. (Clouded Yellow) L. 6-7 and 9-10. On Lotus corniculatus, Melilotus, and Trifolium. P. 7-8 (beg.) and sometimes 10. Suspended. I. 8-9 or 10 and sometimes 6. Fond of Clover and Lucerne fields. Will lay in confinement on potted -up food plants in bright weather. 0. Laid singly or in batches on upper sides of leaves. Eggs laid 4th September, com- menced hatching 13th September. egeria, Pararge. (Speckled Wood) L. 9-7. In three (or sometimes four) broods. Sweep at night. Feeds on Gramineae, es- pecially Triticum repens and Dactylis glomerata. P. 3, 4, and 7. Suspended. 1. 4-10. Frequents shady spots in woods where a little sun filters through. 0. Laid singly on grass blades or on herbage near food. Hatch in 8-10 days. Elder. (Sambucus) electa, Bkh., Catocala. L. 6-7. On Salix caprea. p. (?) I. 8-9. Two records only. 0. (?) Elephant Hawk, (elpenor, L., Chcerocampa (Eumorpha)) elinguaria, L., Crocallis. (Scalloped Oak) L. 9-5. On Betula, Crataegus, Ligustrum, Lonicera, Prunus, P. spinosa, and Syringa vulgaris. If supplied with Privet in confinement will nibble through the winter. P. 5. In a cocoon between leaves, usually on the ground or under moss on trees. 1, 7-8 (or earlier). Males fly in early evening, females later. Come to light. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 105 0. 7 and 8. Hatch in Spring. Laid in straight rows along twigs. Ellopia. Genus includes prosapiaria. Elm. ( Ulmus campestris) elpenor, L., Chcerocampa (Eumorpha). (Elephant Hawk) L. 7-8. Night feeder on Epilobium hirsutum and Galium palustre. P. 9-5. In a silk cocoon mixed with earth and rubbish on or just below ground. 1. 6. Flies at dusk. Comes to sugar and light, and to flowers of Honeysuckle, Iris, and Rhododendron. 0. 6. Laid on leaves of food plant. elutata, Hb.=furcata (sordidata, F.). elymi, Tr., Tapinostola. (The Lyme Grass) L. 5-6. On Elymus arenarius ; in the stems close to the roots. P. 6-7. In the stems. 1. 6 (end) -7. Flies at dusk about its food plant, and may be boxed later in the evening as it rests on the stems. Comes to sugar. O. Elymus arenarius. (Lyme Grass) elymi, Tapinostola. (The Lyme Grass) L. 5-6. In the stems. emarginata, L., Ania (Acidalia). (Small Scallop) L. 8-5 or 6. On Convolvulus and Galium; likes withered leaves. Sometimes pupates in autumn, producing imagos same year. P. 7. I. 6-8. Flies about 11 P.M. May be found at rest on hedges at dusk. Beat out of herbage by day. O. 7-8. Scattered loosely. Hatch in from 7-10 days. Ematurga. Genus includes atomaria. Emmelia. Genus includes trabealis. emortualis, SchifL, Zanclognatha (Sophronia). (Olive Cres- cent) 106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK L. (?) Food. (?) P. (?) I. 6-7. Comes to sugar. 0. (?) Emperor Moth, (pavonia, L. (carpini, SchifL), Saturnia) Empetrum. (Crowberry) contiguaria, Acidalia. (Weaver's Wave) L. 9-5. hyperborea (alpina), Agrotis. (Northern Dart) L. 8-6. populata, Lygris. (Northern Spinach) L. 5-6. Empyrea, Hb.=flammea, Esp. emutaria, Hb., Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Rosy Wave) L. 8-5. On Lotus corniculatus, Polygonum (in confinement), and Stellaria media. P. 6-7. 1. 6 or 7-8. Flies towards the evening, and then rests on herbage, especially in brackish spots. 0. Hatch in 6 or 7 days. Enchanter's Nightshade. (Circcea lutetiana) Endromis. Genus includes versicolor. Endrosa. Genus includes irrorella. Engrailed, (bistortata, Gz., Tephrosia) Ennomos. Genus includes alniaria, autumnaria, erosaria, fuscantaria, and quercinaria. Entephria. Genus includes ccesiata. Ephyra. Genus includes annulata, linearia, orbicular ia, pendularia, porata, and punctaria. Epia. Genus includes irregularis. Epicnaptera. Genus includes ilicifolia. Epilobium. (Willow-herb) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 107 elpenor, Chaerocampa (Eumorpha). ^Elephant Hawk) L. 7-8. Night feeder. Basks in the sun. galii, Deilephila (Celerio). (The Bedstraw Hawk Moth) L. 8-10. Fond of vars. angustifolium, hirsutum, and palustre. silaceata, Eustroma. (Small Phoenix) L. 6-7 and sometimes 8-9. porcellus, Metopsilus. (Small Elephant) L. 8-9. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. Epinephele. Genus includes ianira and tithonus. Epineuronia. Genus includes popularis. Epione. Genus includes advenaria, apiciaria, and parallelaria. epiphron, Kn. (cassiope, F.), Erebia. (Small Mountain Ringlet) L. 7-5. Hibernates 10-2. On Aira caespitosa, A. praecox, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta, and Poa annua. I. 6-7. At about 1,500 feet above sea level. Local in North. O. 7. Laid on grass blades. Hatch in about 16 days. Epipsilia. Genus includes ashworthii and hyperborea. Epunda. Genus includes lichenea. Erastria. Genus includes argentula, fasciana, uncula, and venustula. Erebia. Genus includes cethiops, blandina, epiphron, and ligea. Eremobia. Genus includes ochroleuca. Erica. (Heath) agathina, Agrotis. (Heath Rustic) L. 9-6. strigula (porphyrea), Agrotis. (True Lover's Knot) L. 8-5. Sweep at night. myrtilli, Anarta. (The Beautiful Yellow Underwing) L. 7-10 (sometimes hi spring). Sweep in August, as the larvae gets badly ichneumoned. 108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK cinctaria, Boarmia. (Ringed Carpet) L. 9-5. fontis, Bomolocha. (The Beautiful Snout) L. 7-9. striata, Coscinia. (Feathered Footman) L. -5. atomaria, Ematurge (Fidonia). (Common Heath) L. 7-8 or 9. caasiata, Entephria (Larentia). (Grey Mountain Carpet) L. 8-5. goossensiata (minutata), Eupithecia. (Ling Pug) L. 8-9. satyrata, Eupithecia. (Satyr Pug) L. 8-9. Sweep, carbonaria, Fidonia. (Netted Mountain Moth) L. 5-7. Night feeder, myrtillata (obfuscaria), Gnophos. (Scotch Annulet) L. 9-6. obscurata, Gnophos (Sciadion). (Amulet or Annulet) L. 9-5. argus (aegon), Lycaena (Plebeius). (The Silver-studded Blue) L. 4-6 (or earlier), glareosa, Noctua. (Autumnal Rustic) L. 8-6. sobrina, Noctua. (Cousin German) L. 9-6. Sweep hippocastanaria, Pachycnemia. (Horse Chestnut) L. 6-7 and 9. Sweep, strigillaria, Perconia. (Grass Wave) L. Autumn — 4 or 5. pavonia (carpini), Saturnia. (Emperor Moth) L. 6-8. Gregarious till after third moult. ericetaria, Vill. (plumaria, Hb.), Salidosema. (The Bordered Grey) L. 9-4. Night feeder on Calluna and Lotus cornicu- latus. P. 5-7. Below ground. I. 7-8. Local on heaths and mosses. Males fly swiftly by day. 0. ericitata, Stph. (minorata, Tr.), Perizoma (Emmelesia). (Heath Rivulet) L. 9. On the seeds of Euphrasia officinalis. P. (?) I. 7-8. Flies in late afternoon over food plant. 0. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 109 Eriogaster. Genus includes lanestris. Eriophorum vaginatum. (Cotton Grass) haworthii, Celsena. (Haworth's Minor) L. 4-6 or 7. Internal feeder. Eriopyga. Genus includes turca. erippus, Cr.=archippus, F. (plexippus L.). Erithraea centaurium. (Centaury) livornica, Phryxus. (Striped Hawk) L. 6-7 and 8-9 (from August immigrants). Erodium cicutarium. (Stork's-bill) astrarche, Lycaena. (Brown Argus) L. 8 and 9-4 or 5, and 6-7. er os aria, Bkh., Ennomos. (September Thorn) L.- 5-7. On Betula, Quercus, and Tih'a. P. 8. Under moss (1). I. 8-9. Comes to light. 0. 9. Laid side by side in small batches. Hatch in about 8f months. Eryngium. (Sea Holly) ripse, Agrotis. (Sand Dart) L. 8-10. Hides in the sand by day. Erysimum cheiranthoides. (Treacle Mustard) griseata, Lithostege. (Grey Carpet) T 7 fi Ll. 4-0. erythrocephala, F., Orrhodia (Conistra). (Red-headed Chest- nut) L. 4-5 (?). On Galium and Plantago. P. 6-9. Below ground. 1. 10orll-3(?). Comes to sugar, Ivy, and probably Sallow bloom. O. Essex Emerald, (smaragdaria, F., Euchloris (Phorodesma)) Essex Skipper, (lineola, 0., Adopcea) Euchloe. Genus includes cardamines. Euchloris. Genus includes pustulata and smaragdaria. 110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Euchceca. Genus includes obliterata. Euclidia. Genus includes glyphica and mi. Eucosmia. Genus includes certata and undulaia. Eucymatoge. Genus includes togata. Eudalimia. Genus includes margaritaria. Eulype. Genus includes hastata. Eumichtis. Genus includes adusta, protect,, and satura. Eumorpha. Genus includes elpenor. Euonymus Japonicus. grossulariata, Abraxas. (Magpie) L. 8-5 or 6. typica, Nsenia. (The Gothic) L. 8-5. Eupatorium cannabinum. (Hemp Agrimony) coronata, Chloroclystis. (The V-Pug) L. 6-7 and in autumn, absinthiata, Eupithecia. (Wormwood Pug) L. 8-10. castigata, Eupithecia. (Grey Pug) L. 8-10. Beat. pumilata, Gymnoscelis (Eupithecia). (Double-striped Pug) L. 5-9. On the flowers, albula (albulalis), Nola. (Kent Black Arches) L. 8-6. ochracea (flavago), Ochria (Gortyna). (Frosted Orange) L. 4-7. Feeds downwards internally, fluviata, Percnoptilota (Camptogramma). (The Gem) L. Several generations from Spring and Summer immigrants, bractea, Plusia. (Gold Spangle) L. 8-5. chryson (orichalcea), Plusia. (Scarce Burnished Brass) L. 9-6. Euphorbia amygdaloides. (Wood Spurge) murinata (euphorbiata), Minoa. (Drab Looper) L. 7-9. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 111 Euphorbia cyparissias. (Cypress Spurge) euphorbise, Deilephila. (Spurge Hawk) L. 8-9. murinata (euphorbiata), Minoa. (Drab Looper) L. 7-9. Euphorbia paralias. (Sea Spurge) euphorbise, Deilephila. (Spurge Hawk) L. 8-9. Euphorbia peplus. (Petty Spurge) murinata (euphorbiata), Minoa. (Drab Looper) L. 7-9. euphorbise, L. (var. myricce, Gn.), Acronycta. (Sweet-gale Moth) L. 7-9. On Betula (best food), Calluna, Myrica gale (?), Plantago, Rosa, Rubus, Salix caprea, and Senecio jacobsea. P. 10-5. Spun up on stones. I. 4-6. Usually emerges between 1 and 4 P.M. Comes to sugar. 0. Laid on stones or on the food in batches of 3 or 4. Being bright red in colour are easily seen. euphorbise, Deilephila (Hyles). (Spurge Hawk) L. 8-9. On Euphorbia cyparissias and E. paralias. P. 10-6. In loose sand. Sometimes goes over 2 years. 1. 6-7. O. Hatch in about a fortnight. euphorbiata, F.= murinata, Sc. Euphrasia offinalis. (Eye-bright) blandiata (adsequata), Perizoma. (Pretty Pinion) L. 9. ericitata (minorata), Peiizoma. (Heath Rivulet) L. 9.v euphrosyne, L., Argynnis (Brenthis). (Pearl-bordered Fritillary) L. 6-4. On Viola canina and V. tricola. On under- sides of leaves, but will bask in hot sun. Hibernates early under dead leaves. P. 4-5. Suspended. I. 5-6. Will lay on a potted plant if placed in a roomy, sunny cage. 0. 5-6, 112 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Euphyia. Genus includes picata and unangulata. Eupithecia. Genus includes abbreviate,, absinthiata, albipuncta, assimilata, castigata, denotata, distinctaria, dodoneata, exiguata, expallidata, exten- saria, fraxinata, goossensiata, haworthiata, helveticaria, indigata, innotata, insigniata, inturbata, irriguata, jasioneata, lariciata, linariata, nanata, oblongata, pimpinellata, plumbeolata, pulchdlata, pumilata, pusil- lata, pygmceata, satyrata, scabiosata, sobrinata, subfulvata, subnotata, succen- turiata, tenuiata, tresignaria, valerianata, venosata, virgaureata, and vulgata. Euplexia. Genus includes lucipara. Euproctis. Genus includes chrysorrhcea. Eupsilia. Genus includes satellitia. Euretagrotis. Genus includes agathina. Eurois. Genus includes occulta and prasina. Eurymene. Genus includes dolobraria. Eustroma. Genus includes silaceata. Euxoa. Genus includes cinerea, corticea, cursoria, lunigera, nigricans, obelisca, puta, segetum, tritici, and vestigialis. Evergreen Oak. ( Quercus ilex) Eyebright. (Euphrasia officinalis) Eyed Hawk Moth, (ocellatus, L., Smerinthus) exanthemata, Sc., Cabera. (Common Wave) L. 6-9. On Alnus, Betula, Corylus, and Salix caprea. Beat. P. 9-5. In a cocoon amongst dead leaves and moss. I. 5-8. Likes moist places. 0. 5. Hatch in about 15 days. Exarnis. Genus includes augur. THE J ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK llS exclamationis, L., Agrotis (Feltia). (Heart and Dart) L. 7-5. On Brassica rapa, Chenopodium, Daucus, Lactuca, Plantago, and Stellaria media. Hides below ground by day, and feeds at night both above and below ground. P. 5-6. About 4 inches deep in the ground. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar. 0. Laid on leaves and stems. Hatch in about 14 days. exigua, Hb., Caradrina. (Small Mottled Willow) L. 8 and 9-6. On Plantago, Poa annua, Rumex crispus, Senecio vulgaris, and Taraxacum. P. 6 and 9-6. In a tough earthen cocoon on or just below surface. Should be forced. 1. 6-7 and 9. Comes to sugar and light. 0. 7 and 9. Laid in batches on leaves. Hatch in about 12 days. exiguata, Hb., Eupithecia. (Mottled Pug) L. 9-10. On Crataegus, Fraxinus, Prunus spinosa, Quercus, Ribes, and Salix caprea. P. 11 or 12-5. In an earthen cocoon at foot of trees. 1. 5-6. Rests on trunks and palings. May be beaten out of hedgerows. Comes to light. O. exoleta, L., Galocampa. (The Sword-grass) L. 4 or 5-7. On Carduus, Ononis, Rumex, Scabiosa succisa, Sedum, and Senecio jacobsea. P. 7-8. On the ground. I. 9 or 10-5. Comes to sugar, Ivy, and sap of Birch- trees. Box Spring females, which require feeding till they lay. 0. A female will lay about 3,000 eggs. expallidata, Gn., Eupithecia. (The Bleached Pug) L. 9-10. On the flowers of Aster novi-belgii and Solidago. P. 10-6 or 8. In an earthen cocoon ( ? ). More probably in flower heads. 1. 6-8. Beat food plants by day, or net at dusk. 0. expolita, Stt.=captiuncula, Tr. extensaria, Frr., Eupithecia. (Scarce Pug) L. 8-9. Gregarious. On Artemisia abrotanum and Artemisia maritima. Likes flowers as H 114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK well as foliage. Give potted -up plants in captivity. Rests on the stems by day. P. 8. In a tough, oval, brown-silk cocoon, amongst debris on the ground ; sometimes spun up amongst the food. I. 6-7. Will pair in captivity. O. 7. Laid singly on food plant. Hatch in about a fortnight. extersaria, ~H.lo. = luridata, Bkh. extranea, Gn.=unipuncta, Hw. extrema, Hb. (concolor, Gn.), Tapinostola (Nonagria). (The Concolorous) L. 8-6. In stems of Calamagrostis epigeios. Food. (?) P. 6. Below ground in a strong earthen cocoon. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar. 0. Deposited 3rd-7th July 1909. Commenced hatching 20th July 1909. Laid in batches within sheathing leaf of food plant. exulans, Hoch., Zygcena (Anthrocera). (Scotch or Mountain Burnet) L. 8-6. On Arenaria cherleria, Azalea procumbens, Silene acaulis, and Trifolium. Sometimes feeds for 2 years. Buries itself in the fleshy part of leaves. Hibernates early during winter. Put some cork in the cage . P. 6. In a cocoon on stems of tall herbage ; some- times several on one stalk. I. 7. Flies in the sun, and settles on flowers ; usually found 2,000-3,000 feet above sea level. 0. Deposited 9th July 1912 ; hatched 16th July. Deposited 10th July 1912 ; hatched 16th, 17th, and 18th July. Within the florets of clover and on scaly portions of blooms of Knapweed. exulis, Lef. (maillardi (?), Hb.), Crymodes. (Northern Arches) L. 8-5. On Graminese. Sometimes feeds for 2 or 3 years. In the lower part of the stems down to the roots. P. 5-7. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar. O. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 115 , Hb. fagi, L., Stauropus. (The Lobster) L. 7-9. On Betula, Corylus, Fagus, and Quercus. For the first 7 days after hatching, or until first moult, eat nothing but their own egg-shell. If this is removed they die. Ph. 9-5. In a tight cocoon between leaves, or in confinement they will spin up on leno. Keep moist as hatching time becomes due. I. 5-7 or 7, and sometimes a second brood in 8 from early females. May be found at rest. Males can be assembled between 11 P.M. and 12 P.M. Females should be hung up in cages about 4 feet from the ground. 0. Hatch in 10-16 days. Fagus. (Beech) sylvata (uimata), Abraxas. (Clouded Magpie) L. 8-10. Beat. aini, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. macilenta, Amathes. (Yellow-line Quaker) L. 4-6. sphinx (cassinea), Brachionycha. (The Sprawler) L. 5-6. Beat. trapezina, Calymnia (Cosmia). (The Dun-bar) L. 4-6. Cannibal. coryli, Damas. (Nut-tree Tussock) L. 6-7 and 9. Beat at night. orion, Dipthera (Moma). (Scarce Marveilie du jour) L. 7-8. cultraria (unguicula), Drepana. (The Barred Hook-tip) L. 6-7 and 8-9 or 10. Beat at night. quercinaila (angularia), Ennomos. (The August Thorn) L. 4-7. Beat out. linearia, Ephyra. (Clay Triple-lines) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Beat. papilionaria, Geometra. (Large Emerald) L. 7-6. asella (asellus), Heterogenea. (The Triangle) L. 8-10. prasinana, Hylophila. (Green Silver-lines) L. 8-9. camelina, Lophopteryx (Notodonta). (Coxcomb) L. 7-10. Beat. * 116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK monacha. Lymantria (Liparis). (The Black Arches) L. 4-7. margaritaria, Metrocampa. (Light Emerald) L. 9-5. confusalis, Nola. (Least Black Arches) L. 7-8. aurago, Ochria (Xanthia). (The Barred Sallow) L. 4 or 5-6 or 7. Beat, gonostigma, Orgyia. (Scarce Vapourer) L. 7 and 9-4 or 5. Not usual food, betularia, Pachys. (Peppered Moth) L. 7-9. Beat, bucephala, Phalera. (Buff-tip) L. 8-9. satellitia, Scopelosoma. (The Satellite) L. 5-6. Cannibal, fagi, Stauropus. (The Lobster) L. 7-9. consonaria, Tephrosia. (Square-spot) L. 6-7. Night feeder, stabilis, Taeniocampa. (Common Quaker) L. 5-7. falcataria, L. (falcula, Schiff.), Drepana. (Pebble Hook-tip) L. 6-7 and 9-10. On Alnus and Betula. Hides by day in a leaf turned down with silk. Beat at night. P. 7 and 8 and 10-5. Spun up in a doubled leaf or between two leaves. Fallen leaves must be searched for the second brood. I. 5 and 8. Beat out. O. 6. The female lays for some days successively. falcula, Schiff . = falcataria, L. False Mocha, (porata, F., Ephyra (Zonosoma)) Fan-foot, (tarsipennalis, Tr., Zanclognatha (Herminia)) fascelina, L., Dasychira (Orgyia), (Dark Tussock) L. 8-4. On Calluna, Cratsegus, Cytisus scoparius, and Salix (especially dwarf vars.). Rolls in a ring when disturbed. Hibernates early in a silk envelope amongst the branches. In captivity should be sleeved out on the food plant with plenty of dead leaves. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 117 P. 4-5. Black and hairy. In a slight web amongst food. I. 6-7. Pairs may often be found at rest amongst grass. O. 7. Laid in hair-covered batches. fasciana, L. (fuscula, Bkh.), Hapalotis (Erastria). (Marbled White-spot) L. 7-9. On Molinia caerulea. Sweep at night. P. 9-6. I. 6-7 (or earlier). Rests on Fir trunks. Sometimes comes to light. 0. (?) fasciaria, Schiff . =prosapiaria, L. fasciuncula, Hw., Miana. (Middle-barred Minor) L. 4-5 In the shoots of Graminese, preferring Aira csespitosa. Probably after hibernation. P. 5. Below ground. I. 5-6. Likes moist places. Comes to sugar. 0. favicolor, Barr., Leucania. (Mathew's Wainscot) L. 7-4. On Graminese. P. (?) 1. 6-7 and sometimes 8 or 9. O. Feathered Brindle. (austmlis, B., Aporophyla) Feathered Ear. (leucophcea, View., Pachetra) Feathered Footman, (striata, L., Coscinia) Feathered Gothic, (popularis, F., Epineuronia (Heliophobus)) Feathered Ranunculus, (lichenea, Hb., Epunda) Feathered Thorn, (pennaria, L., Himera (Colotois)) Feltia. Genus includes exclamationis. Fennel. (Fceniculum vulgare) fennica, Tausch, Agrotis. L. 9-5. On Corydalis and Epilobium. P. 6-7. 118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 7, 8. One recorded. O. Fenn's Wainscot, (brevilinea, Fenn., Leucania) Fen Wainscot, (phragmitidis, Hb., Calamia) Fern Moth, (tersata, Hb., Phibalapteryx (Ccenocalpa)) Ferns. (Filices) ferrugata, L., Coremia (Ochyria). (Red Twin-spot Carpet) L. 6-7 and 9-10. On Chrysanthemum, Galium, Nepeta glechoma, Polygonum, and Taraxacum. P. 11-5 and 8. I. 5-6 and 7-8. Comes to light. O. Hatching periods recorded — 5, 11, and 17 days. ferruginea, Esp. = cfcYce^am, Hufn. Fescue Grass. (Festuca) f estiva, JIb.=primulce, Esp. Festoon, (limacodes, Hufn. (testudo, Schiff.), Cochlidion) Festuca. (Fescue Grass) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. bicoloria (furuncula), Miana. (Cloaked Minor) L. 4-5. Inside the stems. Festuca arundmacea. Bondii (Morrisii) Tapinostola (Chortodes). (Bond's Wains- cot) L. 6-8. Feeds low down. Affected tufts look dead. Festuca ovina. (Sheep's Fescue) epiphron, Erebia. (Small Mountain Ringlet) L. 7-5. festucse, L., Plusia. (The Gold-spot) L. 5-6 and sometimes 7-8. On Alisma plantago, Carex, Graminese (coarse vars.), Iris pseud-acorus, and Sparganium ramosum. Hibernate when small till 4. P. 8. In a whitish cocoon under bent leaves. Fond of ditches. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 119 I. 6-7 and 8-9 (occasionally). Has been taken at light. Comes to flowers of Valerian, Ragged Robin, Lobel's Catchfly, etc. 0. fibrosa, Hb. = leucostigma. Hb. Fidonia. Genus includes limbaria and carbonaria. Field Wormwood. ( Artemisia campestris) Fiery Clearwing. (chrysidiformis, Esp., Aegeria (Sesia)) Figure of Eight Moth, (cceruleocephala, L., Diloba) Figure of Eighty, (octogesima, Hb. (ocularis, Gn.), Palimp- sestis (Cymatophora)) Figwort. (Scrophularia) Filices. (Ferns) lucipara, Euplexia. (Small Angle Shades) L. 8-9. Night feeder, brassicse, Mamestra. (The Cabbage) L. 6-10. persicarise, Mamestra. (The Dot) L. 7-10. filigrammaria, HS., Oporabia (Epirrata). (Small Autumnal Carpet) L. 3-5. On Calluna and Vaccinium. P. 6-8. Below ground. I. 8-9. Rests on stones, rocks, plant stems, or even on ground. Comes to Heather bloom. Pairs may often be found on Heather twigs by night. 0. 9. Hatch in about 4J months. filipendulee, L., Zygcena ( Anthrocera). (Six-spot Burnet) L. 8-5. On Anthyllis vulneraria, Ornithopus, and Trifolium. P. 6. In a boat-shaped cocoon spun high up on grass stems. I. 7-8. Earlier ones are probable. Usually emerges between 10.30 A.M. and noon. 0. fimbria, L., Triphcena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Night feeder on Atriplex, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Cratsegus, Primula vulgaris, P. 120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK veris, Primus padus, P. spinosa, Quercus, Rubus, Rumex, Salix, S. caprea, Vae- cinium oxycoccus, Vinca, and Viola. In autumn only low plants mentioned are eaten. P. 5-6. On the ground. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar and light. O. firmata, Hb., Thera. (Pine Carpet) L. 4-5 and 8. On Pinus Sylvestris. Beat. P. 11-5 and 7. In sand. I. 6-7 and 9-10. Rests on tree-trunks. Comes to sugar. O. fissipuncta, Hw. (ysilon or upsilon, Bkh.)5 Dyschorista. (Dingy Shears) L. 4-5. Night feeder on Populus and Salix (narrow leaved vars.). Hides under debris and loose bark by day. P. 6-7. Under bark or spun up at roots. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar. Flies high round Sallow bushes at dusk. Five-spot Burnet. (trifolii, Esp., Zygcena) Flame, (putris, L., Axylia) Flame Brocade, (flammea, Esp. (empyrea, Hb.), Trigonophora) Flame Carpet, (designata, Rott. (propugnata, F.), Coremia ( Ochyria)) Flame Moth, (rubidata, F., Anticlea) Flame Shoulder, (plecta, L., Noctua (Ochropleura)) Flame Wainscot, (flammea, Curt., Meliana) flammatra, F., Noctua ( Agrotis). (The Black Collar) L. 9-5. On low plants. P. I. 7. Very rare immigrant. O. flammea, Curt., Meliana. (Flame Wainscot) L. 8-10. Hides by day in old stems, and feeds at night on Phragmites. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 121 P. 10-6. Amongst reed stubble. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar and light. 0. flammea, Esp. (empyrea, Hb.), Trigonophora. (Flame Bro- cade) L. 10-5 (Meyrick says 12-5). On Fraxinus when the larva is full grown, Ligustram, Ranun- culus ficaria, and R. repens. P. 4-9. In a silk cocoon under upper leaves. I. 9-10. 0. 9-10. Laid on the leaf stalks of food. Hatch in 2-3 weeks. flava, H&w.=stramineola, Dbld.=griseola, Hb. (The Pale Footman) flavago, ~EiSp.=ochracea, Hb., Ochria. flavago, ~F.=lutea, Xanthia. flavicinctata, Hb. (ruficinctata, Gn.), Entephria. (Yellow- ringed Carpet) L. 9-4 or 5 and 6-7. On Saxifraga azoides, S. hypno- ides, and Sedum. P. 4 and 5, 6 and 7. 1. 5 and 7-8. Rests on limestone rocks. 0. flavicornis, L., Polyploca. (The Yellow Horned) L. 6-7. Rests in a folded leaf by day, preferring stunted trees of Betula. P. 8-3. In a flimsy cocoon amongst leaves, moss, or roots of grass ; sometimes just below soil. May go over to second year. I. 3-4. Comes to Sallow bloom, Birch sap, and sugar. Rests on trees and twigs. 0. 4-5. Laid singly or in pairs in angles between buds and the twigs. Hatch in about a month. flavocincta, F., Polia. (Large Ranunculus) L. 4-7. On Lathyrus latifolia, Mentha, Plantago, Prunus armeniaca, Rumex, Senecio vul- garis, and Stellaria media. P. 7-9. Below ground. 1. 9-10. Comes to sugar and ripe plums. 0. 10. Sleeve out during winter. 122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK flavofasciata, Thun. (decolorata, Hb.), Perizoma (Emmelesia) (Sandy Carpet) L. 7-8. On the buds and seeds of Lychnis dioica and L. vespertina and Silene inflata. P. 8-6. In an earthen cocoon. I. 6-7 or 8. Flies at dusk. Rests on tree-trunks. Comes to light. 0. 6. Two or three eggs laid on a flower head. Fleabane. ( Inula) flexula, SchifL, Laspeyria ( Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook- tip) L. 9-4 or 5. On Lichenes on various trees. P. 5-7. 1. 6, 7, and 8. Beat out of bushes. Comes to light. 0. Flixweed. (Sisymbrium Sophia) Flounced Chestnut, (rufina, L., Anchocelis) Flounced Rustic, (testacea, Hb., Luperina) fluctuata, L., Xanthorhoe (Melanippe). (Garden Carpet) L. 6-10. Night feeder on Arabis, Brassica oleracea, Cheiranthus, Cochlearia armoracia, Nas- turtium, Ribes, and R. grosularia. P. 7 and 9-4. In a cocoon below ground. I. 5-6 and 7-8. 0. Hatches in 5 days. Laid 31st May, hatched 3rd June. fluctuosa, Hb., Palimpsestis (Cymatophom). (Satin Carpet) L. 8-9. Beat. Hides by day between leaves. Feeds at night on Betula and Quercus. P. 10-6. In a cocoon amongst leaves or on the ground. I. 6. Comes to light. O. fluviata, Hb., Percnoptitola (Camptogramma). (The Gem) L. From Spring and Summer immigrants. Full grown in a month. Rests on under sides of leaves. Feeds on Chrysanthemum, Eupatorium, Polygonum, and Senecio vulgaria. P. In a silk cocoon in moss ; about 14 days in this stage. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 123 I. Late Spring to 11. Comes to light, sugar, and Ivy. Box females for ova. 0. Hatching periods recorded — 5, 10, 15, and 21 days. Fceniculum vulgare. machaon, L., Papilio. (Swallow-tail) L. 5 or 6-8, fontis, Thnb., Bomolocha. (The Beautiful Snout) L. 7-9. On Erica and Vaccinium myrtillus. P. 10-6. I. 6-7. Amongst Heather and Bilberry by ditch sides. Has been taken at electric light. O. Forester (statices, L., Ino ( Adscita)) Forget-me-not. (Myosotis palustris) formiceeformis, Esp., Sesia (JUgeria). (The Red-tipped Clearwing) L. 6-5. Internal feeder on Salix viminalis. P. 4-5. Cut off affected stumps and keep damp. I. 7-8 (or earlier). Flies in the sun over osiers. O. Four-dotted Footman, (mesomella, L., Cynosea (Lithosia)) Four-spotted, (luctuosa, Esp., Acontia (Tar ache}} Four-spotted Footman, (quadra, L., JEonistis (Lithosia}) Foxglove. (Digitalis) Foxglove Pug. (pulchellata, Stph., Eupithecia) Fox Moth, (rubi, L., Macrofhylacia) Fragaria. (Strawberry) immanata, Cidaria. (Dark Marbled Carpet) L. 4-6. truncata (russata), Cidaria. (Common Marbled Carpet) L. 6 and 8-2. obscurata, Gnophos (Sciadion). (Amulet or Annulet) L. 9-5. albicellata, Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (The Beautiful Carpet) L. 8-9 (or earlier), albula (albulalis), Nola. (Kent Black Arches) L. 8-6. 124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. malvae, Syrichthus. (Grizzled Skipper) L. 5-7. fraxinata, Crewe, Eupithecia. (Ash Pug) L. 8-9. Sometimes two broods. Beat or search. Feeds on flowers of Artinisia, Vibanum Tinus, and Scabiosa. Also on young shoots of Fraxinus. P. 10-5. In a slight cocoon under moss or stems and under loose bark, especially on Ash- trees. L. 6-7 (sometimes autumn). O. fraxini, L., Catocala. (Clifden Nonpareil) L. 5, 6, and 7. On Poplar and Ash (sometimes). P. 6. I. 7 and 8 (beg.). Emerges 10 p.M.-ll P.M. Comes to sugar. O. Pass through the Winter in this stage. Fraxinus excelsior. (Ash) circellaris (ferruginea), Amathes. (The Brick) L. 4-6 or 7. On flowers and seeds. Beat, sphinx (cassinea), Brachionycha. (The Sprawler) L. 5-6. Beat. siterata (psitticata), Cidaria. (Red-green Carpet) L. 6 or 7-8. xeramperlina, Cirrhcedia. (Centre-barred Sallow) L. 4-6. Beat at night, aesculi, Zeuzera. (Leopard Moth) L. 2-3 years. Internal feeder, preferring growth 3 to 8 inches in diameter. Ligniperda, Cossus. (Goat Moth) L. Feeds internally for 3-4 years, ligustri, Craniophora (Acronycta). (Coronet) L. 8-9. Beat, fuscantaria, Ennomos. (Dusky Thorn) L. 5-8. Beat, quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos. (August Thorn) L. 4-7. Beat. fraxinata, Eupithecia. (Ash Pug) L. 8-9. exiguata, Eupithecia. (Mottled Pug) L. 9-10. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 125 pennaria, Himera (Colotois). (Feathered Thorn) L. 4-6. Beat, semibrunnea, Lithophane. (Tawny Pinion) L. 5-6. polycommata, Lobophora (Trichopteryx). (The Barred Tooth-striped) L. 5-6. On buds at first. Beat, hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, gilvago, Mellinia (Xanthia). (Dusky -lemon Sallow) L. 4-5 or 6. In confinement, pulveraria, Numeria. (The Barred Umber) L. 6-8 or 9. ligustri, Sphinx. (Privet Hawk) L. 7-8. flammea, Trigonophora (Empyrea). (Flame Brocade) L. 12-4. Food when nearly full fed. aesculi, Zeuzera. (Leopard Moth) L. 2-3 years. Internally, preferring growth 3-8 inches diameter. Frosted Green, (ridens, F., Cynatophora) Frosted Orange, (ochracea, Hb. (flavago, Esp.), Ochria (Qortyna)) Frosted Yellow, (limbaria, F. (conspicuata, SchifL), Fidonia) Fuchsia coccinea. (Scarlet Fuchsia) galii, Deilephila (Celerio). (Bedstraw Hawk Moth) L. 8-10. celerio, Hippotion. (Silver-striped Hawk Moth) L. 8-10. livornica, Phryxus. (Striped Hawk) L. 6-7 and 8-9. fuciformis, L., Hemaris. (Broad-bordered Bee Hawk) L. 6-8. Beat. Hard to detect. Search under-sides of leaves, showing holes on each side of mid-rib. Feeds on Lonicera (wild and cultivated) and Symphoricarpus race- mosus. P. 8-5. In an earth-coated silk cocoon below soil. I. 5-6. Emerges, 12 A.M.-2 P.M. Comes to flowers of Rhododendron, Bugle, Ragged Robin, Ground Ivy, Primrose, and Bluebell. 126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 0. Laid on under-sides of leaves. Deposited 30th April, hatched 23rd May (Tonge). fuliginaria, L., Parascotia. (Waved Black) L. 8-5 or 6. On Fungi in cellars. P. 6. In a compact grey-silk cocoon covered with bits of decayed fungus and wood. 1. 6-7. Comes to sugar and light. O. 7-8. iuliginosa, L., Phragmatobia (Spilosoma). (Ruby Tiger) L. 6-8, 9-5. On Lactuca, Plantago, Rumex, Solidago, and Taraxacum. P. 8-9 and 5-6. In a loose silk cocoon amongst Heather, etc. I. 5-6, 7-8, and 10 (in captivity). Flies at night. Comes to light. O. Laid in batches on leaves. Female lays about 600 eggs. Deposited 13th July, hatched 21st July (Oldaker). fulva, Hb., Tapinostola. (Small Wainscot) L. 6-7. Feeds internally downwards on Carex. P. 8. I. 8-9. Flies before dusk, and afterwards rests on stems of rushes, etc. O. fulvago, Hb. =paleacea, Esp. fulvago, L. (cerago, F.), Xanthia (Cosmia). (The Sallow) L. 3-6. On Plantago (when nearly full fed), Salix (in catkins when young, or on larvae when older), and Ulmus montana (on seeds). P. 7-8. At foot of Sallow. I. 9-10. Comes to Ivy, Tritoma uvaria, sugar, and to flowering grasses. Emerges in afternoon. 0. 10-11. Laid near leaf buds. fulvata, Forst, Cidaria. (The Barred Yellow) L. 5-6. Night feeder. Feeds on Rosa and Rosa canina. P. 6. In a cocoon amongst food. I. 6-7. Hides under leaves and hedges. Male flies at early dusk. 0. Laid summer 1902, hatched 7th May 1903 (E. Adkin). THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 127 fumata, Stph., Acidalia (Pylarge). (Smoky Wave) L. 8-5. Hibernates when nearly full grown. Feeds on Calluna, Polygonum, Salix caprea, Stellaria media, Taraxacum, and Vac- cinium. P. 5-6. Below ground. I. 6-7. On moors and mosses. O. Fungus, fuliginaria, Parascotia. (Waved Black) L. 8-5 or 6. Found in cellars. furcata (elutata), Hb.5 Hydriomena (Hypsipetes). (July Highflyer) L. 5-6. On Calluna, Corylus, Populus, Salix, S. caprea, and Vaccinium. P. 6. In the down of Sallow seeds. I. 6 (end) -8. Hedgerows and wood margins. O. 7. Newman states they hatch in 12 days, and the larvae hibernate till the Sallows break. furcifera, Hufn. (conformis, F.), Qraptolitha (Xylina). (The Conformist) L. 4-6. On Alnus. P. 7. I. 9-10, and 3-4 after hibernation. Comes to Ivy and sugar in autumn, and to Sallows in spring. 0. furcula, L., Gerura (Dicranura). (Sallow Kitten) L. 7-9 (sometimes earlier or later). Feeds on Salix and S. caprea. P. 9-10 or 5. In a hard wooden cocoon on the trunk. I. 5-6. Comes to light. Females assemble males by dark. O. Laid in twos or threes on the upper sides of leaves. furuncula, Hb.=bicoloria, Schiff. furva, Hb., Hama (Mamestra). (The Confused) L. 9-6. On Graminese, near the roots. P. 6. Below ground in an earthen cocoon. I. 7-9. Search flowers of Ragwort, Grasses, Scabious, etc., with a lantern at night. Comes late to sugar in rocky places and on moors. O. 128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Furze. ( Ulex) fuscantaria, Hw., Ennomos. (Dusky Thorn) L. 5-8. Beat. Sleeve out on Fraxinus and Ligustrum vulgare, the usual food plants. Greatly resemble twigs. P. 8. Suspended in a curled leaf. I. 8-9. Comes to light. 0. 8-9. Laid in rows. Brick-shaped. Hatch very irregularly after about 8| months. fusconebulosa, de Geer. (velleda, Hb.), Hepialus. (Map-winged Swift) L. 6 or 7 - 5. Burrows into the stems of Pteris aquilina, and feeds towards the roots. In 9-10 the second Winter the larva leaves food plant and hibernates. P. 4 (end) -5. In an earth-covered silk cocoon on or just below ground on food plants. 1. 6-7. Flies rapidly at dusk on heaths and by wood sides, etc. O. 6. Scattered on the ground amongst food. fuscovenosa, Gz.= inter •jectaria, B. fuscula, Bkh. =fasciana, L. galatea, L., Melanargia. (Marbled White) L. 7-6. Hibernates when very small, and reappears 4-5. Nibbles during the winter in mild weather. Feeds on Gramineae, especially Dactylis glomerata, and Phleum pratense. P. 6. Loose. I. 7. Usually found in colonies. 0. 7-8. Laid loose. Hatch in about 3 weeks. Females lay freely in confinement. Galeopsis. (Hemp Nettle) alchemillata, Perizoma. (Small Rivulet) L. 8-9. Feeds on the seed - heads, especially on G. ladanum and G. tetrahit. galiata, Hb., Xanthorhoe (Melanippe). (Galium Carpet) L. 6 (end), 7, and 8-9. On Galium. P. 8 and 9-6. In a cocoon below ground. 1. 6 and 8. Hides amongst herbage in chalk and limestone districts. Comes to light. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 129 0. Laid 25th July 1899, hatched 2nd August ; laid 10th June 1900, hatched 17th June ; laid 1st September 1906, hatched 10th September (B. Adkin). galii, Rott., Deilephila (Celerio). (The Bedstraw Hawk Moth) L. 8-10. Frass on sandhills, etc., shows whereabouts. Feeds on Epilobium angustifolium, E. hirsutum, and E. palustre, Fuchsia, Galium mollugo, G. saxatile, G. sylva- ticum, G. verum, and G. verum, var. maritimum, and Rubia. P. 10-6. Underground in a fragile cell. If in sand, burrows deeply. Should be forced in early spring. Will pupate between flannel in breeding-cage. 1. 7. Comes to light. O. Galium. (Bedstraw) aversata, Acidalia. (Riband Wave) L. 7-5. dimidiata (scutulata), Acidalia. (Single-dotted Wave) L. 9-4. imitaria, Acidalia. (Small Blood- vein) L. 7-5. remutaria, Acidalia. (Cream Wave) L. 7-9. obelisca, Agrotis. (Square-spot Dart) L. 10-7. tritici, Agrotis. (White-line Dart) L. 9-5. vestigialis (valligera), Agrotis. (Archer's Dart) L. 8-5. olivata, Amcebe (Larentia). (The Beech-green Carpet) L. 9-5. Night feeder, emarginata, Ania. (Small Scallop) L. 8-5 or 6. elpenor, Chserocampa (Eumorpha). (Elephant Hawk) L. 7-8. Night feeder. Basks in the sun. pyraliata (dotata), Cidaria. (The Barred Straw) L. 4-5 or 6. Feeds low down, ferrugata, Coremia. (Red Twin-spot Carpet) L. 6-7 and 9-10. quadrifasciaria, Coremia (Ochyria). (Large Twin-spot Carpet) L. 8-4. 130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK unidentaria, Coremia (Ochyria). (Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet) L. 6-7 and 9-10. suffumata, Lampropteryx (Cidaria). (Water Carpet) L. 5-6 (Meyrick says 6-8). pectinataria (viridaria), Larentia. (Green Carpet) L. 8-5. Sluggish. Hides at roots, sociata, Melanippe (Xanhorrhoe, Epirrhoe). (Common Carpet) L. 6-7 and 9. multistrigaria, Malenydris (Larentia). (Mottled Grey) L. 5-6. salicata, Malenydris. (Striped Twin-spot Carpet) L. 9-10. Night feeder, porcellus, Metopsilus. (Small Elephant) L. 8-9. , umbrosa, Noctua. (Six-striped Rustic) L. 8-5. erythrocephala, Orrhodia (Conistra). (Red - headed Chestnut) L. 4-5 or 6. galiata, Xanthorhoe (Melanippe). (Galium Carpet) L. 6-7 and 8-9. montanata, Xanthorhoe. (Silver-ground Carpet) L. 8-4. Night feeder. Galium aparine. (Cleavers, Goose-grass, or Rough Bedstraw) corticea, Agrotis. (Heart and Club) L. 8-3 or 4. Night feeder, rubidata, Anticlea. (The Flame) L. 7-8. pyraliata (dotata), Cidaria. (The Barred Straw) L. 4-5 or 6. Feeds low down, galii, Deilephila (Celerio). (The Bedstraw Hawk Moth) L. 8-10. Frass indicates whereabouts, suffumata, Lampropteryx (Cidaria). (Water Carpet) L. 5-6 (Meyrick says 6-8). stellatarum, Macroglossa. (Humming-bird Hawk Moth) L. 6, 7, 8. Search at dusk close to ground, rivata, Xanthorhoe. (Wood Carpet) L. 7-8. Night feeder. Galium Carpet, (galiata, Hb., Xanthorhoe (Melanippe)) Galium Mollugo. (Great or Hedge Bedstraw) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 131 cucullata (sinuata), Anticlea. (Royal Mantle) L. 7-8. rubidata, Anticlea. (The Flame) L. 7-8. nigra, Aporophyla (Epunda). (Black Rustic) L. 10-5, Night feeder, putris, Axylia. (The Flame) L. 7-10. pyraliata (dotata), Cidaria. (The Barred Straw) L. 4-5 or 6. Feeds low down, galii, Deilephila (Celerio). (The Bedstraw Hawk Moth) L. 8-10. Whereabouts shown by frass. stellatarum, Macroglossa. (Humming-bird Hawk Moth) L. 6-8. Search low down at night, ocellata, Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (Purple Bar) L. 6-7. rivata, Xanthorhoe. (Wood Carpet) L. 7-8. Night feeder, tristata, Xanthorhoe. (Small Argent and Sable) L. 7-8. Galium palustre. (White Water Bedstraw) elpenor, Choerocampa (Eumorpha). (Elephant Hawk) L. 7-8. Night feeder. Basks in the sun. Galium saxatile. (Heath Bedstraw) galii, Deilephila (Celerio). (The Bedstraw Hawk Moth) L. 8-10. Whereabouts shown by frass. tristata, Xanthorhoe. (Small Argent and Sable) L. 7-8. Galium verum. (Yellow Bedstraw) ochrata, Acidalia (Sterrha). (Bright Wave) L. 7-10 or on to spring. Eats flowers, ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. cucullata (sinuata), Anticlea. (Royal Mantle) L. 7-8. rubidata, Anticlea. (The Flame) L. 7-8. galii, Deilephila (Celerio). (The Bedstraw Hawk Moth) L. 8-10. Frass on sandhills shows whereabouts, celerio, Hippotion. (Silver-striped Hawk Moth) L. 8-9. From immigrants, stellatarum, Macroglossa. (Humming-bird Hawk Moth) L. 6, 7, 8. Search at night near ground, ocellata, Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (Purple Bar) L. 6-7. 132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK plecta, Noctua. (Flame Shoulder) L. 6-7 and 8-9. rivata, Xanthorhoe. (Wood Carpet) L. 7-8. Night feeder. gamma, L.} Plusia. (Silver Y) L. 5-9. General feeder on low plants, preferring Arctium, Geranium, Humulus, Lamium, Sonchus, Urtica. P. In a whitish cocoon under leaves. I. Spring immigrants, and 8, from eggs laid by these. Flies amongst rough herbage by day. Comes to light and to flowers of Phlox, Melancholy Thistle, and Lobel's Catchfly. 0. 7. Laid singly. Garden Carpet, (fluctuata, L., Xanthorhoe (Melanippe)) Garden Dart, (nigricans, L., Agrotis (Euxoa)) Garden Mignonette. (Reseda odorata) Garden Pea. (Pisum) baeticus, Lampides. (Long-tailed Blue) L. (?) On the green seeds. Garden Rocket. (Hesperis matronalis) Garden Tiger, (caja, L., Arctia) Gastropacha. Genus includes quercifolia. Gatekeeper, (tiihonus, L., Epinephele) Gem. (fluviata, Hb., Percnoptilota (Camptogramma)) gemina, Hb., Apamea. (Dusky Brocade) L. 8-3, 4, or 5. Hibernates at roots of grasses when quite young. Night feeder on Gramineae in moist spots. P. 4-6. Below ground. 1. 6-7. Comes to light. 0. Laid 7-8 on grass culms. geminipuncta, Hatch., Nonagria. (Twin-spotted Wainscot) L. 5-6. Internal feeder on Phragmites. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 133 P. 6-7. In the stem, with head downwards towards exit hole. Search reeds showing dead middle leaves for a circular scar near the place. Cut below this and place stems in wet sand, or excavate and place the pupa in wet moss. Last week in July best time. I. 7-8. Emerge between 6-30 P.M. and 8.30 P.M., and usually between 20th and 30th August. O. gemmaria, Brk., Boarmia. (Willow Beauty) L. 8-5. On Betula, Clematis, Cratsegus, Cytisus, Hedera, Ligustrum, Pinus, Rosa, Syringa vulgaris, and Taxus. P. 5-6. In a cocoon amongst food. I. 7-8 and sometimes 9. Rests on trees, fences, and walls. Comes to light and sugar. 0. Hatch hi about 10-20 days. Laid on leaves, twigs, or on box sides. In confinement in batch of 4-12. Deposited llth July, hatched 21st July (F. Oldaker). gemma ta, Hb.=fluviata, Hb. Genista anglica. (Petty-whin or Needle Furze) rubi, Callophrys. (Green Hairstreak) L. 6~7. Beat, myrtillata (obfuscaria), Gnophos (Dasydia). (Scotch Annulet) L. 9-6. cytisaria (pruinata), Pseudopterna. (Grass Emerald) L. 7-6. Beat or search in May. Genista tinctoria. (Dyer's Greenwood) rubi, Callophrys. (Green Hairstreak) L. 6-7. Beat, genistse, Mamestra. (Light Brocade) L. 7-8. genistse, Bkh., Mamestra (Hadena). (Light Brocade) L. 7-8. On Cytisus, Genista tinctoria, Polygonum persicaria, Arenaria, and Stellaria. P. 9-5. Just below ground. 1. 5-6. Rests on trunks and palings. Emerges 8-9.30 A.M. 0. 6-7. Females lay in chip boxes freely. Deposited 10th June, hatched 20th June (Tonge). 134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Gentiana. ( Gentian) scabiosata, Eupithecia. (Shaded Pug) L. 7-9. On the flowers. Geometra. Genus includes papilionaria and vernaria. Geranium. (Pelargonium) Geranium lucidum. obscurata, Gnophos (Sciadion). (The Annulet) L. 9-5. At night on flowers. geryon, Hb., Ino ( Adscita). (Cistus Forester) L. 7-5. On Helianthemum. Burrows partly into the leaf when young, and eats under side only. When full grown it consumes all the leaf. P. 5-6. In a tough web-like cocoon, low down amongst stems of food plant. I. 6-7. Flies in the sun on chalk downs and limestone hills. Best found between 4.45 and 5.45 P.M., when they rest on flowers, and can be easily boxed. 0. Geum. ( Avens) aversata, Acidalia. (Riband Wave) L. 7-5. Ghost Moth, (humuli, L., Hepialus) gilvago, Esp., Mellinia (Xanihia). (Dusky-lemon Sallow) L. 4-5 or 6. Beat. Feeds on Acer pseudo-platanus, Fraxinus, and Ulnus montana. Eats seeds at first and leaves later. I. 9. Comes at night to ripe plums and to light. 0. gilvaria, F., Aspilates. (Straw Belle) L. 9-6. Feeds on Achillea millefolium, Polygonum, Potentilla, and Thymus. P. 7. I. 7-8. O. Hatch in about 14 days. Gipsy, (dispar, L., Lymantria (Liparis)) glabraria, Hb.=jubata, Thnb. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 135 glandifera, Hb., Bryophila. (Marbled Green) L. 10-5. On Lichenes on rocks and walls. Hides by day in a woven silk retreat, covered with bits of lichens, moss, mortar, etc. Hiber- nates early in crevices. P. 8-9. In a silk and lichen-covered cocoon amongst food. I. 7-8. Rests on walls and rocks. Comes to sugar. 0. 9. Laid in a line. Glanville Fritillary. (cinxia, L., Melitcea) glareosa, Esp., Noctua. (Autumnal Rustic) L. 8-6. On Calluna, Cytisus scoparius, Erica, Gram- inese, Rumex, R. acetosa, Salix caprea, and Scilla nut an. P. 6-7. On the ground. I. 8-9. Comes to sugar. 0. glauca, Hb., Mamestra (Hadena). (Glaucous Shears) L. 7-8. On Calluna, Lactuca, Myrica gale, and Salix caprea. Sleeve out. P. 8-5. On the ground, or just below surface, in a loose silk and earth cocoon. I. 5-6. Rests on fences, trees, rocks, etc., usually low down. Comes to sugar sparingly. 0. Eggs easily obtained from females in confinement, glaucata, Sc. (spinulct; Schiff.), Cilix. (Chinese Character) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Full fed in under a month. Feed on Cratsegus, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus, and P. Communis. P. 6-8 and 9-5. Amongst leaves of food plant. I. 5-6 and 8. Comes to light. At rest looks like bird droppings. O. Deposited 25th July 1912, hatched 3rd August. Glaucous Shears, (glauca, Hb., Mamestra (Hadena)) globularise, Hb., Ino (Ehagades, Adscita). (Scarce Forester) L. 8-5. On Centaurea scabiosa and C. nigra. Search for blistered -looking leaves. The L. leaves the mines in 10, and hibernates on a silk pad under the leaves, P. 6, 136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 6-7. Flies in the sun, and fond of the flowers of Poterium and Sanguisorba (Salad Burnet). 0. 6 (end) -7 (beg.). Gluphisia. Genus includes crenata. glyphica, L., Euclidia. (Burnet Companion) L. 6-8. On Medicago lupulina and Trifolium. P. 8-6. In a cocoon on the ground. 1. 5-6. Fond of sunny banks and slopes. 0. Laid 24th June, hatched 4th July (Oldaker). gnaphalii, Hb., Cucullia. (Cudweed Shark) L. 8-9. Night feeder. Hides by day. Feeds on Aster Novi-belgii and Solidago. P. 9-5. On the ground. 1. 6. O. Gnaphalium. (Cudweed) paula, Thalpochares. (The Grey Marbled) L. 6. Gnophos. Genus includes myrtillata and obscurata. Goat Moth, (ligniperda, F. (cossus, L.), Cossus) Goat Willow or Sallow. (Salix caprea) Golden Plusia. (moneta, F., Plusia) Golden Rod. (Solidago virgaurea) Golden-rod Brindle. (solidaginis, Hb., Lithomoia (Cloantha, Calocampa)) Golden-rod Pug. (virgaureata, Dbld., Eupithecia) Gold Spangle, (bractea, F., Plusia) Gold Spot, (festucce, L., Plusia) Gold Swift, (hecta, L., Hepialus) Gonepteryx. Genus includes rhamni. Gonodontis. Genus includes bidentata. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 137 gonostigma, F., Orgyia (Notolophus). (Scarce Vapourer) L. 7 and 9-4 or 5. The second brood sometimes produces images in the autumn. Beat. Feeds on Quercus, Salix, S. caprea, and sometimes on Corylus, Crataegus, Fagus, Prunus spinosa, and Ulmus. P. 5 and 7. In a cocoon. I. 6 and 7 (end) -8 (beg.). The females never leave the web. 0. Laid on the cocoon in a batch of from 400-500. Deposited 7th July 1891, hatched 27th July (R. Adkin). Gooseberry. (Ribes grossularia) Goose-foot. ( Chenopodium) Goose-grass or Cleavers. (Oalium aparine) goossensiata, Mabille (minutata, Gn.), Eupithecia. (Ling Pug) L. 8-9. On flowers of Calluna and Erica. P. 9-6. In an earthen cocoon. 1. 6-7. On heaths and moors. Comes to light. 0. Gorse. ( Ulex) Gortyna. Genus includes micacea, nictitans, petasitis. Gothic, (typica, L., Ncenia) gothica, L., Tceniocampa. (Hebrew Character) L. 4-6. On Crataegus, Quercus, Rumex, Salix caprea, and Taraxacum. P. 6-4. At roots. I. 3-4. Comes to Sallow bloom. 0. Laid in batches, two deep towards centre. Hatch 4-5. gracilis, F., Tceniocampa. (Powdered Quaker) L. 5-7. Hides in spun-up leaves. Feeds on Inula, Lysimachia vulgaris, Lythrum salicaria, Myrica gale, Rubex, Salix caprea, and Spiraea. P. 8-4. At roots of food plant. 1. 4-5. Comes to blooms of Damson, Plum, and Sallow. O. 138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Graminese. (Grasses) actseon, Adopaea. (Lulworth Skipper) L. 5-7. lineola, Adopsea. (Essex or New Skipper) L. 4-6. On coarse vars. thaumas (linea), Adopsea. (Small Skipper) L. 8-6. cursoria, Agrotis. (Coast Dart) L. 9-6. Prefers Ammophila. lucernea, Agrotis. (Northern Rustic) L. 8-5. Night feeder. Sweep, praecox, Agrotis. (Portland Moth) L. 9-6. Night feeder. simulans (pyrophila), Agrotis (Pachnobia). (Dotted Rus- tic) L. 9-5. Search after dusk, vestigialis (valligera), Agrotis. (Archer's Dart) L. 8-5. litura, Amathes (Orthosia). (Brown-spot Pinion) L. 4-6. Night feeder. lychnidis (pistacina), Amathes (Anthocelis, Orthosia). (The Beaded Chestnut) L. 3-6. basilinea, Apamea. (Rustic Shoulder Knot) L. 8-3. gemina, Apamea. (Dusky Brocade) L. 8-3 (sometimes till 5). Night feeder, ophiogramma, Apamea. ( Double -lobed) L. 9-5. Hibernates amongst dead grass. In spring feeds inside stem down towards the base, pabulatricula (connexa), Apamea. (Union Rustic) L. 5. secalis, Apamea. (Common Rustic) L. 9-5. Especially in stems of Dactylis and Festuca. unanimis, Apamea. (Small Clouded Brindle) L. 6-4. In damp spots, hyperanthus, Aphantophus. (The Ringlet) L. 8-6. Sweep or search in woods at night, australis, Aporophyla. (Feathered Brindle) L. 10-4. Sweep at night, lutulenta, Aporophyla (Epunda). (Deep-brown Dart) L. 9-4. Hibernates early, nigra, Aporophyla (Epunda). (Black Rustic) L. 10-5. Night feeder, ochrearia (citraria), Aspilates. (Yellow Belle) L. 6-7 and 9-5. Sweep. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 139 sylvanus, Augiades. (Large Skipper) L. 7-5. argentula, Banksia. (Silver Barred) L. 7-8. Sweep, bilineata, Camptogramma. (Yellow Shell) L. 8-5. Night feeder, ambigua, Caradrina. (Vine's Rustic) L. 10-5. quadripunctata (cubicularis), Caradrina. (Pale Mottled Willow) L. 9-5. matura, Cerigo. (Straw Underwing) L. 9-4. graminis, Charseas. (The Antler) L. 10-5. pamphilus, Coenonympha. (Small Heath) L. 5-6, 7-8. typhon, Coenonympha. (Large Heath) L. 8-5 or 6. cribrum, Coscinia. (Speckled Footman) L. 8-5. striata, Coscinia. (Feathered Footman) L. -5. potatoria, Cosmotriche (Odonestis). (The Drinker) L. 8-6. On coarse vars. in damp spots. Likes sun. Hibernates 9 or 10-4. exulis, Crymodes. (Northern Arches) L. 8-5. ianira, Epinephele. (Meadow Brown) L. 6, 7, and 8-5 or 6. Sweep at night, tithonus, Epinephele. (The Gatekeeper) L. 9-6. Sweep at night, popularis, Epineuronia (Heliophobus). (Feathered Gothic) L. 3(?)-7. Night feeder, sethiops (blandina), Erebia. (Scotch Argus) L. 9-6. Search at dusk without a lamp, epiphron (cassiope), Erebia. (Small Mountain Ringlet) L. 7-5. ochroleuca, Eremobia. (Dusky Sallow) L. 5-7. Sweep. Prefers Dactylis. mi, Euclidia. (Mother Shipton) L. 7-9. Sweep by day. adusta, Eumichtis (Hadena). (Dark Brocade) L. 7-9. Hibernates when full fed. abjecta, Hama (Mamestra). (Crescent Striped) L. 9-6. furva, Hama (Mamestra). (The Confused) L. 9-6. Near roots. 140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK hispidus, Heliophobus. (The Beautiful Gothic) L. 9 or 10-3 or 4. Night feeder. Hides by day. lupulina, Hepialus. (Common Swift) L. 7-4. At roots, cribrumalis, Herminia. (Dotted Fan-foot) L. 7-6. Prefers marsh vars. Hibernates 10-4 at roots, nictitans (lucens), Hydraecia (Gortyna). (Ear Moth) L. 5-8. Sweep, uncula (unca), Hydrelia. (Silver Hook) L. 7-8. Rests along the blades of coarse vars. trifolii, Lasiocampa (Bombyx). (Grass Eggar) L. 2-6. albipuncta, Leucania. (White-point) L. 8-10, or till spring, comma, Leucania. (Shoulder-striped Wainscot) L. 8-4. Night feeder, conigera, Leucania. (Brown-line Bright-eye) L. 8-5. Search after dusk, favicolor, Leucania. (Mathew's Wainscot) L. 7-4. impudens (pudorina), Leucania. (Striped Wainscot) L. 6 (South), 9-4 (Meyrick). impura, Leucania. (Smoky Wainscot) L. 8-5. littoralis, Leucania. (Shore Wainscot) L. 8-5. Night feeder, pallens, Leucania. (Common Wainscot) L. 9-5. putrescens, Leucania (Cirphis). (Devonshire Wainscot) L. 9-1. When full fed buries, but does not pupate till 6. straminea, Leucania. (Southern Wainscot) L. 10-5. Sweep coarse vars. at night, turca, Leucania (Eriopyga). (Double Line) L. 8-5. Likes Dactylis and woodland vars. vitellma, Leucania (Sideridis). (The Delicate) L. 10 (?) -2. sericea, Lithosia. (Northern Footman) L. 8-5. cespitis, Luperina (Tholera). (Hedge Rustic) L. 4-6. Sweep at night, testacea, Luperina. (Flounced Rustic) L. 10-5. At roots, rubi, Macrothylacia (Bombyx). (Fox Moth) L. 8-10. Hibernates till 3 or 4. Suns itself. didymata, Malenydris. (Twin-spot Carpet) L. 4-5. On the flowers of coarse vars. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 141 galatea, Melanargia. (Marbled White) L. 7-6. bicoloria (furuncula), Miana. (Cloaked Minor) L. 4-5. Inside stems, fasciuncula, Miana. (Middle-barred Minor) L. 4-5. In the shoots, literosa, Miana. (Rosy Minor) L. 9-6. strigilis, Miana. (Marbled Minor) L. 7-3 or 4. glareosa, Noctua. (Autumnal Rustic) L. 8-6. rubi, Noctua. (Small Square-spot) L. 6-7 and 11-4. sobrina, Noctua. (Cousin German) L. 9-6. Sweep at night, xanthographa, Noctua. (Square-spot Rustic) L. 9-5 or 6. Night feeder, zonaria, Nyssia. (The Belted Beauty) L. 5-8. lunosa, Omphaloscelis (Anchocelis). (Lunar Underwing) L. 9-5. Night feeder. limitata (mensuraria), Ortholitha (Eubolia). (Shaded Broad-bar) L. 9-6. Sweep, leucophoea, Pachetra. (Feathered Ear) L. 7-3. Night feeder, egeria, Pararge. (Speckled Wood) L. 9-7. Sweep at night, megsera, Parage. (Wall Butterfly) L. 9-3 or 4, and 6-7. Sweep at night, arcuosa, Petilampa. (Small Dotted Buff) L. 5-6. lapidata, Phibalapteryx. (Slender-striped Rufous) L. 5-6. festucse, Plusia. (The Gold-spot) L. 5-6 and 7-8. Likes coarse vars. sericealis, Rivula. (Straw Dot) L. 8-5. tenebrosa (umbratica), Rusina. (Brown Rustic) L. 8-3. lineata (dealbata), Scoria. (Black-veined Moth) L. 9-5. anomala, Stilbia. (The Anomalous) L. 9-2. Feeds at night. comes (orbona), Triphaena. (Lesser Yellow Under- wing) L. 9-4. Sweep in February. 142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK inter jecta, Triphaena. (Least Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. orbona (subsequa) Triphsena. (Lunar Yellow Underwing) L. 9-4. Sweep at night, promula, Triphsena. (Large Yellow Underwing) L. 8-5. montanata, Xanthorhoe. (Silver-ground Carpet) L. 8-4. Night feeder, hepatica, Xylophasia. (Clouded Brindle) L. 8-4. Search in April under moss on tree stumps for full-fed larvae, lithoxylea, Xylophasia. (Light Arches) L. 10-5. Near roots, monoglypha (polyodon), Xylophasia. (Dark Arches) L. 8-9. rurea, Xylophasia. (Clouded Bordered Brindle) L. 8-5. scolopacina, Xylophasia. (Slender Brindle) L. 10 (?) -6. Sweep at night. graminis, L., Charceas. (The Antler) L. 10-5 (South says 3-6). On Gramineae and Hordeum. P. 6-7. Below ground. I. 8-9. Males fly in the sun between 8 A.M. and noon, and sometimes both sexes from 12-4 P.M. Fond of Ragwort and Thistle bloom. Males come to light. O. Grammesia. Genus includes trigrammica. grammica, Ij. = striata, L. Graptolitha. Genus includes furcifem, lambda, and ornithopus. Grass Eggar. (trifolii, Esp., Lasiocampa (Bombyx, Pachy- gastria}} Grass Emerald, (pruinata, Hufn. (cytisaria, Schiff.), Pseudop- terna) Grasses. ( Cframinece) Grass Rivulet, (albulata, Schiff., Perizoma (Emmelesia}) Grass Wave, (strigillaria, Hb., Perconia ( Aspilates)) Grayling, (semele, L., Satyrus) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 143 Great Bedstraw. (Oalium mollugo) Great Bindweed. ( Convolvulus sepium) Great Brocade, (occulta, L., Enrols ( Aplecta)) Great Oak Beauty, (roboraria, SchifL, Boarmia) Great Prominent, (trepida, Esp., Peridea (Notodonta)) Great Water Dock. ( Rumex hydrolapaihum) Green Arches, (prasina, F. (herbida, Hb.)5 Enrols (Aplecta)} Green-brindled Crescent, (oxyacanthce, L., Mlsella) Green-brindled Dot. (oleagina, F., Valeria) Green Carpet, (pectinataria, Kn. (vlrldarla, F.), Larentla) Green Hairstreak. (rnbl, L., Callophrys) Green Pug. (rectangulata, L., Chloroclystls (Enplihecla)) Green Silver Lines, (prasinana, L., Hylophlla) Green- veined White, (wopi, ^., Plerls) Grey, (ccesia, Bkh., Dianthcecia) Grey Arches, (nebulosa, Hufn., Aplecta (Mamestra)) Grey Birch, (punctularia, Hb., Tephrosla) Grey Carpet, (griseata, Schiff., Llihostege) Grey Chi. (c/w, L., Po^a) Grey Dagger. Qw*, L., Acronycta) Grey Mountain Carpet, (ccesiata, Lang., Entephria (Larentla)) Grey Pine Carpet, (varlata, Schiff., T^em) Grey Pug. (castigata, Hb., Euplthecla) Grey Scalloped Bar. (fagarla (belgiaria, Hb.), Scodiona) Grey Shoulder Knot, (ornithopus, Rott., Graptolltha ( Xyllna)) 144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK grisealis, Hb.} Zanclognatha (Herminia). (Small Fan-foot) L. 8-9. On Quercus. Beat. P. 9-6. In a web on under side of leaf. I. 6-7. Beat out of herbage by day. 0. griseata, Schiff., Lithostege. (Grey Carpet) L. 7-8. Full fed in about a month. Feeds on Erysimum and Sisymbrium Sophia. P. 8-5. Below ground. I. 5-6. May be brushed out of hedge or herbage. 0. 6-7. Laid on food plants. griseola, Hb.5 Lithosia. (Dingy Footman) L. 8-6. On Lichenes on Alnus, and Salix caprea. Will also eat withered leaves, and occa- sionally sliced turnip. P. 6. In a cocoon under moss and lichens on trees. 1. 7-8. Comes to sugar and light. 0. Hatch in 8. griseo-variegata (piniperda, Panz.), Panolis (Trachea). (Pine Beauty) L. 5-7. On needles of Pinus sylvestris, which they greatly resemble, and on which they feed from tip to base. P, 8. In crevices of bark, or more usually two inches deep under fallen needles 1 or 2 feet away from the tree. I. 3-5. Rests on trees. Fond of Sallow and Berberis bloom. Comes to sugar. 0. 5. Grisette. (v. Marsh Dagger) Grizzled Skipper, (malvce, L., Syrichthus (Hesperia)) Gromwell. ( Lithospermum) grossulariata, L., Abraxas. (The Magpie) L. 8-5 or 6. On Cotyledon umbilicus, Euonymus (non Europseus vars.), Crataegus, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus, Ribes, R. grossularia, Sedum telephium, and Ulmus, etc. Hibernates, as a rule, amongst food plant. Occasionally feed up and produce moths in the autumn. P. 5-6. Spun up in a web on the leaves or twigs. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 145 I. 7-8. For fine varieties breed from selected parents. 0. Laid in batches. Deposited 28th June, hatched 14th July. Ground Ivy. ( Nepeta glechoma) Ground Lackey, (castrensis, L., Malocosoma) Groundsel. (Senecio vulgaris) Guelder Rose. ( Viburnum opulus) guenei, T>bld. = testacea, Hb. Gymnoscelis. Genus includes pumilata. Habrosyne. Genus includes derasa. Hadena. Genus includes adusta, protea, satura. Hairbell. (Campanula rotundifolia] Hairy Mint. (Menfha aquatica) halterata, Hufn., Lobophora. (The Seraphim) L. 6-7. On Populus, P. tremula, and Salix caprea. P. 8-5. On the ground. 1. 5-6. Rests on trees. Flies at dusk. 0. Hama. Genus includes abjecta, furva, sordida. hamula, Esp.^binaria, Hufn. Hapalia. Genus includes prcecox. Hapolotis. Genus includes fasciana. harpagula, Esp. (sicula, Hb.), Drepana. (Scarce Hook-tip) L. 7-9. On Tilia parvifolia. P. 10-5. Likes damp towards time of emergence. I. 5-6. O. 6. Laid on edge of leaf. Hatch in 10 or 11 days. hastata, L., Eulype (Melanippe). (Argent and Sable) L. 7-8. On Betula, Myrica gale, and Vaccinium uliginosum. Rests between spun leaves. K 146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 9-5. In a cocoon on surface of ground. I. 5-6 or 7. Flies in sunshine over birch and on moors. O. Laid singly on leaves. Hatching period recorded as 12 days. Hawk's-beard. (Crepis) Hawk weed. (Picris hieracioides or Hieraceum) haworthiata, Stt.=isogrammaria, HS. haworthii, Curt., Celcena. (Haworth's Minor) L. 4-6 or 7. Feeds in the stems downwards on Eriophorum vaginatum. Whereabouts shown by frass ejected from entrance hole. P. 7. Three weeks in this stage. I. 8-9. On bog and moss land. Flies freely between 6.15 P.M. and 7 P.M. Comes to blooms of Heather. Can be swept. 0. Haworth's Carpet, (unifasciata (aria), Hw., Emmelesia) Haworth's Minor, (haworthii, Curt., Celcena) Haworth's Pug. (haworthiata, Stt. (isogmmmaria, HS.), Eupithecia) Hawthorn. ( Cratcegus oxyacantha) Hazel. (Corylus avellana) Hazel Carpet, (corylata, Thnb., Cidaria) Heart and Club, (corticea, Hb., Agrotis (Euxoa)) Heart and Dart, (exclamationis, L., Agrotis (Feltia)) Heart Moth, (oo, F., Dicyda) Heartsease or Pansy. ( Viola tricolor) Heath. (Erica) Heath Bedstraw. (Galium saxatile) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 147 Heather or Ling. ( Calluna vulgaris) Heath Fritillary. (athalia, Rott., Melitcea) Heath Rivulet, (ericitata, Stph. (minorata, Tr.), Perizoma (Emmelesia)) Heath Rustic, (agathina, Dup., Agrotis) Hebrew Character, (gothica, L., Tceniocampa) Hecatera. Genus includes chrysozona and serena. hecta (hectus, L.), Hepialus. (Gold Swift) L. 7-4 or 5. Burrows in root. Hibernates when quite small, and resumes feeding in April. Full fed by October, when it again hibernates in an earthen cell till the spring, when it gnaws stems of Pteris aquilina. P. 5-6 (early). In an oblong earth-covered cocoon on the ground under moss or leaves. Hatch in about a fortnight. I. 6-7. Males hover amongst bracken ; the females fly straight. Pairs may often be found after dusk on grass stems. 0. Hedera. (Ivy) rusticata, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Least Carpet) L. 8-5. trigeminata, Acidalia. (Treble Brown-spot) L. 9-4 and 6. gemmaria, Boarmia. (Willow Beauty) L. 8-5. repandata, Boarmia. (Mottled Beauty) L. 7-5. Beat at night, argiolus, Cyaniris. (Holly Blue) L. 6 and 8-10. Night feeder, quercus, Lasiocampa. (Oak Eggar) L. 8-7. viretata, Lobophora. (Yellow-barred Brindle) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10. sambucaria, Ourapteryx. (Swallow-tail Moth) L. 8-6. tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha. (Fan-foot) L, 7 and 8-3 or 4. Night feeder. 148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Hedge Bedstraw. ( Galium mollugo) Hedge Mustard. (Sisymbrium officinale) Hedge Rustic, (cespitis, F., Luperina (Tholera)) Heliaca. Genus includes tenebrata. Helianthemum vulgare. (Rock Rose) holosericata (dilutaria), Acidalia. (Silky Wave) L. 8-5. Likes leaves withered, ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ash worth's Rustic) L. 8-4. obscurata, Gnophos (Sciadion). (Annulet or Amulet) L. 9-5. geryon, Ino (Adscita). (Cistus Forester) L. 7-5. Half burrows into leaf when young, and then eats away under surface, finally consuming the whole leaf, statices, Ino. (The Forester) L. 6 or 7-4. astrarche, Lycsena. (Brown Argus) L. 8 or 9-4 or 5, and 6-7. Heliophobus. Genus includes hispidus. Heliothis. Genus includes armigera, dipsacea, peltigera, and scutosa. Helleborus niger. (Christmas Rose) meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-4. Night feeder. hellmanni, Ev., Tapinostola. (Mere Wainscot) L. 8-6. Internal feeder on Calamagrostis epigeios, and possibly on Phragmites. P. 6-7. In stout earthen cocoon. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar. 0. Deposited 8th - 12th August 1909 ; com- menced hatching 18th August 1909. Laid within sheathing leaf of food plant. Helotropha. Genus includes leucostigma. helve ticaria, B., Eupithecia. (Edinburgh Pug) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10. On Juniperus. Beat. P. 7-8 and 10-4. In slight cocoon in thick parts of Juniper bushes. 1. 4-6 and 8-9. 0. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 149 helvola, Hb.=deplana, Esp. helvola, ~L.=rufina, L. Hemaris. Genus includes fuciformis and tityus. Hemerophila. Genus includes abruptaria. Hemithea. Genus includes strigata. Hemlock. (Conium maculatum) Hemp Nettle. (Galeopsis) Henbane. ( Hyoscyamus) hepatica, Hb., Xylophasia. (Clouded Brindle) L. 8-4. On Gramineae and Stellaria media. Search in 4 for full-fed larvae under moss on tree stumps. P. 4-6. In a tender earthen cocoon. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar, preferring bramble hedge. heperata, ILw.= obliterates, Hufn. Hepialus. Genus includes fusconebulosus, hecta, humuli, lupulina, sylvina, and velleda. hera, 'L.=quadripunctaria, Pod. Heracleum sphondylium. (Cow Parsley or Hogweed) nigricans, Agrotis. (Garden Dart) L. 9-6. templi, Dasypolia. (Brindled Ochre) L. 8-4. Burrows into leaf axils and descends, albipunctata, Eupithecia. (White-spotted Pug) L. 8-9. pulchrina (v-aureum), Plusia. (The Beautiful Golden Y) L. 8-5. Herald, (libatrix, L., Scolioptery x) herbariata, F., Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Rusty Wave) L. 8-5. On withered leaves. P. 5-6. I. 6-7. 0. 150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK herbida, Hb. =prasina, F. Herminia. Genus includes cribralis (cribrumalis) and derivalis. Hesperia. Genus includes alveus and malvce. Hesperis matronalis. (Dame's Violet or Garden Rocket) cardamines, Euchloe. (Orange-tip) L. 6-7. Heterogena. Genus includes asella and limacodes. Hieraceum. (Hawkweed) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. satyrata, Eupithecia. (Satyr Pug) L. 8-9. dipsacea, Heliothis. (Marbled Clover) L. 7-9. dentina, Mamestra. (The Shears) L. 7-8. High Brown Fritillary. (aglaia, L., Argynnis) Himera. Genus includes pennaria. Hipocrita. Genus includes jacobcea. hippocastanaria, Hb., Pachycnemia. (Horse Chestnut) L. 6-7 and 9. On Calluna and Erica. Sweep. P. 7 and 9-4. Below ground. I. 4-5 and 8. Second brood usually small. Search Heather at night. Comes to light. 0. Laid 19th May, hatched 2nd June (F. Oldaker). Hippocrepis comosa. (Horseshoe Vetch) bellargus, Lycaena. (Adonis Blue) L. 7 and 9-4. corydon, Lycaena. (Chalk Hill Blue) L. 5-6. Hippophae rhammoides. (Sea-buckthorn) chrysorrhaea, Euproctis (Porthesia). (Brown-tail) L. 8-6. Hippotion. Genus includes cderio. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 151 hirtaria (us), Cl., Lycia (Bistori). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder on Betula, Pyrus communis, Prunus domestica, Quercus, Salix, Tilia, Ulmus, and many other trees and shrubs. P. 8-3. I. 3-4. Rests on tree -trunks. Very common in London. Emerges about noon. Pair same night till afternoon next day. O. Hatching periods recorded, 17, 24, 35, and 37 days. Usually about 3 weeks. Laid in large clusters. hispidaria, F., Apocheima (Nyssid). (Small Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. On Betula, Crataegus, Quercus, and Ulmus. P. 7-2. Deep underground at roots. I. 2-3. Rests on trunks or grass near the foot. Males come to light. Search for females on trees with a lantern. Emerges between 4 and 5 P.M. O. Laid in crevices. Deposited 6th to 14th March 1876, commenced hatching 19th April (R. Adkiri). hispidus, H-G., Heliophobus. (The Beautiful Gothic) L. 9 or 10-3 or 4. On Graminese. Night feeder. Hides by day. P. 3 or 4-8. Below ground. I. 8-10. Frequents cliffs. Rests on grass. Has been taken at light. 0. Laid on grass flower - heads. Eggs laid 2nd September, hatched 13th September. Hoary Footman, (caniola, Hb., Lithosia) Holcus lanatus. (Soft Meadow Grass) thaumas (linea), Adopsea. (Small Skipper) L. 8-6. Sweep, comma, Augiades (Urbicolor). (Silver-spotted Skipper) L. 4-6. Sweep, sylvanus, Augiades. (Large Skipper) L. 7-5. Holly. (Ilex) Holly Blue, (argiolus, L., Cyaniris) Hollyhock. ( Althea rosea) 152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK holosericata, Dup. (dilutaria, Hb.), Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Silky Wave) L. 8-5. On withered leaves of Helianthemum, Poly- gonum, and Taraxacum. Hibernates tiU 3. P. 5. I. 6-7. Flies feebly at dusk. 0. 6-7. Hatch in a few days. Laid end of June 1884, hatched 3rd July (JR. Adkin). Honesty. (Lunaria) Honeysuckle. (Lonicera) Hop. ( Humulus) Hoporina. Genus includes croceago. Hop Trefoil. ( Trifolium procumbens) Hordeum. (Barley) graminis, Charseas. (The Antler) L. 10-5. Hornbeam. (Carpinus betulus) Hornet Moth, (apiformis, Cl., Trochilium (Sesia)) Horse Chestnut. (Msculus hippocastanum) Horseradish. (Cochlearia armeracia) Horseshoe Vetch. ( Hippocrepis comosa) Hound's-tongue. (Cynoglossum officinale) humiliata, Hufn., Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Isle of Wight Wave) L. (?) Food(«). i-S} O. (?) Humming-bird Hawk Moth, (stellatarum, L., Macroglossa) humuli, L., Hepialus. (The Ghost) L. 7-4 or 5. Possibly feeds for 2 years on the roots of Arctium, Lamium, and Taraxa- cum. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 153 P. 4-6. At roots of food plant. I. 6-7. Males hover about grass. Females fly straight. 0. Hatch in 3-4 weeks. Humulus. (Hop) triplasia, Abrostola. (Dark Spectacle) L. 7-9. morpheus, Caradrina. (Mottled Rustic) L. 8, 9, or 10-5. pudibunda, Dasychira. (Pale Tussock) L. 7-9. satura, Eumichtis (Hadena). (The Beautiful Arches or Scarce Brocade) L. 7-8. Very rare, assimilata, Eupithecia. (Currant Pug) L. 6-7 and 9. Search or beat, rostralis, Hypena. (Buttoned Snout) L. 6-7. Under sides of leaves during day. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8, 10-5. Feeds at night, gamma, Plusia. (Silver Y) L. 5-9. c-album, Polygonia. (Comma) L. 4-6 and 8. atalanta, Pyrameis. (Red Admiral) L. 6-10. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. io, Vanessa. (Peacock Butterfly) L. 6-7 (sometimes) Feeds in colonies, urticse, Vanessa. (Small Tortoiseshell) L. 5 and 7-8. Gregarious till full fed. hyale, L., Colias (Pale Clouded Yellow) L. 6-8 and sometimes 9-10. In captivity larvae from eggs laid in 10, hibernate in 11. Keep a temperature of 40-45 degrees, and give food again in 2. Food, Lotus cornicu- latus and Trifolium. P. 6-7 and sometimes 10. Suspended by belt and tail. Take a month to hatch. I. 8-11 and 6 (sometimes). Fond of Clover and Lucerne fields. 0. Laid on food plant. Hatch in 5 to 15 days. Captured females will lay on potted-up plants. 154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Hybernia. Genus includes aurantiaria, defoliaria, leucophceria, marginaria, and rupicapraria. Hydrelia. Genus includes uncula. Hydrilla. Genus includes palustris. Hydriomena. Genus includes elutata, furcata, impluviata, and ruberata. Hydroecia. Genus includes crinanensis, micacea, nictitans, and petasitis. Hygrochroa. Genus includes syringaria. Hylaea. Genus includes prosapiaria. Hyles. Genus includes euphorbice. Hyloicus. Genus includes pinaslri. Hylophila. Genus includes bicolorana and prasinana. Hyoscyamus. ( Henbane) peltigera, Heliothis. (Bordered Straw) L. 6-8 and 9-10. Hypena. Genus includes obsitalis, proboscidalis, and rostralis. Hypenodes. Genus includes albistrigalis, costcestrigalis, and tcenialis. hyperanthus, L., Aphantophus. (The Ringlet) L. 8-6. Hibernate 10-3. Feed at night. Sweep or search graminese in woods. P. 6. Low down in the tufts. I. 7-8. Captured females will lay in a cage on potted-up grasses. 0. 8. Dropped loosely amongst grass tufts. Laid 25th July, hatched 5th August (F. Oldaker). hyperborea, Zett. (alpina, Stt.), Agrotis (Epipsilia, Pachnobia). (Northern Dart) L. 8-6. On Arctostaphylos, Empetrium, and Vac- cinium. Best fed on potted-up plants. Difficult to rear. Hide under moss. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 155 P. 6. Amongst moss and lichens at about 2,500 feet elevation. Said to be only found in even years. I. 6 (end) -7 (end). Will lay in chip boxes. 0. 7. Hatch early in 8. Hypericum. (St. John's Wort) polyodon, Cloantha. (Purple Cloud) L. 7-8 (?) plagiata, Anaitis. (Treble-bar) L. 6-7 and 10-4. Hyppa. Genus includes rectilinea. Hyria. Genus includes muricata. ianira, L., Epinephele. (Meadow Brown) L. 6, 1, and 8-5 or 6. On Graminese. Hibernate till 5. Search or sweep at night. P. 5-6. Suspended. 1. 6-9. Probably 2 broods. Breed for cabinet specimens. 0. Laid on grass blades. Hatch in about 12 days. Deposited 19th July, hatched 6th August (F. Oldaker). ianthina, Esp., Triphcena. (Lesser Broad-border) L. 8-4 or 5. Feeds in autumn on Primula vulgaris, Rubus fruticosus, and Rumex ; and in spring on Cratsegus, Salix caprea, and Ulmus. Search hedgerows in early spring, and beat trees later on at night. P. 5-7. Below ground, near surface. 1. 7-8. Comes to sugar and light. 0. icarus, Rott. (alexis, Hb.), Lyccena. (Common Blue) L. 9-4 and 6, 7, and 8. On Lotus corniculatus, Ononis arvensis, 0. spinosa, and Ornithopus perpusillus. Will often eat the flowers. P. 5 and 8. Slightly suspended or free. I. 5-9. Two broods. Sometimes three in south. O. Laid on upper sides of terminal shoots of food plant, or on objects close by. ichneumoniformis, F., Sesia (Mgwia}. (Six-belted Clearwing) 156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK L. 8-6. On the roots of Anthyllis vulneraria and Lotus corniculatus. They feed in silk- covered galleries on the sides of the roots. P. 7. In the larval burrows on sides of affected plants. I. 7-8. Fly in the morning and evening sunshine. Come to blooms of Thyme and Sea-thrift, and also to flower heads of grasses. Sweep herbage. 0. Hex. (Holly) argiolus, Cyaniris. (Holly Blue) L. 6 and 8-10. Night feeder on buds and berries, pumilata, Gymnoscelis (Eupithecia). (Double - striped Pug) L. 5-9. On the flowers, etc. viretata, Lobophora. (Yellow-barred Brindle) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10. High up on terminal shoots. Eats flowers, berries, and even the bark. ilicifolia, L., Epicnaptera (Gastropacha). (Small Lappet) L. 8. On Populus, Sahx, and Vaccinium Myrtillus. P. 9-4. In a cocoon amongst leaves of food plant. I. 4. Resembles a dead leaf. Very rare and local. O. illunaria, TJb.^bilunaria, Esp. illustraria^Hb. = tetralunaria, Hufn. imbutata, ~Hb.=palvdata, Thnb. imitaria, Hb., Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Small Blood- vein) L. 7-5. On Galium, Ligustrum, Polygonum, Rumex, Senecio jacobaea, Stellaria media, and Taraxacum. P. 6. Spun up in a cocoon. I. 7-8 or 9. Flies at dusk. 0. Hatching period given as 8 days to a fort- night. immanata, Hw., Cidaria. (Dark Marbled Carpet) L. 4-6. On Betula, Fragaria, Salix, and Vaccinium myrtillus. P. 6-7. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 157 I. 7-8. Rests on walls and trees. Comes to flowers of rush at night. 0. 8. Sleeve out of doors in winter. immorata, L., Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Lewes Wave) L. 8-5. On Calluna, Origanum, Plantago lanceolata, Polygonum, and Thymus. P. 6-8. 1. 9. 0. 7. Hatch in about 16 days. Deposited 1st and 2nd July, hatched 17th and 18th July. immutata, L., Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Lesser Cream Wave) L. 8-5. On Spiraea and Valeriana officinalis. In confinement will eat Cratsegus, Poly- gonum, and Senecio vulgaris. P. 5. Amongst food plants. 1. 6-7 and sometimes 9. 0. Hatch in 17 days. impar, Warren -muralis, Forst. (glandifera, Hb.) Impatiens noli-me-tangere. (Wild Balsam) reticulata, Lydris (Cidaria). (Netted Carpet) L. 8-9. Night feeder on seeds. impluviata, Hb. (trifasciata, Bkh.), Hydriomena (Hypsipetes) (May Highflyer) L. 8-10. On Alnus. Living and feeding in curled-up leaves. Full fed in 10, but remain in their hiding-places till 12, when they pupate. P. 12-5. I. 5-6 (occasionally 7-8). 0. impudens, Hb. (pudorina, Hb.), Leucania. (Striped Wainscot) L. 6 (Meyrick says 9-4). On Graminese and Phrag- mites. P. 5-6. I. 7-8. O. impura, Hb., Leucania. (Smoky Wainscot) L. 8-5. On Graminese. P. 5-6. Below ground. I. 7-8. O. 158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK incanaria, Hb. =virgularia, Hb. incanata, Hw.=marginepunctata, Gz. incerta, Hufn. (instablis, Esp.), Tceniocampa. (Clouded Drab) L. 5-7. On Cratsegus, Pyrus, Quercus, Salix caprea, and Ulmus. P. 8-3. At roots of trees. I. 2-4. Comes to Sallow bloom. O. Yellowish- white with brown girdled dot. Laid 28th March, hatched 18th April (F. Oldaker). indigata, Hb., Eupithecia. (Ochreous Pug) L. 6-7 and 9. On Juniperus, Larix, and Pinus. Beat. P. 7 and 9-5. I. 5-6 (sometimes 8). Rests on pine-trees. 0. Ingrailed Clay, (primulce, Esp. (festiva, Hb.), Noctua) innotata, Stt., Eupithecia. (The Angle-barred Pug) L. 8-10. On the flowers of Artemisia absinthium and A. vulgaris. Beat out. P. 10-6. I. 7. O. Ino. Genus includes geryon, globularice, and statices. inornata, Hw., Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Plain Wave) L. 8-6. On Calluna, Rubus fruticosus, Rumex, Salix caprea, and Taraxacum. Sometimes early larvae feed up and produce images in the autumn. Sleeve out with dead leaves for shelter. P. 6. In a web amongst food. I. 7 and sometimes 9. Rests on trees. Comes to flowers and sugar. 0. 7. Laid in strings of from 6-20. Hatch in 5 days. insigniata, Hb. (consignata, Bkh.), Eupithecia. (Pinion- spotted Pug) L. 5-6. On Cratsegus, Prunus spinosa, and Pyrus. P. 7-4. Under moss on trees or at foot. 1. 4-5. Best bred. O. 5. Hatch in a few days. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 159 instablis, Esp. =incerta, Hufn. interjecta, Hb., Triphcena. (Least Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. On Gramineae, Primula vulgaris, Rumex, and in spring on Salix caprea. P. 5-6. Below ground. I. 7-8. Flies late in the afternoon. Comes to honey dew, to flowers of Ragwort, Bramble, and Lavender, but only occasionally to sugar. O. interjectaria, B. (fuscovenosa, Gz.), Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Dwarf Cream Wave) L. 8-4. On the withered leaves of Anagallis arvensis, Polygonum, and Taraxacum. Hibernate 9-3. P. 5-6. I. 6-7. 0. Hatch in 10 days. interrogationis, L., Plusia. (Scarce Silver Y) L. 9-6. On Calluna, Urtica, and Vaccinium. Prefer food slightly damp. Hibernate early. Sweep. P. 6. In a white cocoon amongst food plants. I. 6 or 7-8. Rests on stumps and stones in dull weather. Comes at night to blooms of Red Dead-nettle and the Melancholy Thistle. O. inturbata, Hb. (subciliata, En.), Eupithecia. (Maple Pug) L. 4 or 5-6. On the flowers of Acer campestris. Usually full fed by the end of 5. Beat. P. 6-7. Just below ground. 1. 7-8. Sometimes rests on fences. May be jarred from trees between 10 A.M. and 1 P.M. O. Laid on buds or at the base of a leaf stalk in 8. Do not hatch till following year. Inula. (Fleabane) gracilis, Tseniocampa. (Powdered Quaker) L. 5-7. Hides between spun leaves. io, L., Vanessa. (Peacock Butterfly) L. 6-7. Found in colonies on Urtica, and occasionally on Humulus, 160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. Suspended by tail. I. 8-9. Fond of tall flowering wild plants. Hiber- nate and lay eggs in spring. 0. 4-5. Laid in batches on nettle heads or under the leaves. lodis. Genus includes lactearia. iota, L., Plusia. (Plain Golden Y) L. 8-4. On Crataegus, Lamium, Lonicera, Mentha, Stachys sylvatica, and Urtica. Hiber- nates early. P. 5-6. In a whitish cocoon amongst food. I. 6-7. Comes at dusk and up to 1.30 A.M. to flowers of Ballota nigra, Ragged Robin, Pansy, Red Dead-nettle, Valerian, and Lobel's Catchfly. Comes to light. 0. 7. Hatch in a few days. iris, L., Apatura. (Purple Emperor) L. 8-6. Night feeder on Populus, Quercus, and Salix caprea. Beat. Sleeve out to hibernate in 10, and see that each larva rests on a twig and not on the muslin. P. 6-7. Suspended by tail. 1. 7-8. Comes to carrion and puddles. Usually flies high over Oaks, but comes nearer ground about 9.30 A.M. to 10 A.M. and after 5 P.M. 0. 7-8. Hatch in about 8 days. Iris Eaempferi. cannae, Nonagria. (Reed Wainscot) L. 5-7. Internal feeder. Iris pseudocorus. (Yellow Flag) vetusta, Calocampa. (Red Sword-grass) L. 5-7. leucostigma (fibrosa), Helotropha (Apamea). (The Crescent) L. 5-7. In the stems, sparganii, Nonagria. (Webb's Wainscot) L. 6-7. Internal feeder, urticae, Spilosoma. (Water Ermine) L. 7-9. Iron Prominent, (dromedarius, L., Notodonta) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 161 irregularis, Hufn., Dianthcecia (Epia). (Viper's Bugloss) L. 7-9. On flowers and seeds of Echium vulgare, Lychnis flos-cuculi, and Silene otites. Sweep at night. Hide below ground by day close to the roots. P. 10-6. I. 6-7. Fly over food plants at dusk. O. irriguata, Hb., Eupithecia. (Marbled Pug) L. 5-6. On Betula and Quercus. Beat up till mid- June. P. 7-4. I. 4-5. Rests on palings, etc., and may be beaten from trees. O. irrorella, L., Endrosa (Setina). (Dew Moth) L. 5. On black and yellow Lichenes on hillsides and by cliff edges in stony places. Basks in the sun. P. 6. In a flimsy, web-like cocoon under stones, shells, etc. I. 6-7. Pairs can be found about 6 A.M. Flies freely about 3.30 P.M. to 5.30 P.M. O. Isle of Wight Wave, (humiliata, Hufn., Acidalia (Ptychopoda)) isogrammaria, HS. (haworthiata, Stt.), Eupithecia. (Haworth's Pug) L. 7-8. On Clematis vitalba. Search for discoloured buds, which should be gathered and placed in covered flower-pots. P. 9-6. In a tight earthen cocoon on the ground. I. 6-7. Flies in sunshine about food plant. Must be bred for good specimens. 0. Itame. Genus includes wauaria. Ivy. ( Hedera) jacobsea, L., Hipocrita. (Cinnabar) L. 6, 7, and 8. On Senecio jacobsea. In confinement will eat S. vulgaris and Tussilago. Prefers tops of plants at first. 162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 8-5 or 6. In a slight silk cocoon just below surface. I. 5-6. Flies in the sunshine and in the evening. O. Laid in batches on the under sides of leaves. Jasione montana. (Sheep's-bit) jasioniata, Eupithecia. (Jasione Pug) L. 6-9. In the seed-heads. Jasione Pug. (jasioniata, Crewe, Eupithecia) jasioniata, Crewe, Eupithecia. (Jasione Pug) L. 6 (end) -9 (mid.). In the seed -heads of Jasione montana. P. 10-5. I. 5-6. 0. Jasmine. ( Jasminum) Jasminum. (Jasmine) abruptaria, Hemerophila. (Waved Umber) L. 5-8. Jersey Tiger, (quadripunctaria, Pod. (her a, L.), Callimorpha) Jointed Rush. (Juncus lamprocarpus) jubata, Thnb. (glabraria, Hb.)3 Cleora. (Dotted Carpet) L. 9-6 or 7. On Lichenes (especially var. Usnea barbata), on Betula, Cratsegus, and Quercus. Keep food moist in confine- ment. P. 6-7. In moss. Very delicate. I. 7-8. Rests on trunks and Oak branches. In Scotland may be found on Larch trees, especially in afternoon. 0. Juglans regia. (Walnut) ligniperda, Cossus. (Goat Moth) L. Feeds internally 3-4 years. July Highflyer, (furcata (sordidata, F., elutata, Hb.), Hydrio, mena) Juncus lamprocarpus. (Jointed Rush) rufa, Caenobia. (Small Rufous) L. 5-6. Feeds internally. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 163 Juniper. ( Juniperus) juniperata, L., Them. (Juniper Carpet) L. 7-8. On Juniperus. P. 9-10. In a slight web amongst food or on surface of ground. I. 10-11. Flies at night amongst Juniper, and can be found resting on twigs. Comes to light. O. Juniper Carpet, (juniperata, L., Them) Juniper Pug. (sobrinata, Hb., Eupithecia) Juniperus. (Juniper) helveticaria, Eupithecia. (Edinburgh Pug) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10. Beat, indignata, Eupithecia. (Ochreous Pug) L. 6-7 and 9. Beat. sobrinata, Eupithecia. (Juniper Pug) L. 4-6 (or earlier), cognata (simulata), Thera. (Chestnut-coloured Carpet) L. 5-6 and 9. Beat, juniperata, Thera. (Juniper Carpet) L. 7-8. Kent Black Arches, (albula, Hb., Nola) Kentish Glory, (versicolor, L., Endromis) Kidney Vetch. ( Anihyllis vulneraria) Knapweed. ( Centaurea nigra) Knot Grass, (rumicis, L., Acronycta) Knot-grass. (Polygonum aviculare) Laburnum. (Cytisus laburnum) Lace Border, (ornata, Sc., Acidalia (Craspedia)) lacertinaria, L. (lacertula, Schiff.), Drepana. (Scalloped Hook- tip) L. 6-7 and 8-9. On Betula, preferring young trees. Hides between united leaves. Beat. 164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 8 and 10-6. In a cocoon to which it is attached by anal spike. I. 5-6 and 8. May be beaten out of Birch bushes. Emerges 1 P.M. to 3 P.M. as a rule, but sometimes 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. O. Laid on twigs or leaves. Eggs laid 5th May 1912, hatched 21st May (Scorer). lacertula, Schiff . = lacertinaria, L. Lackey, (neustria, L., Malocosma) lactearia, L., lodis. (Little Emerald) L. 8-9. On Betula, Cratsegus, Quercus, and Salix caprea. Beat. P. 9. Amongst the food plants. I. 5-6. Beat out of trees. 0. 5-6. Hatch in under a fortnight. Lactuca. (Lettuce) exclamationis, Agrotis. (Heart and Dart) L. 7-5. Night feeder, puta, Agrotis. (Shuttle-shaped Dart) L. 9-4. segetum, Agrotis. (Turnip Moth) L. 7-4. ypsilon (suffusa), Agrotis. (Dark Sword-grass) L. 4-7. Hides by day. advena, Aplecta. (Pale Shining Brown) L. 7-9. Night feeder, caja, Arctia. (Garden Tiger) L. 9 or 10-6. Should not be given alone, villica, Arctia. (Cream-spot Tiger) L. 7-4. putris, Axylia. (The Flame) L. 7-10. quadripunctaria (hera), Callimorpha. (Jersey Tiger) L. 8-7. ambigua, Caradrina. (Vine's Rustic) L. 10-5. cribrum, Coscinia. (Speckled Footman) L. 8-5. umbratica, Cucullia. (The Shark) L. 8-9. Night feeder, adusta, Eumichtis (Hadena). (Dark Brocade) L. 7-9. When full fed hibernates, chrysozona (dysodea), Hecatera. (Small Ranunculus) L. 7-8. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 165 caniola, Lithosia. (Hoary Footman) L. 8-5 or 6. Night feeder. Will eat this in confine- ment, glauca, Mamestra. (Glaucous Shears) L. 7-8. oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. fuliginosa, Phragmatobia. (Ruby Tiger) L. 6-8 and 9-5. bractea, Plusia. (Gold Spangle) L. 8-5. Given to forced larvae, ni, Plusia. (Ni Moth) L. (?) populi, Pcecilocampa. (December Moth) L. 4-6. Night feeder. This food given to early hatched ones indoors, transferring to usual food later, xanthomista (nigrocincta), Polia. (The Black-banded) L. Autumn or spring to 6 or 7. Night feeder. Not usual food, lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. reticulata (saponariae), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. Lactuca saligna and L. virosa. (Wild Lettuce) chrysozona (dysodea), Hecatera. (Small Ranunculus) L. 7-8. On seeds and flowers. Lady's Mantle. ( Alchemilla) 1-album, L., Leucania. L. (?) Pood. (?) P. (?) I. (?) 0. (?) lamda, P. (Zinckenii, Tr.), Eraptolitha (Xylvna). (Noncon- formist) L. (?) Food. (?) P. (?) 1. 9 (end) -10. At rest. Comes to sugar. O. (?) Lamium. (Dead-nettle) 166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK caja, Arctia. (Garden Tiger) L. or 10-6. humuli, Hepialus. (The Ghost) L. 7-4 or 5. May feed 2 years on roots, lupulina, Hepialus. (Common Swift) L. 7-4. At roots, pectinataria (viridaria), Larentia. (Green Carpet) L. 8-5. Hides at roots by day. chrysitis, Plusia. (Burnished Brass) L. 6-7 and 9-4. gamma, Plusia. (Silver Y) L. 5-9. iota, Plusia. (Plain Golden Y) L. 8-4. pulchrina (v-aureum), Plusia. (The Beautiful Golden Y) L. 8-5. maculata, Venilia. (Speckled Yellow) L. 7-8. Lamium album. (White Dead-nettle) quadripunctaria (hera), Callimorpha. (Jersey Tiger) L. 8-7. bractea, Plusia. (Gold Spangle) L. 8-5. Lampides. Genus includes bceticus. Lampropteryx. Genus includes suffumata. Lanestris, L., Eriogaster (Lachneis). (Small Eggar) L. 5-7. Gregarious in a web till nearly full fed. Feed on Cratsegus and Prunus spinosa. P. 7-2. In a solid ochreous cocoon spun up amongst food. Many remain in this stage 2, 3, or up to 7 years. Place in the sun in February, to push on the hatching of those ready to emerge. Unless ready, forcing is useless. I. 2-4. Emerges 12 P.M. to 1.30 P.M. Rests on twigs, around which they wrap their wings. 0. 2-3. Laid in big clusters on the twigs, and are covered with hairs. lapidata, Hb., Philalapteryx. (Slender-striped Rufous) L. 5-6. On Gramineae, Clematis vitalba, and Quercus ilex. P. 7-8. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 167 I. 8 or 9 - 10. Flies between 5.30 P.M. and 6 P.M., at elevations of about 1,000 feet. 0. Laid 9. Hatch in 5. Lappet, (quercifolia, L., Gastropacha (Eutricha)) lapponaria, B., Nyssia. (Rannock Brindled Beauty) L. 5-7. On Calluna and Myrica gale. In confinement will eat Betula, Crataegus, and Salix caprea. P. I. 4-5. O. 5. Laid in deep crevices. Deposited 17th April, hatched 17th May (Tonge). Larch. ( Larix) Larch Pug. (lariciata, Frr., Eupiihecia) Large Blue, (arion, L., Nomiades) Large Copper, (dispar, Hw., Chrysophanus). (Extinct) Large Dark Prominent, (tritophus, Esp.=torva, Hb., Noto- donta) Large Emerald, (papilionaria, L., Geometra) Large Heath, (typhon (tiphon, Rott.), Ccenomympha) Large Marbled Tortrix. (revayana, Tr. (undulana, Hb.), Sarrothripa) Large Nutmeg, (sordida, Bkh. (anceps, Hb.), Hama (Mames- tra)) Large Ranunculus, (flavicincta, F., Polio) Large Red-belted Clearwing. (culiciformis, L., Sesia) Large Skipper, (sylvanus, Esp,, Augiades] Large Thorn, (autumnaria, Gn., Ennomos) Large Tortoise-shell, (polychloros, L., Vanessa) Large Twin-spot Carpet, (quadrifasciaria, CL, Coremia (Ochyria)) 168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Large Wainscot, (lutosa, Hb., Calamia (Nonagria)) Large White, (brassicce, L., Pieris) Large Yellow Underwing. (pronuba, L.5 Triphcena) lariciata, Frr., Eupithecia. (Larch Pug) L. 6 (end) -7 (or later North). On Abies and Larix. Beat. P. 8-5. In an earthen cocoon. I. 5-6. Beat branches or search trunks of Larch. 0. 6. Larix. (Larch) piniaria, Bupalus. (Bordered White) L. 8-10. prosapiaria (fasciaria), Ellopia (Hylsea). (The Barred Red) L. 9-5. Beat out 3-4. indigata, Eupithecia. (Ochreous Pug) L. 6, 7, and 9. Beat, lariciata, Eupithecia. (Larch Pug) L. 5-7. Later in North, bidentata, Gonodontis. (Scalloped Hazel) L. 7-10. Beat, flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook-tip) L. 9-4 or 5. On Lichens. Beat, autumnata, Oporabia. (The Autumnal Moth) L. 5-6. Larkspur. (Delphinium) Lasiocampa. Genus includes quercus and trifolii. Laspeyria. Genus includes flexula. lathonia, L., Argynnis. (Queen of Spain Fritillary) L. 6 and 8. From immigrant females. On Viola canina and V. tricolor. P. 6-7 and 9. Suspended. 1. 5 and 9. 0. 5 and 9. Hatch in about a week, but rarely reach the imago stage in this country, the climate being too cold. Lathyrus latifolia. (Everlasting Pea) flavicincta, Polia, (Large Ranunculus) L. 4-7. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 169 Lathyrus pratensis. (Meadow Vetchling or Yellow Pea) sinapis, Leucophasia. (Wood White) L. 6-7 and 8-9. lonicerae, Zygsena. (Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet) L. 5. Sometimes feeds 2 years. Lathyrus tuberosus. sinapis, Leucophasia. (Wood White) L. 6-7 and 8-9. Latticed Heath, (clathrata, L., Chiasmia (Strenia)) Laurustinus. ( Vibanum Tinus) Lead Belle, (plumbaria, F., Oriholiiha (Selidosema)) Lead-coloured Drab, (populeti, Tr., Tceniocampa) Lead-coloured Pug. (plumbeolata, Hw., Eupithecia) Least Black Arches, (confusalis, HS., Nola) Least Carpet, (rusticata, F., Acidalia (Ptychopoda)) Least Minor, (captiuncula, Tr. (expolita, Stt.), Phothedes) Least Yellow Underwing. (inter jecta. Hb., Triphcena) Leontodon autumnalis. ( Apargia) ochrata, Acidalia (Sterrha). (Bright Wave) L. 7-10, or on to spring, Eats flowers. Leopard Moth, (pyrina, L. (cesculi, L.), Zeuzera) leporina, L., Acronycta. (The Miller) L. 7-9. On Alnus and Betula. Sometimes on Populus and Quercus. Rests on the under sides of leaves. When one larva is found, search for others, P. 9. Spun up in crevices of bark. Often go over 3 years. In confinement supply cork or rotten wood. I. 5-6. Fly at dusk. 0. 6-7. Laid in loose batches of 20 or more. Lesser Belle, (salicalis, Schiff., Madopa) Lesser Broad-border, (ianthina, Esp., Triphcena) 170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Lesser Cream Wave, (immutata, L., Acidalia (Leptomeris)) Lesser Lutestring, (diluta, F., Asphalia) Lesser Satin Moth, (duplaris, L., Palimpsestis (Cymatophora)) Lesser-spotted Pinion, (affinis, L., Cosmia (Calymnia)) Lesser Swallow Prominent, (dictceoides, Esp., Pheosia) Lesser Yellow Underwing. (comes, Hb. (orbona, F.), Triphcena) Lettuce. ( Lactuca) Leucania. Genus includes albipuncta, brevilinea, comma, conigera, favicolor, impudens, impura, litharygia, littoralis, loreyi, obsoleta, pollens, putrescens, turca, straminea, unipuncta, and vitellina. Leucanitis (Ophiusa). Genus includes stolida. Leucodonta. Genus includes bicoloria. leucographa, Hb., Pachnobia. (The White-marked) L. 5-6. On Plantago, Rumex, Salix caprea, Vacci- nium, etc. P. 7-3. Below ground. I. 3-4. Comes to Sallow bloom. Females placed in a pot with a root of Plantain and supplied with some sugar will lay freely. 0. 4. Leucoma. Genus includes v-nigrum. leucophsea, View., Pachetra. (Feathered Ear) L. 7-3. Night feeder on Gramineae, especially on Poa annua and P. nemoralis. In cap- tivity food should be planted up. P. 3-5. In a soft cocoon amongst mosses on the ground. L. 5-7. Comes to sugar and Privet bloom. 0. Laid llth June, hatched 24th June. leucophsearia, Schiff.. Hybernia. (Spring Usher) L. 4-5. OnQuercus. Beat. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 171 P. 6-1. In a cocoon on or just below the surface, often amongst grass tufts. I. 2. Males rest on fences. Beat wingless females from trees. They emerge from 10 A.M. to 12 A.M. 0. 3-4. Hatch in about 38 days. Leucophasia. Genus includes sinapis. leucostigma, Hb. (fibrosa, Hb.)} Helotropha (Apamea). (The Crescent) L. 5-7. In the stems of Carex paludosa, Cladium mariscus, and Iris pseudocorus. P. 6-7. I. 6 (end) -7 and 8. Comes to sugar and honey-dewed Sallows in fenny districts. 0. Lewes Wave, (immorata, L., Acidalia (Leptomeris)) libatrix, L., Scoliopteryx. (The Herald) L. 6-8. On Populus, Salix, S. caprea, and S. vimin- alis. Prefers the upper leaves. P. 7-9. In an oval white cocoon amongst food plants (?). I. 8-10. And in spring after hibernation till June. Comes to sugar, Ivy, and over-ripe blackberries, and to Sallow in spring. In winter congregates in old buildings. Very given to grease. 0. 4. Will lay on leno in confinement. lichenaria, Hufn., Cleora. (Brussels Lace) L. 9-6. On Lichenes, especially var. Usnea barbata, on Fagus, Pyrus, P. Communis, and Quercus. Beat in spring. P. 6. Under moss on trees. I. 6. Very rare. 0. lichenea, Hb., Epunda. (Feathered Ranunculus) L. 10-5. Night feeder on Cynoglossum, Plantago maritima, Poterium, Rumex, Scabiosa, Sedum Acre, and S. reflexum, Stellaria, and Taraxacum. When young usually found 5 or 6 together, in a sphinx-like attitude. Likes sheltered spots. P. 5-8. In a web-like earth-mixed cocoon. I. 8 (end) -10. Male comes to light about midnight. 172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 0. 10. Images pair readily in captivity, and will lay if food, such as honey, is supplied. About 200 eggs a good batch. Deposited 26th September, hatched 26th October. Lichenes. (Lichens) rubricollis, Atolmis. (Red-necked Footman) L. 7-10. algae, Bryophila. (Tree-lichen Beauty) L. (?) glandifera, Bryophila. (Marbled Green) L. 10-5. Night feeder on wall and rock varieties, perla, Bryophila. (Marbled Beauty) L. 8-5. Night feeder on wall varieties, senex, Comacla (Nudaria). (Round-winged Muslin) L. 8-5. In fens, irrorella, Endrosa (Setina). (Dew Moth) L. 5. Fond of sun. On yellow and black vars. micacea, Hydrcecia (Gortyna). (Rosy Rustic) L. 5-8. flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook -tip) L. 9-4 or 5. Beat, lurideola, Lithosia. (Common Footman) L. 8-6. Beat boughs, caniola, Lithosia. (Hoary Footman) L. 8-5 or 6. Night feeder on black vars. complana, Lithosia. (Scarce Footman) L. 8-6. lutarella (pygmaaola), Lithosia. (Pigmy Footman) L. 8-5. mundana, Nudaria. (Muslin Footman) L. 8-5 or 6. On rocks and stones. muscerda, Pelosia (Lithosia). (Dotted Footman) L. 8-5. Likes a mixed diet. Lichenes on Abies excelsa. (Spruce) flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook-tip) L. 9-4 or 5. Beat. Lichenes on Alder. ( Alnus) griseola, Lithosia. (Dingy Footman) L. 8-6. Lichenes on Be tula. (Birch) angularia (viduaria), Cleora. (Speckled Beauty) L. 8(?). Lichenes on Calluna. (Ling) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 173 mesomella, Cybosia (Lithosia). (Four-dotted Footman) L. 8 (?) -4 or 5. Lichenes on Crataegus. (Whitethorn) jubata, Cleora. (Dotted Carpet) L. 9-6 or 7. Likes food damp, flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook-tip) L. 9-4 or 5. Beat. Lichenes on Fagus. (Beech) rubricollis, Atolmis. (Red-necked Footman) L. 7-10. jubata, Cleora. (Dotted Carpet) L. 9-6 or 7. Likes food damp, lichenaria, Cleora. (Brussels Lace) L. 9-6. Beat in spring, deplana, Lithosia. (Buff Footman) L. 8-6. mundana, Nudaria. (The Muslin Footman) L. 8-5 or 6. Lichenes on Larix. (Larch) flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook -tip) L. 9-4 or 5. Beat. Lichenes on Pinus sylvestris. (Scotch Fir) rubricollis, Atolmis. (Red-necked Footman) L. 7-10. flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook-tip) L. 9-4 or 5. Beat, complana, Lithosia. (Scarce Footman) L. 8-6. Lichenes on Prunus communis. (Plum) flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook-tip) L. 9-4 or 5. Beat. Lichenes on Pyrus and P. communis. (Apple and Pear) lichenaria, Cleora. (Brussels Lace) L. 9-6. Beat in spring. flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook-tip) L. 9-4 or 5. Beat. Lichenes on Quercus. (Oak) rubricollis, Atolmis. (Red-necked Footman) L. 7-10. angularia (viduaria), Cleora. (Speckled Beauty) L. 8(1). 174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK jubata, Cleora. (Dotted Carpet) L. 9-6 or 7. Likes food damp, lichenaria, Cleora. (Brussels Lace) L. 9-6. Beat in spring, deplana, Lithosia. (Buff Footman) L. 8-6. sororcula, Lithosia. (Orange Footman) L. 7-9. Beat, quadra, (Edonistis (Lithosia). (Four-spotted Footman) L. 5-6. Cannibal. Beat. Lichenes on Salix. (Sallow and Willow) griseola, Lithosia. (Dingy Footman) L. 8-6. Will eat withered Sallow and Willow leaves. Lichenes on Taxus. (Yew) deplana, Lithosia. (Buff Footman) L. 8-6. Lichenes on Ulmus. (Elm) rubricollis, Atolmis. (Red-necked Footman) L. 7-10. Ligdia. Genus includes adustata. ligea, L., Erebia. (Arran Brown). Extinct. Light Arches, (lithoxylea, F., XylopTiasia) Light Brocade, (genistce, Bkh., Mamestra (Hadena)) Light Crimson TJnderwing. (promissa, Esp., Catocala) Light Emerald, (margaritaria, L., Metrocampa (Eudalimia)) Light Feathered Rustic, (cinerea, Hb., Agrotis (Euxoa)) Light Knot Grass, (menyanthidis, View., Acronycta ( Cuspidia)) Light Orange Underwing. (notha, Hb., Brephos) lignata, Hb. =vittata, Bkh. ligniperda, F. (cossus, L.), Cossus. (Goat Moth) L. Feeds for 3 or 4 years in the trunks of Juglans regia, Fraxinus, Pyrus communis, Popu- lus, Tilia, Salix, S. caprea, and Ulmus. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 175 Often found in timber yards under rotten wood. When found, put larva in a large tin box and bury it till May. The larva makes a winter cocoon, but does not pupate till the spring. P. 4-5. In a tough, silk and sawdust cocoon at the entrance of burrows, or sometimes on the ground. Emerge in 3 weeks. I. 6-7. Rests on trunks, fences, etc. Comes to sugar or flutters around it. 0. Laid in short rows or in small heaps. ligula, Esp. (spadicea, Hw.), Orrhodia (Conistra). (Dark Chestnut) L. 4-6. On Crataegus, Lonicera, and Salix caprea when young. It afterwards feeds on various weeds. P. 6-9. Below ground. I. 9 or 10-4. Comes to sugar and Ivy, and to Sallow bloom in spring. 0. 3. Laid in crevices. Females will lay in scored chip boxes. ligustri, F., Craniophora (Acronycta). (The Coronet) L. 8-9. On Alnus, Corylus, Fraxinus, and Ligustrum. Rests under leaves when young, and when older along the central petiole. P. 10-6. In a hard, black cocoon under coping stones or beneath moss. Keep damp. I. 6-7. Comes early to sugar. O. ligustri, L., Sphinx. (Privet Hawk) L. 7-8. On Fraxinus, Ligustrum, Syringa vulgaris, Vibanum tinus, and Dipsacus. P. 9-6. Deep underground ; sometimes goes over two winters. I. 6-7. Has been taken at light. O. Ligustrum vulgare. (Privet) imitaria, Acidalia. (Small Blood-vein) L. 7-5. prunaria, Angerona. (Orange Moth) L. 7-5. aescularia, Anisopteryx. (March Moth) L. 4-6. gemmaria, Boarmia. (Willow Beauty) L. 8-5. 176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK ligustri. Craniophora (Acronycta). (The Coronet) L. 8-9. Beat, elinguaria, Crocallis. (Scalloped Oak) L. 9-5. fuscantaria, Ennomos. (Dusky Thorn) L. 5-8. Beat, abruptaria, Hemerophila. (Waved Umber) L. 5-8. Hangs pendant, syringaria, Hygrochroa (Pericallia). (Lilac Beauty) L. 8-5 and 6. polycommata, Lobophora (Trichopteryx). (The Barred Tooth-striped) L. 5-6. Feeds at first on buds, viretata, Lobophora. (Yellow-barred Brindle) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10 on terminal shoots, hirtaria (ius), Lycia (Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, sambucaria, Ourapteryx. (Swallow-tail Moth) L. 8-5. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, ocellatus, Smerinthus. (Eyed Hawk) L. 7-8. ligustri, Sphinx. (Privet Hawk) L. 7-8. flammea, Trigonophora. (Flame Brocade) L. 12-4. Will eat this when nearly full fed. Lilac. (Syringa vulgaris) Lilac Beauty, (syringaria, L., Hygrochroa (Pericallia)) Lily of the Valley. (Convallaria) limacodes, Hufn. (testudo, SchifL), Cochlidion. (The Festoon) L. 8-10. On Fagus and Quercus. Does not pupate till spring. P. 10. In a brownish cocoon with a white inside, and which has a hinged lid. Attached to a leaf. I. 6-7. Male flies round tree-tops in sun, and may be beaten out in dull weather. Females sluggish. 0. 6-7. limbaria, F. (conspicuata, Schiff.), Fidonia. (Frosted Yellow) L. 6 and 9. On Cytisus, Scoparius. Beat or brush. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 177 P. 9-5 and 7-8. May sometimes go over as long as 4 years. L. 5-6 and 7-8. Flies in the sun. Rests in dull weather on Broom, with wings hanging like a butterfly. 0. Hatch in 10 days. Lime. (Tilia) Lime Hawk Moth, (tilice, L., Dilina (Mimas)) Limenitis. Genus includes sibylla. Lime-speck Pug. (oblongata, Thnb., Eupithecia) limitata, Sc. (mensuraria, Schiff.), Ortholitha (Eubolia). (Shaded Broad-bar) L. 9-6. On Graminese, Lamium, Trifolium, and Vicia. P. 6. 1. 7-8. May be brushed out of herbage by day. 0. Linaria. (Toad-flax) linariata, Eupithecia. (Toad-flax Pug) L. 7-8. On the flowers, dipsacea, Heliothis. (Marbled Clover) L. 7-9. On flowers and seeds, pisi, Mamestra (Hadena). (Broom Moth) L. 8-9. linariata, F., Eupithecia. (Toad-flax Pug) L. 7-8. On the flowers of Antirrhinum and Linaria vulgaris. P. 9-5. In an earthen cocoon. Sometimes goes over 2 years. I. 5-6. Sometimes appears in autumn same year as larva. Comes to light. 0. Linden or Lime. (Tilia) linea, F. - thaumas, Hufn. linearia, Hb. (trilinearia, Bkh.), Ephyra (Zonosoma). (Clay Triple-lines) L. 6-7 and 9-10. On Fagus. Beat. P. 9-4. Amongst debris at foot, or fastened to a leaf with a curled margin. M 178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 5-6 and 8-9. In Beech woods. $ linearia x $ orbicularia gives hybr. bright oni (Tutt.). 0. Hatch in 6 days. lineata, F. (dealbata, L.), Scoria. (Black-veined Moth) L. 9-5. On Gramineae, especially on Brachypodium sylvaticum, and other wood vars. In confinement will eat Lotus corniculatus, Polygonum, and Rumex. P. 5. In a yellow spindle-shaped cocoon low down on grass stems. 1. 5-6. Flies in the sun. In dull weather may be kicked up out of grass. 0. lineata, Sc. = livornica> Esp. lineola, 0., Adopcea. (Essex or New Skipper) L. 4-6. On coarse vars. of Gramineae, especially Triticum repens. P. 6. Low down in a silk network between drawn leaves. I. 7-8. Comes to bloom of grasses, thistles, and Lotus corniculatus. 0. 7-8. Laid on dried grass seed-heads and inside the sheaths of leaves. Hatch in April. lineolata, Hb. —virgata, Rott. Ling or Heather. ( Calluna vulgaris) Ling Pug. (goossensiata, Mab. (minutata, Gn.), Eupiihecia) literosa, Hw., Miana. (Rosy Minor) L. 9-6. In the stems of Carex glauca and Gramineae, especially Dactylis glomerata. P. 6. I. 7-8. 0. lithargyria, Esp., Leucania (Sideridis). (The Clay) L. 9-4 and 5. On Gramineae, especially Triticum, and on Stellaria media. Night feeder. Search bases of hedgerows. Hides by day when nearly full grown in old stems of thistles and umbelhferous plants. P. 4-5 and 6. In an earthen cocoon. I. 6 (end) -8 (beg.). Comes to light, 0. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 179 Lithomoia. Genus includes solidaginis. Lithophane. Genus includes semibrunnea and soda. lithorhiza, Bkh.-=areola, Esp. Lithosia. Genus includes caniola, complana, deplana, griseola, lurideola, luterella, sericea, and sororcula. Lithospermum. (Gromwell) lutulenta, Aporphyla (Epunda). L. 9-4. Hibernates early. Lithostege. Genus includes griseata. lithoxylea, F., XylopJiasia. (Light Arches) L. 10-5. On Graminese. Feeds close to roots. P. 6. Below ground. I. 6-7. Rests on fences. Comes to sugar. Little Emerald, (lactearia, L., lodis) Little Thorn, (advenaria, Hb., Epione) littoralis, Curt., Leucania. (Shore Wainscot) L. 8-5. On Gramineae, especially Psamma arenaria or Ammophila. Hide in the sand by day near the roots. Captures should be placed under grass ; they eat through muslin. P. 6. In a large brittle cocoon of sand. Hatch in under 3 weeks. I. 6-7, and earlier or later. Come to sugar and to flowering grass-heads, especially Arundo arenaria. 0. Laid in a string on a grass blade, the edge of which has been folded. litura, L., Amathes (Orthosia). (Brown-spot Pinion) L. 4-6. On Alnus, Gramineae, Quercus, Rosa, Rubus, Rumex, and Salix caprea, etc. P. 6-9. Below ground. I. 9-10. Comes to Ivy and to flowers of Tritoma uvaria. 0. Laid 12th October, hatched 2nd April (Tonge). 180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK liturata, CL, Semiothisa (Macaria). (Tawny -barred Angle) L. 6-8 and sometimes 9-10. On Pinus sylvestris. P. 10-5 and 8. Under moss at foot of trees. I. 5-7 and 8-9. Rests on trunks, branches, and fallen needles in pine woods. O. livornica, Esp. (lineata, Sc.), Phryxus (Deilephila). (Striped Hawk Moth) L. 6-7 and 8-9. From August immigrants. On Erythraea, Fuchsia, Rumex, and Vitis vinifera. P. 7-8. I. 8-9. Immigrant. Comes to tubular flowers. Rests almost anywhere by day. O. Hatch in 3 weeks. Lobophora. Genus includes carpinata, halterata, polycommata, sexalisata, and viretata. Lobster, (fagi, L., Stauropus) lobulata, Hb.=carpinata, Bkh. Loelia. Genus includes ccenosa. Lomaspilis. Genus includes marginata. Long-tailed Blue, (bceticus, L., Lampides) Lonicera. (Honeysuckle) prunaria, Angerona. (Orange Moth) L. 7-5. repandata, Boarmia. (Mottled Beauty) L. 7-5. Beat at night, elinguaria, Crocallis. (Scalloped Oak) L. 9-5. satura, Eumichtis (Hadena). (The Beautiful Arches or Scarce Brocade) L. 7-8. Very rare, fuciformis, Hemaris. (Broad-bordered Bee Hawk Moth) L. 6-8. On under sides of leaves, defoliaria, Hybernia. (Mottled Umber) L. 3-6. Beat, syringaria, Hygrochroa, (Lilac Beauty) L. 8-5 or 6. sibylla, Limenitis^. (White Admiral) L. 8 or 9-5. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 181 carpinata (lobulata), Lobophora (Trichopteryx). (Early Tooth-striped) L. 6-7. polycommata, Lobophora (Trichopteryx). (The Barred Tooth-striped) L. 5-6. Feeds on buds at first, thalassina, Mamestra. (Pale -shouldered Brocade) L. 8-9. Night feeder, aurinia, Melitaea. (Marsh Fritillary) L. 6 or 7-3 or 4. reticulata (saponarise), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. ligula (spadicea), Orrhodia (Conistra). (Dark Chestnut) L. 4-6. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, bractea, Plusia. (Gold Spangle) L. 8-5. Hibernates early till 3. iota, Plusia. (Plain Golden Y) L. 8-4. pulchrina (v-aureum), Plusia. (The Beautiful Golden Y) L. 8-5. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. areola (lithorhiza), Xylocampa (Xylina). (Early Grey) L. 5-6. Night feeder. lonicerae, Esp., Zygcena. (Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet) L. 5. On Lathyrus pratensis, Lotus corniculatus, and Trifolium ; sometimes feeds 2 years. P. 6. In a boat-shaped cocoon attached to grass stems high up. I. 6-7. Visits flower heads. 0. Lophopteryx. Genus includes camelina and cuculla. loreyi, Dup., Leucania (Cirphis). (Cosmopolitan) L. (?) Food (?). P. (?) I. 9. Comes to sugar. Extremely rare. 0. (?) lota, Cl., Amathes (Orihosia). (Red-line Quaker) L. 4-6. On Salix and S. caprea. Spins terminal leaves together, and hides in this retreat by day. 182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 7-9. Between leaves, or in a slight web on the ground. I. 9-10. Comes to sugar, Ivy, and to ripe Yew berries. Lotus corniculatus. (Bird's-foot Trefoil) emutaria, Acidalia. (Rosy Wave) L. 8-5. ochrata, Acidalia (Sterrha). (Bright Wave) L. 7-10, or on to spring. Eats flowers, edusa, Colias. (Clouded Yellow) L. 6-7 and 9-10. In captivity, argiades, Cupido. (Bloxworth's or Short-tailed Blue) L. 7-8. Food in confinement, sinapis, Leucophasia. (Wood White) L. 6-7 and 8-9. caniola, Lithosia. (Hoary Footman) L. 8-5 or 6. Night feeder, complana, Lithosia. (Scarce Footman) L. 8-6. On the flowers (?). corydon, Lycaena. (Chalk Hill Blue) L. 5-6. icarus, Lycaena. (Common Blue) L. 4 (after hibernation) and 6, 7, and 8. centonalis, Nola. (Scarce Black Arches) L. 9-5. Likes flowers, ericetaria (plumaria), Selidosema. (Bordered Grey) L. 9-4. Night feeder, ichneumoniformis, Sesia. (Six-belted Clearwing) L. 8-6. On the roots, tages, Thanaos (Nisoniades). (Dingy Skipper) L. 6-8. Retiring in habits. Winters between drawn leaves, lonicerae, Zygaena. (Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet) L. 5. Sometimes feeds 2 years, meliloti, Zygaena. (New Forest Burnet) L. 8-5. Sometimes feeds 2 years. purpuralis (pilosellse, minos), Zygaena. (Transparent Burnet) L. 8-5. trifolii, Zygaena. (Five-spot Burnet) L. 7-5. Sometimes feeds 2 years, conspicillaris, Xylomiges. (Silver Cloud) L. 5-7. Louse wort. (Pedicularis) Lozogramma. Genus includes petraria. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 183 lubricipeda, L., Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. On Anpelopsis, Clematis vitalba, Lactuca, Plantago, Rumex, Stellaria, Urtica, and many other low plants. May be said to be a general feeder. P. 10-6. In a dingy-coloured web-like cocoon spun up amongst leaves, etc., on the ground. I. 6 and sometimes 10. Comes to light. 0. Laid in batches. Deposited 6th June, hatched 19th June (A. Tickner). lucernea, L., Agrotis (Spcelotis). (Northern Rustic) L. 8-5. Night feeder. On Campanula rotundifolia, Graminese, Primula veris, Saxifraga, Sedum acre, and Stellaria media. Hides by day. P. 5-6. Below ground. 1. 7-8. Comes to sugar and to flower heads of white and black Horehound ; also to wood Sage flowers. Frequents rocky places. 0. lucida, Hufn. = albicollis, F., Acontia (Tarache). (Pale Shoulder) L. (?) Food (?). P. In a small earthen cocoon. I. 6-8. 0. lucina, L., Nemeobius. (Duke of Burgundy Fritillary) L. 6-8. On Primula veris, and occasionally on P. vulgaris ; makes little holes in the leaves at first. P. 7. Suspended. I. 5-6 and sometimes 8 (same year as larva). Local. Fond of St John's-wort patches. O. 5-6. Laid on under sides of leaves. Captured females will lay on potted-up food plant. Laid 27th May 1911, hatched 2nd June; laid 23rd May 1901, hatched 4th June ; laid 1st June 1902, hatched 19th June (Oldaker). lucipara, L., Euplexia. (Small Angle Shades) L. 8-9. Night feeder. On Betula, Filices, Plantago, Pteris aquilina, and Salix caprea. P. 9-6. Below ground. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar. 184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 0. Laid 30th June, hatched 12th July (Oldaker). luctuosa, Esp., Acontia ( Tarache). (The Four-spotted) L. 6-8 and 9. Night feeder on Convolvulus arvensis. When young prefers the flowers and seeds, old larvae clinging to the stems low down. P. 7. On or below ground. 1. 5-6 and 8-9. Flies in hot sun ; hides in dull weather. 0. 5-6. Laid on the stems of flower buds. Hatch in under a fortnight. Lulworth Skipper, (actceon, Esp., Adopcea) Lunar Double-stripe, (lunaris, SchifL, Pseudophia) Lunar Hornet, (crabroniformis. Lew., Trochilium) lunaria, SchifL, Selenia. (Lunar Thorn) L. 7-9. On Betula, Prunus, P. spinosa, and Quercus. P. 9-5. At roots. 1. 5-6. May be beaten from trees. Comes to light. Emerges 7-8 A.M. 0. 6. Hatching recorded, 7, 12, 15 days. Lunaria annua. (Honesty) cardamines, Euchloe. (Orange-tip) L. 6-7. On seed-pods (Scorer). lunaris, Schiff., Pseudophia. (Lunar Double-stripe) L. 7-8. On Populus and Quercus. Has not been found in England. P. 9-5. 1. 5-6. Comes to sugar and light. Only a few recorded. 0. Lunar Marbled Brown, (chaonia, Hb., Drymonia) Lunar-spotted Pinion, (pyralina, View., Calymnia (Cosmia)) Lunar Thorn, (lunaria, Schiff., Selenia) Lunar Under wing, (lunosa, Hw., Omphaloscelis ( Anchocelis)) Lunar Yellow Under wing, (orbona, Hufn. (subsequa, Hb.), Triphcena) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 185 lunigera, Stph., Agrotis (Euxoa). (Crescent Dart) L. 8-5. On Daucus carota (sliced), Plantago, Poly- gonum, and Taraxacum. P. 6-7. Below ground. I. 7-8. Rests on posts. Comes to sugar, especially on stems of Horehound, Beet, Thistle, and Cow parsnip. Fond of wild Sage flowers and Ragwort. 0. 8. Laid in crevices ; has been known to lay in the pores of a sponge that has been soaked in sugar for food. lunosa, Hw., Omphaloscelis ( Anchocelis). (Lunar Underwing) L. 9-5. On Gramineae ; nibbles during winter. Hides under stones by day. P. 5-8. Below ground. 1. 9-10. Comes to sugar and light. O. 9-10. Hatch quickly. Luperina. Genus includes dumerilii and testacea. Lupinus. (Lupin) bceticus, Lampides. (Long-tailed Blue) L. (?) On the green seeds, persicariae, Mamestra. (The Dot) L. 7-9. lupulina, L., Hepialus. (Common Swift) L. 7-4. On the roots of Ballota nigra, Convalaria, Gramineae, Lamium album, and L. purpureum, Narcissus, and Plantago. P. 5-6. At the roots. I. 5-6. Rests on fences. Flies in meadows at dusk. 0. luridata, Bkh. (extersaria, Frr.), Tephrosia. (Brindled White- spot) L. 8-9. On Betula, Corylus, Quercus, Salix, and S. caprea. P. 9-5. Under moss. I. 6. Comes to sugar. O. Hatch in 14 days. lurideola, Zk., Lithosia. (Common Footman) L. 8-6. On Clematis, Cornus, Lichenes, Pyrus malus, Quercus, Rhamnus catharticus, and Salix caprea. P. 6. Spun up on tree. 186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 6-7. Comes to sugar. 0. 7-8. Laid in regular rows side by side. lutarella, L. (pygmceola, Dbld.), Liihosia. (Pigmy Footman) L. 8-5. On Lichenes. P. 6. 1. 6-8. Bests on Marram Grass after dusk. Females assemble males in early morning. Comes to sugar and light. 0. Laid loosely. lutea, Strom, (flavago, F.), Xanthia. (Pink-barred Sallow) L. 3-6. In the catkins, when young, of Salix caprea, and on the leaves later, and on the seeds of Ulmus montana. P. 7-8. Below ground at roots. I. 9-10. Emerges in afternoon. Comes to honey dew, sugar, and late ripe plums. Frequents grass-heads. 0. 10. Hatch in 3. Laid close to buds. luteago, Hb., var. barrettii, Dbld., Dianthecia. (Barrett's Marbled Coronet) L. 7-9. On Silene inflata and S. maritima. Bore into leaf at first, and then into stem at axils or into the roots. Whereabouts discov- ered by frass. P. 9-6 or 8. In earth (?). I. 6-8. Fond of Campion bloom. Rests on rocks. Does not come to sugar. O. luteata, Schiff., Asthena. (Small Yellow Wave) L. 8-9 or 10. On Acer campestris and Alnus. P. 10-5. I. 6-7. Sometimes earlier in warm places. Fly about 7 P.M. Beat out in daytime. 0. luteolata, L. (cratcegata, L.), Opisthograptis (Rumia). (Brim- stone Moth) L. 4-9 (?), 10-4. On Betula, Corylus, Cratsegus, Pyrus malus, Prunus spinosa, and other trees. P. 6 and 9-3. In a web amongst food. I. 4-6. Has been found up till 8. O. 6. Hatchings recorded 7-12 days. Laid on leaves of food. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 187 lutosa, Hb., Calamia (Nonagria). (Large Wainscot) L. 4-6. Internal feeder on Phragmites. Affected plants look bleached. P. 7 (end) - 8 (mid.). Larva leaves plants and pupates 2-3 in. in the ground. Newman states pupation takes place inside stem. I. 8-10 (sometimes later). Search reeds at night with a lantern between 7.30 and 8.30 P.M. Box quickly. Prefer scattered or stunted plants. Fly on cool and misty evenings. O. 8-10. Laid on stems. Hatch quickly, when larva bores to centre and feeds downwards. lutulenta, Bkl., Aporophyla (Epunda). (Deep-brown Dart) L. 9-4. On Achillea millefolium, Cratsegus (on buds in spring), Gramineae, Lithospermum, Plantago, Prunus spinosa, Rumex, and Senecio vulgaris. P. 4-8 or 9. Below ground in a slight cocoon. I. 8-9 or 10. Comes to Ivy. O. 9. Hatch in a few days. Luzula. (Woodrush) secalis, Apamea. (Common Rustic) L. 9-5. In the stems, potatoria, Cosmotriche (Odonestis). (The Drinker) L. 8-6. Hibernates 9 or 10-4. Fond of the sun. cribrumalis, Herminia. (Dotted Fan-foot) L. 7-6. Hibernates at roots, scolopacina, Xylophasia. (Slender Brindle) L. 10-6. Luzula pilosa. (Broad-leaved Woodrush) melanopa, Anarta. (Broad -bordered White Underwing) L. 5-7. sylvanus, Augiades. (Large Skipper) L. 7-5. Lycsena. Genus includes cegon (argus), astrarche, bellargus, (adonis), corydon, and icarus. lychnidis, Schiff. (pistacina, F.), Amathes ( Anthocelis, Or- thosia)). (The Beaded Chestnut) L. 3-6. On Carex, Graminese, Ranunculus, Rumex, Salix caprea, Senecio vulgaris, and Taraxa- cum. P. 6-8. In an earthen cocoon. 188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 9-11. Comes to light, sugar, Ivy, and Tritoma flowers. 0. 10-11. Will lay on cage sides. Lychnis. (Campion) capsincola, Dianthoecia. (The Lychnis) L. 7 and sometimes 9. Feeds in seed-capsules, capsophila, Dianthoecia. (Pod-lover) L. 6-7 and 9. On the seeds, carpophaga, Dianthoecia. (Tawny Shears) L. 6-7 and 9. Night feeder on seeds, conspersa, Dianthoecia. (Marbled Coronet) L. 7-9. In the capsules. Lychnis, (capsinsola, Hb., Dianthoecia) Lychnis dioica. (Red Lychnis) albimacula, Dianthoecia. (The White-spot) L. 7-8. Night feeder on seeds, venosata, Eupithecia. (Netted Pug) L. 6-8. In the seed -capsules, affinitata, Perizoma. (The Rivulet) L. 7-9. On the seeds, flavofasciata (decolorata), Perizoma. (Sandy Carpet) L. 7-8. On buds and seeds. Lychnis diurna. (Red Campion) cucubali, Dianthoecia. (The Campion) L. 7-9. On seeds and leaves, didymata, Malenydris. (Twin-spot Carpet) L. 4-5. reticulata (saponarise), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. Lychnis flos-cuculi. (Ragged Robin) capsincola, Dianthoecia. (The Lychnis) L. 7 and sometimes 9. In seed-capsules, cucubali, Dianthoecia. (The Campion) L. 7-9. On seeds and leaves, irregularis, Dianthoecia. (Viper's Bugloss) L. 7-9. Night feeder on the seeds. Hides by day at roots, reticulata (saponarise), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. Lychnis vespertina. (White Campion) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 189 carpophaga, Dianthcecia. (Tawny Shears) L. 6-7 and 9. Night feeder on seeds, cucubali, Dianthoecia. (The Campion) L. 7-9. On seeds and leaves, dipsacea, Heliothis. (Marbled Clover) L. 7-9. On flowers and seeds, affinitata, Perizoma. (The Rivulet) L. 7-9. On the seeds, flavofasciata (decolorata), Perizoma. (Sandy Carpet) L. 7-8. On buds and seeds. lychnitis, Ramb., Cucullia. (Striped Lychnis) L. 7-8. On Scrophularia aquatica. Verbascum lych- nitis, and V. nigrum, feeding on the flowers and unripe seed-pods. P. 9-6. On or below ground in a tough cocoon. I. 6. O. Lycia. Genus includes hirtaria. Lycium barbarium. (Tea-tree) atropos, Acherontia (Manduca). (Death's - Head Hawk Moth) L. 8-9. chi, Polia. (The Grey Chi) L. 4-6. Lycopersicum esculentum. (Tomato) armigera, Heliothis. (Scarce Bordered Straw) L. 6-7. ni, Plusia. (Ni Moth) L. (?) Lycophotia. Genus includes ripce and strigula. Lygris. Genus includes associata, populata, prunata, reticu- lata, and testata. Lymantria. Genus includes dispar and monacha. Lyme Grass. (Tapinostola elymi) Lysimachia vulgaris. (Yellow Loosestrife) sparsata, Colix. (Dentated Pug) L. 7-8. On flowers and leaves, urticae, Spilosoma. (Water Ermine) L. 7-9. Feeds low down. 190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK gracilis, Toeniocampa. (Powdered Quaker) L. 5-7. Hides in spun-up leaves. Lythria. Genus includes purpuraria. Lythrum salicaria. (Purple Loosestrife) coronata, Chloroclystis. (V-Pug) L. 6-7 and in autumn. Feeds on the flowers, porcellus, Metopsilus. (Small Elephant) L. 8-9. Night feeder. Search at night between 10 P.M. and 12 P.M. pavonia (carpini), Saturnia. (Emperor Moth) L. 6-8. Gregarious till after third moult, gracilis, Tceniocampa. (Powdered Quaker) L. 5-7. Hides between spun leaves. machaon, L., Papilio. (The Swallow-tail) L. 5 or 6-8. Full fed in about 7 weeks. Feeds on Angelica sylvestris, Daucus carota, Fceniculum vulgare, and Peucedanum palustre. P. 8. Suspended head up on reed stems ; some- times go over 2 years. I. 8 or 5-6 following year. 0. 5-6. or 8. Laid on under sides of leaves in batches of one dozen or fewer. Hatch in 10-12 days. macilenta, Hb., Amaihes (Orthosia). (Yellow-line Quaker) L. 4-6. On Calluna, Cratsegus, Fagus, and Quercus. P. 7-9. In a weak cocoon at foot of trees. 1. 9-10 or 11. Comes to rotten apples and ripe Yew berries, and sometimes to sugar, Ivy, and light. 0. Macrogaster. Genus includes castanea. Macroglossa. Genus includes stellatarum. Macrothylacia. Genus includes rubi. macularia, ~L.=maculata. maculata, L., Venilia. (Speckled Yellow) L. 7-8. On Lamium, Stachys, and Teucrium. P. 8-5, Below ground. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 191 I. 5 (end) -6. Flies in the sun in woods. 0. Laid 22nd May, hatched 2nd June (Oldaker). Madder. (Rubia) Madopa. Genus includes salicalis. Magpie, (grossulariata, L., Abraxas) Maiden's Blush, (punctaria, L., Ephyra) maillardi, Hb.=exulis, Lef. Malenydris. Genus includes didymata, multistrigaria, and salicata. Mallow (The), (cervinata, Schiff., Oriholiiha (Eubolia)) Malocosoma. Genus includes neustria and castrensis. malvae, L., Syrichthus (Hesperia). (Grizzled Skipper) L. 5-7. On Fragaria, Potentilla fragariastrum, P. reptans, Rubus fruticosus, and R. Idaeus. P. 9-5. Between spun leaves. 1. 5-6. Frequents sides of roads and woods on chalky downs. Not long on the wing. Sleeved out females will lay on bramble in the sun. O. 6. Malvse sylvestris. (Mallow) cervinata, Ortholitha. (The Mallow) L. 3 or 4-6. cardui, Pyrameis. (Painted Lady) L. 6. From immigrants. Mamestra. Genus includes advena, albicolon, dentina, dis- similis, genistce, glauca, nebulosa, oleracea, peregrina, persicarice, pisi, thalassina, tincta, and trifoli. Manchester Treble-bar, (paludata, Thnb. (imbutata, Hb.), Carsia) Manduca. Genus includes atropos. Mangel. (Beta) 192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Many-lined Moth, (polygrammata, Bkh. (conjunctaria, Ld.), Phibalapteryx) Maple Prominent, (cuculla, Esp. (cucullina, Hb.), Lophop- teryx) Maple Pug. (inturbata, Hb. (subciliata, Gn.), Eupithecia) Map- winged Swift, (fusconebulosa (velleda, Hb.)3 Hepialus) Marbled Beauty, (perla, F., Bryophila) Marbled Brown, (trimacula, Esp., Drymonia) Marbled Clover, (dipsacea, L., Heliothis) Marbled Coronet, (conspersa, Esp., Dianthoecia) Marbled Green, (glandifera, Hb., Bryophila) Marbled Minor, (strigilis, Cl., Miana) Marbled Pug. (irriguata, Hb., Eupithecia) Marbled White, (galatea, L., Melanargia) Marbled White-spot, (fasciana, L. (fuscula, Bkh.), Hapalotis (Erastria)) March Moth, (cescularia, SchifL, Anisopteryx) margaritaria, L., Metrocampa (Eudalimia). (Light Emerald) L. 9-5. On Betula, Cytisus, Fagus, Quercus, and Uhnus. Nibbles bark and buds in winter. Beat in April. Sometimes second brood. P. 6. I. 6-7. Can be found at rest on bracken after dusk. Comes to light. 0. marginaria, Bkh. (progemmaria, Hb.), Hybernia. (Dotted Border) L. 4-5. On Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Cratsegus, Prunus spinosa, Quercus, Salix caprea. P. 5-3. In a cocoon on or below ground. I. 3-4. Rests on hedges at night ; common at street lamps. Comes to Sallow and Berberis bloom. 0. 3 or 4. Laid on twigs. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 193 marginata, L., Lomaspilis. (Clouded Border) L. 6, 7, 8-9. On Populus tremula, Salix, and S. caprea. P. 8-5. Amongst leaves. I. All summer ; chiefly 5-6. Prefers moist spots. 0. 6 and 8. Laid 29th May, hatched 8th June (Oldaker). marginata, F. = umbra, Hufn. marginepunctata, Gz. (incanata, Hw.,promutata, Gn.), Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Mullein Wave) L. 7 and 9-5. On Achillea millefolium, Artemisia vulgaris, Polygonum, Potentilla, Stellaria media. Sweep. P. 8 and 5-6. 1. 6-7 and 8-9. Rests on walls, rocks, etc. 0. Hatch in 10 days. Marigold. (Chrysanthemum) maritima, Tausch (ulvce, Hb.), Senta. (Silky Wainscot) L. 9-5. On Phragmites. Cannibal on larvae and pupae of fen insects. Night feeder. Hides by day in reed stems. P. 6. 1. 6 (end) -8. O. Marjoram. (Origanum) Marram Grass. ( Ammophila) Marsh Dagger, (strigosa, F., Acronycta) Marsh Carpet, (sagittata, F., Cidaria) Marsh Fritillary. (aurinia, Rott., Melitcea) Marsh Moth, (palustris, Hb., Hydrilla) Marsh Oblique-barred, (turfosalis, Wk., Thomoliges) Marsh Pug. (pygmceata, Hb., Eupithecia) Marsh Ringlet, (polydama, Hw. (typhon, Rott.), Cosnonympha) 194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Matricaria. (Corn Feverfew) chamomillae, Cucullia. (Chamomile Shark) L. 5-7. peltigera, Heliothis. (Bordered Straw) L. 6-8 and 9-10. On flowers and unripe seeds. Matricaria maritima. (Sea Feverfew) peltigera, Heliothis. (Bordered Straw) L. 6-8 and 9-10. On flowers and unripe seeds. Matthew's Wainscot, (favicolor, Leucania) matura, Hufn. (cytherea, F.), Cerigo. (Straw Underwing) L. 9-4. On Gramineae. Feeds through the winter. P. 4-7. Below ground. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar. O. Matweed. ( Nardus stricta) maura, L., Mormo (Mania). (Old Lady) L. 9-5. On Betula, Cratsegus, and Salix caprea. Feeds on various low plants in autumn. P. 5-6. Below ground. I. 7-8. May be found in boat-sheds, summer-houses, etc., by day. Comes to sugar ; restless when boxed. Best bred. O. May High-flyer, (impluviata, Hb. (trifasciata, Bkh.), Hydrio- mena (Hypsipetes)) Mazarine Blue, (semiargus, Rott., Nomiades) Meadow Brown, (ianira, L., Epinephele) Meadow Rue. (Thalictrum) Meadow-sweet. (Spircea) Meadow Vetchling. ( Laihyrus pratensis) Medicago lupilina. (Black Medick) glyphica, Euclidia. (Bumet Companion) L. 6-8. Medic-grass. (Molinia cceruka) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 195 Medlar. (Mespilus germanica) megacephala, F., Acronycta (Cuspidia). (Poplar Grey) L. 7-9. Basks in sun when full fed. Feeds on Populus. P. 10-5. In a cocoon under loose bark in crevices in decayed wood ; sometimes goes 2 years. I. 5 (end) -8. 0. Laid singly. Deposited 27th June, hatched 7th July (Tonge). megsera, L.5 Pararge. (The Wall Butterfly) L. 9-3 or 4 and 6-7. Night feeder on Gramineae, especially on Poa annua and Dactylis glomerata. Sweep. P. 3 or 4-5 and 7. 1. 4 (sometimes) or 5-6 and 7-8. Fond of settling on walls. 0. 5-6 and 8-9. Often deposited on plants near food. Are usually laid singly on grass blades. Hatch in about 12 days. Melampyrum pratense. (Cow-wheat) plumbeolata, Eupithecia. (Lead-coloured Pug) L. 7-8. On the stamens and flowers, athalia, Melitaea. (Heath Fritillary) L. 7-5. Melanargia. Genus includes galatea. melanopa, Thnb., Anarta. (Broad-bordered White Under- wing) L. 6-7. Night feeder on Arbutus unedo, Polygonum, Salix acuminata, and S. caprea, Vaccinium myrtillus, and Vitis-idaea. Rests on the under sides of leaves by day. P. 7-5. On or below ground. I. 5-6 (early). Flies in the sun, and even in dull weather if warm. Will come to Arcto- staphylos bloom. O. Melantha. Genus includes procellata. Meliana. Genus includes flammea. Melilot. (Mdilotus) 196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK meliloti, Esp., Zygcena ( Anthrocera). (New Forest Burnet) L. 8-5. On Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium. Some- times feeds two years. P. 5-6. In a yellowish cocoon spun low down on grass stems. I. 6-7. Flies in sun. 0. 7. Deposited 10th July 1912, hatched 17th and 18th July. Females will lay in a box. Melilotus. (Melilot) edusa, Colias. (Clouded Yellow) L. 6-7 and 9-10 in captivity, semiargus, Nomiades. (Mazarine Blue) L. 7-8. Melitaea. Genus includes athalia, aurinia, and cinxia. Mellinia. Genus includes gilvago and ocellaris. mendica, 01., Diaphora (Spilosoma). (The MusUn) L. 7-8. On Betula, Plantago, Rosa, Rumex, Stellaria media, Taraxacum. P. 9-5. In a close silk and hair cocoon under moss or trees near damp ditches. 1. 5-6. Emerges 1 P.M. to 3 P.M. Males come to light. Eggs may be obtained in captivity if females are placed in airy cages. They lay from 300-400 eggs. O. Eggs laid 2nd May, hatched 5th June. Eggs laid 3rd to 8th May 1912, com- menced hatching 21st May (Scorer). mensuraria, Schiff . = limitata, Sc. Mentha. (Mint) oraata, Acidalia. (Lace Border) L. 10-5 and 7-8. iota, Plusia. (Plain Golden Y) L. 8-4. flavicincta, Polia. (Large Ranunculus) L. 4-7. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. Mentha aquatiea. (Hairy Mint) urticse, Spilosoma. (Water Ermine) L. 7-9. Feeds low down. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 197 menthastri, Esp., Spilosoma. (White Ermine) L. 8-9. General feeder on low plants. P. 10-6. In a silk and hair cocoon spun up almost anywhere low down. I. 6. Comes to light. Pairs may often be found at rest in the morning on grass blades. 0. Laid 20th June 1890, hatched 3rd July. menyanthidis, View., Acronycta (Cuspidia). (Light Knot Grass) L. 8-9 (or earlier). On Calluna, Myrica gale, Rubus, Salix viminalis, and Vaccinium. P. 9-6. On the ground near food plant. 1. 6-7. Rests on posts, rocks, etc., in moorland districts. Comes to sugar. Box worn females for eggs, which are laid freely in confinement. 0. 7. Laid in batches of 20-100. Each egg overlaid by 3 others. Mercurialis perennis. (Dog's Mercury) meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder. Mere Wainscot, (hellmanni, Ev., Tapinostola) Merveille du jour, (aprilina, L., Dichonia ( Agriopis)) Mesogona. Genus includes acetosella. Mesoleuca. Genus includes albicellata, bicolorata, and ocellata. mesomella, L., Cybosia (Lithosia). (Four-dotted Footman) L. 8 (?) -4 or 5. On Lichenes among Calluna, and on Quercus. Will also eat withered leaves of Salix. P. 5-6. In a cocoon under moss or lichen. 1. 6. May be kicked up from bushes and Heather. Flies before dusk. Females assemble males. O. Mesotype. Genus includes virgata. Mespilus germanica. (Medlar) hirtaria (ius), Lycia (Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder. 198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK meticulosa, L., Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. On Plantago, Pteris aquilina, Rumex, Senecio vulgaris, Stellaria media, and very many other low plants, especially at base of hedgerows. P. 4-5 and 9-10. In a slight web on the earth. I. 5-6 and sometimes 9-10. Bests on herbage, palings, and tree stems, looking like a crumpled leaf. Comes to sugar and to flowers of Tritoma uvaria. 0. Take 10 days to hatch (Scorer). Metopsilus. Genus includes parceling. Metrocampa. Genus includes margaritaria. mi, Cl., Euclidia. (Mother Shipton) L. 7-9. On Ammophila, Gramineae, and Trifolium. Resemble snail exuviae. Sweep by day. P. 10-5. In a brownish cocoon amongst grass blades. 1. 5-6. Day flier. On chalky downs. 0. 6. Hatch by end of month. Miana. Genus includes bicoloria, fasciuncula, Uterosa, and strigilis. miata, L., Cidaria. (Autumn Green Carpet) L. 6-9. On Alnus, Betula, Quercus, Salix, and S. caprea. P. 8-10. In a slight cocoon on the ground. 1. 9-10. Comes to Ivy. Hibernates and conies to Sallow bloom in spring. 0. micacea, Esp., Hydrcecia (Gortyna). (Rosy Rustic) L. 5-8 (early). In the stems of Plantago, Rumex, and Solanum tuberosum. P. 7-8. I. 9. Comes to light, and occasionally to sugar. Likes Ragwort, Sunflower, and Tritoma flowers. 0. Laid 26th September, hatched 12th April (Tonge). Middle-barred Minor, (fasciuncula, Miana) Mignonette. (Reseda) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 199 Milfoil or Yarrow. ( Achillia millefolium) Milk Parsley. (Peucedanum palustre,) Milk Vetch. ( Astragalus) Milkweed Butterfly, (plexippus, L., Anosia) Milkwort. (Poly gala vulgaris) Miller, (leporina, L., Acronycta) Miltachrista. Genus includes miniata. Mimas. Genus includes tilice. miniata, Forst., Miltochrista (Calligenia). (Rosy Footman) L. 8-5. On Lichenes and decaying leaves of Quercus and Salix. Nibbles during the winter. P. 5-6. I. 7. Flies high at dusk. May be beaten out of trees by day. Comes to light and sugar. Females assemble males. O. 7. Hatch in about 10 days. minima, Fuesl., Zizera (Cupido). (Small Blue) L. 7. On the flowers of Anthyllis vulneraria. P. 5-6. Attached by belt to food, or may be unattached on the ground. I. 5 (end) -6. Rests on grass stems in the evening ; fond of the bottom of chalk-pits. 0. 6. Laid singly upon or between the calyces. Hatch in under a week. miniosa, F., Tceniocampa. (The Blossom Underwing) L. 5-6. On Betula, Crataegus, Quercus, Rosa, Rubus fruticosus, and Salix caprea. Feeds in a common web under an Oak bud at first. Very fond of soft Oak galls. P. 7-3. At roots. I. 3-4. Frequents Oak woods. 0. Laid 17th April, hatched 2nd May (Oldaker). Minoa. Genus includes murinata. minorata, Tr. = ericetata, Stph. 200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Minor Shoulder-knot, (viminalis, F., Bombycia (Epunda)} minos, Fuesl. =purpuralis, L. Mint. (Mentha) minutata, Gn..=goossensiata, Mabille. Miselia. Genus includes bimaculosa and oxyacanthce. Mocha, (annulata, Schulze, Ephyra (Zonosoma)) Molinia coerulea. (Medic-grass) fasciana (fuscula), Hapolotis (Erastria). Marbled White- spot) L. 7-9. Sweep at night. molybdeola, Gn.=sericea, Gregs. Monarch Butterfly, (plexippus, "L., Anosia) Monk's-hood. ( Aconitum) -/"*-' monocha, L., Limantria (Liparis). (Black Arches) L. 4-7. On Betula, Carpinus, Fagus, Pinus, Pyrus malus, Quercus, Ilex, Rosa, Taxus, and Tilia, etc. Very destructive. P. 7. In a transparent, brownish, gloss^ silk cocoon, spun up in bark crevices. I. 7-8. Rests on trunks. Comes to light. 0. 8. Laid in bark crevices. Hatch in spring. moneta, F., Plusia. (Golden Plusia) L. 5-6. On Aconitum and Delphinium. P. 6. In a brilliant yellow cocoon on under sides of leaves of food plant. 1. 6-7 and sometimes 8-9. Comes to flowers, especi- ally valerium. Attracted by light. P. 7. To obtain autumnal imagos, keep ova at a high temperature when laid. monoglypha, Hufn. (polyodon, L.), Xylophasia. (Dark Arches) L. 8-9. On Gramineae. P. 9-6. Below ground. I. 6-8. Comes to sugar. 0. 7. Hatch in about 16 days. Laid in batches inside the leaf -sheath, THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 201 montanata, Bkh., XanthorJioe (Melanippe). (Silver-ground Carpet) L. 8-4. Night feeder on Galium, Gramineae, Plan- tago, and Primula vulgaris. P. 4-5. Below ground (?). I. 5-7. 0. Laid on the leaves. Hatchings recorded, 9 days to 3 weeks. Laid 3rd June, hatched 13th June (Oldaker). Mormo. Genus includes maura morpheus, Hufn., Caradrina. (Mottled Rustic) L. 8, 9, 10-5. On Chenopodium, Cochlearia, Humulus, Polygonum, Rumex, and Taraxacum. P. 5. In a cell-like cocoon just below ground, or amongst leaves (?). 1. 6-8 and sometimes 10. Comes to sugar and light. 0. 7-8. Hatch in about a fortnight. Morrisii, Da,le = bondii, Knaggs. Moss Campion. (Silene acaulis) Mother Shipton. (mi, Cl., Euclidia) Mottled Beauty, (repandata, L., Boarmia) Mottled Grey, (multistrigaria, Hw., Malenydris (Larentia)) Mottled Pug. (exiguata, Hb., Eupithecia) Mottled Rustic, (morpheus, Hufn., Caradrina) Mottled Umber, (defoliaria, Cl., Hybernia) Mountain Ash. (Pyrus aucuparia) Mouse, (tragopogonis, L., Amphipyra) Mouse-eared Chickweed. (Cerastium glomeratum) Mug wort. ( Artemisia vulgaris) Mullein, The. (verbasci, L., Cucullia) Mullein. ( Verbascum) 202 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Mullein Wave, (marginepunctata, Gz., Acidalia (Leptomeris)) multistrigaria, Hw., Malenydris (Larentia). (Mottled Grey) L. 5-6. On Galium. Will eat Asperula in confine- ment. P. 7-3. I. 3-4. Rests low down on palings. May be beaten out of herbage round food plant, and can be boxed at dusk off hedges. 0. 4. munda, Esp., Tceniocampa. (Twin-spotted Quaker) L. 4-6. On Betula, Populus, Prunus, Quercus, Salix caprea, and Ulnus. P. 7-3. In an earthen cocoon. I. 3-4. Comes to Plum and Sallow blossom, and to sugar. 0. Laid 28th March, hatched 16th April (Oldaker). mundana, L., Nudaria. (Muslin Footman) L. 8-5 or 6. On Lichenes on Fagus and those growing on rocks, stones, and under sides of copings, etc. P. 6-7. In a loose silk cocoon amongst food. I. 7-8 (early). Comes to light. 0. munitata, Hb., Coremia (Ochyria). (Red Carpet) L. 9-5. The Rev. J. Greene states that the larvae hatch in June, and feed till May on Alchemilla, Senecio vulgaris, and Stellaria media. P. 6. In moss. I. 7-8 (the Rev. J. Greene says 6-7). O. muralis, ~Forst.=glandifera, Hb. muricata, Hufn. (auroraria, Bkh.), Hyria. (Purple-bordered Gold) L. 8-5. Sometimes feed up same year and produce imagos late autumn. Usually hibernate 10-2. Food (?). Will eat Polygonum in confinement. P. 5-6. I. 6-7. Usually flies before sunrise. 0. 7. Hatch in about a fortnight. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 203 murinata, Sc. (euphorbiata, F.), Minoa. (Drab Looper) L. 7-9. On Euphorbia, Amygdaloides, E. cyparissias, and E. peplus. P. 10-5. In a cocoon on the ground. I. 5-6 and sometimes 8. Flies in the sun. O. museseformis, Bkh. (philanthiformis, Lasp.), Sesia. (Thrift Clearwing) L. 8-6. On the roots of Armeria vulgaris. Search for stunted affected plants in rock clefts, etc. P. 6. In a silken tube which projects out of the tufts. I. 6-7. Comes to Thyme bloom. Jump backwards on attempting to box them. 0. muscerda, Hufn., Pelosia (Lithosia). (Dotted Footman) L. 8-5. On Alnus, Lichenes, Musci, and on withered leaves of Rubus fruticosus and Salix caprea. Likes a mixed diet. P. 5-7. In a double cocoon in curled-up leaves, or under moss or lichens. I. 7-8. Comes to light between 10 P.M. and 12 P.M. Flies at daybreak. O. Musci. (Mosses) senex, Comae la (Nudaria). (Round-winged Muslin) L. 8-5. complana, Lithosia. (Scarce Footman) L. 8-6. muscerda, Pelosia (Lithosia). (Dotted Footman) L. 8-5. Likes a mixed diet, taeniata, Perizoma (Emmelesia). (The Barred Carpet) L. 8-4 or 5. Eats the capsules in spring, coracina (trepidaria), Psodos. (Black Mountain Moth) L. 5. At considerable elevation. musculosa, Hb., Synia. (Brighton Wainscot) L. (?) Food (?). P. (?) I. (?) 7-8. Occasional immigrant. O. (?) Muslin, (mendica, CL, Diaphora (Spilosoma)) Muslin Footman, (mundana, L., Nudaria} 204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK myopseformis, Bkh., Sesia. (Red-belted Clearwing) L. 7 or 8-6. On the inner bark of Pyrus and P. communis, preferring cankered or injured trees. Pass 2 years in this stage. P. 6. Cut off affected branches, and sleeve them up. I. 6. Emerge early in the morning, and rest for a time on the trunks. O. Myosotis. (Scorpion Grass) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. plantaginis, Parasemia. (Wood Tiger) L. 8-4. Myosotis palustris. (Forget-me-not) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. pulchella, Deiopeia. (Crimson-speckled Footman) L. 10-2. Likes the sun. Myrica gale. (Sweet Gale or Bog Myrtle) euphorbias, var. myricae, Acronycta. (Sweet-gale Moth) L. 7-9. menyanthidis, Acronycta. (Light Knot Grass) L. 8-9. Feeds by day. hastata, Eulype (Melanippe). (The Argent and Sable) L. 7-8. Between spun leaves, adusta, Eumichtis (Hadena). (Dark Brocade) L. 7-9. Hibernate when full fed. contigua, Mamestra (Hadena). (The Beautiful Brocade) L. 8-9. glauca, Mamestra. (Glaucous Shears) L. 7-8. gracilis, Taeniocampa. (Powdered Quaker) L. 5-7. brunneata, Thamnonoma (Fidonia). (Rannock Looper) L. 3-5. myricee, Gn. = euphorbia, F. myrtillata, Stt. (obfuscaria, Hb.), Gnophos (Dasydia). (Scotch Annulet) L. 9-6. On" Calluna, Erica, Genista anglica, Poly- gonum (in confinement), and Sarothamnus scoparius. P. 6-7. On the ground. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 205 I. 7-8. Rests on lee sides of walls, rocks, in crannies, or under projections. Comes to light. 0. 8. Hatch in about 12 days to 3 weeks. myrtilli, L., Anarta. (The Beautiful Yellow Underwing) L. 7-10. On Calluna and Erica. Sweep. P. 9-6. On the ground. 1. 6-7 (sometimes earlier or later). Flies swiftly in the sun on heaths. Rests at night in dull weather on tips of Heather twigs. Breed for perfect specimens. O. nana, Rott. =conspersa, Esp. Nsenia. Genus includes typica. nanata, Hb., Eupithecia. (Narrow-winged Pug) L. 8-10. On Calluna. Sometimes 6. Sweep. P. 7. In an earthen cocoon. I. 5-6 (sometimes 7-8). O. napi, L., Pieris. (Green-veined White) L. 6-7 and 8-9. On Barbarea vulgaris, Cheiranthus, Nasturtium, N. officinale, Reseda, and Sisymbrium officinale. Dark varieties are said to be produced by feeding on Reseda and N. officinale. P. Suspended. Irish pupae produce specimens of deeper yellow. I. 5-6 and 7-8. Second brood extremely fond of Lavender bloom. 0. 4-5 and 7-8. Hatch in about 12 days as a rule. Laid 30th May, hatched 7th June (Oldaker). Narcissus. (Daffodil) lupulina, Hepialus. (Common Swift) L. 7-4. At roots. Nardus stricta. (Matweed) popularis, Epineuronia (Heliophobus). (Feathered Gothic) L. 3 (?) -7. Night feeder, epiphron (cassiope), Erebia. (Small Mountain Ringlet) L. 7-5. cespitis, Luperina. (Hedge Rustic) L. 4-6. Night feeder. Sweep. 206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Narrow-border Bee Hawk Moth, (tityus, L. (bombyliformis, Hw.), Hemaris (Macroglossa)) Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet. (lonicerce, Esp., Zygcena) Narrow- winged Pug. (nanata, Hb., Eupithecia) Nasturtium. napi, Pieris. (Green-veined White) L. 6-7 and 8-9. Irapse, Pieris. (Small White) L. 6 and 9-12. tseniata, Perizoma (Emmelesia). (The Barred Carpet) L. 8-4 or 5. fluctuata, Xanthorhoe (Melanippe). (Garden Carpet) L. 6-10. Night feeder. Nasturtium officinale. (Water-cress) cardamines, Euchloe. (Orange-tip) L. 6-7. napi, Pieris. (Green- veined White) L. 6-7 and 8-9. Navelwort. (Cotyledon umbilicus) nebeculosa, Esp., Brachionycha ( Aster oscopus). (Rannock Sprawler) L. 5-6. On Betula. Do best sleeved out. P. 7-3. Frequently go over 2nd winter. Keep damp. I. 3-4. Usually pair 4th or 5th night. O. Scattered (?). Laid middle May 1891, hatched 1st June ; laid early April 1890, hatched 8th May; laid middle April 1908, hatched 14th May (R. Adkin). nebulata,= citato, Bork. nebulosa, Hufn., Aplecta (Mamestra, Apamea). (Grey Arches) L. 8-4 or 5. On Betula, Crataegus, Prunus spinosa, Quercus, Rubus fruticosus, and Salix caprea in spring, and on Rumex in the autumn. Hibernates in thistle stems, etc. Beat at night in late spring. P. 5-6. Below ground. I. 6-7. Rests on fences. Comes to sugar. O. Hatch in 13 days (Scorer). THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 207 neglecta, Hb.=castanea, Esp. Neglected or Grey Rustic, (castanea, Esp. (neglecta, Hb. Noctua) Nemeobius. Genus includes lucina. nemoralis, ~F.=grisealis, Hb. Nemoria. Genus includes viridata. Nepeta cataria. (Cat Mint) lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. Nepeta glechoma. (Ground Ivy) quadripunctaria (hera), Callimorpha. (Jersey Tiger) L. 8-7. ferrugata, Coremia. (Red Twin-spot Carpet) L. 6-7 and 9-10. unidentaria, Coremia (Ochyria). (Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet) L. 6-7 and 9-10. nerii, L., Daphnis (Chcerocampa). (Oleander Hawk Moth) L. (?) On Nerium oleander and Vinca minor. P. Below ground in a slight earthen cocoon. I. 7-10. Occasional immigrant. Comes to Honey- suckle. 0. Nerium oleander. (Oleander) nerii, Daphnis (Chserocampa). (Oleander Hawk Moth) L. (?) Netted Carpet, (reticulata, F., Lygris (Cidaria)) Netted Mountain Moth, (carbonaria, CJ., Fidonia) Netted Pug. (venosata, F., Eupithecia) Nettle. (Lamium and Urtica) Nettle-leaved Bell-flower. (Campanula trachelium) Neuria. Genus includes reticulata. neurica, ~Dup.=dissoluta, Tr., Nonagria. 208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK neustria, L., Malocosoma. (The Lackey) L. 4-6. On Betula, Cratsegus, Pyrus, Quercus, Salix, S. caprea, and Ulmus. Gregarious in a web. Fond of sunning themselves out- side ; when disturbed drop off quickly. P. 6-7. In a double oval cocoon amongst leaves of food plants. In captivity will spin up on leno, etc. I. 7-8. Comes to light. Males will cross with M. castrensis, giving M. hybr. Schaufussi. 0. 7-8. Laid in a ring round a twig covered with thick varnish. Sleeve out during the winter. New Forest Burnet. (mdiloti, Esp., Zygcena ( Anthrocera)) Newmani = hybr. Ziczac, L., xdromedarius, L. New or Essex Skipper, (lineola, 0. Adopcea) Ni Moth, (ni, Hb., Plusia) ni, Hb., Plusia. (Ni Moth) L. On Brassica, Lactuca, and Lycopersicum esculentum. P. (?) 0. 8-9 (or earlier in captivity). Comes to Valerian. 0. nictitans, Bkh., Hydrwcia (Gortyna). (Ear Moth) L. 5-8. On Gramineae, preferring lower parts. Sweep. P. 7-8. In an earthen cocoon. 1. 8-9. Comes to Thistle, Sunflower, and Ragwort bloom, both day and night. Comes to light, sugar, and resinous nodes on Fir- trees. O. nigra, Hw., Aporophyla (Epunda). (The Black Rustic) L. 10-5. Night feeder on Cratsegus (in confinement), Galium mollugo, Graminese (at first), Plantago, Rumex, R. acetosa, and Stel- laria media. P. 6-8. Below ground. 1. 9-10. Comes to Tritoma flowers. 0. Hatch in 6 weeks (Tutt.). Laid middle of September 1910, hatched 14th to 17th February (F. Littlewood). THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 209 nigricans, L., Agrotis (Euxoa). (Garden Dart) L. 9-6. On Heracleum, Plantago, Rumex, and Trifolium. P. 6-7. In an earthen cocoon. I. 7-8. Comes to flowers of Ragwort, sugar, and resinous nodes on Fir-trees. 0. 8. Laid on food plants. nigrocincta, Tr. = xanthomista, Hb. nigrofasciaria, Gz., Antidea. (The Streamer) L. 5-6. On leaves and flowers of Rosa canina. P. 7-4. Below ground. 1. 4-5. Rests on palings and in thatch. Flies at dusk. Comes to Sloe and Berberris bloom. 0. 4. Noctua. Genus includes augur, baja, brunnea, castanea, c-nigram, dahlii, depuncta, ditrapezium, flammatra, glareosa, plecta, primulce, rubi, sobrina, stigmatica, subrosea, triangulum, umbrosa, and xanthographa. Nola. Genus includes albula, centonalis, confusalis, cuculla- tella, and strigula. Nomiades. Genus includes avion and semiargus. Nonagria. Genus includes cannce, dissoluta, geminipuncta, sparganii, and typhce. Nonconformist, (lamda, F. (Zinckenii, Tr.), Graptolitha ( Xylina)) Northern Arches, (exulis, Lef., Crymodes) Northern Dart, (hyperborea, Zett. (alpina, Stt.), Agrotis (Epipsilia)) Northern Drab, (opima, Hb., Tczniocampa) Northern Eggar. (quercus, L., var. callunce (Palmer), Lasio- campa) Northern Footman, (sericea, Gregs., Lithosia) Northern Rustic, (lucernea, L., Agrotis (Sp&lotis)) 210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Northern Spinach, (populata, L., Lygris (Cidaria)) Northern Winter Moth, (boreata, Hb., Cheimatobia) notata, L., Semiothisa (Macaria). (Peacock Moth) L. 6-7 and 8-9. On Betula and Salix caprea. P. 9-5 and 7. Below ground (?). I. 5-6 and 7-8. Beat out. 0. Hatchings recorded, 5, 9, 10, 12, and 13 days. notha, Hb., Brephos. (Light Orange Underwing) L. 5-6. On Populus tremula. Hides between two leaves drawn together. P. 7-4. Larva burrows into bark and spins entrance hole over with silk and wood. Give cork in confinement. Sometimes goes over till a 3rd year. I. 4. Flies about 10 A.M. and 2.15 P.M. round Aspen in sunshine. May be beaten to- wards evening. 0. 4-5. Females lay freely in confinement. Notodonta. Genus includes dromedarius, phcebe, torva, trepida, tritophus, and Ziczac. Nottingham Catchfly. (Silene nutans) November Moth, (dilutata, Bkh., Oporabia (Epirrata)) Nudaria. Genus includes mundana. Numeria. Genus includes pulveraria. nupta, L., Catocala. (Red Underwing) L. 4-7. On Populus and Salix. Feeds at night. Beat. Hides by day under bark and in crevices. P. 7-8. In a coarse brown cocoon between leaves or under loose bark. I. 8-9 (sometimes earlier). Rests on trees, walls, and fences. Comes to sugar. Very shy. 0. Laid on bark of trees in autumn. Hatch 4. Best sleeved out during winter. De- posited 2nd September, hatched 27th April (Oldaker). Nutmeg, (trifolii, Rott., Mamestra) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 211 Nut-tree Tussock, (coryli, L., Demas) Nyssia. Genus includes lapponaria and zonaria. Oak. ( Quercus robur) Oak Beauty, (strataria, Hufn., Pachys ( Amphidasys)) Oak Eggar. (quercus, L., Lasiocampa) Oak Hook-tip, (binaria, Hufn. (hamula, Esp.), Drepana) Oak-tree Pug. (dodoneata, Gn.} Eupithecia) obelisca, Hb., Agrotis (Euxoa). (Square-spot Dart) L. 10-7. On Galium and Helianthemum. P. 7-8. In an earthen cocoon. I. 8-9. Comes to sugar and Ragwort bloom. obfuscaria, JR>,=tmyrtfflatat Stt. obliquaria, Rkh.=rufata, F. Oblique Carpet, (vittata, Bkh. (lignata, Hb.), Ccenocalpe (Phibalapteryx)) Oblique Striped, (virgata, Rott. (lineolata, Hb.), Mesotype) obliterata, Hufn. (heparata, Hw.), Euchceca (Eupisteria). (Dingy Shell) L. 7-8. On Alnus. P. 9-5. Under moss on Alder trunks. I. 6-7. 0. Hatch in 13 days. oblongata, Thnb. (centaur eata, F.), Eupithecia. (Lime-speck Pug) L. 8-9. Principally on the flowers of Achillea mille- folium, Anagallis, Angelica, Centaurea, Scabiosa, Senecio jacobaea, and Solidago. P. 9-5. In an earthen cocoon. I. 5-8 and sometimes 9-10. Rests on palings, trees, walls, etc. Comes to light. 212 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK obscura, Brh. (ravida, Hb.), Agrotis (Orgyia). (Stout Dait) L. 9-5. On Carduus, Rumex, Stellaria media, and Taraxacum. Hides by day just under ground. P. 6-7. Just below ground at roots. I. 7-8. Hides in outhouses. Comes to sugar and light. 0. obscurata, Hb. (pullata, Stt.), Gnophos (Sciadion). (The Annulet or Amulet) L. 9-5. On Erica, Fragaria, Geranium lucidum (chiefly on flowers), Helianthemum, Potentilla, Poterium sanguisorba, San- guisorba officinalis, Senecio vulgaris, and Stellaria media. Night feeder. P. 5-7. Just below ground. I. 7-8. 0. Obscure Wainscot, (obsoleta, Hb., Leucania) obsitalis, Hb., Hypena. (The Bloxworth Snout) L. 5-6. On Parietaria and Urtica dioicia. P. 6. I. 6-7, and sometimes in autumn as well. Extremely rare. 0. obsoleta, Hb., Leucania. (Obscure Wainscot) L. 8-10. Night feeder on Phragmites. Hides in the stems by day, and hibernates in the leaves when full grown. P. 10-5. In reed stubble. I. 6-7. Emerges between 7 P.M. and 8 P.M. Flies shortly afterwards. Comes to sugar. 0. occulta, L., Eurois ( Aplecta). (Great Brocade) L. 8-5. Feeds in spring on Betula, Calluna, Salix caprea, and Vaccinium ; and in the autumn on Erica (in Scotland), Plantago, Primula vulgaris, and Taraxacum. P. 6. Below ground. I. 6-8. Comes to sugar. 0. 7-8. Eggs laid extreme end of June 1896, hatched 7th July (R. Adkin). THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 213 ocellaris, Bkh., Mellinia (Xanthia). (Pale-lemon Sallow) L. (?) In the buds and catkins of Populus. P. (?) I. 9-10. Comes to sugar and light. 0. ocellata, L., MesoUuca (Mdanihia). (Purple Bar) L. 6-7 and sometimes in autumn. On Galium mollugo and G. verum. P. 7-5. Larva spins a slight cocoon low down amongst leaves and stems, but does not pupate till spring ; during this period must not be disturbed. I. 5 or 6-7, and sometimes 8-9. Rests in hedges or on trunks by day. Comes to light. 0. Hatch in 10-13 days. ocellatus, L., Smerinthus. (Eyed Hawk Moth) L. 7-8, and sometimes in 8-9 from eggs laid by early images. Feed on Ligustrum, Populus, Pyrus, Salix caprea, and S. repens. Fond of resting on mid ribs. Beat or search. P. 9-6. About two inches deep in a weak cell at roots. 1. 5-7. Will cross with female S. populi, giving hybr. hybridus, and sometimes with male populi, giving hybr. in versa. Male will come to tethered females. Comes to light. 0. 5-7. About 400 eggs, laid over 5 or 6 nights ; usually 1 or 2 only on a leaf. Laid 6th June, hatched 26th June (Oldaker). ochracea, Hb. (flavago, Esp.), Ochria (Gortynd). (Frosted Orange) L. 4-7. On the pith, gradually descending, in the stems of Arctium lappa, Carduus, Digit- alis, Eupatorium, and Verbascum. P. 7-8 or 9. Is full fed in August, and pupates in the stems close to outer epidermis. Drooping heads should be cut and brought home. 1. 8-10. Usually emerge between 8 A.M. and 10.30 A.M. Comes to sugar, Ivy, and ripe plums, especially near marshy spots, which it frequents. 0. Hatch 3-4. Laid in heaps on stems, and often inside old dead heads of Burdock, in the old burrows made by larvae. 214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK ochrata, Sc.} Acidalia (Sterrha). (Bright Wave) L. 7-10 or on to spring. On the flowers of Crepis, Galium verum, Leontidon autumnalis, Lotus corniculatus, Picris hieracioides, Solidago, Taraxacum, and Tussilago. P. I. 6. O. Hatch in about 10 days. ochrearia, Ross (citraria, Hb.), Aspilates. (Yellow Belle) L. 6-7 and 9-5. On Crepis, Daucus, Gramineae (sweep these), Plantago, and Polygonum. P. 5 and 7. In a slight cocoon amongst food. I. 5-6 and 8-9. Frequents sand-hills near the sea. 0. Laid 7th to 8th September 1907, hatched 20th October 1907; laid 16th to 20th June 1908, commenced hatching 30th June (R. Adkin). Ochreous Pug. (indigata, Hb., Eupithecia) Ochria. Genus includes aurago. Ochria. Genus includes ochracea. ochroleuca, Esp., Eremobia. (Dusky Sallow) L. 5-7. On Graminese, especially Dacytus glomerata, and Verbascum (?). P. 6-7. Below ground. I. 7-8. Rests on Knap-weed in day-time. Comes to light and to Ragwort and Centaurea flowers at night, and sugar occasionally. O. Ochropleura. Genus includes plecta. octogesima, Hb. (ocularis, Gn.), Palimpsestis (Cymatophora). (Figure of Eighty) L. 7-8. Night feeder on Populus. Beat at night. P. 9-5. In a loose cocoon between leaves, or in moss at foot of trees. Search dead leaves on the ground. Sometimes spins up between Ivy leaves or under bark. I. 5-6. Comes to sugar, especially on Poplar trunks. O. 6. Females lay in captivity if provided with sprays of food. ocularis, Gn.= octogesima, Hb. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 215 oculea, Gn. = secaUs, L. Odezia. Genus includes atrata. Odontosia. Genus includes carmelita. (Eonestis. Genus includes quadra. Old Lady, (maura, L.} Mormo (Mania)) Old Man or Southern Wood. ( Artemisia abrotanum) oleagina, F., Valeria. (Green-brindled Dot) L. 5-6. On Prunus spinosa, preferably in shady spots. P. 6-3. In an earth and silk cocoon on the ground. I. 3-4. O. Oleander. (Nerium oleander) Oleander Hawk Moth, (nerii, Daphnis (Chcerocampa)) oleracea, L., Mamestra (Hadena). (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. On Asparagus, Arctium, Atriplex, Beta, Brassica, Chenopodium, Clematis vitalba, Convolvulus arvensis, and C. sepium, Lactuca, Plantago, Prunella, Pteris aquilina, Polygonum, Rumex, and several other plants. P. 10-5. Below ground. I. 6-7 and sometimes in autumn. Comes to sugar. O. olivata, Bkh., Amcebe (Larentia). (The Beech-green Carpet) L. 9-5. Night feeder on Galium. P. 5-6 or 7. On the ground. I. 7-8 (sometimes much earlier). May be beaten out of low herbage. 0. Olive, The. (subtusa, F., Plastenis (Tethea)) Olive Crescent, (emortualis, SchifE.), Zanclognatha (Sophronia)) omicronaria, lS.l).=annulata} Schulze. Omphaloscelis. Genus includes lunosa. 216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Onion. ( Allium) ononaria, Fuesl., Aplasta. L. (?) Food (?). P. (?) I. 7. Occasional immigrant. O. Ononis. (Rest-harrow) advena, Aplecta. (Pale Shining Brown) L. 7-9. Night feeder. Hides below ground by day. exoleta, Calocampa. (Sword-grass) L. 4,5-7. dipsacea, Heliothis. (Marbled Clover) L. 7-9. On flower seeds, peltigera, Heliothis. (Bordered Straw) L. 6-8 and 9-10. On flowers and unripe seeds, icarus, Lycsena. (Common Blue) L. 9-4 and 6-8. Often feeds on the flowers, umbra (marginata), Pyrrhia (Chariclea). (Bordered Sallow) L. 7-9. Prefer the corrollae. 00, L., Dicycla. (Heart Moth) L. 4-6. On Quercus. Spins terminal leaves together. Beat. P. 6. In an oval cocoon at roots. I. 6 (end) -7 or 8. Comes to light and sugar. 0. Laid in crevices. Captured females will lay in a scored chip box. ophiogramma, Esp., Apamea. (Double Lobed) L. 9-5. On Dianthus (sometimes), Phalaris arund- inacea, and Poa aquatica. Hibernates when the grasses die. In spring eats down to the base internally. P. 5-7. In friable material or inside base of grass stems. 1. 7-8. Flies at dusk. Comes to light and to Figwort and Nettle bloom. 0. 7. Deposited in rows in the fold of faded leaves of grasses, close to the point. Ophiusa. Genus includes stolida. opima, Hb., Tceniocampa. (Northern Drab) L. 4-6. On Betula, Rosa, Salix, S. veminalis. Feeds ravenously after last moult. Keep shaded. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 217 P. 7-3. At roots of food. Likes sand to pupate in. I. 3-4. Comes to Sallow. 0. 4-5 (beg.). In large clusters on dead stems of Hound's-tongue and other plants. Laid 9th May 1892, hatched 19th May; laid 15th May 1901, hatched 21st May (E. Adkin). Opisthograptis. Genus includes luteolata. Oporabia. Genus includes autumnata, dilutata, and filigmm- maria. or, F., Palimpsestis (Cymatophora). (Poplar Lutestring) L. 7-9. On Populus. Feeds at night. Hides by day between leaves. P. 10-6. In a brownish cocoon between leaves. 1. 6-7. Comes to sugar, but hard to catch without a net. O. Orache. ( Atriplex) Orache Moth, (atriplicis, L., Trachea (Hadena)) Orange Footman, (sororcula, Hufn., Lithosia) Orange Moth, (prunaria, L., Angerona) Orange Sallow, (citrago, L., Cirrhia (Xanthia)) Orange Swift, (sylvinus, L., Hepialus) Orange-tailed Clear wing, (andreniformis, Lasp., Sesia) Orange-tip, (cardamines, L., Euchloe) Orange Underwing. (parthenias, L., Brephos) orbicularia, Hb., Zonosoma (EpTiyra). (Dingy Mocha) L. 6 and 8-9. On Alnus and Salix caprea. Best sleeved out. P. 8 and 9-5. Suspended like a butterfly. I. 5-6 and 7-8, and sometimes a 3rd brood in captivity. Rests on palings. 0. Usually laid on the edge of a leaf, but sometimes on the mid rib or stalk. Hatch in 10 days to 3 weeks. 218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK orbona, F. = comes, Hb. orbona, Hufn. (subsequa, Hb.), Triphcena. (Lunar Yellow Under wing) L. 9-4. On Graminese, especially Dacytlis glomerata and Triticum repens. Sweep at night. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar and light. Be careful not to discard this, thinking it may be comes (orbona). P. 5-7. O. Orgygia. Genus includes obscura. Orgyia. Genus includes antiqua and gonostigma. orichalcea, ~F.=chryson, Esp. Origanum. (Marjoram) immorata, Acidalia. (Lewes Wave) L. 8-5. ornata, Acidalia. (Lace Border) L. 10-5 and 7-8. orion, Esp., Diphtera (Moma). (Scarce Merveille du jour) L. 7-8. On Betula, Fagus, and Quercus. Full fed in about a month. P. 9-6. In a cocoon of gnawed wood on tree-trunks, or will spin up under a leaf on the ground. I. 6. Occasionally in 9, same year as larva. Rests on boughs and trunks by day. Comes to sugar from 9 P.M. to 9.20 P.M. 0. 6. Laid in regular batches of 50 or more on the under sides of leaves of food plant. ornata, Sc., Acidalia (Craspedia). (Lace Border) L. 10-5 and 7-8. On Mentha, Origanum, and Thymus. P. 6-7 and 9. Below ground. I. 5-6 and 8-9. O. Laid 28th to 30th August 1881, hatched 9th September (R. Adkin). ornithopus, Rott. (rhizolitha, F.), Qraptolitha (Xylina}. (Grey Shoulder Knot) L. 5-6. On Quercus. P. 6-10. Amongst rubbish on the ground. I. 10-5. Comes to sugar and Ivy during autumn, and THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 219 to Sallows after hibernation. Rests on trunks and palings, etc. O. Easily obtained from a hibernated female. Ornithopus perpusillus. (Bird's-foot) trifolii, Lasiocampa. (Grass Eggar) L. 2-6. argus (aegon), Lycaena. (Silver-studded Blue) L. 4-6. icarus, Lycsena. (Common Blue) L. 9-4 and 6, 7, 8. filipendulse, Zygaena. (Six -spot Burnet) L. 8-5. Orpine. (Sedum teliphium) Orrhodia. Genus includes erythrocephala, ligula, rubiginea, and vaccinii. Ortholitha. Genus includes bipunctaria, cervinata, limitata, moeniata, and plumbaria. Osier. (Salix viminalis) osseata, F.=humiliata, Hufn. ostrina, Hb., Thalpochares. (Purple Marbled) L. (?) Food (?). P. (?) I. 6 (?). Immigrant. 0. Ourapteryx. Genus includes sambucaria. Ox-eye Daisy. (Chrysanthemum leucanthenum) oxyaeanthse, L., Miselia. (Green-brindled Crescent) L. 4-5. On Crataegus, Prunus spinosa, and Pyrus. P. 5-9. In a thick cocoon on the ground. I. 9. Comes to ripe plums and Ivy bloom. 0. 10-11. A fed captured female lays readily. Laid wild on twigs of food. Laid 16th Octo- ber, hatched 26th March (Oldaker). pabulatricula, Brh. (connexa, Bkh.), Apamea. (Union Rustic) L. 5 (or earlier). On Gramineae ; favourite food pro- bably Phalaris arundinacea. 220 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 6. I. 8-9 (Meyrick says 6-7). Comes to light. 0. Pachetra. Genus includes leucophcea. Pachnobia. Genus includes leucographa, lucernea, rubricosa, and simulans. Pachycnemia. Genus includes hippocastanaria. Pachys. Genus includes betularia and strataria. Painted Lady, (cardui, L., Pyrameis) paleemon, Pall., Carterocephalus. (Chequered Skipper) L. 6-4. Draws edges of leaf together. Hibernates in a woven retreat. Feeds on Brachypodium sylvaticum and Bromus asper. P. 4-5. I. 5-6. Comes to bloom of Ground Ivy and Bugle. 0. 6. Hatch in about a fortnight. Laid 2nd June, hatched 18th June (Oldaker). paleacea, Esp. (fulvago, Hb.), Cosmia. (The Angle-striped Sallow) L. 5-6. Spins lower leaves together. Requires hard beating. Feeds on Betula, Populus tremula, and Quercus. P. 6. Just below ground. 1. 8-9. Comes to sugar and Heather bloom. O. Pale Brindled Beauty, (pedaria, F. (pilosaria, Hb.), Phigalia) Pale Clouded Yellow, (hyale, L., Colias) Pale Footman, (griseola, Hb., var. flava, Hw. (stramineola, Dbld.), Lithosia) Pale-lemon Sallow, (ocellaris, Bkh., Mellinia (Xanthia)) Pale Mottled Willow, (quadripunctata, F. (cubicularis, Bkh.), Caradrina) Pale Oak Beauty, (consortaria, F., Boarmia) Pale Oak Eggar. (cratcegi, L., Trichiura) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 221 Pale Pinion, (soda, Rott., Lithophane ( Xylina)) Pale Prominent, (palpina, L., Pterostoma) Pale Shining Brown, (advena, F., Aplecta (Mamestra)) Pale Shoulder, (lucida, Hufn., var. albicollis, F., Acontia (Tarache)) Pale-shouldered Brocade, (thalassina, Rott., Mamestra ( Hadena)) Pale Tussock, (pudibunda, L., Dasychira (Orgyia)) Palimpsestis. Genus includes duplaris, fluctuosa, octogesima, and or. pallens, L., Leucania. (Common Wainscot) L. 9-5. On Gramineaa, especially on Aira caespitosa. P. 5. Between grass blades. I. 5-6. Comes to light. O. palpina, L., Pterostoma. (Pale Prominent) L. 6-7 and 8-9. On Populus, P. tremula, Salix, and S. caprea. Beat. P. 9-5. Below ground in a weak, greyish cocoon of silk and earth, or under loose bark. Fond of river-side trees. I. 5-6 and 7-8. Comes to light. When in copula the male hangs pendant from the female. 0. paludata, Thnb. (imbutata, Hb.), Carsia. (Manchester Treble- bar) L. 4-6. On the flowers of Vaccinium oxycoccus and V. Vitis-idsea. P. 6-7. Spun up. I. 7-8. In swampy places on heaths and moors in the North. 0. 8. Take 7J months to hatch. palumbaria, Bkh. =plumbaria, F. palustris, Hb., Hydrilla. (Marsh Moth) L. (?) Food (?). P. (?) 1. 5-6 (beg.). Comes to light. 0. 222 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK pamphilus, L., Coenonympha. (Small Heath) L. 5-6 and 7-8. On Graminese. P. 6 and 8-5. Suspended by tail. I. 5-6 from eggs laid 5-6 (12 months' cycle) ; 7 from eggs laid 8 (11 months' cycle) ; and 8-9 from eggs laid 5 and 6 (4 months' cycle). 0. 5-6 and 8. Usually laid singly on grass. Deposited 15th June, hatched 28th June (Oldaker). paniscus, F.=palcemon, Pall. Panolis. Gtenus includes griseo-variegata (piniperda) Pansy or Heartsease. ( Viola tricolor) papilla, L., Argynnis (Dryas). (Silver-washed Fritillary) L. 8-5. On Viola canina and V. odorata. Hibernate early till 3. P. 6. Attached by tail. I. 6-7. Fond of Bramble. Best netted towards the evening. 0. 7. Hatch in about 14 days. Papilio. Genus includes machaon. papilionaria, L., Geometra. (Large Emerald) L. 7-6. On Betula, Corylus, and Fagus. Resembles a catkin. Very sluggish, but changes twigs between 9 P.M. and 11 P.M. daily. Often bites leaves off without eating them (Scorer). Hibernates in a carpet of silk near a bud. P. 6. In a flimsy silk cocoon amongst dead leaves, sometimes on the ground, or in moss on the trunks. I. 6-7. Flies regularly from 11 P.M. to 12 P.M., when it comes to light. Often flies about 9.30 (Scorer). Kill with chloroform or oxalic acid. Occasionally comes to sugar. O. 7. Hatchings recorded, 5, 9, and 16 days. Laid singly as a rule. Deposited 22nd July, hatched 7th September (Oldaker). par, Hb. = mur >alis> Forst, THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 223 Parage. Genus includes egeria and megcera. parallelaria, Schiff. (vespertaria, Stph.), Epione. (Dark- bordered Beauty) L. 5-6. On Betula, Populus tremula, Salix, and S. viminalis. P. 6-7. Under leaves or amongst moss. I. 7-8. Flies before dusk and before dawn (10 A.M.). Females may be found at rest at night on food plant. 0. Parascotia. Genus includes fuliginaria. Parasemia. Genus includes plantaginis. Parietaria. (Pellitory) obsitalis, Hypena. (Bloxworth Snout) L. 5-6. Very rare, atalanta, Pyrameis. (Red Admiral) L. 6-10. Parsnip. (Pastinaca saliva) parthenias, L., Brephos. (Orange Underwing) L. 4-6. On Betula. Eats catkins when young. Rests between united leaves. P. 7-3. Give rotten wood or cork for larva to pupate in. I. 3-4. Males fly high round trees in the sun ; females rest on the twigs. Best netted about 4 P.M., when they fly lower. Beat in dull weather. 0. 4. Laid freely in confinement. parva, Hb., Thalpochares. (Small Marbled) L. (?) Food (?). P. (?) I. 6. O. Pastinaca sativa. (Cow Parsnip) templi, Dasypolia. (Brindled Ochre) L. 8-4. Burrows into axils, and then descends, albipunctata, Eupithecia. (White-spotted Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers, trisignaria (ata), Eupithecia. (Triple-spotted Pug) L. 9. On the flowers. 224 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK pastinum, Tr., Toxocampa. (The Blackneck) L. 8-5. Night feeder on Vicia cracca. Hides by day. P. 6. In a cocoon amongst leaves on the plant ; sometimes on or just below ground. I. 6-7. Flies sluggishly at dark ; females rest on food plants. Comes to sugar. 0. Eggs laid 6th July, hatched 16th July. paula, Hb., Thalpochares. L. 6. On Gnaphalium. P. 1. 6-7. Extremely rare. 0. pavonia, L. (carpini, Schiff.), Saturnia. (Emperor Moth) L. 6-8. On Calluna, Cratsegus (prefers lower branches of trees near heaths), Ly thrum salicaria, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus, Salix caprea, and Spiraea ulmaria. Hangs tight to food. Young ones live gregariously till after 3rd moult. P. 9-4. In an oval-pointed cocoon spun up amongst food. Best found after leaves have fallen. Sometimes 2 or 3 years in this stage, especially North country specimens. I. 4-5. Comes to light. Males may be assembled from considerable distances. Emerges between 7.30 A.M. and 11 A.M. 0. 5. Laid in batches round twigs ; resemble dead Ling flowers. Hatch in about 4 weeks. Deposited 3rd May 1911, hatched 23rd May (Oldaker). Peach Blossom, (batis, L., Thyatira) Peacock, (io, L., Vanessa) Peacock Moth, (notata, L., Semiothisa (Macaria)) Pear. (Pyrus communis) Pearl-bordered Fritillary. (euphrosyne, L., Argynnis (Bren- this)) Pearly Under wing, (saucia, Hb., Agrotis (Peridroma)) Pease Blossom, (delphinii, L., Chariclea) Pebble Hook-tip, (falcataria, L. (falcula, Schiff.), Drepana) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 225 Pebble Prominent, (ziczac, L., Notodonta) Pechypogon. Genus includes barbalis. pectinataria, Kn. (viridaria, Cl.), Larentia. (Green Carpet) L. 8-5. On Galium, Lamium, and Rumex acetosa. Very sluggish, and hides at roots. P. 5-6. On the ground. I. 6. Earlier South and later North. Hides amongst herbage or rests on trees. Comes to sugar. From Juna ova imagos some- times appear in 9. 0. 6. pedaria, F. (pilosaria, Hb.), Phigalia. (Pale Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. On Betula, Crataegus, Populus, Prunus, Quercus, Rosa, Salix caprea, Tilia, and Ulmus. P. 7-12. At foot of trees. 1. 1-3. (sometimes 11-12, or as late as 6). Males fly at night, and come to sugar. Rests on trees and palings. Females hide in crevices, but may be found at night. 0. 3. Laid on. twigs. Deposited 7th March, hatched 21st April (A. E. Tonge). Pedicularis. (Lousewort) urticae, Spilosoma. (Water Ermine) L. 7-9. Feeds low down. Pelargonium. (Geranium) armigera, Heliothis. (Scarce Bordered Straw) L. 6-7. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, gamma, Plusia. (Silver Y) L. 5-9. Pellitory. (Parietaria) Pelosia. Genus includes muscerda. peltigera, Schiff., Heliothis. (Bordered Straw) L. 6-8 and 9-10. On the flowers and unripe seeds of Arenaria, Convolvulus, Datura, Hyoscya- mus, Matricaria, M. maritima, Ononis, Trifolium, and Ulex. P. 8-5. In two broods. 1. 5-6 and 8-9. Comes to sugar and Valerian. O. 6 and 8. 226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Felurga. Genus includes comitata. pendularia. Cl., Ephyra. (The Birch Mocha) L. 6-7 and 8-9. On Alnus, Betula, and Quercus. P. 7 and 10-5. Suspended from a leaf. I. 5-6 and 8. 0. Hatchings recorded, 5, 6, 8, and 9 days. pennaria, L., Himera (Colotois). (Feathered Thorn) L. 4-6. On Betula, Crataegus, Fraxinus, Populus, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus, Quercus, and Salix caprea. P. 6-10. I. 10-11. Rests on twigs. Flies at dusk. Males come to light. O. 11. Laid along twigs. Hatch in about 5 months. Peppered Moth, (betularia, L., Pachys ( Amphydasis)) Percnoptilota. Genus includes fluctuata. Perconia. Genus includes strigillaria. peregrina, Mamestra. (The Stranger) L. 5-7. On Chenopodium and Salsola Kali. P. 7. In a flimsy cocoon on the ground. I. 7-9. Comes to sugar. Extremely rare. 0. Peridroma. Genus includes saucia. Periwinkle. ( Vinca) Perizoma. Genus includes affinitata, albulata, alchemillata, blandiata, bifasciata, flavofasciata, minor- ata, and tceniata. persicariae, L., Mamestra. (The Dot) L. 7-9. On Anemone japonica, Filices, Lupinus, and Sambucus. P. 9-6. Below ground. I. 6 (end) -8. Comes to sugar and Privet bloom. O. 6-7. Laid 18th July, hatched 24th July (Oldaker). perla, F., Bryophila. (Marbled Beauty) L. 8-5. On Lichenes on walls. Hides by day in a THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 227 silken retreat, which is covered with bits of lichen, moss, and mortar, etc. P. 5-7. In a silk cocoon amongst food. I. 7-8. Rests on walls and tree-trunks. Emerges 6-8 P.M. Comes to light. 0. 7-8. Laid on walls amongst lichens. perochraria, F.E>.=ochrata) Sc. perspicullaris, Ij.-polyodon, 01. , Gloantha. Petasites. (Butterbur) petasitis, Hydroecia (Gortyna). (Butterbur) L. 6-7. On stems and roots. petasitis, Dbld., Hydroecia (Gortyna). (The Butterbur) L. 6-7. On the roots and stems of Petasites. P. 7-8. In an earthen cocoon. 1. 8-9. Amongst food plant. 0. Petilampa. Genus includes arcuosa. petraria, Hb., Lozogramma (Phasiane). (Brown Silver-line) L. 5-6 or 7. On Pteris aquilina. P. I. 5-6. 0. Hatch in about 18 days. petrificata, H?.=socia, Rott. Petty Spurge. (Euphorbia peplus) Pettywhin. (Genista anglica) Peucedanum palustre. (Milk Parsley) machaon, Papilio. (Swallow-tail) L. 5-6 or 8. Phalaris arundinacea. ophiogramma, Apamea. (Double Lobed) L. 9-5. Hibernates when grass dies. In spring eats down to base internally, pabulatricula, Apamea (connexa). (Union Rustic) L. 5 (or earlier), straminea, Leucania. (Southern Wainscot) L. 10-5. Sweep at night. Phalera. Genus includes bucephala. 228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Phaseolus multiflorus. (Scarlet Runner Bean) pisi, Mamestra (Hadena). (Broom Moth) L. 8-9. Phasiane. Genus includes petraria. Pheocia. Genus includes tremula and dictceoides. Phibalapteryx. Genus includes lapidata, polygrammata, ter- sata, and vitalbata. Phigalia. Genus includes pedaria. Philanthiformis, Iua,sp.=muscceformis, View. phlaeas, L., Chrysoplianus. (Small Copper) L. 5-6, 8-9, and 10-3. On Rumex, R. acetosa, and R. pulcher. P. 6, 9, and 4. Attached by tail and loose threads to food. I. 4 or 5, 7 or 8, and 10. Varieties most common in 3rd brood. Fond of Ragwort bloom and dwarf vars. of Michaelmas Daisy. 0. Hatch in a week. Not always laid on the food plant. Laid 21st May, hatched 31st May. Laid 17th June, hatched 3rd July. Laid 1st October, hatched 9th October (F. Oldaker). Phloeuin pratense. (Cat's-tail Grass) galatea, Melanargia. (Marbled White) L. 7-6. Phlogophora. Genus includes meticulosa. phcebe, Siebert (tritophus, Esp.), Notodonta. (Three-humped) L. 6-7 and 9. On Alnus, Betula, Corylus, Populus, and P. tremula. P. 8 and 10-5. Between two leaves. 1. 5-8. Very rare. O. Phoenix, (prunata, L., Lygris (Cidaria)) Phothedes. Genus includes captiuncula. Phragmatobia. Genus includes fuliginosa. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 229 Phragmatcecia. Genus includes castanea. Phragmites. (Reed) lutosa, Calamia (Nonagria). (Large Wainscot) L. 4-6. Internal feeder. Search for bleached plants, phragmitidis, Calamia. (Fen Wainscot) L. 8-6. Internal feeder, potatoria, Cosmotriche (Odonestis). (The Drinker) L. 8-6. Occasional food, csenosa, Lcelia. (New Tussock) L. 8-6. Probably extinct, brevilinea, Leucania. (Fenn's Wainscot) L. 4-7. Internal feeder till nearly full fed. impudens (pudorina), Leucania. (Striped Wainscot) L. 6 (South). Meyrick says 9-4. flammea, Meliana. (Flame Wainscot) L. 8-10. Hides by day in old stems, dissoluta (neurica), Nonagria. (Brown-veined Wainscot) L. 4-6. Inside stem, geminipuncta, Nonagria. (Twin-spotted Wainscot) L. 5-6. Internal feeder, typhae (arundinis), Nonagria. (Bullrush Wainscot) L. 7-8. Internal feeder, albovenosa, Pharetra (Arsilonche). (Powdered Wainscot) L. 7-9. Night feeder, castanea, Phragmatcecia. (arundinis, Macrogaster) L. 8-5. Feeds low down internally and upwards, maritima (ulvse), Senta. (Silky Wainscot) L. 9-5. Night feeder. Hides in stems by day. hellmanni, Tapinostola. (Mere Wainscot) L. 8-6. Internal feeder. phragmitidis, Hb., Calamia. (Fen Wainscot) L. 8-6. On Phragmites. P. 6-7. On ground amongst damp moss. I. 7-8. Flies regularly between 8.15 P.M. and 8.30 P.M. Comes to light and to flowers of marsh grasses. Pairs may be found from 10 P.M. till midnight. O. 7. Laid on food plant. Phryxus. Genus includes livwnica. picata, Hb. (biangulata, Hw.), Euphyia (Cidaria). (Cloaked Carpet) L. 8-9. Night feeder on Cerastium glomeratum and Stellatia media. P. 9. In a slight cocoon on the ground. 230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 6-7. Rests on tree-trunks. 0. 7. Hatch in about 11 days. Picris hieracioides. (Hawkweed) ochrata, Acidalia (Sterrha). (Bright Wave) L. 7-10, or on to spring. Eats the flowers. pictaria, Curt., Aleucis (Bapta). (Sloe Carpet) L. 6-7. Night feeder on Prunus spinosa. By day rests on branches. Beat. P. 7-4. 1. 4. Search sloe bushes after dusk with a lantern. O. Pieris. Genus includes brassicce, daplidice, napi, and rapce. Pigmy Footman, (lutarella, L. (pygmeola, Dbld)., Lithosia) pigra, Hufn. (reclusa, F.), Pygcem(Clostera). (Small Chocolate- tip) L. 6-9. Hides by day between drawn leaves of Populus tremula and Salix repens. P. 10-5. In spun -up leaves, or on the ground under food plant. I. 5, 7-8, and 10. Comes to light. Will cross with Curtula. 0. Laid in irregular lines on leaves. Pilewort. (Ranunculus ficaria) pilosaria, Hb. =pedariat F. pilosellse, Esp. =purpuralis (Brunnich (?)), Zygcena. Pimpernel. ( Anagallis) Pimpinella magna and P. Saxifraga. (Burnet-saxifrage) dimidiata, Acidalia. Single-dotted Wave) L. 9-4. rpimpinellata, Eupithecia. (Pimpinel Pug) ^ L. 8-9. On the seeds. purpuralis (pilosellae-minos), Zygaena. (Transparent Burnet) L. 8-5. pimpinellata, Gn. (virgaureata, Dbld.), Eupithecia. (Pimpinel Pug) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 231 • L. 8-9. On the seed-heads of Pimpinella magna and P. saxifraga. P. 9-6. In the seed-heads. I. 6-7. Best bred. 0. Pimpinel Pug. (pimpinellata, Gn. (virgaureata, Dbld.), Eupi- thecia) pinastri, L., Hyloicus. (Pine Hawk) L. 8-10. On Pinus sylvestris. P. 10-7. Below ground. I. 7-8. Rests on trunks. Comes to Honeysuckle and other trumpet-shaped flowers. May hatch earlier in confinement. 0. 8. Pine Beauty, (griseo-variegata (piniperda, Panz.), Panolis (Trachea)) Pine Carpet, (firmata, Hb., Them) Pine Hawk, (pinastri, L., Hyloicus) pinetaria, Hb. = brunneata, Thnb. piniaria, L., Bupalus. (Bordered White) L. 8-10. On Larix and Pinus. P. 10-4. Just below surface ; usually about 3 feet from the tree. I. 5-6. Later North. Flies by day round Firs. O. Laid llth June, hatched 1st July (F. Oldaker). Pinion-spotted Pug. (insigniata, Hb., Eupithecia) piniperda, Panz. = griseo-variegata. pinistri, L.=scabriuscula, L. (Dipterygia) Pink. (Dianthus) Pink-barred Sallow, (lutea (flavago), Xanthia (Citria)) Pinus sylvestris. (Scotch Fir) abietaria, Boarmia. (Satin Carpet) L. 8-5. Night feeder. Beat in spring, gemmaria, Boarmia. (Willow Beauty) L. 8-5. 232 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK piniaria, Bupalus. (Bordered White) L. 8-10. prosapiaria (fasciaria), Ellopia (Hylsea). (The Barred Red) L. 9-5. Beat 3-4. indigata, Eupithecia. (Ochreous Pug) L. 6-7 and 9. Beat, pinastri, Hyloicus. (Pine Hawk) L. 8-10. flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook-tip) L. 9-4 or 5. On Lichens. Beat, monacha, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Black Arches) L. 4-7. autumnata, Oporabia. (The Autumnal Moth) L. 5-6. griseo-variegata (piniperda), Panolis. (Pine Beauty) L. 5-7. Beat, liturata, Semiothisa (Macaria). (Tawny-barred Angle) L. 6-8 and sometimes 9-10. consonaria, Tephrosia. (Square-spot) L. 6-7. Night feeder, firmata, Thera. (Pine Carpet) L. 4-5 and 8. Beat. variata, Thera. (Grey Pine Carpet) L. 3 or 4-5, 7, and 9 (sometimes). Lies along the needles. Beat. pisi, L., Mamestra (Hadena). (Brown Moth) L. 8-9. On Asparagus, Calluna, Cytisus scoparius, Linaria, Polygonum, Pteris aquilina, Ranunculus, Rubus, Salix caprea, and on the flowers of Ulex. P. 10-6. Under ground. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar. 0. pistacina, F. = lychnidis, Schiff. Pisum. (Pea) quadripunctata (cubicularis), Caradrina. (Pale Mottled Willow) L. 9-5. In the stacks (?). oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. plagiata, L., Anartis. (Treble-bar) L. 6-7 and 10-4. On Hypericum ; chiefly on the flowers. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 233 P. I. 5-6 and 8-9. May be netted on chalk slopes and cliffs by day ; rests on Pine-trees (Scorer). 0. Hatch in 13 days. Plain Clay, (depuncta, L., Noctua) Plain Golden Y. (iota, L., Plusia) Plain Pug. (subnotata, Hb., Eupithecia) Plain Wave, (inornate, Hw., Acidalia (Ptychopoda}} plantaginis, L., Parasemia. (Wood Tiger) L. 8-4. On Myosotis, Plantago, Senecio vulgaris, and Viola. Hibernates from end of summer till March. P. 5. In a roomy silk and hair cocoon. 1. 5-6. Males fly in the sun. 0. Laid side by side in batches of 20-50. Hatch in 14 days. Plantago. (Plantain) rumicis, Acronycta. (The Knot-Grass) L. 7-9. ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ash worth's Rustic) L. 8-4. exclamationis, Agrotis. (Heart and Dart) L. 7-5. Night feeder, lunigera, Agrotis (Euxoa). (Crescent Dart) L. 8-5. Hides in sand by day. nigricans, Agrotis. (Garden Dart) L. 9-6. tritici, Agrotis. (White-line Dart) L. 9-5. tincta, Aplecta. (Silvery Arches) L. 8-5. Sweep 4-5. lutulenta, Aporophyla (Epunda). (Deep-brown Dart) L. 9-5. Hibernates early, nigra, Aporophyla (Epunda). (Black Rustic) L. 10-5. Night feeder, ochrearia, Aspilates. (Yellow Belle) L. 6-7 and 9-5. putris, Axylia. (The Flame) L. 7-10. quadripunctaria (hera), Callimorpha (Jersey Tiger) L, 8-7, 234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK exigua, Caradrina. (Small Mottled Willow) L. 8-9. quadripunctata (cubicularis), Caradrina. (Pale Mottled Willow) L. 9-5. taraxaci, Caradrina. (The Rustic) L. 9-4. sanio (russula), Diacrisia. (Clouded Buff) L. 7-4 or 5. 7-9 in confinement, mendica, Diaphora (Spilosoma). (The Muslin) L. 7-8. lucipara, Euplexia. (Small Angle Shades) L. 8-9. Night feeder, prasina (herbida), Eurois. (Green Arches) L. 7-4 or 5. Search in autumn, occulta, Eurois. (Great Brocade) L. 8-5. Sweep or search in autumn, trigrammica (trilinea), Grammesia. (Treble Lines) L. 7-4. lupulina, Hepialus. (Common Swift) L. 7-4. At roots, micacea, Hydroecia. (Rosy Rustic) L. 5-8. In the stems, albicolon, Mamestra. (White Colon) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9. Night feeder, dissimilis (suasa), Mamestra. (Dog's-tooth) L. 7. Night feeder, oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. athalia, Melitaea. (Heath Fritillary) L. 7-5. Not usual food. reticulata (saponarias), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. brunnea, Noctua. (Purple Clay) L. 9-5. stigmatica, Noctua. (Square-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. umbrosa, Noctua. (Six-striped Rustic) L. 8-5. xanthographa, Noctua. (Square-spot Rustic) L. 9-5. Night feeder, erythrocephala, Orrhodia. (Red-headed Chestnut) L. 4-5. leucographa, Pachnobia. (White-marked) L. 5-6. plantaginis, Parasemia. (Wood Tiger) L. 8-4. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 235 meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, fuliginosa, Phragmatobia. (Ruby Tiger) L. 6-8 and 9-5. bractea, Plusia. (Gold Spangle) L. 8-5. Give to forced larvae, flavocincta, Polia. (Large Ranunculus) L. 4-7. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. montanata, Xanthorhoe. (Silver-ground Carpet) L. 8-4. Night feeder. Plantago lanceolata. (Ribwort) immorata, Acidalia. (Lewes Wave) L. 8-5. bilineata, Camptogramma. (Yellow Shell) L. 8-5. Night feeder, cinxia, Melitaea. (Glanville Fritillary) L. 7-4. Plantago maritima. (Sea Plantain) castrensis, Malocosoma. (Ground Lackey) L. 5-6. cinxia, Melitaea. (Glanville Fritillary) L. 7-4. xanthomista (nigrocincta), Polia. (The Black-banded) L. Autumn or spring to 6 or 7. Night feeder. Hides by day. Plantain. (Plantago) Plastenis, Genus includes retusa and subtusa. plecta, L., Noctua (Ochropleum). (Flame Shoulder) L. 6-7 and 8-9. On Asperula odorata, Beta, Galium verum, and Lactuca. P. 7-8 and 9-5. On the ground. I. 5-6 (or earlier), and 8-9 (or earlier). Comes to sugar. O. Laid 23rd May, hatched 1st June (F. Oldaker). plexippus, L., Anosia. (Milkweed Butterfly) L. On Asclepias cornuti. P. I. 8-10. Immigrant. 0. Laid singly on under sides of apical leaves. Hatch in 4 days. 236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Plum. (Prunus domestica) plumaria, Hb. = ericetaria, Vill. plumbaria, F., Ortholitha (Selidosema). (Lead Belle) L. 8-4. On Cytisus scoparius and Ulex. P. I. 5-6 (sometimes earlier or later). Comes to light. 0. plumbeolata, Hw., Eupithecia. (Lead-coloured Pug) L. 7-8. On the flowers of Melampyrum pratense. P. 9-5. In a slight cocoon in the corolla tube, or on the ground. I. 5-6. May be kicked up out of herbage. Flies at dusk. Comes to light and sugar. 0. Laid end of June on food plant. Hatch in about a week. Plumed Prominent, (plumigera, Esp., Ptilophora) plumigera, Esp., Ptilophora. (Plumed Prominent) L. 4 (end) or 5-6. On Acer campestris (especially in hedgerows) and A. Pseudo-platanus. P. 7-10. Just below ground in a brittle earthen cocoon. Prefers sand to bury in. 1. 10 (end) -11. Males come to light. 0. 10-11. Laid singly, or in twos or threes or more, near a bud on food plant. When eggs are secured, keep cold during the whiter, or they will hatch before the food is ready. Plusia. Genus includes bractea, chrysitis, chryson (orichalcea), festuca, gamma, interrogations, iota, moneta, ni, and pulchrina. Poa annua. (Annual Meadow Grass) actseon, Adopsea. (Lulworth Skipper) L. 5-6. comma, Augiades (Urbicolor). (The Silver-spotted Skipper) L. 4-6. tithonus, Epinephele. (The Gatekeeper) L. 9-6. Night feeder. Sweep, sethiops (blandina), Erebia. (Scotch Argus) L. 9-6. Sweep at dusk without a light. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 237 epiphron, Erebia. (Small Mountain Ringlet) L. 7-5. leucophsea, Pachetra. (Feathered Ear) L. 7-3. Night feeder, megaera. (Wall Butterfly) L. 9-3 or 4 and 6-7. Sweep at night. Poa aquatica. argentula, Banksia. (Silver-barred) L. 7-8. Sweep. Poa nemoralis. sethiops (blandina), Erebia. (Scotch Argus) L. 9-6. Search at dusk without a light. leucophsea, Pachetra. (Feathered Ear) L. 7-3. Night feeder. Poa pratensis. argentula, Banksia. (Silver-barred) L. 7-8. Sweep. Pod-lover, (carpophaga, Bkh., var. capsophila, Dup., Dian- thcecia) Pceeilocampa. Genus includes populi. Polia. Genus includes chi, flavicincta, and xanthomista. polychloros, L., Vanessa. (Large Tortoiseshell) L. 6. On Populus, P. tremula, Prunus cerasus, Pyrus aria, and Ulmus (said to produce large specimens). Live in large com- panies at tops of trees. Dislodge with heavy sticks, or with a stone attached to a string, which can be thrown over the boughs and then shaken. P. 7. Suspended by tail. I. 7-8. Hibernates till spring. Comes to Cossus infected trees. O. 5. Laid in batches on the twigs. About 400 eggs or more laid. Pairs may be sleeved out on Elm or Sallow and fed with syrup. polycommata, Hb., Lobophora (Trichopteryx). (The Barred Tooth-striped) L, 5-6. On Fraxinus, Ligustrum, Lonicera, Salix, and S. caprea. P. 7-4. In an oval earthen cocoon. 238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 3-6. Flies early. May be boxed off the hedge rows. 0. polydama, Hw. = typhon, Rott. Polygola vulgaris. (Milkwort) viridaria (senea), Prothymnia (Phytometra). (Small Purple-barred) L. 8-9. Polygonia. Genus includes c-album. Polygonum. (Knot-Grass) aversata, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (The Riband Wave) L. 7-5. bisetata, Acidalia. (Small Fan-footed Wave) L. 8-5. Likes withered leaves. contiguaria, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Weaver's Wave) L. 9-5. degeneraria, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Portland Ribbon Wave) L. 8-4. emutaria, Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Rosy Wave) L. 8-5. fumata, Acidalia (Py large). (Smoky Wave) L. 8-5. holosericata (dilutaria), Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Silky Wave) L. 8-5. Likes withered leaves. imitaria, Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Small Blood- vein) L. 7-5. immorata, Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Lewes Wave) L. 8-5. immutata, Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Lesser Cream Wave) L. 8-5. In confinement. inter jectaria, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Dwarf Cream Wave) L. 8-4. Hibernates 9-3. Likes leaves withered. marginepunctata (promutata), Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Mullein Wave) L. 7 and 9-5. Sweep. rubiginata (rubricata), Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Tawny Wave) L. 8-5 and sometimes 6-7. rusticata, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Least Carpet) L. 8-5. In confinement. straminata, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Dotted Border Wave) L. 9-6. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 239 strigilaria (prataria), Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Sub-angled Wave) L. 8-5. Likes food withered, subsericata, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Satin Wave) L. 8-5. trigeminata, Acidalia. (Treble Brown-spot) L. 9-4 and 6. virgularia (incanaria), Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Small Dusty Wave) L. 9-4. ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. corticea, Agrotis (Euxoa). (Heart and Club) L. 8-3 or 4. Night feeder, lunigera, Agrotis (Euxoa). (Crescent Dart) L. 8-5. Hides in sand, puta, Agrotis (Euxoa). (Shuttle-shaped Dart) L. 9-4. melanopa, Anarta. (Broad-bordered White Underwing) L. 6-7. Night feeder. Rests under leaves by day. ad vena, Aplecta (Mamestra). (Pale Shining Brown) L. 7-9. Night feeder, tincta, Aplecta (Mamestra). (Silvery Arches) L. 8-5. Night feeder. In autumn, gilvaria, Aspilates. (Straw Belle) L. 9-6. ochrearia (citraria), Aspilates. (Yellow Belle) L. 6-7 and 9-5. Sweep, cinctaria, Boarmia. (Ringed Carpet) L. 9-5. In confinement, vetusta, Calocampa. (Red Sword-grass) L. 5-7. morpheus, Caradrina. (Mottled Rustic) L. 8, 9, 10-5. ferrugata, Coremia (Ochyria), (Red Twin-spot Carpet) L. 6-7 and 9-10. unidentaria, Coremia (Ochyria). (Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet) L. 6-7 and 9-10. scabriuscula (pinistri), Dipterygia. (The Bird's-wing) L. 7-8. csesiata, Entephria (Larentia). (Grey Mountain Carpet) L. 8-5. adusta, Eumichtis (Hadena). (Dark Brocade) L. 7-9. Hibernates when fully fed. myrtillata (obfuscaria), Gnophos (Dasydia). (Scotch Annulet) L. 9-6. In confinement. 240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK rectilinea, Hyppa (Hadena). (The Saxon) L. 7-9. auroraria (inuricata), Hyria. (Purple-bordered Gold) L. 8-5. In confinement, complana, Lithosia. (Scarce Footman) L. 8-6. sericea, Lithosia. (Northern Footman) L. 8-5. Nibbles through winter. contigua Mamestra (Hadena), (The Beautiful Bro- cade) L. 8-9. dentina, Mamestra (Hadena). (The Shears) L. 7-8. dissimilis (suasa), Mamestra (Hadena). (Dog's-tooth) L. 7. Night feeder, oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. pisi, Mamestra (Hadena). (Brown Moth) L. 8-9. thalassina, Mamestra (Hadena). (Pale-shouldered Bro- cade) L. 8-9. Night feeder, trifolii, Mamestra. (The Nutmeg) L. 7-9. reticulata (saponariae), Neuria (Neuroma). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. primulaa (festiva), Noctua. (The Ingrailed Clay) L. 8-5. fluviata, Percnoptilota (Camptogramma). (The Gem) L. Several generations from spring and summer immigrants, umbra (marginata), Pyrrhia (Chariclea). (Bordered Sallow) L. 7-9. In confinement, tenebrosa (umbratica), Rusina. (Brown Rustic) L. 8-3. lineata (dealbata), Scoria. (Black-veined Moth) L. 9-5. In confinement, lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. sacraria, Sterrha. (The Vestal) L. 8 or 9-5. From immigrants, amata (amataria), Timandra. (Blood- vein) L. 7 or 8-5. atriplicis, Trachea (Hadena). (The Orache) L. 7-8. Night feeder. tarsipennaUs, Zanclognatha (Herminia). (Fan-foot) L. 7 or 8-3 or 4. Night feeder. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 241 Polygonum persicaria. (Spotted Persicaria) corticea, Agrotis. (Heart and Club) L. 8-3 or 4. Hides under ground by day. vetusta, Calocampa. (Red Sword-grass) L. 5-7. genistse, Mamestra. (Light Brocade) L. 7-8. polygrammata, Bkh. (conjunctaria, Ld.), Phibalapteryx. Many-lined Moth) L. (?) Food (?). P. (?) I. 3 and 9. Probably extinct. O. polyodon, d. (perspicillaris, L.), Cloantha. (Purple Cloud) L. 7-8 (?). On Hypericum (?). P. 9-6 (?). I. 7. Comes to sugar and light. O. polyodon, 'L.=monoglypha, Hufn. Polyploca. Genus includes flavicornis and ridens. Poplar. (Populus) Poplar Grey, (megacephala, F., Acronycta (Cuspidia)) Poplar Hawk Moth, (populi, L., Smerinthus ( Amorpha)) Poplar Kitten, (bifida, Hb., Cerura) Poplar Lutestring, (or, F., Palimpsestis (Cymatophora)) popularis, F., Epineuronia (Heliophobus). (Feathered Gothic) L. 3 (?) -7. Night feeder on Gramineae ; very fond of Nardus stricta. P. 7-8. Below ground. I. 8-9. Rest at night on the stems of hard grasses. Males come to light. 0. Autumn. Hatch in spring. populata, L., Lygris (Cidaria). (Northern Spinach) L. 5-6 (earlier or later). On Empetrum, Salix, S. caprea, and Vaccinium. P. 6. Amongst silk-drawn leaves. 1. 7-8. Comes to Heather bloom. 0. 7. Hatch 4 early. Q 242 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK populeti, Tr., Tceniocampa. (Lead-coloured Drab) L. 4-6. On Populus and P. tremula. Lives between leaves, usually high up. P. 7-3. Below ground. I. 3-4. Comes to Sallow bloom. O. 3-4. Laid in batches on twigs below the leaf axils. Hatch quickly. populi, L., Pcecilocampa. (December Moth) L. 4-6. On Alnus, Betula, Crataegus, Lactuca (for early hatched ones indoors), Populus, Prunus spinosa, Quercus, Salix, S. caprea, and Ulmus. Beat at night. Full-grown larvae sun themselves on the trunks. P. 6-9. In a cocoon under loose bark, or amongst dead leaves or on the ground. I. 10-12. Usually emerge between 3 P.M. and 4.30 P.M. Males come to light, and will rest on a sheet. Pairs may be found between 9 P.M. and 11 P.M. 0. 10-4. Laid singly or in rows of 5 or 6, with the long axes parallel to twigs ; also laid on the bark. Best sleeved out. Laid 6th December, hatched 24th April (^4. E. Tonge). Laid 27th November, hatched 31st March (F. Oldaker}. populi, L., Semiothisus ( Amorpha). (Poplar Hawk Moth) L. 7-9 or 10. On Populus, P. tremula, Salix, and S. caprea. P. 10-5 or 6. Just below ground at the foot, especially of old trees. I. 5-6 (or later). From May eggs images may appear end of 7. Rest on trees. Tethered females attract males. Come to light. Female populi will pair with male ocellatus, giving S. hybr. hybridus ; very rarely the other way. O. Laid in ones, twos, or threes, or sometimes more, on the upper sides of leaves. Deposited 12th July, hatched 20th July (F. Oldaker). Populus. (Poplar) ami, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. leporina, Acronycta. (The Miller) L. 7-9. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 243 megacephala, Acronycta. (Poplar Grey) L. 7-9. Beat, psi, Acronycta. (Grey Dagger) L. 8-9. circellaris (ferruginea), Amathes. (The Brick) L. 4-6 or 7. Fond of flowers and seeds. Beat. iris, Apatura. (Purple Emperor) L. 8-6. Night feeder. Beat, fraxini, Catocala. (Clifden Nonpareil) L. 5-7. nupta, Catocala. (Red Underwing) L. 4-7. bifida, Cerura. (Poplar Kitten) L. 7-9. ligniperda, Cossus. (Goat Moth) L. Feeds internally 3-4 years, vinula, Dicranura. (Puss Moth) L. 7-9. fissipuncta (ypsilon or upsilon), Dyschorista. (Dingy Shears) L. 4-5. Night feeder. Hides by day under bark or debris, quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos. (August Thorn) L. 4-7. ilicifolia, Epicnaptera. (Small Lappet) L. Extremely rare, apiciaria, Epione. (Bordered Beauty) L. 4-5. Beat. Shams death, crenata, Gluphisia (Chaonia). (Dusky Marbled Brown) L. 8. pennaria, Himera (Colotois). (Feathered Thorn) L. 4-6. Beat, furcata, Hydriomena. (July High-flyer) L. 5-6. Hides by day. halterata, Lobophora. (The Seraphim) L. 6-7. ocellaris, Mellinia (Xanthia). (Pale-lemon Sallow) L. (?) phoebe (tritophus), Notodonta. (Three-humped) L. 6, 7, and 9. ziczac, Notodonta. (Pebble Prominent) L. 6-7 and 8-9. Beat, octogesima (ocularis), Palimpsestis (Cymatophora). (Figure L. 7-8. Feed at night. or, Palimpsestis (Cymatophora). (Poplar Lutestring) L. 7-9. Night feeder, tremula (dictsea), Pheosia. (Swallow Prominent) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Beat, 244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK pedaria, Phigalia. (Pale Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. subtusa, Plastenis (Tethea). (The Olive) L. 4-5. Night feeder, populi, Poecilocampa. (December Moth) L. 4-6. Beat at night. Full-fed larvae sun them- selves on trunks, lunaris, Pseudophia. (Lunar Double -stripe) L. 7-8. Not found so far in England, palpina, Pterostoma. (Pale Prominent) L. 6-7 and 8-9. Beat, anachoreta, Pygsera. (Scarce Chocolate-tip) L. 5-8 or 9. curtula, Pygaera (Clostera). (Chocolate-tip) L. 5-6, 8-9. Beat at night, tabaniformis, Sciapteron. (Clear or Dusky Undenting) L. 4. libatrix, Scoliopteryx. (The Herald) L. 6-8. salicis, Stilpnotia. (White Satin Moth) L. 8-6. ocellatus, Smerinthus. (Eyed Hawk Moth) L. 7-8. Rests on mid ribs. Beat or search, populi, Smerinthus. Poplar Hawk Moth) L. 7-9 or 10. munda, Tseniocampa. (Twin-spotted Quaker) L. 4-6. populeti, Taeniocampa. (Lead-coloured Drab) L. 4-6. apiformis, Trochilium (Sesia). (Hornet Moth) L. 8-4. Feeds internally for 2 years, craboniformis, Trochilium. (Lunar Hornet) L. Internal feeder, antiopa, Vanessa. (Camberwell Beauty) L. 5-6. polychloros, Vanessa. (Large Tortoiseshell) L. 6. In companies, high up. Populus tremula. (Aspen) circellaris (ferruginea), Amathes. (The Brick) L. 4-6 or 7. Likes the flowers. Beat, notha, Brephos. (Light Orange Underwing) L. 5-6. paleacea, Cosmia. (The Angle-striped Sallow) L. 5-6. Between leaves near ground, parallelaria (vespertaria), Epione. (Dark -bordered Beauty L. 5-6. Beat, undulata, Eucosmia. (Scallop Shell) L. 7-9. Draws end shoots together. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 245 halterata, Lobophora. (The Seraphim) L. 6-7. marginata, Lomaspilis. (Clouded Border) L. 6, 7, 8, and 9. salicalis, Madopa. (Lesser Belle) L. 7-8. phoabe (tritophus), Notodonta. (Three-humped) L. 6, 7, and 9. tritophus (torva), Notodonta. (Large Dark Prominent) L. 6-7 and 9. tremula (dictsea), Pheosia. (Swallow Prominent) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Beat. subtusa, Plastenis (Tethea). (The Olive) L. 4-5. Night feeder, palpina, Pterostoma. (Pale Prominent) L. 6-7 and 8-9. Beat, curtula, Pygaera (Clostera). (Chocolate-tip) L. 5-6, 8-9. Search by day. Beat at night, pigra (reclusa), Pygsera (Clostera). (Small Chocolate-tip) L. 6-9. populi, Smerinthus. (Poplar Hawk Moth) L. 7-9 or 10. populeti, Toaniocampa. (Lead-coloured Drab) L. 4-6. polychloros, Vanessa. (Large Tortoiseshell) L. 6. In companies, high up. porata, F., Ephyra (Zonosoma). (False Mocha) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10. On Betula and Quercus. Beat. P. 7 and 9-5. Amongst debris at foot of trees, fastened to a leaf. I. 5-6 and sometimes 8-9 in captivity. Beat. 0. Hatchings recorded, 6, 9, and 14 days. Females will lay on a leaf in a chip box. porcellus, L., Metopsilus (Theretra, Chcerocampa). (Small Elephant) L. 8-9. On Epilobium, Galium, and Lythrum salic- aria. Search between 10 P.M. and midnight. P. 9-5. On the ground in a cocoon of earth and rubbish. 1. 5-7. Comes at dusk to flowers of honeysuckle, rhododendron, Valerian, Vinca major, etc. 0. Eggs laid 13th June, hatched 29th June. Laid on the food. Females will lay in a chip box. 246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK porphyrea, Hiib.=strigula, Thnb. Porthesia. Genus includes similis. Portland Moth, (prcecox, L., Agrotis (Hapalia)) Portland Ribbon Moth, (degeneraria, Hb., Acidalia (Ptycho- poda)) Potato. (Solanum tuberosum) potatoria, L., Cosmotriche (Odonestis). (Drinker) L. 8-6. On Graminese (coarse vars.) and sometimes on Luzula and Phragmites. Hibernates 9 or 10 till 4. Likes food sprinkled. P. 6-7. In a long cocoon fastened to grass blades or sedges. In confinement will spin up anywhere in cage. I. 7. On emergence hang on their cocoons to dry. Comes to light. O. 7-8. Laid in batches on grass stems. Hatch in 17 days. Deposited 24th July 1911, hatched 10th August (Scorer). Potentilla fragariastrum and P. reptans. ( Cinquefoil) marginepunctata, Acidalia. (Mullein Wave) L. 7 and 9-5. gilvaria, Aspilates. (Straw Belle) L. 9-6. venustata, Erastria. (Rosy Marbled) L. 7-9. On the flowers, obscurata, Gnophos (Sciadion). (The Annulet) L. 9-5. albula (alis), Nola. (Kent Black Arches) L. 8-6. malvse, Syrichthus. (Grizzled Skipper) L. 5-7. Poterium. (Burnet) lichenea, Epunda. (Feathered Ranunculus) L. 10-5. Night feeder. Poterium sanguisorba. (Salad Burnet) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-5. obscurata, Gnophos (Sciadion). (The Annulet) L. 9-5. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 247 Powdered Quaker, (gracilis, F., T&niocampa] Powdered Wainscot, (albovenosa, Gz. (venosa, Bkh.), Arsil- onche (Pharetra,)) preecox, L., Agrotis (Hapalia). (Portland Moth) L. 9-6. On Artemisia absinthium, Graminese, Salix repens, and Stellaria media. Buries in sand by day. P. 7. Just below ground. • I. 8. Comes to sugar. Rests on sand grasses. 0. prasina, F. (herbida, Hb.), Eurois ( Aplecta). (Green Arches) L. 7-4 or 5. On Lactuca, Plantago, Rubus, and Rumex (in the autumn), and on Salix caprea and Vaccinium in the spring. Will sometimes feed up in confinement and produce imagos 11-12. P. 5. Below ground. I. 6. Comes to sugar. Should be bred. O. 6. prasinana, L., Hylophila (Chloephora). (Green Silver-lines) L. 8-9. On Betula, Corylus, Fagus, and Quercus. P. 9-6. In a pinkish-brown papery cocoon spun up on leaves, in crevices or amongst debris on the ground. I. 6-7. May be beaten. Sits on bracken, etc. Comes to sugar, preferring small trees. O. 7-8. prataria, ^.=strigularia, Hb. Pretty Chalk Carpet, (procellata, F., Melanthia (Melanippe)) Pretty Pinion, (blandiata, Hb. (adcequata, Bkh.), Perizoma) Primrose. (Primula vulgaris) Primula veris. (Cowslip) lucernea, Agrotis. (Northern Rustic) L. 8-5. Hides by day. lucina, Nemeobius. (Duke of Burgundy Fritillary) L. 6-8. Makes little holes in leaves at first, reticulata (saponariae), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. 248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK dahlii, Noctua. (The Barred Chestnut) L. 8-5. Sometimes feeds up by Christmas. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder. fimbria, Triphsena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Night feeder. Beat. Primula vulgaris. (Primrose) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. alsines, Caradrina. (The Uncertain) L. 9-3. quadrifasciaria, Coremia. (Large Twin-spot Carpet) L. 8-4. occulta, Eurois. (Great Brocade) L. 8-5. didymata, Malenydris. (Twin-spot Carpet) L. 4-5. lucina, Nemeobius. (Duke of Burgundy Fritillary) L. 8-6. Makes little holes in leaves at first, reticulata (saponarise), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. baja, Noctua. (Dotted Clay) L. 9-5. Eats this in autumn only, c-nigrum, Noctua. (Setaceous Hebrew Character) L. 9-5. dahlii, Noctua. (The Barred Chestnut) L. 8-5. Sometimes full fed by Christmas, depuncta, Noctua. (Plain Clay) L. 9-5. ditrapezium, Noctua. (Triple-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. Late night feeder, primulse (f estiva), Noctua. (The Ingrailed Clay) L. 8-5. stigmatica (rhomboidea), Noctua. (Square-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 9-5. Night feeder, fimbria, Triphsena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Search at night in autumn, ianthina, Triphsena. (Lesser Broad-border) L. 8-4 or 5. Fond of hedge bottoms. Search in autumn, interjecta, Triphsena. (Least Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. montanata, Xanthorhoe. (Silver-ground Carpet) L. 8-4. Night feeder. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 249 primulee, Esp. (f estiva, Hb., conflua, Tr.), Noctua. (The Ingrailed Clay) L. 8-5. On Cratsegus, Polygonum, Primula vulgaris, Rubus, Rumex, Salix caprea, Vaccinium, and Viola (in confinement). Hibernates 10-2. Occasionally feeds up in confine- ment, producing imagos 8-10. P. 5. Below ground. I. 6. Comes to sugar and to resinous nodes on Fir-trees. 0. 7-8. Privet. ( Ligustrum vulgare) Privet Hawk, (ligustri, L., Sphinx) proboscidalis, L., Hypena. (The Snout) L. 7-4. On Urtica dioica. P. 1. 6-7. Sometimes a second flight in autumn. 0. 7. Laid on leaves and stems. procellata, F., Melanthia (Melanippe). (Pretty Chalk Carpet) L. 8-9. On Clematis vitalba. P. 9-6. In a slight web amongst food. I. 7-8 (or earlier). 0. 7. Hatch in a few days. Prodenia. Genus includes littoralis. prodromaria, Schiff. =strataria, Hufn. progemmaria, Hb.=marginaria, Bkh. promissa, Esp., Catocala. (Light Crimson Underwing) L. 4-6. Night feeder on Quercus. Bores into buds when young. Feeds high up. Hides by day in crevices. P. 6. Below ground. 1. 7. Comes to sugar. Hard to box. 0. 7. Sleeve out during winter. promutata, Gn.=marginepunctata, Gz. pronuba, L., Triphcena. (Large Yellow Underwing) L. 8-5. On Graminese, etc., and numerous low plants. P. 5-6. Below ground. 250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10 from early eggs. Comes to light and sugar. Fond of hiding under leaves and hedgerows. 0. 7 and 8. Laid in large batches. Deposited 28th October, hatched 29th November (O. T. Lyle). propugnata, J?.= designate,, Rott. prosapiaria, L. (fasciaria, Schiff.), Ellopia (Hylcea). (The Barred Red) L. 9-5. On Pinus sylvestris and Larix occasionally. P. 6. On the ground or amongst Pine needles. I. 6-7. Rests on foliage and trunks, and may be jarred from boughs. Emerges between 6 P.M. and 8 P.M. O. Hatch in 7 days. protea, Bkh., Eumichtis (Hadena). (Brindled Green) L. 3-6. On Quercus. Bores into Oak buds at first. P. 7-8. At foot of tree. I. 9. Comes to sugar. 0. 10-11. Hatch 4-5. Prothymnia. Genus includes viridaria. pruinata, Hufn. (cytisaria, Schiff.), Pseudopterna. (Grass Emerald) L. 7-6. On Cytisus scoparius, Genista anglica, Labur- num (in captivity), and Ulex. Search in May or June. Hibernate very early. P. 6. I. 6-7. 0. 7. Hatch in about 15 days. prunaria, L., Angerona. (Orange Moth) L. 7-5. On Betula, Cratsegus, Ligustrum, Lonicera, Prunus, P. spinosa, Syringa vulgaris. P. 5-6. Between leaves. I. 6-7 (earlier in captivity). Emerges from pupa in about 24 days. Males fly between sunset and dusk ; females later. May be kicked out of bracken, etc., by day. O. 6. Hatch in about 12 days. prunata, L., Lygris (Cidaria). (The Phoenix) L. 4 or 5-6. On Ribes grossularia and R. rubrum. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 251 P. 6. In a cocoon under a branch junction ; often several together. I. 7-8. 0. 7. Laid on the bark. Hatch 4 (end) -5 (beg.). Prunella vulgaris. (Self-heal) oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. Pruni, L., Thecla. (The Black Hairstreak) L. 5-6. On Prunus spinosa. P. 6. Suspended. I. 6-7. Early. Fond of blooms of Ligustrum and Viburnum lantata. 0. 7. Laid on twigs. Hatch in spring. Prunus armeniaca. (Apricot) flavicincta, Polia. (Large Ranunculus) L. 4-7. Prunus avium. (Gean) aescularia, Anisopteryx. (March Moth) L. 4-6. cratsegi, Aporia. (Black-veined White) L. 8-5. In a common web at first, tetralunaria, Selenia. (Purple Thorn) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Night feeder, polychloros, Vanessa. (Large Tortoiseshell) L. 6. In companies, high up. Prunus cerasus. (Wild Cherry) bimaculata, Bapta. (White-pinion Spotted) L. 6-7 (or later). Beat by day. satura, Eumichtis (Hadena). (The Beautiful Arches or Scarce Brocade) L. 7-8. Very rare. Prunus damascena. (Damson) pruni, Thecla. (The Black Hairstreak) L. 5-6. Will eat this in confinement. Prunus domesticus. (Plum) tridens, Acronycta. (Dark Dagger) L. 8-10. pyramidea, Amphipyra. (Copper Underwing) L. 4-6. prunaria, Angerona. (Orange Moth) L. 7-5. 252 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK sescularia, Anisopteryx. (March Moth) L. 4-6. cratsegi, Aporia. (Black-veined White) L. 8-5. In a common web at first, bimaculata, Bapta. (White-pinion Spotted) L. 6-7. Beat, temerata, Bapta. (Clouded Silver) L. 7-8. repandata, Boarmia. (Mottled Beauty) L. 7-5. Beat at night, pyralina, Calymnia (Cosmia). (Lunar-spotted Pinion) L. 4-5. Beat, elinguaria, Crocallis. (Scalloped Oak) L. 9-5. cseruleocephala. (Figure of Eight Moth) L. 4-6. Prefers ends of shoots, on which it rests lengthways, autumnaria (alniaria), Ennomos. (Large Thorn) L. 5-8. Beat, chrysorrhaea, Euproctis (Porthesia). (Brown-tail) L. 8-6. bidentata, Gonodontis. (Scalloped Hazel) L. 7-10. Beat, rupicapraria, Hybernia. (Early Moth) L. 4-5. Beat. trifolii, Lasiocampa (Bombyx, Pachygastria). (Grass Eggar) L. 2-6. hirtaria, Lycia. (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder. bicolorata, Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (Blue - bordered Carpet) L. 4-6. dispar, Lymantria (Liparis). (Gipsy Moth) L. 4-7. Reared artificially, typica, Naenia. (The Gothic) L. 8-5. Gregarious till 15th day. Hibernates October under stones, leaves, etc. cucullatella, Nola. (Short-cloaked Moth) L. 8-6. rubiginea, Orrhodia (Dasycampa). (Dotted Chestnut) L. 5-6. Likes a mixed diet, betularia, Pachys. (Peppered Moth) L. 7-9. Beat. strataria, Pachys. (Oak Beauty) L. 5-7. pedaria (pilosaria), Phigalia. (Pale Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 253 flavicincta, Polia. (Large Ranunculus) L. 4-7. satellitia, Scopelosoma. (The Satellite) L. 5-6. Cannibal, lunaria, Selenia. (Lunar Thorn) L. 7-9. munda, Taeniocampa. (Twin-spotted Quaker) L. 4-6. bistortata, Tephosia. (The Ingrailed) L. 5-6 and 8-9. betulse, Zephyrus (Thecla). (Brown Hairstreak) L. 5-6. Beat. Prunus padus. (Bird Cherry) temerata, Bapta. (Clouded Silver) L. 7-8. fimbria, Triphsena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Night feeder. Beat, dubitata, Triphosa. (The Tissue) L. 5-6. Prunus spinosa. (Blackthorn or Sloe) grossulariata, Abraxas. (The Magpie) L. 8-5 or 6. alni, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. tridens, Acronycta. (Dark Dagger) L. 8-10. pictaria, Aleucis (Bapta). (Sloe Carpet) L. 6-7. Night feeder, prunaria, Anger ona, (Orange Moth) L. 7-5. sescularia, Anisopteryx. (March Moth) L. 4-6. nebulosa, Aplecta (Mamestra, Apamea). (Grey Arches) L. 8-4 or 5. Beat at night in late spring. Hibernates in old stems, etc. cratsegi, Aporia. (Black- veined White) L. 8-5. In common web at first, lutulenta, Aporophyla (Epunda). (Deep-brown Dart) L. 9-4. Hibernates early. Feeds on buds in spring, temerata, Bapta. (Clouded Silver) L. 7-8. repandata, Boarmia. (Mottled Beauty) L. 7-5. Beat at night. dominula, Callimorpha. (Scarlet Tiger) L. 7 or 8-4 or 5. 254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK eorylata, Cidaria. (Broken-barred or Hazel Carpet) L. 7-9. Beat, siterata (psitticata), Cidaria. (Red-green Carpet) L. 6 or 7-8. glaucata (spinula), Cilix. (The Chinese Character) L. 6-7, 9-10. elinguaria, Crocallis. (Scalloped Oak) L. 9-5. cseruleocephala, Diloba. (Figure of Eight Moth) L. 4-6. Rest lengthways on ends of shoots, autumnaria (alniaria), Ennomos. (Large Thorn) L. 5-8. Beat, exiguata, Eupithecia. (Mottled Pug) L. 9-10. insigniata (consignata), Eupithecia. (Pinion - spotted Pug) L. 5-6. lanestris, Eriogaster. (Small Eggar) L. 5-7. Gregarious in a web till nearly full grown, chrysorrhaea, Euproctis (Porthesia). (Brown -tail) L. 8-6. quercifolia, Gastropacha. (The Lappet) L. 8-5. Night feeder, bidentata, Gonodontis. (Scalloped Hazel) L. 7-10. Beat, strigata (thymiaria), Hemithia. (Common Emerald) L. 7-5. Beat, pennaria, Himera (Colotois). (Feathered Thorn) L. 4-6. Beat, aurantiaria, Hybernia. (Scarce Umber) L. Spring till June, marghiaria (progemmaria), Hybernia. (Dotted Border) L. 4-5. Beat, rupicapraria, Hybernia. (Early Moth) L. 4-5. Beat, trifolii, Lasiocampa (Bombyx). (Grass Eggar) L. 2-6. flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook -tip) L. 9-4 or 5. On lichens. Beat, dispar, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Gipsy) L. 4-7. Reared artificially, hirtaria Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder. bicolorata, Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (Blue - bordered Carpet) L. 4-6. oxyacanthse, Miselia. (Green -brindled Crescent) L. 4-5. Beat. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 255 typica, Nsenia. (The Gothic) L. 8-5. Gregarious till 15 days old. Hibernates in 10 under stones, leaves, etc. augur, Noctua (Exarnis). (Double Dart) L. 7-5. Beat at night, baja, Noctua. (Dotted Clay) L. 9-5. Beat late at night in spring, triangulum, Noctua. (Double Square-spot) L. 4-5. Beat 10.30 P.M. to 1 A.M. pulveraria, Numeria. (The Barred Umber) L. 6-8 or 9. Beat, confusalis, Nola. (Least Black Arches) L. 7-8. cucullatella, Nola. (Short-cloaked Moth) L. 8-6. dilutata (nebulata), Oporabia. (November Moth) L. 4-6. gonostigma, Orgyia. (Scarce Vapourer) L. 7 and 9-4 or 5. strataria, Pachys. (Oak Beauty) L. 5-7. sambucaria, Ourapteryx. (Swallow-tail Moth) L. 8-6. luteolata, Opisthograptis (cratsegata, Rumia). (Brimstone Moth) L. 4-9, 10-4. populi, Poacilocampa. (December Moth) L. 4-6. Beat at night. Full-fed larva suns itself on trunk, pavonia (carpini), Saturnia. (Emperor Moth) L. 6-8. Gregarious till after 3rd moult, lunaria, Selenia. (Lunar Thorn) L. 7-9. alternata, Semiothisa. (Sharp-angled Peacock) L. 6-7 and 9. pruni, Thecla. (The Black Hairstreak) L. 5-6. Beat, cratsegi, Trichiura. (Pale Oak Eggar) L. 4-6. dubitata, Triphosa. (The Tissue) L. 5-6. oleagina, Valeria. (Green-brindled Dot) L. 5-6. Prefers shady spots. fimbria, Triphsena. (Broad - bordered Yellow Under- wing) L. 9-5. Night feeder. Beat, betulae, Zephyrus (Thecla). (Brown Hairstreak) L, 5-6, Beat, 256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Pseudophia. Genus includes lunaris. Pseudoterpna. Genus includes pruinata. psi, L., Acronycta. (Grey Dagger) L. 8-9. On Betula, Crataegus, Populus, Pyrus, P. communis, Quercus, and Tilia. P. 9-6. In a whitish cocoon in crevices of bark. I. 6-7. 0. Hatch in 5-12 days according to temperature. Deposited 19th June, hatched 27th June (A. E. Tonge). psitticata, Schiff. =siterata. Hufn. Psodos. Genus includes coracina. Pteris aquilina. (Bracken or Brake Fern) lucipara, Euplexia. (Small Angle Shades) L. 8-9. Night feeder, fusconebulosa (velleda), Hepialus. (Map-winged Swift) L. 6 or 7-5. In the roots, hecta (us), Hepialus. (Gold Swift) L. 7-4 or 5. In the roots, sylvina (us), Hepialus. (Orange Swift) L. 7-5. Feeds 2 years at roots. • petraria, Lozogramma (Phasiane). (Brown Silver-line) L. 5-6. contigua, Mamestra (Hadena). (The Beautiful Brocade) L. 8-9. oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder. Pterostoma. Genus includes palpina. Ptilophora. Genus includes plumigera. pudibunda, L., Dasychira (Orgyia). (Pale Tussock) L. 7-9 (or earlier). On Betula, Corylus, Humulus, and Quercus. P. 9-5. In a slight web amongst food plant, usually on ground. 1. 5-6. Emerges 10 P.M. to 12.30 P.M. Rests by day on herbage. Males come to light. 0. 5-6. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 257 pudorina, Hb.-impudens, Hb. pulchella, L., Deiopeia. (Crimson-speckled Footman) L. 10-2. On Borago and Myosotis. Likes sun. P. In a white silk cocoon amongst food or on surface of ground. I. 5-6 (immigrants) and 7-8 (British). 0. 10. Hatch in 2 or 3 days. pulchellata, Stph., Eupitheeia. (Foxglove Pug) L. 7-8. On Digitalis purpurea. Draws the mouth of a flower-bell together, and feeds on it and the unripe seeds. P. 8-5. In a slight earthen cell on the ground. 1. 5-6. 0. pulchraria, Ev. = blomeri, Curt. pulchrina, Hw. =aureum, Gn., Plusia. (The Beautiful Golden Y) L. 8-5. On Lamium, Lonicera, Heracleum sphondy- lium, Senecio vulgaris, Urtica dioica, and Vaccinium myrtillus. P. 5-6. In a slight white silk cocoon amongst food. I. 6-7. Comes to bloom of Lobel's Catchfly. 0. pullata, Stt. =obscumria, Hb. pulveraria, L., Numeria. (The Barred Umber) L. 6-8 or 9. On Carpinus, Corylus, Cratsegus, Fraxinus, Prunus spinosa, and SaUx caprea. Beat. P. 7-4. In a cocoon on the ground amongst debris. Sometimes hatch same year as larva. I. 5-6. Comes to light. 0. Hatchings recorded, 10, 15 days. Laid 28th May, hatched 13th June (Oldaker). pulverulenta, Esp., Taniocampa. (Small Quaker) L. 4-6. When young spin leaves together as a shelter. On Crataegus, Quercus, Rosa, and Salix caprea. P. 7-3. At roots. 1. 3-4. Comes to Sallow, Plum, and Sloe bloom. 0. 4. Hatch quickly. B 258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK pumilata, Hb . , Gymnoscelis ( Eupithecia) . (Double-striped Pug) L. 5-9. On Anthriscus sylvestris and Clematis, Cratsegus, Cytisus scoparius, Eupatorium, Ilex, and Ulex. 0. 10-4. In an earthen cocoon. 1. 4-8 and sometimes to 11. Rests on trunks. Comes to Sloe flowers at dusk and to light. 0. Hatch in 10 days. punctaria, L., Ephyra (Zonosoma). (Maiden's Blush) L. 6-7 and 9. On Be tula and Quercus. P. 10-4 and 7-8. Amongst debris at foot, or in autumn may be attached to a leaf. I. 5-6 and sometimes 8. 0. Hatchings recorded, 8, 9, and 10 days. punctata, J?. = temerata, Hb. punctularia, Hb., Tephrosia. (Grey Birch) L. 7-8. On Alnus and Betula. Full fed in a month. P. 9-4. Just below ground at roots. I. 5-6. Rests on Birch trunks. Box quickly. 0. 6. Hatch in about a fortnight. Purple Bar. (ocellata, L., Mesoleuca (Melanthia)) Purple-bordered Gold, (muricata, Hufn. (auroraria, Bkh.), Hyria) Purple Clay, (brunnea, F., Noctua) Purple Cloud, (polyodon, Cl. (perspicillaris, L.), Cloantha) Purple Emperor, (iris, L., Apatura) Purple Hairstreak. (quercus, L., Zephyrus) Purple Loosestrife. (Lythrum salicaria) Purple Marbled, (ostrina, Hb., Thalpochares) Purple Sandwort. (Arenaria) Purple Thorn, (tetralunaria, Hufn., Selenia) purpuralis, Brunnich (pilosellce, Esp., -minos, Fuesl.), Zygcena, (Transparent Burnet) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 259 L. 8-5. On Lotus corniculatus, Pimpinella, Thymus, and Trifolium. Hibernates 9 or 10-2. Give some protection in captivity. P. 6. In a blunt-ended cocoon spun up on stones ; about a month in this stage. I. 6-7. Flies in sunshine, and comes to flowers of Daisy and Dandelion, etc. O. purpuraria, L., Lyihria. L. (?) Food (?). P. (?) I. 6. O. pusaria, L., Cabera. (Common White Wave) L. 7 and 9. On Alnus, Betula, and Salix caprea. Beat. P. 8 and 10-5 or 6. In a slight cocoon on the ground. I. 5-6 and 8. 0. 7 and 9. Hatchings recorded, 10 and 16 days. pusillata, F., Eupithecia. (Dwarf Pug) L. 6-7. On Abies excelsa. P. 8-5. In a slight earthen cocoon. I. 5-6. May be beaten from Spruce. 0. Puss Moth, (vinula, L., Dicranura (Cerura)) pustulata, Hufn. (bajularia, Schiff.), Euchl&ris (Comibcena, Phorodesma). (The Blotched Emerald) L. 7-5 or 6. Covers itself with Oak bracts and bits of leaves. Beat, and examine beating- tray carefully. P. 7-6. I. 6-7 and sometimes 9. May be jarred from trees. Flies at dusk. Comes to light. O. puta, Hb., Agrotis (Euxoa). (Shuttle-shaped Dart) L. 9-4. On Daucus (sliced), Lactuca, Polygonum, and Taraxacum. P. 5-6. Below ground. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar. 0. 8. putrescens, Hb., Leucania (Cirphis). (Devonshire Wainscot) 260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK L. 9-1. On Gramineae. When full fed buries itself and does not pupate till 6 (beg.). P. 6-7. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar and to wild Sage bloom. O. 8. putris, L., Axylia. (The Flame) L. 7-10. On Galium mollugo, Lactuca, Plantago, Rumex, Stellaria media, and Urtica. P. 10-6 (or earlier). On or below ground. I. 6-7 and sometimes 9. Comes to sugar and light. 0. 6-7. Hatch in 11 or 12 days. Pygeera. Genus includes anachoreta, curtula, and pigra. pygmeeata, Hb., Eupithecia. (Marsh Pug) L. 6-7 and 9. On Cerastium tomentosum, and Stellaria holostea, preferring seeds and flowers. P. 8 and 10-5. Sometimes goes over 2 years. I. 5-6 and sometimes 8-9. Flies in afternoon sun. Comes to light. 0. pygmeeola, Dbld. = lutarella, L. Pylarge. Genus includes fumata. pyraliata, F. (dotata, L.), Cidaria. (The Barred Straw) L. 4 or 5-6. Feeds low down on Galium, especially on G. aparine and G. mollugo. P. 5-6. Spun up amongst food. I. 7. May be beaten from ditch and hedgerow herbage. Comes to light. 0. Summer — 3 or 4. pyralina, View., Calymnia (Cosmia). (Lunar-spotted Pinion) L. 4-5. On Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus, and Alnus. Beat. P. 6-7. Below ground. I. 7 (mid.) -8 (mid.). Comes to Honeydew and to sugar — early. O. Pyrameis. Genus includes atalanta and cardui. pyramidea, L., Amphipyra. (Copper Underwing) L. 4-6. On Betula, Prunus, Quercus, Rosa, and Salix caprea. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 261 P. 5-6. In a cocoon on the ground. I. 7-9. Comes to sugar. 0. 8-9. Hatch in spring. Laid in small batches on twigs of food. Deposited 22nd September, hatched 17th April (A. E. Tonge). Pyrethrum. chamomillae, Cucullia. (Chamomile Shark) L. 5-7. pyrina, L. (cesculi, L.), Zeuzera. (Leopard Moth) L. In branches and trunks of Acer campestris, A. pseudo-platanus, Cratsegus, Fraxinus, Prunus communis, Salix, Syringa vul- garis, and Ulmus. Prefers growth from 3-8 inches diameter. Feeds 2 or 3 years. P. In a silk and wood cocoon close to entrance of burrow. 1. 6 (end) -7. Emerges between 11 A.M. and 4 P.M. Females rest on trunks and grass at foot. Males come to light, and may be found on the ground under lamps. O. Laid in strings of from 8-10, or in masses in deep crevices of bark. May number up to 1,000. pyrophila, ~F.=simulans, Hufn. Pyrrhia. Genus includes umbra. Pyrus. (Apple) grossulariata, Abraxas. (The Magpie) L. 8-5 or 6. aim, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. psi, Acronycta. (Grey Dagger) L. 8-9. tridens, Acronycta. (Dark Dagger) L. 8-10. sphinx (cassinea), Brachionycha (Asteroscopus). (The Sprawler) L. 5-6. Cannibal. Beat, pyralina, Calymnia (Cosmia). (Lunar -spotted Pinion) L. 4-5. Beat at night, brumata, Cheimatobia. (Winter Moth) L. 4-5. rectangulata, Chloroclystis. (Green Pug) L. 4-5. Spin petals together. 262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK siterata (psitticata), Cidaria. (Red-green Carpet) L. 6 and 7-8. glaucata, Cilix. (Chinese Character) L. 6-7,9-10. cseruleocephala, Diloba. (Figure of Eight Moth) L. 4-6. Like ends of shoots, insigniata (consignata), Eupithecia. (Pinion-spotted Pug) L. 5-6. quercifolia, Gastropacha. (The Lappet) L. 8-5. Hides at foot by day. pennaria, Himera (Colotois). (Feathered Thorn) L. 4-6. Beat, flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook-tip) L. 9-4 or 5. On lichens. Beat, lurideola, Lithosia. (Common Footman) L. 8-6. Beat, dispar, Lymantria. (The Gipsy) L. 4-7. Bred only, monacha, Lymantria. (The Black Arches) L. 4-7. neustria, Malocosoma. (The Lackey) L. 4-6. Gregarious in a web. thalassina, Mamestra (Hadena). (Pale-shouldered Bro- cade) L. 8-9. Night feeder, bicolorata, Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (Blue-bordered Carpet) L. 4-6. oxyacanthse, Miselia. (Green-brindled Crescent) L. 4-5. typica, Nsemia. (The Gothic) L. 8-5. Gregarious till 15 days old. eucullatella, Nola. (Short-cloaked Moth) L. 8-6. Hibernates in silk-covered crevices, confusalis, Nola. (Least Black Arches) L. 7-8. luteolata, Opisthograptis. (cratsegata, Rumia). (Brim- stone Moth) L. 4-9, 10-4. dilutata (nebulata), Oporabia (Epirrita). (November Moth) L. 4-6. rubiginea, Orrhodia (Dasycampa). (Dotted Chestnut) L. 5-6. Likes a mixed diet, similis, Porthesia. (Yellow-tail) L. 8 or 9-5 or 6. myopaeformis, Sesia. (Red-belted Clearwing) L. 7 and 8-6. Feeds 2 years on inner bark, pre- ferring cankered tree. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 263 ocellatus, Smerinthus. (Eyed Hawk) L. 7-8. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (The Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. incerta (instabilis), Toeniocampa. (Clouded Drab) L. 5-7. crataegi, Trichiura. (Pale Oak Eggar) L. 4-6. Beat. Pyrus aria. (White Beam) luteolata, Opisthograptis. (cratsegata, Rumia). (Brim- stone Moth) L. 4-9 and 10-4. polychloros, Vanessa. (Large Tortoiseshell) L. 6. In companies, high up. Pyrus aucuparia. (Mountain Ash) fimbria, Triphaena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Beat at night in spring, cambrica, Venusia. (Welsh Wave) L. 8. Pyrus communis. (Pear) psi, Acronycta. (Grey Dagger) L. 8-9. tridens, Acronycta. (Dark Dagger) L. 8-10. * brumata, Cheimatobia. (Winter Moth) L. 4-5. rectangulata, Chloroclystis. (Green Pug) L. 4-5. On the petals, glaucata (spinula), Cih'x. (Chinese Character) L. 6-7 and 9-10. ligniperda, Cossus. (Goat Moth) L. Feeds internally 3-4 years, flexula, Laspeyria (Aventia). (The Beautiful Hook- tip) L. 9-4 or 5. On lichens. Beat, hirtaria, Lycia. (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, typica, Naenia. (The Gothic) L. 8-5. In colonies till 15th day. cucullatella, Nola. (Short-cloaked Moth) L. 8-6. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Feeds at night, similis, Porthesia. (The Yellow-tail) L. 8 or 9-5 or 6. 264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK myopaeformis, Sesia. (Red-belted Clearwing) L. 7 or 8-6. Feeds 2 years on the inner bark of cankered injured trees, pyrina (aesculi), Zeuzera. (Leopard Moth) L. Feeds 2 or 3 years in growths of 3-8 inches diameter. Pyrus torminalis. (Service Tree) luteolata, Opisthograptis (cratsegata, Bumia). (Brimstone Moth) L. 4-9 and 10-4. quadra, L.5 (Eonistis (Lithosia). (Four-spotted Footman) L. 5 or 6. On Lichenes, especially on L. caninus and on those of Quercus. Cannibal. Beat. P. 6-7. In a thin white cocoon between two leaves or in bark crevices. I. 7 and 8 to spring. Beat trees. Flies at dusk and also later. Comes to sugar. Males usually come first. Emerges from pupa in 11-12 days. 0. Laid hi spring. Deposited side by side in large batches. quadrifasciaria, GL, Coremia (Ochyria). (Large Twin -spot Carpet) L. 8-4. On Galium, Primula vulgaris, and Senecio vulgaris. P. 5. In an earthen cocoon. 1. 6-7. Rests on tree-trunks. Beat out of bushes. 0. 7. Hatch in 14 days. quadripunctaria, Pod. (hera, L.), Callimorpha. (Jersey Tiger) L. 8-7. On Borago, Lactuca, Lamium album, Nepeta glechoma, Plantago, Rosa, Senecio vul- garis, and Taraxacum. P. 7. In a flimsy web-like cocoon low down amongst moss, etc. Will pupate in sand. 1. 7-8 (sometimes earlier in confinement). Beat out of herbage and hedges. Comes to light. 0. 8. Laid in batches. Hatch in about 15 days. quadripunctata, F. (cubicularis, Bkh.), Caradrina. (Pale Mottled Willow) L. 9-5. On Graminese, Pisum, and seeds of Plantago. P. 5-6. In a cocoon of earth, silk, and fragments of food. 1. 7-8. Sometimes hi 5, and as late as 10. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 265 0. Laid on plants which get harvested along with corn crops. Queen of Spain Fritillary. (lathonia, L., Argynnis) quercana, J?.=bicolorana, Fuesl. quercifolia, L., Gastropacha. (The Lappet) L. 8-5. On Cratsegus, Prunus spinosa (especially), Pyrus, and Salix caprea. P. 6. In a long hairy silk cocoon low down amongst food. 1. 6-7. Net at dusk. Comes to light. Bred for perfect specimens. At rest looks like a bunch of dead leaves. 0. 7-8. About 500 usually laid ; in batches of 2 or 3 on twigs or under sides of leaves. Sleeve out captured females. Hatch in about a fortnight. quercinaria, Hufn. (angularia, Bkh.), Ennomos. (The August Thorn) L. 4-7. On Betula, Carpinus, Cratsegus, Quercus, Q. ilex, Salix caprea, and Tilia. P. 6-8. Amongst leaves on food plants. 1. 8-10. 0. Hatchings recorded, 7J, 8f , and 9| months. quercus, L., Lasiocampa. (Oak Eggar) L. 8-7. On Calluna, Cornus, Crataegus, Hedera, and Rubus. Hibernate early, but nibble in fine weather. Feed rapidly after April. Sometimes pupate same year as hatched. Var. Callunae, hibernates first winter, feeds up, and pupates second winter. The images emerge 5 or 6. P. 6-7. In a hard oval cocoon in a web amongst dead leaves or debris on the ground. 1. 7-8. Flies by day. Females assemble males. Pairs may be found between 6 P.M. and 9 P.M. Emerges as a rule between 8 P.M. and 12 P.M. O. 8. Scattered loose over the herbage. Hatch in 30 days. quercus, L., Zephyrus. (Purple Hairstreak) L. 4-6. On Quercus. Beat stunted trees. 266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 6-7. On leaves or on the ground, unattached except by a fine thread or two. I. 7-8. Comes to honeydew. Best bred. 0. 7-8. Laid near a leaf bud. Hatch in spring. Quercus ilex. (Evergreen Oak) quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos. (August Thorn) L. 4-7. Beat out. dodoneata, Eupithecia. (Oak-tree Pug) L. 6-7. Beat, monacha, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Black Arches) L. 4-7. lapidata, Phibalapteryx. (Slender-striped Rufous) L. 5-6. Quercus robur. (Oak) ahii, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. auricoma, Acronycta. (Scarce Dagger) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9. leporina, Acronycta. (The Miller) L. 7-9. psi, Acronycta. (Grey Dagger) L. 8-9. litura, Amathes (Orthosia). (Brown-spot Pinion) L. 4-6. Night feeder, macilenta, Amathes (Orthosia). (Yellow-line Quaker) L. 4-6. pyramidea, Amphipyra. (Copper Underwing) L. 4-6. rufina, Anchocelis. (Flounced Chestnut) L. 4-5. Cannibal hi confinement, iris, Apatura. (Purple Emperor) L. 8-6. Night feeder. Beat, nebulosa, Aplecta. (Grey Arches) L. 8-4 or 5. Beat at night in spring, hispidaria, Apocheima (Nyssia). (Small Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. diluta, Asphalia. (Lesser Lutestring) L. 5-6. Night feeder. Hides between spun leaves by day. brassicae, Baratha (Mamestra). (Cabbage Moth) L. 7-10. abietaria, Boarmia. (Satin Carpet) L. 8-5. consortaria, Boarmia. (Pale Oak Beauty) L. 7-6. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 267 roboraria, Boarmia. (Great Oak Beauty) L. 8-5. Beat. Sleeve captured larvae. They hiber- nate early, and recommence feeding when buds appear. sphinx (cassinea), Brachionycha (Asteroscopus). (The Sprawler) L. 5-6. Beat, pyralina, Calymnia (Cosmia). (Lunar-spotted Pinion) L. 4-5. Hides by day. Beat, trapezina, Calymnia (Cosmia). (Dun-bar) L. 4-6. Cannibal, alchymista, Catephia. (The Alchemist) L. 7(?) promissa, Catocala. (Light Crimson Underwing) L. 4-6. Night feeder, sponsa, Catocala. (Dark Crimson Underwing) L. 5-6. Beat. Feeds high up. corylata, Cidaria. (Broken-barred or Hazel Carpet) L. 7-9. Beat, miata, Cidaria. (The Autumn Green Carpet) L. 6-9. Beat out. sitterata (psitticata), Cidaria. (Red-green Carpet) L. 6 or 7-8. testudo, Cochlidion. (The Festoon) L. 7-9. paleacea (fulvago), Cosmia. (The Angle-striped Sallow) L. 5-6. Between lower leaves, ligniperda (cossus), Cossus. (Goat Moth) L. Feeds internally 3 or 4 years, ridens, Cymatophora. (The Frosted Green) L. 6-7. Beat at night, or search by day for united leaves, pudibunda, Dasychira (Orgyia). (Pale Tussock) L. 7-9. coryli, Demas. (Nut-tree Tussock) L. 6-7. Beat at night, aprilina, Dichonia (Agriopis). (Merveille du jour) L. 3-6. oo, Dicycla. (Heart Moth) L. 4-6. Beat. Spins terminal leaves together, orion, Diphtera. (Moma) (Scarce Merveille du jour) L. 7-8. binaria (hamula), Drepana. (Oak Hook-tip) L. 6 and 9-10. chaonia, Drymonia. (Lunar Marbled Brown) L. 6-8. Likes isolated trees. Clings strongly, trimacula (dodonsea), Drymonia. (Marbled Brown) L. 7-9. Hides by day in crevices. 268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK erosaria, Ennomos. (September Thorn) L. 5-7. quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos. (August Thorn) L. 4-7. Beat out. pendularia, Ephyra. (Brick Mocha) L. 6-7 and 8-9. porata, Ephyra (Zonosoma). (False Mocha) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10. Beat, punctaria, Ephyra (Zonosoma). (Maiden's Blush) L. 6-7 and 9. apiciaria, Epione. (Bordered Beauty) L. 4-5. Beat. Shams death. Sometimes 7-8 in captivity. pustulata (bajularia), Euchloris (Phorodesma). (Blotched Emerald) L. 7 to 5 or 6. Covers itself with bits of leaves, etc. protea, Eumichtis (Hadena). (The Brindled Green) L. 3-6. Bores into buds at first, abbreviata, Eupithecia. (Brindled Pug) L. 6-7. Beat, dodoneata, Eupithecia. (Oak-tree Pug) L. 6-7. Beat, exiguata, Eupithecia. (Mottled Pug) L. 9-10. irriguata, Eupithecia. (Marbled Pug) L. 5-6. Beat, dolabraria, Eurymene. (Scorched Wing) L. 7-9. bidentata, Gonodontis (Odontopera). (Scalloped Hazel) L. 7-10. Beat. ornithopus (rhizolitha), Graptolitha (Xylina). (Grey Shoulder Knot) L. 5-6. strigata (thymiaria), Hemithia. (Common Emerald) L. 7-5. Beat, derivalis, Herminia. (Clay Fan-foot) L. 8-6. On dead fallen leaves. Hibernates 11-4. asella (cruciata), Heterogena. (The Triangle) L. 8-10. pennaria, Himera (Colotois). (Feathered Thorn) L. 4-6. Beat, aurantiaria, Hybernia. (Scarce Umber) L. 4-6. defoliaria, Hybernia. (Mottled Umber) L. 3-6. Beat. leucophsearia, Hybernia. (Spring Usher) L. 4-5. Beat. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 269 marginaria (progemmaria), Hybernia. (Dotted Border) L. 4-5. Beat, bicolorana (quercana), Hylophila. (Scarce Silver-lines) L. 4-6. Beat, prasinana, Hylophila (Chloephora). (Green Silver-lines) L. 8-9. Beat, lactearia, lodis. (Little Emerald) L. 8-9. Beat, socia (petrificata), Lithophane (Xylina). (The Pale Pinion) L. 5-7. lurideola, Lithosia. (Common Footman) L. 9-6. Beat, camelina, Lophopteryx (Notodonta). (Coxcomb) L. 7-10. Beat, hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder. Beat, dispar, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Gipsy) L. 4-7. Bred artificially, monacha, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Black Arches) L. 4-7. neustria, Malocosoma. (The Lackey) L. 4-6. Gregarious in a web. contigua, Mamestra (Hadena). (The Beautiful Brocade) L. 8-9. margaritaria, Metrocampa. (Light Emerald) L. 9-5. Beat in August, triangulum, Noctua. (Double Square-spot) L. 4-5. Beat 10.30 P.M. to 1 A.M. confusalis, Nola. (Least Black Arches) L. 7-8. strigula, Nola. (Small Black Arches) L. 8-6. dilutata (nebulata), Oporrabia (Epirrata). (November Moth) L. 4-6. gonostigma, Orgyia (Notolophus). (Scarce Vapourer) L. 7 and 9-5. Beat, ligula (spadicea), Orrhodia (Conistra). (Dark Chestnut) L. 4-6. vaccinii, Orrhodia. (Chestnut Moth) L. 5-6. betularia, Pachys (Amphydasis). (Peppered Moth) L. 7-9. Beat, strataria, Pachys (Amphidasys). (Oak Beauty) L. 5-7. duplaris, Palimpsestis (Cymatophora). (The Lesser Satin Moth) L. 8-10. Night feeder. 270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK fluctuosa, Palimpsestis. (The Satin Carpet) L. 8-9. Night feeder, barbalis, Pechipogon (Herminia). (Common Fan-foot) L. 8-4 or 5. trepida, Peridea (Notodonta). (Great Prominent) L. 6-8. Beat. Likes moisture, lunaris, Pseudophia. (Lunar Double-stripe) L. 7-8. Not been found in England, pedaria (pilosaria), Phigalia. (Pale Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. populi, Poecilocampa. (December Moth) L. 4-6. Night feeder. Suns itself when full fed on the trunk, similis, Porthesia. (The Yellow-tail) L. 8 or 9-5 or 6. revayana (undulana), Sarrothripa. (Large Marbled Tortrix) L. 6-7. Beat, satellitia, Scopelosoma. (The Satellite) L. 5-6. Cannibal, bilunaria (illunaria), Selenia. (Early Thorn) L. 5-6 and 8-9. Young ones prefer lower branches and rest under leaves, lunaria, Selenia. (Lunar Thorn) L. 7-9. tetralunaria, Selenia. (Purple Thorn) L. 6-7 and 9-10. vespiformis (asiliformis, cynipiformis), Sesia. (Yellow- legged Clearwing) L. 10-5 or 6. Feeds on inner bark, fagi, Stauropus. (The Lobster) L. 7-9. gothica, Toeniocampa. (Hebrew Character) L. 4-6. incerta (instabilis), Toeniocampa. (Clouded Drab) L. 5-7. Beat, mimosa, Tceniocampa. (Blossom Underwing) L. 5-6. In common web round buds at first ; feeds later singly, munda, Tceniocampa. (Twin-spotted Quaker) L. 4-6. pulverulenta, Tceniocampa. (Small Quaker) L. 4-6. stabilis, Tceniocampa. (Common Quaker) L. 5-7. bistortata, Tephrosia. (The Engrailed) L. 5-6 and 8-9. consonaria, Tephrosia. (Square-spot) L. 6-7. Night feeder, THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 271 luridata (extersaria), Tephrosia. (Brindled White-spot) L. 8-9. Beat, cratsegi, Trichiura. (Pale Oak Eggar) L. 4-6. Beat, fimbria, Triphsena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Beat at night in spring, grisealis, Zanclognatha (Herminia). (Small Fan-foot) L. 8-9. Beat, quercus, Zephyrus. (Purple Hairstreak) L. 4-6. Beat low trees. Ragged Robin. ( Lychnis flos-cuculi) Ragwort. (Senecio jacobcea) Rannock Brindled Beauty, (lapponaria, B., Nyssia) Rannock Looper or Geometer, (brunneata, Thnb. (pinetaria, Hb.), Thammonoma (Fidonia)) Rannock Sprawler. (nebeculosa, Esp., Brachionycha (Astero- scopus)) Ranunculus ficaria. (Pilewort) flammea, Trigonophora. (Flame Brocade) L. 12-4. Ranunculus repens. (Buttercup) lychnidis (pistacina), Amathes (Anthocelis, Orthosia). (The Beaded Chestnut) L. 3-6. pisi, Mamestra (Hadena). (Broom Moth) L. 8-9. flammea, Trigonophora. (Flame Brocade) L. 12-4. rapse, L., Pieris. (Small White) L. 6. On Brassica oleracea, Nasturtium, and Reseda. Sometimes eats egg - shell for first meal. P. 7 and 9-4. Suspended. Vary greatly in colour I. 7-8 and 4-6. Very fond of Lavender. O. 4-5 and 7-8. Hatch in from 10 to 14 days. Rape. (Brassica napus) Raspberry. (Rubus idceus) ravida, Hb.=o&«scwra, Brh, 272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK reclusa, F. =pegra, Hufn. rectangulata, L., CUorodystis (Eupithecia). (Green Pug) L. 4-5. On Pyrus and P. communis. Feeds on the petals, which it spins together. P. 5-6. Under loose bark and moss on trunks. Sometimes in a slight earthen cocoon on the ground. I. 6-7. Comes to light. 0. Laid on the flower buds. rectilinea, Esp., Hyppa (Hadena). (The Saxon) L. 7-9. On Arctostaphylos, Polygonum, Rubus, and Salix caprea. Hibernates when full grown, and pupates in spring. P. 3-5. Below ground. 1. 5-7. Rests on posts, etc. Comes to sugar. 0. 7. Hatch quickly. Bed Admiral, (atalanta, L., Pyrameis) Red Bearberry. ( Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) Red-belted Clearwing. (myopceformis, Bkh., Sesia) Red Campion. (Lychnis diurna) Red Carpet, (munitata, Hb.} Coremia (Ochyria)) Red Chestnut, (rubricosa, F., Pachnobia) Red Dead-nettle. (Lamium purpureum) chrysitis, Plusia. (Burnished Brass) L. 6-7 and 9-4. Reddish Buff, (caliginosa, Hb., Acosmetia) Reddish Light Arches, (sublustris, Esp., Xylophasia) Red-green Carpet, (siterata, Hufn. (psitticata, Schiff.), Cidaria) Red-headed Chestnut, (erythrocephala, F., Orrhodia ( Conistra)) Red-line Quaker, (lota, Cl., Amaih.es (Orthosia)) Red Lychnis. (Lychnis dioica) Red-necked Footman, (rubricollis, L., Atolmis (Qnophria, Lithosia)) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 273 Red Sword-grass, (vetusta, Hb., Calocampa) Red-tipped Clearwing. (formicceformis, Esp., Sesia) Red Twin-spot Carpet, (ferrugata, L., Coremia (Ochyria)) Red Underwing. (nupta, L., Catocala) Reed. (Phragmites) Reed Leopard, (castanece, Hb. (arundinis, Hb.), Phragma- toecia (Macrogaster)) Reed-mace. (Typha latifolia) Reed Tussock, (coenosa, Hb., Lcelia) Reed Wainscot, (cannce, O., Nonagria) remutaria, Hb., Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Cream Wave) L. 7-9. On Asperula, Galium, Rumex, and Salix caprea. P. 9-5. I. 5-6. 0. Hatch in 14 - 15 days. Laid 3rd June, hatched 15th June (F. Oldak&r). repandata, L., Boarmia. (Mottled Beauty) L. 7-5. On Betula, Calluna, Cratsegus, Hedera, Lonicera, Prunus, P. spinosa, Rubus, Ulmus, and Vaccinium. Sleeve out in winter. P. 5-6. In a cocoon amongst food. I. 6-7 and sometimes 9. Comes to Foxglove blooms and to sugar. Usually emerges between 6 P.M. and 7 P.M. 0. Reseda lutea. (Weld or Dyer's Weed) armigera, Heliothis. (Scarce Bordered Straw) L. 6-7. daplidice, Pieris. (The Bath White) L. 5-6 (?) and 8-9. Reseda luteola. (Wild Mignonette) daplidice, Pieris. (The Bath White) L. 5-6 (?), 8-9. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. 274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Reseda odorata. (Garden Mignonette) daplidice, Pieris. (The Bath White) L. 5-6 (?) and 8-9. Resida. (Mignonette) napi, Pieris. (Green-veined White) L. 6-7 and 8-9. rapae, Pieris. (Small White) L. 6 and 9-12. Rest Harrow, The. (ononaria, Fuesl., Aplasta) Rest Harrow. (Ononis) reticulata, F., Lygris (Cidaria). (Netted Carpet) L. 8-9. On the seeds of Impatiens noli-me-tangere. Night feeder. Rests by day on the mid ribs. P. 9 (end) and 10-7. I. 7-8. O. reticulata, Vill. (saponarice, Bkh.), Neuria. (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. On Lychnis diurna, L. flos-cuculi, Primula vulgaris, Rumex, Salix, Sapon- aria, Silene, etc. P. 5-6. Below ground. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar and light. retusa, L., Plastenis (Tethea). (Double Kidney) L. 4-6. On Salix and S. caprea. Draws terminal leaves together. P. 6-7. At foot. I. 7-8. Comes to honeydew, sugar, and occasionally to light. Also to Figwort bloom. O. 8-9. Laid near base of old leaves, or at base of a leaf bud. Hatch in spring. revayana, Tr. (undulanus, Hb.), Sarrothripa. (Large Marbled Tortrix) L. 6-7. On Quercus and Salix caprea. Beat. P. 7. In a whitish boat-shaped cocoon hung up on the under side of a leaf. I. 8-4. Comes to Ivy, sugar, and over-ripe black- berries. May be beaten out of trees, especially Yew. 0. rhamnata, SchifL, Scotosia. (Dark Umber) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 275 L. 5-6. On Rhamnus catharticus. Hides between fastened leaves. Beat at night. Young larvae mine in the stems. P. 6. In an earthen cocoon. I. 7. Beat out of Buckthorn. Flies at dusk. Comes to light. Emerges after 11 P.M. rhamni, L., Gonepteryx. (Brimstone Butterfly) L. 6-7. On Rhamnus catharticus and R. frangula. Lies along main rib of leaf. P. 7. Suspended head up. I. 7 or 8 to spring. O. 5-6. Laid singly on the under side of leaves, often on the mid rib. Deposited 10th May, hatched 18th May (A. E. Tonge). Rhamnus catharticus. (Buckthorn) rubi, Callophrys. (Green Hairstreak) L. 6-7. Beat, rhamni, Gonepteryx. (Brimstone) L. 6-7. Along main rib of leaf, lurideola, Lithosia. (Common Footman) L. 8-6. Beat, rhamnata, Scotosia. (Dark Umber) L. 5-6. Between fastened leaves. When young mine in the stems, vetulata, Scotosia. (Brown Scallop) L. 5-6. Between spun leaves, dubitata, Triphosa. (The Tissue) L. 5-6. Rhamnus frangula. (Berry-bearing Alder) argiolus, Cyaniris. (Holly Blue) L. 6 and 8-10. Night feeder, rhamni, Gonepteryx. (Brimstone) L. 6-7. Rhinanthus crista-galli. (Yellow Rattle) albulata, Perizoma (Emmelesia). (Grass Rivulet) L. 7-8. In the seed-pods. rhizolitha, F.=ornithopus, Rott. Rhogades. Genus includes globularice. rhomboidaria, Hb.=gemmaria} Brh. 276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK rhomboidea, Tr.^stigmatica, Hb. Rhynchospora alba. (Beaked Rush) typhon, Ccenonympha. (Large Heath) L. 8-5 or 6. Riband Wave, (aversata, L., Acidalia (Ptychopoda)} ribeata, G\erck. = abietaria, Hb. Ribes. (Currant) grossulariata, Abraxas. (The Magpie) L. 8-5 or 6. sescularia, Anisopteryx. (March Moth) L. 4-6. assimilata, Eupithecia. (Currant Pug) L. 6-7 and 9. Beat. exiguata, Eupithecia. (Mottled Pug) L. 9-10. abruptaria, Hemerophila (Synopsia). (Waved Umber) L. 5-8. c-album, Polygonia. (Comma) L. 4-6 and 8. tipuliformis, Sesia. (Currant Clearwing) L. 7-5. Feeds in the stems downwards. wauaria, Thamnonoma (Itame). (V-Moth) L. 4-6. fluctuata, Xanthorhoe (Melanippe). (Garden Carpet) L. 6-10. Night feeder. ribesaria, B. =prunata, L. Ribes grossularia. (Gooseberry) prunata, Lygris (Cidaria). (The Phosnix) L. 4 or 5-6. wauaria, Thamnonoma (Itame). (V-Moth) L. 4-6. fluctuata, Xanthorhoe (Melanippe). (Garden Carpet) L. 6-10. Night feeder. Ribes nigrum. (Black Currant) associata, Lygris (Cidaria). (The Spinach) L. 4 or 5-6. Night feeder. Ribes rubrum. (Red Currant) associata (dotata), Lygris (Cidaria). (The Spinach) L. 4 or 5-6. Night feeder. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 277 prunata, Lygris. (The Phoenix) L. 4 or 5-6. Ribwort. (Plantago lanceolata) ridens, F., Cymatophora. (The Frosted Green) L. 6-7. On Quercus. Rests between united leaves. Beat at night. Young larvse curl over leaf tips. P. 8-4. In a weak cocoon spun up between leaves, or at the roots in a cocoon of dried leaves, bits of stick, etc. In captivity amongst moss. Usually go over 2 or 3 winters. I. 4. One to 4 feet from the ground. Comes to sugar and light. 0. 4 (end), 5. Eggs laid 3rd May, hatched 15th May. Laid between a terminal twig and an unexpanded bud. Ringed Carpet, (cinctaria, Schiff., Boarmia) Ringlet, (hyperanthus, L., Aphantopus) ripse, Hb., Agrotis (Lycophotia). (Sand Dart) L. 8-10. On Cakile, Cynoglossum officinale, Eryngium, Salsola, and Suseda. Hides in pure sand by day. When full fed burrows, but does not pupate till spring. P. Spring to 6. 1. 6-7. Hides under bits of wood, etc., on sea-shore. Comes to sugar. 0. rivata, Hb., Xanthorhoe (Epirrhoe). (Wood Carpet) L. 7-8. Night feeder on Galium aparine, G. mollugo, and G. verum. P. 8-6. On the surface in an earth-coated silk cocoon. I. 7-8 (or earlier). O. 7. Laid singly on the under sides of leaves, close to edge and near tip. Hatchings recorded, 5, 10, and 11 days. Rivula. Genus includes sericealis. Rivulet, (affinitata, Stph., Perizoma (Emmelesia)) Robinia hispida. ( Acacia) hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder. 278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK roboraria, Schiff., Boarmia. (Great Oak Beauty) L. 8-5. On Betula, Quercus (especially), and Salix caprea. Hibernates early, and recom- mences feeding when buds appear. Beat. Sleeve out captures. P. 6. At foot. I. 6-7. Rests on trunks, high up. Comes to sugar. Females assemble about 12 P.M. O. 7. Hatch in about 14 days. roboris, Schrk. =quercus, L. Rock Rose. ( Helianthemum vulgare) Rosa and R/canina. litura, Amathes (Orthosia). (Brown-spot Pinion) L. 4-6. Night feeder, pyramidea, Amphipyra. (Copper Underwing) L. 4-6. sescularia, Anisopteryx. (March Moth) L. 4-6. badiata, Anticlea. (Shoulder Stripe) L. 5-7. nigrofasciaria, Anticlea. (The Streamer) L. 5-6. gemmaria, Boarmia. (Willow Beauty) L. 8-5. quadripunctaria (hera), Callimorpha. (Jersey Tiger) L. 8-7. fulvata, Cidaria. (The Barred Yellow) L. 5-6. mendica, Diaphora (Spilosoma). (The Muslin) L. 7-8. advenaria, Epione. (Little Thorn) L. 7-8. chrysorrhsea, Euproctis (Porthesia). (Brown-tail) L. 8-6. strigata (thymiaria), Hemithea. (Common Emerald) L. 7-5. hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, monocha, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Black Arches) L. 4-7. reticulata (saponarise), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. zonaria, Nyssia. (The Belted Beauty) L. 5-8. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 279 luteolata, Opisthograptis. (crataegata, Rumia). (Brim- stone Moth) L. 4-9 and 10-4. antiqua, Orgyia. (The Vapourer) L. 5-8. betularia, Pachys. (Peppered Moth) L. 7-9. Beat, strataria, Pachys. (Oak Beauty) L. 5-7. pedaria (pilosaria), Phigalia. (Pale Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, similis, Porthesia. (Yellow-tail) L. 8 or 9-5 or 6. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. miniosa, Toeniocampa. (Blossom Underwing) L. 5-6. In common web round Oak bud at first, opima, Tceniocampa. (Northern Drab) L. 4-6. pulverulenta, Tceniocampa. (Small Quaker) L. 4-6. Rose. ( Rosa) rostralis, L., Hypena. (Buttoned Snout) L. 6-7. On Humulus. Hides by day on under sides of leaves. P. 7-8. I. 8-9. Hibernates. Comes to sugar and Ivy. O. Rosy Footman, (miniata, Forst., Miltochrista (Calligenia)) Rosy Marbled, (venustula, Hb., Erastria) Rosy Marsh Moth, (subrosea, Stph., Noctua (Ccenophila)) Rosy Minor, (literosa, Hw., Miana) Rosy Rustic, (micacea, Esp., Hydroecia (Oortyna)) Rosy Wave, (emutaria, Hb., Acidalia (Leptomeris)) rotundaria, Hw. =pusaria, L. Rough Bedstraw. (Qalium aparine) 280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Round-winged Muslin, (senex, Hb., Comacla (Nudaria)) Royal Mantle, (cucullata, Hufn. (sinuata, Hb.), Anticlea) ruberata, Frr., Hydriomena (Hypsipetes). (Ruddy High-flyer) L. 7-9. Night feeder on Salix and S. caprea. Draws terminal leaves together. Pupates 6 weeks after being full fed. P. 9 or 10-3. In a cocoon at branch angles, or on the ground in a tough cocoon of earth and rubbish. I. 5-6. Flies at dusk. * 0. 6. Laid on the catkins. Hatch in 10 days. rubi, L., Callophrys. (Green Hairstreak) L. 6-7. On Cornus, Cytisus scoparius, Genista anglica, G. tinctoria, Rhamnus (on the berries), Rubus, Ulex, and Vaccinium myrtillus. P. 7-5. Unattached, or held by a very fine thread only. I. 5-6. Rests on brambles. 0. 6. Laid on petals as a rule. Hatch in 7 - 8 days. Deposited 29th May, hatched 5th June (Oldaker). rubi, L., Macrothylacia (Bombyx). (Fox Moth) L. 8-10. On Calluna, Gramineae, Myrica gale, and Rubus.. Hibernates 3-4, but does not eat again. Hairs very irritant. P. 3-4. In a tubular brown cocoon spun up low down amongst the food plant. 1. 5-6. Males fly in the afternoon sunshine, and come to light. Females fly at night ; and freshly-hatched ones attract males, which come up against the wind about 6.15 P.M. to 9 P.M. 0. 6. Laid in batches on food stalks, and even on fences, etc. rubi, View, (bella, Bkh.), Noctua. (Small Square-spot) L. 6-7 and 11-4. Second brood nibbles during the winter in mild weather. Feed on Calluna, Gramineae, Rumex, and Taraxacum. P. 4 and 7-8. Below ground. 1. 6 and 8-9 (or later). Comes to sugar and to Ragwort bloom, O. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 281 Rubia peregrina. (Madder) galii, Deilephila (Celerio). (The Bedstraw Hawk Moth) L. 8-10. Frass indicates whereabouts, stellatarum, Macroglossa. (Humming-bird Hawk Moth) L. 6, 7, 8. Feeds low down at dusk. rubidata, F., Antidea. (The Flame) L. 7-8. On Galium aparine, G. mollugo, and G. verum. P. 8-6. Below ground in an earthen cocoon. I. 6-7. Can be brushed out by day. Emerges 8 P.M. to 10 P.M. 0. 6-8. On food plant. Hatchings recorded, 8, 10, 11 days. rubiginata, Hufn. (rubricata, F.), Acidalia (Leptomens). (Tawny Wave) L. 8-5 (sometimes 6-7). On Polygonum and Tri- folium. Hibernate 10 till spring. P. 6. In a cocoon under moss. 1. 6-7. May be brushed out by day. Fly for half an hour before sunset. Come to light. 0. 7 (end). Hatchings recorded, 5, 9 days. rubiginea, F., Orrhodia (Dasycampa). (Dotted Chestnut) L. 5-6. On Prunus, Pyrus, and Taraxacum. Likes a mixed diet. P. 6 or 7-8. Below ground in a cocoon composed of moss and bits of leaves on top and of earth below. 1. 9-10. Usually emerges between noon and 4 P.M. Comes to sugar, Yew berries, and bloom of Ivy, Damson, Sloe, and Sallow. Comes to light. 0. Laid singly, from mid- April, in crevices. Feed females on honey and sherry whilst laying. About 4-16 eggs laid at night. Eggs laid 8th May, hatched 19th May ; and eggs laid 20th April, hatched 20th May. rubricata, F.= rubiginata, Hufn. rubricollis, L., Atolmis (Gnophria, Lithosia). (Red-necked Footman) L. 7-10. On Lichenes, on Fagus, Pinus, Quercus, and Ulmus. P. 11-6. In a silk and hair cocoon amongst lichen or 282 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK moss on trunks. Keep on damp sand, and cover with moss. I. 6-7 (or earlier). Emerge between 7 A.M. and 8 A.M. Fly in the sun high up. About 2 o'clock is the best time. O. rubricosa, F., Pachnobia. (Red Chestnut) L. 4-6. On Rumex, Senecio vulgaris, and Taraxa- cum. P. 7-3. Below ground. I. JS-4. Emerges 11 A.M. to 12 A.M. Comes to bloom of Sallow, Blackthorn, and Plum. 0. 4. In captivity females will lay on bunches of loose thread, torn muslin, etc., but will not lay on a smooth surface. Laid 29th March, hatched 20th April (F. Oldaker). Rubus csesius. (Dewberry) albula (alls), Nola. (Kent Black Arches) L. 8-6. Rubus fruticosus. (Bramble or Blackberry) bisetata, Acidalia. (Small Fan-footed Wave) L. 8-5. Likes food withered, degeneraria, Acidalia. (Portland Ribbon Moth) L. 8-4. In 2 broods. inornata, Acidalia. (Plain Wave) L. 8-6. straminata, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Dotted Border Wave) L. 9-6. auricoma, Acronycta. (Scarce Dagger) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9. rumicis, Acronycta. (The Knot Grass) L. 7-9. litura, Amathes (Orthosia). (Brown-spot Pinion) L. 4-6. Night feeder, nebulosa, Aplecta (Mamestra, Apamea). (Grey Arches) L. 8-4 or 5. Night feeder. Hibernates hi old stems, etc. repandata, Boarmia. (Mottled Beauty) L. 7-5. Beat at night, dominula, Callimorpha. (Scarlet Tiger) L. 7 or 8-4 or 5. rubi, Callophrys. (Green Hairstreak) L. 6-7. Beat, coronata, Chloroclystis. (V-Pug) L. 6-7 and in autumn. On the flowers. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 283 advenaria, Epione. (Little Thorn) L. 7-8. Will eat when Bilberry unavailable, venustata, Erastria. (Rosy Marbled) L. 7-9. Eats the flowers, vulgata, Eupithecia. (Common Pug) L. 6-7. chrysorrhsea, Euproctis (Porthesia). (Brown-tail) L. 8-6. prassina (herbida), Eurois (Aplecta). (Green Arches) L. 7-4 or 5. Sometimes feed up and produce imagos 11-12. derasa, Habrosyne (Gonophora). (Buff Arches) L. 8-9. Night feeder. malvae (alveolus), Hesperia (Syrichthus). (Grizzled Skipper) L. 5-7. rectilinea, Hyppa. (The Saxon) L. 7-9. quercus, Lasiocampa. (Oak Eggar) L. 8-7. trifolii, Lasiocampa (Bombyx, Pachygastria). (Grass Eggar) L. 2-6. rubi, Macrothylacia (Bombyx). (Fox Moth) L. 8-10. Hibernates 3-4. pisi, Mamestra (Hadena). (Broom Moth) L. 8-9. albicellata, Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (The Beautiful Carpet) L. 8-9 (or earlier), baja, Noctua. (Dotted Clay) L. 9-5. Late night feeder, brunnea, Noctua. (Purple Clay) L. 9-5. ditrapezium, Noctua. (Triple-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. Late night feeder, primulse (festiva), Noctua. (The Ingrailed Clay) L. 8-5. triangulum, Noctua. (Double Square-spot) L. 4-5. Beat 10.30 P.M. to 1 A.M. umbrosa, Noctua. (Six-striped Rustic) L. 8-5. albula (-alis), Nola. (Kent Black Arches) L. 8-6. betularia, Pachys. (Peppered Moth) L. 7-9. Beat, muscerda, Pelosia (Lithosia). (Dotted Footman) L. 8-5. Will eat withered leaves. Like mixed diet. 284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, pavonia (carpini), Saturnia. (Emperor Moth) L. 6-8. Gregarious till after 3rd moult, lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. gracilis, Tceniocampa. (Powdered Quaker) L. 5-7. mimosa, Tceniocampa. (Blossom Underwing) L. 5-6. In common web spun round an Oak bud at first, batis, Thyatira. (Peach Blossom) L. 7-9. crataegi, Trichiura. (Pale Oak Eggar) L. 4-6. Beat, fimbria, Triphsena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Night feeder. Beat, ianthina, Triphsena. (Lesser Broad -border) L. 8-4 or 5. Search in autumn at night, tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha (Herminia). (Fan-foot) L. 7 and 8-3 or 4. Night feeder. Hibernates when nearly full fed. Rubus idaeus. (Raspberry) auricoma, Acronycta. (Scarce Dagger) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9. albicellata, Mesoleuca (Melanthia). (The Beautiful Carpet) L. 8-9 (or earlier), albula (-alis), Nola. (Kent Black Arches) L. 8-6. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. malvae, Syrichthus. (Grizzled Skipper) L. 5-7. batis, Thyatira. (Peach Blossom) L. 7-9. tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha. (Fan-foot) L. 7 and 8-3 or 4. Night feeder. Ruby Tiger, (fuliginosa, L., Phragmatobia (Spilosoma)) Ruddy High-flyer, (rubemta, Frr., Hydriomena) rufa, Hw., Co&nobia. (Small Rufous) L. 5-6. Internal feeder on Juncus lamprocarpus. P. 6-7. I. 7-8. Flies at dusk. Rests later on grass and rushes. 0. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 285 rufata, F. (obliquaria, Bkh.), Chesias. (Broom-tip) L. 8-9. On Cytisus scoparius. Search at night. P. 9-4. Below ground. Sometimes goes over 2 years. I. 5-7 (sometimes earlier or later). 0. 7. Hatching recorded, 23 days. ruficinctata, Gu.=flavicinctata, Hb. rufina, L. (helvola, L.), Anchocelis. (Flounced Chestnut) L. 4-5. On Calluna (?), Cratsegus, Quercus, Salix caprea, Ulmus, and Vaccinium (?). P. 6-8. Below ground. 1. 9-10. Comes to Ivy, Tritoma, and ripe Yew berries. 0. 9-10. Hatch in spring. Laid in rows on twigs of food. rufuncula, Hw.^bicoloria, Vill. Rumex. (Dock) aversata, Acidalia. (Riband Wave) L. 7-5. imitaria, Acidalia. (Small Blood- vein) L. 7-5. inornata, Acidalia. (Plain Wave) L. 8-6. remutaria, Acidalia. (Cream Wave) L. 7-9. rumicis, Acronycta. (The Knot Grass) L. 7-9. chrysidiformis, ^Egeria (Sesia). (Fiery Clearwing) L. 4. On the roots, ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ash worth's Rustic) L. 8-4. cinerea, Agrotis (Euxoa). (Light Feathered Rustic) L. 6 or 7 to spring, corticea, Agrotis. (Heart and Club) L. 8-3 or 4. Night feeder, nigricans, Agrotis (Euxoa). (Garden Dart) L. 9-6. obscura (ravida), Agrotis. (Stout Dart) L. 9-5. Night feeder, saucia, Agrotis. (Pearly Underwing) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Night feeder, segetum, Agrotis. (Turnip Moth) L. 7-4. simulans (pyrophila), Agrotis (Pachnobia). (Dotted Rustic) L. 9-5. Search after dusk. 286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK litura, Amathes (Orthosia). (Brown-spot Pinion) L. 4-6. Night feeder. lychnidis (pistacina), Amathes (Anthocelis, Orthosia). (The Beaded Chestnut) L. 3-6. rnebulosa, Aplecta. (Grey Arches) L. 8-4 or 5. Sweep at night in autumn, tincta, Aplecta. (Silvery Arches) L. 8-5. Search hedgerows in autumn, lutulenta, Aporphyla (Epunda). (Deep-brown Dart) L. 9-4. Hibernates early, nigra, Aporophyla (Epunda). (Black Rustic) L. 10-5. At night, caja, Arctia. (Garden Tiger) L. 9 or 10-6. villica, Arctia. (Cream-spot Tiger) L. 7-4. exoleta, Calocampa. (Sword-grass) L. 4 or 5-7. vetusta, Calocampa. (Red Sword-grass) L. 5-7. bilineata, Camptogramma. (Yellow Shell) L. 8-5. Night feeder, alsines, Caradrina. (The Uncertain) L. 9-3. morpheus, Caradrina. (Mottled Rustic) L. 8, 9, 10-5. taraxaci, Caradrina. (The Rustic) L. 9-4. phlaeas, Chrysophanus. (Small Copper) L. 5-6, 8-9, and 10-3. sanio (russula), Diacrisia. (Clouded Buff) L. 7-4 or 5 (7-9 in confinement). Hibernates early, mendica, Diaphora (Spilosoma). (The Muslin) L. 7-8. scabriuscula (pinastri), Dipterygia. (The Bird's-wing) L. 7-8. atomaria, Ematurga (Fidonia). (Common Heath) L. 7-8 or 9. lichenea, Epunda. (Feathered Ranunculus) L. 10-5. Night feeder, occulta, Eurois (Aplecta). (Great Brocade) L. 8-5. Sweep, prasina (herbida), Eurois (Aplecta). (Green Arches) L. 7-4 or 5. sylvinus, Hepialus. (Orange Swift) L. 7-5. At roots. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 287 contigua, Mamestra (Hadena). (The Beautiful Brocade) L. 8-9. dissimilis (suasa), Mamestra (Hadena). (Dog's-tooth) L. 7. Night feeder, oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. thalassina, Mamestra (Hadena). (Pale-shouldered Bro- cade) L. 8-9. Night feeder. reticulata (saponarise), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. augur, Noctua (Exarnis). (Double Dart) L. 7-5. Night feeder. Eats this plant when young, brunnea, Noctua. (Purple Clay) L. 9-5. c-nigrum, Noctua. (Setacous Hebrew Character) L. 9-5. depuncta, Noctua. (Plain Clay) L. 9-5. ditrapezium, Noctua. (Triple-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. Night feeder, glareosa, Noctua. (Autumnal Rustic) L. 8-6. primulae (festiva), Noctua. (The Ingrailed Clay) L. 8-5. rubi, Noctua. (Small Square-spot) L. 6-7 and 11 -4. stigmatica (rhomboidea), Noctua. (Square-spotted Clay) JLJ. y~o. triangulum, Noctua. (Double Square-spot) L. 4-5. Beat 10.30 P.M. to 1 A.M. umbrosa, Noctua. (Six-striped Rustic) L. 8-5. xanthographa, Noctua. (Square-spot Rustic) L. 9-5. zonaria, Nyssia. (The Belted Beauty) L. 5-8. leucographa, Pachnobia. (The White-marked) L. 5-6. rubricosa, Pachnobia. (Red Chestnut) L. 4-6. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Feeds at night, fuliginosa, Phragmatobia (Spilosoma). (Ruby Tiger) L. 6-8 and 9-5. livornica, Phryxus. (Striped Hawk) L. 6-7, and 8-9 from August immigrants. 288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK chi, Polia. (The Grey Chi) L. 4-6. flavicincta, Polia. (Large Ranunculus) L. 4-7. xanthomista (nigrocincta), Polia. (The Black-banded) L. Autumn or spring to 6 or 7. Night feeder. Not usual food, lineata (dealbata), Scoria. (Black-veined Moth) L. 9-5. In confinement, lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. sacraria, Sterrha. (The Vestal) L. 8 or 9-5. gothica, Tceniocampa. (Hebrew Character) L. 4-6. amata (-aria), Timandra. (Blood-vein) L. 7 or 8-5. atriplieis, Trachea (Hadena). (The Orache) L. 7-8. Night feeder. fimbria, Triphsena. (Broad - bordered Yellow Under- wing) L. 9-5. Night feeder. Search in autumn, ianthina, Triphsena. (Lesser Broad-border) L. 8-4 or 5. Beat. Search hedgerows at night in autumn, inter jecta, Triphsena. (Least Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. conspicillaris, Xylomiges. (Silver Cloud) L. 5-7. Rumex acetosa. (Sorrel) rumicis, Acronycta. (The Knot Grass) L. 7-9. chrysidiformis, JEgeria (Sesia). (Fiery Clearwing). L. 4. On the roots. Full grown this month, nigra, Aporophyla (Epunda). (The Black Rustic) L. 10-5. At night, phlaeas, Chrysophanus. (Small Copper) L. 5-6, 8-9, and 10-3. scabriuscula (pinastri), Dipteiygia. (The Bird's-wing) L. 7-8. statices, Ino (Adscita). (The Forester) L. 6 or 7-4. Feed in the leaves when young ; after- wards low down, viridaria (pectinataria), Amoebe. (Green Carpet) L. 8-5. Sluggish. Hides at roots, depuncta, Noctua. (Plain Clay) L. 9-5. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 289 glareosa, Noctua. (Autumnal Rustic) L. 8-6. amata (aria), Timandra. (Blood-vein) L. 7 or 8-5. Rumex acetosella. (Sheep's Sorrel) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. Rumex crispus. dahlii, Noctua. (The Barred Chestnut) L. 8-5. Sometimes full fed by Christmas. Rumex hydrolapathum. (Great Water Dock) dispar, Chrysophanus. (Large Copper) L. 8-6. Extinct, urticae, Spilosoma. (Water Ermine) L. 7-9. Feeds low down. Rumex pulcher. (Fiddle Dock) phlseas, Chrysophanus. (Small Copper) L. 5-6, 8-9, and 10-5. dahlii, Noctua. (The Barred Chestnut) L. 8-5. Sometimes full fed by Christmas. Rumia. Genus includes cratcegata. rumicis, L., Acronycta. (The Knot Grass) L. 7-9. On Cratsegus, Rubus, Rumex, R. acetosa, Plantago, and Salix caprea. P. 8-5. In a cocoon amongst food, close to the ground. I. 6-7, and sometimes 8-9. Conies to sugar. Rests on posts. 0. rupicapraria, Hb., Hybernia. (Early Moth) L. 4-5. On Cratsegus, Prunus domestica, P. spinosa, and Vaccinium. P. 5-1. In a slight web on or just below ground. I. 1-2. Search hawthorn hedges at night. 0. 2-4. Laid on twigs of food. rurea, F., Xylophasia ( Apamea). (Clouded Bordered Brindle) L. 8-5. On Gramineae. P. 5-6. Under moss on trees (?). 1. 6-7. Comes to light and sugar. 0. Rusina. Genus includes tenebrosa. 290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK russata, J$kh. = truncata, Hufn. russula, ~L. = sanio. Rustic, (taraxaci, Hb., Caradrina) Rustic Shoulder-knot, (basilinea, F., Apamea) rusticata, F., Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Least Carpet) L. 8-5. Sometimes feeds up and produces images in 9. Hibernates 10-3. Feeds on Cratse- gus, Hedera, Polygonum, Rubus, Senecio vulgaris, Syringa vulgaris, and Taraxa- cum. Likes leaves decayed or withered. P. 6 and sometimes 9. I. 7 and occasionally 9. May be found at rest on Ivy and Pellitory. 0. Hatchings recorded 7, 8, and 9 days. Rusty Wave, (herbariata, F., Acidalia (Ptychopoda)) sacraria, L., Sterrha. (The Vestal) L. 8 or 9-5. On Anthemis, Polygonum, and Rumex. P. 1. 4 and 7-9. Casual immigrant. Comes to sugar and light. O. Sage. (Salvia officinalis) sagittata, F., Cidaria. (Marsh Carpet) L. 8-9. On the seed-heads and withered leaves of Aquilegia, Thalictrum flavum, and T. minus ; usually partly gregarious. They wither their own food by half biting through the stalk. P. 9-6. On the ground, or spun up on the heads of plants. I. 6 (end) -7. Comes to light. 0. 7 or 8. Laid in groups of 4 or 5 on the seed-vessels. Salad Burnet. (Poterium sanguisorba) salicalis, SchifL, Madopa. (Lesser Belle) L. 7-8. On Populus tremula and Salix caprea. P. I. 5-6. Likes damp woods, and flies slowly amongst grass from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. O. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 291 salicata, Hb., Malenydris (Larentia). (Striped Twin-spot Carpet) L. 9-10. Rests on plant by day. Feeds on Galium. P. 10-4. Spins up in autumn, but does not pupate till spring ; do not disturb, or result fatal. I. 5-6 and sometimes 8-9. Rests on rocks and trunks. 0. Hatch in 15 days. salicis, C\u:t.=menyanthidis} View. salicis, L., Stilpnotia. (White Satin Moth) L. 8-6. On Populus, Salix, and S. caprea. Hibernate 9-4. Give cork, which they spin over and hide underneath. P. 6-7. In a slight web spun up almost anywhere handy when in confinement. When wild, usually amongst food. 1. 7-8. Rests on trees and palings. 0. 8. In white spittle-like looking batches on underside of Poplar leaves. Salix. (Willow) aversats, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (The Riband Wave) L. 7-5. aini, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. Rare, litura, Amathes (Orthosia). (Brown -spot Pinion) L. 4-6. Night feeder, lota, Amathes (Orthosia). (Red-line Quaker) L. 4-6. Night feeder, cinctaria, Boarmia. (Ringed Carpet) L. 9-5. viminalis, Bombycia (Epunda). (Minor Shoulder-knot) L. 4-6. Draws terminal shoots together when young, and rolls the leaves later, nupta, Catocala. (Red Underwing) L. 4-7. Night feeder, furcata, Cerura. (Sallow Kitten) L. 7-9. miata, Cidaria. (Autumn Green Carpet) L. 6-9. Beat out. ligniperda, Cossus. (Goat Moth) L. Feeds internally 3 or 4 years, vinula, Dicranura. (Puss Moth) L. 7-9. fissipuncta (ypsilon or upsilon), Dyschorista. (Dingy Shears) L. 4-5. Night feeder on narrow-leaved vars. Hides by day. 292 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK chlorana, Earias. (Cream-bordered Green Pea) L. 7-8. Draws terminal leaves together, quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos. (August Thorn) L. 4-7. Beat out. ilicifolia, Epicnaptera. (Small Lapper) L. 8. apiciaria, Epione. (Bordered Beauty) L. 4-5. Beat. Shams death, parallelaria (vespetaria), Epione. (Dark-bordered Beauty) L. 5-6. Beat, furcata, Hydriomena. (July Highflyer) L. 5-6. Night feeder, ruberata, Hydriomena. (Ruddy Highflyer) L. 7-9. Night feeder, semibrunnea, Lithophane (Xylina). (Tawny Pinion) L. 5-6. polycommata, Lobophora (Trichopteryx). (The Barred Tooth-striped) L. 5-6. Feeds on buds at first. Beat, marginata, Lomaspilis. (Clouded Border) L. 6, 7, 8, 9. hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, populata, Lygris (Cidaria). (Northern Spinach) L. 5-6. neustria, Malocosoma. (The Lackey) L. 4-6. Gregarious in a web. reticulata (saponariae), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. ziczac, Notodonta. (Pebble Prominent) L. 6-7 and 8-9. Beat, gonostigma, Orgyia. (Scarce Vapourer) L. 7 and 9-4 or 5. Beat, tremula (dictsea), Pheosia. (Swallow Prominent) L. 6-7 and 9-10. retusa, Plastenis (Tethea). (Double Kidney) L. 4-6. Draws terminal leaves together, populi, Pcecilocampa. (December Moth) L. 4-6. Beat at night, palpina, Pterostoma. (Pale Prominent) L. 6-7 and 8-9. Beat, libatrix, Scoliopteryx. (The Herald) L. 6-8. bilunaria (illunaria), Selenia. (Early Thorn) L. 5-6 and 8-9. Prefers lower branches, populi, Smerinthus. (Poplar Hawk Moth) L, 7-9 or 10. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 293 salicis, Stilpnotia. (White Satin Moth) L. 8-6. opima, Tceniocampa. (Northern Drab) L. 4-6. bistortata, Tephrosia. (The Engrailed) L. 5-6 and 8-9. luridata (extersaria), Tephrosia. (Brindled White Spot) L. 8-9. Beat, fimbria, Triphsena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Beat at night in spring, crabroniformis, Trochilium. (Lunar Hornet) L. Internal feeder. Search 3-4. antiopa, Vanessa. (Camberwell Beauty) L. 5-6. fulvago (cerago), Xanthia. (The Sallow) L. 3-6. In catkins when young, on leaves later, pyrina (aesculi), Zeuzera. (Leopard Moth) L, Feeds 2-3 years ; inside growth of from 3 to 8 inches diameter. Salix acuminata. melanopa, Anarta. (Broad-bordered White Underwing) L. 5-7. Salix caprea. (Salix or Goat Willow) fumata, Acidalia. (Smoky Wave) L. 8-5. inornata, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Plain Wave) L. 8-6. remutaria, Acidalia. (Cream Wave) L. 7-9. euphorbrice var. myricae, Acronycta. (Sweet-gale Moth) L. 7-9. alni, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. tridens, Acronycta. (Dark Dagger) L. 8-10. agathina, Agrotis. (Heath Rustic) L. 9-6. Beat at night, ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. melanopa, Anarta. (Broad-bordered White Underwing) L. 5-7. circellaris (ferruginea), Amathes. (The Brick) L. 4-6 or 7. Beat, litura, Amathes (Orthosia). (Brown-spot Pinion) L. 4-6. Night feeder, lota, Amathes (Orthosia). (Red-line Quaker) L. 4-6. Night feeder. 294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK lychnidis (pistacina), Amathes (Anthocelis, Orthosia). (The Beaded Chestnut) L. 3-6. pyramidea, Amphipyra. (Copper Underwing) L. 4-6. tragopogonis, Amphipyra. (The Mouse) L. 4-6. rufina, Anchocehs. (Flounced Chestnut) L. 4-5. Cannibal in confinement, iris, Apatura. (Purple Emperor) L. 8-6. Night feeder, nebulosa, Aplecta (Mamestra, Apamea). (Grey Arches) L. ^ 8-4 or 5. Beat at night in late spring. Hibernates in old stems, etc. tincta, Aplecta (Mamestra). (Silvery Arches) L. 8-5. Beat at night, testaceata (sylvata), Asthena. (Waved Carpet) L. 7-8 or 9. abietaria, Boarmia. (Satin Carpet) L. 8-5. Feed mostly at night, cinctaria, Boarmia. (Ringed Carpet) L. 9-5. consortaria, Boarmia. (Pale Oak Beauty) L. 7-8. roboraria, Boarmia. (Great Oak Beauty) L. 8-5. Beat. Sleeve out. Hibernates early, and re-feeds as buds appear. viminalis, Bombycia (Epunda). (Minor Shoulder- knot) L. 4-6. In silk-drawn terminal shoots, sphinx (cassinea), Brachionycha. (The Sprawler) L. 5-6. Beat, exanthemata, Cabera. (Common Wave) L. 6-9. Beat, pusaria, Cabera. (Common White Wave) L. 7 and 9. Beat, dominula, Callimorpha. (Scarlet Tiger) L. 7 or 8-4 or 5. trapezina, Calymnia (Cosmia). (Dun-bar) L. 4-6. Cannibal, furcata, Cerura. (Sallow Kitten) L. 7-9. immanata, Cidaria. (Dark Marbled Carpet) L. 4-6. miata, Cidaria. (Autumn Green Carpet) L. 6-8. Beat out. truncata (russata), Cidaria. (Common Marbled Carpet) L. 6 and 8-2. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 295 ligniperda, Cossus. (Goat Moth) L. Feeds internally 3 or 4 years, mesomella, Cybosia (Lithosia). (Four-dotted Footman) L. 8 (?) -4 or 5. Likes withered leaves, fascelina, Dasychira (Orgyia). (Dark Tussock) L. 8-4. Hibernates early in silk web. vinula, Dicranura. (Puss Moth) L. 7-9. suspecta, Dychorista. (The Suspected) L. 4-5. versicolor, Endromis. (Kentish Glory) L. 5-7. Gregarious when young. Rests along stalks and mid-ribs when older, quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos. (August Thorn) L. 4-7. Beat out. csesiata, Entephria (Larentia). (Grey Mountain Carpet) L. 8-5. Hibernates at roots. Recommences feeding in 4. advenaria, Epione. (Little Thorn) L. 7-8. apiciaria, Epione. (Bordered Beauty) L. 4-5. Beat. Shams death, undulata, Eucosmia. (Scallop Shell) L. 7-9. adusta, Eumichtis (Hadena). (Dark Brocade) L. 7-9. Hibernates when full fed. exiguata, Eupithecia. (Mottled Pug) L. 9-10. satyr ata, Eupithecia. (Satyr Pug) L. 8-9. Beat, tenuiata, Eupithecia. (Slender Pug) L. 3, 4 and 5. In the catkins, vulgata, Eupithecia. (Common Pug) L. 6-7. lucipara, Euplexia. (Small Angle Shades) L. 8-9. Night feeder, occulta, Eurois (Aplecta). (Great Brocade) L. 8-5. Beat in spring, prasina (herbida), Eurois (Aplecta). (Green Arches) L. 7-4 or 5. Occasionally produces images 11-12. dolobraria, Eurymene. (Scorched Wing) L. 7-9. carbonaria, Fidonia. (Netted Mountain Moth) L. 5-7. Night feeder, quercifolia, Gastropacha. (The Lappet) L. 8-5. Night feeder, bidentata, Gonodontis. (Scalloped Hazel) L. 7-10. Beat. 296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK pennaria, Himera (Colotois). (Feathered Thorn) L. 4-6. Beat, marginaria (progemmaria), Hybernia. (Dotted Border) L. 4-5. Beat by day. furcata, Hydriomena. (July Highflyer) L. 5-6. Night feeder, ruberata, Hydriomena. (Ruddy Highflyer) L. 7-9. Night feeder, rectilinea, Hyppa (Hadena). (The Saxon) L. 7-9. lactearia, lodis. (Little Emerald) L. 8-9. Beat, trifolii, Lasiocampa (Bombyx, Pachygastria). (Grass Eggar) L. 2-6. solidaginis, Lithomoia (Cloantha, Calocampa). (Golden- rod Brindle) L. 5-7. lurideola, Lithosia. (Common Footman) L. 8-6. Beat, carpinata (lobulata), Lobophora (Trichopteryx). (Early Tooth-striped) L. 6-7. halterata, Lobophora. (The Seraphim) L. 6-7. polycommata, Lobophora (Trichopteryx). (The Barred Tooth-striped) L. 5-6. Feeds on buds at first, sexalisata, Lobophora. (Small Seraphim) L. 8-9. Rests on mid-ribs, marginata, Lomaspilis. (Clouded Border) L. 6, 7, 8, and 9. eamelina, Lophopteryx (Notodonta). (Coxcomb) L. 7-10. Beat, populata, Lygris (Cidaria). (Northern Spinach) L. 5-6. testata, Lygris (Cidaria). (Chevron) L. 5-7. dispar, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Gipsy) L. 4-7. Reared artificially, salicalis, Madopa. (Lesser Belle) L. 7-8. neustria, Malocosoma. (The Lackey) L. 4-6. Gregarious in a web. glauca, Mamestra (Hadena). (Glaucous Shears) L. 7-8. Sleeve out. pisi, Mamestra (Hadena). (Broom Moth) L. 8-9. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 297 thalassina, Mamestra (Hadena). (Pale-shouldered Brocade) L. 8-9. Night feeder, miniata, Miltochrista. (Rosy Footman) L. 8-5. On decaying leaves, maura, Mormo (Mamia). (Old Lady) L. 9-5. typica, Nsenia. (The Gothic) L. 8-5. Gregarious till 15th day. Hibernates in October under stems, leaves, etc. viridata, Nemoria. (Small Grass Emerald) L. 7-8. Beat, augur, Noctua (Exarnis). (Double Dart) L. 7-5. Night feeder. Not in early stage, baja, Noctua. (Dotted Clay) L. 9-5. Late night feeder. In spring, brunnea, Noctua. (Purple Clay) L. 9-5. In spring, castanea, Noctua. (Neglected, or Grey Rustic) L. 9-5. Night feeder, dahlii, Noctua. (The Barred Chestnut) L. 8-5. Sometimes full fed by 12. Beat out. ditrapezium, Noctua. (Triple-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. Night feeder, glareosa, Noctua. (Autumnal Rustic) L. 8-6. primulse (f estiva), Noctua. (The Ingrailed Clay) L. 8-5. stigmatica (rhomboidea), Noctua. (Square-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. ziczac, Notodonta. (Pebble Prominent) L. 6-7 and 8-9. Beat, pulveraria, Numeria. (The Barred Umber) L. 6-8 or 9. Beat, lapponaria, Nyssia. (Rannock Brindled Beauty) L. 5-7. In captivity. dilutata (nebulata), Oporabia (Epirrata). (November Moth) L. 4-6. gonostigma, Orgyia. (Scarce Vapourer) L. 7 and 9-4 or 5. Beat, ligula (spadicea), Orrhodia (Conistra). (Dark Chestnut) L. 4-6. vaccinii, Orrhodia. (Chestnut Moth) L. 5-6. leucographa, Pachnobia. (The White-marked) L. 5-6. betularia, Pachys (Amphydasys). (Peppered Moth) L. 7-9. Beat. 298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK muscerda, Pelosia (Lithosia). (Dotted Footman) L. 8-5. On withered leaves, tremula (dictsea), Pheosia. (Swallow Prominent) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Beat, pedaria (pilosaria), Phigalia. (Pale Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. retusa, Plastenis (Tethea). (Double Kidney) L. 4-6. Draws terminal leaves together, populi, Poecilocampa. (December Moth) L. 4-6. Beat at night. Full fed larvae sun themselves on trunk, chi, Polia. (The Grey Chi) L. 4-6. Likes a mixed diet. xanthomista (nigrocincta), Polia. (The Black-banded) L Autumn or spring — 6-7. Not usual food. Night feeder, similis, Porthesia. (The Yellow-tail) L. 8 or 9-5 or 6. palpina, Pterostoma. (Pale Prominent) L. 6-7 and 8-9. Beat, anachoreta, Pygaera. (Scarce Chocolate-tip) L. 5-8 or 9. eurtula, Pygaera (Clostera). (Chocolate-tip) L. 5-6, 8-9. revayana, Sarrothripa. (Large Marbled Tortrix) L. 6-7. Beat. Usual food, Oak. pavonia (carpini), Saturnia. (Emperor Moth) L. 6-8. Gregarious till after third moult, libatrix, Scoliopteryx. (The Herald) L. 6-8. bilunaria (illunaria), Selenia. (Early Moth) L. 5-6 and 8-9. Prefers lower branches, tetralunaria, Selenia. (Purple Thorn) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Night feeder, alternata, Semiothisa (Macaria). (Sharp-angled Peacock) L. 6-7 and 9. notata, Semiothisa. (Peacock Moth) L. 6-7 and 8-9. ocellatus, Smerinthus. (Eyed Hawk Moth) L. 7-8. Rests on mid-ribs, populi, Smerinthus. (Poplar Hawk Moth) L. 7-9 or 10. gracilis, Toeniocampa. (Powdered Quaker) L. 5-7. gothica, Tceniocampa. (Hebrew Character) L. 4-6. incerta (instabilis), Tceniocampa. (Clouded Drab) L. 5-7. Beat. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 299 miniosa, Toeniocampa. (Blossom Underwing) L. 6-5. In a common web round a bud at first, rnunda, Toeniocampa. (Twin-spotted Quaker) L. 4-6. pulverulenta, Tceniocampa. (Small Quaker) L. 4-6. stabilis, Toeniocampa. (Common Quaker) L. 5-7. bistortata, Tephrosia. (The Engrailed) L. 5-6 and 8-9. luridata (extersaria), Tephrosia. (Brindled White-spot) L. 8-9. Beat, crataegi, Trichiura. (Pale Oak Eggar) L. 4-6. Gregarious in a web at first. Beat at night, fimbria, Triphaena. (Broad - bordered Yellow Under- wing) L. 9-5. Beat in spring, ianthina, Triphaena. (Lesser Broad-border) L. 8-4 or 5. interjecta, Triphaena. (Least Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. craboniformis, Trochilium. (Lunar Hornet) L. Internal feeder in very young cut trees, especially in S. viminalis. lutea (flavago), Xanthia. (Pink-barred Sallow) L. 3-6. In catkins at first. On leaves later, tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha (Herminia). (Fan-foot) L. 7 and 8-3 or 4. Night feeder. Hibernates when nearly full fed. orbicularia, Zonosoma (Ephyra). (Dingy Mocha) L. 6 and 8-9. Sleeve out. Salix repens. praecox, Agrotis. (Portland Moth) L. 9-6. Night feeder. In sand by day. pigra (reclusa), Pygsera. (Small Chocolate-tip) L. 6-9. Hides between leaves by day. ocellatus, Smerinthus. (Eyed Hawk Moth) L. 7-8. Rests on mid-ribs. Salix viminalis. (Osier) menyanthidis, Acronycta. (Light Knot Grass) L. 8-9 (or earlier). Day feeder, chlorana, Earias. (Cream-bordered Green Pea) L. 7-8. Draws terminal leaves together, parallelaria (vespertaria), Epione. (Dark-bordered Beauty) L. 5-6. Beat. 300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK libatrix, Scoliopteryx. (The Herald) L. 6-8. formicaeformis, Sesia (^Egeria). (Red-tipped Clearwing) L. 6-5. Internal feeder, opima, Toeniocampa. (Northern Drab) L. 4-6. crabroniformis, Trochilium. (Lunar Hornet) L. Internal feeder. Search cut Osier rods 3-4. Sallow. (Salix caprea) Sallow, The. (fulvago, L. (cerago, F.), Xanthia (Cosmia)) Sallow Kitten, (furcula, L., Cerura (Dicranura)) Salsola. (Saltwort) ripae, Agrotis. (Sand Dart) L. 8-10. Hides in sand by day. peregrina, Mamestra. (The Stranger) L. 5-7. Saltwort. (Salsola) Salvia officinalis. (Sage) oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. sambucaria, L., Ourapteryx. (Swallow-tailed Moth) L. 8-6. On Betula, Crataegus, Hedera, Ligustrum vulgare, Prunus spinosa, and Sambucus. Looks half dead before pupating. P. 6. In a long, thin, delicate cocoon amongst food ; about 4 weeks in this stage. Pupa often loose in captivity (Scorer). I. 7. Sometimes in autumn. Flies wildly at dusk. 0. 7. Hatchings recorded 12, 13, 22 days. Laid in small groups on underside of leaves. Sambucus. (Elder) albipunctata, Eupithecia. (White-spotted Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers, persicariae, Mamestra. (The Dot) L. 7-9. sambucaria, Ourapteryx. (Swallow-tail Moth) L. 8-6. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 301 Sand Dart, (ripce, Hb., Agrotis (Lycophotia)) Sandy Carpet, (flavofasciata, Thnb. (decolorata, Hb.), Peri- zoma (Emmelesia)) Sanguisorba officinalis. (Common Burnet) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ash worth's Rustic) L. 8-4. obscurata, Gnophos. (The Annulet or Amulet) L. 9-5. sanio (russula, L.), Diacrisia. (Clouded Buff) L. 7-4 or 5. On Plantago, Rumex, Stellaria, and Taraxacum. Hibernates when quite young. Two broods common in con- finement. P. 6-7. In a flimsy cocoon on the ground amongst herbage. I. 6-7. Frequents heaths and rough spots. Males fly by day ; females early in the evening. When several males jump up search for a female. Sometimes appear as a second brood in 9. 0. Females will lay freely in a chip-box. Saponaria. (Soapwort) reticulata (saponariae), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8 to 4. saponariae, Bkh.= reticulata, Vill. Sarrothripa. Genus includes revayana. Satellite, (satellitia, L., Scopelosona) satellitia, L., Scopelosoma. (The Satellite) L. 5-6. On Fagus, Quercus, and Ulmus. Cannibal. P. 7-9. Below ground. 1. 9-3. Comes to sugar and Ivy. 0. 3-4. Laid on twigs of food. Satin Carpet, (abietaria, Hb., Boarmia) Satin Carpet, (fluctuosa, Hb., Palimpsestis (Cymatophora)) Satin Wave, (subsericeata, Hw., Acidalia (Ptychopoda)) 302 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS LOG-BOOK satura, Hb., Eumichtis (Hadena). (The Beautiful Arches or Scarce Brocade) L. 7-8. On Humulus, Lonicera, and Prunus cerasus. P. 8-6. Below ground. I. 6, 7, and 8. Very rare. O. Saturnia. Genus includes pavonia (carpini). Satyr Pug. (satyrata, Hb., Eupithecia) satyrata, Hb., Eupithecia. (Satyr Pug) L. 8-9. On Centaurea nigra, Erica, Hieracium, Salix, and Scabiosa. Sweep. P. 9-5. In an earthen cocoon (?). I. 5-6. Beat out of herbage. 0. Hatch in 13 days. Satyrus. Genus includes semele. saucia, Hb., Agrotis (Peridroma). (Pearly Underwing) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Night feeder on Brassica napus, B. oleracea, Rumex, and Spinacia. Bury themselves by day. P. 10-3 or 4, and 8-9. Below ground. I. 5-6 and 9-10. Comes to sugar and light. 0. Hatchings recorded 5-21 days'. Females lay from 300 to 2,000 eggs. Saw-wort. (Serratula tinctoria) Saxifraga. (Saxifrage) lucernea, Agrotis. (Northern Rustic) L. 8-5. Hides by day. flavicinctata (ruficinctata), Entephria. (Yellow-ringed Carpet) L. 9-4 or 5, and 6-7. Prefers S. azoides and S. hypnoides. Feeds on the flowers. Saxon, The. (rectilinea, Esp., Hyppa (Hadena)) Scabiosa. (Scabious) fraxinata, Eupithecia. (Ash Pug) L. 8-9. oblongata (centaureata), Eupithecia. (Lime-speck Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers, satyrata, Eupithecia. (Satyr Pug) L. 8-9. Sweep. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 303 dipsacea, Heliothis. (Marbled Clover) L. 7-9. On flowers and seeds. tityus (bombyliformis), Hemaris. (Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth) L. 6-7. aurinia, Melitaea. (Marsh Fritillary) L. 6 or 7-3 or 4. Scabiosa columbaria. (Small Scabious) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. Scabiosa succisa. (Devil's-bit Scabious) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. exoleta, Calocampa. (The Sword-grass) L. 4 or 5-7. lichenea, Epunda (Feathered Ranunculus) L. 10-5. Night feeder, pisi, Mamestra (Hadena). (Broom Moth) L. 8-9. aurinia, Melitaea. (Marsh Fritillary) L. 6 or 7-3 or 4. scabiosata, Bkh. (subumbrata, Gn.), Eupithecia. (Shaded Pug) L. 7-9. On the flowers of Companulas, Crepis taraxicifolia, Daucus, Gentiana, and Leon- todon hispidus. P. 10-6. In an earthen cocoon. I. 6-7. Beat out of herbage or Yew trees by day. Comes to light. O. Scabious. (Scabiosa) scabriuscula, L. (pinastri, L.), Dipterygia. (The Bird's-wing) L. 7-8. On Polygonum, Rumex, and R. acetosa. P. 9-5. In a cocoon below ground. I. 6. Comes to sugar. Very fond of small sticks (Scorer). 0. Scalloped Hazel, (bidentata, Cl., Gonodontis (Odontopera)) Scalloped Hook-tip, (lacertinaria, L. (lacertula, Schiff.), Drepana) Scalloped Oak. (elinguaria, L., Crocallis) 304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Scallop Shell, (undulata, L., Ewosmia) Scarce Black Arches, (centonalis, Hb., Nola) Scarce Blackneck. (craccce, F., Toxocampa) Scarce Bordered Straw, (armigera, Hb., Heliothis) Scarce Brocade or Beautiful Arches, (satura, Hb., Eumichtis ( Hadena)) Scarce Burnished Brass, (chryson, Esp. (orichalcea, Stt.), Plusia) Scarce Chocolate-tip, (anachoreta, Hb., Pygcera (Clostera)) Scarce Dagger, (auricoma, F., Acronycta) Scarce Footman, (complana, L., Liihosia) Scarce Forester, (globularice, Hb., Khagades ( Adscites)) Scarce Hook-tip, (harpagula, Esp. (sicula, Hb.), Drepana) Scarce Merveille du jour, (orion, Esp., Diphtera (Moma)) Scarce Prominent, (carmelita, Esp., Odontosia (Lophopteryx)) Scarce Pug. (extensaria, Frr., Eupithecia) Scarce Silver Lines, (bicolorana, Fuesl. (quercana, Schiff.), Hylophila) Scarce Silver Y. (interrogationis, L., Scarce Tissue, (certata, Hb., Eucosmia (Catocalpa, Scotosia)) Scarce Umber, (aurantiaria, Esp., Hybernia) Scarce Vapourer. (gonostigma, F., Orgyia (Notolophus)) Scarlet Pimpernel. ( Anagallis arvensis) Scarlet Runner Bean. (Phaseol:ts multiflorus) Scarlet Tiger, (dominula, L., Callimorpha) Sciadion. Genus includes obscurata, THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 305 Sciapteron. Genus includes tabaniformis. Scilla nutans. (Wild Hyacinth) glareosa, Noctua. (Autumnal Rustic) L. 8-6. Scirpus lacustris. (Bullrush) cannse, Nonagria. (The Reed Wainscot) L. 5-7. Internal feeder. Scodiona. Genus includes fagaria. scoliseformis, Bkh., Sesia. (Welsh Clearwing) L. 8-4 or 5. On the inner layer of bark of Betula ; preferring large trees. P. 5. In a cocoon at entrance to burrow. I. 6-7. 0. Scoliopteryx. Genus includes libatrix. scolopacina, Esp., Xylophasia. (Slender Brindle) L. 10 (?) -6. Feeds on the juicy parts of Graminese. Very fond of Luzula. Sweep or search at night. P. 6. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar and to blossoms of Rush, Thistle, and Bramble. 0. Scopelosoma. Genus includes satellitia. Scorched Carpet, (adustata, Schiff., Ligdia) Scorched Wing, (dolabraria, L., Eurymene) Scoria. Genus includes lineata. Scorpion Grass. (Myosotis) Scotch Annulet, (myrtillata, Thnb. (obfuscaria, Hb.), Gnophos (Dasydia)) Scotch Argus, (cethiops, Esp. (blandina, F.), Erebia) Scotch Burnet. (exulans, Hoch., Zygwna) Scotch Fir. (Pinus sylvestris) 306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Scotosia. Genus includes rhamnata and vetulata. Scrophularia. (Figwort) lychnitis, Cucullia. (Striped Lychnis) L. 7-8. On S. aquatica. scrophulariae, Cucullia. (Water Betony) L. 6-7. OnS. aq verbasci, Cucullia. (The Mullein) On S. aquatica and S. nodosa. .ci L. 6-7. scrophularise, Cap., Cucullia. (Water Betony) L. 6-7. On Scrophularia aquatica and S. nodosa. P. 8-5. Below ground in a tough earth and silk cocoon. L 5. O. scutosa, Schiff., Heliothis. (Spotted Clover or Scarce Four- spotted) L. 7. On Artemisia campestris and A. vulgaria P. I. 6 or 7-9. Comes to Ragwort flowers. 0. scntulata, ~Bkh.=dimidiata, Hufn. Sea-blite. (Suceda) Sea-buckthorn. (Hippophae rhamnoides) Sea Campion. (Silene maritima) Sea Catchfly. (Silene maritima) Sea Feverfew. (Matricaria maritima) Sea Holly. (Eryngium) Sea Rocket. (Cakile) Sea Spurge. (Euphorbia paralias) Sea Starwort. ( Aster tripolium) Sea Wormwood. (Artemisia maritima) sacalis, L. (didyma, Esp.), Apamea. (Common Rustic) L. 9-5. On Gramineae (especially Festuca and Dacty- lis) ; fond of Luzula. Feeds in the stems. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 307 P. 6. Below ground. I. 7-8. O. Sedge. (Carex) Sedum. (Stonecrop) lucernea, Agrotis. (Northern Rustic) L. 8-5. Search at night, caja, Arctia. (Garden Tiger) L. 9 or 10-6. exoleta, Calocampa. (Sword-grass) L. 4 or 5-7. flavicinctata (ruficinctata), Entephria. (Yellow - ringed Carpet) L. 9-4 or 5 and 6-7. On the flowers. Sedum acre and S. reflexum. (Biting Stonecrop or Wall Pepper) lichenea, Epunda. (Feathered Ranunculus) L. 10-5. Night feeder. Sedum teliphium. (Orpine) grossulariata, Abraxas. (The Magpie) L. 8-5 or 6. Segetia. Genus includes Xanthographa. segetum, Schiff., Agrotis (Euxoa). (Turnip Moth) L. 7-4. On the roots of Brassica rapa, Chrysanthe- mum, Daucus, Lactuca, Rumex. P. 5-6. Below ground. I. 6-8. Comes to sugar and to Tritoma flowers. O. 6. Laid on the ground or on a plant close to the ground. selene, Schiff., Argynnis (Brenthis). (Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary) L. 7-5. On Viola canina. Eats own eggshell for first meal. Rests on the underside of leaves by day. P. 6. Attached to stems. I. 6-7. O. 6-7. Laid on the stems or on either side of the leaf. Selenia. Genus includes bilunaria, lunaria, and tetralunaria. 308 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Self-heal. (Prunelli vulgaris) Selidosoma. Genus includes ericetaria. semele, L., Satyrus (Hipparchia). (The Grayling) L. 8-6. On Aira caespitos, A. prsecox, and Triticum repens. Hibernates early, but nibbles during winter. Hides by day often in the ground. Sweep or search at night. Give light soil or peat in which to pupate. P. 6-7. Below ground, close to surface. I. 7-8. Approach towards head down hill, otherwise hard to catch. Closely resemble ground on which they rest. 0. 8. Laid on blades and stems of grasses. semiargus, Rott. (acis, Schiff.), Nomiades. (Mazarine Blue) L. 7-8. On Anthyllis vulneraria, Armeria vulgaris, and Melilotus officinalis. P. 9. Attached by tail and a girdle to stalk of food plant. 1. 5 (end) -7. O. semibrunnea, Hw., Lithophane (Xylina). (Tawny Pinion) L. 5-6. On Fraxinus and Salix (?). P. 6-9. I. 9-11 and 3-4, after hibernation. Comes to Ivy, sugar, and Sallow. O. 4. Hatch 5. Give captured females bit of bark to lay on. Semiothisa. Genus includes alternata, liturata, and notata. Senecio jacobsea. (Ragwort) simulans (pyrophila), Agrotis (Pachnobia). (Dotted Rus- tic) L. 9-5. Search after dusk, lutulenta, Aporophyla (Epunda). (Deep-brown Dart) L. 9-4. Hibernates early, villica, Arctia. (Cream-spot Tiger) L. 7-4. absinthiata, Eupithecia. (Wormwood Pug) L. 8-10. On the flowers, oblongata (centaureata), Eupithecia. (Lime-speck Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers, virgaureata, Eupithecia. (Golden-rod Pug) L. 5 and 8-9. On the flowers. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 309 vulgata, Eupithecia. (Common Pug) L. 6-7. jacobsea, Hipocrita. (Cinnabar) L. 6, 7, and 8. Feeds in clusters on tops at first, fluviata, Percnoptilota. (The Gem) L. Several generations between spring and summer, amata (amataria), Timandra. (Blood-vein) L. 7 or 8-5. Senecio vulgaris. (Groundsel) imitaria, Acidalia. (Small Blood-vein) L. 7-5. immutata, Acidalia. (Lesser Cream Wave) L. 8-5. rusticata, Acidalia. (Least Carpet) L. 8-6. In confinement give growing plants, lychnidis (pistacina), Amathes (Anthocelis, Orthosia). (The Beaded Chestnut) L. 3-6. dominula, Callimorpha. (Scarlet Tiger) L. 7 or 8-4 or 5. quadripunctaria (hera), Callimorpha. (Jersey Tiger) L. 8-7. exoleta, Calocamps. (Sword-grass) L. 4 or 5-7. exigua, Caradrina. (Small Mottled Willow) L. 8-9. munitata, Coremia. (Red Carpet) L. 9-5. quadrifasciaria, Coremia. (Large Twin-spot Carpet) L. 8-4. obscurata, Gnophos (Sciadion). (Annulet or Amulet) L. 9-5. thalassina, Mamestra. (Pale-shouldered Brocade) L. 8-9. Night feeder, c-nigrum, Noctua. (Setaceous Hebrew Character) L. 9-5. rubricosa, Pachnobia. (Red Chestnut) L. 4-6. plantaginis, Parasemia. (Wood Tiger) L. 8-4. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, bractea, Plusia. (Gold Spangle) L. 8-5. Not a good food in confinement, pulchrina (v - aureum), Plusia. (The Beautiful Golden Y) L. 8-5. 310 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK chi, Polia. (The Grey Chi) L. 4-6. Likes a mixed diet, flavocincta, Polia. (Large Ranunculus) L. 4-7. xanthomista (nigrocincta), Polia. (The Black-banded) L. Autumn or spring to 6 or 7. Night feeder. Not natural food. senex, Hb., Comacla (Nudaria). (Round -winged Muslin) L. 8-5. On Lichens and Musci in fens. Prefers Peltigera, canina. Will also eat decayed Sallow and Bramble leaves. P. 6-7. I. 7-8. Flies about 7 P.M. in fens on still nights. Comes to light and rests on illuminated foliage. 0. Senta. Genus includes maritima. sepia ria, Hufn. (cineraria, Hb.), Tephronia L. 5-6. On Lichenes on walls. P. I. 7. Recorded as British. O. September Thorn, (erosaria, Bkh., Ennomos) Seraphim, (halterata, Hufn., Lobophora) serena, F., Hecatera. (Broad-barred White) L. 7-8. On Crepis, and in confinement on Lettuce and the flowers of various Composite. P. 9-5. I. 6-8. Rests on fences, walls, trunks, etc. Comes to light, sugar, and flowers. 0. sericea, Gregs., Lithosia. (Northern Footman (a small form of complana)) L. 8-5. On Gramineae, Polygonum, Spirea ulmaria, and Stellaria media. Nibbles through the winter. P. 6. I. 7. Flies at 4 P.M. and at dusk. Males can be assembled. O. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 311 sericealis, Sc., Rivula. (Straw Dot) L. 8-5. On Brachypodium pinnatum, B. sylvaticum, and Phalaris arundinacea. Hibernates 10-3. P. 6. On upper side of a silk-drawn leaf, the hollow being lined with silk. I. 7. Beat out of herbage. O. 7 (end). Side by side in big groups on food. Serratula tinctoria. (Saw-wort) caliginosa, Acosmetia. (Reddish Buff) L. 8(J) Service Tree. (Pyrus torminalis) Sesia. Genus includes andrenceformis, chrysidiformis, culici- formis, formiciformis, ichneumoniformis, muscceformis, scoliceformis, spheciformis, tipuliformis, and vespiformis. Setaceous Hebrew Character, (c-nigrum, L., Noctua) sexalisata, Hb., Lobophora (Mysticoptem). (Small Seraphim) L. 8-9. On Salix caprea. Rests on mid-rib. P. In a slight oval cocoon amongst fallen leaves. I. 5-6 and sometimes 7-8. Beat out of hedges by day ; flies round Sallow at dusk. 0. Shaded Broad-bar, (limitata, Sc., Oriholiiha (Eubolia)) Shaded Pug. (scabiosata, Bkh. (subumbrata, Gn.), Eupithecia) Shark, (umbratica, L., Cucullia) Sharp-angled Carpet, (unangulata, Hw., Xanthorhoe (Euph- yia, Melanippe)) Sharp-angled Peacock, (alternata (-aria, Hb., Semiothisa (Ma- caria)) Shears, (dentina, Esp., Mamestra (Hadena}) Sheep's Bit. (Jasione montana) Sheep's Sorrel. (Rumex acetosella) Shore Wainscot, (littoralis, Curt., Leucania) 312 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Short-cloaked Moth, (cucullatella, L., Nola) Short-tailed or Bloxworth Blue, (argiades, Pall., Cupido) Shoulder Stripe, (badiata, Hb., Anticlea) Shoulder-striped Wainscot, (comma, L., Leucania, (Cirphis)) Shuttle-shaped Dart, (puta, Hb., Agrotis (Euxoa)) Sibylla, L., Limenitis. (White Admiral) L. 8 or 9-5. On Lonicera ; often on small plants. Rests low down on brown stems just below the green shoot. Fond of feeding in the sun. Hibernates autumn till 4, in a leaf -drawn chamber. P. 6. Suspended by tail from a pad on the under- side of a leaf. I. 6-7. Flies over Bramble. 0. 7. Laid on the underside edge of a leaf. Hatch in 14 days. Captured females should be sleeved out on growing plants. sicula, Hb.=harpagula, Esp. Sideridis. Genus includes albipuncta, lithargyria, and vitellina. silaceata, Hb., Eustroma (Cidaria). (Small Phoenix) L. 6-7, sometimes 8-9. On Circaea lutetiana, and Epilobium. P. 9-5. In a web amongst food. 1. 5-6 and sometimes 8 from June larvae. Flies at twilight. Comes to light and sugar. 0. Hatchings recorded 8 and 12 days. Laid, 30th May ; hatched, 5th June (F. Oldaker) silago, Hb.=lutea (favago, F.), Xanthia (Citria) Silene. (Catchfly) capsincola, Dianthoecia. (The Lychnis) L. 7 and sometimes 9. In the seed capsules, capsophila, Dianthoecia. (Pod-lover) L. 6-7 and 9. On the seeds, carpophaga, Dianthoecia. (Tawny Shears) L. 6-7 and 9. Night feeder on seeds, conspersa, Dianthoecia. (Marbled Coronet) L. 7-9. In the capsules, cucubali, Dianthoecia. (The Campion) 1i. 7-9. On seeds and leaves. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 313 reticulata (saponarise), Neuria (Neuronia). (Bordered Gothic) L. 7 or 8-4. Silene acaulis. (Moss Campion) exulans, Zygsena. (Scotch or Mountain Burnet) L. 8-6. Sometimes 2 years feeding. Silene inflata or cucubalus. (Bladder Campion) albimacula, Dianthcecia. (The White Spot) L. 7-8. Night feeder on seeds, caesia, Dianthecia. (The Grey) L. 6-8. On buds, flowers, and seeds, conspersa, Dianthoecia. (Marbled Coronet) L. 7-9. In the capsules. luteago var. barrettii, Dianthcecia. (Barrett's Marbled Coronet) L. 7-9. First in leaf and then in stem or root. Frass shows affected plants, adusta, Eumichtis (Hadena). (Dark Brocade) L. 7-9. Hibernates when full fed. venosata, Eupithecia. (Netted Pug) L. 6-8. In seed capsules, dipsacea, Heliothis. (Marbled Clover) L. 7-9. On flowers and seeds, flavofasciata (decolorata), Perizoma. (Sandy Carpet) L. 7-8. On buds and seeds. Silene maritima. (Sea-side Campion) australis, Aporphyla. (Feathered Brindle) L. 10-4. Sweep at night, albimacula, Dianthoecia. (The White Spot) L. 7-8. Night feeder on seeds, csesia, Dianthcecia. (The Grey) L. 6-8. On buds, flowers, and seeds, capsophila, Dianthcecia. (Pod-lover) L. 6-7 and 9. On seeds, conspersa, Dianthcecia. (Marbled Coronet) L. 7-9. In the capsules. luteago var. barrettii, Dianthoecia. (Barrett's Marbled Coronet) L. 7-9. First in leaf and afterwards in stems or roots. Frass indicates whereabouts, venosata, Eupithecia. (Netted Pug) L. 6-8. In seed capsules, xanthomista (nigrocincta), Polia. (The Black-banded) L. Autumn or spring to 6-7. Night feeder. Rests at roots by day. 314 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Silene nutans. (Nottingham Catchfly) albimacula, Dianthcecia. (The White Spot) L. 7-8. Night feeder on seeds. Silene otites. irregularis, Dianthoacia. (The Viper's Bugloss) L. 7-9. On flowers and seeds. Hides at roots by day. dipsacea, Heliothis. (Marbled Clover) L. 7-9. On flowers and seeds. Silky Wainscot, (maritima, Tausch. (ulvce, Hb.), Senta) Silky Wave, (holosericata, Dup., Acidalia (Ptychopoda)) Silver Barred, (argentula, Hb., Banksia (Erastria)) Silver Cloud, (conspicillaris, L., Xylomiges) Silver-ground Carpet, (montanata, Bkh., Xanthorhoe) Silver Hook, (uncula, Cl. (uncana, L.), Hydrelia (Erastria)) Silver-striped Hawk, (celerio, L., Hippotion (Chcerocampa)) Silver-studded Blue, (argus, Hw. (cegon, Schiff.), Lyccena (Plebeius) Silver- washed Fritillary. (paphia, L., Argynnis (Dryas)) Silver Y. (gamma, L., Plusia) Silvery Arches, (tincta, Brh., Aplecta (Mamestra)) similis, Fuesl., Porthesia. (The Yellow-tail) L. 8 or 9-5 or 6. On Betula, Cratsegus, Fagus, Pyrus, P. communis, Quercus, Rosa, and Salix caprea. P. 6. In a cocoon of silk and hair on food plant, or in angles of breeding cage ; often several in a common web. I. 6-7. Rest on tree. Males come to light. O. Laid in hair-covered batches. simulans, Hufn. (pyrophila, F.), Agrotis (Pachnobia). (Dotted Rustic) L. 9-5. On Gramineae, Rumex, Senecio vulgaris, and Taraxacum. Search after dusk. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 315 P. 6-7. I. 7-9. Fond of Sage bloom. Ragwort, Sweet William, Thistle, etc. Comes to sugar. 0. Can be obtained from sleeved-out females. simulata, Hb.=cognata, Thnb. sinapis, L., Leucophasia (Leptosia). (Wood White) L. 6-7 and 8-9. On Lathyrus pratensis, L. tuberosus, Lotus corniculatus, Vicia cracca, and V. sativa. P. 7. Imagos sometimes appear 7-8 (beg.), or may go on till 5 following year. 1. 5 and 7-8. O. 5 and sometimes 7-8. Hatch in 7 to 10 days. Laid, llth May 1912; hatched, 20th May (F. Oldaker). Sinapis arvensis. (Charlock) oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. Single-barred Rivulet, (unifasciata, Hw., Perizoma (Emmel- esia)) Single-dotted Wave, (dimidiata, Hufn. (scutulata. Bkh.), Acidalia (Ptychopoda)) sinuata, Hb. =cucullata, Hufn. Sisymbrium alliaria. (Garlic Mustard) cardamines, Euchloe. (Orange-tip) L. 6-7. Sisymbrium officinale. (Hedge-mustard) cardamines, Euchloe. (Orange-tip) L. 6-7. Sisymbrium Sophia. (Flixweed) griseata, Lithostege. (Grey Carpet) L. 7-8. daplidice, Pieris. (The Bath White) L. 8-9 and 5-6 (?). siterata, Hufn. (psitticata, Schiff.), Cidaria. (Red-green Carpet) 7-8. On L. 6 or 7-8. On Betula, Fraxinus, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus, and Quercus. 316 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 9-10. In a slight web amongst loose bark (?). I. 10-3 or 4. Comes to Ivy, Sallow, and light. O. Six-belted Clearwing. (ichneumoniformis, F., Sesia (&geria)) Six-spot Burnet. (filipendulce, L., Zygcena ( Anthrocera)) Six-striped Rustic, (umbrosa, Hb., Noctua) Slender Brindle. (scolopacina, Esp., Xylophasia) Slender Pug. (tenuiata, Hb., Eupithecia) Slender-striped Rufous, (lapidata, Hb., Phibalapteryx) Sloe. (Prunus spinosa) Sloe Carpet, (pictaria, Curt., Aleucis (Bapta)} Small Angle Shades, (lucipara. L., Euplexia) Small Argent and Sable, (tristata, L., Xanlhorhoe (Euphyia, Melanippe)) Small Autumnal Carpet, (filigrammaria, H-S., Oporabia (Epinata)) Small Black Arches, (strigula, SchifL, Nola) Small Blood- vein, (imitaria, Hb., Acidalia ( Leptomeris)} Small Blue, (minina, Fuesl., Zizera) Small Brindled Beauty, (hispidaria, F., Apocheima (Nyssia)) Small Chocolate-tip, (pigra, Hufn. (reclusa, F.), Pygcera] Small Clouded Brindle. (unanimis, Tr., Apamea) Small Copper, (phlceas, L., Chrysophanus) Small Dark Yellow Underwing. (cordigera, Thnb., Anarta) Small Dotted Buff, (arcuosa, Hw., Petilampa (Chortodes)) Small Dusty Wave, (virgularia (incanaria, Hb.), Acidalia (Ptychopoda)) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 317 Small Eggar. (lanestris, L., Eriogaster (Lachneis)) Small Elephant, (porcdlus, L., Metopsilus (Theretra, Cheer o- campa)) Small Emerald, (vernaria, Hb., Geometra) Small Fan-foot, (grisealis, Hb., Zanclognatha (Herminia)) Small Fan-footed Wave, (bisetata, Hufn., Acidalia (Ptycho- poda)) Small Grass Emerald, (viridata. L., Nemoria) Small Heath, (pamphilus, L., Goenomympha] Small Lappet, (ilicifolia, L., Epicnaptera (Oastropacha)) Small-leaved Lime. ( Tilia parvifolia) Small Mottled Willow, (exigua, Hb., Garadrina) Small Mountain Ringlet, (epiphron, Kn. var. cassiope, F., Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary. (selene, SchifL, Argynnis) Small Phoenix, (silaceata, Hb., Eustroma (Gidaria)) Small Purple Barred, (viridaria, Cl. (ceriea, Hb.), Prothymnia (Phytometra)) Small Quaker, (pulverulenta, Esp., Toeniocampa) Small Ranunculus, (chrysozona, Bkh. (dysodea, Hb.), Small Rivulet, (alchemillata, L., Perizoma (Emmelesia)) Small Rufous, (r^/a, Hw., Coenobia) Small Scabious. (Scabiosa columbaria) Small Scallop, (emarginata, L., ^4m'a ( Acidalia)) Small Seraphim, (sexalisata, Hb., Lobophora (Mysticoptera)) Small Skipper, (ihaumas, Hufn. (Zwea, F.), Adopcea (Thy- melicus)) 318 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Small Square Spot, (rubi, Bkh., Noctua) Small Tortoise-shell, (urticce, L., Vanessa) Small Wainscot, (fulva, Hb., Tapinostola) Small Waved Umber, (vitalbata, Hb., Phibalapteryx (Cceno- calpe)) Small White, (rapce, L., Pieris) Small White Wave, (candidata, Schiff., Asthena) Small Yellow Underwing. (tenebrata, Sc. (arbuti, F.), Heliaca ( Heliodes)) Small Yellow Wave, (luteata, Schiff., Asthena) smaragdaria, F., Euchloris (Phorodesma, Geometra). (Essex Emerald) L. 9-5. On Artemisia abrotanum and A. maritima. Basks in the sun, and covers itself with bits of leaves. Usually in colonies. P. 6. Spun up in a loose cocoon amongst food. I. 6-7. Confined to the sea marshes of Essex. O. 7. Laid on the stems and shoots near tips Hatch in about a fortnight. Smerinthus. Genus includes ocellatus and populi. Smoky Wainscot, (impura, Hb., Leucania) Smoky Wave, (fumata, Stph., Acidalia (Pylarge)) Snapdragon. ( Antirrhinum) Snout, (proboscidalis, L., Hypena) Snow-berry. (Symphoria racemosa) Soap-wort. (Saponaria) sobrina, Gn., Noctua. (Cousin German) L. 9-6. On Betula, Erica, Gramineae, and Vaccinium. Hibernates very young. Sweep at night. P. 6-7. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar and flowers. O. 8. Hatch at end of month. Eggs laid, 13th THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 319 August ; commenced hatching, 1st Sep- tember. sobrinata, Hb., Eupithecia. (Juniper Pug) L. 4 (or earlier) -6. On Juniperus. P. 6. In a slight web amongst food ; sometimes on ground in an earthen cocoon. I. 7-10 (beg.). Usually emerges between 5.30 P.M. and 7 P.M. Rests on fences. Comes to light. 0. Laid in the autumn ; may hatch as early as end of February. soda, Rott. (petrificata, F.), Liihophane (Xylina). (Pale Pinion) L. 5-7. On Betula, Quercus, and Tilia. P. 8. Below ground. I. 9-10, or later. Hibernates. Comes to sugar and Ivy, and to Sallow in spring. 0. 3-4. Hatch 5. Give captured females bits of Oak or Birch to lay on. sociata, Bkh. ((?) alternate,, Mull.), Xanthorrhoe (Epirrhoe). (Common Carpet) L. 6-7 and 9. On Galium. P. 9-5 and 6-7. 1. 5-6 and 8-9. 0. Laid singly on underside of leaf, near edge and generally at the tip. Hatch in 9 days. Solanum dulcamara. (Woody Nightshade) atropos, Acherontia (Manduca). (Death's-head Hawk Moth) L. 8-9. Solanum tuberosum. (Potato) atropos, Acherontia (Manduca). (Death's-head Hawk Moth) L. 8-9. micacea, Hydrcecia (Gortyna). (Rosy Rustic) L. 5-8. In the stems. solidaginis, Hb., Lithomoia (Cloantha, Calocampa). (Golden- rod Brindle) L. 5-7. On Arctostaphylos, Betula, Calluna, Cratae- gus, Salix caprea, and Vaccinium. P. 7-8. Below ground. 320 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 8-9. Rests on twigs, bracken, trunks, walls, etc. May be boxed at night on Heather and Bilberry. Comes to sugar. O. Laid 9. Hatch 4. Solidago virgaurea. (Golden Rod) ochrata, Acidalia (Sterrha). (Bright Wave) L. 7-10, or on to spring. Eats the flowers, ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. coronata, Chloroclystis. (V-pug) L. 6-7 and in autumn, asteris, Cucullia. (The Star-wort) L. 7-9. gnaphalii, Cucullia. (Cudweed Shark) L. 8-9. Night feeder. Hides by day. absinthiata, Eupithecia. (Wormwood Pug) L. 8-10. On the flowers, expallidata, Eupithecia. (Bleached Pug) L. 9-10. On the flowers, oblongata (centaureata), Eupithecia. (Lime-speck Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers, virgaureata, Eupithecia. (Golden-rod Pug) L. 5 and 8-9. On the flowers, vulgata, Eupithecia. (Common Pug) L. 6-7. contigua, Mamestra (Hadena). (The Beautiful Brocade) L. 8-9. pisi, Mamestra (Hadena). (Broom Moth) L. 8-9. fuliginosa, Phragmatobia (Spilosoma). (Ruby Tiger) 6-8 and 9-5. Sonchus. (Sowthistle) advena, Aplecta. (Pale Shining Brown) L. 7-9. Hides underground by day. chamomillae, Cucullia. (Chamomile Shark) L. 8-9. Night feeder. Prefers upper leaves and flowers, umbratica, Cucullia. (The Shark) L. 8-9. Hides under lower leaves by day. gamma, Plusia. (Silver Y) L. 5-9. amata (aria), Timandra. (Blood-vein) L. 7 or 8-5. sordida, Bkh. (anceps, Hb.), Mama (Mamestra). (Large Nutmeg) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 321 L. (?) -2. On Food (?) P. 3-5. I. 6. Comes to light and sugar. O. sordidata, J?.=furcata. sororcula, Hufn. (aureola, Hb.), Lithosia. (Orange Footman) L. 7-9. Lichenes on Quercus. P. 9-5. Spun up amongst lichens. I. 5-6. Beat out between 5 P.M. and 7 P.M. on a hot day, using a long pole. 0. Sorrel. (Rumex acetosa) Southern Wainscot, (straminea, Hw., Leucania) Sowthistle. (Sonchus) spadicea, Hw. —ligula, Esp. Spanish Chestnut. ( Gastanea vulgaris) sparganii, Esp., Nonagria. (Webb's Wainscot) L. 7-8. Internal feeder on Iris pseudacorus, Spar- ganium, and Typha. P. 8. Inside the stem just below exit-hole ; head up. I. 8-9. 0. Laid in autumn in a single file in the folded edge of a leaf. Hatch in May. Sparganium. (Bur-reed) coenosa, Lcelia. (Reed Tussock) L. 8-6. sparganii, > Nonagria. (Webb's Wainscot) L. 7-8. Internal feeder, festucae, Plusia. (The Gold Spot) L. 5-6 and sometimes 7-8. sparsata, Fuesl., Colix. (Dentated Pug) L. 7-8. On the flowers and underside of leaves of Lysimachia vulgaris. Will eat Poly- gonum in confinement. P. 9. Spun up. 1. 6-7. Comes to Buckthorn flowers. Emerges 8-10 P.M. 0. 322 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK spartiata, Fuesl., Chesias. (The Streak) L. 3-5 and 6. On Cytisus scoparius. P. 6-9. I. 9-10. Emerges between 5 P.M. and 7 P.M. Flies at dusk, and later may be found resting on its food plant. May be beaten out by day. O. 10. Hatch in 4J months. Spear Plume Thistle. (Cirsium lanceolatum) Speckled Beauty, (angular ia, Thnb. (viduaria, Bkh.), Cleora) Speckled Footman, (cribrum, L., Coscinia (Eulepia)) Speckled Wood, (egeria, L., Pararge) Speckled Yellow, (maculata, L., Venilia) Spectacle, (tripartite!,, Hufn., Abrostola) spheciformis, Gern., Sesia. (White-barred Clearwing) L. In young suckers of Alnus ; full fed in May, the third year. It feeds upwards for 9 or 10 inches, then burrows to the bark, pupating at exit-hole. Cut affected stems low down and put in damp sand. P. 6. Partly emerge from burrows before imago appears. I. 6-7. Rests on leaves in sun, and flies round Alder. Females assemble about mid-day, and pairs may be found up to 5 P.M. Emergence generally takes place between 8 A.M. and 10 A.M. Sometimes earlier. Search Alder stems about this time. 0. sphinx, Hufn. (cassinea, Hb.), Brachionycha ( Asteroscopus). (The Sprawler) L. 5-6. On Fagus, Fraxinus, Pyrus, Quercus, Salix caprea, Tilia, and Ulmus. Sometimes hatches as early as 2, when Birch catkins must be given split. Cannibal. P. 6-11. Very deep at roots. In captivity give separate flower-pots for larva to pupate in. Keep damp. L 11-12. 0. 1-5. Pairs may be found from 12.30 A.M. up till dusk. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 323 Spilosoma. Genus includes lubricipeda, menthastri, and urticce. Spinach. (Spinacia) Spinach Moth, (associata, Bkh., Lygris) Spinacia. (Spinach) saucia, Agrotis. (Pearly Underwing) L. 6-7 and 9-10. Hides by day. spinula, Schiff . = glaucata, Sc. sponsa, L., Catocala. (Dark Crimson Underwing) L. 5-6. On Quercus ; feeds high up. P. 6-7. In an open silk cocoon between leaves. Will spin on the surface of ground in captivity (Scorer). I. 7-8. Comes to sugar. Restless when boxed. 0. 8-4. Laid on Oak twigs, or on leno in captivity. Hatch when Oak buds appear. Must be kept cool in captivity, or will hatch too early. Spiraea ulmaria. (Meadow-sweet) aversata, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (The Riband Wave) L. 7-5. immutata, Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Lesser Cream Wave) L. 8-5. litura, Amathes (Orthosia). (Brown-spot Pinion) L. 4-6. Night feeder, sericea, Lithosia. (Northern Footman) L. 8-5. Nibble through winter, pavonia (carpini), Saturnia. (Emperor Moth) L. 6-8. Gregarious till after third moult, gracilis, Toeniocampa. (Powdered Quaker) L. 5-7. Hides between spun leaves. Spotted Clover, (scutosa, Schiff., Heliothis) Spotted Persicaria. (Polygonum persicaria) Spotted Sulphur, (trabealis, Sc. (sulphuralis, L.), Emmelia ( Agrophila)) Sprawler. (sphinx, Hufn. (cassinea, Hb.), Brachionycha ( Asteroscopm)) 324 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Spring Usher, (leucophcearia, Schiff., Hybernia) Spruce. ( Abies excelsa) Spurge. ( Euphorbia) Spurge Hawk, (euphorbice, L., Deilephila (Hyles}} Square Spot, (consonaria, Hb., Tephrosia) Square-spot Dart, (obelisca, Hb., Agrotis (Euxoa)) Square-spot Rustic, (xanthrographa, F., Noctua (Segetia)) Square-spotted Clay, (stigmatica, Hb. (rhomboidea, Tr.), Noctua) stabilis, View., Twniocampa. (Common Quaker) L. 5-7. On Betula, Fagus, Quercus, Salix caprea, and Ulmus. P. 7-3. In a cocoon at roots, underground. I. 3-4. Comes to sugar and Sallow. 0. 4. Laid in a batch. Deposited, 13th April ; hatched, 1st May (Oldaker), Stachys sylvatica. (Woundwort) alchemillata, Perizoma. (Small Rivulet) L. 8-9. In the seed heads, iota, Plusia. (Plain Golden Y) L. 8-4. maculata, Venilia. (Speckled Yellow) L. 7-8. Star- wort, The. (asteris, Schiff., Cucullia) Statice limonium. castrensis, Malocosoma. (Ground Lackey) L. 5-6. In a web. Statice maritima. (Sea Lavender) trifolii, Lasiocampa. (Grass Eggar) L. 2-6. xanthomista (nigrocincta), Polia. (The Black-banded) L. Autumn or spring to 6 or 7. Round roots by day. Night feeder on the flowers. statices, L., Ino ( Adscita). (The Forester) L. 6 (end) or 7-4. On Helianthemum vulgare and THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 325 Rumex acetosa. Bores into leaves at first, and when older eats top or bottom layer only. Fond of sun. Feeds low down. P. 4-5. In a cocoon on the leaves or stem of food plant. I. 5 (end) -6. Likes damp spots. Flies by day. May be found at rest at right on Ragged Robin bloom. O. Stauropus. Genus includes fagi. Stellaria holostea. (Stitchwort) pygmaeata, Eupithecia. (Marsh Pug) L. 6-7 and 9. On flowers and seeds. Stellaria media. (Chickweed) contiguaria, Acidalia. (Weaver's Wave) L. 9-5. emutaria, Acidalia. (Rosy Wave) L. 8-5. fumata, Acidalia. (Smoky Wave) L. 8-5. imitaria, Acidalia. (Small Blood- vein) L. 7-5. marginepunctata (promutata), Acidalia. (Mullein Wave) L. 7 and 9-5. Sweep, subsericeata, Acidalia. (Satin Wave) L. 8-5. exclamationis, Agrotis (Feltia). (Heart and Dart) L. 7-5. Night feeder, lucernea, Agrotis. (Northern Rustic) L. 8-5. Night feeder, obscura (ravida), Agrotis. (Stout Dart) L. 9-5. Night feeder, prsecox, Agrotis. (Portland Moth) L. 9-6. Night feeder, nigra, Aporophyla. (The Black Rustic) L. 10-5. Night feeder, villica, Arctia. (Cream-spot Tiger) L. 7-4. putris, Axylia. (The Flame) L. 7-10. taraxaci, Caradrina. (The Rustic) L. 9-4. munitata, Coremia (Ochyria). (Red Carpet) L. 9-5. 326 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK sanio (russula), Diacrisia. (Clouded Buff) L. 7-4 or 5. Also 7-9 in captivity, mendica, Diaphora (Spilosoma). (The Muslin) L. 7-8. lichenea, Epunda. (Feathered Ranunculus) L. 10-5. Night feeder, picata, Euphyia (Cidaria). (Cloaked Carpet) L. 8-9. Night feeder, obscurata, Gnophos. (The Amulet or Annulet) L. 9-5. lithargyria, Leucania (Sideridis). (The Clay) L. 2-5. Night feeder. Hides by day. sericea, Lithosia. (Northern Footman) L. 8-5. dentina, Mamestra. (The Shears) L. 7-8. c-nigrum, Noctua. (Setaceous Hebrew Character) L. 9-5. ditrapezium, Noctua. (Triple-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. Night feeder, stigmatica (rhomboidea), Noctua. (Square-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. xanthographa, Noctua. (Square-spot Rustic) L. 9-5. taeniata, Peilzoma (Emmelesia). (The Barred Carpet) L. 8-4 or 5. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, flavocincta, Polia. (Large Ranunculus) L. 4-7. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. unangulata, Xanthorhoe. (Sharp-angled Carpet) L. 7-8. hepatica, Xylophasia. (Clouded Brindle) L. 8-4. stellatarum, L., Macroglossa. (Humming-bird Hawk-moth) L. 6, 7, and 8 ; probably second brood. On Galium aparine, G. mollugo, G. verum (usual food), and Rubia peregrina. Feeds low down. Search at dusk. P. 6 and 9-6. In a slight cocoon amongst leaves on the ground. I. 6 and 10. Flies swiftly in sunshine, along walled garden borders, etc. Fond of all tubular flowers. O. Laid, 9th July ; hatched, 16th July. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 327 Sterrha. Genus includes sacraria. stigmatica, Hb. (rhomboidea, Tr.), Noctua. (Square-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. On Daucus, Plantago, Primula vulgaris, Rumex, Salix caprea, Stellaria media, and Taraxacum. Often feeds up in confinement, producing imagos in winter or early spring. P. 5-7. Below ground. I. 7-8 or earlier. Likes woods. Comes to sugared twigs and foliage. 0. Stilbia. Genus includes anomala. Stilpnotia. Genus includes solids. Stinging Nettle. ( Urtica dioica) Stitchwort. (Stellaria holostea) St John's Wort. ( Hypericum) stolida, Fab., Leucanitis L. (?). Food (?). P. (?). I. September, 1903. At sugar. 0. Stonecrop. (Sedum) Stork's-bill. (Erodium cicutarium) Stout Dart, (obscura, Brh., Agrotis (Orgyia)) Stranger, (peregrina, Tr., Mamestm) straminata, Tr., Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Dotted Border Wave) L. 9-6. On Rubus fruticosus and Polygonum. P. 6-7. I. 7-8. Beat out of herbage by day. Flies on heaths at night about 8.45. 0. 8. Eggs laid, 8th August ; hatch, 1st September. straminea, Tr., Leucania. (Southern Wainscot) L. 10-5. On coarse vars. of Gramineae and Phalaris, Sweep at night. 328 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 5-6. On or below ground. I. 7-8. Flies about 9 P.M. to 10 P.M. Comes to light and to sugared dwarf thistle heads. O. stramineola, T>bld.=griseola, Hb. strataria, Hufn. (prodromaria, Schiff), Pachys ( Amphidasys). (Oak Beauty) L. 5-7. On Betula, Prunus, P. spinosa, Quercus, Rosa, and Ulmus. Grows very irregu- larly. P. 8-3. Just below ground. I. 3-4. Usually emerge about 1-2 P.M. to 4 P.M., or from 9 A.M. to 10 A.M. Rest on trees and palings, etc. Males come to light. Males will pair with Betularia, giving hybr. herefordi. Caged or tethered females will assemble males from 10 P.M. to 12 P.M. 0. 4. Laid in deep crevices of bark. Hatch in 30 days. Deposited, 14th April ; hatched, 20th May (F. Oldaker). Straw Belle, (gilvaria, F., Aspilates) Straw Dot. (sericealis, Sc., Rivula) Strawberry. (Fragaria) Strawberry Tree. ( Arbutus unedo) Straw Underwing. (matura, Hufn., Cerigo) Streak, (spartiata, Fuesl., Chesias) Streamer, (nigrofasciaria, Gz., Antidea) Strenia. Genus includes claihrata. striata, L., Coscinia. (Feathered Footman) L. 8-5. On Erica and Gramineae. P. (?). 1. 7. Casual immigrant. 0. strigata, Mull, (thymiaria, Gn., cestivaria, Hb.), Hemithia. (Common Emerald) L. 7-5, On Artemisia vulgaris (before hibernation), THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 329 Betula, Corylus, Cratsegus, Prunus spin- osa, Quercus, and Rosa. P. 5-6. Amongst leaves of food plants. I . 6-7 . Cabinet specimens only obtained by breeding . Comes to light. 0. 7. Hatch in 9 days. strigilaria, Hb. (prataria, B.), Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Sub- angled Wave) L. 8-5. On Clematis vitalba and withered leaves of Polygonum and Taraxacum. P. 6. 1. 6-7. 0. 7. Hatch in 11 days. strigilis, Cl., Miana. (Marbled Minor) L. 7-3 or 4. On Graminese. P. 4-6. In an oval cell below ground. 1. 6-7. Rests on palings, etc. Comes to honeydew and sugar. 0. strigillaria, Hb., Perconia (Aspilates). (Grass Wave) L. Autumn to 4 or 5. On Caluna, Cytisus scoparius, Erica, and Ulex. Hibernates when small at roots. P. 5-6. In a slight web amongst food. I. 6-7. May be brushed out on heaths. 0. 7. strigosa, F., Acronycta. (Marsh Dagger or Grisette) L. 8-9. On Cratsegus. P. 9-6. Amongst rubbish, decayed wood, etc. 1. 6. Comes to sugar. O. strigula, Schiff., Nola. (Small Black Arches) L. 8 (?) -6. On Quercus. Hibernates (?) till 4. Feeds on the underside of leaf. Search in May. P. 6. In a boat-shaped cocoon on oak trunks. I. 7. Comes to sugar. O. strigula, Thnb. (porphyrea, Hb.), Agrotis (Lycophotia). (True Lover's Knot) L. 8-5. Night feeder on Calluna and Erica. Hides by day. 330 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 5-6. In a cocoon on the ground. I. 6-8. Comes to sugar. Flies at dusk over heaths and sometimes by day. O. Striped Hawk, (livornica, Esp., Phryxus (DeilepMla)) Striped Lychnis, (lychnitis, Ramb., Cucullia) Striped Twin-spot Carpet, (salicata, Hb., Malenydris (Laren- tia)) Striped Wainscot, (impudens, Hb., Leucania) Suseda. (Sea-blite) ripse, Agrotis. (Sand Dart) L. 8-10. Hides in sand by day. suasa, ~Bkh.=dissimilis, Kn. Sub-angled Wave, (strigilaria, Hb. (prataria, Boisd.), Acidalia (Leptomeris)) subciliata, Gn.^inturbata, Hb. snbfulvata, Hw., Eupiihecia. (Tawny Speckled Pug) L. 9-10. On the flowers of Achillea millefolium, Chrysanthemum (Garden vars.),and Tana- cetum. P. 10-7. In a cocoon. I. 7-8. Rests on fences. Comes to Ragwort bloom, and also to light. O. 8. Box females up with Ragwort bloom sprinkled with treacle. Some Mug wort may also be placed in cage. sublustris, Esp., Xylophasia. (Reddish Light Arches) L. 7-4. Food (?). P. 5-6. I. 6-7. Comes to light and sugar. 0. Laid, 3rd August 1910 ; hatched, 12th August (R. Adkin). subnotata, Hb., Eupithecia. (Plain Pug) L. 8-9. On the flowers and seeds of Atriplex and Chenopodium. Shake plants at night. Likes the banks of tidal rivers. P, 10-6. In an earthen cocoon. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 331 I. 7. Rests on fences. Comes to light. 0. subrosea, Stph., Noctua (Ccenophila). (Rosy Marsh Moth) L. (?). Food (?). P. (?) I. (?). Probably extinct. Used to come to sugar. 0. (?) subsequa, Hb.=orbona, Hufn. subsericeata, Hw., Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Satin Wave) L. 8-5. On Polygonum, Stellaria media, and Taraxa- cum. Sometimes feeds up quickly and produces imagos same year. I. 6-7. Hides low down amongst herbage. Comes to light. O. Hatchings recorded 8-9 days. subtusa, F., Plastenis (Tethea). (The Olive) L. 4-5. On Populus and P. tremula. Night feeder, usually high up. Rests by day in a leaf folded up on itself, or between two leaves spun together. P. 6-7. Below ground in a weak cocoon. I. 7-8. Comes to honeydew, sugar, and light. O. 9. On twigs near leaf bud. Hatch 3-4. subumbrata, Gn.=scabiosata, Bkh. succenturiata, L., Eupithecia. (Bordered Pug or Bordered Lime-speck) L. 9-10. Night feeder on the flowers of Achillea millefolium, Artemisia vulgaris, Chry- santhemum, and Tanacetum vulgare. P. 11-7. In an earthen cocoon. I. 7-8 (beg.). Comes to light. O. suffumata, Hb., Lampropteryx (Cidaria). (Water Carpet) L. 5-6 (Meyrick says 6-8). On Galium, especially G. aparine. P. 6(or8(?))-4. In a web amongst food. I. 4-5. Sometimes as late as 6-7. Comes to Sloe bloom. 0. 5 and 6. Hatch in about a fortnight as a rule. Laid, 30th May ; hatched, 5th June (F. Oldaker). 332 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK suffusa, TLb.=ypsilon, Rott. sulphuralis, ~L.=trabealis, Sc. superstes, Tr., Caradrina. L. (?). Food (?). P. (?) L (?) 0. (?) suspecta, Hb., Dyschorista. (The Suspected) L. 4-5. On Betula and Salix caprea. P. 6. 1. 7-8. Comes to sugar, resinous nodes, and to bloom of Heather and Ragwort. O. 8-9. Hatch 4-5. Suspected, (suspecta, Hb., Dyschorista) Swallow Prominent, (tremula, Cl. (dictcea, Esp.), Pheosia (Leiocampa)) Swallow-tail, (machaon, L., Papilio) Swallow-tailed Moth, (sambucaria, L., Ourapteryx) Swallow-wort. ( Asclepias cornuti) Sweet Gale. (Myrica gale) Sweet-gale Moth, (euphorbice, F. var. myricce, Gn., Acronycta) Sweet Violet. ( Viola odorata) Sweet William. (Dianthus barbatus) Sword-grass, The. (exoleta, L., Calocampa) Sycamore. ( Acer pseudo-platanus) Sycamore, The. (aceris, L., Acronycta ( Apatela)) sylvanus, Esp., Augiades. (Large Skipper) L. 7-5. On Graminese, especially Holcus lanatus and Dactylis ; also on Luzula pilosa. Hiber- nates between grass blades drawn to- gether. P. 5-6. In a grass-woven cocoon. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 333 I. 6-7 or later. Fond of Bramble bloom. 0. 7. Laid in a line in the sheath of a grass-blade. Females will lay on a potted-up plant if placed in the sun. Hatch from 12-13 days. Deposited, 4th July ; hatched, 17th July (F. Oldaker). sylvata, Hb.^testaceata, Don. sylvata, Sc. (ulmata, F.), Abraxas. (The Clouded Magpie) L. 8-10. On Ulmus montana, and rarely on Corylus and Fagus. P. 9-5. 1. 5-6. Comes to bloom of Dog's Mercury. 0. 7. sylvinus, L., Hepialus. (Orange Swift) L. 7-5. Feeds 2 years at the roots of Echium vulgare, Rumex, and Pteris aquilina. P. 5-7. Near surface close to tops of mines in food plant. Pupae escape from cocoon some hours before imagos emerge. 1. 7-8. Rests on trees and fences. Flies over bracken at dusk. O. Synia. Genus includes musculosa. Symphoria racemosa. (Symphoricarpus racemosus). (Snow- berry) atropos, Acherontia (Manduca). (Death's-head Hawk Moth) L. 8-9. fuciformis, Hemaris. (Broad-bordered Bee Hawk Moth) L. 6-8. On underside of leaves, hirtaria, Lycia. (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. Symphytum officinale. (Comfrey) dominula, Callimorpha. (Scarlet Tiger) L. 7 or 8-4 or 5. Synopsia. Genus includes abruptaria. Syringa vulgaris. (Lilac) rusticata, Acidalia. (Least Carpet) L. 8-5. Likes withered leaves. 334 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK prunaria, Angerona. (Orange Moth) L. 7-5. gemmaria, Boarmia. (Willow Beauty) L. 8-5. elinguaria, Crocallis. (Scalloped Oak) L. 9-5. quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos. (August Thorn) L. 4-7. Beat out. abruptaria, Hemerophila. (Waved Umber) L. 5-8. syringaria, Hygrochroa (Pericallia). (Lilac Beauty) L. 8-5 or 6. hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, ligustri, Sphinx. (Privet Hawk) L. 7-8. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. pyrina (aesculi), Zeuzera. (Leopard Moth) L. 2-3 years. Feeds inside branches. syringaria, L., Hygrochroa (Pericallia). (Lilac Beauty) L. 8-5 or 6, and sometimes a second brood in autumn from early -hatched females. Feeds on Ligustrum (produces larger specimens), Lonicera (low-growing ones), and Syringa vulgaris. Young larvae hang from food at night. Hibernate when small. Hard to detect at rest. Give sleeved out larvae leaves as protection during winter. P. 6. In a web amongst food. I. 6-7. Early -hatched ones may produce a second brood in 8. Comes to light. 0. Laid shortly after emergence of female. Hatchings recorded 13 (Scorer) and 17 days. tabaniformis, Rott., Sciapteron. (Clear or Dusky Underwing) L. 4. Feeds under the bark of Populus. P. 5. I. 6-7. O. tsenialis (albistrigalis, Hw.), Hypenodes. (White-line Snout) L. 8-9. On the withered flowers of Calluna and Thymus. P. I. 7-8 and sometimes 9. May be beaten out of THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 335 Bramble. Comes to honeydew, sugar, and Ivy. 0. tseniata, Stph., Perizoma (Emmelesia). (The Barred Carpet) L. 8-4 or 5. On Musci growing in damp places ; preferring Bryum, of which it eats the capsules in Spring, Nasturtium and Stellaria media. P. 5-6. I. 6-7. May be beaten from Holly and Yew tree. 0. tages, L., Thanaos ( Nisoniades). (Dingy Skipper) L. 6-8. On Lotus corniculatus. Retiring in habits. Hibernates in a tent -like structure of three leaves drawn together. P. 4-5. I. 5-6. Sometimes a second brood in 8. Comes to puddles on chalk roads after showers in hot weather (Scorer). 0. 5-6. Laid on leaflets of food plants. Hatch in about a fortnight. Tamarisk. ( Tamarix) Tamarix. ( Tamarisk) oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. taminata, Hb.=bimaculata, F. Tanacetum vulgare. (Tansy) subfulvata, Eupithecia. (Tawny Speckled Pug) L. 9-10. On the flowers, succenturiata, Eupithecia. (Bordered Pug) L. 9-10. On flowers and leaves at night. Tansy. ( Tanacetum vulgare) Tapinostola. Genus includes bondii, elymi, extrema, fulva, and hellmanni. Tarache. Genus includes lucida var. albicollis, and luctuosa. taraxaci, Hb., Caradrina. (The Rustic) L. 9-4. On Plantago, Rumex, and Stellaria media. P. 5. Below ground in an earthen cocoon. I. 6-8. Comes to sugar. O. 336 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Taraxacum. (Dandelion) aversata, Acidalia. (The Riband Wave) L. 7-5. bisetata, Acidalia. (Small Fan-footed Wave) L. 8-5. degeneraria, Acidalia. (Portland Ribbon Wave) L. 8-4. In two broods, dimidiata (scutulata), Acidalia. (Single Dotted Wave) L. 9-4. On withered leaves, fumata, Acidalia. (Smoky Wave) L. 8-5. holosericata (dilutaria), Acidalia. (Silky Wave) L. 8-5. imitaria, Acidalia. (Small Blood-vein) L. 7-5. inornata, Acidalia. (Plain Wave) L. 8-6. inter jectaria, Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (Dwarf Cream Wave) L. 8-4. Hibernates 9-3. Likes leaves withered, ochrata, Acidalia (Sterrha). (Bright Wave) L. 7-10 or on to Spring. Eats flowers, rusticata, Acidalia. (Least Carpet) L. 8-5. Likes withered leaves, strigilaria (prataria), Acidalia. (Sub-angled Wave) L. 8-5. subsericiata, Acidalia. (Satin Wave) L. 8-5. virgularia (incanaria), Acidalia. (Small Dusty Wave) L. 7-5. ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. Feed on the flowers, lunigera, Agrotis (Euxoa). (Crescent Dart) L. 8-5. Buries in sand, obscura (rivada), Agrotis. (Stout Dart) L. 9-5. Night feeder, puta, Agrotis. (Shuttle-shaped Dart) L. 9-4. simulans (pyrophila), Agrotis (Pachnobia). (Dotted Rustic) L. 9-5. Search after dusk. lychnidis (pistacina), Amathes (Anthocelis, Orthosia) (The Beaded Chestnut) L. 3-6. ad vena, Aplecta. (Pale Shining Brown) L. 7-9. Hides by day. caja, Arctia. (Garden Tiger) L. 7-5. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 337 villica, Arctia. (Cream-spot Tiger) L. 7-4. quadripunetaria (hera), Callimorpha. (Jersey Tiger) L. 8-7. ambigua, Caradrina. (Vine's Rustic) L. 10-5. exigua, Caradrina. (Small Fan-footed Wave) L. 8-5. morpheus, Caradrina. (Mottled Rustic) L. 8, 9, 10-5. ferrugata, Coremia (Ochyia). (Red Twin-spot Carpet) L. 6-7 and 9-10. cribrum, Coscinia. (Speckled Footman) L. 8-5. sanio (russula), Diacrisia. (Clouded Buff) L. 7-4 and 5 ; 7-9 in confinement. Hibernates very early, mendica, Diaphora (Spilosoma). (The Muslin) L. 7-8. lichenea, Epunda. (Feathered Ranunculus) L. 10-5. Night feeder, occulta, Eurois (Aplecta). (Great Brocade) L. 8-5. Autumn food, humuli, Hepialus. (The Ghost) L. 7-4 or 5. Feeds two years on the roots, albicolon, Mamestra. (White Colon) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9. Night feeder, dentina, Mamestra. (The Shears) L. 7-8. ditrapezium, Noctua. (Triple-spotted Clay) L. 9-5. Late night feeder, rubi, Noctua. (Small Square Spot) L. 6-7 and 11-4. stigmatica, Noctua. (Square-spotted Clay) L. 9-5 zonaria, Nyssia. (The Belted Beauty) L. 5-8. rubiginea, Orrhodia (Dasycampa). (Dotted Chestnut) L. 5-6. Likes a mixed diet, rubricosa, Pachnobia. (Red Chestnut) L. 4-6. fuliginosa, Phragmatobia (Spilosoma). (Ruby Tiger) L. 6-8, 9-5. bractea, Plusia. (Gold Spangle) L. 8-5. chi, Polia. (The Grey Chi) L. 4-6. xanthomista (nigrocincta), Polia. (The Black-banded) y 338 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK L. Autumn or spring to 6 or 7. Feeds at night. Give in captivity. gothica, Toeniocampa. (Hebrew Character) L. 4-6. tarsipennalis, Tr., Zanclognatha (Herminia). (Fan-foot) L. 7 and 8-3 and 4. Night feeder on Hedera, Poly- gonum, Rubus, R. idaeus, Salix caprea, etc. A second brood sometimes in con- finement. Hibernates when nearly full fed. P. 5. Amongst withered leaves. I. 6-7. Partial to lanes and hedgerows. 0. 7. Tawny-barred Angle, (liturata, CL, Semiothisa (Macaria)} Tawny Pinion, semibrunnea, Hw., Lithophane (Xylina)) Tawny Shears, carpophaga, Bkh., Dianthcecia) Tawny-speckled Pug. (subfulvata, Hw., Eupithecia) Tawny Wave, (rubiginata, Hufn. (rubricata, F.), Acidalia (Leptomeris)) Taxus. (Yew) abietaria, Boarmia. (Satin Carpet) L. 8-5. Night feeder. Beat end of 5. gemmaria, Boarmia. (Willow Beauty) L. 8-5. monocha, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Black Arches) L. 4-7. Tea-tree. (Lycium barbarium) Teazle. (Dipsacus sylvestris) temerata, Hb. (?) (punctata, F.), Bapta. (Clouded Silver) L. 7-8. On Prunus, P. padus, and P. spinosa. P. 8-5. In a slight cocoon. I. 5-6. Comes to light. 0. Laid, 13th June ; hatched, 17th June (F. Oldaker). templi, Thnb., Dasypolia. (Brindled Ochre) L. 4-8. In the roots of Heracleum sphondylium and THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 339 Pastinaca sativa. The young larva bur- rows into the leaf stem and thence down- wards to roots. P. 8-10. Below ground. I. 10-3. Comes to light. 0. tenebrata, Sc. (arbuti, F.), Heliaca (Heliodes). (Small Yellow Underwing) L. 6-7. On the flowers and seeds of Cerastium. P. 8-5. On the ground. I. 5-6. Flies in the sun. 0. tenebrosa, Hb. (umbratica, Gz.), Rusina. (Brown Rustic) L. 8-3. On Graminese, Polygonum, Viola, and V. tricolor. P. 4-5. Below ground. I. 6-7, sometimes earlier. Comes to sugar. 0. tenuiata, Hb., Eupithecia. (Slender Pug) L. 3, 4, and 5. In the catkins of Salix caprea ; keep catkins that fall when beating Sallows. P. 5-6. In a slight cocoon amongst moss, grass roots, or below ground. I. 6-7. Rests on stems of Sallow. Comes to light. Breed for good specimens. O. Tephrosia. Genus includes bistortata, consonaria, luridata, and punctularia. tersata, Hb., PUbalapteryx (Ccsnocalpe). (The Fern) L. 8-9. On Clematis vitalba. Night feeder. P. 9-6. In a slight cocoon below ground. I. 6-7. Beat out of Clematis. O. 7-8. Hatch in 7 days. testacea, Hb. (guenii, Dbld.), Luperina. (Flounced Rustic) L. 10-5. On the roots of Gramineae. P. 6-7. Below ground. I. 8-9. Comes to light and sugar. Search palings around pastures. Fond of ripe plums. O. testaceata, Don. (sylvata, Hb.), Asthena. (Waved Carpet) L. 7-8 or 9 (early). On Alnus, Betula, and Salix caprea. Rests under leaf on mid-rib. 340 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 9-5. Between leaves or amongst moss. I. 6. Hides amongst bushes by day, or rests on trunks in damp woods. Very wary except in cold weather. 0. Hatch about mid-July. testata, L., Lygris (Cidaria). (The Chevron) L. 5-7. On Be tula and Salix caprea. P. 6-7. Amongst food plant. 1. 7-8. Frequents heaths and bogs to about 3,000 feet level. Female rarely flies. Male comes to light. 0. 8. Eight months in this stage. testudo, Schiff . = limacodes, Hufn. tetralunaria, Hufn., Selenia. (Purple Thorn) L. 6-7 and 9-10. On Alnus, Betula, Prunus padus, Quercus, and Salix caprea. Beat at night. Motionless by day on twigs. P. 7 and 10-4. Amongst leaves. I. 4-5 and 7-8, and occasionally in 10. Looks like a dead leaf. Females assemble between 7.30 P.M. and 8.30 P.M. in April ; pairs may be found about midnight. 0. Hatchings recorded 11, .18, and 23 days. Teucrium scordonia. (Wood Sage) athalia, Melitsea. (Heath Fritillary) L. 7-5. maculata, Venilia. (Speckled Yellow) L. 7-8. thalassina, Rott., Mamestra (Hadena). (Pale - shouldered Brocade) L. 8-9. Night feeder on Crataegus, Cytisus scoparius, Lonicera, Polygonum, Pyrus, Rumex, Salix caprea, and Senecio vulgaris. P. 8-6. 1. 6 and sometimes 8-9. Comes to sugar and light. O. Laid, 3rd June ; hatched, 10th June. Thalera. Genus includes fimbrialis. Thalictrum flavum and T. minus. (Meadow Rue) sagitata, Cidaria. (Marsh Carpet) L. 8-9. On the seed heads. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 341 Thalpochares. Genus includes ostrina, parva, and paula. Thamnonoma. Genus includes wauaria, brunneata. thaumas, Hufn. (linea, F.), Adopcea (Thymelicus), (Small Skipper) L. 8-6. On Brachypodium sylvaticum, and Holcus lanatus. Draw edges of leaves together. Hibernates 11. Sweep. P. 7. Suspended head up in a chamber of spun leaves. I. 7-8. 0. 7 (end). Hatch in about a fortnight. Thecla. Genus includes pruni and w-album. Thera. Genus includes cognata, firmata, juniperata, and variata. Tholera. Genus includes cespitis. Tholomiges. Genus includes turfosalis. Thorn Apple. (Datura) Three Humped, (phcebe, Siebert = tritophu6, Esp., Notodonta) Thrift. ( Armeria vulgaris) Thrift Clear wing, (muscceformis, View., Sesia) Thyatira. Genus includes batis. Thyme. ( Thymus) Thyme Pug. (distinctaria (constrictata, Gn.), Eupithecia) thymiaria, Gn. = strigata, Mull. Thymus. ( Thyme) immorata, Acidalia (Leptomeris). (Lewes Wave) L. 8-5. ornata, Acidalia (Craspedia). (Lace Border) L. 10-5 and 7-8. gilvaria, Aspilates. (Straw Belle) L. 9-6. tsenialis (albistrigalis), Hypenodes. (White-line Snout) L. 8-9 (?). On the flowers. 342 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK purpuralis (pilosellse, minos), Zygaena. (Transparent Burnet) L. 8-5. Thymus serpyllum. (Wild Thyme) ashworthii, Agrotis (Epipsilia). (Ashworth's Rustic) L. 8-4. cinerea, Agrotis (Euxoa). (Light Feathered Rustic) L. 6 and 7. Spring, distinctaria (constrictata), Eupithecia. (Thyme Pug) L. 8-9. arion, Nomiades. (Large Blue) L. 7-5. On flowers and calyx. Tiger, (caja, L., Arctia) Tilia Europeea. (Lime or Linden) aini, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. psi, Acronycta. (Grey Dagger) L. 8-9. sphinx (cassinea), Brachionycha. (The Sprawler) L . 5-6. Beat, corylata, Cidaria. (Broken-barred or Hazel Carpet) L. 7-9. Beat, citrago, Cirrhia (Xanthia). (Orange Sallow) L. 4-5. Night feeder, ligniperda, Cossus. (Goat Moth) L. Feeds internally 3 or 4 years, tiliae, Dilina. (Lime Hawk-moth) L. 7-8. versicolor, Endromis. (Kentish Glory) L. 5-7. Gregarious when young, erosaria, Ennomos. (September Thorn) L. 5-7. quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos. (August Thorn) L. 4-7. Beat, socia (petrifacta), Lithophane (Xylina). (Pale Pinion) L. 5-7. hrrtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, monocha, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Black Arches) L. 4-7. betularia, Pachys. (Peppered Moth) L. 7-9. Beat, bucephala, Phalera. (Buff-tip) L. 8-9. pedaria (pilosaria), Phigalia. (Pale Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 343 tilise, L., Dilina (Mimas}. (Lime Hawk Moth) L. 7-8. On Tilia and Ulmus, preferring the latter after third moult in confinement. Rests on veins under leaves when young, and on stalks when older. Keep shaded. P. 9-5. At foot of tree deep down, or in hollows of trees. Sometimes goes over to second year. I. 5-6. Rests on palings, etc., looking like a dead leaf. Tethered females will often attract males. O. Laid singly or in pairs on undersides of leaves. Are covered with an india-rubber - like gum. Eggs laid, 10th May ; hatched, 13th June. Tilia parvifolia. (Small-leaved Lime) harpagula (sicula), Drepana. (Scarce Hook-tip) 7-9. tiliaria, J$kh.=alniaria, Esp. Timandra. Genus includes amata. tincta, Brh., Aplecta (Mamestra). (Silvery Arches) L. 8-5. Feeds in autumn at night on Plantago, Polygonum, and Rumex, and in spring on Cratsegus (rarely), Betula, Salix caprea, and Bilberry. P. 5-6. Below ground. I. 6-7. Emerges about 5 P.M. Kill when dry. Comes to sugar — not before 11 P.M. 0. 7. Hatch in about 10 days. tipuliformis, CL, Sesia. (Currant Clearwing) L. 7-5. On the pith in the stems and shoots of Ribes ; works downwards. P. 4, 5, and 6. In the stems close to outside of bark, in a silk cocoon. Search bushes cut previous year, and place affected twigs in damp sand. I. 6-7. About currant bushes. Pairs may be found in early July between 4 and 6 P.M. 0. 6. Tissue, (dubitata, L., Triphosa) tithonus, L., Epinephele. (The Gatekeeper) 344 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK L. 9-6. Night feeder on Graminese, especially on Dactylis glomerata, Poa annua, and Triticum repens. Hibernates when small, but nibbles all winter. Sweep or search with a lantern. P. 6-7. Suspended from grass stems and blades. I. 7-8. Fond of Bramble bloom. 0. 8. Females will lay on potted-up plants. Hatch in about 3 weeks. tityus, L. (bombyliformis, Hw.), Hemaris (Macroglossa). (Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk Moth) L. 6-7. On the underside of leaves of Scabious, especially those near woods. P. 8-5. In a coarse loose cocoon. 1. 5-6. Comes to flowers of Bugle, Bird's-foot Trefoil, Rhododendron, and Lousewort. Strike at insect downwards. 0. 6. Laid on the underside of leaves. Toadflax. ( Linaria) Toadflax Pug. (linariata, Fb., Eupithecia) Toeniocampa. Genus includes gothica, gracilis, incerta, miniosa, munda, opima, populeti, pulverulenta, and stabilis. togata, Hb., Eucymatoge. (Cloaked Pug) L. 7-8. On the immature seeds of Abies ; best found by searching fallen cones after a gale in August or September. Frass shows affected cones. P. 9. In a light cocoon on surface of ground. Often two seasons in this stage. 1. 6, sometimes earlier. Frequents Spruce. 0. Tomato. (Lycopersicum esculentum) torva, Hb. = tritophus, Esp. Toxocampa. Genus includes craccce and pastinum. trabealis, Sc. (sulphuralis, L.), Emmelia ( Agrophila). (Spotted Sulphur) L. 7 and 9. On Convolvulus arvensis. P. 8 and 10-6. In a slight web on grass-stem, etc. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 345 I. 6, 7, and 8. Rests amongst herbage by day. Flies at dusk. Comes to light. 0. 6. Trachea. Genus includes atriplicis. tragopogonis, L., Amphipyra. (The Mouse) L. 4-6. On Crataegus, Delphinium, and Salix caprea. P. 5 (end) -7. Below ground. 1. 7-8. Comes to sugar ; hides by day behind boxes, etc. O. Transparent Burnet. (purpuralis, Brunnich (pilosellce, Esp., minos, Fuesl.), Zygcena) trapezina, L., Calymnia (Cosmia). (Dun-bar) L. 4-6. On Betula, Fagus, Quercus, Salix caprea, Ulmus, etc. Cannibal. Particularly fond of Cheimatobia brumata larvae. P. 6-7. Below ground, or in a web on the surface. I. 7-8. Comes to sugar. O. Laid in August. Traveller's Joy. ( Clematis vitalba) Treacle Mustard. (Erysimum cheiranthoides) Treble-bar, (plagiata, L., Anaitis) Treble Brown Spot, (trigeminata, Hw., Acidalia (Ptychopoda)) Treble Lines, (trigrammica, Hufn. (trilinea, Bkh.), Gram- mesia) Tree-lichen Beauty, (algce, F., Bryophila) tremnla, Cl. (dictcea, Esp.), Pheosia (Leiocampa). (Swallow Prominent) L. 6-7 and 9-10. On Populus and P. tremula, Salix, and S. caprea. Beat. P. 10-5. In a grey silk and earthen cocoon, often deep below ground. The summer cocoons are amongst leaves, and should be placed between layers of moss on earth and kept cool and airy till May, when they should be placed in the sun. 346 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK I. 5-8. Emerge between 9 P.M. and 11 P.M. Come to light. 0. trepida, Esp. (peridea), Notodonta. (Great Prominent) L. 6-8. On Quercus. Likes food wet. May be often found crawling down trunks end of July. P. 9-3. At foot of trees in an earth-covered cocoon, like friable soil. Sometimes two years in this stage. I. 4-6. Females emerge between 8 P.M. and 9 P.M. Males between 2 P.M. and 5 P.M. Rest on trunks 1 to 4 feet up. Come to light usually about 11 P.M. Keep females for eggs. 0. 5. Laid on leaves or bark. trepidaria, Tr.=coracwa, Esp., Psodos. Triangle, (asella, Schiff. (cruiciata, Kn.), Heterogenea) triangulum, Hufn., Noctua. (Double Square-spot) L. 4-5. On Betula, Crataegus, Prunus spinosa, Quer- cus, Rubus fruticosus, and Rumex. P. 5-6. Below ground. I. 6. Comes to light and sugar. 0. Trichiura. Genus includes cratcegi. tridens, Schiff., Acronycta. (Dark Dagger) L. 8-10. On Betula, Crataegus, Pyrus communis, P. malus, Prunus, P. spinosa, and Salix caprea. P. 9 or 10-6. In a silky cocoon spun up in crevices or under loose bark. I. 6. Sometimes 10 in confinement. Rests on tree trunks. 0. trifasciata, lBkh.=impluvia,ta, Hb. trifolii, L., Lasiocampa (Bombyx, Pachygastria). (Grass Eggar) L. 2-6. On Anthyllis vulneraria, Crataegus, Gra- mineae, Ornithopus, Prunus, P. spin- osa, Rubus, Salix caprea, and Statice. Search about 5 P.M. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 347 P. 6-8. In a hard, brown oval cocoon on the ground. Has a loose silk web all over it. I. 8-9. Females emerge soon after mid-day. Comes to electric light. Females assemble males at dusk. O. Laid loosely in the autumn. trifolii, L., Zygcena. (Five-spot Burnet) L. 7-5. On Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium pro- cumbens. Sometimes feeds for 2 years. Hibernates 10-2. P. 5. Attached low down to stems. I. 5-6, sometimes later. Rests on flowers. Flies in the sun. 0. Laid on food plants in batches. trifolii, Rott. (chenopodii, F.), Mamestra. (The Nutmeg) L. 7-9. On Allium, Atriplex, Beta, Chenopodium, and Polygonum (in confinement). P. 9-5. Below ground. I. 5-6 and 7-8. O. Females will lay in chip-boxes. Trifolium. (Clover) rubiginata (rubricata), Acidalia. (Tawny Wave) L. 8-5, and sometimes 6-7. corticea, Agrotis. (Heart and Club) L. 8-3 or 4. Hides below ground by day. nigricans, Agrotis. (Garden Dart) L. 9-6. clathrata, Chiasmia. (Latticed Heath) L. 6-9. Sweep at night, edusa, Colias. (Clouded Yellow) L. 6-7 and 9-10 in captivity, hyale, Colias. (Pale Clouded Yellow) L. 6-8 and 9, or sometimes 10 in captivity, atomaria, Ematurga (Fidonia). (Common Heath) L. 7-8 or 9. glyphica, Euclidia. (Burnet Companion) L. 6-8. mi, Euclidia. (Mother Shipton) L. 7-9. Sweep by day. dipsacea, Heliothis. (Marbled Clover) L. 7-9. On flowers and seeds, peltigera, Heliothis. (Bordered Straw) L. 6-8 and 9-10. On flowers and unripe seeds, complana, Lithosia. (Scarce Footman) L. 8-6. On flowers (?). 348 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK centonalis, Nola. (Scarce Black Arches) L. 9-5. On the flowers, bipunctaria, Ortholitha. (Chalk Carpet) L. 9-6. Night feeder, limitata (mensuraria), Ortholitha. (Shaded Broad-bar) L. 9-6. Sweep, exulans, Zygaena. (Scotch Mountain Burnet) L. 8-6. Sometimes feeds 2 years, filipendulae, Zygaena. (Six-spot Burnet) L. 8-5. lonicerae, Zygaena. (Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet) L. 5. Sometimes feeds 2 years, meliloti, Zygaena. (New Forest Burnet) L. 8-5. Sometimes 2 years' feeding, purpuralis, Zygaena. (Transparent Burnet) L. 8-5. Trifolium minus. conspicillaris, Xylomiges. (Silver Cloud) L. 5-7. Trifolium procumbens. (Hop Trefoil) rubiginata (umbricata), Acidalia. (Tawny Wave) L. 8-5, sometimes 6-7. clathrata, Chiasmia (Stremia). (Latticed Heath) L. 6-9. Sweep at night, hyale, Colias. (Pale Clouded Yellow) L. 6-8 and sometimes 9 or 10-5 in captivity, exulans, Zygaena. (Scotch Mountain Burnet) L. 8-6. Sometimes 2 years' feeding, filipendulae, Zygaena. (Six-spot Burnet) L. 8-5. lonicerae, Zygaena. (Narrow Bordered Five-spot Burnet) L. 5. Sometimes feeds 2 years, trifolii, Zygaena. (Five-spot Burnet) L. 7-5. Sometimes feeds 2 years. Trifolium repens. (Dutch Clover) caniola, Lithosia. (Hoary Footman) L. 8-5 or 6. Night feeder, bellargus (adonis), Lycaena. (Adonis Blue) L. 7 and 9-4. trigeminata, Hw., Acidalia (Ptychopoda). (The Treble Brown Spot) L. 9-4 and 6. Latter brood full fed in a month. On Betula, Hedera, and Polygonum. P . 5-6 and 7. Sometimes hatch in the autumn. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 349 I. 6-7. Beat out of hedgerows by day. Comes to light and sugar. O. Trigonophora. Genus includes flammea. trigrammica, Hufn. (trilinea, Bkh.), Grammesia. (Treble Lines) L. 7-4. On Plantago, subterranean in habit. P. 5. Below ground. I. 6-7. Comes to sugar. 0. 6-7. Eggs hatch hi under a fortnight. trilinea, Bkh. = trigrammica, Hufn. trimacula, Esp. (dodocea, Hb.), Drymonia. (Marbled Brown) L. 7-9. On Betula (?) and Quercus. Hides by day in crevices. P. 9-4. In a silk and earthen cocoon at grass roots, at base of tree. I. 5. Generally emerges between 3.30 P.M. and 6 P.M. 0. tripartita, Hufn. (urtica, Hb.), Abrostola. (The Spectacle) L. 7 and sometimes 9. Night feeder on Urtica dioica. P. 8-5. Amongst leaves and sometimes under moss. I. 5 (end) -6 and sometimes 8. Rests on fences. Comes to light and to flowers of Valerian, Honeysuckle, Woundwort, and Black Horehound, etc. 0. Triphaena. Genus includes comes, fimbria, iathina, interjecta, orbona, pronuba, and subsequa. Triphosia. Genus includes dubitata. triplasia, L., Abrostola. (Dark Spectacle) L. 7-9. On Humulus and Urtica. P. 9-6. Often under moss on trees near food plant. I. 6-7. Early larvae sometimes reach imago stage 8. Comes to light. O. 6-7. Laid, 24th July ; hatched, 31st July ( A. E. Tonge). Triple-spotted Clay, (ditrapezium, Bkh., Noctua) 350 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Triple-spotted Pug. (trisignaria, HS., Eupithecia) trisignaria (-ata), HS., Eupithecia. (Triple-spotted Pug) L. 9. On the flower-heads of Angelica and Pas- tinaca sativa. P. 10-5. In an earthen cocoon. I. 6-7. O. tristata, L., Xanthorhoe (Euphyia, Melanippe). (Small Argent and Sable) L. 7-8. On Galium mollugo and G. saxatile. P. 8-5. In a cocoon on the ground. I. 5 (end) -6, and sometimes as late as 8. Rests on stone walls. O. Hatch 7-9 days. tritici, L., Agrotis (Euxoa). (White-line Dart) L. 9-5. On Brassica, Cerastium, Galium, and Plan- tago, etc. P. 6-7. Below ground. I. 7-8. Frequent sandhills. Comes to sugar, Rag- wort, and Marram Grass. 0. Triticum caninum and T. repens. (Couch Grass) actaeon, Adopaea (Thymeh'cus). (Lulworth Skipper) L. 5-7. lineola, Adopaea. (Essex or New Skipper) L. 4-6. Sweep, comma, Augiades (Urbicolor). (Silver-spotted Skipper) L. 4-6. tithonus, Epinephele. (The Gatekeeper) L. 9-6. conigera, Leucania. (Brown-Line Bright-Eye) L. 8-5. Search after dusk, lithargyria, Leucania. (The Clay) L. 2-5. Night feeder. Hides by day. egeria, Pararge. (Speckled Wood) L. 9-7. Sweep at night. Two broods, orbona (subsequa), Triphaena. (Lunar Yellow Underwing) L. 9-4. Sweep at night. Triticum junceum. actaeon, Adopaea (Thymelicus). (Lulworth Skipper) L. 5-7. Triticum sativum. (Wheat) basilinea, Apamea. (Rustic Shoulder-knot) L. 8-3. Food in early stages. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 351 tritophus, Esp. =phcebe, Siebert. tritophus, Esp. (torva, Hb.), Notodonta. (Large Dark Prominent) L. 6-7 and 9. On Populus tremula. P. I. 7. 0. 8. Trochilium. Genus includes apiformis and crabroniformis. True Lover's Knot, (strigula, Thnb. (porphyrea, Hb.), Agrotis (Lycophotia)) truncata, Hufn. (russata, Bkh.), Cidaria. (Common Marbled Carpet) L. 6 and 8-2. On Betula, Crataegus, Fragaria, Salix caprea, and Vaccinium. P. 7 and 2-5. Amongst food. 1. 5-6 and 8. Comes to light. 0. 6-7 and 8-9. Hatchings recorded 8, 10, 11, 13, and 26 days. Trypanus. Genus includes cossus. Tufted Hair Grass. ( Aim ccespitosa) Tufted Vetch. ( Vicia cracca) turca, L., Leucania (Eriopyga). (Double Line) L. 8-5. On Gramineae, especially Dactylis and other woodland vars. P. 5-6. I. 6-7. Frequents woods and parks. 0. turfosalis, Wk., Thomoliges. (Marsh Oblique-barred) L. (?). Food (?). P. (?) I. 7 (end) to 8 (beg.). Flies from 6-8 over marshes. 0. (?) Turnip. (Brassica rapa) Turnip Moth, (segetum, Schiff., Agrotis (Euxoa)) Tussilago. (Colt's-foot) ochrata, Acidalia (Sterrha). (Bright Wave) L, 7-10 or on to spring. Eats the flowers. 352 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK jacobaeae, Hipocrita. (Cinnabar) L. 6, 7, and 8. Will eat this in confinement. Twin-spot Carpet, (didymata, L., Malenydris (Larentia)) Twin-spotted Quaker, (munda, Esp., Toeniocampa) Twin-spotted Wainscot, (geminipuncta, Hatch., Nonagria) Typha latifolia. (Reed-mace) cannse, Nonagria. (Reed Wainscot) L. 5-7. Internal feeder, sparganii, Nonagria. (Webb's Wainscot) L. 7-8. Internal feeder. typhee, Esp. (arundinis, F.), Nonagria. (Bulrush Wainscot) L. 7-8. On Phragmites. P. 8. In the stems. Cut 6 inches above and below exit hole and place in water or wet sard. I. 8-9. Flies at dusk. Comes to light. Best bred. O. typhon, Rott. (davus, Hw.), Coenonympha. (Large Heath) L. 8-5 or 6. On Gramineae and Rhynchospora alba. P. 6-7. Suspended by tail from a slight silk pad spun on food plant. I. 6 (end) -7. Can be found at rest on Heather from 2 A.M. to 4 A.M. 0. 7. Laid on grass blades. Females will lay in confinement on planted-up tufts. Hatch in about 15 days. typica, L., Ncemia. (The Gothic) L. 8-5. On Euonymus (non - Europaeus), Prunus, P. communis, P. spinosa, Pyrus, and Salix caprea. When young in colonies till 15th day. Hibernate under stones, leaves, etc., in 10. P. 5-6. In a cocoon under ground. 1. 6-7. Comes to sugar. 0. 8. Hatch in 10-12 days. Laid in large batches. Ulex. (Furze or Gorse) villica, Arctia. (Cream-spot Tiger) L. 7-4. rubi, Callophrys. (Green Hairstreak) L. 6-7. Beat. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 353 pumilata, Gymnoscelis (Eupithecia). (Double striped Pug) L. 5-9. On the flowers, peltigera, Heliothis. (Bordered Straw) L. 6-8 and 9-10. On the flowers and unripe seeds, argus (segon), Lycsena. (Silver-studded Blue) L. 4-6. pisi, Mamestra (Hadena). (Broom Moth) L. 8-9. plumbaria, Ortholitha (Selidosema). (Lead Belle) L. 8-4. strigillaria, Perconia. (Grass Wave) L. 8-4 or 5. cytisaria (pruniata), Pseudopterna. (Grass Emerald) L. 7-6. ulmata, F.-sylvata, Sc. Ulmus campestris. (Elm) grossulariata, Abraxas. (The Magpie) L. 8-5 or 6. alni, Acronycta. (The Alder) L. 7-9. circellaris (ferruginea), Amathes. (The Brick) L. 4-6 or 7. Fond of flowers and seeds. Beat, rufina, Anchocelis. (Flounced Chestnut) L. 4-5. Cannibal in confinement, hispidaria, Apocheima (Nyssia). (Small Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. repandata, Boarmia. (Mottled Beauty) L. 7-5. Beat at night, sphinx (cassinea), Brachionycha. (The Sprawler) L. 5-6. Beat, dimnis, Calymma. (White -spotted Pinion) L. 4-6. Night feeder, pyralina, Calymnia. (Lunar-spotted Pinion) L. 4-5. Beat, trapezina, Calymnia (Cosmia). (The Dun-bar) L. 4-6, Cannibal, afnnis, Cosmia (Calymnia). (Lesser-spotted Pinion) L. 4-6. Night feeder, ligniperda, Cossus. (Goat Moth) L. Feeds internally 3-4 years, tiliae, Dilina. (Lime Hawk) L. 7-8. quercinaria (angularia), Ennomos. (August Thorn) L. 4-7. chrysorrhsea, Euproctis (Porthesia). (Brown-tail) L. 8-6. z 354 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder, dispar, Lymantria (Liparis). (The Gipsy) L. 4-7. Bred only, neustria, Malocosoma. (The Lackey) L. 4-6. Gregarious in a web. oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. margaritaria, Metrocampa. (Light Emerald) L. 9-5. dilutata (nebulata), Oporabia. (November Moth) L. 4-6. luteolata, Opisthograptis (crataegata, Rumia). (Brimstone Moth) L. 4-9 and 10-4. vaccinii, Orrhodia. (Chestnut Moth) L. 5-6. betularia, Pachys. (Peppered Moth) L. 7-9. Beat, strataria, Pachys. (Oak Beauty) L. 5-7. bucephala, Phalera. (Buff-tip) L. 8-9. pedaria (pilosaria), Phigalia. (Pale Brindled Beauty) L. 5-6. populi, Paecilocampa. (December Moth) L. 4-6. Beat at night. Full-fed larvae sun themselves on trunks, incerta (instabilis), Toeniocampa. (Clouded Drab) L. 5-7. munda, Toeniocampa. (Twin-spotted Quaker) L. 4-6. stabilis, Toeniocampa. (Common Quaker) L. 5-7. w-album, Thecla. (White-letter Hairstreak) L. 5-6. Beat low branches, ianthina, Triphsena. (Lesser Broad-border) L. 8-4 or 5. Beat or search at night, polychloros, Vanessa. (Large Tortoiseshell) L. 6. In companies high up. pyrina (aesculi), Zeuzera. (Leopard Moth) L. 2-3 years. Feeds internally, preferring growth 3 inches to 8 inches diameter. Ulmus montana. (Wych Elm) sylvata (ulmata), Abraxas. (Clouded Magpie) L. 8-10. Beat. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 355 circellaris (ferruginea), Amathes. (The Brick) L. 4-6 or 7. Prefers flowers and seeds. Beat, blomeri, Asthena. (Blomer's Rivulet) L. 8-9. Beat, or search undersides of leaves, gilvago, Mellinia (Xanthia). (Dusky-lemon Sallow) L. 4-5 or 6. Beat. Feeds on seeds and leaves later, gonostigma, Orgyia. (Scarce Vapourer) L. 7 and 9-4 or 5. Occasional food, vaccinii, Orrhodia. (Chestnut Moth) L. 5-6. w-album, Thecla. (White-letter Hairstreak) L. 5-6. Beat low branches, fulvago (cerago), Xanthia. (The Sallow) L. 3-6. On the seeds, lutea (flavago), Xanthia. (Pink-barred Sallow) L. 3-6. On the seeds. ulvse, Hb. =maritima, Tausch. umbra, Hufn. (marginata, F.), Pyrrhia (Chariclea). (The Bordered Sallow) L. 7-9. On Ononis (prefers corollas), and Polygonum in confinement. P. 9-5. I. 5-6. Comes to light. 0. umbratica, Gz. = tenebrosa, Hb. umbratica, L., Cucullia. (The Shark) L. 8-9. Night feeder. Hides by day under lower leaves. On Lactuca and Sonchus. P. 8-6. Underground, or in a loose web amongst food (?). I. 6-7. Rests on palings and pegs, posts, etc. Comes to bloom of Campion, Honeysuckle, Melancholy Thistle, Sweet William, and other flowers at night. 0. 7. Hatch in 5 or 6 days. umbrosa, Hb., Noctua. (Six-striped Rustic) L. 8-5. On Galium, Plantago, Rubus, and Rumex. P. 6. Below ground. 1. 7-8. Comes to light and sometimes to sugar. Also to honeydew and Ragwort. 0. 7-8. Hatch in about 10 days. unangulata, Hw., Xanthorhoe (Euphyia, Melanippe). (Sharp- angled Carpet) 356 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK L. 7-8. On Stellaria media. Early larvae may pro- duce images same year. P. 8-6. On or just below surface. I. 6-7. Fond of Bramble bloom. 0. Hatch in 9 or 10 days. Laid, 13th June ; hatched, 22nd June (F. Oldaker). unanimis, Tr., Apamea. (Small Clouded Brindle) L. 6-4. On Graminese, in damp spots. Hibernates under loose bark or among grass tufts. P. 4-5. In a cocoon under bark, in old Thistle stems or under moss, etc. 1. 6-7. Emerges about 8 A.M. Rests on fences. Comes to sugar and light. O. uncana, ~L. = uncula, 01. Uncertain, The. (alsines, Brh., Caradrina) uncula, 01. (uncana, L.), Hydrelia (Emstria). (Silver Hook) L. 7-8. On Carex and coarse vars. of Gramineas. Rests along the blades. P. 9-5. Below ground. I. 5-7. Comes to light. 0. 6 (end). Hatch in about a week. undulana (us), Hb.=revayana, Tr. undulata, L., Eucosmia. (Scallop Shell) L. 7-9. On Populus tremula, Salix caprea, and Vaccinium. Draws terminal shoots to- gether. P. 9-6. In a slight earthen cocoon. 1. 6-7. O. Laid separately on the underside of a leaf, close to the mid-rib. unguicula, TLb.=cultraria, F. unidentaria, Hw . , Coremia ( Ochyria). (Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet) L. 6-7 and 9-10. On Asperula, Galium, Nepeta glechoma, Polygonum, and Taraxacum. P. 7 and 10-5. Below ground. I. 5-6 and 7-8. Comes to light. O. Hatchings recorded 7, 10, 11, 17 days. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 357 unifasciata, Hw. (Perizoma), Emmelesia. (Single Barred Carpet) L. 9-10. On Odontites rubra. P. 10-8. Sometimes 2 or 3 years in this stage. I. 8. 0. Union Rustic, (pabulatricula, Brh., Apamea) unipuncta, Hw. (extranea, Gn.), Leucania (Cirphis). (White Speck or American Wainscot) L. (?). Food («). P. (?) I. 9-10. Rare immigrant. Comes to sugar. 0. Urtica dioica. (Stinging Nettle) tripartita (urticse), Abrostola. (The Spectacle) L. 7 and sometimes 9. Night feeder, triplasia, Abrostola. (Dark Spectacle) L. 7-9. villica, Arctia. (Cream-spot Tiger) L. 7-4. putris, Axylia. (The Flame) L. 7-10. dominula, Callimorpha. (Scarlet Tiger) L. 7 or 8-4 or 5. obsitalis, Hypena. (Bloxworth Snout) L. 5-6. proboscidalis, Hypena. (The Snout) L. 5-6. Meyrick says 7-4. oleracea, Mamestra. (Bright-Line Brown-Eye) L. 7-9. depuncta, Noctua. (Plain Clay) L. 9-5. limitata (mensuraria), Ortholitha. (Shaded Broad-bar) L. 9-6. Sweep chrysitis, Plusia. (Burnished Brass) L. 6-7 and 9-4. gamma, Plusia. (Silver Y) L. 5-9. interrogationis, Plusia. (Scarce Silver Y) L. 9-6. iota, Plusia. (Plain Golden Y) L. 8-4. pulchrina (v-aureum), Plusia. (The Beautiful Golden Y) L. 8-5. c-album, Polygonia. (Comma) L. 4-6 and 8. 358 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK atalanta, Pyrameis. (Red Admiral) L. 6-10. cardui, Pyrameis. (Painted Lady) L. 6. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. antiopa, Vanessa. (Camberwell Beauty) L. 5-6. io, Vanessa. (Peacock Butterfly) L. 6-7. In colonies, urticse, Vanessa. (Small Tortoiseshell) L. 5 and 7-8. Gregarious till full fed. urticee, Esp., Spilosoma. (Water Ermine) L. 7-9 (beg.). On Lysimachia vulgaris, Mentha aquatica, Pedicularis, and Rumex hydro- lapathum. Sun themselves on ditch edges. Feed low down. P. Spun up anywhere in a silk and hair web. I. 6. Flies early in marshy places. Comes to light. 0. 6. urticee, Hb. ( Abrostola) = tripartite^, Hufn. urticse, L., Vanessa. (Small Tortoiseshell) L. 5 and 7-8. On Humulus (in confinement), which is said to produce small specimens, and on Urtica dioica. P. 5 (end) -6 and 8. Suspended from silk web. I. 6 and 8. Latter brood hibernates. 0. 5 and 7. Laid in clusters on the underside of terminal leaves. Hatch in about 14 days. Laid, 15th April ; hatched, 6th May (Oldaker). vaccinii, L., Orrhodia. (Chestnut Moth) L. 5-6. On Betula, Quercus, Salix caprea, Ulmus, U. montana, and Vaccinium. By day rests in a curled leaf or between touching leaves. P. 7-9. Below ground at roots. I. 10-3. Comes to Ivy and sugar, especially on the north side of wood, and in spring to Sallow. 0. 3. Laid in deep crevices, and in confinement will lay in a scored chip-box. Deposited, 30th March; hatched, 25th April (Old- aker). THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 359 Vaccinium myrtillus. (Bilberry) fumata, Acidalia. (Smoky Wave) L. 8-5. auricoma, Acronycta. (Scarce Dagger) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9. menyanthidis, Acronycta. (Light Knot Grass) L. 8-9. Day feeder, hyperborea (alpina), Agrotis. (Northern Dart) L. 8-6. melanopa, Anarta. (Broad-bordered White Underwing) L. 6-7. Night feeder. Rests on underside of leaves, rufina, Anchocelis. (Flounced Chestnut) L. 4-5. Cannibal in confinement, advena, Aplecta. (Pale Shining Brown) L. 7-9. Night feeder, tincta, Aplecta. (Silvery Arches) L. 8-5. Search at night in 4-5. repandata, Boarmia. (Mottled Beauty) L. 7-5. Beat at night, fontis, Bolomocha. (The Beautiful Snout) L. 7-9. rubi, Callophrys. (Green Hairstreak) L. 6-7. debiliata, Chloroclystis (Eupithecia). (The Bilberry Pug) L. 4-5. Night feeder. Between spun leaves during day. immanata, Cidaria. (Dark Marbled Carpet) L. 4-6. truncata (russata), Cidaria. (Common Marbled Carpet) L. 6 and 8-2. caesiata, Entephria (Larentia). (Grey Mountain Carpet) L. 8-5. ilicifolia, Epicnaptera. (Small Lappet) L. 8. advenaria, Epione. (Little Thorn) L. 7-8. undulata, Eucosmia. (Scallop Shell) L. 7-9. Draws end of shoots together, vulgata, Eupithecia. (Common Pug) L. 6-7. occulta, Eurois (Aplecta). (Great Brocade) L. 8-5. Sweep in spring, prasina (herbida), Eurois (Aplecta). (Green Arches) L. 7-4 or 5, and sometimes 7-11 or 12 in confinement, carbonaria, Fidonia. (Netted Mountain Moth) L. 5-7. Night feeder, rupicapraria, Hybernia. (Early Moth) L. 4-5. Beat. 360 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK furcata, Hydriomena. (July Highflyer) L . 5-6. Night feeder. solidaginiSj Lithomoia (Cloantha, Calocampa). (Golden - rod Brindle) L. 5-7. populata, Lygris. (Northern Spinach) L. 5-6. didymata, Malenydris. (Twin-spot Carpet) L. 4-5. baja, Noctua. (Dotted Clay) L. 9-5. Best taken in autumn, primulse (festiva), Noctua. (The Ingrailed Clay) L. 8-5. sobrina, Noctua. (Cousin German) L. 9-6. Sweep in spring, filigrammaria, Oporabia. (Small Autumnal Carpet) L. 3-5. leucographa, Pachnobia. (The White-marked) L. 5-6. interrogationis, Plusia. (Scarce Silver Y) L. 9-6. pulchrina (v-aureum), Plusia. (Beautiful Golden Y) L. 8-5. fimbria, Triphsena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Night feeder. Vaccinium oxycoccus. (Cranberry) paludata, Carsia. (Manchester Treble-bar) L. 4-6. fimbria, Triphaena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Night feeder. Vaccinium uliginosum. cordigera, Anartia. (Small Dark Yellow Underwing) L. 6-7. hastata, Eulype (Melanippe). (Argent and Sable) L. 7-8. Between spun leaves. Vaccinium vitis-ideea. (Whortleberry or Cowberry) melanopa, Anarta. (Broad-bordered White Underwing) L. 6-7. Night feeder. Rests under leaves by day. paludata, Csesia. (Manchester Treble -bar) L. 4-6. baja, Noctua. (Dotted Clay) L. 9-5. Best taken in autumn at night, vaccinii, Orrhodia. (Chestnut Moth) L. 5-6. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 361 Valeria. Genus includes oleagina. Valerian. ( Valeriana) Valerian Pug. (valerianata, Hb., Eupithecia) Valeriana. (Valerian) immutata, Acidalia. (Lesser Cream Wave) L. 8-5. valerianata, Eupithecia. (Valerian Pug) L. 7-8. On the flowers of V. officinalis. valerianata, Hb., Eupithecia. (Valerian Pug) L. 7-8. On the flowers and seeds of Valeriana officinalis. P. 9-5. I. 5-6. 0. valligera, Hb.=vestigialis, Rott. Vanessa. Genus includes antiopa, io, polychloros, and urticce. Vapourer. (antiqua, L., Orgyia) variata, Schiff., Them. (Grey Pine Carpet) L. 3 or 4-5, 7, and sometimes 9. On Pinus sylvestris. Lie along the base of needles. P. 4-5. I. 5-6. O. Laid, 12th June; hatched, 23rd June (F. Oldaker). Varied Coronet, (compta, F., Dianthcecia) v-aureum, Gn.=pulchrina, Hw. velleda, Hb. =fusconebulosa. Venilia. Genus includes maculata. venosa, ~Bkh.=albovenosa, Gz. venosata, F., Eupithecia. (Netted Pug) L. 6 (end) -8 (beg.). In the seed capsules of Lychnis dioica, Silene inflata, and S. maritima. P. 7. In a slight cocoon below ground. I. 5 (end) -6. Emerges before 11 A.M. O. 362 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Venusia. Genus includes cambrica. venustula, Hb., Erastria. (Rosy Marbled) L. 7-9. On the flowers on Rubus and Potentilla. P. 9-5. I. 5-6. Flies early, but not in damp or cold weather. 0. verbasci, L., Cucullia. (The Mullein) L. 6-7. On Scrophularia, Verbascum pulverulentum, and V. thapsus. Feeds up very rapidly. P. 7-4. In a tough earth and silk cocoon below ground. Sometimes two seasons in this stage. I. 4-5. Comes to light occasionally. Emerges about 9. 0. Verbascum. (Mullein) corticea, Agrotis. (Heart and Club) L. 8-3 or 4. Night feeder, lychnitis, Cucullia. (The Striped Lychnis) L. 7-8. On the flowers and unripe seed pods of V. lychnitis and V. nigrum. verbasci, Cucullia. (The Mullein) L. 6-7. On V. pulverulentum and V. thapsus. ochroleuca, Eremobia. (Dusky Sallow) L. 5-7. ochracea (flavago), Ochria (Gortyna). (Frosted Orange) L. 4-7 or later. Feeds downwards internally. vernaria, Hb., Geometra. (Small Emerald) L. 8-5 or 6. On Clematis vitalba, preferring trailing shoots. Beat 4-5. Closely resemble bits of sticks in winter. P. 5-7. Amongst leaves. I. 7-8. Usually emerge between 5 P.M. and 7 P.M. Females assemble males at dusk. May be beaten out of hedges. O. 7-8. Laid on the twigs in piles of 12 to 14, which stand out at right angles looking like a broken tendril. Laid, 13th July ; hatched, 20th July (A. E. Tonge). versicolor, L., Endromis. (Kentish Glory) L. 5-7. On Alnus, Betula (usual food), Corylus avellana (in confinement), Salix caprea, and Tilia. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 363 P. 7-3. In a coarse silk cocoon on the ground amongst debris, and sometimes just below soil. May pass 2 or 3 years in this stage. Found pupae should be kept out of doors till spring, and be given plenty of sun. Comes out of the cocoon a few days before the imago emerges. I. 3-4. Males fly in the sun ; females not till dusk. Females assemble males in the early afternoon, and commence laying almost immediately. 0. 3 or 4. In rows on twigs, often two deep. Sleeve out in batches of a score in a yard muslin sleeve. Hatch in about 3 weeks. Females will lay in a box. vespertaria, Stph. =pamllelaria, Schiff. vespiforme, Westw., non L.=tabaniformis, Rott. vespiformis, L. (asiliformis, Rott., cynipiformis, Esp.), Sesia. (Yellow -legged Clearwing) L. 10-5 or 6. Feeds two years on inner bark of Quercus, preferring stumps. Frass shows whereabouts. P. 6. In a cocoon in a cell formed in the bark. They emerge from the cocoon sometimes before hatching. Saw four or five inches off affected stumps in March or April. I. 7-8. 0. Vestal, (sacraria, L., Sterrha) vestigialis, Rott. (valligera, Hb.), Agrotis (Euxoa). (Archer's Dart) L. 8-5. On Anchusa, Artemisia campestris, Borago officinalis, Galium, Graminese, and Echium vulgare. P. 5-6. Below ground. I. 7-8. Chiefly on coast sand-hills. 0. Vetch. ( Vicia) vetulata, Schiff., Scotosia. (Brown Scallop) L. 5-6. On Rhamnus catharticus. Rests between spun leaves. 364 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 6. In an earthen cocoon. I. 6-7. Comes to light. O. vetusta, Hb., Calocampa. (Red Sword-grass) L. 5-7. On Carex, Iris pseudocorus, Persicaria, Polygonum, and Rumex. P. 8. In a cocoon on the ground. I. 9-4. Comes to sugar, Ivy, and tree-sap. O. Vibanum Tinus. (Laurustinus) fraxinata, Eupithecia. (Ash Pug) L. 8-9. ligustri, Sphinx. (Privet Hawk) L. 7-8. Viburnum lantana. (Wayfaring Tree) andreniformis, Sesia. (Orange -tailed Clearwing) L. Internal feeder for 2 or 3 years. Viburnum opulus. (Guelder Rose) hirtaria, Lycia (hirtarius, Biston). (Brindled Beauty) L. 6-7. Night feeder. Vicia. (Vetch) sinapis, Leucophasia. (Wood White) L. 6-7 and 8-9. limitata, Ortholitha. (Shaded Broad-bar) L. 9-6. Sweep. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. craccse, Toxocampa. (Scarce Blackneck) L. 5-6. Night feeder. Vicia eracca. (Tufted Vetch) sinapis, Leucophasia. (Wood White) L. 6-7 and 8-9. pastinum, Toxocampa. (The Blackneck) L. 5. craccse, Toxocampa. (Scarce Blackneck) iht Vicia sylvatica. (Wood Vetch) ccse, Toxocampa. (Sca L. 5-6. Night feeder. viduaria, 'Bkh.^angularia, Thnb. villiea, L., Arctia. (Cream-spot Tiger) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 365 L. 7-4. On Lactuca (not by itself), Rumex, Senecio vulgaris, Stellaria, Taraxacum, Urtica, and Ulex. Likes a mixed diet. P. 5-6. In a hairy silk web. I. 5-6, and sometimes autumn same year as larva. Emerges as a rule about 9 A.M. 0. 6. Laid in regular batches on the underside of leaves. Deposited, 10th June ; hatched, 23rd June (Oldaker). viminalis, F., Bombycia (Epunda) (Minor Shoulder-knot) L. 4-6. On Salix and S. caprea. Draws terminal shoots together, and when later hides in a rolled leaf. P. 6. In confinement spins up amongst dead leaves. 1. 6-8. Conies to sugar, light, and Heather bloom. O. Vinca. (Periwinkle) fimbria Triphaena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Search at night in autumn. Vinca minor. (Lesser Periwinkle) nerii, Daphnis. (Oleander Hawk-moth) L. (?) Vine. ( Vitis vinifera) Vine's Rustic, (ambigua, F., Caradrina) vinula, L., Dicranura (Cerura). (Puss Moth) L. 7-9. On Populus (does not like P. tremula, except when very small), Salix, and S. caprea. P. 10-5. In a hard wooden cocoon on the bark, about 4 feet up. Give cork in confinement. Sometimes go over a second winter. I. 5-7. A tethered female placed on a tree attracts 0. 6 or 7. Laid singly or in small irregular batches on the leaves. Hatch in 20 days. De- posited, 6th May; hatched, 23rd May (Scorer). Viola canina and V. odorata. (Dog and Sweet Violet) cursoria, Agrotis. (Coast Dart) L. 9-6. 366 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK adippe, Argynnis. (High Brown Fritillary) L. 5-6. aglaia, Argynnis. (Dark Green Fritillary) L. 8-5 or 6. Hibernates early under dead leaves, euphrosyne, Argynnis. (Pearl-bordered Fritillary) L. 5-4 or 5. lathonia, Argynnis. (Queen of Spain Fritillary) L. 6 and 8. paphia, Argynnis. (Silver- washed Fritillary) L. 8-5. selene, Argynnis. (Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary) L. 7-5. alsines, Caradrina. (The Uncertain) L. 9-3. primulae (festiva) Noctua. (The Ingrailed Clay) L. 8-5. Will eat this in confinement, plantaginis, Parasemia. (Wood Tiger) L. 8-4. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, tenebrosa (umbratica), Rusina. (Brown Rustic) L. 8-3. lubricipeda, Spilosoma. (Buff Ermine) L. 8-10. fimbria, Triphaena. (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing) L. 9-5. Search at night in autumn. Viola tricolor. (Heartease or Pansy) aglaia, Argynnis. (Dark Green Fritillary) L. 8-5 or 6. Hibernates under dead leaves, euphosyne, Argynnis. (Pearl-bordered Fritillary) L. 5-4 or 5. lathonia, Argynnis. (Queen of Spain Fritillary) L. 6 and 8. meticulosa, Phlogophora. (The Angle Shades) L. 7-8 and 10-5. Night feeder, tenebrosa (umbratica), Rusina. (Brown Rustic) L. 8-3. Violet. ( Viola) Viper's Bugloss. (Echium vulgare) Viper's Bugloss (The), (irregularis, Hufn., Dianthecia (Epia)) viretata, Hb., Lobophora (Trichopteryx). (Yellow - barred Brindle) L. 6-7 and sometimes 9-10. On the flowers, berries, and leaves of Cornus, Hedera, Ilex, and THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 367 Ligustrum. Feeds high up on terminal shoots, usually in a web. Will devour ribs, stalks, and even the bark. P. 9-5 and 7. Between spun leaves. I. 5-6 and sometimes 8-9. Rests on trunks. Comes to light. 0. Hatch in from 7 to 12 days. virgata, Rott. (lineolata, Hb.), Mesotype. (Oblique Striped) L. 5-6 and 8-9. On Galium, especially G. verum. P. 6 and 9-5. 1. 5-6 and 7-8. Rests on food plant on sand-hills, and flies by day on chalk-hills. 0. 4-5 and 7-8. Hatches in 8-10 days. virgaureata, Dbld., Eupithecia. (Golden-rod Pug) L. 5 and 8-9. On the flowers of Anthriscus sylvestris, Senecio jacobsea, and Solidago. P. In a slight earthen cocoon. 1. 5-6 and 7-8. 0. Sleeved-out females will lay on Hawthorn from 4 to 5. Virginian Creeper. (Ampelopsis) virgularia, Hb. (incanaria, Hb.), Acidalia (Ptychopoda) (SmaU Dusty Wave) L. 9-4. On withered Polygonum (in confinement) and Dandelion. Sometimes feeds up and produces imagos same year. P. 8 or 4. I. 5-6 and sometimes 9. Rests on walls, etc. O. 6. Hatch very quickly. Two days have been recorded. viridaria, Cl. (cenea, Hb.), Prothymnia (Phytometra). (Small Purple Barred) L. 8-9. On Polygala vulgaris. P. 9-5. In a close silk cocoon amongst food. I. 5-6. Flies in the sun. 0. 7. Hatch in a few days. viridaria, F. =pectinataria, Kn. viridata, L., Nemoria. (Small Grass Emerald) L. 7-8. On Betula, Calluna, Crataegus, and Salix caprea. 368 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK P. 8-5. Amongst leaves drawn together. I. 5-6. Fond of resting on furze. Beat out. 0. Hatch in about a fortnight. vitalbata, Hb., Phibalapteryx (Ccenocalpe). (Small Waved Umber) L. 6-7 and 9-10. On Clematis vitalba. P. 10-5 and 7. 1. 5-6 and 8. Beat out of hedgerows. Flies swiftly at dusk. Comes to Bramble bloom. 0. 6 and 8 (end). Females lay freely in captivity. vitellina, Hb., Leucania (Sideridis). (The Delicate) L. 10 (?) -2. On Gramineae. P. 2-4. Below ground. 1. 8-9. Comes to sugar, especially if applied to sunflowers. 0. Vitis vinifera. (Vine) celerio, Hippotion. (Silver-striped Hawk-moth) L. 8-9. From immigrants, livornica, Phryxus. (Striped Hawk) L. 6-7 and 8-9 from August immigrants. vittata, Bkh. (lignata, Hb.), Coenocalpe (Phibalapteryx). (Oblique Carpet) L. 7-8 and 9. On Clematis (in confinement), Galium palustre and G. saxatile. P. 8 and 10-5. Amongst food or just below ground. I. 5-6 and sometimes 8-9. Second brood usually smaller in size. Comes to light. 0. 6 or 7. Hatch in a few days. Full fed in a few weeks. V-Moth. (wauari, L. (wavaria, F.), Thamnonoma ( Itame)) V-Pug. (coronata, Hb., Chlorodystis) vulgata, Hw., Eupithecia. (Common Pug) L. 6-7. On Cratsegus, Rubus, Salix caprea, Senecio jacobaea, Solidago, and Vaccinium. P. 9-5. In an earthen cocoon. 1. 5-6 and 8. Comes to light. O. w-album, Kn., Thecla. (White-letter Hairstreak) L. 5-6 (beg.). On Ulmus montana. Beat low branches. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 369 P. 6. Suspended. I. 6 (end) -7. Fond of Bramble and Privet flowers. 0. 7-4. Laid on twigs of Wych elm near the base of a leaf bud. Sleeve out worn females on a branch in the sun when ova are required. Wall Butterfly, (megcera, L., Par age) Wallflower. ( Cheiranthus) Walnut. (Juglans Regia) Water Betony. (scrophularice, Cap., Cucullia) Water Carpet, (suffumata, Hb., Lampropteryx (Cidaria)) Water Ermine, (urticce, Esp., Spilosoma) Watercress. (Nasturtium officinale) wauaria, L. (wavaria, L.), Thamnonoma (Itame). (V-moth) L. 4-6. On Ribes and R. grossularia. P. 6. In a web amongst food. 1. 7-8. O. 8. Laid on under side of leaves. Waved Black, (fuliginaria, L., Parascotia) Waved Carpet, (testaceata, Don. (sylvata, Hb.), Asthena) Waved Umber, (abruptaria, Thnb., Hemerophila (Synopsia)) Wayfaring Tree. ( Viburnum lantana) Weaver's Wave, (contiguaria, Hb., Acidalia (Ptychopoda)) Webb's Wainscot, (sparganii, Esp., Nonagria) Weld. (Reseda lutea) Welsh Clearwing. (scoliceformis, Bkh., Sesia) Welsh Wave, (cambrica (-aria), Curt., Venusia) Wheat. (Triticum sativum) White Admiral, (sibylla, L., Limenitis) 2A 370 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK White-barred Clear wing, (spheciformis, Gern., Sesia) White Beam. (Pyrus aria,) White Campion. (Lychnis vespertina) White Colon, (albicolon, Hb., Mamestra) White Dead Nettle. (Lamium album) White Ermine, (menthastri, Esp., Spilosoma) White-letter Hairstreak. (w-album, Kn., Thecla) White-line Dart, (tritici, L., Agrotis (Euxoa)) White-line Snout, (tcenialis (albistrigalis, Hw.), Hypenodes) White-marked, (leucographa, Hb., Pachnobia) White-pinion Spotted, (bimaculata, F. (taminata, Hb.), Bapta) White-point, (albipuncta, F., Leucania (Sideridis)) White Prominent, (bicoloria, Schiff., Leucodonta) White Satin Moth, (solids, L., Stilpnotia) White-speck or American Wainscot. (unipuncta, Hw., Leucania (Cirphis)) White Spot, (albimacula, Bkh., Dianthoscia) White-spotted Pinion, (diffinis, L., Calymnia) White-spotted Pug. (albipunctata, Hw., Eupithecia) White Water Bedstraw. ( Galium palustre) Whitethorn. (Cratcegus oxyacaniha) Whortleberry. ( Vaccinium vitis-idcea) Wild Balsam. (Impatiens noli-me-tangere) Wild Cherry. ( Cerasus avium) Wild Clematis. ( Clematis vitalba) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 371 Wild Hyacinth. (Scilla nutans) Wild Lettuce. ( Lactuca saligna and L. virosa) Wild Mignonette. (Reseda luteola) Wild Thyme. (TJiymus serpyllum) Willow. (Salix) Willow Beauty, (gemmaria, Brh., Boarmia) Willow-herb. (Epilobium) Winter Moth, (brumata, L., Cheimatobia) Withered Leaves. herbariata, Acidalia. (Rusty Wave) L. 8-5. senex, Comacla (Nudaria). (Round-winged Muslin) L. 8-5. On those of Rubus and S. caprea. Wood Carpet, (rivata Hb., Xanthorhoe (Epirrhoe)) Wood Sage. (Teucrium scorodonia) Wood Smallreed. (Calamagrostis epigeios) Wood Spurge. (Euphorbia amygdaloides) Wood Tiger, (plantaginis, L., Parasemia) Wood White, (sinapis, L., Leucophasia) Woodruff. ( Asperula) Woodrush. ( Luzula) Woody Nightshade. (Solatium dulcamara) Woolly Mouse-eared Chickweed. (Cerastium tomentosum) Wormwood. ( Artemisia absinthium) Wormwood, The. (absinthii, L., Cucullia) Wormwood Pug. (absinthiata, CL, Eupithecia) 372 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK Woundwort. (Stachys sylvatica) Wych Elm. ( Ulmus montana) Xanthia. Genus includes aurago, citrago, flavago, fulvago, gilvago, lutea, and ocellaris. xanthographa, F., Noctua (Segetia). (Square-spot Rustic) L. 9-5. On Graminese, Plantago, Rumex, and Stel- laria media. P. 7-8. Larva buries itself in 5, but does not pupate for about 2 months. Three weeks in this stage. I. 8-9. Comes to sugar. 0. 8-9. Hatch in about 3 weeks. Xantholeuca. Genus includes croceago. xanthomista, Hb. (nigrocincta, Tr.), Polia. (Black-banded) L. Autumn or more usually spring, till 6 or 7. On Plantago maritima, Silene maritima, and Statice maritima. In confinement will feed on Lactuca, Rumex, Salix caprea, and Taraxacum. P. 7-8. In sand, or beneath stones. 1. 8-9. Comes to light and sugar. Best bred. O. Xanthorrhoe. Genus includes fluctuate, galiata, montanata, picata, rivata, sociata, tristata, and unangu- lata. xerampelina, Hb., Cirrhoedia (Ateihmia). (Centre-barred SaUow) L. 4-6. On Fraxinus and Acacia (Scorer). Feeds at first on the buds. P. 6-8. In a fragile cocoon at roots of Ash. I. 8-9. Emerges late in the afternoon. Comes to light and sugar. 0. Laid 28th September, hatched 17th De- cember (Tonge). Xylocampa. Genus includes areola. Xylomyges. Genus includes conspicillaris. Xylophasia. Genus includes hepatica, lithoxylea, monoglypha, rurea, scolopacina, sublustris, and zolli- koferi. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK 373 Yarrow or Milfoil. (Achillia millefolium) Yellow-barred Brindle. (viretata, Hb., Lobophora (Trichop- teryx)) Yellow Bedstraw. ( Galium verum) Yellow Belle, (ochrearia, Ross (citraria, Hb.), Aspilates) Yellow Flag. ( Iris pseud-acorus) Yellow Horned, (flavicormis, L., Polyploca) Yellow-legged Clearwing. (vespiformis, L. (asiliformis, Rott., cynipiformis, Esp.), Sesia) Yellow-line Quaker, (macilenta, Hb., Amathes (Orthosia)) Yellow Loosestrife. (Lysimachia vulgaris) Yellow Pea. ( Lathyrus pratensis) Yellow-ringed Carpet, (flavicincta, Hb., Entephria) Yellow Rocket or Bitter Winter Cress. ( Barbarea vulgaris) Yellow Shell, (bilineata, L., Camptogramma) Yellow Tail, (similis, Fuesl., Porthesia) Yew. (Taxus) ypsilon, Bkh. =fissipuncta, Hw., Dyschorista. ypsilon, Rott. (suffusa, Hb.), Agrotis. (Dark Sword Grass) L. 4-7. On Brassica, Chenopodium, and Lactuca. Hides below ground during the day. P. 7-8. In an internally - polished cell below the ground. I. 7-9. Comes to sugar. Hibernates. O. 4. Hatch in about 23 days. Zanclognatha. Genus includes emortualis, grisealis, and Zephyrus. Genus includes betulce and quercus. Zeuzera. Genus includes pyrina. 374 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S LOG-BOOK ziczac, L., Notodonta. (Pebble Prominent) L. 6-7 and 8-9. On Populus, Salix, and S. caprea. Beat. P. 7 and 10-5. In an earthen cocoon on or just below ground. I. 5-6 and 8. O. Laid on the leaves. Hatchings recorded 7, 8, 10, and 12 days. zinckenii, Tr. = lamda, F. Zizera. Genus includes minima. zollikoferi, Xylophasia. L. (?) Food (?). P. (?) I. 7-8. Occasional immigrant. 0. zonaria, Schin0., Nyssia. (The Belted Beauty) L. 5-8. On Achillea millefolium, Centaurea nigra, Graminese, Plantago, Rosa canina, Rumex, Taraxacum, and Salix caprea. P. 7 or 8-3. Below ground. I. 3-4. Emerges between 10 A.M. and 4 P.M. Rests by day amongst herbage, but males sometimes fly in the sun on sand-hills locally. O. Laid 7th April 1909, hatched 9th May (R. Adkin). 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