—

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST’S
MONTHLY MAGAZINE:

CONDUCTED RY

C. G. BAEEETT. E. C. EYE, E.Z.S.

J. W. DOUGLAS. E. SATJNDEES, E.L.S.

E. McLACHLAN, E.E.S. H. T. STAINTON, F.E.S.

YOL. XVII.

“ In relation to the human mind Nature is boundless ; and though nowhere

inaccessible, she is everywhere unfathomable.”

Huxley.

/

*-*=*****=&-• — 8 & *1

LONDON :

JOHN VAN VOOEST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

1880-81.

LONDON :

NAPIER, PRINTER, SETMOTJR STREET, EUSTON SQUARE.

MDCCCLXXXI.

We have much pleasure in announcing that with the commence-
ment of Vol. XVII of this Magazine, the Editorial staff will be
increased and strengthened by the addition to it of Mr. Charles Q-.
Barrett, who has, from the first, so greatly assisted us, and whose
labours in investigating the British Lepidopterous Fauna are so well
and favourably known ; and of Mr. Edward Saunders, who, for
many years, has turned his attention to other Orders of British Insects
with equally beneficial results.

EDITORS.

1, Paternoster Row, Londou, E.C. :

15 th May , 1880.

A NEW SPECIES OF LIPURA.

BY HENRY N. RIDLEY.

This insect I found in April, in the same locality as that of
Macliilis brevicornis, namely, at Water-break-its-neck fall, near New
Radnor.

The head is ovate, the antennae four-jointed, the last joint the largest, and oval
in shape. The second segment of the body, i.e., the prothorax, is narrow, the third
and the fourth are the broadest, the terminal segment is the smallest. I can perceive
no trace of eyes. The last segment bears two short up-curved processes, and the
whole body is covered with scattered hairs. The colour of the body is orange, the
head and the last segment lighter yellow, the under-side is also lighter in colour,
and the alimentary canal seen through the translucent skin causes the middle line of
the back to appear darker. The feet and antennae are snow-white.

Length, 2£ mm.

4? 1SRO

2

[June,

This little animal differs chiefly from L. ambulant (L.) in colour,
and also in facies, being broader in proportion to its length, and
having the joints of the antennae more distinctly separate. It lives
under stones, moving about very briskly, in spite of its blindness, and
the contrast between the orange body and white antennae and feet
makes it an extremely beautiful little insect. All its colour disappears
in spirits and it becomes quite white.

I propose for it the name Lipura aurantiaca.

20, Portsea Place, Connaught Square :

May, 1880.

A NEW SPECIES OF MACHILIS.

BY HENRY N. RIDLEY.

On May 1st, 1879, in an expedition made with the Woolhope
Society’s Field Club to the waterfall known as Water-break-its-neck,
in the Radnor Forest, I captured three specimens of a Machilis
unknown to me ; at that time I had not carefully studied the genus,
and so referred them to the species polypoda (Linn.), but on further
examination I was convinced that the species was new ; and having
this year succeeded in procuring additional specimens, am enabled to
describe it.

The length of the body is 9 mm., and that of the antennse 4 mm. ; the central
caudal seta is 8 mm. long. The colour varies somewhat according to age, the adults
are brown and metallic, with a thin darker central line on the back, and three
irregular dark brown patches on each side. The legs, antennse, and caudal seta are
brown, the latter ringed with paler colour. The younger forms are grey, and more
irregularly mottled. None that I have seen are as dark as M. jpolypoda, and most
are much lighter. The head is small, the eyes black, and almost touched by the front
edge of the prothorax, they meet in the middle line. The prothorax is narrow and
cylindrical, the meso-thorax broad and elevated, the meta-thorax narrow, and partially
overlapped by the meso-thorax. The segments of the abdomen are nearly equal, and
taper gradually towards the tail. The antennse have a thick basal joint, which is
followed by a whip-like portion, composed of numerous small segments, and these,
at the extremity, are marked off into three secondary segments, each consisting of
five of the smaller segments. The whole is thicker than the antenna of M. polypoda,
and much shorter, since, in the usual position of rest, when the antennse are laid
back along the sides, they hardly extend to the end of the meta-thorax. The large
palpi are composed of six joints, very little (less than 1 mm.) shorter than the
antennse. The second pair of palpi are short and 3-jointed, the last joint being
ovate.

The legs are biuuguiculate, and the last two pairs bear papilliform processes on
the basal joint, corresponding to those described by Sir John Lubbock in M. poly-
poda, and which he supposes to be homologous with the abdominal appendages. The
central caudal seta is nearly as long as the body, being 8 mm. in length.

1880.]

3

The scales, which I have been able to compare with those of M.
maritima only, differ from them in their smaller size, and in the greater
number of ridges, which vary from fourteen to sixteen in this species,
whereas in maritima they are generally not more than twelve in
number ; in M. polypoda (Beck, in Lubbock’s Thysanura and Collem-
bola, Ray Society publication) the ridges vary from eighteen to twenty-
four. Another distinction may be noticed in the pedicel, which, in
this species and M. polypoda, projects beyond the base of the scale, but
does not do so in maritima. The general arrangement of the ribs and
cross-bars is the same in all ; but I observe in the species now under
consideration that in the rounded or ovate scales, which I conclude are
the younger forms, the ribs converge to the centre from both sides,
so as to form a succession of Vs, with the apex pointing away from
the pedicel : this I can find no trace of in the scales of M. maritima.

The insect lives under stones in dry places, and always appears
rather sluggish, indeed, when the sun was not shining, it did not leap
at all, but slowly crept away when disturbed. It appears to be very
local, as I only found it in a very circumscribed area, although
there were many likely places for it close by. It is by no means easy to
find, owing to its colour, and the way it adheres closely to the stone
when it is lifted.

I propo.se for this species the name of Machilis brevicornis, in
allusion to the shortness of its antennae, which are shorter than those
of any Machilis with which I am acquainted, except M. crassicornis
(Lucas), which occurs in Algeria.

I ought to call attention to the fact that in some features Temple-
ton’s figure of M. polypoda (Trans. Ent. Soc., vol. i, plate xi) bears a
considerable resemblance to this species, but as his figure is so roughly
drawn, and as he gives no details nor colour with it, it is impossible to
say whether or not he had this species before him.

I should also have mentioned that the insect became of a yellowish-
white colour in spirits.

20, Portsea Place, Connaught Square :

May, 1880.

NOTES ON CRABRO ELONGATULUS, V. DER LIND., AND THE OTHER
BRITISH SPECIES OF CRABRO WITH BLACK BODIES.

BY EDWARD SAUNDERS, E.L.S.

Of all our British species of Crabro, elongatulus seems to have
been the cause of the greatest confusion ; Shuckard* describes it
under seven different names, F. Smith under five. On the continent

* Essay on the Indigenous Fossorial Hymenoptera, 1837.

4

[June,

it seems to have fared better, as Dahlbom,# although he mentions four
of Shuckard’s species, yet only describes one {elongatulus') in full,
giving very short diagnoses of the others, two of which he says he has
never seen ; Wesmaelf only describes elongatulus , and says that he is
disposed to consider all Shuckard’s seven species as yarieties of it.
Thomson^ also only describes elongatulus , but says nothing whatever
about its synonymy. Morawitz§ gives elongatulus with full synonymy,
including all Shuckard’s seven species.

There is, I think, little doubt that the view held by the continental
authors is correct. I have the good fortune to possess Shuckard’s
collection of this group, and an examination of it quite bears out
their opinion. He only knew the £ of elongatulus, luteipalpis, proxi-
mus, and transversalis, and only the ? of hyalinus and obliquus ; of
propinquus he appears to have known both sexes, but the $ only re-
mains in his collection. I have carefully examined all his specimens
( [transversalis he did not possess), and can find no specific difference
between the three <$ or the three $ ; he himself suggests that lutei-
palpis may be a var. of elongatulus, and that proximus differs from it
only in colour, and he also states that he has taken obliquus in company
with elongatulus, and yet it never seems to have occurred to him that
they could be J and ? of the same species ; his primary division of
the black species is between those with the “ base of the metathorax
smooth and shining,” and those with the “ base of the metathorax
striated,” and it is this division which has led to all the confusion, as
it throws the $ into one section and the $ into the other. That these
cf and $ belong to each other I think there can be little or no doubt,
as they occur together in the same localities, and agree in coloration,
punctuation of the thorax, &c., and have been considered as sexes of
one species by all the continental authors. Smith has adopted
Shuckard’s divisions, and therefore comes to similar conclusions as to
the sexes, but he gives a $ to pallidipalpis and to obliquus, what these
are, his descriptions do not show, as he only gives a few words to each ;
but. taking everything into consideration, I think that we may with
safety agree with the continental authors, and refer all our seven
so-called species to one. The following table of our black-bodied
species may be useful to some of your readers :

(4) 1. Body petiolated, 1st segment terminating in a node.

(3) 2. Face with a blunt spine between the antennae, apex of the tibiae red...

tibialis.

* Hymenoptera Europsea, vol. i, 1845.

t Revue Critique des Hymtfnoptferes fouisseurs, Acad. Royal e de Belgique, t. xviii.

t Hymenoptera Scandinaviae, vol. iii.

§ Crabronides de St. Petersbourg, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sciences Petersb., vol. vii.

1S80.3

b

(2) 3. Face without a spine, apex of tibiae black clavipes.

(1) 4. Body not petiolated, 1st segment not terminating in a node.

(30) 5. Cheeks beneath without a strong spine.

(19) 6. Last segment of abdomen in $ not more strongly punctured than the pre-

ceding, excavated in the $ .

(14) 7. Basal area of metathorax not clearly defined.

(9) 8. Posterior tibiae very clavate and rounded, without spines or teeth along its

outer margin capitosus.

(8) 9. Posterior tibiae more or less dentate or spinose.

(13) 10. Metathorax with a wide central channel, which is distinctly margined, front
legs of d simple.

(12) 11. Legs entirely black leucostoma.

(11) 12. Front legs testaceous -brown .pubescens.

(10) 13. Metathorax with a simple, narrow, central, impressed line, front legs of
the d scutate cetratus.

(7) 14. Basal area of metathorax clearly defined.

(16) 15. Puncturation of thorax so fine and indistinct as to be scarcely visible, ex-

cept under a strong power podagricus.

(15) 16. Puncturation of thorax distinct.

(18) 17. Clypeus black, front legs of d scutate ambiguus.

(17) 18. Clypeus flavous, front legs of d simple aphidum = WalJceri.

(6) 19. Last segment of body in the d more strongly punctured than the preceding,
not excavated in the ? .

(23) 20. Front legs of d scutate, both sexes with the calcaria of the front legs
black, or with the clypeus and mandibles yellow.

(22) 21. Larger, basal area of metathorax large, shining, finely strigose, d tibiae
scutate, clypeus and mandibles yellow .palmarius — scutatus.

(21) 22. Smaller, basal area of metathorax small, dull, and very coarsely strigose, d
tibiae simple, 1st joint of tarsi scutate, calcaria in both sexes black ..

palmipes.

(20) 23. Calcaria of front legs pale, clypeus not yellow.

(27) 24. Mesopleurae spinose.

(26) 25. Metathoracic area striated , varius.

(25) 26. Metathoracic area smooth and shining exiguus.

(24) 27. Mesopleurae not spinose.

(29) 28. Thorax more or less shining, puncturation fine but not so very close, tibiae
widely pale at the base, metathoracic area polished and shining in both
sexes, rarely finely striate in the d Wesmcteli.

(28) 29. Thorax dull, puncturation very close, tibiae very narrowly pale at the base,
metathoracic area deeply striate in the d > striate at the sides only in
the ? elongaiulus.

(5) 30. Cheeks with a strong spine 4 -maculatus (black var.).

6

[June,

I have not included here Crabro albilabris, Panzeri , or brevis , of
Shuckard and Smith, as the two former belong to the genus Lindenius,
and the last to Fntomognathus ; they may all be known from the other
black-bodied species by having their ocelli arranged in an isosceles
triangle, much widest at the base.

Holmesdale, Upper Tooting :

May, 1880.

ON TWO SMALL CONSIGNMENTS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

BY ARTHUR G. BUTLER, F.L.S.

The following species wrere received some time since from the
Rev. T. Blackburn, but press of work has hitherto prevented me from
working them out.

1. Danais archippus, Fabr. (No. 1.)

This specimen somewhat resembles the southern American type
in coloration. According to Messrs. Salvin, Godman, and others, it
would appear that this is the species intended by Linnaeus in his
original description of Papilio Plexippus , but as he gives China as one
of his localities, it seems better to retain a name respecting which there
can be no doubt.

2. Protoparce Blackburni, sp. n. (No. 30).

P. quin quern aculato simillima ; major, alis latioribus, magis grisescentibus ;
signis alarum anticarum subcostalibus albescentibus ; serie maeularum albartim antice
confluentium arcuata discali, cum fascia ordinaria nigrocincta cohcerente ; fasciola
posticarum prima obsoleta ; fascia sub-marginali nigra apud apicem multo latiore :
alar. exp. unc. 5.

“ Occurs rarely near Honolulu.” — T. B.

This handsome species, although nearly allied to the North
American insect, is evidently quite distinct ; the wings are decidedly
broader, the inner margin of the primaries longer and more curved,
and the outer margin consequently less oblique ; in colour it is greyer,
and the light markings are more or less white ; the arched double
discal belt is represented by two coherent bands, the inner one con-
sisting of confluent, black-edged, lunated, white spots ; the white
spotting of the fringe is purer, and, consequently, more evident ; the
sub-basal diffused black band of the secondaries is absent, and the sub-
marginal band is broader, being of twice the width at costal margin ;

1880],

7

the orange spots- on the body decrease more suddenly in size towards
the anal extremity, the last spot of the series being of about one-fourth
the size of that in P. quinquemaculata .

3. Deilephila livorxica, Esper (No. 2).

Oahu.

This insect came, with some of the succeeding species, all in a
more or less broken condition, through Mr. J. B. Blackburn : I have
thought it best to include them with the last consignment, as some of
them have not been sent home in other collections made by our
generous correspondent.

4. Letjcaxia dislocata, Walk. (No. 6).

Not marked with the exact habitat.

5. Leucaxia extraxea, Guenee (No. 63).

“ Taken at light. Widely distributed, but rare.” — T. B.

6. Prodexia ix gloria, Walk. (No. 9).

Oahu.

7. Caradrixa texosa, sp. n. (No. 8).

C. cubiculari affinis ; alis angustioribus, anticis supra pallide fuscis macula
orbiculari indistincta, testacea nigro partim cincta ; macula reniformi argillacea
lineam angulatam albam includente , marginibus nigro punctatis ; lineis ordinariis
indistinctis, duplicibus, albido impletis, nigris ; area externo albo sparsa; signis
minutis angulatis submar ginalibus nigris; margine externo albido, linea mar ginali
tenuifusca ; ciliis albidis fusco intersectis marginatisque ; alis posticis mar garitaceis
hyalinis, venis fuscis ; marginibus costali et externo fuscescentibus nitidis; ciliis
argenteo albis, linea media indistincta cinerea : thorace fusco, abdomine albido fusco.
Subtus alba, alis nitidis, costis colore arenoso tincta ; corpore sordide albo: alar,
exp. unc. 1, lin. 1.

“ Near Honolulu. Bare.” — T. B.

8. Agrotis suffusa, Gmelin (No. 55).

Honolulu.

This is quite distinct from the unnamed Agrotis previously sent
by Mr. Blackburn.

9. Sp^ilotis lucicolexs, sp. n. (No. 12).

S. pyrophilae affinis ; alis anticis supra pallide arenaceoffuscce ; maculis dis-
coidalibus obsoletis ; lineis duabus ordinariis tenuibus nigris, interiore transversa
irregulari, exteriore arcuata dentata discali ; limbo externo paululum pallidiore
introrsum undulato ; serie punctorum nigrorum marginali ; punctis tribus costalibus
nigris; ciliis introrsum testaceis fascia media et linea marginali cinereis; alis
posticis pallide cinereo fuscis area abdominali ciliisque albidis : thorax pallide

8

[ June,

fuscus ; abdomen arenoso flavidum. Suit us sordide alba ; alis nitentibus, punctis
marginalibus nigris ; anticis nebula diseali cinerea ; posticis strigula discali ad
eosiam solum distinct a cinerea : alar. exp. unc. 1, lin. 9.

Honolulu. “ Very rarely, at light.” — T. B.

10. Sp^lotis cremata, sp. n. (Ho. 10).

Affinis S. fugaci, alis anticis cinereis testaceo nebulosis ; linea dentato-sinuata
duplici nigra albido impleta, aream basalem limitante etfurcam sub-basalem intror-
sum ad costam mittens ; costa nigro alboque punctata ; macula reniformi marie
testacea angulata nigro-cincta testaceo circumcincta, femince albida testaceo persecta,
inconspicua ; linea duplici discali nigra , albido impleta , dentato-sinuata ; serie
macularum albarum nigro introrsum marginatarum submarginali, apud costam an-
gulata ; serie punctorum nigrorum marginal i ; ciliis linea basali testacea ; alis
posticis fuliginoso-fuscis sericeis, ciliis alb is ; thorax cinereus rufo strigosus ; abdo-
menfuscum : alis subtus fere velut in S. fugace, anticis autem cinereis strigis duabus
discalibus maculaque ordinaria cinereis indistinctis : corpus subtus cinereutn, pectore
albido-crinito : alar. exp. unc. 1, lin. 9.

? . Paulo major , lineis multo pallidioribus rufescentibus : alar. exp. unc. 1,
lin. 10.

S • “ Bred from a pupa found in a sandhill on Maui.” — T. B.

$ . Oahu.

11. Heliothis co^ferta, Walker (Ho. 4).

“ Bred from larvae found very rarely in company with that of
Vanessa Huntera , on flowers of a species of ‘ everlasting,’ on Maui.” —
T. B.

12. Plusia yerticillata, Guenee (3).

Oahu.

13. Toxocampa noctitolans, sp. n. (Ho. 64).

Alee antic ce supra olivaceo-fuscce, cinereo reticulatce ; macula sub -basali trian-
gulari nigra ; lineis ordinariis aream mediam leviter obscuram liniitantibus tenuis -
stmis albidis nigro-maculatis ; linea interiore obliqua, linea autem discali transversa ,
angulis tortuosis sinuatis ; costa nigro-punctata ; margine externo apud apicem
sinuoso ; posticce cinereo-fuscce, ciliis alb is ; margine externo sinuoso : corpus oli-
vaceo-fuscum ; alee anticee subtus cinereee, linea discali partim distincta ; area externa
pallidiore extrorsum argillaceo tinctafusco reticulata ; margine costali nigro alboque
punctata ; posticce albido-fuscee fusco cinereoque reticulatce ; lineis duabus dentato-
sinuatis costal ibus ferrugineis ; area apicali late testacea: corpus subtus roseo-
fuscum ventris segmentis cinereo marginatis : alar. exp. unc. 1, lin. 4.

“Plying at dusk, 4000 feet up Haleakala, Maui, two specimens
taken.”— T. B.

14. Scotosia rara, Butler (Ho. 90).

S ? • “ trunks of trees, Mauna Loa, Hawaii. 4000 feet above
sea.”— T. B.

1880.]

9

The female is darker than the male, but does not otherwise
differ in coloration ; the antennse are, of course, simple in this sex.

15. Hypena obsoleta, Butler (No. 14).

Oahu.

16. Hypena insights, Butler (No. 14).

Oahu.

These two species (for such I still believe them to be) came in the
small series forwarded through Mr. J. B. Blackburn, and previously
referred to ; unfortunately, they have lost their abdomina.

17. Hymenia eascialis, Cramer (No. 25).

Oahu.

18. ScOPTJLA EXIGTJA, Sf. 71. (No. 27).

Alee anticee supra argil laceo-Julvce, roseo tinetee ; maculis discoidalibus et linea
discali falciformi cinereis ; ciliis fuscescentibus ; alee posticee fuscce aureo paululum
nitentes, limbo costali albo ; ciliis albo acuminatis, linea cinerea per sectis : corpus
supra argillaceo-fulvum , roseo tinctum ; ano albido : alee subtus pallide testacece ,
punctis marginalibus nigris ; areis internis ciliisque albis ; anticce linea discali punc-
Usque discoidalibus indistinctis cinereis ; punctis duobus tribusve costalibus nigris :
corpus subtus album sericeum : alar. exp. lin. 7.

Maui.

Nearer to S. flavidalis, of New Zealand, than to any other de-
scribed species.

19. SCOPABIA ALTIYOLANS, Sp. 71. (No. 97).

Alee anticee supra fuscee, patilulum sericeee et aureo tinetee ; macula ad costee
basin obscura, nigro marginata ; fascia obliqua pone medium obscure fusca, lineis
nigris albo-marginatis limbata, linea interiore angulis alternis irregularis linea
externa angulata : litura discocellulari extrorsum albo marginata introrsum plus
minusve diffusa ; virgula simili costali ; linea discali angulata albida aream exter-
nam limitante ; costa pone medium albido punctata s serie punctorum nigrorum mar-
ginali ; posticee pallide cinereee ; thorax supra fuscus, abdomen cinereum : alee subtus
cinereo albidee punctis marginalibus nigris, ciliis ad basin ochreis ; anticee costa pone
medium albo punctato ; area discoidali obscura ; posticee puncto discocellulari et
linea discali cinereis : corpus subtus albido fuscum : alar, exp., $ , lin. 8 ; $ , lin. 9.

“ Mauna Loa, Hawaii ; 4000 feet above sea.” — T. B.

The male is less strongly marked than the female, but this may
be an individual variation, or even the result of abrasion.

Perhaps this species is nearer to S. sudeticalis than to any other
known species, but it is very different.

British Museum : April , 1880.

10

[June,

REMARKS ON SOME BRITISH HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.

BY DR. O. M. REUTER.

{Concluded from vol. xvi ,page 175).

In No. 157 (vol. xiv, p. 11) of this magazine, I began some
remarks on British Hemiptera-Heteroptera , which I will now finish.
I have only to make some corrections of my previous remarks, and to
reply to several objections made by Mr. Douglas to different points of
my observations.

Pentatoma baccarum, E. M. M., xiv, p. 11. Mr. Douglas’s
remarks concerning the nomenclature of this species are quite correct,
and I am obliged for the elucidation he has given. However, I still
think P. fuscispina, Boh., is a good species, and different from nigri-
cornis , Eabr.

Neides parallelus, l. c., p. 12. Mr. Douglas admits this species
to be only an imperfectly developed form of N. tipularius , Linn. ; but
he says that it can hardly be termed brachypterous, “ for it has fully
developed elytra, the wings only being short:” still, I think that the
term “ brachypterous ” may be employed in this case. The dimorphism
is here of the same kind that Dr. Sahlberg has named “crypto-
dimorphism ” (Beut., Ann. Soc. ent. de Er., ser. v, t. 5, p. 233), the
brachypterous form having the elytra only a little shorter, or, at least,
with narrower membrane, than the macropterous, but the wings always
much shorter, and the pronotum posteriorly narrower and less convex.
The membrane in N. parallelus is not “fully developed,” being much
narrower than in AT. tipularius.

Scolopostethus ericetorum, l. c., p. 13. Mr. Douglas thinks
this species is not decoratus , Hahn. This opinion has, however, not
been approved either by Dr. Puton or by Dr. Horvath ; and I also
must continue to hold my concurrent opinion. The figure 71 of Hahn
(Wanz. Ins., i, p. 139), can never be regarded as representing any
other species than ericetorum. All the legs are black, the antennas
black, with the exception only of the extreme base of the second, and
the extreme apex of the first joint. These are just the characters of
ericetorum, which also often has the first joint of the antennas quite
black. The figure given by Hahn can nowise represent affinis , which
has the first joint of the antennas quite red, or only toward the base
black, and the second joint only in its apical half black, and the rest
red, or sometimes almost entirely red. In ctffinis only the anterior legs

1880.]

11

are black, the intermediate ones being red, and the hind legs also red,
or with a black ring before the middle. This is Hahn’s “ Abanderung
c,” under which the description of Schilling is cited verbatim : “ an-
tennis basi rujis , pedibus pallidis,femoribus anticis nigris .” On the
contrary, the description of the type of Hahn gives the following
characters : “ Eiihler schwarzbraun, das erste Grlied derselben am Ende
und das zweite am Gtrunde rothlichgelb : die Eiisse rothlichgelb, alle
Schenkel, mit Ausnahme der Spitze derselben, schwarz .”#

Oethotyli, with green cell-nerve and somewhat diaphanous shining
elytra. In my remarks on these species (No. 159; vol. xiv, p. 60),
some typographical errors are to be corrected. Line 17, from below,
p. 60, for “the first joint,” read “the third joint p. 61, line 7, from
above, for “somewhat sharply,” read “not;” and, the same page, line
.19, for “head,” read “third.”

By examining a greater quantity of material, I have reduced the
British species to the following : —

1 (2.). First joint of antennae, beneath, with a black streak.

O. striicornis, Kirschb.

2 (1.). First joint of antennae unicolorous.

3 (4.). First joint of antennae as long as the head; second joint with some
longer exserted very fine hairs, the last two joints together shorter than the second ;
third joint a little less ( <J ) or a little more ( ? ) than twice shorter than the second ;
fourth joint as long as the first, and less than twice shorter than the third. Vertex
distinctly carinate. The genital segment of the £ scarcely broader than the other,
and as long as the five preceding segments together. 5g — 51 mm.

O. viridinervis, Kirschb.

4 (3.). First joint of antennae shorter than the head, second joint without ex-
serted longer hairs.

* According to this discrimination, the synonymy will be
decoratus, Hahn.

ericetorum, Leth.

AFFJNis, Schill.

decoratus, Aband. b and c, Hahn.

I had, however, cited (Brit. Hem., p. 183) the Aband. b and c as = adjunct us, D. and S , and I
still think so, at any rate, with respect to the former The Aband. b is described : “ Das erste und
zweite Fuhlerglied ganz und das dritte zur Halfte, nebst den Schenkeln des zweiten und dritten
Fusspaares, rothlichgelb,” exactly agreeing with adjunctux : the Aband. c seems to be merely the
brachypterous form of b, but in view of the appended verbatim description of affinis, that species
may be indicated. In any case it is agreed that adjunctus , D. and S. , and affinis, Schill, are good
distinct species— as species are now reckoned.

If, as Dr. Reuter says, Hahn's figure 71 cannot be regarded as representing any other species
than ericetorum, yet it will have to be admitted that for this both the figure and description are
in some points unsatisfactory. Thus, Hahn says that the antenna? are stronger than in S. pictus,
and they are so represented ; that the first joint at the end and the second at the base are reddish-
yellow, and the figure shows them largely so ; but in ericetorum the antennae are not stouter than
in pictus, and the light colouring of the first and second joints is pale yellowish (not reddish-
yellow), and of very slight extent on either, and, as Dr. Reuter says, the first joint is sometimes
wholly black. All the thighs are said to be black, except at the apex (the figure does not show
the base), but in ericetorum the second and third pairs are longly reddish-yellow at the base, in all
the British and foreign examples I have seen. Lastly, Hahn says his decoratus is found under
moss at the foot and on the roots of “ Fichten und Fohren,” which stand at the sides of woods ;
whereas, with us, ericetorum is found exclusively among heather ( Calluna ), and mostly where no
fir-trees grow. — J. W. D.

12

[June,

5 (8.). Anterior legs, beneath, without, long bristly hairs. The elytra without
intermixed fuscous hairs. The eyes of 3 not very large and convex. Vertex not,
or very indistinctly, carinate.

6 (7-). Fourth joint of antennae scarcely twice, or a little less than twice,

shorter than the third, and distinctly longer than the first. The genital segment of
3 broader than the preceding ones ; the forceps very large, the right lobe bidentate,
on the left lobe the teeth very long-produced O. prasinus, Fall.

7 (6.). Fourth joint of antennae twice (<?), or more than twice (?), shorter

than the third, and scarcely ($), or very little, longer (<?) than the first. The
genital segment of 3 scarcely broader than the others; the forceps moderate, the
right lobe bidentate, with the teeth short, almost equal O. Scotti, Reut.

8 (5.). Anterior legs, beneath, with a series of long, pale, bristly hairs. Hemi-
elytra often (especially in the 3 ) with rather numerous intermixed fuscous hairs.
Vertex carinate, in the 3 almost narrower than the very convex, prominent and
large eye. Eyes, in 3 , above, approaching each other. Antennae (especially in <J )
rather robust, very densely and finely fuscous-pubescent ; third joint only one-seventh
or one-eighth (3)> or one-fifth to one-fourth ($) shorter than the second, and two
and one-third — almost three times — longer than the fourth ; fourth joint as long

as, or scarcely longer, than the first. G-enital segment of 3 small.

. O. diaphanus, Kirschb.

Globiceps fulvipes, l. c., No. 171. In vol. xv, p. 66, I have
given the differential characters of fulvipes, Reut., nodiflavomaculatus,
Fabr., Reut., but now, in reading the descriptions of the British
authors, I find that fulvipes , Saund. (= favomaculatus , Dough and
Scott) cannot he referred to fulvipes , Reut. Messrs. Douglas and
Scott say (Brit. Hem., p. 365) : “ Corium : # * disc with a large

pale yellowish-white triangular patch,” while the $ of fulvipes, Reut.,
has only an external, mostly very small, and often scarcely distinct,
white spot. Examining the descriptions, and also the figures, drawn
and coloured by Fieber, I find also that there really exist three very
closely allied species in Europe.

1. G-l. selectus, Fieb. (= flavomaculatus, Fall., F. Sahib., Reut.). Vertex of
3 , as far as to the margin , convex ; the margin in the middle carinate, carina
arcuate * the front very convex. Head of ? very globose, vertex emarginate, seen
from the side, very convex, and highly raised above the eyes. Last two joints of
antennse paler. Eyes of 3 and ? remote from the pronotum. Pronotum at the base
about two and a-half ( 3 )> or almost two-thirds broader than at the extreme apex
before the calli ; the calli in $ very elevated. Corium, behind the base, with a large
triangular whitish patch, which, at the apex, is emarginate. The right forceps at the
apex incurved, not, or scarcely, to the right, but to the left, almost at a right angle,
and much prolonged ; the prolongation with the margins almost parallel, the upper
margin near the apex with small teeth.

* The carina rarely reaches almost to the inner margin of the eye ; but in this case the species
is also distinguished by the convex vertex, and by the eyes being remote from the pronotum ;
lastly, by the different structure of the right forceps. It is possible that the British specimens
(described as flavomaculatus, by Douglas and 8cott) are to be referred only to this variety, and not
to the following species. — O. M. R.

May, 1880.]

13

2. G-l. flavomaculattts, Fabr., Fieb.,Dougl. et Sc. (?), =fulvipes, Saund. (?),
= cruciatus, Reut. ! : Yertex of the 3 almost flat, margin carinate, the carina to-
ward the eyes more obtuse and curved. Head of $ with the vertex convex and
rather slightly raised above the eyes. Eyes in the 3 scarcely remote from the pro-
notum. Pronotum at the base two and a-half to two and two-thirds ( 3 ), or almost
twice as broad as at the extreme apex before the calli ; the calli in $ very elevated.
Corium behind the base with a large triangular truncate whitish patch. The right
forceps in 3 irregularly heart-shaped ( cordatus ), the right lobe shorter and broader,
the left lobe longer, and with the margins almost parallel, the whole upper margin
of the forceps (in the middle angular-emarginate), especially in the right lobe, with
numerous small teeth.

3. GtL. SALICICOLA, n. sp. ( = fulvipes , Reut., nec Scop., nec Saund., =flavo-
maculatus, var. 1, F. Sahib.) : Yertex of the 3 flat, the elevated margin straight, as
far as to the inner margin of the eyes, vertex, before this margin, at each side with a
transverse impression, front very declivous. Head of ? slightly raised above the
eyes. Eyes in the 3 n°t remote from the pronotum. Pronotum at the base two
and two-thirds ( 3 ) or almost twice ( ^ ) as broad as at the extreme apex before the
calli ; calli in $ low, in 3 scarcely elevated. Corium behind the base with a small
exterior whitish spot, or wanting this marking (3), or with a rather large* trian-
gular truncate patch (? , very rarely in 3). Right forceps of 3 large, irregularly
triangular with acute angles, the left more acuminate and curved, the upper margin
toward the angles with small teeth.

I name the first species selectus, Fieb., and the second jlavomacu-
latus, Fabr., Fieb. From the short description of Fabricius, it is not
to be elucidated which of the two species be has described ; and I
think it is, therefore, just to retain the nomenclature employed by
Fieber, the first author, who has separated them. This is more
probable because Fabricius indicates “ Germania ” as the country
for his species, and both species occur there. In the north of Europe,
is found only selectus , th e Jlavomaculatus of Scandinavian and Finnish
authors belonging to this species. Not having observed that Fieber’s
flavomaculatus differed from my salicicola {fulvipes, olim), I described
the former species as new, under the name cruciatus (Ofvers. Finska
Yet. Soc. Forh., xxi, p. 36, 10).

I have changed the nam e fulvipes to salicicola. Oimex fulvipes,
Scop. (Ent. Cara., p. 134, 388), which I had before identified with
flavomaculatus , Fieb., cannot be regarded as a Globiceps. Scopoli says
in his description : “ Niger ; elytris corio fusco, basi apiceque albo ;
pedibus fulvis,” and further: “Antennae basi [= first joint] fulvae.
Alae hyalinae. Femora postice compressa.” The $ is described :
“ Larva nigra ; antennis/wfow, apice nigris\ elytro abbreviate, coriaceo,
albo : fascia nigra ; pedibus fulvis.” This description somewhat

* Smaller than in the preceding species.

14

l June,

accords with my Globiceps, but the elytra are indicated as 3 lin. long ,
and the species is said to live on nut-trees (“ in Corylo ”). In Carniola
occurs very plentifully * a species (found also in Silesia on oak), viz.,
Alloeonotus distinguendus , H.-Schf., Fieb., Hem. Eur., p. 262, and I
am convinced that this is the true Cimex fulvipes , Scop. ; it must,
therefore, to my mind, be named Alloeonotus fulvipes , Scop. This is
the reason for the change of the name Globiceps fulvipes to Gl.
salicicola. A female of this last species was found by me on small
Salices, near Culbin Sands, at Forres, Scotland, in the summer of
1876. It lives in Finland on Salix rosmarinifolia and Betula nana.

Acanthia versus Salda, l. c., No. 188 ; vol. xvi, p. 172. I think
Mr. Douglas has given good reasons for his opinion on the nomen-
clature of these insects : the name Saida may be employed for Fabri-
cius’ AcantJiia zosterce , jlavipes , etc., and the name Acanthia be
adopted for Cimex lectularius , Linn.

Salda marginella, H.-Schf. (D. et S., Catal.,54, 10), is only the
male of S. saltatoria , Linn. The sides of the pronotum are straighter
in the <$ than in the $ .

Salda yestita, E. M. M., vol. xvi, p. 173. I had regarded this
species as being a variety of S. pallipes , but this is not correct. I have
now examined specimens sent by Mr. Douglas to Dr. Sahlberg, and
found that the species belongs to the line 2, l. c., p. 174 : “ the anterior
tibiae with the base and apex black, and in the middle a rather short
line.” After a careful examination and comparison with specimens
found by me in Scotland, I am sure that Salda vestita, is not a variety
of S. saltatoria , as Saunders regards it, but that it is the macropterous
form of S. stellata, Curt, (c-album, Fieb.).f The markings of the
elytra are the same, and the sides of the pronotum are straight, es-
pecially in . I found three specimens in company with stellata ,
brachypt., which is very common in Scotland. In the macropterous
form, the pronotum is wider posteriorly, on account of the expansion
of the muscles of the wings. (The most part of the species of Salda
are crypto-dimorphous, having the elytra and wings of the brachy-
pterous form, yet not shorter, sometimes a little longer, than the
abdomen) .

* “Laibach, inter Rakik et Zirknitz, inter Adelsberg et Prevald frequenter, inter Klana et
Sabizhe” Reuter, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, 1875, p. 85, 52. A large number of specimens,
captured by Dr. Palm€n.

t It seems necessary to say that the identification of 5. c-album, Fieb., with S. itellata, Curt.,
depends not only on the description, but on actual comparison with the type in Curtis’s collection.
— J. W. D.

1880. J

15

Salda pilosella, Thoms. According to Mr. Douglas (Ent. M.
M., xvi, p. 218), this species is regarded by Dr. Puton as only a pilose
form of S. pallipes, but I think S. pilosella is a good species. It often
occurs in company with 'pallipes, hut it can at once he distinguished
from it. The colour is very little variable ; the bristly erect hairs of
the head, pronotum, scutellum, and clavus seem to me to be good
differential characters.

S. elegantula, Pali., is regarded by Dr. Puton (Z. <?., p. 218) as
the brachypterous hispid form of S. cincta , H.-S., but this cannot be
approved. I have examined, in the Museum at Helsingfors, a macrop-
terous specimen of 8. elegantula , having the elytra covered with black
bristly hairs, and the antennae are distinctly thicker than in cincta.

Scolopostethtjs pilosus, Peut., is suspected by Dr. Puton ( l . c.,
p. 219) to be only a hispid variety of S. affinis, which latter is found
by us only on nettles ; while S. pilosus lives in damp places among
fallen leaves, moss, &c.

Helsingfors : 11th March , 1880.

NOTES ON UNKNOWN OK LITTLE-KNOWN LARViE OF MICRO-

LEPID OP TER A.

BY E. L. RAGONOT.

( continued from Vol. xvi, p. 273).

Platytes cerussellus , S. Y.

The larva is unknown, hut Anton Schmid once bred the moth
from an unobserved larva in moss. The moth is fond of grassy bank»
and ditches, and flies abundantly in June and July.

Crambus alpinellus , Hb.

Larva unknown, the moth flies on dry sandy pasture lands, where
heath, broom, and Artemisia campestris grow, in July and August..
It is not an alpine insect, nor does it specially frequent fir woods.

C. verellus, Zk.

According to Anton Schmid, the undescribed larva feeds in moss
on the branches of old plum, apple, and poplar trees, but Dr. Possler
finds the moth also in fir woods where the ground is covered with moss.
The moth flies in July and August.

G. dumetellus , Hb.

The larva is unknown, the moth occurs on dry hill-slopes in June
and July.

16

[June,

G. ericellus, Hb.

The moth, whose larva is unknown, flies on moors and heaths in
alpine countries, and also in fir-woods where the sandy soil is moss-
grown, in July and beginning of August.

G. silvellus (a), Hb., adipellus, Tr.

Larva unknown. The moth flies on boggy or damp mossy
meadows, end of June, July, and August. Hiibner’s name has the
priority. Treitschke imposed a new name, because there was already
a Tinea bearing the name of sylvella , but as the modern classification
places the two insects in very different families, and as it is generally
admitted that two insects may bear the same name if in very distinct
genera, even if they belong to the same group, the name given by
Hiibner must be maintained.

G. Jiamellus , Thnb.

The larva is unknown, and the imago is fond of sandy heaths
among firs, and flies in July and August.

C. pas cuellus (a), L.

Larva unknown, the moth flies commonly in June and July, in
damp meadows, woods, and moors.

G. uliginosellus, Z.

Larva unknown, the moth flies in boggy meadows in June and
July.

G. furcatellus, Zett.

The larva is unknown. An alpine or northern species which
frequents grassy mountain slopes in July and August.

G. margaritellus , Hb.

The moth flies commonly in June, July, and beginning of August
in damp boggy meadows or woods. Larva unknown.

G. myelitis, Hb., conchellus, Tr.

The larva has been described by Treitschke, but as he confounded
7nyellus, Hb. with conchellus, S. V., it would be desirable to have a
fresh description. The larva would feed, according to Treitschke,
in galleries under moss on stones in March. The moth appears in
June and July, and affects the borders of woods.

C. latistrius, Hw.

The moth is fond of dry sandy localities on the coast, and inland
among heath, and flies in July and August. The larva is unknown.

C. perlellus, Sc.

Larva is still unknown. The moth flies in damp meadows from
the end of May to August, and even in September. Koch supposes
that there may be two broods.

1880.]

17

C. ivarringtonellus , Stt.

This is considered a variety of perlellus ; it flies in the same
localities as the type in July and August.

C. fascelinellus Eft)., aridellus, Z.

The larva feeds on the roots of Triticum junceum and other
grasses, for the moth occurs as 'well inland in dry sandy districts as
on the coast. I mention this species here because it has been con-
founded with spuriellus, H.-Gr. (pedriolellus, Dup.J, which is quite a
different species and found only in the Alps. M. Gruenee (Annales Soc.
Ent. de France, 1843 Bull. p. xli) describes fascelinellus, and the mode
of living of the larva, under the name of pedriolellus , Dup., hence no
doubt the error which has crept into the “ Manual.”

C. inquinatellus , S. V.

The moth has been bred by Schmid from ati unobserved larva on
Barbula muralis. The moth flies in dry fields and heaths, end of July
and in August.

C. cantaminellus, Hb.

The larva is unknown, the moth flies in dry fields in July and
August.

C. culmellus , L.

The moth flies abundantly in fields from June to August, but the
larva is unknown.

C. crater ellus ( rorella , L.).

The larva is unknown, the moth is common in dry fields and
pasture lands, from the end of May to July.

C. cassentiniellus, Z.

Is, I think, rightly considered to be only a variety of the preced-
ing species.

C. lithargyrellus, Hb.

The larva is unknown, the moth flies in dry sandy places and
heaths in July and August.

Eromene ocellea , Hw.

Larva unknown, the moth flies in June, but the earliest captures
of this species in England were in early spring (March), showing
that the insect hibernates. Mr. Sydney Webb met with a fresh
specimen at Folkestone on the 4th August, 1879.

Schoenobius mucronellus, S. Y.

The larva is undescribed, but is stated to feed in stems of reed
( Arundo phragmites') in June, the moth appears in July.

(To be continued) .

18

[June,

Observations on the last moult of the larva of Stauropus fagi. — Though the
earlier moults of this curious larva have been described as occurring with com-
parative ease, and observed to occupy no more time than from ten to fifteen minutes,
or at most half an hour for the penultimate moult, there yet remains the last moult
for me to offer some account of, which happens at night, and is altogether a much
more protracted and exhausting operation.

Specially for this purpose the Rev. Bernard Smith, of Marlow, kindly provided
me in the seasons of 1876 — 77 with several examples of the larva, feeding on beech,
but with each of them in turn I unluckily failed to witness the last moult, from my
inability to continue on the watch sufficiently late at night.

However, thanks to another generous friend, the season of 1879 brought a further
opportunity with a larva of fagi, feeding, this time, on oak, very kindly presented to
me by Mrs. Hutchinson, of Leominster, and this was destined to compensate for my
previous mischances, as eventually I was able to see the whole of the last moult, to
my great satisfaction, and bring the larva to maturity.

It was on the 3rd of September when I happened to notice the larva had fixed
itself midway between the leaves on an oak twig, in preparation for its last change of
skin ; whereupon I placed the twig standing erect in a short bottle having a very
small neck, and then, by cutting away the lower leaves from the twig, secured an
unobstructed view of the larva, which had probably been so fixed thereon all the
previous day, as it already had a double headed appearance, from the real head being
mostly within the skin of the second segment ; it was grasping the twig with the
four pairs of ventral legs and all the front segments were stretched arching backwards
over the erected broad segments of the tail, thus forming a more or less circular
position.

Occasionally, though at long intervals, the fore parts of the body would be gently
raised up and down a little, sometimes varied with a kind of convulsive heave, and
once, after many hours’ stillness, the anterior legs were extended laterally to their
utmost stretch, quite rigid for a couple of minutes and were then gradually refolded ;
quite late at night the tail segments hung down a little but soon were erected again.

Next morning and throughout the day the first pair of ventral legs and the
second pair partly, sometimes wholly, were withdrawn from the twig, the hold of
the larva being sustained then by the third and fourth pairs which brought the head
down lower than before on one side or the other of the tail ; as night drew on all
the anterior legs were outspread to their utmost.

In early morn of September 5th, I beheld it in the same posture as in the pre-
vious night, though about noon the head was even still lower, and with the fore part
of the body turned away a little on one side from the tail, and in course of the
afternoon suddenly changed over to the opposite side ; thus, with slight variation of
detail, for the remainder of the day and evening continued the wonderful exhibition
of muscular power and endurance.

At 10.35 p.m., the larva seemed getting restless and continued to swing itself
partly round on the twig, still in the same circular posture, and in a minute or two
swung back again, and then commenced, gently at first, writhing backwards and
downwards, soon with increasing energy ; the anterior legs having lately been folded
together now began to alternately relax outwards and contract again inwards close to
the body, in what soon became a regular recurring rhythmic movement in unison with

1880.]

19

the heavings of the breast, until within twenty-five minutes of the event expected, when
suddenly most violent writhings and rapid twistings ensued for the space of two or
three minutes, and then the slower measured movements were resumed ; the skin
enveloping the head became glistening and throbbed in parts with a slight inflation,
in accord with the general heaving action of the larva ; presently a series of very violent
struggles occurred with the anterior legs extended laterally ; these efforts proved
effectual, for then at 11.35 p.m. the expected moment came, when the skin suddenly
burst all round the throat, as it seemed then to be, close to the old head-piece.

Immediately there appeared a transverse yawning rent, exposing the whitish
head and tender glistening bases of the short first pair of legs, held back at the
moment by their sheathing of old skin, which drew quickly from off them, when
they fell forward in their natural position ; the same measured heaving to and fro
movement continuing with incessant energy as the old skin (rapidly blackening) drew
back and next exposed the basal joints of the second or longest pair of legs, whose
long femurs were soon uncovered, yet before their tibise were freed the third pair of
legs being a little shorter and of unequal lengths, were drawn out from their
sheathing and slipped forward, first one, the shorter of the two, then the other, and
next were liberated the tibiae and tarsi of the long second pair, all playing im-
mediately after in unison with the whole body which now unbending sustained its
hold of the twig by one ventral leg only of the fourth or hind pair, and while the
old skin glided backwards by degrees the other ventral legs were in turn slowly
stepping out as it were of their old stockings, at this time the long front crustacean-
like legs began impatiently to play about and push at the old head-piece as cleverly
as arms and hands, to weaken the attachment and free the mouth parts, and from
them the old helmet fell away just as the second pair of ventral legs were uncovered.

Meanwhile the hinder segments of the body had become drawn out straight and
narrowly cylindrical though tapering, the caudal filaments drawn close together
forming apparently but one projecting point which now with the hinder portions of
the body became elevated almost perpendicularly, as the fore parts with the head
and anterior legs were lowered in contact with the mouth of the bottle, evidently
feeling for the leaf which had been previously cut away as before mentioned, the
third pair of ventral legs were next uncovered and then one of the fourth pair, when
as the moment approached for the only supporting leg to let go its tenacious hold of
the twig, I instantly held a silk handkerchief round the neck of the bottle just as
the leg was removed and the old skin drawn back from it, and then the larva lay
sprawling and trembling on the mouth of the bottle as the shrivelling skin drew off
from the eleventh segment, and after a few efforts to hold itself on the bottle slipped
off upon the soft surrounding material, whereon for two minutes it remained
perfectly still, and made the first pause from incessant motion established so long ;
refreshed with this it then turned partly round and vigorously thrust and pushed
with its mouth and arm-like legs at the old collapsed skin on the twelfth segment
which soon became freed excepting the caudal filaments hidden within the retreating
skin : now it lay at full length with the hinder segments slightly turned aside, all
the ventral legs sprawling, the anterior ones extended forward in freedom, motionless,
sleeping apparently for fourteen minutes, and then vibrated the front legs a little,
slowly turning the head round, threw out the longest pair of arm-like legs beyond
the head, one bent partly over the other like a tired out athlete enjoying repose in

20

[ June,

perfect abandonment ; for there seemed something very human in the expressively
weary attitudes assumed while it again stretched itself with a slight change of
position and slept for four minutes more ; it then awoke and shook the tail
segments which yet remained comparatively narrow, when suddenly the exuviae fell
away disclosing the two perfect filaments ; thus at 12.50 a.m. was this moult com-
pleted, having from the rupture of the skin to this final riddance occupied one hour
and a quarter. — William Buckler, Emsworth : May 5th, 1880.

Insects in Japan. — It is very evident I shall have little time for correspondence
as spring comes on, and summer follows, as I have been almost entirely engaged in
collecting and setting this month, although the greater part of it has been a series of
storms of rain or snow. I have already got much material, but nothing grand yet.

1 found Panagceus rubripes and Leistus latieollis, which were wanting to my cabinet
before, and I have about 7 new Geodephaga, all obscure species. From Hakodate, I
have 4 or 5 others, and Cychrus convexus, given to me by a Japanese, so I have no
doubt the Cychrus is common up there. I have made arrangements to be taken in at
Hakodate on the 1st July, for 2 months. Sympiezocera is out here now and feeds
in rotten Cryptomeria japonica. The Memiptera are evidently abundant, as I have
carded about 60 species and seen others. Carabi are not out yet ; I have only seen

2 specimens — 1 insulicola and the common species. JDamaster should be about now,
I hear, but it requires search at night and is troublesome to get.

Japan is disappointing in many ways, one cannot eat the food of the natives
and this involves taking “chow-chow ” with you every where, a great impediment and
expense for porterage. I have a passport for the 13 adjacent provinces and can go
anywhere I like, but the idea of exhausting the Nipon-fauna must be abandoned
— the country teems with species in every quarter — and it is too much for one
person.

About 13 species of hybernated butterflies are seen in the warm parts of sunny
valleys, and I shall get a few later.

Fusiyama must be seen to be appreciated ; no wonder the Japanese pray to it.
I am going up on to the plains on which its base rests, about the 15th of next month,
for some early spring things and then again in June.

Nikko is the great place every one says for beauty, insects and primeval forests,
it is 90 miles north of Tokio (no one speaks of Yedo now): we go to Nikko in June
for 2 weeks before going to Yezo.

Rosalia Batesi, Har., is common here, in Yezo and Sikoke, and so is distributed
evidently. Yokohama is the worst place in Japan for an Entomologist, you cannot
get away from it under 4 or 5 miles, and then you find yourself close to some beach
or other, no road takes you comfortably inland amongst moist woods and vegetation.

I was working at old pine “ stools,” as Turner called them, all yesterday with a
heavy hatchet.

The Platers are already just under the bark and will come out with the first
burst of spring.

There are numbers (in species) of Trichoptera about, but they require too
delicate handling to admit of preservation.

About 10 days ago I got some nice things at Mionoshta, a place in the hills 30

1880.]

21

miles off. You can put your hand into the hill-side amongst the ferns and shrubs,
and burn your fingers in the scalding water, or look down and see steam in jets
mingling with the water-falls : the baths there are much frequented. — Geo. Lewis,
Grand Hotel, Yokohama : March 27th, 1880.

Note on Coniopteryx lutea, Wallengren. — This little-known species was described
by Wallengren in his Skandinaviens Neuroptera, pt. i, p. 55 (1871). It possesses ample
posterior-wings, and is thus allied to tineiformis and aleyrodiformis , but it especially
differs in the neuration of the anterior-wings, the second sector being absolutely
simple, whereas the first ends in two forks ; moreover, there is a transverse nervule
from near the beginning of the first sector to the second, and it is also larger, and the
mealiness is described as yellowish-grey. He says two examples from Gothland are
in the Stockholm Museum.

I have before me two examples of Coniopteryx that agree perfectly with the
description, excepting that the mealiness can scarcely be termed yellowish ; it is
possible the original examples may have been discoloured by age. One of these is
from Kuusamo in East Bothnia, Finland ; the other from Hautaika, district of the
Yenesei (68°. 5 N.), North-western Siberia. Both taken by Dr. J. Sahlberg. They
are larger than even C. psociformis. The antennae are 24-jointed ("Wallengren says
about 25-jointed). This is evidently a boreal species, but there is no reason why it
should not be found in Scotland. — B. McLachlan, Lewisham, London : 15^ May ,
1880.

Elipsocus cyanops, Bostock, a species new to Britain. — Mr. J. E. Fletcher
recently forwarded to me an example of this insect, one of three beaten by him from
Pinus sylvestris, at the Old Hills near Worcester on August 13th, 1877, and June
10th, 1878. The species was described by Bostock, firstly in the Entomologische
Nachrichten, vol. ii, p. 192 (1876), and secondly in the Jahresb. Ver. Naturk. Zwickau,
for 1877, p. 99, from examples taken in Saxony. It is somewhat smaller than E.
Westwoodi and E. hyalinus, and readily distinguishable by the body being wholly
yellow, excepting the black (bluish in life, according to Bostock) eyes and ocelli, the
antennae (excepting at the base) and the tibiae and tarsi being more obscure. The
wings are wholly hyaline with dark neuration and a yellowish pterostigma. It is
most likely to be mistaken for Ccecilius obsoletus, but the 3-jointed tarsi at once
distinguish it therefrom, the intermediate joint being apparently longer and more
distinct than in E. Westwoodi and its ally.

Probably it is the insect that Hagen identified somewhat doubtfully with
Hemerobius flavicans, Linne, Fauna Suecica, ed. ii, p. 384. No doubt flavicans:
represents some species of Psocidce, but it cannot have been cyanops from the words
“ Caput nigrum. Thorax nigricans ” (in the diagnosis the words are “niger,
thorace abdomineque flavis”). I have types of E. cyanops before me.

There is yet work to be done in British Psocidce, notwithstanding that most of
the known European species have been detected here. — Id.

Corrections of Errors. — In my note on “ Parthenogenesis in Tenthredinidce,”
&.C., vol. xvi, 269, two errors of nomenclature occur. For “ Nematus miliaris ” read
“Nematus curtispina, Thoms.,” and for “ Nematus pallidus ” read “ Nematus
palliatus, Thoms.” — J. E. Fletcher, Worcester : May \Uh, 1880.

99

[June,

ON MUSCA HORTORUM, FALLEN, AND ALLIED SPECIES.

BY K. H. MEADE.

It has been well said, that an Entomologist who aspires to be
anything more than a collector or dabbler in science, must confine
himself to the study of one Order of insects ; and if he has but
little time at his disposal, devote most of his attention to one family
in that Order : he can only thus acquire an intimate and critical ac-
quaintance with the characters of the species which it contains, or of
their life history.

In many genera there are small groups in which the species bear
such a close general resemblance to each other, that several species have
been confounded together by the older authors. This has principally
arisen from their neglecting to observe and record minute points of
structure, such as the number and disposition of the hairs and spines
on the legs, wings, or body of the insect ; which are often exceedingly
valuable specific characters, being mostly constant, and not liable to
vary like size and colour.

The descriptions of the older Entomologists were also generally
so brief, that they often apply equally well to two or three distinct
species, and there is very little doubt that they frequently were so
applied ; the author confusing two or three species. Much learning
has sometimes been brought to bear on this subject, in the endeavour
to ascertain the precise species to which a name has been applied ;
but if this point can be cleared up at all, it must be by the examination
of typical specimens preserved in Museums.*

It is to one small group in the restricted family of Muscidce that
I wish to direct attention. In our gardens and groves, and on the
road-side hedges, a very common fly may be found of a blue-black
colour, marked with white reflections, rather larger than the ordinary
house fly {Musca domestica) , which has been long known as the garden
fly ( Musca hortorum). Upon careful examination it will be found
that two distinct species (both common in most places in England),
have been confounded by all the older Dipterologists, and are still but
imperfectly known, different authors who have distinguished them
having described them by different names, in ignorance of the writings
of others ; so that the synonymy is in great confusion.

B-obineau-Desvoidy, in his great work upon the Myodaires, pub-
lished in 1830, first pointed out that there were several distinct species

* Meigen’s collection of Diptera is in the Javdin des Plantes, in Paris; Maequart’s in the
Museum of his native city, Lille ; Fallen’s is in Stockholm.

1880.]

23

in this group, and he made a new genus for their reception, which he
named Morellia ; he failed, however, to characterize the different
species satisfactorily, and it was our own countryman Haliday who,
retaining B. Desvoidy’s generic name Morellia , first clearly separated
the two common species which had been previously confounded. His
account will be found in the Entomological Magazine for 1836. Mac-
quart had previously (in 1833) described a well-marked smaller species
in his “ Dipteres du nord de la France,” wTiich he named curvipes -*
and he also noticed that there was another resembling M. hortorum ,
but he only noticed slight differences in colour, and copied B.
Desvoidy’s descriptions, which were too vague to be of any value.
Dr. H. Loew fully described both the common species as well as
another in 1857, and Professor Bondani also gave an account of them
in 1862 ; but none of the authors I have mentioned agree as to the
names which they give to the two common species, nor which of them
should retain Fallen’s original name. Walker, in the “ Insecta Britan-
nica,” ignored Haliday’s paper, only giving one species ; and, as the
descriptions of the latter author in the Entomological Magazine are
very brief, and not now generally accessible, I hope it may not be
without interest if I endeavour to describe the four species now in-
cluded in B. Desvoidy’s genus, and try to clear up the synonymy.

The larvae of the two common species have been found in cowdung.

Genus MOEELLIA, E. Desv.

Eyes naked, arista plumose, fourth longitudinal vein of wing bent
outwards towards the third, in a rounded curve, so as nearly to close
the first posterior cell, which terminates a little before the apex of the
wing ; posterior or discal transverse vein placed midway between the
anterior or little cross vein and the centre of the curve of the fourth
longitudinal vein. Shining blue-black flies, striped and tessellated with
black and white, with the antennae, palpi, and legs black. The species
in this genus are coloured and marked in a very similar manner to
Aricia albo-lineata (one of the Anthomyiidce) , with which they must
not be confused.

The species may be thus distinguished :

A. Hind metatarsi with a cushion of short stiff hairs on their under surfaces, but
not bearded, and hind tibiae straight, or only slightly curved.

B. Middle tibiae without a basal tubercle in the males.

C. Hind tibiae straight, fore tibiae simple.

Sp. 1 — simplex, Loew.

This species has not been recorded as British, though it is not uncommon in England.

[June, 1880.

24

CC. Hind tibiae of males slightly curved, fore tibiae ciliated.

Sp. 2 — hortorum, Fallen.

BB. Middle tibiae of males with a bristly tubercle at the base.

Sp. 3 — podagrica, Loew.

AA. Hind metatarsi of males with a thick beard in addition to the cushion, and
with hind tibiae much curved.

Sp. 4 — curyipes, Macquart.

1. simplex, Lw. $ $ . Ccerulo-chalybea nitida ; thorax antice
vittis tribus latis albidis ; abdomen tessellis albidis , tinea dorsali, macu-
lisque indeterminatis nigricantibus ; ocutis sub-coherentibus , tibiis
posticis subrectis, intus medio longe ciliatis ; tibiis anticis intus nudis ;
alula, squamis inferioribus infumatis ; alee hyalince, venis longitudinali-
bus tertiis, basi setulosis (<£$); $ oculis quartario capitis separatis ;

pedibus simplicibus ; alulis albidis. Long. — 3^ tin.

Syx. — Musca hortorum ?, Me’gen, System. Besck., y, 73. Curto-
neura hortorum ?, Macq., Dipteres da nord de la France, 148, and Ins.
Dipt., ii, 276. Cyrtoneura hortorum , Rondani, Dipt. Ital., y, 213. C.
simplex, Loew, Wiener entom. Monatsckr., i, 45 ; Schiner, Fauna
Austr., i, 596. Morellia hortorum, R. Desv., Dipt, des environs des
Paris, ii, 636 ; Haliday, Entom. Mag., iv, 149. M. importuna, Haliday,
Ann. of Nat. Hist., ii, 185.

Colour dark glossy black-blue : head black ; £ , eyes separated by a narrow
black space contracted in the middle, where the eyes are almost contiguous. ? , eyes
separated by a space measuring one-fourth of the width of the head ; £ $ , sides of
face glistening silvery-white, with black reflections ; antennae not quite reaching
epistome, third joint twice the length of second, of a grey colour ; arista thinly
furnished with long hairs, which leave the apex bare for some length ; palpi black,
epistome slightly prominent, setigerous ; facial groove bordered with bristles ;
cheeks clothed with short black hairs : thorax with three longitudinal, broad, glisten-
ing white stripes, most distinct on the front margin ; the lateral stripes irregular in
shape, and only extending backwards as far as the base of the wings ; between the
white stripes are two indistinct black ones on each side : abdomen of a glistening
greyish-blue colour, sometimes with a glaucous tinge ; it has a longitudinal black
dorsal stripe, and is tessellated with black and white spots or rather reflections,
which show differently when viewed in different aspects : legs with fore femora
clothed in £ with soft short hairs along their outer sides, and ciliated in £ $ , be-
neath with long stiff bristles of nearly equal length, placed at equal distances from
each other like the teeth of a comb ; fore tibiae naked on their inner sides, and
having only a row of short even hairs on their outer and under surfaces ; middle
femora with a few long stiff bristles on their upper sides near the tip, and with
Borne long hairs on the under surfaces near the base ; middle tibiae evenly ciliated
along their outer sides with a row of very short hairs ; hind femora clothed along
their exterior and under surfaces with long hairs, something similar to those under

July, 1880. ]

25

the fore femora ; hind tibiae nearly straight, slightly thickened in the middle, beset
with bristles of unequal lengths on their outer sides, having a few long hairs on the
lower half of their under surfaces in g and $ , and also a few long soft hairs on
their inner sides, just below the middle in g ; hind tarsi with a cushion of short
stiff bristles of a brownish-yellow colour on their under surfaces : alulets with the
upper or smaller valves half white and half grey, and the lower and larger ones of
an uniform smoky-brown colour in $ , with a yellowish marginal fringe, and dirty
white in $ : halteres yellow : wings clear, with black veins ; third longitudinal vein
with a small tuft of bristles at its base in $ and $ , some of which extend a short
distance towards the small cross vein .

This species is generally distributed throughout Europe ; it is less
common than the next in most parts of England and Ireland (Haliday),
and also in Germany, but more general in Italy and probably in
France.

It is very difficult to decide to which species to apply Fallen’s
original name, as modern authors differ so much on this point.
Haliday, whose opinion is worthy of every respect, changed his mind
upon the subject. In his original paper in the Entomological Maga-
zine, in which he first pointed out the distinctive characters between this
and the following species, he named the one I have first described hor-
torum ; but in the second volume of the Annals he said that he was
mistaken, and believed that the next species which he had before named
importuna was the true hortorum of Fallen. I have already said that
I have no doubt whatever that Fallen, Meigen, Zetterstedt,# and others,
confused two species together, so that it matters little which of the two
retains the original name ; I have therefore concluded to follow Loew,
the greatest modern authority on Dipterology, who gives the name of
hortorum to that species which appears to be most common in the north
of Europe.

2. hortorum, Fall. $ . Glauco-chalybea nitida. Thorax et
abdomen ut in M. simplice sign at a; g oculis paulo distantibus ; femoribus
anticis subtus extraque barbatis ; tibiis anticis extra spinosis intusque
villosis ; femoribus mediis apice cristatis ; tibiis posticis leviter curvatis,
intus breviter villosis ; alulis sordide albidis ; alis, venis longitudinalibus
tertiis , setis parvis armatis, ordine positis, inter basem venae et venam
transversam parvam. $ oculis tertia parti capitis separatis ; pedibus
simplicibus. Long. 3 — 4-| lin.

Syn. — Musca hortorum , Fallen, Act. Holm. (1816), 252, 33, et

* Zetterstedt, in Dipt. Scand., describes his Cyrtoneura hortorum as having the eyes in <5
“ coherentes (non vero arctissimi), ” et “tibiae omnes rectae”— both these characters apply to M.
simplex-, but he adds, “ squamae albae,” et “femora antica extus in 6 villosa both of which
apply to M. hortorum.

26

[July,

Dipt. Suec. Muscid., 52, 33 ; Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. (1817), i, 183 ;
? Meigen, System. Besch., y, 73 ; Zetterstedt, Insect. Lappon., 660 ;
Walker, Insect. Brit., ii, 113. Cyrtoneura hortorum, Zetterstedt, Dipt.
Scand., iv, 1346 ; Loew, Wien. ent. Mon., i, 46 ; Schiner, Faun. Austr.,
1, 596. C. pilipes, Rondani, Dipt. Ital., y, 215. Morellia importuna,
Haliday, Ent. Mag., iy, 149. M. hortorum , Haliday, Ann. Nat. Hist.,
ii, 185. M. agihs ?, R. Desv., Myod., 405. Alina agilis, R. Desv.,
Dipt, envir. de Paris, ii, 639.

Colour and pattern the same as in M. simplex, but the abdomen has more fre-
quently a green tinge : head — eyes of $ parted by a black space, which occupies
about one-eighth of the width of the head, and is about twice as wide as the interval
between the eyes of M. simplex ; the space between the eyes of $ measures one-
third of the width of the head, characters of the other parts of the head similar to
those of M. simplex : thorax and abdomen marked as in M. simplex : legs with fore
femora ciliated beneath with long stiff hairs, in addition to which (in the ) they
are thickly bearded on the outer and under sides with soft hairs ; fore tibise of <J
with a few long stiff spines on their outer surfaces near the middle and at the ex-
tremities, and with their inner sides clothed along the whole length with thick, 6oft,
and rather short hairs ; middle femora armed in 3 with a tuft of short but stiff
bristles near the tip ; middle tibiae with a series of short erect little spines, placed
irregularly along the upper half of the outer surface, and having the lower half of the
same surface fringed with soft short hairs, as in M. simplex ; hind femora with only
a few long hairs on their under surfaces near the ends ; hind tibiae slightly but dis-
tinctly curved inwards at their lower thirds, they have a thick row of short stiff
bristles along their outer sides, and only a few short soft hairs on their inner and
under surfaces ; hind tarsi as in M. simplex : alulets dirty white, lower scale in <J
having a brown tinge in the form of a ring, near the margin, the edge itself being
fringed with pale yellow : wings clouded near the base with brown, which colour is
conspicuous in the small basal cells : third longitudinal vein armed with six or seven
small spines, which are arranged along the vein at nearly equal distances, and extend
from the base to near the small cross vein in $ and $ .

This species is rather larger than the former, and very common ;
the males may at once be distinguished from those of the preceding
species by the tuft on the apex of the middle femora, by the wider
space between the eyes, and by the anterior tibiae being hairy on their
inner sides instead of the posterior ones, as in ill. simplex ; also by the
spines on the wings. The females of the two species (which authors
have failed to discriminate) may most readily be known from each
other by the difference in width between the eyes, by the hind tibiae
in M. simplex being clothed beneath with a fewr long hairs (which are
absent in M. hortorum ), and by the different armature of the third
longitudinal veins of the wings.

3. podagrica, Lwr. £ . Nigro-chalybea nitida , lineata et irrorata

1880.]

27

ut in M. simplice ; oculis sub-contiguis ; pedibus anticis ut in M. sim-
plice armatis ; tibiis intermediis tuberculo liirsuto basi posito ; tibiis

posticis paulo curvatis , et extra eiliatis ; alls subfuscis ; alulis obscuris.

Long. 4 — 5 tin.

Syn. — Cgrtoneura podcigrica, Loew,Wien. ent. Mon., i, 45 ; Schiuer,
Dipt. Austr., i, 596.

$ . Colour shining dark blue-black, without any tinge of green : thorax and
abdomen marked as in the two preceding species, but having the latter less tessellated
with white : head as in M. simplex, the eyes near together, though not contiguous :
legs, fore femora ciliated with a comb-like row of bristles on their under surfaces, as
in M. simplex ; fore tibiae nearly bare ; middle legs armed as in M. hortorum , and
also with a bristly tubercle seated on the outer side of the head of the tibia ; hind
tibiae a little curved, clothed with long soft hairs on their outer sides : alulets with
the lower scale of an uniform brownish-yellow colour : wings tinged with brown at
their bases and along the fore borders, the longitudinal veins also a little clouded ;
the third longitudinal vein armed at the base with a few spines, as in M. simplex :
the $ is unknown to me.

This fly has not yet been found in Britain, but inhabits lofty
mountains in G-ermany, where it is said to be not uncommon. It is
the largest species in the genus, and is of rather a darker colour than
the others ; I have not seen a female, but my friend Mr. Kowarz, of
Pranzensbad, kindly sent me a male specimen.

4. cueyipes, Macq. Cceruleo-nigra nitida ; thorace albo-lineato
et abdomine cinereo-tessellato ; <$ tibiis posticis valde arcuatis ; meta-
tarsisque posticis barbatis ; femoribus intermediis subtus in basi spinula
erecta armatis ; tibiisque intermediis inclinatis. Long. 2\ — 3 lines.

Syn. — Curtoneura curvipes, Macq., Dipt, du Nord., 148, et Insect.
Dipt., ii, 276. Cgrtoneura curvipes , Zett., Dipt. Scand., iii, 1347 ;
Bond., Dipt. Ital., v, 215. Camilla cenescens , B. Desv., Dipt, envir. de
Paris, ii, 641.

This species varies a good deal in colour, it is less brilliant and less distinctly
striped and tessellated than either of the preceding ones, though marked in the
same manner ; there is often a greyish, and sometimes an aeneous tinge on the ab-
domen, and the thorax is less blue than black ; the d has the eyes somewhat widely
separated ; the fore femora are ciliated beneath as in M. simplex ; the fore tibiae
simple ; middle femora armed beneath at their bases with a single long strong spine,
and with a few long bristles on their outer and under surfaces near their apices ; the
middle tibiae have an angular bend in the middle, the lower halves being directed
outwards, they are also ciliated along their whole outer surfaces with little stiff
rough spines, similar to those seen in M. hortorum and M. podagrica ; the hind
femora are evenly clothed along their whole under surfaces with hairs of a moderate
length, and have a tuft on their upper surfaces near the base ; the hind tibiae are
rather long and strongly curved inwards ; they are bare on their inner sides, with

28

[July,

tlie exception of two long, slender, curved bristles on each tibia near the apex ; the
outer surfaces are armed with spines of uneven lengths ; the hind metatarsi, in
addition to the usual cushions, hava beards of strong, long, black hairs on their under
surfaces, partially extending to the dther joints of the tarsi : alulets nearly white :
wings in some specimens tinged at the base and along the fore border with brown,
in others clear ; the third longitudinal vein is armed with a few little spines arranged
in a row, as in M. hortorum : the ^ is not known to me.

This well-marked little species is not uncommon in England,
though rather local ; I have received specimens from Mr. B. Cooke,
of Southport, and have found the males plentifully near Bicester in
Oxfordshire ; I have not yet met with the female. Macquart and R.
Desvoidy say that it is common in Erance ; Rondani has found it fre-
quently in Italy ; Zetterstedt says that it is very rare in Scandinavia ;
and its capture has not yet been recorded in Germany, to my
knowledge.

Bradford, Yorks :

May, 1880.

NATURAL HISTORY OF BOTYS PANDALIS.

BY WILLIAM BUCKLER.

Hitherto the early stages of this species have remained in profound
obscurity, and now that I have become familiar with them I cnn under-
stand why the larva, from its mode of life, had never been detected ;
therefore, my pleasure is all the greater in being able to render an
account of it, which I owe to the discernment and kindness of my friend
Mr. W. R. Jeffrey, of Ashford, who, on the 13th of June, 1879, captured
a female pandalis, and with hope of obtaining eggs confined her in a
jam-pot, together with leaves of several Composites and Labiates , yet
not an egg was deposited on any of them.

However, two days later Mr. Jeffrey found several eggs had been
laid on the inside smooth surface of the pot and five more on its piece
of plate-glass cover, looking for all the world like splashes of moisture
that should be wiped off at once, but the next moment with keen
intuition he knew they were ova ; and though wishing to send some
directly to me, he afterwards very wisely resolved not to risk forward-
ing the piece of glass, but to pay attention to them and their produce
himself, till they were fit to travel, and to furnish me with his
observations, which here follow.

“ When first laid on 14th and 15th June the eggs were flat, scale-
like, but more translucent than any I have observed, like minute drops
of fluid or oil ; under the microscope the shell is seen to be reticulated

1880.]

20

and beautifully iridescent ; on tbe fifth day the embryo was distinctly
visible, on the eighth day the ocelli could be seen, on the tenth the
mandibles plainly, the segmental divisions and dorsal canal slightly,
and on the twelfth day the black head and plate on the second segment
showed most plainly, indeed, the slow undulating movement in the
alimentary canal could be distinctly traced ; about 10 o’clock the same
night, June 27th, they began to hatch, and the little larvae were all out
of the shells before next morning.

“ The colour of the larva when first hatched is creamy-white with
black head and plate. Fortunately I had growing plants of Solidago
virgaurea , Origanum vulgar e, and other species, from which I at once
gathered leaves to see what they would take as food ; but at first they
were too restless, crawling upward and trying to escape from under
the glass cover of the pot ; but next day I noticed one larva had
attacked a leaf of Solidago by eating a small hole partly through it ;
subsequently other leaves were similarly eaten into, and by the begin-
ning of July they evidently preferred the golden rod and marjoram.”

With this account Mr. Jeffrey kindly forwarded to me a dozen of
the larvae on the 3rd of July, just as they had completed their first
moult, and were then not quite a tenth of an inch long, having a glossy
black head and collar-plate, a whitish pellucid skin, bearing blackish-
brown dots, and a broad yellowish-green internal vessel showing
through.

On the 8th of July I found they had moulted for the second time
and become less transparent, excepting the belly which remained much
as before though slightly yellower, while the body above was darker
and rather dingy green, the head, the plate and dots shining brownish-
black.

They lived contentedly but well apart from each other, and when
preparing for the third moult spun little hammock-shaped silk webs on
the under-side of the leaves, or between leaves slightly uniting the
surfaces.

After the third moult, on July 17th, I was at first astonished at
not seeing the larvae, until I became aware that they were inhabiting
little cases, which they had made for themselves with portions cut from
the leaves of their food plants ; some of the cases were lying loose
among the leaves, though one or two at first were still adhering to the
leaves by a small part not cut away ; on turning out a larva two days
later I saw its back and sides were deeply tinged with dark purplish-
brown.

Henceforward the larvae were not easily observed, as they were

[July,

30

exceedingly shy, never protruding their heads to feed during the day
unless in darkness and perfectly undisturbed ; they evidently fed well,
and made fresh cases whenever they required roomier abodes or those
in use changed colour from decay ; indeed, the leaves of Clinopodium ,
Origanum , and Solidago, from which they constructed them, were not
of a nature to last long in a good condition ; it therefore seemed
probable that in complete liberty the larvae would use any more suitable
leaves for case making they might happen to find ; and to test this idea
I introduced some leaves of beech with their food, and they were not
slow to appreciate this better material, as one larva after another
constructed a new residence, and before long they were all occupying
cases cut from beech.

On one occasion I chanced to surprise a larva, three parts grown,
lying along the midrib on the upper surface of a beech leaf, engaged
in spinning a great number of silk threads, close together and parallel,
from one side to the other as a foundation for a new case, — I had only
just observed this, and that the sides of the leaves were drawing upwards,
when I was called away for a little while, — and on my return found a
large oval piece of the leaf the size of a pigeon’s egg had been neatly
cut out and drawn closely together at the edges into a well fashioned
elongate, plump, pasty-like case, having a circular hole of egress at both
ends ; all the cases were of similar form, and varied but little in size
after the last were made, nearly an inch long by almost three-eighths
across the broad middle.

Latterly, indications appeared of some of the larvae being nearly or
quite full-fed, as I found some cases attached by silk threads to the
marjoram and basil, when I added a few leaves of Teucrium scorodonia,
and this the few still feeding appeared to relish so much as to care but
little for their previous diet ; all but one were full fed by 9th of Septem-
ber, and that last one on the 19th : they had moored their cases, destined
for puparia, to some of the neighbouring leaves with threads of
brownish silk ; and one hole of each case had disappeared by the
edges being drawn closely together, the other hole evenly plugged up
with silk ; in one instance the case was strongly moored near either
end across the under edge of a beech leaf from which a large oval piece
had been cut away7 as material for a similar construction, an interesting
example Mr. Jeffery gave me to figure.

Most unexpected!}'-, when I chanced to look into their cages on
the 16th of November, I found in one a $ , apparently just out of pupa,
and in another found a second ? , equally perfect, while at the bottom
lay a dead J specimen partly discoloured.

1880.]

31

This season, 1880, 1 bred a male specimen rather crippled on May
27th, and this afternoon a fine female, the remainder no doubt retarded
by ungenial weather.

The full grown larva is seven-eighths of an inch in length, of
moderate slenderness, cylindrical, though tapering very little from the
fourth segment to the head, and again only at the end of the thirteenth,
all are plump and well defined, with a transverse wrinkle across the
back of each ; the ventral legs shortish, the anal pair extending behind:
the colour of the back and sides as far as the spiracular region is very
j dark grey tinged more or less with purplish-brown, the dorsal line still
: darker, the glossy head of the same dark colour is marked with black

in front of each lobe, a black glossy plate dorsally divided with dark
grey is on the second segment, and on either side of the third and
fourth are two faintly paler longitudinal lines gradually lost beyond
them, the tubercular spots large, black, and glossy, each with a fine
hair ; below the small round black spiracles the whole surface is rather
light greenish-grey or drab and the spots there are brownish-grey.

The pupa is half an inch long, rather slender, of pyraloid character,
with the back of the thorax and abdominal upper segments very
slightly keeled, the head parts moderately produced, the wing covers
long and well defined, the tapering hind part of the abdomen having a
flattened taper prolongation and blunt extremity, furnished with
minute curly-topped bristles ; in colour dark purplish-brown with
the lower abdominal divisions golden-brown, the wing covers glisten-
ing, all the rest glossy.

Emsworth : June 5th, 1880.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES OF MACRO PIS.

BY W. H. PATTON.

Macropis ctliata, n. sp.

$ . Length, to in., expanse, T0g to in. Black ; the head closely punc-
tured, and having a thinly scattered short white pubescence ; mandibles piceous at
the tip ; flagellum beneath fulvo-testaceous, a short fringe of hair on the inner side
of the scape ; the eyes in freshly-killed specimens of a dull green, with varying longi-
tudinal stripes or spots. Thorax closely punctured, the base of the metathorax very
minutely punctured and not shining, pubescence on the sides of thorax and beneath,
as also a line on each side of the scutellum, white, the pubescence on disc of thorax
very short and thin ; wings sub-hyaline, shaded at apex, tegulse and nervmres black,
stigma piceous. Apical joint of all the tarsi dark piceous, joints two to four of the
anterior and three and four of the intermediate tarsi fulvous, joints two to four of
the posterior tarsi pale testaceous ; a ferruginous stripe on the intermediate tarsi
beneath, and a stripe of white hairs on the intermediate tibiae and base of the first

32

[July,

joint of the intermediate tarsi above. Posterior tibiae, except the glabrous enclosure
at base, and the basal joint of the posterior tarsi, except at tip, clothed externally
with white pubescence, that on the basal joint of the tarsi beneath fuscous ; claws
yellow at the base ; calcaria pale testaceous, those of the posterior tibiae arising close
together. Abdomen shining, delicately punctured ; a little white pubescence at the
base, very delicate continuous white fasciae at the base of segments two to five, visible
only when the abdomen is extended, a narrow white fascia at the tip of the third
and fourth segments, widely interrupted on the third segment, and scarcely inter-
rupted on the fourth ; the fimbria on the fifth segment white. The glabrous
enclosure on the sixth segment black or pi eous, and with a smooth border. The
apical margins of the ventral segments testaceous, and clothed with griseous
pubescence.

Numerous specimens taken at Waterbury, Conn., on the flowers
of Lysimachia ciliata, from July 3rd to 22nd; of Rhus glabra, from
July 22nd to August 7th ; and of Archangelica hirsuta, August 14th.

Var. — The base of metathorax without punctures and shining, the tegulse dark
piceous.

One specimen taken at New Haven, Ct., on the flowers of Rhus
typhina, July 2nd; and one specimen taken at Waterbury, Ct., on the
flowers of Lysimachia ciliata , July 22nd.

Var. — Differs from the preceding variety in having the tegulse testaceous.

Two specimens taken at New Haven, Ct., on the flowers of Rhus
typhina , June 21st.

Var. — No hairs on the clypeus, tegulse dark piceous, base of metathorax without
punctures and shining, scutellum fringed behind with griseous hairs, the ferruginous
stripe under the intermediate tarsi not extending upon the first joint, basal joint of
posterior tarsi with fuscous hairs externally upon its apical half, the white fasciae
upon the abdomen obsolete, the fimbria mostly fuscous, and the apical margins of
the ventral segments dark piceous.

Two worn specimens taken at Waterbury, Ct., on the flowers of
Lysimachia ciliata , together with a specimen of the typical form,
July 17th.

S . Length, Ts5 in., expanse, to ££ in- Antennae nearly as long as the head
and thorax ; flagellum fulvo-testaceous beneath ; the scape entirely black, with a
fringe of white hairs on each side, and with shorter hairs in front ; second joint of
the flagellum narrowed at base, and scarcely longer than the first, third joint scarcely
one-half the length of the second, as thick as the apex of the second, joints four to
eleven each equal in length to joints two and three taken together, but not so thick
as the third joint, last joint a little longer than the eleventh. The face below the
insertion of the antennse, and a spot at the base of the mandibles, yellow ; labrum
black ; pubescence on head and thorax longer than in the female, white ; thorax
shining, punctured, base of metathorax polished and without punctures ; tegulae
testaceous ; nervures and stigma testaceous ; pubescence on legs white, that on the

33

basal joint of all the tarsi beneath, as well as a line under the four anterior tibiae,
golden-rufous ; apical joint of all the tarsi dark piceous, joints two to four paler ;
posterior coxae with a short curved spine at the tip, within ; posterior tibiae sub-
triangular, the lower face produced at the apex into a three-toothed process, the
exterior tooth the longest, and forming a spine, the middle tooth shortest, blunt ;
calcaria whitish, the point of the anterior calcaria not so long as in the female, the
posterior calcaria unusually remote, arising from the bases of the outer teeth of the
process, the exterior tooth about two-thirds the length of the corresponding spur ;
the lower face of the basal joint of the posterior tarsi flattened, expanded within
and glabrous. Abdomen shining, clothed with a scattered white pubescence, which
is more dense on the sides, the depressed apical margins of the segments polished,
the apical margins of the third and the four following segments with a narrow white
fringe, that on the third segment interrupted, on the fourth slightly interrupted.
Abdomen beneath very smooth, the apex of the third and fourth segments with a
single, slightly arcuated, row of golden hairs, the end of each hair regularly curved ;
the apex of the fifth segment with a similar, but less regular, row of hairs ; the
visible portion of the sixth segment forming an angle with the concealed portion,
triangular, the two posterior sides margined with a short dense golden pubescence.
The exterior clasps of the forceps expanded and deeply emarginate at the tip.

Described from five specimens taken at New Haven, Ct., on the
flowers of Rubus villosus , June 22nd ; and one specimen taken at
AAaterbury, Ct., on the flowers of Cornus paniculata , July 4th.

Macropis patellata, n. sp.

. Differs from M. ciliata, £ , in the following particulars : —

J oints five to twelve of the antennae each slightly shorter than joints three and
four taken together, making the antennae as a whole slightly shorter than in ciliata.
Labrum yellow. Base of the tibiae with a yellow spot externally, which, in the
posterior legs, extends upon the tips of the femora. Ciliation of the ventral segments
white. The process at the apex of the posterior tibiae represented by the exterior
tooth only, forming a stout, obliquely-truncated, projection, reaching to the middle
of the exterior spur ; the calcaria not so remote as in ciliata ; the lower face of the
basal joint of the posterior tarsi slightly sinuous within, but not expanded. Exterior
clasps of the forceps broadly cleft, forming two narrow lobes. The retracted ventral
segments present other distinctions.

Taken by Mr. H. F. Bassett on the flowers of either Cicuta or
Rhus at Plymouth, Ct., August 1st ; and by me on Lysimachia ciliata
at Waterbury, Ct., July 9th.

A female specimen taken with the males differs from the typical
females of M. ciliata in no respect, except that the fimbria on fifth
segment of abdomen has a golden tinge and the tegulse are dark
piceous.

As the males of ciliata and patellata differ in those characters only
which are peculiar to that sex, it seems not unlikely that the females,

34

July

which present no such development of characters as the males, may be
undistinguishable. The males must be considered typical of the species.
But it may be that the first form of the $ described above, under
ciliata, belongs in reality to patellata , for in <$ patellata the base of
the metathorax, although it is not opaque, is not so brilliantly polished
as in £ ciliata.

Eabricius, in describing Megilla labiata and fulvipes , gave no
differences between them, excepting such as are now known to be sexual.
The points of difference which appear in the descriptions of authors
who have subsequently described Macropis labiata are such that it is
evident that more than one European species exists ; yet, on account
of the brevity of the Eabrician descriptions, there is nothing at variance
with them, excepting locality and the colouring of the hair of the
thorax, which Eabricius described as ferruginous. Examining other
descriptions, wTe find that the hair of the thorax has been de-
scribed as “ferruginous” in Austria, “ fulvous ” in G-ermany, “pale
fulvous” in England, “ griseous ” in Germany and Scandinavia,
“ cinereous ” in Einland. The German species, with fulvous thorax,
Schenck called fulvipes , Eabr.. that with griseous thorax he called
labiata ; but, labiata , Eabr., and fulvipes, Eabr., being the same, unless
a re-examination of the types proves them distinct — and, in that case,
Schenck has transposed the names — Schenck’ s labiata requires a new
name. The descriptions of the French species by Latreille and
Dufour I have not at hand, and, consequently, cannot determine the
relationship of Andrena lagopus , Latr. Lest it should prove to be the
same as labiata , Schenck (P == labiata , Panz.), and have priority, J omit
to give a name for Schenck’s species. The labrum, scape, and man-
dibles in the male of both the German species have been described as
black. In Sweden, the labrum and a spot on the mandibles are yellow ;
in England, a spot on the scape and a spot on the mandibles are
yellow. Whether these differences indicate distinct species can only
be determined by the study of more essential characters in the European
species. The colouring of the labrum is a specific character in separa-
ting the American species. The descriptions of the English and
Swedish authors afford no characters in regard to the delicate
puncturing of the abdomen, the colouring of the posterior legs in the
female, and the armature of the posterior tibiae in the male. Schenck
has indicated differences in these respects as follows : labiata , Sch., $ ,
posterior tibiae with white hairs, metatarsus black ; labiata , Eabr., $ ,
posterior tibiae with white hairs externally, with golden hairs writhin
and beneath, metatarsus brown above, with golden hairs within and

1880.]

35

beneath, abdomen more finely and sparsely punctured. According to
Nylander, who examined the types of Fabricius, the metatarsus of
fulvipes type is, excepting the apex, clothed with yellow hairs, thus
differing from both of Schenck’s species, but agreeing less with his
labiata than with his fulvipes.

The form from Southern Finland mentioned by Nylander (Adnt.,
ex. mon. Ap. Bor., p. 249) also resembles the latter, having the “ sco-
pula fulvous.”

Taking Schenck’s characters for the German species, the following
synopsis will enable the males of the known species of the genus to be
distinguished.

labiata, Fabr. Tip of hind tibia drawn out beneath into a tooth, before which
is another small blunt tooth.

labiata, Sch. A slight emargination on the inner border of the hind tibia
before the tip, the tip not drawn out into a tooth.

CiLiATA. Lower face of hind tibia produced at apex into a short three-toothed
process.

patellata. A stout, oblique, truncated projection from the tip of the hind
tibia beneath.

Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.A.

NOTES ON BRITISH TOR TRICES.

BY C. G-. BAEEETT.

{Continued from vol. xvi, page 244).

Asthenia scopariana, H.-S. This very pretty species (new to
Britain) has been reared by Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson from larvae found
by him at Dutton, near Bibchester, Lancashire, but, by an unfortunate
oversight, the food plant is not certain. Most probably it was the
common broom, but no doubt the discoverer will remedy the oversight
by next season. The moth is closely allied to cosmophorana and coni-
ferana , as well as to splendidulana and strobilella. It is placed by
Wocke between corollana ( Heegerana ) and cosmophorana , and by
Heinemann between the latter species and Zebeana in the vast genus
G-rapholitha. In Wilkinson and Stainton’s arrangement, it should
follow cosmophorana in the genus Asthenia ; in Doubleday’s it might
be placed in either Coccyx or Stiymonota.

A short description of the moth may be useful —

Fore-wings dark olive-brown from the base to beyond the middle, thence pale
golden-brown ; markings pale silvery, consisting of three pairs of short costal streaks
(sometimes with additional costal spots between them), the first pair nearly or quite
uniting with a slender, upright or slightly curved dorsal streak, the second pair also
nearly uniting, with an oblique curved streak, which reaches the anal angle, and the

86

[July,

third pair similarly nearly uniting, with a perpendicular streak, which also reaches
the anal angle, passing outside the ocellus, which contains three or four black streaks.
Hind margin edged with a deep black line, which is interrupted below the apex by
a silvery blotch. Cilia pale silvery-grey. Hind-wings of the male pale grey, with
the base whitish, the apical angle white, a deep black line along the hind margin,
and a white blotch inside it ; of the female darker grey, with the white apical angle
and deep black marginal line. Cilia whitish. Head and antennse dark grey, palpi
paler.

This species has not hitherto been recorded in the United King-
dom, but is found in Germany, Galicia, Livonia, and Servia. It does
not seem to have been previously reared, but nearly every author
records it as occurring among Spartium scoparium or Genista , in woods
or wood-meadows. Its time of appearance is April and May.

Eupoecilia atricapitana , Steph. I find that the early summer
brood of this species is produced from larvae which feed in the autumn
and winter in stems of Senecio jacobcea, causing a slight distortion of
the stem, and that they remain in the burrow until the spring, fre-
quently spinning up and assuming the pupa state therein, but in some
cases leaving the stem to spin up elsewhere. The moths emerge in
May and June.

Some of the distorted dry stems were gathered for me this spring
at Eastbourne, Sussex, by Mr. W. H. B. Eletcher, and I afterwards
found a few in the quarries here. Moths have emerged from both.

Eupoecilia udana , Gn. In Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xi, p. 191, 1 quoted
a description of the larva of this species made by M. Bagonot, from
specimens preserved in spirits. This description I can now compare
with one made from a living larva kindly sent me by Dr. Wood, of
Tarrington, Ledbury.

Moderately plump and rather thickest in the middle, dull yellowish-pink or
pinkish-brown, greyer towards the head, dorsal line faintly grevish-brown, spots
shining, hardly visible, hairs very minute, head and divided dorsal plate bright
black-brown, anal plate pale brown.

Feeding within the dry flower-stem of Alisma plantago , full-grown
about the middle of October, eating the pith and leaving frass scat-
tered irregularly along the burrow. Pupa chestnut-brown, with dark
brown wing-sheaths. In a slight cocoon of white silk, placed inside
the dry stem of Alisma , not occupying the whole width of the burrow,
but attached to one side, and having a hole cut nearly through the bark
for exit. Through this the pupa pushes its way before the moth
emerges.

On receiving a larva from Dr. Wood, I went to a little pond at a
corner of a lane for some Alisma , and there found two or three lame.
The species had not previously been observed in this neighbourhood.
The moths emerged in June, July, and August.

1880.]

37

Eupoecilia notulana , Z. Along with the last species Dr. Wood
sent me some larvae of this, from which I took the following descrip-
tion : —

Smooth, stout, nearly cylindrical, but with the segments slightly swollen in
front, inactive, naked, pale yellowish- green, greener when young, dorsal vessel visibly
brownish, spots indistinct, grey. Head and divided dorsal plate shining black, anal
segment and plate very pale brown.

Feeding in October in stems of Mentha hirsuta , apparently entering
at a joint and working upwards, feeding on the pith, and leaving the
lower part of the burrow tightly packed with excrement. Hibernating
within the stem, and generally spinning up therein, but occasionally
deserting it to spin elsewhere. Pupa light brown, in a cocoon formed
of white silk and frass, forcing itself out before the moth emerges in
June.

Lord Walsingham found larvae of this species feeding in the same
manner in stems of Lycopus europceus at Wicken Fen. The moth in
this case emerged in July.

Eupoecilia ciliella , Hub. Through the kindness of my old friend
Mr. Sang, I have been enabled to secure a description of the larva
of this species, which I append, as it differs slightly from those already
published : —

Plump, sluggish, shining, shortly tapering at the anal extremity, white, with
hardly visible spots, naked, except a few hairs towards the hinder end, head and
dorsal plate shining jet-black, anal plate very small, pale brown, on the back of the
ninth segment is a distinct reddish-brown internal blotch. When full-grown it
becomes tinged with pink.

Feeding in August on the seeds of the cowslip ( Primula veris),
leaving the seed vessels, when full-grown, and spinning up in hollow
sticks or dead stems, where it hibernates, assuming the pupa state in
the spring. Pupa light brown, with darker brown wing-sheaths, pro-
truding from the cocoon before the moth emerges — in June.

Argyrolepia zephyrana , Tr. Larva one-third of an inch in length,
broadest at the second and third segments, and tapering to the anal
extremity, with segments deeply divided and ridged, yellow, spots
barely visible, hairs minute, head rather broad, pale brownish, with a
brown line in front of each eye enclosing the mouth, which is dark
brown, plates shining pale yellow. In the autumn and winter, in the
stems of Daucus carota , eating out the pith and filling the space with
frass, still feeding in the dead stems, or working back through the
frass, as late as April, and spinning a very slight brownish cocoon in
the tightly packed mass of frass in the stem. Pupa very pale yellowish-
brown, extruded from the stem, and often falling out when the moth
emerges — in June.

For the opportunity of describing this and the following species,
I am indebted to a kind friend who collected them for me in Cam-
bridgeshire.

3S

[July,

Lozopera Francillana , Fab.

Larva short, plump, cylindrical, dirty yellowish-wliite, head black, dorsal plate
faintly brown, with two dark brown spots at the posterior edge, anal plate small,
faintly brownish with a dark spot in the middle.

Feeding in the autumn and until April in the stems of Daucus
carota , eating the pith and filling the space with frass, through which
it seems to work back in the spring. It appears also to make small
cocoon-like chambers in the frass, and then abandon them, but ulti-
mately spins up in the stem and becomes a light brown pupa, which
pushes itself through the bark of the stem when the moth emerges :
this takes place in July and August.

My remark in vol. xi, p. 196, that the larva had been reared from
seeds of Daucus carota seems to have been a mistake. At the same
time I quoted from M. Jourdheuille’s Calendar : “ Larva in dead stems
“of Eryngium campestre ,” and remarked that this must refer to
another species. A short while ago, M. Hagonot sent me four beautiful
specimens of Jlagellana, Dup. (giving eryngiana , Heyd., as a synonym),
telling me that they were reared from dead stems of Eryngium campestre.
These specimens differ from Francillana in being less glossy and of a
more ochreous yellow, and in having the first oblique fascia abbreviated
and slightly clubbed at the apex, with a spot opposite it on the costa,
while the second fascia is more curved, attenuated in the middle, and
often has a short row of dots outside it. This species seems constant
in its markings, and is intermediate between Francillana and Smeath-
manniana.

Ileinemann (p. 80) gives jlagellana , H.-S., as synonymous with
Francillana , Fab., and Wocke includes Jlagellana, Dup., as well as
Jlagellana , H.-S., under Francillana , Fab., but he gives eryngiana,
Heyd., as a distinct species. I have no opportunity now of ascertaining
whether Duponchel’s and Herrich-Schaffer’s Jlagellana are the same
species, but I think there can be no doubt that Jlagellana, Dup.,
should be separated from Francillana , F., as a distinct species, with
eryngiana , Heyd., as a synonym.

Pembroke : 1 Qth June, 1880.

Stigmonota scopariana, a Tortrix new to our list. — This very handsome species
I bred the last week in April and first week in May. I had no idea of my prize, in
fact, at first I thought they were only very big Lithocolletis ulmifoliella until I
chloroformed one and then saw it was a Tortrix which at the time I set down as
Coccyx splendidulana, until I took them to Preston to compare, and at once saw I had
a puzzler. I sent one to Mr. Stainton, who did not know it, then I sent it on to
Mr. C. Gr. Barrett, he wrote me what he thought it was, but wanted to see both sexes ; I
then sent him both sexes, and he at once wrote me they were Stigmonota scopariana.
I imagined the larvse had been obtained from mountain ash, but the name scopariana
at once made me think whether I had ever been among broom, as it is scarce at
Dutton ; there are some broom bushes about 50 yai’ds from my house which I beat
only once and put any larva in along with those I beat among mountain ash, &c.,
so most likely the pabulum of this gem is the broom. I bred six specimens in all. — J.
B. Hodgkinson, 15, Spring Bank, Preston : June 13 th, 1880.

1880. J

39

OCCURRENCE OF THE NEUROPTEROUS GENUS DILAR IN SOUTH

AMERICA.

BY R. McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &c.

I have for some time had in my collection an insect belonging to
the singular genus of Neuroptera-Planipennia first made known by
Rambur under the term Dilar , taken by the Rev. T. A. Preston in the
neighbourhood of Rio Janeiro in November, 1872. As this genus is
altogether new for the South American Fauna, its occurrence in that
Continent is an interesting fact in Geographical Distribution, and it
is well that its representative there should be characterized.

Dilar Prestont, n. sp.

Body blackish-fuscous, varied with testaceous or yellowish. On the disc of the
head, above, are two very large median, sub-contiguous, rounded elevated tubercles,,
placed somewhat obliquely, and in front of these a single still larger, somewhat
conical tubercle ;* on the sides of the disc, toward the eyes, the head is de-
pressed and excavated. Antennae dirty whitish, the short stout basal joint and the
second somewhat testaceous : the succeeding joints (up to the 9th, the rest broken
1 off) are slightly longer than broad, each with a dusky ring at its apex ; the third has
a short branch, all the others a long, stout, straight branch, somewhat dusky, and rather
pubescent, gradually increasing in length, so that the branch of the 9th joint is
j seven or eight times the length of the joint itself, and that of those preceding only
j slightly shorter. Palpi and legs pale yellowish-white, the latter strongly pubescent.

; Abdomen very obtuse (the anal parts not capable of definition). Wings pale
j whitish-hyaline, slightly iridescent, densely and transversely reticulated or chequered
! with pale grey markings ; neuration fuscescent, with long blackish hairs : in the
anterior-wings the first four or five costal nervules are simple, afterwards a forked
nervule and a simple one alternate, and there is a marginal rudiment between each
and in each of the forks ; principal sector 6-branched, the branches furcate or bi-
furcate, and each branch also ends in a minute marginal fork with the usual inter-
! mediate marginal rudiments ; two nervules between the sector and the radius, the
other transverse nervules very few in number ; a dusky horny point between the
; first and second branches of the sector : in the posterior-wings the neuration is
similar in arrangement ; the sector is 6-branched, but the branches have mostly only
the minute marginal fork.

<? . Length of body, about 2 J mm. Expanse, 10J mm.

Remarkable for its very small size as compared with the species
of the Old World ; but it appears to be absolutely congeneric, differing
only in the lesser number of transverse nervules in the wings. It de-
ceptively resembles the species of a group of European Dsyckidas.

Lewisham, London : May, 1880.

* These protuberances were mistaken by Rambur for ocelli, an error duly pointed out by
Hagen in the Stett. ent. Zeitung, 1866, p. 292.

40

[July,

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TORYMUS FROM SCOTLAND,
WITH NOTES ON OTHER BRITISH SPECIES OF THE GENUS, &c.

BY P. CAMERON.

Torymus campanulas, sp. n.

Green or bluish-green, pilose ; antennse black, the scape on the under-side
yellow ; the 2nd joint of the flagellum slightly longer than broad. Legs yellowish,
the greater part of the coxae and of the posterior femora green ; the four anterior
femora with a greenish line on the outer side, and slightly brownish on the other
side ; posterior tibiae fuscous, except at base and apex ; the apex of tarsi fuscous ;
the calcaria short, scarcely a third of the metatarsus in length. Abdomen com-
pressed, longer than thorax ; ovipositor as long as abdomen and two-thirds of the
thorax.

The $ has the scape green on the under-side, and agrees otherwise in coloration
with the ? , except one specimen, which has the head, thorax, posterior coxae, and
abdomen suffused with bronzy splashes. The wings are hyaline ; the costa with a
hair-fringe. Length, 2 — 3 mm.

Of the species in my collection it comes closest in coloration and
length of ovipositor to T. hibernans , Mayr, but it is a narrower insect,
the abdomen is longer compared with the thorax, and more compressed,
the antennae longer, and the spurs much shorter.

Bred in July and August from the galls of Cecidomyia campanula ,
Muller ; found in various parts of Clydesdale. Dr. Gustav Mayr has
kindly examined specimens, and has confirmed my opinion as to its
being an undescribed species.

Torymus viridis , Forster, Beitr. z. Mon. d. Pter., 1841, p. 32 ;
Mayr, Yerh. z.-b. Gres. Wien, xxiv, p. 123, 4; I find this near Glasgow
in galls of Rliodites eglanterice.

Torymus tipularum , Zett., Ins. Lapp., 1840, p. 420 ; Mayr, l. c .,
Ill, 27 ; Thoms., Hymen. Scand., iv, 95, 26 ; = Torymus pumilus, Eatz.,
Ichn. d. Forstins., i, 1844, p. 180 ; this I have bred here from the rose
galls of Cecidomyia rosaria on willows.

Torymus sodalis , Mayr, l. c., 120, 36, 1 found last October oviposit-
ing at Milngavie in the galls of Neuroterus leniicularis. The ovipositor
was inserted at the side, under the flat projecting part of the gall,
which was then a little swollen. It would seem to be a good species,
and readily distinguished from the other spangle-gall Torymus {hiber-
nans) by its shorter ovipositor.

Torymus juniperi , Linne, Fauna Suec., 408, 1635, sec. Mayr, l. c.,
109, 23, I reared this spring in abundance from the galls of Hormo-
myia juniperina collected last year on Clober Moor. It is apparently
identical with T. amethystinus , Boh., Yet. Ac. Handl., 1S33, p. 370 ;
and Thoms., Hymen. Scand., iv, 85, 10.

1880.]

11

Torymus caudatus, Boh., Yet. Ac. Handl., 1833, p. 365, sec. Thoms.,
Hymen. Scand., iv, 84, 6, has been sent me by Mr. J. E. Fletcher, who
reared it from fir cones collected in the hopes of rearing Coccyx
strobilana. Mayr (/. <?., p. 100) considers caudatus to be a variety of
azurcus , Boh., in which opinion I am inclined to agree with him, for
the two forms ( azureus and caudatus) appear to merge together when
we examine a large number of specimens, while they both frequent fir-
cones. T. azureus is the form which I recorded Trans. Ent. Soc., 1879,
p. 119. It has the ovipositor shorter than in caudatus , and generally
the colour is violet and not obscure green, as in the last mentioned.
Thomson regards them as two distinct species.

I find that these insects are much better examined by setting
them on silver wire than by carding them, as is usually done in this
country. Hot only are much better results obtained by this method,
but much time is saved the student, the sticking of a wire through an
insect taking up far less time than spreading out its legs, wings, &c.,
by means of needles and gum on cardboard ; while, not unfrequently
by the latter method, unless great care be taken to display the various
parts, the form of the joints of the antennae and legs cannot satisfac-
torily be made out ; it may be owing to the employment of too much
gum, or to the parts not being displayed sufficiently. The method is
very simple. All that is required is to get silver wire* of the thickness
required, cut it up in lengths (say 4 lines each), taking care to cut off
the points as obliquely as possible ; stick one of these through the
thorax of your insect ; then insert the wire with the insect on it in a
piece of pith (that of the Jerusalem artichoke will do), which may
hold only one insect or several, according to taste ; finally, place an
ordinary pin through the piece of pith, and, by means of it, stick the
whole in the cabinet. If all this be done properly, no part of the
insect need be disturbed, which would certainly be the case if ordinary
pins be employed for the smaller species.

I do not, however, mean to say, that carding has no advantages.
The above remarks refer only to Chalcididce. I have not succeeded so
well with Oxyura and parasitic Cynipidce , owing to their much harder
and smoother bodies ; these insects are not easily pinned, the wire
generally slipping off, wdiile the successive attempts to insert it usually
lead to the destruction of the insect. Such, at any rate, has been my
experience ; but no doubt, with greater experience, the difficulty might
be got over. My views on the comparative advantages of carding and
pinning Hymenoptera I have stated elsewhere (Proc. Hat. Hist. Soc.
G-lasg., 1877, p. 144), so I need not refer to the subject here.

Glasgow : May, 1880.

* Silver wire of any thickness may be had from Corney & Co., 70, Little Britain, London, B.C.

42

[July,

Cardbus clathratus, Spc., in Ireland. — It is well known that this grand Cardbus
is no rarity in some parts of Ireland, though it is certainly not a species of common
occurrence in England (judging from the few specimens I have seen in collections).
At Teelin Bay, Co. Donegal, I took more than 40 examples, in less than an hour’s
work, on the evening of April 28th. They occurred under loose stones on the tops
of turf walls, in a rather boggy place of very limited extent. With them and in
the immediate neighbourhood of their locality 1 found Carabus granulatus (abundant),
violaceus (a few), Calathus rnelanocephalus var. nubigena (less than 100 feet above
the sea level), Staphylinus erythropterus (in numbers), Silplia subrotundata (13),
Cryptohypnus riparius (common), &c.

C. clathratus has also occurred to me at Dinish Island (Co. G-alway) and near
Westport, but very sparingly in both these localities. — James J. Walker, H.M.S.
“ Hawk,” Galway : May 20th, 1880.

Lithocharis castanea, Gr., near Wimbledon. — A single specimen of this rare
beetle was captured by me at the roots of heather near Caesar’s Camp, Wimbledon,
at the end of last March. I have since then visited the same place several times in
hopes of finding another, but hitherto without success. — W. J. Saunders, Wray
House, Wimbledon : June , 1880.

[The late Mr. Keeley took this species in the road leading from Wimbledon
Common to Wandsworth. — E. C. R.].

Occurrence of Tachinus rufipennis , Grav., near Barnstaple. — I found a specimen
of the above beetle at Filleigli, near Barnstaple, by shaking roadside rubbish over
paper in February last ; the weather was very cold and w'et, or I might possibly
have found more. Its shining red elytra with black tips distinguish it easily from
any of the other species of the genus. I believe it has only been taken twice or
three times in England before. — Edward Saunders, Holmesdale, Upper Tooting:
June , 1880.

Is the number of moults of Lepidopterous larvae constant in the same species ? —
I have been impressed lately with the uncertainty that seems to exist as to the
number of times Lepidopterous larvae moult in the course of their growth, and have
been considering whence this uncertainty springs. Does it arise from the difficulty
of watching each individual, when one is rearing a brood from the egg ? For though
all the larvae may be hatched on the same day, some are sure to outstrip the rest in
growth, and so one is apt to get confused in the reckoning. Or is it quite certain,
as many certainly think, that the number of moults varies in the same species ?

Boisduval in his Introduction to Tome 1 of Lepidopteres (Suites a Buffon) says
“ Le nombre des mues varie peu dans une meme espece, et peut-etre meme dans
“ l’etat sauvage est-il toujours constant. Mais chez quelques chenilles velues, que
“l’on eleve en captivite, il peut-etre augmente ou diminue par une nourriture plus
“ ou moins abondante : ” this passage is the plainest assertion I can find of this
variation in the number of moults, and the writer gives a reason for it, but I have
also noticed that other writers state that they thought (they do not speak positively)
there was no constancy in the number of moults undergone by the individuals of the
same brood — reared altogether under the same conditions ; but I do not myself like
to agree to this view until I can have some good proof of it.

I know that the number of moults certainly varies in different species ; I have

1880.]

43

myself made sure that six is the number for some, and nine for others as in the
instance of Nola centonalis ; but I never recorded so few as one , the allowance which
has been meted out to Sphinx ligustri ,* nor so many as ten or twelve , the number
with which Chelonia caja and Lithosia eaniola have been respectively credited.

Any one, who has made notes on which he can depend about the growth of any
species he has reared, would I think do good service by publishing them, even if he
has nothing else to say about the larvse ; and those, who are just about to take fresh
broods in hand, would help to settle the question for each species, if they would
isolate examples of each brood, and accurately record the changes noticed. I know
this would be troublesome, but I do not see how otherwise we can get upon sure
ground in this matter : I should be glad to see records of the commonest things —
M. bras niece, S. lubricepeda, or M. fluctuata — so that they were accurate.

Daily inspection will be needful, and the approach of a moult and its accomplish-
ment may at once be known by the appearance of the head of the larva ; before the
moult it seems too small and stretched forward from the neck — after the moult it
comes out in extra width as compared to the second segment, with its colours distinct.
— William Bucklee, Emsworth : June 10th, 1880.

Vanessa cardui double brooded. — Most entomologists have commented upon the
extraordinary appearance of V. cardui in 1879, advancing various theories as to
whether many of them did not migrate from the continent to this country. Con-
cerning this I do not wish to give an opinion ; I only know that the swarms that
began to appear in this neighbourhood about the middle of August were certainly
bred in the country, coming out as they did, without a sign of travel upon them,
during the few hot days which occurred at that season. And these, moreover, cor-
responded with the unusual numbers of larvse which were to be found upon the
thistles at the end of July. They were in far greater numbers than I ever remember
having noticed before. The larvae then found were feeding on the full-grown thistles,
nearly always high up the stem, and near the flowers. Soon after these had com-
pleted their changes, and had emerged as beautiful insects in the imago state, there
came some high winds off the sea, and withered the thistles, which, by that time,
had run to seed, and thus the chance of finding more larvae appeared to have passed
away. About the 1st of October, however, and for the next fortnight, I began to
find them again, but not in their former situation. These new larvae were on the
young seedling thistles which remain, without shooting up, flat upon the ground till
next season. On the back of the leaves, lying close to the surface of the ground, I
found several young larvae, some half-a-dozen of which I kept and fed up, and others
I gave away. I had some curiosity to ascertain when these unseasonable little
creatures would arrive at maturity, as the weather was then cold, and might at any
time have changed to frost. Between the 18th and the 20th of October, most of
them changed into the pupa state, and, on November 20th, one of them emerged aa
a perfect V. cardui, in every respect as fine as those hatched in August. The rest
failed to come to maturity. These facts, I think, seem to prove that in some cases
this insect was double-brooded last year : whether they are usually so I will not
venture to say ; but these late ones, from the time they appeared in the larva state,

* N.B. — Albin records of a brood of Sphinx ligustri, which he reared from the egg, that they
moulted four times in their course.

44

July,

and from the situation in which they were feeding, after the original food-plants had
been destroyed, must, I think, have been produced from eggs laid by some of those
which were swarming around us in August ; and, late as they were, they refused to
pass the winter in the pupa state. — Clennell Wilkinson, Castlemartin : 16th June ,
1880.

[Is not this an indication of an instinctive attempt at following up the habit of
the species in a hotter climate, where two broods in the year are possible and usual ?
— C. G. B.]

Description of the larva of Ephestia fculella. — Along with the larvae of Plodia
interpunctella received from Mr. J. R. Wellman, on the 21st December, 1878, and
already described in this journal, were several of an Ephestia, from which, on the
27th of August following, a single specimen was bred, agreeing perfectly with an
example in my cabinet named ficulella.

Length about half an inch, and of average bulk ; head highly polished, it has
the lobes rounded, and the mandibles prominent; body cylindrical, tapering anteriorly,
the head being the narrowest segment ; there is a distinct polished plate on the
second segment behind the head, and a small similarly polished space on the anal
segment ; skin very glossy and rather wrinkled.

The ground colour a pale pinky-flesh, varying in depth of colour in different
specimens ; head and mandibles dark sienna-brown ; frontal plate still darker brown,
almost black : dorsal, sub-dorsal, and spiracular lines all very distinct, and
about equal in width, pink ; and there is still another, but a narrower, of these pink
lines, below the spiracles ; spiracles minute, dark brown ; tubercles large, raised, and
polished, very dark brown, in some specimens nearly black.

Ventral surface greyish-white, with a faint pink tinge; legs and prolegs tipped
with brown. Feeds on dried figs. — Geo. T. Pokritt, Highroyd House, Hudders-
field : June 5th, 1880.

Nemophora pilella in Lancashire. — Last season I took a longhorn among
Vaccinium, high up on the moors at Green Thorn about a mile above Stoneyhurst
College ; I suspected it was N. pilella, but only having one specimen to look at I had
to let it stand over; but to show how eyes vary in seeing differences, or rather in not
seeing the most striking and positive characters in determining those differences,
I may note a keen careful eye like C. S. Gregson’s could only make the specimen in
question a $ of Metaxella, whereas H. T. Stainton made it into Schioarziella, but I
still thought it ought to be something different on account of the situation being so
totally at variance with where Schioarziella occurs. Well, this season I was determined
to .settle the question, and towards the end of May I set off again in quest of more
specimens and to see the habits and general ways of the supposed pilella or a new
species. I took a score of specimens of both sexes in splendid condition, flying in
the hot sun, most actively starting up from among the Vaccinium, and when soaring
up into the fir trees they looked almost like worn Adela viridella, giving them quite
a green shining tint; the flight first of all in general appearance settled me they were
no Schioarziella and no Metaxella, I take the latter among alders about 2 miles lower
down. In the next place, just get pilella into your net and it wants all the wind
you can spare to blow it back in the net to box it, and when boxed it runs about as

45

rapidly as Tinea pellionella in the box. I watch them carefully through the glass-
topped boxes, those habits conclusively put Schivarziella to one side. I sent six to
Mr. Stainton, both sexes, in fine order, he writes me they are Nemophora pilella, a
species that has been taken in Grlen Tilt, and at Eannoch, Scotland, and among
Vaccinium, in Grermany ; now that he sees a fine series, not having before seen many
I specimens, he has no doubt mine are this species, the main and most distinctive dif-
I ference being the dark under-wings which are quite of a purplish black, I may add
there are no other plants for the larva to feed on but Vaccinium and fir, little or no
heath grows beneath the fir trees ; I never had this species before, and what I have
! seen under this name in collections are only Schwarziella ; even Schwarziella1 s fore-
| wings are not as rounded as those of N. pilella nor yet so scaly ; it comes near
! Metaxella in general appearance. — J. B. Hodgkinson, 15, Spring Bank, Preston :

: June 13 th, 1880.

Strange habitat for the larva of Batrachedra prceangusta. — On the 10th inst., I
received from Lord Walsingham a healthy living larva of this species, which he had
found in a nest of a goldfinch. Lord Walsingham writes thus : — “ In the lining of
“ a goldfinch’s nest I found to-day the larva sent herewith. At first it puzzled me
u much, but when I saw the lining of the nest was made of the cotton-like down from
“ the sallow catkins, I recognised the larva of Batrachedra prceangusta. During the
** last two seasons I had searched more than once for this larva to send you, but in
“ vain”.

The occurrence of larvae in birds’s-nests is nothing unusual, as they are the natural
1 habitat of Tinea lapella and possibly of some other species of the genus Tinea ; but
I in the present instance the larva was a foreign body accidentally introduced , and no
doubt the larva itself helped to explain to Lord Walsingham of what materials the
I lining of the nest was really composed, for the larva of B. prceangusta is so remarkably
conspicuous that any one who has once seen it can hardly fail to recognise it wherever
l met with. — H. T. Stainton, Mountsfield, Lewisham, S.E. : June 12 th, 1880.

Bidophasia Messingiella at HoJcendorf near Stettin. — On the 16th instant (I
| was then on a visit to Dr. Dohrn, at his residence at Hokendorf), I went in the fore-
noon to a locality where I knew that the larva of B. Messingiella was to be found on
Cardamine amara. Though we had had a long period of dry weather, I found it
just as moist in the alder-woods as usual. I remained there sweeping the low
herbage (though much tormented by midges) for two hours and collected upwards
of 100 larvae, of different sizes, of Bidophasia Messingiella. To-day about a score
have spun up and two are already in pupa. — P. C. Zeller, Griinhof, near Stettin :
May 21st, 1880.

Mamestra pomerana, at Misdroy on the Baltic. — My friend Professor Hering
has made two excursions lately. He and Herr Biittner were at Misdroy on the
Baltic, where they obtained from under the roots of Artemisia maritima , buried in
the sand, about 150 pupae of Mamestra pomerana. (I do not know whether this
species has yet been detected in England). At the same place they also found a
number of larvae of Agrotis prcecox. — Id.

\Mamestra pomerana is described by Gr. Schulz in the Stettin, ent. Zeitung,1869,

46

[July,

p. 51 ; Staudinger refers the insect as a variety to Mamestra Leineri of Freyer (IN’.
B. 184, 3). It may be worth searching for on our Eastern coasts, where Artemisia
maritima grows freely. — H. T. S.]

Coccyx Ochsenheimeriana near TJietford. — I have met with six more specimens
of Coccyx Ochsenheimeriana here lately among Abies cephalonica. Their habit
appears to be to fly about 4 o’clock in the afternoon in the sunshine, at the ends of
branches of the above-named fir.

I rather hope to breed them another year from the cones, if, as I fancy, their
habits are similar to those of C. strobilana. It is a beautiful little species, but very
scarce. I have worked many days for them lately and have had men looking for
them for the last three weeks, with only the small result which I have mentioned. —
Walsingham, Merton Hall, Thetford : June 14th, 1880.

Argyresthia cerariella ( Stainton , Tint. Ann., 1871, p. 100, and 1874, p. 25) bred. —
From larvae collected last August at the Brushes, near Manchester, feeding in the
berries of mountain ash, I have just bred a series of Argyresthia cerariella. Plenty
of A. conjugella are emerging, but no intermediate forms have yet appeared ; cerariella
is certainly a species, the males and females copulate freely, but never yet have been
observed to do so with conjugella. I am sorry to say that this insect is not likely to
be abundant. — J. H. Threleall, 4, East Cliff, Preston : June 2nd , 1880.

Discovery of the winged form of Prosopistoma punctifrons. — On the 7th inst.
I received a hurriedly-written post-card, dated the 5th, from Dr. Emile Joly, of
Marseilles, announcing the fact that his colleague, M. Vayssiere, had just shown him
a bred sub-imago of Prosopistoma punctifrons, which proved to be one of the
Ephemeridce, of small size, with four wings and three caudal setae. Thus, the per-
sistent energy of Prof. N. Joly and his son, and of M. Vayssiere, has solved a mystery
that has existed since 1762, when G-eoffroy first described the aquatic condition as
“ Le Binocle a queue en plumet,” which subsequently found itself located by Latreille
in the Crustacea, under the name Prosopistoma punctifrons. The entomological
public awaits with natural impatience fuller details of this most interesting dis-
covery.— R. McLachlan, Lewisham, London: 18 th June, 1880.

The generic name Pachymerus in Hemiptera. — In vol. xvi, p. 260, I said that
“ Pachymerus is not available in Hemiptera, unless it can be shown that Latreille
and Amyot and Serville were in error.”

Dr. Puton replies (Bull. Ent. Soc. France, Ho. 8, 1880, p. 83) by repeating his
former statement that Pachymerus, Lep. et Serv. {Hemiptera) , has priority over
Pachymerus, Latr. (both dated 1825), because it is cited by the latter author, and
this, notwithstanding, he has just before, in the same work, used the name for a
genus of his own ; and Dr. Puton further says that Amyot and Serville were mis-
taken as to dates, and accepted as prior a name which at the time (1825) was un-
published. Now, I put the matter hypothetically, because I gave Latreille credit
for knowing what he was about, and was only employing a name he had previously
brought into use ; and I naturally believed that Amyot and Serville also were sure
of their statement concerning the priority of Latreille’s genus and their consequent

1880.]

47

deposition of that of Lep. and Serv. Dr. Puton, however, says that when I can
quote a work of Latreille, prior to 1825, in which he established the genus Pachy-
merus in Coleoptera he will be of my opinion. It rests on Dr. Puton’s inference
that such a priority does not exist, that the name Pachymerus, Lep. and Serv.,
must be revived in Hemiptera and Pachymerus, Latr., be suppressed in Coleoptera.
— J. W. Douglas, 8, Beaufort Gardens, Lewisham : May 22nd, 1880.

Uetrifur.

The Geological Antiquity oe Insects, twelve papers on Fossil Entomology :
by Herbert Goss, F.L.S. London : John Yan Voorst, 1880, 50 pp. 8vo.

Mr. Goss, with a view (as we believe) to rendering them known amongst
Geologists as well as amongst Entomologists, has reprinted and published (in a cheap
separate form) the series of papers by him that appeared in Yols. xv and xvi of this
Magazine, with such additions and corrections as appeared necessary. The combined
papers constitute a very useful outline sketch of what is known, and of what has
been done, in a special branch of palaeontology, and cannot fail to be useful, especially
for the copious bibliographical references.

©Intuarjj.

Professor Kirschbaum. — On the 2nd March last, Dr. Carl Ludwig Kirschbaum,
Professor at the Gymnasium at Wiesbaden since 1848, died at the age of 68 years.
In the “ Entomologische Nachrichten ” of the 15th April is a long biographical notice
extracted from the “ Niederrheinischen Zeitung,” by which it appears that he was
for 25 years Inspector of the Natural History Museum at Wiesbaden, and that he
was highly esteemed in his own country and honoured in others. To Entomologists
in general he is known by his “ Die Rhynchoten der Gegend von Wiesbaden, Die
Capsinen,” 1855; “ Die Atbysanus-Arten der Gegend von Wiesbaden,” 1858; and
“Die Cicadinen der Gegend von Wiesbaden und Frankfurt a.M.,” 1868. These
works have their merits and demerits ; the errors of identification, re-description of
known species as new, &c., being due in a great degree to want of research and
communication with contemporary workers.

Entomological Society oe London, April 7th, 1880. — H. T. Stainton, Esq.,
F.R.S., &c., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following were elected ordinary Members, viz. : — Messrs. C. G. Bignell, of
Stonehouse, Plymouth ; W. D. Cansdale, of Witham, Essex ; Frank Crisp, LL.B.,
Secretary Royal Microscopical Society, and the Rev. W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.L.S. , of
Repton, Burton-on-Trent. Mons. E. Andre, of Beaune, was elected a Foreign
Member.

Mr. Carrington exhibited a pale variety of Arctia caja, bred by an experimenter
as to the effects of coloured glass with reference to variation ; there was no reason
to believe in any correlation between the variety exhibited and the conditions under
which it was bred.

Mr. Rothney communicated “ Notes on the attraction the Dahlia causes to
insects in North India,” as opposed to remarks by Mr. J. W. Slater, at the meeting

48

[July, 1880.

on April 2nd, 1879. Mr. Rothney found the Dahlia very attractive to almost all
kinds of insects which never suffered from any narcotic or otherwise injurious
effects.

Mr. Cameron communicated “Notes on the coloration and development of
insects.”

Professor Westwood communicated “Notes on gynandromorphous examples of
Cirrocliroa Aoris, an Indian butterfly, and on Cetonia aurata and Protaclia Bensoni .”

5 th May, 1880. — H. T. Stainton, Esq., F.R.S., &c., in the Chair.

Mr. Peter Inchbald, of Hovingham, Yorkshire, formerly a Member, was
re-elected.

Mr. W. C. Boyd exhibited a pale variety of Nyssia hispidaria, $ , recently taken
at light at Cheshunt Station.

Mr. Walhouse exhibited sundry Geodephagous Coleoptera, found at a great
altitude in India.

Mr. Distant exhibited a long series of Ptyelus Goudoti from Madagascar (allied
to our common Cuckoo-spit insect), illustrating the great variation that exists (as
in Pt. spumaria). The larva was known to emit a frothy secretion, and in such
quantities, that it dropped from the trees like rain.

Mr. Billups exhibited two living examples of Cardbus auratus, found in the
Borough Market, London, and believed to have been imported from Belgium.

Mr. Pascoe said he had lately heard it asserted that a Sphinx with a haustellum
sufficiently long to reach the nectary of Anagrcecum sesquipedale of Madagascar, had
been recently discovered, and asked for confirmation of this. No Member present
was able to confirm the statement.

Miss E. A. Ormerod, in presenting a copy of the “Cobharn Journals,” drawn up
from obseiwations on the correlation of meteorological influences with the condition of
animal and vegetable life, made by Miss Molesworth at Cobharn, Surrey, over a
period of about 44 years (1825 — 1850), remarked on the necessity of combined action
in making public similar observations in future.

2 nd June, 1880. — Sib John Ltjbbock, Bakt., M.P., &c., President, in the
Chair.

Miss G. Ormerod, of Isle worth, and Mr. H. Lufton, of Chapel Allerton, Leeds,
were elected Members.

Mr. Walhouse exhibited a collection of moths formed by himself at Mangalore,
on the Malabar coast.

Mr. Finzi exhibited (on behalf of Mr. Lowrey) an example of Arctia fuliginosa,
in which one antenna was congenitally absent. The President stated that he had
occasionally bred ants with only one antenna, and one example with no antennae,
this latter being helpless when out of the nest.

The President exhibited an Australian ant, allied to Camponotus, remarkable
for having its abdomen enormously distended (resembling that of a gravid queen
Termite), so that it was little else than an animated honey-bag. In this it was
analogous to another (American) species forming the genus Myrmecocystus of
Wesmael.

The Rev. H. S. Gorham communicated the concluding part of his “ Materials
for a Revision of the Lampyridce, .”

August, 1880.]

49

SOME FACTS IN THE LIFE-HISTORY OF GASTROPHYSA RAPHANL

BY J. A. OSBOBKE, M.D.

Having hibernated in the perfect state, underground, as I believe,
the beetles of Gastrophysa raphani reappear in spring with the first
warm weather at the end of March or beginning of April. At their
earliest resurrection, still sexually immature, male and female are un-
distinguishable, except as larger size and earlier appearance afford a
presumption in favour of the latter sex. Very soon, however, begins
that enlargement of the abdomen in the $ , due to the development
of the ovaries, and the formation of eggs in them, from which the
genus takes its name, and which, to save circumlocution in speaking
of it again, may be conveniently designated by the term gastrophysm.
Until gastrophysm has been, to some extent at least, developed, I
believe there is no fertile union of the sexes. No eggs are laid until
it has reached its full extent, when all the abdominal spiracles (four
on each side) are completely uncovered, the elytra are tilted upwards
reaching only to the middle of the high convexity of the abdomen,
j and even somewhat separated at the extremities. In the recently
! excluded imago, on the other hand, the dorsal and ventral segments
j of the abdomen are connected by a broad wing-like fold of skin along
I either side, in the angle of which the spiracles are seen looking directly
| upwards.

These insects eat, both in the larva and imago states, the various
common species of dock and sorrel. The eggs are laid on the under-
side of the leaf, only rarely, and, as it were, accidentally, on the
upper. The batch consists usually of 40 — 50 eggs ; and I have counted
as many as nineteen batches on the under-side of a single leaf, and
seen others with, I am sure, many more. The same $ will lay again
i perhaps in less than 48 hours, and will continue laying for some weeks.

The ovipositor is telescopic-tubular. It consists of (at least) two
pieces. The outer tube, which is exserted first betwreen the semi-
circular valves of the pygidium, and remains exserted during oviposi-
tion, is bilabiate, having an upper and lower emarginate lip, which
open by lateral angles. They are strengthened, especially the upper
lip, by lateral, crescentic, chitmous thickenings, of darker colour, whose
sharply defined convexity is towards the extremity of the lip, shading
off less definitely forwards into the substance of the yellowish trans-
parent tube. The upper lip, like the upper valve of the pygidium,
has also a whitish ciliation. Shining through this upper lip, with its
crescentic clouds, may be seen twro black incrassate-linear appendages,

50

[August,

which are also furnished with whitish ciliae at the broadened extremity,
running backwards and inwards, but not meeting in an angle. This is
the condition of things during the interval between the laying of two
eggs. When an egg is being laid, or rather, during the latter half of
the process, an inner transparent tube prolapses, bringing with it
(attached to its upper lateral margins) the two black appendages just
mentioned. The egg comes forward by jerks, and, after it touches
the glass (I am describing the process here as watched through the glass
cover of the pot on which the beetle was laying her eggs), there is a
pause of some seconds before the complete extrusion of the egg.
During this pause about half the egg is seen, and the ovipositor, viewed
from the dorsal side, is hidden by the upper valve of the pygidium.
Only at the final complete expulsion of the egg does the inner tube,
with its appendages, come down. These appendages have motions of
apposition with one another, and with the two chitinous portions of
the lower lip of the outer tube, by which the end of the egg can be
grasped as it were between four fingers ; and it is so grasped and
settled in its place, upon its side, in row with the other eggs, before
anything more is done. The beetle then shifts its position a little ;
the ovipositor (the inner tube and its appendages having been re-
tracted) is moved uneasily from side to side ; and, after an interval of
variable duration, another egg is seen coming forward by jerks to the
glass (or other surface on which the eggs are being deposited). The
whole process usually occupies something less than a minute. I reckon
normally seven eggs in five minutes, but the rate varies much in dif-
ferent individuals, and is much slower towards the end of the batch.
At this rate an average batch of eggs would be deposited in something
over half an hour. As I have said, the eggs are laid almost uni-
versally on that surface of the leaf which is undermost at the time ;
and if, in confinement, a leaf be turned over while the beetle is engaged
in oviposition, she will most likely walk away, and subsequently com-
plete the operation on the other side of the leaf, it may be shortly, or
it may be after an interval of several hours. One knows that it is
the completion of the same batch by the sum of the two parcels
agreeing with what was to be expected. The average number of eggs
in a batch I found to be about 45, but the actual number varies in
different females, though it is pretty constantly the same for the same
individual ; or rather, the alternate batches agree in number, a cir-
cumstance which seems to be accounted for by the alternate unbur-
thening of themselves by two independent ovaries. Sometimes,
however, both act together or in immediate succession, and a double

51

batch is the result, the number of the eggs in which is equal to the
sum of two successive ordinary batches of the same individual ; and
when, as already mentioned, a beetle is interrupted in the middle of a
batch, the next deposited eggs will be found to be the complement of
the batch so interrupted ; and if there has been any considerable in-
terval between these two portions, there will be a corresponding
interval between their times of hatching out, showing that the eggs
are only fertilized when they are about to be laid, or in their passage
from the ovaries to the ovipositor. The interval between two layings
varies in different individuals, and sometimes in the same individual ;
but the average may be stated at two days or somewhat less. Twenty,
thirty, or more than forty batches may be laid during the life of an
individual.

As to the arrangement of the eggs upon the leaf, the first thing
to be noticed is that they are laid upon their sides, and not set
on end like the eggs of butterflies and those of the Colorado beetle, &c.
The typical arrangement seems to be in rows, to the axis of which the
long axis of the egg is inclined, at an angle somewhat under 90°.
These rows are commonly broken in the middle by an angle which
may have been originally determined by the furcation of the nerves of
the leaf. The ends of the eggs in each succeeding row fit into the
intervals between the ends of the preceding one ; the last laid eggs,
however, are commonly less regular in their arrangement. The whole
batch has thus a somewhat fanlike or radiate appearance, and the apical
or caudal angle, when it can be made out, indicates the first-laid end
of the batch, and the direction in which all the tails of the future
larvae will be found lying ; the first-laid end of the egg always (or
nearly always*) being the caudal end.

The individual egg is of a generally elliptical contour, about li —
1^ millimetres in length by half a mm. broad ; but there is commonly
a divergence from the perfectly elliptical form in two respects, im-
pressed upon the egg, as it would seem, in the act of oviposition.
During that pause of which mention has been made, after the first
half of the egg has been extruded, its long axis no longer corresponds
with the axis of the ovipositor, and a sort of curvature is impressed
upon it, giving the egg a subrenif orm or sausage shape, except that its

* I have recently met with two apparent exceptions to this rule, both in the same batch, and
in a portion of it where the eggs were very regularly disposed. Two eggs, viz. , one in the middle
of a row and one at the end of it, lay with their heads in the same direction as the tails of all the
rest. Now, if these eggs, lying orderly in line with the rest, were not laid head-first in place of
tail-first, the beetle, in laying them, and those immediately after them, must have executed a
very nice, difficult, and apparently useless manoeuvre in reversing her position some three or four
times, so as to bring'the eggs into the exact situations they would have occupied if she had gone
on in the usual way. — J. A. O.

52

[August,

transverse diameter is not diminished (rather increased, perhaps) in
the middle. Moreover, the grasping of the last half of the egg by the
finger-like appendages (and I have seen the flexible shell strongly in-
dented by their action) tends to force the contents towards the other
extremity, and so diminish the size of the last laid, which is also the
cephalic, end of the egg. These conditions are often persistent ; so
that I believe it may be possible to tell by them which side of the egg
looked ventrally, i. e., towards the surface of attachment, when laid,
and which end will contain the head of the future larva.

When fresh laid, and enveloped in the glutinous matter, the eggs
are perfectly smooth, shining and opaque. The colour is a clear yolk-
yellow, varying a good deal in depth of tint in different individuals.
I had once two females laying in the same pot whose eggs I could
very easily distinguish in this way. There are often red ticks or short
hyphen-like lines scattered sparsely and without regularity over the
surface, like the markings on birds’ eggs. I have seen a speck of this
red matter on the glutinous substance extending between two eggs and
not attached to either.

The eggs should be kept in a moist atmosphere during incubation,
which preserves them plump and free from indentations, and greatly
facilitates the hatching-out of the larvae. I generally cut out the
piece of dock with the eggs upon it, and put it into a plaster-of-paris
tray covered by a pane of glass. The eggs may either be turned down
in the natural position, or up towards the light ; in any case, the
venter of the larva developes on the side that is uppermost, whether
that be the free surface of the egg or the surface of attachment.*
This result is the same when all the light and heat falling on the eggs
is made to reach them only from beneath, as I have proved by keeping
them over mirrors, while the upper surface was kept cool by evapora-
tion. It seems to be an affair of gravitation, as in the avian and
batrachian egg. As the mature larva escapes from the free surface of
the shell with the back of the thorax first, in those eggs which have
been kept in the reverse position, and in which the venter of the larva
has developed next the free surface, the young larva is obliged to make
a half revolution on its long axis within the shell, before it can burst
the latter and escape out of it. It twists itself round, bringing into
view the abdominal spiracles in a spiral line and the four conspicuous
warts on the dorsum, to be presently described as the “ thoracic
square.”

* This statement is only absolute for eggs laid evenly on a horizontal surface, and kept in the
same position throughout incubation. Even then, individual exceptions will he met with, as in the
still rarer case of the cephalic and caudal ends lying the contrary way. — J. A. O.

1880. J

53

The period of incubation varies, within my observation, from
fourteen days to six, according to the season and the temperature.
The first eggs I obtained this year were laid on the 6th of April, and
hatched out on the 20th. In 1877 I had eggs in the third week in
August (the warmest in that year), which hatched in six days. From
that date the period of incubation gradually increased again to eight
and eight and a half days. When hatching is imminent, a sudden and
obvious change comes over the batch of eggs ; the clear yellow colour
has given place to a darker muddy discolouration, due apparently to
the development of black warts and spiracles and oblique lines of hairs
on the body of the larva, and to the complete detachment of the larva
itself from the enclosing shell. Conspicuous at this stage, on the
dorsal surface, are four relatively large, somewhat triangularly-shaped,
blackish spots (warts) seated on the meso- and meta-thorax in a
quadrate form, and which I call the thoracic square. Within and
behind these are, on either side the median line, two rows of black
hairs, appressed, and running obliquely backwards and inwards. In
front of the thoracic square the head of the larva is noticeable by its
\ translucency, while the slightest inclination to one side or other brings
into view the eye-spots, a group of five reddish points on each side of
i the head. Seen laterally, and perhaps seen more distinctly at a some-
what earlier stage, because not then liable to be confounded with the
antennae and palpi, these five eye-spots are grouped, four in a diamond
whose long axis points obliquely backwards and a little ventrally, whilst
the fifth, somewhat further away on the ventral side, seems to lie in
the continuation of a concave anteriorly, crescentic line, formed by
itself and the two anterior eye-spots of the rhomboid. Assuming the
head to be composed originally of annular segments, these three eye-
spots would seem to lie on one, the remaining two on that immediately
posterior to it.

The larva now exhibits slow but constantly repeated vermicular
movements ; the mandibles open and shut ; the tail is generally re-
curved towards the dorsum. There is, as it were, a crowding forward,
and an endeavour to advance in the shell by vermicular movements
chiefly, and in which the legs take no part, while the anal pro-leg is in
frequent requisition. The large warts of the thoracic square, armed
with double hairs, are constantly sliding backward and forward along
the shell. At last, an invisible slit in the longitudinal line of two of
these warts on one side is effected, revealed at first only by the slow
erection of a hair which has escaped through it. There is a hump or
protuberance near the head, seeming to be formed by the prothorax,

54

[August,

though of much greater size than the prothorax alone would account
for. On the posterior slope of this protuberance may be seen the
thoracic square, while in front the head seems bent down and in
towards the sternum. Pressure is thus brought to bear on this region
of the shell. The abdomen appears attenuated posteriorly, leaving
empty spaces between it and the shell, as if to make up for the
increased thickness in the thoracic region. The vermicular movements
continue ; the anal pro-leg, at first dorsally recurved, moves forward
in the shell. A process of the prothorax (which is somewhat more
translucent than the other segments of the thorax) is protruded
through the opening. It is wedge-shaped, the pro thoracic spiracle at
its posterior margin— the dorsum broadened, and the prosternum
running out in the thin edge of the wedge. In front of it, the larva
is nipped in, as it were, at the neck, abruptly to the head, whilst
behind, the meso- and metathorax slope off towards the abdomen more
gradually. After awhile the head is drawn out, vertex first. The
hairs on the head point forwards, those on the other segments back-
wards, and so oppose a return. Head and shoulders out, it seems to
rest awhile. The remainder of the body follows more easily, taking
15 or 20 minutes ; but the tail of the larva remains much longer
within the now somewhat rounded opening in the clear transparent
shell.

The hatching having begun in one or two, others follow, and not
in the order in which they were laid, after a longer or shorter interval ;
but it may be several hours before all are hatched out, although laid
within half an hour or a little more. And this extension of the time
for a whole batch is still further increased in the successive following
metamorphoses. In the meantime, the first hatched larvae will often
attack and destroy the eggs still unhatched, even when not compelled
thereto by want of other food. In nearly every batch there will be
found a few “residual” eggs — undeveloped or arrested — 2 or 3 in
general, or half a dozen. Sometimes many more, especially in the
batches first laid by a $ , and towards the end of her career, when, in
the latter case, there will generally be found a number of eggs, ab-
normal in shape and size, smaller and sometimes spherical — all of
which never come to anything.

The larva feeds according to the season and the weather, from 12
to 18 days, during which time it moults twice, so dividing the period
into three pretty equal stages. After it is fed up it is quiescent for
2 or 3 days before pupation. At the time of the first moult it is from
^2 to 2j mm. long ; and 4 to 4^ mm. when it undergoes the second

1880.]

55

ecdysis. The old skin splits in the usual way over the dorsum of the
thorax, and the new larva comes out yellow and translucent, but soon
re-acquiring the sooty black, which is its usual colour. The whole
process occupies about 15 or 20 minutes, but may be much longer,
especially till the tail is quite free. The mandibles are well seen in
the freshly moulted larva. They have five acute reddish teeth, of which
the lowermost but one is the largest, and is serrate-edged. The middle
one is next in size, and the lowermost of all minute. Before pupation
the larvae creep persistently under any cover they can find, and become
fastened slightly to the surface on which they are lying by their own
exudations. They then become quiescent, and gradually get contracted
and thickened. Just before pupation, however, the larva is somewhat
elongated in shape. There is loose infolded skin at the tail end
(owing, probably, to crowding forward of the pupa in the old skin).
A small longitudinal split occurs over the second thoracic segment,
through which the yellow colour of the pupa is very distinctly seen.
This split extends forwards, forking at the head, and backwards, and
in from 5 to 6 minutes the pupa is free to the tail. The anterior
portion of the alimentary canal may be seen withdrawn from the mouth
* — a short tube with a black speck generally at the end of it. The
posterior portion of the gut, however, is not cast off so soon, and 5 or
6 minutes more elapse before the pupa is quite free of the old skin.
It is at first elongated and larva-like, but soon becomes broadened and
shortened.

The time occupied by the whole batch in going through this
metamorphosis is again longer than it took to hatch out, as the
hatching itself extended over a considerably longer period than the
laying of the eggs. Something again depends upon the season, but
apart from this, the tendency of the whole brood to “ scatter,” as it
were, like shot from a gun, is very obvious. If the 40 or 50 larvse
could be reared safely to this stage, they would probably take con-
siderably over a day to pupate ; and as there is a general divergence
in the whole batch, there is a much greater straggling in a few indi-
viduals.

The pupa, like the eggs, is yellow ; as, on the contrary, the body,
in the alternating larva and imago stages, is black. This state lasts
for about 7 days, and its duration varies less -with time and tempera-
ture than that of any other condition through which the insect passes
— say from 6 days to 7|.

I have not noticed exactly how long the individual imago takes in
its exclusion from the pupa-skin — about as long, I should say, as in

56

[August,

the moulting of the larva. The batch, however, is considerably longer
in going through the last metamorphosis than it was in changing from
larvae to pupae. As usual, the main body come more closely together,
while there are loose stragglers both before and after. Nor do the
pupae become beetles in the same order in which they became pupae.

The newly excluded beetle is at first pale yellow, with the excep-
tion of the parts above mentioned, but soon acquires its natural
colours. The elytra are so soft at first, that impressions may be made
on them which they will retain ever afterwards, as, for example, by
lying on a hard smooth surface, such as that of delf.

Male and female are not to be distinguished with any certainty
at first, at least by external marks alone, and it is only by the gradual
development of gastrophysm in the ? that the sexes can be discrimi-
nated. By separating the beetles, however, in the order of their
exclusion, I have found that in a batch the females are, on the whole,
the first to be excluded. In one lot, for example, of 31 beetles, I placed
the first 12 in the order of their exclusion in 12 boxes, correspondingly
numbered ; and of the remainder (disclosed the following day) six of
the largest and best developed were similarly isolated. Of the first
12 all turned out females but the 10th and 11th ; whilst among the
latter six there was only one £ .

These observations were made with the further object of watching
the development and progress of gastrophysm in each beetle. I must
recall that there are four abdominal spiracles on each side, situated on
the first four abdominal segments of the imago ; and as the abdomen
enlarges and its dorsal segments become convex, not only the pygidium
and the margins of the abdomen are uncovered, but spiracle after
spiracle comes into view, and is left behind by the retreating margins
of the elytra, until the fourth (reckoning from behind) is fully
exposed. Then, and not before, the first eggs will be laid. The
development of gastrophysm occupies from 8 or 9 to 11 or 12 days,
according to the season.

With the laying of the first eggs the cycle is complete, from egg
to egg again ; and the whole period so occupied I found to be at the
shortest 39 days — ordinarily about 6 weeks — and in colder weather
extending over a considerably longer time.

The union of the sexes in those beetles which are to pass the
winter, would seem to be deferred till the following spring. This is
rather a prolonged business, when it does take place, and is frequently
repeated when opportunity serves, but once sufficiently effected, no
further re-union is necessary to the continued fertility of the $ . On
the other hand, the same J1 seems to be capable of fertilizing many
females in succession.

1880. J

57

The virgin beetle lays eggs, as far as I know, in the same numbers,
and with the same frequency, as the impregnated $ , but these eggs
are almost uniformly barren. One instance I have met with of a
single egg, among several hundreds laid by a $ which I bred myself,
and kept isolated from her exclusion, going through all the stages of
development within the shell, till the time for hatching arrived, when
it perished. I have given the particulars in “ Nature,” vol. xx, p. 430.*

Milford, Letterkenny, Ireland :

25 th May, 1880.

ANARTA MELANOPA AT HOME.

BY MBS. J. FRASER.

This pretty little moth abounds on the tops of many of the
: Scottish mountains. In Perthshire I have found it on every Ben
which I have ascended to the height of two thousand feet and upwards,
during May and early June. It is not among the lovely mountain
wild flowers nor yet on the heather that it is found, hut when the
altitude is reached where the heather grows thin and sparse and the
grey lichen takes its place as a covering to the surface, there Anarta
melanopa may be seen flying rapidly in the sunshine, or even on sun-
less days if the air be mild. On at least two mountain tops where
melanopa exists in large numbers, the rocks are of a peculiar grey
colour, 'which matches perfectly with the upper wing of the insect, and
in those two localities I observed that it almost invariably alighted
on the rock and was then all but invisible. Very rarely did it rest on
the lichen, and although the resemblance in colour of the moth to the
grey lichen was very great, it was not so perfect as the resemblance
between the moth and the rocks, the latter thus affording a more
perfect concealment while at rest. In other localities where the rocks
are of a colour unlike the upper wing of melcinopa , it invariably, as
far as I could see, settled on the lichen-covered ground, and I did not
see a single specimen alight on either rock or stone.

I have never in any locality observed melanopa lower down than
where the lichen begins to take the place of other plants, and on a
i mountain side in May or early June with a hot sun and a cool fresh
-wind blowing over snowy peaks, it is a gladsome sight to see this
pretty moth, which, with the ptarmigan, the dotterel, and the mountain
hare, are almost the only living things to be seen.

18, Moray Terrace, Edinburgh :

2&th June, 1880.

* The results of observations in which I am still engaged enable me amply to confirm this
statement, and to prove that parthenogenesis in this species up to the hatching out of the larvae
does occasionally occur. — J. A. O.

53

f August,

NEW SPECIES OE ACAETHODERES ( COLEOPTERA , LONGICORNIA,
FAMILY LAMIADAZ).

BY H. W. BATES, E.L.S.

The genus Acanthoderes is interesting from its peculiar geo-
graphical distribution. Having its head quarters in Tropical America,
a few outlying species are found in W estern Africa, and in the tem-
perate zones of North America, Asia, and Europe. The chief European
representative is the well-known A. varius , which seems to stand in the
relation of a “ synthetic ” type to the divergent and wonderfully-varied
specific forms, undoubtedly congeneric, which abound in South America.

Acanthoderes yetustus.

Elongato-oblongus, sub-depressus, rufescenti-fuscus, elytris litura circumflexa
pone medium , guttisque numerosis, atro-fuscis ; lineis obliquis (quarum duabus
utrinque angulariter dispositis prope basin , alteraque angulari prope apicem )
guttisque apud suturam et later a, cinereis ; thorace tuberculis dorsalibus ( duobus )
later alibusque validis, his cinereo-cinctis : elytris cristis basalibus serratis, carina
dorsali nulla ; dorso sparsim punctatis, apice sinuatim transverse truncatis, angulo
suturali prominulo, exteriori spiniformi : antennis corpore multo longioribus, artieulis
3 — 6, cinereo-biannulatis, 7 — 11, basi cinereis : tarsis rufescenti-cinereis, posticis
angustis , articulo primo elongato. Long . 6 — 8^ lin ., $ .

South Brazil and Ecuador (Macas, Buckley). Belongs to a group
of species of similar elongated form and variegated markings, which
have slender hind tarsi and rather narrow mesosternum.

Acanthoderes longitarsis.

Valde elongatus, convexus, rufescenti-fuscus, nigro-punctatus, lituraque circum-
flexa elytrorum pone medium nigra : thorace tuberibus validis : elytris medio longi-
tudinaliter costatis, tuberculis parvis acutis asperatis, apice truncatis et utrinque
cequaliter bidentatis : tarsis fulvis, posticis articulo primo gracili, quam 2 et 3 con-
junct is multo longiori. Long. 12£ lin., $ .

Ecuador (from the Saundersian collection). In this species, the
length and slenderness of the first joint of the hind tarsi reaches its
maximum. The elytra have no trace of the cinereous lines which dis-
tinguish A. vetustus ; the antennas are ringed with cinereous or fulvous
in a similar manner in all the allied species.

Acanthoderes sat anas.

A. Swederi proxime affinis at major, prcecipue robustior. Latissimus, niger,
opacus ; capite (prope labrum) maculis duabus minutis, thoraceque lateralibus
duabus fere obsoletis, flavis : elytris apice rotundatis, maculis flavis utrinque
duabus (altera suturali altera later ali) , guttis duabus ad basin, alter is que (duabus vel
tribus) sub-obsoletis ad apicem : pedibus validissimis nigris, tarsis latis, artieulis
3 et 4 fulvis : pectore immaculato. Long. 8 lin., $ .

Chanchamayo, Peru (Thamm).

59

Acanthoderes Thammi.

A. rubripedi (Bates) simillimus, at differt antennarum articulis 3t0 et 4to line-
ar ibus-compressis, apice nullo modo dilatatis. Castaneo-fuscus, Icete croceo-maculatus ,
pedibus antennisque rubris,femoribus tibiisque basi et apice nigris, tarsis aureo-fulvis,
articulo basali obscuriori : maculis croceis ita dispositis : — apud frontem, genas et
occipitem utrinque macula una ; ad thoracis latera utrinque maculce magnce duce, et
( medio dorso ) duce minores : ad elytras utrinque circa decern, quarum quinque majores :
elytris apice recte truncatis, angulis exterioribus vix productis : corpore subtus
lateribus croceo-maculato. Long. 7 — lin., <J ? •

Chanchamayo, Peru (Thamm).

This handsome species of the Swederi group is distinguished from
rufescent varieties of A. Swederi by the second joint of the tarsi being
always golden-tawny like the 3rd and 4th. It is, besides, a larger and
more robust insect, with shorter and stouter legs, and the spots are
larger and of a richer deeper yellow than in Swederi : the two discoidal
spots of the thorax are always present, in other respects the number
and position of the spots both above and beneath are very similar in
the two species.

Aca^thoderes zonattjs.

A. Swederi affinis : castaneo-rufus, tenuissime aureo-tomentosus, elytris fascia
recta paulo ante medium guttisque nonnullis basin versus et post medium, pallide
flavis : antennis articulis 3 — 6 apice, 7 — 11 totis, atro-fuscis, 3 — 4 apice leviter in-
crassatis, 8 — 11 abbreviatis : tibiis anticis apicem versus (prcecipue extus) conspicue
dilatatis : pedibus rubris, genubus tibiisque apice atro-fuscis, tarsis melleofulvis :
corpore subtus atro-fusco, griseo-pubescenti, lateribus (fere ut in A. Swederi) flavo-
maculato. Long. 7 lin., $ .

Cauca Valley, near Granada.

In the dilated apices of the 3rd and 4th antennal joints, and the
diminished length of joints 8 — 11, and in the expanded apices of
the fore tibiae in the $ , this well marked species agrees with A. rubripes
and brevicollis, of Nicaragua, and differs from A. Swederi. The ex-
ceedingly close resemblance of these species, notwithstanding the
abrupt structural modifications, is well worthy of note.

Acanthoderes subtessellattjs.

A. Swederi paullo longior : niger, subopacus, thorace lateribus elytrisque plagi-
atim alhis ; partibus albis nigro-punctatis et laciniatis apud elytras fascias duas
adumbrantibus , viz., altera obliqua ab humeris ducta, altera apicem versus : capite
maculis sex (ut in A. Swederi sitis ) albis : thorace fere impunctato : elytris basin
versus sparsim aspere punctatis , apice transversim flexuoso-truncatis ; angulis exter-
ioribus paullo productis : corpore subtus nigro , albo-maculato ; tibiis medio albis,
tarsis articulis 3 — 4 aureo-fulvis : antennis ut in A. Swederi articulis 3 — 4 usque ad
apicem linearibus, sed differt articulo llmo ( ) precedenti breviori.

Long. 5 — 6| lin., <J •

Ecuador (Buckley).

Another very distinct species of the Swederi group.

GO

[August,

Acanthoderes l^tificus.

Oblong o-ovatus, niger, subnitidus, thorace elytrisque ad latera plagis magnis
laciniatis fulvo-rufis cinereo-marginatis ; elytris juxta suturam cinereo-tessellatis,
dorso planatis, carinis longitudinalibus obtusis, apice longissime utrinque spinosis :
thorace tuberculis lateralibus et dorsalibus minime elevatis, his a linea dorsali punctis
plurimis separatis : antennis articulis 3 — 11 apice setis rigidis acuminatis, basi
griseis : corpore subtus pedibusque nigris, griseo-sericeis : mesosterno lato, bitubercu-
lato : tibiis anticis simplicibus. Long. 6 lin., $ .

Ecuador (Buckley).

An extremely pretty species, distinguished, besides its colours, by
the very long apical spine of the elytra and the scarcely prominent
thoracic tubercles.

Acanthoderes luctuosus.

JElongatus, postice angustatus, supra albus, nigro-fasciatus et maculatus, subtus
niger, abdomine utrinque albo-vittato ; pedibus nigris, femorum tibiarumque basi rufis,
harum medio albo-annulato ; tarsis nigris, posticis articulo primo basi griseo ; an-
tennis nigris, articulis 2 — 8 basi carneo-griseis : capite nigro, vitta lata mediana
( usque ad labrum extensa et medio nigra) alba : thorace vittis tribus nigris, tuberibus
validissimis : scutello nigro lateribus albis : elytris carinis dorsalibus valde elevatis
antice ad basin porrectis, apice recte sinuatim truncatis, angulis exterioribus paullo
productis, vittis nigris valde dentatis obliquis tribus, \ma ab humero valde obliqua
versus suturam, 2n<^a post medium fere transversa, &a prope apicem; macula utrinque
medio basi, altera medio margine, nigris ; antennis articulis 8 — 11 abbreviatis, $ fere
ovatis et intus ciliatis ; tibiis anticis utroque sexu extus apice valde dilatatis.

Long. 8 — 9 lin., $ ^ .

Bio Janeiro, Brazil.

This common Brazilian insect, known in collections under the
catalogue name here adopted, has, I believe, never been described.

Acanthoderes pupillatus.

A. lucfcuosae quoad formam simillimus, sed aliter coloratus. Pallide fusco-
griseus, lituris albo-griseis plus minusve variegatus ; prothorace maculis rotundis
quatuor , elytris utrinque septem, scutelloque medio, nigro-velutinis : femoribus tibiisque
basi, tarsis articulo unguiculari, antennarum articulis 3 — 9 basi, carneo-griseis ;
tibiis griseo-annulatis, anticis simplicibus : antennis articulis apicalibus paullo

abbreviatis, £ haud ovatis, intus dense ciliatis ; elytris humeris subfalcatis.

Long. 7^ — 10 lin., $ $ .

Venezuela and New Granada.

Also a well-known insect in collections, and not previously de-
scribed. I have adopted the name given to it in MS. by M. Cbevrolat.
In form, and in the thoracic tubercles and prominent elytral carinae,
it agrees with A. luctuosus, and with the genus Discopus. The ciliation
of the apical joints of the antennae, and the dilatation of the anterior
tibiae are possessed in minor degree by the European A. vctrius.

Acanthoderes abstersus.

A. pupillato proxime affinis et similis, sed differt colore clare griseo maculisque
nigris majoribus. Latior, clare griseus, opacus, thorace maculis quatuor, elytris
utrinque maculis sex majoribus {tribus marginalibus, duabus ante medium a carind,

1S80.]

61

separatis, sexta multo majori extus carinam post medium ) nigro-velutinis : antennis
griseis, articulis 4 — 8 apice, 9 — 11 totis, nigris ; pedibus griseis,tibiis annulis duobus,
tarsis articulis 2 — 3 nigris : elytris ( ut in A. pupillato) subtrigonis, apice sinuato
truncatis, carina fortissima basi conice porrecta. Long. 81 lin., ? .

Cauca Valley, New Granada.

Acanthoderes letjcodryas.

A. luctuoso affinis sed magis convexus : niger, supra opacus, elytris ( margine
basali maculisque duobus marginalibus tertiaque apicali nigris exceptis) albis, nigro
piperatis : antennis (?) brevibus, articulis 4 — 7 griseis, pedibus nigris nitidis, tibiis
annulo mediano, tarsis articulis 1 et 4 griseis : thorace carina mediana valde elevata
et compressa, tuberibus dorsalibus bicuspidatis. Long. 71 lin., $ .

B. Morona, Ecuador (Buckley).

Acanthoderes elexistigma.

Oblong o-ovatus,fuligineus, supra rufescenti-fuscus, elytris guttulis plurimis, fascia
lata undata post medium, alteraque angusta pr ope apicem, nigris ; antennis pedibusque
nigris, illis articulis 3 — 11 basi cinereis, tarsis griseo-sericeis ; tibiis anticis (?)
extus dilatato-compressis : oculis infra magnis grosse granulatis : capite thoraceque
passim punctatis, hoc tuberculis dorsalibus vix elevatis, lateralibus parvis ; elytris
passim ( basi aspere) punctatis, carina basali obtusa, apice breviter oblique truncatis.

Long. 7 lin., $ .

Para (Henderson).

Acanthoderes carinicollis.

Oblong o-ovatus, ochraceo-fuscus, nigro -punctatus ; elytris f asciis tribus ochraceo-
cinereis, viz., lma post scutellum extus abbreviata, 2ndn valde obliqua a media
j suturd Jiumeros versus extensa ibique bifurcata, 3ma transversa ante apicem : thorace
medio longitudinaliter acute carinato, tuberculis disci parvis, lateralibus conicis
robustis : elytris postice gradatim angustatis, apice sinuatim truncatis, angulis
exterioribus dentiformibus oblique porrectis ; dorso utrinque tri-carinatis, carinis
nigro-maculatis : antennis ( normalibus ) pedibusque ochraceofuscis, inconspicue

i variegatis : tibiis anticis extus gradatim compresso-dilatatis : abdomine medio nigro-
• nitido. Long. 5 lin.

Brazil.

Acanthoderes crocostigma.

Lotus, supra olivaceo-ochr a ceus, capite thoraceque lateribusfasciolisque elytrorum
duabus macularibus, flavis : f route lato, sparse punctato ; oculis parvis transversis ;
thorace sparsim grosse punctato, tuberibus lateralibus magnis et acutis, dorsalibus
I vix elevatis ; scutello nigro : elytris apice brevissime et obtuse truncatis, dorso
| utrinque obtuse carinatis basin versus sparsim tuberculatis ; guttis flavis prcecipue
in fasciolas duas digestis, viz., lma laterali (e guttis rotundatis tribus ) paullo
obliqua, ante medium, 2n^a (e guttis duabus reniformibus) transversa ante apicem ;
sutura autem Jlavo-maculata guttaque parva prope apicem ; antennis brevibus cas-
taneis, articulo 4to dimidio basali albo, 5 — 11 brevissimis : pedibus castaneis, tibiis
annulo Jlavo : corpore subtus nigro nitido, abdomine utrinque flavo-maculato : tibiis
anticis simplicibus. Long. 8 lin., .

B. Morona, Ecuador (Buckley).

By the structure of the antennae, this species would belong to the
genus Scleronotus, but all the other characters of the insect are those
of Acanthoderes.

Bartholomew Road, Kentish Town, N.W. :

July, 1880.

62

[August,

NOTES ON SOME NEUROPTERA-PLANIPENNIA DESCRIBED BY
THE LATE MONS. A.-EDOUARD PICTET, IN HIS “ NEVROPTERES
D’ESPAGNE” (1865).

BY R. McLACHLAN, P.R.S., &c.

I have had the opportunity of studying certain of the late A.-E.
Pictet’s types, and subjoin the following notes :

Sialis nigripes , Ed. Piet., p. 52, pi. iv, figs. 1 — 5. — I do not find
any differences whatever between this and S. fuliginosa, Piet. (pere).
The legs are not “ glahres,” as is stated, but finely pubescent, as is
usual. The size is very small (the $ sometimes expanding to only
20 mm.). I have an equally small form of S. lutaria taken by the late
Chev. Y. Grhiliani at a great elevation on the confines of Piedmont and
Canton Valais. I regard S. nigripes as identical with S. fuliginosa.

Chrysopa microcephala (Brauer), Ed. Piet., p. 60. — The examples
are no doubt specifically identical with Brauer’ s insect. They are
compared with Ch. alba in Pictet’s description, but the real affinity is
with vulgaris , and I know that Dr. Brauer is now of opinion that mi-
crocephala may be only a pale whitish form of vulgaris , which opinion
I share. The former differs principally in the absence of reddish suf-
fusion on the face, in a few of the basal nervules being slightly blackish
at one end (those at the base of the costal area included), and in the
dividing nervule of the third cubital cellule being often (not always)
interstitiate with the nervule above it (instead of ending before it).

Chrysopa nigro-punctata , Ed. Piet., p. 60, pi. viii, fig. 4. — Certainly
a good species. Of the three examples one wants the spots on the
mesonotum and metanotum (as is indicated by Hagen in Stett. Zeit.,
1866, p. 300), but has those on the pronotum. I saw a similar exam-
ple from Barcelona forwarded by Sen. Cuni y Martorell.

Chrysopa viridana (Schneider), Ed. Piet., p. 61. — I think there
can be no doubt as to the identity of the examples with Schneider’s
species, and Hagen is also of that opinion. Schneider’s types were
from near Naples. Pictet found it at Grenada, and at Eaux Bonnes
in the Erench Pyrenees. I have an example from near Quillan, Aude
(Eaton). In this (as also in Pictet’s specimen from Eaux Bonnes)
the costal nervules, &c., are not totally black, but have a pale median
space.

Chrysopa geniculata , Ed. Piet., p. 62, pi. vii, figs. 5 — 8. — I do not
feel sure that this is anything more than a small example of viridana.
Only one individual was found.

Chrysopa Meyeri , Ed. Piet., p. 62, pi. viii, figs. 5 — 8. — Of the two

63

examples so labelled (both from the Pyrenees) one is perhaps CJi. alba ,
and does not agree with the description. The other, which must be
regarded as the type, is very closely allied to nigro-punctata , and ap-
pears to differ chiefly in the face being suffused with sanguineous at
the sides (indicated in fig. 7, but not in the description) : this suffusion
is still more strongly indicated in an example from Laruns, Basses
Pyrenees (Eaton), in my collection. One should see long series of
both nigro-jpunctata and Meyeri in order to ascertain if they be really
distinct.

CJirysopa guadarr amends, Ed. Piet., p. 65, pi. vi, figs. 1 — 4. — I
know not why neither Pictet nor Hagen (Stett. Zeit., 1866, p. 298)
notices the very obvious relationship to CJi. flava , Scop. ( vittata ,
Schnd., nec Wesmael), of which it has the characteristic strong ex-
I cision of the costal margin of the anterior-wings (not sufficiently
indicated in Pictet’s figure). It may be distinct, or it may be only a
: local form oiflava. The colour is paler, the pronotum has a distinct
brown line on either side anteriorly, which I do not see in -flava, the
nervules more strongly spotted with black at the end, the gradate
series almost wholly black. The individual is a $ . Pictet compares
i it with pallens, Eambur, which appears to be septempunctata.

CJirysopa tJioracica, Ed. Piet., p. 67, pi. vi, figs. 9 — 12. — Belongs
to the group of forms in which there is a black spot between the an-
tennae, and a black dot at the extreme base of the costa in the anterior-
wings. I have seen only one example, which is quite distinct from
anything known to me, differing in the absence of spots on the top of
the head, in the lunate red mark on the face below the base of each
antenna, &c. The name tJioracica was applied by Walker in 1853
(Cat. Brit. Mus. Neurop ., pt. ii, p. 243) to a CJirysopa from St.
Domingo, hence it becomes necessary to rename Pictet’s insect : — I
propose the term Picteti.

CJirysopa Zelleri (Schneider), Ed. Piet., p. 68. — Whether Zelleri
is anything more than a form of the variable aspersa may be doubtful.
The two posterior occipital points are smaller in Pictet’s examples than
in others I have from Zeller. The spot on the basal joint of the an-
tennae may be above, or outside, or absent altogether. I remark that
a type of J Ramburii, Costa, in my collection, is Zelleri and not ordinary
aspersa ; neglectus, Costa, is also evidently Zelleri from the description,
as Hagen has already determined.

CJirysopa clatJirata, Ed. Piet., p. 68. — I have three examples before
j me. They are certainly distinct from Schneider’s clatJirata from

64

[ August,

Italy, Sicily, Dalmatia, &c. Taking tlie colour generally, as in dry
examples, clathrata may be distinctly termed a dark insect, and cla-
thrata , Piet., a pale one. The true clathrata has the sides of the thorax
broadly margined with dark fuscous, the costal nervules entirely
blackish or nearly so, and the other nervules with only a short pale
median space. In Pictet’s species the colour of the markings on the
body is reddish-brown, the bands on thorax are not lateral, but sub-
lateral, in the form of lines, leaving the margins pale ; the nervules
are much less marked with black, and in all cases (excepting the gradate
series) only as a point at either end : the whole form is less robust ;
the markings on the face also differ, none of Pictet’s examples show
the spot between the antennae of which he speaks (and it is not fre-
quent in the true clathrata ) ; the basal joint of the antennae has often
a brown line externally. I have seen Pictet’s insect from no other
quarter, and propose for it the name lineolata.

Chrysopa granadensis , Ed. Piet., p. 69, pi. vi, figs. 5 — 8. — A small
species described from a single example. Apparently quite distinct.
Possibly allied to lineolata .

Chrysopa riparia , Ed. Piet., p. 69, pi. vii, figs. 9 — 12. — Two ex-
amples are before me, in very bad condition.

Chrysopa monticola , Ed. Piet., p. 70, pi. vii, figs. 1 — 4. — From the
French Pyrenees. Allied to riparia , but apparently distinct. The
“ tache semi-lunaire rouge devant les yeux ” is not apparent in the only
type with a head. It is probable that nigro punctata, Meyeri , riparia ,
and monticola belong to the same group as jlavifrons (Brauer), in which
there is a black or brown dot at the extreme base of the costa in the
anterior- wings, but no spot between the antennae.

Chrysopa venosa (Eambur), Ed. Piet., p. 72. — One of the few
species with simple claws. Otherwise this species has the form and
facies of Ch. perla , and is allied thereto.

Chrysopa italica (Eossi), Ed. Pictet, p. 72. — This, as is well known,
belongs to my genus Nothochrysa. It was not taken by Pictet, and I
mention it only in order to call attention to a curious structure seen
in an example once forwarded by Dr. Bolivar, of Madrid. In the
abdomen of one sex (probably the there are concealed two long
curved spines in a pouch between two of the apical ventral segments.
I have seen them in no other example, owing to the pouch being closed,
and neglected to take an exact description when the individual was
before me.

Lewisham, London : May, 1880.

1880].

65

DESCRIPTION OF THE NYMPH AND IMAGO OF PSYLLA PEEP-

GRIN A, FORST.

BY JOHN SCOTT.

In vol. xiii, p. 137, of this magazine, I recorded, with a query, the
capture of a single female of this species, and it was only in August,
1876, that I was enabled to remove the doubt by the capture of a
number of specimens of both sexes on the dogwood ( Cornus sanguineus) .
Since that time I have, on two or three occasions, taken the species on
! the same bushes, but I never was fortunate enough to meet witb it in
i its earlier stages. This circumstance made me somewhat incredulous
i as to the dogwood being really its food-plant, and so, before committing
anything to paper, I resolved to wait patiently, until I had solved the
question. This waiting has brought about the desired result, for, at
the meeting of the K. K. zool.-bot. Gresellschaft in Wien, held on the
5th November last, Dr. Franz Low laid before it a part of his
“ Mittheilungen iiber Psylloden,” in which, at p. 573, of the “ Yerhand-
lungen,” he describes the insect in its stages of nymph and imago. He
there states that he found it on hawthorn ( Cratcegus oxyacantha') , and,

: accordingly, I set myself to work to determine this point. Towards
the end of May I began my search, and, since then, down to the date
on which I now write, I have both captured on, and beaten the young
i and perfect insect from, the twigs of the above-named tree, as stated
j by him. The synonymy will stand thus : —

Psylla peregrina , Fdrst., F. Low.

„ carpini , Forst.

„ cratcegicola , Flor {nee Forst.).

The Ps. cratcegicola , Forst., being the same as Ps. rnali , Schmid-
berger and Forster.

! Nymph green, oval, shining, not clothed with hairs. Antenna yellowish, two or three
apical joints black. Elytra — lobes pale yellowish, very finely wrinkled, with a
brown, longitudinal streak down the middle, widest next the apex, and fre-
quently indistinctly reaching the base. Leys pale greenish or yellowish,
or the thighs only greenish. Tarsi brown. Abdomen above, green, round the
apex scalloped, the extremities of each scallop bearing a longish, stout, pale
hair ; number of hairs 14 ; the upper scallop on each side wider than the ot hers ;
underneath green.

Imago : summer brood green or greenish-yellow, rarely yellow ; autumn brood
clear red or reddish-yellow. Head green or greenish-yellow, or clear red or
reddish-yellow ; crown : posterior margin concave, width between the eyes
about twice the length measured down the centre. Face — lobes pale green or
yellow, reddish or reddish-yellow ; with a few pale hairs next the apex ; exterior
margin concave, interior margin slightly convex, apex somewhat acute and

[August,

66

rounded, divergence not equal to the base of either, length a little greater
than the breadth across the base. Antenna yellowish, 9 — 10 joints black.
Thorax green or greenish-yellow, rarely yellow, clear red, or reddish-yellow ; pro-
notnm, in the latter cases the anterior portion ( dorsulum ) meso- and metathorax
frequently darkest on the disc. Elytra clear, transparent, scarcely 2f times as
long as broad, nerves yellowish, frequently somewhat dusky, especially towards
the apex ; stigma moderate in width at the base, terminating about in a line
with the middle of the area ( cuhitalis costce), measured on the marginal nerve,
enclosed between the furcations of the cubitus ; radius extending to the apex,
concave towards the costal margin in a line with the apex of the stigma, and
recurving before its termination in the marginal nerve. Legs pale green,
yellowish or reddish-yellow. Thighs, in the autumn brood, red. Tarsi brown.
£ . Abdomen above, green or dark brown, genitalia yellow, or reddish-yellow, genital
plate, inner margin concave next the apex, convex towards the base, processes
about three times as high as broad at the base, narrowest at the apex, which is
black, posterior margin with a gentle wave.

$ . Abdomen green ; upper genital plate brownish, lower green. Length, I3 lin.
Lee : 7th June, 1880.

[ Psylla peregrina was found by me in Scotland in August, 1876,
not scarce on the mountain-ash (Pyrus aucuparia ), a tree of the same
Natural Order as the hawthorn. — J. W. D.]

NOTES ON TENTEREJDINIBJE.

BY P. CAMERON.

{Continued from vol. xvi ,p. 267).

ATHALIA SCUTELLARIA, sp. 710V.

Luteous, pilose, the head (except the apex of clypeus and the labrum, which
are white), meso- and metanotum (except the apex of middle lobe of mesonotum,
and the greater part of scutellum, which are luteous), and the upper half (in some
cases only the third) of pleurae, black. Legs luteous, the apices of the four posterior
tibiae, and the joints of all the tarsi broadly annulated with black. Antennae black,
11-jointed, testaceous on the under-side. Wings hyaline, nervures, costa (save at
extreme base, where they are testaceous) and stigma black : £ similar, but with
mesonotum entirely black.

Length, 2 — 2£ lines. Alar exp., 4f — 5 lines.

Allied to A. rosce, but distinguished by its smaller size, more
pilose body, luteous sternum and scutellum in the , by the 3rd sub-
marginal cellule being shorter in proportion to the 2nd, and at the
same time wider at the base, by the 3rd joint of the antennae being
more than double the length of 4th, which is not the case with rosce,
while the tarsal joints at the base are of the same colour as the
rest of the legs, and not whitish as in the Linnean species.

1880.]

67

A. ancilla , Lep. ( glabricollis , Thoms.), differs from it in its shining,

: glabrous thorax, in the pleurae being entirely luteous, the antennae
more clavate, &c.

For this species I am indebted to Mr. Allen Harker, who sent me
the larvae last autumn from near Gloucester, where he found them
I feeding on Scutellaria galericulata , and from these I succeeded in
• rearing the perfect insects during the last week in June.

The larva is of a deep velvety black colour. On the sides at the top are twelve
I white tubercles, which are longer than broad ; over the legs there is a row of larger
! and more oval tubercles of the same colour, while above these, on the abdomen,

\ there is a row of smaller white tubercles situated above the space separating the
| larger ones below them, this middle row of tubercles being of the same shape as
those on the top. The head is deep black, and covered with a moderately long pile ;
the legs are fuscous-black, the abdominal legs white, or dirty white. The skin is
; rough, and of a velvety texture. In habits and mode of pupation, it does not differ
from the other Athalia larvae.

It is. I believe, the larva of Scutellariae which Dahlbom figures as
that of A. annulata in his Prod. Hymen. Scand., pi. ii, f. 44. The
arrangement of the tubercles is the same, but he gives the colour of
the body as glaucous. The food-plant of the larva is not mentioned,
but the imago is stated ( l . c., p. 67) by Drewsen (from whom Dahlbom
received the larva in spirit from which his figure was taken) to
frequent Brassica rapa , in July. A totally different account is, how-
ever, given of the larva of A. annulata by Kaltenbach, who says that
it is dull black, whitish on the sides, and that it feeds on Veronica
beccabunga (Pflanzenfeinde, p. 471).

Glasgow : July, 1880.

(To he continued ).

Captures near Hastings. — The following notes contain the record of the best
things I have met with amongst the Coleoptera and Hemiptera in the neighbourhood
of Hastings during the past three years.

COLEOPTEBA.

Harpalus servus — one at roots of coarse herbage on Camber sandhills at the moutn
of the Rother, in July, 1879.

Hydroporus latus — one at Hollington, in June, 1879.

Staphylinus latebricola — one at roots of heather at DarveTs Hole, near Netherfield,
in April, 1879.

Cyrtusa pauxilla — occasionally at Newgate Wood and Guestling.

Odontceus mobilicornis — two in 1877, one near Hollington, the other at Guestling.
Athous difformis — two $ and one ? in June, 1878, at Hastings, close to the town.
Priobium castaneum — not unfrequently at Hastings, Guestling, and Fairlight.

68

( August,

Mordellistena abdominalis — one $ at Guestling in 1877. I have also a ? which I
believe came from Hollington.

Prionus coriarius — several near Hollington in 1877.

Lycoperdina bovistce — one in a decaying stump at Hollington Wood in April, 1878. j
Notoxus monoceros — very common at Camber, and amongst a large number of speci- j
mens taken there was one which had the thoracic horn bifurcate in front.

Hemiptera-Heteroptera.

Sehirus biguttatus — two or three specimens in woods near Battle and G-uestling.
Pusarcoris melanocephalus — common at Hawkhurst in May, 1877.

Zicrona coerulea — several amongst heather at Darvel’s Hole, September, 1879.
Chorosoma Schillingi — common by sweeping amongst coarse herbage at Camber j
sandhills in September.

Berytus crassipes — one by sweeping amongst heather at Fairliglit, September, 1878. i
Acetropis Gimmerthali — three amongst long grass at Fairlight, September, 1879.
Miridius quadrivirgatus — several near Hastings, 1878 and 1879.

Calocoris infusus — several on palings near Hastings, 1879.

Psallus quercus — one in Newgate Wood, July, 1878.

Gerris paludum — a few on reservoirs at Hastings and on dykes at the Salts, Bopeep. 1
I had the good fortune to capture a developed specimen of Bryocoris pteridis at 1
Llanwrtyd, Brecknockshire, in August, 1879 ; the undeveloped form occurred in I
profusion on different ferns, but I saw only the one developed specimen. — E. A. ;
Butler, University Lower School, Hastings : June, 1880.

Notes on Hymenoptera and Hemiptera captured at Chobkam. — Although the 1
weather during the last fortnight has not been very favourable for collecting, I I
have succeeded in finding several rarities which I think worth recording, and amongst I
these are three new species (to this country) of Hymenoptera, belonging to the family I
Pompilidce. Being away from my collection and books, I cannot now characterize I
these fully, but I hope to be able to do so in a future number. They ai’e all very 1
distinct species, the $ especially being easily recognised.

The first is Priocnemis parvulus, Dahlb., which belongs to the group in which our I
common exaltatus occurs, its $ may be known at once by the narrow ventral anal
plate which is slightly widened towards the apex and truncate ; the $ may be known 1
by being smaller than exaltatus, with the apical segment of the abdomen beneath 1
more or less carinated down the middle, and by having no distinct clear round spot ■
near the apex of the anterior wings as in that species.

The second is Pompilus neglectus, Dahlb., of which the £ differs from all our I
British Pompili in having the posterior tibiae sinuate on the side towards the body, 1
and then suddenly incrassated above the apex ; its $ can only be confounded with 1
that of P. spissus, as it has the anterior tarsi with the short spines like that species, 1
from which it differs in the triangular shape of the third submarginal cell.

The third species is I believe Pompilus abnormis, Dahlb., of this I have taken 1 £
and I believe 1 $ . The <J may he at once known by the anal ventral plate having |
a long pendant spine at some little distance from the apex. I have a $ which I
believe belongs to it, but it is very closely allied to gibbus, and I must wait to com-
pare it with that species before being certain.

It may be well to observe that in collecting the species of this family it is if

1880.]

69

essential that the specimens should not be carded, as the ventral segments furnish
most important structural characters : all of these species have been found run-
ning or flying amongst the heather, &c., on West End Common, Chobham.

I have also found the following, which are more or less rare or worthy of notice,
Leptothorax Nylanderi, a few by sweeping ; Pompilus cinctellus, 1 ^ ; Miscophus
bicolor , commonly ; Astata stigma , 3 $ ; Uarpactus tumidus, occasionally ;
Evagethes bicolor, occasionally ; Tachytes niger , occasionally ; Ceropales maculatus,
1 ; Myrmosa melanocepbala, 1 $ , 3 ; Andre na fucata, rarely.

Hemiptera. — Leptopterna ferrugata , 1 developed % ; Capsus scutellaris,
pretty commonly by sweeping the heath, mostly of the black variety, but 2 $ and 3
? with the red scutellum ; Pithanus Mdrkeli, 3 developed ? , the undeveloped form
very abundant in both sexes. — Edward Saunders, West End, Chobham ; July
9th, 1880.

Luciola — the European firefly . — In Mr. Grorham’s Revision of Lampyridce (Tr.
Ent. Soc., 1880, p. 99), he says that only one sex of Luciola, so far as regards the
European species, is known to him, and conjectures it may be the female. In
this, however, he is mistaken : Mulsant, in the Coleopteres de France, Mollipennes,
p. 123 et seq., has indicated correctly the sexes of Luciola lusitanica, and, on the
authority of M. Peragallo, has stated that the fairy-like swarms of this elegant
1 insect that form so beautiful a feature of the midnight hours of Midsummer in the
South of Europe, are composed entirely of males, the female remaining quiet and
concealed on the under-surface of a leaf. This fact is quite in accordance with my
own observations. Some years ago I passed an evening amongst the fireflies in the
Yal Anzasca. I captured a good many specimens of them as they were flitting about,
l and all were males, but I succeeded in getting a female concealed amongst the grass,
I by searching on the ground at a spot where I saw a small speck of light. This was
the only female I found.

M. Mulsant, referring to the observations of MM. Perroud and Arias, states
that the interruption of the light is due to undulating movements of the body which
alternately conceal and discover the phosphorescent parts. — D. Sharp, Thornhill,
Dumfries : 17 th July, 1880.

Euplectus punctatus in Sherwood Forest. — By permission of the Rev. A.
Matthews, I have to record the capture of Euplectus punctatus in Sherwood Forest
some years ago by himself and his brother. I know of no other specimens that have
been recorded except the two mentioned in the Ent. Annual for 1869, p. 64. Dr.
Sharp kindly determined the species. It is very like E. Karsteni at first sight, but
is easily distinguished by the fact that the thorax is considerably dilated on each
side : it is also larger and more flattened, as Mulsant says in his description. It is
quite possible that it may be mixed with E. Karsteni in some collections. — W. W.
Fowler, Lincoln : July 9th, 1880.

Note on Agrotis saucia. — I have taken a moth which my father thinks I may notice
in the Magazine. On the evening of the 3rd of this month I went to the railway
embankment to search the flowers of the red Yalerian for moths, and much to my

70

[August,

joy caught one which proves to be Agrotis saucia. From its appearance it may
perhaps have hibernated, but it is not much damaged. — Chables G. Babbett, Jun.,
Pembroke : July 1 2th, 1880.

Noctua c-nigrum in June. — On the 27th June, at mid-day, I saw, on a walk in
the garden, a living Noctua which I did not at first recognise, it being in very bad
condition ; and I was about to leave it, when it occurred to me that it was N. c-nigrum ,
and so, on account of the singularity of its appearance at this season, I killed it and
set it out. I can come to no other conclusion than that it is an example that has
hibernated, the usual time of the species coming out being late in July and in
August ; the worn wings show it has survived hard climatic conditions, but its en-
feebled state seemed to be the result of an immediately previous encounter with a
bird or other enemy. — J. W. Douglas, 8, Beaufort Gardens, Lewisham : Iteh July ,
1880.

Bapta taminata and Sesia myopceformis in Lancashire. — Mr. Anthony Mason
of Grange-over-Sands sent me a specimen of B. taminata to know if he must catch
more of it, as it was a new “ carpet ” to him, and Mr. Henry Murray, of Carnforth,
took S. myopceformis sitting among the dust on the road close to the Grange Station,
he remarked that he had killed hundreds of flies and ichneumons thinking they were
clear- wings ; there are some old apple trees, now wild, growing close by : I am not
aware of the occurrence of either of those species before in Lancashire. — J. B.
Hodgkinson, 15, Spring Bank, Preston : June 1 Sth, 1880.

Stigmonota scopariana. — Seven days ago I made a special journey to look for
the larva of this species. I had tried the supposed plants that I bred scopariana
from, but nothing seemed to agree satisfactorily. After reading the hints about its
occurrence in rough fields of broom and Genista , I put on my studying cap, and re-
membered bringing a handful of Genista tinctoria flowers from a rough field when
passing through last July, and I put them in a pot to feed JDepressaria atomella
upon. This was my last hope of getting any results. I was down on my knees
poking about among the plant until I was stiff all over, and lying down at full stretch
I spied a yellow Tortrix larva creeping up the stem, I got it carefully on my net, got
out my glass and was satisfied that I had learned the secret, and picked a few more
unexpanded buds growing next to the one I got the larva off : out comes my glass and
there were holes eaten at the base of the flowers, and snugly inside was another larva
which had drawn a leaf up to the stem for shelter — they don’t seem at all to eat the
leaves ; the larva is dark yellow, slightly hairy, and the dorsal vessel shows as a
transparent dull brown streak along it ; the body is speckled with very minute black
spots, the head is of a light horny colour. The larva is moderately active and fat ;
the pupa is yellow, enclosed in a silken cocoon made up on the covering of the pot ;
two have changed thus, and three among some of the light soil at the bottom, drawing
it over the silken enclosure. I hope to breed these, as I am leaving the district this
year ; I was fortunately there at the moment, as they made up in a day or two after-
wards.— Id. : July 15 th, 1880.

Note on Cidaria salicata. — In June, 1879, 1 had some eggs of salicata given
me by Mr. Threlfall, they hatched in due course, fed up well, went to pupa, 8 moths
emerged in August, 1879, 3 in May, 1880, and 4 more up to July 5th, 1880. — Id.

1880.]

71

Insects from Portugal. — The Rev. A. E. Eaton has returned from an entomolo-
gical tour of more than two months’ duration in Portugal, in the course of which
many localities rarely visited by Englishmen, from north to south of the country,
were explored, and much hardship experienced. When the materials have been
worked-out they will no doubt prove of very great interest. He collected all Orders,
but, naturally, his attention was specially directed to Neuroptera (in the broad sense) ;
and this was the more desirable, inasmuch as the Neuropterous Eauna of the country
was practically unknown. In his favourite Ephemeridce the materials are extensive,
and include quite new forms. The Trichoptera are represented by over 500 examples,
on a rough estimate, and these he has generously presented to me. A glance at the
as yet unprepared material shows that there are certainly many interesting new
forms, and a large number of species : curiously enough, the Family Limnophilidce,
which may be said to include nearly two-fifths of the European Trichoptera , is only
just represented ; the riches of the collection are concentrated unon Sericostomatidce,
Leptoceridce , Ey dropsy chidce, and Rhyacophilidce. He has also a long and interesting
series of terrestrial Isopod Crustacea. It is to be hoped that the collections will be
worked out by specialists, and the results published in a collective form, so far as
may be possible. — R. McLachlan, Lewisham : 15 th July, 1880.

Elipsocus cyanops , Rostock. — The first excursion I made after having introduced
this species as British from examples taken by Mr. Fletcher, near Worcester (ante
p. 21), resulted in the capture of 4 specimens on Tuddenham Heath, Suffolk, and at
: Snailwell, Cambridgeshire, at the end of June. They also were beaten from Pinus
i sylvestris. It is just possible that the two specimens in Mr. Marshall’s collection
; mentioned in a note under the description of Ccecilius ohsoletus in my monograph of
J the British Psocidce (Ent. Mo. Mag., iii, p. 271), belonged to E. cyanops. — Id. :
5 th July, 1880.

©bituargr.

Robert Hislop. — On the 9th June last, at Blair Bank, Polmont, near Falkirk,
this Magazine lost one of its earliest supporters by the death of Mr. Robert Hislop.
His name came but little before the entomological world, as he was more interested
in the immediate aspect of natural science than in viewing the favourite objects of
his quiet and steadfast study through a descriptive medium. Some few notes from
his pen, usually adding a new northern species to our fauna-list, have appeared in
our pages ; but only the very few who visited him in his Scotch home know what
placid delight he found for many years in investigating the Coleoptera of his imme-
diate neighbourhood. On the rare occasions when he came to London, the habitual
reserve, partly national and partly acquired by his long professional occupations,
fairly gave way when collecting in our more favoured southern woods ; and his innate
genuine simplicity and delight in the smallest works of creation, fairly asserted
themselves. To him, moreover, do most of the present school of southern English
Coleopterists owe their earliest acquaintance with Scotch forms : at a time when no
one thought of visiting such boreal regions as Rannoch, Falkirk was indeed an
“ Ultima Thule ” for beetle collectors.

But Mr. Hislop’s memory stands upon a surer basis than the mere regard of a

72

[August, 1880.

few friends and fellow Naturalists. His lofty religious and moral aims, seconded by
a peculiar ability for educational purposes, marked him, from early youth, as one
who would take foremost rank in that scholastic army which in Scotland especially
is recruited from men with the soundest brains and strongest principles. How well
he fulfilled that promise, is recorded in the Annals of the Glasgow Normal Seminary,
the Free Church Training Schools, and Blair House Academy, Polmont, in all of
which his work, for nearly 50 years, was marked by earnest zeal and large-hearted
sympathy. Mr. Hislop was born at Dunse in 1815 ; his eldest brother, the Rev.
Alexander Hislop, is known in Scotland as a writer on religious subjects ; and
another brother, the late Rev. Stephen Hislop, of Nagpore, contributed many papers
to our knowledge of the Geology of Central India.

Entomological Society op London. — July 7 th , 1880. J. W. Dunning,
Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Yice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Douglas sent for exhibition a ¥ example (possibly hibernated) of Noctua
c-nigrum, captured on the 27th June.

Mr. Phipson exhibited a very remarkable variety of Vanessa cardui, taken last
year near Basingstoke.

Mr. Billups exhibited a dead larva of Plusia chrysitis which had been infested
by 120 examples of a parasitic Hymenopterous insect.

Mr. Distant exhibited a very fine example of the so-called vegetable -caterpillar
of New Zealand (larva of Hepialus virescens with the fructification of Sphceria
ItobertsiJ.

Mr. McLachlan exhibited sugar-cane from Queensland much damaged by the
larva of a Lepidopterous insect, apparently allied to that (or those) from Brazil, the
West Indies, Mauritius, &c., noticed by Fabricius, Guilding, and Westwood, and
also to that recently exhibited by Miss Ormerod from British Guiana.

Mr. W. F. Kirby called attention to the description and figure of Pyralis
saccharalis , F., published in the Skrif. af Naturh. Selskabet in 1794, and to Guenee’s
long account in Maillard’s “Notes sur Pile de Reunion,” in which “Borer” was
used as a generic term.

Mr. Distant said the “ borer ” of Madras was not the same as that described by
Guilding.

Miss Ormerod read “Additional Notes on Cane-Borers,” with especial reference
to Tomarus bituber culatus, Sphenophorus sacchari, and It hyncophorus palmarum, in
concluding which she alluded to more recent reports on the Lepidopterous borer of
the Mauritius, and offered suggestions for combating the ravages of the insect
enemies of the sugar cane.

Mr. Roland Trimen sent notes on an observation of Colonel Bowker, of Natal,
on a butterfly {Sal amis anacardii, L., $ ) in copula with a moth ( Aphelia Apollinaris,
Bdv., $ ), the two insects much resembling each other. Also “ Notes on a supposed
¥ of JDorylus helvolus, L.,” dug out from the nest of a small red ant, near Cape
Town.

Mr. Sidney Churchill, of Teheran, communicated lengthy “ Notes on the habits
of Argas pensions, and the effects of its bite.”

, (6^ 'ON)

•jqu^ l9su99um6 tunuomvupj; gg

’(‘9 ”X) sm^d Snipnnojjns 9qj puB ‘npr[Ouojj — ’(gq ’0^[)
•qjnng ‘ suvpisui sRu9Bo^d9'j • jg

•(12 V 02

•JJBrj ‘vpnjfUOO VA9U0£ *0g

•( a 'I)

9|Sais b puB ‘J93[J0M ‘9jBin 9qj pgniBjqo j qoiqAi uiojj ‘nppnojj
jb9ti gnojs b J9pun jsgii j[Bnis b ptmoj 9ABq j — -(gg y 61 "S0M)
•j^bj\[ imn;s9ipuvio sid,9iou9Ji(£ *gg

•( a 'x) n!

jq§i[ jb nouiinoo £ f nppnojj ni nommoQ — *(gp cZf ‘81 *80X)
'jj(Bp\[ lsnj.v^n6x9s sn^ouodiavj 'gg

’(’3! ’9 ~ M) S9i99ds nBinjojpBQ
nAionq-pgM y '('g; -jq) 99jj b jo 5[niuj Aioqoq b (sgoS 99U9iJ9dx9 Am
sb jbj sb) SaiJJ9j9jd ipBnsn ‘s9DBpI suoijba nt sjs9n sgqBjy -^9J9aos
ij9A sSlIIJS puB ‘spHB]BI 9qj J9A0 pB pijijngjg; — ■ (jrg ^ gg *SO£[)
•ssriBg ljL9fijinv sd^stiog -^g

’(‘9 'X) SII80 P 88BHI

9[Snis b jo noiprujsnoo 9qj ni pgniqraoo BJ9ii9§ 99jqj jo soioods qeqj
ooaBjsinnojio gqj no pgqjBingj if[9J9in jnq ‘oijtsBiBd si uosij; jBqj Ijdun
oj pugjni qou pip j ‘qjirag ipi oj Smjpm nj— '(68 V 88 *S0X)
•qjimg is9dso'i[ uostj ’95

•qjimg ‘stuu9dtpiM uosipp £g

'(Of 'Oil)

'("3 \I ‘Ml aouaosaqnd qsiiajS qjm xadB aqj spjBAi
-oj paqjop ‘Suiuiqs pan qjootus uatuopqy -papnop Xpqgqs jnq ‘auipi’q sgmM
•sapads pqj ui sb ‘paqauuBqo XgqSqs xBJoqjBptu aqj puB ‘puiqaq oaij puB ‘aaojaq
agpix as.iaA6UB.ij b qjm jnq ‘uojootun -q ui sjsixa qaiqA\. ‘uoissaadap jBuipnjiSuoj
jouijsrp ou qjm XB.ioqjosatu t paxnpund jfpug xBaoqj, -xapaA aqj uo ajSuBuj
b ui raps catnap i uatuopqB aqj UBqj os ssaj jnq ‘x^oq^ aq^ unq^ Suiutqs a.iocu paaq
jo doj i XaaAps tun.iq,B| i uojoomn ui u^qj pada aapiM. qonta saia ‘paqauu'eqo jfjdaap
ao^j i Suiuiqs uatuopq'B ‘ qoBjg; -uojootun j sa^qtaaeaq; -sauq f (qj§uarj • p

'('9 ‘X) aotiaosgqnd ^j9ajis gsngp qjm p9J9Aoo mnjqBj;
9qj SBq qoiqA\. ‘gg jo X9S 9ihbs ni SnijnBAi ‘jBpoo Aiopg/ b SBq ssgssod
x S 9{Snis gqx, *90no jb ji gjBJBdgs sSniA^ JBop gqj g^ -o^ qjiAA
pgpijnopi siqj jgpisnoo jouhbo j -nqB() ni sjiiooq — -(gj ’o^;)

*n ’ds lsni6fip o^qvuQ pg

‘xoquiapog ]

88

•(‘3 ’X) spn^si oqq joao ft® Xjq

-Bqoid pnB {mBp^ pnB nqBQ no sinooo qnq i ojbj £10 a — -(6g *o^[)
•qqnng £ uoqoozun ouqvuQ "gg

•(a 'x)

AioqoX qqiAi p0q.m11 qontn noraopqB oqq SniABq £raoqq qqiM XnBdraoo ni
noqBq opBcnoj 0[Suis b ospB sb £soioods ©no qB oq oq osoqq ©Aoqoq p '8481
^jBniqo^ ‘mBjq no siOMop qB noqsq g — p ‘so^ — (5 y p '*°K)
•qqnng '■siujioopudp ouqv.ij

■(s -OK)

•qqnng ‘suvjnqipuvui OjqvdQ *pg

'(98 ‘Oil)

•qqirag ‘siuiffb ouqv^Q ()%

•(•a 'X) 8n8ni

-pods OM.q poniBqqo Xqno pnB £soijos b joj ouiiq Snoq b poqnnq p sb
£9jbj oq oq snioos qnq £SAOMop sqnonboj^j qnB]y raojq; — -(pg -o^;)
•qqnng lsiii6v sn^u/ipQ "0p

• (‘a "x) nq«o n0 oaoqAiosqo Pn13 ^InI°no]q jBon notninoQ — • (59 'o^[)
•qqirag ‘snsozqnp sndoufipQ *gp

'('3 *X) noiqduosop oqq ni ponoiqnorn
qon £sqq§i[ niBqjoo ni 0on00s0p1.11 qofOiA qnBijqijq b qiqiqxo s§uim oqq,
'lUJbnqqovipp stdosostf qqiM. XoBdraoo ni pnnoq — '(pp ^ gp ‘so
•qqirag 's nndBuoo snMufipQ *^p

( a x)

nqBQ jo sniBqnnom oqq no dn qSiq sahooq — -(pp qp gg ’so^[)
•qqirag ‘snuvpom snj,9ufipQ ’9p

‘(‘3 ‘X ‘jW.) « p9JFn pomp £sSnm
qqBOuoq (sqods) OAiq„ — ^‘poqinn Xqqnonbojj £sSniA\. qqBonoq (sqods)
OMq„ — joj pBOJ IqqnopiAo pjnoqs oai (onq qsBj £ggq *d £,nuCpj -oodg
A*.o^[) noiqdijosop stqqirag up\[ up ’qnosojd oqq pnB pi nooAipoq soono
-joqjip oqq qno spniod njnqqoBjg; *apq ‘soioods psB( oqq no sqjBraoj siq
TII ’(‘a ’X) 8JN'BIl JBIiiniB jo pnB ‘qsBj oqq oq poiqy qBnB^p raojq
•soioods siqp jo 0[Braoj ©no pnB sopBin OA\.q OABq p — *(gg *o^;)

•qqirag £P ‘snpupmqnu sndoufipQ

•u "ds Hujanq^o'Di^ snudu/ipQ ‘gp

’(’3 *X) H^B0P J° Jn0nioin oqq qB Xpoq oqq jo
opnqiqqB oqq no pnodop iCjqissod jCbui qoiqAi qnq ‘uunqqovig; jo so^Bin
oqq ni SniquBAi ijquojBddB ojb qoiqAi ‘(qqinig lsnnu6uooui Q ni sb)

48

naniopqB aqp jo xadB aqp utojj 5utpaa|!o*id sajips Scioj OAip aABq snjoutf
’ -ij,qru jo sapBtn aqp; -naniopqB aqp jo pnaniSas ps.iTp aqp no jfpBiaadsa
‘saiaads jaqpo aqp ni nBqp pasnjnoa ajoin pnB jasjBoa si mjLnqqovipp
jo noipBnpannd aqp i jfjaAipoadsaj snpuipuqiu pnB munq^ovigr jo
snannaads aqp pB ni ippBaipnapi pajnojoa ajB naniopqB pnB xBAoqp ‘pBaq
j aqp, -aanaasapm pajoiA pnBipuq b aABq iaqp snpuig.piqru ui i papoiA jo
i aaBjp on qpiAi pnq ‘aanaasapi.ii snoosnj jo pniq b qpm ‘snoasnj pqSp ajB
| sSuim aqp iiunqydviQ q np -sapBtn pB ‘snannaads aa.iqp ssassod p
•iriBpj ni mMqoiovjg; sidosoug qpiAi Arsdinoa ni naqBp — -(op ’o^[)
•qpitng ‘snpuitijqru sruouftpo yp

•(si V TT ’BOil)

■qpimg ‘snunvtu snjidufipQ -gp

'(‘a; *x) 2 8sasso(I °P I • iBHBpj niojp;

’(’3! ’il ‘ M) sn9uv.c}X9 ui ajqisiA iCpoxsos oab ‘s^vooj m 'joupjsip
[ £i8A sab qoiipvi ‘pueq paooas aqp uo sajnqound aqp pnq ‘(saiaads p^qp jo uoipdi-iasap
stq ut sap'eps /jsnoauojja qpirag sb ‘apiqM. qpiAV pou) sijvooi ut sb AioqaX aped qpm
puiqaq pa.iap.ioq ajB spuauiSas puooas puB psjq aqp, ‘s^poooi ui uBqp puiqaq papapips
-uoa ajcoui si puaiuSas ps-eq aqp -paanpound ipaug: £iaA puB ‘Suraiqs puB qoBjq si
uatuopqB aqp jo aapuiutnaj aqp pnq i pa.mpound ^asjcBoa pun jfjasop uatuopqB jo
puatuSas jBSBq puB ‘xB.ioqp ‘pBaq f qoBpp -qpitug £q papunojuoa sbm pi qaiqM.
qpiM. ‘saiaads psBj aqp sapuiasaa ^pso^Q -sauq ^9 cqq§uaq; — -(gg *o^[)

'u. 'ds ‘snduvjLqxd sruoufipo ‘gp

*( a 'll) 49!j^a 13 8Cl -^[qpsod ^Bin pn^ lsnjLnvw q
sb s^iq'Bq aniBS ^pnajBddy -ibub^; no norainoQ — -(pg ^ Qg ‘so^T)

•qpimg ‘ siivooq sndoufipQ -pp

*('3 ’di) rawest 110 ‘psqs p{0 nB jo
saABa aqp op SnuaqpB pnnoj spaa pnni jo ssboi ajSnis b mojj * snjbdufipQ
jo saiaads b osp pnB ls9dsoq uostj; sb paAi sb £pi pajq p ’0§B{adiqajy
aqp jaAO pB vjidqdoudiaRjp psanoninioa aqp jo anQ — -(^g 9p 'so^p)

■jqB^p ‘sddmv'if snaodoppp -pp

'( a A) ntfB0 J° pu«[sI — '(S9 -o^l)

•annip; ‘voifiipw sidy ‘g

*(’3 ’d) '°3? £saaap ni sa[oq Snijoq iq

aSBniBp qonrn saopp ‘ajapAiasp qniqp p pnB ‘npnponojp JBan noniniOQ
‘(‘3 ‘3 A) nBOiaamy qpnog nommoa y—’(zZ ^ IZ '8o^[)

•jaa-0 app ‘siuiiadpua? vdoooih y" '8

•qpiing ‘sudfiipip dpiqo'Dljdjy

'(85 -oj«)

‘.laqraapog ]

98

'('a ’X) •^iSniJ'Bds iaaA ‘i'Bn^3 no sxaMop ys naqr?x
*('X X 'A\) snuaS aq:j ui pasn uaaq ^pBaapj SBq acuBU oqpads aq^ puB
5 paquosap uaaq esq q q^q^ puq pnuBO j ^nq i q^iaig ‘vpvuoquvo papqop si saioads
siqx •qsippa.i isjb} aqq. jo sapixna^xa f pampund AjpjBq ‘qoBjq Smaiqs uaajopqy
•pa-mpund Xpsop cqoB[q qnp xBJoq^ puB pBajj -^inia^xa aqi sp^BM.0^ qpanaq
qsippaj asuuapB ‘MOjpA pjSiaq asuua^uB aqq. Avopq aoBj -^luxa^xa aqcj spjBAio;
papnop ‘^uaosapui paB auqB^q sSuim. ‘qoBqj -saaq |g ‘q^Suarj — •($% ojj)

*n *ds ‘‘suojbjhav'if sidosoj, <j *9

•(’S 'X) snPvf'd

-moo nr ./Cgensn ‘(1120133; jon) ntpo nr sjnooQ — ‘(35 ’oj^)

•qjimg lsmvioa sidosou^ -3

’( a ’X) ^°9snx srqj jo £ aqj sa pxeSai ppoo j qorqM snarnioads jfna oaas
jon aAaq j 'tudnqqovig; ^ qjiM iuadoioo or sxnooo — ‘(8 *°N!)
•qjinrg isu,vi,ii[ sidosoj, j 'f

•(a ’X) s^tdroajd

axaq jo aoaj aqj qnoqa Sni^p 4qp3.tanaS £(rnaj\[ jon) nqaQ jo soraj
-unorn aqj or sapgeoo]; snoui3A nr nocninoo 4jjri3j[ — '(4 cy 9 *so^[)
•qjimg ‘sii'iovj' sidosou ^ g

'('a 'X) uaniop

-q'B aqj jo qjpiM japeaxS aqj 01 pua ‘ognoapre jo sjnrof jo xaqnmn
aqj nr jdaoxa £P aqj rnojj Snuajjtp ^qaaopon jon £ ajSurs a aAuq
j [ ’saioads jaqjo aqj nroij qonpsrp ^[[aouanaS sdaqjag — *(0 o^j)
•qjirng ‘szuuddiosnf sidosou,^ g

‘('a 'X) Jni3W J° P^ISJ QJW no
saoajd .£poi2s 01 saaMop pg nonraroann qon si joasnr srqx •^qqa.iapisooo
jajjrp saxas aqj ‘saioads annrs aqj aji3 omj asaqj jj — -(3 f ’so^j)

•qjinig lnu,nq3[ovi£[ sulosoj^ • j

‘(*3 'X ’Al) *i9d^d jnasajd aqj ni ‘jsanbaj siq j'B ‘apnpmr j qarqAi csajon
pnorjipp^ anros papj'BMJOj suq njnqqa'Big; *jj\[ ‘amp jBqj aonig

'6481 J° numjni3 aqj ni paqsqqnd u‘rnnasnp\[ qsppg;
aqj jo nopoaqoa aqj ni vJL9}dou9utfij£ jo saioads Aian jo snopdposa(j „
snoumqjsod siq nr papnpnr os^ aji3 pn'B ‘389 — 349 *dd ‘aix £*oog
•urp •nanop nr £qjrnrg \q -jj^[ aj^[ aqj ^Cq paquosap ajaM saioads Man
aqj jo jsonr pn'B ‘nrnasnj^ qspug; aqj oj v^idouduifij]; n'Bii'BM'Bjj jo
norjoapoo v papj^MJtoj njnqqo^fg; *x ’Aa-g; aqj ‘oS-b sqjnonr anrog

•xamx 'a *m a^y £ti ‘xana^oyna ‘j, ‘Aaa shx ia
SaKYaSI ^YIIYAYYH 3HX JSLI

^^manooo vimidOKKWAn aiYannoY xo saioxxs ko sxxon:

S8

r-ossi

'0881 lpn6ny y?9I : ospjqnzaa;

•aanaSjania no nooaoa aqq
jo qno paajoj ‘nAiOjq-qnuqsaqa pjSijq Bdnj -qsnSny jo apppiin aqq.
oj q^ fZ Anr hiojj SniSjania pnB ‘ipp jo SninniSaq aqq ni apqs Bdnd
aqq SninmssB ‘sqqnoni anin ipBan joj maqj ni (paSnBqann ‘ssapqnop)
paniBinaj pnB ‘qsiqqnj SnoniB jo pooAi na:poj jo aaBjjns aqq no snooooa
qaBdnroa nnds pnB spBaq-paas aqq jjaj jCaqq. ‘paj-ipj naq^ ‘6481
‘q^gp ^Qqojao no ‘niqaBjy -jpj mojj ‘nAiOjS-pnj XpBan ‘paAiaao^f

•jaqpSoj sndd-ed pnB sqajop aq^ Sninnids
pnB ‘spaas aqq. no Snipaaj ‘mmiodiag. uQ^sy jo spBaq-paas pnB JOAiop np
•qsiM.ox[8^ paj ‘nAiOjq ‘ppioqmoqj ‘{pens ajBjd pmu ‘pniqaq jaqjBp
‘nAiOjq- jaqum ‘papiAip ‘jBpajiaimas ap[d psjop ‘nAiOjq-qmrpaqa samp
-anios jo ‘qaBjq pBaq ‘sjpq jo apqiasap jfpnajBddB pnB ‘ajqisiAni sqods
‘Aiopai ajoni jaqpj sjjBd japnn ‘jaqjBp iCjpjBq anq psjop aqq qjiAi
‘jnopa noraps jo AiOjxai-qsiqnid apd ‘paSpij ipqSqs puB pappiJAi
sjnaniSas ‘dnmj; ajani b opi paqaBjqnoa Sninpmaj na^jo ‘qsiSSnp
AJ8A ‘appini aqq ni qsaqaiqq. ‘dom[d si vuviiodiug. jo bajb{ aq^p

•sSniqjBin pnB jnojoa qjoq ni qnBjsnoa
iqjBpapjBd ‘naas qai! aABq j sb jbj sb ‘si vuvinma) aqqAi — sSnppBcci
ptajon aqj jo uoipjaqqqo p;oj qsoinp ns — sdomiuoj; jCnBin ni qno
paqniod ajojaq aABq j qaiqAi noipiJBA aqj oq. apBq pnB ‘jnopo jo apBqs
ni apBiJBA j£{8uipaaoxa osp si qj -biosbj aqq niojj spjBAini papBqs
Apjani si qaiqAi ‘qaqxqq psBq aqq. ui tt saABAi-ssoja „ aqq. jo aanasqB
aqq ni puB ‘pajddBp jo pajapAiod ajoni ajB vuvinma) jo asoqq aqqAi
‘aanBJBaddB 1sb8jS b aABq osp qaiqAi ‘s§uiAi-ajoj paqniod ajoni pnB
jaSno[ jaqpj ‘azis joSjb[ jCpnBqsnoa sqi ni vuvinma) niojj Snijajj:t(j

•jaqjup uaruopqy 'SuiAi-ajoj aqq jo jnopo
aqq qqm SuijCjba qnq ‘uAvojq-qsiMoqa^ apd j^ap ^paauag x'BAoq^ pu'B puajx -xadB
; aq^ puB uiSabui aq^ Suop ^aaS qq^i papnop sasBO q^oq m ‘ ^ aq^ ui ^aa§ apd
£ $ aq^j ui qsiqqAi sgum-puig *asBq aq^ p auq qjBp b puB ‘Suipnop jaqiBp qqm
‘uMOjq apd ‘^eso^S iqno 'qoadsaj siq^ ui apBUBA £i8a qnq ‘sqBajcp pqsoo anBqqo
o^ui uuj sauu^auios qaiqAi £sqods UAioaq ^upj i^tav Suop jp pa^pp XqBnsn uiSjbui
pcjsoQ -xadB aqq. o; BpsBj pjpao aq^ taojj SuiqoBaa £puop b suuoj jnopo qjBp aq;
siq^ aAoqy 'pudB jbj jaqpj £sauq qoBjq qoiqj omj Sutoibjuoo i^qBjauaS £jq§ijq puB
jBap enqaoQ -jouijsipui ssa^ jo ajout ‘anbqqo ‘qsiuAvoaq BpsBj pjpoQ -sajUAJau
pdiouud aqj uaaAijaq qBajjs padBqs-aSpaAi b suijoj ji asuo qoiqM ui £appiui aqj
ui pajdnjjajui uajjo jnq ‘Sum aqj ssojob spjiqj-OAij Suipuajxa ‘BpsBj UAiOjq jaqJBp
‘papiod ‘anbqqo ub £q papoipui qojop psBg; -uAiOjq-qsiiajS oj uaAa jo ‘UAiOjq
qjBp oj jo ‘qBjp apd oq. jaqqp Sui^jba ‘(jnopo pap) UAiOjq-qsiAioqaX apd ‘aouB
-jBaddB ui ^sbojS jo issojS ‘pajuSuop jaqqBj sSum-aJO^ -sauq ^ oq 9 £,dxa JBjy

*ds ‘n ‘ vuviiodiJL } (vi[iiioi[dvjLf) ) viuidoivQ

‘jaqtnaqdsgl

*8

— : sb saiaads siqj aquasap oj
asodoad ‘ajojajaqj ‘j •9110 pjo nB SniiqddBsnn nBqj £qi no amen Aian
b Snijjajnoa ,£ui raojj asiJB _£boi ajnjnj aqj ni uoisnjnoa ssa{ qeqj pnB
‘a9?sy mojj pajBa.1 saiaads aqq. oj paqddB ^[qBqaj aq nea qx?iqq asaq;
jo ano jon si ajaqq. ‘snuCuonjCs ni jaqaii qijs si ‘saiaads ni qai.1 ‘dnoj£
siqj qSnoqj jBq^ am oj sxBaddB ji ‘osjy ’OS[B jaSiqqag jo ‘jfjqBqoad
‘pnB ‘nnetaaniajj jo vuvpiiua) aqj aq 04 oBvpipog mojj paaBaj saiaads aqj
Suiiapisnoa ni jqSiJ uib j q.Bqj ‘ajojajaqj ‘qniqj j ’SniAi aqj jo noijjod
pjsBq aqj ni tt saABM.-sso.ia „ aqj sBq qaiqM oBopipo^ niojj pajBai jaasui
aqj si ji ‘jaAoajop\[ ’(saajj snojajinoa-non jo spooM) {< spooM-jBaj „
ni sjnaao ijqnBjsnoa oBvpipo^ apqM ‘jiiBjd qs-iBin jjes puB apis-Bas
b si wniiodiJLi j,d}sy sb ‘[BLiajBin £iaA jon si siqj jng; yaiBJ ‘spooM
-jBa[ ni „ ‘sXbs jnq ‘jnBjd pooj ins noijuaui jon saop ajj <t’£iaA[is
Sniniqs qjiM passBdinoaua sanq qaBjq jBnipnjiSnoj q;iM snqaao aqj
‘sdcivcn ssouo nA\ojq qjBp pnB MoqavC-ajiqM qjiM jpjq jBSBq aqj ‘uiSabui
janni aqj no (sqaap) sjop jajud snoiaumn qjiM ‘Moqa^-^ajS-qsinMOjq
sSniM-ajoq; „ : qqag ‘vuvpnwa) saquasap ‘.laAaMoq ‘nnBtnauiajj

•synqd

-pooj sb o6vpiiog pnB ud^sy q;oq saAiS iiunipodiJL j. U9jsy nodn bajb[
aqj qjiM qaAv. £iaA saaj^B qaiqM noijdqtasap b SoiaiS JajjB ‘janjJBf)
aanis ‘jnanijnoa aqj no jaqjaSoj papnnojnoo ajLB qjoq jBq; juapiAa si ji
pnB ‘saiaads aaqjia qjiM ^jaajjad aaj§B jon saop ji ‘paapni i jqnop
siqj aAjos ipjojaBjsijBS jon saop Ja[pz 'J0JcI ^o-1? 8ABq j qaiqM adXj
aqj, 1 vuvinmat) anjj aqj si qaiqy^ — ‘sasiJB naqj noijsanb aqj^

•sadiJi^s ou SniABq ‘maqj sa^qinasaj Xpsop
saiaads u,9jsy aqj jo jBqj apq.w cs9dtu ?<? pouipniiBuoi putptp SniABq ni
‘qjiAi pa^niBnbaB mB j jBqj asAjnq mu^do^Q aaqjo aqj ^b mojj jnaja^jip
Aiba si (zfZ 'd ‘\AX *I0A paquosap) o6vpiio g inoaj vuvinmao jo

jBqj ‘paapni ‘janijsip ^TjnBpunqB aq oj aAOjd saiaads omj aqj jo 92A«nq
aqj pnB ‘anop naaq Aion SBq siqj] 'jaqjo aqj jo apis ano no aanapiAa
aAijisod apiAOjd snqj pnB ‘bajb{ aqj JBaj pnB jaAoasip oj spnauj
^fni paSjii ‘ajojajaqj ‘j pnB ‘saiaads a^qB e jlba ano jnq paraaoj ^aqj jBqj
p[aq [p;s aq jnq ‘oBvpipog thojj asoqj qjm apis iq apis ‘aa^a^ ’joaj
o; jnas nn?§B babas, snaniiaadg ’saiaads janijsip b sb papjBSaj aq oj
smiBp s;i passajd i[jna§jn pnB X|pa;Badaj ‘uijoj aajjB^ aqj jo sjojdBa
aqj ‘spuaijj Xm puB ‘suainiaads jsBoa aqj moaj snoijanijsip ‘jqSqs
qSnoqj ‘juBjsnoa pa;nasajd snaniiaads aqj pnB lv9Jinv6Ma odvpiiog
mojj niqaBjq ’jpq ^q pajBaj naaq pBq vuvimu & ainijnBani aqj ni jnq
• J8I[9Z -&L po^BJoqojJoa sbm AiaiA siqj pnB ‘qqag ‘vu^nma? qjiAi

juaijuapi aja^ snainiaads asaqj jBqj noinido ne passajdxa naqj j -(g ’d

88

C'OSSI

£x qoA £,jy *j^[ -g[) anmqoA laipiBa hb m £,g-*jp lvuvgs9pom jo SmpBaq aqq
japnn oq pajjajaj pnB £qsBoa xassg; aqq uo ‘mqoBjy ’jj\[ iq aonis pnB
£HBq§nBy piBMopp 'jjy iq naqBq ^ptanuoj snaniioads qqm jBoiqnapi aq
oq aAOjd jfaqp, •pa.readd'e moh aABq Bqqoui aq:; ggAJBq asaqq nioig;

qqog ‘vuvjnma? vijHj.dog.vp) hlojj gsanq.oniq.8ip aqqBqojd
•naqq pm? ^mnijodijig uogsy no Smpaaj mqoBjy ’jpj inoij paAiaoai
sbaabj oq pajjajaj p (gp£ *d £iax qoA £p\[ -jy -g;) saqon aanuoj np

*(88 &6vd tuojif pamiguoj)

•xiatraya: *f) *o xa:

skdiujmox Hsuiqia ko saxo &

*0881 ‘Wf jsnGny : ssaiuaaqg

‘OM.OJ] ‘P'BO'JJ TqS'BpU'B^; ‘Zl

•pjooaa axoqB aqq m amgoojp
Aiaj Xioa jffaAiqBJBdnioa aqq joj sqnnoaaB aonBqsnmo.no qoiqM. £,nrd g
; HBqq .iaqB[ qoaqoo oq aqqBnn sba p £pnBj;a.ip m jfeqs -£ni qnoqSnojqp,

•sjaqqo qqm ‘pajjnooo

snjidjouid snquwdQ pm? ’‘vpnjvB oddnwpyp £(q.iBp Ajlb a) vjvuvu viooijq
-idnpp £ viJLvsigfio uud.iojopnaspp ‘vgvoijvs pnB vgvisaoo vigud^wj cvij,viosvJ'
nidoiipp pm? £niaqs-qqBaq b ho qsaj qB avongsof visnjg anq ano dn paqoid
p *sno.ianmn qp? qB aq oq jBaddB qon pip £saiq Smqiq pm? vuvqvmjvd
vijoqn jo noiqdaoxa aqq qqiM. £sqoasm — ajaqq pnB ajaq spooAi aqqqiq
aotn ainos pnB ‘saoBjd XSSoq snojaumn qqiM. £sapxsqqiq £j£qqBaq £iqooj. jo
saqoqajqs apiM. — Snisinioad qsoin paqooq Xiqnnoo aqq pm? ‘anq £ia a sbai.
jaqq^aAi aqq qSnoqqpe £qsj5 pm? qqgp jCjnp naaAiqaq ‘Xbq; IjqnBg; qy

•sjaqnmn jo qmod m anios
-aqqnojq jaqqBJ sbm. stjvoouos vpiai %[ -jAopBqs b oq hjoav -/CjpBnsn qSnoqq
‘pajaSniq ppiqs vjnoumjdvo sopdipgoijpp pnB £hjoa4. naqjo pHB £ajBA sbm
vijiviosvf vidojipp 'sijvjLndjLnd vpnvdflpp pm? ‘vgvumuiui pnB vgvunjid
vijivpiQ 'vgvutoiqiv viijguviojy lviJbvn6uii9 sijjvoojq ‘vgvgzuvB^vm vdmvo
-ojLjojy jo snamioads jf[OAO[ qsjq aqq qqiAi ‘qJBj mpiap\[ m qno Shithoo
qsnC viijdvpp smuRBjby pnnoj p £qqg ^jnp ho jCbm[B-0 oq SHiHJnqaqp

'vjvpijivdxd vid9ipgidnp£ hjoai
b qooq p hoisbooo jaqqB[ aqq ho : ssaoons qnoqqiAi qnq £qqgj -£[np ho
qisiA qHanbasqns b ho sb qaAi. sb £aniiq aqq qB qoasm aaqqB[ siqq aoj pjBq
paqjOM. p ‘vgvipuvjq jo nauiroads anq ano qqiM. ‘saqqniBjq SniqBaq iq
‘noiqipnoo jCqaAoq m pnB ‘^hohhhod vgvuiwdi[9iv visd^wuift paniBqqo
p amiq siqq pnB £(uaom qonni qnq ‘^qaABA qon ^JLdomoj vu3dBB^ paoiqon

‘agqxna^dag]

zs

pBq j ‘iBA\qB-0 ’0(3 ‘onojspnnog; jB0n §niq[BA\. 0[iqM ‘jfep snoiA0jd
oqj) iug; nBJJoqqipj ni ni b§b sbay <tqAiBjj„ 0qj ‘qp Xpp n0
-siivuBvp vdiuvoo^pBjp jo jCjddns pooS b sb goA*. sb 'sipopiivjLp xBuod
-vjLvg puB snppoifio/ mQ pappi^ iC[snoiA0jd pBq jods siqj : snppuo^onm
°mo jo noimoods b jqSnBD j ‘qnBq iBAqiBJ oqj oj osop 0DB[d pAi
b m pnB ‘po sbai sipDinovwopo viqoBuupp jo poojq pnooos y •onuCqj
ppw oq; jo sJOAiop oqj no Suipooj ogqAV poxoq Snpq jbjoaos ‘oinoos
oj J0ISB0 sb jpAi SB ‘ji H00S i[snoiA0jd pBq j nBqj (snojonmn niojj jbj
qSnoqj) nounnoo ojom sba*. ninouniidvo S9p9qpq^ pq ‘sjojSSbjp njOM
jnoj jo oojqj jCq i£po poposojdoj sbaa vmBiqnu vuapBfi % '9pw9g 'g
jo p poqjBtn Xpoij A\0j b q;m ‘noisnjojd jbojS ni po sbai snq^uv
-jL9dBj£ sru,fi}vg ‘qjBj ni[j0j\[ np -niBJ snonnrpoo qpAi psoAi-qpos oqj
raoaj 0[bS 4slBp 00jq; b Snipoooons ‘^Bp pq onp b sbai qpg 9nnp

’ sniBpvpipundiq pnB sniBpvpoippii Xq
poposojdoj 0j 9A\.uoqdou>9}ij oqj^ -spo jo soqopd ni ShimojS ‘stsu9cuv
sBqovpg Suooib (ujom uo^jo pq) ojbj pn sbai vuvnBi}uv muwpqpQ
pnB ‘jjoavSbj SuoniB c0on0jjnDDO paoisBODo jo vuvinovviojiBiu mpsopQ
puB ‘nonnnoo sbaa 2>a>qo9vC vipipn^ ’v^vipoo viipuvpjy lv}V9Jinvj.U99
vi09ipidnft lsn9i[djiojft vuupvjivp) lsu}nd mi Bxy ‘(qpg oqj no nonipods
onp ono) wnjiBiu-d pnB vpd\d vnpoftp sb sSniqj noninioo qons p$ j
‘Snxqpin iq : iinwnq yp onp pnB ‘snuuvo • jlvci oq; jo aaoj b q^iAi ‘qsnp
p jCpoJj JoqjBJ Aiop vpdipa snpoiddji *Jisia o^ opB sbai j spnBjsi
Jqno oqq. ‘qsmjn^q; pnB qsmi(j jo sqooa oi^inBJ§ nojJBq oqj no sposni
Aioj Xjoa pnq ppoD j jnq ^BMp-0 jo jsom sonm OATj-XpoM} poqB
‘^Bg; nBJJoqp^ ni spnBpi oqj o^ jnoAV diqs oqj ‘pn^^ onnp uq

•jC[0jbj pojjnooo voii[dBiB vipipn pp pnB v^vpiu}
9ddiuvpj^ ji q^iAi pnB ‘jnBpnnqB sbav snspy sn^vmmoBqo^ ‘^BAip-t)
oj 0SO[D ‘qnBq-ifBAipBJ oqj no ’jnosqB jsorap Snpq sSnm-ojoj oqj jo
Snipnop qoBp pnsn oqj ‘ipiJBA pooS b sbm jqSnBO p qoiqM. v^vj,9ia9j.
vioB.ioq i[no oqjQ -nuojSMons nAiOjq b oqp soojj oqj jo po nAiop
Snnnoo sq;oni oq; csaq qopos jo noippB^d b ni ponuBAis vj.vuva vmiij[

: ;osnns spjBMOj £soqsnq iCpoq pnB pzBq avo[ oq^ joao Sniifp ‘^pomnioo
‘vivainf vpvpip) opp ^Cpojd oq; pnB ‘ijSniJBds pojjnooo mjLvqmnpod
vipqn^p pnB lopvpiBiJbp sdfvpdsy ‘joojbds qonni Snpq (j) iiovj,9ii[
snuoydotidu puB vipivujioqns sioB'q^ : sjoqumn jo ppd ni popos
-oadoj {pA\. ifpiBJ s'Bav ‘ sniBpvpvupj. mjLO,qdojL9}1£ pnB ‘vuviuumunvpp
vidapojLBBxy ‘‘sipouupo vpnvuBj lstpopnBuio pnB siivpioviuopo viipBuu
qpu £pnr? ‘snonoidsnoo oaoni qonm sbav sipouinBuvs vpvpoippp ‘qopo oj
sb j[0Ai sb 00s o^ jpocqip Snioq ‘SniAi oqj no sopraosoj qonm ji qoiqAi
‘vpnvuBg b oqq outqsnns joq oqj ni SniXp ‘vinounpdvo Sdpg^pq^ opjq

18

‘[0881

jfpjoad oqj SuiqBj puB Suioos jo OJUSBO[d oqj pBq p £oimp jsjp oqj joj
£ojoq : sqpoui qBuis ui OAipmpojd IpnqnoijJBd sbai (ojijoddB suouoabj
jsoni jo soip Suijiq qjiAi sb qoM sb) sjoAiop oaijdbjjjb joqpo pm?
ouiXqj p[iAi ui SuipunoqB £soqsnq oqj Suouib pods uodo jCuuns ojqjtj
ouq •uoijsonb oqq. jo jno Suioq ‘soqsnq Xujoqj puB sduinjs Suouib
‘ouojsoraq pjBq jo oobjjus pojnssp ijdoop £qSnoj oqj joao ji osBqo oj
— ©.moos oj I’sbo pou sbai jnq ‘uooujojjb oqj ui sjoqumu {{Bins oinos ni
Avop smiBv^uvid muop'qp) ojoqAi £ppp iqjBoq £q§noj ouo m juBpunqB
jCjjibj sbai vu,d6iqnu 'dva ‘souijy vuz>6H % ’soioads joqjio jo sjojjBnb
-pBoq oqp pap oj ojqBun sbai p paB ‘qoBO jo sojdaiBXO ojSais j£juo
jnq ‘poaanooo qjoq siiuopiy vaoypyp puB ndvuis visvipdodndrp -ooaoqj
raojj unq iq popjoooj jfjsnoiAOjd pou soioods iaB poarejqo p jBqj
i[0JBJ ./Cjoa SBAi ji jBqj ‘[peqojig; Jp\[ ^q o£b sjbo^C poqjOAl ijqSnojoqj
os uooq OABq 03 sjBoddB popijsip siqp qSnoqj : spjop qSnoj puooBCpB
oqj puB ‘qjBj nqjopj ui jb sjoosui jo joqama pooS b arejqo

op 0ui popjBao ounp jo ojppiui oqp ui JoqjBOAi snoiJO[£ jo qooAY y

'illv6-vg.sij,o sm[i.uvuii[£[ £O]qjBJ-AiO]q0j{
oqp qjiAi SuipunoqB spjop-ssBJ§ ai uoisnjojd jbojS ui SuiJinooo sipoo
-snf sfyopp puB v}ninqin visgpwmg \ sjoqpo paB idvqu9piun miuddOQ
‘(qjq oqp ao ‘piodjso^ jbou ospe) vqvuqwnqns vi99i[qidng[ ‘(ujoail paB
£ojbj) vivoipos viiUdJLWj ‘sdfivj; sovuvqjj ‘snsfy sn^mumoEio^ qjm ni qoj
j ojoqAv £[BSoao(j *0(3 ‘sSoq^jprg; jb <4 qAVBjj „ oqj mbs pa^ oanp
•jS0j jb ‘pojinooo S ouo ijno J ans Suijjos oqj jo s^bj oqj ai jo^jbos
jsoaqB Saiqoo^ paB ‘pooM b jbou 0OB[d iqjBoq uodo ub ut jnoqB
i^pBui Suuboj P oqj ‘jjods juoqooxo popjo^B iqru xfiqviog; £iBjs
jCui Suunp Suiuoao oup i!|uo oqj uq *ouojs b jopun vgsnpv vudpvjy
qjBp ^qBqjBuioJ puB oup ouo puB £squujj-oojj oqj no l$ip)inpiJLO
vl°K qiTM ‘pnnoj oq oj ojoai ‘sjoqjo puB ‘sijmidnp moi[doj.vmfiQ lvinj.
-J/9910J xHjJ9idfi'i'ni(£ ‘(uijoj iqouis qjBp b jo pB) v^vssnj, vuvpiQ ‘■vjvuvu
puB v iviodqiunid modiflidnft lmj,v9pvi SW°I lsnioi6xy snivvnuofiiog
sooB[d ipooM up -oouBsmu b oq op qSnouo snojouinu sbm vuvBnu^f
| viiu,9J,0Q puB £^ojbj pojjnooo iH'i'j.Jifim v'f.Jivuy pi qjiM : UAiojsaoon^)
jb ^snoiAOjd qpuoui b pno ujom ojmb sbm ji qSnoqjpe £uoijipuoo oup
j^JOA Ul puB £UOIJBA0|0 0|qBJOpiSUOO B JB JOqjBOq oqj SuOULB JUBpunqB
sbm v^viimnd modqiidn^ -sjoqjo puB lV‘iviU9'p'iq ndddo^uopQ ‘vsnp9d
VU9p02Q ‘vtVVinJfnS VtdVpiQ £JI qjlM pUB ‘viVdipOS VipU9JLWJ jo souos

ooiu b oanoos oj poSbubui p £soocj-qooa JB^noipaodaod uo SaiqoaBOs
^juoSipp -ouiij ojoqM oqj psora^B SuqiBAOjd uibj puB pum

‘Suijooqoo joj o[qBjnoABjun jsoui sbai JoqjBOAi oqj jnq ‘ipijBOOj Suiqooj
-Suisiraojd ^joa siqj ui (jspg oj qjpg b pouiBuioj o^ ‘%tMS

qSnofp jo ojoqs jsbo oqj uo £UB]pnraqjBpp jb poaijjb diqs oqj pjun

‘aaqraa^dag]

08

‘(•oy ‘v^nuM, viodiftidnfl; lDiJbvmoj.v vniopitf ‘zmduvo mumpng pnnoj
j qoiqM jo jiinoms 9qj JB9n £jB§9no(x -03 £9n§B9g; 9A9qg jo sjj:ip-B9s
snoiJO[S gqjno jdooxo) sjogsni Snijoaqoo jo saijinnjjoddo mojIj9a pBq
I ‘pjBMqjjon aqj oj osinjo b joj qjox n0 -£^1*0 SniABaq;

•omij 9UIBS 9qj JB SniAi

aqj no ‘siaqjo puB ‘ szivinomuo ioo vzi[oBuug[ lv^vinovm mpuQ^ ‘trutnu
-0}v muopttf £ (9 jbj jon) v^vzj,va isip)i'n}st>io »/oy ‘S9f>vjj sovuvqj ;

qjiM. ‘jCBjy ni 5[99M jsjij oqj Snianp ‘nAioj oqj mojj S9[itn oajqj 9mos
‘qjBj nipiojy ni ojbj jon sbm snpozBjby sn^vmmofiiopp ^bmjb-0 jy

•90HBjB9ddB ub ni jnd os[B ‘vfvuBtsuj. (qniqj j) pnB lv}t>iziand
viodipidn^ ‘uiviimjpiis vzjbvpzp) naqAi ‘jojbj 3[99Ai b ‘uM0jsn99nf) jb
(onp Xi9A puB) noraraoo sbm joasni panoijnacn-jsBj oqj^ -SniAi oqj no
ifpB9ijB 9I9.A vzddB^y snjiBj.v^ pnB ls9Uzmvpjivo sidmpoipiuy lzdv^r sudipp
£qj^X iudy no ‘ajaqAi £Xba\.[B-0 jb £noijipnoo onp Xjoa ni jajjBj; oqj
‘vj-viiu, mjivpiQ pnB vpjiddiuid voipvjij, jo s9[daiBX9 9[§nis dn paqoid j
3[99Ai JX9n Oqj, *pA9pB9S 9qj 9AOC[B *JJ OOQZ ‘jJ0djS9 M JB9n ‘qOIJJBJ
q^BOJQ jo jnnams £i9A oqj no anojs b japnn ‘o&njga vdiiwoopop) jo
nannoads poo§ b qjiM. jaara oj pasudjns jaqjBJ sba\ j naqAi £qj9 gjdy
jijnn qjoin b 95[Bj jon pip j £qojB]y ni £j£ba\jb-£) jb ‘sjenpiAipni pnB sapads
Iq qjoq £pajnasajdoj qaAi ijjnaiopjns v xd^dodpop) pnnoj j qSnoqjjy

•jsajajni jo pioA9p 9q jon jCBni (jCqiAig qSnoq; pnB Xbq; jCba\jbj9
naoAijaq jsbod aqj uo jJBd jsom aqj joj) jBAjajni jBqj Suijnp aaijou
ini japun 9niBD qoiqAi vjioj.dopidd'j gqj no s9jon AV.9J y ‘pnB^Sng;
joj jfeg; IjjnBg; jjg^ ^qBnp 9qs noqAi £pn^g pjan Xjnp siqj

no p9Xo[dui9 SBAi diqs oqq, ‘pnBpaj jo spnB^si pnB sjsboo nj9^S9j»i
9qj jo 8jnB|iqBqni pgssgjjsip oqj oj J9q9J Snijnqu^sip nt pg^BSno
S[9SS9A qBnis jo nojpBnbs oqj nioC oj ssonjggqg jj9{ ‘pgqoBjjB oniij 9qj
JB SBAi X qoiqAi oj u£qMBjx „ -g -]y *H ‘^s^[ ^retuqo^ qjp^ ^

£aaxT:YAi *r sanyr in

a^viaai ko xsaM shx mi vdxiaoaiann ^10 saxoN:

‘0881 lpn6ny yff
: jna^; ‘ia^raoag; ‘pBoy; ‘jg

*9j9jdnioDni 9q p99pni pjnoAi £iSo[oxnojH9 oinionoog jo nioji siqj
oj noisnpB on SniniBjnoo ^‘[bShjjoj jo iSopniojng; 9qj no sojo^[ „
•pB9q 9qj jopnn jo 99BJ 9qj J9A0 qDBq ponjnj pnB joijgjni 9qj mojj
dn poij Sniaq qjnoni sji jo jinipB oj jn9io^g;ns qjSn9j b jo 9q pjnoqs
J9qj9Soj[B SBq 9qj pnB ‘nqsmn jo opBca 9q p^noqs jJBd J9ddn oqq,
•ifjnxnj jb9jS b si snni iCjjnnoo oqj nt 9sn joj $Bq Snid99^s ooqBD y

64

[•0881

Aysnouuouo

popraJoSSraxo soraipomos ojra ‘pnraq joqpo oqp no ‘suirapunoin oqp jo
spqSioq oqp -posnsip ojra sopnoj raionoSiytp oqp jo onios pnra ‘poprajjopnn
^CypraojS nopjo ojra £rajjnp\[ ni praoj jCq soonrapsip oqp ‘oonoq i Xyqrajopis
■HOD Xjrajonipi oqp poqipom OAraq pnra ‘spoijpsip Xuratn ui opratn Snioq
ojra pura nooq OAraq ‘sXraAiyiraj mou pura ‘noiponjpsnoo pooS jo spraoj Aiojyj
•uoisiaoj qSnojoqp spoon pi iqno i yraSnpjog jo .Cura sra oydood qstySng;
JOj qooq opinS ra pooS sra pnoqra si (g^Sl) qooqpnrajj s{Arajjnj\[

•spoijpsip qpoq hi syyiq oqp
no qpAiOjS SniyreAOjd oqp si qpraojj 'v.id'idopidd'j-ojiovjff joj oyqrajnoAraj
ojoui sdraqjod st opnoinrayrag jo oSranioiA oqp oyiqAi <‘vjb9idoypiJLjJ joj psoq
oqp oq op snioos p^o^j rayyi^ jo pooqjnoqqSion oqp ‘spoijpsip osoqp jq
•poptstA 0joa5l ‘zojo*) oqp jraon ‘(og — QZ annj») soraAing pura opnoinrayrag
oonoqp uiojj pura ‘sopnoj qons jo snoop joqpoura st raSrajg 'sooniAOjd
oqp jo spjrad snoijraA op raionoSiyip j£q poniraS oq nrao ssooora ‘suAiop ponoip
-noui qsT3p oqp pura psjq oqp raojg "raionoSiytp Xq oouoqp pura ‘raoSog rap
ozog op yiraj ,£q opjog uiojj poqoraoj si (gg — 55 onnp) yraog rayyi^

•raxtrag rajiog jo spjrad JonuraAi oqp op snonoStpm
soioods Suipsojopni ontos popyopf ‘rajqunoQ pnra rao^ nooAipoq osnoq XraAi
-jyraq oqp ‘(pp — gp onnp) soyyoojoj^; op opnog qnjipno yd Xyjraynoipjrad
pon OJOAi v.idj.dopid^’j-oj.ovj^ -poAiJjra pou praq vjboidoiioiJLj^ onidyra joj
nosraos oqp pnq i osyra ojoqp ojOAi srurimdig jo sqdni^n ‘ sSojj jo sdoojj
pnra vinnQqyj; jo asdnd qjtAi ^uradnioo ni ‘jooj ZZI9 ^oq^ jo opnpjyra
nra jra oqray ra nt noisnjood nt pojjnopo snuoM. sippraQ *spjraA\qjjon
SuioS ni qjtM joni jsjq ojoai vimdoovdim jo snuoj JoSoray oqj jraqj ‘jooj
0081 ^noqra jo noijraAoyo nra jra £ojoq sraAi jp -pojoydxo Ayyraiqjrad ^yno
sraA\. jnq <‘vj,d^doipujJ joj oyqraanoAraj si pooqjnoqqSton oqp, *notjraj
-oSoa SutyiraAOjd oqj st qjraoq noqj pnra ‘jsjq jra snjstD ‘stq-p OAoqra f jooj
00^ jsraoy jra op dn ‘nAiooS oora sooprapod ‘syraojoo jo spimiy oqp pnoXog
•noipraSijJi op popooCqns pnra popraAtpyno ^CyoAisnopxo spjrad nt ojra sntrap
-nnont oqp jo sodoys oqp, *tnooj Sniprao noninioD oqp jo joop oqp nodn
pozijodniopxo sraAi notprapominoDora ‘yynj Sutoq nut oqp •■TuquiioQ niojj
ratonoSyyip iq poqoraoj si ‘rayyojpsg oqp jraon ‘(pp — f onnp) raoQ
‘op popjosoj oq pqSini sqooAi oojqp Xjoao oorap joj syiras qotqAi jouiraops ra
jo ‘syossoA Sutpsraoo yranoisraooo jfq oyqtssooDra si oraniipjog ‘uoqsig niojjp
•onbijnQ ma opjo^ ojpsra^ jo yoAOsraQ uiojj oynin Iq jo ‘orannpjog
uiojj oSrayjjrao iq joqpio poqoraoj Xyyransn si onbtqonop^; -Aioyyoj op
qonrajq pqSiJ oqp sraAi qoiqiii Suiptoop nt posiojoxo oq op praq puomSpnC
qonm ‘opiAip op pouoddraq qorajp oqp joAonoqAi praqp ‘poydood Xyuiqp
os si jCjpnnoo oqp -sqprad dooqs jo oypprao nraqp joppoq on sotniponios
pnra ‘sqorajp-oynni ojohi ojoAi spraoj oqp ‘onbtqonop\[ o; soAytg uiojj pnra
‘soAytg op souissop\[ op nonioyoqpjrag orag mojj Snipdooxg -ssonS pnra

‘aaquxo^dag]

8 1

ssuduioo Xq qjud qsoui gqq joj pguiuqjgosu oq oq puq oqnoj gqq ‘qouq
pm? gnbiqouoj^ oq SuiqpsM ui ‘^[qngnbosnoQ •sgiqquooj jo sSuiJugq
qujougS joj iCqqjOMqsnjq qnq ‘puqgp joj qugiogjnsui punoj sum (9 — 098l)
9nbi°j[ \i£ -suoq jCq pgqipg ‘dum-quorauJOAoS osonSnqjoj gqj]

•iuM

gqq Xq guop Suioq Suiqogqoo qonin pgpnpgjd ‘sgqnoj gqq jo gjnquu
gqq aodu quupugqqu sgiqpiogqip gqq qqiM pguiqmoo ‘jfup u ui pgsjgAUjq
gq oq soouuqsip gqq uoisjnoxg siqq SaiariQ 'qgu gqq oqui {vuiuidf-xipif
y iquioodsg) ujgj puu qqugq gq; Suiqugq Aq sgqis gsgqq qu pguiuq
-qo gq Aqqugnbgjj uuo vuzidoyoiuj; puu wpiiJidpp jo siujoj Sniqsgjgquj
•qqdgp ui qggj [UjgAgs sgqougjq qno-jgquM mojjuu uiojj sgunqguios ‘qqugq
puu suojpuopopoqj jo sqgqoiqq gsugp jo qspuu gqq uiojj sgunqguios
Sumssi ‘sgrquuqnogd suoijua pgquosgjd suoiquA9[9 q§iq ^u suiugjqs gqq
jo sggjnos gqj; 'suuoj jgqqo sgpisgq ‘sqiq gqq no dn qSiq vpivpKjy a
‘sgouds nodo gjoni ui mp^ivo ‘s9aoj§ gqq qsSuorau Saijgqunus swtij^
‘gojuos gjgM vxdj-dopidd^ 'suojpugpopoqj puu sgiuogd qqiM pgquioos
-su ‘snonoidsuoo gju sqmqd jo sgpgds qsq§ug[ £uutn gSuqjgq pgjgquM
qpM gqq qspiuiy -spmqdn gqq ui pgqmqd gju sgoquqod puu sjugjgg
gpqM ‘ sgdo^s gqq idnooo ‘'oy ‘spjUjfguiA ‘sqojd gziutu ‘sgijgSuujo
‘sgsnoq gqq Suorau qsouqu puu ‘uMop J9M0]; 1 sjgqjuj joj umojS
qnuqsgqo qqiM puu ‘spooM qjoo qqiM pgqmqd gju sqiq gqq jo sgpis
oqq uMoq gqq juo^[ ’sqoujq snqsio gqq ui sgqumaiopgjd qoiqM quqq jo
noiquoqipoui u ‘pgougijgdxg si uiog jo gSnuqo jgqqonu gnbiqoaoj^ qy
•nMOiiq j[9M gq ^um siqq iyqissoj *puij gqq ni qgqud pgano^oosip I
jjos u Xq pgagqoqgq (s£bm]U jon ji) sgonuqsni qsoin ui si gangsgjd
jrgqq pnu ‘gao§ gaius gqq ni JUJ9A9S ‘sgAjrg qu qmjj gqq ni ./Cqunoisug i
-00 Atiooo sqoS§uui sqi 1 sgSauao sqouqqu vj,9j.di(j jo sgpgds y ’X9[nQ jo
sgiogds qnq Xqqngjuddu Saiqqou pappi^ s^Ajig qK j9Atj gqq qnq f Aup gqq |
ui gquq a>piitj.dojipfijp qqiM pgauuMS xumuvj, qqiM pgSuuj sqgjuiugjqs 1
f sni[dviDOsy puu snqiuog; jo sqjosgj ‘sqiq gqq uo qnaos quo pau spunojS
gAiqo gqq Suouiu qsixg vdd^dopidd’j Suiqogqoo joj sgqis poof) 'ijgugos <
gqq ui gjnqugj M9U u si voidouvfiQ qnq ‘sggjq gqq qSnojqq spnnos
-gj qqiqs oCgqragqy ni nomraoo spjiq jgqqo jo pnu godooq gqq jo qquo 1
®HX 'epnuqMoq gqq jo iqqiqjgj pnu qquuuM jgqugjS gqq Sningqoqgq
9Aqo pnu ‘Sq ‘gSuujo jo gonuijnxn[ pgsugjoni gqq pnu sqoauo ‘pgqouojd
-du si sgApg ngqM pgqjuni gjoni sgnioogq gSnuqo gqq pnu f Xpjgm
jgpuugp jo ngq ui smugjqs pgqunuq-gsioqaoq gqq jgpjoq guiuisuC puu
‘gfqjlui ‘snqnqju sgou[d ui : qogdsu pguuA gjoni u juom oq sniSgq ujoq
gqq sgnissgjy op nguiopqqjua oug Snijuon uq ‘pgMoqoj gq qsnra
qoiqM qoujq gqq quo qniod oq qpq u UMop pnu joao gpni u jo spjuMdn
sqquM ‘ uiiq nodn pgjjgjuoo uggq puq juoauj u qSnoqq su ‘ngqq pnu

U

[•0881

4/a9jp[iTp gq; joj Sniqjgmos „ sb pgjgpnoj ‘noijBjgnmngj ./CjBnipjo jsora
gqj jdoooB oj nodn pgpBAgjd ijjnDgjip qjiM. si jgqjBj gqj^ ‘XpggjS
ooj OT99S jfoqq. ngqM. jgnuoj gqj SniddBjs ssgjp^qSin jgq ni ijiniBj
9qj jo jgd gqj ‘gzrein jo jsonb ni sngqoiqo pnB sngq jfq pnB £spod
-nidnj nodn p9j gq oj 111 SnipMOJO sSid gjjjq Xq pgngAqug si 91199s gqj
i £3ninjoni gqj ni ngsij 9ABq jjb ngqM ‘gogid 9iio ni pgumsnoo 9q oj
snoiogjd ooj ni99p pnB ‘pgtSSnms n99q 9ABq oj gqBj fiai^ qoiq.vi £(gqBui
IjBnipjo jo sjbSio ‘qoiiBuv) <tsjoojgq9„ jo Sniqocas gqj Suunp noij
-Bnuojni [Bnjnin joj nmipgra b sb podding pnB pgjimpB si XiBuoipnp
gqj ngqj^ -99U9ps ni diqsjOA*. oj dn pnBjs jjb ‘pgpug jgddng ^sonS
ugppiqnn Jigqj joj jngtapiBdB XpaiBj gqj jo joop njgqjjBg gqj nodn pgq
qjjnoj b osiAOjdan puB ‘gsnoq mod gqj ni dggpi oj jgjqSnBp dn-nMOjS
Jioqj jgpjo sjnBSBod giqBjidsoq gqx ’gjnjBn sji uodn jqSq graos
Aiojqj SJU9A9 jnq i jugps si qooq gsBjqd gqj qonpu. jnoqB ‘jgqjgSojjB
noijsgnb jgqjouB si jBqj^ <; ijdgj oqj si jBqAi jnq : uoaiS si Ijdgj y
•giniinojnBd jnBoijinSis qjiAi ‘jngmijgdxg hb sb qpioj pgqonnB[ si ^ gin
JbCojb 9D9caso^ gpoj „ pnB £nodn jiq si 99B[d jqSij gqj jsbj jy -uoisbo
-00 gqj oj ojBijdojddB spjOAi joj pgqoBsnBJ IjgjBjgdsgp si qooq gsBjqd
gqj jqSq osoqM. j£q ‘qjJBgq gqj spjBMOj gpBtn si ‘noisnjjui X[9inijnn
I 9qj joj Aioqs qnmp ni iSojodB qjiM. pgiuBdinoooB £9DiiBApB ub £joop
gqj jb Snnponq jgjjy 'jooj pgpj-pgj gqj qSnojqj ^jaio[S sozoo pnB
niooj gqj sjpj groins jhbjSbjj jBqMgnios pnB ppin gsoq^i £pooAv snjsio
jo gjp b j9ao noijBJBdgjd jo gsjnoo ni jgddns sosopsip joop uodo uy
•g^qBjs b pnB joop panojS gqj no niooj 0110 jo Snijsisnoo qoB9 ‘sgSBjjoo
Ai9j b jo ^jgAoosip gqj oj p9j I^BnjU9A9 igpBA dggp b jo gpis gjis
-oddo gqj no SnispiBq Sop y -ni jsoj oj 90B{d b Snipnp ni nBqj £5jdbjj
g^nin 9qj ni sqooj joao Sni^Bj ni pgonoijgdxg sbm 9sb9 jojbojS ‘qojBni
st^Bp jsjp gqj jo pn9 gqj spjBAioj jqSqnoom i!q Sniq[BiA [jBjjqSia jb
puB ‘pg^dood ^niqj si BJjgg gqj jo pooqjnoqqSign gqj^ -JBAoponi[y
OJ BAOJ^I b BJBJ3 BjnBg qSnojqj (fz Ibj\[) pnB £(jngds sbav 2Z
gjgqM) BJjgg Bp soojbj\[ oBg puB 99J0jiy ^fq (%Z Suinjnjgj

‘(15—61 ^H) anbiqonoj^ oj (§1 Avjr) gongqj f (tf—fi S9A[ig

oj (81 ^H) S9mss9]^[ op ngmopqjJBa OBg £({ oBJigppjQ op Bjjgg oqj
J9A0 (z\ ^H) JBAoponny mojj gpBui sbai daiBjj s{jqSm^joj y

•pgjugsgjdgj j|9av ojoai vutydouaw
[ -Hj£ -sgunjoinos punoj si avapqoovC viidiLonft £jBijjBd gjoin 9jb sojobj^;

I qoiqiA. oj ‘sjJBd pgjBAijpo pnB AiopBj nj -sggjj qjoo gqj spjBAiOj
S J9j[oqs joj Sni^p gpqM pgjnjdBO ipsB9 9jb jCoqj jgqjBOAi ijgAioqs ni
: pnB f pjijn9[d 9JB sojoipj ‘sgqsnq gqj nggAijgq s^bajojui gqj soidnooo
I qjMOjS snogoBqjgq niqj b 9J9qA\. ‘ipBiogdsg snjsio gqj jsSnoniB ‘s90B[d
: gnios ni f JBOOJ jgqjBJ 9jb vxd;doyid9rj[ nigqj Snijogqoo ni pgongijgd

91

‘xsqraa^dgg]

-xo uo;jo si X;;nog;ip b £;oij;sip siq; ui oojbos Supq vudj-doiioidj^
joj o;qB;ius Jo;;oqg| -08ajb[ joj SuiqojBOS ui jo;ooqoo oq; Xq ‘spjoj ui
po;SnB;uo £punoj 0q o; Xpqq ojb Xoq; OJoqAi £souo;s posjouuni q;B9uoq
;q8m oq; joj sjojjbuB Jioq; dn oqB; o; soqBUS soonpui uo;jo JOjBAi oq;
jo q;uuBAi ©qx ‘spod jodoop oq; o; Xpoiqo soAjosinoq; oqB;oq £s;iqBq
jbusu jioq; o; Xjbj;uoo ‘vjQfdoangjg oq; puB £o;qB;iqBquiun ;soui[B
pojopuoj ojb SAiopBqs oq; £[Bijo;bui £ui;jiqs jo si poq-uiB0j;s oq; ji
£osbd oq; si siq; JOAOJoq^ ‘Suibj jo;uiai oq; SuiJUp spoop oaissooxo o;
;ooCqiis ojb ‘jBSnpoj ui sjoq;o ;soin oqq £smB0j;s oqx -qSbuioia oq;
jo [0A0{ oSbjoab oq; OAoqB uoi;bao;o ojqBJopisuooui jo ojb sqiq oq; ;nq
‘uoaouu si oouB;sip onios joj jBAopouqy Suipunojjns Xj;uuoo oqj]

•soiouopuo; ;uo;ndjoo jo ;biuiub pojBuiJBD X;3uoj;s
B SBAA OSJOq 9qj pUB i JfO SOJIUI XIS JO OAp SBAV JBAOpOUqy ‘JOJJBq
oq; Xq §uo;b X;a\.o;s po; 9SJoq oq; piiB ‘ojoqM oq; J9A0 UMOjq; uoq;
SBAi ;oquB;q ujo;;Bd-puB8ijq y 'poop poqoBq-OJBq oq; jo qoou oq;
uodn oq ppioo ;i sb ;;oai sb poouBpq puB £suub siq q;iAi pooBjqiuo oq o;
pBq ;soj oq; pnB £sjop;noqs spopij oq; uodn qoBsdBuq b oqq pojsnCpB
sbai oSBSSBq oq; jo ;jBd i pojnoojd sbai 9SJoq b q;iA\. ubiu y -;jod
-subj; jo opoin oq; ui popojfo sbm oSuBqo b soAnojyj 9p Bopjy ;y

*SAiB|0 Jioq; q;iAi sdoojoj
oq; jo pjoq Xb{ o; Xpuoiopjns soAjosinoq; 9AJtio ;ouubo Xoq; i oj;;oq
Suiprq oq; o;ui poddoap puB sdooaoj jo ared b qjiM pBj oq; Xq jqSnBO
XpsBO 9JB jo;;b[ oqj, "snoidjoDS paB vjL9^do9iOQ oraos jo 9Jti;dB0 oq; o;
SnipBo; ‘soqsnq sn;sio oq; ;s§uoitiB no poujBO Sutoq Snmjn;-0iio;s jo
;irapB o; qSnono mo[s sbay 90Bd oqj^ "uopjBS b ui Qfouv'if siq o; oao;
oqBai o; poddo;s oq opqAi pBoqB opui b j[os;i Xq poooojd ;buiiub oq;
Sui;;9; £j;osmiq jibab o; mo;s ;ou sb^w aoAijp oq; qotqAi jo oSb;ubapb ub
sbm ;Bq; puB £pBOJ oq; Aiouq oo; Ojnra oqp, uioxo Xq jo pBo;sni o;tun
b Xq UAiBjp SBiii ;i puB £qoijqs jou ubojS ;ou pip sjooqM. s;i f {bSu^oj
ui sooubXoauoo oq; jo odX; 9;qBJU0ABj b sbav siqj^ 'soatio^; op Bopjy
o; Suio§ si puB £s;ibj do; 9q; 8uo;b s£od iuojj 8un;s £8ui;;bui qsnj
jo ;ooqs b q;m poui; si £s8uijds jo piOAop £opiqoA oqp, ‘joop 9q; ;b
si £;jbo b jo uo;o;oqs oq; SuiSSBjp o;mn b q;iAi£UBin b £xis ;sBd-j[Bq ;y
•j9;ojdjo;ui oq; Xq Sum join ;xon oq; joj opBin ojb s;uoui0§ubjjb puB
‘uioojpoq oq; uiojj qeojj suoraioods ;boi8o[Ouio;uo uib;joo jo noi;iqiqx9
poidoosojoiin uiojj ;uominB;jo;ii9 st§uiuoAO ub OAiJop uoi;B;ndod ojoqAi
oqX ‘juosuoo ;bjouoS Xq q;iMq;joj Jo;ojdjo;ui sb popB;sui si ono
;sb; siqj^ -qouojj qnods ubo spio^qo Xbaa;ibj 9q; jo 9uo ;Bq; puB £uni
ub si (joop punoj§ ;;b) poqs oq; ;Bq; £8uiuoao ;nq; uo joq;jnj SuioS
jo suB9m ou si ojoq; ;Bq; pouiB;joosB uoq; si ;i f q;u\i uiiq ssojppB o;
spjoAV joj XjBuoi;oip 0q; o; Xp;sBq pBq si ;josoj t uibj; oq; jo;jb oos

a l

[•0981'

oj Sninjnpj pjB9q si ‘jgAijp aui3no gqj jCppssod ‘ouo oraos jCpnosgjp
t{(: jxon noddBq oj SnioS si puqM „ gjnspf jb Suijgpisnoo joj n9Ai$ sbay
ipnnjjoddo ‘uuojjBjd gqj jo noissossod ops ni jjgj Snpq puB ‘pgqs b
pnB hoijbjs gqj — gjqisiA 9J9ay sSnippnq oayj ‘paosbq jb 9SB§§Bq spno
qpA\. Smpu90S9(j qnjijngjd 9jb igjd jo spjiq gSjBrp -spnB]; hjoo
9AlSn9JX9 9Sp JO ‘gdBOSpnBJ 9qj JO S9JHJB9J OTJOJ S99JJ 9Apo pnB qjoo
‘S99JJ 9nid ‘snoiSgj gpjgjs ssoj op *S99BpI ni pooAiqsnjq 9qj oj XpSjBj;
sgjnqijjnoo osp v^smgf) -qpgq jo ‘jpo jjbayp * vpi'puvavj; qjiM pos
oqj sgjBqs ‘sjgqjo ni ‘qoiqAV. ‘snpsp ‘spred ginos ni ‘si uoippSoA SnppA
-gjd gqj^ -sqooj 9Aijdnjg pnB ‘oiozoaspd ‘^jupjgj Snisijdraoo ‘ijjnnoo
jo jd'bjj snonojonotn pqM9inos b qSnojqj sossBd 9iip gqp, -sjjbjs
BpnaSpip JBAoporapy gqj oongqM 9DBjd gqj si ‘(qooqpnBq s{£Bjjnp\[
ni pB jb pgnoijnoin joh ‘dBiu 9qj ni pgpoipni jon) gno jnq noipjs
jsb[ 9qj ‘ojignSgjJBQ f gipjsmi b ‘j9A9Aioq ‘sbav sppp -gjgqj SuioS ni
p jqSijB oq. noppjs gqj 9q ppoAY (pA9SBQ) 9np 9qj jo snmaugj jngsgjd
9qj pqj gsoddris oj pjnpn sbay p puB ‘(ni9ip jgd j£bay qoB9 npjj 9no)
BiongSipp pnB pBj iq uoqspj moaj ssgooB jo Xsbo pginggs ji ‘dBm 9qj
inojj SniSpnp -pgqjOAi 9q p[noo 9AJBSjy jo raopSniq 9qj pnB pSnjJOj
ujgqjnos 90H9qAi 9Jjn9D 9qj sb nosoqo sbay (gp — 9 Xbj\[) JBAoporapy

’uodoiQ pnB viqdpidoido'j oj pgqp
srajoj ^q ipAisnpxg jsouip pgjngsgjdgj 9jb a)piJL9ui9i[d[i£ •jgqrann
HI AA9J ipAlJBJBdraOO S9l09ds HI 9J9M (j9pjQ 9qj JO 9dXj pBUUOll
9qj sb pgpjBSoj 9q jCpjns ppoqs pguiBjniBin sXba\.{b qojojQ ^ *p) *jp\[
qoiqAi ‘vd9f doungjg-opngsg pgraJ9j-pi gqj Snipnpm) vMidoMQjg

•pSnjJoj jo

sjjBd ipgqjnos 9Jom XnBia ni sb p9M. sb ‘noqsirp jo js9m spiq 9qj no
sgnojs J9pnn pnnoqB sSSg si}uvj\[ -tngqj jo spd gqBin puB ‘inooj 9qp
ni Smdjiqo 4{opijS„ *b 9ABq oj 9qq soaijbh 9q^p -sgonppj nodn p9j
9JB pnB ‘nij jo sdijjs qpAi doj 9q^ mojj soqoui Jnoj jo 99jqj jsjp 9qj
joj ponp ‘sjsgqo B9j nodo ni jgqjgSo^ spgjpunq /q qoojs ni jdgq 9jb
^gqp, *909id_B ^HH9d b jo 9jbj 9qj jb sjopuBj pjiq iq soSbo 9jnjBinnn
ni pps qjb spqoijo ppp 9pm ojJodQ pnB noqsirp np ‘ingqj oj pgpngp
-jb Xpngp^jns ipB9J{B pBq sjsiSopinojng jgqjo pnB ragxp^p noA
osnBogq ‘pgpgpoo 9J9Ai vug^do^Q opp qnjiqu9|d jon sbav. jnq ‘jB9ddB
oj nn§9q pBq vioiowj 1 pgpjB^gjsip jngjxg oSjb[ b oj 9J9m v^dooioQ
pnB vu9idiw9j£ *89ss9jpnnB]; jCq ni9qj jo jno pgqsBAi ssgnpooS 9qj
pB 9ABq noqsirp J9JB9H STOB9JJS 9qj i BJjniQ jo XjinpiA 9qj ni jnooo
v Mq.doyoiJtj; joj sgippooj jsoq 9q^p *s;six9 pnnojS Snijoopoo jgjjgq
‘sn§Bj^ 9qj pno^Cgq ‘si pqj ‘pqnpg pnB noqsip n99A^pq i snojomnn
9JOin 9J9Ai Xoqj BJjniQ jb jnq mpuvo -jp jo suoig jo saioods i[no
jfgqj pnB ‘gpisiA IpjBJ 9J9Ai vdd'j.dopidg'j-odovjff sopnppB a\0{ jy

‘aaqma^dog]

fl

■uiaABDBg op qpBdpooj b sb pasn si qoiqAi ‘Abapibj
aqp apisaq puB auBj Aiopoq b ni ‘SuipBaq jCq ‘pauiBpqo ajaAi v^dopzdgrj
-ojlo,ij\[ 9inos saBApQ JBa^; ‘aajBOs s 'em puB ‘spiq BjpuiQ aqp no j£pio
paoipou SBAi snqiuog spBOJ aqp 3uopB jCpBUOiSBOOO pajjnaao v^o'qdoqq
-uy f 3)'piQiwjL0ifp jo sapads jCubui pu'B aopmo^puy .£q papuasajdaj paAi
9J9M. VJ,9^doU9Ulfij£ apB8pl0y -J9M0p pnj HI 9J9AV ‘spUBjd J8qp0 JO pSOq
b sapisaq * snioipvif) ‘ sninapoauoQ lmnub9qg.uvsfij,qp) ‘siuiQippry ‘md'Dumjp
‘ugavdvpp l$iuopy ‘spuBj papBAippio ni ‘pm? i suapjB§ ni viovovpnosd
viutqoyy : aunp ./CpiBa hi inaqp jfq pauiBppB aq pjnoAi puBjSug; ui pBqp
poadsB aqp ‘sjBpioipjBd anios m ‘SuiJBaAi ipBajp? ajaAi sSuiqp ‘Apa aqp
jo sapui A\.aj b uiqpm ‘suSbjq aqp jo qpjo^j; • (q8 — 85 pjdy) aSnjaj
jo sjnoqjBq aqp ajaAi BjpuiQ pu'B noqspj ‘aauBpsui puasajd aqp up

Ajpunoo aqp opui aSmpd puB suoipBjado
jo as'Bq aqp a3uBqo op uaqBp si aAjosaj apBjadsap aqp ‘ssaaans pqSqs jCq
pauapjoquia jo aoipoBjd Xq pauapjBq ‘qp3uaj pB fipun ‘pajojdxa aq ubo
pooqjnoqqSiau aqp ‘tCjojbjo jo spBaj asaqp jo sjBAjapui aqp up ’papBia
-ajdd'B aq op sjibj ‘AiBuoipaip aqp uiojj uoipBiaunuojd jBjnpaaCuoa qpiAi
pajapnaj ‘suoipBponb jo puiod aqp uaqAi ‘uoipBjnaipsaS ni ipiqs Sumnb
-o'B jo poafqo aqp qpm sdoqs aqp uodn ajnsiaj pB apBin aq ubo saijjes
‘sjapjBnb p'Baq pi 3uiqBp^[ Apixajdjad mojj apidsaj b joj op njnp op
aoBjd jBjnpBU aqp suiaas ‘poopsjapun aq op ajqissod si pi ajaqAi ‘japoq
uy ’op paqdaj aq op uarapBoq pu'B sjaaqjo asnopp raopsnQ ajB ajaqp
‘iiibSb £uaqx 'no auioo op aSuaqBqa b joj uoipBpiDBCa paounouojdsiui
b aqBpsim pq§ini pi ‘sapisaq i sauops jo aauasqB aqp ui pi op piBs aq
op pq3no pBqM pno pup op sqooq aqp ui pnoqB Suqqumj o3 pouuBD no^C
^s3a[ jnoi op iouBj uappns b aqBp 3op b jp -psjq pB paouauadxa aq
op pdB si aouamaAuooui jo punouiB anios ‘spuBpiqBqui aqp qpiAi SuipBD
-lunuunoD hi IjBuoipoip puB qooq-asBjqd uodn Ajajipua SuivCpj £puBJ
-ou3i ^apajduioo si auo aSBnSuB^ asoqAi jo /jpunoo b SuipisiA up

•saijas aqp op uoiponpojpm ub sb aAjas pm ‘jaABjp jo spuapioui
pBuoisBoao qpm pauosBas ‘apBui ajaAi sajnpdBD aqp qoiqAi ui spoupsip
aqp jo japoBJBqa aqp jo punoooB uy •uiaqp op SuipBpj sapoj^ jo
sayjas b jo uoipBDqqnd aqp XjtpsnC op ppq aq Xbiu ‘pajo^dxa iC[poajjadini
pips BUUBJ B Suiujaouoo ‘uOipBIUJOJUI ijBpuaiuSBJJ U9Aa op SuiqDBppB
psajapui aqx 'aunp jo pua aqp puB pjdy jo pua aqp uaa^vipaq SuiuaA
-japui pouad aqp Saijnp aAJB^jy jo puB raop3uiq pBqp jo suoipjod jo
uoipipuoo ]^BOi3o[ouiopua aqp ‘iCjpoajjadtui qSnoqp ‘sapBjpsnpi £piiB[3ug; op
pq3nojq I^apBj v^pnoi^y- puB^ asan^npjoj jo uoipoapoo pBcns y

■y‘M ‘uoxya -y ‘Aas: anx ia
'A^oionaoHixi i

xy^uxuoj ko AftoxoMoxNia: shx ko saxoA[

sz

L *0881 ‘aoqraa^dog

89

33. JPheidole pusilla , Heer.

(Nos. 44, 45, 46, & 48). — One of the commonest ants in Oahu,
and probably elsewhere (T. B.). The house-ant of Madeira ; and oc-
casionally met with in England (W. E. K.) .

34. Sole?i op sis geniinata , Eabr.

(Nos. 47 & 53). — Common near Honolulu; also met with in
Oahu (T. B.).

35. JEvania laevigata , Latr.

(No. 17). — Generally common in Honolulu (T. B.). Common
throughout the warmer parts of the world (’ W . E. K.).

The collection also contained about a dozen specimens of CJialci-
didce , &c., which stand over for future examination. Mr. Blackburn
informs me, in answer to an enquiry, that he has not yet met with any
Tenthredinidae (W. E. K.).

July, 1880.

Note on Eupteryx stachydearum , Hardy. — On the 25th inst. I found this
species abundant on tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare ) in the garden, both sexes in dif-
ferent stages of maturity, and there was therefore no doubt that they had fed on
this plant. This is worth recording, because the species has hitherto been noted as
having been found on plants of the Order Lamiacece, of which none were near the
place ; whereas the tansy belongs to the Composites. — J. W. Douglas, 8, Beaufort
Gardens, Lewisham : July 30 th, 1880.

Tioo new European Homoptera. — [In the “ Entomologische Nachrichten ” of
1st March last, are the following descriptions of two very interesting species, which
I transcribe for the benefit of those who may be inclined to look for the insects in
Britain, where there is surely good reason to believe they may be found j the Aleu-
rodes, especially, in the north. — J. W. D.]

Aleukodes vaccinii, Kunow. Antennae, legs, and abdomen yellow. Head,
pronotum, and thorax brownish, each segment of the abdomen also with a trans-
verse brownish band ; but in newly developed examples the entire body is unicolorous
yellow.

Antennae short, the second joint the longest, as long as the four following to-
gether. Eyes large, only one on each side (A. proletella has two on each side),
constricted in the middle. Wings pure white, apex broadly rounded, the broadest
part shortly before the end, and all with one nerve, which reaches almost to the end.
In the upper wings the nerve arises near the outer margin, and beyond the middle
of the wing up to the end lies at a very obtuse angle ; in the under-wings the nerve
goes in an almost straight line through the middle. In the S the wings are nar-
rower, and the abdomen, which is forcipate at the end, is more slender.

Length, J , 1 mill., 7 , lj mm.

90

[September,

Pupa oval, very flat, 1 — 1£ mm. long, f mm. broad, yellowish, with some brownish
dots and marks. Thorax and abdomen sharply raised on the upper side, the latter,
on the middle line and on the sides, having small prominences, the rest of the broad
and flat margin crenate.

This species lives on Vaccinium uliginosum , and has hitherto been found by me
only on one spot in the “ Caporner Haide,” near Konigsberg. The pupae, attached
to the under-side of the leaves, fall with them to the earth and hibernate ; the per-
fect insects are developed at the middle of June in the following year.

Coccus comari, Kiinow. £ , oval, a little longer than broad, beneath flat,
above hemispherical ; colour clear brown ; the insect surrounded by a singular
wreath-like white secretion.

Head free, projecting downwards. Antennae and legs very short. Antennae
9-jointed, the end joint the longest, the first two thicker than the rest, but of equal
length with the third. The segments of the body, both on the upper and under-
side, are perceptibly separable ; the apex with two small points.

Length, 2J — 3 mm. ; S unknown.

This species, which is found on Comarum palustre, sucking near the root, is
distinguished in many respects from other species of the genus, so much so that a
new genus might be founded on it. All the species of Coccus known to me move
about up to the time of their maturity, then fasten themselves, and, as they are
slowly perfected, lay their eggs in a white enveloping secretion. C. comari , on the
contrary, sucks itself (saugt sicli) fast precociously (probably, soon after coition), and
never after leaves the place. (Hence the retardation of development in the legs.)
The young ones are developed in the body of the still-living mother, and remove
thence at the end of June. Locality, Dammhof, near Konigsberg. — Kunow,
Konigsberg.

On the mode of respiration in the larvce of the genus JEuphcea (Cailopterygina) . —
On each side of segments 1 — 8 of the abdomen is a conical branchial appendage with
unravelled edges ; three strong, equal, cylindrical caudal branchial appendages ; the
rectal branchiae formed of three simple columns.

The existence of lateral branchial abdominal appendages is known in the genus
Sialis, but is altogether unique in the Odonata. Respiration in the larva of JEuphcea is
thus possible in four different manners. (1) by stigmata, two on the thorax and eight
on the abdomen ; (2) by lateral branchial appendages well provided with tracheae ;
(3) by caudal branchial appendages equally well provided with tracheae ; (4) by
rectal branchiae formed of three columns in the mucous system of the rectum, well
provided with tracheae. No doubt the four kinds of respiration do not act simulta-
neously, and the stigmata of the abdomen probably never, as they only receive a simple
tracheal branch, but the stigmata of the prothorax are provided internally with
numerous well-developed tracheae, and perhaps serve for the expulsion of used air.
— H. A. Hagen (translated and abridged from the Comptes Rendus of the
Belgian Entomological Society, Meeting of the 1st May, 1880).

[This is a most important physiological discovery, and shows how little is yet
known of the structure of the larvae of Dragon-flies. The beautiful genus JEuphcea
inhabits tropical Asia and the islands of the Eastern Archipelago. — R. McL.]

91

(Ecetis notata in Yorkshire. — You will be interested to hear that CEcetis notata
is common by the River Wharfe, at Tadcaster, Yorkshire. It is associated with
}(E. testacea, which is also abundant. — Francis G. Binnib, 439, St. Vincent Street,
Glasgow : 28 th June , 1880.

\_(E. notata , a pretty long-horned Trichopterous insect, was known as British
only by the example taken by me at Weybridge in 1873, recorded in Vol. xiv, p. 18,
of this Magazine. — R. McL.]

[P.S. — On the 17th inst. I found another example near Weybridge, on the north
bank of the Thames, nearly opposite the mouth of the Wey. — R. McL. : 28 th July ,
1880.]

Marsh Lepidoptera in Pembrokeshire. — In this moist climate (of Pembrokeshire)
it would seem reasonable to expect that, along with marsh plants, marsh insects would
be widely distributed over the country, and this certainly is the case with some few
species, but there are degrees of dampness even here, and I have lately been much
interested in working a piece of peculiarly wet marsh, thickly overgrown with Iris
pseudacorus (locally called “ Liverocks ”), Senecio aquaticus, Myosotis palustris,
Ranunculus flammula, Sparganium , Mentha, Ppilobium, &c. Here I found what I
have looked for in vain for many years — Bactr a furfur ana — in plenty and with con-
siderable variation in markings, flying late in the afternoon and until dusk among the
lowest herbage, and notably among a small slender species of rush which must surely
be its food-plant. Here also was Platyptilia isodactylus, not so plentiful but by no
means scarce, flying before dusk among Senecio aquaticus, in the stem of which its
larva feeds, and among which it conceals itself in the day time, and here too are
occasionally to be found the very pretty little Opostega crepusculella, with Laverna
propinquella and lacteella, which, with a dubious Coleophora, complete as far as I know
the list of interesting Micros, but Phibalopteryx lignata occasionally flits by, and
the flowers attract Rlusiafestucce and other Noctuce. On one particularly favourable
evening I met with three Camptogramma fluviata flying over the flags. All were
worn and all males, but the hint may lead to future more satisfactory results. —
Charles G. Barrett, Pembroke : 13 th July, 1880.

[P.S. — Platyptilia isodactylus is again out, but smaller of course, from its rapid
feeding up in hot weather. If it were desirable, or I could spare the time, it would
be easy to take hundreds. Along with it is Scopula ferrugalis in plenty. — C. G. B. :
17 th August, 1880.]

Pood of Scopula lutealis. — I have recently been breeding this species, from larvae
collected here at the end of May, very freely from the lower leaves of bramble
bushes, and also from wild strawberry, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus, and several
other low plants. The larva described in this Magazine some time ago was found on
dock ; and Dr. F. B. White found it on thistle, so it is evidently quite as general
a feeder as are prunalis and olivalis. — Geo. T. Porritt, Highroyd House, Hud-
dersfield : August hth, 1880.

Natural History of Crambus culmellus. — Although this is a very common

92

[September,

species, yet its history has, I believe, never been investigated, or any description of
the larva published, a desideratum I have herein attempted to supply from the
opportunity afforded me by Mr. J. Gardner, of Hartlepool, who kindly sent me
first a larva, in 1878, and in 1879 a batch of eggs on 22nd of August ; these began
to hatch on the 28th, when the larvae were transferred to a large pot planted with
Festuca duriuscula, and having a margin of moss inside.

On the 4th of October I observed several of their little tubular galleries, open
at top, as they were spun in an upright position amongst the grass, with a few
withered grass particles adhering ; and by the 16th, many more could be seen, more
or less connected with each other and the grass by a number of fine silk threads.

The grass was vigorous enough to withstand their early attacks, and flourished
well during the ensuing winter while the larvae were quiescent, until a warm and sunny
day (the 6th of March, 1880) waked them from their torpor, when they became very
busy amongst both grass and moss, in extending the old residences and constructing
others, uniting the moss-covered galleries to the grass blades near, with a great
number of fine threads, and in the same way they secured the moss to the side of
the pot.

By degrees, the combined attack began to check the growth of the grass, which
presented a melancholy spectacle as June approached, when a fresh pot was provided,
barely in time, as I found the greater number of larvae had escaped, though a couple
had been picked up while deserting their old quarters, just in time to warn me of
their exodus ; but enough for mj purpose were put in the fresh grass to produce six
examples of the moth, which appeared from 19th of July to August 1st.

The egg in shape is elliptical, having an elongate depression on part of its
surface, and is very closely ribbed and finely reticulated ; when first laid it is of a
whitish straw tint, changing in two days to flesh colour, again onwards to salmon
colour, and then to deep pink, when it begins to hatch. The young laiwa at first is
of a pinkish-salmon colour with darkish brown glossy head and plate, the body
without gloss, and a pale brown anal plate. By the middle of October the larva is
just a little over one-eighth of an inch long and proportionally stout, its form
cylindrical and slightly tapered only at the hinder segment, having all the segmental
divisions well cut, the head is of an opalescent or whitish flesh colour with conspicuous
black ocelli, the second segment is of similar pale colour but having an internal
leaden-grey blotch showing through the surface, the rest of the body pinkish-brown,
with the anal flap pale as the head, the horny tubercular spots close together and
eoncolorous : its gallery or tube a quarter of an inch long, composed of silk, covered
with frass having the appearance of finely gnawed grass.

After hibernation the new gallery is formed between a few blades of grass,
about the distance of an inch and a half above the ground, and is covered with fine
particles of moss and of withered remnants of grass blades, or with frass only ; early
in March its occupant is more than three-sixteenths of an inch long, of an uniform
brown colour, the spots only noticeable by their gloss.

Towards the end of April the larva has grown to the length of three-eighths of
an inch, moderately stout in proportion, though gentlj tapering from the thoracic
segments to the thirteenth, its colour much paler, without any difference in that of
the head, plates, spots, or the skin of the body, except that the latter is dull and all
the former shining.

1880.]

93

During J une the larva attains full growth of half an inch in length, or a trifle
more, the skin of the body is still a light flesh colour, but the head, plates, and spots
show more distinctly from it of a light warm cinnamon glossy brown, the spots not
quite so large in proportion as with many of the genus, the parts of the mouth are
outlined with darker brown, and each lobe on the crown of the head is margined by
a short blackish-brown streak, and has besides a few other spots and streaks above ;
the plate on the second segment bears a few minute black-brown dots and a larger
pair on the hind margin ; each tubercular spot bears two dots of darkish brown, one
small, the other larger, furnished with a fine hair, the minute spiracles are round and
black. It travels forwards or backwards equally well, and from the middle of June
converts its tubular residence into a cocoon of oval shape from three-eighths to half
an inch longest diameter, smoothly lined with pale grey silk and externally covered
with frass or particles of moss, or with both.

The pupa is three-eighths of an inch long, of the usual contour but rather plump,
the head and thorax moderately produced, the form tapering very slightly towards
the widest part of the body at the ends of the long wing-covers, from thence the
abdomen tapers a little more towards the rounded-off tip ending with a rather pro-
minent boss ; in colour it is a light warm shining brown, the lower part of the wing-
covers paler brownish-yellow, the terminal boss dark brown. — William Buckler,
Emsworth : August 12,th, 1880.

Batrachedra prceangusta. — In my letter to Mr. Stainton which he has published
in the Magazine for this month, I stated that having found a larva in the lining of
a gold-finch’s nest, it was not until I saw what the nest was lined with that I
recognised the species to which that larva belonged. Mr. Stainton seems to me to
go somewhat out of his way in suggesting that the reverse of this mental process
was what actually occurred. He writes, “Ho doubt the larva itself helped to
“ explain to Lord Walsingham of what materials the lining of the nest was
“ really composed, for the larva of Batrachedra prceangusta is so remarkably con-
“ spicuous that any one who has once seen it can hardly fail to recognise it wherever
“ met with.”

Had this been the case I should not have expressed myself in exactly the
opposite sense.

I gave to Mr. Stainton two or three years ago the only two preserved specimens
of this larva which were in my collection, together with the information which
seemed to be of some interest to him, that they were found living in the down of
sallow catkins.

The curious position in which this larva has now been found, although confirm-
ing my previous observation as to its habits, affords perhaps a sufficient excuse for
my having failed to recognise it, until by chance I saw that the gold-finch’s nest was
not lined with the usual thistle-down, but with that of sallow catkins. — Walsing-
ham, Eaton House : July 1 Qth, 1880.

Capture of Dyschirius angustatus, Ahr., at Say ling Island. — I was at Hayling
Island for two days about the end of last June, and captured about half-a-dozen of the
above-named species on the Sandhills, to the West of South Hayling. I did not

94

[September,

recognise the species when I caught it, or I might doubtless have secured more. I
cannot find it recorded from this locality before, although I hear that Mr. Moncreaff
has also taken it. — Edward Saunders, Holmesdale, Upper Tooting: August l\th,
1880.

On the phosphorescence of the Glow-worm. — In reading Dr. Sharp’s note on the
European Firefly in the August number, p. 69, on the interruption of light, as
described by MM. Perroud and Arias, in the above species, it occurred to me that
I have observed a similar interruption in the light of our common G-low-worm. I
had a fine female sent me for identification some time ago, and I turned her out on my
grass plot, she concealed herself during the day and at night came out and exhibited
her light ; I have stood over her with a lamp to see if the strong light which it gave
would have any effect upon her, but so far as I could see it had none. While watching
her I observed that she was turned half round, that is, the posterior segments were
turned half round so as to bring the inferior surface uppermost, and thus exhibit the
light, or rather lights, for the phosphoric light emanates from two of the abdominal
rings leaving a distinct line between the two light-giving spots.

The insect will remain in the position above described for two or three or more
minutes, and then turn herself, or rather the abdominal half, round on the other side
so as to throw the light in another direction. When she has remained in this position
without attracting a mate she will again reverse the light, and try again in another
direction, by this means the observer sees an intermittent light ; I watched this
insect for several nights and observed that she proceeded in the same manner on each
night. This will account for the disappearance of the light at certain times, and
its re-appearance. — Edward Parfitt, Exeter : July 31s£, 1880.

Notes on the intermittent light of Luciola lusitanica. — In returning by the high
road from Sacavem to Lisbon in the evening of April 24th, the sight of a few fire-
flies upon the wing recalled to mind a discussion at the Meeting of the London
Entomological Society in February last, concerning the manner of their giving light.
I therefore stopped to ascertain by careful observation some particulars about it,
which were noted down the same night. It will be seen that they do not entirely
agree with M. Mulsant’s statement of the means by which the light is extinguished,
to which Dr. Sharp has alluded in the present volume of the E. M. M., at p. 69. My
notes do not record the colour of the light, but, judging from recollection, I believe
that when viewed at a moderate distance it is very spark-like in appearance ; whereas,
if examined with a lens, the effulgence may be likened to that of the moon seen
through a telescope.

The duration of each gleam of the light is from about i to about J of a second ;
and usually there are on an average 36 emissions a minute. The light throbs in the
luminous patches simultaneously, and is extinguished as a rule completely during
the intervals of the flashes ; but under certain circumstances it can be reduced to an
almost imperceptible phosphorescence without being quite put out. The hinder
patch can be darkened independently of the other, from which it is separated by a
transverse non-luminous band, and is slightly emarginate in the middle behind. In
sites exposed to the breeze the insects remain settled in places where shelter is
afforded them ( e . g., in the lee of stones in the roadside heaps, or at the entrance of

1880.]

95

chinks in “ dry walls ”), while within a stone’s throw of the same localities their
neighbours in nooks protected from the wind are flying freely. The flashes of light
are maintained at the ordinary rate of intermission after the insect has alighted, and
when it is caught in a hat ; but if it is held between the finger and thumb their
frequency is greatly increased. Within the cyanide bottle the beetle at first continues
to flash ; but within a few seconds after being placed there, the light gleams steadily
without interruption, gradually dying away pari passu with the insect.

At the end of April fire-flies were only just beginning to appear at Cintra, and
therefore were few in number. At no time did I see them anywhere in throngs ;
consequently my notes exclusively refer to the behaviour of individual specimens in
solitude. — A. E. Eaton, 51, Park Eoad, Bromley, Kent : August 7th, 1880.

lettmu.

Illustrations or Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in
the Collection of the British Museum. Part TV. North American Tortricidce .
By Lord Walsingham. London : printed by order of the Trustees, 1879. 4to,
pp. 84, and 17 Plates.

This work is without doubt one of the most valuable contributions to our
knowledge of the North American Tortricidce that has hitherto appeared. His
lordship has not only described a large number of new species from our Pacific Coast,
but has also re-described the North American species of the Tortricidce published by
Francis Walker, giving colored figures of all.

Of the work of Mr. Walker I have no need to speak, since his entomological
writings have been most fully discussed, not only by American and Grerman but also
by English entomologists themselves. Many Micro-Lepidopterists have quite disre-
garded his species because his descriptions are so very faulty, but Lord Walsingham
comes in with this most timely contribution and makes us acquainted with Walker’s
species of the Tortricidce from North America, and it is sincerely hoped that he will
| continue the work so well and auspiciously commenced, until he has re-published all
! of Walker’s species of the Micro-Lepidoptera from whatever country.

To one who has examined Walker’s types, it will be a matter of surprise that
\ so great a degree of accuracy has been obtained, for many of the typical specimens
i; in the British Museum, described by Walker, are so badly denuded that they ought
! never to have been described at all. The imperfection and unnaturalness of some of
i the illustrations are doubtless to be accounted for in this way.

The system of classification laid down by Heinemann has been adopted with
j some modifications ; but with all the imperfections of that system, it is, without
l doubt, in the direction of a more complete and natural classification for the Tor-
l tricidce than has been presented by others.

There can be no doubt that a step has been taken in the right direction, in
t raising the sub-genera of Heinemann to generic position, which has already been done
i in part by Wocke and others.

On the orthography of certain names there will, no doubt, be a difference of
! opinion. Many agree with Prof. Zeller in changing the spelling of a word from
|i that given by the original author to one more consistent with the derivation, and
: Lord Walsingham, in a letter just received by me, says, “ I shall be grateful to you

96

[September, 1880.

in any review of my work to correct Cochylis to Conchylis with my entire con-
currence.” I have read with care all that has come under my notice published on
this question of orthography, and I can reach no other conclusion than that it is
better to make such corrections as the above, and for the same reason Lozotcenia,
Steph., becomes Loxotcenia, Steph.

For the Californian species cuneanum, the genus Hendecastema is established,
but this species is identical in structure with humerosana which Clemens published
in 1860, and for which he established the genus Amoriia which must take precedence
over Hendecastema. I am very sure his lordship did not possess an example of
humerosana at the time he published this work, else he would have noticed their
generic relation and placed his cuneanum in the genus Amorhia of Clemens.

I cannot convince myself that lutosana, Clem., is identical with incertana, Clem.,
or with the European politana , which is not uncommon in this country. Specimens
identified by Prof. Zeller as politana, Haw., have been raised here from Pinus strobus.
I think the identity of these species is still an open question.

The species pulcherrimana, Wlsm., and demissana, Wlsm., belong to the genus
Dichelia, while x anthoides, Wlk. belongs to (Enectra .

Conchylis gratana, Wlk., is regarded as equivalent to “ Croesia ? reticulatana,
Clem., var. sulfureana,” but reticulatana , Clem., is a true Cenopis, while sulfureana,
Clem., is quite distinct, belonging to the genus Dichelia. According to my notes on
Walker’s types gratana , Wlk., is identical with sulfureana , Clem.

Sericoris fcedana, Clem., is given as a synonym of Penthina hebesana, Wlk. I
must hold myself responsible for this error, for I am very sure I told his lordship
that such was the case, and I had very good reason at the time for thinking so, but
I now have the type of fcedana before me, and it proves to be distinct from hebesana,
Wlk., but identical with Sericoris concinnana, Clem., and is a true Exartema and
must be known hereafter as Exartema concinnanum, Clem.

Exartema griseoalbanum , Wlsm., is a true Penthina, as shown by the males
in my collection. The type was a female, hence it was not possible to be sure of its
location.

The British Museum Authorities are to be congratulated upon the publication
of a work so reliable and valuable to workers on this family of insects. — C. H.
Febnald, State College, Orono, Maine, U.S.A.

Entomological Society of London. — August 4 th, 1880. J. W. Dunning,
Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Sir Sidney Saunders forwarded for exhibition four living specimens of Prosopis
rubicola, all stjlopized females, recently bred from larvae extracted from briars
received from Epirus, and contributed notes thereon.

Miss E. A. Ormerod exhibited a soft gall-like formation found on Rhododendron
ferrugineum, but believed to be of fungoid growth.

Mr. Billups exhibited a specimen of Heptaulacus villosus from Box Hill.

Mr. H. J. Elwes communicated a paper “ On the genus Colias.”

Mr. W. L. Distant read a paper entitled “ Notes on exotic Bhynchota, with
descriptions of new Species.”

October, 1880.1

97

DESCRIPTIONS OF FITE SPECIES OF ACULEATE HYMEN OP TER A
UNRECORDED AS BRITISH.

BY EDWARD SAUNDERS, E.L.S.

In the August number of this magazine I mentioned that I had
captured at Chobham three species of Pompilidce new to our list, and
I deferred describing them fully until I could have an opportunity of
examining them more carefully. I now offer the descriptions of these,
and also that of a fourth species, of which I took a $ , two years ago,
at Chobham, and two $ this year.

During my stay at Chobham, I also caught two $ of a species of
Andrena * which I did not recognise, flying about the heather : these
prove to be <$ of lucens , Imhoff, a very distinct species, and also an
addition to our fauna. I find in my collection another specimen of
the same species, without note of locality, given to me by the Rev. H. S.
Grorham. A description of this species follows those of the Pompilidce.

1. Pompilus minutulus , Dahlbm., Dispos., 1842, p. 10.

= neglectus , Dahlbm. ?

= cellularis , Thoms.

Black, the two basal segments of the abdomen, and the base of the 3rd red ;
the apex of the 2nd segment in the $ sometimes more or less fuscous.

Face, below the antennae, sides of the thorax, the metathorax, and
coxae, covered with silvery pubescence ; prothorax sharply emarginate
posteriorly, wings with a broad, fuscous, apical band ; 3rd submarginal
cell triangular. $ with the posterior tibiae sinuate on the side towards posterior
the body, and incrassated at the apex. 9 with the anterior tarsi simply tibia of
spinose, not pectinated as in most of the species. Length, 8 — 9 mill. tulus <J .

This species exactly resembles gibbus in general appearance, but
the shape of the posterior tibiae of the <$ and of the anterior tarsi of
the 9 readily distinguish it.

Thomson calls this species cellularis , Dahlb., and refers Dahl-
bom’s neglectus to spissus ; he may be right as to neglectus , of which
Dahlbom says, “ cellula cubitalis 3ia late trapezina,” a character
belonging to spissus, and not to this species, but I cannot think that
he is right in referring our species to cellularis, Dahlb., of which the
author says: “cellula cubitalis 3ia minuta triangularis petiolata,
corpus parvum £ valvula analis et segmenta ventralia ut in $ pectini-
pede, at valvula major et apice barbatula.”

Wesmael, who, like Thomson, describes the present species most

* Since writing tbe above, I have been again to Chobham, and succeeded in obtaining
another <J , and also a $ .

98

[October,

accurately, adopts the name of neglectus for it, and says that he has
seen specimens so named by Dahlbom himself in which the 3rd sub-
marginal cell was triangular, and, therefore, assumes that Dahlbom
made an error in his description.

Both Wesmael and Thomson, however, agree that the £ to which
Dahlbom gave the name of minutulus is the $ of the present species ;
and I have, therefore, adopted this name, as it clearly has the priority,
having been used by him in his “Dispositio,” in 1842 ; whereas cel-
lularis and neglectus were only described in 1845.

2. Pompilus Wesmaeli, Thoms., Op. Ent., p. 221. Hym. Scand., iii,
p. 149.

Same coloration, &c., as gibbus and its allies, but easily dis-
tinguished, as the £ has the apical ventral plate slightly carinated,
and armed near the apex with a long pendant
spine ; the $ is more difficult to recognise, but
may be known by the somewhat carinated, com-
pressed apical segment beneath.

I called this species in my notes {ante, p. 68) ventral view.

abnormis, Dahlb., but I see now that it clearly Apical P' We*

belongs to Wesmaeli. Abnormis also has the pendant spine in the
$ , but has the base of the ventral plate flat, and an oval fovea before
the spine.

3. Priocnemis parvulus, Dahlb., Hym. Eur., i, p. 460.

Black, with the two basal segments of the abdomen red, the basal segment
in the $ often with a longitudinal black stripe at its base.

Head and thorax finely punctured, covered with a fine sericeous, and in some
lights silvery, pubescence, the pubescence on the coxae and mesopleurae denser and
more distinctly silvery, wings slightly dusky with a darker stripe through the 2nd
and 3rd sub-marginal cells, and a darker patch in the 3rd discoidal cell ; beyond the
apex of the 3rd sub-marginal is an irregularly-shaped clearer spot, sometimes
wanting ; the apex of the wing widely dusky. Abdomen shining, 3rd and following
segments covered with a fine sericeous-grey pubescence ; 5th segment in
the $ with a few longer hairs, and 6th rather thickly covered with them.

Beneath with a few scattered hairs. Apical segment carinated at the
apex ; c? with the anal ventral valve hairy and narrow, slightly Apical seg-

widened at the apex and truncate (see figure) ; posterior calcaria not ^arvulu^i

two-thirds as long as the basal joint of the tarsi. Length, 6 — 8 mill.

Very distinct from any of tbe others of the exaltatus group, in
the shape of the ventral anal plate of the £ , and the absence of the
clear round spot in the wings of the ? .

99

4. Priocnemis pusillus, Schiodte, Kroy. Tidsch., 4 heft, p. 327.

Like exaltatus in having the clear round spot at the apex of the
wings in the $ , but distinguishable at once by the shape of the anal
ventral valve of the wrhich is rounded at the sides,
and deeply emarginate at the apex, and has the margins
ciliated with long hairs. The $ may he known by its
stouter antennae, its less sharply emarginate prothorax pos- Apical seg-
teriorly, its shorter wings, which have the externo-medial Pr. pusillus, i
nervure straight across the base of the first discoidal cell, its shorter,
more convex, metathorax, and its carinated apical segment beneath.

Length, 7 — 8 mill.

5. Andrena lucens , Imhoff, Mitth. schweiz. ent. Gres., ii, p. 67.

Black, shining, head in both sexes wider than the thorax, face clothed with
rather long white hairs ; vertex with brownish hairs. Thorax rather sparsely punc-
tured, clothed with scattered brownish hairs above ; sides thickly clothed with white
hairs. Wings slightly dusky, with the 1st recurrent nervure springing from nearly
the centre of the 2nd submarginal cell. Scutellum with only a few very scattered
punctures, but with a line of punctures down its centre ; metathorax clothed with
white hairs. Abdomen ovate, very shining, the basal segments with very fine
scattered punctures ; the rest more densely punctured at their base, hut having the
extreme apex smooth and impunctate ; 2nd and 3rd segments with a white lateral
fringe at the apex ; 4th with an entire white apical band ; 5t.h densely clothed with
white hairs at the apex in the ? , sparsely so in the J ; 6th, in the $ , covered with
brownish hairs. Legs black, tarsi in the $ entirely testaceous, in the ? described
from with only the apical joints pale. Scopa in the ? silvery-white.

Length, 7 — 9 mill.

Flying about the flowers, &c., of the heath at Burrow Hill, Chob-
ham, July and August.

This species can only be confounded with coitana, and from this,
the black clypeus and testaceous tarsi at once separate the $ , the $
are more alike ; but the head in lucens is wider, the face covered with
| white hairs, the thorax more hairy, the scutellum almost impunctate,
j! instead of being rugosely punctured all over, as in coitana , the body
I wider at the base, and, therefore, more egg-shaped ; the 4th segment
, with an entire hand of white hairs, and the scopse white, instead of
| brown. It appears from Imhoff that the colour of the legs varies
i greatly, the tibiae being often red.

Holmesdale, Upper Tooting :

*lth August , 1880.

100

[October,

ON AN UNDEFINED FACULTY IN INSECTS*

BY J. H. FAB RE.

Ammophila , boring its mine until a late hour of the day, abandons
its work after having closed tbe opening of it with a stone, rambles
from one flower to another, goes to a distance, and yet knows how to
return on the next day with its caterpillar-prey to the excavated
domicile, although the localities may be new and unknown. Bembex,
laden with its prey, falls with almost mathematical precision on the
threshold of its doorway obstructed with sand and confused with the
rest of the sandy covering. Where my observation and memory are
defective, their coup d'oeil and remembrance have a certainty which is j
all but infallible. It may be said that there is in an insect something (
more subtle than the simple faculty of remembering — a kind of in-
tuition of localities without analogy in man — in fact, an undefinable
faculty which I term memory, for want of an expression to designate
it. The unknown cannot have a name. In order, if possible, to
throw a little light on this point of the psychology of animals, I insti-
tuted a series of experiments.

The first had for its subject Cerceris tuber culatci, the hunter of the
Cleoni. About ten o’clock in the morning, I captured twelve females
which were occupied on the same slope, in the same bourgade , either
in excavating or provisioning the burrows. Each prisoner was sepa-
rately enclosed in a cornet of paper, and the whole were put in a box. j
I then went about two kilometres from the nests and there released j
the Cercerides , first taking care, in order to recognise them hereafter,
to mark each one with a white spot in the middle of the thorax by j
means of the end of a straw dipped in indelible colour.

The Cercerides flew only a few paces in all directions, to and fro ;
rested on the sprigs of the herbage, passed for a moment their anterior j
tarsi over their eyes, as if dazzled by the bright sunshine into which
they w'ere suddenly brought, then took flight, some sooner others later, J
and all, without any hesitation, went in a direct line towards the south,
that is to say, in the direction of their home. Five hours later I
revisited the place where the nests are common, and, on arrival, saw
two of my Cerceris with the white mark working at the burrows ; soon
after a third came into the field with a Cleonus between its feet ; and :
a fourth soon followed. Four out of twelve in less than a quarter of
an hour were enough for conviction, and I deemed it useless to prolong
my attention. What four had known how to do the others would do

* Translated from “ Souvenirs entomologiques.” Vide page 117, post.

1880]

101

if they had not already done ; and it is very permissible to suppose
that the eight absent ones were delayed on their way by hunting their
prey, or had already retired to the depths of their galleries. Thus,
transferred to a distance of two kilometres in a direction and by a
means of which they could have had no knowledge at the bottom of
their paper prison, my Cercerides had returned, in part at least, to
their home.

I do not know to what distance the Cercerides extend their hunting,
and it may be that within a radius of two kilometres the country is
more or less known to them. If they had not been carried far enough
at the place to which I had transported them, they would then regain
their home by their acquired acquaintance with the locality ; so the
experiment had to be repeated, with a greater intervening distance,
and a place of departure that could not be suspected of being known
to the hymenopteron.

At the same group of burrows from which I had drawn in the
morning I then took nine female Cerceris, of which three had been
subjected to the preceding experiment, and the transportation was
effected in the darkness of a box, each insect being shut up in a cornet
of paper. The point of departure selected was the neighbouring
town of Carpentras, distant about three kilometres from the burrows.
I determined to release my insects not in the midst of the fields, as at
the first time, but in the public street, in the centre of a populous
quarter, to which the Cercerides , with their rustic habits, had certainly
never penetrated. As the day was already advanced, I deferred the
experiment, and my captives passed the night in their cellular prisons.

The next morning, about eight o’clock, I marked them on the
thorax with a double white spot, in order to distinguish them from the
former captures, which bore only a single spot, and I set them pt
liberty, one after the other, in the middle of the street. Each released
Cerceris rose up vertically between the two rows of houses, as if to
disengage itself as quickly as possible from the defile of the street
and obtain the wide horizon ; then, clearing the roofs, it launched out
immediately with a hasty flight towards the south. It was from the
south that I had brought them into the town ; it was at the south they
would find their burrows. Nine times, with my nine prisoners set
free one after the other, I had this striking example of an insect,,
carried into a district entirely new to it, not hesitating as to the di-
rection it should take to return to its nest.

Some hours later I was at the burrows. I saw several Cerceris of
the first lot, recognisable by the single white spot on the thorax, but

102

[ October,

I saw none of those I had lately released. Had they not known how
to regain their home ? Were they on a hunting expedition, or had
they really concealed themselves in their galleries in order to calm the
emotions of such a trial ? I do not know. The next day I made
another visit, and this time I had the satisfaction of finding five Cer-
cerides , with a double white spot on the thorax, as actively at work as
if nothing extraordinary had happened. A distance of at least three
kilometres, the town with its houses, its roofs, its smoky chimneys —
things all new to these free countrymen, had been no obstacles to
their return to their nest.

Taken out of its flock and transported to enormous distances the
pigeon promptly returns to the dove-cot. If we draw a proportion
between the length of the passage and the bulk of the creature, how
much the Cerceris transported to a distance of three kilometres and
returning to its burrow will be superior to the pigeon ! The bulk of
the insect is not a cubic centimetre, and that of the pigeon amounts to
quite a cubic decimetre, if it do not exceed it. The bird, a thousand
times larger than the hymenopteron, should, in order to rival it, regain
the dove-cot from a distance of 3000 kilometres, three times the length
of France from north to south. I do not know that a traveller-pigeon
has ever accomplished such a feat. But power of wing, and still less
clearness of instinct, are not qualities to be measured by the metre.
The relations of bulk cannot here be taken into consideration, and we
can only see in the insect a worthy rival of the bird without deciding
which has the advantage.

To return to the dove-cot and the burrow. When the pigeon and
the Cerceris are artificially removed from home by man and trans-
ported to great distances into regions hitherto unvisited by them, are
they guided by remembrance ? Can memory serve them for a compass
when, arrived at a certain elevation, they may recover the lost point
and start forth, with all their power of flight, on the side of the
horizon where their nests are to be found P Is it memory which traces
their route in the air to traverse regions they see for the first time ?
Evidently not ; there can be no remembrance of the unknown. The
hymenopteron and the bird know not the places in which they find
themselves ; nothing can have informed them of the general direction
in which their displacement can have been effected, for it was in the
darkness of a close basket or of a box that the journey was made.
Locality, orientation, are unknown to them ; nevertheless, they are
found again. They have, then, for guide more than simple remem-
brance ; they have a special faculty, a kind of topographical sense, of
which it is impossible for us to have auy idea, not having anything
analogous to it.

1880. J

103

NOTES ON THE ENTOMOLOGY OF PORTUGAL.

II. PSE UB O-NE UROPTERA (in part ) & NEUROPTERA-PLAEIPENNIA
BY ft. McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &c.

As a first instalment toward tbe working-out of the materials
collected in Portugal by the Rev. A. E. Eaton — who published Intro-
ductory Notes on his tour in the last No. of this Magazine (pp. 73 —
79), — I submit a List of certain of the Neuroptera. The Planipennia
are complete, but the Pseudo- Neuroptera yet want the portions relating
to the Perlidce and Ephemeridce , which will probably be furnished
hereafter (either wholly or in part) by Mr. Eaton himself. The
TricJioptera (which formed by far the bulk of the collection) are so
rich in new forms, that it may probably be found impossible for them
to appear in this series of notes in the first instance, but a List, with
localities, &c., will be hereafter given, so as to maintain the uniformity
of the series.

Mr. Eaton attended only very casually to the insects treated upon
in this paper, but the discoveries are valuable, for, with the exception
of some of the Odonata (of which De Selys indicated 17 species as
Portuguese in 1850, most of which are not the same as those here
enumerated), almost everything here is noticed as Portuguese for the
first time. Perhaps the most interesting are Myopsocus Eatoni , Gom-
phus Graslini, Amphiceschna Irene , and Sisyra Dalii , the first especially,
as adding a genus to the European Fauna.

PSEUDO-NETJROPTERA.

TERMITIDiE.

Termes lucifuyus, Rossi. — One winged $ found drowning in a
reservoir at Cintra, 27th April, the only winged Termes seen during the
tour. Also soldier and larva found under a stone at the foot of a
chestnut tree at Ponte de Morcellos, the only occasion upon which
apterous forms were noticed.

PSOCIDiE.

Myopsocus Eatoni , n. sp.

Head yellowish-grey, rather thickly spotted with deep black, the ocelli placed
in a larger black spot, front with somewhat undulating deep black longitudinal lines,
closely placed, those in the middle shorter than the others ; labrum blackish, with
a central yellowish spot. Antennae whitish-yellow, pilose, the apex of each joint
more distinctly whitish, preceded by a broad ante-apical black band. Palpi blackish,
with pale rings. Thorax and abdomen fuscescent, varied with yellowish (or vice
versa). Legs yellowish : coxae blackish ; trochanters with a fuscous mark ; femora
fuscescent or blackish externally, with indications of two maculose ante-apical black

104

[October,

rings ; tibiae finely spotted with black, and with a broad apical black ring ; tarsi
having the 1st joint pale, the 2nd and 3rd blackish. Anterior-wings semi-opaque,
grey, thickly spotted and clouded with fuscous, but with a very distinct curved
median 'pale space under the “ forked ” vein ; the costal margin and all the neuration
closely spotted with deep black ; pterostigma triangular, not darker, but with a faint
yellowish (or greenish) tinge ; extreme apex slightly reddish. Posterior- wings
greyish-hyaline, with darker neuration, and a darker greyish clouding along the
inner margin. Expanse, about 8 mm.

[Notes on the recently-killed insect, made by Mr. Eaton, prove that the body-
colours are much changed : according to these notes, the head is greenish-ochreous
(with the black spots and lines above noticed) ; the ground colour of the antennae
pale greenish-grey. Eyes dark greenish-grey, freckled with black. Thorax above
greenish-grey, freckled with black ; sides for the most part black. Abdomen above
dull greenish-ochreous, the penultimate segment fuscescent ; there is a fuscous
spiracular line on each side, a dorsal fuscous line, and obsolete fuscous lines on each
side of it].

One example (probably <$ ) on a bridge over a stream near Silves,
Algarve, 16th May.

N.B. — The genus Myopsocus (Hagen, 1865) is new for the
European Eauna. It has the neural characters of Psocus, but has
3- jointed tarsi, and thus stands in the same relative position with
regard to JPsocus as JElipsocus does with regard to Ccecilius. The de-
scribed species are JMJ. lugens , Hagen (N. America), unduosus, Hagen
(Ceylon), yriseipennis, McLachl. (Australia), and fraternus, McLachl.
(Assam). Hagen indicates a species from Fiji, and I have one from
Hew Zealand. All are remarkable (and M. JEatoni is no exception)
for the coloration, which approaches that of JPsocus variegatus. Mr.
Eaton’s discovery of a European Myopsocus is of the greatest interest.

Stenopsocus cruciatus, L. — One example from Silves.

Ccecilius Jlavidus. Stephens. — One example from Ponte de Mor-
cellos, 12th June.

OHONATA.

LIBELLULINA.

Platetrum depressum , L. — One adult $ from between Coimbra
and Sao Antonio, 3rd June.

Sympetrum striolatum, Charp. — Two ? from a hill S.E. of Silves,
16th May, and two ? from between Coimbra and Sao Antonio, 3rd
June ; all immature.

GOMPHINA.

Onychogomphus forcipaius, L. — One £ and one $ , Sao Marcos da
Serra, 23rd May, one Ponte de Morcellos, 12th June. These are

1880.]

105

somewhat intermediate between the ordinary northern form and the
southern race known as unguiculatus , V. d. Lind., but more approach
the former ; the inferior appendages of the $ are totally yellow.

Gomphus Graslini, Rambur. — One $ , Cea, 1692 feet, 8th June.
This very local species has hitherto only been known from the west of
Trance. The Portuguese $ appears to agree sufficiently with the
description.

Gomphus pulchellus, Selys. — One $ , Sao Marcos da Serra, 23rd
May, one ? , on the road from Lisbon to Cintra, 31st May.

Cor duleg aster annulatus , Latr. — Cea, one <$ and one ? , 9th and
11th June, one , Salamonde, 30th June, over 2000 feet. Of the
typical northern form, and not approaching the race immaculifrons ,
Selys, usual in the South of Europe.

^SCHNINA.

Amphiceschna Irene , Eonsc. — One $ at a stream near Agualva on
the road to Cintra, 31st May. A very interesting addition to the
Eauna of the Iberian Peninsula. This species is the sole European
representative of an otherwise exotic group of forms.

CALOPTERYGINA.

Calopteryx splendens, Harris (race ocanthostoma , Charp.). — One
adult <$ from near Sao Marcos da Serra, 22nd May.

Calopteryx virgo , L. (race meridionalis , Selys). — One somewhat
immature $ , from the Estrella, 5th June.

Calopteryx hcemorrhoidalis , Y. d. Lind. — One <$ and two $ , near
Monchique, 18th and 19th May, one <£, between Coimbra and Sao
Antonio, 3rd June ; the latter approaches the form usual in the South
of Erance.

AGRIONINA.

Platycnemis acutipennis) Selys. — Two near Sao Marcos da Serra,

22nd May.

Ischnura Graellsi, Rambur. — One $ near Lisbon, 22nd April,
two $ and two $ near Almodovar, 7th and 8th May, one $ , Sao Marcos
da Serra, 22nd May. There is some amount of variation in these
individuals : in the J from Lisbon, and in two of those from near
Almodovar, the blue humeral lines on the thorax are totally obliterated ;
in another £ from the latter locality they are continuous but narrow :
in a $ the 8th segment is totally black above, in another $ it is blue
for the greater part.

106

[October,

Agrion puellay L. — Two $ , Sao Marcos da Serra, 22nd May.

Agrion Lindeni, Selys. — One <$ from Aldea de Neuves, 8th May,
one $ near Lisbon, 23rd April.

Pyrrhosoma minium , Harris. — One ? from the slopes of Picota,
20th May, three $ , Ponte de Morcellos, 14th June.

N.B. — Of the fifteen species of Dragon-flies here recorded, the
following were indicated as Portuguese by De Selys in his “ Revue
des Odonates,” 1850, viz. : S. striolatum, O. foreipatus , C. Jicemor-

rlioidalis , and I. Graellsi , but he noticed thirteen other species not
caught by Mr. Eaton, so that twenty-eight species have now been re-
corded for the Portuguese Fauna.

All the fifteen species have been noticed in Spain, excepting G.
Graslini and A. Irene. The number of recorded Spanish species is
about forty-three, most of which no doubt also occur in Portugal.

PLAJN1PENNIA.

SIALIDiE.

Sialis lutaria , L. — One $ , Cintra, 27th April, in tbe ordinary
condition. There is also one $ from near Salamonde, 2003 feet, 30th
June, that I refer here with some hesitation. It has the dark colora-
tion of S. fuliginosa (and even intensified), yet the anal structure is
that of lutaria , only that the terminal ventral lobe appears slightly
shorter, and slightly less obtuse at its apex. It is distinctly not the
Spanish S. nigripes,YA Piet, (which I cannot separate from fuliginosa,
vide ante , p. 62). At present, therefore, in the absence of sufficient
materials, I am forced to consider it lutaria , with possibly slight modi-
fication in the anal parts, and with the coloration oi fuliginosa.

CONIOPTERY GIDiE.

Coniopteryx aleyrodiformis , Stephens. — Two examples from Olivaes,
near Lisbon, 24th April, two from Cintra, 27th April. The antennae
are about 30-jointed, but in one sex (perhaps the $ ) the joints are
shorter and thicker than in the other. Supposing this to be an actual
sexual difference, it is clear that C. tineiformis must be distinct, and
not a sexual form as I was once inclined to believe.

OSMYLIDiE.

Sisyra Dalii , McLachlan. — Ten examples, nine from near Cintra,
31st May and 1st June, one from between Almodovar and Sao Barnabe,

1880.]

107

12th May. These do not differ from English examples, excepting that
the blackish axillae of the furcations and the transverse veinlets are
rather darker. The number of transverse veinlets is very variable.

HEMEROBIIDiE.

Hemerobius subnebulosus , Stephens. — One <$ from near Almodovar,
8th May, one from the slopes of Picota, about 1650 feet, 20th May,
one ? between Coimbra and Sao Antonio, 3rd June, two $ from Cea,
1692 feet, 6th and 8th June. These are much less smoky than the
ordinary British form.

Hemerobius limbatus , Wesmael. — Two from Cintra, 27th April,
three from Cea, 8th June, one from Villa Beal, 25th June; all ?.
They do not differ from British examples.

CHRYSOPIDiE.

Chrysopa vulgaris , Schneider. — One example, Cintra, 1st June
(also one example belonging to the Lisbon Museum).

Chrysopa septempunctata , Wesmael. — One example, Cintra, 1st
June (also in the Lisbon Museum).

Chrysopa formosa, Brauer. — One example near Villa Beal, 23rd
June (also in the Lisbon Museum).

Chrysopa nigro-punctata , Ed. Piet. ? — Two near Cintra, 28th and
29th April, one near Cea, 11th June. Eurther materials seem to
prove that nigro-punctata is not so distinct from jiavifrons as it at first
appeared to me ( vide ante, p. 62), but I refer Mr. Eaton’s examples to
the former rather than to the latter.

Chrysopa Picteti, McLachlan (= thoracica, Ed. Piet., vide ante ,
p. 63). — One from between Coimbra and Sao Antonio, 3rd June, one
from near Villa Beal, 25th June. Eresh examples are deep green
with a yellow dorsal vitta, not noticed in the original description of
thoracica.

Chrysopa aspersa, Wesmael. — Seven examples from a hill S. "W.
of Almodovar, beaten from cork-oak, 8th May, one from Cintra, 1st
June, one from between Cea and Sao Bomao, 9th June, three from
near Villa Beal, 22nd, 24th, and 25th June. Excessively variable in
the spotting of the thorax, &c., even in individuals from the same
locality ; mostly of small size as compared with examples from Northern
Europe. I have never been able to satisfy myself that prasina of
Burmeister is more than a strongly marked form, and if so, that name
has priority over aspersa.

103

| October,

There is also a single example of another species of Chrysopa ,
distinct from any of those above recorded, from near Silves, 16th May,
perhaps allied to viridana , but it is so discoloured that identification
appears impossible.

ASCALAPHIDiE.

AscalapJius bceticus , Rambur. — One male on a hill S. of Silves,
17 th May (another seen), not quite of the typical Spanish form, but
more approaching a variety from Catalonia described by De Selys in
the Compt. Rendus Soc. Ent. Belg., April 3rd, 1880.

PANORPIDiE.

Panorpa meridionalis , Rambur. — One <$ and two $ , Cintra, 27th
April, one $ , Sabugueiro in the Estrella, 5th June, one <$ , Cea, 9th
June, one and one $ near Salamonde, 30th June. All the examples
that I have seen from Spain and Portugal are smaller and less strongly
marked than those from the French Pyrenees. It is the only Panorpa
recorded from the Iberian Peninsula.

Lewisham, London : September, 1880.

ON THE SINGULAR NEW SPECIES OF PLUTELLA (ALLIED TO
P. CRUCIFERARUM ) COLLECTED IN SPITZBERGEN, IN 1873,
BY THE REV. A. E. EATON.

BY H. T. STAINTON, F.R.S.

The insects in question were placed in my hands more than six
years ago, but pressure of business of various sorts has hitherto pre-
vented my giving them the attention which they merited. Specimens j
were submitted to Professor Zeller, in 1874, who wrote his opinion on |
them May 29th of that year, but as he wished that his views on the
specific distinctness of the specimens sent to him should be confirmed '
by myself, the matter has stood over till I had the necessary leisure to |
relax and set out the Spitzbergen specimens, which Mr. Eaton had |
collected.

I should premise that of all the JMicro-Pepidoptera , I know of no
more cosmopolitan species than Plutella cruciferarum , and, therefore,
it would have appeared to me perfectly natural had it also occurred
at Spitzbergen.

One other point to be noticed is the very peculiar markings on the
antennae of the normal Plutella cruciferarum , which, in bred specimens
of the insect, are so strikingly conspicuous.

1880.]

109

The stereotyped description of these antennae is : “ whitish, an-
“ nulated with fuscous hut the peculiarity is, that these fuscous
annulations are occasionally confluent, and form fuscous patches, one
of these is about the middle of the antennae, and there are three more
towards the tip. A similar character may be noticed in the antennae
of P. annulatella , and a modification of it in the antennae of P. por-
rectella , for in this species there is no fuscous blotch in the middle of
the antennae, but only the three towards the tip.

Now, the peculiarity of the antennae of these Spitzbergen speci-
mens, for which Professor Zeller has proposed the name of Plutella
polaris, is that the antennae are entirely pale fuscous, with only faintly
paler annulations, and this character appears perfectly constant in all
the seven specimens I have before me, not a vestige of the dark
patches in the antennae is to be seen.

Professor Zeller’s remarks, dated May 29th, 1874, are as follows :
— “ The two you send me as Plutella cruciferarum appear to me very
“ remarkable. They are of the size of the largest P. cruciferarum ;
“their antennae are pale brown, paler annulated, very different in
“appearance from those of any true P. cruciferarum. Head and
“ thorax (except the shoulders) pale griseous.

“ The anterior-wings have the dorsal vitta pale griseous, obsoletely
“dentate interiorly, and rudely marked with black dorsal spots, and
“ the cilia unicolorous pale griseous. The posterior-wings are broader
“ towards the end than in P. cruciferarum , and, consequently, more
“suddenly pointed. If your other specimens agree in these parti-
“ culars with the two now before me, they must certainly be a good
“ new species, for which I should propose the name of Plutella polaris ,
“ with the following diagnosis : —

“ Antennis fuscescentibus obsolete dilutius annulatis, capite thoracisque
“ medio f 'usees centi-gr is eis ; alis ant. cinereo-fuseis, vitta dor sali ochraceo-grisea
“ ante medium obsolete sinuata, in margine grosse nigro-punctata, ciliis uni -
“ coloribus ochraceo-griseis ; alis post, breviter acuminatis.”

I would add that the anterior-wings seem to me decidedly broader
than in the normal P. cruciferarum. All the seven specimens show
distinctly the dorsal spots noticed by Zeller.

The Rev. A. E. Eaton captured these specimens July 21st and
24th, 1873, at Wide Bay, Spitzbergen.

Mountsfield, Lewisham :

September 13 th, 1880.

no

[October,

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BJRAJHJMJAEA FROM JAPAN.

BY ARTHUR G. BUTLER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

Some years since, when I enumerated the species of Brahmcea
(P. Z. S., 1866, pp. 118 — 121), I could only muster four, as follows : —

1. Brahmcea Certhia , Walk, (nee Eabr.), = B. conchifera , Butl.

2. „ Whitei , Butl.

3. „ Betiveri , Butl., = Certhia , Eabr.

4. „ Butina, Drury.

Three more species have subsequently been added to the genus
by myself, one by Eelder and one by Eogenhofer ; the B. WaUichii of
Gray has also been recognised as distinct from the species with which
it was formerly represented ; the genus now stands as follows : —

Section I.

1. Brahmcea Butina, Drury. Sierra Leone.

#2. „ Swanzgi, Butler. Eantee and Old Calabar.

Section II.

3. Brahmcea Certhia, Eabr. (= lunulata, Brem., = Betiveri ,
Butl.). Chusan ; North China.

*4. „ Bedereri, B-ogenhofer. Asia Minor.

o. „ JMniszechii, Eelder. Japan.

Section III.

*6. Brahmcea jap onica, Butler. Yokohama and Nikko.

7. „ nigrans, n. sp.

Nearest to B. japonica, but differing in its slightly smaller size, narrower j
secondaries and altogether blacker coloration ; the white bands on the body are
confined to the front of the head and collar ; the back of the collar and margins of 1
the tegulse are grey, the remainder of the thorax above is black, the abdomen blackish-
brown ; the ground-colour of the primaries does not show the pink tint of JB. ja- !
ponica , but is sordid white, all the wavy black lines are wider, those across the disc
being of a purplish- slate colour, the basi-costal area is broadly suffused with dark
greenish-black ; the central belt is very much constricted above the internal ocelloid
patch, is of a dull greenish-white colour, and the little pupillated black spots upon
it are more numerous, and, to a great extent, connected ; the submarginal spots are
more widely separated ; the secondaries have a much narrower basal area, less suf-
fused with blackish (not black) than in JB. japonica , the belt which limits it
externally is much more abruptly angulated, of a sordid white colour, and traversed
by a simple greyish stripe ; the disc is of a pale greyish-brown tint, is wider than in
B. japonica, and the lines which traverse it are increased in number by one, and are
of a dull purplish-brown colour ; the submarginal wavy belt, is similar, but the
outer border is distinctly narrower, and of nearly uniform width throughout : on
the under-surface the prevailing colour is smoky-grev, the ground-colour showing no

Ill

trace of the bright sandy-yellow of B. japonica , the basal area is more suffused with
blackish, the central whitish belt more conspicuous, the submarginal white undulated
stripe sharply defined, and the outer border dark smoky-brown ; the body below is
smoky-grey, instead of ochreous : expanse of wings, 3 inches, 8 lines.

Japan (Coll. O. Janson).

It is unfortunate that the exact locality of this species cannot be
ascertained.

#8. j Brahmcea WJiitei , Butler. Darjiling.

*9.

„ conchifera, Butl.

Silhet and Darjiling,

10.

„ rufescens, Butl.

N. E. Bengal.

*11.

„ Wallichii, Gray.

Nepal.

I have put an asterisk to those species represented in the
National Collection.

British Museum : August , 1880.

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA FROM
CENTRAL AMERICA.

BY D. SHARP, M.B.

The two descriptions now sent for publication were drawn up by
me several years ago, at a time wrhen Mr. Belt submitted to me for
examination certain portions of his important collection of Central
American Coleoptera. Since that time the lamented decease of the
talented scientist has occurred : and as his collections are now being
studied for description of new species by specialists, it seems desirable
to utilize by publication these descriptions which were made long
since. The two species belong to well-known genera, viz., Smilicerus
of the JEilateridce , and Tesserocerus of the Platypides.

Smilicerus Belti, n. sp.

JElongatus , angustuJus , sub-par all elus, tomentosus, niger , elytrorum
basi,prothoracis later ibus, prosternique medio, fulvis ; antennarum apice

flavescente ; elytris ad apicem evidenter spinosis.

Long. 8 mm., lat. If mm.

Antennae broad and flat, moderately long, densely pubescent, black, with the
11th joint yellowish, and the 10th dirty yellowish : 2nd and 3rd joints quite short
and small, but the 3rd not so small as the 2nd. Head black, deeply punctured, with
two patches of fine, scanty, yellowish pubescence on the middle : forehead limited
in front by a curved raised line. Thorax very elongate, sub-parallel, the hind angles
but little divergent, moderately produced, but their extremity truncate : the middle
is broadly black, each side is brownish, and on this brown part is a band of yellowish
or golden pubescence. Elytra elongate, striated, the striae are more distinct towards
the extremity, and are punctured, but the punctuation is only distinct on the basal
portion, their apex is truncate, the truncature being terminated on each side by a

112

[October,

distinct tooth ; the basal portion of the elytra is brownish, but the apex is black,
the black colour occupying nearly the half, the scutellum is also black, and the suture
is very narrowly blackish. The under-side is black, with the middle and the hind
angles of the thorax tawny, and the trochanters and extreme base of the femora
are also of that colour : the last ventral segment is produced into a sharp tooth in
the middle.

This species is closely allied to Smilicerus Sallei, Cand., but has
the black colour at the extremity of the elytra more extensive, and
differs also in other small respects, so that I had no doubt when com-
paring it with the type of S. Sallei in Mr. Janson’s collection, that
the two were distinct.

Pound at Chontales. in Nicaragua, by Mr. Belt.

Tesserocertts Belti, n. sp.

Sub-cylindricus , ferrugineus , sat nitidus , thorace parcissime punc-
tato ; elytris seriatim punctatis, interstitio tertio basi latiore, confertim
granulato.

Mas, vertice dense villoso, scapi antennarum processu funiculi
insertationem valde superante , a basi ad apicem dense longeque villoso.
Long. 11 mm.

Pern., vertice parcius villoso, scapi antennarum processu funiculi
insertationem longe superante , a basi ad apicem longe sat dense villoso.
Long. 10 mm.

S . Antennae inserted on a long curved process, somewhat below its middle, this
process is not clavate towards the extremity, but is very densely fringed with long
pale hairs ; the whole of the upper part of the head is also very densely set with
such hairs. The thorax has, in the base in front of the middle, a patch of strigose
punctures divided into two by a fine channel ; the apex of the elytra has, in front ;
of the vertical portion, a small tubercle on the alternate intervals, the vertical por- j
tion is densely set with hairs, and its margin simple.

$ . Antennae inserted as in the male, but the process not quite so long, and its
fringe not nearly so dense : the upper part of the head has only a few hairs ; the
patch of strigose punctures on the thorax is quite rudimentary. The elytra are j
rather shorter and rather broader at the apex, the sutural tubercles are separated by
a wide depression, the vertical apex is less densely pubescent, and its margin is at
the apex broadly explanate.

This remarkable member of the Platypides was found at Chontales ;
by Mr. Belt, after whom I have the pleasure of naming it. It is one
of the largest species of the family, and should be placed at the end
of the genus near Tesserocerus Spinolce and insignis , but should
apparently form a distinct section, because the female, as well as the i
male, has the process of the scape much prolonged beyond the point
of insertion.

Thornhill, Dumfries :

August 11 th, 1880.

1S80.J

113

Vanessa Antiopa near Birmingham. — I saw Antiopa yesterday, stopped my
carriage and tried to catch it in my hat, but failed to do so, I am sorry to say. It
was close by Cannon Hill Park near here. — R. C. R. Jordan, 105, Harborne Road,
Edgbaston, Birmingham : September ls£, 1880.

Vanessa Antiopa near Virginia Water. — It may interest your readers to learn
that a very good specimen of V. Antiopa was caught by a friend of mine, Mr.
Montague, near Virginia Water, as early as August 15th, and after a series of ad-
ventures is now in my possession in excellent preservation. — Harold J. Adams,
St. John’s College, Cambridge : September Ath, 1880.

Vanessa Antiopa at Box Hill. — A young gentleman lately saw two examples of
this butterfly at Box Hill, Surrey, but although he knew the species, yet being one
of those persons who keep only one specimen of a species, he caught but one and
left the other, for which latter proceeding he has been sadly upbraided by his
acquaintances. — A. H. Swinton, Binfield House, Gruildford: September 10th, 1880.

Vanessa Antiopa at Herne Bay. — I took a fine specimen of the Camberwell
Beauty on the 26th of August last, at sugar, in Herne Bay. — Samuel M’Caul.

Vanessa Antiopa at Eastbourne. — A specimen was recently taken on a road in
Eastbourne, and is now in my possession, though in rather a dilapidated condition.
—A. Walker, The School House, Norwich : September , 1880.

Vanessa Antiopa at Headcorn. — I captured a specimen of V. Antiopa not far
from my house on August 24th. — A. E. Stuart, Shenley House, Headcorn : August
29th, 1880.

Vanessa Antiopa in Devon. — A specimen of the Camberwell Beauty was captured
in my garden yesterday. It was first seen resting on a fallen Quarrendon apple, to
which, on being disturbed, it returned after a short flight, and was then caught. —
John Ellis, The Elms, Chudleigh : August 8\st, 1880.

Vanessa Antiopa in Kent. — Vanessa Antiopa has been twice taken in this
neighbourhood in the first week of September, viz., once at Knowlton and once at
Redville. — Oxenden Hammond, St. Albans Court, near Wiogham : Sept. 'Ith, 1880.

Vanessa Antiopa at Tonbridge. — I saw a very perfect specimen of the Camber-
well Beauty whilst out driving on August 27th last. Not having a net with me, I
was unable to catch it. — Edith C. Thompson, Tonbridge.

Vanessa Antiopa in Berkshire. — I captured, a few days ago, a good specimen of
the Camberwell Beauty. At the time I caught it, it was feeding on some rotten fruit.
I have never before seen one in this locality. A day or two after, I heard of the capture
of another specimen at a spot about seven miles from where I caught mine. Does
this mean that this year is an unusually good one for the insect ? My specimen is
large and perfect, and with reference to the disputed point about the difference
between British and foreign specimens, the rim around the wings is, in my specimen,
a good creamy-white. — C. L. Lindsay, Ardington, Wantage : September 8th, 1880.

114

[October,

The abundance of Orgyia antiqua. — At this season the “ Vapourer” is always
one of the “common objects” everywhere, for, like the pig in Leigh Hunt’s story,

“ he goes up all manner of streets ” — urban and suburban. But this year he has
come out in prodigious numbers, almost rivalling Plusia gamma last year. I say he ,
advisedly, for as is well known, the females cannot fly for want of the de quoi. On
every day, and all day long, lately, the males perform their gyrations about this house,
half-a-dozen being at any moment in view from one window, and the same thing is
going on in every direction. It was not so last year, and yet the larvae in the early
summer were very abundant, so that if the quantity of eggs of the last brood was,
as is probable, not unusually numerous, the fates have been unusually beneficent to
their products. What has been the proportion of females developed ? This
question, from the retiring nature of the ladies, can never be satisfactorily answered,
nor shall we know how many of the gentlemen were involuntary celibates ; but if
the next generation be again in excess, we may presume that a large number of
Benedicks found each a Beati’ice ; still, this is a hazardous speculation in view of the
precedent of last year’s enormous broods of Plusia gamma , which have had no such
successors this year. — J. W. Douglas, 8, Beaufort Gardens, Lewisham : September
4th, 1880.

Description of the larva of Nonagria fulva. — In the “ Manual of British But-
terflies and Moths ” fulva is said to be the commonest of the small species of
Nonagria, and therein is given from Treitschke a brief description of the larva, yet
it appears that in this country no one ever found the larva, until Mr. John Sang, of
.Darlington, while in quest of another species of larva, found this one, and meeting
again with it in the following summer, proved its identity by breeding the insect, as
recorded by him in last year’s October Number of this Magazine.

Most obligingly redeeming his promise made to me on that occasion, Mr. Sang
has this season again sought successfully for the larva of fulva, and kindly sent me
for study — first a very young example on the 19th of J une, — secondly, on the 9tli of
July, four fine larvae approaching maturity, affording me intense gratification in |
figuring this long-desired subject.

The habitude of the larva is to mine downward within the inner white lower
part of the triquetrous flower-stem of Carex paludosa, a few inches more or less
above the root while young, and nearer the root when full grown : it must be ad- !
mitted that no external trace of its presence can be seen, for though a slight blackish !
discoloration does really exist, yet this is so completely masked by the close investing
leaves as not to be detected without very strict examination.

When the first little larva arrived I saw it was laid up waiting to moult, and
not liking to disturb it then, made no further search for another doubtful smaller I
larva reported to be in the stem, and this eventually proved to be a Coleopteron of
carnivorous propensity to which fulva became a prey while in its helpless condition, j

From the four larvae of fulva more matured I took away, to figure and describe, jl
the first pupa, which subsequently died from mismanagement during my absence ;
however, I had the satisfaction of breeding two fine moths on the 18th and 24th of l
August, and at this last date, while inspecting the plant for removal, I found the
fourth, still a larva/ though in the stage of changing.

115

The very young larva is smooth and glossy, of a creamy-whitish colour with a
very distinct greenish dorsal vessel showing through the skin ; at the stage more
advanced it has deeper colouring and decided brownish stripes, as I learn from
Mr. Sang.

When nearly or quite full-grown the larva measures from seven-eighths to about
an inch in length : seen sideway or en profile it tapers very much anteriorly, and
very little behind, but when viewed from above on the back it appears to taper only
and very abruptly from the front of the third segment to the remarkably small
flattened and taper head, the rest of the body being of uniform moderate stoutness
though very slightly tapering near the hinder segment ; all the segmental divisions
are rather deep, and the subdividing wrinkles are deep on the third and fourth
segments, slighter and more numerous on the others, and the skin much dimpled
along the sides. It is of a pallid flesh-colour ground, having a deeper dirty flesh-
coloured internal vessel sliding to and fro within the third, fourth, and fifth segments ;
the head is glossy, light brown, the mouth darker brown and ocelli black; the plate
on the second segment is pale brown with rather darker front margin ; the dorsal stripe
is pale yellowish flesh-colour very softly defined between two broadish stripes of
faint pinkish grey-brown, followed below by another broad stripe of the pallid flesh-
coloured ground, and this again by a broad stripe of pinkish grey-brown, through
which is visible the tracheal thread of dark grey whereon the black spiracles are
situated : the rather rough anal plate is light brown, and a narrow plate also on the
front part of the anal segment ; the dusky brown tubercular dots are most minute,
they are, as usual with internal feeders, largest on the twelfth segment, and these can
just be discerned (with aid of a strong lens), and that each bears a short bristle;
the ventral surface is pale flesh-colour, the anterior legs light brown, the whole skin
shining. When about to pupate all the stripes disappear and the 6kin is of a
porcelain-white strongly contrasted with the black spiracles.

The pupa is of a slender figure and measures five-eighths of an inch in length,
very uniform in substance throughout, the thorax rather short and convexly rounded,
the head sloping forward is prolonged with a slight tendency to a beak though
rounded off at the very tip ; the wing-covers short in proportion to the length ,of
body, from the movable segments of the abdomen below them being longer than
usual, the last three taper a little and end in a short blunt thorny projection : the
colour is light brownish-ochreous with a faintly darker dorsal stripe, the anal pro-
jection dark brown and the whole surface very glossy. — William Buckler,
Ems worth : September 10 th, 1880.

Bryophila par. — More than twenty years ago I took a pair of a Bryophila at
Cambridge, which at the time seemed to me to present decided points of difference
from glandifera, but both Mr. F. Bond and the late Mr. G-. R. Crotch, who saw
them, referred them to that species as a variety, and I submitted to their decision.
I have taken one or two at intervals since ; but, last year, having captured ten quite
fresh, and observing new points of difference, I sent one to Mr. Barrett, who for-
warded it to Prof. Zeller. The latter, at first, returned it as glandifera, var. par,
but has since (Mr. Barrett informs me) agreed with him that it constitutes a distinct-
species. I will, therefore, now proceed to give, as far as mei’e description can do it,
the main points by which, I think, the two species may be differentiated :

116

[October,

1st. — The lines and markings of B. glandifera are much more sharply and dis-
tinctly marked than in B. par, which has, so to speak, a more mealy look.

2nd. — Though the lines and markings of the two insects are exactly alike, B.
par has all the lines starting as dark spots on the costa, and a decided dark line at
the base of the cilia of both wings, but especially the hind ones.

3rd. — B. glandifera retains its green tinge after death, which continues for
years, if excluded from light. B. par, which when fresh and alive is of a much
paler green with often a beautiful pink tinge, fades directly it is killed, or when
worn, to a dirty brick-colour.

4th. — While B. par has only, as far as I know, been taken in this country on
old walls at Cambridge, B. glandifera is, I believe, a coast species.

Lastly. — B. glandifera runs slightly larger than the nearly allied species.

I may add that a form of glandifera occurs which has the mealy appearance and
indistinct lines of B. par, but without the dark costal markings and base of cilia,
which are always observable in the latter.

These differences may appear but slight, but to any one who sees a row of
the two insects, they will, I feel sure, be sufficient to convince him of their real
distinctness. I shall be much obliged to any one who will, next summer, send me
full-fed larvae of B. glandifera from the coast. — W. Warren, Park House, Stub-
bin gton, Fareham, Hants : September Vjth, 1880.

Zelleria insignipennella bred. — In April of this year I beat a hibernated speci-
men of this insect from an isolated juniper bush in Headley Lane.

On May 17th I beat from the same bush a bright green larva, which was so
like that of C. costella, that I was just going to throw it away, but remembering the
capture of the previous month, I saved it. It spun up the same night and emerged
in the middle of June, a fine ? . As the insect is also taken where there is no juniper
for some miles, it will probably be found to feed on some other plant as well. — Id.

Bhosphcemis hemipterus at Hastings. — On June 29th, I took two £ specimens
of this rare beetle crawling up a wall in Cornwallis Grardens, Hastings. — E. A.
Butler, Hastings : September, 1880.

Another Colorado Beetle ! — The following amusing extract from the “ Catholic
Weekly Register,” of August 21st, 1880, has been forwarded by a correspondent. —
Eds. : —

“ A Colorado Beetle, which flew in at a surgery door on Saturday, has been
“ captured at Stranraer. It is said to be three-quarters of an inch in length. There
“ was a quantity of larvee on it when caught, and two days after a number of lively
“ little beetles were disporting themselves on potato and cabbage leaves in their
“ glass prison.”

Capture of tivo of our rarer species of Homalota. — I caught a single specimen
of Homalota planifrons , J , on the sand-hills, Hayling Island, last July, and two or
three of Homalota princeps under seaweed, at Ventnor, in April, in company with |
a great number of Philonthus fucicola, &c. Dr. Sharp has kindly determined the
species for me. — Edward Saunders, Holmesdale, Upper Tooting: September, 1880.

117

Otiorrhynchus ligustici, Sfc., in the Isle of Man. — The following species of
Coleoptera, found by myself near Ramsey during the last week of August this year,
have not, so far as I can gather, been previously recorded from the Isle of Man :
Blethisa multipunctata, Amara patricia, Philonthus fucicola, Otiorrhynchus ligustici.
Dianous was plentiful in waterfalls, but I looked in vain for Stenus Guynemeri and
Quedius auricomus. In fact, beetles of every kind were extremely scarce. — W. G-.
Blatch, Green Lane, Smallheath, Birmingham : September 20th, 1880.

Prosopistoma punctifrons. — My colleagues, MM. Joly and Vayssiere, in an-
nouncing, with justifiable pride, the discovery of the perfect insect of Prosopistoma
(in the Comptes Rendus of the French Academy, and elsewhere), attribute to me
the former possession of an opinion that the insect might be an Ephemerid suited
for a continuous aquatic life. I am not sensible of having published such an
opinion, nor of having held it. In my remarks on Oniscigaster Walcefieldi, in the
Journal of the Linnean Society of London, vol. xii (Zoology), p. 145, foot-note
(1873), I asked, “Can there be apterous Pphemeridos ? and can the imago of Proso-
“ pistoma be in that condition ? ” It did not occur to me that these words could be
so translated as to bear the interpretation put upon them by MM. Joly and Yayssiere.
In congratulating my colleagues on their discovery, it is necessary to say that I make
this explanation solely because certain of my correspondents ask me where I have
published the opinion attributed to me. — R. McLachlan, Lewisham, London : 9 th
September, 1880.

Sbttieujs.

Souvenirs entomologiques : Etudes sue l’instinct et les mieurs des
Insectes : par J. H. Fabre : Paris, 1879. 324 pp., 8vo.

In this volume the author gives the results of his own assiduous observation,
during many years, of the instincts and habits of many European Hymenoptera and
of Searabceus sacer. An account of the Mason-bee is prefaced by an excellent story
of the way in which Natural Philosophy was once taught in a certain College ; there
is also a chapter on “ La chasse aux Dipteres;” and another chapter is devoted to
a dramatic recital of the perilous incidents of an ascent of Mont Ventoux in
Provence, for natural history exploration — an adventure that narrowly escaped
having a tragic termination. All these studies, as the author terms them, are full
of novelty and are extremely interesting to the entomologist and physiologist,
whether or not we follow the reasoning or admit the conclusions. The charm of the
writing is irresistible : we give an extract on another page, but to be fully appreciated,
the narratives should be read in the original, for much of the esprit evaporates in
translation. The work is heartily to be commended to the attention of those who
love entomology pure and simple.

Four species are described as new — Cerceris Antonies, Cerceris Julii, Pembex
Julii, and Ammophila Julii: — the first dedicated to his daughter, the other three, in
a few pathetic words, to the memory of his deceased young son, in whom a promising
love of flowers and insects was early developed.

118

October,

Die Lepidopteren der Schweiz, von Professor Dr. Heinrich Frey. Leipzig,
Yerlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, 1880. 8vo, 454 pp.

The idea of this hook conceived in 1849, “ in the sunny days ” of the author’s
“ youth ” is now happily brought to a satisfactory completion.

Switzerland has for long been the holiday ground for all European Nations, and
of late years our pages have shown the increasing number of English Lepidopterists
who have spent some happy hours in collecting there. Its varied aspects and the inex-
pressible charm of its snow-mountains, with their brilliant Alpine Flora, offer a
series of attractions, which those who have once experienced them will most readily
admit are not easily resisted.

Any one can pass through life without entering Switzerland, but he who has
once been there is almost certain to return thither.

The volume before us, very clearly printed (and on paper that it is an actual
pleasure to touch) , enumerates 2508 Swiss Lepidoptera, or if certain varieties (which
by some are considered species) be included, the number will be raised to 2829. Like
most of those, who have given their attention to the subject for any length of time,
Professor Frey is disposed to extend his ideas of the limits of species farther than is
generally customary. “ Der Artbegriff ist in dem Nachfolgenden weiter ausgedehnt,
als es bisher bei den Lepidopterologen (namentlich den industriellen) iiblich ist.”

Frey’s volume is not a descriptive work ; there are a few descriptions of new
species and varieties, but the older, well-known species are simply mentioned by
their long established names (the recent innovations introduced into the last edition
of Staudinger’s Catalogue, being placed between brackets), and a reference is given
to a figure of Hiibner, or Herrich-Schaffer, &c., thus, “ Hadena Polyodon, L.
(Monoglypha, Hufn.), (Hb. 82).”

The habits of the larva where known are given, and the months and special
haunts of the imago ; then follow the actual localities in which the species has
been noticed and by whom, and stress is laid on its range in elevation, so that we
see at a glance the extent to which any species occurs in the Higher Alps.

In a note at p. 266, we are reminded that the singular genus Acentropus, which
can hardly fail to occur in such a well-watered country as Switzerland, has not yet
been noticed there, although Reutti met with it on the Northern shores of the Lake
of Constance. “ But,” says Frey, “ who troubles himself there about such a small
white thing.”

It is remarked that none of the aquatic Pyralida attain any great elevation.
Frey never saw one of that group at an Alpine Lake.

The introductory chapter, which speaks of the physical geography of Switzerland
and its consequent wonderful varieties of climate within such short distances, ranging
from the perpetual snow of the higher alps to Locarno on the shores of Lago
Maggiore, where we have all the luxuriance of an Italian valley, is a fitting prelude
to the work which follows.

The distribution of plants is also touched upon. Then the author starts tihe
question : “ Whence come the existing Lepidoptera of Switzerland ?”

This is discussed through several pages, and then two other queries are pro-

1880.]

119

pounded: “Has the Jura range a peculiar Lepidopterous Fauna?” and “Have
Lepidoptera, which were originally alpine, in descending to lower elevations under-
gone modifications, transforming them to other species ?”

Instances are given which would seem to answer the latter question affirmatively ;
but, just as the reader is charmed with the field of speculative thought he is entering,
the Professor abruptly closes the subject : “ Here we quit the enticing field of hypo-
thesis. We turn to the more sober facts. We bring forth our Catalogue.”

The following note to Melitcea Dictynna , at p. 29, will not be without interest
to many of our readers :

“ The Melitcece, which begin with Dictynna , belong to one of the most difficult
sections of Lepidonterology. In the year 1878 I again devoted to it much time and
labour. Through the kind aid of my friends and correspondents, Messrs. A. Schmid
of Ratisbon, B. Moschler and J. Schilde of Bautzen, L. Caflisch of Chur, W. M.
Schoyen of Christiania, and others, with Staudinger’s friendly assistance, I had before
me for comparison and examination upwards of 300 specimens from the most
varied localities. According to my opinion, only one species is sharply separated,
namely, the old primary M. Asteria, Frr., belonging to the glacial epoch. From it
next proceeded M. vanria, Bi., which developed into Parthenie, H.-S. From the
same alpine type M. Aurelia , Nickerl, is likewise derived. Both ( varia and Par-
thenie) pass into the long-known M. Athalia, and, judging at least from northern
specimens, there is no sharp demarcation between Athalia and Dictynna. I possess
intermediate Swiss specimens. Between Athalia on the one hand and Parthenie
and Aurelia on the other hand, with Schoyen’s great mass of interesting material
from Christiania and the Dovref jeld, our usual differential characters founded on
German specimens are left more or less in the lurch. In the meanwhile, in accordance
with the usual system, I adopt the habitual list of species.”

Zoological Classification : a handy book of reference, with tables of the
Sub-Kingdoms, Classes, Orders, &c., of the Animal Kingdom, their characters and
lists of the Families and principal Genera : by Francis P. Pascoe, F.L.S., &c.
Royal 18mo, pp. 328, second edition. London : John Yan Yoorst, 1880.

At p. 258 of Yol. xiii of this Magazine, we had occasion to notice the first
edition of this work, and to point out how really useful it would prove as “ a handy
| book of reference,” a recommendation since abundantly justified by ourown experience.
The welcome with which the first edition was received, and the rapid advancement of
Zoological science, have prompted the author to slightly re-model the first edition, and
to bring out a second, in a much enlarged form, in which is shown how closely
he has kept himself au courant with the literature of the subject, although there
is too much evidence of inclination to follow one or two authors who, however
eminent they may be in their special subjects, can have but little knowledge
of the whole. Touching the Insecta, for to these our remarks must (as on a
former occasion) be confined, we in some respects prefer the arrangement adopted
in the first edition. We know not what induced the author to revert to the
| old intimate association of the true lice with the bird-lice, and in this respect
consider his former ideas much to be preferred. We could object to other points
in sequential and ordinal position ; but we are fully alive to the multitudes

120

[October, 1880.

of opinions that exist. We might take great objection to the assertion that the
only special auditory organs in insects are found in some groups of Orthoptera.
We might object, also, to the vagueness of the remark appended to the Curculionidce
(the author’s speciality at this time), to the effect that it is “one of those groups in
which many of the forms do not seem to be differentiated into species.” But we
cordially recommend the work as likely to prove of the greatest service as “ a handy
book of reference.” Those who wish to form their own opinions must consult those
authorities from whom the author acquired his.

The very marked increase in size of this edition (as compared with the first)
results in part from a Glossary of nearly 40 pages, in which most of the terms used
in the condensed characters and attributes are explained.

Those of our readers who possess the first edition cannot but have been struck
with the evidences of laborious investigation exhibited in it (more especially if
they have ever had occasion to attempt such work themselves) ; and this feeling
will be intensified on an analysis of the second.

Entomological Society of London. — September 1st, 1880. H. T. Stainton,
Esq., E.R.S., &c., Yice-President, in the Chair.

Miss Emily A. Smith, Assistant State Entomologist of Illinois, was elected a
Foreign Member.

Mr. Weir exhibited a $ Odonestis potatoria in which the upper wing was for
the most part coloured as in the $ , and a $ with the coloration of the $ . Also a
variety of Smerinthus populi.

Sir S. S. Saunders exhibited six males of Hylechthrus bred from Prosopis
rubicola from Albania, with other parasites bred from the same Bees (or from the
briers in which their nests were made), and a new species of Scleroderma which he
described as S. ephippium.

Miss E. A. Ormerod exhibited dipterous galls on Tanacetum vulgare found near j
Brentford. They affected various parts of the plants, but the most curious were on
the inflorescence, individual florets becoming much enlarged and standing up far
above the common receptacle. [Similar galls on the flowers of Achillaea have been
attributed by Yon Frauenfeld to Trypeta stigma. — Eds.]

Mr. Billups exhibited Polyblastus Wahlbergi , an ichneumon new to Britain,
taken at Ashtead.

Mr. Boscher exhibited larvae of Smerinthus ocellatus feeding on Salix and on
apple, illustrating the variation apparently caused by the food-plant, those on the
Salix being ornamented with brown spots which are absent in those on the apple.

Mr. Meldola exhibited specimens of Camptogramma bilineata, a large number
of which had been found dead on the leaves of Lycium barbarum by Mr. J. English,
attached to the leaves by a fungoid growth analogous to that which affects the
common house fly.

Mr. Swinton communicated notes on the light of Luciola as observed by him at
Turin, in which he affirms that when confined under separate tumblers they flashed
their light “ alternately and responsive.”

November, 1880.]

121

DREPANA SICULA BRED FROM THE EGG.

BY "WILLIAM H. GRIGG.

It is with much satisfaction I am at last able to record the above
circumstance, through my having captured a worn $ moth on 4th of
July, 1879, and her subsequent laying of thirty-nine eggs, attached to
the edge of a leaf of Tilia parvifolia ; and from these eggs twenty-
five larvae were brought successfully through their first moult by 3rd
of August, when five of them were forwarded to Mr. Buckler, who
reared three to full growth.

Hatched on the 17th and 18th of July, the little larvae were at
first very restless, unceasingly roaming to and fro over the lime leaves
in the nearly air-tight jam pot I confined them in, where, one by one,
many succumbed, as if from starvation, and it was not until the third
day that I noticed any of the leaves had been attacked, when I was
pleased to find some of the larvae had commenced eating the upper
surface close to the edge, and more particularly at the tip of the leaf.

Once got to settle down to their food quietly like rational beings,
there was very little more prospecting to be observed, and the
remaining larvae fed up well : the first one spinning together a leaf for
pupation on the 27th of August, and the last on 12th of September.

The pupae were kept out of doors through the winter in an exposed
| situation, open to the north, and the first moth (a male) put in an
appearance on 23rd of May, 1880,* and the next day three more, others
followed, and the last on the 1st of June, making altogether sixteen
|j specimens bred. In two instances the moths had not been able to
ij escape from the cocoons, and the others were dried up.

Having now got both sexes out together, the next thing was to
I try if some of them would pair ; the first attempt proved futile, but
jion placing a male and two females together, the desired end was
attained at 10.30 p.m., and this again with three other females ; one
pair remaining in cop. forty-eight hours, an instance the more remark-
able as the female laid only ten eggs, and they proved unfertile ; the
other pairs had separated between 8 and 9 next morning.

These females seemed loth to lay, and preferred to rest on the
sides of the glass cylinder, rather than on the spray of lime it enclosed,
land for three days scarcely moved, when, on an average, sixty eggs
each were deposited on the edge of one or two leaves during the dusk
of the evening without any kind of excitement ; one moth piled hers
up, as if a more equal distribution of the ova were needless fatigue.

* My first and earliest capture of specimens of sicula at large, consisted of a much worn pair
>n the 6th of June, 1874.

122

[November,

Their behaviour fully bore out the sluggish character of the motb
when at large, so well known to myself and a few others : we never
once having seen it on the wing ; and thus in confinement, I noticed
on every occasion they had never apparently shifted their position
during the day, and only a little before dusk did they move quietly
about ; just as on a similar occasion, when I had five moths together
confined in a cage less than a foot square, where, by 11 p.m., two
pairs were in cop., and separated next morning, without either having
sustained injury worth mention.

After the experience of 1879, I looked forward to a still more
successful rearing of the young larvae this season, but, in fact, I fared
even worse than before, my per c-entage of loss being very distressing ;
still, I am somewhat comforted to find the final result has not been
entirely unsatisfactory ; and am yet hopeful of being in a position
next season to supply my friends with this moth.

51, Redland Eoad, Bristol :

28 th September, 1 880.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE LARYA OF DREPANA SICULA.

BY WILLIAM BUCKLEE.

In Yol. xiv, pp. 1 — 4, of this Magazine is a description of the egg 1
and the larva of sicula when first hatched, also of the fully matured
larva, and I now offer a few more observations to fill up the hiatus. in
the early part of its history, that the perseverance and kind help of 1
Mr. W. H. Grigg have enabled me to give, and to thank him herein i
for both larvae and ova.

The eggs are laid by the parent moth on the very edges of the :
leaves, so that when hatched her progeny shall find themselves exactly
where their food is most suitable ; for however much they may wander
at first, it is there, in preference to any other part, the young larvae
invariably begin to feed, on the cuticle of the upper surface ; there i
also they spin a small quantity of silk to rest upon and be secure j
while moulting.

After a moult, while the larva is but little more than one-eighth
of an inch long, the future form is indicated, though the segmental
are strongly wrinkled and folded across at intervals, and the previous
plain chocolate-brown colour is exchanged for russet-brown, relieved!
by minute dots and transverse bars of yellow.

After the next moult, the larva begins to cut quite through the
substance of the leaves, eating out semicircular portions from the edge,
it also begins to show on the brown ground-colour, little patches of

123

very subdued ochreous-yellow in angular forms on the back ; five days
later it spins a quantity of silk, tying as it were the leaves loosely
together, but firmly, for its safety while laid up for another moult,
which is accomplished after two or three more days, and then it has
the characteristic party-coloured coat of dark velvety-brown and pale
cream-colour, the tubercular process appearing on the fourth segment
as two short black eminences ; it soon spins more silk threads, keeping
the leaves partly together, and feeds well until once more laid up for
moulting, and this takes place after about a week from the previous
change of skin.

Now the rosy-pink colour appears on the belly and ventral legs,
and the yellow parts of the back have a thin brown dorsal and fine
lateral lines, the yellow being much brighter than before ; three
distinct shapes of yellow are seen on the back, well defined, and con-
trasted by the rich dark brown surrounding them, viz., a brilliant pale
yellow triangular mark, its base at the beginning of the fifth segment
its apex at the beginning of the sixth ; an elongated diamond-mark of
; deeper yellow extends from near the beginning of the seventh segment
to near the end of the ninth ; another begins on the front of the tenth
and includes the pointed tail, relieved on the twelfth segment with a
brown chevron : as the larva grows, these yellow marks expand and
1 become united into one long fluctuating shape along the back, as I
have formerly described ; though I have since then had one variety
| retain the triangular mark isolated distinctly to the end of its larval
existence ; and another with the yellow colour rather inclining to drab.

Having referred to my former account of this species, wherein
mention was made of two young larvae dying, rather than eat the lime
supplied to them, and that yet only the year before a nearly mature
larva had thriven on that food well enough, it is now needful to state
Ithat what seemed to me then so inexplicable, received afterwards an
easy solution when Mr. Grigg sent me some lime gathered in the haunts
;of sicula, leaves whose smaller size, and qualities of texture and colour,
were different from those the little larvae rejected ; it was a great
satisfaction, then, on visiting the trees where, without thought of any
[particular species of lime, I had first gathered food for the adult larva,
to find they were Tilict parvifolia, and that T. europcea also grew at no
(great distance, to which, by a mischance, the next year at night my
(footsteps had been directed, an incident proving the importance of
(having the proper name, when allusion is made to trees or plants as
[food for larvae.

Emsworth : October 10 th, 1880.

124

[November,

REMINISCENCES OE ENTOMOLOGY IN SUFFOLK.

BY THE EEY. A. H. WRATISLAW, M.A.

Having struck my tent in the east, and moved to the extreme
west of the country, let me endeavour to wake up a few reminiscences
of that best of entomological counties, Suffolk, and my own happy
hunting grounds at Tuddenham St. Mary’s (near Mildenhall) and its
neighbourhood in particular.

It is about the 12th of June, the day is bright, the wind south-
west, and everything invites the Entomologist, especially the Lepi-
dopterist. Let us visit Tuddenham with its sands, its heath, its little
marshes, and its fens. We start a good party in a break from Bury
St. Edmunds, and, in about an hour and a half, approach the goal of
our desires. W e stop about half-a-mile short of the village, and send
our conveyance on to the “Anchor.” Then a detour is made to the j
right, and, in a few minutes, we are in the midst of rarities. Litliostege \
grisearia is flitting about among the barley and in the neighbourhood
of its food plant, the Elixweed ( Sisymbrium Sophia ) ; Acontia luctuosa
hastens away as we approach ; Agrophila sulphuralis darts rapidly
from one position to another, and requires a practised eye to see, and
a practised hand to catch it ; Heliothis dipsacea careers wildly about, i
settling now and then on a flower, when it falls a victim to somebody’s '
whirling net ; and now and then Acidalia rubricata rises and flits .
before us, difficult to distinguish and keep in view on some barren j
patch of ground. Such are our captures on the way to Tuddenham.
But we must hasten toward the marsh and fen, or Melitcea Artemis
will have ceased to fly, whereas we can make another onslaught on ,
Agrophila sulphuralis and some of its companions on our return. On
we go, and proceed another half mile to the heath, marsh, and fen, or, ■
as it is properly termed, the common. Artemis is abundant, as it is every I
now and then, and is flying vigorously on both heath and marsh, espe- j
cially where a ring of birch trees form a kind of enclosure, which it parti- j
cularly affects. Its food plant, the blue or devil’s-bit scabious, is abun-
dant everywhere, and I mentally make a note, that search must be made
next month for the beautiful larva of Macroglossa bombyliformis , which
perhaps may be found by searching, in the same way as that of fuciformis
is found on the low trailing bines of the honeysuckle. Now down to ?
the fen, in the immediate neighbourhood of which a fair number of spe- j
cimens of Hydrelia unca are captured flying among the long grass. But I
little else is now found except the brood of the larvae of Saturnia carping J
which has taken possession of quite a district of the meadow-sweet. »

1880],

125

Now back to the “Anchor,” walk on to the locality for sulphuralis and
the rest, fill our remaining unfilled boxes, and home on the break to
Bury St. Edmunds, well contented with our day.

It is the end of June, and another expedition is organized. Hy-
drelia unca is still on the wing in the fen, but Agrophila sulphuralis is
getting ragged on the sand, and we find little but Acidalia rubricata
to reward us. But, stay ! as we return somewhat disappointed, we
institute a search on the flowers of Echium vulyare and Centaurea
scabiosa. On the former a beautiful specimen of Eianthcecia irregularis
is found, and another moth, unknown to its captor, is brought me to
be named. It is Dicycla oo, an insect which I had supposed to be a
New Forest moth, and not an inhabitant of so open a country.

It is now July, and my pupils are gone home for their holidays,
so I have to make my excursions by myself with one or two friends.
There is nothing to speak of in the sandy district except Spilodes
sticticalis , which is frequently very abundant, and sometimes very
finely coloured. However, a friend takes a specimen of Lytta vesica-
toria, and two or three Cerambycidce are*! captured as they fly, to the
satisfaction of the Coleopterists ; but on the marsh and fen, towards
5 o’clock in the afternoon, out comes Hyria auroraria in fair number
and excellent condition, and a very beautiful little insect it is in its
purple and gold livery. But let me not forget to carry on the search
for the caterpillars of Macroglossa bombyliformis. I look for leaves of
the blue scabious with holes bitten in them, and am several times dis-
appointed as I turn them up, for other things bite holes in them
occasionally besides the expected caterpillar. But patience and per-
severance! Another and another plant is visited till I come to a
region where there has evidently been a considerable deposit of eggs,
and plant after plant yields a bright green larva with red markings on
the sides, on the under-side of one of its leaves, and I return with
nineteen caterpillars of M. bombyliformis in my boxes. Those of Li -
1 thostege grisearia , too, swarm on the Elixweed, but are hardly worth
i rearing, so inferior are the bred specimens to those that are taken in
their wild state.

With August comes the time for sweeping, and the abundant
i Silene otites yields its store of the caterpillars of Eianthcecia irregularis ,
with an occasional larva of Heliothis dipsacea. But the latter larva
and that of Heliothis marginata abound more on the banks which
edge the road through the open fields from Higham to Tuddenham.
The imagos of JEremobia ochroleuca and Agrotis valligera are found on
the Centaurea scabiosa .

126

[November,

I was not present when five beautiful specimens of Vanessa
Antiopa were captured in a rough field adjoining Tuddenham Common
by an old pupil (Mr. John Edwards), as they sucked the saccharine
moisture from the trunks of some birches less stunted than those
which grow on the common. But I had a glorious evening in a field
about half-a-mile from Tuddenham, where a fresh brood of Acidalia
rubricata appeared en masse , flitting about like pink and purple stars
in the golden sunshine of the declining sun, about seven o’clock in
the evening. So abundant were they, that I had twenty-nine choice
specimens in my boxes, and a number more in my net. . I

It is now the middle of August, and a larva-hunting expedition is '
organized. Many a blow is dealt to the low birches and oaks that !
abound on the heath and marsh, and many are the caterpillars j
that fall into the umbrellas. That of Notodonta dromedarius is j
especially abundant on the birches, and so is that of N camelina on
both birches and oaks. AT. dodoncea and chaonia also fell occasionally j
from the- oaks ; nor is it very often that the caterpillars of N. dictceoides j
with their long yellow stripe, and of Acronycta leporina , usually with
white but now and then with yellow hairs, put in a welcome appearance.
The larger leaved sallows produced Dicranura furcula , and Salix
repens is in places studded with the neat little dwellings of Clostera
reclusa. Occasionally, too, an oak will yield a welcome larva of Dre-
pana Jiamula, and D. falcataria swarms upon the birches ; nor is
Notodonta ziczac absent from the sallows, or Geometra papilionaria
from the birches. But we must not neglect the Galium verum in the !
sandy district, or miss the exquisite caterpillar of Anticlea sinuata, of,
wrhich I have often taken a boxful, and which may be swept or searched
for according to the taste or convenience of the Entomologist.

Such was Tuddenham in its palmy days ; but now, alas ! the pro-
fessional collector has invaded it, and the amateur finds much less to
reward him in the way of such larvae as that of Dianthcecia irregularis. \
But the winged game is as abundant as ever, only it must be remem-
bered, that many moths, e. g ., especially Acidalia rubricata , change
their station according to cultivation, and are not found exactly in the;
same locality year after year. Let Tuddenham be visited in the second1
and last weeks of June, and, with favourable weather, the Entomologist,
will be pretty sure to see and find things there which he will not easily
find in abundance in any other locality.

P.S. — I cannot remember, for certain, whether it was in July orf
August that an elm near Icklingham, in the same district, produced
the exquisite little Tortrix, Argyrolepia Sclireibersiana. I have, there-::
fore, not included it among the captures of any special expedition.

Manorbier, Pembrokeshire.

1880.]

127

PAKTHENOOENESIS IN THE COLEOPTERA *

BY J. A. OSBORNE, M.D.

In the “concluding remarks” in his treatise on “ Wahre Parthe-
nogenesis ” (1856), von Siebold says, “Es ist daher jetzt Aufgabe der
Entomologen, nach weiteren Beispielen von Parthenogenesis in der
Insektenwelt zu forschen;” and on the last page (237) of his “Beitrage
zur Parthenogenesis,” published fifteen years Jater, he expresses the
conviction that many facts relating to this phenomenon are still to be
discovered. The instances of true parthenogenesis discussed or
referred to in these two works relate to insects of the Orders of
Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera , and to some crustaceans, including
viviparous agamogenesis, however, as parthenogenetic, the orders
Semipterci and Diptera also furnish examples of this mode of repro-
duction ; and for its occurrence in at least one genus of the TricJioptera
I have the authority of Mr. B.McLachlan, E.B-.S.f The possibility of
parthenogenetic reproduction in the Coleoptera rests only, so far as I
am aware — see “ Comparative Embryology,” by E. M. Balfour, vol. i,
p. 64 — on the single instance communicated by me to this journal last
year (Nature, vol. xx, p. 430), and this being so, it seemed desirable to
make sure of this point by further research during the season now
almost past. Accordingly, I have this year kept a considerable number
of females of G-astrophysa raphani , laying unimpregnated eggs, and
with results which have not only confirmed the previous experience,
but much extended it, as I am at present in possession of a living beetle
reared from a parthenogenetic ovum. With your permission I shall
now endeavour as briefly as possible to give those circumstantial details
without which a bald statement of results would not carry with it a
rational conviction of the accuracy of my observations.

Erom beetles gathered in the beginning of last April I had a batch
of eggs on the 7th, which hatched out on the 21st of the same month,
and on May 13th — 15th yielded about thirty pupae, which were
immediately put into separate vessels. On the 20th — 22nd appeared
the imagines, of which ten subsequently turned out to be females, and
were placed together in pots, but not before the greatly enlarged
abdomen had given unmistakable evidence of their sex. The first
eggs, three batches, were laid on June 2nd (so completing the cycle,
from egg to egg, in fifty-six days) . On the 12th of the month I found

* Re-printed from “Nature,” Vol. xxii, pp. 509, 510.

t I fear Dr. Osborne has somewhat misunderstood some remarks of mine in a letter to him.
I am very strongly disposed to believe that parthenogenesis exists in certain species of the genus
Apatania in Trichoptera, but it is not proved. All we know is that although the females occur in
abundance, no male has yet been discovered. This particularly applies to A. muliebris and A.
arctica.—R. McLachlan.

128

[November,

in one of these batches, consisting of forty-two eggs, thirteen de-
veloped, of which two hatched out, the larvae dying shortly afterwards.
Others seemed to have partly hatched, but most eventually perished
in the shell. At this time fertilized eggs were hatching in nine days.
It appeared to me that several of the thirteen were imperfectly or
monstrously developed ; one, for example, having only one mis-
shapen (?) mandible ; another, excess in number and irregularity in
grouping of the eye-spots, &c., &c. Again, on June 17th, I found in a
parcel of (twenty-five) eggs, laid June 6th — 7th, six which had de-
veloped up to the hatching. In the usual course, at the time of
hatching, the young larva comes out of the shell clear like barley-sugar,
but blackens afterwards ; in the case of these parthenogenetic larvae
which do not hatch out, this blackening takes place within the shell.
In a third batch, of over twenty eggs, laid June 8th, I found three eggs
similarly developed. In the meantime, and afterwards, many dozen
batches had been laid, in which, however, I did not detect any
development.

A second experiment miscarried ; but I was more successful with
a third and fourth. From a batch of eggs laid June 5th — 6th, I
derived pupae which on July 8th following I placed separately in pots,
and obtained from them thirteen beetles, of which seven turned out
to be females. About the same time I brought in from the fields some
well-grown larvae, the beetles from which were isolated immediately
after their exclusion, and subsequently yielded eight females. These
(seven and eight) were all kept in separate pots during the course of
the experiment. Of the seven no less than five laid eggs which after-
wards developed parthenogenetically. They laid as many as ten
parthenogenetic batches among them, but while some of them laid
three such batches, others laid only one. These were invariably the
first batches laid, and none of the batches laid subsequently contained
any viable eggs while the experiment lasted, which was in some cases
up to the tenth batch. Of the eight beetles of the fourth group, only
one laid one parthenogenetic egg in its first batch. The number of
parthenogenetic eggs in a batch varied from one to seven. In four
batches there was only one such egg ; in three batches five, and in the
other four batches two, three, six, and seven respectively. The total
eggs in a batch averaged 41 '7, and as there were thirty-six partheno-
genetic, the proportion over all w’as 1 in 12^. However, as may be
supposed, the proportion in the individual batches varied very much,
one small parcel of only eleven eggs having as many as five developed.

In most of these cases also the larvae perished in the shell. A

129

few hatched out more or less completely, and died. Two, however (of
the seven in one batch), were more fortunate. These came out on
July 29th, and for some hours seemed very feeble and barely alive.
Next morning I found that one, which subsequently took the lead of
its fellow in all respects, had crawled away under cover, and the other
was able to follow its example. I could not find that they had eaten
anything till the even of the 31st. After that, however, they throve
;; apace. The larger one passed its first and second moults on the 3rd
and 7th of August, the smaller following it on the 4th and 8th. The
i former pupated on the 14th, and the imago was excluded on the
19th. The latter, having pupated, August 15th — 16th, appeared to go
| ! on well till the time for the exclusion of the beetle, when its further
development became arrested, and it died. The survivor was weakly
at first, and rather imperfect always as regards the elytra, which are
I somewhat small, and do not close in the middle line. It has, however,
: thriven well, and developed that enlargement of the abdomen peculiar
to the female. But up to the present (September 22nd) it has laid no
| eggs, nor shown any inclination towards males placed in the pot with it.

When it became obvious that no more parthenogenetic eggs were
to be obtained from these beetles, I placed the survivors of them in
succession in a pot with a (the same) male beetle, with the result that
most afterwards laid fruitful eggs in the ordinary way. I mention
i'this because it seems to be in contradiction, as far as these insects are
concerned, with the statement of von Siebold (“ Beitrage,” p. 89) :
‘‘Es ist nun eine bekannte Sache, dass, wenn Insecten-Weibchen vor
Ider Begattung erst einmal Eier zu legen angefangen haben, ihre
Mannchen alsdann mit ihren verspateten Liebesbezeigungen bei ihnen
nichts mehr auszurichten im Stande sind.”

| If now I may be permitted to make a few general observations
on some of the points indicated for further inquiry, rather than
i established, by the foregoing experiments, I would say: (1) that
^parthenogenesis seems to occur chiefly in the first-laid batches ; (2)
that it is peculiar to some females, while others appear to be exempt
[from it ; (3) that confinement and domestication, as it were, acting
| hereditarily, which we already know so profoundly to affect the
[generative system in the higher animals, appear to favour this mode
‘ 3f reproduction in GastropJiysa raphcini ; (4) that there are degrees
I pf viability in parthenogenetic embryos, so that the development seems
to be arrested chiefly at certain points, as at the hatching of the egg
and the exclusion of the imago. In this respect the GastropJiysa egg
behaves very much as the ovum of Bombyx mori is reported to do ( v .

130

[November,

“ Beitrage,” pp. 230 — 232) ; (5) another point in which G. raphani
agrees with other parthenogenetically reproductive arthropods is its :
many-broodedness in a season. There may be three or four generations j
in direct succession in the year, and there is a constant succession of 1
eggs all the time. In this it appears to differ from any of its allies
with which I am acquainted. (6) Finally, the case of G. raphani
would seem to be one of true parthenogenesis in its most restricted i
sense — the same beetle which in the unimpregnated state lays sterile j
eggs, with here and there one capable of development, after receiving [
the male element, laying eggs which are fertile and develop in the I
ordinary way. That is to say, the ova are true ova, and not pseud-ova ;
or buds, the parent a perfect female and not an “ Amme ” like the |
summer Aphis.

Milford, Letterkenny, Ireland :

September 22nd, 1880.

DE. F. MULLEE’S DISCOYEEY OF A CASE OF FEMALE DIMOEPHISM f
AMONG- DIPTERA. J

1

BY BARON C. R. OSTEN-SACKEN.

We owe to Dr. Fritz Muller, in Brazil, the important discovery j
of the hitherto unknown larvae of the Blepharoceridce , a very aberrant I
Family of Diptera Nemocera , of which a dozen species are at presentl
known, remarkable for their sporadic distribution nearly all over the!
world (Europe, Ceylon, North and South America). In connection!
with this discovery of the larvae, Dr. Muller publishes another very
interesting and novel fact, the existence, in the species observed by

him (which he names Paltostoma torrentium) , of two sets of females,!

f|

the one of which has the organs of the mouth built upon the plan of
the trophi of blood-sucking Diptera , while in the other, as well as in
the male, the mandibles are wanting. These females differ from each
other besides, in the size of the eyes (separated in both cases, while
they are contiguous in the male), and in the structure of the last,
tarsal joint. For details I refer to Dr. Muller’s circumstantial and!
conscientious article in the October Number of the German periodica1!
“Kosmos,” and will only add, that these flies were obtained by Dr.l
Muller in large numbers by cutting open nearly ripe pupae, but, as it!
seems, wrere never found in the open air.

As I have paid some attention to the Family of BlepharoceridceX
and am the only person who knows de visu all the described species
(always rare in collections), I feel bound to make the following re-
marks, which suggested themselves to me in reading the above-quoted
article.

1880.

131

Dr. Muller assumes, as results from the tenor of some passages
(especially one on p. 41, left column), that in the Blepharoceridce , as
in a great many other Diptera , the eyes are contiguous in the male, and
separated by a distinct front in the female. But it is just in this
respect that the Blepharoceridce differ from most other Diptera ; their
eyes are contiguous in some genera and separated in others, but when
contiguous, they are so in both sexes, and when separated, likewise.
The weight of this statement is qualified, it is true, by the circumstance
that amongst twelve described species of Blepharoceridce , only four
are known in both sexes ; of the other eight only the males are known,
which execute aerial dances and are more frequently caught. It is
possible, therefore, that the species observed by Dr. Muller differs
from the cases hitherto known, and has the eyes contiguous in the
male, while they are separated in the female. Moreover, Dr. Muller
states explicitly that he examined the structure of the abdominal ap-
pendages of both sets of females, and found them to be the same in
both. If it had not been for this statement, one might have suspected
that the female without mandibular organs was in reality a male, and
that the male with contiguous eyes belonged to a different species.

Another remark which suggests itself to me, is about the generic
name of Dr. Muller’s species. Dr. Schiner described a male Daltostoma
as having separated eyes ; Daltost. iorrentium has them contiguous ;
this wmuld, perhaps, constitute a difference of generic importance.

The statement, finally, that Daltostoma occurs in Europe, and has-
been found on Monte Bosa, is based upon some misconception. The
JBlephcirocerid discovered on Monte Bosa is Hapalothria^a, very abnor-
mal genus in that abnormal Family ; it has nothing in common with
Daltostoma but a superficial resemblance in the venation. Daltostoma
has been found in South America and Mexico only,

If this article should meet the eye of Dr. Muller, it will perhaps
induce him to furnish us with more facts about this interesting question ;
mature imagos should be caught, and the venation of their wings, as
well as the structure of the genital organs, carefully compared.

Errors may easily occur. Thus, Macquart received from the same
locality specimens with contiguous and separated eyes, and described
them as sexes of the same species. It was found afterwards that they
constituted different genera, and that the specimens with contiguous eyes
( Blepharocera ) were the females, while those with separated eyes
( Liponeura ) were the males ; exactly the opposite of what one would
have expected.

Persons desirous of more information about Blepharoceridce , I

132

[November,

refer to Dr. Loew’s article, “ Revision der Eamilie der Blepharoceriden”
(Schlesische Zeitschr. f. Entomol. Neue Eolge, vi, 1877), and to my
“ Bemerkungen,” &c., in the Deutsche entomol. Zeitschr., 1878, pp.
405 — 416. Only I beg that, in the latter article, p. 406, line 11 from
top, after the word Hinsicht , the words ausserhalb der Familie der
Cyrtiden should be inserted.

Heidelberg : October , 1880.

DESCRIPTION OP THE NYMPH OF AR YTASNA GENISTA ?, LAT.

BY JOHN SCOTT.

Our knowledge of the earlier stages of the insects comprising the*
Family Fsyllida has, until within the last few years, been of very,
limited extent, and whether this has arisen from the supposed diffi-
culties attendant upon rearing the creatures, or from what other cause ,
or causes I cannot say. My experience in rearing them has been quite j
a pleasure, and without the long anxious waiting attached to the ,
rearing of Lepidoptera. The system I adopt is precisely similar to
that adopted by me when I used to breed Micro-Lepidoptera , viz. : —
a small flower-pot filled with earth, into which is placed a portion of i
the food-plant, the young are then put upon it, and the whole covered
by a glass cylinder fitting into the rim of the flower-pot. Through j
the cylinder their actions may easily be observed, as also their habits.
Some species live in a crypt formed by the deformation of the leaves
occasioned by their attacks, and these are generally enveloped in a
fine, flossy, cottony substance, whilst others roam about singly ; perhaps j
the most active of all the young forms I have met with are those of j
Arytana genista , Lat., the subject of the present paper, and they are !
included in the latter group.

The perfect insect had long been known in our collections under;
the name of Fsylla spartii, Hartig (Germ. Zeit., iii, 1841), until I, inrl
my Monograph of the British species of Fsyllidce , published in the; I
Trans. Ent. Soc. for 1876, changed it to that of Arytcena ulicis, Curt.,, I
B. E., 565, 22a (1835), his name having priority by some years. It
stood thus until 1879, when Dr. Eranz Low recognised it as the FsyllacX
genista , Latr., Hist. Crust, et Ins., p. 384 (1804), and so he named(|
and described it in the Yerh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 596. At the end off
the synonymy, he adds “ Die Jugendstadien sind noch unbekannt
This expression set me to work to try and discover the earlier stages jp
of this, one of the commonest species wTe have in England, or, perhaps, 1;,
I may say, on the Continent. For several days, at the end of Augusts

1830.]

133

and beginning of the present month, I beat a large quantity of furze
( "Ulex europcBUs) and broom ( Sarothamnus scoparius), without any
result, and I had almost despaired of obtaining the young, although
the perfect insect was in swarms, until at last I observed one or two
little creatures emerge from amongst some broom-leaves which I had
beaten into an inverted umbrella. They appeared to be the object of
my search, so I cut a few twigs of broom and put them and the insects
together in my collecting bottle. On arriving at home, I turned them
tout into one of my breeding pots, and, in about a couple of days I had
the satisfaction of seeing the first bred specimen of Arytcena genistcB.
The pellets of excrement which they emit are large, milky-white, some-
what oval bodies, and are sometimes, I believe, joined together by a
: fine thread, or, perhaps, tube.

Nymph. — Yellowish-green. Head broad, flattish, convex in front, with a few
stout, long, black hairs in front. Crown dark brown, divided down the centre

I by a yellowish-green streak, widest next the base. Eyes large, pink. Antennce :
Jour basal joints yellowish -green, remainder black. Thorax yellowish-green, with
Jtwo short, longitudinal black streaks on each side next the elytra-lobes, and five pairs
|of black fovese placed more internally. Elytra-lohes brown, outer margin with about
. nine stout black hairs pointing somewhat anteriorly; disc with a few semi-erect black
hairs running longitudinally. Legs yellowish-green, or sometimes brownish. Tibia
with a row of stout black hairs down the anterior margin. Tarsi black. Abdomen
■ above yellowish-green, lower half brown, darkest next the margin ; two basal seg-
. ments with a black streak on each side in the incision ; margin with a long, stout,

; black hair at the base of each segment, disc very sparingly clothed with black hairs ;

. Underneath yellowish-green, or sometimes of a pink colour in the centre, with two
pairs of rectangular black patches ; margins of the segments yellowish-brown.

Burnt Ash Hill, Lee :

September 18 th, 1880.

?

Orgyia antiqua. — In the last No. of the Magazine I noticed a question by Mr.
: J. W. Douglas (p. 114), respecting the enforced celibacy of Orgyia antiqua $ , from
ri which it appears that he only allows one male to each female developed ; this is
.tlwithout question what the study of other Lepidoptera would lead one to believe in,
but in the case of the “ Yapourer” there are lamentable exceptions to the general
rule.

"j Some years ago I bred a number of specimens of this moth, carefully separating
; the sexes in the larva condition (which is easily done, owing to the different colour
: of the dorsal tufts) ; one of the females which I reared attracted no less than seven
. males in succession, all of which she mated with ; finally she expired without laying
a single egg. — Arthur Gr. Butler, 10, Avington Grove, Penge, Surrey : October
2nd, 1880.

[Monogamy is believed to be the general rule with insects, although there are
individual instances to the contrary. Mr. Butler’s experiment shows what
may happen under the abnormal conditions of the breeding-cage, and it is pos-

I

134

[November,

sible that similar results may occur where there is an excess of males in a state
of freedom. Such an excess may exist sometimes, for Nature is prodigal of means
to accomplish certainty in result ; but the result of the perpetuation of a race
would be defeated if such excess of males were not exceptional, if we may judge by
the negative consequence of the polyandrous incident under notice. The subject is
curious and worthy of wide experiment and observation, not only in this but other
species of Lepidoptera, and also in species of other Orders. Polygamy in insects
might also be a subject of research. — J. W. D.]

Vanessa Antiopa at Guildford. — One of these butterflies flew against my hat
at noon yesterday, in the most fashionable part of Spital Street. It was as black as
a coal with white fringe to its wings ; was very quick in its movements and was over
the chimney-pots in a twinkling. — A. H. Swinton, Binfield House, Guildford :
September 2nd, 1880.

Catocala fraxini near Lewes. — I had the pleasure of taking this fine insect on
sugar near this town on 27th September last. The specimen is in fair condition, but
had evidently been some time on the wing. — J. H. A. Jenner, 4, East Street, Lewes :
October 19 th, 1880.

Tapinostola Bondi at Lyme Regis. — Although probably most Lepidopterists
are aware that T. Bondi is to be found in the neighbourhood of Lyme Regis, I do
not think the occurrence of this species in Devonshire has been noticed in this
Magazine. As the species is so extremely local, not only in this country but on the
continent of Europe, it may be as well to record the fact of my finding it in abund- ,
ance, in the beginning of July last, on the rough broken ground forming the slopes
of the cliffs immediately to the west of the cement works at Lyme Regis, well into
Devonshire.

It may be worth noting, that of the only two localities in this country from 1
which this species has yet been obtained, one is in the south-east of Devon, and the
other in the south-east of Kent. — H. Q-oss, Gloucester : October , 1880.

[We think T. Bondi was first discovered at Lyme Regis by Mr. Wormald, as
noticed in the “ Zoologist,” vol. xxi, p. 8861 ; it ought surely to occur elsewhere on
the south coast between that place and Folkestone. — Eds.]

Xylina furcifera ( conformis ) bred. — Like my friend Mr. W. H. Tugwell, I have
been tolerably successful in breeding the above. From ten eggs that hatched at the <
beginning of May, I succeeded in getting eight larvae to pupate by the middle i
of July (the larvae grew very slowly during the first month and then fed up;
rapidly). The first moth appeared the 17th of September and the last this evening,:.
October 4th. Eight very fine examples. — William H. Grigg, 51, Redland Road, I
Bristol : October Ath, 1880.

Bolia nigrocincta at sugar, in South Wales. — During the second week of
September, while collecting in the South of Pembrokeshire, I took a specimen ( )
of Bolia nigrocincta at sugar, in the middle of a small wood. It passed as P.
flavocincta until compared with specimens of this moth, and its identity has since
been confirmed by Mr. Barrett. The only previous record I can find of P. nigrocincta
having been found in the perfect state is the report by Mr. Hopley (in E. M. M.,

1880.

135

November, 1867), of a specimen having being taken off the window of a lighthouse,
near Padstow, in August, 1862. — Gi. J. Hearder, Job’s Well, Carmarthen : 30th
September, 1880.

Micra ostrina at Dover. — On September 8th, I was fortunate enough to take a
I fine specimen of M. ostrina on Dover Cliffs. I was nearly passing it over as a
,| Crambus, which it much resembles in its flight. I took it about eleven o’clock
during bright sunshine.

My capture confirms an old note I owe to Mr. Bond, that this insect is double-
rt brooded : though I understood from the Rev. Hy. Burney that nearly all the
; captures known have occurred in June or July. — Batteeshell Gill, Folkestone:
i September 23rd, 1880.

Capture of Micra ostrina , M. parva, and Noctua Jlammatra. — I have just
I added to my collection M. ostrina taken by a friend on the Dorset coast, and M.

\ parva and N. jlammatra taken at Freshwater by Mr. H. Rogers in July and
[August. — C. W. Dale, Gian villes Wootton : October 5th, 1880.

Notes on the young larva of Triphcena pronuba. — On the 5th of August last,
[| some Lepidopterous eggs were sent to me for determination ; they were on a stem of
{ Polygonum aviculare, pearly- white, circular, with upper surface raised to a slight
(point. There was something in the look of them which seemed familiar to me and
; that it was some polyphagous animal was shown by my finding a batch of them on
the flowers of Lolium perenne, on the 8th of August, yet I felt unable to guess at
j what they could be. However, as the pearly- white look was soon gone, and the eggs
become duller and greyer, I felt I had not long to wait, and in due course there
emerged some bristly, half-looping little larvee, which I readily recognised as those of
I Plusia gamma.

I was accordingly not a little surprised when my querist informed me he had
j ascertained that the eggs he had sent me for determination were those of Triphcena
; pronuba, a larva which is well known to have 16 legs, and with which most Lepidop-
i terists are tolerably familiar.

On the 15th of August, I was rather startled to find a sprig of Cryptomeria
| japonica quite covered with these same eggs, and that same evening I found another
I batch on a dead lilac stem. As I was not disposed at once to abandon my P. gamma
'• notion, I resolved to ascertain to a dead certainty what these eggs really were, and
so sent a supply at once to Mr. Buckler, who, from his great experience in rearing
from the egg, was tolerably safe to succeed where I should have probably failed.

On the 10th of September, I received from him the following notes, showing
t that the eggs were unquestionably those of Triphcena pronuba, but that the larvae
when newly hatched have the two anterior pair of ventral prolegs ill-developed and
( do not use them when walking, thus causing their motions to resemble those of the
t genus Plusia.

“Eggs laid on Cryptomeria (received August 17th), close together, showing
only the domed top of each, the ribs meeting in the centre, colour pinkish-grey
(with dark blotch in the centre), increasing to almost leaden-grey; they hatched
during the afternoon of the 19th August.

“ The young larva resents in a testy way with some degree of pugnacity the
' being touched by a neighbouring larva, even while crawling away from the egg-shell.

; It is of a light grey colour, very pellucid, with blackish-brown head-plate, minute dots

H

136

[November,

and bristly hairs : by the third day after hatching the black acquires more colour of
rather greenish-grey, the belly still translucent ; the first two pairs of ventral legs I
are at first not in use and but little developed, and the larva often rests in a looping j
position and -walks like a semi-looper. They readily feed on plantain, dock, and grass.

“ After their first moult, on the 26th, when they were a week old, their bodies
were of a drab-green, with the head and plate light brown, altogether less ;j
translucent, and with dark brown hairs as before, still looping without using the
less developed first two pairs of ventral legs.

“By the 31st they had moulted a second time and now showed a pale spiracular
stripe and the belly rather translucent, above on back and sides green with paler !
dorsal and subdorsal lines, head pale. Length £ inch, by September 3rd fully f inch:!
long with the green of the back more opaque, the pale lines edged with darker, J
especially above the pale spiracular stripe. Only a few of the larvae at this date j
answer to this description, as many have yet to get over this moult.

“ September 5th ; 15 had moulted the third time, and were now possessed with ;
all the characteristic markings of Triphcena pronuba.

“ September 9th ; a few had just moulted the fourth, time , others waiting to j
moult.”

Mr. Buckler kindly sent me with these notes one larva in the third moult and
one in the fourth moult. These larvae had now ceased to loop and used all their 16
legs in walking as a sensible larva of T. pronuba should do.

Having felt a lively interest in these larvae from their semi-looping habit in
infancy, I put the question to Mr. Buckler whether he was acquainted with any
other newly hatched 16-legged larva, which were also given to semi-looping?

His reply to this query is of extreme interest : —

“ In reply to your enquiry I can say that the larvae of Tceniocampa opima when :
young are semi-loopers, from not using the first two pairs of ventral legs, so also arei
the larvae of Phlogophora meticulosa and no doubt those of many other species, but |
these are the latest instances I have observed.” — H. T. Stainton, Mountsfield,
Lewisham : September 15 th, 1880.

Notes on Lepidoptera in Yorkshire in 1880. — At the end of the season it is
natural and necessary to put our notes and captures together, so that we may see \
how we stand in relation to the science we take an interest in, and note whether we 1
have anything worth recording. It is an observed fact that there is great variation =
in the appearance of insects. Species common to one year are scarce the next, i
whilst others, which have been scarce for a year or more, again appear in great I
numbers ; how to account for this irregularity seems in the present state of our
knowledge scarcely possible : we should reasonably expect from an abundance of
one season an increase in the next, and so on, but we find the reverse of this the
case, species one year plentiful, the following wanting or rare. Speaking to a gentleman
the other day this subject came under our notice ; he suggested the idea that :
they were affected by atmospheric influence ; the egg or pupal stage required
certain conditions of atmosphere to suit their existence and bring them forward,
and without these were present they would remain in a dormant state for a limited !
or lengthened period.

The following insects have being noticed by me as been common in this locality

137

jtliis season: Smerinthus ocellatus and populi, Sesia bembeciformis, Odonestis pota-
ijtoria, Odontopera bidentata , Phigalia pilosaria, Amphidasis betularia, and vars.
Acidalia aversata,Notodonta dictcea (larva) , Leucania pollens, Xylophasia lithoxylea ,
Apamea gemina, Noctua rubi, Plusia chrysiiis, Mania typica, and Agrotis suffusa.

| Whilst others usually seen have not been represented, viz. : Priog aster lanestris,
Pygoera bucephala , Cerura furcula and bifida , Notodonta dromedaria, Mamestra
'Mnceps, and Hadena suasa. Others again have been taken sparingly : Polyommatus
yphlceas, Pornbyx quercus, Pnnomos erosaria, Acidalia immutata , Collix sparsata,
[Abraxas ulmata, Hypsipetes ruberata, Pupithecia pimpinellata and fraxinata ,
\Acronycta tridens and leporina, Leucania conigera, Triphcena janthina, Polia chi ,
[Plusia iota, and Habrostola triplasia. I have also taken the following for the first
time : Puchelia jacobcece, larva on Ragwort, Aplecta occulta, Miana literosa, Orthosia
[suspect a visited sugar, Pyralis glaucinalis in a spider’s web, Cryptoblabes bistriga
i|at rest on the trunk of an oak tree, Gelechia ligulella, Stvammerdamia ccesiella
captured on the wing, Argyresthia Gcedartella, curvella and albistria mothing,
Gracilaria Swederella and Plachista cerussella , the latter I found flying over reeds
,and long grass in a boggy place, Cerostoma scabrella taken at rest on a hawthorn
hedge, Laverna epilobiella, bred six specimens from larva taken on Ppilobium
hirsutum. Also several other species which are as yet undetermined.

Nepticula argyropeza taken as larva last year; I reared five imagos. Coleophora
currucipennella, this species I incorrectly named in my last communication ; having
opportunity of showing it to Mr. Sang of Darlington, he referred it to C. ardece-
pennella of Scott, remarking that the cases of this species and ibipenella were
similar in form, but that the former stood upright on the leaf while the latter was
nearly prostrate ; having taken both species I can speak to the same effect. I may
mention also that Trichiura cratcegi and Triphana fimbria have been taken in this
locality, the first as larva the second at sugar.

I also had the pleasure of visiting Edlington Wood, near Doncaster, when I
succeeded in obtaining a fine series of Scoparia basistrigalis and Olindia ulmana ,
ialso larva of Poecilocampa populi and Hyponomeuta plumbella, from the latter I
have now a nice set.

1 On the 17th of this month, a fair specimen of Vanessa Antiopa was captured
•in a garden at Holgate, by Mr. Skilbeck, and given to me; it is larger than usual,
measuring 3 inches 1 line in expanse of wing. On the 20th, I took Agrotis saucia
and Anchocelis rufina at sugar, neither of which is common in this neighbourhood.
On the 27th, a second specimen of Vanessa Antiopa was seen by myself in the
nurseries here ; it flew over some trees and settled down about six yards before me ; I
' tried to get my hat over it but failed. — T. Wilson, Holgate, York : October, 1880.

Captures of Lepidoptera in the vicinity of London. — A short account of the
i insects I have taken in the vicinity of London this season may be of interest to
some of your readers. Early in April Micropteryx purpurella and semipurpurella
I were common near Plumstead, and M. unimaculella on Wimbledon Common. In
, Headly Lane during the season I have beaten from Juniper Zelleria insignipenella,
Argyresthia prcecocella, arceuthina, dilectella , aurulentella, and abdominalis, the last
being much the rarest : on August 31st, G. semifascia was common among the
! junipers in the neighbourhood of maples. Hampstead Heath produced Coleophora

138

| November,

albicostella in plenty, and Lampronia luzella : Lithocolletis scopariella, Elachista
subobscurella, and Trifurcula immundella also turned up there, and at Barnes and
"Wanstead ; and on oak trunks at this latter place I took a good series of Laverna j
Stephensi ; Gelecbia gerronella seems to be common wherever the furze grows : Gel. \
pinguinella was scarce, but occurred in the old locality. In Regent’s Park I took, as
usual, in plenty, Gel. notatella , Lavernct vinolentella, Frays Curtisellus, Gel. j
luculella, and albiceps, and a few G. leucatella. C. vittella swarmed both here and !
in Hyde Park, where I also succeeded in securing five or six dozen Tinea caprimul - •
gella. This insect is very lazy, very local, and fond of dark corners : it may often a]
be found hanging in cobwebs, where it remains perfectly still, apparently secure from ij
the attacks of spiders. CEcophora augustella , which is generally dispersed, was
somewhat common at Wandsworth.

Prom cocoons found in the cracks of oak trunks at Wanstead, I bred a good
series of Cerostoma alpella, and from larvae and pupae on Convolvulus at Lewisham,
the same of Bedellia somnulentella. Other Tinece, of which I obtained a few, were ■
Gel. velocella at Barnes, Gel. distinctella at Sanderstead, El. Gleichenella, Bedellella ;
and stabilella, Pancalia Latreillella , and Stepbensia Prnnnichella at Boxhill, j
Argyresthia mendica, curvella, and pygmueella at Pinner. The larvae of Cosmopteryx \
Drurella occurred in profusion near Weybridge, and I now have a few small cases of
Nemotois Schiffer miller ell a from flowers of Ballota nigra collected at Grravesend: !
so that as far as Tineina are concerned, I have no reason to be dissatisfied with the
past season. In Tortrices I have done very little : Eicbrorampba sequana common
near Lady well Station and a beautiful Carpocapsa splendana at Croydon being the
only ones worth mentioning.

Feeding on flowers and seeds of hemlock in Headly Lane, I got eight larvse of
an Eupithecia (of which seven were ichneumoned), green with a blacJc head, of
which I shall be glad to learn the name. — W. Warren, Park House, Stubbington, ,
Fareham, Hants: September 17 th, 1880.

Pyroderces argyrogrammos bred. — My friend Baron von Nolcken spent last
winter at Cannes and took home with him a number of pupae of Micro-Lepidoptera.
Many of the perfect insects emerged during bis journey from the South of Europe
to the coast of the Baltic, and were spoilt past recovery, but some fortunately
continued in the pupa state till he was settled at home, and then, when they!
emerged, he was able to set out at his leisure in Russia, many of the little gems
whose home was in more sunny regions. Among the insects that he bred ratherci
freely was Pyroderces argyrogrammos.

This insect, first taken in Asia Minor by Professor Loew, and described in the ]
Isis of 1847, by Zeller, who mentions that he had also met with it in Sicily and near’
Rome, has since been noticed in many parts of Southern Europe and occurs likewiseJ
in Hungary.

Till I heard from Baron von Nolcken that he had been breeding this insect, 1
was not aware that its transformations had been detected.

On writing to my friend for further details, he referred me to Milliere’f
“ Catalogue Raisonne des Lepidopteres des Alpes Maritimes,” where at p. 359 he says
of this insect “ Mai, Cannes ; terrains cretaces des lieux arides. Tres-abondante sm
les cliardons a fleurs jaunes ( Carlina lanata) , dont les chenilles rongent les graines.’

1880. J

139

On this hint, Baron von Nolcken says that he collected in December, when at
Cannes, a number of thistle-heads, without, howevei*, knowing anything of the colour
of the flowers, which were then long out of bloom — the result was that he bred, as
already mentioned, a fine series of Pyroderces argyrogrammos.

Any Entomologist who has friends in the South of France, might utilize their
stay there by getting them to send home a lot of thistle-heads during the winter
months. — H. T. Stainton, Mountsfield, Lewisham : October 9 th, 1880.

Noctua c-nigrum in June. — I took five specimens of Noctua c-nigrum in June,
!: and a friend two specimens. I did not look upon its occurrence at that date as
il singular till I saw a notice in the August No. of the Ent. Mo. Mag. by Mr. Douglas
(ante p. 70) of a specimen having been taken on June 27th.

I took four of the specimens on hedge-row trees at sugar, three of the others
'were netted ; four of them were in fine fresh condition, all of which I have set out ;
‘the others had a worn appearance.

Most of the species of Lepidoptera that I have had experience of here have
I appeared on the wing considerably earlier than usual ; but I have one instance in
; marked contrast to note, that being the capture of a very good male specimen of
'Saturnia carpini, which I took in bright sunshine on the 24th of June last. —
A. Elliot, Samieston, Jedburgh, N.B. : September 15 th, 1880.

[ Noctua c-nigrum also appeared at Pembroke in June. There seems reason to
Isuspect that if the autumn be unfavourable, this species does not emerge at its usual
itime, but lies over in pupa until the succeeding June. This may also be the case
with Agrotis suffusa, and even saucia. — C. Gr. B.]

The destructive effects of Anisoplia austriaca in Russia. — The British Vice-
-Consul at Nicolaiefc in a recent report says, “ One of the most destructive insects in
|! South Russia is the beetle Anisoplia austriaca, called by the rural population of
| Kherson CouzJca. This insect first appeared in 1865 in the Melitopol district, but
.there is nothing known as to how and whence it came, as it had never been heard of
f; in any other part of Russia or bordering countries. The form of the insect is oblong
and slightly convex ; it is of the size of a grain of Ricinus-seed, and of a
cinnamon colour. The change from egg to larva and from larva to a full-grown
(■beetle takes nearly two years. The female lays her eggs about two inches deep in
the earth, and the larvae, after leaving the eggs, grow very slowly, live the whole
winter in the earth, finding nourishment in the soil, and then become more developed,
but remain as larvae during the following summer and winter ; then on the approach
l of spring they rise to the surface of the ground, where they accumulate. As many
as ten bushels of the beetles have been collected from one acre of wheat. They fly
I from ear to ear and do not quit it until it is destroyed. They are capable of making
■ long flights from one Government to another. Last summer a mass of these beetles
; was discovered in the sea near Ochakoff ; they were so thick that it was difficult to
pull a boat through them. They were gradually washed on shore, and the people,
> instead of taking prompt measures, allowed them to remain there. When at last
they recognised the danger with which they were menaced, persons were sent with
•' horses, casks, &c., to destroy them, but it was too late ; about three-fourths had
i recovered strength and flown into the neighbourhood to form a new generation in

140

l November,

that district.” The Vice-Consul adds, that unless efficient measures are adopted it
is probable that all agricultural Russia will eventually become the prey of these
insects, causing privations hitherto little known in the country. He considers that j
the subject demands the serious attention of Europe, as Russia supplies so many 1
countries with wheat, and her misfortune may raise the price of American produce. ;

In his sixteenth Report on injurious insects (Journal of the Royal Agricultural
Society of England, vol. xviii), Curtis says respecting the larva of the common i
Anisoplia ( PhyllopertJia ) horticola, that they are often very destructive in pasture- 1
land by consuming the roots of the grass, and that the best remedy is to water the jj
grass in the autumn with a mixture of one-tenth of gas-liquor to nine-tenths of J
water, which will do no harm to the grass but will extirpate the larva. "When gas- j
liquor cannot be obtained strong salt water may be used. In the spring, he says, land |
affected by these larva should be broken up, as at that time they are near the surface j
and become an acceptable treat to rooks, starlings, thrushes, blackbirds, robins, &c., j
and even sparrows have been known to gorge themselves with these larva so that !]
they were unable to fly. The perfect beetles eat roses and flowers of hawthorn, and
then feed on wheat and oats. But although generally common the insects are not;
excessively numerous every year, and so it maj be with A. austriaca in Russia, and!
that the damage apprehended from it may be exaggerated. There is no fact relating
to insects better known than that a species may be exceedingly abundant generally,
in one year, and, contrary to expectation, be very scarce the next, or for several years
afterwards. — J. W. Douglas, 8, Beaufort Gardens, Lewisham : August 22nd, 1880.;

P.S. — Since the foregoing was in type I am reminded that the ravages of
Anisoplia austriaca in Russia formed the subject of a report by a Sub-Committee,
of the Entomological Society of London in 1878, which was drawn up for the use
of Her Majesty’s Consul at Taganrog, who, in a communication to the Foreigrj
Office, had adverted to the immense damage done by these and other beetles to thej
grain crops in several provinces of Southern Russia. The report of the Sub !j
Committee (given at length in the Transactions of the Society for 1878 [Proceedings j
p. 57], and noticed in this Magazine, vol. xv, p. 212), after alluding to the ap 'i
pearance of enormous numbers of A. austriaca in the Banate, Hungary, in 1867
— upwards of six millions of beetles being estimated to have been then destroyer
by 100 men employed for the purpose — goes on to recommend as remedial measures!
the rotation of crops, and the preservation of insectivorous birds ; and finally state 1
that experience shows there is no reason to apprehend such a visitation every yeaij
— J. W. D.

Notes on some scarce Coleoptera. — In the August number of this magazine, pi
69, ante, I recorded the capture of Euplectns punctatus, some years ago, in Sherwooi!
Forest, by Mr. Matthews ; on August 27th, I took this beetle myself under bark o j
a rotten tree in its old locality ; I also got a specimen of Micropeplus tesserula, b;
sweeping at sunset. I had always supposed this to be a fen insect, but must hav <
been mistaken.

Among some beetles sent to me to name by Mr. T. N. Hart-Smith, of Marl I
borough College, I found a specimen of Hydroporus marginatus : this is, I think, ]
new locality, it seems to be found both near the coast and inland ; it is probabl i
often thrown away in mistake for H. litura, which it much resembles at first sight !

1880. j

141

: it is, however, easily distinguished by its larger and wider shape, its differently
| coloured head, and thorax widely margined with yellow. — W. W. Fowler, Lincoln :

| October 15 th, 1880.

Two additions to the Dragon-flies of Switzerland. — In August of this year I
| spent ten days in the Engadine, making Pontresina my head-quarters. Being
I specially in quest of Trichoptera my attention was principally directed to them, and
I hope hereafter to publish a list of the species captured, with notes on the
excursions, &c. In the course of my wanderings I came upon the little “ Statzer-See ”
(scarcely more than a large pond) between Pontresina and St. Moritz by the wood-
( path over the side of the mountain, and lying at an elevation of about 6200 feet.

' It is fed by springs and very small streams, is uncontaminated by snow or glacier
water, and it has a wide fringe of very boggy ground (as I found to my cost). So
I it is essentially fitted for alpine Dragon-flies and other Neuroptera. I soon found it
: was the haunt of species of the genus Cordulia, and on three days from August 12th
to 16th, 13 examples of this genus were secured, which proved to consist of 9 $ of
| C. vnetallica , 1 $ of C. alpestris , and 2 S , 1 ? of C. arctica, the latter being new
\ to the Swiss Fauna. Large JEschnce were not uncommon, but it was almost
I impossible to capture them. Only three individuals were taken, viz : — JE. juncea
' S ? and JE. borealis $ , the latter also new to Switzerland. In June, 1865, I had
taken C. arctica and 2E. borealis at Rannoch in Scotland, thus it was like the
renewal of old acquaintanceship ; but the surroundings were very different. The
l other Dragon-flies were not important, and the season was already advanced. The
j larger Lake of St. Moritz, although not a mile away, and into which the “ Statzer-
| See ” discharges, did not furnish a single Dragon-fly, a fact only to be explained by
I the very different physical conditions of the two lakes. — R. McLachlan, Lewisham :
j September 30 th, 1880.

Chrgsopa pallida in Switzerland. — Towards the end of August, I was a few
| days at Thusis, in the vicinity of the celebrated gorge known as the Yia Mala. Five
[ examples of the fine large C. pallida were secured by beating spruce firs, a species
: altogether new to^this part of Europe. Others were seen, and it is probably rather
i common ; but a series of small storms rendered beating chiefly productive of
|| drenchings. — Id.

Extreme abundance of Ccecilius pedicularius. — Will you kindly tell me the
If name of the enclosed insects ?

I take the liberty of applying to you because I suppose them to be Psocidw.
I I know next to nothing of this family, and have not time to work it up, but I like
*' to obtain an insight into any branch of Natural History that forces itself upon me.
t And this these little flies have done, for they abounded in my corn-fields and were
) a source of great annoyance to the harvesters by settling and crawling upon their
■ arms and faces. Subsequently, on hot days, they have been on the wing in incredible
. numbers.

Am I right in supposing them to feed on fungoid growths ?, if so, the mildew
j would account for their presence on the corn. — Thos. H. Hart, Kingsnorth,
I : Ashford, Kent : October 9 th, 1880.

[The insects are Ccecilius pedicularius , L., the smallest European species of

142

[November,

winged Psocidce , ordinarily very common in autumn, especially in houses. Mr. Hart
is no doubt correct in supposing they feed upon mildew ; probably they also attack
ordinary dust and debris, such as that which collects in corners anywhere. —
R. McLachlan.]

The red clover and hive bees. — “ The bee has been forbidden the honey of the
red clover, as a punishment for not keeping Sunday ” — an interesting item of popular
Natural History among the peasantry of Mecklenburg, which I find recorded in
the recent work of Prof. C. Bartsch, “Sagen, &c., aus Mecklenburg.”

This belief probably rests on the observed fact that the proboscis of the bee is i
too short to reach down to the honey of the red clover; nevertheless, they get at it:
by gnawing a hole through the side of the florets. (See Herman Muller, Befruch- •
tung d. Blumen durch Insecten, 1873, p. 224). — C. R. Osten-Sackbn, Heidelberg:
October, 1880.

A swarm of flies. — Under this heading the “ Shipping and Mercantile Gazette,”
of September 8th, has the following account : —

“The Master of the schooner ‘Topsy’ informs us that at 10 a.m., on Thursday,
the 2nd inst., while on a passage from Grimsby to London, the ‘ Topsy ’ became
swarmed with flies, so thick were they that the people on board were unable to
remain on deck for five hours ; there were millions upon millions of flies. The air
became clear about 4 p.m., when the flies were thrown overboard by shovels-full,
and the remainder were washed off the decks by buckets of water and brooms.”

I have seen the Master of the “Topsy” and he informs me that there is not the
least exaggeration in this statement ; and that although he has been in many parts
of the world he never witnessed such a scene before. The vessel, at the time, was
sailing along the Norfolk coast, about a cable’s length from the shore ; the air was !
obscured by the flies, as by a cloud, and they fell as thickly as snow-flakes, closely
covering the rigging as well as the deck. He gave me some of the flies which I
forwarded to Mr. R. H. Meade of Bradford, who has obligingly sent the following
note respecting them : —

“The little flies are all females of Dilophus vulgaris ( spinatus , Wlk.), one of
the Bibionidce ( NemoceraJ . This common little fly (“in profusion everywhere,
most so on sand-hills,” Hal.#) sometimes appears in immense numbers or masses, in
which the members of one sex usually greatly predominate over those of the other.
Some of the species of Bibio, to which Dilophus is closely allied, have the same
habit ; very little is known of their life-history. The larvee of the species of Bibio
are said to feed at the roots of grass, and Zetterstedt says that he has found the
larvae and pupae of Dilophus vulgaris in the stems of grass.

“ The occurrence of this cloud of flies at sea is very curious and interesting..
Were these females seeking some fresh pasture in which to deposit their eggs?” — J.f
W. Douglas, 8, Beaufort Gardens, Lewisham : September 15 th, 1880.

times.

The Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union : Parts i — iii.
London : W. Satchell & Co. ; Leeds : Taylor Bros. 1878 — 80, 8vo.

Most of our readers are familiar with the “ Naturalist,” the monthly journal of
the above-mentioned “ Union.” Latterly the body has also issued a more pretentious
publication in the form of “ Transactions,” three parts of which are before us.

* Wlk., Ins. Brit., Vol. iii, p. 140.

143

Naturally they include all branches of Natural History ; but the subjects are divided
into Sections, and each of these is paged separately. The aim appears to be twofold
in its nature : firstly, to furnish local lists, and, secondly, to chronicle notable ad-
ditions of novelties and rarities noticed in each year. Insects evidently occupy a
large share of the attention of the Members of these Societies, and amongst the
contributors we notice the names of Porritt and Prest for Lepidoptera , Mosley for
Hemiptera and Diptera, and W. D. Roebuck and Bairstow for Hymenoptera. But
Ornithology, Conchology, and Botany are equally as well represented. The paper,
typography, and general “ getting-up ” are excellent.

The existence of such a multitude of Natural History Societies in a small
district (for so Yorkshire is, notwithstanding it is our largest county), is probably
an almost unique fact, and we believe we are correct in stating that the majority of
the Members are of the artisan class. Judging from the List of Members on the
f cover of Part iii, half-a-crown is the usual annual subscription, but it appears to be
optional with Members to supply pecuniary aid in excess of this modest sum, an
option largely exercised, even to the extent of two guineas. Those amongst
“ Britishers ” who know the tastes of some of the better class amongst our artisans
in the great industrial centres (of which Yorkshire is one), will be little surprised at
finding Naturalists so abundant amongst them : to foreigners the fact must be a
matter for some little astonishment. It was a happy idea to unite these Societies
under a central governing body, and this latter, if wise, should use its position for
educational purposes on broad principles, by impressing upon the Members the
[necessity of recognising the fact that Yorkshire is not Britain, and that Britain is
only an island in the northern seas.

Insect Variety : its Propagation and Distribution, treating op the

ODOURS, DANCES, COLOURS, AND MUSIC IN ALL GrRASSHOPPERS, ClCAD.E, AND MOTHS ;

Beetles, Leap-Insects, Bees, and Butterplies ; Bugs, Flies, and Ephemera ;

AND EXHIBITING THE BEARING OP THE SCIENCE OP ENTOMOLOGY ON GEOLOGY.

By A. H. Swinton. London : Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co., 1880, pp. 326, 8vo.

This work indicates extensive reading of the writings, in many languages, of
authors, ancient and modern, who have investigated the attributes of insect-life, and
[copious extracts and references are given, together with statements of the researches
land observations of the author himself, some of w'hich have appeared in this maga-
zine ; the illustrations consist of a frontispiece, seven mostly well-drawn plates, and
figures incorporated with the text. The odours, dances, colours, and music
| (erroneously so-called) of insects have always been deemed to be manifestations of
love, fear, anger, or rivalry, and as ministering directly or indirectly to the mainte-
nance of their race ; but when it is said or inferred that they are also the primary or
(remote causes of insect- variety, we demur, and say that the statement or inference
‘is not proved. It is admitted, even by the author, that sounds emitted by an insect
.are attractive only to others of the same species, although there are, as stated, some
exceptions in the Cicada. Variety, that is, differentiation of species, and even the
I variat ion of the individuals of a species, are really due to extrinsic changing, or for
a time persistent, conditions and agencies acting on elastic vital powers. Neverthe-
less, as bl’inging a great number of observations of numerous investigators into one
view, this work is very interesting and serviceable, but it sadly wants an index for
: reference to special items.

144

[November, 1880.

The use of the vulgar English names of insects (and the book is full of them),!;
at any rate without the scientific ones, is a mistake ; such names, given in the old 1 1
time by mere collectors, served their purpose of distinguishing the insects they li
obtained, so far as their own collections were concerned, but had no basis of scientific If
arrangement. They are, therefore, of no service now, either with or without the|!
scientific names, and although attempts have been made to retain them by some who Jj
should have known better, they are deservedly falling into disuse. If our authorli
hopes to have his book read out of Britain, what can a foreigner understand by 1;
“ Bath White,” “ Queen of Spain,” “ Dark Arches,” “ Tawny-barred Angle,” &c. ’f
The literary composition is very curious. Thus, we find such terms as “ symbol
of war,” “ brown horror of autumn,” “ ambient ether,” “ sun-god,” “ domain of
Elora,” &c. — all inappropriate in a work of scientific character. The style of the j
writing is ambitious, but the long, involved sentences, despite the surplus of sen- j
sational adjectives, are often obscure, to say the least. Thus, at page 60, we read, ;
“ We have shown that the battle of males for the female, that burns so fiercely in j
higher organizations, which gave antlers to the stag, horns to the bull, spurs to the
cock, and incisive weapons to the fish, smoulders yet more intensely in mandibulate
insects of the Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera , and Neuroptera, many of whom !
bite and devour one another.” At page 86, — “ If we consult a cabinet as regards ,
terrestrial climate, we shall find that the rays of the .sun impart a richness of tint, ,
varying with the ardour of his beams, and that tropical species, which are diurnal,
have a gaudiness compatible with the languor of a clime that becomes their guardian,
expressed in the opaque, paint-like pigment that imparts a varnish to their dermal
tints, with a heaviness to their external coverings.” Other similar delicice await the
reader — these lie must find for himself ; the climax of rhapsody is, perhaps, reached
at page 169, thus: — “In the existing rage for cheap music, when flashing lights,
impassioned notes, and sweet warblings greet the man of business homeward
wending, and drive far into the sorrows of the night, it is scarcely to be wondered,
refrains so full of small peaceful harmonies as those complaining notes (of grass-
hoppers), that each autumn echo beneath the blithe ring of the mowers, should
continue a study for the poet and musician. And it is thus we not only hear of '

them blending in the luxuriant tide of song on Transatlantic pianos, but what is \
more generally feasible, find them adapted to rhythmic notations by admiring fre-
quenters of the green banks of the Rhine and Alpine glaciers, where they possibly
lend much to the charms of the scenery. * * * * Nor are the pastorals of our ,

insular troubadours to be despised. How often do the young in years, who listlessly j j
recline in zephyry hay-fields, take lovers’ walks or meditative strolls, receive brisk |
overtures, which haunt the mind and whisper back the cheerful voices of seasons 1
that have flown !”

On the other hand, we have expressions of wonderful naivet6. Thus, at page
39, we read : — “ An example of the Privet Hawk Moth I had killed in the usual
manner, and had assumed to be dead ;” and, at page 295 : “ In the large voracious
Wart Biter, a parrot-like transition (of colour) after emergence serves to develop an
invisible pattern of brown spots, which renders the individuals to human optics
considerably more conspicuous and suited to recognise and reproduce their kind.” J
The printing is clear, but there are several typographical errors, such as “accept ” i
” “ blue-fly ” for “ blow-fly,” “ Leucanxdce ” for “ Lucanidce ,” &c. Often ’

for

except

names of insects are in Roman instead of Italic type ; and such eccentricities occur j
as, for instance, “ aphrodite ” with a small initial letter, and “ Brassicce ” with a

large one ; for all
accountable.

which blemishes we trust some one besides the author is

December, 1880.1 !

EUCALYPTUS GALLS.
BY R. McLACHLAN, F.R.S., Ac.

145

I am indebted to Dr. M. T. Masters, F.R.S., editor of the
G-ardeners’ Chronicle, for the opportunity of describing and figuring
two most remarkable forms of Galls on Eucalypti from Australia.

The singular mass of galls, of which a slightly enlarged figure is
given below, was sent from the Phytologic Museum of Melbourne,

galls were found by Mr. Tepper’on Eucalyptus gracilis at Spencer’s
Gulf, South xAustralia. The branched twig before me (only a portion
of which is figured) bears several hundred galls, thickly clustered, and

146

| December,

their position is such as to induce a belief that each gall is a modified
flower-bud. In a dried state the galls are reddish-grey in colour.
They are of a long spindle-shape, slightly curved, with the apex much
produced, the outer surface slightly rugose, and with faint longitudinal
ribs. The length of the individual galls varies from 6 to 13 lines, and
the average diameter is about H line. When broken they are seen
to be quite hollow, with only thin walls, and they emit a pleasant

aromatic resinous odour, similar to that of rosemary. Many of them
have a small circular opening (see the enlarged figures) a considerable
distance below the apex, whence an insect has escaped.

I have broken open many galls from which an insect had not
escaped In some of these I find the shrivelled-up remains of a larva
(never more than one in a gall) that appears to be dipterous and no
doubt the true gall-maker, but in the majority there is the dried-up
pupa of a Hymenopterous parasite with clavate antennae, apparently
belonging to the group Pteromalini of the Chalcididce. In al ose
galls from which the insect has emerged, I find only the 0

this parasite. I have not sacrificed every unperforated gall, but those

1880],

147

examined have not presented Dipterous pupae, nor the remains of any
Dipterous insect ready to emerge. We are thus left somewhat in the
, dark as to the real nature of the gall-maker, and it is very desirable
. that specimens of the galls in alcohol be examined.

The second figure (p. 146) represents galls on a species of Eucaiyp-
l tus also forwarded by Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, much reduced in
I size. At first sight each gall reminds one of a distorted fruit or
i capsule, but Dr. Masters is of opinion that (from their position) they
[.are not modified buds either of leaf or flower. On the twig before me
i the galls are placed unilaterally, with the exception of the lowest of

* the series. Each gall (dried) is somewhat olivaceous in colour (as
the leaves). Each measures about 10 lines in length, and about 5 in
diameter. Each has four strong angular keels externally, which are

* continued into extraordinary processes about 2| inches long, and
; slightly curved at the tips ; occasionally one of these processes is
’ aborted or abbreviated, and in one instance a tendency to furcate is

shown. They are extremely hard, and the walls are quite a line in
. thickness, and when cut, a very strong odour, like that of intensified
black currant, is very evident.

Fortunately in this instance it is possible to fix with certainty the
Order to which the gall-maker belongs. Baron von Mueller extracted
larvae from some similar galls, and forwarded them in fluid. They are
Lepidopterous. A well-grown larva is about an inch in length, pinky-
whitish in colour, somewhat semi-transparent,
-f and without markings, save that there are black
dots on the spiracnlar region, independent of the black spiracles
! themselves ; the head is pale castaneous. There are eight ventral (in
addition to the anal) prolegs. Judging from the general aspect of
the larvae I am inclined to refer them to the Pyralidce , but their exact
’ position must remain doubtful. In those galls opened by me I find
the interior entirely occupied by what appears to be an imperfectly
i developed chrysalis of the moth, covered with a whitish powdery

I substance, and greatly distended. Each chrysalis is crammed with
the fully developed pupae of a Hymenopterous parasite of the family

k 0 halcididoe. In no case is there any orifice through which a
| moth could have escaped, but in the middle of the apex, between the
\ rour horns, there is a very small opening, scarcely sufficient to admit

I I small pin, which I take to be natural, and serving to supply air,
vhich it would be impossible to obtain through the thick hard walls

| )f the galls, and not made by the parasites, though it might afterwards
3e enlarged to admit of the escape of either moth or parasite. The
I ail-end of the chrysalis is extremely pointed, and placed towards this
: minute orifice.

Lewisham, London : November, 1880.

148 [December,

EREBIA CASSIOPE AT HOME.

BY JANE FBASEE.

Of the four localities in Perthshire where I have met with 'Erebia
Cassiope, three are on the northern slope of mountains, and thus
peculiarly exposed to cold wind. During last summer (1880) 1
observed Cassiope on the wing for the first time on June 16th, the day
was bright and sunny, with a strong wind from the east, only a very few,
of the insects (all males) were to be seen, and all had that velvety]
appearance which betokens recent emergence. On June 25th, it was;
out in great abundance, and on July 1st, still appeared in 1 argtj
numbers, and though some of them were worn and tattered, many o|
both sexes appeared to be freshly out.

Among the Perthshire hills there is one, which, though onlj
between 2000 and 3000 feet high, is rather famous as a place wherl
strangers not well up in the geography of the surroundings, are apj
to lose their way, and have been known to wander as far as a shepherd’
hut in a neighbouring glen, several miles in an opposite direction fror ;
the glen they started from in the morning. It is certainly one of th
wildest, rockiest bits of hill ground in Perthshire, at the base pretty we
wooded with birch, fir, hazel, and alder, and there is one secluded spc;
where, underneath the hazels, the rare Scopula decrepitalis has its home
Prom half-way up the mountain to the summit there are innume:!
able high ridges of rock, and between these ridges there are rills <
clear sparkling water foaming and tumbling over rocks and stonei
sometimes forming still pools which reflect the heather-clad bank
and here and there huge masses of rock are lying, which must i
times gone by have rolled down from the mountain top, but now a*
overgrown with heather, blaeberry, and crowberry. These hu$
detached masses form favourite resting places for the Peregriij
Palcon, and more than once I have got a glimpse of this grand-lookii
bird perched in such spots, and as traces of the fur of the mounta
hare and feathers and bones of birds may be observed sometimes t
the tops of those rocks, it would seem to be a habit of the Peregri
to convey his food there.

On July 1st, we ascended this hill from the north, its steepe!
and most rocky side. The morning had been cold and misty, but tj
clouds gradually “ lifted,” and at last the sun sent forth a blaze !
heat, and immense numbers of insects appeared on the wdng. Fro
the sheltered side of nearly every rock Larentia ccesiata rose j
crowds at our approach, some of them with the dark bar on the fo:
wung very black and strongly marked, and, wherever there was a bits

149

l evel peat bog, Coenonymplia Davus was to be seen, its tawny wings
larmonizing with the quiet tone of the surroundings. At an elevation
>f about 1000 feet, on either side of a picturesque burn which was
fihut in on both sides by rocky banks, we found Erebia Cassiope , at
lirst sparingly, but as we advanced a little higher it increased in
lumbers, and at 2000 feet was abundant. It was seen in greatest
(lumbers in the ravines formed by those small mountain rills where
;;ufty grass grew, but was to be seen also flying over, alighting on, and
lit rest (when out of the sun) on the heather. During the afternoon
ind while the sun was bright they were very active on the wing, and
liometimes took pretty long flights, but always flew low, seldom rising
|nore than four feet above the ground, and when a slight passing cloud
jivercast the sun for a few minutes, they did as Erebia Blandina so
iiften does under the same conditions — dropped in among the grass
ind lay with folded wings close to the roots, looking like old withered
eaves. There was one sheltered place beside a small waterfall where
(nountain thyme and a little yellow starlike flower grew in abundance,
md it was charming to see them resting on the flowers with expanded
pvdngs, the dark red spots looking brighter in the sunshine than they
;lo in the cabinet. At a height of about 1000 feet Larentia ccesiata
ceased to appear, and was succeeded by Mixodia Schulziana, Scopula
ylpinalis , AmpJiisa Gerningana , and Tortrix viburnana, all these on
:his hill ascending to 2000 ft. A little above this altitude the dense
cloud which had overshadowed us in the morning, still shrouded the
hill top, and rendered the air too chill and damp for butterflies and
moths. And a strange experience it was to be so near this thick mist ;
while standing in the sunshine about 100 feet below it, the distance
so clear that the blue peaks of far-away Jura and Mull were visible.
An occasional drift of chill misty air blowing past, warned us that it
was unwise to remain so near the cloud, and getting over the shoulder
pf the mountain we began to descend the southern slope, keeping in
the gorge of a water course. A little below 2000 feet Erebia Cassiope
3-gain appeared, in some sheltered spots, literally swarming, and alto-
gether in fresher condition than those on the north side of the mountain.

It was pretty early when we started in the morning, but I was so
charmed with the sight of this pretty Alpine butterfly, that I lingered
among them until the sun went down behind a higher mountain, and
then the Cassiope betook themselves to their night’s quarters. A very
!£ew simply closed their wings, and hung like little withered leaves
.from grasses, but the majority dropped in among the heather and
clung to the stems a little above the ground with their wings drooping
downwards.

18, Moray Place, Edinburgh :

October 15 tli, 1880.

150

[December,

AN ADDITIONAL SPECIES OF BRITISH HEMIPTERA.

i

BY JAMES EDWARDS.

On the 18th October last, I took off a spruce-fir at Stratton ''
Strawless, near Norwich, a few examples of a Lyqus , which Mr. Douglas |
has determined to be a species not hitherto recorded as British. The .j
characters given below will suffice to distinguish it from all the British ;;
species of the genus ; it comes next to L. rubricatus , Ball.

Lygus atomaeius.

Capsus atomarius, Meyer, Schw. Rhynch., 73, 46, tab. 4, fig. 3 (1843). |
JEEadrodema atomaria , Bieb., Eur. Hem., 277, 1 (1861).

Lygus atomarius , id., 392, 3.#

Long-oval. Above testaceous, more or less tinged with red, closely punctured,
and covered with fine pale pubescence ; sometimes more or less irrorated with black, !
or with a black stripe on each elytron. f Head in $ black, in $ pale with three |
black spots, the middle one V'shaped ; cuneus orange, the inner angle with a small j
black spot ; membrane irrorated. Scutellum generally with a dark central stripe, j
Intermediate and posterior thighs with two dark ante-apical rings ; posterior tibiae
outwardly with fine, short, black spines ; last joint of the tarsi black, except at the
base. Antennae dingy yellowish, the 3rd and 4th joints, and more or less of the ,
apical portion of the 2nd, black. Length, 2 — 2£- lines. J

The variations in marking seem to be confined to the males.

Bracondale, Norwich : 1

5th November, 1880.

ON THE EGGS AND BARYTE OF SOME CHR YS O MEL Hi AND OTHER!

(ALLIED) SPECIES OF PHYTOPHAGA.

BY J. A. OSBORNE, M.D.

In the synthetic arrangement of larvze attempted by McLeayj
and extended by Kirby and Spence, the Coleopterous larvae are!
divided into five tribes by McLeay, one of which is —

“4. A hexapod and distinctly antenniferous larva , with a sub-ovate I
rather conical body , of which the second segment is longer and of a dif-fi
ferent form from the others, so as to give the appearance of a thorax. %

* Fieber gives as a synonym Capsus delicatus, Mulsant ( rede Perris), Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, !
1857, p. 167, but the description in no way accords with L. atomarius, and Eeuter refers the l
species, as distinct, to the genus Amblytylus (Hem. Gymn. Eur. ii, 210;. — Eds.

t Meyer’s description and figure, made from a single example, show the pronotum and elytra
covered with scattered pitchy-black atoms. Fieber, however, remarks that a fully-spotted indivi- i
dual is represented, that such marking is exceptional, and even on the membrane is sometimes]!
obsolete. Frey-GessneriMitth. schw. ent. Ges., ii, 23; says also that Meyer’s type-form rarely occurs,
and he had ample means of knowing, for he adds that in Switzerland, although the species is scarce, ■:
yet at times, in the place where it is found, it is numerous on “ Rothtannen ” (Abies picea) in
April and September. It is also found in Bohemia and France on other conifers.— Eds.

1880.]

151

His denomination for these is Anopluriform , from Pediculus, L., form-
ing Dr. Leach’s Anoplura. His examples are Coccinella and Chryso-
\ mela , L.” K. & S., yoI. iii, p. 160.

i The general description may apply ; but that striking, if superficial,

I- resemblance to Pediculus , which suggested the denomination, does not
1; extend to all the species included in the Linnean, nor perhaps to any
i of the restricted, genus, Chrysomela. In giving their own definition

i of the Anopluriform type (loc. cit. p. 162), K. & S. exclude Chrysomela
I altogether in restricting its application to carnivorous larvae ; but,

L leaving out this word, the rest of the description — “ hexapod ; antenni-
I; ferous ; with a shortish oblong depressed body, and distinct thoracic
|i shield,” — seems to apply very well to a section of the Linnean genus,

e. y., Lina , Gastrophysa , Prasocuris ; and to be equally unsuitable to
I others, as Timarcha and Chrysomela. At p. 156, K. & S. speak of
; some larvae as being “ gibbous above, and flat underneath ; as those of
Chrysomela ,” &c. To this section the term Seliciform might perhaps
be applied ; at least, the superficial resemblance is as striking as in the

ii case of the other section and Pediculus. In the case of some larvae
feeding on water-mint, which I found in July, 1877, and which sub-

I sequently yielded beetles of Chrysomela varians, I find the following
description in my note book : “ One of the largest is 2 — 2\ lines long,
|; and at the highest point of abdomen li line high. It is laterally com-
pressed. The head and prothorax are darker than the rest, and project
j from the dull-coloured body, which might be described as two-thirds
or three-fourths of an oblate spheroid standing upon its truncated
\\ part. The insect does not extend itself much in walking, and, when
j alarmed, draws itself in, tail towards head, when it is well fitted for
rolling, and lets go. It is not anopluriform. The head is black,
flattened in front, and slightly bilobate ; porrected in travelling. The
I' antennae are conical, pretty long for a larva, banded alternately, light
and dark, and are retractile within the head. . . The prothorax is

black also above, somewhat semicircular or rounded posteriorly where
it overlaps the second segment. Here the colour changes to the dull
j I greenish-drab of the rest of the body. The legs are pretty long,
• jointed, and furnished with single claws. The spiracles are a row of
seven or eight black dots on either side, with a minute white (or clear)
eye in the centre of each. . . A faint line runs somewhat archwise

between each pair of spiracles, and from the angular apex of this line,
which is nearer to the spiracle in front, a similar faint line runs up
the side for a short distance, then forks, and the two branches, crossing
the back, intersect with similar branches from the adjacent lateral

152

December,

transverse lines, and are so continued on to the other side, thus
forming along the back a series of transversely elongated lozenges,
touching one another at their obtuse angles. The larva feeding looks
very like a depressed Helix (shell) with the mollusc out and crawling.” '
Very similar to these are the larvae of Chr. polita and BanJcsi, both of
which I have reared from the egg to the imago ; and fastuosa has the
same essential characters, at least as far as I was able to trace them,
which was up to the completion of the first moult.* These four species •
feed on labiate plants : polita and vnrians on Mentha , BanJcsi on
Stachys , and fastuosa on Lamium. Stephens placed the latter beetle :
in his sub-genus Gastrophysa , Chevrolat along with raphani and j
polygoni , living on plants of a different natural order — Polygonacece.
The points in which fastuosa agrees with polita and BanJcsi, and differs j
from G. raphani , may be stated as follows : the glutinous matter ac-
companying the eggs, and which, according to Yon Siebold, is the;
disintegrated portion of the tunica propria which accompanies them
into the oviduct, is very abundant in Gastrophysa , dries up very slowly,'
and remains always more or less sticky. In Chrysomela it is scanty
and dries up quickly into a brittle substance, so that the eggs, when r
in clusters, are readily broken asunder and scattered about like ripe
seeds. The eggs in hatching, open in both cases, by a longitudinal!
slit over the dorsum of the larva; but, in Gastrophysa, the empty
shell remains gaping, and tends to collapse, whilst in Chrysomela, the
slit closes so accurately and the shell retains its original shape so,
completely, that it is often difficult to tell whether the larva has!
escaped. I have seen a young larva of BanJcsi that had come out of
the egg tail first, caught by the neck in the elastic shell, which it
dragged after it but could not escape from, like a mouse in a trap.
In Chrysomela the eye-spots are six, in two rows of three each, on,
each side of the head. In Gastrophysa the external spot of the pos-
terior row is wanting. Very conspicuous on the meso- and meta-j
thorax of the Gastrophysa embryo within the shell are four large;
black spots in the form of a square. In Chrysomela the equivalent
spots are six in number, the additional pair being on the first ab-
dominal segment ; and they diminish in size from before backwards.

The larva of Gastrophysa is tuberculate, and agrees generally,;
especially in the points which I have italicised, with the description of
the larva of Chr. (Lina) populi, as given by Westwood (Modern
Classification, vol. i, p. 388) — “ This larva (fig. 48, 9, &c.) is of an,

* I have also found a larva of this type feeding on oat leaves. It was probably Chr. graminit,
but I did not succeed in rearing it. — J. A. O.

153

oblong-ovate form, of a dirty greenish-white colour, with numerous
black scaly spots ; its meso- and metathoracic segments are furnished with
two larqe lateral , conical tubercles , and the abdominal segments have also
two rows of smaller dorsal and lateral tubercles, from which . . . drops
of a fetid fluid are emitted when the larva is alarmed.” The Chryso-
mela larva, on the other hand, has the same general resemblance to
that of Timarcha , as figured by Westwood {op. cit., p. 389, fig. 48, 2).
The larva of Gastrophysa moults twice before pupation, retaining the
same larval form. Chrysomela moults three times : before the first
moult the young larva is hirsute, but afterwards nearly smooth, without
hairs, or with only a very fine pubescence, and without warts or
tubercles. The Gastrophysa larva is always depressed and extended :
that of Chrysomela laterally compressed, with the manitrunk and ab-
domen humped — rising from the darker scaly head and prothorax in
the manner of the shell from the snail in crawling. Before the first
moult the larva, with its arched hairy back and conical ear-like antennae,
is often ridiculously like a young kitten. In all these points — character
of shell,* number and arrangement of eye-spots, and dorsal warts,
number of moults and general anopluriform appearance — the larva of
Prasocuris marginella agrees with Gastrophysa and differs from Chry-
somela.

One other point of interest remains to be mentioned, a point
of agreement between Gastrophysa raphani and Lina populi. At
pp. 242 — 3 of vol. ii, Kirby and Spence, speaking of osmateria , say :
“ The grub of the poplar beetle ( Chrysomela populi) also is remarkable
for similar organs. On each side of the nine intermediate dorsal
segments of its body is a pair of black, elevated, conical tubercles, of
a hard substance ; from all of these, when touched, the animal emits
| a drop of a white milky fluid, the smell of which, De Greer observes,
is almost insupportable, being inexpressibly strong and penetrating.

1 These drops proceed at the same instant from all the eighteen scent-
organs ; which forms a curious spectacle. The insect , however , does
not waste this precious fluid ; each drop instead of falling , after appear-
ing for a moment and dispensing its perfume, is withdrawn again within
\ its receptacle , till the pressure is repeated , when it reappears .” See also
plate xviii, fig. 1. I wish to call attention to the sentence I have
underlined, for a reason which will be immediately apparent. I wish,
in fact, to ask : is it quite certain that this emitted matter is entirely

* The nature and amount of the glutinous matter is not obvious in the case of Prasocuris
j eggs. The insect cuts a small round hole in the hollow petiole of a Ranunculus leaf and deposits
the eggs, to the number of 4 or 5—7 in the interior.— J. A. O.

154

[December,

and only a fluid — a secretion — and not rather a portion of the
substance of the animal itself ? The larvae of G. rapbani are!
furnished with similar latero-dorsal tubercles, of which the four oeJ
the meso- and metathorax are the largest. On the upper surface oh
these a minute puckered pore may be observed. But, although I have;
been breeding these larvae for years, it is only recently and accidentally;
I have discovered that under peculiar circumstances (circumstances,
however, reproducible at pleasure) the larva emits from these tubercles
a double row of clear liquid-like (stalked P and) capitate protrusions,
which, coming and going simultaneously, instantly brought to mind
the figure in K. & S. on plate xviii. The conditions requisite for,
evoking this phenomenon in the case of G. rapbani , are exposure to
strong sunshine in a close moist atmosphere. The larvae may then be'
observed as with a row of glass bead-headed pins stuck in on either
side. But, at the least disturbance, these instantly disappear, so that
I could not touch them to see whether they were fluid or not. They
do not seem to be accompanied with any smell. It was only afterwards, i
under different circumstances, I was able to arrive, with tolerable
certainty, at the conclusion that these bead-like processes from the
Gastrophysa larva are not a liquid secretion, but an everted portion of:
the insect itself, rather comparable to the horns of certain caterpillars. '

In what I call a double batch of between 80 and 90 eggs laid
(August 26th) by a $ which, having been originally kept as a virgin,
and which in that state laid some parthenogenetic eggs, was afterwards
allowed to become impregnated, but became so only to an imperfect I
extent, — in this batch, along with some perfectly healthy larvae, I found ■
many that perished in the hatching, and among these several in which
these protrusions from the four thoracic tubercles were very striking.
They were quite analogous to those observed in the older larvae, and
were emitted from the same parts, viz., the pores of the latero-dorsal
tubercles of the thorax, the only part out of the shell ; and as they,
were no longer spherical, but elongate finger-shaped, and as they per-
sisted for many hours — in fact, were never withdrawn, during which !
time they exhibited lateral twitching movements, I could not doubt
their non- fluid nature. And this has suggested to me, that in the
case of Lina populi also, the main portion of the extrusion underlying
the milky, opaque, odorous fluid, may be an analogous solid portion of
the animal itself.

Milford, Co. Donegal :

October , 1880.

1880.] 155

THE LIFE-HISTORY OF GRAPHOLITHA NIGRICANA.

ST JOHN H. WOOD, M.B.

The occurrence of this insect in England has been already re-
corded in this Magazine (Yol. xiv, p. 2dl) from a single specimen taken
here in the summer of 1875 or 76. As, however, it had been repeatedly
[looked for since without success, I was beginning to fear it was an
accidental introduction that had failed to established itself, when, on
July 17th, 1879, I beat a specimen in fine order out of a group of
■ silver-fir (Abies picea). Two days later I found the little moths
flying in the early afternoon round these same fir trees. They flew
rather high, but gusts of wind occasionally brought them within reach
I of the net, and I secured nearly twenty specimens, and then desisted
from fear of working the species too hard. At the end of the month
though much occupied with other matters, I made an effort to visit
the locality once more, with the hope of getting, if possible, a gravid
female. On this occasion no moths were to be seen flying round the
trees, but I beat out of the lower branches two worn individuals.
These were placed in a bottle with a sprig of picea : one of them died
very shortly, but the other lived a week, and laid seven or eight ova.
These, with the exception of one or two that were laid on the cork of
the bottle, were deposited singly on the needles. They were large,
round, full, and very conspicuous for the ova of so small a moth, of a
dirty-white colour, which afterwards became reddish, this change,
being seen under a lens, to be due to the development of an irregular
band of that colour round the base. Early in September, the larvae
appeared — little yellow fellows with black heads. They were placed
on fresh sprigs of the silken fir, but nothing more was seen of them,
| nor could any trace of their workings be afterwards found in leaf or
bud, though carefully looked for. Still, I had little doubt from the
evident liking the moths had for this fir, that it was the proper food,
and that there would probably be little difficulty when spring came
round of again taking the matter up. On the 15th of Eebruary, the
attempt was made, and successfully. I found the larvae feeding in the
buds, indicating their whereabouts by the covering of silk spun over
| the spot at which they had entered. The terminal buds of the side
shoots were those chiefly attacked. These are usually arranged in
I sets of three, and the larvae eat them out one after the other, con-
i verting them into a common cavity. At this date the larvae was still
; very small, brown, and with black head and plates. Towards the
middle of April they became full-fed, when they came out of the buds

156

and affixed their cocoons, which were made of debris , and were rather
fragile, either to the outside of the buds or in the angles of the shoots.
Five moths emerged. The full-grown larva is soft, fat, and shining,
of a dirty-yellow colour, with just the suspicion of a greenish tinge in
it on the thoracic segments. Head small, and deep black, as is also
the plate on 2nd segment.

J may add that the silver fir grows remarkably well in Hereford-
shire, and often reaches a large size, but the group of trees that
supplies nigricana is only of some twenty or thirty years’ growth. It
is not a fir that seems much liable to the attacks of insects ; its stiff,
thick needles are seldom seen marked by their mandibles, and with the
exception of the above, and the larva of C. distinctana that lives in the
needles, no other Lepidopterous larva appears to feed upon it in this
neighbourhood.

Tarrington, Ledbury :

11 th October, 1880.

FURTHER NOTES ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BOTYS
BANDALIS.

BY WILLIAM BUCKLER.

That I am able this year to offer a few more observations on the
larva of pandalis, as a supplement to those at p. 28, ante , is owing to
the great kindness of Mr. W. B. Fletcher, who sent me on May 27th,
a batch of eggs laid by a female he had beaten out from a tangled
growth of rose and bramble in the New Forest.

These eggs were laid in a chip box, in five separate flat patches,
containing from ten and upwards to twenty in each, as near as they
could be counted with aid of a strong lens, which also showed them
to be somewhat overlapping one another, yet withal showing so smooth
a surface as to look like a deposit of yellow grease upon the chip.

Four days after 1 had received these eggs, there appeared on
many of them two most minute dusky specks, and after two more days
strong bluish-black marks (doubtless the ocelli, mandibles, head, &c.,
so accurately observed by Mr. Jeffrey). Every day produced these
appearances on more of the eggs in succession, while from the most
forward at intervals the larvae were hatching by night, when on 8th of
June, the remainder were fatally arrested by a sudden fall in the
temperature.

On the 2nd of June, the first four young larvae were as an
experiment placed with leaves of rose and bramble ; the next four

1880.

157

with leaves of Teucrium scorodonia. ; after a day or two I found the
former had gnawed a little of the cuticle from the softest of the
bramble leaves only, thus causing their white bodies to be very faintly
tinged with greenish, while the latter had made holes quite through
the leaves of Teucrium , and evidently liked their food so much better,
that afterwards I kept all the larvae entirely on Teucrium , and they
throve on it remarkably well ; but this food certainly seemed to
influence their colouring, as they were all very much paler than the
brood of last year, fed chiefly on other labiate plants.

The larvae had constructed their first cases by 25th of June, and
I noticed some of these, as well as one or two of a later period, varying
from the usual pasty-shape, and having a more fusiform outline ; and
for some time leaves of their food-plant furnished the materials, until
by accident a piece of honeysuckle got introduced, and a case was cut
from it ; after that I made trial of other leaves, until the preference
seemed given to those of Hubus corylifolius , from which latterly all
the cases were fabricated.

Early in July I established the larvae in a large glass vessel
holding plenty of Teucrium sprays standing upright, secured at the
top with stout unbleached calico, an arrangement allowing me to
watch, without disturbing the shy little creatures ; and I soon found
their habit was to remain constantly hidden in the case, whether lying
on the surface of a leaf, or hanging, as they would for hours, suspended
from a leaf or a stem by a dirty-coloured thread half an inch or less
in length ; and even when desirous of feeding they put forth their
anterior segments only, for the purpose of reaching the part of the
leaf they meant to attack, and then immediately, with a little jerk,
pulled forward the case over the segments they had exposed in moving,
and fed away as it were by stealth.

Occasionally one could be seen attempting the difficult task of
ascending the glass from the bottom, and of course often failing to
secure a footing on the slippery surface ; but during these efforts,
made with half its body exposed and stretched to the utmost extent,
if it chanced to touch any part of the food plant for a foot-hold, the
case would be quickly drawn up over it, a performance which reminded
me vividly of an old acquaintance — the aquatic nymphcealis ; — but
while thus engaged it would at the least alarm shoot back in an instant
within the case, often causing it to fall lightly to the bottom, and
there, lying perfectly still, it had the natural appearance of a mere
fragment of leaf rubbish.

158

[December,

The colouring of these larvae was light pinkish-drab above, and
much paler beneath, the darker dorsal line invaribly noticeable betiveen
two pale lines (a detail inadvertently omitted in my previous descrip-
tion), the tubercular shining spots though blackish on the thoracic
segments were on the others of a warm lightish brown : when full-
fed and almost ready to spin up, the length was about an inch, and
the colouring changed to a very pale yellowish flesh tint except just
at each end of the body.

When all but one were spun up in their cases, and I wished to >
examine that one in mature condition, I tried to push it out of its
case with a piece of string, but though this passed through from end
to end it failed to expel the larva, whereupon I stripped it of the case
piecemeal, and kept it unclothed until I had figured it; then I supplied
it with various leaves, but it refused to utilize any of them for a new
case, and eventually took up a new position on the stout calico top of
its prison ; twice I removed it and put it first on a leaf of bramble,
and then on one of beech, but it would persist even a third time in
returning at night to the same spot as though it had lost reliance on
any leaf, and there it expended five days of hard labour in cutting
through and fashioning the tough material into a pasty-shaped case,
which it moored to a few leaflets of its food plant, and spun up on
the last day of August.

On October 22nd, I luckily bethought myself of the three perfect
insects of last year’s brood that emerged in autumn, and at once
inspected the pot of this season’s pupae and found two perfect speci-
mens, male and female, quietly sitting on the leno cover ; this, without
disturbing the moths, I removed to a fresh pot, and on the 24th, found
presumptive evidence of their having paired, in a patch of the deep
yellow eggs laid on the white surface near the bottom.

Whether in our climate the imago would emerge at this time of
the year when under natural conditions I should think is very doubt-
ful ; in a warmer climate it seems to be regularly double-brooded, for
Guenee says it flies “ en mai, puis juillet et aout perhaps therefore
in hot summers a second flight of moths might occur in August with
us, but hitherto only one flight has been recorded, the date of which
Wood,* Humphreys and Westwood, and Stainton agree in giving as
(the beginning of) “ June.”

Emsworth : November 5th, 1880.

' sll “Beginning of June.”

H. and W., “ About the beginning of June.”

St., “VI.”

159

)N THE DISTRIBUTION OF DAMASTER , WITH DESCRIPTION OF A

NEW SPECIES.

BY GEORGE LEWIS.

For the study of certain forms of Coleoptera which are limited in
- heir distribution, the fauna of Japan is convenient, inasmuch as the
. ountry covers over fourteen degrees of latitude, and the greatest
>readth of unbroken land is barely five degrees in the widest part,
.'he Archipelago is cut up into sections by dividing seas and straits :
q the north by the Tsugar Strait, in the south by the incursions of
j he inland sea, while the main island in latitude 35° is geographically
auch broken up by the Owari Bay, Biwa Lake, and Wakasa Bay, and
I ver this last line many of the southern species do not pass. Let us
onsider the position which Damaster — an endemic form of Carobus —

, akes in a country thus topographically divided, and see how changes
f climate modify varieties and create species. In Kushiu, the
outhern part, we find a large black species of nocturnal habits
measuring 29 lines ; a species of such vigorous and substantial habit
bat we almost instinctively look on it as the father of every Damaster.
'he forests it inhabits are those with summers of sub-tropical heat
nd length, ushered in by heavy rains, with little thermal change day
r night. The trees there attain considerable height and girth, and
brough many groves the sun scarcely penetrates. A few miles north-
ward of this district, near the well-known volcano of Simabara — the
ummit of which is sometimes in mid-winter capped with snow — the
alleys are composed of decaying lava, and on such a soil the trees are
f more moderate growth, and easily penetrated by the cold winds of
be higher altitudes. Here, although only a few miles from Nagasaki,
re great climatic changes, and we find D. Lewisi, a half-starved form,
o to speak, of D. blaptoides. We then pass considerably more to the
astward, but only 1^ degrees north, to Hiogo. Again we find the
oil, climate, and vegetation correspond with Simabara, and the same
pecies of Damaster. Crossing the Biwa-lake-barrier into the Yoko-
ama district we come to quite a different form of insect, and we need
ot look far for reasons of change : we find D. pandurus, a clumsily-
irmed species, in which much of the elegance of the outline in the
|;enus is lost, and the elytral mucrones almost obsolete, and with these
lhanges colour first appears. The winters of Yokohama are com-
paratively severe : snow not infrequent, and cold winds from adjacent
now-covered mountains continual, penetrating the forest lands, and
he soil becomes ice-bound, sometimes for days together. On a

160 [December, i

mountain in latitude 36° 30' I have taken a variety of this species,
with an almost bright blue thorax, and here, on the 15th June last, I i
traversed snow at intervals, some feet in thickness, under the trees, j

The next species is D. Fortunei, found in lat. 38° 30', on Awasima, (
by the late Dr. Adams, and I will remark three things regarding it : ;
the has the tarsi (in common with the next two species) very slightly
dilated, the thorax is bronzed, and I presume it inhabits a colder climate
than D. pandurus , as the Kuro-suwo, or warm stream of Japan rund
up the east coast, and the west has no such pleasant influence.

Decently, in latitude 41°, I have taken a series of a species with j
the head and thorax of a rich coppery-red hue, and elytra green ana’
partly metallic. Finally, crossing the strait of Tsugar to the island of 1
Tezo, we find J). rugipennis , another bright coloured species. Both,
the last are near allies, and agree with T>. Fortunei in general outline
and form of the tarsi. In the district of D. viridipennis , the new
species, snow lies on the length and breadth of the land three or f oui
months in the year, and there is frequently snow remaining on some
of the higher mountains throughout the summer, and a similar, thougl
somewhat colder, climate prevails in South Yezo. The mean tempera- ,
ture in latitude 43° 3' 56" N. was, in January, 1878, at 7 a.m., 16° F. j
and in July, only 64°, and August, 65°, and the depth of snow (mean) j
January, 11 inches, and February, 48 inches.

I am endeavouring to discover whether Damaster in any form existi
on the north-east coast, in latitude 44°, for there the Kuro-suwo leave i
the coast, and the sea in mid-winter is a mass of ice for two miles fron |
the shore, and, following the rule of the others, a small highly coloura
species would occur here, if the genus extends so far.

Thus we see in tracing Damaster from the south to the north P
species become smaller, and step by step modified in form, with colou:i,
appearing the higher we go, either in altitude or in latitude. III!
the mountains of central Nipon, we have the blue D. pandurus, and, ir
the north, metallic species.

The general change of contour and tarsal development ar
divergences from the type easily explained by evolution, and, of course
the cause of colour may be bracketed, too, under the same general laws
In the south, the warm nights, with summers of tropical heat, are wejt
suited for the large, nocturnal, black-coloured species we find there
but the genus, in forcing its way north, must, as a warmth-lovin
creature, accommodate itself to circumstances. Passing from th|
tropics, it becomes either diurnal or crepuscular (for it graduall
enters the regions of twilight), and assumes the colours we natural!

1880.

161

look for in diurnal insects. D. pandurus in Yokohama comes freely
to sugar, and is well-known to Lepidopterists there, as a nocturnal
jspecies, but of D. rugipennis I have five examples taken at sap at five
b’clock in the afternoon, and I have more than once taken it crossing
my path while the sun was well over the horizon.

In a wingless genus, such as the present, it is likely that some of
the larger islands may possess species peculiarly their own, and per-
haps D. Fortunei is one of these ; but in this case I should not look
for any abnormal variety, but a species closely allied to that of the
^adjacent land. There is no record at present, I believe, of two species
'inhabiting the same district.

, I add a brief description of the new species above referred to : —

Damaster, viridipejtnts, sp. n.

D. Fortunei proxime affinis , capite thoraceque Icete purpureo-cupreis,
\elytris rugoso-punctatis . sub-viridibus.

Sab. : North Nipon. Fong, corp ., 16 — 18 lin.

Of the same facies as D. pandurus and Fortunei, the head and thorax are of a
Irich coppery-red, the latter, with transverse striae, has a very distinct smooth medial
jline. The elytra are in colour an obscure green on the disc, gradually brightening
[towards the base, the margins being quite metallic. The sculpture and punctuation
of the wing-cases are after the pattern of D. rugipennis, but the punctures are not
quite so deep, and the longitudinal striae are always more or less visible. The colour
of the head and thorax is slightly communicated to the under surface of the whole
;body. The $ , like D. Fortunei and rugipennis , has the tarsi perceptibly dilated.

Awomori, Japan :

September 6th, 1880.

Habits of Bombylius. — The following notice is an important addition to the
[little we know on the habits of Bombylius. It is extracted from an article entitled :
“The locust scourge,” by J. Gr. Lemmon, contained in the San Francisco Weekly
Bulletin, of September 15th, 1880.

j, “Another enemy (of the grasshopper) which has proved very destructive in
| Sierra Talley is the larva of an insect whose full grown form was unknown until this
spring. It seeks out a nest of eggs, eats the contents of the whole nest (24 to 32
iieggs) one by one, pushes the shells aside, while his own body, big and fat with the
feast, fills the whole case, in which condition he curls up and enters upon his long
; winter nap. This dormant stage lasts till spring, during which time the grub is

I; about half-an-inch long and one-fifth thick, being largest in the middle, and tapering
slightly towards its head and tail. In this state several specimens, at different
times, have been sent to Prof. Riley in Washington, but he failed to perfect them in
his vivarium. However, the question has been solved this spring in Sierra Talley.
Some earth, with an ascertained number of this larva therein, was carefully watched
under glass. In July, a beautiful little velvet-bodied fly, a species of Bombylius,
appeared, having a long black beak, with which it sucks nectar from flowers, &c.” —
C. R. Osten-Sacken, Florence : November 1 6th, 1880.

I December,

102

Beautiful variety of Arct ia villica.
— The variety of Arctia villica here
figured was taken by me some years
ago at Gruildford and is now in my
collection. Unfortunately the margins
of the wings are somewhat damaged,
as a cat had a hand (or rather a paw) in
its capture, but the markings are as
clear as in the sketch. I had overlooked it until overhauling my boxes last season.

I should be glad to know if a similar variety has been met with by other
collectors, as this is the only specimen I have seen. — F. Walter Savage, University
School, Hastings : November, 1880.

I

>

i

(

A list of Micro- Lepidopter a for collectors. — In the last part of the 41st. volume 1
of the “ Stettiner entomologiscbe Zeitung,” recently published, is a list of the f
Pomeranian Byralidina, Tortricina, Tineina, and Pterophorina, in all 941 species. 1
This list, compiled by F. O. Biittner, with additions by Prof. Hering and Dr. Schleich, 1
is a model of concentrated information, which will not only be, primarily, of great 1
service to collectors in Grermany, as giving to all of them in a compendious form 1
knowledge acquired by few, but it may also, for the same reason, be of essential use 1
in this country. With many exceptions, the hitherto known British species 1
are included ; of the others it is very possible a good many may yet be found in J
Britain, and this list may be of much assistance in discovering them ; it may also l
aid in obtaining more examples of some of our rarities ; in both cases, by the 1
indications of habitat, season, and larva-food, all or any of which may not be known 1
to us. The list will be especially advantageous to those collectors who rear larvae. 1
The following extract, taken at random, gives a fair idea of the plan of the work : — I

G-rapholitha, Tr.

“ 40 (1131). Boseticolana, Z. The moth in June on wild roses. The larva in I
autumn in the fruit, which thereby becomes discoloured. The transformation in 9
decaying wood, stems of plants or the like. In captivity the larva bores into the dry j
pith of the elder given to it for that purpose.”

Our collectors may also learn, amongst other things, that the law of priority of I
name is followed as a matter of course ; that the uniform ending of specific names 1
in alis , ana, ella and dactylus, which was once so much insisted on in this country I
as the proper thing, is simply ignored in G-ermany — the fatherland of the literature ■
of Micro-Lepidoptera.

It is sad to find, by an obituary notice in the same part of the “Zeitung,” that t
the author of this list, F. O. Biittner, the most assiduous of the Stettin collectors of I
'Lepidopter a, and the discoverer of many new species, died on the 4th June last at j
the early age of 56 years. — J. W. Douglas, 8, Beaufort Gardens, Lewisham : 19£A I
November, 1880.

Notes on Coleoptera in Sussex. — The present season seems to have been ■
particularly favourable to the propagation of the Bledii; in company with Dr. j
Power, on the 16th of August, I visited a locality near Shoreham, which I had long
thought would produce something good, and where I had befo *e found Cillenum 1

18S0.J

163

laterale , and where the Doctor’s quick eye and acquaintance with their “ casts ” had
I brought Bledius unicornis to light. We soon got it in abundance, proving this
|j species not to be confined to the western part of our shores. I had before taken it
I at Dawlish, where, years ago, Mr. Parfitt discovered it, but I did not then know the
| little “ casts ” of sand rejected from their burrows.

In another locality, two miles from here, Bledius tricornis was in profusion.

: The first two or three specimens I found, appear to me to be spectabilis , and I am
I now disposed to doubt the specific value of these two forms. The horn in the males
of both this and unicornis certainly varies in development, and the infuscation of
the elytra is not a sufficient character in itself to warrant their separation.

Here we searched for Lyschirius extensus, Putzeys, but in vain ; two or three
j hours’ work only yielded three L>. nitidus, which fell to my share. However, a week
1 after, I had the good fortune, in company with the Rev. H. G-ore, to secure eight of
this rarity, and Mr. Gore got one more. Our thanks are due to Mr. Brewer, who
i indicated to us the locality, where he found it twelve years ago.

Having thus got my “ eye in ” for Bledii, numerous casts in my drive and
1 garden footpaths were explored, and turned out to be those of B. opacus ; while I
may mention that while at Dieppe, not long since, B. longulus was not uncommon
in a sandy part of the cliff.

Other species found at Shoreham were Bogonus litloralis, abundant ; Limnceum,
Heterocerus femoralis and sericans, Philonthus corvinus.

I have a specimen of J). extensus , taken at Lancing, in 1871, but which, owing
; to its small size, I had not recognised before.

I lately found in Mr. Gore’s collection several specimens of Cryptocephalus
frontalis, Marsh., Gy 11. ; he had found them at Rusper, in the precise spot where I
obtained one when I was in charge of his parish in 1873. This has always been a
I rarity with me. This is the season for Lycoperdina : it is rather common here in
puff-balls. — H. S. Gobham, Shipley, Horsham : November 17th, 1880.

Sitones ononidis in Suffolk. — On the 29th of September, when sweeping in a
1 rough field in the grounds of Tendring Hall, Stoke-by-!Nayland, Suffolk, I took
about twenty-five specimens of Sitones ononidis. It was not until I had returned
i home and showed the insect to Dr. Power that I knew what it was. Had I been
! able to identify it on the spot I could probably have taken more. I have no recol-
| lection of seeing any Ononis in the field ; the plant that was most abundant was the
| common field-thistle. As this is a new locality for this scarce species, it may be
worth recording. — Abthub Cottam, Eldercroft, Watford : November 2nd, 1880.

Capture of a rare Hymenopterous insect near Lyme. — On the 3rd of September
«' last, I captured a1 $ of Didineis lunicornis, one of the rarest of our fossorial
Bymenoptera, on the top of the Golden Cap Beacon, four miles east of Lyme Regis.
I happened to sit down close to it as it was scrambling through the short stunted
it herbage near the edge of the cliffs. — P. S. Saundebs, Wray House, Lingfield Road,
Wimbledon : November 15 th, 1880.

Oligoneuria rhenana. — On the 25th of August last, I happened to be at Basle
with an afternoon and evening to spare. A thunderstorm at 1 p.m. was succeeded
by beautiful weather, clear, and with scarcely a breath of wind. So I proceeded to
a locality on the right bank of the Rhine, some three miles below the city, where a

164* [December, !

little earlier in the season in 1879, some interesting Trichoptera were collected, i
This year, owing to circumstances not known to me, the insects were not of the I
same set. But I was amply repaid in another way. At a village a little further on, j
a stream runs into the Rhine almost at a right angle, and at about 5.30 p.m. I saw
Oligoneuria flying rather wildly up-stream, but in no great numbers. On my way
back to Basle there were also a few on the Rhine itself up to 6.30 ; but at that hour, ji
as if by magic, the air above the river was one mass of Oligoneuria , all flying in a
steady business-like manner up-stream, and against the little wind there was. They
avoided the sides where the current is slower, and the lowest were at least eight feet '1
above the surface, so the fishes had no chance. Such a sight as this is worth a
jonrney from England to an entomologist. It can be no exaggeration to say that ^
millions passed up-stream before I again arrived at the old bridge. This latter',
disconcerted the swarm, as it was right in the line of flight, and any number could !
there be caught in the hand. Even the usually stolid citizens were struck by the
phenomenon, so I suspect the swarm was greater than ordinarily. If there were a
stopping-point, up-stream, the accumulations there must have been enormous.

One interesting observation was made, viz : that Oligoneuria casts its subimagi- 1
nal skin when on the wing, and does not rest to do it, as do other Pphemeridce. |j
Mr. Eaton tells me he also has made a similar observation, and is of opinion that I
the pellicle on the wings is not shed with that of the body, because he could never i
find this sheathing of the wings on the cast skins. 0. rhenana occurs also at Zurich. I
— R. McLaohlan, Lewisham : November ls£, 1880.

Charagochilus Gyllenhali macropterous. — The common C. Gyllenhali, of short jd
broad-oval form, has the elytra not longer than the abdomen, the cuneus and;
membrane being abruptly deflected and closely incumbent thereon. On the 26th, I
September, 1879, in Darenth Wood, I swept up an example (J) which agrees with;
the characters of this species except that the elytra are not deflected but horizontal (
throughout and extend far beyond the end of the abdomen, the membrane i
especially being enlarged both in length and breadth. The antennae, particularly in,
the second joint, and the posterior tibiae are longer than in the usual form. The;
length of the insect is 2 lines fully. I cannot find that this macropterous form ol
this species has ever been observed, and I think, therefore, that it is uncommon and
worth noting.* j]

Reuter, in his “ Genera Cimicidarum Europse,” puts Charagochilus, Fieb.,:
Systratiotus, D. & S., and Poeciloscytus, Fieb., as sub-genera of one genus, to which!
I see no objection ; but he calls this genus Poeciloscytus of Fieber, which it evidential
is not — but of Reuter only. If the names are to be regarded merely as generic]
appellations which may be used without reference to the application given to them:!
by their author, then any one of them would do as a collective term ; in point oil
fact, Charagochilus has numerical precedence in Fieber’s “ Criterien zur generischenl
Theilung der Phytocoriden ” (Wiener ent. Monatsch., ii, 1858) . — J. W. DouglasJ
Lewisham : November 15 th, 1880. 1

Macropterous forms in the genera Plissus and Plinthisus. — In connection with \
the foregoing note on maximum development, I may draw attention to the interesting!!

* See the remarks of Dr. Reuter on polymorphism in Hemiptera in the Ann. Soc. Ent. France, w
1875, p. Z'ib.

1880.]

165

articles by Prof. Karl Sajo, in the “ Ent. Nachrichten ” of November 1st, on the
discovery in Hungary of the hitherto unknown macropterous forms of Plissus
Porice, Ferrari, and on the capture of several macropterous examples of Plinthisus
convexus, Fieb., hitherto very rare. I quote his remark on the most probable means
of procuring fully developed forms: “According to my experience hitherto I can
say that the larvae are the best guides to the obtaining of macropterous examples,
i Where there are many larvae and at the same time but few examples perfected, there
may the most assiduous search be made ; but where many brachypterous forms are
, already developed and only few larvae left there is not much to be expected, at least
I have sought in vain in such places. Perhaps this happens because the macroptera
are first developed and then fly off. I am quite convinced that all the species of
| Plinthisus have a macropterous form.” — Id.

Pothynotus pilosus at St. Leonards. — During June or July last year my brother
brought me, with some Phopalotomus ater, a developed ? of the above from
f the Cuckmere District. Thinking it was a variety of Phopalotomus I did not make
a note of the date or ask him the exact locality. Mr. E. Saunders kindly determined
it for me later on. — E. P. Collett, 12, Springfield Road, St. Leonards : November,

■ 1880.

Pothynotus pilosus, Boh. (Minlci), near Hastings. — Two years ago my friend,
Mr. Frank Collett, met with a fully developed female of this species somewhere near
St. Leonards. This autumn (September 28th) I have taken two undeveloped females
; in a sand-pit within a short distance of the Rectory here. The sand-pit is situate
on the outskirts of a wood of considerable extent. The occurrence of this species in
the South of England is, I think, of considerable interest, since the only previously
! recorded station in Britain is, “ On the hills between Loch Long and Loch Lomond,”
as recorded in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 276, where the insect is fully described.

• Both sexes of the insect are figured in Ent. Ann., 1866, where it is said to be “ of
: great rarity on the Continent.” — E. N. Bloomeield, Gruestling Rectory : Novem-
ber 19th, 1880.

[These captures of Pothynotus in the South of England are of great interest.

. Reuter says it lives on Pinus abies, and he mentions that he took a J in Finland in
August and the larva in July. It is to be hoped, therefore, that a diligent search on
the spruce firs in August and September may be rewarded with more specimens.
I The ^ of this species is generally brachypterous, and a fully developed specimen,
t such as that taken by Mr. Collett, is of great rarity. — Eds.]

Capture of British Hemiptera-Heteroptera. — On the 31st July of this year, I
! revisited the locality (Crohamhurst, Croydon), where I took the 3 ? of Atractotomus
> magnicornis (noted in the last Yol. of this Magazine), the year before, this time I
got about a dozen ? and 1 $ , I expect I was too late for the $ , and that they
should be looked for in the beginning of July.

On the 28th July, I went to the locality on Wimbledon Common where my
nephew, Mr. F. Saunders took Lygus limbatus last year, and I succeeded in finding
one $ , after a long search, on the sallows. I went again on the 14th August, and
got two more ; my nephew has also taken two, but this year, at any rate, it seems to
be very scarce, all the specimens I have seen are ? . Last year in August I took

166

L December,

at Hastings a good many specimens of a Dicyphus off Epilobium , which seemed
strange to me; these I sent to Dr. Reuter, and he returned their names as D. jl
stachydis, Reut., a species I believe undescribed at present but already recorded
from Scotland by Mr. Gr. Norman. In the developed form it resembles pallidus, |
but may be known at once by its short thick antennae. — Edward Saundebs, !;
Holmesdale, Upper Tooting : November 18 th, 1880.

The pursuit of Entomology under difficulties in Belgium. — The Belgian Ento-
mological Society has recently organized frequent excursions. One of these took i
place on the lltli July, to Calmpthout, north of Antwerp, a very favourable and !
productive locality, unenclosed and primitive in its nature, and part of the State 1
domains. The result was that the party encountered a keeper (“garde champetre”)
and two policemen (“gendarmes”), and that several Members of the Society were]
summoned to appear before the tribunal at Antwerp on a charge of trespassing. It |
so happened that the father of one of the parties is a magistrate and a distinguished 1
legal official, and he procured the acquittal of his son and colleagues, by discovering |
that the law applying to trespassers left discretionary power with the judge ini
connection with the objects of the accused ; in effect, the words are “ pourront etrej
condamnes,” and not “ devront etre condamnes,” as the keeper and policemen 1
preferred to read them. It was advised that the Members of the Society should ini
future provide themselves with official cards of permission, so as to avoid being again I
exposed to misinterpretation of the law on the part of ignorant subordinate officers.!

llttiicw.

Monogkaphie deb deittschen Psociden, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung'i
der Fauna Westfalens, von H. Kolbe (Auszug aus dem Jahresbericht der zoolo-i
gischen Section fur Westfalen und Lippe, 1879 — 80, pp. 73 — 142, pi. i — iv).

European Psocidce are now receiving much attention. Yery recently two im-1
portant faunistic memoirs on the Family appeared, viz., those by Spangberg and!
Rostock on the Scandinavian and Saxon species respectively. And now Herr Kolbe^
shows that he has for some time been assiduously devoting his attention to it: thej
result is the production of one of the most important Monographs that has yet ]
been published. The introductory portion is full in details. The author’fj
generic arrangement and his ideas of the system of neuration, were fore-1
shadowed in the Stettiner ent. Zeitung for this year, pp. 179 — 186. We are inclined]
to believe this neural system will not bear the test of analysis with regard to the!
homologies of neuration in other groups of so-called Neuroptera, but in a notice!
such as this, it is impossible to enter into details. We think, also, that too many!
genera have been founded ; they may be tolerably natural so far as they go, but tht
necessity for elevating some of the groups to the rank of genera is much open td
doubt, at any rate until a comprehensive study of the Family as a whole has beer I
made. It is to be regretted that the author has applied names, as varieties, t* 1
certain slight vagaries of neuration not infrequent in these insects. Moreover, w<j]
cannot agree with the author in his great change of specific nomenclature in somed
cases. fPsocus longicornis becomes Ps. saltatrix, although the author admits it if]]
only “ hochst wahrscheinlich ” that Linne had this insect before him when he describee i \
his “ Phryganea saltatrix .-” another extraordinary innovation is made in the case o:]4

107

Ps. nebulosus , which becomes Ps. nebuloso-similis, because Stephens described the ?
as nebulosus and the $ as similis. Neither do we agree with the author in his ap-
[ipreciation of the genera Troctes and Atropos. But the friendly criticism of his
[•fellow-workers will, no doubt, influence him in these respects; and his innovations
Lare not bound to be accepted because they have been made.

In most other respects we know not how to sufficiently admire the care and
labour everywhere evident, and the figures will be found of great service ; this we
say after having made a preliminary test examination with our own collection before
’us. The notes on habits are extremely interesting and very full. We welcome the
■advent of so careful and thorough a student of Neuroptera.

Entomological Society oe London. — October Qth, 1880. H. T. Stainton,

; Esq., F.R.S., &c., Yice-President, in the Chair.

Sir Arthur Scott, Bart., of 97, Eaton Square, W., and Mr. F. E. Bobinson, of
Oxford, were elected Members.

Mr. McLaclilan reminded the Meeting that at the October Meeting last year
'he had exhibited specimens of Anthocoris nemorum which had been considered to be
([occasioning damage to hops (Ent. M. Mag., xvi, p. 141), and suggested they were
!f only in search of some insect that was the actual culprit. The same correspondent
i'had just sent him Dipterous larvae (exhibited) extracted from the centre of the hop
[leones, and the cause of the mischief, which, however, was much less this year than
'last.

Sir S. Saunders exhibited apterous females and a winged male of Scleroderma
[bred from the cell of Bhaphiglossa in a briar stem from Epirus, thus authenticating
!the sexes of this genus.

Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited varieties of Argynnis Selene taken by his son at
Diisseldorf ; two remarkably fine hermaphrodite examples of Smerinthus populi
>bred by Mr. Shuttleworth ; a dark variety of Hemerophila abruptaria taken in
London by Mr. Olliffe ; and an hermaphrodite Ennomos angularia bred by
Mr. Hudson.

| The Rev. E. N. Greldart exhibited a variety of Argynnis Selene captured near
I Reigate.

[1 Mr. Rolfe exhibited Vanessa Antiopa taken on Wimbledon Common on the 24th
August last ; Acontia Solaris captured at Eastbourne on the 12th August ; and a
pale variety of Plusia gamma.

| Mr. H. Ramsden communicated notes on two examples of Pyrophorus causticus,
; the fire-fly of Cuba, which he had brought alive to England.

Mr. A. H. Swinton read two papers on the effects of food in producing
• variability in Lepidoptera, more especially with regard to Vanessa urtica and
Arctia caja.

Mr. Butler communicated a paper on the genus Terias, with descriptions of
new species from Japan.

, Mr. C. O. Waterhouse communicated a paper on Buprestidce from Madagascar,
i Mr. Kirby called attention to the fact that M. E. Andre, who is publishing a
work on Hymenoptera, is in the habit of printing descriptions of new species on
slips loosely inserted in the parts of his book, apparently in order to secure priority.
A discussion followed, in which several Members expressed strong opinions of regret

168

[December, 1880.

that it was not possible to enforce a rale ignoring such descriptions. A discussion
also ensued as to whether or not the cover of a periodical or woi’k was part of the
publication. On this point difference of opinion was manifested, but the general ||
idea was in the affirmative.

November 3 rd, 1880. Sir J. Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., &c., President, in
the Chair.

Mr. E. Meyrick, of Ramsbury, Wilts, and Capt. Thos. Broun, of Auckland,
New Zealand, were elected Ordinary Members, and Dr. E. Brandt, of St. Petersburg, \
was elected a Foreign Member.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Olliffe, a pair of dwarfed I
examples of Epione vespertaria taken at Arundel.

Mr. McLachlan exhibited the singular Eucalyptus galls described and figured 1
in the present number of this Magazine. He stated, also, that in a letter received
from Mr. D. Gr. Rutherford, from Camaroons, W. Africa, the writer mentioned that J
he had taken Pap Hi o Merope and P. Cenea in copula, and had obtained eggs from |
which larvae were hatched. Mr. Roland Trimen thought an error had occurred as to
the name Cenea , and that the 9 was more probably Hippocoon or one of the other f
W. African polymorphic forms of the $ of Merope. The statement was interesting I
as confirming the relationship of one of the forms.

Prof. Westwood exhibited saw-fly galls on a sallow, apparently not of the
usual form ; and a drawing of a very singular dipterous larva found on a stem of
Pelargonium , and no doubt pertaining to the Syrphidce.

Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited, on behalf of the Rev. J. K. Brown, of Maidstone, |
a remarkable variety of Epunda lutulenta; and on behalf of Mr. Rolfe a specimen!
of Apatura Ilia which the latter affirmed he had caught in Pinner Woods last July. ;
It was remarked that this example of A. Ilia was apparently old and had evidently
been twice pinned.

Sir John Lubbock exhibited larvae from the Troad, which Mr. Calvert had 1
forwarded through Sir J. D. Hooker ; they had lately been found in considerable ;
numbers feeding on the eggs of Locusts, and were probably those of some species of
Cantharidce ; very many locust eggs had been destroyed by them, and it was
suggested they might perhaps be imported into Cyprus.

Mr. Roland Trimen exhibited the singular apterous Hymenopterous insect ;i
(already noticed at the Meeting of the 7th July) from near Cape Town, which he i
strongly believed was the of Dorylus helvolus ; it had been found in a nest of a,'
small red ant apparently of the genus Anomma, and the workers of this were i,
attached to a winged female referable to G-erstacker’s genus Dichthodia, which that ;
author regarded as probably the $ of Dorylus. He also exhibited cases formed by a ;
South African Lepidopterous larva ; they were formed of sand, somewhat flattened, ]
and along each side were attached larger rough fragments of stone in a single row, 1
thus giving the case much the aspect of a Myriopod ; the larva was regarded as I
venomous by the Boers.

Sir S. S. Saunders read a paper on the habits and affinities of the Hymenopterous
genus Scleroderma.

Mr. E. Saunders read a Synopsis of British Heterogyna and Fossorial l
DLymenoptera.

Professor Westwood read descriptions of new species of exotic Diptera.

January, 1881.1

169

i NOTES ON MA CR O-LEPID OPTERA IN THE NEW FOREST IN 1880.

BY W. H. B. FLETCHER.

Having stayed at Lyndhurst from the middle of April to the end
of September, with the exception of the month of June (which I spent
at Wicken), I venture to send a short account of my captures, from
which it will, I think, appear that 1880 has not been altogether a had
year for collectors in “The Forest.”

Colias JEdusa was very scarce, I did not see a specimen myself,
' and heard of only a very few being seen by others. Argynnis Paphia ,
:j var. Valezina, was, as usual, common. In August, 1879, I obtained a
I batch of about sixty eggs from a worn specimen of this form, the
| larvae hatched out in September, they did not seem to touch their food-
plant, but began to hibernate at once ; and Mr. Gteorge Tate tells me
i that a few larvae obtained by him this year acted in the same way.
i For want of care on my part, most of these little larvae died in the
winter ; thirteen, however, survived, and fed freely on Viola odorata,
V. sylvatica , and V canina, the last-named being their food-plant in
the Hew Forest. I obtained eleven pupae, and bred from them,
towards the end of June, 1880, three males and three females of the
typical form, and five of the form Valezina.

Cynthia cardui , abundant here, as elsewhere, in 1879, in the present
autumn was less common than usual, although the spring specimens
were plentiful. The latter, owing to the bright sunshine in April and
May, were a week or ten days earlier on the wing than they usually
are in this district.

The larvae of Demas coryli were plentiful on all kinds of trees from
June to October, but absolutely swarmed in September.

Limacodes asellus occurred sparingly in July on the wing, and a
few larvae were taken by Mr. Styan and myself off oak and birch in
September.

Lithosia guadra was plentiful in the larva, pupa, and imago states,
and L. helvola was not uncommon towards the end of July.

In the spring, Nola cristulalis was very common on the trunks of
trees, and its larva was beaten freely from beeches in June and July.

The larvae of Ellopia fasciaria were plentiful on Scotch fir in the
spring, as were also those of Selenia illustraria , Eurymene dolabraria ,
and Odontoptera bidentata, on all kinds of trees, towards the end of
summer, some of the varieties of the last-named larva being very
beautiful.

170

[January,

The larva of Cleora glabraria was common on the long lichens j
growing on beech, hawthorn, and oak, and the imago was obtainable j
from the same trees in July and August. All the species of Boarmia
and TepJirosia were abundant, with the exceptions of B. rhomboidaria
and abietaria , this latter I cannot find in any number in the Forest,
having never taken more than two larvae or imagines in a year,
although I have several times beaten the yew trees for them.

The larvae of all the Bpliyrce were common in September, except
that of B. porata, which I hardly know, the imago is, however, rare
here, according to my experience. Acidalia emutaria and straminata i
seemed less common than usual ; I netted a few A. emarginata one
evening in Matley Bog.

I took three Alacarici alternata , $ , on as many nights, in the bogs,
but the larvae obtained from them did badly on sallow; but, fortunately, i
I beat a fewfull-fed off alder in August, together with some of Bupisteria I
heparata , the latter being abundant in larva and imago states. Amongst
the Bupitliecice , centaur eata, lariciata , aXbipunctata , exiguata ,pulchellataf
and abbreviata , were more or less common as larvae dr imagines. B.
irriguata was scarce on the wing, and, perhaps, more so than it would j
otherwise have been, had not the east winds, which prevailed through-
out April and May, made it so hard to “ spot ” when beaten out of the
oak trees. The larvae, I learn, were fairly common in June.

The larvae of Collix sparsata were, as usual, very common on the
under- side of the leaves of Lysimachia vulgaris , in August, and those
of Lobopliora sexalata and Scotosia undulata, were not scarce on sallows
in September, the latter preferring the tufty pony-trimmed bushes, j
most likely because they are more suitable for the making of their
leafy tents. Cidaria psittacata swarmed at the ivy in the autumn, and i
its larva in the summer on oak, ash, and other trees. I was too late v
for the larva of Tanagra cbcerophyllata (locally “Smut”), so only i
found six, on the leaves of Buniuni flexuosum.

All the Drepanulce (except sicula ) were taken as larvae and I
imagines ; unguicula being the most abundantly taken on the wing,
and falcula and lacertula as larvae.

Amongst the JPseudo-bombyces, the larva of Glostera reclusa was
very common on Salix repens , those of Dicranura furcula, Notodonta \
ziczac and palpina , were not scarce on the larger sallows ; N. camelina
was common on most trees and bushes ; and N. dictceoides on birch.

Stauropus fagi seems to have been more abundant than usual. I
have heard of the capture of about forty specimens taken chiefly >

18S1

171

between June 15th and July 10th, three of them fell to my lot, the
: result of three mornings’ work. The species seems to have been on
: the wing for a long time, as I took a $ on May-day, and Mrs. Fletcher
a ? on J uly 12th in very fair condition. Several of the larvae were
taken in August and September off oak and beech. Amongst the
i Noctuce, I may mention the larvae of Oymatophora ridens as being
jr common on oak in June and July, of C. duplaris and Acronycta leporina
i on alder and birch in August, of Orthosia lota on sallow in the spring,
| and of JErastria fuscula in September on the long grasses growing
j under the fir-trees in the enclosures. I believe that the larvae of
I Hadena contigua were plentiful on Salix repens and Myrica gale
l towards the end of the summer, but, unfortunately, I did not learn to
know this larva until they had nearly all pupated, when Miss Grolding-
■Bird kindly told me that the few remaining in my cage belonged to
this species. I must now end these already too lengthy notes with an
account of the unusual number of Acronycta alni , which have been
taken in the Forest this year. About the middle of June, Mr. G-eorge
Tate took a female of this species at rest on an old hawthorn. On
July 17th, Mrs. Fletcher took a larva in the “bird’s dropping” stage,
and between this date and the end of the third week in August, one
hundred and ninety larvae were taken to my knowledge, thirty-six
having fallen to the lot of my wife and self. By far the greater number
of these were taken off alder, though several came off beech and oak,
a few off birch, and I saw Mr. Norgate take one off hawthorn. Un-
fortunately, the saying, “No rose without a thorn” holds good with
^regard to these larvae, for they are infested with parasites. First of
all, there is a solitary grub which comes out of the larva when it would
cast off its “ bird’ s-drop ping ” skin, and don its gorgeous livery, and
spins a piebald cocoon ; then there are, I think, two gregarious species
which, in parties of from four to twelve, crawl out of their victim
when it should pupate and make dark-red cocoons ; these pests have
ilready reduced my stock to twenty, while my friends, Job’s comforters
indeed, tell me that were I to open the sticks thought to contain pupae
)f alni , I should find yet more blood-red cocoons, and also that there
s another species of parasite making its pupa within that of its victim.
Should, however, any of these destroyers prove to be of interest, I
shall hope to be able to hold them up to the execration of Lepidopterists
n the pages of a future number of the E. M. M.

■

Berated Lodge, Bognor, Sussex :
December 10 th. 1880.

172

[January,

ON THE SPECIES OF THE OENTJS ORTHEZIA.

BY J. W. DOUGLAS.

Two years ago, Mr. Henry Chichester Hart sent for my inspectioi
examples of an Orthezia he had found in Ireland, saying that the|
appeared to him to be identical with a species he obtained at Disc<|
North Greenland, which had been named for him Dorthesia chitoA
Zett., that it also seemed to be the same as Coccus cataphractus, Sha\|
and requesting my opinion. My reply was that I believed it to l|
Orthezia Signoreti, F. B. White, that it seemed to agree with til
species described by Shaw and Zetterstedt, and that both these latt<|
and several others had been referred by Signoret, the latest writer c]
the subject, to Orthezia {Aphis) urticce , Linne. An article in til
“Entomologist ” for November, by Mr. Hart, on Dorthesia chiton , h;j
been read by some of my correspondents to mean that I agreed will
Signoret’s conclusion, but I merely stated a recorded fact, not haviii
at that time investigated the question. It would be superfluous no
for me to say this, but that it gives me the opportunity to offer sod
remarks indicating that two species are confounded under the nar
urticce. These remarks were prepared long since, but reserved, becaui
Mr. W. F. Kirby informed me that Mr. Hart intended to work o
the matter thoroughly.

The species of this genus are dimorphous, that is, as in oth
Coccina , the males only are winged in the imago state. The followii
is the substance of Signoret’s summary of the peculiarities in t
natural history of the apterous forms (Essai sur les Cochinelles,
421) — particulars it is essential to know :

“We find examples having six joints in the antennse, these are the young larv
others with seven joints, more or less equal in size ; others, also with seven joit
with a kind of scape, as in the Hymenoptera ; finally, others with eight joints, th
being the adult females. The individuals with seven joints have a peculiarity tl
we have not seen in any other genus (those in which the joints are of regular fo
are the female larvae) , namely: that those with the scape have in all the legs il
tibia and tarsus united, and thus form but a single joint. It is not, therefore, woncl
ful that authors have indicated a certain number of species, which, up to this till
we have not been able to find in the many places where we have collected thl
insects.”

Of tbe apterous forms two kinds exist, for while in both the wh<l
body, above and below, is covered with a close-fitting, wax-like (SI
noret calls it calcareous), white secretion, and in both there is a wiH
raised, segmented border formed of this matter, there are yet two gr<«
differences, constant throughout all the stages of life , in the other dfl

I

173

1881.]

position of it in the two forms, offering prima facie evidence that there
are two species, and not merely different stages of development in one
(species as has been stated. (1). In one type the upper surface is
[smooth, almost flat within the border (which also is regular, compact,
and smooth), and destitute of imbrication, the segments being dis-
tinctly visible from side to side, only divided in the middle by a
|[continuous, longitudinal, impressed line. (2). In the other type the
border is less regular and more flaky, especially in the adult, and the
(.whole dorsal surface is covered with protuberant, overlapping, scale-
i like or flaky lamellae in two longitudinal rows or ridges, whereby the
segmentation of the body is quite hidden.

(1.) In the first type there are, in the adult $ , other specialities :
I — the broad, short-oval form, the pale cream-white colour, the tes-
|taceous colour of the legs and antennae, the tarsus as long as the tibia ;
i the antennae short, stout throughout ; the broad caudal lamination
[projecting beyond the border to a comparatively short extent, its ex-
tremity broadly rounded, its surface longitudinally crenate (not
lamellate). This caudal projection arises below the circumferential
border of the body, which remains entire : it forms the covering part
of the marsupium , which contains at first the eggs, and then the young
larvae. (The same kind of structure, but of larger dimensions, exists
O. urticce .) To this type belong, as one distinct species (O.
cataphracta') , —

¥ . Coccus cataphr actus , Shaw, Nat. Misc., v, pi. 182 (1791), Gren. Zool., vi, 194, pi.

62 (1806).

. Dorthesia cataphracta , West., Intr. Mod. Class. Ins., ii, 443, fig. 118, 20 (1840).

Dorthesia chiton , Zett., Ins. Lap., 314 (1840).

$ . Orthezia urticce, Sign. syn. partim, Essai sur les Cochinelles, 423 (1875).

: ¥ . Orthezia Signoreti, E. B. White, Scot. Nat., iv, 160, pi. 2, fig. 1, antennse (1877).

In the Scotch examples, for which I am indebted to Dr. E.
jBuchanan "White, there is, on the middle line of each of three anterior
. (thoracic) segments, a very small scutelloid process or appendage:
fc these are represented in Shaw’s figure, but are exaggerated.

The adult $ has not been observed, but Dr. Buchanan White says
: (Z. c.) : “ I have only seen one <$ larva, and that not in good condition,
1 but, as far as I could judge, the antennae resemble in structure that of
* the larva of urticce .”

The species appears to have been found only in northern regions
. — Lapland, Greenland, Norway, Scotland, Ireland, and the north of
England.

1(2.) In the second type, in the adult ¥ , the other characters to
be noted are : — the long-oval form ; snow-white colour ; the piceous

174

[January,

hue of the legs and antennse ; the tarsus but little more than half
the length of the tibia ; the antennae longer and thinner than in 0.
cataphracta , the terminal joint tapering ; the broad caudal lamella, |
which follows the two dorsal ridges, projecting very much in the rear,
hut slightly rounded posteriorly, its whole surface covered by a large
fascicle of long, longitudinal, thin, sharp-edged lamellae, into the base
of which the posterior lamellae of the border merge, these latter being
longer throughout than in the previous stages of the insects’ life. To;
this type belong, as one distinct species (0. urticce ), the $ of the i
following : —

$ . Aphis urticce , Linn., S. N., 736, 30 (1767).

TFrisch, Beschr. v. allerly Insecten von Teutscbland, viii. 34, t. 17
(1730)].

9 . Coccus floccosus, De Geer, Mem., vii, 604, 9, pi. 44, fig. 6 (1778).

9 . Orthesia characias , Bose, Journ. de Pbys., xxiv, 171, pi. 1 (1784).

S 9 . Derthesia characias , l’abbe d’Orthez, id., 207, pi. 1, fig. 14 — 16 (1785).

$ . „ „ Wesiw., Intr. Mod. Class., ii, 445, frontisp., fig. 8 (1840).

9 . Coccus duhius , Fab., E. S., iv, 228, 27 (1794), Panz., F. G., 35, 21.

$ $ . Coccus characias , Fab., S. R., 311, 29 (1803).

$ 9 • Dorthesia urticce , Burm., Handb., ii, 76, t. 2, fig. 6 & 11 (1835).

$ . „ „ Zett., Ins. Lap., 314 (1840).

9 • Orthezia urticce , Amy. et Serv., Hemipt., 624 (1843).

S 9 • » „ Sign., Ess. Cochinelles, 423 (1875), (syn. partim), pi. 1, fig. ;

13, $ larva ; pi. 21, fig. 1, $ imago ; fig. 1,^, h, i, an-
tennse of embryo and S and 9 larva; fig. 1, m, S geni-;
talia. .

A few words on some of this synonymy maybe permitted. Linn6
says of the Aphides generally : “ Species difficile distinguuntur, diffi-
cilius definiuntur,” which is especially well illustrated in his description
of A. urticce , as follows : —

“Inter maximas bujus generis, tota alba, obtecta quasi setis ; subtus vero lana
alba, postice valde obtusa ; de genere hsereo, utrum ad Aphides aut Chermes i
accedat.”

This is vague enough, but reference is made to the antecedent i
work of Frisch, in which, under the title, “Yon der weissen Blat-Lause«
auf der Matricaria,” is a description from which the following is an
extract : —

“ Der Nacken ist mit drey fiber sicli stehenden Blatlein bedeckt. Mitten auf
dem Rficken gebt eine Linie durch, welche neben mit zwey Reihen solcber weisser
Blatlein besetzt ist, deren auf jeder Reibe sieben, als Scbuppen fiber eine ander j
liegen. Der Leib ist oval, wenn man ihn ohne die Schaube betraebtet, und ist an
den Seiten mit viel weissen und kurzen Bfirstlein besetzt, als mit Franzen.”

This agrees fairly with our insect : the figure is so small and in-
distinct, that it is worthless. j

175

Fabricius appears to have first identified characias , Bose, with
urticce , Lin., but apparently he was not very sure, for he uses the
latter only as synonym of the former, which he still keeps, with an
expression of doubt, as a Coccus. (S. R., p. 311.)

Of De Greer’s species the figure is rude and unsatisfactory, but
the description, as follows, is sufficient to denote our species : —

“ Ce sont un grand nombre de flocons cotonneux en forme de lames feuillet^es
plates d’un blanc eclatant, qui couvrent tout le dessus du corps et le debordent m6me
de tous les cotes ; ces lames, qui sont un peu courbees, y 6ont placees tres-reguliere-
ment, se couvrent un peu les unes les autres, ou arrangees comme des tuilles ou
comme les ecailles des poissons ; il y en a d’abord une couche au milieu du corps,
plus court es que les autres et arrangees sur deux lignes, de fagon que celles de l’une
de ces lignes vont rencontrer celles de l’autre rang par leur base, et elles representent
ensemble comme une petite feuille decoupee. Les autres lames placees de deux
cotes de la tete jusqu’ au derriere, et formant deux rangs distincts, sont beaucoup
plus longues que celles du milieu, comme je l’ai dit, debordant le corps considerable-
ment, et elles sont toutes un peu courbees et dirigees vers le derriere.”

Zetterstedt described urticce in order to point out the differences
between it and his chiton.

The descriptions of Coccus uva , Modeer, and Dorthesia Delavauxi ,
Thibaut, both referred to this species by Signoret, I have not been
able to see.

Burmeister ( l . c .) refers “ Coccus glechomce , Fabr.” (without
.^further indication), to the genus Dorthesia , as a distinct species, but I
cannot find the description.

The male is described as of a light brown colour, smaller than the
female, elongate ; the head, thorax, and abdomen distinct ; no rostrum ;
the antennae very long, filiform, 9-jointed ; wings, two (anterior), long,
pale- greyish, with two longitudinal nervures (Westwood says there
are also two minute halteres, terminated by a short seta) ; the abdomen
at its termination with a pencil of long, fine, white hairs. The geni-
talia are of peculiar form.

The male, according to the observations of its original discoverer,
las given by Amyot and Serville, op. cit ., p. 623, is polygamous.

“ It is in the month of September, after the third or fourth moult, that the
1 males appear, but only few in number. The author says that it was with much
I trouble that he found four or five of them among a great quantity of females. More
: slender than these, they are also more active; they run with their wings elevated
(from one female to another, and confer their favours according to their caprice.
{After some days of such a course, the male retires to the root of a plant, under a
stone, where its inactive body becomes covered all over with a very fine cottony
{matter, which has very much the appearance of mouldiness, and there, doubtless, it
dies. The females have one moult after coupling, they soon after retire into the

176

J anuary,

earth, or to protection under stones, appearing on fine days during winter, and thus
pass their life without making much growth. When spring comes, they regain their
vigour, and then is formed on their hinder part the singular cradle which receives their
numerous family. They lay their eggs, and live languidly for more than a month
afterwards.”

I have never captured or had the male, which it appears is only
to be found in the autumn, and although it seems certain that hut
comparatively few of this sex are developed, yet it may be possible to
obtain some by rearing them from the larvae. The male larvae, accord-
ing to Signoret, may be distinguished by the two caudal lamellae being '
narrow ; by the long, stout, first joint of the antennae, and the stilli
longer terminal joint (the very peculiar form of the antennae being
altogether abnormal in this family) ; and by the conjoined tibia and|
tarsus on all the legs. This Ortliezia is not scarce in the larva-state,
in August and September, in many places, on various plants, and there
is, therefore, an opportunity for some of our aspirants to obtain and
rear some males to maturity; the history of the last changes would
form an extremely interesting article; and the same may be said, in
an even greater degree, of the other species.

In the Trans. Ent. Soc. London, N. S., iv, Proceed., p. 5 (1856),
is a very interesting and humorous account, by the late Edward
Newman, of the birth aud infantile life of a brood of O. characias ,
derived from a female that I had given to him early in June.

The generic name OrtJiesia, given by Bose, in 1784, in honour of
the Abbot of Orthez (l’abbe d’Orthez— not Dorthez, as has been
stated), was altered in 1785, by the Abbe himself to “ Dorthesia”
which was adopted by Latreille and others, but this not being correct^
according to orthographic rule, the original name was restored by
Amyot and Serville, written, however, Orihezia , as according better
with its derivation.

8, Beaufort Gardens, Lewisham :

20 th November, 1880.

Note on the food of Bothy notus pilosus. — It would seem from the editorial note;
(p. 165) that the supposed food-plant of this species is spruce fir. Such was certainly
not the case with my specimens. They were females with undeveloped wings, and
there is no coniferous tree or shrub within a considerable distance of the locality inj
which they were taken.

The underwood around the sand-pit consists of oak, hazel, and birch, with!
some broom at a little distance. I do not know whether any of these are likely to,
be the food-plant. — E. N. Bloomfield, Guestling Rectory : December 11 th, 1880. j

1881.]

177

|THE OCCURRENCE IN HEREFORDSHIRE OF PEMPELIA HOSTILIS,
WITH DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA.

BY JOHN H. WOOD, M.B., AND W. BUCKLER.

I was fortunate enough, last June, to breed three specimens of
j this rare insect, a species that has not, I believe, been taken in this
i country for many years.

The larvae were met with somewhat accidentally. I was hunting
jone day in the middle of September, 1879, among underwood, for
larvae of the Closterce , when I caught sight of a few strands of silk
- spun from a brown curled aspen leaf to a living green one. On
1 picking the dead leaf and uncurling it, I saw exposed on its surface a
| silken tube, at once suggestive of the work of a knothorn, and this
| supposition became almost a certainty, when the little grey larva, after
I some persuasion, was prevailed on to show itself. For the rest of the
afternoon I had, as may be supposed, eyes for nothing but dead or
| dying aspen leaves, and the result was two more nests. I call them
| nests, because I subsequently found that with one exception, in which
instance only a single larva was present, the leaves were occupied by
[ two or even three larvae living together, each in its own gallery, hut
with the galleries closely joining or even interlacing. The larvae at
this time were very young, and considering the choice they had made
f (in the one case of a dead leaf, in the other two of the old tenements
of other larvae), might readily have been overlooked ; but it was quite
a different matter when I found, later in the month, a fourth nest con-
taining two nearly full grown larvae. As in the others, so there was
i here, the nucleus of two half dead yellow leaves, but from these were
stretching in all directions hands of silk to the adjacent fresh ones,
which had been freely eaten, drawing them together and thus making
a large and conspicuous object. I sent Mr. Buckler two of the larvae,
and am greatly indebted to his kindness for the description of them
given below ; unfortunately, both proved to be stung. Mine, when
full fed, left their nests. They spun up (four of them) in rolls
of paper, and changed to pupae at once. Being anxious to see the
moth, I forced one early in the spring, and was punished with a very
bad cripple ; the others left to themselves produced fine specimens
| in June.

The question arises — which selects the site of the nest ? Does
the parent moth lay her eggs on these old leaves, or do the larvae
j wander about till they find them ? In favour of the former is the
| fact, that more than one larva is generally present ; nevertheless, I
u am inclined to think that the latter is the correct view, since the exer-

178

[January,

cise of such a choice seems to fit in better with larval instincts than
with those of the perfect state ; and, moreover, there was certainly, in
one instance, a marked difference in the sizes of two larvae feeding
together. — John H. Wood.

Tarrington, Ledbury :

22nd November, 1880.

On September 23rd, 1879, Dr. Wood kindly sent me two larvae of
Pempelia hostilis, each between two leaves of Populus tremula , spun
together with silk, to which quantities of frass were adhering.

One larva was full grown, the other quite small and preparing to
moult, three-eighths of an inch in length and very slender, with
blackish head and collar plates, light pinkish-drab body with dorsal
stripe just a tint darker, and having on either side of the back two S
cream-coloured lines, and along the spiracular region two paler cream-
coloured stripes, the lowest slanting downwards just at the end of
each segment throughout its course, the ground colour between these
and also of the belly paler than that of the back and sides: after
moulting on the 26th, it assumed the colour of the full grown example,
though it refused to feed, and in course of a day or two a parasitic
larva ate its way out, which proved fatal to the unlucky victim, whose
shrivelled-up skin alone remained.

The full grown larva measures nearly three-quarters of an inch
in length, of moderate slenderness, the head broad and full, about as
wide as the second segment, the body tapering behind from the tenth
to the end of the thirteenth, the thoracic segments deeply wrinkled,
the others with a deep transverse wrinkle a little beyond the middle,
the ventral and anal legs short and much beneath the body ; the
rather shining head is blackish-brown, having a broad ochreous stripe
on the crown of each lobe and a streak above the mouth, papillae black,
finely ringed with white ; the ground colour of the body is a dingy
blackish-olivaceous-brown, darkest on the anal flap, rather glistening ;
on the second segment, but quite dull on the rest of the body, two
fine black lines on the collar change from thence to a plain dorsal !
stripe, rather darker than the ground colour as far as the last segment, .
where it is black ; continuous from either lobe of the head is a broad
sub-dorsal ochreous stripe on the second segment, opening out beyond
in two lines which, after passing the thoracic segments, become more
dingy and somewhat greyish-ochreous, and show but faintly ; midway
along the side occurs the faintest possible trace of an extra line, thin
and indistinct, a sub-spiracular stripe begins on the third segment and

1881].

179

i continues of a dirty whitish colour just above the legs to the end of
I the thirteenth, having a fine line of the ground colour running through
| : below; the minute round spiracles are of the ground colour, finely
ringed with darker, the tubercular dots very small, blackish-brown,
L and slightly glistening, each with a fine hair ; the ocellated spot on
{ either side of the third and twelfth segments is of the ground colour,

| ringed with black, and with a minute black centre bearing an extra
dong hair ; the anterior legs black, the ventral and anal legs of the
t ground colour. This individual produced an ichneumon on the 25th
of June, 1880. — Wm. Buckleb.

Emsworth :

13 th November , 1880.

[The re-discovery of this species, the genuine Phycita hostilis of Stephens, is of
[considerable interest. The only recent (probable) record upon which I can put my
hand, is at vol. iv, p. 152, of this Magazine, when the late Rev. E. Horton recorded
| the rearing of a specimen of a Phycis adelphella in the year 1860, from a larva
found feeding on aspen, near Worcester, and gave a short description of the larva.

The name hostilis, Steph., had before that time been superseded in favour of
\ adelphella, Fisch., by Mr. Doubleday in his catalogue, but, apparently, without
sufficient reason, supposing the species to be identical, for Stephens’ description,

; published in 1834, is probably anterior to that of Fischer von Roslerstamm, 1834 to
1843. I also think that Mr. Doubleday must have relied upon a description of
adelphella, and not on a comparison of the insects themselves.

Some years ago Professor Zeller, who had also described adelphella in the Isis
(1846), sent me a type from Silesia, and as Dr. Wood has kindly allowed me to
lexamine one of his specimens, I am able to record the result.

Adelphella (from Zeller) is rather \\ke formosa, Haw., but with narrower fore-
wings, the costa being regularly curved, the base of fore-wings brick-red, bounded
by a broad, oblique, curved, blackish, cloudy fascia, "which includes the first line,
double, twice angulated, black with a white line between. The remainder of the
wing clouded with dark grey, except an ill-defined brick-red blotch along the dorsal
margin. Second line double, sinuous, placed far back but very distinct in the cloudy-
grey ground colour, central dot also very indistinct. Hind-wings pale grey.

Stephens’ description of hostilis is as follows : “ Anterior wings brownish, with
the base somewhat ferruginous and immaculate ; this space is followed by a broadish,
waved, fuscous or black fascia, in which is a pale streak ; towards the hinder margin
is a second dark fascia, in which is a distinct waved pale streak, slightly angulated
towards the inner margin ; the space between them is slightly clouded, and bears a
brown lunule towards the costa ; on the hinder margin is an interrupted fuscous
line ; cilia brownish ; posterior wings fuscous, cilia paler, shining, with a dark line
1 at the base.

“ I have a specimen of this very distinct species, which a little resembles the
foregoing \_pinguis'] which I took at Darenth Wood in June many years since, and
[another found at Ripley in 1827.” — Illustr. Haust., iv., p. 307.

With this description of hostilis Dr. Wood’s specimen agrees most accurately,

2gQ [January,

and the general resemblance to pinguis is striking, especially in the breadth of the
fore-wings, while it actually bears no resemblance to the narrow winged adelphella.
The “ferruginous ” basal space in the first is nothing like the brick-red blotch of the
other, and the blackish fascia by which it is bounded is comparatively upright in the
former, while it is curved and very oblique in the latter.

I am, therefore, perfectly satisfied that hostilis, Stephens, is altogether distinct
from adelphella of Zeller, and probably of F. v. R., and I think, then, there is no
reason to suppose that it has ever been found in the United Kingdom. Dr. Wocke
(who adopts hostilis as the prior name, and adel-phella as a synonym) gives Britain, -
Germany, and Southern and Eastern Russia as localities. The former refers to
hostilis, the latter doubtless to adelphella. — C. G-. Barrett.]

ON PARTHENOGENESIS IN TEN THREBINIB2E.

BY J. E. ELETCHER.

During the past season I have, as opportunity offered, continued
my experiments on this subject. Thirteen virgin ? belonging to six
species were tried, but the names of two of the species are not yet
determined. They all have the power of depositing fertile ova. I
notice that the virgin $ of the green Nemati deposit only a small
number of eggs. So far, I have bred only one $ from any partheno-
genetic brood of saw-fly larvae.

A virgin ? of Phyllotoma vagans deposited between sixty and
seventy eggs, but as they were distributed on only three leaves, the
larvae could not feed up. They ate all the parenchyma, and some
bored down the footstalks, but then, of necessity, perished. One leaf
contained nearly forty larvae.

A specimen of JEriocampa ovata , from a this year’s larva, emerged
on August 30th ; she deposited about thirty ova, from which the larvae
hatched and fed, but not vigorously, till the food plant began to lose <
its vitality. Eventually, all perished for lack of food.

A specimen of Hemichroa rufa , bred August 15th, deposited ova,
from which I obtained about forty larvae ; but the stormy weather of
autumn proved very unfavourable to larvae confined in a net, and when
I decided to feed them indoors, they were reduced to about twenty, ,
about a dozen of which have spun up.

A small brood of larvae from a virgin ? of Nematus curtispina, bred 1
August 17th, spun up by September 20th, and three <$ were bred by
September 30th.

Happy Land, Worcester :

November, 1880.

1881.]

NOTES ON THE ENTOMOLOGY OF POKTUGAL.
III. LEPIDOPTERA.

181

BY DE. O. STATTDIFGEE.

The Ufacro-Lepidoptera collected by the Eev. A. E. Eaton in 1880
are represented by 41 good species of Phopalocera, and 26 of Hete-
rocera , 23 of the latter being Geometrce.

EHOPALOCEEA.

PAPILlONIDiE.

Papilio Podalirius, L., var. Feisthamelii , Hup. — A solitary bad
specimen, captured April 29th, along the main stream below Cintra.

Thais Pumina , L. — A single specimen, with no indication of date
or locality of capture.

PIEEIDiE.

Pieris brassicae, L. — May 17th, near Silves.

Pieris napi , L. — April 27th, near Cintra, and June 8th at Cea.

Pieris Daplidice , L. — One indifferent specimen, captured June
3rd, between Coimbra and Sao Antonio.

Anthocharis Pelemia , Esper, var. Glance , Hub. — One specimen,
May 8th, near Almodovar.

Anthocharis cardamines , L. — One specimen, April 29th, along the
main stream below Cintra.

Leucophasia sinapis, L. — One specimen, April 27th, near Cintra.

Colias Fdusa, Eab. — One specimen, May 18th, between Silves and
Monchique. A specimen of the aberration Helice , Hub., June 4th,
near Cea.

Phodocera rhamni , L. — Several specimens, April 29th, near Cintra,
and June 9th, between Cea and Sao Eomao.

Phodocera Cleopatra , L. — One specimen, May 17th, near Silves.

LYCiENIDiE.

Thecla spini, Schiffermiller. — Two specimens, May 17th, near
Silves.

Thecla ilicis, Esper, var. Psculi, Hub. — Two specimens, May 17th,
near Silves.

Thecla roboris, Esper. — Two specimens, June 12th, at Ponte de
Morcellos.

Thecla rubi , L. — A single very worn specimen, with no indication
of date or locality.

Polyommatus Alciphron , Eottenberg, var. Gordius , Sulzer. — One
specimen, June 22nd, near Villa Eeal.

182

I January,

Polyommatus Phlceas, L. — Several specimens at Cintra, end of ,
April and May 13th, between Sao Barnabe and Sao Bartholomeu do I
Messines.

Lyccena Lcetica, L. — One bad specimen, June 6th, at Cea.

Lyccena Telicanus , Lang. — One specimen, June 8th, at Cea.

Lyccena AEgon, Schiffermiller. — Several specimens, June 3rd, be- I
tween Coimbra and Sao Antonio ; June 8th, at Cea ; and June 14th, j
near Ponte de Morcellos.

Lyccena Lcarus, PiottQnbQvg {Alexis) . — Several specimens at Cintra, J
end of April ; one specimen of the aberration Lcarinus, Scriba, April I
28th, near Cintra.

Lyccena Bellargus , Bottenberg. — One specimen in very poor con-
dition, May 22nd, near Alferce.

Lyccena Argiolus , L. — One specimen, April 29th, near Cintra.

Lyccena semiargus, Bottenberg {Ads'). — One specimen, June 5th,
near Sao Bomao.

Lyccena melanops , Boisduval. — Two specimens, June 25th, near
Yilla Beal.

NYMPHALIDiE.

Vanessa c-album, L. — One specimen, June 3rd, between Coimbra
and Sao Antonio.

Melitcea aurinia, Bottenberg {Artemis), var. Desfontainii, Godart.
— Several specimens, April 28th, near Cintra ; May 19th, near Mon-
chique ; June 5th, near Sao Bomao ; and June 8th, near Cea.

Melitcea Phoebe, Knoch, var. occitanica, Staudinger. — Several
specimens, June 24th, near Villa Beal.

Melitcea didyma, Ochsenh., var. occidentals, Staudinger. — Several
specimens, June 13th, at Ponte de Morcellos, and June 23rd, near
Villa Beal.

SATYRIDJE.

Melanargia Lachesis , Hiib. — Several specimens, June 14th, near
Ponte de Morcellos.

Melanargia Lnes, Hoffmansegg.' — Several specimens, May 18th,
near Monchique, and June 3rd, between Coimbra and Sao Antonio.

Satyrus Semele, L. — One specimen, June 30th, near Salamonde.

Pararge Megcera , L. — Two specimens, April 27th, near Cintra,
and June 7th, near Sabugueiro.

Pararge AEgeria , L. — Several specimens, April 28th, near Cintra,
and June 3rd, between Coimbra and Sao Antonio.

1881. J

183

Epinephile Janira , L. — Several specimens. June 14th, near Ponte
de Morcellos ; of the variety Hispulla , Hub., several were captured
May 15th and 17th, near Silves.

Epinephile Ida , Esper. — Eive specimens, June 12th, near Ponte
de Morcellos.

Epinephile Pasiphae , Esper. — Several specimens, May 18th, near
Monchique, and June 3rd, between Coimbra and Sao Antonio.

Coenonympha pamphilus, L. — Two specimens, May 5th, between
Casevel and Almodovar, and May 21st, near Monchique. They are a
dark variety, but not the var. Lyllus, Esper.

HESPERIDiE.

Spilothyrus alcece, Esper. — One specimen, June 7th, near Sabug-
ueiro.

Syrichthus Proto , Esper. — One specimen, May 17th, near Silves.

Syrichthus Alveus , Hiib., var. onopordi, Ramb. — One specimen,
May 17th, near Silves.

Syrichthus Sao. Hiib., var. Eucrate , Ochsenh. — Two specimens,
end of April, near Cintra.

Hesperia lineola , Ochsenh. — Two specimens, a male, June 3rd,
between Coimbra and Sao Antonio, a female, June 24th, near Villa
Real.

HETEROCERA.

SPHINGES.

SESIIDiE.

Sesia affinis , Staudinger. — Two specimens, June 24th, near Villa
Real.

BOMBYCES.

ARCTIIDiE.

Euchelia jacohcece , L.- — One specimen, much wasted, May 23rd,
near Sao Marcos da Serra.

NOCTILE.

Euclidia glyphica , L. — One specimen, much worn, June 7th, near
Sabugueiro.

GEOMETRY.

Nemoria porrinata , Zeller. — One specimen, June 30th, near
Salamonde.

Acidalia camp aria , H.-S. — One specimen, April 24th, near Olivaes,
in the vicinity of Lisbon.

Acidalia nexata, Hiib. — Two specimens, May 10th, near Almodovar.

Acidalia virgularia , Hiib. — One specimen, April 23rd, near Lisbon,
one, June 12th, near Ponte de Morcellos.

184

[January,

Acidalia rubiginata , Hufn. ( rubricata ) ? — One specimen, in

bad condition, is perhaps referable to this species ; captured June 25th, |
near Villa Real. 1 have not seen this insect from Spain.

Zonosomct pupillaria, Hub. — One specimen, May 16th, near Silves.

Fellonia sicanaria,7ie\\eY. — Several specimens, June 3rd, between
Coimbra and Sao Antonio.

Hemerophila nycthemeraria , H.-Gr. — One specimen, May 23rd, near 1
Sao Marcos da Serra. This species was previously only known from
Switzerland.

I

y

Foarmia gemmaria , Brahm {rhomb oidar id) . — One specimen, May jj
20th, on the slopes of Picota, near Monchique.

Gnophos respersaria, Hub. — One specimen, May 16th, near Silves. I

Gnophos asperaria , Hub., ab. pityata , Rarnbur. — One specimen, j
June 12th, near Ponte de Morcellos.

Anthometra plumularia, Boisd. — One specimen, June 12th, near I
Ponte de Morcellos.

Fidonia famula, Esper. — One specimen, June 9th, between Cea I
and Sao Romao.

AthroolopTia pennigeraria , Hub.— One specimen, June 30th, near
Salamonde.

Hcilia vincularia , Hiib. — One specimen, June 12th, near Ponte de !
Morcellos.

Halia gesticulario , Hiib. — One specimen, early in May, at Almo-
dovar.

Aspilates oclirearia , Rossi ( citraria ). — Two specimens, May 8th, ,
at Almodovar, and May 20th, on the slopes of Picota, near Monchique. i

Lythria sanguinaria , Duponch.' — One specimen, June 24th, near
Villa Real.

OrtholitJia limit at a, Scoj). (mensuraricC) . — One specimen, June 14th, .
near Ponte de Morcellos.

Cidaria bilineata , L. — One specimen, June 3rd, between Coimbra !
and Sao Antonio.

Fupithecia oblongata , Thunberg (centaureata) . — One specimen,
June 11th, near Cea.

Fupithecia pumilata, Hiib. — One specimen, April 27th, Cintra.

N.B. — There is one other specimen of the genus Fupithecia , but
in too bad condition to be determined ; it was taken May 10th, near
Aldea do Neuves.

Blasewitz, Dresden :

ls£ November , 1880.

1881.] 185

AUSTRALIAN GALL-MAKING LEPIDOPTEROUS LARViE.

BT E. MEYEICK.

In relation to the subject of Mr. McLachlan’s paper in the De-
cember number of this Magazine, I may add, that I have found at
least three Lepidopterous gall-producing larvae in Australia, as
follows :

1. Larvae producing a terminal gall on the extremity of the shoots
of an Eucalyptus, near Sydney ; this gall is an inch or more in length,
and has all the appearance of an inflated but unexpanded tuft of
leaves, but is a true gall ; these larvae are solitary ; they produced a
species of Tortricidce, at present undescribed.

2. Larvae producing a swollen gall in the stem of young shoots of
an Eucalyptus, near Sydney ; these I have not yet bred.

3. Larvae producing a large shapeless roundish gall on a phyllo-
dineous Acacia, near Brisbane ; this gall is sometimes as large as two
fists, and contains numerous larvae, becoming riddled with galleries ;
it may be taken to represent a cluster of leaves ; these larvae produced
one of the Pyralidina , described by Walker as Py rails cegusalis , though

I it appears to belong rather to the Potydce. It is distressing that
Walker should not have been able to produce a less abnormally com-
pounded specific name.

Ramsbury, Hungerford :

December 7th, 1880.

An addition to the British Trichoptera. — At the last Meeting of the Glasgow
Natural History Society, I exhibited specimens of Molanna palpata, McLach., a
species of caddis-fly new to Britain. It has hitherto been known only from
Finland and Siberia, and a specimen from St. Petersburg was found among Kolenati’s
types of M. angustata in the Vienna Museum.

The remarkable form of the third joint of the maxillary palpi in both sexes, at
once distinguishes it from its congeners.

The above species was taken during my stay last summer at Cannich, Strath-
glass, Inverness-shire, and occurred commonly all through August ; it was the
common caddis-fly at all parts of the Strath visited by me.

I found it along the margins of lochs by brushing the overhanging heather, &c.,
and cannot remember having seen it flying without having been disturbed.

M. angustata, Curtis, is the only other British species of the genus. — James
J. King, 207, Saucliiehall Street, Glasgow : December, 1880.

Abundance of Clothilla pieea, Motsch. — Mr. E. A. Butler of Hastings, has just
sent me a supply of this curious little black species of Psocidce. He says they have
been familiar to him for years, as occurring in neglected boxes. Now he finds them
chiefly in an old collection of plants that had fallen into decay, and in some marine
specimens that had not been properly cleaned. The insects are of varying sizes, and

186

[January, j

some of them possess wing-scales, indicating complete development. I had pre-
viously seen only single examples, and generally they came from boxes of foreign ,
insects. The boxes in which they came (alive) to me have been committed to the
flames, so as to avoid a possible addition to the Fauna of my collections. — R. \
McLachlan, Lewisham : November 21th, 1880.

On the metamorphoses of Blepharoceridce. — As an addition to Baron Osten-
Sacken’s communication ( ante p. 130) on Dr. Fritz Muller’s discovery of the
metamorphoses of Blepharoceridce , I beg to call the attention of Dipterologists to
my report on the same subject in Carus’s Zoologischer Anzeiger, No. 51, April, 1880, \ \
p. 134. It treats on the metamorphoses of the European Blepharocera fasciata ,
both sexes of which, according to Prof. Mik’s discovery of the £ , have the eyes I
close to each other, of which Baron Osten-Sacken convinced himself at Vienna, but i
has forgotten to point it out in his notice. — F. Bratter, Vienna : Nov. 21th, 1880.

A colony of Ptinella denticollis in War icicle shire. — A short time agr I found
an example of the rather uncommon Ptinella denticollis, at Solihull near here, and \
which was kindly determined for me by the Rev. A. Matthews. This led me to
engage in a systematic hunt for the species, in which I have been very successful.
Under dead bark at Knowle, I recently discovered quite a large colony of this little
beetle, some two hundred specimens of which I have captured without apparently
diminishing their numbers. Both males and females occurred, the latter being, as j
usual, the least abundant. — W. G-. Blatch, Green Lane, Smallheath, near Birming- 1
ham : November 20 th, 1880.

Capture of Sitaris muralis in the nest of Bombus terrestris. — In August last
in a nest of Bombus terrestris, having its entrance in a wall supporting the earth on i
one side of a road, cut in the side of a hill, near Woodchester Park, Gloucester, I
found an imago of Sitaris muralis. As there were also several strange looking larvae
in the nest I took it home, unfortunately I was unable to watch them, and only one
other Sitaris developed, the others all died. — H. Sebastian B. Gates, Dominican!
Priory, Woodchester: December, 1880.

Larvce of Acronycta alni at Bristol. — It may be interesting to some of your|
readers to know, that about the second week of July last, I found two larvae of
Acronycta alni in our garden, on some French beans, but I have little doubt thatl
they fell from an apple tree that overhung the beans. One was in very good condition,
fresh and beautifully coloured ; the other had several of the horsehair-like appendages!
broken off ; and the stripes on each segment, instead of being (as in the other) i
yellow, were a dingy white. The first died soon after I captured it (neither of I
them fed while I had them), but the other changed to pupa, and is I think free!
from ichneumon. — Philip Gray, 20, Arley Hill, Bristol : December 4th, 1880.

P.S. — This species, I am given to understand, has been found before in Bristol, J
but very rarely. — P. G.

An additional food-plant for Laverna epilobiella, Homer. — In July last, I met!
with four larvae of this insect feeding on JEpilobium montanum. One moth wain
bred in the beginning of August : the others, having escaped or died. — J. E.
Fletcher, Happy Land, Worcester: November, 1880.

1881. J

187

Unseasonable weather : Lepidoptera in December. — After some sharp weather in
November (sent doubtless for the benefit of the Geraniums and Tropseolums in the
garden), we are having, in Pembrokeshire, what can only jocularly be called winter.

On the 3rd inst., when starting on a journey in the morning twilight, a moth
came fluttering down from the trees and alighted on the ground. It proved to be
Cidaria russata in perfect condition — evidently just emerged — but sufficiently
smaller than usual to prove it a third- brood specimen, forced by the mildness of the
season. On the 4th, Vanessa urticce was flying briskly along the streets and over the
houses at Pembroke Dock, and on the night of the 5th, Scopula ferrugalis came to
light at my window. All these were casually noticed, without any attempt at
collecting or searching. — Charles G. Barrett, Pembroke : December 9 th, 1880.

Uechujss.

AVIS PRELIMINAIRE D’UNE NOUVELLE CLASSIFICATION DE LA FAMILLE DES
Dytisoime, par D. Sharp. Extrait des Comptes-rendus de la Society Entorno-
logique de Belgique, Seance du 4 Septembre, 1880. Bruxelles : 8vo, pp. 5.

We have received from our old and valued correspondent, Dr. Sharp, a copy of
this important outline of the scheme of the larger work upon Dytiscidce on which
he has been occupied for some six years ; and we willingly give it all the publicity
in our power, though regretting that such original matter by a British writer should
not have, in the first instance, found a place in some English publication.

This outline is constructed somewhat on the plan of inverting the usually
accepted arrangement of things, which the author originally adopted in a discussion
of the terms genus and species ; and ordinary readers will, by turning to the last
page, obtain a readier view of the larger aims of the author.

The great family of Dytiscidce is divided into two series : the first, Dytisci
fragmentati, — the second, Dytisci complicati. No precise explanation is given for
these terms, but corresponding series are stated to occur in the Carabidce, the first
of which is equally “ fragmentary,” both “fragmentary” series having in common
the same structure of the articulating cavities of the intermediate legs, the outer
side of which is composed by parts of three principal pieces of the skeleton. But
the Carabici complicati and Dytisci complicati are opposed to the two “fragmentary
and central ” series in the fact of only two pieces forming the outer edge of the inter-
mediate cotjloid cavity in the former, whilst four pieces contribute to its formation
in the latter. And the Dytisci complicati are distinguished from all other beetles by
their metathoracic episternum penetrating to the intermediate cotyloid cavity.

Following Thomson and Le Conte, the Haliplides are excluded altogether, and
it is left for students of Carabidce to decide if they are to be ranged in the latter
group or form a separate one. Pelobius is only admitted by conventional right ; it
is intermediate between the Carabidce and Dytiscidce, with a predominance of the
external structure of the former, and is put at the head of the latter, but with no
hint of any group for its reception. The Dytisci fragmentati are composed of
(presumably) Pelobius ; a tribe Noterides, composed of two genera, Notomicrus
and Hydrocoptus, and also of three groups, Noterini, Suphisini, and Hydrocanthini
(which three are formed of the genera Pronoterus, Synchortus, Noterus, Colpius ,

188

[January,

Suphis, Canthydrus, and Hydrocanthus ) ; and two other groups, Vatellini (gen.
Macrovatellus, Vatellus, and Derovatellus ) and Laccophilini (gen. Laccophilus and
Neptosternus ) .

The Dytisci complicati are composed of two isolated and separate genera,
three tribes, and two groups. They commence with Ampbiizoa (so that the family
character of the possession of natatorial legs must be set aside), followed by the
tribe Hydroporides, made up of three groups, Hydrovatini (gen. Hydrovatus and
Queda), Bidessini (gen. Heterhydrus, Pachydrus, Desmopachria, Bidessus, “ Huxel-
hydrus ,” and Tyndalhydrus) , and Hyphydrini (gen. Andex, Hydropeplus, Primospes,
Ccelhydrus, Darwinhydrus, and Hyphydrus) ; an isolated genus, Sternopriscus j
another group, Hydroporini (gen. Hyphoporus, Paroster, HeropJiydrus, Ccelambus,
Ckostonectes, Antiporus, Necterosoma, Macroporus, Deronectes, and Hydroporus) ;
and another isolated genus, Celina. Between the tribe Hydroporides and the next
tribe, Colymbetides , intervenes another isolated genus, Methles. The Colymbetides
are composed of the groups Agabini (gen. Hydrotrupes, Metronectes, Agabus, Ily-
biosoma, Platynectes , Leuronectes , Agametrus, Agabinus, Platambus, and Ilybius )
and Colymbetini (gen. Scutopterus, Rhantus, Colymbetes, and Meladema), between
which are placed the following seven genera, distinguished from both of them by
negative characters, insufficient to form a natural separate division, viz., Copelatus,
Aglymlus , Lacconectus , Agabetes, Matus, Coptotomus, and Lancetes.

Then comes a separate group, Hytiscini (gen. Hyderodes and Hytiscus), fol-
lowed by a tribe, Hydaticides, composed of two groups, Hydatieini (gen. Prodaticus
and Hydaticus,) and Thermonectini (gen. Acilius, Thermonecies , ALthionectes,
Sandracottus, Rhantaticus, and Graphoderes) , and an isolated genus, Hretes. The
series concludes with another separate group, Cybistrini (gen. Spencerhydrus,
Homceodytes , Megadytes , and Cybister).

In this string of names, there is insufficient material to attempt useful criticism.
Dr. Sharp’s entomological acumen has been proved too often for any one to doubt
that his earnest and long continued study has justified the, at first sight, unbalanced
arrangement of tribes, genera, groups, &c. ; and his book will, doubtless, make all
this clear, even to the swallowing of Amphizoa, after straining in vain at Haliplus.
Ab regards the names themselves, it can only be suggested that some of the new ones
are constructed on the principle of language being given us to conceal our thoughts.
We are aware, from former communications, that Dr. Sharp does not attribute to
the construction of mere words, and such minor things, the importance hitherto
bestowed upon them by his predecessors and fellow- workers ; and it is more than
probable that the most egregious of the horrors that he now proposes are brought
forward merely to show his contempt for nomenclators.

The Young Naturalist : an illustrated penny weekly Magazine of Natural
History ; conducted by J. E. Hobson and S. L. Mosley. Huddersfield : Preston
Brothers ; London : J. Kempster and Co. Yol. i, 1880.

To a certain extent, this periodical is based upon the plan of the “ Intelligencer,”
but extended to all branches of Natural History. It is apparently published both
in weekly numbers and monthly parts. We have before us part xii, for November,
1880.

It appears likely to prove very useful, if care be taken not to identify it with a

1881.

189

special class of collectors. The illustrations, although rough, will, no doubt, prove
attractive to juveniles, and the editorial “ leaders ” sometimes contain sound informa-
tion and advice. The weak point is the careless correcting for the press, especially
apparent in the entomological portion. In this, and in some other respects, the
conductors should more closely follow the example set by the French Journal, the
“Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes,” to which, amongst contemporaries, the “ Young
Naturalist ” offers the greatest amount of resemblance.

The Butterflies of North America : by W. H. Edwards ; second series,
Part ix. Boston : Houghton, Mifflin, & Co. ; London : Triibner & Co. 1880.

This Part entirely concerns three species of Papilio , viz. : P. Oregonia ,
Edwards (much like our Machaon), formerly considered a variety of Hippocrates,
but now described and figured as distinct ; P. brevicauda, Saunders, the perfect
insect of which, having been previously figured, is not further alluded to, but there
is a most elaborate series of figures of the transformations, with a detailed account
of the habits, as observed by Mr. Mead, in Newfoundland ; and P. Bairdii, Edwards,
which recalls Aster ias, but is much darker. As usual, the letter-press is very full,
and the plates are above praise.

©bituarjr.

Htienne Mulsant. — Another of the “ heroes ” of our Science has passed away.
Etienne Mulsant, the veteran Entomologist of Lyons, died on November 4th, 1880, at
the age of 83, having been born on the 2nd March, 1797, at Mornant, Departement du
Rhone. For the space of half-a-century this distinguished author has occupied a lead-
ing place in the Entomological world, his earliest production bearing the date of 1830,
and having for its title “Lettres a Julie sur l’Entomologie, suivies d’une description
methodique de la plus grande partie des insectes de France ; ornees de planches
(15 in number) dessinees et gravees par MM. Louvain et Dumenil.” 2 vols. 8vo.
Lyons and Paris, 1830. In this work the author slightly sketched the characters and
habits of the different families of insects (interspersed with fragments of poetry of his
own composition), in the shape of a series of letters originally written for the use of
the young lady who subsequently became his wife, to whom the work was dedicated,
when finished and published after their marriage. This dedication is a fair specimen
of his poetical talents, and is here reproduced.

A MA FEMME.

Tandis que loin de ta presence
J’attendais le moment heureux
Ou ta main, promise a mes vceux,
Devait couronner ma Constance
Pour charmer ces trop longs instans,
J’aimais de l’Entomologie
A t’enseigner les elemens,

Cette occupation cherie
Enchantait mon coeur et mes gouts ;
Aujourd’hui qu’un titre plus doux
A mon ame te rend plus chere
Je devrais, trop heureux epoux,
Grouter mon bonheur et me taire ;
Mais, tu l’ordonnes, pour te plaire
Je livre au hasard ces recits,

Produits Ugers de majeunesse,
Q,ui sans effort de ma paresse
Pour toi seul furent ecrits
Plus d’un succes leur est promis,
Si dans leur publique existence
Ils retrouvent ta bienviellance
Ton accueil pour moi si flatteur $
Mais si la critique ennemie
Les accable d’un trait vengeur,

A l’oubli consacrant ma vie
Je saurai pres de toi, Julie,

Me consoler de sa rigueur.

Qui te connait, a mon bonheur
Pourrait encore porter envie.

190

January,

This labour of love, as it may well be called, was followed by a “ Cours d’Ento-
mologie reduit en tableaux synoptiques : a l’usage des ecoles.” Lyons. 8vo. 1833.
And five years subsequently appeared the first of a long series of Memoirs, chiefly
on various families of Coleoptera, published from time to time in the “ Annales de
la Societe d’Agriculture ” of Lyons : in the “ Annales de la Societe Linneenne ” of
Lyons ; and in the “ Memoires de l’Acad^mie des Sciences ” of Lyons.

Of these various Memoirs and his other works, the list given by Dr. Hagen
in his “Bibliotheca Entomologica,” up to the year 1861, is not fewer than
148 ; since which period the number has been greatly increased ; the Annual
Summaries of Entomological publications in the Grerman “Bericht,” and in our own
“ Zoological Record,” rarely failing to announce fresh works by him, associated with
M. Rey, and other French Coleopterists. The most important of these detached
Memoirs are descriptive of the Coleoptera of France, occupying thirty-one volumes
large 8vo, commencing with the Longicorn beetles in 1839, occupying 304 pages,
with 3 plates, and terminating with the 9th volume of the Brevipennes or Brachelytra ,
published in 1879. His “ Histoire Naturelle des Punaises de France ” occupies
3 volumes 8vo. Many of his shorter Memoirs were collected together and published
separately under the title of “Opuscules Entomologiques,” in 14 volumes 8vo ; whilst
a more extended and general Monograph of the Coccinellidce , in 2 large volumes
8vo, was published in 1852 and 1853, under the title “ Species des Coleopteres
trimeres securipalpes.” To this work large numbers of exotic species were contributed
by Mr. Hope, and the type specimens, bearing the MS. names of the author, now
enrich the Collection under my charge at Oxford.

In addition to his Entomological works, M. Mulsant also published an elementary
series of works on Natural History, in which he described “ les applications de cette
-science aux diverses connaissances utiles ct offrant la reponse aux questions du pro-
gramme universitaire,” devoting one volume to each of the sciences Zoology,
Physiology, G-eology and Botany. He also published a companion volume of
“ Lettres a Julie sur l’Ornithologie,” in one large volume, with figures ; also a
beautiful work on Humming-Birds, in which many new species of these lovely
creatures were represented with great skill : he likewise found time to publish a
charming work, entitled “Souvenirs du mont Pilat et de ses environs,” in 2 volumes
8vo, and a number of bibliographical notices of deceased Naturalists in the Annales
of the Lyons Academie.

M. Mulsant was the President of the Linnean Society of Lyons, Bibliothecaire-
adjoint of the fine Library belonging to the University of Lyons ; he was also
Professor of Natural History, and “ Correspondant du Ministere de l’Instruction
Publique.” — J. O. Westwood.

The Belgian Entomological Society. — The celebration of the 25tli
Anniversary of this Society took place at Brussels, on the 16th October, when an
address was delivered by M. Weinmann, the President, and an instructive sketch of
the history and prospects of the Society was read by the Secretary, M. Preudhomme
de Borre. Baron de Selys-Longchamps, the first President, to whom the Society
owes so much of its success, was unanimously elected Honorary President.

1881.]

191

AN ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW GENERA OF THE EPHEMERILEE.

BY THE BEY. A. E. EATON, M.A.

Names for some new genera being required in the lettering of
plates to illustrate my forthcoming work on the Ephemeridce, I am
anxious to establish them. It will be sufficient to characterize the
genera concisely, reserving detailed descriptions of them for the con-
templated monograph. The admeasurements given in the descriptions
of genera, though exact, should, for all practical purposes, be regarded
as only approximate : they are only necessary in the absence of
illustrations.

Elassonetjeia, n. g.

Allied to Oligoneuria. Wing-membrane dull or satin-like ; fore-
wing with three longitudinal nervures, of which the hinder two are
forked, and with a short, free, epinotal prolongation of the membrane
at the wing-roots. Caudal setae of $ 3, subequal to one another and
about one-third as long as the body. Type, E. Trimeniana (in Oligo-
neuriai), McLach. Distrib., S. Africa.

Spaniophlebia, n. g.

Allied to Lachlania. Wing-membrane clear neutral tint, “ shot ”
with blue ; fore-wing with five or six obvious longitudinal nervures, of
which the hinder two are forked (the pobrachial deeply so), also with
several series of cross-veinlets disposed transversely, and with a short
free prolongation of the membrane at the peak of the mesonotum.
Eore-tibia of $ about as long as the femur ; 1st tarsal joint longer
than the next. Caudal setae 2. Type, S. Trailice , n. sp. Distrib.,
Tropical S. America.

Spaniophlebia Trailice , n. sp.

Imago, S , in spirits, and dried ; thorax atro-piceus ; abdomen sub-piceous, with
paler joinings ; caudal setae pitchy-black, with testaceous pilosity ; forceps as in
Lachlania. Neuration black ; fore- wing with pobrachial nervure forked before the
middle, and with cross-veinlets, as far as the prsebrachial nervure only (another
species has the furcation at the middle, and more numerous cross-veinlets extending
as far as the anal nervure), viz. : about twenty-five in the marginal, two to five in
the sub-marginal, one or two in the next area ; the sub-costa towards the tip, and
the neighbouring cross-veinlets, strongly bordered with dark fuliginous. Legs black
with pale margins.

? unknown. Long. corp. 9, al. 10, set. 8 mm.

Hab. : Sao Paulo, Rio Solimoes, September and November (Mus.
McLach.).

The other species (from Ecuador) has pubescent ^ setae about
times as long as the body.

192

January, 1881.

Homceokettria, n. g.

Akin to hnchlania. Wing-membrane as in Spaniophlebia. Pore-
wing with undivided longitudinal nervures, and no cross-veinlets ;
three sub-equal caudal setae, in $ about one-fourth as long as the body
and glabrous. Type, H. Salvinice, n. sp. Distrib., Central America.

H. Salvinice, n. sp.

Imago, 5 , dried. Head and thorax above smooth, black ; wing-neuration
fuscous ; legs pale (discoloured) ; back of abdomen fuscous, with pale joinings, belly
pale ; setse black. Long, corp., ? , 11, al. 11—12, set. 3 mm.

Hah. : Guatemala.

Asthenopus, Etn., = Campsurus, Etn.

Jolia, n. g.

Allied to Polymitarcys. Median caudal setse abortive in both
sexes. Neuration of the wings rather similar to that of Polymitarcys.
Nymph agile, with seven pairs of abdominal trachseal branchise of
uniform make, each consisting of an obovate membranous lamina, with
a fascicle of filaments annexed to its hinder base (almost similar to
the trachseal branchise of ILeptagenia) . Fore femur and tibia fringed
within with dense stiff hair, as in Oligoneuria (tarsus slender). Man-
dibles not prolonged into a tusk ; their lobes slender and acute.
Caudal setse natatorial, about seven-tenths as long as the body ; the
lateral setse ciliated internally, and the median seta plumose for up-
wards of half their length, and then tail-pointed. Type, J. Poeselli
(in Palingenia), Joly. Distrib., the Garonne, near Toulouse, in Sep-
tember. Drawings and specimens were most kindly transmitted to
me by Dr. E. Joly; and I caught three nymphs last August at
Toulouse.

Rhoenanthus, n. g.

Very like Potamanthus (restrict.), but with the median caudal
seta abortive in both sexes ; lateral setse in upwards of twice as long
as the body (in $ Potamanthus one and a-half times). Type, Ph.
speciosus , n. sp. Distrib., Lahat.

j Rhoenanthus speciosus, n. sp.

Subimago dried. Wings whitish, with most of the cross-veinlets well bordered
with sanguineous, excepting those near the inner and terminal margins, where the
wing-membrane is more or less tinted with ochraceous.

Imago dried. S , mesonotum lutescent or brownish-luteous. Fore-leg pale
ochraceous, with the apex of the femur, the base and apex of the tibia, and the
tarsal joinings tinged with purple or sanguineous ; ungues dissimilar : posterior legs
with the tarsal joints very narrowly tipped with sanguineous. Wings vitreous ;

February, 1881.1

193

many of the cross-veinlets of the fore-wing conspicuously bordered with sanguineous,
their borders more or less confluent, so as to form irregular blotches. Abdomen
discoloured, varied with sanguineous above ; belly ochraceous. Set® pale ocliraceous
or whitish, with joinings more or less sanguineous or blackish-sanguineous, with
which colour the forceps also are, in some measure, tinged.

The markings of the ? are less distinct than those of the <£ .

Long, al., S 11 — 12, ? 16 ; corp., S 13, ? 16 ; 6et. $ 25 and 1 — 26, and 1 mm.

Hab. : Lahat (Leyden Mus.).

The professedly temporary groups ranked provisionally with
Leptophlebia in 1871, may he dealt with as follows : —

A. — Hind-wings somewhat arcuate in front (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1871,
pi. iv, 20a and 26d). Basal joint of the $ forceps many times longer than the
remainder taken together.

Blasturus, n. g.

Two long caudal setae, the other abortive ; lateral setae in $ about
three times, in $ about one and a half as long as the body; median
seta about one-fifth as long as it. Bore tibia of £ scarcely longer
than the femur, the tarsus about one and three-sevenths as long
as the femur ; ungues of posterior tarsi dissimilar. Type, B. cupidus
(in Ephemera ), Say. Syn., Leptophlebia , ser. 4, Etn., 1871. Distrib.,
Temperate N. America.

Leptophlebia, Westw. (restrict.).

Three long, sub-equal caudal setae ; lateral setae of J about one
and a half times as long ; of $ nearly the same length as the body.
Fore tibia of <$ scarcely longer than the femur, but the tarsus nearly
one and a half times as long as it ; ungues of hinder tarsi dissimilar.
Nymph with seven pairs of double tracheal branchiae, each one bi-
partite with subulate divisions distantly beset with minute hairs.
Type, L. marginata , Lin. Syn., Leptophlebia , ser. 3, Etn., 1871.
Distrib., Northern Temperate Regions.

Atalophlebia, n. g.

Three long, sub-equal caudal setae (or in individual specimens
sometimes only two), in the <$ usually twice as long as the body.
Normal species : fore tibia of $ about one and a half times as long as
the femur (in $ scarcely longer than it), and the tarsus about one
and four-elevenths as long as the femur. Hind tarsus about half as
long as the hind tibia ; its ungues alike in shape, uncinate. Ex-
ceptional species : some Cingalese species have setae three times as
long as the body, the £ fore tarsus one and three-sevenths as long as

194

l February,

the femur, and the hind tarsus three-thirteenths as long as the hind
tibia. Type, A. australis (in Ephemera ), Walk. Syn., Leptophlebia ,
ser. 1, Etn., 1871 (exclusive of the last two reputed species). Distrib.,
S. Africa, Ceylon, Australasia, Japan, and S. America.

-B. — Anterior margin of hind-wing suddenly refracted before the apex,
somewhat as in fig. 245, of Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1871, pi. ir.

Adenophlebia, n. g.

Three long, sub-equal caudal setae, in $ about twice as long as the
body. Eore tibia of J about one and one-sixth as long as the femur,
the tarsus about one and one-fourth as long as the same ; hind leg about
one and a half as long as the intermediate leg ; hind tarsus little over
one-third as long as the hind tibia ; ungues of the hinder tarsi alike
in form, uncinate. Proximal joint of J' forceps’ limb far longer than
the rest put together. Type, A. dislocans (in Ephemera) , Walker, the
$ of L. auriculata , Etn., 1871. Syn., Leptophlehia, ser. 1 (part), and
idem, ser. 2 {L. colombice, Walk.), Etn., 1871. Distrib., S. Africa;
and apparently many Malay and Tropical American species belong
here.

Choroterpes, n. g.

Three long, sub-equal caudal setae ; lateral setae of <$ about one
and one-fifth as long as the body. Eore tibia of J about one and
eight-thirteenths as long as the femur, the tarsus about one and a half
as long as the same ; hind leg about one and five-thirteenths as long
as the intermediate leg ; hind tarsus nearly two-fifths as long as the
hind tibia ; hinder ungues dissimilar in form and size. Proximal joint
of forceps’ limb short, the next joint by far the longest (somewhat
as in Ephemerella) . Nymph latent, with seven pairs of foliaceous
abdominal tracheal branchiae, sparsely and very minutely hairy along
their edges ; 1st pair single, the blade entire, linear lanceolate, and
acuminate ; the remainder double, both divisions of each nearly alike,
ovate, acute, proliferous or else deeply incised on both sides at the
base of the produced points, and obliquely sub-cordate at the base.
Type, Gh. lusitanica, n. sp. Distrib., Portugal; and, perhaps, De Greer’s
Ephemera vespertina, L. (though its gills are not proliferous nor
auricled), indigenous to Scandinavia, may belong here.

The sub-imago rests with the outer caudal setae divergent, the
fore legs raised, so as to prorect the tibia and tarsus, and held apart.

Choroterpes lusitanica, n. sp.

Sub-imago. Wings purplish-black throughout. Legs and set® dark piceous;
tibiae and tarsi at first reddish-pieeous.

1881.]

195

Imago, t. v. s. Oculi strongly ascalaphoid, the upper part obscurely tinged with
liver-colour ; rest of head, and the thorax, black, polished. Legs blackish-piceous,
the fore tarsi scarcely paler ; but the hinder tibiae and tarsi distinctly reddish-
piceous, the latter being rather the darker. Wings vitreous, with a somewhat
talcose gloss, the fore-wing tinged with blackish in the marginal and sub-marginal
areas, the base of the costa somewhat testaceous, and the rest of the neuration
piceous ; cross-veinlets, in the coloured areas, numerous, viz. : in marginal area,
six before, and about sixteen irregularly anastomising beyond, the nodal point ; in
sub-marginal area, three before, and nine beyond, that point. Abdomen blackish-
piceous, with pale rufescent joinings ; beneath, the last segment but one is distinctly,
and a few of the next preceding it are faintly, tinged with rufescent posteriorly.
Forceps within and towards the tips rufescent. Penis and setae blackish-piceous.

Long, corp., 3 , 10 ; al., <? , 10 ; set., 3 im., 12, sub-im., 9 and 12 mm.

Hah. : in the stream near Aldea de Neuves, Alemtejo, and near
Sao Marcos da Serra.

C— Anterior margin of the hind-wing deeply sinuated before the apex

(compare Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1871, pi. v, 2 J).

Thraulus, n. g.

Three long, sub-equal caudal setae (mutilated). Fore tibia of <$
about one and ten-thirteenths as long as the femur, the tarsus about
the same length as this last ; hind leg about one and one-twelfth as
long as the intermediate leg ; hind tarsus almost half as long as the
hind tibia ; ungues of hinder tarsi dissimilar in form and size.
Proximal joint of <$ forceps’ limb by far the longest. Nymph latent,
with seven pairs of double tracheal branchiae ; the divisions of each
of them alike in form, but those of the 1st pair filiform, simple, and
minutely hairy, whilst the divisions of each of the others are foliaceous,
oblong-ovate, fringed wTith long, simple, filiform processes. Type,
Thraulus bellus, n. sp. Distrib., Portugal (and, perhaps, W. Indies).

Thraulus bellus , n. sp.

Sub-imago. Wings pale blackish.

Imago (living). 3- Oculi fuliginose. Body blackish-piceous ; the thorax deep
black above, glossy, and with the sutures pale. Fore tarsi blackish, the hinder tibiae
and tarsi paler. Long, corp., 3,8; ? , 7 mm.

Hab. : in the stream below Cintra.

Habrophlebia, n. g.

Three long, sub-equal caudal setae, about thrice as long as the
body in both sexes. Fore tibia of £ about one and one-third as long
as the femur, the tarsus about one and a half as long as the same ;
hind leg scarcely longer than the intermediate leg ; hind tarsus about
one-fourth as long as the tibia ; ungues of hinder tarsi alike in form.

196

[February,

uncinate. Proximal joint of £ forceps’ limb sub-equal in length to
the rest put together. Nymph latent, with seven pairs of abdominal
tracheal branchiae, all nearly alike in form ; each one bifid into unequal
segments, which are divided into slender filaments. Type, H. fusca
(in Ephemera ), Curt. Syn., Leptophlebia, ser. 5, with L. Picteti, Etn.,
1871 ; also misprinted Halecophlebia (Etn., MS.), by Bostock, 1880.
Distrib., Temperate and Southern Europe. [N.B. — The citation here
given of L. Picteti is based upon recollection only.]

As I have suggested (in private correspondence) the possibility
of Dr. Joly’s Ccenis maxima nymph being the young of a Tricorythus ,
I take the opportunity of stating that (judging from specimens in a
better condition of preservation than those upon which I relied in the
first instance), it is, after all, more likely to be a real Ccenis. The
examples previously examined by me, were all of them defective.

Callib^tis, n. g.

Allied to Baetis. Two long caudal setae, in two and a half
times, in $ twice as long as the body. Fore-wing 'with several cross-
veinlets in the marginal area before the nodus, in both sexes, and with
single (if any) interneural veinlets at the terminal margin. Hind-
wing tri-nervate, with several cross-veinlets, and with the costal
shoulder very obtusely rounded off (compare Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
1871, pi. v, 27 — 29). Eore tibiae in <$ about one and one-sixth, in $
three-quarters, as long as the femur ; the tarsus in $ about as long
as, in $ about two-thirds as long as, the tibia, the 3rd joint in shorter
than the 2nd joint. Type, C. pictus (in Baetis formerly), Etn.
Distrib., North and Central America and Australia.

Baetis, Leach (restricted).

Two long caudal setae, in $ two to two and a half, in $ one and
one-fourth to two and a half, times as long as the body. Fore-wing
without cross-veinlets in the marginal area before the nodus (as a rule,
almost without an exception) in both sexes, and with interneural
veinlets in pairs at the terminal margin. Hind-wing bi-, or tri-nervate
(the intermediate nervure in the latter case sometimes forked), and,
generally speaking, destitute of cross-veinlets ; usually oblong-ovate,
with an acute costal projection, seldom ( B . atrehatinus) without any
costal shoulder at all (compare Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1871, pi. v,
16 a to 26 a). Eore tibia in £ about one and one-third times as long,
in ? the same length +he femur ; fore tarsus in B about one and a

1881. J

197

half, in $ about three-fifths, as long as the femur, the 3rd joint in £
as long as the 2nd. Nymph agile, with seven pairs of single abdominal
tracheal branchiae, all nearly alike in form, viz. : obtusely ovate or
obovate, and traversed lengthwise by a pinnately branched trachea,
irregularly subdivided. The median seta is usually about three-eighths
as long, the lateral setae about three-fourths as long as the body ; but
sometimes ( e . g ., in B. amnicusj the median seta is far more abbre-
viated. Type, B. binoculatas, L. Distrib., Europe and Egypt, Indo-
Malay region, Australia ; North, Central, and, perhaps, South America.

Some species of Callibcetis and Baetis have the front border of the
anterior wings variegated in one or in both of the sexes.

(To be continued).

DESCRIPTION OF ANOTHER NEW SPECIES OF DAMASTER.

BY GEORGE LEWIS.

I have now from the West Coast an insular species of Damaster
which is very interesting to me, as the head and thorax show considera-
ble divergence from the form usual in the genus. The insect comes
from the island of Sado, where it appears to be rare, four specimens
only being obtainable last month, and these came from the mountains
eight miles from the coast. I characterize it as :

Damaster capito, sp. n.

Nigro-violaceus , corpore vix lato, copite prothorciceque latioribus ,
validis, oculis subprominulis ; elytris granulosis , baud mucronatis.

Sab. in ins. Sado. Long. corp. 18 — 19 lin.

Head and thorax violet-black, elytra dull black ; more robust in figure than D.
pandurtis, with shorter legs, more robust tarsi, head, mandibles and thorax much
larger. The thickness of the head gives the region of the eyes a greater space, and
renders them much less prominent, viewed from above they project but little beyond
the outline of the head. The thorax is somewhat quadrate, widest in the middle,
its greatest breadth equalling its greatest length, which is 2\ lines, and the posterior
angles are more acute than in any other described species. The thorax of D. pan -
durus measures, in an average specimen, 3 5 lines in width and 4 in length ; what D.
capito loses in length it gains in breadth. Elytra granulose, the strise as usual
scarcely visible.

In speaking of the dilated tarsi in the of the northern species,
as compared to D. blaptoides, it must be observed that in D. rugipennis ,
D. viridipennis, and the present species, the tarsi are stouter in both
sexes, but the difference in the $ and $ of any one is very little, not
more than in the large southern species.

198

[February,

I have now explored North Japan as well as the time at my dis-
posal permits, and I hope next year to give attention again to the
south, beginning in Satsuma and then on to Biwa Lake. There seems
to me to be good evidence that the large island of Nipon was formerly
divided into two parts by the sea running through, where the lake now
is, and I believe the fauna of the whole of Japan can be apportioned
into that of the north and that of the south ; the line to be drawn
from coast to coast across the Biwa Lake, rather than at any other
place where the incursions of the sea at this time seem to indicate a more
natural boundary. I have just received from Cape Sova (lat. 45° 30',
the extreme north of Yezo) a $ of rugipennis, measuring ouly 13 lines,
with copper-coloured thorax instead of the ordinary green, so I am not
hopeful of getting a second species in Yezo.

Yokohama : 8th November, 1880.

NOTES ON CTJCUJID2E IN JAPAN, WITH DIAGNOSIS OF A NEW

SPECIES.

BY GEORGE LEWIS.

Cucujus Mniszechi , Fairm., is not solely indigenous to Japan, for
M. Ancey of Marseilles, has a specimen in his collection from Chefoo,
in China. The species was first sent to Europe by two Japanese in a
small collection forwarded for the Paris Exhibition of 1877, and the
specimens are now in the French National collection and in Count
Mniszech’s. It is a beautiful blue species and the largest hitherto
described, for I find that C. imperialis (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xv, p. 234)
only equals small specimens of it. I took a fine series last June, and
the first specimen measured one inch and one line, giving me a most
uncomfortable nip with its powerful mandibles when I interfered
with its liberty. It breeds in the large oaks which grow freely in the
elevated forests of central Nipon,* the imago passing the winter
under the bark. Two days since I found a lively pair.

There is a smaller species here, more common, living under bark
of various deciduous trees, such as beech and elm, occurring in early
summer and again in autumn, and ranging from Yokohama North to
South Yezo. I briefly characterize it as: —

Cucujus coccinatus, sp. n.

Elongatus , depressus, niger. Statura omnino C. bicoloris, elytris
coccineis, punctulatis, lateribus subcarinatis. L.c ., 6 — 7 lines.

Same latitude as Chefoo.

1881. J

199

Both the Japanese species have the elytral carina less elevated
than the Indian, and the punctures on the wing-cases are more distinct
in the ? than in the $ .

I have also found Brontes planatus here and in Yezo abundantly,
both under bark of various kinds and in old houses at night, running
on the rafters ; and Dendrophagus occurs in mountains very sparingly
under bark of pine and larch. 1 believe the latter species is not
distinct from D. crenatus, which, with the Brontes , is in our British
List.

Yokohama : October Zlst, 1880.

DESCRIPTIONS OP POUR NEW SPECIES OF COSSONIDJE PROM
THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

BY THE REV. T. BLACKBURN, B.A.

OODEMAS.

O. Olinda:, sp. nov.

Ovale , sat elongatum, nitidissimum, nigro-ceneum ad viridem aceedens ;
rostro elungato, apice fortiter dilatato, confertim punctato ; oculis sat magnis,
convexis ; antennis rostro capite prothoraceque vix brevioribus, funiculi arti-
culis primo et secundo elongatis subcequalibus, clava fortiter elongata ; pro-
thorace antice angustato, fortius nee confertim punctato; elytris antice confuse
punctatis, postice obscure carinatis, impunctatis, margine anteriori subelevato ,
humeris subprominulis ; pedibus in primis robustis ; subtus abdominis parte
anteriori minus fortiter punctatd. Long. mm.

In dead branches of trees near “ Olinda,” the property of S.
Alexander, Esq , on Haleakala, Maui ; named in memory of my hos-
pitable reception at that most agreeable sanatorium.

An extremely distinct species. The long rostrum and antennae
(of which latter the club measures more than half a millimetre), the
prominent eyes, the defined front margin of elytra, and their sub-
carinate hinder portion, combine to produce a facies suggestive even
of a distinct genus ; but as each of these organs presents similar
characters in a less degree in some one or other of the previously
described species of Oodemas (even the elytral peculiarities being
faintly represented in nivicola ), I think it must take its place with
them.

O. INEERNUM, sp. UOV.

Ovxtum, itidum, ceneum ad viridem aceedens, antennis rufo-testaceis,

200

[February,

pedibus piceis plus minusve rufescentibus, rostro lato,rugoso-punctato ; antennis
robustis, rostro capite prothoraceque conjunctis paulo brevioribus, funiculi
articulo secundo primo paulo longiore ; prothorace fortiter transverso, antice
fortiter angustato, parce nee fortiter pnnctato ; elytris hand striatis, seriatim
fortiter nee erebre punetatis, interstitiis paree subtilius punetatis ; subtus
abdominis parte anteriori minus fortiter punctata. Long. 4f — 5f mm.

In bark ; near the crater “ Kilauea,” on Mauna Loa, Hawaii.

The other described species whose elytra are not distinctly striated
are either of elongate form, or having the elytra of the peculiar build
which I have called “ bisinuate nivicola, the striation of whose elytra
is obscure in one sex, has totally different antennae.

O. SUBSTRICTTJM, Sp. 710V.

Ovatum, nitidum, nigro-ceneum ad viridem aecedens, antenniz rufo-testaceis,
pedibus piceis plus minusve rufescentibus ; rostro fortiter punetato rug a toque ;
antennis rostro capite prothoraceque conjunctis paulo brevioribus, funiculi
articulis primo et secundo elongatis, hoc illo paulo longiore; prothorace trans-
verso antice angustato, par cius nec fortiter punetato ; elytris a latere fortiter
bisinuatis, confuse punetatis, aliquot punctis (quae majora sunt cceteris ) seriatim
dispositis ; subtus abdominis parte anteriori parce fortiter punctata.

Long. 4|- — 5| mm.

Various localities on Haleakala, Maui, up to 4000 feet, but not
taken commonly.

I have had specimens of this insect for some time past separated
from the other species of the genus, and some doubtfully placed with
O. obscurus. The addition and examination of fresh specimens this
year have, however, led me to regard them all as appertaining to a single
somewhat variable species, some examples of which are narrower and
more elongate than others, while in some examples the punctuation
(especially on the under-side) tends to become extremely confused, and
even obscure. The distinctive features of the species appear to be,
rather long, stoutish antennae, with the basal two joints of the funiculus
elongate, the 2nd markedly more so than the 1st, and elytra con-
tracted about the middle, so that their outline is of two distinct curves.
It is allied to obscurum, but differs by its average superior size,
strongly sculptured rostrum, non-striate elytra, &c.

Of this, and the preceding species, I have examples in which the
rows of punctures run into obscure striae near the apex, according to
a (probably sexual) peculiarity of the genus, previously referred to
by me.

ANOTHEOBUS.

A. IGNAVUS, sp. nov.

JEneo-piceus, antennis pedibusque plus minusve rufescentibus ; rostro lato
capite longiore, sparsim subtiliter punctato ; antennarum funiculi articulo
secundo primo vix longiore; prothorace antice fortiter postice plus paulo con-
tracto, crebre fortiter punctato, lateribus rotundatis ; elytris subparallelis,
convexis, substriatis, striis crebre fortiter punctatis, inter stitiis crebre punc-
tatis. Long. 5^ — 6 mm.

Haleakala, Maui ; in the bark of the “ Koa” tree, at an elevation
of about 4000 feet.

Easily distinguisbed from its congener (A. montanus) by tbe
strongly rounded outline of its tborax, wbicb is much contracted
behind, and tbe sub-parallel form of its elytra, on wbicb tbe striae are
very faint, and tbe punctures in tbe striae very fine, as compared with
those of montanus.

Honolulu : November, 1880.

NOTES ON THE HAIRS OF HYMEN OPTERA.

BY EDWARD SAUNDERS, E.L.S.

I published in tbe Transactions of the Entomological Society of
London for 1878 tbe few observations I bad then made on tbe hairs of
our British Aculeate Hymenoptera. Since wbicb time I have made a
few further notes wbicb I thought might be interesting to some of tbe
readers of tbe Magazine.

I there observed that the Melliferce or pollen-collecting bees
differed from tbe other sections of tbe Order in having their hairs
branched or plumose, at least on most parts of their body. Now,
there are a few Melliferce and Eossorials, &c., wbicb have hairy eyes ;
and it occurred to me that it would be interesting to see if these very
minute hairs wbicb grow between tbe facets of the eye were also con-
formable to tbe rule observed above. I therefore compared tbe
hairs from tbe eye of LJntomognathus brevis, one of tbe fossores, with
those from tbe eye of a species of Ceelioxys , one of tbe Melliferce ; tbe
result being that tbe JEntomognatJius hairs appeared quite simple,
whereas those of Coelioxys showed evident indications of branches, see

202

i February,

fig. 1. I think this experiment is interesting, as it seems
to me that a character which is so well sustained, that it

Fig. i. exists even in the minute hairs of the eyes, ought to be
one of considerable importance.

In the same paper I also drew attention to certain hairs with
dilated apices, and sharp apical edges, which occur on the inside of
the posterior tibiae of Andrena, and, as far as I have been able to make
out, of all the Melliferce (see fig. 2) ; since then I
have discovered, on the inside of the front tibiae ' — "" ""

of Bomb us, a series of hairs, which also have Fig. 2.

sharp edges, but in these the edge is lateral, and not apical (see fig. 3).

I think there can be little doubt that both

■ — nr these forms of hairs are useful for clean-

Fig. 3. ing purposes, and that the directions of

movement in the front tibiae are such that they bring the lateral edges
of the hairs into use, whereas those of the posterior tibiae bring the
apical edges. I have only as yet found these sharp-edged hairs on
the Melliferce , and, therefore, I think it probable that they are in some
way specially adapted for the removal of the pollen-grains. A portion
of the inner side of the front tibia of a Bombus, showing all the knife-
like hairs in rows, is a most interesting object for the microscope.

Many Hymenopterists know well the scale-like hairs which clothe
the abdominal bands of some of the European species of Coelioxys , and
the thorax of Andrena squamea , &c. ; these I have examined with a
good deal of care, in order to see if I could find anything that could be
called a true scale. Those which seem to approach most nearly to it
are the scale-like hairs of Coelioxys caudata , but the scale-like appear-
ance is only caused by the very close proximity of the branches, so
that under a strong power the hair looks somewhat like a short fox’s
brush : in some the midrib is wide, and one can quite imagine that it
might become so flattened and wide, as to bear all the branches on its
dorsal surface, in which case we should get a hairy scale, but as yet
I have found nothing of the sort, except in imagination. Unfortunately,
I have very little time for microscopic study, as I am sure that
attention to the subject of hairs generally, would repay any one who
has the time and opportunity at his disposal.

Holmesdale, Upper Tooting :
4 th December, 1880.

1881.

203

ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS ORTHDZIA.

BY J. W. DOUGLAS.

In my former article (p. 172, ante) two items were left in abey-
ance ; on these I have now to offer some observations which, if not
altogether conclusive yet, appear to be desirable to record : and I add
a few remarks on other names or species in connection with the subject
of this paper.

I have not succeeded in getting access to the “ G-oetheborgska
Yetens. Handl.,” 1778, which contains Modeer’s monograph of Coccidce ,
and can, therefore, only rely on Gmelin’s synopsis of C. uva , Mod.
(Syst. Nat., 2222, 42, 1788), which is as follows :

“ C. Testa rufa, fusca, sphaerico gibbo, subflavescente. Habitat in Suecia
sub lapidibus.”

Now, as the only part of this that can possibly apply to an
Orihezia is contained in the last two words, I think that Signoret did
well to say, with respect to this species, “ Orthezia f”

In the Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Paris, iff, 285 — 290
(1825), is an article entitled: “ Description d’une nouvelle espece de
Dorthesia existante aux environs de Paris : par M. Arsenne Thiebaut
de Berneaud, Secretaire perpetuel.”

After giving the account of O. characias already cited from the
“ Journal de Physique,” the author, at p. 290, continues with respect
to his new species Dorthesia Delavauxii :

“ II vit sur la face inferieure des feuilles de la germandree sauvage ( Teucrium
scorodonia). Ses moeurs, ses habitudes et ses niues sont les memes que dans l’espece
dite characias. La tete, dans l’un et l’autre sexe, est visible, et armee d’un trornpe
d’un brun roussatre, a la naissance de laquelle on apergoit, a la loupe, des yeux bien
distincts. Les antennes du male, plus longues que le corps, sont composees de neuf
articles ; celles de la femelle, qui sont tres-courtes, n’en presentent que cinq. L’ab-
domen n’est point strie, mais decoupe et comme frange. Le male a en tout 7 milli-
metres (3 lignes) de long ; ses ailes se relevent a leur extremite et depassent d’un
tiers la longueur du corps. La femelle est ovo’ide et n’a que 5 millimetres (2 lignes);
elle est aptere et ne prend point, comme la cochinelle, la forme d’une galle apres
la ponte.

“ Sur les feuilles de Teucrium scorodonia, j’ai vu en meme temps la femelle du
Dorthesia Delavauxii, les premieres enveloppes de la larve et l’insecte nu qui est
d’une couleur carmin. J’ai cru y voir aussi la depouille de la larve d’une coccinelle
hexapode,* couverte d’une poussiere blanchatre, qui s’insinue dans le sac ovifere de
» **-~»£,Ue> sans lui occasioner de mal, pour y devorer sa progeniture. En deux on
not be dinjc ffQ iarYe a termine sa curee, elle sort du sac et va chercher ailleurs

and so determine tu.

8, Beaufort Gardens, LewisfiaSfymnu* tec‘ Burmeister.— J. W. D.

January §th, 1881. 1

204

[ February,

“ Pour completer l’histoire du Dorthesia Delavauxii, j’en donne ici la figure
dessin6e par notre habile confrere M. Theodore Descourtilz. Nous y sornmes entres
dans les details que ne presentent nullement ni les deux figures qui accompagnent
les articles consacres au Dorthesia characias dans le journal du celebre abbe Rozier,
ni celle publi6e par Degeer (Mem., vii, pi. 44, fig. 26),* et represen tant le Coccus
farinosus, espece de Dorthesia que Modeer a recueillie sur les feuilles seches du sapin,
et qui, mieux observee, fera la troisieme espece du genre dont je viens de rous
entretenir.”

In the figures of the <$ the antennae and wings are not represented
of the length described ; the head has two projecting lamellae, and the
anterior part of the stout body only has, apparently, large tufts or
lamellae, the sides having four striae, which may be intended to repre-
sent longitudinal lamellae, for there appear to be posteriorly recurved,
conjoined lamellations. The head is both described and figured as
having a long rostrum. The ? is figured as an oval sac without any
imbrication, dorsal or lateral, except anteriorly, and the antennae are
described as having but five joints.

Altogether this insect is an enigma, wrhich Signoret has not at-
tempted to solve, and although he places it as synonymous with 0.
urticoe , some only of the characters are problematically in accordance
with this species, while the existence of a long rostrum in the <^,
which is both described and figured, goes to show that the insect is no
Orthezia , nor any other of the Coccina.

Orthezia dispar, Kaltenbach, was never described, so far as I can
ascertain; it is given thus by Kaltenbach in “Die Pflanzenfeinde,”
p. 486 (1874) : “ Dorthesia dispar ? = urticce, Brm.” It is, therefore,
merely a superfluous name.

In the “Natural History Transactions of Northumberland and
Durham,” iv, 370 (1872), the late Mr. T. J. Bold has the following
note : —

“ Dorthesia characias, Latr., West. Intro., vol. i, frontispiece, fig. 8, J ; vol. ii,
445, fig. 118,20, £ (_D. cataphractd) . The female of this curious creature was taken
in Cold Martin Moss, Wooler, by Mr. Hardy. I once had a bunch of the culms of
grass brought to me which had attached to them what might be the egg-bundles of
this insect ; they were silky-white, about the size and shape of a stout grain of rye,
and full of pink-coloured eggs.”

Now, it is erroneous to attribute characias to Latreille, and also
to state that cataphracta is the female of that species ; further, it is
very doubtful if the “ egg-bundles ” were produced by a Dorthesia *jj
for it is not recorded by any observer that any egg-bag of tb’

* This “ fig. 26 ” (erroneously printed “ fig. 6 ” at p. 174 ante) represe”' jj

De Geer described and figured as a new species communicated to blV O

is a widely different creature described and figured by De Gee*-
1776;, and referred by Signoret op. cit., p. 319, to Goa^yn^- — —

205

is§;

ever becomes detached. On the contrary, it has been noticed by more
than one person (with respect to 0. urticce ) that the young ones are
hatched within the marsupium, which is in reality part of the body of
the mother, and that they remain there for some time afterwards.
Bather, these “ egg-bundles ” seem to resemble the “ silky-white ” ones
which, on the same page, Mr. Bold ambiguously attributes to Coccus
vitis, Linn., although they were found on a gooseberry bush in the
open air, and only near a vinery.

In his report on the Insecta of the Arctic Expedition of the
“Alert” and “Discovery,” in the years 1875 — 76 (Linnean Society’s
Journal — Zoology, xiv, 118), Mr. McLachlan has this note: “From
Disco Mr. Hart brought several examples of the $ of Dorthesia chiton ,
Zett., already recorded from Greenland.” This refers to Zetterstedt’s
statement respecting his D. chiton (Ins. Lap., p. 314) — “Varietas
antennis pedibusque fusco-testeceis, mihi e Groenlandia benevolentia
D. Westermanni quoque communicata.”

In the “ Mittheilungen der schw. ent. Gesells.,” vi, 6 (1880), Dr.
G. Haller has an article entitled, “ Deber die Larve eines noch unbes-
chriebenen Orthezia-ahnlichen Thieres.” The author says that at
Leissigen (Lake of Thun) in the moss on old fruit trees, he again and
again has found Orthezia larvae of two forms, one of which he identifies
with O. urticce , as described and figured by Signoret, the other similar
but differing in several respects. The more essential points of diver-
gence are : — the antennae, which have apparently only four joints, yet
the last and longest has indistinct indications of several flagellate
articulations blended together (mehreren verschmolzenen Geisselglied-
ern) : — the legs thickly set with many small tubercles (dicht von
sehr zahlreichen Hockerchen besetzt) : — and the character and form
of the particles of the calcareous secretion on the body. The young
larva-state only is noticed, but the author deems its specific characters
so marked that, anticipating the discovery of the perfect form will
jnfirm his opinion that it will prove to be a distinct species, he pro-
poses it should bear the name of Orthezia Signoreti , being evidently
unaware that Dr. F. Buchanan White had appropriated the name.
It would be curious if, after all, the species in both cases proved to be
the same ; but with the particulars of the young larva-state only before
ns .it is scarcely possible to say what the insect really is : yet it should
not be din/iuit to obtain in loco some examples in the mature form,
and so determine ihe matter.

8, Beaufort Gardena, Lewishailr...

January 8 th, 1881.

200

[ Februt^.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF DOLERUS FROM SCOTLAND.

BY P. CAMERON.

Dolerus scoticus, n. sp.

Black ; the four anterior knees and apex of tibiae reddish, the red on the middle
legs being more obscure than on the front pair. Head, thorax, and apex of abdomen
covered with a long white pubescence. Head, pleurae, and mesonotum distinctly
punctured all over. Antennae nearly as long as the abdomen, scarcely attenuated at
the apex. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma black, the latter pale on the under-side.
Tegulae red. $ . Length, scarcely 4 lines.

Agrees with D. puncticollis, Thoms., in the punctured mesonotum,
but the puncturation is much more distinct, the body is shorter, the
antennae longer, the abdomen more inflated, the marginal nervure is
received further from the 2nd submarginal, the hind legs are entirely
black, and the tegulae red.

Taken at Braemar by Dr. Sharp in June.

Glasgow : 10 th January , 1881.

Dimorphism of female Blepharoceridce. — Since the publication of my article on
this subject (p. 130 of this vol.), I received from Dr. F. Muller a very pleasant
letter in reply. He says that there can be no doubt about the sex of those females,
because they show distinct receptacula seminis and eggs ; he adds that his paper,
containing a detailed description of his observations, will be soon forthcoming.
Dr. Muller’s discovery thus involves three facts, new to the student of Blepharoceridce :
1, that male and female do not always have the head and the front of the same
structure ; 2, that some species may have two forms of females ; 3, that one of these
forms has the organs of the mouth built upon a plan different from the type hitherto
described as peculiar to the female. It remains now to be seen, whether some of
the European species will not give occasion for similar observations ? Dr. Muller
adds to his letter a photographic copy of the beautifully-executed plate which will
be added to his paper. — C. R. Osten-Sacken, Heidelberg : January , 1881.

Habits of Bombylius (See ante , p. 161). — The December number of the

“American Entomologist” gives further details about the preying of the larva of

Bombylius on locust-eggs. The species of the fly was ascertained by breeding, nearly

at the same time, by Mr. Lemmon in California, and by the able Editor of the Am.

Ent., Mr. C. V. Riley. Two genera were obtained by Mr. Riley : Systoechus, a

genus also represented in Europe, and occurring principally in dry plains ; and

Triodites (O. S., Western Dipt.), belonging to the group Lomatina. It must be

borne in mind, however, that the larvae of Bombylius (in the narrower sense) live in

the cells of different bees (. Andrena , Colletes, Ualictus ), as has been ascertained v

the direct observations of MacLeay (Ann. N. H, 1838), Morelet (Bui1

1845, p. xxiv), Schmidt Goebel (Stett. Ent. Z., 1876, p. 392' , _ .

and T. A. Chapman

(Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xiv, 1878, p. 196). What re^

. ... .mains to be ascertained now, are

the early stages of those larvae, which, asV! — , ,

..xr. Rilev very acutely remarks (t. c., p.

1881. J

207

282), very probably are “much more active than in the later stages and of a some-
what different structure.” This results from the fact that the fly performs the act
of oviposition in the open air, that is, some distance from the underground-nest of
the bee ; this act was closely observed by Dr. Chapman ; but we have also earlier
observations, the earliest being that of Gilbert White (Nat. Hist, of Selborne) :
“ The female (he says) seems to lay its eggs as it poises on its wings, by striking its
tail on the ground and against the grass that stands in its way, in a quick manner,
for several times together.” A similar observation was made by Frauenfeld on the
oviposition of Lomatia (Yerh. Z.-B. G-es., 1864, p. 688). The statements of
Zetterstedt (Ins. Lapp., p. 520) and Zeller (Isis, 1840, p. 25), on the oviposition of
Anthrax differ in the fact that both observers saw the fly insert the end of the
abdomen in the soil. — Id.

List of Muscidce Caly pierce taTcen in a greenhouse. — During the month of
August one of my greenhouses was entirely taken possession of by an immense
swarm of wasps and flies, which devoured almost every grape in it. Perhaps a list
of the flies may not be without interest. 1, Sarcophaga carnaria, common ;
2, Mesembrina meridiana, abundant ; 3, Musca vomitoria, abundant ; 4, M.
erythrocephala, common ; 5, M. Ccesar, abundant ; 6, M. azurea , rare ; 7, M.
domestica, abundant ; 8, Pollenia rudis, abundant ; 9, P. nitens, common ; 10, P.
corvina, common ; 11, P. sepulchralis, common ; 12, Cyrtoneura stabulans, common ;
13, Myospila meditabunda , very rare ; 14, Morellia hortorum, rare ; 15, M. simplex,
common ; 16, M. curvipes, very rare ; 17, Polietes lardaria, abundant ; 18, P.
albolineata, abundant; 19, Ryetodissa errans, abundant; 20, R. erratica , common;
21, R. lucorum, abundant; 22, R. signata, rare; 23, R. umbratica, abundant; 24,
Rydrophoria anthomyia, rare ; 25, My dm a angelicas, common ; 26, Spilogaster
quadrum, rare ; 27, Rylemyia strigosa, abundant ; 28, R. variata, common ; 29,
Romalomyia canicularis, abundant ; 30, R. maniculata, abundant ; 31, R. mutica,
common; 32, Chortophila rotundicornis,rexe ; 33, C. angustifrons,ra.re-, 34, Coenosia
pacifica, common ; 35, C. tigrina, rare ; 36, Mycophaga fungorum, rare. — C. W.
Dale, Glanvilles Wootton : Dec. 2nd, 1880.

Recent captures of Coleoptera in the Forest of Dean. — Cychrus rostratus and
Scydmcenus Sparshalli in the refuse collected about stumps ; Calosoma inquisitor
and Silpha 4- punctata , ascending and descending trunks in early summer ; on one
occasion after a heavy shower the former insect was common under the oaks ;
Dromius agilis, two or three while hibernating ; Pterostichus oblongopunctatus
and Choleva angustata, under stones; Acupalpus exiguus ( var . luridus), Brady-
cellus harpalinus, and Lathrobium terminatum, freely in a swampy piece of land ;
Dinarda McerTceli, in nests of Formica rufa; Fusphalerum primulce, in spring
flowers ; Megacronus cingulatus, under a log ; Prionus coriarius, on stumps and
paths ; Ptinus subpilosus, on decaying oak ; Trypodendron domesticum , very
common on and in a sound beech stump, and also running on freshly felled timber ;
Cassida equestris, swarming on spear-mint in September ; Carabus arvensis, Flater
pomorum, and traces of Strangalia 4-fasciata, in rotten wood ; Ips 4- guttata , in
strong-smelling semifluid fungus attacking oak stumps ; Ips 4- punctata , in profusion ;
Quedius lateralis and Philonthus addendus (?), in fresh stump-fungus, in numbers;

208

February,

Quedius cruentus, Leistotrophus murinus, Philonthus puella, Necrophorus mortuorum ,
Sister succicola and Omosita depressa, in the same, when stale; Priobium castaneum,
Acalles ptinoides, A. turbatus, Ccenopsis Waltoni , Rhinosimus ruficollis, and R.
viridipennis, on holly trunks ; Agathidium nigripenne , Ditoma crenata , Rhizophagus
cribratus, and R. politus, under bark ; Epurcea decern- guttata, Cryptarcha strigata,
and C. imperialis, at exuding sap ; Aphodius nitidulus, A. conspurcatus, A.
obliteratus, A. depressus commonly, A. sticticus (1 example), and Geotrupes mutator ,
in horse and sheep droppings; Corymbites pectinicornis, A. cupreus, and the var.
ceruginosus, C. metallicus, C. bipustulatus, Sericosomus brunneus, and Campylus
linearis , flying in the sunshine or at rest on Pteris aquilina; Radister sodalis,
Oxypoda soror, Megacronus analis, Lithocharis brunnea, Bythinus Curtisi, Cephen-
nium thoracicum, Agathidium atrum, A. seminulum, Strophosomus retusus, Sitones
cambricus, Barynotus mcerens, and Mniophila muscorum, by shaking moss ; Elmis
Volkmari, E. parallelipipedus, Telephorus alpinus, T. translucidus, Phytobius
4-tuberculatus, Orobitis cyaneus, Orchestes ilicis, Rhynchites cupreus, R. pubescens,
Liosomus ovatulus (var. collaris ), Polydrusus micans, Clythra 4>-punctata, Lamp-
rosoma concolor, Cryptocephalus morcei, Chrysomelavarians, C. didymata, Gonioctena
pallida, Pachyta 8-maculata, by sweeping. — A. E. Hodgson, Coleford, Gloucester :
January, 1881.

Ocyusa picina in Warwickshire. — By stripping the folds of Typha latifolia
growing in a boggy place not far from Birmingham, I recently captured several
specimens of the rare Ocyusa picina, Aub. In its company were a few O. maura,
great numbers of Anchomenus puellus, and three or four Baris T-album, as well as
lots of commoner Coleoptera. The severe weather has put a stop to out-door ento-
mologizing for a time, but, as soon as the frost ceases, I purpose searching for more
O. picina, with the view of supplying any of my correspondents who may be in
want of the species. — W. G-. Blatch, Green Lane, Smallheath, Birmingham :
January 15 th, 1881.

Plegaderus dissectus in Warwickshire. — On the 21st June last a single specimen
of Plegaderus dissectus occurred to me whilst searching for Eiphyllus lunatus
amongst a fine crop of Sypoxylon concentricum, which had sprung out of the de-
caying trunk of a fallen ash tree in this neighbourhood. Under the bark of the
same log I found Ptinella angustula and Euplectus nigricans, the latter being
noteworthy, inasmuch, as until then I had never found E. nigricans except under
oak bark. — Id.

Extraordinary vitality of Otiorhynchus ambiguus. — During a visit to the Isle
of Wight in May last, I captured a number of specimens of Otiorhynchus ambiguus,
which I placed in laurel until my return home. I carded the majority of them early
in June ; but finding fourteen specimens still alive, I put them in fresh laurel in a
stoppered glass jar, where they remained until to-day. On taking them out to set
them this evening, I was surprised to find that two individuals were still alive, after
nearly eight months’ close confinement in the poisonous laurel ! The fact seems to
me sufficiently extraordinary to deserve record. — Id. : January 18 th, 1881.

1881.]

209

Notes from Japan. — I have now returned overland to Yokohama from Awomori,
500 miles, having got a new Chlcenius allied to Noguchii, a Bembidium near
articulatum, and a single Miscodera, very nice, but not quite perfect. I have now
done north Japan (getting 680 species new to me), and intend to travel south before
January, and work north to the Biwa Lake as spring and summer advance. This
year I started northward in the beginning of June, and the Longicornia came out in
full burst to welcome me until I reached the most northern point, 650 miles from
Yokohama, in mid August. I have got all my collection here safe and am packing
it for England, for it is a veritable white elephant to me now. The bears troubled
me much in the north, for they frightened the collectors, being vei’y numerous this
autumn, and came down to the houses for grapes, as food in the hills became scarce.
I have only one of Carabus Gehini, the finest here, something between Damaster
and C. auratus. Buchirus and Dicranocephalus do not turn up. — G-eorge Lewis,
Yokohama : November 3rd, 1880.

Observations on Vanessa in Japan. — In July and August, I observed in South
Yezo specimens of JPieris cratcegi, Vanessa Antiopa, Io, cardui, and urticce ; and it
may interest English entomologists to hear of these insects in J apan. They are all
hardy species, but if they flourish even intermittently between this and western
Europe, they must at times be liable to many changes of climate and conditions of life,
and the larvse must, I think, feed on different species of allied plants. V. Io occurs in
Japan as far south as Nambu, but both there and in Yezo there is a nettle which is
very irritating to the hand when touched, and if this plant grew further south I
should expect to find Io with it. But in looking at Antiopa, it may be said its food-
plant is found down to the south of the Archipelago, yet it does not pass thither, so
evidently the climate or some other cause checks it. I have seen Antiopa twice in
England, the last time when a few years since (1872) so many captures were
recorded in the Ent. Mo. Mag., and I think these periodical appearances merely
exhibit the ordinary method in which many Lepidoptera distribute themselves
when in superabundance in one locality ; and, were there no special cause prevent-
ing it, Antiopa would establish itself permanently in England : each one of these
flights is an effort to do so. Butterflies fly long distances, and merely ci’ossing the
channel from France or Grermany is easily accomplished by any butterfly of Vanessa -
power, and their flight is after all often mere resting on the wind. I have seen
specimens of Papilio at sea, an hour before land was visible, in fine condition and so
vigorous that when approached for capture they have fluttered away and gone off
oceanwards, where of course they are finally lost. Now in Japan I have found
species occupying a limited area, from there being other animals at hand ready to
prey on them. An instance of this is noticeable here, for there is a total absence
of the Magpie, which at Shanghai and other places in China is so abundant
that any visitor of a few days must notice it, as it is there not in dozens but
hundreds, forming quite a feature in the landscape. The cause of their absence
here is, I think, the large crow (Corvus japonicus) which would destroy their eggs or
devour their young, for the latter species plunders everywhere. A short time since
a crow took a candle out of the lantern of my Jinrikisha, while I was eating my
lunch within a yard of it, and a friend of mine in Osaka has had quail stolen from
the frying pan by the same bird. Perhaps the cause of Antiopa not establishing

210

[ February,

itself in England may be a parallel ease to this, the house sparrow, or some other
bird, may be fond of the conspicuous larvae ; for I do not think it is cut off by
climatic causes from our island on account of having reached the limit of its
distribution, and the food plant we know is there.

Of the winter of Hakodate I have made some notes elsewhere, and will merely
remark that although it is much more severe than any weather ever felt in England,
snow remains on the land three or four feet in thickness for two or three months,
which protects both vegetation and animal life. Last spring near Fujiyama I took
some snow off a mossy log, and putting my hand into the rotten wood felt it quite
warm and drew out some half-dozen Carabi which had comfortably passed the
winter there. — Id. : October, 1880.

Description of the larva of Euclidia glyphica. — On J uly 2nd, 1878, I received
a good supply of eggs, together with the parent moth, of this species from Mr. Blackall,
of Folkestone. The eggs were globular, and distinctly ribbed from the summit to
the base : when first deposited they were bright pea-green, hut soon changed to dull
green, with, on the crown, a large brown blotch, and below this blotch a ring of the
same colour. They began to hatch on the 10th of the same month, but the young
larvee were not all out before the 13th.

The newly-emerged caterpillar looks large for the size of the egg, being about
three-sixteenths of an inch long, is very lively, and when walking arches its back
like that of a Geometer. Colour a dingy semi-transparent pale green, barred with
dark brown, or nearly black ; head pale wainscot-brown and polished ; and there are
rather long hairs scattered over the body.

They fed up well and rapidly on both the white and red species of clover, and
when from an inch to an inch and a quarter in length, I described them as follows : —

Long and slender for the size of the moth ; body evenly rounded above,
flattened below, tapering a little at the extremities ; the head has the lobes rounded,
and is a little wider than the second segment ; skin smooth but not polished ; seg-
mental divisions well defined; the anal prolegs extended beyond the fold, and
forming a distinct angle. By this time they have lost the true looper style of
walking, but are still half-loopers, having no prolegs on segments 7, 8, 11 and 12.
The ground colour varies from pale salmon to dull pink, some specimens having a
strong yellowish tinge ; a distinct double yellow line, enclosing another very fine
still paler line, forms the dorsal stripe ; the anterior point of the pale line on the
crown of the head forms the apex of a triangular mark, the base of which is over the
mandibles ; the rest of the head is very dark brown ; the sub-dorsal lines are dull
bluish, bordered with smoke-colour, and enclose fine pale greyish lines ; below the
spiracular stripe is another irregular greyish line ; and below this, but above the spira-
cles, is another line of pale bluish, edged with smoke-colour ; the spiracular stripes are
yellow, rust colour, or pink, in different specimens. The colours, indeed, vary con-
siderably in different examples, in some the blue side-stripes being scarcely dis-
cernible ; spiracles black, as are also the tubercular dots, which, though small, can
be distinctly seen with a lens. Yentral surface dull dark smoky-purple, with two
yellow central lines.

Most of the larvse were full grown by August 7th. Length, an inch and three-
quarters, and the salmon and pink colours of the younger specimens altogether lost.

1881.]

211

The ground is now of various shades of ochreous-yellow, the darker specimens
having a strong rust tinge along the sides ; head of various shades of brown, in some
being of a dark sienna colour ; in all there is the pale yellow front triangular mark
so noticeable in the earlier stage, and there is also another distinct streak of yellow
on the side of each lobe ; a brown stripe enclosing a very fine yellow line, and
broadly edged outwardly with yellow, forms the dorsal stripe ; a double smoke-
coloured line composes the sub-dorsal stripe, and between it and the dorsal stripe
are two other irregular yellow lines ; above the spiracles is a yellow line edged on
each side with smoke-colour, and between it and the sub-dorsal stripe another
irregular yellow line ; spiracles and tubercular dots black.

Ventral surface of various shades of dull ochreous, with two greyish central
lines ; a black mark on the 7th and 8th segments ; and a smoke-coloured stripe
below the spiracles.

Feeds during the night ; in the day-time remains extended at full length, flat
along the stalks of the food-plant.

The cocoon is composed of bits of the food-plant, firmly knitted together with
very closely woven silk ; in a state of nature, however, it would probaby be on the
ground. The pupa is about five-eighths of an inch long, and of the ordinary shape,
though rather blunt and dumpy ; colour deep purplish-brown, with the abdominal
divisions and spiracles still darker ; it is powdered over with a very pretty violet
bloom, though more so on the head, thorax, and wing-cases, than elsewhere.

From these larvae I reared a long and beautiful series of imagos the following
June. — GI-eo. T. Pobritt, Highroyd House, Huddersfield : January 8th, 1881.

Sow to find the larva of Triphcena subsequa. — January and early February, if
mild in the season, to sweep for the larvae of T. subsequa. It feeds at night but is
out on the blades and stems of grass in the afternoons, stretched at full length ; it
frequents dry sandy banks, especially where dense beds of Dactylis glomerata appear,
I think it is entirely a grass feeder in its natural state, though it will eat other herbage
in confinement, at least, I have never found it feeding on anything else but D.
glomerata and Triticum repens. — H. Williams, Croxton Vicarage, Thetford :
December 2.8th, 1880.

[These notes are additional to those published by Mr. Williams in this
Magazine, vol. xiii, p. 210. — Eds.]

Remarks on monogamy, or the contrary, in Insects. — The remarks of Messrs.
Douglas and Butler, ante pp. 114, 133, have brought to my mind two circumstances
that may be of some little interest.

When at Norwich some years ago, I had the curiosity one day to examine the
little bunches of dead hawthorn leaves, so common in closely clipped quickset hedges
in the winter. To my surprise I found almost every bunch held together and
fastened down to the twigs by a cocoon of the Vapourer (O. antiqua ), and in nearly
every case the cocoon was that of a female — evidenced by the batch of eggs spread
regularly over it. It then occurred to me as a possible explanation, that the female
larva must seek by preference a more sheltered or protected situation than that of
the male. This may sometimes cause an apparent inequality in numbers between
the sexes in the larva-state, certainly it would help to account for the difficulty of
finding the female moth.

212

[February,

My other observation refers to the delicate subject of monogamy v. polygamy
among insects. Mr. Butler’s instance is hai’dly to the point, as his female proved
sterile, and previous observations — as in the case of Peridea trepida, have shown
that sterility may be the cause (or consequence) of repeated, and of course imperfect,
union. But some years ago I had a lot of moths from silkworms ( Bombyx mori)
that the children had been rearing, and it occurred to me to subject them to a series
of experiments. The result was that I found that each perfect male mated four,
five, or even six times in the course of its short life, and the females each four or
five times, and in all cases, even those of old males mated with recently emerged
females, the eggs proved fertile. The rule appeared to be that union took place
before the deposition of each separate hatch of eggs.

I am fully prepared to admit that the habits of a moth reduced to so abnormal
a state as to have lost the power of flight by domestication, cannot be held to be
illustrative of those of species in a natui’al state, but I also think that such a creature
possesses only an exaggeration of the habit and capabilities of the species when at
large, and that there is little danger of female insects in a state of nature remaining
sterile through the casual circumstance of a diminished proportion of males. —
Charles G-. Barrett, Pembroke : December 9 th, 1880.

Notes on Symenoptera near Worcester in 1880 — Notwithstanding that the
spring came in early and fine, the solitary Aculeata were very few in both species
and individuals, and continued so throughout the year. Even Bombi and Apathi
were much scarcer than in 1879; but Vespa vulgaris, V. germanica, and V.
sylvestris were about as common as usual.

The galls of some species of Cynipides were commoner than in any year since
1876; e. g., Dryophanta folii, D. divisa, and D. longiventris : the last more
numerous than I ever before witnessed. Dalis of Biorhiza renum, which I vainly
sought for since 1876, were again found.

The year seemed to be very favourable to some of the Tenthredinidce. Among
the species that turned up in the imago state in unusual numbers I may mention
Tenthredo mesomela, Tenthredopsis nassata, and Taxonus glabraius. Among larvae,
Hemichroa alni and Croesus septentrionalis were strikingly plentiful on all their food-
plants. Nematus ribesii, larva and imago, was most abundant. When walking among
some market gardens at the end of July, I noticed hundreds of gooseberry bushes
standing bare of leaves, and presenting a most desolate sight. — J. E. Fletcher,
Happy Land, Worcester: November, 1880.

Notes from Guatemala. — Since my last notes from San Greronimo, I have twice
visited the Polochic Valley, working down to the lake of Isabal ; travelled over a great
deal of the Alta, or northern part of Vera Paz, visiting Cahabon, Lanquin, Bio
Chicoy, the Poban District, the Sinanja Valley, Senahu, and nearly to the depart-
ment of Peten. At the end of July I started for Los Altos and the Pacific slopes,
travelling from San Glerdnimo, by way of Babinal, Cubulco, Joyabaj, and Quiche.
I spent about a fortnight in the mountains of Sotonicajan, working up to nearly
11,000 ft. : then went to Quezaltenango, and from thence to the Pacific slopes of the
volcano Zunil and Santa Maria, gradually working lower, till at last I arrived within

1881.]

213

five leagues of the sea ; being so near to the coast, I thought I would pay a hurried
visit to Champerico, in spite of the terrific heat. I should like to send particulars
of the fauna of the places visited, but have not sufficient spare time now.

I have met with varying success. In the pine forests of the very high elevations
I found many genera, as at home : — Bpurcea, Temnochila, Astinomus, Sylastes ,
Hylurgus, Tomicus, Clerus, Rhizophagus , Phloeopora , Xantholinus , Helops, Bem-
bidium, Amara, Hydnobius ? (a black species in moss, at 10,800 ft.), Otiorhynchus,
Oeotrupes, Aphodius ; small Brachelytra and many others, including some Hetero-
mera allied to Zopherus and Sepidium ; a small black and yellow day-flying Bombycid
moth occurs in vast profusion at the highest places visited on the Cordillera. Here,
on the coast, in two days’ work, I have found, in addition to some interesting Hymeno-
ptera , some few Cicindelidce, small Carabidce, Heteromera, &c. ; the Carabidce include
such genera as Harpalus, Amara , Metabletus , Blechrus , Lebia, Tachys, Bembidium
and the like ; the Heteromera, divers Anthicidce (Anthicus and Mecy notar sus) ,
Crypticus, Heliopathes, Phaleria (two or three species, one nearly allied to, if not
identical with, our own cadaverina ), Cistela, &c. There are a few small Brach-
elytra, a small Plater (Drasterius) , an Ischnomera (very similar to our own melanura,
but smaller), a Saprinus, Galeruca, Psammodius, and some few others — all very
similar to the species of our own coasts, but averaging smaller in size. I look in vain
for representatives of Broscus or Philonthus xantholoma. In the Hemiptera I find
a few small Pentatomidae, a Geocoris, Ophthalmicus, a small Capsus or two, a Cora-
nus, Naucoris, &c. In Lepidoptera, a very minute Lyccena, common amongst
Salieornia ?, a Heliothis, and a few others. In Neuroptera, only a few Libellulidce,
of species common in the interior. — Gteo. C. Champion, Puerto de Champerico,
G-uatemala : October 31 st, 1880.

©bihtarg.

Jacob Boll was born at Wurenlos in Switzerland, in 1828. After he had
prosecuted his studies at Jena in G-ermany, he settled at Bremgarten in Switzerland
as an apothecary. He was enthusiastically fond of natural science, especially
Entomology and Botany, and devoted to these pursuits all his spare time.

He and Heinrich Frey first met in 1849 or 1850, at the house of Bremi- Wolff
in Zurich, and they soon became firm friends. “ Boll ” says Frey, “ was a horn-
collector, with a wonderful quick eye.”

For many years Professor Frey met Boll repeatedly and they made excursions
together. Boll’s parents and an elder brother had emigrated to the United States
and were settled in Texas, Jacob Boll had often talked of following them thither,
and in 1869 he sold his business at Bremgarten and went to Texas.

After collecting there for 18 months, he was returning to Switzerland, when he
met with Professor Agassiz at Cambridge, Massachusetts, who purchased from him
his entire collection and promised to obtain for him employment at the Natural
History Museum of Harvard College.

However, Boll returned first to Switzerland, and there family circumstances
detained him for some time, Agassiz in the mean while still expected Boll’s return
to Cambridge, and the situation was kept open for him.

214

[February,

At last the cause of Boll’s detention in Switzerland was at an end, and he was
preparing to return to Agassiz, when a telegram announced the death of the latter,
and that opening of a career for Boll was unfortunately closed.

Boll then returned to Texas and settled at Dallas, where for many years he
collected insects most industriously, and, as we can speak from experience, he
enriched the collections of Micro-Lepidopterists with long series of beautifully set
bred specimens of North American Micros.

Latterly his attention had been more turned to geological and archaeological
researches, but we have lately heard that he had hoped to obtain the recognised
position of State-Entomologist of Texas.

Early in September last, he started on an exploring expedition to the western
part of Texas, there he was taken ill, and far from all medical assistance he died on
the 29th September.

Achille Gruenee — born at Chartres, January 1st, 1809, died at Chateaudun,
December 30th, 1880 — was, like his colleague Dr. Boisduval (who died precisely
twelve months previously) , one of the most distinguished Lepidopterists of France.

He received his education at the “ college ” of Chartres, being one of the most
promising pupils there. In early childhood he showed a taste for Entomology, and,
when quite a boy, he knew no greater pleasure than the pursuit of the butterflies
which frequented the neighbourhood of Chartres.

As years passed on, he soon applied himself more seriously to the study of his
favourite Order of insects — the Lepidoptera, incited thereto by the good advice of
his older friend, Mons. Francois de Yilliers ; in conjunction with whom, at a later
date (1835), he brought out a thin quarto volume (“Tableaux synoptiques des
Lepidopteres d’ Europe ”).

At the close of his college career, he went to Paris to study law ; the dry at-
tractions of which had no effect in cooling his passion for Entomology, which
derived fresh fuel from the sight of the collections at Paris, and the society of the
numerous Entomologists who resided in the capital.

On his marriage in 1833, he quitted Paris and settled himself at Chateaudun,
where he resided till 1846. He then returned to Paris to superintend the education
of his son. It was at this period that, being in constant intercourse with Dr. Bois-
duval, he began to write the first volume of his Noctuelites, which was not published
till 1852. It was during this interval that he received “un coup cent fois plus cruel”
noticed in the preface to the Noctuelites, p. xxiii — the loss of his only son, who
already gave great promise of future excellence.

This led to his quitting Paris abruptly — he returned to Chartres ; there he
could recall and apply his own words, addressed to the Societe Entomologique de
France, February 14th, 1849, when speaking of the benefits to be derived from
Entomology — “ Pensons,” said he, “ aux blessures de coeur qu’elle a gueries, aux
“ illusions pretes a s’envoler qu’elle a retenues, aux mecomptes dont elle a console,
“ aux chagrins legitimes dont elle a adouci l’amertume, aux joies tranquilles dont
“ elle seme la vie. Soyons tiers du bonheur qu’elle donne au pauvre comme au riche,
“ a l’homme que le travail a fatigue, comme ti celui que l’oisivete tourmentait,” &c.

Again, however, he was destined to experience the pleasures appertaining to a
father ; two daughters were successively born, and, accompanied by his wife and

1881.]

215

daughters, he went to reside at Cl.ateaudun, and at his country seat, “Les Chatelliers,”
in the neighbourhood. It was there, that in 1857, we had the pleasure of seeing
him. It was but seldom that he quitted the country for Paris ; but, by a strange
coincidence, on the occasion of our very last visit to Paris, in March, 1872, we met
Ghien6e there — we were never to meet again.

Gruenee leaves a widow, two danghters (who are married), and three little
grandsons. Let us hope that one of those grandsons may develop the tastes of his
grandfather, and become a shining Entomological light in the next century.

The career of Gruenee as an Entomological writer commenced in 1833, with a
notice of the habits of the larva of Nonagria paludicola ( var . geminipuncta) in the
“Annales” of the French Entomological Society, vol. ii, pp. 447 — 453.

This was followed by several similar short notices, and, from 1837 to 1841, he
wrote a series of papers on Noctuce, including an Essay on the Classification of the
Noctuce ; these appeared in the “Annales” of 1837, 1838, 1839, and 1841. These
papers may be looked upon as the preparatory steps to his larger work on the
Noctuce, which appeared some years later. It* was probably during this period that
he furnished some of the descriptions of larvae which appeared in Duponchel’s
“ Iconographie des Chenilles.”

In the French “Annales ” for 1845, he published an Essay on the Classification
of Micro- Lepidoptera, with a Catalogue of the European species. This paper
(though without the interesting introductory chapter which occurs in the “Annales”)
was also published in a separate form under the title of “ Europaeorum Miero-
Lepidopterorum Index Methodicus.” This “ Index ” goes systematically through
the Tortricina and Crambina (many new species being briefly described in Latin) ;
but of the Tineina only the Plutellidce and a portion of the Eyponomeutidoe were
given.

No doubt the author had intended (as he calls this “ Pars Prima, sistens
Tortrices, Pbycidas, Crambidas, Tinearumque initium ”) to have brought out subse-
quently a “ Pars Secunda,” with the remainder of the Tineina ; but his subsequent
Herculean labours amongst the Macro-Lepidoptera prevented the completion of this
“ Catalogue of Micro- Lepidoptera.”

Gruenee’s greatest work appeared in 1852 — 3 volumes 8vo, extending to more
than 1300 closely printed pages, treating of the Noctuce of the whole world. At the
time this appeared the mass of interesting matter relating to the habits of species,
as observed by the author himself, formed a vast addition to our previous knowledge
of the subject.

These volumes formed part of the Series of the Suites a Buffon “ Species
Greneral des Lepidopteres,” of which the first volume, treating of a portion of the
Phopalocera from the pen of Dr. Boisduval, had appeared as far back as 1836 (see
Ent. Mo. Mag., xvi, p. 235). In 1854 Guenee brought out another volume of the
Series containing the “ Deltoides et Pyralites.” Three years later there appeared
two more volumes containing the Greometrina (“ Phalenites ”).

There are thus six volumes of the Suites a Buffon from Gruenee’s pen, and no
Entomological Library is complete without them.

In 1868 there appeared, in the 5th volume of this Magazine, a series of de-
scriptions by Gruenee of Heterocerous Lepidoptera collecte^by Mr. Fereday in
New Zealand. d, h*u

216

[February, 1881.

In the French “Annales” for 1870, p. 5, Ghier.ee described the singular gall-
making Lepidopterous insect, CEcocecis Guyonella. This is immediately followed
(p. 17) by a very interesting account of an Entomological excursion to Celles-les-Bains,
in Ardeche ; a locality to which attention had already been drawn by the visits
thither of M. Milliere and of Dr. Staudinger.

In 1875 there appeared a Catalogue Raisonne of the Lepidoptera of Eure-et-Loir,
the Department in which Chateaudun is situated. This was a publication of the
Societe Archeologique d’Eure-et-Loir, and was probably printed at intervals — the
title page bears date 1867 ; the introduction is dated “ Mars, 1886,” and the con-
cluding paragraph bears date “ ler Mai, 1874.” This is, we believe, the last work
which emanated from G-uenee’s pen. It possesses for us a more than common
interest, for in it we find that two previous notions, which had to us appeared
strangely unscientific, are quietly ignored.

In the first volume of the Noctuelites of the Suites a Buffon, p. 320, we read,
Triphana pronuba, Albin ; in the Lepidopteres d’Eure-et-Loir, p. 192, we find the
more generally used expression, Triphcena pronuba , Lin. Further on, in the same
volume, we find the uniform -ella termination for Crambina, &c., gently dropped.
Thus we find, p. 273, Scirpophaga alba, p. 275, Galleria cereana and Melliphora
alvearia ; thirty years previously, in the Index Micro-Lepidopterorum, these three
species had all been forced to bear the termination -ella.

In the very last paper published by Achille Gruenee, “ Etude sur les Ypono-
meutides,” in the “Annales ” of the French Entomological Society, 1879, p. 281, we
have an instance of the mellowness of feeling produced by advancing years in the
very benign mention of the Museum Catalogue of Francis Walker ; he only remarks
that “ cet ouvrage n’a pas assez de precision,” to allow of the species described being
quoted without a personal* investigation.

Entomological Society of London. — December 1st, 1880. Sir J. Lubbock,
Bart., M.P., &c., President, in the Chair.

Mr. Pascoe exhibited a series of Arescus histrio, collected in Ecuador by Mr.
Buckley, illustrating the extreme and asymmetrical varietal conditions.; the Rev. H.
S. Gorham and Mr. C. O. Waterhouse also alluded to the same subject.

Mr. Billups exhibited four species of Pezomachus (noticed as Mill leri, juvenilis,
intermedins, and incestus ) new to Britain ; also 20 species of Coleoptera from corn-
refuse from Mr. Fitch’s granaries at Maldon.

Sir J . Lubbock exhibited specimens of one of the Phasmidce sent to him from
St. Yincent.

Mr. Cansdale exhibited examples of Tischeria gaunacella, bred by him from
Prunus spinosa.

Mr. Scott communicated a paper on Hemiptera from Japan.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse read a paper on a new species of Polyctenes, in which
he retracted his former opinion as to the affinities of the genus, and acknowledged
its connection with the Hemiptera.

* We are by no means certain that this necessity of personally examining “ Walkerian ” types
has not been a great service to our favourite science. Learned students of various groups of
insects come from the ” ery ends of the earth to consult the collection of the British Museum,
and but for this imp^pdve necessity of their so doing, who knows whether some would ever
have visited Euror .11 ? Thus, indirectly, Francis Walker may have conferred a great boon on
our science.

March, 1881.1

217

TRICEOPTERA AND HE UR OP TER A OF THE UPPER ENGADINE

IN AUGUST.

BY R. McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &c.

In the “Entomologist’s Annual” for 1871, pp. 15 — 17, 1 published
a few notes on Swiss Trichoptera , some of which related to materials
collected by Mr. Stainton in the Engadine in 1870. At that time the
hope that I might some day go over the same ground scarcely existed
with me. However, on August 6th, 1880, 1 left home at 8 a.m. for
the Engadine, and travelling direct via Boulogne, Paris, Belfort, and
Basle, arrived at Zurich at 12.30 p.m. on the 7th. Leaving Zurich on
the morning of the 9th, I was at Chur in the afternoon of the same
day. Having posted my portmanteau for Pontresina, I walked on to
Churwalden in the evening, and slept there, joining the diligence
party at 8.30 next morning,* for the Engadine via the Albula Pass.
The burning of the old bridge over the Rhine at Reichenau, which oc-
curred a day or two previously, probably diverted, for the moment,
some of the traffic over the Julier Pass via Thusis, so that from
Churwalden to Samaden (within three miles of Pontresina) the
travellers formed quite a large party, accommodated in two large
diligences and three “ supplementaires.” The weather was tolerably
fine, but cold : snow had fallen the previous night on the Albula Pass,
and the mountains had a thin covering of fresh snow ; large patches
of unmelted old snow also lay here and there in hollows far below the
road, for the summer had not been a warm one in Switzerland. At
the Albula Hospice (7582 feet) the rush of shivering travellers in
quest of hot coffee was almost ludicrous. Delay was occasioned in
waiting for lateral posts, &c., and it was past 9 p.m. before we reached
Pontresina, where the portmanteau had previously arrived by a night
post. To my dismay all the hotels were crammed, and any chance of
obtaining a bed in one of them was hopeless ; not a pleasant prospect
at that time of night, and especially as I had planned a stay of ten
days. However, a room in a small house, difficult of access, and still
more difficult to descend from in the morning, was procured, and here
I stayed until the 20th, taking meals only in one of the hotels.!

* By this means the inconvenience of having to leave Chur at 5.30 a.m. was avoided.

+ The simplicity of the Engadine is a thing of the past. “ Society ” has taken possession of
the district, at any rate in August, and I more than once heard Pentresina, St. Moritz, and St.
Moritz Bad likened to Brighton carried into the Alps. At Pontresina 800 beds are now not
sufficient to accommodate the visitors in August. As a hint to future travellers who (like myself
on this occasion) may be alone, it is well to say that fair sleeping accommodation may sometimes
be obtained in houses belonging to a resident who lets out the rooms, and, if it be preferred,
meals can be obtained in a German restaurant, thus avoiding the hotels altogether. In July the
place is not so full. The Americans, so ubiquitous in the Bernese Oberland, have not yet appeared
in the Engadine in force.

218

[March,

Pontresina itself lies at an elevation of 5915 feet, and the district
explored by me occupies about ten miles in various directions there-
from, and at from 5600 ft. to 6800 ft. in elevation. The return
journey was via the Julier and Schyn Passes (arrangements having
been made, in the meantime, for the conveyance of passengers and
their belongings on an improvised raft across the river at Beichenau),
and the highest point at which any Trichopterous captures were made
was at the little inn on the summit of the Julier Pass (7503 feet)
during the short time the diligence stopped.

The principal hunting-grounds were the Yal Boseg as far as the
glacier ; the Lake St. Moritz, and the Statzer-See (in the wood)
which discharges into it; the Yal da Pain (no doubt a paradise for a
Lepidopterist, but practically useless for my purposes, owing to the
utter absence of trees and the snow-fed stream) ; the wild rocky
ground in a forest of larch and arolla ( Pinus cenibra') through which
the torrent from the Piz Languard finds its way ; a nearly similar
locality on the right of the road to Samaden ; the Yal Celerina (in
which are magnificent old larches) ; and the Yal Bevers.

In my “ Bevision and Synopsis of the Trichoptera of the European
Pauna,” Appendix, p. xciv, I poiuted out the deterrent effects of the
vicinity of glaciers on aquatic insect-life. Those remarks came before
me very vividly on this excursion. The stream at Pontresina, termed
the Platzbach, is utterly devoid of Trichopterous life, being poisoned
by the Boseg and Morteratsch glaciers, but above the latter it is pro-
ductive. A glacier-fed stream is turbid and milky ; a snow-fed stream
is usually clear and blue after the spring and early summer meltings
are over, but even such a stream as this is seldom very productive,
unless it is also largely fed by lateral rivulets from land springs, and
these latter are the best of all. Naturally, in such a district these are
not abundant, and long distances must be travelled over for their
discovery *

The results of my excursion were about 450 specimens, repre-
sented by the species enumerated below. Bather to my disappoint-
ment, no species that can absolutely be identified as new was dis-
covered ; but some purely alpine forms were abundant ; still, however,
not so great a number of species were taken as I had anticipated
finding. There was a marked absence of those small forms usually
so abundant in lower districts where the water is warmer. The

* Geological conditions also infl nee aquatic insect-life. Limestone districts are probably
the best. Schist is fatal : perhaps the most remarkable instance of this is to be seen at Thusis,
where, in consequence of schist, the Nolla, at its junction with the Rhine, is of inky blackness,
and useless for entomological purposes.

1881.]

219

Trichoptera are chiefly represented by alpine Limnophilidce and JEthya-
cophilce. Perhaps the most remarkable of all is Limnophilus subjectus,
about the last species I expected to find : originally recorded from
Arctic America (and extending to Maine in the United States), it has
lately been found commonly in Finland and Scandinavia, but its most
southerly known distribution in Europe was the south shore of the
Baltic ; essentially a boreal species and an inhabitant of districts of
little elevation in the north, we find it again in the high Alps at about
6000 feet, a striking instance of the affinity that exists between the
insects of the north and those of the high Alps very much further
south, and under differing physical conditions, excepting the one point
of probably equal mean temperature.

For greater abundance, both in forms and individuals, a lower
elevation, warmer water, and richer shelter, are necessary. Very few
of the species found by Professor Zeller at Bergiin (about 4550 ft., on
the other side of the Albula Pass) were seen, and many of my captures
were not represented amongst his. Difference of season may partially
account for this, but the main reason is difference of altitude. On
my journey from Churwalden I took mental notes on the probable
capability of the localities, and the most likely of these appeared to
be between the village of Filisur and Bergiin, a mile or two from the
former.

The Upper Engadine captures were as follows: —
TRICHOPTERA.*

Phryganeid.®.

Phryganea obsoleta (Hag.), McLach. — Not uncommon at the Statzer-See ; it
had been only recorded as Swiss from a specimen caught by Mr. Stainton at Maria
in 1870, but at Zurich I found that it occurs near that city, and probably in other
localities, the Swiss Entomologists having confounded it with Ph. varia.
Limnophilid.®:.

Limnophilus rhombicus, L. — One ? at the streamlet between the Statzer-See
and Lake St. Moritz. Certainly an unusual altitude for this insect : the example is
very typical in size and colours, but the appendages (known to vary) are much more

linear (less dilated at the base) than is usual. L. despectus, Walk. — Two fj? ;

Statzer-See and Yal Bevers, beaten from Pinus cembra ( vide supra).

Acrophylax zerberus , Brauer. — One $ at a torrent between Pontresina and
Samaden ; as yet this is a scarce insect.

Asynarchus ccenosus, Curt. — The large alpine form was generally distributed
and common ; especially so between Pontresina and Samaden, where it was sitting
on the “ stone posts ” mentioned in my notes in Ent. Ann., 1871, p. 15. I suspect
the larvse do not affect torrents, but live in shallow, almost standing water, such as
is often found by the roadsides.

* The nomenclature used here is the same as in the Systematic Catalogue in my “Revision
and Synopsis.”

220

[March,

Stenophylax picicornis, Piet. — The 3 common at a lateral streamlet in the Yal

Roseg, but only one ? ; one $ near the Statzer-See.- 8. latipennis, Curt. — Yal

Celerina, two very dark .

Halesus digitatus, Sclirk. — One 3 between Pontresina’and Samaden (probably

early), darker than examples from flat districts.- H. ruficollis, Piet. — More than

twenty examples ; especially frequent at a torrent between Pontresina and Samaden

(I now suspect that H. moestus, McLacli., is not distinct). H. hilaris, McLach. —

One ? at the torrent above-mentioned (probably early). S. auricollis, Piet. —

Scarce (probably early). Two 3 between Pontresina and Samaden, one $ on the
summit of the Julier Pass.

Metancea Jlavipennis, Piet. — Generally distributed ; Very common in the Yal
Celerina ; varying greatly in size.

Drusus discolor, Rbr. — Generally distributed and common ; about fifty examples,

varying much in size and in the comparative duskiness or brightnes of the wings.

D. chrysotus, Rbr. — Rare. One 3 and one ? in the Yal Roseg near the glacier, one

? in the Yal da Fain. D. trifidus, McLach. — Streamlets supplying the Statzer-

See ; more common at small streamlets between Pontresina and Samaden. The
examples are remarkably small.

Cryptothrix nebulicola (Hag.), McLach. — Abundant at the torrent in the Yal
Languard, and also at another between Pontresina and Samaden ; those from the
latter locality are very large.

JPotamorites biguttatus, Piet. — Three very dark 3 at a streamlet in the wood
opposite Pontresina, but no $ : thirteen ? along the stream in Yal Bevers, but no
3 (almost the only species found along this snow-fed stream). I am at a loss for a
reason to account for this unequal distribution of the sexes. The $ shows great
variability in the length of the discoidal cell, as already remarked.

Leptocebid.®.

Bercca pullata, Curt. — Two 3 at boggy ground in Yal Bevers.

Odontocerum albicorne, Scop.— Yery common at the Lake St. Moritz; also
along the Inn between Celerina and Samaden.

Mystacides nigra , L. — Lake St. Moritz.

Hydeopsychid.®.

Dolophilus copiosus, McLach. — One 3 m the Yal Celerina.

Wormaldia occipitalis, Piet. — One 3 between Pontresina and St. Moritz.

Plectrocnemia conspersa, Curt. — One 3 at the stream between the Statzer-See
and Lake St. Moritz.

Holocentropus dubius, Rbr. — One 3 at the Statzer-See.

Rhyacophilid.e.

Hhyacophila persimilis, McLach. — A few examples at the falls of the Inn at
St. Moritz. A few others from the stream between the Statzer-See and Lake St.
Moritz show a distinct difference, although the localities are so near each other.
They have the dorsal process shorter and broader, and the dilatations of the penis
more acute, thus showing a tendency towards Hh. acutidens, McLach., without,

however, being sufficiently pronounced to be identified therewith. Hh. vulgaris ,

Piet. Decidedly scarce ; taken singly above the Morteratsch glacier, and between

1881.]

221

Pontresina and Samaden. Rh. proxima, McLach. — Nearly fifty examples of what

I am bound to consider proxima were taken at various torrents in the district (also
one $ on the summit of the Julier Pass). In examining this long series, a good deal
of variation is evident (independent of locality) in the form of the dorsal lobe and in
that of the penis, which latter not infrequently has the angles distinctly (though but
slightly) produced, and in this case difficult to separate from intermedia ( contracta
and fraudulent a I take to be sufficiently marked, according to present evidence).
The examples are mostly very large (one $ expanding to 37 mm.). The variation
in the horny anal parts is of somewhat serious interest ; in one $ the dorsal lobe
forms an elongate triangle, and had it not occurred with more ordinary conditions,

this example must have been considered specifically distinct. Rh. glareosat

McLach. — At the torrent in the Yal Languard, and at another between Pontresina

and Samaden, also at a waterfall in the Yal Bevers ; tolerably common. Rh.

stigmatica, Kol. — In company with the last at the torrents mentioned, and more
common than it.

PLANIPENNIA.

SlALID-E.

Sialis lutaria, L. — Lake St. Moritz ; of ordinary size and colour ; very late for
this species.

Chrysopide:.

Chrysopa vulgaris , Schnd. — One example between Pontresina and St. Moritz ;
the only species seen.

Hemerobiid.®.

Hemerobius nervosus, F. ? — A few from Yal Eoseg, Yal Bevers, and between

Pontresina and Samaden ; beaten from larches (I am by no means certain that these

are true nervosus, the ? having a short upturned ovipositor). H. fasciatus,

Goszy. — A few examples with the last.

Coniopterygide:.

Coniopteryx psociformis, Curt. — One example near the Morteratsch Glacier.
PSEUDO-NEUKOPTERA.

PSOCIDE.

Elipsocus unipunctatus, Mull. — One example in the Yal Roseg.

Perlide.*

Dictyopteryx alpina, Piet. — On the Flatzbach and between Pontresina and
Samaden ; taken singly. This is one of the few insects that can exist in glacier-fed
streams. Along the Flatzbach the nymph-skins were numerous, sticking on stones, &c.
In the Yal RoBeg I found three $ (under stones) of what must be a micropterous
form, in which the wings are not longer than the abdomen when in a fresh state ;
they agree with the long-winged form in all other respects. It is probable that this
form was considered by Pictet as the 6 {cf. “ Perlides,” p. 162, pi. viii, fig. 7) ; the
examples before me appears to be certainly $ . In a series of nearly 20 examples of
D. alpina I find only two or three that seem to be S > and in those the wings are not
abbreviated.

* The nomenclature in Lists of Perlidce must be considered as approximate only ; there
are few Families of insects that so greatly need thorough revision, and in which the difficulties
are so many.

222

[March,

Chloroperla rivulorum, Pick. — Generally distributed along the torrents. All
the specimens collected appear to pertain to this species.

Isopteryx torrentmm , Piet. — Generally, but sparsely, distributed. The examples
appear to belong here rather than to tripunctata, Scop, (flava, Piet.).

Leuctra cylindrica, Piet. — Here and there ; a few examples. (It is scarcely

probable that this is the cylindrica of De Geer). L. nigra, Piet. — One example

from near the Statzer-See should probably be referred here.

Tceniopteryx preetextata, Burm. ? — Val Boseg. In the same locality was

found another species of the genus, which I cannot identify.

Nemoura inconspicua , Piet. — Val Boseg.

Ephemeeida:.

The few materials for this Family are in Mr. Eaton’s hands, and have not yet
been fully determined. A large Eeptagenia allied to longicauda, Steph., was very
common at the Lake St. Moritz ; another species of the same genus, allied to semi-
colorata, Curt., occurred sparinglyin other localities. A Baetis was found at the
Statzer-See.

Odonata.

Sympetrum striolatum, Chp., and S. scoticum , Donov. — Statzer-See. S.

meridionale, Selys. — Sparingly, usually along the road-sides far from water ; infested
with the red Acari to the attacks of which this species seems so particularly liable.

Cordulia metallica, V. d. L., C. alpestris, Selys, and C. arctica, Zett. — Statzer-
See (vide ante, p. 141).

ASschna juncea, L., and AE. borealis, Zett. — Statzer-See (vide ante p. 141).

Three or four other species of Odonata were seen at the Statzer-See, but could
not be caught on account of the boggy nature of the ground ; amongst them was
one of the Agrionidce (probably Enallagma cyathigerum, Chp.).

Lewisham, London : December, 1 880.

NOTES ON EXOTIC REYNCEOTA.

BY W. L. DISTANT.

HETEEOPTEEA.

Earn. BED UVIID2E.

Apiomeetts Oberthttri, n. sp.

Black; apical half of membrane creamy- white, under-side of body dull luteous,
disc of abdomen pitchy, coxae, trochanters, and femora sanguineous, eyes luteous.

Length, 20 mm.

Hab. : Teffe (Ega), Amazons (de Matliari). Coll. : Obertbur.

Allied to A. apicalis, Burm. ; but differs in tbe colour of the legs
and tbe narrower pronotum, with tbe central longitudinal incision to
posterior lobe narrower, but more sharply defined.

1881. J

HOMOPTEEA.
Pam. MEMBRACID JE.

223

Trtquetra intermedia, n. sjp. ?
j Triquetra inermis , Eairm., var. ?

Closely allied to T. inermis, but differs by the anterior dorsal ridge of the pro-
j notum being produced into a distinct, compressed, erect, and somewhat anteriorly-
I directed spine-like process. Length, 14 mm.

Hab. : Bogota (Dr. Thieme). Coll.: Oberthiir and Distant.

This form is intermediate between T. inermis , Eairm., and T.
nigro-carinata , Fairm., and only differs by the following characters :
— from the first, in which the dorsal spine is absent or obtusely
| indicated ; and, from the second, in which the same spine is much
more produced.

As in T. inermis , many specimens exhibit a strong tendency to
I develop prominently this pronotal spine, I should incline to the
I opinion that T. intermedia is only an intermediate form between the
two other described species (?), and that the three are only phases of one
protean type. However, I have been reluctantly obliged to give the
1 specimens described a specific name to prevent my treating T. inermis
and T. nigro-carinata as synonymic, more especially as Stal has
described another species, T. recurva , in which this spine is even more
produced, but of which that author remarks : “ T. inermi et T. nigro-
carinatce valde affinis, cornu dorsali ejusque forma divergens and
also, “ In exemplo feminino, specifice haud diverso, cornu lateralia
I thoracis valde antrorsum et sursum vergunt.” This last observation
| j may be probably explained by the law frequently enunciated and
lately again exemplified in butterflies by Mr. Wood-Mason (J. A. S.
i B., vol. xlix, p. 418), that secondary sexual characters acquired by the
| male have been partially transmitted to some females, but not to others.

, As T. inermis , T. intermedia , T. nigro-carinata , and T. recurva , have all
been received from Colombia, and as they are also distinct from other
species of the genus in the common character, “Carina dorsali thoracis
nigra,” and their specific differentiation depends on the amount of
| development of the anterior portion of the pronotal dorsal ridge, the

1' probability of them all being but different forms of one protean species
is much increased, and we may possibly only require larger series of
I specimens to find all the intermediate links. The words of Mr. Darwin
’! may be here well applied: “A part developed in any species in an
*1 extraordinary degree or manner in comparison with the same part in
l allied species, tends to be highly variable.”

Selston Yillas, Derwent Grove, East Dulwich :

January , 1881.

224

[March,

AN ADDITIONAL SPECIES OF BRITISH HOMOPTERA.

BY JAMES EDWARDS.

Several examples of both sexes of the insect described below were
sent to me for examination some time since by Mr. Douglas, with
an expression of his opinion that it would prove to be the Anomia
sulphurella , Zett., of Lethierry’s catalogue. Having mounted the
genitalia, and found that it differed in that respect from the species
to which it is apparently most nearly allied, viz., rosce and Douglasi ,
I sent a pair to Mr. Lethierry, who returned them as the sulphurella ,
Zett., of his catalogue. According to Sahlberg, however, sulphurella ,
Zett., = Thamnotettix virescens, Fall., and, therefore, another name
becomes necessary for our insect, and the one I have applied seems
expedient. The structure of the central genital process (genital style)
in the <$ will, I think, sufficiently demonstrate the distinctness of the
insect before us. In the case of single examples of the ? some care
is requisite, in order to separate this species from rosce , $ ; the latter
is, however, somewhat smaller, and the crown is longer and narrower,
with the outline of the posterior margin in a continuous curve, without
any trace of an angle.

Typhlocyba Lethierryi.

Anomia sulphurella , Lethierry, Cat. Hem. Nord., edition ii, p. 75.

Crown : posterior margin (including the eyes) forming a
distinct but obtuse angle, anterior margin gently convex in
the d > more produced, with straigbter sides, in the ^ .

. Deep yellow, inclining to orange. Elytra with the
costa generally, and the inner margin sometimes, narrowly
reddish, membrane and some wedge-shaped spots on the
corium hyaline. Posterior tibiae generally tinged with pink ;
anterior and intermediate tarsi sometimes, and all the claws
always, fuscous. Genital style with three branches at the
apex, of which one, the lower, is three-pointed, and the
other two are bifid (fig. a).

$ . Pale whitish-yellow. Membrane very faintly tinged
with fuscous. Tarsi and claws as in the $ . Length, If lines.

Figures h and c show tbe structure of tbe genital style in the £
of T. rosce and T. Douglasi respectively.

Mr. Douglas’ specimens were from maple and lime, while I took
most of mine on the trunks of black poplars.

Bracondale, Norwich :

1 \th January , 1881.

1881.

225

ON FEMALE DIMORPHISM OF PALTOSTOMA TORRENTIUM.

BY DR. FRITZ MULLER.

I

As there seems to he some hesitation in accepting the female
dimorphism of Paltostoma torrentium (see Ent. Mo. Mag., xvii, p. 130),
I will here very briefly state the facts which seem to me to prove that
the two sets of females belong to the same species.

First as to the sex of the three forms of Paltostoma. Were it
not for Baron Osten-Sacken saying that “ error may easily occur,” I
should have thought it quite unnecessary explicitly to state, that I
ascertained the sex by examining the internal sexual organs ; the
females of either set have three dark brown pear-shaped receptacula
seminis ; the eggs, in nearly ripe pupae, are 0*5 mm. long, 0T3 mm.
thick, one side being more convex and one end a little more obtuse
than the other.

Had the males and the two sets of females been caught at the
same locality, it would indeed have been rash to consider the females
(widely differing in the organs of the mouth, the size of the eyes, and
the structure of the last tarsal joints) as belonging to the same
species. But the case is quite different. In the rapids of some of
our rivulets the larvae and pupae of Paltostoma are extremely frequent,
and may be collected in large numbers. Thus I have been able
carefully to compare and to dissect hundreds of them ; but I have not
discovered any differences corresponding to the three sets of flies.
From the pupae I have extracted repeatedly numerous flies, and have
always met with twTo sets of females, and never with more than one
set of males. The two sexes seem to occur in about equal numbers.
One day from 70 pupae I extracted 20 males and 20 females, and of
these 13 had small eyes, short claws, and no mandibles, whereas 7 were
provided with mandibles, and had large eyes and long claws. The
structure of the external sexual organs (as already stated in my article
in “Kosinos”) is guite the same in the two sets of females, and this
would hardly be the case, if they belonged to different species.

If the two sets of females belonged to two distinct species,
unavoidably one of the two following equally unacceptable assumptions
must be admitted : the males of one of the two species either must be
extremely rare, so that among very numerous females I never saw
them, or their larvae and pupae must live in different localities and
under quite different conditions ; the latter assumption is the more
improbable, as the larvae of Paltostoma are wonderfully adapted to
inhabiting rapids.

226

[ March,

I may add, that I placed the fly in the genus Paltostoma on the
authority of Professor Brauer, of Vienna, who is also responsible for
the statement, that a species of that genus has been found on Monte
Bosa (see Zoolog. Anzeiger, No. 51, p. 134). I have never ventured
any assumption about the eyes of other Blepharoceridce, of which I
know absolutely nothing ; in the passage alluded to by Baron Osten-
Sacken, I simply refer to many “ other male insects ” (“ mannchen
anderer Kerfe ”).

A full account of the metamorphosis of Paltostoma torrentium ,
and of the very interesting anatomy of the larva, has been sent for
publication to the “Archivos do Museu Nacional do Bio de Janeiro.”

Blumenau, Sa Catharina, Brazil :

December 13 th, 1880.

CHARACTERS OF HEW G-ENERA AND DESCRIPTIONS OF HEW
SPECIES OF GEODEPHAGA FROM THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

BY THE EEY. T. BLACKBURN, B.A.

(Resumed from vol. xvi, p. 109).

IV.

The following species, together with examples of most of those
taken in Pebruary, 1878, occurred to me in April and May, 1880>
during a short visit to Haleakala, Maui.

The addition of fresh material to my series, and a consequent re-
examination of the Hawaiian species of Cyclothorax , has led me to the
conclusion that in my descriptions of C. scaritoides , cordaticollis,
Deverilli , and vulcanus, the term “ subcordatus ” applied to the pro-
thorax is misleading, and that “ cordatus ” should be substituted for
it. In a batch of specimens, taken in company, of almost any of the
Hawaiian Geodephaga, one or two examples will generally be found to
differ slightly in sculpture from the rest. How to account for this
fact I know not, but a fact it is ; and, unfortunately, the species
mentioned above were described on specimens that (I have since dis-
covered) were not ordinary types. In other respects, however, the
descriptions may stand.

AN CHOMENIDiE.

DISENOCRUS.

[In characterizing this genus (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xv, p. 121), I
accidentally omitted reference to the eyes. They are only slightly
convex, and as indistinctly facetted as those of Blackburnia insignis
and blaptoides.~\

1881.]

227

D. TEKEBKATUS, sp. UOV.

Convexus , nitidus, niger, antennis palpisque rufis, pedibus (prcecipue
genubus tarsisque) plus minusve rufescentibus ; prothorace transverso, antice
vix emarginato, postice fortius angustato, basi utrinque impresso, angulis pos-
ticis rotundatis, lateribus fortius rotundatis angustissime marginatis,margine
reflexo trans basin defieiente; elytris obi ongis for titer striatis, striis parcius
prof unde punctatis, apicem versus obsoletis, interstitiis angustis, humeris
rotundatis , metasterno punctato. Long. 8 mm.

Haleakala, Maui. Several examples occurred under stones at an
elevation of about 4000 feet.

This insect is readily distinguished from L>. anomalus by the
following characters : — The thorax is considerably narrowed behind,
and has the base unmargined ; the elytra are much narrower than
those of anomalus, and the striae are much more sparingly and coarsely
punctured. The rather coarsely punctured metasternum also differ-
entiates it.

ANCHOMENTJS.

A. PTTTEALIS, Sp. UOV.

(A. meticuloso affinis). Subnitidus, niger, nonnullis exemplis marginibus
apiceque rufescentibus , mandibulis palpis antennis pedibusque plus minusve
rufescentibus ; capitemagno; oculis magnis convexis; antennis corporis dimidio
paululum brevioribus ; prothorace transverso subcordato canaliculato , antice
parum emarginato, basi utrinque fortiter foveol at o, lateribus parum rotunda-
tis, angulis posticis fere rectis ; elytris elongato-ovalibus, parum convexis,
fortiter striatis, interstitiis vix convexis, humeris prominulis ; tarsorum articulo
quarto hand emarginato. Long. — 8 mm.

In damp rotting leaves on the margins of a stagnant pool, at an
elevation of about 4000 feet, on Haleakala, Maui.

CYCLOTHORAX.

C. ujtctus, sp. nov.

Parum convexus, nitidus, nigro-ceneus, antennis palpis pedibusque lividis ;
capite mediocri, oculis prominulis, antennis corporis dimidio brevioribus ; pro-
thorace cordato, sat fortiter transverso rotundatoque, leviter canaliculato ,
antice leviter emarginato, trans basin sparsim punctato, angulis posticis acute
rectis; elytris ovatis, str id interna integrd fortiter impressa antice punctata,
secundd integrd leviter impressd distincte punctata, striarum cceteris (mar-
ginali exceptd) obscure adumbratis (nonnullis exemplis penitus obliteratis) ,
humeris rotundatis. Long. 5f — 63- mm.

In company with A. putealis.

This species is allied to C. cordaticollis, JDeverilli, and vulcanus.
It is considerably larger, broader, and less convex than cordaticollis ;

228

[March,

very much broader and less convex th£n Deverilli , and very differently
striated, &c. ; the strongly rounded thorax, superior size, different
colour, &c., distinguish it readily from vulcanus.

IH

C. LJETUS, sp. nov.

Convexus, nitidus, nigro-brunneus ad ceneum accedens, antennis pal pis
pedibusque ferrugineis vel rufo testaceis ; capite mediocri, oculis prominulis ;
antennis corporis dimidio multo brevioribus, submoniliformibus ; prothorace
transverso, cordato, canaliculato, antice fere truncato, trans basin sparsim
punctato, angulis posticis rectis ; elytris ovalibus, subtiliter striatis, striis

externis subtilioribus, striis antice subtiliter punctatis, humeris rotundatis.

Long. 4f — 5 mm.

Haleakala, Maui ; under stones, &c., at an elevation of about
4000 ft.

Another species of the cordaticollis group, nearest, I think, to
vulcanus ; it may, however, be easily distinguished from all its allies ; \

by the shortness of its antennae, which, when set back, will not quite j

reach the base of the scutellum. J

C. KOBUSTUS, sp. nov.

Fortiter convexus , subnitidus, obscure viridi-ceneus, antennis palpis pedi- j
busque rufo-piceis ; capite mediocri , oculis prominulis ; antennis corporis
dimidio brevioribus ; prothorace transverso, cordato, canaliculato, antice fere 9

truncato, basi utrinque foveol at o, trans basin punctato, angulis posticis rectis
(nec abrupte) ; elytris ovatis, fortiter regulariterque striatis, striis antice
obscure punctatis, humeris prominulis. Long. 6 mm.

A single specimen occurred to me in moss, at an elevation of
about 4000 feet, on Haleakala, Maui.

This species is not very close to any other with which I am
acquainted. The combination of strong regular striation with great
convexity separates it from all its congeners with the thorax of cor- J
date form.

BEMBIDIIDiE.

BEMBIBIUM (NOTAPHUSJ.

B. SPUKCTJM, sp. nov.

Minus convexum, nigrum ad cupreum accedens, antennis palpis pedibus
et elytrorum macula postica plus minusve rufescentibus ; capite mediocri, oculis
parum convexis, antennis corporis dimidio longioribus ; prothorace transverso ,
cordato, leviter canaliculato, antice emarginato, basi lato, utrinque foveolato,
angulis posticis rectis ; elytris oblongis, minus fortiter punctato-striatis,
interstitiis planis, humeris rotundatis. Long. 4f mm.

Haleakala, Maui ; in decaying leaves, at an elevation of about
4000 feet.

1881],

229

The shape of the thorax separates this insect widely from the
other Hawaiian species of J Bembidium known to me. Compared with
B.flammulatum, Clair, (which it resembles), it is smaller and differently
coloured, with the elytra less strongly striated, the strise much more
conspicuously punctured and slightly tending to become fainter at
the extreme apex.

(LOBS A).

B. TERES, sp. nov.

Barum convexum, viridi-ceneum, antennis palpis pedibusque piceis (phis
minusve rufescentibus) ; capite mediocri, oculis fortiter convexis, antennis cor-
poris dimidio longioribus ; prothorace leviter transverso, cordato, obsolete
canaliculato, antice leviter emarginato, trans basin obscure rugato, angulis pos-
ticis subrectis; elytris oblongis, sat fortiter striatis, striis subtiliter punc-
tatis , apicem versus evanescentibus, Jiumeris rotundatis. Long. 5 mm.

Haleakala, Maui ; in decaying leaves, at an elevation of about
4000 feet.

The larger size, longer antennae, more elongate and less convex
form, &c., readily distinguish this species from B. pacificum.

Honolulu : November, 1880.

NOTES ON THE ENTOMOLOGY OF PORTUGAL.

TV. LEPIDOPTEBA {continued).

MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA (except TINEINA ) collected bt the Rev. A. E. Eaton
in 1880, with Desckiptions op New Species.

BY E. L. RAGONOT.

PYRALIDINA.

PYRALIDIDiE.

*Serminia grisealis, S. V., Hub. — One, April 30th, Parcpie da
Pena, Cintra.

Cledeobia moldavica, Esp. ( netricalis , Hub.). — One $ , May 8th,
hills south-west of Almodovar ; one, var. diffidalis , Gn,, June 25th,
near Villa Real.

Asopia farinalis, L. — One, May 16th, near Silves.

Scop aria frequentella, Stn. — One, June 25th, in a vineyard near
Villa Real.

S. angustea , Stph. ( coarctata , Z.). — One, April 25th, on the hill
side, valley of Alcantara.

* The Classification adopted is that of Staudinger and Wocke’s Catalogue, 1871.

230 [March, j

Threnodes pollinalis, S. V., var. guttulalis , H.-S. — One, June 8th, i; I
at Cea.

Botys aurata , Sc. ( punicealis , S. V.). — One, May 17th, hill south I I
of Silves.

B. asinalis, Hub. — One, April 30th, Parque da Pena, Cintra.

B. ferrugalis , Hub. — One, May 15th, vineyard north of Silves.

Nomophila noctuella, S. V. ( hybridalis , Hub.).- — One, May 31st,
on the road to Cintra.

Stenia fuscocilialis, n. sp. — One fine example, May 17th, taken on
a hill south of Silves.

This specimen (a $ ) differs from punctalis , S. V., by its larger |
size (25 millimetres), more elongate (therefore less triangular) fore- fl
wings, which are of a dark, rich, reddish-ochreous-brown. The head,
palpi, thorax and abdomen are reddish-ochreous throughout, whilst in
punctalis the palpi are distinctly white beneath. The under-side of \
the wings is much darker than in punctalis , and the reniform stigma
more distinct.

A second specimen, much worn, was taken on May 14th between
Sao Bartholomeu do Messines and Silves.

CRAMBIDiE.

Crambus craterellus, Sc. ( rorella , L.). — Two specimens of the
var. cassentiniellus, 7i., May 11th, near Almodovar.

C. pratellus, L., var. alfacarellus, Stgr. — In this variety the fore- 1
wings are rather broader, the second line is less angulated than in
pratellus, and the ground colour is white, as in the ? of pratellus.

PHYCIDEiE.

Bempelia satureiella , Mill. — A $ in very wasted condition, hardly
distinguishable, May 16th, hill south-east of Silves. M. Milliere |
places this species in error in the genus Nephopteryx , for the £ ^as
pencil-like maxillary palpi, and the median vein of the hind-wings j

being trifid, show that the true position of satureiella , Mill., is after j

integreUa, Stgr.

Asarta rubricosella , Stgr. — One, June 22nd, captured along a
torrent at upwards of 2480 feet, on a mountain NAY. of Villa Real.

This specimen is much darker than a type from Castile ; it is j
nearly black, and the fasciae are very indistinct, the hind-wings
blackish-brown.

"Wocke in his Catalogue sinks rubricosella , Stgr., as well as alpi-
colella, Z., into varieties of cethiopella , Hup., but they are all three
very distinct species, and it is impossible to confuse them.

1881.]

231

Mthiopella is the smallest species, the wings are short, rounded on the costa
and hind margin, the fasciae are very sinuous, the discal spot distinct.

Ruhricosella has more elongate wings, the apex is rather acute, the costa and
hind margin straight, the bands are nearly straight, and there are two distinct
blackish triangular spots, one on the inner margin before the first fascia, and the
other on the costa just after the same fascia, but there is no discal spot.

Alpicolella resembles in form and markings ruhricosella, but it is larger and
more suffused with pale yellowish scales, the head in front is distinctly pale yellowish ,
the hind-wings are pale grey, whitish on the costa, the triangular markings are more
sharply defined on the fore-wTings, and the under-side of both wings is whitish.

Epischnia illotella , Z. — One, May 16th, on the hill S.E. of Silves.

Acrobasis glycerella , Stgr. — One, May 6th, near a stream at
Almodovar.

Euzopliera polyxenella, Mill. (M. Milliere places this species in
error in the genus Epliestia). — One, June 12th, taken at Ponte de
Morcellos.

Homoeosoma nimbella , Z. — One, May 7th, on the hill south of
Silves.

TOETEICINA.

Teras logiana , S. Y. (i Wistaria, Hub.). — One, May 20th, with the
ground colour nearly white, resembling pretty exactly fig. 64 of Hubner,
captured on the slopes of Picota, high up the stream at 1600 to 1700
feet.

Tortrix amplana , Hub. (fig. 201, not 157 as quoted by Dr. Wocke).
— One $ , captured on April 25th in the valley of Alcantara, near
Lisbon.

T. Eatoniana , n. sp.

Al. exp. 16 mm. Fore-wings rather elongate, arched at the base, the hind
margin oblique. The ground colour is pale fulvous, lustrous, with a darker reticu-
lation and suffused sometimes with reddish-ochreous ; from the middle of the costa
proceeds a blackish oblique fascia, which is straight to near the anal angle, where it
becomes rounded.

On the costa before the apex is a blackish triangular patch, and there is a minute
blackish spot on the inner margin not far from the base ; sometimes the fascia is
interrupted before the fold, and does not reach the inner margin.

Hind-wings greyish, indistinctly reticulated with fuscous on the upper-side, but
distinctly so underneath. The fringes are all pale fulvous.

Head and thorax above reddish-ochreous, the front of the head fuscous. The
antennae are slightly serrate and pubescent in the £ .

Eatoniana belongs to the sub-genus Lophoderus, all tbe nervures
being separate, tbe costa not folded in tbe $ , and tbe apex not pro-
duced. Its position wrould be between politana , Haw., and cinctana ,
S. Y. It bas a great resemblance to unifasciana , Dup.

232

[ March,

Two $ captured, one, April 24th, near Lisbon, at Olivaes ; and
the other, June 12th, at Ponte de Morcellos.

Sciaphila Wcililbomiana , L ,,var. communcina , H.-S. — One, May 9th,
at Almodovar ; and another, May 16th, on the hill S.E. of Silves.
They have both a leaden-grey ground colour, the markings are hardly
darker and hut faintly outlined.

Cochylis respirantana , Stgr.

Al. exp. 15 mm. Fore-wings rather elongate, the costa straight, the apex acute ;
the ground colour is pale yellowish-white, somewhat silvery and crossed by numerous
irregular olive-yellow patches or spots, in which are more or less numerous fuscous
scales, especially in the ? . These spots form ill-defined, interrupted curved bands,
the most distinct of which arise from the inner margin, one nearly in the middle,
another from the anal angle, and the third along the hind margin. The costa is
spotted with fuscous to the middle. The fringes are pale yellowish. Beneath, the
fore-wings are blackish-brown, save the fringes, which are yellowish.

The hind-wings are fuscous above and paler on the under-side ; the fringes are
white. Head, thorax and palpi pale yellowish above and olive-yellow on the sides-
The antennae are pale brown, simple in the $ and pubescent in the <? >

This new species, which has lately been published by Dr. Stau-
dinger (Horse Eossicae, 1880, xv, Sep. abd. p. 88), resembles dubrisana
very much (next to which species I would place it) in its markings,
but differs by its colour, size, shape, and the absence of reticulations
on the hind-wings, which are similar in colour in both sexes.

Dr. Staudinger has received it from Amasia, and has also taken it
this year at Chiclana in Andalusia.

One $ , May 16th, on a hill S.E. of Silves.*

Penthina ( Sericoris ) lacunanci, Dup. — One, June 6th, at Cea. It
has the median band much blacker than usual, and in the middle of
the band the round spot is conspicuously light. A second example
was captured in the same locality, but instead of the ground colour
being olivaceous, it is reddish-fuscous like cespilana , with numerous
lines and markings dark brown.

• I may mention here another Portuguese Cochylis, of which I have a specimen taken at
Braganza by M. Manuel d’Oli viera.

Cochylis punctiferana, n. sp. Al. exp. 7 mill. Fore-wings much suffused with brownish-grey,
leaving but little of the whitish ground colour. The base, a rather broad fascia, which begins on
the costa nearly in the middle, going straight down to the median vein, then slanting towards
the base and ending straight on the inner margin from the dorsal vein, and a large triangular
spot on the inner margin before the anal angle, are dark greyish-brown. Between the fascia and
the spot on the inner margin is a narrow white space. At the end of the median vein there is a
very distinct round blackish dot surrounded with whitish ; above on the costa is a small brown
spot, beyond which there are two others forming a semicircle, below which there is a pale
brownish cloud parallel with the hind margin. Before the apex is another small brown spot, and
the fringes, which are white, are distinctly chequered above and beneath with large brownish
spots at the base and extremity. The under-side is blackish-brown, spotted with dark brown on
the whitish costa.

The hind-wings are dark brownish-grey above and lighter beneath, the fringes white.

This new species I place between coagulana, Christ., and reversana, Stgr., but the large size
of the triangular anal patch and the discal spot distinguish it easily from all the allied species.

1831.]

233

Grapholitha sordicomana , Stgr. — Four $ , May 6th, at Almodovar,
hut all much wasted ; two are suffused with reddish, especially towards
the costa. The whitish colour of the hind-wings beneath is very
characteristic of this species.

Dr. Wocke, in noting for his Catalogue the species described in Herrich-Schaffer’s
“Neue Schmetterlinge aus Europa, &c.,” has omitted this (p. 15, fig. 94), with quite
a number of others ; I mention this for those who possess this useful work.

G. succedana , S. Y. ( ulicetana , Haw.). — Two, April 30th, in the
Parque da Pena, near Cintra ; one with the uniform grey ground in
the variety named micaceanci (Constant).

G. coniferana, Eatz. — One, June 14th, on the hill side opposite
Ponte de Morcellos.

JPhoxopteryx diminutana, Haw. — One, June 11th, near Cea.
PTEEOPHOEINA.

Amblyptilia acanthodactyla, Hub. — One, May 8th, on the hill S.W.
of Almodovar.

Leioptilus osteodaciylus , Z. — One, May 14th, near Silves.

Aciptilia icterodactylus , Mann. — One, much wasted, June 24th,
on the hills to the west of Villa Eeal.

To finish, I must express here my best thanks to the Eev. A. E.
Eaton for having kindly authorized me to retain for my collection the
specimens which interested me.

12, Quai de la Rapee, Paris :

November 2,0th, 1880.

DIAGNOSES QUATUOR NOYARUM PENTATOMIDARTJM.

SCRIPSIT DR. O. M. REUTER.

Carbula AMURENSIS.

C. humigerse, Uhler, magnitudine color eque simillima, pronoti angulis
lateralibus obtusioribus hand in dentem productis et margine postico rectis,
hoc margine inter costam et scutellum tantum paullulum breviore necnon
scutelli apice magis attenuato, distinct a.

Habitat in Amuria.

Carbula obtusangula.

Prceceden ti valde similis, dijfert pronoto minus transverso, angulis latera-
libus adhuc obtusioribus, apice ipso distincte obtusis, margine antico laterali
versus angulum fortius arcuato ; antennarum articulo quarto versus apicem
fuscescente, quinto fusco , versus basin pallido, nec non segmentis connexivi
tantum angulo apicali, macula parvula nigra, signatis, basali puncto nigro
destitutis.

Habitat in China.

234

[March,

Edessa fuscidoesata.

E. saturate, Dali., affinis, dijfert cornubus pronoti fere paullulum longiori -
bus, dorso abdominis fusco, connexivi angulis multo latius nigris, macula 9
media inter has, angusta, lutea, ventre obscure olivaceo-brunneo, colore superne 9
obscure viridi.

Habitat in Mexico et Bogota.

Aspongoptjs nigeo^neus.

Totus nigro-ceneus ; capite, pronoto et scutello dense subtiliter punctatisjM
rugis transversis obsoletis ; capitis lateribus distincte sinuatis ; antennis I
articulo secundo primo paullo magis quam dimidio longiore, secundo et tertio 9
rompressis, hoc illo distincte longiore ( ultimi desunt) ; corio margine apicali I
leviter rotundato ; prosterno medio triangulariter impresso, marginibus im - 9
pressionis vix rejlexis. Long. 16^ mm. Ab A. ochreo, Westw., colore, pro- 9
sterni impressione minus profunda, punctura densiore, rugis vix distinguendis j
diver gens.

Habitat in Siam.

Helsingfors : January 2\st, 1881. I

Captures of Kemiptera in 1880. — During a three-weeks’ stay last August at !
Wymondley, Herts, I found bugs by far the most abundant of all Orders. Nettles i
yielded the following species in the utmost profusion : — Scolopostethus affinis, Lygus fl
pabulinus, Spinolce and Kalmii, Byrsoptera rufifrons, Orthotylus Scotti, Ueterotoma I
merioptera, Blagiognathus arbustorum, and Anthocoris nemorum; while Sehirus I
bicolor, Phytocoris ulmi , Capsus laniarius and Liocoris tripustulatus, occurred com- 1
monly. Megalocercea longicornis was common amongst coarse herbage, but M. erratica A
was conspicuous by its almost total absence in either larval or perfect form. Of the |
handsome genus Calocoris, besides C. roseomaculatus and bipunctatus, I took 2 ;
fulvomaculatus, 1 sexguttatus, 1 infusus, and a few chenopodii, all by sweeping, j
Ononis yielded Dicyphus annulatus commonly and a few Macrocoleus Paykullii. I
On Epilobium hirsutum I found in great abundance a pale green Dicyphus, which ]
Mr. Edward Saunders tells me is D. stachydis, Reut. ; I have since found it on the j
same plant at Hastings. A small patch, a few square yards in extent, in a flowery j
meadow on the chalk near Stevenage, yielded, besides a lot of ordinary things, j
Halticus apterus, Orthocephalus saltator, Anoterops setulosus, Macrocoleus |
molliculus, Megalocercea ruficornis, plenty of Calocoris roseomaculatus, and i,
immense numbers of Monanthia cardui, the thistle-heads being absolutely swarming 1
with the last, in all its stages. A larch plantation afforded 1 Atractotomus magni- '<
cornis, Fall., and several Tetraphleps vittata, larval and adult. Amongst other
things may be mentioned Malacocoris chlorizans, very common on hazel ; Triphleps j
minuta, abundant by sweeping ; 1 $ Microphysa elegantula, on lime-bark ; 1
Pceciloscytus nigritus, 1 Orthotylus bilineatus, and a few Chlamydatus ambulans, I
Campyloneura virgula, Nabis brevipennis, Dictyonota crassicornis, and Derephysia :
foliacea. I am indebted to Mr. Edward Saunders for the names of some of the
above. At Battle, near Hastings, Strachia festiva was common in September, \

1881.]

235

though we have never seen it at Hastings. From Eastbourne Miss R. M. Sotheby
sent me a specimen of Rhacognathus punctatus, and I received Coranus subapterus
from Deal. — E. A. Butler, University Lower School, Hastings : Feb. 14 th, 1881.

Notes on Coleoptera in the Isle of Wight. — Last spring, during a few days’ stay
at Ventnor, I obtained a good many specimens of Lithocharis maritime i (first re-
corded as British from this locality by Mr. Gruyon) . I found the first specimen by
accident, while searching for Limnceum nigropiceum which was fairly plentiful. At
first I took the Lithocharis very sparingly, but afterwards, on acquiring a knowledge
of its habits, I succeeded on one occasion in getting about two dozen in less than an
hour. Fhilonthus xantholoma swarmed in the same locality, a considerable number
of the var. variolosus with abnormally developed heads being among them.
Fhilonthus fucicola was to be got, but sparingly, and also Fhilonthus sericeus, and
Homalota vestita, plumbea, and puncticeps.

Dianous and Stenus guttula can always be found under the moss in the stream
that runs down to the beach a little to the west of the town. I failed, however, to
find Trechus lapidosus under the stones near the same place, though I secured a few
there two years before.

At Sandown I found several Harpalus parallelus, and other common Harpali
(such as rotundicollis, rubripes, &c.) in abundance ; also Ceuthorhynchus rugulosus,
Ceuthorhynchideus Daivsoni, and Apion confluens (the latter in profusion, always in
company with Olibrus ceneus ) on and at the roots of plants growing in the sand.

I tried Black Grang Chine one day, but failed to get any beetles worth mention-
ing except Apion striatum and Philorhinum humile, both in abundance, off furze.

There was a bitter east wind blowing all the time I was in the Island,
which rendered sweeping and beating out of the question, except in unusually
sheltered spots. — W. W. Fowler, Lincoln : February 2nd, 1881.

Colorado Beetles in Devonshire. — In the House of Commons, on the 11th inst-.,
Mr. Borlase asked the Secretary of State for the House Department whether his
attention had been called to the evidence adduced at the Yealmpton Police-court,
with regard to the discovery of Colorado beetles in South Devon ; and Mr. Mundella
said he had been requested to answer this question, Colorado beetles being in his
department. The history of the case referred to was as follows : — On the 5th inst.
the deputy chief constable of Devon telegraphed to the clerk of the Council that a man
near Plymouth was in possession of some live Colorado beetles, which he refused to
give up, that there was no power to apprehend, and asked for instructions. A
telegraphic reply was immediately sent to the effect that the Destructive Insects’
Act of 1877, and the order passed under that Act, provided for the imposition of
penalties in such cases. Copies of the Act and order were forwarded to him by that
night’s post. On the 7th inst. the Home Office sent us a letter from the clerk of
the justices of the Petty Sessions Division on the subject. We gave him the same
information as was given to the deputy chief constable. On the 10th inst. we
received an intimation that the defendant had been convicted and fined £5, the
maximum penalty of £10 having been mitigated, as he pleaded ignorance of the
law, and proved that the beetles had been destroyed.

[From the “ Grardeners’ Chronicle ” for February 19th, 1881. We understand

236

[March,

the beetles were brought alive from America by their possessor ; the Devonshire 1 i
farmers are said to be much dissatisfied at the small amount of the fine. — Eds.] M

Trices of rare exotic Coleoptera. — At the sale at Stevens’s rooms on the 11th ji
February, of the collection of Coleoptera formed by the late Mr. J. Aspinall Turner ■ J
(formerly M.P. for Manchester), the following prices were obtained for some of the
most conspicuous lots. Lot 61, consisting of 2 Euchirus Dupontianus, 2 E. Macleayi, ji
3 E. Cantori, and 3 E. Hardwichii, realized £8. Lot 91, 2 fine Goliathus giganteus, I
sold for £7. Lot 92, 1 G. giganteus, 1 fine G. KirJcii, , and 1 probable variety of j
the $ of G. cacicus, sold for £20. Lot 95. a fine and perfect Ischnoscelis Dohrni, I
fetched £10. Lot 96, 1 I. Dohrni and 7 Ceratorrhina setulosa, fetched £7. Lot ij
97, a fine pair of Goliathus Fornassinii, realized £24. Lot 101, 1 Ceratorrhina j
Savagei and 2 C. Polyphemus, sold for £5 10s. Lot 149, Hypocephalus paradoxus, ja
sold for £10. Lot 154, a pair of Macrotoma Hayesi and other good Prionidce, j|
realized £8. The general opinion appeared to be that rarities fetched extreme h
prices, whereas fine sets of more ordinary species sold very cheaply.

Notes on Mr. Saunders' Synopsis of British Heterogyna and Fossorial Hy-
menoptera. —

Tapinoma polita, Smith. Bournemouth; one specimen ($), J. C. Dale.
Not Wales. The late Mr. Smith misread Bournemouth as Barmouth.

Additional localities —

Ponera contracta, Latr. Yentnor, Deal, C. W. Dale.

Leptothorax acerv>orum , Fab., appears to me to be as much a southern as a
northern species, as it is common in both Hampshire and Dorsetshire.

L. unifasciata, Latr. Bare. Isle of Wight, Seaton, Portland, and Lulworth,

C. W. Dale. Not Sherborne.

Myrmecina Latreillei, Curt. Several places in Dorsetshire and Hampshire.

Aporus unicolor, Spin. Very rare. Middlemarsh, Dorset : one, J. C. Dale,
1835.

Priocnemis hyalinatus, Fab. Parley Heath.

Agenia variegata, Linn. Bare. Grlanvilles Wootton, Portland.

Didineis brevicornis, Fab. Bristol, Walcot ; Grlanvilles Wootton, Lulworth, j
Dale.

Crabro aphidum, St. Farg. Herne, Hants, J. C. Dale, J ? , July 25tli, 1842.

C. signatus, Panz. Grlanvilles Wootton, , C. W. Dale, June 20th, 1867.

Oxybelus mandibularis, Dbm. Appledore, Devon, J. C. Dale, July 21st, 1831. .
— C. W. Dale, Gtlanvilles Wootton, Sherborne, Dorset: February, 1881.

An Ichneumon new to Britain (Mesolius rnfilabrisj. — At Wymondley I took, j
in August, two specimens of a fine ichneumon which Mr. Fitch has named for me, ,
Mesolius rufilabris, Zett., new to Britain. — E. A. Butler, Hastings : February 1
14; \h, 1881.

Ophion minutum at Hastings. — I have to record the capture of a specimen of
Ophion minutum ( vide The Entomologist, vol. xiii, p. 54), at Hastings during the
past season. It has been identified by Mr. Fitch. — F. Walter Sayage, University j
School, Hastings: February, 1881.

1881.]

237

Vespa norvegica in Yorkshire. — On August 11th last, while collecting Cole -
optera on umbelliferous plants at Stamford Bridge near York, I captured a specimen
of Vespa norvegica. — W. W. Fowleb, Lincoln : February 8 th, 1881.

Ornithoptera Prookeana, Wall. — This handsome butterfly, which was first
described by Mr. Wallace in 1855, and discovered by him in the neighbourhood of
Sarawak, is still, especially the female, not a common insect in collections, but, from
recent information, it appears to have a much wider habitat than is usually understood,
and, therefore, also likely before long to be estimated as a much less rare insect by
Lepidopterists. Of its having but a limited range in Borneo it would be somewhat
rash to predicate. From Sarawak, where originally found, it extends northwards
to Sandakan where it has been captured by Mr. W. B. Pryer, and was seen in N.W.
Borneo, near Mt. Kina Balu, by Mr. Burbidge, “ Gardens of the Sun,” p. 260. This
author records it as being seen in considerable numbers : “ These delicate insects are
generally most numerous by rivers, or in sunny places by the dry beds of streams,
and, singularly enough, are most abundant during the cool wet monsoon.” It is also
found in Sumatra, Yollenhoven having described and figured it from that Island under
the name of P. Trogon. In the Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., vol. ii, p. 634, it is recorded
that Mr. Leech found this butterfly “ plentifully in several places ” in Eastern Perak.
It is thus found in Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, but we may almost absolutely
say not in Java, and thus agrees with the many other zoological coincidences which
prompted Mr. Wallace some years since to propound the theory “that subsequent
to the separation of Java, Borneo became almost entirely submerged, and on its
re-elevation was for a time connected with the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, but
not with Java or Siam.” Most of the described Ornithopterce are now in collections;
0. Urvilliana has recently been received from Duke of York’s Island, and the
greatest rarity and desideratum that remains is O. Tithonus, De Haan, which was
described and figured in 1840. — W. L. Distant, East Dulwich : January 22nd, 1881.

Occurrence of Harpella bracteella near Hartlepool. — Mr. J. E. Robson, of
Hartlepool, took a specimen of this rare Micro., in his garden, last summer. The
insect flew to light, which was put in his summer-house for the purpose of attracting
moths. It is in rather poor condition, but a most interesting capture, as giving a
fresh locality for the species. The only other recorded captures are those near
Gateshead, and the one at Crumlyn by Mr. Scott. Mr. Robson most kindly pre-
sented me with the specimen. — J. Sang, 6, Chestnut Street, Darlington : January
25 th, 1881.

On the semi-looping habit of young larvce of Noctuce. — In reference to Mr.
Stainton’s remarks ( ante p. 135) on the half-looping young larvae of Triphcena pronuba,
I have to state that, according to my experience, which has been pretty extensive in
rearing from the egg, nearly all the larvae of the Trifidce are semi-loopers when first
hatched. The Cymatophoridce are an exception, but they are altogether abnormal,
and somewhat allied to the Tortricina, the eggs being pear-shaped, and the larvae
living between united leaves and moulting only four times, while the normal number
of moults in the Trifidce is five. — R. F. Logan, Colinton, N.B. : February 11 th, 1881.

Pempelia hostilis, fyc., near Colchester. — I captured a worn specimen of
Pempelia hostilis in 1879, and in the autumn of that year took several larvae, but

238

[March,

only succeeded in breeding one specimen last June. On May 29th however, I took
a lovely example by beating. I should have announced the capture of this rare i
species before, but could not fully satisfy myself about it and delayed submitting my j
specimen to a more competent authority. In the autumn of last year I again met \\
with several larvse, and hope to see the perfect insect in due course. It seems very J
scarce and local, for though aspen abounds in most of the larger woods hereabouts, j
I have only found hostilis in one locality, though I have searched for it well elsewhere, j

At the end of last September, when beating oak, a considerable number of I
another “ knot-horn ” larva tumbled into my umbrella. These I at first hoped might !
be Cryptoblabes bistrigella, but they were so common that it struck me they might
more probably be young larvse of Bhodophcea consociella, which is abundant in the |
locality ; I therefore only boxed about a dozen. Some of these were ichneumoned, j
but others became pupse later on, thus proving that they could not be consociella , I
and driving me back to the conclusion that my first impression was most likely
correct.

Bistrigella generally turns up here every season, but is always very rare in the Ji
perfect state. I also met last autumn with Gymnancyla canella, the larvse of which ji
were tenanting several plants of Salsola kali on a retired part of the Essex coast. — I
W. H. Harwood, 8, West Stockwell Street, Colchester : lAth February, 1881.

On the Stridulation of Acherontia. — Dr. Laboulbene takes exception, in the i
“ Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France” (5me Serie, t. vii [1877], Bull., ,
p. lv), in regard to my failing to quote a paper he had published on the stridulation :
of the Death’s-Head Sphinx, when I, in reply to Mr. Moseley, tried to establish i
the mechanical nature of this sound in the Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xiii, pp. 217 — 220.
His experience is as follows — “ Eventually I wished to see in what manner the ‘
animal arranged the fan of hairs lying in the fold. This fold is formed of a dry j
rough skin ( comme scarieuse) , especially at the margin of the first segment where it j
rests on the second. I passed beneath this dry skin the blunt point of a little steel
rod, and not only did I succeed in thus arranging the hairs, but, to my satisfaction, I
heard a sound, feeble, but very similar to the cry of the living animal. I repeated j
the same manoeuvre, by pressing on the skin behind the fold and a little higher up '
on the first segment, and every time I caused the hair to fall into its place almost *
invariably I elicited the cry. The reason of this appeared attributable to the 1
contraction of the muscles as they shut the fold with its dry membrane, and perhaps j
also to the friction of the rough skin of the first abdominal segment on the second.” j

As the Death’s-Head Sphinx has not been common in this district since the
autumn of 1878, I have not been able to make further observations on its cry, but if
the true sound can be elicited as Mons. Laboulbene would affirm, I perhaps may S]
suggest that I find a much more suitable structure for its production in the hinder j
pieces of the meso-sternum, which on their inner surface are distinctly limaform. — j
A. H. Swinton, Binfield House, Guildford : 3 rd February, 1881.

iStuinu.

A Treatise on Comparative Embryology : by Francis M. Balfour,
M.A., F.R.S , Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity College, Cambridge. 8vo, 2 vols.
Yol. I, pp. v — vii, 1 — 492, and i — xxii. London : Macmillan & Co., 1880.

An extremely useful summary of what is known on this subject at the present
time, judiciously arranged and well illustrated with woodcuts. Although Entomo-

1831.

239

logists, as a rule, are more familiar with Comparative Morphology than with
Embryology, there is much in this volume well worthy of their consideration.
Prefaced by a short Introduction (pp. 1 — 13) explanatory of the science and aims of
Embryology, and describing the methods of animal reproduction in their general
plan, the first three chapters treat of the ovum and spermatozoon, giving a general
and special account of their formation, and of the development of the former up to
the period of its segmentation after impregnation. The distinction drawn by
Huxley between ova and pseudova is not adopted ; and “ the term nurse (Gierman
Amme) employed for the asexual generations in metagenesis, may advantageously
be dropped altogether.”

The remainder of the volume is occupied by Systematic Embryology, Part I,
introduced by an explanation of what takes place in the ovum after segmentation
has been completed, a chapter being devoted to the Embryology of each class of
animals (excepting the classes of the Yertebrata, which are to form the subject of
Part II in the second volume), in addition to chapters relating to animals whose
affinities have not yet been exactly ascertained, the matter being discussed chiefly
from an histological point of view. The chapters of most immediate interest to
Entomological students extend from p. 316 to p. 452, and relate, XYII to Tracheata,
XYIII to Crustacea, and XIX to Poecilopoda, Pycnogonida, Pentatomida, and
Tardigrada, concluding with a summary of Arthropodan development.

At pp. 451 — 452, Mr. Balfour advances embryological reasons adverse to the
opinion prevalent amongst Zoologists, that Tracheata and Crustacea are members of
! the same phylum, and maintains that the Arthropoda have a double phylum, — the
; Tracheata descended from a terrestrial Annelidan type related to Peripatus ; arid
the Crustacea from a Phyllopod-like ancestor. In support of these, he adduces
others based upon the anatomy of the animals in some particulars, pointing out
that “ the Crustacean appendages are typically biramous, while those of the Tracheata
' are never at any stage of development biramous.” He does not admit that bi-
I flagellate antennse in Pauropus (no other instances are cited) constitute an exception
i to this rule, maintaining (p. 337) that antennse “ can hardly be considered to have
the same morphological value as the succeeding appendages. They are rather
equivalent to paired processes of the praeoral lobes of the chsetopoda j” or, if
equivalent to appendages, they may correspond with the first pair of antennse of
Crustacea. This rule (that no appendages are biramous in Tracheata) having thus
! been conclusively decided, it might be unkind to enquire, what is to be done with
the upper maxillse of such creatures as Lucanus, for example ? not to mention
Perlidce, &c., whose galea is jointless.

The author justly alleges (p. 451) that “ the similarity between the appendages
of some of the higher Crustacea and those of many Tracheata is an adaptive one,

: and could in no case be used as an argument for the affinity of the two groups ;”
whilst in respect of some other resemblances between them, they are due to “ both
i groups being descendants of Annelidan ancestors.” The similarity of the compound
eyes in the two groups cannot, however, be explained in this way, and is one of the
: greatest difficulties of the above view.

In arguing against the supposition entertained by Gt-egenbaur and Lubbock,
that in the Ephemeridce and Trichoptera the tracheal gills are modifications of
wings (p. 339), the strong point that these organs are in several instances developed

240

[March, 1881.

from the ventral region of the abdomen, the under-side of the thorax, and beneath
the head from the hinder part of the basal joining of the upper maxilla, is not 1 j
advanced by Mr. Balfour.

In fig. 188 A, illustrating aquatic respiration (after Gl-egenbaur) the original
author’s blunder over the name of the insect has been reproduced. The figure is a
sketch of the abdomen of a nymph of Cloeon rufulum (the Chloeon dimidiatum of
Lubbock’s writings), the species being precisely indicated by a peculiarity in the j,
form of its tails, whereby it is distinguishable from the other German species of the
genus. It is named, however, Ephemera vulgata , an error which might have been jj
avoided by reference to Pictet’s Monograph. It is adding insult to injury to give !
bad names to an insect that has been subjected to the miseries of being drawn alive i
under the microscope ; but it is a way some people have of showing their contempt i
for creatures not so large as whales, and not so small as mites. Very likely Gegen- j
baur, in the present instance, was misled by Wagner in “ Isis ” for 1832, pi. ii, 1.

Reasons are given (p. 376) for considering the antennae to be unrepresented in j
Arachnida, the chelicerae being homologues of the mandibles, the pedipalpi answer- j
ing to the 1st maxillae, and the 1st pair of ambulatory limbs to the 2nd maxillae of
Insecta. The telson is reckoned as a segment. — A. E. Eaton.

<®bituarg.

Gabriel Koch. — On the 22nd January, 1881, in the 74th year of his age, this
Frankfort Entomologist departed this life. He had amassed a very fair collection of
Lepidoptera, and from time to time had published sundry memoirs on this Order of
insects — of these by far the most interesting is the 8vo volume of 154 pages, which ^
appeared in 1854, on the Geographical Distribution of European Lepidoptera in
other parts of the globe: “Die geographische Verbreitung der europaischen ;

Schmetterlinge in andern Welttheilen, nebst statistischen Tabellen.” This work was
noticed at the time it appeared in the Entomologist’s Annual for 1856, p. 153.

In 1856, Koch published a larger work extending to nearly 500 pages : “ Die I
Schmetterlinge des sudwestlichen Deutschlands, insbesondere der Umgegend von
Frankfurt, Nassau und der Hessischen Staaten, nebst Angabe der Fundorte und
Flugplatze.” A work which no doubt has proved very useful to many a young i
collector in Western Germany.

His latest publication on the geographical distribution of Lepidoptera appeared
in 1870, in Petermann’s “ Mittheilungen,” as appears from the 8th volume of the
Royal Society’s Catalogue of Scientific Papers.

Entomological Society of London : Annual Meeting, \§th January, 1881. —
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., &c., in the Chair.

The following were elected Members of Council for the ensuing year, viz. : —
Messrs. W. Cole, W. L. Distant, E. A. Fitch, F.L.S., F. Du Cane Godman, F.L.S.,
F. Grut, F.L.S., W. F. Kirby, R. Meldola, F.C.S., F. P. Pascoe, F.L.S.,
O. Salvin, M.A., F.R.S., E. Saunders, F.L.S., H. T. Stainton, F.R.S., R. Trimen,
F.L.S., and Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., &c.

The following Officers were subsequently elected : President, H. T. Stainton ;
Treasurer, E. Saunders ; Librarian, F. Grut ; Secretaries, E. A. Fitch and W. F.
Kirby.

An Address was read by Sir J. Lubbock, the outgoing President, and the
Meeting terminated with the usual votes of thanks to the Officers, &c.

April, 1881.]

241

TROPICAL NOTES.

BY W. B. PBYER.

I have lately been reading, with much interest, several descriptions
of scenes, principally zoological, in the Far East, but I must say that,
as a rule, I consider these descriptions overdrawn. There is, of
course, a broad distinction to be made between writers of the Jules
Yerne school and gentlemen who are really describing what they have
Been in the Tropics, but even these latter are nearly always too florid ;
again and again I have found people writing what they believe to be
true, from which home-stayers in England would suppose that the
scenes commonest in the Tropics are one gorgeous conglomeration of
richly hued birds, the most beautiful exotic flowers, and troops of mon-
keys, while snakes, squirrels, palm trees, and, more particularly, butterflies
— nearly every writer insists upon large quantities of gaily coloured
butterflies — are thrown in ad libitum ; Wallace very much put an end
to the idea of the abundance of flowers in the tropical forest, and, of
I late years, there has been a noticeable falling off in their size, pro-
fusion, and colouring ! ; but most of the other things I have mentioned
are still alluded to in undiminished numbers and gorgeousness.

Now, at this moment, I have “ The Tropical Forest” before me ;
within one hundred yards of me, at this present moment of writing,
commences a mighty forest, which may be traversed for a hundred
miles without a vestige of human handiwork being met with, and what
is it like ? Simply, large quantities of straight tree-stems, running up
like ships’-masts into the air, and terminating in a small mushroom-
shaped head of leaves, and so thickly do the trees grow, that their
heads are so closely packed together, as to form a dense canopy over-
head, through which the sun can hard]y find a chink to penetrate,
and, accordingly, it is quite gloomy, cool, and damp below ; as for
monkeys, squirrels, birds, butterflies, palm trees, flowers, &c., there is
simply not one visible.

Notwithstanding this, however, it does sometimes happen that
I one sees a good many birds in one place, in another, perhaps, a flock
r or two of monkeys, and, possibly, some other animal in another, a good
! many butterflies, and so forth ; and it is but natural, perhaps, that
' writing afterwards while the usual uneventful every-day appearance
of the Tropics is forgotten, these more beautiful and full-of-life scenes
alone dwell in the memory, and are described as the usual thing.

Grifted with a good digestion and a stout pair of legs, there are,
I daresay, few, if any, people who have wandered over the extreme

242

[April, j

Far East more than I have ; and the most part of my journeyings have
been on foot, or in small boats, and, as far as my experience goes, the jj
Tropics cannot compare in the smallest degree with the temperate |j
zone for profusion of butterflies, flowers, and birds. I have described ,
in one of your back numbers (E. M. M.,vol. xiv, p. 54) the azalea-clad j
hills of the Snowy Yalley, in the “ Central Elowery Land,” and never )j
anywhere throughout all my wanderings in tropical forests have I seen J
anything that in the slightest approached that Paradise for naturalists. j|
The forest of the Philippines is the most impressive I know, the t
canopy of leaves is thicker, and, therefore, the gloom below more j
intense, the air feels a chillier damp, and the absence of life and sound !*
is more complete than in any other forest I have been in ; butterflies, Is
in particular, are never found under the forest canopy. In Borneo, I
the canopy overhead is not quite so dense, the air is a trifle warmer, |
occasionally a monkey, a squirrel, or a bird may been seen, and, 1
possibly, some errant specimen of the Scityridce may be found wander- il
ing about even in the true forest. In Malaya proper there are lots ‘1
of old re-grown clearings ; the air is a moist heat ; the vegetation is *|
in huge masses, much more luxuriant than in either of the others ; 1
and that feeling of mysterious awe, which is in reality the real attrac- A
tion of the tropical forest, is not nearly so much felt. But wherever I
he may be going, the inexperienced entomologist in the Tropics must |
not expect too much at first, until he has found out the nooks and I
corners most frequented by his game, for butterflies in the Tropics are il
not to be found everywhere, but have their favourite places, as well jl
as those in England. I remember my first day’s entomologizing in 1
North Borneo : no other insect-hunter had ever been within a couple A
of hundred miles of the place ; there was dense forest all round, the i
weather was fine, I was in the middle of the Ornithoptera country, and, i
armed with a net of most portentous dimensions, and with my head I
full of thoughts of two or three new Papilios at least, I plunged into I
the forest.

Three hours later I was back at the steamer again, a wiser, at all ji
events, if not a better man, but anyhow, a pound or two lighter! I
had tried the open, and I had tried the forest ; I had penetrated into ■
the depths of a mangrove swamp, and I had been bemired in a “ nepa,” 1
then I tried the edge of the jungle, and afterwards some re-grown 'I
land, all in vain ! and, positively, when I got on board, my collecting J
box contained but one specimen of the universal Melanitis Leda , and a r
battered and washed-out Neptis , which looked as though it might have jl
been the abundant JV. Purynome when fresh ; and these were the only jfl

1881.]

243

butterflies I bad seen ! An hour’s sojourn beside a gorse bush on
Hampstead Heath would have afforded more — and brighter coloured
— specimens than this !

As for birds, Narseer and his brother, whose fame has been
celebrated by Mr. Sharpe, and their boys, over a space of twenty
days did not average more than two birds each a day ; and yet the
result when sent home has, I daresay, caused the casual observer to
exclaim : “ What an abundance of beautiful birds there must be in
those parts !”

I do not know whether I am specially unfortunate, but once, and
once only, in all my travels, did I see butterflies in anything like that
profusion that most zoological travellers seem to consider the usual
thing : it was in the centre of the Malay peninsula, at a place called
Chindrass, a road had been made across a marsh, and at a rather damp
place, the ground was simply covered with butterflies, busy sucking at
the moisture ; there were not many species, but the number of speci-
mens was something enormous, the commonest was an orange-coloured,
elongate- winged Pieris and a Papilio , closely allied to P. Phada-
manthus, was also in large numbers ; looking over the lot I picked out
a Charaxes as a desideratum, and, on popping the net over it, took
; about a dozen of the common Pieris as well, while a whole cloud rose
into the air.

In one of these papers I have mentioned* notice is taken of the
apparent scarcity of caterpillars in the Tropics ; this is quite true, the
same thing has struck me : beat, sweep, or look where you will, there
are none to be found, but they are not far off all the same, for, plant
vegetables on any newly-reclaimed piece of ground, and you will have
the greatest difficulty in preventing their being destroyed by swarms
of larvae. We must fall back upon Darwin for the reason, I suppose ;
’ it is only those larvae that are peculiarly gifted with modes of conceal-
t ment that have any chance of surviving the continual search made
| after them by numerous enemies. Large quantities of larvae entail
large quantities of moths, and large quantities there are in some more
t favoured localities ; in a very new clearing, where butterflies are
I almost absent, moths are usually very abundant, and this I ascribe to
J the bats, like the butterflies, not yet having found their way there ;
i when first I opened up the jungle down here, the floor of the house
\ was absolutely littered of a morning by the quantities of moths’-wings
( lying about; attracted from underneath the forest cover by the light,
they had flown into the house which then had no windows or doors,

I- * Mr. Kirby’s Translation of M. C. Pieper’s remarks on the habits of butterflies in the East
: s Indian Islands.

244

[ April,

taken refuge in the “attaps,”and there been eaten by numerous enemies 1
of all orders, from bunting spiders to rats ; there are plenty of bats 1
flying about now, and I rarely see above balf-a-dozen moths in an i«
evening. Should any one wish to try this method of collecting, I j
would recommend him to make his clearing some four or five miles
from any open space. I felled jungle, and made a little bungalow for
myself at a place about half a mile from an old “ campay,” and expected j|
to see lots of moths, but the bats found their way over at once ; at first Jj
I had a few moths, eight or ten or so, fly in of an evening, even these were !
usually of the most insignificant looking character (though one, at f
least, was not : I enclose picture of it, which I shall be much obliged ,
if the editors will name for me#), and latterly there were few or none 1
at all.

When I came out here, the late Mr. Smith was anxious to know j
if I could get any information as to the reputed light-producing power !
of the Fulgorida. All my evidence is entirely to the negative ; the
Indians know no light-giving insect but the common fire-fly, and I have
kept some of the family alive for days, and wratched them closely, but
have never seen the slightest luminosity about them.

With regard to the discussion at the Entomological Society on i
the 4th February, 1880, about fire-flies, Sir S. S. Saunders was entirely j
in the right; that the intermittent character of the fire-flies’ light should
be doubted would be looked upon by the poorest native with much the
same amusement with which Englishmen hear Erenchmen aver that j!
the sun never shines in England. The commonest observer on any of j
the most ordinary lines of travel cannot but notice this : a bush,
generally some kind of low mangrove, will have thousands of fire-flies i
on it, and the nearest parts of the adjacent bushes, also within a radius |
of ten feet, wrill have their hundreds down to scores : their light all
disappears and re-appears as though it was the action of one insect, 1
a singular and most striking phenomenon. Mr. McLachlan seemed to f
think that fire-flies flew together in swarms, and, therefore, suggested |
the theory that a slight current of air altering the position of the
whole swarm at once, so that their light-producing surface could not 4
be seen, accounted for the supposed intermittaney. In the first I
place, I, at all events, have never seen fire-flies swarm when flying ; as |
far as my own observations go, they always fly about singly. Secondly, A
place a fire-fly in any position you like, you cannot obscure its light; I
even if you wrapt it up in anything so that the portion of the body p
giving forth the light was even partially obscured, still the light would J
be visible.

* This drawing was not received. — Eds.

I i88i. ] 245

The flight of the fire-fly is somewhat flickering and uncertain, it
■ seems to move about in an objectless sort of way, the light dis-
appearing and re-appearing at intervals of less than a second, though
sometimes they show the light for longer periods, and, occasionally, I
notice that it is not extinguished at all. When running up a pane of
glass, the alternations of light and darkness are very rapid, five or six
i times in a second. When two fire-flies happen to fly side by side
i for a short distance, their light is not simultaneous, nor is it, either,
if only a dozen or so are scattered over one hush, to do it properly
a whole congregation is required, then they sit down altogether, do
not move, and produce and extinguish their light in unison, apparently
for the fun of the thing.

Elopura, Borneo :

12 th December, 1880.

DESCRIPTION of A NEW SPECIES OF L Y CM'S ID M FROM PE NANO.

BY W. L. DISTANT, V.P.E.S.

IOLATTS (PURLISA) GIGANTEU8, 11. Sp.

Above, brilliant cerulean-blue. Anterior- wings : costal margin, to about one-
s’ third from base, broadly hoary-grey, remainder of costal margin, apical third and
outer margin, dark fuscous. This dark fuscous portion occupies rather more than
j one-third of the wing, commencing at costa it is curved downwards past end of cell,
j gradually narrowing and terminating near posterior angle on inner margin. Pos-
terior-wings bi-caudate, with the outer margin broadly dark^fuscous, terminating at
; anal angle with a lunulate fuscous spot, irrorated with blue scales, outwardly mar-
; gined with white, followed by the dark line separating the fringe, which is white,
j Tails fuscous, bordered with white fringe. Abdomen and inner margin of wings
; hoary and pilose.

Beneath, smoky-grey, both wings crossed by a submarginal narrow dark fascia,
( commencing about mid-way between end of cell and margin, which is sharply defined
| outwardly, and evanescent inwardly, waved, but entire on anterior-wing, but deeply
sinuate towards apex of posterior-wing ; a pale marginal border containing some
obscure lunulate marks on anterior, and a double row of smoky sub-lunulate marks
on posterior-wing ; a black spot faintly margined with blue before base of first tail,
and a larger spot of the same colour at anal angle. Fringe of the anterior-wmgs
|j concolorous, of the posterior white. Exp. of wings, 52 mm.

Hab. : Penang.

This fine species, which I have lately received from the above
I locality, was not known to me wben collecting there a few years since.

: The only other specimen which I have seen is a mutilated one, without
I locality, which has been in the collection of Mr. F. Moore for the last
twenty years, and which he tells me frequently excited the interest of
himself and the late Mr. Hewitson. Purlisa is the name of a genus in
; MS., which Mr. Moore has proposed for the reception of this species.

Selston Yillas, Derwent Grove, East Dulwich :

March, 1881.

i

246

[ April,

NOTES ON THE ENTOMOLOGY OF PORTUGAL.

V. LJEPIPOPTERA ( continued ).

MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA ( TINEINA ) collected by the Rev. A. E. Eaton in 1880.
BY H. T. STAINTON, P.E.S.

TINEINA.

TINEIDiE.

Tinea ( ' Blaloplianes ) imella , Hiib. — One, April 24th, near Olivaes,
in the environs of Lisbon.

Tinea fuscipunctella, Haw. — One, May 10th, in the estalagem at
Almodovar.

T. pellionella , L. — One, June 11th, by the streamlet near Cea.

T. chrysopterella , H.-S. — One, rather worn, May 14th, between
Sao Bartholomeu do Messines and Silves, by the road-side in cultivated
lands.

Tinea ( Tineola ) crassicornella, Zell. — Two fine specimens, May
16th, hill S.E. of Silves, and May 17th, hill S. of Silves, amongst
dwarf- oak in the evening.

Nemotois Latreillellus , Eab. — One <$ , in fine condition, May 23rd,
on the hill-side, near Sao Marcos da Serra.

MICROPTERYGUm

Micropteryoc mansuetella, Zell. — One, June 11th, by the streamlet
near Cea.

HYPONOMEUTIDiE.

Anesychia funerella, Eab. — One, June 29th, at the stream at bridge
below Ruivaes.

Prays Curtisellus, Donovan. — One, June 24th, hills to the west of
Villa Real.

PLUTELLIDiE.

Plutella crucifer arum , Zeller. — This ubiquitous insect is of course
represented ; one, May 5th, along the track from Casevel to Almodovar.
Cerostoma persicella, S. V. — One, June 8th, at Cea, in a wood.

GELECHIDiE.

Lecithocera luticornella , Zeller. — One, very fine, May 16th, on the
hill S.E. of Silves, amongst dwarf-oak in the evening ; several were
seen.

Depressaria p. — A single specimen, May 14th, between Sao

Bartholomeu do Messines and Silves ; it is not fine enough to de-
termine.

G-elecJiia vilella , Zeller. — One, May 11th, by the stream at Almo-
dovar.

1881. J

247

G. spurcella , H.-S. — One, rather wasted, June 12th, at Ponte de
Morcellos.

Gr. malvella , Hub. — One, somewhat worn, May 16th, on the hill
S.E. o£ Silves.

G. ?. — A single specimen, rather worn, May 21st, at an

elevation of 2150 feet, at a waterfall at the foot of the last slope of
Foia, near Monchique. It seems rather allied to G. viduella , but I
should not like to describe a new species from a single specimen, which
is not in first-rate condition.

Teleia tamariciella , Zell. — One, May 17 th, by the streamlet to the
west of Silves.

Ptocheuusa inopellci , Zell. — One, May 14th, between Sao Bartho-
lomeu do Messines and Silves.

Parasia castiliella, Mceschler. — One, May 14th, between Sao
Bartholomeu do Messines and Silves, by the road-side in cultivated
lands. The specimen is rather greasy, but seems to agree perfectly
with Mceschler’s description, and it does not accord with any other
Parasia that I know.

Anacampsis vorticella , Scop. — Five specimens, June 23rd, on the
slope above the Corgo, near Villa Real.

Cleodora lineatella , Zell. — One, May 16th, on the hill S.E. of
Silves.

NotJiris limbipunctella, Staudinger ?. — A very worn specimen is
[ probably referable to this species. It was taken May 10th by the
stream near Aldea do Neuves.

Pleurota bicostella , Clerck. — One, June 30th, on the hills above
; Salamonde.

P. ericella, Dup. — Three specimens, May 6th, at Almodovar ; May
10th, near Aldea do Neuves ; and May 17th, on the hill south of Silves,
in dry waste places.

Harpella Staintoniella , Zell. P, aberr. or n. sp. ?. — One, in very fine
condition, May 20th, in a chestnut wood on the slopes of Picota, at an
i elevation of 1600 to 1700 feet. This is about the most interesting speci-
1 men in the whole batch of Portuguese Tineina. The costal spot, instead
\ of being triangular and broadest on the costa, is slender and oblique, its
| two sides being nearly parallel ; the dorsal spot is also smaller than in
| Staintoniella and Geoffrella ; the connecting silver streak between the
i two spots, and the absence of the apical black streaks, show this insect
| to be more nearly related to Staintoniella than to Geoffrella. It would
be hazardous to describe a new species in this 'genus from a single

248

[April,

specimen : should it eventually prove to be only an extraordinary form 1
of Harpella Staintoniella, its occurrence so far west as Portugal is of ij
considerable interest. Hungary, and the neighbourhood of Vienna, 1
are the best known localities for Staintoniella ; I know of no authority 1
for its occurrence in Piedmont, and am disposed to refer the “ Ped.”
in Staudinger and Wocke’s Catalogue, p. 306, assigned to the distri- J
bution of this species, to JET. Geoffrella , which we know is so very / 1
abundant in Italy. Herr Mann records its occurrence (Stett. ent. I
Zeit., 1850, p. 145) by thousands in Tuscany, and remarks, that “it was |
the most abundant moth of any.”

(ECOPHORIDHh

(Ecophora detrim ent ell a, Staudinger ; noticed also by Dr. Rossler 1
(Stett. ent. Zeit., 1877, p. 379), whose description supplements some 1
characters which Staudinger had omitted to mention. — One, May 21st, 1
near Monchique, on the slopes of Foia.

(Egoconia quadripuncta , Haw. — Three, June 13th, at Ponte de I
Morcellos.

Butalis productella, Zell. ?. — One, rather worn, is probably re- 1
ferable to this species. It was captured, June 6th, at Cea.

B. chenopodiella , Hub. — One, April 23rd, along the stream between 1
Lisbon and Benifica.

B. acanthella, Godart. — One, worn, May 7th, at Aldea do Neuves, I
and one, very fine, June 11th, by the streamlet near Cea.

Bancalia Latreillella , Curtis. — One, June 22nd, on a mountain to j
the K.'W. of Villa Peal, at an elevation of 2480 feet.

GLYPHIPTERY GIDiE.

Glyphipteryx fuscoviridella,H&w . — Two specimens; one, April27th,
near Cintra, on the hill outside the Parque de Pena; the other, June J
6th, at Cea, at an elevation of 1700 feet.

G. schoenicolella, Stainton. — One, very fine, May 11th, by the!
stream at Almodovar.

G. Fischeriella, Zeller.- — Three ; one, April 30th, at Parque da 1
Pena, near Cintra ; one, May 17th, on the hill to the south of Silves ; I
and one, June 23rd, near Villa Real, on the slope above the Corgo.

COLEOPHORI1LE.

Coleophora ccespititiella , Zeller. — One, May 19th, by the stream 1
to the south of Monchique, at an elevation of 1500 feet. Two other I
specimens referable to the genus Coleophora , I have not been able to A
determine to my satisfaction ; they were both captured April 30th by I
the main stream below Cintra

1881.

249

ELACHISTIDiE.

Laverna miscella, Hub. — Two, June 6th, at Gea.

There is a single specimen of the genus JElacJiista , but it is too
worn to be determined.

LITHOCOLLETIDAL

Lithocolletis caudiferella , Ragonot (Ann. Ent. Soc. Erance, 1876,
p. 415). — Two specimens among cork-oaks ; one, May 10th, by the
stream near Aldea do Neuves ; the other, May 12th, by the streamlet
near Sao Barnabe.

L. messaniella, Zell. — One, April 29th, by the main stream below
Cintra, amongst bushes.

L. adenocarpi , Staudinger. — One, May 19th, amongst bushes by the
stream to the south of Monchique, at an elevation of 1500 feet.

LYONETHEE.

Opostega crepusculella, Zell. — One, rather worn, May 19th, by the
stream to the south of Monchique, at an elevation of 1200 feet.

NEPTICULIDjE.

Nepticula suberis, Stainton ( Tineina of Southern Europe, p. 229).
— Two specimens, in fairly fine condition, May 10th, on the trunks
of cork-oaks by the stream near Aldea do Neuves.

Mountsfield, Lewisham :

March, 1881.

FURTHER NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF HYDROCAMPA
JV YMPH2EALIS.

BY WILLIAM BUCKLER.

I have once more to express my gratitude to Mr. W. R. Jeffrey,
\ of Ashford, for persevering aid in carrying on my observations on this
species, by means of which I am in a position to offer several particu-
lars as additions to my former paper in the Eebruary Ho. of Ent. Mo.
! Mag. for 1876 (vol. xii,p. 210). That paper contained descriptions of
i the larva, and of its case when made from Potamogeton , and was sup-
plemented on points to which, at that time, my own observations had
| not extended, by extracts from Reaumur ; and in the correspondence
l to which it gave rise between us, my friend Mr. R. McLachlan, ex-
\ pressed a belief that further investigation would prove the larva to be
I polyphagous, and not confined to Potamogeton only. I have the
pleasure of commencing my present notes by furnishing a full confir-
i mation of this belief ; I shall then relate in detail the movements of
| larvae, which I watched very carefully and minutely while they were
j engaged in case-making. I have to give an account of a moult which

250

[April,

I witnessed, and I think I shall show that Keaumur’s statement (which
always seemed dubious) as to the protection of the eggs by the parent
moth must have originated in some mistake.

If my paper seems long, it must be that I have not power to
communicate to the reader the intense interest I myself felt whilst
watching the proceedings which I have now attempted to record.

About the middle of June, 1876, Mr. Jeffrey sent me larvae in
cases made from Myosotis ccespitosa and Potamogeton natans ; later in
the month several from JH ydrocharis morsus-rance and Sparganium
simplex , this latter plant abounding with cases in one locality ; in
August came cases from Catabrosa aguatica, and in September small
larvae of the next generation in cases from Potamogeton polygonifolius
and P. pusillns. Meanwhile I had been searching in my own neigh-
bourhood, and found a pond with plenty of Potamogeton natans in it,
and on examining the plants round its margin, detected cases cut from
most of those mentioned above, and some also from Alisma plantago.
It soon appeared, also, that the larvae sent to me on Hydrocharis , a
plant not to be obtained here, made no difficulty in taking to any of
the others, as well as to Nymphcea alba ; and, in fine, that whatever
might be the food on which the larvae were found, they were quite as
well pleased with that which was most convenient for me to give them ;
showing themselves, as far as aquatic plants go, thoroughly polyphagous.

I now give the details of a case-making, which I watched through-
out. The naked larva crawled to near the tip of a leaf of Potamogeton
natans , fixed its anal legs near the side, and began to eat a little curved
channel from the edge through the leaf, working from right to left, its
head and body bending round to the left more and more until three-
fourths of the intended cut had been accomplished ; then, still keeping
the same foothold, it ate back again from left to right, clearing out
and widening the channel : next it changed its foothold across the
channel to the fixed part of the leaf, whence, stretching out its head,
it continued eating from right to left, and so carried on the curve of
the channel quite up to the edge of the leaf again, leaving only a very
narrow isthmus uncut ; then, as before, it ate backwards to widen the
last cut part of the channel ; finally crossing over the channel again,
and taking its position on the now almost detached piece, it ate away
the last connecting morsel at the very edge, and was adrift as upon a
raft : I noticed, however, that a change of plan took place between
the first and second parts of its work ; the cut made from the first
foothold on the side of the leaf had a long oval curve ; when, however,
crossing the channel, the larva continued its work from its foothold on

1881]

251

i the leaf, it did not go on from the very end of the cut already made,
but began again at a point a little distance further back, thus finally
bringing out the channel with a shorter rounder curve, which had the
effect of making the detached piece of leaf more symmetrical in
outline. It was now afloat, with its ventral and anal legs clinging to
its raft, but very soon it applied its thoracic legs to the fixed part of
the leaf, and, guiding its course by them, conveyed itself and its raft
under the leaf, apparently looking for a suitable place, whence to cut
the other half of its case ; presently it seemed to find what was
wanted, the floating piece was made fast, and after some hours the
upper half was cut out and detached, and the larva floated in its finished
dwelling. Continuing to w7atch it, the next thing I noticed wTas a rapid
horizontal motion of the head and front part of the body of the larva,
just within the case from one side to the other; then turning about,
after a pause, the larva repeated this movement at the other end, rested
awhile, and again repeated the movement : next it turned round again
and protruded its head from the former end of the case, with the air
of taking a survey of the outside, and whilst it was in this position a
small silvery air-bubble floated out from inside the case, and when the
larva, turning round once more, put out its head from the other end
as if surveying that also, the bubble seemed somehow to be attracted
and moved over and settled close to its head : after this, the larva set
about feeding, and journeying for about an inch, reached the stem of
the plant and fed on it for some time, and then moored its case to the
stem by a thread and rested : afterwards I saw it eating patches of
leaf-cuticle, soon effecting a large hole through the entire substance ;
next day I saw it again eating, and noticed that from time to time it
stopped this occupation, withdrew its head into its case, and made from
five to thirteen of these rapid movements from side to side ; vigorous and
rapid as these movements were, they did not shake the case, and I think
were quite independent of it ; indeed, I am disposed to regard them
as in someway connected with the act of respiration, being analogous
to the movements of the larva of Paraponyx stratiotalis, described by
me at p. 161, vol. xii, of this Magazine. Bearing on this point also
will come some observations I made on the presence of water within
the case ; once or twice it happened that a larva had brought its case
into such a position that a good portion of it was above the surface of
the water, and I wras able to look down the opening at the end into
the interior, quite through to the other end, and I made sure that it
was full of water, and once I could notice a small silvery air-bubble
clinging to the side of the case : probably, when the larva fastens up

252

[April,

its case for pupating, it joins the two pieces so closely together, as to
render it watertight, hut before that time the openings at the ends are
generally so wide that the water cannot be kept out. I am, however,
disposed to agree with Reaumur’s statement that the larva can control J
the admission of water to its case, and probably this is regulated by
its requirements in the matter of respiration, and must be managed
by enlarging or contracting the orifice at either end.

When a larva makes use of Myosotis , after selecting the end of a ;
leaf, and detaching a piece of proper length by a semicircular cut, it ]
floats off upon it towards the end of another leaf ; there it either S
mounts on the upper surface, and turns over the piece it is carrying 1
so as to form its new roof, or else carries it underneath and fastens it ;
there as its new floor ; either way, after fastening the edges of the I
detached piece in place, the larva seems to be at leisure in cutting out
what is needed from the leaf to complete its case, eating away the 1
surroundings, and not merely making a cut ; the cavity between the
roof and the floor seems formed by having one of them broader in the I
first instance than the other, so that when the edges are joined, there I
is necessarily a bulging out of the broader piece.

When Spar gaiiium is the material, the case is of a narrower and
more elongated form, the floor being the flatter side, and thus shorter 1
than the roof, which is arranged so that the keeled surface of the
leaf is outside, and the thin side-edges drawn inwards, and thus made
to help in the formation of the cavity. Not unfrequently the case is
formed of two sorts of leaf, for a larva is not particular to have its
case all of the same material ; apparently in its growth between two j
moults it changes only one-half of its case at a time, whereas after a
moult it sometimes makes a new case entirely ; when, therefore, it
wants only a new roof or a new floor, it takes it from a suitable
plant nearest at hand, cutting the new piece a little larger than its 1
predecessor, and in this way, by changing the top and bottom
alternately, it soon brings a small case up to a good size.

On June 11th, I noticed a larva looking as if about to moult, and
isolated it for observation : the moult took place on 13th ; after the
skin burst at the neck, the old head-cover first fell off, and then the I
(almost colourless) larva began slowly to advance into the water out I
of its case until nearly exposed, then it stopped still for about ten j
minutes, when suddenly the hinder segments were set free with an
effort that sent the case adrift, while the larva remained quite naked I
in the wTater : I secured the abandoned case, and opening it found the
cast flaccid skin — not shrivelled up — but held out at full length by
silk threads along the ventral region.

1881.

253

This larva now proceeded to make itself a case of Alisma plantago ,
first securing a piece of leaf that was near, and then fastening this
under another leaf that floated by ; three hours after it thus hid itself
I turned the leaf over, and found the piece by this time fashioned
into a suitable oval shape, and attached to the oval edge of the leaf,
so that on that side there was no need of cutting : next day the larva
was shaping the second piece — not merely by cutting a channel, but
by eating away a large irregular hole outside its case, still, however,
leaving a narrow isthmus uncut, so as to keep itself securely moored
for a day or two longer ; but at last when it had to stretch out further
and further to continue feeding on the leaf it made its case tight, cut
the mooring, and floated off. When the larva is about to pupate it
attaches its case at the edge of one side beneath some floating leaf or
submerged stem, often (as Mr. Jeffrey found a great number) to the
decumbent stems and tough fibrous roots of the Myosotis bared by
the action of water, but always fixed edgewise ; indeed, the only
exception was in a case fixed flat against a piece of Sparganium.

After the larva had spun up, from seventeen to twenty days
elapsed before the appearance of the imago ; I bred seventeen speci-
mens in all at intervals from June 21st to August 26th.

Fortunately for our knowledge of the interesting early part of
the economy of nymphcealis , Mr. Jeffrey detected amongst some
Potanxogeton natans , gathered promiscuously as food for his larvae, a
large leaf, having eggs deposited on the under-surface, but without the
least covering ; and cutting off the extreme tip of the leaf on which
were six eggs, for himself, most kindly sent me, on 8th of August, the
rest of the leaf bearing about a hundred eggs of a pale ochreous-
greenish colour, close together in a flattish mass near the margin from
which the tip had been severed ; three days later, by aid of a lens, I
could see two black specks on each egg, and in two more days these
were distinct enough, and the day after that, August 14th, the larvae
all hatched, and soon hid themselves by mining into the under-side of the
leaf not, however, before I had observed and noted their black heads
and collar plates with pale greenish-yellow translucent bodies. On
the same day Mr. Jeffrey was watching the six eggs he had retained,
having placed the severed bit of leaf on the upper surface of a fresh
gathered leaf put in water ; and at about 8 a.m., saw the little creatures
leave the egg-shells, and crawl over the upper surface of the fresh
leaf, and from thence to the under surface, which they at once entered
by mining on either side of the midrib near the base. In this manner
mv young brood remained ensconced from thirty hours to three days,

254

[ April,

and began to re-appear at first singly, then several together, and then i
each cut out for itself a tiny film from the under cuticle of the leaf, jj
and floated away on it just as I have described above, and by the 18th j
of the month the water was crowded with tiny cases not one-eighth of jj
an inch long. After moulting the black colour of the head of the fl
larva became brownish ochreous, the collar-plate still black, the body
dirty whitish with broad greenish dorsal vessel, and by help of a strong 1
lens I could see the fine opaque whitish tracheal thread ; the larvse j
continued to thrive and were frequently making fresh cases, half at a
time, until the period arrived for hibernation, when the cases were j
spun up flat against the leaves, and, content with what I learnt, I sent 1
them adrift to take their chance in a state of freedom.

Emsworth : March 3rd, 1881.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TRICHOPTERA ( ROLY - j

CENTROPUS KINGIJ FROM SCOTLAND.

BY R. McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &c.

POLYCENTROPUS KlNGI, 71. sp.

In size and general appearance much resembling P. flavo-maculatus and multi - j
guttatus, especially the latter. The dark portions of the anterior-wings more pro- I
nounced, and nearly black, more decided in the spots and spaces on the costal 1
margin : apical fork No. 3 sessile, or with a more or less long footstalk.

In the <J the dorsal plate is oblong, with nearly parallel sides. Superior 1
appendages testaceous, with pale hairs, rather short, the apical margin scarcely j
excised. Intermediate appendages testaceous, divergent, J
flattened, considerably dilated at the base, but gradually I
attenuate to the acute apex, inserted near the base of the I
dorsal plate beneath. Inferior appendages moderately large, j
sub-oblong, convex externally, the apical margin oblique |
and somewhat excised ; sub-testaceous, with pale hairs, but I
the margins are fuscous or blackish. Inserted above each of I
these latter appendages, and lying partially in their concave j
upper (or inner) portion, is a yellow flattened supplementary 1
appendage, fringed with very long pale hairs ; viewed I
laterally, they appear almost linear, because in that position j
only the edge is seen. Penis very long and stout, yellow, I
directed downwai’d between the inferior appendages, sub- 1
cylindrical, obtuse ; at its apex is an appearance as of a short I
recurved process, which is only occasionally visible. The $ presents no decided I
differential characters in the dry insect.

Expanse, $ , 14£ — 16£ mm., ? , 17 — 18 mm.

Strathglass, Inverness-shire, August, J. J. King, about twenty j
examples.

Like most other species of the genus, this is practically separable 1

1881.]

255

only by the anal parts of the g, which are distinct from those of the
other described forms. The supplementary inferior appendages, and
the very long and strong penis, are especially remarkable, in which
points of structure there is some analogy with the genus Plectrocnemia,
but the insect is a true Polycentropus in the restricted sense. See my
“ Revision and Synopsis,” p. 397.

Desiccation alters the forms of the anal parts very considerably,
and it is only occasionally that the structure can be clearly demon-
strated in dry examples.

Fig. 1 represents the anal parts of the $ , from above ; fig. 2, the
same, from side.

Mr. King’s captures induced me to make an examination of a
series of specimens of Polycentropus , taken by Mr. Eaton in Portugal,
in 1880. I found that these consist, probably, entirely of undescribed
forms, and amongst them are four examples that, in all probability, are
specifically identical with P. Kingi. One of these, from Alferce, 22nd
May, appears to agree in all respects ; three others from Monchique,
19th May, Cea, 11th June, and Villa Real, 23rd June, respectively, are
much larger (Expanse, <$ , 18- — 20 mm.), and more strongly marked,
but the structure appears to agree. Scotland and Portugal are widely-
separated localities, but, considering the great similarity of the species,
and the neglect from which they suffer, there is all possibility that this
particular species occurs in the intervening districts.

Lewisliam, London : 5 th March, 1881.

A NEW SPECIES OF HEL0TID2E FROM JAPAN.

BY GEORGE LEWIS.

In the Trans. Ent. Soc., 1874, p. 447, my friend, the Rev. H. S.
Gorham, has described a species of Helota from this country, and last
summer J found a second, a small mountain species, quite distinct
from any of the three or four now in the catalogues. I propose to
call it —

Helota ceeeo-punctata.

Coppery-bronze, shining, head and thorax closely and somewhat coarsely punc-
tured, the latter having a smoother irregular portion before the scutellum, extending
half-way up from the base. The thorax is parallel, hinder angles acute, with the
centre portion of the base less sharp than in gemmata. The elytra are evenly and
regularly punctate-striate, the striae, ten in number, with interstices very slightly
convex. The usual wax-like spot before the middle of the elytra is round, and
occupies the interstices of the 4th, 5th, and 6th striae from the suture, the punctures
of the 5th being visible down its centre. The second spot is situated before the
apex, where the 4th and 5th striae terminate and join, and it is more oblong than
the 1st. Antennae pitchy-bronze. All the thighs are red for the basal half of their
length ; and the abdomen is pitchy-red. Length, 4 lines.

256

[April,

The chief points of difference between this species and gemmata*
are, its smaller size, the entire absence of the raised polished surfaces
on the thorax, the evenness and the uniformity of the striae, and the
comparatively larger size of the wax-like spots. The appearance of j|
the first or basal spot in gemmata , which rests in the interstice of the j|
fourth and fifth elytral striae, is as though the spot had pushed aside jj
the punctures which had then opened and formed a “setting” to it. In !|
the present species, the spot covers two interstices ; and the 5th stria, 1
running through it, is distinctly visible. The sexual characters of both I
insects are alike. When H. cereo -punctata is alive, it is exceedingly 9
like a Buprestis, and this similitude is enhanced by a portion of the ji
red colour of the thighs protuding over the edges of the body, giving 1
the insect the appearance, when viewed from above, of having six red 1
spots on its margin. I have a black species of Melandrya with legs j
(yellow) coloured in the same manner, and as it walks over dead |
branches it looks like a spotted Chalcophora.

I obtained the Helot a in June, off dead branches of young oaks, j
which had been killed early in the spring by a forest-fire.

Grand Hotel, Yokohama :

13 th January , 1881.

Asopia Lienigialis, Zell., a moth neio to Britain. — I captured a Pyralis at light |
in August, 1879, which I put aside as a variety of P. farinalis, but in the last 1
August and September I took three others, all at light. I then saw that it 1

it was Asopia Lienigialis, Zell., a species as yet only recorded as occurring in Livonia 1
and Finland. Another collector here (Mr. Bryan) has also taken three or four 1
specimens. — W. Thompson, 183, Stantonbury, Stoney Stratford, Bucks : February J
2 Qth, 1881.

[A type of Asopia Lienigialis from Professor Zeller differs from farinalis in fl
the position of the first whitish line, which is nearer the middle of the wing, the 1
basal blotch being therefore larger and the median area smaller than in that species, fl
The second pale line is more regularly curved and originates in a broader pale streak fl
or blotch on the costal margin. In the hind-wings the first delicate pale striga, 1
which in farinalis forms a continuation of the first line on the fore-wings, is, in fl
Lienigialis, placed more perpendicularly so that it originates opposite the middle of I
the basal blotch of the fore-wings. Zeller’s specimen closely resemblesjfarinato in fl
colour, but Mr. Thompson’s specimens are more fuscous — approaching the colour of a
Pyralis glaucinalis — the markings, however, agree accurately. — C. G. B.]

[The occurrence with us of this Northern species, so closely allied to our old fl
friend P. farinalis, is of extreme interest. Baron v. Nolcken in his Fauna of fl
Esthonia, Livonia, and Courland, mentions that he had only met with a single I

* I found this species commonly in Yezo last summer — on willows, where the larvae of Hepia- 1
lus were at work- so it probably occurs throughout Dai Nippon — G L.

1881.1

257

specimen. And von Heinemann, in his “ Sclunetterlinge Deutschlands und der
: Schweiz,” mentions the species not as having occurred, but as lilcely to occur in the
North-eastern districts of Germany. Professor Zeller was, at one time, much
exercised in his spirit as to whether this might not prove to be the veritable farinalis
of Linne, but I believe he settled down ultimately in the old established faith, and
our nomenclature of the two species has thus not been rudely disturbed. — H. T. S.]

Notes on Lepidoptera taken in Roxburghshire in 1880. — I have made a few
| notes of some species of moths which I have taken during last season in this district
of Roxburghshire, and which may be of some interest, as a few of them, I think,
are not generally understood to occur so far north. Any of the species noted of
which I had any doubt as to identity, have been confirmed by Mr. C. G. Barrett,
and so may be relied upon.

Of the Sphingidce, I obtained one specimen only of Acherontia Atropos, found
at rest in June. Of Sesiidce, I took two fine specimens of Sesia bembeciformis, which
I emerged from some old sallow bushes, which had been cut in March and laid up for
y firewood, the moths emerging in the beginning of July. Of the HepiaUdce , H.
i sylvinus and velleda are both very common ; the former swarms on a steep hill-side
i with patches of bracken and open places, in July, and higher up the hill, where the
| ground in places is a little marshy, velleda may be seen starting about at dusk very
I commonly. Of Chelonidce, I found C. plantaginis at one particular locality very
[plentiful ; the moths were flying over patches of bare heather and marshy ground
I on moorland, near to an extensive wood of Scotch and spruce fir. When I first
discovered them I took over a dozen specimens, all of them J , and I did not succeed
in taking a 9 specimen ; the moths seemed to fly best about 4 p.m. I found two
cocoons of Arctia fuliginosa spun up on heath in May, and both produced fine
specimens in June. Of Geometrce , I took several $ specimens of Hybsrnia auran-
| tiaria in autumn. Cheimatobia boreata is common, and I have usually found it
settled on hawthorn twigs, more commonly when bordering plantations of firs.
Oporabia Jiligrammaria was also very common last autumn, and showing considerable
variety in the specimens, both as to size and shades of colouring; I saw them fre-
!i quently on the sugared trees, and flying at dusk, and often started them during the
1 daytime when passing among the trees in small plantations, principally of Scotch
fir. I got one specimen of autumnaria at dusk, when sugaring trees on a rather
i high moorland locality ; it differs from Jiligrammaria by all the wings being more
; elongate in form, and there is a distinct discoidal spot on hind-wings, it also occurred
i about a month earlier. I found Larentia salicata moderately common, sitting on
! trunks of Scotch fir in an extensive plantation of old trees ; here, also, ccesiaia was
(very abundant, and Cidaria populata pretty common. I took a few specimens
of Eupithecia indigata mostly along the borders of fir woods, and pygmceata flying
' during the day. Melanippe tristata is common in one locality in what may be
[termed hilly heath-ground ; I found it in the glades of a rather extensive fir planta-
tion running along a moorland ridge, flying among the flowers in the sunshine and
| again at dusk. Anticlea derivata occurs sparingly ; I took one specimen at rest on
an elm trunk, and two more near a hedge of beech at dusk. Cidaria psittacata and
imiata are both tolerably common in autumn, and the latter after hibernation ; suffu-
mata occurs plentifully in the fir woods, but the var. piceata is scarce. Chesias

258

[April,

spartiata is common about broom in September. Tanagra choerophyllata is rather
scarce, but occurs very plentifully on the grassy hills about fifteen miles to westward.
Of Noctucs, I took in September two fine specimens of Calamia lutosa at sugar.
Celcena Haivorthi is rather common on the high moorland ground, and obtained
best by sugaring the scattered trees of Scotch fir growing there. Noctua glareosa is
sufficiently common for one to obtain a good series without difficulty. Orthosia lota
and macilenta are not scarce, and I took a number of each in fine condition ; also two
specimens of Hecatera serena. Poli chi is very common, and the variety olivacea
frequently occurs, some of a pale green, varying to a dark smoky shade, the abdomen
being almost black. I took about a dozen specimens of Aplecta occulta at sugar, a
few of them on the Scotch firs in the moorland locality, where Celcena Haworthi
occurs. At the same place, Hadena adusta swarms at sugar in June ; and in a
leaf- wood bank near to this, and also on hedgerow trees, thalassina and contigua are
pretty common. Of the Calocampce, I took ten fine specimens of exoleta and
three of vetusta : one of the former on the high moorland ground. Habrostola
urticce was common at raspberry bushes in June, I think, of 1879, but much scarcer
last season. Plusia pulchrina and iota are both moderately common, the former
mostly at honeysuckle, and iota at bloom of rhododendron. Of the species which
seem scarce, and of which I have taken of each only a single specimen, I may
mention the following : Acronycta ligustri, Noctua coyijlua, Orthosia suspecta ,
Tethea subtusa, and Fpunda viminalis. — A. Elliot, Samieston, Jedburgh, N.B, :
February, 1881.

Farly appearance of Pieris rapes. — This afternoon, at Merton, Surrey, I was
surprised to see one of the small white butterflies, P. rapes, flying about in the bright
sunshine, apparently enjoying it. I have never before met with this species so early
in the season, and it struck me as so unusual that I stayed for some minutes watching
it.— John W. Downing, 59, Lupus Street, S.W. : March 15 th, 1881.

Ichneumonidee new to Pritain. — A few Ichneumons taken here by me were
forwarded to Mr. Fitch, by Mr. E. A. Butler, who has kindly examined them and
informs me that there are among them two species new to Britain : Agrothereutes
batavus, Toll., Tijds. v. Ent., xvi, p. 209, pi. ix, fig. 1, ? , among the Cryptides, and
Lissonota leucozona, G-rav., Iclin. Eur., iii, p. 100, $ ,one of the Pimplides. These
were taken in the same sand-pit in which I found Pothynotus pilosus and about the
same time, in September. I also found Aptesis stenoptera, Marshall, Ent. Mo. Mag.,
v, p. 156. — E. N. Bloomfield, G-uestling Rectory : March 4 th, 1881.

Dr. Adler's second memoir on dimorphism in the Cynipidce which produce OaJc-
Galls. — In Vol. xiv, p. 44, of this Magazine, attention was briefly directed to a
remarkable assertion by Dr. Adler, of Schleswig, to the effect that certain of our i
oak-galls, and their producers, are only dimorphic conditions, the galls in one brood j
being totally different in form from those of the other, and the flies so different as
to have been placed in distinct genera : Dr. Adler’s statement and the proofs, were
fully detailed in the “ Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift,” 1877, pp. 209 — 248.
At that time his statements were received with a considerable amount of incredulity :
but subsequently some, at least, of his observations were proved to have been correct,
by Messrs. J. E. Fletcher, Lichtenstein, and Cameron (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag., xiv, p.

i8si.;

259

265 ; xv, p. 12). Dr. Adler has just published a very extended memoir on the same
subject in the “ Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie,” Bd. 53, pp. 151 — 246
(February, 18811, in which he gives the results of his experiences concerning a very
large number of oak-gall Cynipidce , and illustrates his memoir by two very excellent
folded cliromo-lithographic plates with figures of the galls, in which the latter are
delineated with a truth to nature rarely equalled. It is not pretended in this short
notice to fully detail the results obtained by Dr. Adler, and the modus operandi.

The results amount briefly to these : —

Parthenogenetic Brood. Sexual Brood.

Neuroterus lenticularis is changed to Spatheg aster baccarum.

99

Iceviusculus

99

99

albipes.

„

numismatis

99

99

vesicatrix.

99

fumipennis

99

„

tricolor.

Aphilotrix radicis

„

Andricus moduli.

99

Sieboldi

99

99

testaceipes.

99

corticis

99

99

gemmatus.

99

globuli

„

99

injlator.

99 .

collaris

55

curvator.

99

fecundatrix

99

„

pilosus.

99

callidoma

„

99

cirratus.

„

Malpighii

99

„

nudus.

99

autumnalis

99

99

ramuli.

Bryophanta scutellaris

99

Spathegaster Taschenbergx

99

longiventris

99

99

similis.

99

divisa

99

99

verrucosus.

Biorhiza aptera

99

Teras terminalis.

„

renum

„

Trigonaspis crustalis.

Neuroterus ostreus

„

Spathegaster aprilinus ?.

In the following only one brood, and that parthenogenetic, and not dimorphic,
was obtained, viz. : Aphilotrix semilunatus, A. marginalise A. quadrilineatus , and
A. albopunctatus.

There are sufficient materials in the list above given to excite the astonishment
of entomologists, and to induce them to follow up the author’s observations, not only
on the species named, but also on other gall-flies.

Perhaps one of the most remarkable couplings is that of Biorhiza aptera (the
root-gall of the oak) and Teras terminalis (the common oak-apple) ; the insect of
the former is always apterous, and must occasionally climb 50 or 60 feet in order to
deposit its eggs in the twigs on which the “ oak-apples ” are produced.

The forms are divided into the Neuroterus- group, the Aphilotrix- group, the
Bryophanta- group, and the Biorhiza- group.

The memoir concludes with an examination of the anatomical structure of the
ovipositor in Cynipidce and of the manner in which the eggs are laid.

All Entomologists interested in this question should study this memoir : the
plates will enable them to identify most (if not all) of the British oak-galls, and
will perhaps lead to the discovery of others. — B. McLachlan, Lewisham : 14dh
March , 1881.

Sehirus 2-guttatus and other Hemiptera near Hastings. — On Saturday last, my
brother and self took from moss, growing in a good-sized wood at G-uestling, a nice
series of the above. Believing it to be uncommon, I thought it was worth while

2G0

}

j

[April, j

I

recording. I took at Fairlight last July, a developed specimen of Pithanus \
Mdrlceli , and a developed specimen of Acalypta parvula, at Rye Harbour. — E. P. j
Collett, 12, Springfield Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea : March 15 th, 1881.

Acalypta cervina near Hastings. — A few weeks ago, I found a specimen of this |
bug in moss in Hollington Wood. There were a number of larvae with it, which, |
from their appearance I should judge to be of the same species. — E. A. Butlee, |
Hastings : March IQth, 1881.

Hibernating Hemiptera in Perthshire. — The winter here has been very severe, I
snow has been continuously on the ground for 11 weeks, and the temperature was |
on several occasions below zero, Fahr. ; lately, however, I have brought in daily, leaf J
and moss debris, but found nothing in the way of bugs except one specimen of jj
Gnathodus punctatus, a curious time to find it. — G. Noeman, Athole House, I
Pitlochry : March 3rd, 1881.

Sericomyia borealis near Hastings. — I was much surprised to see here the last fl
two seasons the very beautiful fly Sericomyia borealis, Fall. It has appeared very 9
sparingly at Guestling, but when at Dallington Forest, September 1st, 1880, we saw j]
it not uncommonly. I thought it an exclusively northern species. It has not, I |
think, been previously noticed as occurring in Sussex by any of our naturalists, such I
as Mr. Yerrall, Mr. W. C. Unwin, and Mr. J. H. A. Jenner, all of whom have 1
paid some attention to our JDiptera. — E. N. Bloomfield, Guestling Rectory : I
March 4 th, 1881.

Sapromyza bipunctata, a Dipteron neio to Britain. — Among some flies sent to 1
Mr. Yerrall in 1879, one species, Sapromyza bipunctata, Meigen, seems to be new to 1
Britain. I do not know at what time of the year I took it. — Id.

Lathridius filum, Aube, at Burton-on Trent. — Mr. Mason brought me over to 1
Repton, at the beginning of last month, some beetles which he had found in his ||
Herbarium, which, on examination, I found to be Lathridius filum, of Aube. Mr. fl
Mason compared them with some specimens in Mr. Rye’s cabinet, with which they |
perfectly agreed. This insect was taken in Edinburgh, by Mr. McNab, of the Royal 1
Botanic Gardens, and recorded in this Magazine, vol. iii, p. 46. — William Gaeneys, I
Repton : March 17 th, 1881.

Entomological Society of London : 2nd February, 1881.— H. T. Stainton, fl
Esq., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The President appointed Sir J. Lubbock, Bart., and Messrs. Meldola and. Dis- fl
tant, Yice-Presidents for the year.

The following were elected Members, viz. : — Alfred Lloyd, Esq., of The Dome l
House, Upper Bognor, and Theodore Wood, Esq., of 5, Selwyn Terrace, Upper fl
Norwood.

Mr. Salvin exhibited a large collection of insects of all Orders from Guatemala, fl
recently received from Mr. Champion.

Mr. W. A. Forbes exhibited (on behalf of Dr. Sclater), a singular species of !
Coccidce from New Britain, covered with long white filaments. Also a large larva l
of one of the Blattidce, found by himself at Pernambuco, having a deceptive resem- j
blance to an Isopod Crustacean.

1881.]

261

Mr. McLachlan exhibited large Coleopterous larvae from South America,
apparently belonging to the Dynastidce, whence proceeded remarkably fine examples
of the fructification of a Cor dy ceps. He remarked that it was no doubt the same
species as that described and figured by Gr. R. Gray in a privately-pi’inted work on
insects attacked by fungi, issued in 1858, in which several similar instances are
noticed. He also exhibited a Noctua from South Wales, sent by Mr. Barrett,
attacked by a fungus of the genus Isaria (since identified by Dr. M. C. Cooke with
j; I. sphingum, Sch.).

Mr. Pascoe exhibited an example of Peripatus novce-zelandice, remarking on
j; the difference of opinion that has existed, and still exists, with regard to the affinities
\> of these singular animals, which were originally classed with the Vermes, afterwards
I apparently proved to be Arthropods, but now again transferred to their former posi-
| tion by some authors.

Mr. Billups exhibited Pezomachus distinctus from Mickleham, a species new to
Britain, and a Stibeutes from Deal, also new to this country.

Mr. Distant exhibited a very fine new species of Cicadidce of the genus Platy-
| pleura, from Madagascar.

Mr. Meldola read a letter from M. Andre, replying to certain criticisms at a
I recent meeting (vide antea, p. 167) as to the practice of printing short descriptions
i of new species on the cover of a work, for the sake of securing priority.

Mr. Fitch read an extract from an Australian newspaper regarding the death of
a child from the supposed bite of a small spider.

Mr. Butler communicated “ Descriptions of new genera and species of Hetero-
I cerous Lepidoptera from Japan.”

Mr. McLachlan read “ Notes on Odonata of the sub-families Corduliina, Calo-
[ pterygina, and Agrionina, collected by Mr. C. Buckley, in the district of the Rio
Bobonaza in Ecuador.” One beautiful new species — Thore concinna, McLach. —
( was exhibited.

Mr. Kirby read a “List of the Hymenoptera of New Zealand,” enumerating 82
species, five of which were new. No Apidce had been discovered.

Mr. Baly read “ Descriptions of new species of Galerucidce.”

2nd March, 1881 — The President in the Chair

H. Bedford Pirn, Esq., of Leaside, Upper Norwood, was elected Member of the
Society.

Mr. Fitch exhibited an example of Strang alia 4>-fasciata, taken by Mr. Olliff
! at West Wickham, in August last.

Mr. W. C. Boyd exhibited a remarkably fine example of Calamia lutosa, which
i he had found at a gas-lamp at the Liverpool Street Terminus of the Great Eastern
: Railway, to which it had possibly been brought by one of the trains. Also what
i was supposed to be a curious variety of Ennomos tiliaria taken at Cheshunt.

Mr. Kirby shewed parts of a general work on entomology in course of publi-
cation by Herr Buchecker, of Munich, in which coloured photographic figures
formed prominent features. Mr. McLachlan said that the portion of this work
| relating to dragon-flies had been very severely criticised, especially as regards the
j ignorance shown in the text.

2G2

[April,

Mr. Fitch read a detailed report from the “Western Daily Mercury ” on the
discovery of living Colorado-beetles in possession of a man near Plymouth, with
editorial leaders on the legal proceedings taken against that individual.

Mr. McLachlan called attention to a remarkable memoir by Dr. Adler on
dimorphism in oak-gall Cynipidce (see ante , p. 258).

Mr. Pascoe read a paper on the Rhyncophorous genus Hilipus , of Germar, and
its neotropical allies, and exhibited a long series of species in connection therewith.

Mr. Distant read “ Descriptions of two genera and species of Rhynchota from
Madagascar.”

Professor Westwood communicated notes on Scleroderma and allies.

NOTES ON BRITISH TOR TRICES.

BY C. Q. BABBETT.

(Continued from page 84).

Veronea ( Teras ) Logiana , Schiff., =tristana, Hub. — I met with the
larva of this species for the first time in great abundance in Somerset-
shire, eighteen months ago. Wilkinson’s description of its habits is
very good. When feeding on the bushes of Viburnum lantana in the
hedges, the discoloration produced among the leaves was surprising,
indeed, those on the lower portions of the bushes down the side of the
bank became a tangled mass of drawn-together and dead-leaf membrane,
only the under-side of each leaf being eaten away. The larvae were
active, slender, slightly flattened, with deeply divided segments —
more so than usual in this genus, — very pale yellowish, with large,
distinct, dull green or brown, internal dorsal vessel. Head very pale
yellowish, mouth darker, plates and feet almost colourless. Young
larvae remarkably colourless, except the dorsal vessel. On Viburnum
lantana , eating the under surface and parenchyma of the leaf, and
drawing the space between the ribs longitudinally together (much as
is done on a smaller scale by the larva of Lithocolletis lantanella ),
living in a small chamber more closely drawn together at one end of
this space. Feeding through September, spinning up among the leaves.
Pupa brown. The moths emerged in considerable variety in October
and November.

These Somerset larvae differed in colour from those described by
Wilkinson, and by Kaltenbach, being yellowish rather than olive-
green. The latter author notices the curious habit of the species of
scraping off the down (“felt”) of the under-side of the leaf (a habit
in which it resembles some of the larvae of the JPterophoridce) , he also
states that the pupa has two oblique rows of short tufts of bristles on
each hinder abdominal segment.

1881.]

263

Peronea riifcina , Schiff.- — The year before last, my friend, Mr.
Dunsmore, of Paisley, when on an excursion to the west of Scotland,
found larvae of this species in abundance, and reared the moths.
Before the season came round he went to America, but left his friends,
t Messrs. Matson and Whyte, of Paisley, full information respecting
his locality, and to their united kindness I am indebted for the oppor-
ii tunity of rearing and describing this larva. It is so unlike the usual
jj style of Peronea larvae, that I felt certain, until the moths actually
i emerged, that my kind correspondents had collected another larva
I (perhaps Penthina dimidiano ) by mistake ; therefore, the emergence
jj of the promised species was an agreeable surprise. The larva is not
[j very active, cylindrical, plump when full grown, smoky-grey of various
j shades, sometimes blackish, especially on the back, but fading to smoky-
green when full-grown ; spots raised and distinct, shining, ahd with
short hairs. Head black, or blackish-brown, or occasionally brown,
dorsal plate shining jet-black, anal plate yellowish-green, anterior feet
black. In July and August, on Myrica gale , drawing neatly together
the terminal leaves, and eating out the heart of the shoot. Pupa dark
brown, spun up among dead leaves and rubbish. The moths emerged
through September. One of them is the red variety with the slaty
tinge, which so much resembles lijpsiana , but its fore-wings are more
pointed than in that species.

Peronea hastiana , L. — Larva when young, very pale yellow-green,
or bluish-green, head and plates black or blackish, or sometimes anal
plate green ; under the turned-down edge of a leaf of sallow. When
rather older, the dorsal plate is dark brown, and sometimes the dividing
line is visible on it. When half-grown, pale green at the sides, dusky -
! green on the back, sometimes with a faint whitish efflorescence or downy
appearance, head light brown, plates green or anal plate yellow ; still
under turned-down leaves, or beginning to unite leaves flatly together,
and feeding between them. When full-grown, entirely pale green,
generally with the whitish efflorescence, which is especially visible be-
tween the segments, but the head and dorsal plate often have a brownish
tinge. Pull-grown larvse of the first brood, however, have sometimes
black head and plates. This brood which is not common, is full-fed
by the end of May. The second brood is plentiful enough, feeding
between the leaves of the common species of sallow at the road sides,
from July to September, folding the leaves or drawing together two
or more, or joining a leaf to the twig, sometimes disfiguring the bushes,
always leaving the feeding place when full-fed to spin up among
rubbish on the ground. Pupa dark brown, in a slight cocoon. Moths

264

[April, 1881.

emerging through September, October, and November. According to
my experience, the larvae collected in July and early in August the
moths from which emerge in September, produce a far larger proportion
of singular and beautiful varieties of the perfect insect than those
collected later. The moths from the May brood are small, and still
less variable. Treitschke says that the larva feeds on Salix caprea ,
aurita and acuminata , Andromeda and Yaccinium. It seems probable ]
that the larvae on the two last-named plants may belong to other
species, possibly maccana.

Peronea variegana , Schiff. — Larva rather sluggish, cylindrical, j
but slightly flattened anteriorly, with deeply divided segments. Pale
yellowish or pale green, with distinctly pulsating dark green or reddish- j
brown internal dorsal vessel. Spots not visible, hairs minute, head
shining yellowish-brown, plates yellowish or green. On hawthorn, I
joining two leaves together with very white silk, often joining a dead I
leaf to a living one. It, however, deserts this habitation to spin up.
Leeds through July, and the moth emerges in August or September.

It also feeds on blackthorn and other trees. Treitschke says on fruit J
trees, Corylus, Cotoneaster and Carpinus, Wilkinson rose and bramble. I

I am well aware of the extreme difficulty of establishing a new i
species in such a genus as Peronea, but I find that the species of the 1
genus are exceedingly constant in one respect, that of th e>form of their I
fore-wings. Therefore, I have for years been puzzled by specimens 1
which did not agree in this respect with any recognised species. My I
first specimens were taken in a “car” at Eanworth fen, and I placed ]
them provisionally with logiana, but, after rearing that species in large I
numbers, and becoming intimately acquainted with its shape and its J
phases of variation, I saw that the Ranworth specimens must be ]
removed. They were then placed with Schalleriana, but when I found ]
the species in some numbers here in Pembrokeshire, and collected it j
along with Schalleriana, comparana , and the varieties of variegana, and I
saw its distinct shape — even more evident in living specimens, — I had I
no resource but to look upon it as a species distinct from all of them ; j
and, further, that the separation of this form rendered the allied species ]
much more natural and recognisable, I find that my own difficulty |
has been shared by several friends — close and careful students of this
group, — and they cordially agree in my view of the distinctness of the ]
species. Dark specimens sent to Professor Zeller, several years ago, j
were not known to him.

I

May, 1881.]

265

As I cannot find among the numerous old descriptions of (so-
called) species of Peronea — since deservedly reduced to the ranks of
varieties, — any that can he relied upon as referring to this species, I
am compelled to find it a name, and, therefore, adopt one which it has
thoroughly earned.

Peronea perplex ana, sp. n.

Fore-wings long, with costa much arched at the base, apex slightly pointed, and
anal angle full and rounded, so as to give the wing a rather truncate form. Grlossy,
pale chestnut, varying to greyish-brown, and very dark grey-brown, almost black,
appearing rather reticulated from being crossed by five irregular lines of slightly
raised brown dots, and having in the middle of the second of these lines a distinct
raised “ button ” of brown scales, which is very apparent in the darker varieties.
Margin of basal blotch indicated by the usual brown streak from the base of the
dorsal margin of the wing. Costal triangular blotch large, red-brown, varying to
black-brown, reaching two-thirds across the wing, and nearly to the apex, but often
merged into a broad, oblique fascia, which then occupies great part of the posterior
half of the wing. The anterior margin of this triangular blotch coincides with the
second line of dots and raised button, already mentioned, and is of a rich red-brown
in even the darkest specimens. Cilia brown, with a darker interrupted line at the
base. Hind-wings faintly tinged with grey, with darker margin, and pale cilia.
Head and thorax brown or grey-brown, varying with the fore-wings, abdomen
greyish, with a light brown anal tuft.

It differs from Schalleriana in the more decided basal arch of the
costa, from that species and comparana in its longer wings and more
truncate hind margin, and from logiana in its more pointed apex and
longer wings. It is altogether a broader-winged insect, and larger
than comariana. In colour it resembles some varieties of comariana and
comparana , and in its produced blotch, the variety latifasciana of
Schalleriana , but its triangular blotch is not so flat as in these species,
and is never margined with white as in the last-named. Its larva is
rather slender, cylindrical, not active. "When young, yellowish-white,
with a reddish or greenish internal dorsal vessel, head and dorsal plate
black ; when older, greenish-white with green dorsal vessel, head and
dorsal plate pale brown. On hawthorn ( Cratcegus oxyacantha) and
blackthorn ( Prunus spinosa), folding down the edge of a leaf length-
wise, or drawing it together, feeding in the middle of June. Pupa
light brown. I think that the larva spins up in its leafy habitation —
certainly it does so sometimes. The imago appears about the middle of
July, and is almost always found in hawthorn bushes, though I have
reared it from blackthorn. In this district it frequents warm, sheltered
lanes, especially near the sea, but I have seen specimens from Hereford-
shire, and, I think, from Kent. I do not think that it is a generally
distributed or common species.

[May,

266

Peronea aspersana , Hub. — The larva of this species cannot be
looked upon otherwise than as a nuisance — here, at any rate. On the
coast it swarms on the sand-hills, feeding impartially upon Rosa spino- \
sissima and Roterium sanguisorba in the quarries, also on the Roterium , ;
and, for purposes of deception, no doubt, on Rotentilla reptans, the j
leaflets of which it draws together and gnaws. From the mountains
I brought home minute larvae, on the common Tormentilla, and
cherished them to full growth, only to be disappointed by the appear-
ance of aspersana , and a larva on Rotentilla anserina , with the curious
habit of gnawing into the mid-rib, and causing the upper leaflets to j
wither, was reared with equal curiosity, and a similar result. It also
forms one of the company of species the larva of which delight to feed
in the top shoots of Spiraea ulmaria, when trying to unfold itself, in
the Norfolk marshes. The }roung larva is slender, cylindrical, active,
yellowish or pale yellowish-green, with jet-black head, dorsal plate j
jet-black or blackish-brown, anal plate grey or yellowish with a dark
spot. "When older, still slender and active, yellowish-green, or bluish- |
green with the under-parts yellowish, or dark green, with the head
and plates light browm, the latter sometimes black-margined, and, in
some of the full-grown larvae, the plates become shining green.
Drawing together the leaflets of the above-mentioned plants and ;
gnawing their surfaces ; leaving the shoot when full-grown to spin up
among rubbish. Feeding in May and to the middle of June ; emerg-
ing in July.

Peronea SltepTierdana, Steph. — For the larva of* this very local
species I am indebted to the kindness of my friend, Mr. W. H. B. j
Fletcher, who sent a good supply from Wicken Fen last June. I am
thus enabled to describe the variations of this larva, which varieties
I certainly expected would prove to belong to more than one species.
The larva is not active, cylindrical, but slightly attenuated at each end.
When young, whitish, tinged with grey on the back, and with a
yellowish internal dorsal blotch about the ninth segment. Spots and
hairs hardly discernible, head light brown with dark brown eyes and
jaws, dorsal plate black or dark brown, anal plate faintly brownish,
anterior legs black. When full-grown, pea-green, tinged writh darker
on the back, internal dorsal line visible, pulsating regularly, spots in-
visible, hairs distinct, head yellowish-brown, jaws brighter brown,
plates pea-green, the dorsal plate having the posterior margin, and the I
anal, the anterior margin, dotted with blackish. Feet greenish. Or j ! p
dull whitish, or very pale yellowish, with the entire dorsal region dull

1881.]

267

grey, spots large, pale yellow, head very light brown, plates dull pale
yellowish. Or pale yellow, with the whole dorsal region tinged with
olive-green, spots paler and shining, head very pale brown, plates and
legs yellowish.

All on Spiraea uimaria spinning together the young (undeveloped)
leaves, and living between them, often gnawing the young mid-rib, so
as to cause the upper part of the leaf to dry up. Feeding up in the
undeveloped tops, but quitting them when full-fed, to spin up among
rubbish, or under the turned down edge of a dead leaf. Pupa light
brown ; moth emerging from the middle to the end of July. I am not
aware that it feeds on any other plant. The moths are remarkably
constant in colour and markings.

Peronea Lorquiniana,Y)\\\ ). ( Bactra uliginosana , Steph.) . — The larva
also reached me from Wicken Fen, collected there by my friend, Mr.
F. D. Wheeler. It is moderately active, rather long, cylindrical, but
with deeply divided segments ; when young, pale pea-green, with a
faintly powdery efflorescence, a darker green internal dorsal vessel,
and hardly perceptible sub-dorsal lines ; when older, yellowish-green,
with the sub-dorsal lines more distinct. Head faintly brownish,
without spots or markings ; plates both shining green. In blossom
spikes of Ly thrum salicaria, feeding on the flowers in August. These
were larvae of the second brood, which should have produced the moths
in the autumn, and some were reared by Mr. Wheeler and others, but
mine died when full-grown.

Pembroke : 11 th March , 1881.

NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTEFA. OP THE YALAIS.

BY E. C. E. JO ED AN, M.D.

In the early part of June, 1 880, I spent a fortnight in the Yisp
and Saas Valleys, Mr. Gleo. Baker, of Edgbaston, being with me ; we
both worked diligently at the Lepidoptera of the district, and with
| tolerable success. The following Phopalocera were taken by us in
addition to those recorded by me in a previous list as captured in
June, 1878 (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xvi, p. 86).

Papilio Podalirius, common ; at my last visit I only saw one.

Pieris Callidice , common above the tree-limit,
j P. napi , hryoniae , and the spotless males were, of course, common, but
on the 15th of June, I caught one female napi between Zermatt and

268

[May,

St. Nicholas ; it was in every way a well marked example of the
second brood. P. rapes, several examples were taken on the same day,
also identical in appearance with the second brood.

Anthocharis Bella, common ; I took one fine female in the Saas
Valley, with the apical spot light grey, but the mark on the disc deep
black.

Colias Edusa, var. Helice , Visp Valley.

Polyommatus Dorilis, var. subalpina, Visp Valley.

Lyccena Baton, Visp and Saas Valleys. L. Icarus, var. Icarinus.
L. Cory don, Visp Valley. L. Damon, near Stalden, Visp Valley. L.
Sebrus, I cannot quite make up my mind about this insect, the speci-
mens caught, which were of both sexes, resemble Sebrus exactly in
size, but in colour, and in the width of the black border, the males are
very similar to semiargus, much more so than in the type examples of
Sebrus in my cabinet ; it may be a small race of semiargus : of course,
this latter was abundant. L. Cyllarus, common in one field in the
Saas Valley amongst Vicia onobrychioides ; that field could not easily
be forgotten, it was gay with flowers, Machaon and Podalirius were
abundant, so also were Apollo, Hyale, Athalia , Phoebe, Euphrosyne, and
many other butterflies ; every now and then an Ascalaphus, with its
straight undeviating flight, passed over head, whilst the dark velvet-
looking Erebia Evias flitted over the grass, or a large black-winged
Bombus settled on the blossoms. Such was the near scene, but the
picture is very incomplete unless we remember that the Monte Rosa
range bounds the Valley above, and that downwards we look on the
snows of the Bernese Oberland. Amongst the Lycasncs taken were
specimens of JEgon, semiargus, and Arion, all varying on one uniform
plan, namely, the posterior half of the wing shaded deeply with black,
gradually passing into blue, but the black margin filling quite the half
of both upper and lower wings.

Nemeobius Lucina.

Vanessa comma, Io, and Aniiopa, all worn, and evidently hiber-
nated ; larvae of lo were also common at the same time on the nettles.
V. urticcs was common, and in fine condition.

Meliteea Cinxia , Visp Valley.

Argynnis Dia.

Erebia Go ante, Visp Valley.

(Eneis Aello was common near Saas-im-Grund, in one stony part
of the Valley ; some fell to my lot, but my companion, who was fleeter
of foot than myself, caught several.

Pararge Megcera.

1881.]

269

BpinepJiele Janira , near St. Nicholas, where, this visit, we took no
Lycaon ; it was probably too early for the latter.

Coenonympba Arcania , var. Darwiniana , I took a large series of
this form, mostly in the Saas Yalley ; some of these specimens
resembled Arcania enough to have been found amongst the typical
species in a Gierman wood, others, on the contrary, cannot be dis-
tinguished from the Satyrion of the High Alps. There is scarcely a
break in the links from Arcania to Satyrion .

A Syrichthus, taken in the Saas Yalley, seems to me distinct, but
it is, perhaps, a variety of Alveus.

Nisoniades tages.

Hesperia lineola, comma , and sylvanus, taken in the Yisp Yalley.

At Aigle (Canton Yaud) Argynnis Ino and Pararge JEgeria were
caught.

Ino globularice , one taken low down in the Yisp Yalley. The
commonest species is G-eryon , but there are two forms of Statices
common, one with fewer scales on the wing and slightly different
antennae.

Zygaena filipendulce.

Z. transalpina , Yisp Yalley.

At the Schwarze See the larvae of Zygcena exulans were most
abundant ; Mr. Baker brought some of these home and reared them
successfully.

The following list of Bombyces is incomplete, some species being
as yet not satisfactorily determined by me, and, therefore, omitted.

Setina aurita , abundant, var. ramosa , common, occurring even in
the birch region.

Gnophria rubricolllis.

Emydia cribrum, var. Candida.

Nemeophila plantaginis and russula.

Callimorpha dominula , Yisp Yalley.

Spilosoma mendica , Yisp Yalley.

Dasychira fascelina, Yisp Yalley.

Leucoma salicis, Yisp Yalley.

Porthesia similis ( aurijlua ).

These last two were reared from larvae found in the Yalley. Mr.
Baker reared a remarkable variety of the gold-tail moth, a male, with
the ground colour a beautiful sulphur-yellow, instead of white.

Bombyx neustria and castrensis , both reared from larvae. B. la-
nestris, larvae abundant on birch near St. Nicholas in webs (not reared).
B. quercus, larvae found and reared ; perfect insects caught.

270

[May,

Drepana falcataria, between Zermatt and St. Nicholas.

Cymatophora duplaris , Saas Talley.

Diloba cceruleocephala , larvae abundant on JPrunus mahaleb (not
reared) .

In this list of JBombyces the unrecorded insects are :

Not a, one or two species ; I am inclined to think all are centonalis
but there is so much difference in shade, that, perhaps, there may be
two kinds.

Setina , probably another species amongst the varieties of aurita.

Lithosia complana ?, the yellow is so much duller than in the type,
that it may be different.

Gnophria quadra, taken at Sierre (not in either Yisp or Saas
Talleys).

Ocnogyna parasita , eggs of this moth were found (in the Talais)
in our walk from Chamounix to Martigny. They were brought home,
and Mr. Baker was successful in rearing the species. The female is
especially curious, looking like a Spilosoma, with the wings of a female
Diurnea. E our species of JPsychidce complete the list.

I shall not attempt at present to give the names of Noctuce or
Geometrce.

The few walnut-trees in the Tisp Talley were as much disfigured
by Gracilaria juglandella as my lilac bushes are by G. syringella at
home. The box containing my Micro -Lepidopt era was by accident
crushed quite flat, and none escaped.

The plumes not recorded in my former list (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol.
xvi, p. 21) were Leioptilus carphodactylus, taken low down in the Tisp
Talley, and Oxyptilus obscurus, caught m the hilly field half way up
the Eiffel.

I hope time and opportunity will allow me to increase this list at
some future day.

105, Harborne Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham :

March 11th, 1881.

A NEW SPECIES OE EEGEERIA.

BY H. N. RIDLEY.

In March, 1879, I took, under the dead bark of an elm tree, in a
field near Cumnor, in Oxfordshire, several specimens of a Degeeria
which I at first referred to D. nivalis , but, on recently examining
them, I find them to be very distinct.

Degeeria pulchella, sp. n.

Head yellow ; eyes black, connected by a black V-shaped band. First thoracic
segment yellow, anterior margin black ; second segment black ; third yellow ; the

1881.

271

i fourth segment (the first abdominal) black ; the fifth yellow ; the sixth yellow, mar-
gined with black, with an irregular black band running transversely across it, and
extending on the under-surface so as to form almost a complete ring round the body ;
seventh segment black. There is also a lateral black line along the first two segments.
The antennae are twice the length of the head ; the first and second joints yellowish,
the third and fourth purplish, the articulations of the second and third are black.
The legs are white, with black articulations. The spring white.

This insect is undoubtedly near D. muscorum, Nic., but is
distinguished by the shorter antennae, the black articulations of the
antennae and limbs, and the greater preponderance of black over the
whole body.

The markings in the wrhole genus Degeeria are fundamentally the
same, at least, in the yellow species, the great difference being caused
by the variability in breadth of the black bands which margin the
body-segments ; this species has broader black bands than any other
with which I am acquainted, which give it the appearance of
being regularly banded with alternate black and yellow. The amount
of black also varies in this species, apparently according to age ; for,
in a smaller and presumably younger specimen, the fifth segment is
yellow margined with black, while in the adults, the black has extended
entirely over the segment, leaving only a trace of the yellow, and in
the younger specimen again, the articulations of the feet and the an-
tennae are rather grey than black. It is certainly the prettiest species
that I have as yet seen.

20, Portsea Place, Connaught Square :

April, 1881.

ON PARTHENOGENESIS IN THE TEN. TIIREDINIDAE.

BY P. CAMERON.

My observations last year have enabled me to add two species to
the list of parthenogenetic Tenthredinidce ; and to prove the occurrence
of complete parthenogenesis in Poecilosoma pulveratum and Priocamga
ovata.

A virgin of Nematus pavidus, Lep., laid a fewr eggs from which
I obtained two males.

A specimen of Taxonus glabratus ,• Fall. ( agilis , Kl.), bred from
larvae which fed up at the end of July, laid eight eggs, which were
certainly fertile, but the larvae perished in the eggs, owing to the food-
plant drying up.

Five Poecilosoma pulveratum laid in June from five to eleven eggs
each, but out of that number only two larvae became full-fed. On

272

examining these this week I found one larva dead and mouldy ; the
other had become an imago, but had died before getting rid of the
pupal skin. It is a ? .

Two JEriocampa ovata laid between them about fifty eggs, but most
of the larvae died young. Five, however, spun up, and one ? has just
emerged in the perfect state. Unfortunately I can get no alder leaves
at present to continue the experiment with this female.

G-lasgow : 7 th April, 1881.

DESCRIPTION oe a NEW GENUS and TWO SPECIES OF HEMIPTERA -
HETEROPTERA FROM SOUTH AMERICA.

BY JOHN SCOTT.

The insects which I am about to describe are extremely interest-
ing, on account of their furnishing, so far as I am aware, an additional
link to the chain of the various ways by which the members of this
group obtain an existence. They were forwarded to me some con-
siderable time ago by my friend the Kev. O. Pickard Cambridge, who
in his letter accompanying them, says : “ they were found living en
fcimille with colonies of spiders.”

Family NABIDJE, Fieb.

Genus ARACHNOCOBIS.

Head, viewed from above, short, five-sided. Antenna : 1st joint shortest, a little
more than half the length of the 2nd ; 2nd, 3rd and 4th sub-equal, the latter
somewhat fusiform. Eyes , viewed from above, almost semi-globose. Ocelli
small, inserted near the base of the head. Rostrum reaching to the end of the
metasternum ; 1st joint short, stout, a little more than twice as long as broad ;
2nd about one-third longer than the 1st; 3rd longest; 4th about equal to
the 1st.

Thorax — jpronotum very much deflected towards the head, with a narrow collar in
front ; anterior margin about three times narrower than the posterior measured
across the posterior angles ; disc convex ; posterior margin concave across
the scutellum. !Scutellum triangular, longer than the width across the base ;
apex acute. Elytra very much constricted from before to beyond the middle ;
membrane rounded at the apex, with about seven straight nerves, the fourth
from the exterior margin furcate from the middle. Legs — thighs : 2nd pair
incrassated with two rows of short teeth on the under-side, 3rd with a long
stout tooth on the lower side of the base of the fulcrum : tibia : 2nd pair
curved, stouter at the base than at the apex: tarsi: 1st joint shortest, 2nd
about one-half longer than the 3rd.

Abdomen narrowed at the base.

1881.]

273

This genus is very nearly allied to Allceoriiynchus , Fieber, Eur.
Hem., p. 159, but may be readily separated from it by the differences
in the pronotum, legs, and elytra, the former, in the present genus,

1 not being constricted beyond the middle, the next having the 2nd pair
of thighs incrassated, and the last being constricted before the middle.

]

Arachnocoris albomactjlatus.

Elongate. Head and antennae brown, base of the 2nd and 3rd joints of the latter
narrowly pale, apical half of the 4th slightly paler than the basal half. Prono-
tum pitchy-black, very much deflected towards the head, finely punctured,
except two callosities behind the collar ; posterior angles slightly elevated ;
posterior margin deeply concave across the scutellum ; extremities rounded.
Scutellum pitchy-black, with a semicircular depression at the base ; apex white,
slightly elevated. Clavus and corium pitchy-black, shining, having a steel-blue
appearance in certain lights, the latter constricted from before to beyond the
middle, and with a white triangular patch ; apex white : membrane brown.
Legs pitchy-brown : thighs : 2nd pair incrassated with two rows of short teeth
on the apical half of the lower margin. Abdomen pitchy-brown.

Head — crown brown, convex, with a faint transverse channel in front of the ocelli.
Antennae brown, sparingly clothed with short hairs ; 1st joint projecting its
entire length before the head, base of the 2nd and 3rd narrowly white, apical
half of the 4th paler than the basal half. Ocelli brown, placed about in ia line
with the posterior margin of the eyes. Rostrum brown, reaching to the 3rd
pair of coxae ; 1st joint stout, a little more than twice as long as broad, clothed
with fine short hairs, 2nd about one-third' longer than the 1st, 3rd longest,
thinner than the 2nd, 4th about equal to the 1st.

Thorax— pronotum pitchy-black, very much deflected towards the head, finely
punctured, with a narrow brown collar in front, behind which are two unpunc-
tured shining callosities, separated by a slender faint channel ; posterior angles
slightly elevated ; posterior margin deeply concave across the scutellum ; ex-
tremities rounded. Scutellum pitchy-black, with a semicircular depression in
front ; apex white, slightly elevated. Hlytra pitchy-black, shining, with a
steel-blue appearance in certain lights, sparingly clothed with short fine hairs :
clavus pitchy-black, shining, with a steel-blue appearance in certain lights :
corium considerably constricted from before to beyond the middle, its length
being occupied by a triangular white patch, its base about in a line with the
apex of the clavus ; apex white : membrane brown. Legs pitchy-brown ;

■ thighs pitchy-brown ; 1st pair sparingly clothed with short semi-erect hairs,
lower margin with stouter erect ones ; 2nd pair incrassated, with two rows of
short teeth on the apical half of the lower margin, base narrower than the
apex ; 3rd thinner and longer than the first : fulcrum : at the base with a long,
stout, curved tooth : tibiae pitchy-brown, sparingly clothed with short hairs ;
1st pair dark brown, darkest at the apex ; 2nd pitchy-brown, curved, thicker at
the base than the apex ; 3rd brown, base narrowly whitish-yellow : tarsi

274

[May,

brownish-yellow, sparingly clothed with short hairs ; 1st joint shortest ; 2nd
longest, about one-half longer than the 3rd ; 3rd brown.

Abdomen : underneath pitchy-brown, clothed with very short appressed hairs.

Length, lines.

Taken at Rio Janeiro.

AeACHIVOCOKIS DISPAE.

Head yellowish or pale brownish-yellow. Antennae yellowish or pale brownish-
yellow ; 1st joint projecting its entire length before the head, apex narrowly
fuscous ; 4th white, base narrowly and apex broadly fuscous. JPronotum con-
siderably deflected towards the head, thickly and somewhat deeply punctured,
anteriorly yellowish or pale brownish-yellow, posteriorly dark brown. Scutellum
and corium dark purplish-brown : membrane brown, with a triangular white
patch on the exterior margin adjoining the apex of the corium, and a whitish
patch immediately opposite on the interior margin. Legs dark brown : tibiae :
3rd pair yellowish, base and apex narrowly brown.

Head — crown yellowish or pale brownish-yellow, flattish convex. Antennae yellowish
or pale brownish-yellow ; 1st joint slightly clavate, projecting its entire length
before the head, narrowly fuscous at the apex ; 4th white, fusiform, base nar-
rowly and apex broadly fuscous. Lyes purplish-brown. Ocelli purplish-brown.
Rostrum brown ; 1st joint pale brownish-yellow, sparingly clothed with short
pale hairs.

Thorax — pronotum considerably deflected towards the head ; anterior two-thirds
!md lateral margins narrowly yellowish or pale brownish-yellow ; posterior
portion brown, the colour fading into the anterior portion ; posterior angles
slightly elevated ; behind the collar a callosity extending almost from side
to side, bounded posteriorly by a deep curved channel, in which are three
or four deeper punctures ; posterior margin concave across the scutellum ; ex-
tremities rounded. Scutellum dark purplish-brown, depressed at the base.
Llytra, dark purplish-brown, sparingly clothed with hairs : membrane brown,
with a triangular white patch on the exterior margin adjoining the apex of the
corium, and a whitish patch immediately opposite on the interior margin.
Sternum yellowish or pale brownish-yellow. Legs dark brown : thighs : all the
pairs thinnest at the base ; 1st and 2nd armed underneath with two rows of
stout bristles : tibiae : 3rd pair yellowish, base and apex narrowly brown.

Abdomen underneath dark brown. Length, 2| lines.

Taken at Para.

The pale head and pronotum, difference of colouring in the
antennae, absence of the triangular white spots on the corium, and pale
hinder tibiae, will readily lead to the separation of the species.

The wonderful resemblance these species have to those of Pilo-
pJiorus , Hahn., and Mimocoris , Scott, will strike any observer at first
sight as remarkable, but the ocelli settle the question at once.

Lee, S.E.: llth April, 1881.

1881.]

275

NEW SPECIES OF LONGICORN COLLOPTLRA ALLIED TO

COLO BO THE A.

BY H. W. BATES, E.L.S.

The following descriptions refer to an interesting group of
Lamiidce , peculiar to Tropical America, which are closely allied to
Asty nonius, but differ in their narrow, laterally-compressed form of
body, and the presence of a carina on each elytron, separating the
vertical sides (epipleurse) from the dorsal surface.

Synchyzopits cancellatus.

S. geometrico affinis et similis, sed differt elytrorum signaturis. Purpureo-
fuscus, sericeo-nitens , capite thoraceque jlavis, illo vittis duabus frontalibus , hoc fascia
lata dorsali fuscis ; elytris marginibus (basi exceptis) fasciisque duabus , angustis ,
flavis j apice sinuato-truncatis angulo exteriori spinoso ; antennis piceo-fuscis, arti-
culis 4t° et 6to basi albis. Long. 4 ^ tin ^ .

Differs from 8. yeometricus, of Nicaragua, chiefly in the fewer
yellow lines of the elytra, which are so placed that each elytron may
be said to have four large, square, silky-brown spots, separated from
each other and the margins (except at the base) by narrow pale yellow
lines. The thorax is much shorter than broad, with the sides
moderately and regularly rounded in the middle. The lateral carina
of the elytra is well marked near the base, but becomes obliterated
before the middle. The ovipositor of the projects to the length of
about one-twelfth of an inch beyond the elytra, and its dorsal plate is
very acute at the tip, sharply grooved down the middle, and margined
on the sides.

Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia (Buckley).

Synchyzopus ljttjs.

Purpureo-fuscus, sericeo-nitens , capite antice lineis tribus (quarummediana usque
ad verticem continuata) thor ace fascia angusta prope marginem anteriorem , alteraque
latiori (medio interrupta) juxta marginem posterior em, elytrisque utrinque maculis
quatuor, pallide flavis ; a-ntennis nigris , articulis 4i0, et 6^° basi albis ; corpora
subtus medio griseo, pectore utrinque macula alba. Long. 4^ lin., ? .

Yery similar in form to 8. yeometricus and cancellatus , but dif-
fering widely in the markings of the elytra. These consist, on each,
of four pale yellow spots or short fasciae, viz. : one rounded on the
disc towards the base, a fascia near the middle, and a second fascia
considerably beyond the middle (neither reaching the suture nor the
margin), and a triangular spot at the apex (broadest on the suture).
The ovipositor differs from that of S. cancellatus by wanting the
central groove of the upper segment. In the specimen described it
is red and shining.

R. Moronas, Equador (Buckley).

276

I May,

Synchyzopus polystigma.

Niger, capite antice genis et lineis tribus frontalibus ( quarum mediana usque ad
thoracis basin extensa) elytrisque utrinque maculis novem,flavis : antennis articulis
4to et 6t0 basi albis : corpore subtus griseo, lateribus cinereo-albo maculatis.

Long. 5 tin., % ( excl . ovipos.).

Distinct from all other described species by the central yellow
yitta of the thorax, and the numerous pale markings of the elytra ; the
latter consisting, on each, of nine spots. These spots are : — one, the
largest, central on the suture and common to both elytra ; two, small,
on the epipleurae ; four, also small, scattered over the basal half of
the disc ; one, rather larger and more transverse, towards the apex ;
and one on the apical margin. The whitish spots on the sides of the
body beneath begin with two narrow belts on the flanks of the pro-
thorax, and are continued, one on each sternal plate and ventral
segment, to the apex. The thorax is rather more elongate than in
the preceding species, its broadest part being much nearer the base,
whence it tapers towards the apex. The elytra are considerably
narrowed from base to apex. The ovipositor projects one-eighth of
an inch beyond the elytra, and its dorsal segment is convex and un-
grooved.

New Granada.

Synchyzopus duplex.

Facies Colobothearum : elongato-angustus, nigro- vel purpureo-fuscus, sericeus,
fronte lineis tribus, vertice vitta latiori usque ad thoracis marginem posteriorem
extensa, elytrisque plag a macularia basali fasciisque jlexuosis duabus versus apicem, \
carneo-ochraceis : thorace sub-cylindrico medio paullulum dilatato ; elytris apice
truncatis extus spinosis ; antennis nigris vel piceis, articulis 4<0 et basi cinereo - j
albis : subtus medio griseo lateribus dense cinereo -vittatim tomentosis.

Long. 4 — 5^ lin., <$ $ .

In colour and markings much resembling the species of Colo-
bothea, but distinguished from that genus by the narrower thorax
(slightly rounded in the middle), and by the ovipositor of the female
being slender and projecting considerably beyond the tips of the
elytra ; both which characters are those of Synchyzopus. The upper |i
segment of the ovipositor ends in a sharp point, and is plane above, ji
The spotty, ochreous or pinky-ochreous patches of the elytra are spread [l
very irregularly over the base, but in the middle and towards the apex ||
they are condensed into transverse flexuous belts, and the apex has a !|
large transverse spot of the same colour.

South Brazil, Bahia, Bio Grande.

Sparna platyptera.

Facies generis Lyci, elytris paullo convexis, postice gradatim modice dilatatis,
apice latissime obtusissime rotundatis, angulo exteriori breviter spinoso ; nigra, vertice \
vitta mediana, thorace vitta laterali, elytrisque humeris fasciaque lata mediana

1881. J

277

fulvis : thorace utrinque prope basin dilatato et subspinoso , deinde antice valde
angustato ; elytris sutura, costis duabus dorsalibus, alter aque later ali, elevatis :
antennis nigris scapo longissimo. Long. 61 lin.

Differs from Spcirna lycoides (Thoms.) chiefly in colour. The
tawny spot on the shoulders is connected on each side, by means of a
broadish vitta, with the median fascia of the same colour ; but the
epipleura, up to the base, and a large basal patch common to both
elytra, as well as the apical third, remain black. The under-side and
legs are black ; the bases of only fore and middle femora being
reddish.

Province of Parana, Brazil.

Carneades personata.

Nigra, subtilissime purpureo-fusco sericata, thorace vitta dorsali latissima , elytris
plaga communi basali oblong a ( medio constricta) maculaque magna rotundata (gutta
nigra includenti) versus apicem, et macula triangulari apicali, ochraceis, cinereo~
marginatis : antennis nigris, articulis 4<0, 6t0 , et 8t0 basi albis, scapo ciliato ; corpore
subtus nigro, sternis utrinque ochraceo-plagiatis, ventre apice ochraceo : thorace sub-
conico a basi usque ad apicem recte angustato : elytris apice truncatis, angulo
exteriori longe spinoso,humeris acutis ,carinis duabus lateralibus postice evanescentibus,
dorso versus basin aspere et parce punctato. Long. 8 lin.

New G-ranada.

Carneades nodicornis.

Convexa, tuberculo centro-basali valde elevato, antennarum scapo apice subito
fortissime clavato ; supra, guttis nigris et rufis Icete variegata,fasciisque duabus
| purpureo-fuscis ochraceo-albo marginatis, interstitiis viridi-ceneis sericeis : subtus
ochraceo-cinereo, pedibus nigris cinereo-annulatis : antennis piceo-rujis, articulis apice
I nigris, 3t0, 4*°, et 6to basi cinereis. Long. 6 lin.

A prettily-variegated species, differing from C. superba, the type
of the genus, in the elytra having strongly-elevated centro-basal
tubercles, and the antennal scape being more abruptly clavate. The
shoulders of the elytra are prominent, and the lateral carinae faint, as
j in that species ; the apex is truncated and spined in a similar way.
The thorax differs in its sides being prominent and slightly tuberculated
in the middle ; in colour it is black with reddish marks, and a broad
ashy-white vitta on each side.

Equador (Buckley) ; Erontino, New Granada (Wallis).

Carkeades reticulata.

Oblongo-elongata, albo-cinerea, elytris passim lineis et maculis nigris reticulatim
variegatis ; thorace supra incequali, tuberculoque laterali prope basin, dorso litura
nigra M -for mi : elytris magis par allelis, medio dorso et lateribus fortiter carinatis,
i apice late truncatis, angulo exteriore valde pro ducto et acuto. Long. 7 — 8 lin.

Erontino, New Granada (Wallis).

; Bartholomew Road, Kentish Town, N.W. :

April, 1881.

278

[May,

Prionocyphon serricomis in Kent. — Last year (in August or September) I took,
in Kent, a small orange beetle, which I in vain tried to set properly, and, after
breaking several of its legs, I was about to throw it away, but, on second thoughts,
I carded it as it was.

A short time ago I took it to the British Museum, where Mr. C. O. Waterhouse
recognised it as Prionocyphon serricomis, one of our rarest Coleoptera.

As I did not know of the insect’s rarity when I captured it, I cannot tell what
tree it was found on, but it was probably knocked off oak, nut, blackberry, or birch,
as those four trees (especially the two former) are the most numerous in the locality.
I have never seen it recorded from the south-east of England before, in fact, I be-
lieve only a very few specimens have been captured in this country. — E. A. Brunetti,
15, Lower Gl-rosvenor Place : April 18£A, 1881.

Stigmonota scopariana bred. — I have to-day bred three specimens from the
larvae mentioned at p. 70 of this volume. What a lovely species this is ! but why
on earth should it come out so early, when not a vestige of its food-plant will be
seen for some weeks, in the bleak, cold region where it occurs ?

That it appears to be known, however, as an April species is shown by the
remarks of my friend Mr. C. Gr. Barrett at p. 36 of this volume. — J. B. Hodgkinson,
15, Spring Bank, Preston : April 10 th, 1881.

Note on Trioza urticce. — The time is fast approaching for the capture of this
species of Psyllidce in all its stages, and I herewith give a short description of the
nymph form of the creature, for the benefit of those who care to collect and breed it.
In June and July these nymphs may be had in great numbers by beating the
common nettle ( Urtica dioica) into a net or, what I consider to be much preferable,
an inverted umbrella. When taken home they should at once be placed upon a
small plant of nettle set in a flower pot and covered with a glass shade, where they
will thrive perfectly. The colour is pale green, shining, the entire margin has a
fringe of white hairs, some of which, round the apex of the abdomen, are much
longer than others. Head rounded in front. Antennae pale, apex dusky. Eyes
purplish-brown. Elytra-lobes almost white. Abdomen : upper-side sparingly clothed
with long, fine, white hairs, and having a roundish pale yellow spot on each side near
the base. Length about 1 line. — John Scott, Lee, S.E. : April 15 th, 1881.

Rare Hemiptera near Hastings. — On April 9th I was fortunate enough to take
two specimens of Gerris rufo-scutellata at Gruestling, one of our rarest British
Hemiptera. Mr. E. Saunders has kindly verified them : on looking over my col-
lection he also picked out four specimens of Nabis lineatus, — Poioeri, Saund.,
which I had taken last September at Camber, and a developed specimen of Stygrvo-
coris rusticus from the Hastings district, a species which is very rarely met with in
this state. — E. P. Collett, 12, Springfield Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea : 18M April ,
1881.

1881.]

279

flcuitu).

Monograph op the Beitish Aphides, Yol. iii ; by Geoege Bowdlee
i Bttckton, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.C.S., &c. : pp. 1—142, 28 plates, 8vo. London : Bay
Society, 1881.

The issue by the Ray Society to its subscribers of this concluding volume of Mr.
Buckton’s work gives an occasion, which we gladly take, to confirm the generally
favourable opinion of the result of the author’s labours in a difficult field, which we
; gave on the appearance of the first volume (vol. xiii, p. 288) ; and the merits of the
j work are enhanced by the references made to the recent researches in the biology of
;| Aphides by Lichtenstein, Riley, Courchet, Kessler, and others. In an introductory
I chapter, the author briefly discusses recent views of variation, development and
| evolution, coming to the conclusion that “ Some inscrutable force is connected with

I the secret of life, with its metamorphotic powers, and its attributes of irritability,
assimilation, reproduction, and final death,” which — a verbal amplification of Cuvier’s
dictum that “Life is a state of force ” — contains the gist of the whole matter.

While we acknowledge the merits of the work and anticipate that great advan-
tage will result to British Entomologists from the knowledge thus brought within
their reach, we cannot but regret that so little heed has been given to the defects
i noted by several reviewers on the first occasion. It is true that the author has so
far attended to his critics as to give “A List of Authors, with the approximate date
of their Memoirs on Aphides,” but this is a poor substitute for the usual indication
in its place, of the work, volume, page and plate where the description or figure of a
species is to be found ; and endless labour is still entailed on those who would follow
in the track of research. Another of the more important omissions is indication of
the species, or reputed species, of Britain not accounted for in the work. We miss
also a combined index to the contents of the three volumes.

At page 61 is characterized anew genus termed “Stomaphis, Walker,” although
it is acknowledged that Walker did not publish any of the generic characters, and
] only suggested the name. The genus will, of necessity, be always cited as Stomaphis,
Buckton. Other similar instances might be referred to. In connection with the
; species on which the genus Stomaphis is founded ( Lachnus quercus ) is the following
note, derived from Mr. Walker, containing errors which deserve to be corrected.
“ I think Tugall was the first person to discover Aphis quercus in England, and he
i mentioned it to Stephens, who published a notice thereon about 1847, but I do not
find it mentioned in the list of writings of the latter author. About that time
Tugall directed me to an oak near Dulwich where I found it ; and some years after,
the late Mr. Alfred Smee told me of an oak near Weybridge, where I found it
again ; and subsequently I met with it at Finchley. The male is mouthless, or
rather, it has no rostrum.” The true story is to be found in the “Transactions of
the Entomological Society of London,” vol. v, Proceedings, where, at page xx, it is
recorded, that at the Meeting on the 2nd August, 1847, “ Messrs. J. F. Stephens and
Ingall exhibited specimens of Lachnus quercus , an Aphideous insect new to this
country, found in crevices of bark of oak trees near Dulwich, thrusting its long proboscis
i nearly up to the base in the wood of the tree, so that it cannot be withdrawn without
great difficulty and fear of injuring the insect, in which case the ants immediately

280

[May, 1881.

rush to suck up the fluids discharged by the Lachnus At page xxvii it is stated
that, at the Meeting on the 1st November, 1847, “ Mr. Ingall exhibited specimens of
the male of Lachnus quercus, remarkable for being destitute of the long rostrum of
the female, and also eggs of the same species.”

Entomological Society of London: 6th April , 1881. — W. L. Distant,
Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Gr. W. Royston Pigott, Esq., of Eastbourne, was elected an Ordinary Member
and Dr. Signoret, of Paris, a Honorary Member.

Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited a beautiful Noctua bred in a nursery-garden at
Blackheath, which he had not at present been able to identify. Although much
resembling a Gortyna in colour, its general form rather indicated something allied
to Dicycla.

Mr. McLachlan exhibited three species of the rare and curious Neuropterous
genus LHlar, Rbr., viz. : — D. nevadensis, Rbr., from Andalusia (recently received
from Dr. Staudinger), D. Hornei, McLach. (Ent. Mo. Mag., v, p. 239), from N.W.
India, and D. Prestoni, McLach. {ante, p. 39), from Rio Janeiro. He called
attention to the singular unilaterally -pectinate antennae of the J and the long
slender ovipositor of the $ , the latter indicating some undiscovered habit.

The Rev. A. E. Eaton exhibited (under the microscope) a wood-louse new to
Britain, viz. : Haplophthalmus elegans, Schobl, found by him in a garden at Croydon :
it had been noticed from Germany and Denmark.

Miss Ormerod exhibited a black nest of a Termes from Guyana, attached to the
branch of a tree ; it bore some resemblance to a negro’s head ; only apterous forms
of the insects had been found in it.

Mr. Pascoe exhibited the insects from a somewhat similar nest found by him
at Para.

Mr. McLachlan said he could not determine, with certainty, the species forming
these nests without seeing winged-forms. The insects in Miss Ormerod’s nest re-
presented two forms of workers, those of the ordinary form, and others that have
been termed “ Abeiter Nasuti.” In Mr. Pascoe’s nest only the latter were apparently
present ; he thought they were probably Termes opacus, Hagen. He alluded to the
works of Hagen, Fritz Muller, and Hubbard, on the subject.

Mr. Billups exhibited Lasiosomus enervis, H.-S., a very rare species of Hem-
iptera, found by him recently in moss, and of which only few other British specimens
existed, taken by Mr. Champion at Chatham : also Ichneumon erythrceus, Graven-
horst, a very rare British species of Ichneumonidce.

Mr. McLachlan read a description of a new species of Corduliina ( Gomphoma-
cromia fallaxj from Ecuador.

Mr. Bridgman communicated additions to Mr. Marshall’s Catalogue of British
Ichneumonidce, in which he enumerated 60 species new to this country, 13 of which
were apparently undescribed. In connection with this paper Mr. Fitch especially
alluded to the genus Pezomachus, which would be found to be made up, to a large
extent, of apterous females of several distinct genera.

END OF VOL. XVII.

INDEX.

PAGE

General Index i.

Entomological Society ix.

Special Index —

Coleoptera xi.

Diptera xii.

Hemiptera xii.

Hymenoptera xiii.

Lepidoptera xiii.

Neuroptera xvi.

Thysanura xvii.

page

Index to Contributors xvii.

Genera and Species new to Science ... xviii.

„ „ ,, ,, „ Britain ... xx.

Larv.® of British Species Descf.ibed ... xx.

Reviews xx.

Obituary xx.

Errata xx.

INDEX TO GENERAL SUBJECTS.

PAGE

“ A Treatise on comparative embryology, by F. M. Balfour, M.A., F.R.S.

Review ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 238

Abundance of Csecilius pedicularius, Extreme... ... ... ... .. 141

„ ,, Clothilla picea, Motsch. .. ... ... ... ... ... 185

„ „ Orgy ia anti qua . .. .. ... ... ... ...114,133

Acalypta cei’vina near Hastings . . ... ... ... ... . ... 260

Acanthoderes (Coleoptera Longicornia, Family Lamiadse), New species of... 58

Acherontia, On the stridulation of ... ... ... ... ... 238

Acronycla alni at Bristol, Larvse of ... ... ... ... ... 186

Addition to the British Trichoptera, An ... ... ... ... ... 185

Additional food-plant for Laverna epilobiella, Romer ... ... ... 186

notes on the larva of Drepana sicula ... ... ... ... 122

species of British Hemiptera, An ... ... ... ... ... 150

„ „ „ Homoptera ... ... ... 224

Agrotis saucia, Note on ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 69

Anarta melanopa at home ... ... .. ... ... 57

Anisoplia austriaca in Russia, The destructive effects of ... ... ... 139

Announcement of new genera of the Ephemeridte ... ... ... 191

Arctia villica, Beautiful variety of . .. ... ... ... ... 162

Argyresthia aerariella bred ... . . ... . . . ... ... ... 46

Arytaena genistae, Lat., Description of the nymph of ... ... ... ... 132

Asopia Lienigialis, a moth new to Britain ... ... ... ... 256

Australian gall-making Lepidopterous larvae ... ... ... ... ... 185

“Avis preliminaire d’une nouvelle classification de la famille des Dytiscidae,

par D. Sharp. Review.. ... ... ... ... ... 187

Bapta taminata and Sesia myopaeformis in Lancashire ... ... ... 70

Batrachedra praeangusta, Strange habitat for the larva of ... ... ... 45, 93

Beautiful variety of Arctia villica ... ... ... ... ... ... 162

Belgian Entomological Society ... ... ... 190

Blepharoceridae, Dimorphism of female ... ... .. ... ... 206

„ On the metamorphoses of ... ... ... ... 186

Blissus and Plinthisus, Macropterous forms in the genera ... ... ... 164

Boll, Death of Jacob ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 213

Bombylius, Habits of ... ... ... ... ... ... ...161,206

Bothynotus pilosus at St. Leonard’s and near Hastings ... ... ... 165

,, „ , Food of 176

Botys pandalis, Natui’al History of ... ... ... ... ... ... 28,156

Bralimsea from Japan, Description of a new species of
British Hemiptera, An additional species of ...

„ „ -Heteroptera, Capture of ...

„ „ „ Remarks on some

„ „ -Homoptera, An additional species of

110

150

165

10

224

„ Tortrices, Notes on

„ Trichoptera, An addition to the

Bryophila par

Csecilius pedicularius, Extreme abundance of ..

Capture of a rare Hymenopterous insect near Lyme ...

„ „ British Hemiptera-Heteroptera

„ „ Dyschirius angustatus, Ahr., at Hayling Island ...

„ „ Micra ostrina, M. parva, and Noctua flammatra ...

„ „ Sitaris muralis in the nest of Bombus terrestris ...

„ „ two of our rarer species of Homalota

Captures near Hastings ...

„ of Coleoptera in the Forest of Dean, Recent
„ „ Hemiptera in 1880 .. .

„ „ Lepidoptera in the vicinity of London ...

Carabus clathratus, &c., in Ireland
Catocala fraxini near Lewes

35, 82, 262

185

115
141
163
165

93

135

186

116
67

207

234

137

42

134

Characters of new genera and Descriptions of new species of Greodephaga
from the Hawaiian Islands ...

Charagochilus Gryllenhali macropterous

Chrysomelse, On the eggs and larvae of some, and other (allied) species of
Phytophaga ...

Chrysopa pallida in Switzerland
Cidaria salicata, Note on ..

Clothilla picea, Motsch., Abundance of
Coccyx Ochsenheimeriana near Thetford
Coleoptera, Description of new Longicorn

„ from Central America, Descriptions of two new speeies of
„ in Sussex, Notes on ...

„ „ the Forest of Dean, Recent captures of

„ „ „ Isle of Wight, Notes on

„ , Notes on some scarce

„ , Parthenogenesis in the

„ , Prices of rare exotic

226

164

150

141

70

185

46

275

111

163

207

235
140
127

236

Colony of Ptinella denticollis in Warwickshire
Colorado Beetle ! , Another

„ Beetles in Devonshire...

Coniopteryx lutea, Wallengren, Note on

Qossonidse from the Hawaiian Islands, Description of four new species of
Crabro elongatulus, Notes on, and the other British species of Ci’abro wi
black bodies ...

Crambus culmellus, Natural History of

Cucujidse in Japan, Notes on, with diagnosis of a new species
Cynipidse, which produce oak-galls, Dr. Adler’s second Memoir on Dimo
ph ism in the ..

Dainaster, Description of another new species of

,, , On the distribution of, with description of a new species

Degeeria, A new species of

Description of a new species of Brahmsea from Japan
j> 35 33 33 33 33 Dolerus from Scotland

33 33 ?• 33 33 33 Lycsenidse from Penang

186

146

235

111.

PAGE

Description of a new species of Torvmus from Scotland, with notes on the

otlier British species of the genus, &c. 40

„ „ „ „ „ „ Trichoptera (Polycentropus Kingi) from

Scotland .. ... ... ... ... 254

„ „ another new species of Damaster ... ... ... ...159,197

„ „ the larva of Ephestia ficulella ... ... ... ... ... 44

„ „ „ „ „ Euclidia glyphica ... ... ... ... ... 210

„ „ „ „ „ Nonagria fulva ... ... ... ... ... 114

„ „ „ „ „ Pempelia hostilis ... ... ... ... ... 177

„ „ „ nymph and imago of Psylla peregrina, Forst'. ... ... 65

„ „ „ „ of Arytaena genistse, Lat. . . . ... ... ... 132

„ „ „ species of Macropis... ... ... ... .. 31

Descriptions „ five species of Aculeate Hymenoptera unrecorded as British 97
„ „ four new species of Cossonidae from the Hawaiian Islands . . . 199

„ „ new species of Greodephaga, Characters of new genera and,

from the Hawaiian Islands.. ... ... ... 226

„ „ two new species of Coleoptera from Central America .. Ill

Destructive effects of Anisoplia austriaca in Russia ... ... ... ... 139

Diagnoses quatuor novarum Pentatomidarum ... ... ... ... 233

“Die Lepidapteren der Schweiz, von Professor Dr. H. Frey Review ... 118

Dilar in South America, Occurrence of the Neuropterous genus ... ... 39

Dimorphism among Diptera, Dr. F. Muller’s discovery of a case of female . 130, 206
„ in Paltostoma torrentium, Female .. ... ... ... 225

„ „ the Cynipidse, which produce oak-galls, Dr. Adler’s second

Memoir on ... ... ... ... ... ... 258

„ of female Blepharoceridae... ... ... ... ... ... 206

Diptera, Dr. F. Muller’s discovery of a case of female dimorphism among ..130, 206
Dipt eron new to Britain, A ; Sapromyza bipunctata ... .. ... .. 260

Discovery of a case of female dimorphism among Diptera, Dr. F. Muller’s 130, 206
„ „ the winged form of Prosopistoma punctifrons ... ... ... 46,117

Distribution of Damaster, On the, with description of a new species ... 159

Dolerus from Scotland, Description of a new species of ... ... ... 206

Dr. Adler’s Second Memoir on Dimorphism in the Cynipidse which produce

oak-galls ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 258

Dr. F. Muller’s discovery of a case of female dimorphism among Diptera... 130, 206
Dragon-flies of Switzerland, Two additions to the ... ... ... ... 141

Drepana sicula, Additional notes on the larva of ... ... ... ... 122

„ „ bred from the egg ... ... ... ... ... ... 121

Dyschirius angustatus, Ahr., at Hayling Island, Capture of . ... ... 93

Early appearance of Pieris rapse ... .. ... ... ... 258

„ stages of Hydrocampa nymphsealis, Further notes on the ... ... 249

Eggs and larvae, On the, of some Clirysomelse and other (allied) species of

Phytophaga . ... ... ... .. ... ... 150

Eidophasia Messingiella at Hokendorf, near Stettin .. ... ... ... 45

Elipsocus cyanops, Rostock, a species new to Britain ... ... ... 21, 71

Entomological Society of London, Proceedings of the

47, 72, 96, 120, 167, 216, 240, 260, 280
Entomology in Suffolk, Reminiscences of .. ... ... . ... 124

„ of Portugal, Notes on the (Introductory)
„ „ „ „ „ „ (Neuroptera)

„ „ „ „ „ „ (Lepidoptera)

Ephemeridse, An announcement of new genera of the
Ephestia ficulella, Description of the larva of . . .
Erebia Cassiope at home...

Eucalyptus-Grails ...

73

103

181, 229, 246
191
44
148
145

IV.

PAGE

210

Euclidia glyphica, Description of the larva of ...

Euphaea (Calopterygina), On the mode of the respiration of the larvae of

the genus ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 90

Euplectus punctatus in Sherwood Forest ... ... ... ... ... 69

Eupteryx stachy dearum, Hardy, Note on ... ... ... ... ... 89

Exotic Rhynchota, Notes on ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 222

Extraordinary vitality of Otiorliynchus ambiguus ... ... ... ... 208

Extreme abundance of Caecilius pedicularius .. ... ... ... ... 141

Facts in the Life-History of Gastrophysa raphani, Some ... ... ... 49

Faculty in insects, On an undefined ... .. ... ... ... ... 100

Female dimorphism in Paltostoma torrentium ... ... ... ... 225

Flies, A swarm of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 142

Food of Bothynotus pilosus ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 176

„ „ S copula lutealis .. ... ... ... .. ... .. ... 91

Food-plant for Laverna epilobiella, Romer, An additional ... ... ... 186

Further notes on the early stages of Hydrocampa nymphaealis ... ... 249

jj „ „ „ Natural History of Botys pandalis ... ... ... 156

Gall-making Lepidopterous larvae, Australian .. ... ... ... ... 185

Galls, Eucalyptus... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 145

Gastrophysa raphani, Some facts in the Life-History of ... ... ... 49

Generic name Pachymerus in Hemiptera, The ... ... ... ... 46

Geodephaga from the Hawaiian Islands, Characters of new genera and de-
scriptions of new species of .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 226

Glow-worm, On the phosphorescence of the ... ... ... ... 94

Grapholitha nigricana, On the Life History of ... ... ... . 155

Guenee, Death of Achille ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 214

Habits of Bombylius ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..161,206

Hairs of Hymenoptera, Notes on the ... ... ... ... ... ... 201

Harpella bracteella near Hartlepool, Occurrence of ... ... ... ... 237

Hawaiian Islands, Characters of new genera and descriptions of new species

of Geodephaga from the ... ... ... ... 226

5, „ , Descriptions of four new species of Cossonidae from the 199

„ „ , Note on species of Aculeate Hymenoptera occurring in

the ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 85

„ „ , On two small consignments of Lepidoptera from the ... 6

Helotidae from Japan, A new species of ... ... ... ... ... 255

Hemiptera, An additional species of British ... ... ... ... ... 150

„ captured at Chobham, Notes on Hymenoptera and ... ... 68

„ in 1880, Captures of .. ... ... ... ... ... 234

„ „ Perthshire, Hibernating... ... ... ... ... ... 260

„ near Hastings, Sehirus biguttatus and other ... ... ...260, 278

„ -Heteroptera, Capture of British .. ... ... ... ... 165

,, „ , Description of a new genus and two species of ... 272

„ „ , Remarks on some British ... ... .. ... 10

Hibernating Hemiptera in Perthshire ... ... ... . . ... ... 260

H i slop, Death of Robert ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 71

Hive Bees, The Red Clover and . . ... ... ... ... ... ... 142

Homalota, Capture of two of our rarer species of ... ... ... ... 116

Homoptera, An additional species of British ... ... . . ... ... 224

„ , Two new European ... ... ... ... ... ... 89

How to find the larva of Triphaena subsequa ... ... ... ... 211

Hydrocampa nymphaealis, Further notes on the early stages of ... ... 249

Hymenoptera and Hemiptera captured at Chobham, Notes on ... ... 68

„ near Worcester in 1880, Notes on ... ... ... ... 212

„ , Notes on the hairs of ... ... ... ... ... ... 201

Hymenoptera occurring in tlie Hawaiian Islands, Notes oil species of
Aculeate

„ unrecorded as British, Descriptions of five species of Aculeate

Hymenopterous insect near Lyme, Capture of a rare ...

Ichneumon new to Britain, An, (Mesolius rufilabris)...

Ichneumonidae new to Britain ...

“ Illustrations of Typical specimens of Lepidoptera-Heterocera in the col
lection of the British Museum. Part IV — North American Tortricidae
by Lord Walsingham Review

“Insect Variety, its propagation and distribution, &c., by A. H. Swinton
Review

Insects from Portugal ... ... ... ... ... 71,73,103,18'

„ in Japan ...

Intermittent light of Luciola lusitanica, Notes on the
Kirschbaum, Death of Professor
Koch, Death of Grab riel ...

Larva of Batrachedra praeangusta, Strange habitat for the . . .

„ Drepana sicula, Additional notes on the
„ Ephestia ficulella, Description of the

„ Euclidia glyphica, „ „ „

„ Nonagria fulva, „ „ „

„ Pempelia hostilis, „ „ „

,, Stauropus fagi, Observations on the last moult of the
„ Triphsena subsequa, How to find the . . .

Larvae of Acronycta alni at Bristol

,, „ Micro-Lepidoptera, Notes on unknown or little-known

„ „ Noctuae, On the semi-looping habit of young

„ „ the genus Eupheea (Calopterygina), On the mode of respiration of

the ...

„ „ Triphsena pronuba, Notes on the young

„ , On the Eggs and, of some Chrysomelae and other (allied) species of

Phytophaga .

Lathridius filum, Aube, at Burton -on-Trent ...

Laverna epilobiella, Romer, An additional food-plant for
Lepidoptera from the Hawaiian Islands, On two small consignments of
„ in December, LTnseasonable weather,

„ „ Pembrokeshire, Marsh ...

„ „ the vicinity of London, Captures of

„ „ „ West of Ireland, Notes on the

„ „ Yorkshire in 1880, Notes on

„ of the Valais, Notes on

,, taken in Roxburghshire in 1880, Notes on
Lepidopterous larvae, Is the number of moults of, constant in the same spec
Life-History of Grastrophysa raphani, Some facts in the
„ „ „ Q-rapholitha nigricana, The

Lipura, A new species of . .

List of Micro-Lepidoptera for collectors
„ „ Muscidae Calypterae taken in a green-house

Lithocharis castanea, Grr., at Wimbledon
Luciola — the European Fire-fly ...

Lycaenidae from Penang, Description of a new species of
Machilis, A new species of

Macro-Lepidoptera in the New Forest in 1880, Notes on
Macropis, Description of the species of . . .

Macropterous forms in the genera Blissus and Plinthisus

PACtH

85

97

163

236

258

95

143
229, 246
20
94
47
240
45, 93
122
44
210
114
177
18
211
186
15
237

90

135

150

260

186

6

187

91
137

79

136
267
257

i? 42
49
155
1

162
207
42
69, 94
245
2

169

31

164

VI.

PAGE

Mamestra pomerana at. fylisdroy on the Baltic... ... ... ... ... 45

Marsh Lepidoptera in Pembrokeshire ... ... ... ... ... ... 9*1

(Mesolius rufilabris), An ichneumon nejy to Britain ... ... .. ... 236

Metamorphoses of Blepharoceridse, On the ... ... ... ... ... 186

Micra ostrina at Dover ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 135

,, ,, , M. parva, and Noctua flammatra, Capture of ... ... ... 135

Micro-Lepidoptera for collectors, A list of ... ... ... ... 162

„ „ , Notes oo unknown or little-known larvse of ... ... 15

Mode of respiration in the larvse of the genus Euphsea (Calopterygina) ... 90

Monogamy, or the contrary iji insects, Remarks on ... ... ... ... 211

“Monograph of the British Aphides, by G-. B. Buckton Review... ... 279

“Monographic der Deutschen Psociden, von H. Kolbe : ” Review ... ... 166

Moults, Is the number of, of Lepidopterous larvse constant in the same species ? 42
Mulsant, Death of Etienne ... ... ... ... ... ... 189

Musca hortorum, Fallen, On, and allied species ... ... ... ... 22

Muscidse Calypterae taken in a green-house, List of ... ... ... 207

Natural History of Botys pandalis ... ... ... ... ... ... 28, 156

„ „ „ Crambus culmellus .. ... ... ... ... ... 91

Nemophora pilella in Lancashire ... ... ... ... ... ... 44

Neuroptera of the Upper Engadine in August, Trichoptera and ... ... 217

„ -Planipennia, Notes on some, described by the late M. A. E. Pictet

in his “ Nevropteres d’Espagne ” (1865) ... ... 62

Neuropterous genus Dilar in South America, Occurrence of the ... ... 39

New European Homoptera, Two .. ... ... ... ... ... 89

„ genera of the Ephemeridse, An announcement of ... ... .. 191

„ species of Acanthoderes (Coleoptera Longicornia, Family Lamiadse) 58

j> „ ,, Deegeria, A . ... ... ... ... ... ... 270

jj „ „ Helotid se from Japan ... ... ... ... ... ... 255

„ „ „ Hemiptera-Heteroptera ... ... ... ... ... 272

„ ,, „ Lipura ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 1

» „ „ Longicorn Coleoptera, allied to Colebothea ... ... ... 275

» „ „ Machilis ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2

Noctua C-nigrum in June ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 70,139

,, flammatra, Capture of Micra ostrina, M. parva, and... ... ... 135

Noctuse, On the semi-looping habit of young larvse of ... ... ... 237

Nonagria fulva, Description of the larva of ... ... ... ... ... 114

Notes from Guatemala ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... 212

„ „ Japan . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 209

„ on British Tortrices ... ... ... ... .. ... 35, 82, 262

„ „ Coleoptera in Sussex ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 163

„ „ „ „ the Isle of Wight 235

„ „ Crabro elongatulus, and the other British species of Crabro with

black bodies ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3

„ „ Cucujidae in Japan, with diagnoses of a new species ... ... 198

„ „ Exotic Rhynchota ... ... ... ... ... ... 2.22

,, ,, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera captured at Cliobham ... ... 68

„ „ „ near Worcester in 1880 ... ... ... ... 212

„ „ Lepidoptera in Yorkshire in 1880 ... ... ... ... .. 136

„ „ „ taken in Roxburghshire in 1880 ... ... ... 257

„ „ Macro-Lepidoptera in the New Forest in 188,0 ... ... ... 169

„ „ Mr. Saunders’ Synopsis of British Heterogyna and Eossorial

Hymenoptera .. ... ... ... ... 236

,, „ some Neuroptera-Planipennia described by t^e late M. A. E. Pictet

in his “ Nevropteres d’Espagne ” (1865) ... ... ... 62

» „ „ scarce Coleoptera ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 140

Vll.

Notes on species of Aculeate Hymenoptera occurring in the Hawaiian Islands 85
Tenthredinidae ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 66

Trioza urticae ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 278

the Entomology of Portugal (Introductory) ... ... ... 73

„ ,, „ (Neuroptera) ... ... ... ... 103

„ „ „ (Lepidoptera) .. ... ... 181,229,246

„ Hairs of Hymenoptera ... ... ... .. ... ... 2Ul

„ intermittent light of Luciola lusitanica ... ... ... ... 94

„ Lepidoptera in the West of Ireland ... ... ... ... 79

„ „ of the Yalais ... ... ... ... ... 267

„ young larvae of Triphaena pronuba ... ... ... ... 135

unknown or little-known larvae of Micro-Lepidoptera ... ... 15

Number of moults, Is the, of Lepidopterous larvae constant in the same species ? 42

Nymph and Imago of Psylla peregrina, Forst., Description of the ... ... 65

„ of Ary taena genistae, Lat., Description of the... ... ... ... 132

Observations on the last moult of the larva of Stauropus fa'gi ... ... 18

„ „ Yanessa in Japan ... ... ... ... ... ... 209

Occurrence in Herefordshire of Pempelia hostilis, with description of the
larva

„ of Harpella bracteella near Hartlepool ...

„ „ Tachinus rufipennis, G-rav., near Barnstaple ...

„ ,, the Neuropterous genus Dilar in South America

Ocyusa picina in Warwickshire ...

ption

Oligoneuria rhenana
Ophion minutum at Hastings ...

Orgyia antiqua, The abundance of
Ornithoptera Brookeana, Wall. ..

Orthezia, On the species of the genus
Otiorhynchus ambiguus, Extraordinary vitality of
„ ligustici, &c., in the Isle of Man
Pachymerus in Hemiptera, The generic name ..

Paltostoma torrentium, Female dimorphism in
Parthenogenesis in Tenthredinidae, On ...

„ „ the Coleoptera

Perdpelia hostilis, &c., near Colchester ...

„ „ , The occurrence in Herefordshire of, with descr

the larva

Pehtatomidarum, Diagnoses quatuor novarum
Phosphaenus hemipterus at Hastings
Phosphorescence of the Glow-worm, On the ...

Phytophaga, On the eggs and larvae of some Chrysomelae and othei
species of

Pieris rapae, Early appearance of
Plegaderus dissectus in W arwickshire ...

Plinthisus, Macropterous forms in the genera Blissus and
Plutella (allied to P. cruciferarum), On the singular new species of,
in Spitzbergen, in 1873, by the Rev. A. E. Eaton
Polia nigrocincta at sugar in South Wales
Prices of rare Exotic Coleoptera
Prionocyphon serricornis in Kent
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London

47, 72, 96, 120, 167, 216, 240

Prosopistoma punctifrons, Discovery of the winged form of...

(allied

ollected

f

177

237

42

39

208

163

236
114,133

237
172, 203

208
117
46
225
180, 271
127
237

177
233
116
94

150
258
208

164

108

134

236

278

260, 280
46, 117

via.

PAGE

Psvlla peregrina, Forst., Description of the nymph and imago of ... ... 65

Ptinella denticollis in Warwickshire, A colony of ... ... ... ... 186

Pursuit of Entomology under difficulties in Belgium .. ... ... ... 166

Pyroderces argyrogrammos bred ... ... ... ... ... ... 139

E-ecent captures of Coleoptera in the Forest of Dean... ... ... ... 207

Red Clover and Hive Bees ... ... ... ... ... ... 142

Remarks on monogamy, or the contrary in insects ... ... ... ... 211

„ „ some British Hemiptera-Heteroptera ... ... ... ... 10

Reminiscences of Entomology in Suffolk . ... ... ... ... 124

Respiration in the larvae of the genus Euphsea (Calopterygina) , On the mode of 90
Rhynchota, Notes on Exotic ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 222

Sapromyza bipunetata ; a Dipteron new to Britain ... ... ... ... 260

Scopula lutealis, Food of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 91

Sehirus bigut tatus and other Hemiptera near Hastings ... ... ... 260

Semi-looping habit, On the, of young larvae of Noctua? ... ... ... 237

Sericomyia borealis near Hastings ... ... ... ... ... ... 260

Sesia myopaeformis in Lancashire, Bapta taminata and ... ... ... 70

Singular new species of Plutella (allied to P. cruciferarum) collected in

Spitsbergen, in 1873, by the Rev. A. E. Eaton ... ... ... ... 108

Sitaris muralis in the nest of Bombus terrestris, Capture of ... ... ... 186

Sitones ononidis in Suffolk ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 163

Some facts in the Life-History of Gastrophysa raphani ... ... .. 49

“ Souvenirs Entomologiques : Etudes sur l’instinct et les mceurs des Insectes,

par J. H. Fabre : ” Review... ... ... .. ... ... 117

Species of Macropis, Description of the ... ... ... .. ... 31

„ „ the genus Orthezia, On the ... ... ... ... ...172,203

Stauropus fagi, Observations on the last moult of the larva of ... ... 18

Stigmonota scopariana, a Tortrix new to our list ... ... ... 38, 70, 278

Strange habitat for the larva of Batrachedra praeangusta ... ... ... 45,93

Stridulatiou of Acherontia, On the ... ... ... ... ... ... 238

Swarm of flies ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 142

Tachinus rufipennis, Grav., near Barnstaple, Occurrence of ... ... ... 42

Tapinostola Bondi at Lyme Regis ... ... ... .. ... ... 134

Tenthredinidae, Notes on .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 66

„ , On Parthenogenesis in . ... ... ... ... ...180,271

“ The Butterflies of North America, by W. H. Edwards : ” Review ... 189

“ „ Geological Antiquity of Insects, by Herbert Goss, F.L.S. : ” Review .. 47

“ „ Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union : ” Review... ... 142

“ „ Young Naturalist : an illustrated penny weekly Magazine of Natural

History, conducted by J. E. Robson and S. L. Mosley : ” Review 188
Tortrices, Notes on British ... ... ... ... ... ... 35,82,262

Torymus from Scotland, Description of a new species of, with notes on other

British species of the genus, &c. ... ... ... .. ... ... 40

Trichoptera, An addition to the British ... ... ... ... ... 185

„ and Neuroptera of the Upper Engadine in August ... 217

„ (Polycentropus Kingi) from Scotland, Description of a new

species of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 254

Trioza urticae, Notes on ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... 278

Triphaena pronuba, Notes on the young larvae of ... ... ... .. 135

„ subsequa, How to find the larva of .. . ... ... ... ... 211

Tropical Notes ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 241

Two additions to the Dragon-flies of Switzerland ... ... ... ... 141

„ small consignments of Lepidoptera from the Hawaiian Islands ... 6

Undefined faculty in insects, On an
Unseasonable weather : Lepidoptera in December
Vanessa Antiopa at Box Hill
„ „ „ Eastbourne .

„ „ „ Guildford .

„ „ „ Headcorn .

,, „ „ Herne Bay

„ „ „ Tunbridge .

„ „ in Berkshire .

„ „ „ Devon

j, „ ,, Kent

„ „ near Birmingham

„ „ „ Virginia Water ...

„ cardui double-brooded ...

„ in Japan, Observations on

Variety of Arctia villica, Beautiful
Vespa norvegica in Yorkshire

Vitality of Otiorhynchus ambiguus, Extraordinary ..

Winged form of Prosopistoma punctifrons, Discovery of the
Xylina furcifera (conformis) bred
Young larvae of Noctuae, On the semi-looping habit of
„ „ „ Triphaena pronuba, Notes on the

Zelleria insignipennella bred
“ Zoological Classification, by E. P. Pascoe, Second Edition : ” Review

ix.

PAGE
100
187
113
113
134
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
43
209
162
237
208
46, 117

134
237

135
116
119

INDEX OF SUBJECTS NOTICED IN THE PROCEEDINGS
OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

PAGE

Acontia Solaris at Eastbourne... ... ... ... ... ... 167

Annual Meeting ... . . ... ... ... 240

Apatura Ilia said to have been captured in England ... .. ... 168

Arctia caja bred under coloured glass ... ... .. ... 47

„ fuliginosa with one antenna congenitally absent ... ... ... 48

Arescus histrio, Variation in ... ... ... ... ... 216

Argas persicus, Habits of . . ... ... ... ... ... 72

Argynnis Selene, Varieties of ... ... ... ... 167

Blattidae from Pernambuco, Singular species of ... ... ... ... 260

Buprestidae from Madagascar, New species of ... ... ... 167

Butterfly in cop uld with moth ... ... ... ... ... 72

Calamia lutosa in London ... ... ... ... ... 261

Camponotus with distended abdomen, from Australia ... ... ... 48

Camptogramma bilineata attacked by fungi ... ... ... ... 120

Carabus auratus in London ... ... ... ... ... 48

Cases of Lepidopterous larvae from South Africa, Singular ... ... 168

Cetonia aurata and Protaclia Bensoni ... ... ... ... ... 48

Cirrochroa Aoris, Gynandromorphism in ... ... ... .. 48

Cobham Journals ... ... ... ... ... ... 48

Coccidae from New Britain, Species of ... ... ... ... 260

Coleoptera in granaries ... ... ... ... ... ... 216

Colorado Beetles in Devonshire ... .. ... ... ... 262

Cynipidae, Dimorphism in ... ... ... .. ... ... 262

X.

Dahlia attractive to insects
Descriptions on covers of periodicals ...

Dilar, Species of
Dimorphism in Cynipidse
Diptera, New species of exotic
Dorylus helvolus, Supposed female of ...

Dynastidae, Larvae of, attacked by fungi
Ecuador, New species of Odonata from
Ennomos angularia, Gynandromorphism in ..

„ tiliaria, Yariety of
Epione vespertaria, Dwarfed varieties of
Epunda lutulenta, Yariety of...

Eucalyptus, Galls on
Fungi attacking insects
Galerucidae, New species of
Granaries, Coleoptera in
Guatemala, Insects from .. .

Grynandromorphism in Cirrochroa Aoris

„ „ Ennomos angularia ...

„ „ Smerinthus populi

Haplophthalmus elegans from Croydon
Hemiptera from Japan, New species of...

Heptaulacus villosus from Box Hill
Hilipus, New species of
Hops, Damage to, by a Dipterous larva
Hylechthrus bred from Prosopis
Hymenoptera of New Zealand

„ , Synopsis of British Heterogynous and Fossorial

Ichneumon erythrseus, Capture of s..

Ichneumonidae, Additions to British ...

Japan, New species of Hemiptera from
Lampyridae, Revision of
Lasiosomus enervis, Capture of
Lepidoptera, Yarieties of British
Locusts from the Troad, Parasites on eggs of
Luciola, Luminosity of
Madagascar, Buprestidae from
,, Platypleura from
Mangalore, Moths from ...

Moth in copula with Butterfly
New Britain, Coccidae from
„ Zealand, Hymenoptera of
Noctua c-nigrum captured in June
Noctuidse, An exotic species of, bred at Blackheath
Nyssia hispidaria, Yariety of
Odonata from Ecuador, New species of
Odonestis potatoria, Yarieties of ...

Papilio Merope and its polymorphic females
Periodicals, Descriptions on covers of
Peripatus novae-zealandiae
Pezomachus, New British species of
Phasmidae from St. Yincent ...

Platypleura from Madagascar, New species of
Polyblastus Wahlbergi at Aslitead

PAGE

47

... 167

280

... 262
168

72, 168
261

... 261

167

... 261

168

.. 168
168

72, 120, 261
261

.. 216
260
... 48

167
... 167
280

... 216
96

... 262

167

... 120
261

... 168
280

... 280
216

48
280

... 167

168

... 120
167

... 261
48

... 72

260

... 261
72

... 280
48

261, 280
120

... 168
167

... 261
.. 216, 261
... 216
261

... 120

1 Polyctenes, New species and affinities of
1 Prosopis rubicola, Stylopized females of
) Protaclia Bensoni and Cetonia aurata

• Ptyelus Grodarti, Yariation in...

’ Pyralis saccharalis

• Pyrophorus causticus alive

• Rhododendron, Grail on ...

Rhynchota, New exotic species of

' St. Yincent, Phasmidse from
. Scleroderma, Notes on
I Smerinthus ocellatus, Yariation in larvae of
I „ populi, Gynandromorphous
I Sugar-cane borers
, [Tanacetum vulgare, Grails on ...

, ferias, The species of
Termites, Nests of ...

1 fischeria gaunacella

troad, Parasites on eggs of locusts from the
Vanessa Antiopa at Wimbledon
„ cardui, Yariety of
Varieties of British Lepidoptera ...
Vegetable caterpillar from New Zealand
Wood-lice, New British species of...

xL

PAGE

120, 167,

216

... 96

48

... 48

72

... 167
96

... 96

216

168, 262
120

... 167
72

... 120
167

... 280
216

... 168
167

... 72

167

... 72

280

SPECIAL

COLEOPTERA.

PAGE

santhoderes abstersus (sp. n.),

H.W. Bates

60 :

carinicollis „

99

61

crocostigma „

99

61 !

flexistigma „

J9

61

laetificus „

J9

60

leucodryas „

61 !

longitarsis „

>9

58 j

luctuosus „

99

60

pupillatus „

99

60

satanas „

99

58

subtessellatus „

99

59

Thammi „

99

59

vetustus „

99

58

zonatus „

99

59

tichomenus putealis (sp. n.),

T. Blackburn

227 |

iusoplia austriaca

139

aotheorus ignavus (sp. n.), T. Blackburn 201 ,

smbidium spurcum „

„

228

teres „

„

229

fidius tricornis

163

unicornis

163

trabus clathratus

42 !

irneades nodicomis (sp. n.), H. W. Bates 277 i

personata „

9J

277 |

reticulata „

99

277 !

INDEX.

PAGE

Chrysomela Banksi 162

fastuosa 152

polita 152

varians 151

Cryptocephalus frontalis 163

Cucujus coccinatus (sp. n.), Lewis 198

Mniszechi 198

Cyclothorax laetus (sp. n.), T. Blackburn.. 228
robustus „ „ 228

unctus „ „ 227

Bamaster capito (sp. n.), Lewis 197

Fortunei 160

Lewisi 159

pandurus 160

viridipennis (sp. «.), Lewis 161

Bisenochus terebratus (sp. n.),

T. Blackburn 227

Doryphora 10-lineata in Devon 285

Dyschirius angustatus .. 93

extensus 163

Euplectus nigricans 208

punctatus 69, 140

Gastrophysa raphani 49, 127, 154

Helota cereo-punctata (sp. n.), Lewis 265

Homalota planifrons 116

pvinceps 116

xii.

PAGE

Hydroporus raarginatus 140

Lathridius filum 260

Lithocharis castanea 42

maritima 235

Luciola lusitanica 69, 94

Micropeplus tesserula 140

Ocyusa picina 208

Odontaeus mobilicornis 67

Oodemas infernum (sp. n.), T. Blackburn 199
Olindae „ „ 199

substrictura „ „ 200

Otiorrhyncbus ambiguus 208

ligustici 117

Pkospliaenus hemipterus 116

Phyllopertha hovticola 140

Plegoderus dissectus 208

Prionocyphon serricornis 278

Ptinella denticollis 186

Sitaris muralis 186

Sitones ononidis 163

Smilicerus Belti (sp. n.), Sharp Ill

Sparna platyptera (sp. n.), H. W. Bates... 276

Synchyzopus cancellatus (sp. n.),

H. W. Bates 275

duplex (sp. n.), ,, 276

laetus ,, „ 275

polystigma,, „ 276

Tachinus rufipennis 42

Tesserocerus Belti (sp. n.), Sharp 112

DIPTERA.

Blepharoceridaj, Dimorphism in. ..131, 186, 206,

225

Bombylius, Habits of 161, 206

Dilophus vulgaris 142

Morellia curvipes 27

hortorum 25

podagrica 26

simplex 24

Sapromyza bipunctata 260

Sericomyia borealis 260

HEMIPTERA.

Acalypta cervina 260

parvula, developed 260

Acanthia versus Saida 14

Aleurodes vaccinii 89

Anoterops setulosus 234

Apiomerus Oberthuri (sp. n.), Distant ... 222
Arachnocoris albo-maculatus (sp.n.), Scott 273
dispar „ „ 274

Aspongopua uigro-ameus (sp. n.), Reuter... 234

PAGE

Atractotomus magnicornis 165, 234

Blissus Dorise, macropterous 165

Bothynotus pilosus, developed ? 165, 176

Bryocoris pteridis, developed 68

Capsus scutellaris 69

Carbula amurensis (sp. n.), Reuter 233

obtusangula „ „ 233

Charagochilus Gyllenhali, macropterous ... 164

Coccus comari 90

Dicyphus stachydis 166, 234

Dorthesia vide Orthezia

Edessa fuscidorsata (sp. n.), Reuter 234

Eupteryx stachydearum 89

Eusarcoris melanocephalus 68

Fulgoridae 214

Sr’’

Selii

St

Trie

I

Tyi

As

As

A

Gerris rufo-scutellata

Globiceps flavo-maculatus

fulvipes

salicicola (sp. n.), Reuter

selectus

Gnathodus punctatus, hibernating
Leptopterna ferrugata, developed

Lygus atomarius

limbatus

Nabis lineatus

Neides parallelus

tipularius

Orthezia cataphracta

characias

chiton

Delavauxi

dispar

dubius

floccosus

glechomae

Signoreti

urticse

uva

Orthotylus diaphanus

prasinus

Scotti

striicoruis

viridinervis

.. 278 A
12, 13 .

12, 43
13

... 12 ;
... 260

150

165

278

10

10

173

174, 204

173

203

204

174

174

175

173, 205
173, 174

203

.... 12

12

12

.. .. 11
11

Pachymerus, name revived 46

Pentatoma baccarum 10

Pithanus Mserkeli, developed

Plinthisus convexus, macropterous

Psylla peregrin a

Saida c-album

elegantula

pallipes

pilosella.

saltatoria

stellata

' vestita

69, 260
.... 165
65

.... 14

15 ‘

15 i

14 '

14

14

» PAGE

Scolopostethus affinis 10, 11

decoratus 10, 11

ericetorum 10, 11

pilosus 15

Sehirus biguttatus 259

Strachia festiva 234

Trioza urticae 278

Triquetra intermedia (sp. n.), Distant 223

Ty phlocyba Douglasi 224

Lethierryi (sp. n.), Edwards . . . 224
rosae 224

HYMENOPTERA.

Agenia variegata 236

Agrothereutes batavus 258

Andrena lucens 99

Apis mellifica 86

Aporus unicolor 236

Astata stigma 69

Athalia ancilla 67

Scutellariae (sp. n.), Cameron 66

Camponotus sexguttatus 88

Crabro, British species of 3

affinis 87

aphidum 236

denticornis 87

mandibularis 87

signatus 236

stygius (sp. n.), Kirby 88

unicolor 87

Didineis lunicornis ... 163, 236

Dolerus scoticus (sp. n.), Cameron 206

Eriocampa ovata 180, 272

Evania laevigata 89

Hemicbroa ruf'a 180

Leptogenys insularis 88

Leptotborax Nylanderi 69

Lissonota leucozona 258

Macropis ciliata (sp. n.), Patton 31

labiata 35

patellata (sp. n.), Patton 33

Megachile diligens 86

Mesolius rufilabris 236

Nematus curtispina 21

miliaris 21

palliatus 21

pallidus 21

pavidus 271

Odynerus agilis 87

Blackburni (sp. n.), Kirby 87

congruus 87

dubiosus 87

extraneus (sp. n.), Kirby 86

local is 86

xiii.

| PAGE

| Odynerus maurus 86

montanus 87

rubritinctus 86

Ophion minutum 236

I Oxybelus mandibularis 236

Pelopceus flavipes 86

1 Pheidole pusilla 89

i Phj-llotoma vagans 180

I Pison aurifer 88

hospes 88

iridipennis 88

Pcecilosoma pulveratum 271

Pompilus abnormis 68

cellularis 97

minutulus 97

neglectus 68, 97

Wesmaeli 98

Ponera contracta 88, 236

i Prenolepis clandestina 88

; Priocnemis parvulus 68, 98

pusillus 99

Prosopis Blackburni 85

facilis 85

flavifrons (sp. n.), Kirby 85

fuscipennis 85

hilaris 85

volatilis 85

Solenopsis geminata 89

Tapinoma polita 236

Tetramorium guineense 88

Torymus campanulae (sp. n.), Cameron ... 40

caudatus 41

juniperi 40

sodalis 40

tipularum 40

viridis 40

Vespa norvegica 237

Xylocopa seneipennis 86

LEPIDOPTERA.

Acidalia camparia 183

emutaria 170

nexata 183

rubricata 124, 125, 126

straminata 170

{ Acontia luctuosa 124

i Acrobasis glycerella 231

Acronycta alni 171, 186

ligustri 258

j Agrophila sulphuralis 124, 125

Agrotis saucia 69, 137

suffusa 7, 137

' Amphisa Gerningiana 149

I Anarta melanopa 57

Anesychia funerella 246

PAGE

Anthocharis Belemia, var. Glauce 181

Belia 268

Anthometra plunularia 184

Anticlea derivata 257

sinuata 126

Aplecta occulta 258

Arctia fuliginosa 257

villica 162

Argynnis Paphia, var. Valezina 169

Argyresthia aerariella 46

Argyrolepia Schreibersiana 126

zephyrana, Larva of 37

Asarta aethiopella 231

alpicolella 231

rubricosella 230

Asthenia scopariana 35, 38, 70

Athroolopha pennigeraria 184

Bactra furfurana 91

Bapta taminata 70

Batrachedra prseangusta 45, 93

Bombyx niori 212

Botys pandalis, Larva of 28, 156

Bralinnea nigrans (sp. n.), Butler 110

Bryophila glandifera 115

par 115

Butalis acauthella 248

Calamia lutosa 258

Calocampa exoleta 258

vetusta 79, 258

Calosetia nigromaculana 81

Camptogramma fluviata 91

Caradrina venosa (sp. n.), Butler 7

Catocala fraxini 134

Catoptria semulana 83

(Grapbolitha) tripoliana (sp. n.),

Barrett 84
„ „ „ , Larva of 84

Celaena Haworthii 258

Cerostoma persicella 246

scabrella 137

Cheimatobia boreata 257

Chelonia plantaginis 90, 257

Chesias spartiata 258

Chilo mucronellus 81

Cidaria populata 257

psittacata 170, 257

salicata 70, 257

Cledeobia moldavica (netricalis) 229

Cleodora lineatella 247

Cleora glabraria 170

Clostera reclusa 126, 170

Coccyx Ochsenheimeriana 46

PAGE

Cochylis punctiferana (sp. n.), Ragonot .. 232 E

respirantana 232 E

Coenonj'mpha Arcania, var. Darwiniana... 269 E

Coleophora ardeiepennella 137 E

currucipennella 137

ibipennella 137

Collix sparsata 137, 170

Corycia temerata 81‘

Crambus alpinellus 15 '

cassentiniellus 17, 230

contaminellus 17

craterellus (rorellus) 17, 230

culmellus 17

„ , Larva of 91

dumetellus 15

ericellus 16

fascelinellus (aridellus) 17

furcatellus 16

hamellus 16

inquinatellus 17

latistrius 16

lithargyrellus 17

mavgaritellus 16

myellus (conchellus) 16

pascuellus 16

perlellus 16

prat'ellus, var. alfacarellus 230

silvellus (adipellus) 16

uliginosellus 16

verellus 15

warringtonellus 17

! Cryptobiabes bistriga 238

Cj'matophora duplaris 80

ridens 171

Cynthia cardui 43, 169

Danais Archippus 6

Deilepbila livornica 7 I

Demas coryli 169

Dianthcecia irregularis 125, 126

i Dicranura furcula 126,170

I Dicycla oo 125 I

Drepana sicula, Larva of 121, 122

unguieula 170

, Eidopbasia Messingiella 45

| Emmelesia alchemillata 82-

blandiata 82

Ephestia freulella, Larva of 44

' Epinephile Ida 183 e

Pasipbae 183 ,

Epischnia illotella 231

Epunda viminalis 258 I

Erastria fuscula 171

Erebia Cassiope 148

Evias 268

Goante 268

PAGE

Eromene ocellea 17'

Euclidia glyphica, Larva of 210

Eupisteria heparata 170

Eupithecia expallidata 82

indigata 257

irriguata 170

pulchellata 170

subumbrata 80

Eupcecilia atricapitana, Larva of 36

ciliella, „ 37

notulana, ,, 37

udana, „ 36

Eurymene dolabraria 169

Euzophera polyxenella 231

Fidonia famula 184

Gelechia distinctella 138

spurcella 247

vilella 246

Gnophos asperaria, ab. pityata 184

respersaria 184

Gracilaria juglandella 270

Grapbolitha nigricana, Larva of 155

roseticolana 162

sordicomana 233

Gymnancjda canella 238

Hadena adusta 80, 258

contigua 171, 258

Halia gesticularia 184

vincularia 184

Harpella bracteella 237

Staintoniella ? 247

Hecatera serena 258

Heliothis conferta 8

Hemerophila nycthemeraria 184

Hepialus velleda 81, 257

Herminia grisealis ,. 229

Hesperia lineola .. 183

Hybernia aurantiaria 257

Hydrelia unca 124,125

Hymenia fascialis 9

Hypena insignis 9

obsoleta 9

Lampronia luzella 138

Larentia salicata 70, 257

Laverna epilobiella 137, 186

miscella 249

Stephensi. 138

Lecithocera luticornella 246

Leioptilus carphodactylus 270

Leucania dislocata 7

extranea 7

Limacodes asellus 169

XV-.

PAGE

Lithocolletis adenocarpi 249

caudiferella 249

scopariella ,. ... 138

Lithosia helvola 169

quadra ..., ,.... 169

Lithostege grisearia 124

Lozopera eryngiana 38

flagellana 38

Francillana, Larva of 38

Lycaena Baton 268

Beetica 182

cyllarus 268

Damon 268

melanops ................ 182

Telicanus 182

Lythria sanguinaria 184

Macaria alternata 170

Maniestra pomerana 45

Melanargia Ines 182

Lacbesis 182

Melanippe tristata 257

Melitaea aurinia (Artemis), var. Desfontaini 182

didyma, var. occidentalis 182

Phoebe, var. occitanica 182

Mici-a ostrina 135

parva 135

Micropteryx mansuetella 246

Nemophora pilella 44

Nemoria porrinata 183

Nemotois Latreillellus 246

Schiffermillerellus ............... 138

Nepticula argyrop.eza 137

suberis 249

Npctua C-nigrum 70, 139

conflua 258

flammatra 135

glareosa 258

Nola cristulalis 79, 80, 169

Nonagria fulva, Larva of 114

Nothris limbipunctella ? 247

Notodonta dictseoides 170

Ocnogyna parasita 270

(Ecophora augustella 138

detrimentella 248

(Egoconia quadripuncta 248

CEneis Aello 268

Olindia ulmana 137

Oporabia autumnaria 257

filigrammaria 257

Orgyia antiqua 114, 133, 211

Ornithoptera Brookeana 237

Tithonus 237

Urvilliana 237

I VI.

PAGE '

Orthosia suspecta 258

Orthotaenia antiquana 81

Oxyptilus obscurus 270

Pancalia Latreillella 248 ;

Papilio Podalirius 267

var. Feisthamelii 181

Parasia castiliella 247

Pellonia sicanavia 184

Pempelia adelphella 179

hostilis, Larva of 177, 237

satureiella 230

Peronea (Teras) aspersana 266

hastiana, Larva of 263

logiana, Larva of 262

Loi’quiniana 267

perplexana (sp. n.), Barrett 265

rufana, Larva of 263

Shepherdana 266

variegana, „ 264

Photliedes captiuncula 81, 82

Pieris Callidice 267

Daplidice 181

Platypteryx lacertula 80, 170

Platyptilia isodactylus 91

Platytes cerussellus 15

Pleurota evicella 247

Plusia iota 258

pulchvina 258

verticillata 8

Plutella cruciferarum 108

polaris (sp. n.), Zeller 109

Polia chi 258

nigrocincta 134

Polyommatus Alciphron, var. Gordius ... 181

Dorilis, var. subalpina 268

Prodenia ingloria 7

Protoparce Blackburni (sp. n.), Butler ... 6

Pyralis aegusalis 185

Pyroderces argyrogrammos 139

Rhodaria sanguinalis 81

Rhodocera Cleopatra 181

Rivula sericealis 82

Schoenobius mucronellus 17

Scoparia altivolans (sp. n.), Butler 9

basistrigalis 137

Scopula decrepitalis 148

exigua (sp. n.), Butler 9

lutealis 91

Scotosia rara 8

undulata 170

Selenia illustraria 169

PAGE

Sesia affinis 183

myopseformis 70

Setina aurita 269

Spaelotis creraata (sp. n.), Butler 8

lucicolens (sp. n.), Butler 7

Spilodes sticticalis 125

Spilothyrus alceae 183

Stauropus fagi 18, 170

Stenia fuscocilialis (sp. n.), Ragonot 230

Stephensia Brunnichella 138

Stigmonota scopariana 35, 38, 70, 278

Syrichthus alveus, var. onopordi 183

Proto 183

Sao, var. Eucrate 183

Tapinostola Bondi 134

Teleia tamariciella 247

Teras logiana (tristana) 231, 262

Tethea subtusa 258

Thais Rumina 181

Thecla ilicis, var. Esculi 181

roboris 181

spini 181

Threnodes pollinalis, var. guttulalis 230

Tinea caprimulgella 138

chrysopterella 246

(Blabophanes) imella 246

(Tineola) crassicornella 246

Tortrix amplana 231

(Lophoderus) Eatouiana (sp. n.),

Ragonot... 231

Toxocampa noctivolans (sp. n.), Butler ... 8

Triphaena pronuba, Larva of 135

subsequa 211

Vanessa Antiopa...ll3, 126, 134, 137, 209,268

cardui 43, 169

Xylina furcifera (conformis) 134

Zelleria insignipennella 116, 137

Zonosoma pupillaria ... 184

Zygaena exulans 269

Minos, var. nubigena 80, 81

transalpina 269

NEUROPTERA.

Acrophylax zerberus 219

Adenophlebia (g. n.), Eaton 194

iEschna borealis 141,222

Agrion Lindeni 106

Amphiaeschna Irene 105

Ascalaphus bseticus 108

Asynarchus coenosus 219

Atalophlebia (g. n.), Eaton 193

Baetis 106

PAGE

Blasturus ( g . n.), Eaton 193

Caecilius pedicularius 141

Callibsetis (g. n.), Eaton 196

Choroterpes (g. n.) „ 194

lusitanica (sp. n.), Eaton 194

Chrysopa clathrata, Pict.= lineolata, McL. 64

geniculata 62

granadensis 64

guadarrameusis 63

italica 64

Meyeri 62

microcephala 62

monticola 64

nigro-punctata"; 62, 107

pallida 141

riparia 64

thoracica, Piet. = Picteti, McL.

63, 107

venosa 64

viridana 62

Zelleri 63

Clothilla picea 185

Conioptevyx lutea 21

Cordulia alpestris 141, 222

arctica 141, 222

metallica 141, 222

Cryptothrix nebnlicola 220

Dictyopterfx alpina 221

Dilar Prestoni (sp. n.), McLach 39

Drusus ebrysotus 220

discolor 220

trifidus 220

Elassoneuria (g. n.), Eaton 191

Elipsocus cyanops 21, 71

Gomphus Graslini 105

Habrophlebia (g. n.), Eaton 195

XVII.

PAGE

Halesus bilaris 220

ruficollis 220

Homceoneuria (g. n.), Eaton 192

Salviniae (sp. n.), Eaton ... 192

Ischnura Graellsii 105

Jolia (g. n.), Eaton 192

Leptophlebia 193

Limnopbilus despectus 219

Metancea flavipennis 220

Molanna palpata 185

Myopsocus Eatoni (sp. n.), McLacb 103

(Ecetis notata 91

Oligoneuria rhenana 163

Panorpa meridionalis 108

Phryganea obsoleta 219

Polycentropus Kingi (sp. n.), McLacb. ... 254

Prosopistoma punctifrons 46, 117

Rhoenanthus (g. n.), Eaton 192

speciosus (sp. n.), Eaton . . . 192

Rhyacophila glareosa 221

persimilis 220

proxima 221

stigmatica 221

Sialis nigripes, Piet. = fuliginosa, Piet.... 62

Sisyra Dalii 106

Spaniopblebia (g. n.), Eaton 191

Trailiae (sp. n.), Eaton ... 191

Sympetrum meridionale 222

Thraulus (g. n.), Eaton 195

bellus (sp. n.), Eaton 195

THYSANURA.

Degeeria pulcbella (sp. n.), Ridley 270

Lipura aurantiaca „ „ 1

Machilis brevicornis „ „ 2

INDEX TO CON TKIBUTORS.

PAGE

Butler, A. G., F.L.S., &c 6, 110, 133

PAGE

Adams, H. J 113

Barrett, C. G 35, 82, 91, 186, 211, 262

Barrett, C. G., Jun 69

Bates, H. W., F.L.S., &c 58, 275

Binnie, F. G 91

Blackburn, Rev. T., B.A 85, 199, 226

Blatcb, W. G 117, 186, 208

Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., M.A. ...165, 176, 258,

260

Braaer, Dr. F 186

Brunetti, E. A 278

Buckler, W...18, 28, 42, 91, 114, 122, 156, 177,

249

Butler, E. A 67, 116, 234, 260

Cameron, P 40, 66, 206, 271

Champion, G. C 212

Collett, E. P 165, 260,278

Cottam, Arthur 163

Dale, C. W 135, 207

Distant, W. L 222, 237, 245

Douglas, J. W . 46, 70, 89, 114, 139, 142, 162,
164, 165, 172, 203

Downing, J. W 258

Eaton, Rev. A. E., M.A 73, 94, 191, 238

Edwards, James 150, 224

XVlll.

PAGE

Elliot, A 139, 257

Ellis, John 113

Fabre, J. H 100

Fernald, Prof. C. H 95

Fletcher, J. E 21, 180, 186, 212

Fletcher, W. H. B 169

Fowler, Rev. W. W., M.A., F.L.S 69, 140,

235

Fraser, Jane

57, 148

Garneys, W., M.R.C.S.
Gates, Rev. H. S. B. ...
Gill, Battershell, M.D.
Gorham, Rev. H. S. ...
Goss, H., F.L.S., &c. ...

Gray, Philip

Grigg, W. H

Hagen, Prof. H. A. ...

Hammond, 0.

Hart, T. H

Harwood, W. H

Hearder, G. J., M.D....

Hodgkinson, J. B

Hodgson, A. E., B.A....

Jenner, J. H. A

Jordan, R. C. R., M.D.

King, J. J

Kirby, W. F

260

186

135

162

134

186

121, 134

90

113

141

237

134

38, 44, 70, 278

207

134

113,267

185

85

Kiinow, — 89

Lewis George 159, 197, 198, 209, 255

Lindsay, C. L 113

Logan, R. F 237

McCaul, S 113

McLachlan, R., F.R.S., &C . ..21, 39, 46, 62, 71,
103, 117, 141, 145, 163, 185, 217, 254, 258

Meade, R. H 22

Meyrick, E 185

Miiller, Dr. Fritz 225

PAGE

Norman, George 260

Osborne, J. A., M.D 49, 127, 150

Osten-Sacken, Baron C. R...130, 142, 161, 206

Parfitt, E 94

Patton, W. H 31

Porritt, G. T., F.L.S 44, 91, 210

Pryer, W. B 241

Ragonot, E. L 15, 229

Reuter, Dr. 0. M 10, 233

Ridley, H. N 1, 2, 270

Sang, J 237

Saunders, E., F.L.S 3, 42, 68, 93, 97, 116,

165, 201

Saunders, F. S 163

Saunders, W. J . 42

Savage, F. W. 162

Scott, John 65, 132, 272, 278

Sharp, D., M.B 69, 111

Stainton, H. T., F.R.S., &C...45, 108, 135, 138,

246

Staudinger, Dr. 0 181

Steuart, A. E 113

Swinton, A. H 113, 134, 238

Thompson, Edith C 113

Thompson, W 256

Threlfall, J. H 46

Walker, A 113

Walker, J. J., R.N * 42, 79

Walsingham, Lord, M.A., F.Z.S., &c. ...46, 93

Warren, W 115, 116, 137

Westwood, Prof. J. 0., M.A., F.L.S., &c.. 189

Wilkinson, Rev. C 43

Williams, Rev. H., M.A 211

Wilson, T 136

Wood, J. H., M.B 155, 177

Wratislaw, Rev. A. H., M.A 124

Zeller, Prof. P. C 45

LIST OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES, &c., DESCRIBED
IN THIS VOLUME.

COLEOPTERA.

SPECIES.

PAGE

Acanthoderes abstersus, H. TV. Sates,

N. Granada

carinicollis, H. TV. Bates,

crocostigma,

Brazil
„ Ecuador

dexistigma,

„ Para

lzetificus,

„ Ecuador

leucodryas,

„ )}

longitarsis,

luctuosus,

„ Brazil

pupillatus,

„

60

61

61

61

60

61

58

60

Venezuela, See. 60

PAGE

! Acanthoderes satanas, H. TV. Bates , Peru 58
subtessellatus, H. W. Bates,

. Ecuador 59
Thammi, H. TV. Bates, Peru 59
vetustus, „ S. Brazil, tfc. 58

zonatus, „ Granada 59

Anchomenus putealis, T. Blackburn,

Hawaii 227

Anotheorus ignavus, „ „ 201

i Bembidium spurcum, „ „ 228

teres, „ „ 229

Carneades nodicornis, H. TV. Bates,

Equador, $c. 277

XIX.

PAGE

Carneades pevsonata, H. W. Bates,

N. Granada 277

reticulata, „ „ 277

Cucujus coccinatus, Lexois, Japan 198

Cyclothorax laetus, T. Blackburn , Hawaii 228
robustus, „ „ 228

unctus, „ „ 227

Disenochus terebratus „ „ 227

Helota cereo-punctata, Lewis, Japan 255

Damaster capito, „ „ 197

viridipennis, „ „ 161

Oedemas infernum, T. Blackburn, Hawaii 199
Olindae, „ „ 199

substrictuin, „ „ 200

Smilicerus Belti, Sharp, Nicaragua Ill

Sparna platyptera, H. W. Bates, Parana 27 6
Synchyzopus cancellatus, „ Bolivia 275
duplex, „ S. Brazil 276
laetus, „ Eqxcador 275

polystigma, „ N. Granada 276
Tesserocerus Belti, Sharp, Nicaragua ... 112

HEMIPTERA.

GENUS.

Abachnocoris, Scott 272

SPECIES.

Apiomerus Oberthuri, Distant, S. America 222

Arachnocoris albomaculatus, Scott,

Bio Janeiro 273

dispar, Scott, Para 274

Aspongopus nigroaeneus, Neuter, Siam ... 234
Carbula amurensis, „ Amuria 233

obtusangula, „ „ 233

Edessa fuscidorsata, „

Mexico 4* Bogota 234

Gipbiceps salicicola. Neuter, Hurope 13

Triquetra intermedia, Distant, Bogota... 223

Typhlocyba Lethierryi , Edwards, England 224

HYMENOPTERA.

SPECIES.

Atbalia Scutellariae, Cameron, England .. 66

Crabro stygius, Kirby, Hawaiian Islands 88

Dolerus scoticus, Cameron, Scotland 206

Macropis ciliata, Patton, TJ. States 31

patellata, „ „ 33

Odynerus Blackburni, Kirby,

Haivaiian Islanls 87

extraneus, Kirby, „ 86

Prosopis flavifrons, „ „ 85

Torymus campanulae, Cameron, Scotland 40

LEPIDOPTERA. page

SPECIES.

j Brahmaea nigrans, Butler, Japan 110

| Caradrina venosa, „ Hawaii 7

; Catoptria tripoliana, Barrett, England .. 84

! Coclijdis punctiferana, Nagonot, Portugal 232

l Iolaus giganteus, Distant, Penang 245

I Peronea perplexana, Barrett, Britain ... 265

! Plutella polaris, Zeller, Spitzbergen 109

j Protoparce Blackburni, Butler, Haivaii.. 6
Scoparia altivolans, „ „ 9

Scopula exigua, „ „ 9

Spaelotis cremata, „ „ 8

„ lucicolens, „ „ 7

Stenia fuscocilialis, Nagonot, Portugal ... 230
Tortrix EatoDiana „ „ ... 23}

Toxocampa noctivolans, Butler, Hawaii 8

NEUROPTERA.

GENERA.

Adenophlebia, Eaton 194

Atalophlebia, „ 193

Blasturus, „ 193

Callib^itis, „ 196

Choroterpes, „ }94

Elassoreuria, „ 191

Habrophlebia, „ 195

Homceoneuria, „ 192

Jolia, „ 192

Rhoenanthfs, „ 192

Spaniophlebia, „ 191

Thraulits, „ 195

SPECIES.

Choroterpes lusitanica, Eaton, Portugal.. . 194
Dilar Prestoni, McLach., Nio Janeiro ... 39

Homceoneuria Salvinise, Eaton, Guatemala 192
Myopsocus Eatoni, McLach., Portugal... 103
Polycentropus Kingi, „ Scotland... 254
Rhoenanthus speciosus, Eaton, Lahat ... 192
Spaniophlebia Trailjse, „ Amazons 191

j Thraulus bellus, „ Portugal 195

THYSANURA.

SPECIES.

Degeeria pulchella, Nulley, England 270

Lipura aurantiaca, „ „ 1

Machilis brevicorais, „ „ ...... 2

ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH INSECT FAUNA BROUGHT
FORWARD IN THIS VOLUME.

DIPTERA.

PAGE

Morellia curvipes, Macq 27

Sapromj'za bipunctata, M eig 260

HEMIPTERA.

Dicypbus stachydis, 'Reuter 166, 234

Globiceps salicicola (sp. n.), Reuter 13, 14

Lygus atomarius, Meyer 150

Tvphlocyba Lethierryi (sp. n.), Bdwards. 224

HYMENOPTERA.

Agrothereutes batavus, Toll 258

Andrena lucens, Imh. 99

Athalia Scutellariae, Cam 66

Polerus scoticus, „ 206

Lissonota leucozona, G-rav 258

Mesolius rufilabris, Zett 236

Pompilus minutulus, Dahlb 97

Wesmaeli, Thoms 98

Priocnemis parvulus, Dahlb 98

pusillus, „ 99

PAGE

Torymus campanulae, Cam 40

caudatus, Boh 41

juniperi, Linn 40

sodalis, Mai,r 40

tipularum, Zett 40

viridis, Porst 40

LEPIDOPTERA.

Asopia Lienigialis, Zell 556

Bryophila par, Hiibn 115

Catoptria tripoliana, Barrett 84

Peronea perplexana, Barrett 265

Stigmonota scopariana, H.-S 38, 278

NEUROPTERA.

! Elipsocus cyanops, Rostock 21

Molanna palpata, McLach 185

Polycentropus Kingi, McLach. 254

THYSANURA.

Degeeria pulchella, Ridley 270

Lipura aurantiaca, „ 1

Machilis brevicornis, „ 2

LARViE OF BRITISH SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS

VOLUME.

PAGE

Argyrolepia zephyrana, Barrett 37

Botys pandalis, Buckler 28, 156

Catoptria tripoliana, Barrett 84

Chrysomela varians, Osborne 151

Crambus culmellus, Buckler 91

Drepana sicula, „ 122

Epliestia ficulella, Porritt 44

Euclidia glyphica, „ 210

Eupoecilia ciliella, Barrett 37

notulana, „ 37

udana, „ 36

Grapholitha nigricana, Wood 155

PAGE

Hyrdrocampa nymphsealis, Buckler 249

Lozopera Francillana, Barrett 38

Nonagria fulva, Buckler 114

Pempelia hostilis, „ 178

Peronea aspersana, Barrett 266

hastiana, „ 263

Logiana, „ 262

Lorquiniana, „ 267

perplexana, „ 265

rufana, „ 263

Shepherdana „ 266

variegana, „ 264

REVIEWS.

The Geological Antiquity of Insects : H. Goss 47

Illustrations of Typical specimens of Lepidoptera-Heterocera in the collection of the British

Museum. Part IV — North American Tortricidae : Lord Walsingham 93

Souvenirs Entomologiques : .T. H. Fabre 117

Lie Lepidopteren der Schweiz : H. Frey 118

Zoological Classification: F. P. Pascoe 119

Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union 142

Insect Variety : A. H. Swinton 143

Monographic der deutschen Psociden : H. Kolbe 166

Avis preliminaire d’une nouvelle classification de Dytiscidae: D. Sharp 157

The Young Naturalist 188

The Butterflies of North America: W. H. Edwards 189

A Treatise on Comparative Embryology: F. M. Balfour 238

Monograph of the British Aphides, Vol. iii : G. B. Buck ton 279

OBITUARY.

PAGE

Professor Kirschbaum 47

Robert Hi slop 71

Etienne Mulsant 189

PAGE

Jacob Boll 213

Achille Guenee 214

Gabriel Koch 240

ERRATA.

Page 137, line 15 from bottom, for “this month,” read “September,” to which the other dates
in the same paragraph refer.

„ 219, line 2 from top, for “ subjectus,” read “ despectus.”

„ 235 „ 18 ,, bottom, for “ House,” read “Home.”

„ 236 „ 14 ,, „ for “ brevicornis ,” read “ lunicornis.”

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST’S
MONTHLY MAGAZINE:

CONDUCTED BT

C. G. BARRETT. E. C. RYE, E.Z.S.

J. W. DOUGLAS. E. SAUNDERS, F.L.S.

R. McLACHLAN, E.R.S H. T. STAINTON, F.R.S.

VOL. XVIII.

“ Nature never hurries ; atom by atom, little by little, she achieves her work.

Emerson.

1

LONDON :

JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

1 8' 8 1 - 8 2 .

LONDON :

N A PIED, PRINTER, SEYMOUR STREET, EUSTON SQUARE.

MDCCCLXXXII.

INDEX

PAGE

General Index i.

Entomological Society viii.

Special Index —

Coleoptera xi.

Diptera xii.

Hemiptera xiii.

Hymenoptera xiv.

Lepidoptera xv.

Neuroptera v xvii.

Thysanura xvii.

PAGE

Index to Contributors xviii.

Genera and Species new to Science ... xviii.

,, „ ,, ,, ,, Britain ... xix.

Larvas of British Species Described ... xx.

Reviews xx*

Obituary xx-

INDEX TO GENERAL SUBJECTS.

Abundance of larvae of Cliarseas graminis
„ „ Ptinella denticollis

„ „ Thecla w-album, Unusual

Acanthococcus aceris, Another apterous male in the Coccidse
Acentropus, Suggestions for obtaining the eggs of
Acherontia Atropos in Caithness, Note on
Acidalia straminata, &c., in Yorkshire ...

Additions to the Morayshire Hemiptera
„ „ „ Perthshire „

Aepophilus Bonnairei, Signoret, Note on
new to Britain

a genus and species of Hemiptera

Agrotis Ashworthii at Penmaenmawr ...

Alternation of generation in the Cynipidse
Amblyptilia punctidactyla

Amphidasis betularia at Gainsborough, Black form of
Anerasfia Farrella, A few words about Epischnia
„ „ Be-discovery of

...1,

Anthomyiidse, Annotated list of British

Aplialara nebulosa, Note on
„ nervosa, Note on

Arctiidae from North America, Descriptions of some apparently new species of

Argynnis Paphia, Curious variety of

Asthenia scopariana bred

Beetles, Influence of size of elytra on flight in

“ Bidrag till nordvestra Sibiriens Insektfauna.

Sahlberg Review

Blackburn, Death of John Bickerton, B.A.

Blackwall, „ „ John, F.L.S.

Boletobia fuliginaria at Lewisham

„ „ , Further captures of

„ „ in London

British Anthomyiidse, Annotated list of
„ Hemiptera-Homoptera, On certain

Psyllina, with corrections in the synonymy

PAGE

39, 68
276
68
250
17
260
68
18, 67
276

145
162
224
212
61
217

211, 219

27, 62, 101, 123, 172, 201, 221, 265
.. ... ... ... 275

18

135

188

278

213

Coleoptera, i, af John

90

164

20, 45

108, 109

109

68, 109

1, 27, 62, 101, 123, 172, 201, 221, 265

65, 104, 137

253

II.

PAGE

British Pterophoridae, Notes on... ... ... ... ••• ... 177

„ Tortrices, Notes on ... ... ... ... ... ••• ...152,185

Butterflies from East Africa, On two new species ... ... ... ... 145

„ of the genus Teracolus, occurring at Accra, Gold Coast, On the... 227

Butterfly from the Malay Peninsula, Description of a new 134

By thoscopidse Notes on the British ... ... .. ... ... ... 51

Caddis-fly, A Marine ... . .. ... ... ... ... ••• ••• 278

Caenis maxima, Remarks on Dr. E. Jolj’s ... ... ... ... 71

Callidry as Drya, Boisd., Life-History of ... ... ... ... 219

Capture of Cassida vittata near Hastings ... ... ... ... 214

„ „ Ceratocombus and Cryptostemma .. . «.. .. ... 113

„ „ rare Hymenoptera on the South Coast of England ... ... 160

„ „ „ Lepidoptera and Homoptera in Herefordshire ... ... Ill

Captures of British Aculeate Hymenoptera, Notes on ... ... ... 262

„ „ Coleoptera in 1881 ... ... ... ... ... ... 158

„ „ „ „ the Isle of Wight ... .. ... ... ... 70

„ „ Lepidoptera in the Norfolk fens ... ... ... ... ... 110

Cassida vittata near Hastings, Capture of ... ... ... ... ... 214

Ceratocombus and Cryptostemma, Capture of ... ... ... ... ... 113

Cerura erminea, A few words on the larva of, as distinguished from that of

C. vinula ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 161

Cetoniidae from East Central Africa, New ... ... ... ... ... 156

Charaeas graminis, Abundance of larvae of ... ... ... ... ... 39,68

„ „ in Thuringia, Ravages of the larvae of ... ... ... 11L

„ „ The influence of rain in the destruction of the larvae of. . . 86

Charaxes from West Africa, On a new species of ... ... ... ... 107

Chaudoir, Death of Baron de . . . . ... ... ... . . ... 20, 43

Choragus Sheppardi in Warwickshire ... ... ... ... ... ... 112

Cicada montana ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 40

Coccidae, Acanthococcus aceris, Another apterous male in the . ... 250

Cocoons of some of the silk-spinning Lepidoptera, On colouring matter,

&c., of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 260

Coleophora adjunctella, Hodgk., A new species of

„ apicella, A fruitless search for the larvae of
Coleoptera at Chirique ...

„ „ Hastings, Rare

„ „ Margate ... ... ...

,, from New Zealand, Some new species and genera of
„ , Further notes on Parthenogenesis in

„ in 1881, Captures of ...

j „ „ Scotland, Rare

„ „ the Forest of Dean, Notes on the past season, and

occurrence of certain Lepidoptera and ...

„ „ „ Isle of Wight, Captures of .

„ near Lincoln, Early ...

„ of Askham Bog, York
„ „ the Hastings district, Notes on the

Colias Edusa in 1881, Scarcity of

189

141

158

19, 40, 139
277
46
128
158
188

on the

186

70

277

7

234

210

Collecting Coleoptera, &e., A new mode of

Colouring matter, &c., of cocoons of some of the silk-spinning Lepidoptera
On ...

Comparison of the Pterophori of Europe and North America, suggested by
Lord Walsingham’s “ Pterophoridse of California and Oregon ”

Corticaria Wollastoni at Mablethorpe, &c.

Cosmia pyralina, near Weybridge
Crambus Warringtonellus, Natural History of
Cryptostemma, Capture of Ceratocombus and..

Cynipidse, Alternation of generation in the
Darwin, Death of Charles Robert
“ Degeeria,” The generic term ...

Deilephila spinifascia, Butler, Life-History of ..

Delphaeidse, On certain South American
Deltoceplialus Elori, Fieb., in England
Description of a new butterfly from the Malay Peninsula
„ „ „ genus and species of Tenthredinidse

„ „ „ species of Liburnia

„ „ „ „ „ Saturniidse from the Gfold Coast

„ a Eudorea new to science (Eudorea conspicualis)

„ the larva of Ennychia octomaculalis

„ „ „ „ Hydrcecia nictitans

„ „ „ „ Scoparia truncicolella

„ „ „ „ Scopula lutealis

Descriptions of some apparently new species of Arctiidse from North
America

Diasemia literalis in Pembrokeshire, Re-occurrence of
Dichrorhampha distinctana, Heinm., a Tortrix new to Britain
Dilar, A North American species of
Diptera in the New Forest, Rare
„ of the Norfolk broads ...

Doleschall, Carl Ludwig, A brief notice of the Dipterologist
Drepana sicula ... ... ... ... ... ... 87, 108

Dufourea vulgaris, Schk., at Woking
Emmelesia blandiata, Natural History of
Ennychia octomaculalis, Description of the larva of .

„ „ in Pembrokeshire

Entomological collecting on a voyage to the Pacific .

„ notes from Teneriffe, St. Vincent, &c..

„ Society of London, Proceedings of the 20, 72, 91, 116, 191

Entomology of Portugal, Notes on the (Coleoptera)

„ „ „ „ ,, „ (Hymenoptera Aculeata)

Ephemeridse, An announcement of new genera of the

Epischnia (Anerastia) Farrella, A few words about

Eudorea new to science (E. conspicualis), Description of an..

Eulepia grammica

Eupithecia, A new species of (jasioneata)

„ consignata at Boxhill

inturbata, Hub., H.-S. (subciliata, Grn.), The larva of

PAGE

111

260

73,117

261

88

129

113
224
278

19, 43
131
154
140
134
107
270

146

134
57

195

106

147

135
69

278

55

89

149

114
141, 233

161
180
57
69
81
256
216, 279
230
16^
21, 207
217
134
212
80, 87
39
142

IV.

Eupcecilia Mussehliana and other Lepidoptera near Pembroke 70

Eustra, Notes on the genus, in Japan .. ... ... ... ... ... 39

Flight in beetles, Influence of size of elytra on ... ... ... ... 213

Fungi that attack insects, &c., Note on some ... ... ... ... ... 263

G-arneys, Death of W. .. ... ... ... ... ... ...144,163

Gelechia brizella, Life-History of ... ... ... ... ... ... 56

„ scotinella, H.-S., in England, Occurrence of... ... ... ... 143

Generation in the Cynipidse, Alternation of ... ... ... ... ... 224

Giebel, Death of Professor C. G. A. ... ... ... ... ... .. 215

Gray, Death of John ... ... ... ... .. ... .. 190

Gymnancyla canella, &c., in East Sussex, Heliothis armiger ... ... ... 141

Gyrinus natator, Ichneumonidse infesting larvae of ... .. ... ... 88

Harpalus discoidcus, F. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 112

Heliothis armiger, Gymnancyla canella, &c., in East Sussex ... ... ... 141

Hemiptera, Additions to the Morayshire ... ... ... ... ... 18, 67

,, „ „ „ Perthshire ... ... ... ... ... 276

“ „ Argentina” by Carolus Berg : Review ... ... ... ... 90

„ at Battle, &c., Notes on ... ... ... ... ... ... 113

„ „ Hastings ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 140

„ -Homoptera, On certain British ... ... ... ... 65, 104, 137

„ of Finland ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 41

Hemiteles, A new species of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 184

Hepialus humuli, Curious variety of .. ... ... ... ... . . Ill

Himera pennaria, Note on the egg and some peculiarity of structure in the
larva of

Homoptera in Herefordshire, Capture of rare Lepidoptera and
„ , Rectifications concerning ...

Hydrcecia nictitans, Description of the larva, &c., of ...

Hymenoptera at Hayling Island and Bournemouth, Aculeate
„ in 1881, Notes on spring...

„ , Notes on captures of British Aculeate

„ , On five new British ; with a synoptical table of the genus

Spliecodes

„ on the South Coast of England, Capture of rare

Hypopus parasitic on ants

Ichneumonidse infesting larvse of Gyrinus natator
,, , Two new species of

Influence of rain in the destruction of the larvse of Charseas
„ „ size of elytra on flight in beetles ...

„ „ volcanoes on flying Coleoptera, The

Information for Coleopterists
Insectarium at the Zoological Gardens ...

Japan, A note from

Larentia didymata bred from Anemone nemorosa

Larva of Cerura erminea, A few words on the, as distinguished
of C. vinula

„ „ Ennychia octomaculalis, Description of the...

„ „ Eupithecia inturbata, Hub., H.-S. (subciliata, Gn.).

gramims

33

111

275

195

113

42

262

197
160
43
88

78,251,272

86

213

138

235

15

159

68

rom that

161

57

142

V.

PAGE

Larva of Himera pennaria, Note on the egg and some peculiarity of struc-
ture in the ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 33

„ ,, Hydroecia nictitans, Description of the ... ... ... ... 195

„ „ Scoparia truncicolella, „ „ „ ... ... ... ... 106

Larvae of Charseas graminis, Abundance of ... ... ... ... . .. 39,68

j, „ „ „ in Thuringia, Ravages of the ... ... ... 11L

„ „ „ „ , The influence of rain in the destruction of the 86

„ „ Coleopliora apicella, A fruitless search for the ... .. ... 141

„ „ G-yrinus natator, Ichneumonidae infesting ... ... ... ... 88

„ „ Scop ula lutealis and S. prunalis ... ... ... ... ... 189

Lasiosomus enervis, H.-S., near Weybridge ... ... ... ... ... 161

Leaf-mining larvae extracted by birds (?) ... ... ... ... ... 143

Lebia crux-minor in Japan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 188

Lepidoptera and Coleoptera in the Forest of Dean, Notes on the past season,

and on the occurrence of certain ... ... ... 186

„ „ Homoptera in Herefordshire, Capture of rare ... ... Ill

„ at Barnwell Wold ... ... ... ... ... ... 38

„ „ Deal, Rare ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 87

„ in Roxburghshire, in 1881, Notes on ... ... ... ... 209

„ „ the Norfolk fens, Captures of ... ... ... ... ... 110

„ near Pembroke, Eupoecilia Mussehliana and other ... ... 70

„ observed in the neighbourhood of Gallipoli, Turkey in 1878,

List of ... 10,29,92

„ of West Norfolk, Notes on the ... ... ... ... ... 239

“ Les Cynipides, lre partie, par Dr. H. Adler, de Schleswig, traduit et annote

par J. Lichtenstein : ” Review ... ... ... .. ... ... 215

Liburnia, Description of a new species of ... ... ... ... ... 270

Life-History of Callidrvas Drya, Boisd . . ... ... ... ... ... 219

,, „ „ Deilephila spin ifascia, Butler ... ... ... ... ... 131

„ „ „ G-elechia brizella ... . . ... . . ... . . 56

Limnophilus subcentralis, Brauer, in Scotland... ... ... ... ... 72

Lincoln, Early Coleoptera near ... ... ... . . ... ... ... 277

List of British Anthomyiidse, Annotated 1, 27, 62, 101, 123, 172, 201, 221, 265
„ „ Lepidoptera observed in the neighbourhood of Gallipoli, Turkey in

1878

10,29,92

Marine Caddis-fly, A

278

Measurements in descriptive Entomology ; a suggestion

... 205,236,237

Meligethes morosus, Er., a species new to Britain

112

Meloe variegata and other Coleoptera at Margate

277

Miana expolita, Natural History x>f

76

Micralymma brevipenne, Note on

140

“ Micrographic Dictionary, The, Fourth Edition, edited by J. W. Griffith,
M.D., assisted by Rev. J. M. Berkeley and T. Rupert Jones : ” Review
Micro-Lepidoptera, Notes on
Mimseseoptilus Hodgkinsoni versus Loewii
Morayshire Hemiptera, Additions to the

Moults in larvae from the same batch of eggs, On the variable number of
Muscular power of Rhagium inquisitor

725
16
212
18, 67
86
18

VI.

PAGE

Natural History of Crarabus Warringtonellus .. ... ... ... ... 129

„ „ „ Emmelesia blandiata ... ... ... ... ... 180

„ „ „ Miana expolita ... ... .. .. ... ... 76

„ „ „ Papilio Machaon, Some points in the ... ... ... 244

Nepticula agrimonise, Heyden, a species new to Britain 211

„ sericopeza near Cambridge, Occurrence of ... ... ... ... 142

Neurorthus (Costa, 1863) = Sartena (Hagen, 1864) ... ... ... 89, 140

New Cetoniidse from East Central Africa ... ... ... ... 156

genera of the Ephemeridae, An announcement of ... ... ... 21,207

locality for Polycentropus Kingi, McLach. ... ... ... 163

mode of collecting Coleoptera, &c. ... ... ... ... ... Ill

species and genera of Coleoptera from New Zealand, Some ... .. 46

„ of Coleophora (C. adjunctella, Hodgk.) ... ... .. ... 189

„ „ Eupithecia (jasioneata) ... .. ... ... ... 80, 87

„ „ Ichneumonidse, Two ... ... ... .... ... ... 78,251

Zealand Journal of Science ... ... ... ... ... ... 238

Nonagria despecta in Pembrokeshire ... ... ... ... ... ... 109

North American species of Dilar ... ... ... ... ... ... 55

„ Middlesex Natural History Association .. ... ... ... ... 216

Notes, More tropical ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 214

„ on British Tortrices ... ... ... ... ... ... ...152,185

j, „ „ Pterophoridse .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 177

„ „ captures of British Aculeate Hymenoptera .. ... ... ... 262

„ „ Hemiptera at Battle, &c. ... ... ... . ... ... 113

„ „ Lepidoptera in Roxburghshire in 1881 ... . . ... ... 209

„ „ Micro-Lepidoptera ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16

„ „ spring Hymenoptera in 1881... ... ... ... ... ... 42

„ „ Tenthredinidse . ... ... ... ... 126,193,271

„ „ the Britisli Bytlioscopidse ... ... ... ... ... ... 51

„ „ „ Coleoptera of the Hastings district .. ... ... ... 234

„ „ „ Entomology of Portugal (Coleoptera) ... ... ... ... 230

>, „ „ „ „ „ (Hymenoptera Aculeata) ... ... 165

„ „ „ genus Eustra in Japan ... .. . ... ... ... 39

„ „ „ Lepidoptera of West Norfolk ... ... ... 239

„ „ „ past season,’ and on the occurrence of certain Lepidoptera and

Coleoptera in the Forest of Dean ... ... ... ... 186

„ „ „ species of Ophthalmophora, a genus of Geometrid moths .. 59

„ „ Thysanura collected in the Canaries and Madeira ... ... ... 14

Notodonta cucullina ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... 88

„ dictaea double-brooded, Smerinthus populi and ... ... ... 211

Occurrence of (Ecetis furva, Ramb., in Cumberland ... ... ... .. 163

„ „ Gelechia scotinella, H.-S., in England .. ... ... ... 143

„ „ Nepticula sei’icopeza near Cambridge ... ... ... 142

(Ecetis furva, Ramb., in Cumberland, Occurrence of ... ... ... ... 163

Ophthalmophora, Notes on the species of, a genus of Geometrid moths ... 59

Oporabia, The genus ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 87

Oryctes nasicornis at Wick ... ... ... ... ... 262

Oxytelus fulvipes in Warwickshire ... ... ... ... ... ... 213

vn;

l’AGE

Panorpidae from Western North America, On two new ... ... ... 36

“ Papilio ; devoted to Lepidoptera exclusively. Organ of the New York

Entomological Club ; ” Review ... ... ... ... ... 20

Papilio Machaon, Some points in the Natural History of ... ... ... 244

Parthenogenesis in Coleoptera, Further notes on ... ... ... ... 128

„ „ Tenthredinidae, On . . ... ... ... ... 127

Peculiarity of structure in the larvae of Himera pennaria, Note on the egg

and some .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 33

Perthshire Hemiptera, Additions to the ... ... ... ... ••• 276

Phytosus balticus, &c., at Mablethorpe ... ... ... ... ... 158

Pieris napi, Singular variety of . ... ... ... ... ••• HO

Platyptilia dichrodactyla and Bertrami... ... ... ... ... ... 143

Plusia orichalcea in Pembrokeshire ... ... ... ... .. ... 109

Polycentropus Kingi, McLach., New locality for ... ... ... ... 163

Polystichus vittatus, at St. Leonard's, Re-occurrence of .. . ... 235

Portugal, Entomology of .. ... ... ... ... ... 165,230

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 20, 72, 91, 116, 191, 216, 279
„ ,, „ Perthshire Society of Natural Science. Vol. I, part 1 : ”

Review... ... ... ... ... ... ... 238

Psylla buxi, Note on the earlier states of ... ... ... • •• •• 18

Psyllidse not yet known as British, Note on Trioza crithmi, F. Low, a species of 263

Psyllina, with corrections in the synonymy, British ... ... ... ... 253

Pterophori of Europe and North America, A comparison of the, suggested

by Lord Walsingliam’s “ Pterophoridae of California and Oregon ” ... 73, 117

Pterophoridae, Notes on British ... ... ... ... 177

Pterostich us vulgaris, &c., in a frog’s stomach ... ... ... 188

Ptinella denticollis, Abundance of ... ... ... ... ... 276

Putzeys, Death of Jules ... .. ... ... ... ... .. ... 215

Rain, The influence of, in the destruction of the larvae of Charaeas graminis 86

Rare Coleoptera at Hastings ... ... ... ... ... ... 19,40,139

„ „ in Scotland ... ... . .. 188

„ Diptera in the New Forest .. ... ... ... ... ■ 89

„ Lepidoptera at Deal ... ... ... ... ••• ... ••• 87

Ravages of the larvae of Charaeas graminis in Thuringia ... ... Ill

Rectifications concerning Homoptera ... ... ... ... ... 275

Re-discovery of Anerastia Farrella ... ... . ... .. .. 211,219

Remarks on Dr. Joly’s Caenis maxima ... ... .. ... ... ••• 71

Re-occurrence of Diasemia literalis in Pembrokeshire ... .. .. 69

„ „ Polystichus vittatus at St. Leonard’s ... ... ... 235.

„ „ Trochilium scoliiforme at Llangollen . . ... ... 162

“Report of the Entomologist of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture for the Year 1880, by J. H. Comstock : ” Review ... ... ... 263

Revue Coleopterologique... ... ... ... ... ... ... 190

Rhagium inquisitor, The muscular power of ... ... ... • • 18

Rivista Scientifico-Industriale e G-iornale del Naturalista ... ... ... 216

Sartena (Hagen, 1864) = Neurorthus (Costa, 1863) .. ... ... ... 89,140

Saturniidae from the Gold Coast, Description of a new species of ... 146

Scarcity of Colias Edusa in 1881 ... ... ... ... ... ••• 210

Vlll.

PAGE

Scoparia truncicolella, Description of the larva of ... ... ... ... 106

Scopula lutealis and S. prunalis, Larvae of ... ... ... ... ... 189

„ „ , Description of the larva of ... ... ... ... ••• 147

Sericomyia borealis “ singing ” while at rest ... . ... ... 159,189,190

Setodes argentipunctella, McLach. ... ... ... ... ... ... 163

Stnerinthus populi and Notodonta dictsea double-brooded ... ... ... 211

Societe Fran^aise d’ Entomologie ... ... ... ... ... ... 163

Sphecodes, On five new British Hymenoptera ; with a synoptical table of the

genus . .. ... .. ... ... ... ... 197

Stenophylax rotundipennis, Brauer, in Scotland ... ... ... ... 163

Tenthredinidse, Description of a new genus and species of ... ... ... 107

„ , Notes on ... ... ... ... ... 126,193,271

„ , On Parthenogenesis in ... ... ... ... ... ... 127

Tephrosia crepuscularia and tiundularia, Results of experiments in rearing 274

Teracolus occurring at Accra, Gfold Coast, On the Butterflies of the genus... 227

“The Butterflies of Europe, by H. C. Lang, M.D., F.L.S. : ” Review ... 91

Thecla w-album, Unusual abundance of ... ... ... ... ... 68

Thomson, Death of Sir Charles Wyville, LL.D., F.R.S. ... ... ... 264

Thyreophora antipodum ; new species of Diptera ... ... ... ... 35

Thy sanoptera, A request for European .. . ... ... ... ... ... 235

Thysanura collected in the Canaries and Madeira, Notes on .. ... ... 14

Tortrices, Notes on British ... ... ... ... ... ... ..152,185

Tortricidse, Dichrorhampha distinctana, a species of, new to Britain ... 278

Tortrix Lafauryana, Ragonot, a species new to Britian .. ... 17, 260

“Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalist’s Society. Vol. 3,

part 2 : ” Review ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 90

Trioza crithmi, F. Low, Note on, a species of Psyllidae not yet known as

British 263, 276

Trochilium scoliiforme at Llangollen, Re-occurrence of ... ... ... 162

Tropical notes, More ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 214

Yanessa Antiopa at Llandaff ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18

Variety of Argynnis Paphia, Curious ... ... .. ... ... ... 188

„ „ Hepialus humuli, „ ... ... ... ... ... ... Ill

„ „ Pieris napi, Singular .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... 110

Vespa germanica, Fab., Early appearance of ... ... ... ... ... 234-

Volcanoes, The influence of, on flying Coleoptera ... ... ... ... 138

Wiener entomologische Zeitung ... ... ... ... ... ... 163

Winters in Japan, On the supposed effect of the, on the smaller Coleoptera 5

INDEX OF SUBJECTS NOTICED IN THE

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PAGE

Adephaga, Dr. Horne’s classification of. .

. . 279

Aepophilus Bonnairei exhibited . .

192

Aleurodes carpini exhibited . .

72

Amazons, Lepidoptera from the

92

Anniversary Meeting

..216

Antheraea macrophthalma exhibited

191

Aphis granaria preyed upon by Allotria

92

Argas persicus in Turkestan, Notes on
Australia, Rhynchota from
Bombyliidse parasitic on Locusts . .

Bombyx mori, Abnormal pupa of
Borneo, New species of Cicadidse from
Brachycerus ?, Larvse of, destructive to lilies
Butterflies, Female pupae of, attractive to males
„ in papers, Imprints of
Caddis-flies, Collection of British, exhibited
Callistus lunatus captured in quantity
Cecidomyia foliorum on Artemisia vulgaris
Cecidomyiidae, New species of, on flowers of Gralium mollugo
Cex*eals, Diptera destructive to, in Britain . .

Cerura vinula and erminea, Differences in the larvae of
Ceylon, New insect of doubtful order from
Charaeas graminis, Damage caused by larva of
Chili, Lepidoptera of
Cicadidse, New species of
Coccinella, Variation in . .

Coleoptera from India, New Myrmecophilous species of , .

„ „ New Zealand, New species of

„ „ Sumatra, New

„ „ the Hawaiian Islands, New

„ , New Longicorn ..

Coreidae and Pentatomidae, New neotropical
Crabro clavipes exhibited
Diptera destructive to cereals in Britain
Dolerus, Larvae of, causing damage to grass
Drosophila cellaris destructive to pickles
Dufourea vulgaris from Woking
Dyscolethes, A new genus of Hymenoptera. .

Ecuador, New Butelidae from. .

„ Papilionidae from

Encyrtidae, Species of, parasitic on Zeuzera aesculi

Ennomos tiliaria, Variety of

Euchroma, Species of

Eumolpidae, New

Euthyplocia, Nymph of

Fig insects, Remarks on . .

Fiji, Damage to cocoa-nut trees by Lopaphus in. .

Formica umbrata, var. mixta, Occurrence in Britain of
Grastrophysa raphani, Parthenogenesis in
Halticella csmicida, Sexes of

„ , Terminal segments of

Harpalus cupreus in the Isle of Wight
„ discoideus, British specimen of
Hawaiian Islands, Lepidoptera from

„ „ New Coleoptera from the

Heliconius Charitonia, Sexual instinct in . . , .

PAGE

72

72

91, 117, 192
.. 116
192
.. 192

280

.. 280
280
.. 279

116

.. 116
192
.. 192

191
91,117
117, 192, 280
.. 192

280

.. 280
280
.. 117

191
92
92
72

192
.. 91

116
.. 192

92

.. 191

92

.. 116
192
92
117

.. 116
.. 192,279

.. 191

191
.. 191

279

.. 280

.. 192

191
.. 279

191

.. 280

Honey-comb built against a wall . .

. Hymenoptera, Mounting and preservation of
„ New species of

Iceland, Porcellio scaber from
Ichneumon erythraeus captured in quantity
Ichneumonidae, New or rare British
Iodis vernaria, Oviposition of
Japan, Heterocerous Lepidoptera from .

Lepidoptera from Chili

„ „ the Amazons

„ „ „ Hawaiian Islands

„ , Heterocerous, from Japan .

Lepidopterous larvae forming cases of dog’s excrement
Lilies, Larva of Brachycerus (?) destructive to . .

Locusts, Report of Committee on parasite of
Longicorn Coleoptera, New

Lopaphus coccophagus damaging cocoa-nut trees in Fiji

Lycaena Icarus, var. Icaroides, exhibited

Macromela Balyi exhibited

Molorchus minor exhibited

Morpho Adonis, Female of

Myrmeleonidae, Larva of, from Zante, found living in England
New Zealand, Coleoptera from
Notiophilus biguttatus, Abnormal
Nycteribia, Larva of

CEstridae, Species of, parasitic on a mouse
Orchestes damaging elm
Orthezia, The genus. .

Ourapteryx sambucaria, Variety of
Papilio americus with abnormal neuration

„ Cenaea, Stoll., The sexes of, taken in copula ..
Papilionidae from Ecuador . .

Parthenogenesis in Giastrophysa raphani
Pentatomidae and Coreidae, New neotropical
Phora rufipes parasitic on Nematus ribesii . .

Phylloxera in Victoria, Report of Committee respecting . .

Porcellio scaber from Iceland

Prosopis, Terminal segments of

Rhopalocera from South Africa, New

Rhynchota from Australia

Rutelidae from Ecuador, New

Scenopinus fenestralis bred from aconite

Scleroderma, Notes on

South Africa, New Rhopalocera from . .

„ „ Tineidae, Tortricidae, and Pterophoridae of

Strenia clathrata, Variety of . .

Sumatra, New Coleoptera from
Telephorus lit uratus, Variety of

Tinea vastella (gigantella) feeding on a horse’s hoof . .
Tortricidae, Tineidae, and Pterophoridae of South Africa . .
Trichoptera, Collection of British, exhibited
Vespa germanica hibernating socially
Vice-Presidents.. .. .. ..

20, 92,
47,

PA.G-E

192
191, 280

191
.. 192

280
117
92

192
192

92
279
20
192
.. 192

1, 117, 192
92
191
.. 192

279
72

91

.. 192

280
.. 191

92

.. 117

91

. . 72, 92
191
.. 191

20

92

191
92

192
. . 20, 72

192

.. 280
92
72

191
.. 192

192
92
72

.. 279

117
.. 192

20
72
280
.. 279

279

XI.

SPECIAL

INDEX.

COLEOPTERA.

PAGE

Acidota crenata 188

Aepus marinus 71

Agatliidium rhinoceros 188

Aleochara cuniculorum 234

Amara Quenseli 188

Anchomenus Helmsi (sp. n.), Sharp 47

Anthophagus alpinus 188

Anthribus albinus 40

Aphodius porcus 158

Zenkeri 158

Athous difformis 19, 139

Atomaria atra 234

Bembidium 5-striatura 278

Caenopsis fissirostris 19, 40

Calosoma inquisitor 187

Carabus Steuarti 230

Cassida nobilis 278

vittata 214

Ceratorhina Burkei, var. histrio,

H. W. Bates 157

Euthalia (sp. n.), „ 156

princeps „ „ 156 [

Ceuthorhynchideus Chevrolati 18

Chlaenius gallaecianus 231 j

Choragus Sheppardi 112

Chrosis violacea (sp. n.). Sharp 49 :

Cicindela campestris, var. maroccana 230

Corticaria curta 262

fulvipes 262

transversalis 261

Wollastoni 261

Demetrias monostigma 158 I

Dromius 4-signatus 277 I

Eccoptocnemis relucens (sp. n.),

H. W. Bates 157

Eustra plagiata 39

Gastrophysa raphani, Parthenogenesis in.. 128

Gymnusa variegata 213

Gyrinus natator. Parasites on 88

Haliplus obliquus 8

Haplocnemus nigricornis 113

Harpalus discoideus 112

4-punctatus 188

servus .„ 19

Heterorhina elongata (sp.n.), H.W. Bates 157
laevicauda, „ „ 157

tricolor, „ „ 157

I

PAGE

Homalota princeps 70

Hydaticus transversalis 9

Hydnobius strigosus 188

Hydraena palustris 9

Hydroporus decoratus ' 8

oblongus 8

rufifrons 8

Scalesianus 8

Hypselogenia corrosa (sp.n.), H. W. Bates 156

Ityobates nigricollis 234

Lamia textor 113

Lebia crux-minor in Japan 188

Limnobius picinus 9

Lissotes Helmsi (sp. n.), Sharp 49

Meligethes morosus 112

viduatus 158

Meloe variegata 277

Micralymma brevipenne 140

Miscodera arctica 188

Mordella fasciata 113

Necrophilus prolongatus (sp. n.), Sharp... 47

Notiophilus 4-punctatus 40

Ocypus fuscatus 278

Ocyusa picina 213

Oryctes nasicornis in Britain 262

Oxytelus fulvipes 213

Philonthus discoideus 234

thermarum 234

Phytosus balticus 158

spinifer 158

Plaesiorhina undulata (sp. n.), H. W. Bates 157

Platyrhinus latirostris 112

Polvstichus vittatus 235

Protelater nigricans (sp. n.), Sharp 50

Pselaphus dresdensis 9

Ptenidium formicetorum 234

Pterostichus vulgaris in frog’s stomach .. 188

Prinella denticollis 276

Quedius auricomus 113

Rhagium inquisitor 18

Rhynchites cupreus 139

Scaphodius compactus (sp. ii.). Sharp 50

Steuus Guynemeri 113

Tachinus pallipes 188

proximus 188

Tachyusa coarctata 40

Trechus lapidosus 71

Trichopteryx picicornis 234

Zeatyrus Lawsoni (sp. n.), Sharp 48

Xll.

DIPTERA.

Anthomyiidae, British 1, 27, 62, 101,

172, 201,

Ascia flavalis

Azelia

aterrima

gibbera

Callipbora groenlandica

Chrysogaster splendida

Coelomyia

mollissima

Ctenophora ornata

Drymeia

hamata

Graphomyia picta

Gymnopternus assimilis

cbalybeus

Hen ops gibbosus

Homalomyia

aprica

armata

caniculavis

carbon aria

floricola

fuscula

herniosa

incisurata

manicata

mutica

pallitibia

scalaris

serena

sociella

spissata (sp. n.), Meade

Hydrophoria

ambigua

anthomyia

brunneifrons

caudata

divisa

socia

Hydrophorus bipunctatus

viridis

Hydrotsea

armipes

cyrtoneurina

dentipes

fasciculata (sp. n.), Meade

irritans

meteorica

palajstrica

Kondanii (sp. n.), Meade

Hyetodesia

PAGK 1

dispar

3 J

dubia (sp. n.),* Meade

4

serva

3

scutellaris

8

vagans

3

Hvlemyia

265

antiqua

268

cardui

2671

cinerella

268

cinerosa

.... 268

coarctata

269

flavipennis

266

hilaris

266

lasciva

266

nigrescens

268

nigrimana

269

operosa

269

prsepotens

269

puella

269

pullula

268

seticrura

267

strigosa

269

tibiaria

270

variata

266

virginea

266

Limnopliora

101

compun eta

101;

contractions

101

septemnotata

102

triangulifera

101

Morellia curvipes

162

My d sea

27

allotalla

28

angelicae

28

flaveola

28

nigritella

27

separata

28

urban a

28

Ophyra

173

Piezura

221

pardalina

221

Platychirus fulviventris

151

Pogonomyia

172

alpicola

172

Polietes

2

Sericomjda borealis 159,

189, 190

Spilogaster

62

communis

64

consimilis

depuncta

65

duplaris

63

duplicata

63

flagipes

fuscata

65

123,

221

151

221

223

223

152

151

223

224

89

172

172

151

161

160

89

201

202

203

202

205

205

202

204

202

203

204

202

202

204

204

203

102

102

103

103

103

102

104

151

151

123

124

123

124

125

124

124

124

125

PAGE

Jpilogaster maculosa 62

notata 62

quadrimaculata 63

quadrum 64

rrichophthicus 173

cunctans 174

pulcher (sp. n.), Meade ... 175

rostratus „ „ ... 176

semipellucidus 175

Thyreophorus antipodum (sp. n.),

Osten-Sacken... 35

HEMIPTERA.

[Acanthococcus aceris, 6 apterous 250

jAcocephalus polystolus 276

Acompocoris alpinus 113

lAepophilus Bonnairei 145

Agalliastes Wilkinsoni, macropterous ... 276

[Anoterops setulosus 113

i Aphalara artemisiae 254

calthae 254

exilis 254

nebulosa 254, 276

nervosa 18, 254

picta 264, 276

; Arytaena genistae 255

Athysanus piceus 276

russeolus 276

! Bergia nimbata 155

Cerataphis lataniae 275

j Ceratocombus coleoptratus 113

I Chilacis typhae 113

1 Cicada montana 140

| Coccidae, American 263

! Corizus maculatus 140

! Corixa carinata 276

! Cryptostemma aliena 113

i Deltocephalus distinguendus 67

Flori 66, 140

I-album (sp. n.), Scott 137

Normani ,., „ 105

picturatus 276

repletus 66

Dicranotropis hamata, macropterous 276

i Doratura stylata, macropterous 276

1 Euides fuscovittata (sp. n.), Scott 155

I Gastrodes abietis 18

Gerris aspera 18

Gossyparia ulmi, 6 apterous 250

| Idiocerus fulgidus 53

varius 52

Lasiosomus enervis 161

xiii.

PAGE

Liburnia Bergi = L. cognata, Berg 156

discolor, macropterous 276

insignis (sp. n.), Scott 270, 076

mesomela, macropterous 276

v-flava (sp. n.), Scott 104

Livia juncorum 254

Livilla ulicis 255

Myrmedobia tenella 276

Ortbezia cataphracta, <5 developed 270

floccosa 276

Orthotylus fuscescens 276

Pediopsis fuscinervis 64

nassatus 54

Podisus luridus 113

Pceciloscytus Gyllenhali, macropterous ... 276

Psylla alni 255

betulae 255

buxi 18, 255

costalis 254

costatopunctata 254

crataegi 255

Forsteri 255

Hartigi 255

hippophaes 255

Loewi 255

mali i 254

peregrina 254

pineti 255

pruni 254

pyricola 254

pyrisuga 254

rhamnicola 255

salicicola 255

simulans . 254

spartii 255

stenolabis 255

visci Ill, 255

Psyllopsis fraxini 254

fraxinicola 254

Rhinocola aceris 254

ericae 254

Ritsemia pupifera, 6 apterous 250

Sehirus biguttatus 40, 140

luctuosus 41

Tetrura rubi 275

Trickopsylla Walkeri 255

Trioza abdominalis 265, 276

acutipennis 255

albiventris 255

crithmi 263, 276

Dalei 255

galii 255, 276

xiv.

PAGE

Trioza munda 255

reraota 255

rhamui 255

salicivora 255

urticae 256

viridula 255

Zicrona coerulea 113

HYMENOPTERA.

Agenia variegata 262

Andrena austriaca 114,262

decorata 114

erythronota 167

extricata 42

fasciata 42

granulosa 167

Hattorfiana 262

lapponica 42

lithurgoides 167

nigriceps 114

obsoleta 167

Pandellaei 167

puncticollis 167

simillima 262

tridentata 114

Antliophora femorata 171

Thomsoni (sp. n.),

E. Saunders 171

Aporus bicolor 262

Astata stigma 113

Blennocampa sulcata (sp. n.), Cameron ... 271

Bombus cullumanus 161

Sclirimshiranus 114

soroensis 160, 262

Camptopoeuin frontale 169

Ceraraius lusitanicus 166

Colletes marginata 166

picistigina 161, 199

Croesus Varus 127

Dasypoda cingulata 167

Eatoni (sp. n.), E. Saunders ... 168

Diueura Degeeri 127

Dioxys pyrenaica 170

Dufourea vulgaris 161

Epeolus productus 114, 200

Eucera collaris 170

hispanica 170

semistrigosa 170

Fenusa hortulana 127

Formica sanguinea 262

Halictus bifasciatus 166

brevicornis 199

PAGE

Halictus costulatus 16C

platycestus 16C

quadricinctus 16C

Hemichroa alni 126

rufa 127

Hemiteles gyrini (sp. n.), Parfitt 79, 88

litoreus „ „ 272

persector „ „ 185

Heptamelus ocliroleucus 272

Hoplisus latifrons 165

Limneria affinis (sp. n.), Parfitt 252

Mesoleius bracliyacantbus (sp. n.), Parfitt 78

elegans „ ,, 273

Mutilla europsea 114

Nematus Bergmanni 193

croceus 127

curtispina 126

glutinosse (sp. n.), Cameron 193

lacteus 195

miliaris 194

palliatus 195

salicis 127

salicivorus (sp. n.), Cameron ... 194

Neuroterus lenticularis 225 <

Odynerus basalis 262

Dufouri 165

Osmia pilicornis ' 262 j

Oxybelus mandibularis 114!

mucronatus 114

Panurginus montanus 169

Panurgus Perezi (sp. n.), E. Saunders ... 169 j

proximus „ „ ... 168 1

Parastatis indica (g. et sp. n.), Kirby ... 107 J

Phyllotoma ochropoda 127 j

Polyblastus Bridgmani (sp. n.), Parfitt ... 251

Prosopis dilatata ; 114

Pterochilus phaleratus 166

Spathogaster baccarum 225 j

Sphecodes, British species of 198 (

ephippium 198

gibbus 198 ]

pilifrons 198 |

puncticeps 198 I

rufiventris 198 J

similis 198 I

subquadratus 198 i

Stelis pliseoptera 262 j

Strongylogaster macula 272 1

viridis 272 >

Tenthredo scotica (sp. n.), Cameron 193

Tricliiosoma vitellinse 127

Vespa gerraanica 234

LEPIDOPTERA .

PAGE

Acentropus niveus 17

Acheron tia Atropos 96, 260

Acidalia emutaria 241

immutata 109, 240

straminata 68

Acontia lucida 99

Agdistis tamaricis ? 259

Agraulis moneta 85

vanillae 85

Agrophila sulphuralis 13, 99

Agrotis Ashworthi 162

fennica 82

saucia 243

Amblyptilia acanthodactyla 117, 212

cosmodactyla 117, 177, 213

pica 117

punctidactyla 117, 212

Amphidasis betularia 61

prodromaria 239

Anartia jatrophae 85

Anerastia Farrella 211, 217, 219

lAnisopteryx aescularia 34, 210

|Antheraea macrophthalinus (sp. n.), Kirby 146

|Anthocharis Belia 31

JApamea fibrosa 110

Aplecta herbida 39, 209

Aporia cratsegi 30

Arctia Dodgei (sp. n.), Butler 134

Hebe 98

ochreata (sp. n.), Butler 134

purpurata 98

rhoda (sp. n.), Butler 134

Argyrophorus argenteus 83

Argynnis Daphne 94

Lath on i a 94

Pandora 12, 94

Paphia 94, 188

Asthenia scopariaua 278

Boletobia fuliginaria 68, 108, 109

Botys laucealis 38, 240

sanguinalis 13, 100

Brach3rtaenia Woodiana (sp. n.), Barrett... 185

Brephos Partlienias 239

Callidryas Drya, Larva of 219

Statira 85

Callimorpha Hera 98

Catocala conjuncta 99

conversa 99

hymenaea 99

Catoptria candidulana (Wimmerana) 141

Celaena Haworthi 110

xv.

PAGE

Cerostoma asperella Ill

Cerura erminea, Larva of 161

furcula 209

vinula 34, 161

Cethosia Logani (sp. n.), Distant 134

Choerocampa celerio 258

elpenor 38

Charaeas graminis 39, 68, 86, 111

Charaxes Carteri (sp. n.), Butler 108

cedreatis 108

Kirkii (sp. n.), Butler 145

.Cheimatobia boreata 211

Chortobius Davus 68

Chrysocorys erythriella 73

felicella 73

festaliella 73

Cledeobia moldavica 100

Coleophora adjunctella(sp.n.), Hodgkinson 189

apicella 141

olivaceella 16

Colias Edusa 31, 210

Lesbia 82

Vautieri , 82, 83

Collix sparsata 110, 240

Coremia quadrifasciaria 241

Corycia tamiuata 240

temerata 38

Cosmia pyralina 88

Crambus margaritellus 68

paludellus 110

Warringtonellus, Larva of 129

Cymatophora flavicornis 239

ocularis 241

Danais Archippus 82, 85

Chrysippus, var. Alcippus 81

Deilephila Alecto, Larva of 97

euphorbiae 96

livornica 96

spinifascia, Larva of 131

Deiopeia pulchella 81, 98

Depressaria cnicella 141

Diasemia literalis 69

Dichrorhampha distinctana 278

Drepana sicula 87, 108, 141, 233

Elachista apicipunctella 210

humilis 16

perplexella 16

Emmelesia blandiata, Larva of 180

Emydia striata 98

Ennomos alniaria 87

Ennychia octomaculalis 69

, Larva of 57

XVI.

PAGE

Epischnia (Anerastia) Farrella 217

Lafauryella 217, 218

Erastria fuscula 240

Euchromia ericetana 110, 242

Eudorea eonspicualis (sp. n.), Hodgkinson 134

pallida 109

Eulepia grammica 212

Eupithecia consignata 39

inturbata, Larva of 142

jasioneata (sp. n.), Crewe ... 80, 87

, Larva of 80

linariata 241

subciliata, Larva of 142

Eupoecilia ambiguella 152

Geyeriana 110

Manniana 242

Mussehliana 70

pallidana 242

udana 241

Eurycreon sticticalis 100

Gelechia brizella, Larva of 66

malvella 219

scotinella 143

Grammodes algira 99

bifasciata 99

Gj'mnancyla canella 141

Hadena rectilinea 209

Heliotbis armiger 12, 81, 99, 141, 258

Hepialus humuli Ill

velleda, var. carnus 210

Hesperia Actaeon 96

uostrodamus 96

Thaumas 96

Himera pennaria 210

, Larva of 33, 38

Hydroecia nictitans, Larva of 195

Hypenodes costaestrigalis 242

Hyria auroraria 68

Ino ampelopliaga 98

Junonia Lavinia 85

Larentia didymata 68

Lasiommata Xiphia 257

Leiocampa dictaeoides 110, 209

Leucania congrua 99

phragmitidis 242

pudorina 110

straminea 110

unipuncta 81

Leucanitis stolida 99

Limenitis Camilla 92

Lithosia caniola 98

griseola 110

muscerda 110

stramineola 110

Lobesia reliquana 239

Lozotaenia latiorana 260

Lycaena Admetus 32

Amanda 32

Argiades 32

baetica 32

Bavius 32

Cyllarus 92

Pylaon 32

PAGE

Lycaena semiargus 92

Telicanus 32

Lythria purpuraria 100

Macroglossa croatica, Larva of 97

'stellataruin 97

Margarodes unionalis 100

Melanargia Larissa 12,13,94

Melitaea Artemis 70

Cinxia 93

didyma 94

Phoebe 93

trivia 13

, Larva of 93

Miana expolita „ 76

Mimaeseoptilus aridus 179

bipunctidactylus 178

Hodgkinsoni 212

Loewii 180,212

plagiodactylus 178

serotinus 178

zophodactylus 180

Nemeobius Lucina 38

Nepticula agrimoniae 211

sericopeza 142

Nisoniades Marloyi 96

Nola centonalis 87

cristulalis 38

Nonagria brevilinea 110

despecta 109, 240

neurica 110

Notodonta cucullina 88

dictaea 211

dictaeoides 110, 209

Nudaria senex 110

Oporabia autumnaria 210

dilutata 87, 88

filigrammaria 88

Ophthalmophora bella (sp. n.), Butler ... 60

Lucilla „ „ ... 60

Orobena frumentalis 100

Orthosia suspecta 242

Ortliotaenia ericetana 110, 242

Oxyptilus distans 178

hieracii 177

laetus 178

obscurus 177

punctidactylus 177

Papilio Archidamas 83

Machaon 29, 110

, Larva of 244

Podalirius 29

Pararge Maera 96

Roxelana 12, 95

Pellonia calabraria IOC

Peronea Lorquiniana 11C

Phlaeodes Demarniana 24’

Phorodesma neriaria IOC

Pieris Daplidice 3C

, Larva of 31

napi IP

Pionea stramentalis 245

Platyptilia Bertrami 74, 75, 143, 177

Bischoffi 74

PAGE

Platyptilia cardui 74

cervinidactyla 74, 75

dichrodactyla 75, 143, 177

gonodaetyla 177

modestus 74

ochrodadyla 177

orthocarpi 74

trigonodactyla 177

Piodia interpunctella 241

Plusia orichalcea 109

Plutella Dalella 210

Pcecilocampa populi 38

Polyommatus Alciphron 32

Phlceas 32

v. Eleus 32

Thersamon 32

Polyphaenis sericata 99

Psyche calvella 17

opacella 17

Pyrameis Carye 82, 83, 85

Huntera 82

Rhodocera Cleopatra 31

Rivula sericealis 240

Saturuia pyri 99

Satyrus Briseis 94

Hermione 94

Statilinus, var. Allionia 95

Sehoenobius mucronellus 110

Schrankia turfosalis 242

Scoparia truncicolella, Larva of 106

Scopula lutealis, „ „ 147, 189

prunalis, „ „ 189

Scotosia undulata 240

Semasia populana 243

Simyra venosa 110

Smermthus populi 97, 209, 211

Sphinx convolvuli 96, 209, 243

Spilosoma urticae 110

Spilothyrus alceae, Larva of 95

altheae 96

Spintherops spectrum 99

Sterrha sacraria 10o

Stigmonota internana 240

perlepidana 240

Sjrrichthus orbifer 96

Sao ; 96

serratulae 96

sidae 96

Taeniocampa rubricosa 239

Tephrosia biundularia 274

crepuscularia 274

Teracolus Antigone 228

Arethusa 228

Carteri (sp. n.), Butler 227

coniger „ „ 229

incretus ,, „ 146

minans „ „ 229

Ocale 228

Phlegetonia 230

Tethea retusa 110

subtusa 242

Thais Cerisyi 13

, Larva of 29

XVII.

PAGE

Thalera fimbrialis 100

Thalpochares ostrina 99

parva 99

Thecla betulae 38

ilicis 31

pruni 38

w-album 68

Tinea argentimaculella 16, 17

Trichiura crataegi 38

Triphaena subsequa 209, 210

Tortrix Lafauryana 17,242,260

Trochilium scoliiforme 162

Vanessa Atalanta 93

Antiopa 18, 93

c-album 93

cardui 93

polychloros 93

Venusia cambrica 210

Xylophasia scolopacina 240

Zygaena laeta 08

pilosellae (Minos) 98

punctum 98

sedi 98

NEUROPTERA.

Anax epbippiger 258

Atopopus (g. n.) Eaton 22

Oalliarcys „ „ 21

Chirotonetes „ „ 21

Compsoneuria „ 23

Bittacus chlorostigma (sp. n.), McLach... 36

Caenis maxima 71

Dilar americanus (sp. n.), McLach 55

Ecdyurus 25

Epeorus (g. n.), Eaton 26

torrentium (sp. n.), Eaton 26

Hagenulus (g. n.), Eaton 207

caligatus 207

Leptohvphes (g. n.), Eaton .-. 208

eximius (sp. n.), Eaton 208

Limnophilus subcentralis 72

Mucropalpus fallax 89, 140

Neurorthus iridipeunis 89, 140

(Ecetis furva 163

Paegniodes (g. n.) Eaton 23

Panorpodes oregonensis (sp. n.), McLach. 37

paradoxa 37

j Polycentropus Kingi 163

j Rhithrogenia (g. n.) Eaton 23

j Sartena amoena 89, 140

! Setodes argentipunctella 163

I Stenophylax rotundipennis 163

I Teloganodes (g. n.), Eaton 208

| Thalerosphyrus „ „ 22

THYSANURA.

Degeeria = Entomobrya 19, 43

Lepisma Eatoni (sp. n.), Ridley 14

mauritanica T4

XV111.

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE PAGE

Atmore, E. A 17, 211, 239

Axon, W. E. A 87

Barrett, C. G. ... 69, 70, 88, 109, 110, 111, 152,
177, 185, 188, 233, 260, 278

Bates, H. W., F.R.S., &c 156, 230

Billups, T. R 161, 234

Blatch, W. G 112, 113, 140, 213, 276

Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., M.A 141, 159

Bodemeyer-Heinricliau, E. von Ill

Buckler, W. .17, 57, 76, 87, 129, 147, 180, 195,

244

Burton, F. M 61

Butler, A. G., F.VS., &c. 107, 135, 145, 227

Butler, E. A 40, 113, 235

Cameron, P 193, 271

Champion, G. C. 214

Collett, E. P 19, 139, 140, 234

Collett, H. F 139

Crewe, Rev. H. Harpur, M.A 80

Dale, C. W 89, 111

Distant, W. L., V.-P.E.S 134

Douglas, J. W 41, 140, 236

Dunbar, L. D 260, 262

Eaton, Rev. A. E., M.A. 21, 71, 207

Edwards, J 51

Elliot, A 209

Fletcher, J. E. 126, 127, 143

Fletcher, W.H. B 211

Forbes, W. A., M.A., F.L.S 15

Fowler, Rev. W. W., M.A., F.L.S.. . 7, 18, 70,

112, 158, 188, 261, 277

Grigg, W. H 87, 108

Gutheil, A HI

Hagen, Prof. H. A 140

Hellins, Rev. J., M.A 33, 86, 88, 190, 260

Hodgkinson, J. B 134, 189, 212

Hodgson, A. E., B.A 186, 188

Iuchbald, P., F.L.S 68

Jones, A. H 39

Jordan, R. C. R., M.D 73, 117

Kenrick, G. H 162

King, J. J 72, 163

Kirby, W. F 107, 146

Lewis, G. 39, 138, 188, 213

Lichtenstein, J 224, 250 275

Llewelyn, J. T. D., M.A., F.L.S 274

McLachlan, R., F.R.S., &c 36, 43, 55, 89,

205, 237, 278

Malpas, J 109

Mann, W. K 141

Mathew, G. F., R.N., F.L.S., &c . 29, 92, 131,
210, 211, 256

Meade, R. H 1, 19, 27, 62, 101, 123, 177,

201, 221, 265

Meek, E. G 87, 219

Moncreaff, H 56

Norman, G 18, 67, 276

Ollivant, J. E 18

Osborne, J. A., M.D 128

Osten-Sacken, Baron C. R. 35, 114

Parfitt, E 43, 78, 184, 251, 272

Pasley, T. E. S 88

Pergande, T 235

Piffard, B 40, 68

Pirn, H. B 112

Porritt, G. T., F.L.S 38, 68, 106, 182, 189

Ridley, H. N., M.A 14

Rothney, G. A. J 262

Sang, J 143

Saunders, E., F.L.S 42, 113, 165, 197

Saunders, Sir S. S., C.M.G 160

Savage, F. W 214

Scott, J....18, 65, 104, 137, 154, 253, 263, 270.

275, 276

Sharp, D., M.B 46, 159, 230

Smith, F. W 108, 109

Smith, VV. G., F.L.S 263

Speyer, Dr. A 142

Stainton, H. T., F.R.S., &c 141, 161, 217

Swinton, A. H 189

Threlfall, J. H 16

Tugwell, W. H 87

Verrall, G. H 149

Walker, J. J., R.N 81

Warren, W 142

Waterhouse, C. 0. 145

Wellman, J. R 68, 109

Williams, Rev. H., M.A 212

Wood, Th 158, 277

LIST OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES, &c..

IN THIS VOLUME.

DESCRIBED

COLEOPTERA.

GENUS.

Zeatyrus, Sharp

PAGE

PAGE

.. 48

SPECIES.

Anchomenus Helmsi, Sharp, A7. Zealand 47
Ceratorhina Burkei, var. histrio,

S. W. Hates, E. Africa 157

Euthalia, „ „ 156

priuceps, „ „ 156

Chrosis violacea, Sharp, JY. Zealand 49

Eccoptocnemis relucens, H. W. Bates,

E. Africa 157

PAGE

Heterorhina elongata, II. W. Bates,

E. Africa 157
laevicauda, „ „ 157

tricolor, „ „ 157

Hypselogenia corrosa, „ „ 156

Lissotes Helmsi, Sharp, N. Zealand 49

Necrophilus prolongatus, Sharp,

JY. Zealand 47

Plaesiorhina undulata, H. W. Bates,

E. Africa 157

Protelater nigricans, Sharp, N. Zealand.. 50
Scaphodius compactus „ „ ... 60

Zeatyrus Lawsoui, „ „ ... 48

DIPTERA.

SPECIES. PAGE

Homalomyia spissata, Meade, England .. 203
Hydrotsea fasciculata, ,, ., . 125

Rondanii, „ „ ... 125

Hyetodesia dubia, „ „ ... 4

Th3'reophora antipodum, Osten-Sacken,

Tasmania 35

Tricliophtbicus pulcher, Meade, England 175
rostratus, „ „ ... 176

HEMIPTERA.

GENES.

Bergia, Scott 155

Cer AT APHIS, Licht 275

Tetrura, „ 275

SPECIES.

Deltocephalus I-album, Scott, Englani... 137
Normani, „ Scotland... 105
Evades fuscovittata, Scott, Buenos Ayres 155

Liburnia insignis, „ Scotland 270

v-flava, „ England 104

HYMENOPTERA.

GENUS.

Parastatis, Kirby 107

SPECIES.

Anthophora Thomsoni, E. Saunders,

Portugal 171

Blennocampa (Monophadnus) sulcata,

Cameron, Scotland 271
Dasypoda Eatoni, E. Saunders, Portugal 168

Hemiteles gyrini, Parjitt, England 79

litoreus, „ „ 272

persector, „ „ 185

Limneria affinis, „ „ 252

Mespleius brachyacanthus, Parjitt,

England 78

elegans, Parjitt, England 273

Nematus glutinosse, Cameron, Scotland... 193
salicivorus, „ „ 194

Panurgus Perezi, E. Saunders Portugal 169
proximus, „ „ 168

Parastatis indica, Kirby, India 107

Polyblastus Bridgmani, Parjitt, England 251
Tenthredo scotica, Cameron, Scotland ... 193

xix.

LEPIDOPTERA.

SPECIES.

Antberaea macrophtlxalmus, W. E. Kirby,

Gold Coast 146

Arctia Dodgei, Butler, N. America 136

ochreata, „ United States ... 136
rhoda, ,, „ ... 136

Bracby taenia Woodiana, Barrett,

England 185

Cethosia Logani, Distant,

Prov. Wellesley 134

Charaxes Carteri , Butler, Accra 108

Kirkii, „ Mamboia 145

Eudorea conspicualis, PLodgkinson,

England 134

Eupitbecia jasioneata, Crewe, „ 80

Opbtbalmophora bella, Butler, Limas ... 60

Lucilla, „ B. Janeiro. 60

Teracolus Carteri, „ Accra 227

coniger, „ „ 229

incretus, „ Mamboia... 146
minans, „ Accra 229

NEUROPTERA.

GENERA.

Atopopus, Eaton 22

Calliarcys, „ 21

Chirotonetes, Eaton 21

COMPSONEURTA, ,, 23

Epeorus, „ 26

Hagen ulus, „ 207

Leptohyphes, „ 208

PiEGNIODES, „ 23

Rhithrogenia, „ 23

Teloganodes, „ 208

Thalerosphyrus, „ 22

SPECIES.

Atopopus tarsalis, Eaton, Labuan 22

Bittacus chlorostigma, McLachlan,

S. California 36

Calliarcys bumilis, Eaton, Portugal 21

Compsoneuria spectabilis, Eaton, Lahat.. 23
Dilar americanus, McLachlan, Kentucky 55
Epeorus torrentium, Eaton, S. France ... 26

Hageuulus caligatus, ,, Cuba 207

Leptoliypbes eximius, „ Cordova ... 208

Panorpodes oregonensis, McLachlan,

Oregon 37

THYSANURA.

SPECIES.

Lepisma Eatoni, Bidley, Canary Islands 14

ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH INSECT FAUNA BROUGHT

FORWARD IN

COLEOPTERA.

Meligethes morosus, Er 112

DIPTERA.

Azelia Macquarti, Stag 222

Zetterstedti, Bond 223

Gymnopternus cbalybeus, Wiedrn 150

Homalomyia carbonaria, Bond 205

herniosa, „ 204

mutica, Zett 204

pallitibia, Bond 202

serena, Fall 204

sociella, Zett 201

spissata (sp. n.), Meade 203

THIS VOLUME.

PAGE

Hydrophoria ambigua, Fall 102

anthomyia, Bond 103

brunneifrons, Zett 103

caudata, „ 103

linogrisea, Meig 102

socia, Fall 102

I Hydrotsea cyrtoneurina, Zett 123

fasciculata (sp. n.), Meade ... 125
Rondanii „ „ ... 125

Hyetodesia basalis, Zett 2

dubia (sp. n.), Meade 4

lasiophthalma, Macq 2

lseta, Fall 2

longipes, Zett 2

XX.

PAGE

Hyetodesia marmorata, Zett 2

rufipaplis, Macq 2

variabilis, Fall 2

Hylemyia cinerosa, Zett 278

lasciva, „ 266

nigrescent, Rond 268

operosa, Meig 269

puella, „ 268

seticrura, Rond 267

Limnopliora contractifrons, Zett 101

septemnotata, „ 102

sororcula, „ 101

triangulifera, „ 101

Mydaea allotalla, Meig 28

flaveola, Fall 28

nigricolor, „ 27

nigritella, Zett 27

tincta, „ 27

Piezura pardalina, Rond. ... 221

Pogonomyia alpicola, Rond 172

Spilogaster communis, Desv 64

consimilis, Fall 65

duplaris, Zett. 63

duplicata, Meig 63

flagipes, Rond 65

fuscata, Fall 65

nigrinervis, Zett. 62

Trichophthicus pulcher (sp. n.), Meade . 175
rostratus „ „ ... 176

semipellucidus, Zett 175

HEMIPTERA.

Aepophilus Bonnairei, Sign 145

Athysanus russeolus, Fall 276

Deltocephalus distinguendus, Flor 67

Flori, Fieb 66, 140

I-album, Scott 137

PAGE

Deltocephalus Normani, Scott 105

picturatus, Fieb 276

repletus, „ 66

Idiocerus varius, Fab 53

Liburuia insignis, (sp. u.), Scott 270

v-flava, Scott 104

Trioza crithmi, F. Loio 276

HYMENOPTERA.

| Blennocampa sulcata. Cameron _271

! Colletes picistigma, Thoms 199

I Epeolus productus, ,, 200

I Halictus brevicornis, Sclienck 199

Hemiteles gyrini (sp. n.), Farjitt 79

litoreus „ „ 272

persector ,, „ 185

Limnevia affinis ., „ 252

Mesoleius brachyacanthus (sp. n ,),Parfitt 78
I elegans, „ „ 273

I Nematus glutinosse (sp. n.), Cameron 193

salicivorus ,, ,. ... 194

Polyblastus Bridgmani (sp. n.), Farjitt .. 251

Sphecodes puncticeps, Thoms. 198

similis, Wesm 198

Strongylogaster macula, King 272

Tenthredo scotica (sp. n.), Cameron 193

LEPIDOPTERA.

Brachytsenia Woodiana (sp. n.), Barrett. 185
Coleophora adjunctella „ Hodgk... 189

Dichroramplia distinctana, Hein 278

I Eudorea conspicualis (sp. n.), Hodgk 134

Eupithecia jasioneata „ Crewe 80

Gelecbia scotinella, H.-S 143

Nepticula agrimoni®, Hey ’ en 211

Tortrix Lafauryana, Ragonot 17

LARVAE OF BRITISH SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS

VOLUME.

PAGE

Crambus warringtonellus, Buckler 129

Emmelesia blandiata, „ 180

Ennvchia octomaculalis, „ 57

Eupithecia inturbata (subciliata), Speyer. 142

jasioneata, Crewe 80

Eupoecilia ambiguella, Barrett 152

Gelecliia brizella, Moncreaff 56

Hydroecia nictitans, Buckler 195

PAGE

Himera pennaria, Hellins 33

Miana expolita, Buckler 76

Nematus glutinosse, Cameron 194

salicivorus, „ 195

Papilio Machaon, Buckler 244

Scoparia truneicolella, Forritt 106

Scopula lutealis, Buckler 147

Porritt 189

REVIEWS.

“ Papilio,” organ of the New York Entomological Club 20

The Micrographic Dictionary, 4th Edition 72

Bidrag till nordvestra Sibiriens Insektfauna. Coleoptera, Pt. i : J. Sahlberg 90

Hemiptera Argentina : C. Berg 90

Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society 90

The Butterflies of Europe: H. C. Lang 91

Les Cynipides : J. Lichtenstein 215

Proceedings of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science 238

Report of the Entomologist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1880: J. H. Comstock 263

Baron de Chaudoir
John Blackwall ..,

W. Garneys

•T. B. Blackburn
John Gray

OBITUARY.

PAGE

...20, 43
.. .20, 45
144, 163

164

190

C. G. A. Giebel

Jules Putzeys

Sir C. Wyville Thomson
C. R. Darwin

PAGE

215
. 215
. 264
. 278

THE

ANNOTATED LIST OE BRITISH ANTHOMYIID M.

BY E. H. MEADE.

In the following paper I shall attempt to give a list of the British
species comprised in the great Sub-Family of Muscidce named Antho-
myiidce. This group of flies may be distinguished from the more highly
developed or typical Muscidce by the first posterior wing-cell being
fully open ; the fourth longitudinal vein running direct to the margin
of the wing, without being bent upwards towards the third longitu-
dinal vein in a curve or angle as in the Tachinidce and Muscidce.

The Anthomyiidce are separated from the various groups of smaller or
acalvpterate Muscidce by the alulets or scales being more or less
highly developed.

For the illustration of the characters of some of the genera, and
also of distinctive points in new or obscure species, it will be useful
to introduce some figures of the wings, and I shall first insert an ex-
planatory sketch to enable the student to understand the names of
the veins and cells to which reference is made. The terms which I
have adopted are the same as those used by Loew in his introductory
chapter on the terminology of Diptera , inserted at the beginning of
the first part of his Monographs on the Diptera of North America.

1

* Fig. 1 — Wing of Hyetodesia lucorum.

A. A costal vein ; 1.1. first longitudinal vein, often double, when the second branch is named
the auxilliary vein ; 2. second longitudinal vein ; 3.3 third longitudinal vein ; 4.4.4. fourth longi-
tudinal vein ; 5.5. fifth longitudinal vein ; 6. sixth longitudinal or anal vein ; 7. axillary vein ;
8. internal transverse vein ; 9. external transverse vein ; ci.a. costal cells ; b. marginal cell ; c.
submarginal cell ; d. first posterior cell ; e. second posterior cell ; f. third posterior cell ; g. dis-
coidal cell ; h.h h basal cells ; X. costal spine, always (when present) at the point of termination
of the first branch of the first longitudinal vein.

In the 11th volume of this Magazine, p. 199, 1 gave a sketch of

rNE, 1881.

2

[June,

the different genera into which the numerous species of this Sub-
Family may be grouped. More extended experience has caused me to
somewhat modify my views, and to introduce some new genera ; there-
fore, before enumerating the species contained in each genus, I shall
briefly give the characters by which such genus may be distinguished
from the others ; and at the end of the list of species in each genus,
I shall make a few remarks on such species as possess points of interest
or obscurity, and lastly describe any new species.

1. POLIETES, Fond.

Macrosoma , F. Desv.

Aricia, pt., Auctt.

Gen. ch. — Eyes hairy, contiguous in males; arista plumose;
margins of facial groove ciliated from the vibrissse to the base of the
third joint of the antennae ; alulets large, the lower scale twice as long
as the upper ; abdomen short and rounded ; bristles on the back of
thorax and abdomen small and soft ; anal vein terminating a short
distance from the margin of the wing.

1. LAEDAEIA, Fab. 2. ALBO-LINEATA, Fall.

floralis ?, Desv.

2. HYETODESIA.

Yetodesia , Fond.

.Aricia, pt., Auctt.

Gen. ch. — Eyes hain* contiguous or approximate in the males ;
arista plumose or sub-plumose ; facial groove bare, or nearly so ;
alulets generally large, but variable in size, the lower scale however
always longer than the upper ; abdomen oval or oblong ; anal vein
prolonged, but not reaching the margin of the wing.

Sect. 1 — Legs entirely black.

1. inc aka, Wdm.

2. lucoeum, Fall.

3. MAEMOEATA, Zett.

4. seeta, Meig.

5. dispae, Fall.

7. obscueata, Meig.

8. YAEIABILIS, Fall.

9. LONGIPES, Zett.

atra , Fall.

nivalis , Zett.
G. dueia, sp. n.

10. TJMBEATICA, Meig.

11. SEMICINEEEA, Meig.

trimacula ?, Bouche.

14. eeeans, Meig.

15. signata, Meig.

16. lasiophtualma, Macq.

17. YAGANS, Fall.

18. EBEATICA, Fall.

12. LjEta, Fall.

13. peedita, Meig.

Sect. 2 — Legs partly gale

( fulvous or rufous').

19. basalis, Zett.

20. bufipalpis, Macq.

21. ABDOMINALIS, Zett.

22. simplex, Wdm.

posticata, Meig. & Zett.
23. scutellaeis, Fall.

variegata, Meig.
24. pallida, Fab.

populi, Meig.

1881.)

3

H. serya, Meig.

The specific characters assigned to this species are insufficient to distinguish it
from its congeners, especially from H. lucorum and H. marmorata ; it may, however,
be easily determined by the following points of difference : in H. serva there are
only three bristles behind the transverse suture on the thorax, in each of the two
parallel longitudinal rows of setae which are placed between the middle and lateral
black stripes ; while in H. lucorum and H. marmorata , as in most of the higher
Anthomids, there are four bristles in each row behind the suture. In H. serva the
external transverse vein of the wings is straighter than in .either of the other species,
and not clouded with brown. The abdomen in H. serva is without the rounded
black spots seen in H. lucorum , but marbled or tessellated as in H. marmorata. The
posterior tibiae of the males in H. serva have no long hairs or ciliae on their inner
sides, while in H. lucorum they are thinly ciliated with a few long hairs along the
upper two-thirds of their inner surfaces, and in H. marmorata along their lower
two-thirds. H. serva is usually rather smaller than either of the other two species*
It is much less common than H. lucorum.

H. dispar, Fall.

There is no doubt but that this is synonymous with H. nivalis, Zett. Eondani
describes the latter species as having the posterior tibiae densely ciliated ( ‘ intus
sub-barbatis seu dense villosis”). He does not describe H. dispar, and neither
Fallen, Meigen, nor Zetterstedt says anything about the armature of the legs in either
species ; so, following Eondani, I named the first specimens of this fly that I saw
nivalis ; but, upon obtaining typical individuals of H. dispar from the continent, I
found that they had also the beards on the posterior tibiae, and were in every way
identical with the English specimens named nivalis, so Fallen’s name must stand.
This species is rare : I received one male from Mr. C. W. Dale (Dorset), and found
one in a collection of unnamed insects made by the late Mr. F. Walker.

H. YAGANS, Fall.

I have introduced this species into the British list upon the authority of the
late Francis Walker ; but I have never seen a specimen, either English or continental,
that agrees with the description given by authors. Mr. Kowarz, of Franzensbad,
sent me two which he had taken from the collection of Professor Loew, in which they
were placed and named as vagans, but they were exactly similar in all points to H.
basalis of Zetterstedt, only of rather a larger size. The femora were all entirely
pale, and the palpi black, while in the description of vagans given by Fallen and
Meigen the anterior femora are given as partly black, and Meigen says the palpi are
red at the base. I suspect that S. vagans , Fall., and H. basalis, Zett., are only
varieties of the same species, but this can only be determined by the examination of
typical specimens in the collections of Fallen and Meigen.

H. SCUTELLARIS, Fall.

This species varies very much in several particulars, and has, on this account,
been described under several different names. Sometimes the antennae are entirely
black or grey, at other times the first two joints are rufous. In some specimens the
arista is longer-haired than in others. The scutellum is sometimes entirely yellow,

4

[June,

but it is often more or less grey at the base. Again, there is often a narrow longi-
tudinal black stripe on the dorsum of the first and second abdominal segments, as
well as a black line on the posterior edges of the segments, while in other specimens
the abdomen is entirely unmarked. These and some other minor distinctions are by
no means constant, and I can find no essential differences of structure ; therefore I
believe the H. populi and H. variegata of Meigen are only varieties of H. scutellaris
of Fallen.

H. DUBIA, sp. n.

Oblongo-ovato cinerea ; fronte vix prominente ; ore non producto ; oculi in mare
subcontigui; seta breviter plumata ; thorace lineis qnatuor distinctis nigris ; abdo-
mine vitta dorsali maculisque indeterminatis nigro-fuscis ; vena transversali interna
pone medium cellules discoidalis posit a. Long. ad 4 lin.

Head : forehead very slightly prominent ; eyes of male long-haired and sub-
contiguous, separated by a narrow black line, which is bordered by a silvery-white
margin ; face silvery- white, with black reflexions ; epistome slightly projecting ; an-
tennae narrow, third joint about twice the length of second ; arista short-haired.

Thorax light ash-grey, with four longitudinal very distinct black stripes nearly
equal in width, but varying somewhat in breadth in different specimens ; the outer
pair interrupted at the suture ; scutellum covered with ash-grey tomentum, of which
it is sometimes partially denuded so as to leave a black spot at the base or in the
centre ; four setae are placed longitudinally on each side behind the suture in the
space between the middle and lateral stripes.

Abdomen grey, with a longitudinal black stripe extending on the dorsum over
the first two or three segments ; sides marked or tessellated with black patches,
which assume the form of irregularly shaped spots on the bases of the segments,
when viewed in some directions ; third segment without setae on the disc.

Wings slightly tinged with yellow at the bases and along the veins ; internal
transverse vein placed a little behind the centre of the discoidal cell, and almost
exactly opposite the end of the auxilliary vein ; external transverse vein slightly
oblique and a little sinuous.

Calyptra nearly white. Halteres yellow. Legs black ; posterior tibiae without
any long hairs on their anterior or inner surfaces, and with only a few setae on their
outer sides.

This species is not common. I have three British specimens, one of which I
captured near lake Windermere, and another near Wakefield ; I also received one
from Mr. Kowarz, of Franzensbad, taken in Hungary. I first named it H. lugubris,
Meig., but, on receiving a typical specimen of that species from the continent, I at
once saw that they were quite distinct. It more closely corresponds to the de-
scription of H. consobrina, Zett., and is perhaps the same, but Zetterstedt’s account
is so short and incomplete, that his species cannot be identified with certainty without
the examination of the specimens in his collection, so I have thought it better to
describe it as new.

It may be distinguished from H. lugubris of Meigen ( H . morio, Zett.), of which
I have not seen a British specimen, by the mouth being much less prominent and
less hairy ; by the thorax being more grey and more distinctly striped ; by the dorsal
abdominal stripe being narrow and nearly even, while in lugubris it is dilated on

1881.

O

each segment into a wide triangular mark ; by the posterior tibiae being much more
thickly and strongly ciliated on their outer sides in lugubris ; and lastly, by the
internal transverse vein being placed before the centre of the discoidal cell in lugubris ,
instead of behind it as in dubia, and therefore some way before the termination of
the auxilliary vein.

H. dubia bears considerable resemblance to H. serva, but may be easily distin-
guished by the arista being much longer-haired in the latter species, and by there
being four thoracic setae behind the suture in dubia and only three in serva. By the
light grey colour and distinct stripes of the thorax, dubia bears a considerable
resemblance to H. lata, but the latter has only three posterior thoracic dorsal
bristles as in serva, and pale coloured tibiae.

(To be continued ).

ON THE SUPPOSED EFFECT OF THE WINTERS IN JAPAN ON THE
SMALLER COLJEOPTERA.

BY GEORGE LEWIS.

The cold weather commences here early in December and con-
tinues until the close of February, the whole of this period being
excessively dry, and this year no rain-fall has been registered since
the 26th November, except a “ trace of rain ” on the 30th December.

The following is extracted from the meteorological reports pub-
lished in the daily papers :

1879—1880. 1878—1879.

December... ‘271 inches of rain and snow. -088
January ... nil. 1325

February ... 3 505 (l-487 last week). 3973 (3 250 in last week).

The winters in Japan vary little, and a two years’ record suffices
to show the average amount of rain and snow, but the fall in the
other nine months of the year is variable and uncertain ; the annual
downpour being in one year 42 inches, and in another 122 inches.
An average of seven years, 1863 — 1869, gives 70 inches, two-thirds of
which fell in the six months of April to September. In winter the
wind is almost continuous and often boisterous, .and this adds to
the dryness, and as there is little dew, freezing is attended with the
least possible hoar frost. Where there are no trees, the hills and land
generally are covered with a small grass, with species of Arundinaria
and Bambusa, and these are all dry and yellow, and a stranger might
well conceive that the grass was dead and beyond recovery. Ridges
and banks are dry, and even the edges of ponds afford no swampy or
marshy places, and the only contrast to all this hay-coloured landscape
are the patches of Amciryllidce which have thrown up dark leaves in
the more sheltered situations ; with herbage like this there is no

6

[June,

hiding-place for small beetles ; there are no tussocks or compact roots
where they can hibernate— moss and everything else is all dry and
dusty together.

If I went out to hunt as I should do in England, I should probably
not see a Homalota , perhaps not even a Philonthus ; but in haystack
refuse I should get one or two specimens of Corticarici , a Pcederus, and
a few of the exceedingly common Ancylopus. The chances would be
against my seeing Stenus, Quedius, Cryptophayus , or Atomaria. In a
general wray, there are no beetles to be had ; a few only may be found
under the small loosened pieces of bark on Planera acuminata — a mode
of collecting familiar to entomologists who have wintered at Cannes
or Mentone. But if I go to the hills and bluffs, or to the plantations,
seeking out the sheltered spots and working round the edges of ponds
or reservoirs (where water is permanently stored for irrigation), I find
nothing, all is dry down to the water’s edge. In the forests, at alti-
tudes of 2500 and 3000 feet, more can be done in barking the beeches
and oaks, and by knocking the large decayed trees to pieces over a
cloth ; but even in the mountains there is no moisture in the moss,
and nothing living inhabits it.

The 22nd and 23rd December I spent in an elevated forest about
50 miles from this, and if I mention the genera I found, it will show
the character of my captures. All occurred in fair numbers, and
many abundantly. Cueujus, Brontes , Pediacus , Lcemophloeus , Prosto-
mis, Cicones, Bhysodes , EndophJoeus , Tarphius , Plater , Platypus , Try-
podendron , a few Piestini, and two tree Homalotce. Of the described
Coleoptera of Japan at this time, not one per cent, are Homalotce ; and
although I have recently added a large number to the list, I believe
there are not more than four or five (amongst the new ones) of this
genus ; yet, in spring and summer, I have been very careful not to
neglect the smallest Brachelytra. A few Homalotce or Oxypodce put
into a pill-box and stored in a dry room, will soon be dead, and the
dryness of the winter here corresponds with the pill-box condition of
such beetles. It might be thought that in a country like this, where
insects attain, as a rule, greater dimensions than in Europe, the smaller
ones would give place to the larger, but second thoughts will not
favour this view, and I am inclined to refer the scarcity of little beetles
wholly and simply to the dryness in the winter season, and I believe
that on investigation the Tinece will be found to exist here in the same
proportion only. Last spring and summer I obtained very few small
Staphylinidce from fungi, yet these vegetables teemed with insect-life,
chiefly Heteromera and small Brotylidce, but I only saw two Staphyli-

1881.]

7

nidce in profusion, viz., PhilontJius cyanipennis and Oxyporus anyularis,
which are giants to the little animals which form the majority of their
family in Europe.

In Tezo, and in the north of the main island, much snow falls in
the three months I refer to ; but the moisture arising from it, such as
would support insect-life, would chiefly operate when it melted in the
spring. I think, therefore, with very slight modifications for various
latitudes, my remarks on the climate will apply to the whole of this
empire, for in the north there is a drier autumn, which would counteract
any advantage derived from the snow.*

Grand Hotel, Yokohama :

January 1 Qth, 1881.

THE COLEOPTERA OF ASKHAM BOG, YOKE.

BY THE BEY. W. W. EOWLER, M.A., E.L.S.

Askham Bog has long been known to Entomologists as one of the
best localities in the kingdom for water beetles. Thanks to the
kindness of Archdeacon Hey, who may be said to have made the
locality, specimens of its chief productions are in most good collections,
but few people are aware of the number of species that exist within
quite a small area. The Bog is a depression of the boulder clay, filled
with peat, and is very likely a solitary relic of a bog that once extended
over a much wider area ; in fact, there are signs, at present, which
seem to show that even the portion that is left will, at no very distant
period, be dried up.

The Bog may be divided into two portions, Askham Bog proper,
which is not very productive, and Chandler’s Whin ; between these
two parts only one or two fields intervene, but the fauna seem almost
entirely different. Chandler’s Whin, in which almost all the good
things are found, consists of some dozen or so small ponds edged with
deep moss, and separated from one another by most treacherous grassy
ground, or, where there is a rise, by small slopes covered with gorse
and trees ; the divisions are only a few yards wide in many cases, and
yet the species of insects, and the relative numbers of the species, are
singularly different in the different ponds ; this is probably due to the
influence of springs, character and thickness of the bottom soil, and
the different growth of plants consequent thereupon, and though
worth mentioning, is not by any means a strange fact, when we re-

* P.S., Jan. 27th. The humidity registered by the wet and dry bulb thermometer on the 25th
January, was 7 a.m., 87 °/OJ and 7 p.m., 34 %, but of course this is exceptional even here.

8

[June,

member bow very local many insects are even on land, and bow they
may be found in profusion witbin a few yards, while, outside that line,
not a specimen is to be taken.

In compiling the following list, I have been greatly assisted by
Archdeacon Hey and bis son, the Rev. W. C. Hey. I have inserted
common as well as rare species, as in many cases the species that
abound elsewhere are conspicuous for their rarity.

The list contains 40 Hydradejpliaga and 20 PJiilhydrida , besides
other rare beetles.

HYDRADEPHAGA.

Haliplus obliquus, r are; I have only found one specimen. H. rujicollis,

De G., abundant.

Hyphydrus ovatus, L., abundant in Askham Bog; unknown in Chandler’s
Whin, until I took a single specimen on April 30th last.

Hydroporus incequalis, F., not very common. H. decoratus, Gyll., abundant,
but confined to Chandler’s Whin ; this is by no means a common insect elsewhere ;
Stephens (Illust., ii, 41) says that he only knew of one or two British specimens.
H. granularis , L., very abundant. H. dorsalis, F., apparently not very common.
H. oblongus, Steph., rare, but can generally be found ; it is apparently an early
spring insect. H. rufifrons, Duft., rare ; only found in a stream running along one
side of Askham Bog proper. H. erythrocephalus, L., very common. H. lituratus,
F., not common. H. planus, F., very abundant. H. melanocephalus, Steph. (pubes -
cens, G-yll.), common. H. nigrita, F., not common. H. tristis, Pk., not common.
H. obscurus, Sturm, common. H. vittula, Er. : it is doubtful whether this insect
has ever been found in the Bog ; I am inclined to think that another species has
done duty for it. H. palustris, L., conspicuous by its rarity in Chandler’s Whin ;
common elsewhere. H. angustatus , Sturm, not uncommon. H. Scalesianus, Steph. :
Stephens named this species after Mr. R. Scales, who took two specimens in Norfolk
(Illust., ii, 57) ; this locality was, however, lost, and the insect was never again found
until Archdeacon Hey discovered it in Askham Bog, or rather Chandler’s Whin ; it
is always rare, but may be taken sparingly at certain times of year, it seems to be
attracted by cow-dung in the water ; Chandler’s Whin is, as far as I know, the only
British locality, at present known, for this species, which appears to be rare on the
continent. H. lineatus, F., common, but local.

Noterus sparsus, Marsh., abundant.

Laccophilus minutus, L., not very common.

Ilybius fuliginosus, F., common. I. ater, De G., common. I. obscurus, Marsh.,
not uncommon. I. guttiger, Gyll., not uncommon.

Colymbetes fuscus, L., apparently rare ; I have not seen a specimen in the Bog
myself. C. Grapii, Gyll., rather common ; more frequently met with than any
other Colymbetes. C. exoletus, Forst., rather common.

Liopterus rujicollis, Schal. ( Agabus agilis, F.), rather common ; this used to be
considered a rarity, but seems now to be common : I have taken it both at Askham
Bog and near Lincoln, not uncommonly this year.

Agabus bipustulatus, L., not abundant, as it usually seems to be in most places.
A. chalconotus , Pz., has occurred. A. Sturmi, Schon., not common. A. uliginosus,
L., rare. A. undulatus, Schr. ( abbreviatus , Steph.) : this, perhaps the prettiest of

1881.]

. 9

the Agabi , though rare in most localities, is the commonest insect in the Bog, and,
at certain periods of the year, may be taken by hundreds. A. unguicularis, Th.,
very common.

Dytiscus marginalis, L., not uncommon. D. circumcinctus, Ahr., rare ; a few
specimens have been taken.

Hydaticus transversalis, Berg : several specimens have been taken on one side
of a small pond in Chandler’s Whin, but it has occurred in no other part of the Bog.

PHILHYDRIDA.

Hydrobius fuscipes, L. : this ubiquitous insect is as abundant as it seems to be
everywhere else.

Helochares lividus, Forst., not common.

Philhydrus testaeeus, F., very plentiful. Ph. nigricans, Zett., not uncommon.
Ph. ovalis, Th., not common. Ph. suturalis, Sharp : this seems very abundant ; it
appears to be this species, and not marginellus, F., as the yellow spots on the clypeus
are well defined in all the specimens I have examined.

Anaccena variabilis, Sharp, very common.

Laccobius rninutus, L., very common.

Limnobius truncatellus, Thunb., not uncommon. L. picinus, Marsh. : this beetle,
the smallest of the Philhydrida, is exceedingly abundant ; I have also found it near
Stamford Bridge, a few miles from York, but have never come across it elsewhere.

Chcetarthria seminulum, Pk., common.

Helophorus aquations, L., granularis , L., and griseus, Hbst., all very common.
II. ceneipennis , Th. : I know of only one specimen of this insect having been taken
in the Bog.

Ochthebius pygmcEus, F., common.

Hydrochus elongatus, Schall., not common.

Hydrana riparia, Kug., common. H. palustris, Er., not uncommon ; this is
one of the specialties of the Bog.

Cyclonotum orbiculare, F., common.

Besides water beetles, several exceedingly good species are taken
in Askham Bog : the best of these is the very distinct and very rare
PselapJius dresdensis, Hbst-, of which about a specimen a year is found ;
Gymnusa brevicollis also occurs ; Oodes helopioides is not uncommon ;
and Blethisa multipunctata has been once taken under rubbish. The
Bog has not been worked systematically for the semi-aquatic insects ;
but Bayous petrosus , Tanyspliyrus lemnce , and Phytobius comari are
found, and probably many other species 'might be. Donacia lemnce is
at times abundant, but only in one particular pond, and other species
are perpetually turning up.

1 may add that the Bog is now closed to the public, but leave to
work it can be obtained through Archdeacon Hey, in whose company
I have, within the past year, taken the greater number of the species
above mentioned, and who is as enthusiastic a collector now as he was
in the old days of Curtis and Stephens.

Lincoln : May 11 th, 1881.

10

[June,

LIST OF LJEPID OPTEPA OBSERVED IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
OF GALLIPOLI, TURKEY, IN 1878.

BY GERVASE F. MATHEW, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

On the 1st of May, 1878, I arrived at Gallipoli, and joined
H.M.S. “ Cygnet,” and from that date up to the 12th of August, the
ship was employed between Gallipoli and the Bulair lines, being about
a fortnight at each place alternately, with one exception, when we
took a three days’ cruise to the Marmora islands. During this period
I devoted a good deal of my spare time to collecting and observing
the Leyidoptera of the vicinity ; perhaps, a list of the species taken,
together with notes of their habits, and descriptions of a few of their
larvae, may not be altogether uninteresting.

Before commencing the list it may be as well to give a rougli
account of the country. My hunting-grounds in the neighbourhood
of Gallipoli comprised a belt, extending along the coast to the valley
of Ak-y-lar, some six miles to the south-westward of the town, and
about three miles in width inland to the westward. In the town
itself, and its environs, there were numerous gardens, where a variety
of fruit trees were cultivated ; and in the low-lying country beyond,
there were extensive fields of wheat, barley, maize, and cotton, inter-
spersed with large vineyards, cherry orchards, and olive groves, with,
occasionally a fine old walnut or poplar-tree rearing its head far above
its neighbours, and forming, in many cases, a conspicuous landmark.
Through these fields ran the Utze Kionpron Dereh, a small muddy
stream, with elm, plane, poplar, and willow trees growing on its banks,
and the undergrowth luxurious, in places, with impenetrable masses of
brambles, blackthorn, honeysuckle, &c., while directly out of its black
slimy bed sprung a profusion of sedge, Ly thrum , Eupatorium , sweet-
smelling Galium , and a variety of rushes. As one passed, frogs
innumerable leapt nimbly from the banks, and mud-covered terrapins
shuffled clumsily into the rank herbage, or dropped with a dull splash
into the dirty ooze. Sailing and flapping above the stream, or quar-
tering the adjacent fields, were graceful harriers and lazy buzzards on
the look-out for frogs or lizards, and high in the clear sky the little
kestrel ( Falco tinnunculoides ) hovered with quivering wings, waiting
his turn for a swoop at similar prey. Above the cherry and olives
the brilliant-hued bee-eaters hawked in flocks, while the no less
beautiful roller fletv from tree to tree. From the shadiest retreats
came the soft notes of doves, and the pretty black-headed bunting
(Emberiza melanocephala ), swaying to and fro on the topmost twig of
a willow bush, repeated its monotonous song. On the paths by the

1881.]

11

side of the stream crested larks delighted to dust themselves, and
from the corn fields their larger brethren, the Calandra larks, sprang,
and with joyous notes ascended aloft until nearly lost to sight. Here
and there a huge stork walked sedately on the look out for a meal for
his family, who were waiting his return in their nest on a neighbouring
chimney.

Above the cultivated fields, towards the valley of Ak-y-lar, the
country rises into rounded hills or downs, intersected at every half-
mile by narrow gullies, through which, during the winter months,
little streams run into the sea, but in the summer only a few stagnant
pools remain. Patches of prickly mimosa (the “ wait-a-bit ” thorn of
sportsmen), stunted blackthorn bushes, and tufts of rushes, grow
sparingly in these valleys ; while the downs themselves are covered
with mosses, lichens, thistles, wiry grass, cotton rush, and innumerable
clumps of a low-growing pric’kly shrub, which, at a distance, looked
like heather. As one walked across, two or three species of Zygcena
would fly heavily by and settle on a thistle flower ; but, with the ex-
ception of Vanessa cardui , Lepidoptera on these uplands were by no
means abundant, being represented throughout May and June by
Colias Edusa , Melanargia Galathea and Larissa , Epinephele Janira ,
Spilothyrus alccce, Hesperia Thaumas , Macroglossa stellatarum and
croatica , &c., and the following month Satyrus Briseis and S. statilinus
var. Allionia were the only notable additions. A remarkable Neu-
ropteron {AscalapJms Kolyvanensis), with conspicuous black and yellow
wings, was somewhat plentiful, and when first seen, was taken for
some species of Zygcena , as it flew much in the same fashion.

On arriving near the valley of Ak-y-lar, the downs gradually slope
towards the stream of Buyak Dereh, which flows through its centre,
and on the opposite side there is a broad tract of cultivated country,
bounded beyond by a lofty range of thickly wrooded hills. The bed
of this stream is in some places thirty or forty yards wide, and although
in the summer it contains but little Water, yet it was easy to see that
it is occasionally swollen by winter rains into a formidable torrent.
Trees and brushwood grow plentifully on its banks, and, in addition
to the species already enumerated as flourishing by the side of the
stream near Gallipoli, elm, oak, broom, and barberry were observed.
However, notwithstanding that this valley, in comparison with the
surrounding country, looked favourable as a collecting ground, yet, on
trial, it did not quite come up to one’s expectations. Limenitis Camilla
floated gracefully amongst the brushwood wherever honeysuckle grew ;
Lyccena Argiolus confined itself to the barberry bushes, upon the

June,

12

flowers, flower-buds, or tender leaves of which its larvae perhaps may
feed (for there was no holly to be seen) ; Vanessa c-album and V.
polycltloros were rather scarce, but to be found during the warmest
part of the day sitting on the trunks of plane and willow trees in
shady spots, where also Pararge Poxelana , a butterfly of retiring
habits, was first noticed. In open places among rushes and coarse
grass Melanargia Larissa , with its variety Herta , Spilothyrus althece ,
Hesperia Thaumas and Actceon were numerous, and now and then
Heliothis dipsaceus and H. armiger might be seen on a thistle head ;
but the grandest prize of all was the beautiful Argynnis Pandora.

The other hunting grounds were near the celebrated Bulair lines,
a few miles to the eastward of Gallipoli, and were bare as compared
with the locality above described, for every tree or bush that could afford
shelter to an advancing enemy had been cut down. Nevertheless,
there were a few favoured spots which invariably produced something
fresh at each visit. Our position was about two hundred yards from
the shore, and, upon landing, we had to cross a narrow belt of sand-
hills into an extensive grassy plain, which, in some places, was damp,
marshy, and overgrown by rushes. Beyond this the hills rose in
undulating slopes to the heights of Bulair, upon the summit of
which stood Fort Sultan, commanding the whole country on each side
of the isthmus, from the gulf of Xeros on the north, to the shores of
the sea of Marmora on the south. In addition to this huge fort,
there were a number of smaller ones thrown out in advance on the
crests of the surrounding hills, and the whole, at the time we were
there, were occupied by some 25,000 men. The little valleys between
these hills, being near and convenient, were the chief collecting
grounds, although the heat during the middle of the day was very
great, and there was scarcely any shelter, and but little breeze until
three o’clock in the afternoon, at which time it was usually the custom
to go on shore. Of course the whole country was overrun by Turkish
soldiers, and they displayed a considerable amount of curiosity at my
entomological proceedings, following me about, and asking all manner
of questions ; but as I did not understand a word of their language,
nor they of mine, our conversation could hardly be called interesting,
although a good deal was to be made out by “dumb show.” One day
an intelligent-looking old Turk evidently fancied he had discovered
what I was up to, for he came running to me with a small black beetle
(a Cantharis, I believe) in his hands, showed it to me, then smashed it
up and began rubbing it into his neck. I laughed, and nodded my
head, and the old fellow was mightily pleased ; and, from what I could

1881.]

13

make out, turned round and informed his companions that I was a
doctor. After this, I often had two or three soldiers following me,
and they would run after butterflies, knock them down with their
fezs, and bring me the mangled remains ! I used to pretend to be
much obliged, and rewarded them with cigarettes.

The Turkish soldiers and peasantry are a fine set of fellows, and
I always met with the greatest civility from them. Many of the
farms in the neighbourhood of Gallipoli are owned, or rented, by
Greeks, and the difference between the two races was most marked. In
this country, where there are scarcely any public roads, one had con-
stantly to pass through vineyards and gardens, where the Turk would
always salute one courteously, and often offer fruit ; whereas, the
Greek would scowl and mutter what (if one could have understood it)
was doubtless abuse.

But to return to Bulair. I was often fond of landing early in
the morning, before breakfast, bathing in the beautiful blue water,
and then taking a stroll for an hour over the sandhills into the rushy
plain beyond. Calandra larks at this time of the day would be in full
song overhead ; terns busily flitted along shore, and occasionally darted
down and secured a silvery little fish, although withal angry at the
invasion of their domain, for they were nesting close at hand, as were
also Kentish plovers, and on the plain, a colony of pratincoles. Amongst
the rushes on the sandhills several species of Ino buzzed about com-
monly, also Botys sanguinalis , and a long-legged queer-looking Byrale

( Ilurgia ?, a species I saw unnamed in the British Museum),

while the larvae of Thais cerisyi in certain places were frequent. Just
above high water mark, on plants of Verbascum nigrum , larvae of 1 \Lelitcea
Trivia were abundant, and one morning, while taking some of them, I
noticed a tiny ball of dusky down hiding away beneath a bunch of
leaves, and, upon picking it up, discovered 1 had found a young Little
Tern, such a pretty creature. Upon setting it down, it ran off sturdily,
and soon hid itself again, to the evident satisfaction of its parents, who
were clamouring vociferously overhead. The plains produced Mela-
nargia Larissa, Bolyommatus Thersamon, Agroyhila sulphuralis , &c.,
in numbers, and I generally went on board to breakfast with my
boxes full.

It will be observed that the following list (wherein I have adopted
the arrangement and nomenclature of Dr. Staudinger) contains very
few Noctuce and Geometrce , and this is owing to the fact that it was
not considered safe to go into the country after nightfall, as there
were many tramps and refugees about, who might have attempted to
rob one, although by day, I have been miles away by myself, and was
never molested.

(To be continued) .

14

[June,

NOTES ON THYSANURA COLLECTED IN THE CANAEIES AND

MADEIRA.

BY H. N. RIDLEY, M.A.

By the kindness of the Bev. A. E. Eaton, I have received several
specimens of Tliysanura collected by him in the above-mentioned
localities, in the latter part of the year 1880 ; among them were
specimens of Lepisma saceharina , L., from the hotels at Puerto de la
Orotava, in Teneriffe, and Los Palmas, in Grand Canary. This insect
is common in houses all over Europe, and is possibly indigenous, but
I have never heard of its being found at any distance from human
habitations ; it would be interesting to discover the extent of its dis-
tribution, and whether it lives anywhere independently of man.

Lepisma mauritanica , Lucas. There are two specimens agreeing
closely with Lucas’ description of this insect, except in two or three
points. Lucas describes his specimen (for he only took one) as yel-
lowish-grey, washed with brown : whereas, my specimens are said to
have been of a dark mouse-brown colour. Lucas also affirms that the
spots in the two exterior rows on the abdomen are much larger than
those of the inner row ; I can, however, see no difference in mine.
Lastly, he says that the first abdominal segment has no spots ; but in
these specimens they are plainly visible. I have no doubt, however,,
that I am correct in referring these specimens to that species, they
were taken near Los Palmas and on Pico Bandana, under stones, at an
altitude of from 350 — 1500 feet. Lucas’ specimen was collected in
Algiers.

There are also in the collection several specimens of a Lepisma ,
which appear to me to be new ; they were taken at Santa Cruz de
Teneriffe, on a hill above the town, and under stones, at an altitude of
500 feet, and also under stones at Safi, on the Morocco coast, in the
months of December and January.

Lepisma Eatoni, n. sp.

Length, 9 mm. Breadth of thorax in the widest part, 2 mm. Colour, with
the scales, dark grey above, under-surface lighter, anal region fuscous ; without lhe
scales dull yellow. Antennae three-fourths of the length of the body, inserted in
front of the eyes, the basal segment broad, the second short and thick, fuscous, with
the apex darker, the rest of the antennae light brown, pilose. Head short and
broad, distinctly separated from the thorax, fore-part covered thickly .with fawn-
coloured hairs. Thorax long, not much broader than the head, segments equal, sides
and breast covered with rather long fawn-coloured hairs, which, on the lateral
margins, spring from about seven dark spots. The abdomen tapers but little, and
is short in contrast with the long thorax : the caudal setae are brown, with rings of
white, pilose ; but as they are not perfect in any of the specimens, I cannot give
their length.

20, Portsea Place, Connaught Square :

April, 1881.

1881.]

15

The Insectarium at the Zoological Gardens. — Within the last few weeks a new
house in the Zoological Society’s G-ardens has been opened, which promises to be of
great interest to the public generally, and to entomologists in particular. This is an
“ Insectarium,” or house devoted to the exhibition of living specimens, in their
various stages, of the class of Insects. Such an exhibition is not absolutely new,
it is true, for something of the kind has been tried already in this country at the
Westminster Aquarium, as well as on the continent at the Hamburg Zoological
G-ardens. In neither case, however, was the experiment made on any large scale,
and in the first instance at least, it has not proved, hitherto, a great success.
The “ Insectarium ” stands in what is known as the “ North Garden ” — as the slip
of land lying on the Northern bank of the Regent’s Canal is called — not far from
the northern entrance to the gardens. It is of an oblong shape, with a glass roof,
and with three of its sides, including the south one, also consisting largely of glass.
The remaining or northern side is of cement and brick. The floor is paved with
tiles, and beneath it hot-water pipes run round the house, which admit of its being
kept up to any necessary temperature.

The larger insects are exhibited in glass cages, provided with tops of perforated
zinc, and with. metal floors in which can be inserted, if necessary, a flower-pot with
growing plants for the larvae to feed on. These cages, which are rather larger than
an ordinary Wardian case, are arranged along two sides of the house, those
on the south side being at present chiefly occupied by various exotic silk-
producing Bombyces, whilst the smaller ones on the north are devoted to English
Lepidoptera of various species. On tables in the middle of the room are bell-glasses
with various aquatic insects, as well as other cages containing smaller species, or
very young larvae of Lepidoptera, together with a few insects of other groups.

At the present time, the Lepidoptera are best represented. There is a good
collection of the cocoons of the Bombyces exhibited, and many of these have come
out, and produced beautiful imagos. Amongst others, Sarnia Gloveri and P.
Cecropia, Attacus Atlas and Actias luna may be mentioned as having been exhibited
alive during the past few weeks. Eggs of most of these have also been obtained, so
that no doubt before long, larvae of them will be visible, though at present the only
silk-moth larvae shown are those of A. Yama-mai.

Of European Lepidoptera , imagos of Papilio Machaon, Melitcea Cinxia, and
Nemeobius Lucina may be seen, whilst there are larvae, in various stages, or pupae of
many others, amongst which those of Melitcea Maturna , Apatura Ilia, and Iris,
Limenitis populi, and Sibylla, and Catocala fraxini are, just now, perhaps the
most interesting.

The other Orders are represented chiefly by aquatic forms at present, in the
shape of sundry Hydradephaga and Philhydrida from amongst the Coleoptera, by
larvae of Agrion, Libellula, and Ephemera, together with Phryganidce in their cases,
Nepa, Notonecta, and a few others. The Hymenoptera are, as yet, hardly represented,
though in time there seems no reason why the visitors to Eegent’s Park should not
be able to study for themselves the habits of the ant and the economy of the hive-
bee. Perhaps Sir John Lubbock could help here P

As yet, of course, only a beginning has been made, but enough has even now,
we think, been done to prove the success of the experiment, which is of course
capable of development to almost any extent. As the season advances, the number
of insects exhibited will no doubt become much increased, whilst constant changes,

16

| June,

both as regards the condition of the specimens and the various forms exhibited, will
always give the charm of novelty to a visit to this house. It is to be hoped, indeed,
that at no distant period the Londoner may be able to contemplate at leisure the
charms of a live Morpho or Urania , without going further from his home than the
Regent’s Park.

The Insectarium is under the charge of Mr. W. Watkins, already well known
to many readers of this magazine, and under him will no doubt daily increase in
efficiency and attraction, and so perform its main mission of instructing and amusing
the public When more experience in the working of the Insectarium has been
gained, it may also be possible to utilise some of the opportunities now afforded for
experiments in such matters as the effect of increased temperature or moisture in
producing variation in insects. It would also be interesting to experiment further
on the reproduction of Aphides, with the object of discovering how many genera-
tions in succession of agamo-genetic individuals (if the term may be thus used)
could be produced under circumstances favourable for their propagation presented
in the Insectarium. — W. A. Fokbes, Zoological Gardens : May \Qth, 1881.

Notes on Micro-Lepidoptera. — Coleophora olivaceella. I was fortunate enough
last year to find cases of this rare insect at Armathwaite, near Carlisle. When first
noticed, attached to the trunks of trees near Stellaria holostea, they were supposed
to be cases of Col . solitariella, and it was not until the autumn, when I had time to
compare the perfect insects which emerged, with a description in a number of the
Entomologist’s Intelligencer, that the truth was suspected. The larvae of olivaceella
appear to feed up in autumn and retire to tree trunks, and perhaps other similar
places, for refuge during the winter, thus imitating the habits of Coleophora
Wilkinsoni exactly. I have not seen the mine, as the larvae collected last Whitsuntide
and bred, and the insects collected this month have alike utterly refused food and
appear to be even in the pupa state. In a notice some years ago by Mr. Stainton, he
represents the mine as being greener than that of solitariella, and he found larvae
feeding in April, which is extremely puzzling.

The cases are almost prostrate on their resting place and are, compared with
solitariella, shorter, stouter, and more yellow, dusted with greyish spots. The
imago is rather like solitariella, but is larger, of a darker colour, its wings broader
and more glossy, and when the series of each insect are compared the difference is
at once very apparent.

Tinea argent imacul ell a. I think that Armathwaite lias also yielded me the
larvae of this insect, as I found many delicate tubes amongst the grey lichens on the
rocks, tenanted by light green larvae with black heads.

As I cannot find anywhere a description of the larvae of this species, this
must be considered as a mere conjecture, hazarded with the view of extracting
information from any one who may know.

Elachista humilis. This insect also puzzles me. Can it be the male of
Elachista perplexella ? The Manual says of it “ ? unknown.” Now in Brockholes
Wood, near Preston, I take yellow larvae feeding in Aira ccespitosa, wliich produce
both the dark males and lighter spotted females, respectively E. humilis and per-
plexella, thus reducing the two species into one, whichever name has the priority.

1881.]

17

Mr. Murray, of Carnforth, has last year added two species to the Witherelack
list, in a male of Psyche opacella and one of calvella, both of which he most kindly
presented to me. We have together looked for cases of these, but are yet unsuccess-
ful.— I. H. Threleall, Preston : April 27th, 1881.

[I give here a copy of the description of the larva of Tinea argentimaculella,
made April 13th, 1859, from larvae kindly sent me by the late Mr. R. S. Edleston.
“ Length 3 lines. Elongate, slender, greenish-white ; the spots darker, but incon-
“ spicuous, except two larger darker spots on the sides (the upper one being darkest
“ and largest) of the 3rd and 4th segments ; head black, and 2nd segment black,
“ except in front. Makes long green tubes of lichen and web.” — H. T. Stainton.]

Suggestions for obtaining the eggs of Acentropus. — I am extremely anxious to
study the early stages of Acentropus niveus, and shall feel very much obliged to any
one who will procure me some eggs : if a small tightly-fitting tin box or two, which
would not add much to the collector’s impedimenta, were carried with the usual chip
boxes, and any females that might be captured, were shut up in them with small
sprays of the Pot amogeton, a little wetted, I think the danger of the eggs drying
up would be greatly obviated, and I should have a good chance of receiving them in
safety, for they might travel through the post in the same boxes. — Wm. Buckler,
Emsworth : May, 1881.

Tortrix Lafauryana, Pago not, a species new to Britain. — It is with pleasure
that I record the capture of the above species. Whilst collecting Micros in July
last year, a few miles from this town, I beat out two specimens of a Tortrix which
I was unable to name. I sent them to Mr. C. Gr. Barrett, who kindly informed me
that they were T. Lafauryana. They were taken in a boggy portion of a heath. —
E. A. Atmore, 8, Union Street, King’s Lynn, Norfolk : May, 1881.

\_Tortrix Lafauryana was described by M. Ragonot in the Ann. Soc. Ent.
France, 5me serie, vol. vi, p. 403 (1876), and also figured. He says that it has been
confounded with croceana , Hub., from which it may be easily distinguished by the
costal fold in the male ; also that it is allied to sorbiana, forming a passage from it to
the species with pale hind-wings. His description is long, and it will be sufficient to
say that Lafauryana has a folded and strongly arched costa, hollowed before the
apex, the male resembling sorbiana, but with shorter wings and yellower colouring,
the female approaching more in colouring to heparana. The fore-wings in both
sexes are glossy, and the hind- wings of a decidedly pale grey. One of Mr. Atraore’s
specimens agrees most accurately with M. Ragonot’s types, the other is redder and
more like the female in colour.

This is a very handsome addition to the British fauna, and not easily mistaken
for any other species. The locality given by M. Ragonot is Dax (Landes), France.

The larva, which he describes as very variable, feeds there on Myrica gale,
joining together the terminal leaves, and is very subject to parasites. The species
has since been discovered in Holland (vide Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, vol. xxii,
p. 128). — C. Gr. Barrett, Pembroke : 13 th May, 1881].

18

[June.

Vanessa Aniiopa at Llandaff. — Shortly after eleven this morning, I disturbed
one of these rare visitors in the drive here. It took several high flights around the
tree, but very kindly returned close to me several times, and had I been provided
with a net I could have caught it easily. During a long course of years this is only
the second specimen of Vanessa Antiopa I have seen at Llandaff. — J. Earle
Ollivant, Bishop’s Court, Llandaff : May 9 th, 1881.

Note on the earlier states of Psylla huxi. — This is one of the commonest species
of the genus. The terminal shoots of the plants of the Box ( Buxus sempervirens)
maj now be found filled with the creature in its earlier stages. The deformation
the shoots assume, caused by their attack, tends to turn the leaves towards each
other when they assume a somewhat oval or globular shape. On opening one of
these the cavity will be found to contain a quantity of white or starch-coloured
opaque particles, amongst which the young green larvae and nymphs will be found,
the former easily distinguished from the latter by their somewhat smaller size and the
want of the elytra-lobes — John Scott, Lee, S.E. : 14 th May, 1881.

Note on Aphalara nervosa. — Next month is the time for capturing this species
of Psyllidce on the yarrow ( Achillea millefolium) , and where the plant grows pro-
fusely, I believe the insect, from what I have experienced here, will also be found in
considerable numbers. Singularly enough, with all my painstaking, I have been
unable to capture the creature in its earlier stages, and I shall feel obliged to any
one who takes an interest in the group and is fortunate enough to meet with it in
these states, who will forward some to me for the purpose of describing and
figuring. Coleopterists are likely to meet with it when sweeping the plant in search
of Ceuthorhynchideus Chevrolati which is attached to it, and is to be met with at the
same time although not in such fine condition as in September, when the newly-
emerged insects are in their greatest perfection. — Id.

Additions to the Morayshire Hemiptera. — In addition to my previous list of
bugs occurring in Morayshire, I have to record the following species taken last
summer at Forres. Gastrodes abietis, in fir cones wherever looked for ; Gerris
spera, Athysanus brevipennis, Trapezonotus agrestis, Stiroma albomarginata , Eupelexa
producta, and cuspidata, both frequently on a dry grass bank, also bred from larvae ;
Liburnia discolor, Deltocephalus, species not yet determined, and Athysanus striola,
common in swamps ; Typhlocyba cratcegi, beam tree ; T. abrotani, in profusion on
Southernwood ; T. Douglasi, on beech ; Pantilius tunicatus, in abundance on
hazels. — G-eo. Norman, Athole House, Pitlochry, N.B. : May §th, 1881.

The muscular power of Rhagium inquisitor. — Having noticed the strength of
jaw of several beetles and other insects, I tried some experiments with a specimen
of Rhagium inquisitor. The beetle was held between the finger and thumb, and the
weights used were wrapped in a sheet of paper tied round with a string of sufficient
size to give the beetle a firm grip and yet allow it to let go easily when it felt inclined.

1881.]

19

The greatest weight raised was 5 ounces, or2187'5 grains ; the beetle weighed exactly
4 grains in a chemical balance, so that it supported in its jaws 547 times its own
weight : this is in the same proportion as if a man of 11 stone were to support 371
tons, a fact that shows clearly the enormous strength not only of the jaws but also
of the neck- and other muscles of the beetle. After seeing this experiment, the
large weights that one often sees ants carrying to their nests seem quite to sink into
insignificance. — W. W. Fowler, Lincoln : April 19 th 1881.

Rare Coleoptera near Hastings. — About June or July last, I took three or four
specimens of Ccenopsis fissirostris by sweeping in a wood at Gruestling. I have also
taken Athous difformis, which I believe is one of our rarer species of Elateridce,
both at Gruestling and also nearer Hastings. Hippodamia 13-punctata has also
occurred in a damp place near here. These are last year’s captures. The only good
thing I have met with this year is Harpalus servus , taken at roots on the Camber
Sandhills, near Rye. — E. P. Collett, 12, Springfield Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea :
1 6th May , 1881.

The generic term11 Degeeria?' — “New species of Deqeeria .” Seeing this an-
nouncement in the table of contents of the last number (May) of this Journal, I at
once turned to the page (vol. xvii, p. 270) in which it was described, and being a
Dipterologist, of course supposed that it referred to a new parasitic fly belonging to
Meigen’s well-known genus Degeeria (Fam. Tachinidoe) ; I was, however, disap-
pointed, and found that the creature in question belonged to a far different Order.
I have been induced to make these remarks in consequence of the careless way in
which new genera are named.

Meigen separated the Dipterous group in question from the great genus Tachina
in the year 1838, describing the genus Degeeria in the 7th volume (p. 249) of his
work on the Diptera of Europe, while Nicolet gave the same name to a genus of
Thysanura in 1841 ?; therefore, the Dipterous genus must take precedence. Rondani,
in the 4th volume of his “ Dipterologiae Italicse Prodromus,” p. 40, has the following
note on the genus Degeeria : “ Degeerice, Nicol., in Thysanuris propositum 1841,
nomen mutandum in Entomobrya." — R. H. Meade, Bradford : May 14 th, 1881.

[Mr. Meade’s citation of the first use of the term “ Degeeria ” by Meigen, in
Diptera , in 1838, is quite correct. Nicolet afterwards used it for a genus of Thysa-
nura ( Collembola ) in his “Recherches pour servir a l’histoire des Podurelles,” p. 70,
published in vol. vi of the Nouveaux Memoires de la Soc. Helvet. des Sci. Nat.
(= Neue Denkschriften schw. Gresell. fur Naturwissenschaften), 1842 (not 1841).
Hence there was no necessity for Rondani’s change of Degeeria , Meigen, into Ento-
mobrya ; if a change were necessary, it should have been made by the students of
Thysanura.

The “ Nomenclator Zoologicus,” by Agassiz, has been generally looked upon as
a guide to generic terms published up to about 1847, but in this case it is an un-
trustworthy guide. Degeeria , Nicolet, is noticed as a genus of Thysanura , without
date, but no mention whatever is made of Meigen’s prior Dipterous genus of the
same name. — R. McLachla>'].

20

[June,

Hcuiftt.

Papilio ; devoted to Lepidoptera exclusively. Organ of the New York Ento-
mological Club. Nos. 1 — 3, January — March, 1881, pp. 1 — 42, 8vo (Communications
to Mr. Henry Edwards, 185, East 116th Street, New York).

A nicely printed and generally well got-up Magazine, of which it is intended to
issue ten parts per annum. The publication Committee consists of Messrs. A. R.
Grote, Hy. Edwards, and T. L. Mead, whose names are well known to Lepidopterists
generally. According to a prospectus, support has been promised from most of the
prominent American Entomologists. The contents consist principally of descriptions
of new species ; amongst the few more general articles is one by Dr. Hagen on the
probably apocryphal Papilio ecclipsis, L.

In No. 1 is a coloured plate representing a beautiful moth recently described as
Bdwardsia brill ians ! (Neumoegen), an unfortunate name, the generic term having
been preoccupied for about forty years, the specific suggesting a scarcity of Latin
dictionaries in the States.

We trust that “ Papilio ” will have more than the short, if merry, life the title
suggests ; omission of the words “ devoted to Lepidoptera exclusively ” in the
title, and acting up to the omission, will certainly tend to the realization of this wish,
and also elevate the Members of the Club in the estimation of other Entomologists.

(Obituarn.

Baron de Chaudoir. — We regret to have to announce the decease of this eminent
Coleopterist. Next month we hope to give a notice of his life and labours.

John Blaclcwall, F.L.S., died on May 11th, at the great age of 92 ; a short
notice will appear next month.

Entomological Society of London : 4 th May , 1881.— H. T. Stainton, Esq.,
E.R.S., &c., President, in the Chair.

The following were elected, viz. : R. W. Fereday, Esq., of Christchurch, Canter-
bury, New Zealand (formerly a Corresponding Member), and C. Foran, Esq., of
Eastbourne, Members ; and James Edwards, Esq., of Norwich, Subscriber.

Mr. Roland Trimen exhibited £ & ? of Papilio Ccenea, Stoll, taken in copula , the
$ of which he considered the mimic of a day-flying Noctua. He also exhibited speci-
mens of Tinea vastella, Zell, (gigantella, Staint.), the larva of which had fed in an
inkstand fabricated from a hoof of the late Prince Imperial’s horse, from which
multitudes of the insect appeared. Mr. Stainton said he considered it was still an
open question as to wrhether this moth attacked living animals.

The Secretary read a letter received from the Colonial Office, relative to the ap-
pearance of Phylloxera on the vines in Victoria ; this letter was accompanied by
the minutes of evidence taken before a Committee of the Victorian Legislative
Assembly, and by other documents. The President announced that the Council had
appointed a Committee, consisting of Messrs. Fitch, McLachlan, and Trimen, to
investigate, and report upon, the matter.

Mr. Butler communicated “ Descriptions of new species of Heterocerous Lepi-
doptera from Japan.”

21

AN ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW GENERA OF THE EPHEMERIDJS.

BY THE REV. A. E. EATOH, M.A.

{continued, from Vol. xvii, p. 197).

Calliarcys, n. g.

Allied to Habrophlebia and Thraulus, having forceps like those of
the latter, but hind- wings like those of the former in outline : cross-
veinlets in both wings more plentiful than in Habrophlebia. Three
long, sub-equal, caudal setae, in $ nearly half as long again as the
body. Fore tibiae of <$ about a sixth longer than the femur, the tarsus
half as long again as the same ; hind leg about one-sixth longer than
the intermediate leg ; hind tarsus about a third as long as the tibia ;
ungues of hinder tarsi dissimilar in form and size. Proximal joint of
o forceps’ limb by far the longest. Type Calliarcys humilis, n. sp.
Distrib., Portugal and, perhaps, W. Indies.

Calliarcys humilis , n. sp.

Sub-imago. Wings tinted with greyish-black.

Imago (dried) , $ . Thorax deep black above, glossy ; abdomen piceous with
pale joinings. Legs piceous, the hinder tibiae and tarsi rather paler. Wings vitreous,
slightly tinted with brownish ; their neuration piceous-brown. Forceps pale piceous,
or pale yellowish-brown. Setae pale fuliginose, with reddish joinings.

Long, corp., $ ? , 7 — 9 ; al., , 7 — 8‘5, ? , 9 ; set., $ , 10 — 11*5 mm.

Hab. : common on the northern slopes of Foia, near Monchique,
and sparingly in other parts of Portugal. Mistaking the imago for
Thraulus , I did not search for the nymph.

At p. 190, 1. 21 from bottom, after “sexes, and” insert “ usually.”

The prior name, Isonychus , Mannerheim, precluding the employ-
ment of Isonychia, Etn., Chirotonetes maybe substituted for the latter.
It equals Baetis , Walsh, Section B.

In Heptagenia and kindred forms, the first and second of the
axillary nervures in the fore-wing run sub-parallel with one another,
and rather close together, to the inner margin, meeting it either near
the anal angle, or at least midway between this and the wing-roots.

] The nervures interposed between the first axillary and the anal
e nervure constitute a definite abbreviated group, and do not simulate
short branchlets of the anal nervure (in Siphlurus, &c., they do). So
far as I have been able to ascertain, amongst forms ranked with
Heptagenia in 1871 (= Baetis of most authors, but not of Leach), the
chief differences in the proportions of the tarsal joints, discernible in

[ J une.

22

the imagines, correspond with differences in the nymphs ; and, con-
sequently, I am disposed to accept these differentia as bases for the
distinction of genera, although they are only in a few instances
accompanied by differences in the neuration of the w'ings, or in the
number of the caudal setae. To make a complete survey of this group
of genera, Ametropus may as well be referred to.

Ametropus, Albarda.

Intermediate tibia shorter than the tarsus, the proximal joint of
the latter about half as long as the former. Fore tarsus in £ about
four and three-fifths, in $ about twice and two-thirds, as long as the
tibia ; the proximal joint in $ once and a half, in ? three-fifths, as
long as the tibia. Three long caudal setae. Type, A. fragilis , Alb.
Distrib., Holland.

Atopopus, n. g.

Hind tibia about half as long as the tarsus, the proximal joint of
the latter rather longer than the former. Fore tarsus in nearly
one and two-fifths, its proximal joint almost half, as long as the tibia.
The proportions of the intermediate tarsus are more largely in excess
of the tibia. Relative lengths of tarsal joints : — fore leg, 24, 18, 14,
8’5, and 6 ; intermediate, 31, 11, 7, 4, and 5 ; hind-leg, 30'5, 9, 6, 3,
and 5. Two caudal setae, in $ about twice as long as the body. Type,

A . tarsalis , sp. n. Distrib., Borneo.

Atopopus tarsalis , n. sp.

Imago (dried). Body above piceous-black, with the last segment or two of the
abdomen flavescent ; belly flavescent. Fore-leg piceous-black, the femur to the
middle piceous-brown ; hinder-legs with femora piceous-brown, tibiae flavescent,
and tarsi rather deep fumatose, with the joinings and apical joint darker. Wings
vitreous, with black neuration : fore-wing with the marginal area beyond the middle, ^
and in part nearer the base, the sub-marginal area almost to the base, and a short
narrow cloud upon the terminal margin by the anal angle, and the hind-wings like-
wise bordered round the apex and along the terminal margin, piceous-brown. Setae
piceous-black. Long, corp., S , 9 — 10 ; al., 11 ; set. 20 mm.

Hab. : Labuan.

Thalerospiiyrus, n. g.

Hind tibia of $ as long as the tarsus, whose proximal joint is
about a third as long. Fore-legs damaged in the specimens examined tars
by me. Relative lengths of the posterior tarsal joints : — intermediate Jod;
tarsus, 10, 7, 5, 3, and 4 ; hind tarsus, 10, 7 5, 6, 3, and 4. Two caudal tibij
seta? incomplete. Type, Th. determinatus (in Baetis), Walk. Distrib., , joini
Java and the Philippines. tibia

1881.

23

PiEGNIODES, n. g.

Hind tibia of <$ about twice as long as the tarsus, whose proximal
joint is about one-eleventh as long as the tibia. Pore-leg of £ damaged
in the specimens examined ; in $ the tarsus is nearly three-quarters
as long as the tibia, and its proximal joint about one-ninth as long.
Relative lengths of tarsal joints : — -fore-leg, $ , 6, 13, 11, 5, and 6 ;
intermediate, 5, 7, 7, 2, and 5 ; hind-leg, 5, 7, 7, 3, and 5. Two caudal
setse, in <$ twrice and two-thirds (?), in $ thrice and three-eighths, as
long as the body. Type, P. cupulatus (in Heptagenici ), Etn. Distrib.,
China and Tibet.

Compsoneueia, n. g.

Hind tibia of $ about twice and a quarter as long as the tarsus,
whose proximal joint is about one-tenth as long as the tibia. Eore-
tarsus in $ very nearly as long as the tibia. Relative lengths of tarsal
joints, in ? — fore-leg, 18, 23, 16, 8, and 12 ; hind-leg, 10, 9, 5, 3, and
10 or 11. Cross-veinlets in the disc of the fore-wing very sparse,
disposed in only three transverse broken series. Two caudal setae.
Type, C. spectabilis. n. sp. Distrib., Java.

Compsoneuria spectabilis , n. sp.

Imago, 3 (dried). Ochraceous or pale straw-yellow, varied with fusco-piceous
on the thorax. Hind-legs (the others lost) pale straw-yellow; the trochanter,
median and apical band of the femur, base of tibia, and the tarsal joints very nar-
rowly at the joinings, black-piceous. Wings vitreous, with pellucid longitudinal
nervures, excepting that the costa, sub-costa, and radius towards their extremities
are piceous ; cross-veinlets piceous, narrowly clouded with the same colour. Last
two abdominal segments pale ; the others edged narrowly above with black at the
tips, and with a line on each side near the spiracles, obliquely recurrent from this
edging also black ; the third, fourth, sixth, and seventh have, besides, a lanceolate
black streak in the middle of the back produced out of the same edging : forceps
and belly ochraceous.

$ (dried) very similar, but with the body luteous instead of ochraceous.

Long, corp., <? ? , 6 ; al., 3,7, ? , 8 mm.

Sab. : Labat (Leyden Mus.), from Mr. C. Ritsema.

Rhitheogena, n. g.

Imago. Hind tibia of $ about twice and one-half as long as the
tarsus, whose proximal joint is scarcely more than one-thirteenth as
long as the tibia. Eore tarsus in nearly half as long again as the
tibia, in $ scarcely upwards of half as long as the tibia ; the proximal
joint in £ about one-eleventh, in $ about one-fifteenth as long as the
tibia. Relative lengths of tarsal joints : — fore-foot, $ , 6’5, 27, 27, 18,

[June, 1881.

24

and 9, ?,4, 95, 8, 5, and 10 ; hinder feet nearly as 3, 3, 3, 2, and 7.
Two caudal setae, usually twice, or twice and a half as long as the
body. Penis-lobes narrow, very slightly enlarged at the tip.

Wings of sub-imago usually unicolorous greyish, the nervures not
conspicuously darker.

Nymph with seven pairs of abdominal tracheal branchiae ; the
first fair very large , ventral , the laminae broad, slightly curved, flat-
tened, and contiguous at their tips with one another beneath the base
of the abdomen ; the next five pairs lateral, their laminae deflected, so
as to be almost out of sight from above ; the last pair meet one another
underneath the body, and their laminae are folded lengthwise : tracheae
not obvious ; the fasciculated fibrils are scarcely two-thirds as long as
the laminae. Head much flattened, somewhat transverse : labruin
distinct, small. Mandibles terminated by a single, large, acutely-
triangular fang, with a smaller tooth at its inner base ; the former
nearly half as long as the interval between the base of the latter and
the point of the molar tuberosity. First joint of the upper maxillary
palpus largely dilated behind, and about half as long as the second
joint, which is slightly dilated before the tip. Lateral lobes of the
tongue narrower than the median lobe. Caudal setae three, subequal
to each other. Type, JRh. semicolorata (in JBaetis), Curt = JBaetis ,
Walsh, Section C. Pictet, Mon. Ephem., pi. 21, f. 1, seems to be a
nymph of a Uliithrogena ; but I think J8. lateralis , to which he refers it,
is a species of Ecdyurus. Distrib , Europe and N. America to Oregon.

Heptage:nta, AValsh (restrict.).

Imago. Hind tibia of <$ about twice and a half as long as the
tarsus, whose proximal joint is about one-eighteenth as long as the
tibia. Fore-tarsus in $ about once and two-thirds, in ? about two-
thirds, as long as the tibia ; the proximal joint in about one-four-
teenth, in $ about one-eleventh, as long as the tibia. Relative lengths
of the tarsal joints: — fore-foot, , 4, 28, 28, 18, and 7 ‘5, $ , 45, 10,

8, 3*5, and 7 ; hinder feet, , 2‘5, 4, 4, 25 or 2, and 8. Two caudal

setae, usually in twice, in ? once and a half, as long as the body.
Penis-lobes rather broad and divergent from one another.

Wings of sub-imago usually of a yellowish tint, and at first almost
unicolorous ; in the next place the cross-veinlets become darkened ;
and still later, transverse fasciae and streaks of a similar dark greyish
hue are developed in the disc of the wing. The sub-imago in repose
erects the wings, and stands upon all of its feet, with the setae
divergent.

July, 1881.]

25

Nymph with seven lateral pairs of abdominal tracheal branchiae ;
the laminae small, nearly alike in form, reflected backwards and out-
wards, with their edges up and down ; their tracheae indistinct ; the
fibrils abundant, and about as long as the lamina. Head rounded and
broadly flattened out ; postero-lateral angles of pronotum rectangular
or obtuse ; labrum not obvious, a velvety fold of the palate taking its
place. Mandibles terminated by two strong slender fangs, of which
the outermost is the stronger, and is about as long as the interval
between the base of the other and the point of the molar], tuberosity.
First joint of the upper maxillary palpus about two-thirds as long as
the second, and rather stouter than it. Lateral lobes of the tongue
broader than the median lobe. Caudal setae three. Type, H. flaves-
cens, Walsh. Distrib., Europe, N. America, Cape Colony.

Ecdyurus, Etn. (revived ; misspelt Ecdyonurus in Trans. Ent. Soc.

Lond., 1868, p. 142, n. ; corrected in E. M. M., v, 90).

Imago. Hind tibia of £ about once and three-quarters as long as
the tarsus, whose proximal joint is almost one-ninth as long as the
tibia. Fore-tarsus in £ nearly, or quite, twice as long as the tibia,
rarely so little as one and two-thirds as long ; in $ from three-quarters
as long, to almost the same length, as the tibia ; the proximal joint in
from nearly one-third to four-ninths, in $ from about one-fifth to
one-seventh as long as the tibia. Relative lengths of the tarsal joints :
—fore-foot, S, 12, 21, 227, 17, and 9, or 23, 31, 335, 23, and 17'5, or
19, 30, 28 7, 22, and 18 ; in $ , 7, 8, 7, 4, 7, or 7, 9, 8, 5, and 8 ; hinder
feet, <$ , 5, 4, 3'5, 2‘5, and 6. Caudal setse in two and a half to
three times as long as the body, in $ about once and a half as long.
Penis lobes very broad.

Wings of the sub-imago at first greyish with dark neuration,
usually edged with grey ; afterwards, in most cases, dark transverse
bands and fascia© appear in the disc of the fore-wings.

Nymph with seven lateral pairs of tracheal gills, the first the
smallest ; laminae reflected obliquely outwards : with distinct tracheae ;
the branchlets of the median trachea usually pinnately arranged in some
of the laminae ; fibrils nearly as long as the lamina in the first three
pairs, and nearly half as long as it in the others. Head rounded and
broadly flattened out ; postero — lateral angles of the pronotum 'prolonged
backwards. Labrum distinct, small. Mandibles with two strong
slender fangs, the outermost of which is about one-third as long as the
interval between the base of the other and the point of the molar
tuberosity. First joint of the upper maxillary palpus about half as

26

[July,

long as the second, and rather stouter than it. Lateral lobes of the
tongue broadly claw-shaped, with the points turned outwards, narrower
than the median lobe. Three caudal setae. Pictet, Mon. Ephem., pi.
16, f . 1 — 7, may be an Ecdyurus , but, if so, are apparently not accurate
in minutiae. Type, E. venosus, Eab. Distrib., Europe andN. America.

Epeorus, n. g.

Imago. Hind tibia of £ about twice and a half as long as the
tarsus (in Colorado species twice and one-fifth), whose proximal joint
is almost one-twelfth as long as the tibia (Colorado one-eleventh).
Fore-tarsus in about once and one-sixth (Colorado nearly once and a
half), in ? nearly three-quarters as long as the tibia. Relative lengths
of the tarsal joints: — fore-foot, 18, 18, 15, 13, and 9 (Colorado,

32, 32, 32, 23, 10); $ , 7 5, 8, 7*5, 5, and 8 ; hind-foot, <$, 45, 45, 35,
2, and 6 (Colorado, 45, 45, 4'5, 3, and 7). Caudal setae two, in
about twice and three-quarters, in $ twice, as long as the body. Penis
lobes of moderate breadth, divergent.

Wings of sub-imago greyish, or sometimes yellowish, with dark
neuration, but with neither fasciae nor streaks.

Nymph with seven pairs of lateral tracheal branchiae on the
abdomen, the fibrils scanty, not half as long as the lamina, to whose
edge they stand at right angles ; the laminae decumbent, with a sub-
median trachea rather irregularly branched. Head rounded, flattened.
Labrum distinct, small. Mandibles terminated by a pair of short
broad teeth, the outermost less than half as long as the space between
the base of the other and the point of the molar tuberosity. First
joint of the upper maxillary palpus almost two-thirds as long as the
second, rather stouter than it, and slightly dilated. Lateral lobes of
the tongue relatively large, oblong. Median seta absent in the adoles-
cent insect. Hind edge of pronotum straight. Type, E. torrentium ,
n. sp. Distrib., Portugal, the Pyrenees, the Alps, and, perhaps, also
Oregon, Colorado and Costa Rica. [The American species have, per-
haps, rather slenderer legs than the European.]

Epeorus torrentium , n. sp.

Imago (living), $. Oculi above dark fuscescent, darker beneath. Thorax
lutescent above. Abdomen above, fusco-luteous, paler at the sides, with oblique
piceous streaks from the dark tips of the segments ; the usual pale dorsal spots very
distinct from the second to the eighth segment ; beneath, with a dark ventral stripe
enlarged posteriorly in each segment, and containing four darker lines. Neuration
of wings black. Fore-legs piceous, or luteo-piceous, the tarsal joinings paler, the
ungues alike and sub-equal ; hinder legs gamboge-yellow, with the usual bands
indistinct, the tarsi blackish, with darker claws and joinings. Setae fuliginose, darker
at the base, with dark joinings.

1881.

27

Description of 9 and sub-imago deferred.

Long, corp., , 11, 9 , 13 ; al., £ , 12, ? , 15 ; set., J , 28 — 29, sub-im., 17, 9 ,
22 — 26, sub-im., 19 mm.

Hab. : in a mill stream at Tarascon (Ariege). August and
September.

My introductory caution against laying too much stress upon the
admeasurements given in the descriptions of the genera should not
be lost sight of. Accidents in early life, to which the legs and setae
are very liable, interfere with the dimensions in the adult insect ; and
some allowance must be made for exceptional peculiarities in the fore
tarsus of the $ of certain species, all of which are not indicated here.
The hind tarsus is less liable to variation.

Croydon : April , 1881.

ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH ANTHOMYIIDAi.
BY R. H. MEADE.

( Continued from page 5).

3. MYDHSA, E. Desv.

Spilog aster, pt., Auctt.

Aricia , pt., Macq.

Gen. ch. — Eyes bare, contiguous, or sub-contiguous in male ;
arista plumose ; abdomen mostly oval, and always unspotted ; alulets
well developed, the under scale being much longer than the upper one ;
anal vein not prolonged to the margin of the wing.

With legs wholly black.

1. YESPERTINA, Fall. 3. ALLOTALLA, Meig.

2. NIGRITELLA, Zett.

With legs partly pale.

4. urbana, Meig.

5. ANGELICAS, Scop.

6. TINCTA, Zett.

7. PAGANA, Fab.

8. NIGRICOLOR, Fall.

9. IMPUNCTA, Fall.

indistincta, Eond.

10. SEPARATA, Meig.

11. ELAYEOLA, Fall.

varians, Zett.

The species placed in this group form part of the genus Spilo
gaster of most authors, but differ from those properly belonging to
that genus by having unspotted bodies. The genus Mydcea is closely
related to Hydrophoria, but may be distinguished from it by the species
having the abdomen usually oval and not conical, and not having the
anal vein prolonged to the posterior margin of the wing.

M. NIGRITELLA, Zett.

This little black and rather rare species bears a very considerable resemblance

28

[July,

to the common M. vespertina, but differs bj having the abdomen narrower and more
elongated ; the halteres black, not yellow ; the wings clear, not blackened ; the
posterior tibiae ciliated along both sides, not bare ; and furnished with a single
strong spine at the end, on the inner side.

M. ALLOTALLA, Meig.

This is rather an aberrant species, the generic position of which is somewhat
doubtful ; by the shape of the abdomen it resembles a Hydrophoria, but the anal
vein is not pi’olonged to the border of the wing. It seems to be rare, or rather local.

M. urbana, Meig.

In one variety of this common species the males have the anterior femora pale
like the females, without any black colour, even at their bases.

M. ANGELICAS, Scop.

It is almost impossible to distinguish this species from M. urbana, which it
closely resembles, by the description of the older authors. Meigen described it as
having both scutellum and abdomen ferruginous, and evidently confused it with
quite a different species. Fallen, Zetterstedt, and Schiner, chiefly distinguish it
from M. urbana by the external transverse vein of the wings being more upright
than in that species ; this character, however, is quite insufficient, and it remained
for Eondani to point out a true characteristic difference. He noticed that in M.
angelica the penultimate or third abdominal segment was crossed in the middle of
the dorsum by a transverse row of strong bristles, in addition to the row on the
distal margin ; while in M. urbana the middle or disc of the same segment is without
distinct bristles. Besides this character, the arista has much shorter hairs in M.
angelica than in M. urbana ; the external transverse vein is much less oblique ; the
fore femora in the females are partially blackened at their bases, and not wholly
yellow as in M. urbana. Eondani says that the size of the former is rather less than
that of the latter species.

This fly is decidedly rare in England. I have only seen one female, which I
captured in September, 1878, at Clapham-in-Craven, Yorkshire.

Among some unarranged British Diptera collected many years ago, I find a
single male of an apparently new species of Mydaa, related in some points to M.
angelica and M. urbana. It is more elongated in shape and rather larger than either
of those species ; the penultimate abdominal segment is furnished both on the disc
and margin with numerous long setae, irregularly arranged ; the longitudinal dorsal
abdominal stripe is wider and more maculiform ; and the legs have peculiarly long
tarsi. Unfortunately, it is too imperfect for accurate description, the terminal joints
of the antennae being absent, as well as both the anterior legs.

M. SEPARATA, Meig.

This species closely resembles M. impuncta, but differs in having the basal
joints of the antennae and the palpi black, and not pale as in the latter species ; the
arista has also rather shorter hairs ; and the eyes in the male are rather wider apart.
It is rare.

M. FLAYEOLA, Fall.

This species closely resembles Hyetodesia pallida, but the eyes are bare and not
hairy, and the arista has shorter hairs. The females of this species are not uncommon,
but the males are seldom met with.

(To be continued) .

1881.]

29

LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA OBSERVED IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
OF GALLIPOLI, TURKEY, IN 1878.

BY GERVASE P. MATHEW, R.N., F.L.S., P.Z.S., &c.

{continued from page 13.)

RHOPALOCERA.

Papilio Podalirius , L. — Tolerably common. The first specimens were observed
the 18th May, flying about gardens at Bulair, and occasionally settling on the flowers
of a small umbelliferous plant. At Port Baklar, about two miles from Bulair, it
was noticed by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., of H.M.S. “Swiftsure,” as early as 16th
April. A female was one day seen depositing her eggs on a stunted sloe bush
growing in a wild spot far away in the country, but they were usually to be found
near gardens. In a waste piece of ground, just outside Gallipoli, a great quantity of
scabious was in flower in August, and here Podalirius assembled in goodly numbers,
and was easy to capture. It is not as strong on the wing as Machaon.

Papilio Machaon , L. — Common. A very worn individual observed on the 6th
June, but it must have been out long before this date, for Mr. Walker noticed it at
Port Baklar on 21st April. A fresh brood made their appearance on 23rd June, and
there appeared to be a succession of broods up to the end of October, as larvae of
all sizes were noticed from end of June to 19th November. On 7th November a
single larva was discovered, feeding on a particularly disagreeable smelling species
of Euphorbia.

Thais cerisyi, B.# — Perfect insect not seen, but the larvae were by no means
uncommon. They are soft and flabby to the touch, sluggish in their movements,
and semigregarious in their habits, many being found on the same plant. When
not feeding they rested on the under-side of a leaf, on the mid-rib. They did not
seem to be attacked either by birds or ichneumons. Their food-plant {AristolOchia) ,
which has a peculiar and very pungent smell, was extremely local, only occurring in
small quantities in one or two places on the sandhills, to the northward of the
Bulair lines.

The following is a description of the full grown larva. Length, 1 in. 5 lin. to 1 in.
7 lin. Cylindrical, tapering towards anal extremity ; ground colour canary or lemon-
yellow, sometimes faintly suffused with pink ; dorsal stripe rather broad, deep lead
colour, enclosing a linear-shaped black spot towards the anterior part of each segment ;
a subdorsal dusky streak, enclosing a triangular blotch of a deeper hue, on each seg-
ment ; a small dusky blotch above each clasper ; spiracles minute, black, encircled
by a pale ring ; a subdorsal row of pink fleshy spines, the spines slightly covered
with fine pale yellow bristles ; a spiracular double row of similar spines, the upper
series seated upon a loose skinfold, and all the spines are faintly tipped with black ;
under surface and claspers same as above ; legs dusky ; head Slightly retractile, with
an oval, ocellated, dusky spot on each side of face, and a triangular-shaped black
spot on lower lip. A common variety of this larva was altogether lemon-yellow,
with no perceptible dorsal stripe, but two minute black dots on each side of the

* In Mr. Walker’s “ Notes on the Butterflies of Port Baklar, Turkey” (Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb.,
1879, p. 194), he says that I found the larvae of Thais Polyxena “ commonly at the end of June, on
the Marmora side of the isthmus.” This was an error on my part, for when I took the larvae I
thought they were Polyxena, and only discovered my mistake when the perfect insect appeared
in April, 1879. I never saw Polyxena.

30

[July,

dorsal area ; a minute black dot at the base, and behind each sub-dorsal spine ; a
larger black dot between each of the spines, composing the double spiracular series ;
spines, spiracles, claspers, &c.,the same as above. All the spines, with the exception
of those on the second segment, which incline forward, incline backwards. When
full grown the larva selects a dry stem or root near the surface of the ground, attaches
itself by its anal extremity to a pad of silk, spins a thread around its middle, and
remains for nearly three weeks before changing to a chrysalis. The chrysalis is very
rigid, elongated, dull straw-colour, with a dark spiracular streak enclosing the black
spiracles ; wing cases somewhat short and rounded ; dark dorsal and interrupted
subdorsal streaks ; a deep impression between the base of wing and base of antenna
sheath. The perfect insects began to appear at Malta the end of April, 1879, and
many beautiful varieties were bred.

Aporia cratcegi, L. — Very abundant. On 11th May the full grown larvae were
in great numbers on sloe and other bushes, and on the 18th of the same month the
perfect insects began to appear. By the 23rd they were out in certain localities in
countless swarms. On some evenings, especially when it was calm and sultry, they
assembled in vast multitudes, and were to be seen at rest on grass and flower-stems,
in such numbers that the stalks wTere quite bent down by their weight. The males
far exceeded the females, although the latter were to be seen weeks after the former
had disappeared. Flight comparatively heavy, and therefore easy butterflies to
capture. Some of the females were very large and darkly coloured.

Pieris brassicce, L. — Very rare in the neighbourhood of Grallipoli, and only
noticed upon one or two occasions. It was, however, very abundant at the Darda-
nelles, where larvae were observed in profusion up to the end of December, and at
Ismid I found a larva just attaching itself to a wall as late as 2nd February, 1879,
and there had been plenty of frost and snow for some weeks previous.

Pieris rapce, L. — Common throughout the whole district, though never very
abundant. In some specimens taken the black spots were entirely absent. The
larvae were tolerably plentiful in October and November on Cruciferce.

Pieris napi, L. — Rare ; only one or two examples noticed.

Pieris Daplidice, L. — Common throughout the district ; and there was evidently
a succession of broods from April to October. A strong, quick-flying butterfly, and
found in almost all localities, although, perhaps, preferring waste places by road-
sides, where a variety of herbage flourished. Females were observed on several
occasions depositing their eggs on Cruciferce. On 3rd August, I found some half-
grown larvae in the valley of Ak-y-lar, but did not rear any of them, for on the 5th
August I went to Constantinople for a week, leaving the larvae in charge of my
servant, and upon my return I found he had neglected them, and they had perished.
On 17th of the same month, many more larvae were seen at Besika Bay, only they
were too small to take ; but on the 21st October, at Artaki, I discovered many larvae,
from the tiny individual just hatched to those just preparing to pupate, and con-
tinued to find them from this date up to the middle of November. These larvae
were easily detected, as their yellow dorsal and sub-dorsal stripes made them very
conspicuous, especially early in the morning, when their food-plants were damp and
bright with dew. A few of the perfect insects emerged the end of November, and

1881.]

31

of the remainder some appeared at Malta in March and April, and the rest in
England in May and June, 1879. The larvae were very subject to the attacks of a
fly (sp. ?) ; those so attacked changed to healthy-looking chrysalids, and remained
so throughout the winter, but at the beginning of March the affected chrysalids
turned a deep brick-red colour, and in a few days disclosed a fly.*

The following is a description of the full-grown larva : — Length, 1 in. to 1 in. 2 lin. ;
cylindrical, very slightly pubescent ; lead colour, thickly irrorated with minute black
dots, placed in pairs upon the dorsal region, in fives between the sub-dorsal and
spiracular streaks, and irregularly below ; a narrow, yellow, sub-dorsal and spiracular
stripe, much brighter at the segmental divisions ; head bluish or bluish-green, with
black dots and a yellow spot on each side of the face ; legs and pro-legs paler than
the upper surface, the latter with a yellow spot at their base. Chrysalis ashy-brown,
with small black spots, and faint yellowish sub- dorsal and spiracular streaks ; wing-
cases with a dark central shade, and the margins and sheath of proboscis yellowish.
Some hours before the perfect insect appears the black wing-spots can be distinctly
seen through the sheath.

Anthocharis Bella, Cr. — Common. First observed 11th May ; another brood in
July. A quick-flying insect, and occurring chiefly in rough waste places. The females
were observed once or twice depositing their eggs on a dwarfed species of Crucifer a,
but although I subsequently examined the plants, and beat them, I failed to discover
the larvae.

Anthocharis cardamines, L. — Very rare. I only observed one specimen, a
male, which was captured on the sand-hills near Bulair lines, on 12th May.

Leucophasia sinapis , L., var. lathyri, Hb. — Not uncommon in some localities.
A delicate weak-flying butterfly.

Colias Edusa, F. — Very common from May to September, and some of the
specimens were remarkably bright. The var. Helice was by no means scarce, and I
obtained several fine examples.

B hodocera rhamni , L. — Rare ; a few specimens observed, but only one, a 9 >
captured.

Bhodocera Cleopatra, L. — Apparently very rare, as only one specimen, a S , was
observed on 13th June flying across the Ak-y-lar valley. Upon looking over a small
collection of butterflies made by a midshipman of H.M.S. “ Agincourt,” I noticed
a single male, and was informed that it was captured close to Gallipoli.

Theda ilicis, Esp. — Very abundant. The first were observed on the 29th May,
and by the 6th June it was out in prodigious numbers, and proved quite a pest, for
one could not strike at another species without enclosing five or six of them at the
same time. They were most plentiful amongst scattered bushes of stunted Ilex ,
where they were fond of collecting upon the heads of a sweet-smelling umbel, or upon
the pretty purple flowers of the gum cistus. These Turkish specimens appear to
belong to a slightly smaller and darker race than those from central Europe, and out
of the large number captured there was not a single specimen with the orange blotch
on the fore-wings.

My friend, Mr. G. C. Bignell, of Plymouth, to whom I sent some of these chrysalids, bred
an ichneumon ( Anomo.lon xanihopus) from them.

i July,

32

Polyommatus Thersamon, Esp. — Common, and there seemed to be several broods
during the summer, for it was noticed from the beginning of June up to the 28th
November. This species was very partial to the flowers of the field scabious, and
the males were much more plentiful than the females. They were difficult to obtain
in perfect condition, for, being always ready to give battle to any passing insect, they
soon became ragged and torn. Some examples taken at Artaki, on the Asiatic side
of the sea of Marmora, at the beginning of October, were slightly smaller and paler
than those taken in Turkey.

Polyommatus Alciphron , Rott., var. Gordius, Sulz. — Only took a single example,
a male, as it was sitting enjoying the flowers of the peppermint.

Polyommatus Dorilis, Hufn. — Appeared to be rare, as I only saw and captured
a pair.

Polyommatus phloeas, L. — Abundant, and a succession of broods throughout the
summer. On 17th of June, we visited the island of Pachalimon — one of a group in
the sea of Marmora — and, as we stopped there for some hours, I landed to look for
butterflies, hoping to find some species that I had not noticed on the mainland, but
nothing fresl} turned up, the only thing of interest being the immense swarms of
phloeas. It was a terribly hot day, and the butterflies had collected in shady spots in the
ravines, where the sun could not penetrate. A blow with my beating stick brought
them out of the bushes in hundreds, and I often had more than a dozen in my net
at a time. These examples were so very dark, that at first I thought I had a new
species, but they proved to be the variety JEleus, of Fabricius.

Lycoena boetica, L. — Common, especially wherever wild vetches grew. There
were several broods during the summer, and I noticed it throughout November and
December, and up to 4th January, 1879.

Lycoena Telicanus, Lang. — Local, but common in certain places among Lythrum
salicaria', L., vetches, and other papilionaceous plants.

Lycoena , n. sp. ? — One specimen, above very like Telicanus , but totally distinct
beneath. I could see nothing like it in the British Museum.

Lycoena Argiades, Pall. — Rare and local, and was difficult to obtain in perfect
condition.

Lycoena Pylaon, F. de W. — Rare, only two or three examples.

Lycoena Bavius , Ev.-— A single female.

Lycoena Astrarche, Bgstr. ( Agestis , Hb.). — Common.

Lycoena Icarus, Rott. — Abundant. Turkish examples vary a good deal both in
size and brilliancy of colour.

Lycoena Amanda, Schn. — This fine species was somewhat rare and local, and the
males were difficult to obtain, as they were very quick and strong on the wing.

Lycoena Admetus, Esp. — Not uncommon, but very local.

Lycoena Argiolus, L. — Common, and double-brooded. I fancy the larvae of the
second brood feed upon the flowers and tender shoots of a species of Berberis, for
the butterflies were to be seen continually flying about the shrub.

(To be continued

1881. J

33

NOTE ON THE EGO, AND SOME PECULIARITY OF STRUCTURE IN
THE LARVA, OF RIMER A PE SN ARIA.

BY THE KEY. J. HELLINS, M.A.

Early last December Mr. D’Urban put into my bands an ash twig
gathered by a laudable butcher’ s-boy, whose attention had been caught
by the appearance of a batch of eggs near the tip. I ought at once
to have known to what species these eggs belonged, but, luckily, did
not recognise them ; otherwise, probably, I should not have cared for
them, and should have missed making an observation which, I think,
deserves some notice.

There were just 151 eggs, laid in nine rows, parallel with the
stem of the twig, in most beautifully compact and regular order, the
whole mass measuring rather more than -f inch in length, and about
i« in width, and firmly stuck together, and to the bark of the twig, by
an abundant supply of shining light red cement. The shape of the
egg is cylindrical, set upright on end, about ts inch in height, and -£t
inch in transverse measurement ; the top is rounded ; sometimes the
cylindrical shape becomes somewhat hexagonal, from being squeezed
in so closely on all sides, the shell is glossy, with a slight roughness
round the top ; the colour dull pale green ; towards spring this changes
to a pale reddish-brown, and again four or five days before the larva
emerges to a blackish hue. The batch of empty egg-shells looks like
a piece of Lilliputian honeycomb.

The first larva wras hatched on April 13th, and the last that came
out about a fortnight later ; some died in the egg ; I think, however,
that the larvae at large were delayed this year by the cold nights, and
that none, probably, were hatched till the end of April : at least, the
larvae I have captured have been quite three weeks behind my larvae
reared indoors.

The young larva is about tV inch in length, in colour dull black,
except the anal flap which is pale brownish, as also are the legs, tipped,
howrever, with black ; the usual spots palish brown with raised central
black dot emitting a short, finely-knobbed bristle ; as the larva feeds,
the colour grows paler, becoming a sort of dark olive, with pale lines :
one, which I set apart for observation, moulted for the first time just
a fortnight after hatching, and I noted that at this first moult there

34

[July,

appeared the two projecting warts on the twelfth segment, which (with
other circumstances) enabled me to recognise the species — but I pre-
sently also noted another change which puzzled me greatly ; I took these
little larvae to be H. pennaria — a species in which I had never before
seen more than ten legs, nor had any one described it with more than
ten legs, but now there appeared a pair of undeveloped ventral legs on
the ninth segment ; as I have inferred, I certainly did not see these legs
previous to the moult, nor do I think they were then to be seen, but
what follows makes me wish I had made quite certain : this pair of
legs continues through the second moult, becomes smaller after the
third moult, and with the fourth moult disappears, the site being marked
by a minute eminence, and afterwards by a little horny depressed
plate ; and the larva to all appearance has but the ten legs with which
it has always been credited. At their fullest development these extra
legs are very tiny, still they are plainly enough to be seen, and are
more like the rounded ventral legs of a Noctua than the spreading,
clinging legs of a large Greometer ; they have a black ring round them
midway, and a circle of tiny black horny points where the usual circlet
of hooks is found.

Both Mr. Buckler and Dr. T. A. Chapman have confirmed my
observation from examination of examples which I have sent them, and
we are now examining as many species of the large Greometrous larvae
as we can obtain, but so far without finding any evidence of a similar
absorption or suppression of a leg once developed. In other species,
as, for instance, in Anisopteryx cescularia (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xiv, p.
113), we find such legs developed after a moult or two, but continuing
to the last in the same proportionate size ; on the other hand, many
Noctuce when hatched have only two out of their four pairs of ventral
legs of full size, but the other two by degrees grow larger, and at last
take their full share in walking and holding fast.

But in this case a pair of legs is developed, is of no use at any
time, and, by and by, is again suppressed ; the only thing like it at all,
which I can now call to mind, is the appearance of two horns behind
the head of the newly-hatched larva of Cerura vinula, which by degrees
are absorbed and disappear ; still, this does not seem so strange as the
appearance and subsequent disappearance of even an useless limb.

Exeter : 9th June , 1881.

1881.]

35

THYREOPHORA ANTIPOD UM, NEW SPECIES OE DIPTERA.

BY BAROH C. B. OSTEH-SACKEN.

In the Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xv, p. 43, 1 had occasion to mention the
genus Thyreophora , in connection with the subject of luminous Diptera.
The singular and very rare fly, Tliyreophora cynophila , was believed to
have a luminous head. But to the quotations which I gave at that
time I should have added that of Robineau-Desvoidy, Ann. Soc. Ent.
Er., 1849, Bullet., p. v, who says that his experiments did not confirm
Count St. Eargeau’s statement on that subject.

Independently of its supposed luminosity, Thyreophora is a fly
remarkable for its structure. It has a largely developed scutellum,
prolonged almost like a horn, truncate at the tip, where two bristles
are inserted. Schiner forms for this genus a separate group, inter-
mediate between the Scatophagince and Tlelomy zincs. The colour of
T. cynophila is also striking and unusual among the relationship to which
it belongs, being bright metallic-blue with a reddish-yellow head. The
colour of the other species, T. furcata, is more dull. Both flies are
rare ; the specimens of T. cynophila existing in European collections
can almost be counted. I am not aware that the third species, T. an-
thropophnga , R.-Desvoidy, has been recorded anywhere since his time.

Not long ago, in looking over the store-boxes containing dupli-
cates and unnamed specimens, in my friend, M. Bigot’s, collection, I
had the good fortune to discover tw7o specimens of a Thyreophora ,
labelled “ Tasmania.” With M. Bigot’s permission, I described them
on the spot, as the first instance of the genus being found outside of
Europe. The species is remarkable for a row of spine-like bristles
! along the costal margin of the wing, a character foreign to its European
congeners, and justifying its assumed relationship to Selomyza.

Thyreophora antipodum, n. sp.

<? . Brownish-ferruginous ; antennae and abdomen black ; wings sub-hyaline,
unicolorous ; costal margin provided with a series of spine-like bristles (like those
of Selomyza). Length, 4 — 5 mm.

In the generic characters this species agrees with T. cynophila ; the eyes are
larger, as compared to the size of the head ; the third joint of the antennae is less
rounded, more oblong; the venation is the same, only the section of the costal vein
anterior to the end of the first vein is straight (and not arcuated as in <? T. cynophila).
But a more important difference consists in the row of spine-like bristles inserted
along the costa, and resembling those which characterize most Helomyzidce. Head
and thorax brownish-ferruginous ; third joint of antennae and ocellar spot black.
Scutellum of the same truncate-triangular shape as in T. cynophila , but less hairy.
Abdomen black, hairy, shining. Legs brownish-ferruginous, more or less dark (in
one of the specimens the hind legs are dark brown with a slight metallic reflection).
Tarsi brown at the end. Wings uniformly sub-hyaline ; veins brownish-yellow.

JELaib. : Tasmania ; two male specimens (M. Bigot’s collection, in
Paris) .

Heidelberg: June, 1881.

3G

[July,

ON TWO NEW PAN OR PID2E FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA.
BY R. McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &c.

The two species described below were lately received in a collection
formed by Mr. H. K. Morrison, of Morganton, North Carolina.

Bittacus chlorostigma, n. sp.

3 . Shining reddish-piceous (the head and thorax reddish-testaceous in less
adult individuals) ; apical abdominal segments darker, sometimes nearly blackish.
Antennae black, with very short concolorous pubescence ; the first two joints of the
ground colour. Rostrum blackish ; the superior dilated portion of the ground
colour ; palpi clothed with black hairs. A black spot on the head between the ocelli.
Thorax, and base of abdomen beneath, with scattered black spinose hairs, of which
three on each side of the front of the pronotum are the most conspicuous. Legs
reddish-piceous ; a black ring at the apex of the femora and tibiae ; spinose hairs
few, short and black.

Superior abdominal appendages fully as long as the terminal and penultimate
segments together, reddish, but darker (sometimes blackish) at the tips ; irregularly
oblong, broad, the superior margin elevated into an angle at the extreme base, but
afterwards excised to the apex, which is very obtuse and
nearly truncate, the inferior margin gradually rounded
and dilated ; exteriorly the edges are thickened, and
there is a slight keel from base to apex parallel with the
upper edge ; interiorly the appendages are concave, the
edges equally thickened, and there is a broad triangular
inner tooth above the most dilated portion of the lower edge. Penis reddish-

testaceous, recurved in a nearly semicircular manner, flattened, with a median
longitudinal sulcus. Internally, between the superior appendages, is a short straight
hairy process, gradually dilated to the very obliquely truncate apex. On each side,
immediately above the inferior appendage, is a short, straight, cylindrical, hairy
(apparently non-articulate) process.

Wings long and very narrow, scarcely dilated: vitreous (possibly with the
slightest tinge in very adult individuals). Pterostigma large, conspicuously greenish-
yellow. Neuration black (excepting the pterostigmatic vein and its two nervules) ;
apical transverse nervules few.

$ unknown.

Length of body, 25 — 26 mm. Expanse, 51 — 57 mm. Length of anterior wing,
25 — 28 mm. Greatest breadth of anterior wing, 4 — 4^ mm. Length of superior
appendages, 2| mm.

South California.

I have examined eight £ .

This species, which is conspicuous by its pale greenish-yellow
pterostigma, has the greatest expanse of wing of all the known North
American forms ; at the same time the wings are remarkably narrow,
and in this differ from all species from the Eastern States. It is a fine
addition to the N. American fauna.

The figure represents a side view of the end of the abdomen (with
the appendages) of the £ in outline.

1881. J

37

Panokpodes oregonensis, n. sp.

$ . Very pale yellowish-testaceous, the abdomen (excepting at apex) fuscescent
above ; ocelli shining blackish ; eyes deep black. Antennae dusky towards the tips.
Legs concolorous ; the tips of the tibiae and of the tarsal joints slightly blackish ;
spinose hairs of tibiae and tarsi few, short and black ; pulvilli large, rounded, black.
Maxillary palpi having the 3rd and 4th joints conical, not concave within. Gena
produced downward into a broad triangular tooth , on each side of the face below
the eyes : mentum with a slight triangular tooth on each side.

Cheliferous segment oval, yellowish ; claws short and stout, testaceous at the
tips. Appendages, viewed laterally, prominent, thickened
and out-turned at the tips : viewed in front they consist
of a long band-like piece, slightly dilated at the apex,
which is provided with two out-turned slightly foliaceous
branches (the true appendages), the whole structure
scarcely extending to the base of the claws. The whole

segment is finely pubescent.

Wings wholly very pale shining flavescent, transparent, without markings, the
pterostigmatical region slightly darker : neuration very pale, the transverse nervules
conspicuously whitish if the wings be held against the light : sub-costa terminating
about the middle of the costa (before the pterostigma) in both pairs.

$ unknown.

Length of body, 7 — 8 mm. Expanse, 20 — 24 mm.

Mt. Hood, Northern Oregon. I have nine before me.

The genus Panorpodes was established by me in the Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 188, for an insect (P. paradoxa) from Japan, wThich,
while possessing the general form of Panorpa , differs in the rostrum
being short and triangular, and in the penultimate and ante-penultimate
abdominal segments in the $ not being modified and elongate, but
narrow and of the form of the ordinary segments, the cheliferous
segment closely sessile ; also in the form of the maxillary palpi, simple
tarsal claws, and unicolorous pale wings.

The interesting little North American insect above described
possesses so many points in common with that from Japan, that, for
the present, it may be located in the same genus ; there is a striking
similarity in colour in the two species. The following structural dis-
crepancies exist : —

r 1. The sub-costa in P. paradoxa extends into the pterostigmatic region
in the anterior-wings. (This may certainly be considered of spe-
cific importance only),
e

2. The rostrum in P. paradoxa is longer than in P. oregonensis (hence
the latter is still more divergent from the ordinary condition in
Panorpa).

38

[July,

3. The maxillary palpi in P. paradoxa have the 3rd and 4th joints

much dilated, and concave within (as if collapsed), instead of
cylindrically conical.

4. There is no trace in P. paradoxa (nor in any other species of the

Family known to me) of the triangular production of the genae
seen in P. oregonensis (on the other hand, the teeth on the mentum
of P. paradoxa, are very large, although not noticed in my
original description).

On these points it may ultimately be considered necessary to
transfer P. oregonensis to a distinct genus.

The figure represents the apex of the abdomen of the $ of P.
oregonensis viewed from the side.

N.B. — Although the true genus Panorpa is so abundantly repre-
sented in the eastern United States, I have never seen a specimen
from west of the Rocky Mountains, and know not if any exist in
American collections.

Lewisham, London : May , 1881.

Lepidoptera at Barnwell Wold. — The first few days of the present month I
spent, in company with the Rev. T. W. Daltry, M.A., of Madeley, collecting in that
once famous locality, Barnwell Wold. We were not very successful, for, although
the weather was everything we could desire, insects, or rather good species, were not
numerous. Probably we were a week or two too early. The sloe bushes produced
larvae of Thecla betulce in tolerable numbers, but rather small ; and full-fed ones of
Thecla pruni were not scarce the first day or two, but could not be found on our
last attempt at beating for them. Other larvae included Trichiura cratcegi ,
Pcecilocampa populi not uncommon on oak trunks, Briog aster lanestris, Diloba
cceruleocephala , Himera pennaria, Agriopis aprilina, Amphipyra pyramidea, &c.,
&c. ; whilst both larvae and pupae of Pterophorus galactodactylus were plentiful on
the under-side of the burdock leaves. Of imagos JVemeobius Ludna was very com-
mon flying about hawthorn blossom, &c., and some seven or eight other species of the
commoner butterflies also occurred. We searched for, but saw nothing of Hesperia
Paniscus, probably it was not yet out. And we were of course too early for Lyccena
Arion , even if it could still be found in its old locality, but Mr. John Bright an old
collector with whom we were staying, seemed to have little hope it would ever again
turn up in Barnwell Wold, although formerly he took it there in large numbers.
Chcerocampa elpenor occurred about the sugared trees, Nola cristulalis on oak
trunks, Corycia temerata in abundance and in beautiful condition by beating, along
with Ligdia adustata, Emmelesia albulata, Bupithecia exiguata, Melanthia
albicillata, Coremia ferrugata, Cidaria corylata and russata (both species plentiful

* I have sinoe received the $ of P. paradoxa. The teeth on the mentum are small ; the
apical two segments of the abdomen are very short ; the wings are slightly dusky at the tips.

1881.]

39

and variable), Cidaria silaceata, Anaitis plagiata, Herminia grisealis, and Botys
I lancealis in greater or less numbers. Mr. Daltry too, netted a very beautiful variety
of Lomaspilis marginata. Of Noctuce , the little Eeliodes arbuti flew very freely in
the sun, and Euclidia mi and glyphica were also common. At sugar Aplecta herbida
in fine condition was getting well out, though the date was rather early for it ;
Noctua c-nigrum, Apatnea unanimis, Thyatira batis and other common species, but
nothing of any rarity was taken. — Geo. T. Porbitt, Highroyd House, Hudders-
j field : June 9th, 1881.

Abundance of larvee of Charceas graminis. — We observe from a local paper that
great commotion prevails in Clitheroe, and the district surrounding the famous
Pendle Hill, in consequence of the arrival of a large quantity of caterpillars, which
occupy the land from Wiswell to Mearley, near Pendle Hill, a distance of about
three miles. They travel together in thousands at a good speed, and devastate the
land over which they pass to an alarming extent. The inmates of a roadside inn are
kept continually at work brushing them out of the house. The road is almost black
with the larvae, whose advent is considered mysterious, numbers of people continually
going to view them, and numbers of larvae being exhibited in shop windows. The
caterpillars seem also to be abundant on some of the adjoining moors. We have seen
specimens, and find that they are the larvae of Charceas graminis, the well known
“ Antler ” moth, which was very abundant last year in Tatton Park, Knutsford. Their
ravages in Sweden and our own Lake district have often been recorded. — Eds.

Eupithecia consignata at Box Bill. — I was somewhat surprised to take at Box
Hill, on the 25th May, a specimen of Eupithecia consignata, which I disturbed from
some bushes near the Burford Bridge Inn. The specimen is a ? , and has laid a few
eggs. I am induced to send this notice, as so few localities appear to be known for
this species. — A. H. Jones, Shrublands, Eltham : June 10 th, 1881.

Notes on the genus Eustra in Japan. — Of the curious Family Ozcenince, there is
Only one species recorded from Japan, and in this one Mr. Bates was much interested
[when writing his first memoir on the Geodephaga of these islands. I met with it
ftgain yesterday, and a record of its habits may increase the interest regarding it.

This little beetle hibernates under flattish stones, 14 or 18 inches in diameter,
choosing those for its retreat which are partially embedded in the soil, and well
hidden away in the shelter of shady thickets. It is never found under loose stones,
}nor under those out in the open, exposed to the rays of the sun. Eustra is gre-
jgarious, associating in little groups of three, five, or eight, and, when the stone is
overturned, the insects are found close together, adhering to the surface of it, never
on the earth. Their mode of running and habit of life remind one of Crepidogaster
Dr one of the crepitating Carabidce ; but anatomists who study the group place
them far away from the Brachyinince. Eustra plagiata, Schmidt-Goebel, occurs in
Burma, and Mr. Bates, after a careful reading of the description, refers the present
Bpecies to it ; but I should very much like to place Japanese specimens side by side
with an Indian type for comparison, and will gladly send examples to any Entomo-
logist who could thus identify them. Can any one tell me where the type specimen
is ? I have written here that Eustra “ hibernates,” but during the last two weeks I
have taken many Geodephaga , including Carabus JDehaani, under stones loose on

40

[July,

the surface of the soil, for hibernation here is very different to hibernation in Yoko-
hama, where the severe winter drives everything deep into the earth. Nagasaki is
protected on all sides by hills, and is perhaps the warmest nook in all Kiushiu, and
during the last ten days I have taken Adoretus, Chalcophora and Mesosa clinging
to a species of Celtis, and this morning a man brought me a dozen fine fresh speci-
mens of Batocera in a basket. Here Ophionea cyanocephala is abundant, but
nowhere else have I seen it in Japan, and other subtropical species are also confined
to this district, and I do not wonder in finding Eustra associated with them ; but
it would be a matter of surprise if it occurred in the north, where the winter is
long and severe. It was April before I obtained a specimen of Cardbus in Yoko-
hama.— G-eorgke Lewis, Nagasaki : 26^4 February, 1881.

Coleoptera, Sfc., near Hastings. — On the 27th May last, I was fortunate enough
to meet with a specimen of Anihribus albinus in a sand pit here. A few days before
this I had picked up a specimen of Ccenopsis Jissirostris in another sand pit. In the
latter pit we have found, at various times, plenty of Pselaphus Heisii, Bryaxis
fossulata, Cytilus varius, Orobites cyaneus, Lasia globosa, &c., and occasional speci-
mens of Pristonychus subcyaneus, Cychrus rostratus, Trox scaber, Plinthus caligino-
sus, Tanymechus palliatus , Chrysomela staphylea , C. didymata, &c. Of Hemiptera,
we have found there abundance of Sehirus biguttatus, a few Aradus depressus, and
an occasional specimen of Podops inunctus and Aneurus Icevis, and last, but not
least, the two specimens of Bothynotus pilosus already recorded. — E. N. Blomfield,
Gruestling Rectory : June, 1881.

Notes on Coleoptera taJcen near Hastings. — Last September, I took on a mud-flat
at Darvel’s Hole, near Battle, a Tachyusa I could not make out. I sent it to Dr. Power,
who has kindly examined it and determined it to be T. coarctata, a species introduced
by him as British ; and he thus remarks upon it : “ Tachyusa coarctata is most in-
teresting to me, for I imagined that two in my collection were its sole representatives.”

I have several times taken Notiophilus quadripunctatus under Calluna ; there
seems to be much irregularity in the position of the four punctures from which it
takes its name. These are in some specimens much farther apart than in others,
and even in the same insect their position is sometimes different on the two sides,
while one specimen I have has a point altogether deficient on one side.

At Battle I have lately taken Conipora orbiculata by sweeping, and Euplectus
nanus with Phlceocharis subtilissima in dead oak twigs ; and at Hollington Scyd-
mcenus denticornis in moss. From Battle some of my pupils have brought in several
specimens of Anchomenus livens. Several collections made in this neighbourhood
have recently passed through my hands ; they contained, amongst other things,
Euryporus picipes and Acidota cruentata taken by Mr. S. Hume, and Ocypus
fuscatus and Megacronus cingulatus by Mr. W. Bennett. — E. A. Butler, Hastings :
June 13 th, 1881.

Cicada montana. — A specimen of Cicada montana lias been recently taken in
the larva state by Mr. Greorge Tate, in the New Forest. The perfect insect emerged
a few days ago. — B. Piffarp, Lyndhurst : June 1 6th, 1881.

1881.

41

The Hemiptera of Finland. — In the “ Meddel. af Soc. pro Fauna et- Flora
fennica/’ 7, 1881, pp. 1 — 109, under the title “Enumeratio Hemipterorum Gymno-
ceratorum Fenniae,” Dr. John Sahlberg has a List of the Hemiptera Gymnocerata of
Finland, which, primarily interesting in that country on account of the localities in
which the insects have been found there, is of wider importance as showing the
prevalence so far of species otherwise known in Europe, and affording means of
learning their geographical and climatal range. Especially useful, therefore, is the
following summary, derived from recent sources, of the number of species of
Gymnocerata inhabiting certain regions of Europe.

Finland

Sweden

Norway

Denmark

Livonia

Moscow Govt

360 species Britain

390 species

185

280

304

213

Alsace and Lorraine 492 „

Belgium 337 „

To which may be added, sec. Snellen van
Yollenhoven

I Holland 263 species

These numbers are not absolute, because in each region other species will doubt-
less be yet discovered, and some of the reputed species may possibly merge into
varieties, but yet the totals are sufficiently approximate to reality to enable
l comparison to be made. As between Finland and Britain the greater part of the
species are identical, but each country has some not found in the other ; for example,
Finland, with an apparently less total than Britain, has 15 species of Aradus, while
Britain has but 4. One new species is described, Saida lapponica, allied to 5.
c-album, Fieb., and S. palustris, Doug. I note some of the more striking items in
the paper.

As to the nomenclature of genera : — Kleidocerus is retained although the genus
was not characterized under this name. Acalypta, which has been incorrectly
revived by some, is again deposed in favour of Orthostira. Apocremnus, merged
j into Psallus by Reuter, is again separated. Halticus is retained notwithstanding
the prior use of Haltica. Microphysa is adopted instead of Zygonotus , although
the characters of the former are derived from the $ only and do not at all apply to
the £ , while the latter includes the characters of both sexes. Cryptosiemma, a pre-
occupied name, is revived instead of Dipsocoris.

As to the species : — The name Scolopostethus ericetorum, Leth., is resumed vice
I S. decoratus, Reut. S. pilosus , Reut., is put as = S. affinis, Fieb., Thoms. Saida
I fucicola, J. Sahib., and S. pilosella, Thoms., are retained as distinct species. S.

\ c-album is maintained vice the older name stellata, Curt., and S. vestita, Doug,
(following Reuter), is given as the macropterous form of that species.

In a previous part of the same journal (5, 1880), Dr. O. M. Reuter gives a list

o o

of the Hemiptera of the regions of Abo and Aland only, the Gymnocerata numbering
135 species (pp. 160 — 193). Sehirus luctuosus, Muls. and Rey, is enumerated as =
morio, Fall., Fab., Sahib., nec. Linn. : this should be a hint to us to see if our morio
be the true species, or if we have both of them in Britain.* Under some genera

* The differential characters of Seliirus luctuosus are thus given by Mulsant and Rey
(“Punaises de France, bentatomides,” p. 54, 1866). “ S. luctuosus, often confounded with 6’.

\ morio, is distinguished from it by its smaller size ; its anterior tibiae armed with only 9 — 1 1 spines
on the anterior edge, up to the exterior half of the anterior margin (in morio 11 — 13'; the anterior
margin of each side of the prostemum generally more constantly and sensibly raised and arcuate
in its inner half ; the pronotum punctured almost as strongly on the posterior portion as on the
rest of its surface ; the thighs more angular at the extremity ; the membrane of the elytra

42

[July,. I

useful critical remarks and diagnostic comparative characters of species are given,
in the author’s usual lucid manner. Then follows a list of the Homoptera , 133
species (pp. 194 — 236), including some that are new. This paper, as well as that of
Dr. Sahlberg, is especially deserving of the attention of British Hemipterists, the
fauna of Finland and Britain being very similar.

It is a matter of regret that in both these articles, as also in other works of
greater extent treating of different orders of insects, and by other modern authors,
the faulty orthography of many generic names is retained. Here, among many
others similar, is Eusarcoris for Eusarcocoris ; Temnostethus for Tmetostethus ;
Piezostethus for Piestostethus (both very bad examples of derivation) ; and names
into which, as a compound, the Greek word SOMA enters, which are mostly (not
always) made neuter if the termination be in soma, yet (rightly) masculine if it be
in SOMUS, The same remark applies to names into the composition of which demas
enters, the terminal dema being deemed to make the compound word neuter, but if
it be demus then masculine. But I refer to the conclusive remarks on this subject,
by a classical authority, in the Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. iv, pp. 259 and 280. The per-
petuation of such and other irregularities, to call them by a mild designation, gives
force to the reproach of a philologist once addressed to an entomologist : — “ You
naturalists coin most extraordinary names, sometimes by mere fanciful invention,
involution, or anagram, and yet you treat the results, which belong to no language,
as if they were Latin ; and sometimes, when you profess to derive them from the
Greek, you so mangle or misuse the words that your results indicate in their
authors a want of full perception of the principles or rules of the Greek and Latin
languages ; and in preserving the erroneous concoctions you show a blind conser-
vatism.” Some of these names are incurable and I suppose must be endured, but
others might be easily amended by general consent and practice. Gemminger and
Harold, in their works, have set an excellent example in correcting the orthography
of generic names of Coleoptera. — J. W. Douglas, 8, Beaufort Gardens, Lewisham :

18 th April, 1881.

Notes on Spring Hymenoptera in 1881. — Although the Aculeate Hymenoptera
have been generally scarce this spring, I have obtained 2 species which I think are
worthy of notice. The 1st, Andrena lapponica, I was fortunate enough to meet <

with near Hastings, in April, and secured a few specimens of the $ , all flying at t

sallow blossoms, and so like Trimmerana, as to be difficult to distinguish from it I

until examined at home. The sculpture of the anal segment above is a good i

character, in Trimmerana it is simply punctured, in lapponica the centre is f
triangularly raised. I was also pleased to see in the collection of Mr. F. Collett, of 1

St. Leonards, the $ of Andrena fasciata, Wesmael, generally known on the b

Continent by the name of extricata , Smith ; this name has been given to it in error, o.

as Smith’s extricata is simply fulvicrus faded, and he did not know the true fasciata, si

smoky-white, that is, more or less sooty (couleur de suie) ; the postepistemum marked near the
odorific regions with a score of points, partly disposed in two irregular rows” (in mono 14 in one
irregular row). It is further said that “the colour of the antennse varies ; sometimes the 1st
joint is partially or wholly of the same colour as the 2nd (fauve), and often the base of the 3rd
and 4th are testaceous red (roux fauve).” The distinguishing characteristics indicated are slight
and have mostly an element of “ more or less,” yet they may be sufficient to constitute a distinct
species.

iS. luctuosus is quoted by Mulsant and Rey as = Cimex morio, Fab , Wolff. ; Pentatomus morio,
Latr., Lepell., and Serv. ; Cydnus morio, Fab., Fall , Burin., Ramb., Gorski, and Flor. ; Sehirus >.
morio, Amy. and Serv. par Urn, Fieb. (nec Linn.). — J. W. D.

1881.]

43

Wesm., as a British species. I have had J specimens of this very distinct species
in my collection for some time, but did not bring them forward till I could get the
? also. Mr. F. Collett kindly took me to the spot where he had taken the insects,
and I had the pleasure of taking a $ and a $ myself within 2 or 3 yards of each
other. I hope in a coming No. to describe this addition to our list. It appears in
April at the same time as fulvicrus. I have also received several males from
Canterbury, taken by my brother this spring, but he failed to obtain the $ , and I
took a at Tunbridge Wells myself, in 1877. The white hairs of the face in both
sexes distinguish it from fulvicrus. — Edward Saunders, Holmesdale, Upper
Tooting : 9th June, 1881.

Hypopus parasitic on Ants. — On April 16th, I discovered a curious Acarus
parasitic on the abdomen and antennae of Myrmica ruginodis. The Ants had made
a small nest under the dry excreta of a cow, in a meadow about three miles from
Exeter ; through the kindness of Mr. McLachlan specimens of the Ants with the
Acarus attached have been submitted to Mr. A. D. Michael, who says that the life-
history is not known, and that the form in which we know it is but a stage in its
life, but what stage is a very doubtful matter ; he says that he is trying to clear it
up, but it is extremely difficult, the probability is that it is only parasitic in the
hypopial stage, and it is more than probable that it is not confined to Ants.

He says also that these minute creatures are amply provided with suckers on
their ventral surface by which they adhere to the most polished chitinous surfaces ,
and they lay hold of any insect of a suitable nature which passes them.

The Hypopus is covered with a kind of carapace which is somewhat truncated
in front, the posterior portion being drawn out into a tail-like process, something
after the manner of the carapace of the king-crab (Limulus). Under the lens
it has a shining pearly lustre, tinged with purple. Should any Hvmenopterist
meet with any of these Hypopi, they would, I have no doubt, prove very acceptable
to Mr. Michael in clearing up the history of this curious creature. — Edward
Parfitt, Exeter: June, 1881.

The generic term Degeeria. — My note appended to Mr. Meade’s remarks on the
double use of the term Degeeria, published in the last No. of this Magazine (p. 19),
conveys a false impression. Eondani proposed the term Entomobrya for Nicolet’s
genus Degeeria, not for Meigen’s. At first I rightly construed his meaning, but
upon referring to Marschall’s “ Nomenclator Zoologicus ” (1873), found Entomobrya
placed there amongst the Diptera. Those, therefore, who consider that Nicolet’s
term Degeeria cannot remain in use, should employ Entomobrya. It would have
been better, however, if Eondani had simply called attention to the prior existence
of “j Degeeria” amongst the Diptera, leaving it to some worker at Thysanura to
suggest another name for Nicolet’s genus. — E. McLachlan, Lewisham : June, 1881.

©bituarji.

Baron Maximilien de Chaudoir, the eminent C’oleopterist, so widely known for
his numerous works on the Geodephaga, to the study of which he exclusively devoted
himself, died on the 6th May last, at the age of 64. His family estates were at

44

[July,

Jitomir, near Kieff, in the Russian province of Volhynia, and, from an allusion which
he makes in one of his early papers to a three years’ residence in his youth at Dorpat,
we conclude that his education was completed at the University of that place. His
first paper, published in the Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France in 1835,
was written in Dorpat, where he appears to have received some stimulus in his special
studies from the inspection of the collection of Eschscholtz, who had recently died.
To the first paper just mentioned quickly followed others, published in the “ Bulletin
de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou.” The first contribution to the
Moscou Bulletin which we are able to trace, appeared in 1837, and from that date
there is scarcely a volume for upwards of forty years, which does not contain a paper
from his pen. He was also a frequent contributor to the “ Zeitschrift ” of the Entomo-
logical Society of Berlin, in which he sometimes wrote in G-erman ; to the “Annales”
of the Belgian Entomological Society, as well as the French ; to the “Annali del
Museo Civico de Grenova ;” the “ Revue et Magazin de Zoologie and other publica-
tions. In 1844 or 1845, he undertook an Entomological excursion to the Caucasus,
taking the Crimea on his way ; the result of which he gave to the world in one of
his very few independent works, entitled “ Enumeration des Carabiques et Hydro-
canthares du Caucase,” printed and published at Kieff in 1846. The Hydrocanthares
( Dytiscidce ) of the work were catalogued and described by Hochhuth, M. de Chaudoir
having never, in his long career, permitted his attention to be diverted from the
group of Coleoptera to which he became attached in the days of his boyhood. A
second independent work was his “ Catalogue de la Collection de Cicindeletes de M.
le Baron de Chaudoir,” published at Brussels in 1865. "VYe are not acquainted with
any other, but the separata of many of his more important monographs, published
in the Transactions of Societies, were issued as separate volumes, and placed in the
hands of booksellers for the benefit of the Entomological public. Such were the
“ Monographic des Callidides ” (204 pp.) ; the “ Memoires sur les Thyreopterides
et les Coptoderides ” (256 pp.) ; the “ Monographic des Chleniens ” (315 pp.) ; and
others. During the later years of his life, he spent much of his time in Western
Europe, and finally took up his residence with his family at Amelie les Bains, in the
Pyrenees, where he died. He several times visited England, and, on one occasion,
spent many weeks in London, studying the Colly rides of the British Museum col-
lection, in preparation for the elaborate Monographic Revision of that Family, which
he published in Paris in 1864.

He was also a frequent visitor to the French Capital, where the chief part of
his magnificent collection of Geodepliaga was kept for many years, in the house of
his life-long friend, M. Auguste Salle, No. 13, Rue Gruy-de-la-Brosse. The collection
had a narrow escape in the winter of 1870 — 71, a shell from a Prussian battery
having exploded in the back yard after traversing the building obliquely from the
roof to the first floor. For the number of its type specimens, and probably of its
species, this collection was by far the most important of this group which had
ever been brought together. It contained the great collection of the Count Dejean,
augmented by the Marquis de la Ferte during the thirty years it remained in the
hands of the latter, with the types of the “ Species Grenerale ” of Dejean, the
“ Patellimanes ” of Laferte, and the numerous papers of Grory and Reiche, besides
the acquisitions of its possessor through purchase and correspondence during forty

1881.]

45

years of unflagging devotion to the pursuit. Before he died, he disposed of these
accumulated treasures, ceding the Cicindelidce to the Museum of the Jardin des
Plantes, and the Carabidce to M. Bene Oberthur.

M. de Chaudoii’ never pretended to be more than a systematist and describer,
and it would perhaps be unjust to complain that his voluminous works contain no
trace of broader views of biological science. His truly wonderful powers of minute
analysis of forms were directed simply to the more accurate discrimination of genera
and species for — the naming of collections. As a natural consequence, his genera
and groups were always more or less artificial, though well adapted for their purpose ;
and his descriptions, when he thought necessary to describe fully, were models of
clearness and precision. His relations with other Entomologists were always
courteous and friendly, and he never indulged in controversial writing, however
great the provocation.

John BlacTcwall , F.L.S., who died on the 11th May last, was born in 1789
(according to Hagen, 1790). His earliest scientific communications gave no
indications of the subject which was to be his life’s study.

Sixty years ago when residing at Crumpsall, near Manchester, he published, in
Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, some Meteorological Observations in reference to
the diurnal mean temperature, and the following year some notes on Migratory
Birds, near Manchester, appeared in the Memoirs of the Manchester Philosophical
Society, this was followed by Observations on the Notes of Birds, indeed, 15 of his
first 25 papers related to Ornithology.

His earliest paper on Spiders appeared in 1827, in the Transactions of the
Linnean Society, of which he was elected a Fellow in April, 1827 ; it is entitled
“ Observations and experiments made with a view to ascertain the means by which
the Spiders that produce Gossamer effect their aerial excursions,” and, in 1830, he
published a notice in the Zoological Journal, “ On the manner in which the
Geometric Spiders construct their Nets.” Indeed, of his second 25 papers, 18 are
devoted to Spiders, only 3 to Ornithology, 2 to Ichthyology, and 2 to Entomological
Subjects. Most of his papers were published in a collective form in 1834, under
the title of “ Besearclies in Zoology,” a second edition of which appeared in 1873,
and was noticed in this Magazine, vol. x, p. 142.

We believe it was in 1842 that he settled at Llanrwst, where he lived the
remainder of his days.

John Blackwall’s great work was “A History of the Spiders of Great
Britain and Ireland,” issued by the Bay Society in two parts in 1861 and 1864, this
extends to 384 pp. large quarto, and is illustrated by 29 coloured plates. Mr.
Blackwall himself contributed most liberally to the expense of the coloured plates.

The last thirty of Mr. Blackwall’s separate papers were entirely devoted to
Spiders. One feature in Mr. Blackwall’s communications for the press is deserving
of special comment, he wrote a hand which was truly “as clear as copper-plate,”
and that which he wrote was destined to appear in print, and his proof-sheets were
returned to the printers with scarcely a single alteration, the charge for “corrections”
in his case was certainly reduced to a minimum. It is a great pity that such a good
example is not more generally followed.

46

July.

SOME NEW SPECIES AND GENERA OF COLEOPTERA FROM NEW

ZEALAND.

BY D. SHARP, M.B.

Mr. Richard Helms, of Grey mouth, New Zealand, has sent to me
recently a small parcel of Coleoptera , containing a few interesting
novelties. Of these I have selected three or four as specially suited
to be made known by means of isolated descriptions, and I have
added to these descriptions two others introducing fresh genera to the
New Zealand fauna. These forms are: — 1. Anchomenus Helmsi, n.
sp. (Car abided}', 2. Necrophilus prolongatus, n. sp. (Silphidce) ; 3. Zeaty-
rus (‘ nov.gen .) Lawsoni, n. sp. (Pselaphidce) -, 4. Lissotes Helmsi, n. sp.
( Lucanidce ); 5. Chrosis violacea , n. sp., and 6. Protelater nigricans,
n. sp. (JElateridce) ; 7. Scaphodius compactus, n. sp. (Chrysomelidce) .

Necropliilus, Zeatyrus, and Scaphodius have not before been
recorded from New Zealand; the occurrence of the first of these genera
there is very remarkable, as the species composing it have hitherto been
found only in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere (Europe,
Siberia, North America). On carefully comparing the New Zealand
species with two of the Old World species, I have been unable to
detect any character of generic distinction, although the New Zealand
species is abundantly distinct in specific characters ; this induced me
to suppose that the New Zealand species might be one introduced
there by some accidental means, but on further examination this has
appeared in the highest degree improbable.

Mr. Helms’s location on the West Coast of New Zealand, renders
his collections of much interest, nearly everything hitherto described
in the way of New Zealand beetles being from the countries to the
east of the New Zealand Alps. A considerable portion of Mr. Helms’s
captures have been found to be new species and genera, and a paper
has already been published on them by Herr Reitter,^1 of Vienna.
Mr. Helms is placed in a very interesting country, and one that,
judging from his discoveries, is favourable for beetles, and he seems
also to be a very skilful collector, not merely one who picks up such
things as insist on being caught by running about the roads or paths
where the collector may happen to be walking. Judging from Herr
Reitter’s list, Mr. Helms’s discoveries in Colydiidce and Pselaphidce are
especially numerous, and all beetle-collectors know these are just the
families whose successful collecting requires the most skill and per-

* BeitrSge zur Kafer-fauua von New Zealand. Verh. Nat. Ver. Biiinn. XVIII.

1881.1

47

severance. There are good reasons to believe that the natural fauna
of the Antipodes, more especially of New Zealand, is rapidly, like its
native population, going to extinction, and yet, on a knowledge of its
nature, there are dependent a large number of most difficult and
important scientific questions. In these countries, men, therefore,
who will at present collect well, and take proper steps for the preser-
vation of what they collect, are really very valuable, and deserve the
encouragement of their fellows.

Anchomenus Helmsi, n. sp.

Sat elongatus, parum nitidus, nigro-piceus, antennis, pal pis pedibusque
rufo-testaceis ; prothorace parvo, lateribus postice fortiter sinuatis, angulis
posterioribus rectis, basi utrinque profunde impresso ; elytris sat convexis,
lateribus valde curvatis, profunde striatis, prope apicern fortiter sinuatis.

Long. 11, lat. 4 mm.

Similar in appearance, and more particularly in colour, to A . otagoensis, Bates,
but abundantly distinct, rather smaller, the upper surface less opaque and not so
flat, the thorax shining, the elytra deeply striate. The thorax is much rounded at
the sides, and much constricted behind, the posterior part of the sides is quite straight,
and the hind angles are abruptly marked, and quite rectangular ; the surface is not
flat, but is deeply impressed on each side at the base ; the mesial longitudinal
channel is very distinct. Elytra rather short, the sides and shoulders much curved ;
the striae deep, but not punctate : the interstices are broad and but little convex, the
three punctures on the third moderately distinct. There is but little difference
between the male and female, even the front tarsi of the former being but little
dilated.

G-reymoutb, No. 6, Helms.

Necrophilus prolongatus, n. sp.

Niger, nitidus, Icevigatus, antennarum basi rufescente, prothoracis lateri-
bus late testaceis ; elytris ad apicern attenuatis, ultra abdominis apicern pro-
longatis, subtiliter striatis, striis in partem prolong at am prof undioribus et
fortiter punctatis. Long. 10, lat. 4f mm.

Antennae with the basal five joints piceo-rufous, slender, and shining, the apical
five abruptly broader than the others, fuscous-black, densely pubescent and opaque ;
head closely and finely punctured, even in front ; the clypeal suture indistinct,
angulate in the middle. Thorax rather strongly transverse, the front angles extremely
rounded off and indistinct, and not projecting farther forwards than the middle of
the front margin ; the disc sparingly and obsoletely punctured, the explanate yellow
sides more distinctly punctured. Elytra rather narrow and elongate, with their
apices prolonged, and the prolonged portion abruptly bent down ; they are rather
finely striate, but the interstices are somewhat convex, and the 7th is elevated at
the shoulder ; the striae are provided with fine, distant impressions or punctures ;

48

[July, 1881.

on the apical, and more especially on the lateral-apical, portion the sculpture
becomes deeper and coarser, so that the outer stria bears some very large, deep, im-
pressions. On the under-surface it is seen that this apical portion of the wing-cases
projects quite beyond the hind-body. The two individuals described are females.

The species appears structurally very similar to the European
and North American species of Necrophilus , and the peculiar form and
sculpture of the wing-cases would not at present justify its being
treated as a distinct genus.

Greymouth, No. 57, Helms.

Zeatyrtjs ( n . g .) Lawsoni, n. sp.

Convexus, rufescens, nitidus, parcius pubescens, fere impunctatus ; pro-
thorace sub-globoso ; elytris brevibus, pallide rufis. Long. If mm.

Antennae rather stout, first joint longer than broad, slightly longer than the
following ones, 2nd and 3rd sub-equal in length, the latter more slender than the
former, 4 — 8 differing but little from one another, the first of them rather longer
than broad, the last rather broader than long, 9th joint much broader than the 8th,
transverse, 10th strongly transverse, 11th large, rather broader than the 10th, and
three times as long as it. Head shining, impunctate, with a fovea behind each of
the large frontal tubercles. Thorax sub-globose, almost impunctate, destitute of
foveae. Elytra short, but little longer than the thorax, much narrowed towards the
shoulders, convex or inflated, of a paler red than the rest of the surface, sparingly
and very obsoletely punctured, without sutural stria. Hind-body greatly deflexed,
strongly margined at the sides ; legs elongate.

A single specimen of this species was found by Mr. Lawson at
Auckland some years ago.

This insect must form a new genus in the family Pselapliidce, the
characters of which I give below.

Antennae stout, inserted in two cavities on the front of the head,
near, but distinctly separated from, one another ; front with two
approximate but distinctly separated tubercles over the antennal
insertion. Maxillary palpi rather elongate, the 2nd joint somewhat
elongate, curved or emarginate in front, angularly dilated behind, and
furnished with an elongate seta on the prominent angle ; 3rd joint
quite small, about as long as broad, 4th joint excessively dilated, so as
to form a large knob, with a minute tubercle or angle on its front
edge internally. Metasternum very short ; middle trochanters
elongate ; claws of the tarsi two, quite distinct.

The genus should be placed next to Tyrus , from which its
remarkable maxillary palpi readily distinguish it. Its nearest allies are
the Australian Tyrus mirandus , and the New Zealand T. mutcindus.

August, 1881.]

49

Lissotes Helmsi, n. sp.

Niger , opacus, prothoracis elytrorumque marginibus squamosis ; capite
protJioraceque crebre punctatis, hoc lateribus rotundatis, margine anteriore
leviter bisinuato, angulis posterioribus omnino latissime rotundatis ; elytris
sat crebre punctatis, seriebus quatuor squamorum brevium erectorum.

Long. corp. ( sine mandibulis), 20 lat. 10 mm., <? .

Head with numerous punctures on the upper surface, which, on the extreme
vertex, become almost dense : the hind angles slightly prominent but without any
distinct projection. Prothorax very strongly transverse, with very numerous, rather
fine, punctures ; its front has a slight but distinct margin, which becomes obsolete in
the middle, the sides are a little curved, and the hind angles are very broadly rounded ;
side margins very densely covered with very short fulvous setae, or scales. Elytra
short and broad, dull, with four longitudinal series of closely-packed, erect, very
short fulvous setae, and with the strongly raised side-margins very densely covered
with similar setae, the surface between the series very distinctly punctured. The
upper-inner face of the hind tibiae is distinctly longitudinally sulcate ; the apical
spurs are broad.

The male has the mandibles short and stout, strongly curved, with a short basal
tooth, which overlaps the labrum, and a very large tooth in the middle, which, when
the mandibles are closed, meets that of the opposite mandible, just in front of, but
below, the labrum. The female is unknown.

Found at Grey mouth, West (.oast of New Zealand, by Mr.
Helms ; in recognition of whose successful researches 1 have named
the species.

This species is allied to Lissotes capito , Deyr, and Parry, from the
Chatham Islands, but is abundantly distinct, by the form of the thorax,
the series of seta© on the elytra, the punctured head and prothorax, dis-
tinctly sulcate hind tibiae, and other less important characters ; there
is not, I believe, any species at all similar to it knowui as occurring
in New Zealand.

Chrosis violacea, n. sp.

Elongata, versus apicem attenuata, sat nitida, nigra, supra violacea;
prothoracis lateribus pone angulos anteriores angulariter prominulis.

Long. 12 — 15, lat. 3f mm.

Antennae deep black, just as long as head and thorax. Thorax elongate, of
peculiar form, the sides commencing at the front angles as if they were going to be
a good deal rounded and directed outwards, but very shortly becoming all at once a
little narrower, and parallel with one another, so that a small conspicuous prominence
is formed on each side near the front, the hind angles gradually but strongly directed
outwards ; the sides are densely and rather coarsely punctured, the middle smooth
and nearly shining, the surface bears a very short and fine upright black pubescence.
Elytra strongly narrowed towards the extremity, distinctly striate, the striae rather
strongly punctate, the interstices moderately closely and finely punctate ; each wing-

50

f August.

case terminates as an acute point, placed at some distance from the suture : under-
surface with a fine cinereous pubescence, the last abdominal segment terminating on
each side as an acute tooth. The legs are slender, the tarsi particularly slender.

This distinct species will be very readily identified. I think it
likely that it may prove to be sufficiently distinct structurally, from
the other species of Chrosis to form a new genus.

Greymouth, No. 22, Helms.

Protelater nigricans, n. sp.

Elongcitus, angustulus, sub-cylindricus, niger , sparsim tenuiter pubescens,
sat nitidus, prothoracis angulis posterioribus picescentibus, abdomine nigro-
piceo, lateribus rujis. Long. 11, lat. 2f — 2f mm.

This species is the largest Protelater jet discovered, and may thus be easily identi-
fied also by its black colour, comparatively shining surface, and scanty pubescence.
The thorax is shining, rather sparingly and distinctly punctured, the elongate hind
angles are much directed outwards ; the elytra are rather deeply striate, the striae
distinctly punctured ; the interstices are more finely and sparingly punctured, the
3rd, 5th, and 7th are, beyond the middle, more elevated than the others.

The colour of this species is very probably variable ; compared
with the large variety of P. elongatus, I find that P. nigricans , inde-
pendent of the colour and sculpture, is distinguished by more elongate
antennae, and by the hind angles being more abruptly directed outwards.

Greymouth, No. 59, Helms.

SCAPHODIUS COMPACTUS, 11. sp.

Minutus, breviter ovalis, convexus, nitidus , niger, antennarum basi orisque
partibus testaceis, ptdibus anterioribus fusco-testaceis, posterioribus piceis :
prothorace subtiliter sparsim punctato ; elytris stria tis, striis punctatis.

Long. 1-f mm.

Labrum, palpi, and basal joints of the antennae pale yellow, the terminal four
joints of the latter deeply infuscate. Prothorax at the base continuous with the
elytra, to which it is very closely applied, the sides much narrowed in front, very
distinctly margined, its surface very shining, and bearing minute, scanty, somewhat
elongate punctures ; elytra very distinctly striate, the striae fine at the base, distinctly
punctured, the sutural angles rounded.

Of this peculiar little insect I have seen only one individual in
bad condition, which I obtained from the collection of the late Andrew
Murray. I believe it may be referred to the genus Scaphodius, recently
established by Chapuis for the New Caledonian Cryptocephalus stria-
ticollis ; as, however, that insect is scarcely known to entomologists,
and I have not seen it myself, there is considerable doubt whether
these two insects will prove to be really congeneric ; I think it, there-
fore, well to subjoin the characters I have been able to detect in the
specimens before me.

1881. J

51

Head small, received into, and exactly adapted to, the front of the prothorax.
Antennae short, and rather slender, joints 3 — 6 small, and so closely applied to one
another as to be scarcely distinguishable ; joints 7 — 11 a good deal broader than the
preceding ones. Middle of pronotum prolonged behind, and its apex with a small
deep notch, adapted to the narrow, small scutellum. The coxae all very widely
separated, the anterior ones very near the front edge of the prosternum. The pros-
ternum is flat along the middle, and the mesosternum is elevated in the middle so as
to form a short, very broad process, connected with the prosternum by a quite straight
transverse suture, the two parts being so closely applied together as to appear one ;
this raised portion of the mesosternum is quite continuous in plane with the
metasternum, and thus the body along the middle line is very consolidated : the
1st ventral segment is large, the 2nd very short, the sutures between 1st and 2nd,
and 2nd and 3rd segments quite straight, the two following sutures strongly arcuate,
so that the 3rd segment appears quite divided in the middle, 5th segment large, with
a broad shallow impression extending along the middle. Pygidium exposed.

Thornhill, Dumfries :

May, 1881.

NOTES ON THE BRITISH BYTHOSCOPIDM.

BY JAMES EDWARDS.

The fact that certain species in this group, and more particularly
in the genus Pediopsis , are not so well defined as could be desired,
induces me to offer to the readers of this Magazine the result of my
own observations in the form of a synoptical table of all the species
at present recorded as British, and notes on some of the more obscure
species. My object in so doing is to call attention to these insects,
with the view to their being more extensively collected, as it is im-
possible to form any adequate idea of the limits of a species except
by studying a series of examples.

The Bythoscopidce may be easily distinguished from all other
British PLomoptera by the antennae being inserted between the eyes

and the ocelli situate on the frons.

TABLE OF GrENERA.

(6) 1. Anterior margin of crown broadly rounded.

(5) 2. Sculpture of pronotum distinct.

(4) 3. Species dirty white, with black or fuscous markings Agallia.

(3) 4. Species green, reddish-testaceous, or bluish-green Macropsis.

(2) 5. Pronotum not perceptibly sculptured Idiocerus.

(1) 6. Anterior margin of crown obtusely angular.

(8) 7. Sculpture of thorax transverse . Bythoscopus.

(7) 8. Sculpture of thorax running obliquely from the central line

of thorax to its margin ...Pedxopsib.

r> 2

[August,

Agallia.

(4) 1. Pronotum twice, or nearly twice, as long as the crown. In-
sects macropterous.

(3) 2. Pronotum faintly punctured puncticeps.

(2) 3. Pronotum transversely striate venosa.

(1) 4. Pronotum only slightly longer than the crown. Insect bra-

cliypterous brachyptera.

Maceopsis.

(2) 1. Elytra pale bluish-green, very finely punctured with black.

Length, about If lines microcephala.

(1) 2. Elytra bright green ( $ ) or reddish-testaceous (<? )• Length,

about lines lanio.

Idioceetjs.

(4) 1. 1st and 2nd apical areas of elytra sub-equal in length, i. e., their

bases level, or nearly so.

(3) 2. Cheeks densely white pubescent adustus.

(2) 3. Cheeks bare lituratus.

(1) 4. 1st apical area much longer than 2nd.

(6) 5. 1st sub-apical area triangular or 5-sided, reaching the costa varius.
(5) 6. 1st sub-apical area parallel-sided, not reaching the costa.

(8) 7. Nerves of elytra chequered with black and white Heydeni.

(7) 8. Nerves of elytra not chequered.

9. Elytra with a white H on each H-album.

10. Elytra white, their base, and a broad transverse band in the

middle, brown tremulce.

11. Elytra with a white transverse band beyond the apex of the

clavus lam hiatus.

(15) 12. Elytra yellow or greenish-yellow, generally with a reddish-
brown tinge.

(14) 13. Side margins of face at most faintly sinuate. Antennal plate

in d oval, abrupt populi.

(13) 14. Side margins of face obtuse angularly indented. Antennal

plate in $ gradual and very narrow ...fulgidus.

(12) 15. Elytra white confusus.

Bythoscopus.

(4) 1. Pace (seen in profile) somewhat flattened.

(3) 2. Wings fumose in $ , hyaline with a fumose border in $ .

Genital plate in ^ semicircularly emarginate alni.

(2) 3. Wings hyaline, with a fumose border in both sexes. Genital

plate in $ triangularly emarginate rufusculus.

(1) 4. Face strongly rounded. Wings as in alni jlamcollis.

Pediopsis.

1. Elytra whitish, nerves of corium pale, of membi’ane dark nanus.

2. Elytra whitish, nerves of corium and membrane green virescens.

3. Posterior tibiae with two short black streaks on the inner side,

one near the apex, the other near the base tibialis.

4. Posterior tibiae not as above.

(14) 5. Face distinctly spotted with black.

1881.]

53

(9) 6. Nerves not darker than elytra.

(8) 7. Face with five black spots impurus.

(7) 8. Face with four black spots distinctus.

(6) 9. Nerves darker than the elytra.

(11) 10. Nerves but little darker than the elytra. Face with very in-

distinct traces of the short, double, longitudinal, dark

line between the two uppermost spots... .. fuscinervis.

(10) 11. Nerves black or nearly so.

(13) 12. Nerves of the corium only black. Face without any trace of

dark markings between the two uppermost spots nassatus.

(12) 13. Nerves of corium and membrane black, or nearly so. Face

with a distinct double, longitudinal dark line between

the two uppermost spots scutellatus.

(5) 14. Face not distinctly spotted with black.

15. Elytra brownish - testaceous, sprinkled with fuscous atoms.

Head and thorax greenish -yellow tilia.

16. Elytra testaceous, with an abbreviated, transverse, dark brown

band in the middle cereus.

17. Elytra testaceous, nerves darker, along the costa a narrow

dark line ulmi.

The above tables (which, with one or two exceptions, were drawn
with the insects before me) may perhaps be useful in naming any of
the species hitherto recorded as occurring in this country ; but they
are only intended as a key to the detailed descriptions which have,
from time to time, appeared in this Magazine, and, like all contrivances
of their kind, they must be applied strictly and with great care.

Agallia puncticeps and venosa are common, but brachyptera is, I
believe, only recorded from Scarborough. Macropsis micro cephala is
said to be attached to Helianthemum , and is therefore local, but M.
lanio is common everywhere on oaks.

The determination of the species of Idiocerus presents no diffi-
culty, except, perhaps, in the case of populi andi fulgidus. The latter,
however, may be separated by the structural characters given above.
The difference between the very narrow and gradual antennal plate of
fulgidus and the oval abrupt one of populi , although not noticed in
Kirschbaum’s description, is very striking, I. venustus I omit on the
authority of Mr. Scott, who says that it “ may be considered as a
variety of I vcirius .” The number of our species, however, remains
the same, as I am able to introduce with certainty the genuine I. varius,
Fab. My experience of the habitats of these beautiful insects is as
follows : adustus and lituratus common, on willow trees ; varius scarce,
on osiers ; Heydeni and H-album on Lombardy poplars ; confusus on
white poplar ; fulgidus on black poplar ; and populi on poplars
generally.

54

[August,

The species of Bythoscopus are common and easily recognised,
notwithstanding their extreme variability. B. alni occurs on alders,
and rufasculus on sallow, while flavicollis exhibits a marked preference
for birch.

The characters of Pediopsis fuscinervis and nassatus given above
are taken from Mr. Douglas’ type examples, which he was so good as
to lend me ; but I fear that they are the characters of individuals
rather than of species. The scutellatus of my collection agrees
with Mr. Douglas’ examples of that species, but not so my nassatus
which latter is larger and paler than scutellatus , with the nerves of the
elytra fine, rust-brown, and the two comma-shaped polished spaces on
the lower part of the frons are nearly obsolete, the latter structure in
scutellatus being much larger, well defined, and filled up with black.
Whether or not my insect is the nassatus of Continental authors, it is
impossible to say, without comparing it with authentic specimens, as
the evidence to be gathered from the published descriptions is scarcely
satisfactory. It is to be observed that Sahlberg says of nassatus —
“tegminibus obsolete venosis,” and he puts fuscinervis , Boh., doubt-
fully, as a variety thereof, chiefly distinguished by having the transverse
nerves of the elytra strongly infuscated. Unfortunately, in the By-
thoscopidce the genitalia, which in other groups furnish valuable
distinctive characters, afford little or no assistance, the differences
observable being of the most trifling description.

Notwithstanding the confusion prevailing amongst these species
at the present time, there is every reason to believe that the examina-
tion of a larger series of examples from various parts of the kingdom,
would enable one to define the species we already possess with some-
thing like certainty, and it should be remembered, that the chances of
meeting with new species are very considerable.

One word as to the collection and preservation of the Bythosco-
pidce. These insects are in greatest abundance from the middle of
August to the middle of November, and the most productive trees
are sallows, willows, and poplars ; the sweeping net, too, may be used
with advantage. M. Lethierry finds certain species on firs in February
and March, but I have not been so fortunate. Single examples are
certainly best pinned with a fine pin through the scutellum, as this
admits of an examination of the under-side without further trouble ;
but if examples are plentiful, they may be gummed on card, either
simply or with the elytra and wings spread out, and a few specimens
may be subsequently reversed, if necessary.

Bracondale, Norwich :

6th July, 1881.

1881. j

55

A NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF BILAR.

BY R. McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &c.

At p. 39 of Yol. xvii of this Magazine (July, 1880) I described
a species of the singular genus Dilar from South America. It is now
necessary to record the genus as North American, Dr. Hagen having
just forwarded to me one $ example (not in very good condition) taken
by Mr. Sanborn at Bee Spring, Kentucky, in June, 1874. The follow-
ing description is tbe best I am able to draw up, in the absence of
further materials of both sexes, and in better condition.

Dilar americanus, n. sp.

Body whitish, with a faint yellowish tinge, clothed with whitish hairs, with
which a few blackish are intermingled. Face yellowish. Eyes metallic-silvery. On
the head above are three very large, somewhat closely placed, rounded-oval tubercles.
Antennae concolorous with the body, apparently 17- jointed, the joints short, some-
what moniliform, not toothed internally at the apex, the terminal joint ovate. Legs
whitish, with white hairs ; the tips of the femora, tibiae, and tarsi testaceous ; claws
minute, simple, piceous. Apex of the abdomen forming an elongate pyriform opening,
in the middle of which are two large rounded, whitish, finely granulose tubercles
(extraneous bodies ?) : ovipositor longer than the entire body in the dry insect,
yellowish-white, semi-transparent, slender, slightly curved. Wings pale whitish-
hyaline, each with about twenty rather large greyish spots, some of which, in the
apical half of the wing, show a tendency to unite into fasciae : neuration pale, darker
in the spots, hairs long, whitish, but mixed with blackish, especially on the spots ;
sub-costal area almost without transverse nervules ; costal veinlets simple, with faint
indications of marginal rudiments between them ; principal sector with five branches
in both pairs ; transverse nervules very few, so that the neuration is remarkably
open ; a discal horny point between the 1st and 2nd branches of the sector ; nearly
all the apical and marginal nerrures bi- or tri-furcate, with minute marginal
rudiments.

$ . Length of body (without ovipositor), about 3 mm. ; length of ovipositor,
about 3| mm. Expanse of wings, about 14 mm.

Viewed in tbe light of increased information, it is possible that
both this and tbe S. American _D. Prestoni may eventually be separated
generically from tbe Old World forms ; but tbe materials are yet too
few. They are very small in size and pale in colour ; tbe structure of
tbe antennae in both sexes probably differs slightly ; tbe neuration is
much more open, with only few transverse nervules, and there appears
to be only one (many-branched) sector of tbe radius, whereas in the
European and Eastern forms there is a simple (forked at tbe end)
sector emitted from tbe radius before tbe branched one that runs
parallel to it.

Lewisham, London : June, 1881.

56

[August,

LIFE HISTORY OF GELECHIA BRIZELLA.

BY HENRY MONCREAFE.

When full-fed the larvae are four lines long, tapering towards each end. Head,
and plate on second segment, shining brown ; body pale orange-coloured, a large
circular blotch of lighter colour covering the dorsal part of the eighth and ninth
segments ; skin in loose folds along the spiracles, which are pale brown ; legs and
claspers annulated with dark bi’own ; several stiff hairs on each segment. Pupa
light brown, the circular blotch spoken of above showing plainly through the case.

So far back as the year 1873 1 became acquainted with this larva.
Whilst examining sweepings from off Statice limonium, I was some-
what surprised to see many of the flowers apparently erect themselves
and walk across the paper. On examination, I found that each was
tenanted by a small larva, the head and first pair of legs of which
protruded through the small end of its ready-made case, and this led
me at first to think that I had discovered a new Coleophora.

I secured a number of the larvae, together with a bunch of the
Statice. The larvae fed on the flowers and unripe seeds, and were
full fed by the end of October, when they spun together several of the
flowers, and formed among them a tough silken cocoon, remaining in
this unchanged till May, when they entered the pupa state, the imagines
emerging through June and July.

This must be a semi-aquatic species, as at every spring tide the
marshes where it occurs, and the plants on which it feeds, are under
water. During the winter months the marshes are swept by the high
tides, and the dried flower-heads of the Statice , with other marsh
refuse, form large heaps at the high-water mark, among which the
larvae remain in their water-tight cocoons warm and secure until the.
time of emergence.

I am sorry to say that the marsh on which this and other species
occurred so abundantly has been, for some time, in process of recla-
mation, and now lies under some feet of harbour-mud, but I hope to
find it in another locality.

Stainton, in the Manual, says, “ Larvae in flower-stems of Statice
armeria .” This plant abounds with us, but I have never found the
slightest trace of the larva either in the flowers or stems of that plant.
Has any one else ?

High Street, Portsmouth :

June 8th, 1881.

1881.]

57

DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF JENNYCHIA OCTOMACULALIS.

BY WILLIAM BUCKLEB.

The larva of this species is, barring Ichneumons, easy enough to
bring to full growth and to spinning its cocoon for hibernation, but
most difficult to prevent from dying afterwards at the critical time
when the larva should become a pupa : this at least has been the
experience of my friend Mr. ¥m. E. Jeffrey, and myself for four
years in succession.

Mr. Jeffrey found five or six of the larvae first on September
19th, 1877, and kindly sent some of his captures to me ; at that time
the species was of course unknown to us, and our hopes that one or
other might rear a moth were entirely foiled by all the larvae dying
within their cocoons before pupation.

In 1878, Mr. Jeffrey found but two larvae, and these again both
died in the same way : in 1879 he found four, and shared them with
me ; before hibernation we each lost one larva by parasites, and again
the unstung examples died in their cocoons.

Nothing daunted by all this failure, Mr. Jeffrey persevered in
his search again last year, and on the 18th of August found four of
our still unknown larvae, and again, on the 3rd of September, three
more in a younger stage than any previously detected ; my friend
kept for himself but two larvae, part of the four first found ; yet, most
fortunately, with one of these he has been successful in solving our
puzzle, and on the 2nd of the present month he had the pleasure of
breeding a fine female E. octomciculalis , and great indeed is the satis-
faction this success has given to both of us.

Hitherto as a larva unknown in England, this species is mentioned
by Dr. E. Hofmann, in his “ Kleinschmetterlingsraupen,” as living on
and skeletonizing the under-side of the leaf of Bellidiastrum Michelii ;
but he gives no description of the larva itself, nor does he say whether
Hartmann, whom he quotes, has described it.

In this country the larva is found in a slight whitish web on the
under-side of the lowermost leaves of Solidago virgaurea , eating away
large portions from them ; when only the length of a quarter of an
inch it is of a whitish-green tint with greener dorsal line, but after
the next moult assumes very much the appearance in all but size of
the adult, and again moults before attaining its full dimensions.

When full grown the larva is from five-eighths to nearly three
quarters of an inch in length, tapering at both ends, the head some-
what broader near the mouth than at the crown, the segments of the

58

[August,

body well cut at the divisions, particularly on the belly where they
are very plump, on the back there is a deep sub-dividing wrinkle
across the middle of each segment, and an ordinary wrinkle on each
sub-division, the ventral legs slender, the anal pair stretched out
behind in a line with the body, and the head similarly extended in
front.

In colour the head is whity-brown, having a few light brown
freckles and black ocelli, the back is broadly of a delicate light opaque
cream-colour divided by a narrow dorsal stripe of rich and very deep
translucent green, narrowest at each end, and sometimes there shows
faintly within a still darker pulsating vessel ; the pale cream-colour
extends lower down the side of the hinder half than on the front half
of each segment, and near the lower margin of this colour is a fine
line of translucent yellowish-green, a little interrupted towards the
end of some of the middle segments ; the space between the light
cream-colour and the faintly-showing tracheal thread is of translucent
green, broadest on the front half of a segment, below on the anterior
segments is a stripe of lighter semi-transparent green, which melts
away into the still lighter watery opalescent or greenish tint of the
belly and legs ; the tubercular slight warty prominences have each a
small central dot of transparent green, bearing a fine whity-brown
hair ; the third and fourth segments have sometimes a minute black
lateral dot ; the spiracles appear as most minute brownish-black rings ;
the whole surface of the skin is glossy.

When full-fed the larva turns almost of an uniform yellow,
though the back still retains its opacity beneath the glossy skin, and
soon it spins for itself, either between the leaves or in an angle of
some convenient surface, a whitish semi-opaque silken outer cocoon
of strong texture, from three quarters to an inch in length, and within
it an inner series of open-wrought threads, forming a kind of loose
hammock* in which it passes the winter unchanged.

The cocoon which Mr. Jeffrey sent me to examine is three
quarters of an inch long and of oval form, ruptured to the extent of
not quite an eighth of an inch by the exit of the moth at the top of
one end, close to the leno to which it was spun above, and spun below
to a leaf ; the silk was whitish inside but externally had become of a
dirty flesh-tint. The pupa-skin of ordinary figure lying back upper-
most, had the tail held fast by threads of the hammock which supported
it free from contact with the outer cocoon, the tail being very near
the end Opposite to that from which the moth emerged ; the skin
itself w^s exactly three-eighths of an inch long, moderately stout., with

lSfll.]

59

well developed thorax and long wing covers, the tail of the abdo men
tapering to rather a prolonged blunt point ; in colour of a darkish
warm brown, darkest on the thorax and anal point, the surface of the
wing-covers and lower rings of the abdomen shining.

Emsworth : July 12 th, 1881.

NOTES ON THE SPECIES OF OPHTHALMOPHORA , A GENUS OF
GEOMETEID MOTHS.

BY ARTHUR G. BUTLER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

The genus Ophthalmophora was founded by M. Guenee in the first
volume of his “ Uranides et Phalenites,” for the reception of six
beautiful species of moths, having upon the upper surface of their
wings metallic, golden and silver lines and ocelli : the first three of
the species described are supposed, though with doubt, to be from
Brazil ; none of them appear to be in the British Museum, though
allied to O. elysiata.

The fourth species recorded by M. Guenee is O. corinnaria , a very
pretty little species allied to O. formosanta of Cramer, and, if I am
correct in my identification of the latter species, more nearly allied
than M. Guenee supposed : unfortunately, we possess no examples of
the genus from Surinam, but, judging from an example of what I take
to be 0. formosanta, obtained by Dr. Trail on the Bio Negro, I should
say that the chief differences in M. Guenee’s species were the less
defined (sometimes even obliterated) pale costal border to the pri-
maries, and the distinctly ocelloid character of the oval marginal spot
of the secondaries.

If we set aside the close affinity of 0. corinnaria to O. formosanta ,
which must, for the present, be open to question, the next point for
consideration is, whether it is possible to separate specifically the form
described and figured by Herr Snellen under the name of O. lyonetaria.

Herr Snellen says that O. lyonetaria “ is distinguished from all
the recognised species by the clear dark grey front wings with uni-
colorous front margin in two specimens of O. corinnaria which we
have from Santarem, one has a whitish costal border as in Guenee’s
figure, the other has lost it as in Snellen’s figure ; yet, in every other
respect, the two examples are almost identical ; such being the case,
I cannot think that the two so-called “species ” are more than sports
of one type.

60

[August,

Allied to the above is a beautiful little species, formerly in Mr. 1
Norris’ collection, from Limas —

Ophthalmophora bella , sp. n.

Primaries above rusty chocolate-brown, transversely streaked with greyish orj 1
sericeous whity-brown ; costal border silvery-white, the striae upon the costal area '
being also white ; extreme edge of costal margin slightly yellowish ; an arched sub- :
basal silvery- white line ; a broad extremely oblique belt, its inner two-thirds silvery- 1
white, and its outer third pale creamy-buff, from the inner margin to the second
median branch, where it joins a slightly curved transverse grey stripe, which runs toi
the sub-costal vein ; fringe creamy-white ; secondaries silver-grey, densely irroratedJ
with chocolate-brown, excepting at the borders ; base chocolate-brown, bounded byl
a broad pearly-white band ; apical border, from costa to second sub-costal branch,
white, fringe creamy-buff ; a forked, shining, metallic, opaline, tin-like band from
the costa, its outer fork sub-marginal and bounding the apical patch, its inner fork
terminating abruptly at the radial vein ; between these forks is a conspicuous black
ocellus with buff iris and crescent-like mother-of-pearl centre ; a sub-marginal, em-
bossed, plumbageous spot, with pink reflections, on the lower radial interspace, and
therefore just beyond the apical sub-marginal forked tin-like band ; this spot is
followed by four pure silvery sub-marginal spots ; fringe of this part of the wing of
the same pale grey as the border ; abdominal border sparsely spangled with shining
opaline scales ; body grey, abdomen narrowly banded with white ; antennae cream-
coloured, with yellow inner margin : under-surface pure white ; primaries, with the
discoidal and apical areas, grey, and the costa pale buff ; legs pale buff.

Expanse of wings, 1 inch, 4 lines.

Limas.

This beautiful little species is one of the links between the O.
formosanta group and O. amabilis of Cramer, with which two types
M. G-uenee concludes his enumeration of the species of this genus.

Of the two forms described subsequently by Mr. Walker, O.
elysicita comes nearer to O. formosanta, whereas, O. danaeata forms
the type of a third group, having a series of four well-defined ocelli
across the secondaries.

Nearest to O. elysiata, but also apparently allied to O. alectaria
of G-uenee, is a handsome new species recently received from Bio
Janeiro —

OpJitJialmophora Lucilla , sp. n.

Primaries above dull ferruginous, discoidal area sparsely mottled with small
white strise ; costal border grey, densely striated with white, the edge creamy- white ;
fringe chrome-yellow ; an oblique abbreviated band from the centre of the inner
margin to the first median branch ; white internally, bright yellow and widely diffused
externally, bounded within by a dull blackish angulated stripe, which runs upwards
to the lower radial vein, its extremity being interrupted by a small tapering triangular
yellow spot ; two metallic plumbageous spots on the median interspaces ; secondaries
yellow, densely irrorated with dull ferruginous ; base greyish -brown, limited by an

1881.]

61

oblique sub-basal white stripe, continuous with the oblique band of the primaries ;
fringe yellow ; outer border ochreous, with ferruginous marginal line ; an embossed,
macular, sub-marginal, metallic, tarnished silver stripe, which curves round at apex
so as almost to enclose a large, pale, rust-red patch, in the centre of which is a highly
embossed, golden, ocellid spot, with black edge and brown edged yellow iris; an
irregular, almost W-sbaped, sex* *ies of scattered shining gold scales on the intcmo-
. median area ; body grey, abdomen with narrow white margins to the segments and
a white basal band ; under-surface cream-colour, the outer half of the px’imaries and
i the external area of the secondaries washed with stramineous ; a dusky marginal
line ; fringe yellow ; primaries with bright ochreous costal border ; interno-basal
and discoidal areas slightly greyish ; apical area and outer border broadly greyish-
brown ; secondaries with the sub-marginal stripe and ocellus of the upper-surface
'represented by grey spots. Expanse of wings, 1 inch, 6 lines.

Bio Janeiro.

The Phrygionis pcdlicosta of Felder and Bogenhofer fa specimen
of which we have from Limas) is, I think, nearer to Byssodes than to
Ophthalmopliora , and the Phaleena Jiilaria of Cramer, referred to the
latter genus with doubt by Walker, does not seem to me to have
anything in common with it.

The species of the genus will, therefore, now stand as follows : —

9.

10.

11. „

British Museum :

May, 1881.

Santarem. Brit. Mus.
elysiata, „ Ega. „

Lucilla, Butler. Bio Janeiro. „

alectaria, Guenee. Brazil ?.
pamphilaria, „ „

lyllaria, „ „

formosanta, Cramer, Surinam. Bio Negro. Brit. Mus.

( corinnaria, Guenee. 'la. -r>

i 7 Santarem. Bnt. Mus.

var. lyonetana, Snellen.* J

bella, Butler. Limas. Brit. Mus.

amabilis, Cramer. Surinam. Para. Brit. Mus.

? pallicosta, Felder. French Guyana. Limas. Brit. Mus.

1. Ophthalmophora danaeata, Walker,

2.

3.

4. „

5.

6. „

1.

8.

Black form of Amphidasis betularia at Gainsborough. — It may interest your
. readers to know that I have taken three specimens of this black variety here. The
[ third specimen I took this morning at rest on the walls of my house. I am not
j aware that this form of the insect had previously been recorded as occurring in this
r locality. — F. M. Bueton, Highfield, Gainsborough : June 27th, 1881.

! j~

* Described as from Jamaica.

62

l August,

ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH A N TR OM YIIDM.

BY E. H. MEADE.

{continued from page 28.)

4. SPILOGrASTEK, Macq.

Gen. ch. — Eyes bare, contiguous or sub-contiguous in male ; arista
plumose or sub-plumose ; alulets well developed, tbe lower scale always
longer than tbe upper one ; abdomen mostly conical, and always
spotted ; anal vein not prolonged to tbe margin of tbe wing.

Sect. 1 — Legs entirely black.

4. QUATU OE-MACULATA, Fall,

1. NIGEINEEYIS, Zett.

2. maculosa, Meig.

sigillata , Fond.

3. not at a, Fall.

Sect. 2-

7. communis, Desv.

ccesia , Macq.

8. quadeum, Eab.

anceps ?, Zett.
calceata ?, Fond.
supera ?, Wlk.

5. duplicata, Meig.

6. duplaeis, Zett.

-Legs partly pale.

9. depuncta, Fall.

modesta ?, Meig.

10. elagipes, Eond.

11. ULIGINOSA, Fall.

12. consimilis, Fall.

13. FUSCATA, Fall.

Tbis genus contains several species wbicb are very difficult to
determine, they being so closely related, that it is almost impossible
to separate them by distinct points of structure. Tbis remark may]
be applied to tbe males, but it is still more applicable to tbe females ;
some of wbicb, as E. Desvoidy pointed out in bis remarks on bis genus:
Mydina , are so different both in form and colour from those of tbej
opposite sex, that it is very difficult to know to wbat species they)
belong, unless tbe two sexes are found together. On this account, it
is not easy to draw up a correct list of species ; I have, however, care-j
fully examined all tbe specimens I have seen, and if I have erred, I
believe it will be on tbe side of making too few rather than too many
species.

S. maculosa, Meig.

S. notata, Fall.

These two species bear a great resemblance to each other, and are often mixed
together in collections ; but they may be distinguished from each other by th|
following differences of character. The former is generally rather larger and mora
elongated in shape than the latter ; the arista is shorter haired in S. maculosa than
in S. notata, though it is not very long haired in either species ; the scutellum has
a black spot on either side in 8. maculosa, but only one central black mark at the

1881.]

63

1 base in S. notata ; the 4th and 5th longitudinal wing veins are parallel, or slightly
I divergent at their extremities, in S. maculosa, while the 5th vein converges a little
i towards the 4th at its extremity in S. notata. The former is the more common
| species.

S. 4-maculata, Fall.

This may be distinguished from all of the three following species, to each of
i which it bears considerable general resemblance, by the following points of structure :
it has the arista shorter haired ; it has only three dorsal thoracic bristles behind the
transverse suture in the row between the middle and lateral black stripes instead of
four ; and the posterior tibiae are furnished with a number of long hairs on their
inner sides, which are absent in the others. This species is not very common.

S. DUPLICATA, Meig. ,

Several different but very closely allied species have been confounded together
j under this name. Meigen says, “ this species differs manifoldly in colour, size and
design 5” which remark evidently shows that he included more than one species
under the same designation. I find three very distinct though closely allied species,
which may be named duplicata, duplaris, and communis ; the last will come under
the second section, as the legs are partly pale.

I shall briefly describe the first species, and then point out how the two others
differ from it.

S. duplicata : colour grey ; eyes of male sub-contiguous ; forehead and face
very slightly prominent ; antennae rather short ; arista long haired ; thorax with
i four longitudinal black stripes (the outer of which are interrupted at the suture)

[ placed rather close together, and sometimes rather indistinct ; four dorsal bristles
j behind the suture ; scutellum marked with a fugitive brown spot at the base ; abdo-
men narrow and conical, whitish-grey, with four black spots, two on the second and
two on the third segment, which vary in size and shape, being sometimes round and
sometimes square or triangular ; in some specimens, an indistinct longitudinal
' dorsal stripe is also present between the spots ; wings clear with black veins, which
are sometimes slightly clouded ; external transverse vein mostly straight, but more
or less oblique ; internal transverse vein placed over the discoidal cell at about two-
fifths from its end ; costal spine distinct ; calyptra yellowish -white ; halteres yellow ;
legs black ; posterior tibise thickly clothed with short hairs on both sides, and having
(several strong bristles of uneven lengths on their outer surfaces. The female has
the eyes widely separated by a grey-coloured frontal space, having a bifurcated black
I mark in the fore part. The external transverse veins are usually less oblique than
I in the male, and the posterior tibise have a slight rufous tinge ; it other respects it
closely resembles the male. Length of $ and £ , 2 to 2J lines.

The late Professor Rondani to whom I sent some specimens for his inspection,
jsaid that in his opinion it was the S. duplicata of Zetterstedt, but not that of
i Meigen. This species is not uncommon, I have found it upon the ground on path-
* ways in fields.

S. DUPLARIS, Zett.

This species differs from S. duplicata by being rather larger and stouter in
; shape ; by having the abdomen more oval ; by the absence of the brown mark at the
base of the scutellum ; by the lines on the thorax being narrower and more distinct ;

[August,

61

by the external transverse vein of the wings being less oblique ; and by the internal
transverse vein being placed very slightly behind the centre of the discoidal cell,
which may be considered as the most characteristic point of distinction. I am not
acquainted with the female of this species, and it is not described by Zetterstedt.
The specimens which I have named duplaris differ in some respects from the de-
scription given of that species by Zetterstedt, so I am not certain that they are
identical with those he described. Rondani, to whom I sent this fly, together with
the last, said that he considered I had rightly named it duplaris , Zett. (“ talem esse
cogito ”). This species is not common. The only specimens which I have seen were
captured in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh.

S. COMMUNIS, Desv.

In general colour, form, and design, this species closely resembles 8. duplicata,
but it is generally rather larger, and always has the tibiae more or less tinged with
red or yellow. The females usually have the legs much paler than those of the other
sex, but the middle and posterior tibiae are sometimes quite testaceous, even in the
males, though in the most common variety the legs are so nearly black, that the red
tinge, which is then confined to the posterior tibiae, may easily be overlooked, and
this species may then be confounded with S. duplicata.

Macquart only knew the male, which he named S. cassia. His description is
good though short, and applicable to the black-legged variety ; for he says, “ Pieds
noirs ; jambes quelquefois d’un testace noir&tre.” It. Desvoidy described this species
(especially characterizing the female) under the name of ( Mydina ) communis , which
name I have adopted, as it has the priority over that of cassia , and is also very ap-
propriate, from the general diffusion and abundance of this fly. Apart from the
different colour of its legs, 8. communis differs from 8. duplicata, in the males, by
having the lines on the thorax usually more distinct ; the external transverse veins
of wings more oblique, and often more clouded, as well as sometimes sinuous ; by
the internal transverse vein being placed further back, being about one-third from
the end of the discoidal cell, instead of two-fifths ; by the antennae having the third
joint rather longer in proportion ; and by the calyptra being yellower and having
the lower scale rather smaller than in 8. duplicata. The females of S. communis
cannot easily be confused with those of S. duplicata. They differ from the males of
their own species, by having the thorax often indistinctly marked with the lines
brown instead of black, and the spots on the abdomen small and also brown. The
external transverse veins are also often much less oblique (this character varies much
in both sexes), and the legs have the tibiae and knees, as well as the ends of the
femora, of the middle and posterior pairs, mostly distinctly testaceous, with a rufous
tinge on the bases of the anterior tibiae.

S. QUADRUM, Fab.

This is a very difficult species to define. It closely resembles some of the pale-
legged varieties of S. communis, and I know of no decided characters by which the
females of the twTo species can be separated. The males differ by the eyes being
rather more widely separated in 8. quadrum than in 8. communis ; by the thorax
being less distinctly striped (sometimes almost unstriped) in the former than in the
latter ; by the wings in 8. quadrum being tinged with yellow at their bases ; being

18S1.]

65

without costal spine ; having the external transverse vein straighter and less oblique
than in S. communis ; and the internal transverse placed nearer to the centre of the
discoidal cell. The middle femora in S. quadrum are furnished with bristles along
their whole under-surface, while in S. communis a few long bristles only are found
near the base. This is not a common species.

S. DEPUNCTA, Fall.

In this species the basal two joints of the antennae are often pale ; the palpi
are also generally rufous, though Rondani says they are black at the apex and red
internally. This species may be recognised by having only three posterior dorsal
thoracic bristles behind the suture, while there are four in all the other species that
I know in this genus, with the exception of S. 4<-maculata and S.fuscata.

S. elagipes, Fond.

The males of this species closely resemble those of S. depuncta ; but differ in
being rather larger ; in having four instead of three posterior thoracic dorsal bristles ;
and especially by having several very long straggling hairs or bristles on the outer
sides of the posterior tibiae ; by the presence of which this rather rare fly may at
once be recognised. I have not seen a female.

S. consimilis, Fall.

This species has the arista furnished with such short hairs, that it was placed
by Schiner in the genus Limnophora ; it has, however, all the characters of a
Spilogaster.

S. EUSCATA, Fall.

This is an aberrant species, which differs from all the others in the genus by
having only three central triangular spots, placed longitudinally on the dorsum of
the abdomen, instead of two lateral ones on each of the middle segments, as in the
other species. It is rare in England.

(To be continued).

ON CERTAIN BRITISH HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA .

BY JOHN SCOTT.

(Resumed from vol. xii, p. 276).

Addition of three new species of Deltocephalus to the British List.

I think I may safely say that the genus Deltocephalus is one of
the most, if not the most, perplexing groups in this Order. The
species are divided into little sections by external characters, which so
closely resemble each other that at times it is difficult to separate
them, and, as in the Delphacidce , nothing but an examination of the
genitalia will lead to any certainty as to their identity. Fieber
describes 67 as European, and adds, in his “ Katalog der europaischen

[August,

6(3

Cicadinen,” 25 others as “ Nicht gesehene Arten,” viz. : of those
described by Mulsant, 1 ; Dahlbom, 2 ; Kirsckbaum, 13 ; Sahlberg,
9. Of one of Sahlberg’s species, I have disposed, viz., D. paleaceus ,
as the specimens he sent to me were evidently only D. Falleni , Fieb.
(see Ent. Mo. Mag., xii, 271, 11). Dr. A. Puton, in his list, pub-
lished in 1875, enumerates 89 species, but these include the unknown
ones of Dr. Fieber, and since then 4 others have been added, making
the number 94. It is probable that some of the names may sink, but
on the other hand, there may be several yet unknown which will fill
up the ranks.

Deltocephalus Floei.

Deltocephalus Flori, Fieb., Verh. z.-b. Gres., xix, 210, t. v, 25 ; D. picturatus, Fieb.,

Verh. z.-b. Ges., xix, 209, 23, t. v, 23 ; D. obtusivalvis, Kirschb., Cicad., 142,

117.

Pale brown. Crown white, with a brown triangular patch divided at the apex,
outer margins of the patch blackish ; posterior to this and before the eyes a short
blackish streak adjoining the margin ; from the anterior margin of the eyes and
extending to the base a brown patch more or less distinctly divided transversely by
a whitish line. Pronotum yellowish-brown, with a central longitudinal line, and
another short one on either side, milky- white. Scutellum yellowish-brown, apex
narrowly black. Flytra pale brown, nerves more or less milky-white ; cells more or
less broadly margined with black at the base and apex, and generally separated by a
milky-white patch, thereby giving them the appearance of being spotted. Legs yel-
low ; thighs : 1 st pair broadly black at the base, and with a black spot on the
inner side a little way before the apex ; tibiae yellow, apex black, spines on the 3rd
pair pale ; tarsi black, basal half of the 1st joint of the 3rd pair yellow. Abdomen,
3 , underneath, black, margins of the segments narrowly whitish or yellowish-white ;
genitalia : basal flap triangular, black ; plates black, margined with white, apices
rounded, and leaving a slight notch between them, and with a few stout pale haii*s
on the outer margin. Length, 1| line.

I have seen two specimens taken by Mr. Norman at Forres.
26th June.

Deltocephalus eepletus.

Deltocephalus repletus, Fieb. Verh. z.-b. Ges., xix, 208, 20, t. v, 20.

1l ellowish-brown. Crown in front yellowish-white, posteriorly browmish, as
broad across the anterior margin of the eyes as long, with four black spots on each
side of the centre, viz., two triangular at the apex, and two somewhat trapezoidal in
a line with the anterior margin of the eyes, between these and close to the margin is
another minute black spot or streak ; face black, with six or seven short, curved,
narrow, pale yellowish striae on either side, somewFat clubbed next the centre. Pro-
notum posteriorly brownish, paler in front, with two minute black spots, more or less
distinct or sometimes wanting. Scutellum yellowish-brown, with a brown triangular j

1881.

67

patch at the basal angles. Elytra, yellowish-brown, nerves paler ; clavus : apices of
the cells black, nerves very pale yellow ; corinm : anteapical and apical areas mar-
gined with black, the latter broadly exteriorly. Legs yellow ; thighs : 1st pair
black at the base, and with a more or less distinct band near the middle ; 2nd, with
a more or less distinct blackish line down the upper margin ; tarsi .- 3rd pair black.
Abdomen : above black, posterior margin of the segments yellow; genitalia, $ , upper
portion yellow, plates black, sides yellowish at the base, and margined with stout
yellow hairs. Length, 1£ line.

Taken by Mr. Norman, at Forres. 26th June.

Deltocephalus distustguendus.

Deltocephalus distinguendus, Flor, Bhyn. Livl., ii, 240; Fieb., Verh. z.-b. G-es., xix,
209, 21, t. v, 21 ; Iassus ( Deltocephalus ) pseudocellaris, Flor, Ehyn. Livl., ii,
547 ; Thoms., Opusc. Ent., i, 73, 64; J. Sahib., Not. Fenn., xii, 314, 10.

Pale brownish-yellow. Crown pale, about as long as broad across the anterior
margin of the eyes, with a more or less distinct brownish- or red dish -yellow triangular
patch on each side of the apex, and two others somewhat square in shape, extending
from about in a line with the anterior margin of the eyes to the base ; face brown,
with five or six yellow arched streaks on each side, slightly clubbed interiorly, and
with a short yellow longitudinal line down the centre at the apex ; clypeus and lora
yellow. Pronotum yellowish, not so long as the head measured down the centre,
with a faint channel in front running parallel with the anterior margin, forming a
slight collar. Scutellum yellow. Elytra pale brownish-yellow ; as long as, or a
little longer than, the abdomen ; nerves pale, apical cells narrowly black on the pos-
terior margin. Legs yellow ; thighs : 1st pair with two blackish spots or bands ;
tibiae yellow, 3rd pair spotted with black down the outer and inner margins on the
under-side, the largest spots on the outer margin, apex black, spines yellow ; tarsi :
3rd pair black, 1st joint yellow. Abdomen, $ , black underneath, sides and the two
last segments yellow, except the middle of the posterior margin of the latter ; pos-
terior margin concave in the middle and on the sides, leaving a slight projection on
each side of the base of the lateral lobes ; lateral lobes brown, minutely spotted
with yellow. Length, 1| line, barely.

I took two specimens of this species at Stockton Forest, near
York, in August, 1865, and I forwarded them to the late Dr. Fieber,
who returned them to me with the above name. Unfortunately, they
got put on one side, and I only discovered them the other day.

Lee, S.E. : 9th July, 1881 .

Additions to the Morayshire Hemiptera. — The two species of Deltocephalus
undetermined, which I mentioned in my list of Morayshire captures, page 18, ante,
Mr. Scott has returned to me as D. Flori, Fieb., and D. repletus, Fieb., both new
to our lists. Flori had occurred at Forres, in 1878, but remained still undetermined.
■ — Geo. Norman, Athole House, Pitlochry : 13 th July, 1881.

08

[ August,

Unusual abundance of Theda w-album. — In a lane near Hemel Hempstead,
leading from Felden to Bovingdon, Thecla w-album has appeared during the last
few days in great abundance. About ten in the morning it begins to fly, fluttering
and fighting among the boughs of various trees, hovering along the tops of the
hedges, and settling on the Umbelliferce. that skirt the meadows ; the number is hard
to estimate, but it amounts, probably, to some thousands. — B. Piffard, Hill House,
Hemel Hempstead, Herts ; July 13£A, 1881.

Abundance of larvce of Charceas graminis. — Mr. William E. A. Axon has sent
us a note on this subject which was read by him at a Meeting of the “ United Field
Naturalists,” at Greenfield, on the 19th June, and is reprinted from the “ Manchester
City News.” It is to the same effect as our more condensed account in the July
No. (p. 39 ante ) with the following addition: — “The insects have been greatly
diminished by the crows and gulls, and the rains have also helped in clearing the
land of them.” The birds doubtless did their part in diminishing the number of
the larvee, hut the efficacy of the rains may be questioned ; much of the apparent
diminution of the abundance having, probably, been caused by the retirement of
the full-fed larvae under ground in order to become pupae. — Eds.

Larentia didymata bred from Anemone nemorosa. — I found this larva in our
glorious woods on the leaves of Anemone nemorosa : it eats little round holes in the
surface of the leaf and when older it nibbles the edge of the leaf ; from its similarity
to the larvae I had previously met with feeding on primrose flowers, and which I
knew to be those of L. didymata, I suspected it might prove to he the same species,
and this has now been established by the appearance of the moth in my breeding-
cage. — Peter Inchbald, The Lodge, Hovingham, York : June 27th, 1881.

Boletobia fuliginaria in London. — I am pleased to inform you that I have been
fortunate in having had another specimen of Boletobia fuliginaria handed to me by
our man, who took it in the same locality as the one recorded by me in 1879, on our
warehouse door in Upper Thames Street, when the warehouse was opened this
morning; it is a male, and in good condition. — J. R. Wellman, 219, Elm Park,
Brixton Rise, S.W. : July, 1881.

Acidalia straminata, Sfc., in Yorkshire. — On the occasion of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union’s visit to Thorne Moor, near Goole, on Saturday last, July 9th,
Acidalia straminata was taken by different members, but was first detected by Mr.
Prest, of York. The species is quite new to the county of Yorkshire. Evidently,
it was only just getting well out, as the specimens were in beautiful condition.
Amongst other species we took at the same time were Chortobius Lavus, in
abundance ; Hyria auroraria, not uncommon ; Macaria liturata, Scodiona bel-
giaria, not uncommon ; Emmelesia alchemillata ; Platypteryx falcula ; Anarta
myrtilli, common ; Crambus margaritellus, abundant on the damper parts of the
moor ; C. Warringtonellus, just appearing ; Phycis carbonariella common ; Eupoe-
cilia angustana, also common ; and many other species. — Geo. T. Porritt, High-
royd House, Huddersfield : July 13 th, 1881.

1881.]

69

Re-occurrence of Diasemia literalis in Pembrokeshire. — It is highly satisfactory
to be able to report that, after either disappearing or being overlooked for two years,
Diasemia literalis has again turned up. The warm weather which we experienced
towards the end of May brought it out in the dry pastures on the hill sides in the
middle of the County. It was not at all common, but with long and close working
my boy and I secured a score. They flew up, as usual, from any litte tuft of
herbage and settled again at the distance of a few yards, showing no apparent
preference for any particular species of plant, and thus giving no clue to their food
in the larva state. Indeed, both the food and the mode of feeding of this species
are hidden mysteries. I have spent hours at a time when the larva must have been
feeding, in closely scrutinizing the plants on their favourite grounds, examining
every leaf and blade and even pulling up the plants, hut without finding any
indication whatever.

I think that the insect must be widely scattered, in suitable localities, through
the County, for when working for Tortrices in a pasture only eight or nine miles
from here, my son caught a specimen and showed it to me while in the net. We saw
no more though we worked the neighbouring fields, and could only suppose it to be
a stray in search of “ fresh fields and pastures new,” yet this would even indicate
vitality and the migratory instinct in the species, rendering its early extinction far
from probable. I heartily hope that it may spread further, and nearer, and so come
within reach, for at present the journeys to its known localities are so long that it is
hardly possible to manage more than one or two visits while it is out, and these
visits are apt to be spoiled by wet or, still more, by wind, to which this delicate
species is very sensitive.

As far as I can discover these pastures produce only the most ordinary and
abundant kinds of plants, I do not know of any local species occurring in them.
There are a few small thistles, ragweed, and knapweed, also rather stunted grass of
good quality and scanty quantity, a few plants of Lepidium Smithii, Dandelion,
Oxeye-daisy, and Apargia in plenty, patches of a short bluish Carex, and doubtless
many other plants that I do not remember, hut neither of these seems to suggest the
probable food of D. literalis. — Chas. G-. Barrett, Pembroke : lQth June, 1881.

Ennychia octomaculalis in Pembrokeshire. — To any one accustomed to collecting
in English woodlands, the capture of Ennychia octomaculalis is a matter of small
moment, but in a secluded corner of Wales, where it is hardly known, the occurrence
of this lovely species is interesting enough.

In May of last year, when searching for larvae among Silene maritima, TJlex, and
Solidago, I was almost startled to find a dead and wasted specimen of this species
lying on one of the Solidago plants, there being no previous record of its occurrence
in the county. The locality was a steep undercliff formed by the action of sun,
rain, and frost upon the cliffs of clay-slate, and causing them to break up into small
angular fragments, and to form a soil highly suitable to the growth of the plants
already mentioned. In the middle of May of this year I was again on the spot on
a warm sunny afternoon, and, when in a place where it was hard to stand still, and
harder to walk, while a sudden turn to strike at a moth might have resulted in a
roll of fifty feet, a most exquisite newly-emerged specimen rose from a Solidago
plant, and danced out of reach. Not, however, for long, for it was presently circum-

70

[August,

vented and secured, and in the course of two hours of climbing, creeping, and
scrambling, half a dozen more were safely boxed, whilst others took an unfair
advantage of the nature of the ground to escape.

It is interesting to see that in this isolated locality the species has by no means
dwindled in size, or diminished in beauty, but on the contrary, is adorned with white
spots of unusual size, the minute white dot usually present on the centre of the
fore-wings having become a fair-sized spot, so that the name octomaculalis has almost
become a misnomer.

A single specimen has since been found in a wood in the middle of the county,
but this is of the ordinary form. — Id.

Eupoeeilia Mussehliana, and other Lepidoptera , near Pembroke. — When working
for Diasemia literalis, a fortnight ago, we had the good fortune to disturb and secure
several beautiful specimens of Eupoecilia Mussehliana , a species which, from mis-
calculation of its time of appearance, or some other cause, I hardly saw at all last
year. It hides closely in the short herbage, and is very hard to put up, and when
disturbed, flies sharply a short distance, and then drops and hides itself, much in the
manner of Chrosis tesserana. About sunset it flies more freely and higher, but only
if the evening is warm and still. Such evenings are not frequent, and we have
worked hard in several localities since, but with little success.

Sometimes we had a little diversion, Pyrausta ostrinalis would appear in
abundance and wonderful loveliness, and insist on being captured ; one evening, an
excited S Pombyx rubi plunged headlong into my net while I was looking at a
small tortrix, and created no small commotion. He was acceptable, however, to the
lad — being his first specimen — and served to reward him for catching me a fine
Mussehliana a few minutes before. Another evening the search led us into a damp
corner of a field, and a % P. rubi, looking from its queer zigzag flight like an enor-
mous 9 Hepialus humuli flitted past me to fall a victim to the boy’s ready net.
There we found Melitcea Artemis asleep, sitting on the leaves of Scabiosa succisa,
with antennae held apart and rather forward, not in the usual fashion of sleeping
butterflies. Little else was about except occasional specimens of the two pretty
Euclidice, and Penthina marginana, looking white when flying, from the colour of
its hind-wings.

The food of Mussehliana is still unknown, a rumour that it had been bred from
Pedicularis palustris does not seem to have been confirmed. Prof. Zeller’s suggestion
of Linum catharticum seems as good as any other, for the plant certainly seems to
grow wherever the insect occurs — and in most other places — but there has been, so ,

far, no indication of larvae found about it. I think the insect is a stem-feeder, but (

have no proof, nor any idea in what stem. — Id. j

i

Captures of Coleopiera in the Isle of Wight. — During a short stay at Ventnor j

last April, I obtained a few good Coleoptera : the beetle I especially wanted to get „

was the very rare Homalota princeps, Sharp, which was recorded from Ventnor by t
Mr. E. Saunders last year (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xvii, p. 116) ; of this I secured a fj

single specimen, which Dr. Sharp has kindly confirmed for me. I again found ft

Lithocharis maritima, and in fact nearly all the beetles mentioned by me in Ent. \

1881. J

71

Mo. Mag., vol. xvii, p. 235 ; the following others, however, are perhaps worthy of
mention : — Trechus lapidosus, of which I found two specimens after a great deal
of labour, the species certainly deserving its name. Oxypoda nigrina, Waterhouse
(this last I have since found in some numbers in my hot-bed in Lincoln), Diglossa
mersa, Phytosus spinifer, a Myllcena, which seems to be intermedia, but appears to
have rather longer antennse than that species, Tachyusa uvida (very abundant among
shingle below high-water mark), T. sulcata, Pry axis Waterhousii, Ptenidium
punctatum (rather common under sea- weed), and Aleochara mcesta ; this last species
is said to be common, but I have never found it so. At Luccombe I found a colony
of 2Epys marinus under one stone, but could not find another specimen anywhere.
At Sandown Otiorhynchus ambiguus was rather common ; Tychius lineatulus was
abundant at the roots of Anthyllis, and Ceuthorhynchideus nigro-terminatus rather
common on Daucus maritimus ; I found one very large Curculio larva at the roots
of Anthyllis, evidently that of Otiorhynchus ligustici, which is found on the spot
where I came across it. I could not, however, find the perfect insect.

Carabidce, owing probably to the lateness of the season, were scarcer than I
have ever known them. — W. W. Fowler, Lincoln : July 12 th, 1881.

Remarks on Dr. E. Joly's Cams maxima. — Mr. Yavssiere in Ann. Sc. Nat.,
Zool., Jan., 1881, p. 4, note, pointed out a mistake made by me some time ago con-
cerning the places of origin of the tracheal-branchise in Ccenis, which had led me to
suppose that their positions in C. maxima differed from those of the corresponding
organs in Ccenis (typical) . I had previously sent a note to the Magazine (published
in the last February number) stating that the examples of C. maxima originally
examined by me were all of them defective [all of them had lost the foremost pair
of tracheal-branchise] and “ that (judging from specimens in a better condition of
preservation) the specieffwas likely to be a real Ccenis.” To save space no particulars
were entered into ; I was aware of the gill-bearing segments being the same in the
insect as in the genus mentioned, but was not sure whether their gills corresponded
exactly in structure, or not. For although differences in this respect were obvious
in the specimens of Ccenis and C. maxima before me, it seemed quite possible that
they might be due to a disparity in grade of the nymphs, and that the gills of more
mature nymphs of Ccenis might become conformable to those of C. maxima ; but speci-
mens lately captured show that no such change takes place. C. maxima, therefore, does
not seem to be a true Ccenis ; yet it does not necessarily follow that it is a Tricorythus.
It would be safer to face the fact that the nymph is of undetermined genus, closely
akin to Ccenis, — possibly a Tricorythus. My anxiety to avoid jumping to conclusions
rather than reach them through the course of actual observation is (it seems) liable
to be misinterpreted. The aim of the February note was not (as one correspondent
imagined it to have been) to cancel Tricorythus, but to advocate a suspension of
judgment about the generical position of C. maxima, pending further investigations.
In the absence of evidence sufficient to demonstrate its true rank, little would be
gained by citing it as Tricorythus (?) maximus instead of Ccenis maxima, when
twelve months hence it might be possible to prove that Tricorythus is as distinct
from it as Ccenis. Merely giving names to an animal inadequately known does not
further science to any material extent, but is often a hindrance to progress. —
j A. E. Eaton, Chepstow Koad, Croydon ; 6th July, 1881.

[August, 1881.

Limnophilus subcentralis, Brauer, in Scotland. — I have just received a $ of
this from Mr. Peter Cameron, who captured it near Loch Awe. — James J. King,
207, Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow : July, 1881.

It e u i c tr.

The Micrographic Dictionary, Edited by J. W. Griffith, M.D., &c., and
Arthur Henfrey, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.

Fourth Edition, edited by J. W. G-riffith, M.D., &e., assisted by the Rev. J. M.
Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S., and T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., F.G.S. Part i. John Yan
Yoorst, 1, Paternoster Row: July, 1881.

The fact that the third edition of this standard work has been exhausted in
about six years, and that the fourth edition is commenced, is a sufficient guarantee
for its excellence and popularity ; it is also a hopeful sign, as indicating the great
increase of students of Microscopy. The survivor of the two original editors is also
to be congratulated on having retained the assistance of two of his colleagues con-
nected with the third edition. "We notice that several additional crowded plates
(one of which appears in the first part) are promised, and that there is considerable
modification in the text, especially as regards the bibliographical references (one of
the special features of the work), so as to bring it up to date as closely as possible,
thus maintaining its value as a book of reference. The whole is expected to be
completed in about 21 thick monthly parts. The third edition occupied nearly 900
pages, with 48 plates. In the present we are promised 53 plates, and no doubt the
text will be increased in proportion, so that the book bids fair to soon become a
formidable rival of a well-known London Directory, so far as bulk is concerned.

Entomological Society of London : June 1st, 1881.— H. T. Stainton, Esq.
F.R.S., &c., President, in the Chair.

The Rev. E. N. Bloomfield was elected a Subscriber.

Mr. J. W. Douglas sent for exhibition living specimens of Orthezia urticce,
Linn., from Darenth Wood, O. cataphracta, Shaw., from Pitlochry, carded examples
of a new species proposed to be called O. Xormani, after Mr. G. Norman, who has
recently found it at Pitlochry, and specimens of Aleurodes carpini, Koch, taken on
28th May, on hornbeam-leaves at Bexley Wood.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited Crabro clavipes, Linn, and Molorchus minor , Linn.

Mr. J. Sang exhibited some interesting British Lepidoptera.

The following communications were received : — Notes by Mr. G. E. Piercey on
an insect troublesome to travellers in Turkestan, probably Argus persicus. Read : —
The report of the Committee of the Society on Phylloxera on Yines in Australia ;
A communication from the Colonial Office about an insect destructive to the eggs
of Locusts in the Troad ; “ On the Tortricidce, Tineidce, and Pterophoridce of South
Africa,” by Lord Walsingham ; and Descriptions of Phynchota found in Australian
and Pacific regions, by Mr. W. L. Distant.

September, 1881.]

73

A COMPARISON OF THE PTEROPHORI OF EUROPE AND NORTH
AMERICA, SUGGESTED BY LORD WALSINGHAM’S “ PTEROPHO-
RIDiE OF CALIFORNIA AND OREGON.”

BY K. C. E. JORDAN, M.D.

Lord Walsingham, in his “ Pterophoridae of California and
Oregon,” gives us the entomological result, as far as the plume-moths
are concerned, of rather more than a year’s wanderings in Oregon and
California. This district may be roughly stated to be the West Coast
boundary of North America, between the 46th and 34th parallels of
latitude, answering, therefore, to an imaginary coast line extending
from the middle of France to the north of Africa ; it will be important
for us also to bear in mind that all insects identical with European
forms have, probably, been first filtered by passing through Asia, that
is, taking it for granted, that the exodus has been from, and not into,
our quarter of the earth.

Of course, in so short a time it must be utterly impossible to have
exhausted the plumes of so large a district, but how well our author
worked is shewn by the fact that thirty-nine species are described as
natives, of which twenty-eight are new to science. It seems to me
that it will not be a useless task to compare these plumes briefly with
those of our own northern Palaearctic region. The author commences
w ith Chrysocorys * our English C. festaliella occurs in Oregon, and six
specimens wrere found ; this little insect wras before known to have a
wide range, being recorded from Corsica, t but it was not previously
knowrn to extend into America. Clemens had, however, described a
species from Pennsylvania, very nearly allied to festaliella , viz. : C.
erythriella ; its larva feeds on the fruit-racemes of the sumach ; he
thus describes it : — “ It £ tapers anteriorly and posteriorly, incisures
deep, segments elevated in the middle, with a single rowT of transversely
arranged epidermic points on each ring, each one giving rise to one or
two rather stiff hairs, abdominal legs very slender and short, terminal
placed posteriorly. Head with a few hairs, ellipsoidal, pointed, rather
small and pale brown. The body is uniform dark green.” A third
American species, C. felicella , is here figured and recorded from
Northern Oregon, in which the wings are “ unicolorous fuscous, with
a slight purplish tinge,” the larvae are again noted, as “ small, green,
and slightly hairy,” they feed on Ortliocarpus , one of the Scrophu-
lariacece ; the cocoon, which is also figured, is of white silk, but

* In the present paper, all reference to the true position of this genus shall he waived,
t By Herr Mann. Tineina of Southern Europe, p. 120.
i Papers of Dr. B. Clemens, edited by H. T. Stainton, p. 132.

74

[September,

otherwise, as in festal iella and erythriella. North America has, there-
fore, three known species of Ghrysocorys : G. festaliella , Hb., G. ery-
thriella, Clem., and G. felicella, Wlsm.

No specimens of the European genus Agdistis , nor of the North
American Scoptonoma occurred to our author. Gnemidophorus also
was not found.

The genus Platyptilus was freely represented, no less than thir-
teen species being figured, of which one, P. Bertram i, is common both
to Europe and America ; the other twelve being, as far as is known,
exclusively American, and of these, ten are new to science. In the
whole of Europe only ten, or, at the most, eleven species have as yet
been discovered ; in both cases the Gonodactylus-g roup, or that section
where the anterior- wings are light coloured with a well marked dark
triangle on the anterior costa, is far the most numerous.

If we include P. grandis, Wlsm., as more nearly allied to P.
nemoralis than to P. Bertrami, eight species of this group are here
figured, and the distinctions between them are admirably shewn in the
illustrations ; the two of special interest are Blatyptilus cardui* and
Platyptilus orthocarpi , Wlsm. : we are so accustomed to look on the
Platyptili as having larvaB which are internal feeders, passing their
lives in the stems of composite plants, that this would have been to
me, at least, part of the diagnosis of the genus, but in P. cardui , the
larva is gregarious in the heads of thistles, and in P. orthocarpi there
is a still wider divergence from the usual habit, the larva feeding on
the buds and flowers of Orthocarpus, one of the Scrophulariacece ; P.
cardui, has another point of interest in the perfect insect approaching
so very closely to P . Zetterstedtii, one of the chief differences being that
the brown colour of the hind leg between the two pairs of spurs is
wider than in P. Zetterstedtii ; the habit of the larva is very distinct,
Zetterstedtii being an internal feeder, inhabiting the stems of Senecio
nemorensis (and, also, according to Heinemann, of Solidago virgaurece) .
Of the other Platyptili, three are almost unicolorous ; one of w?hich,
P. modestus , Wlsm., approaches the genus Mimeseoptilus in a most
remarkable wray, not in structure, but in the arrangement of the
spots and colouring.

The question of identity of ochrodactylus and Bertrami, and of.
their identity with the Bischoffii, of Zeller, t and of the cervinidactylus,

]

1

ii

k

* It seems to me imperatively necessary to alter these “bastard names,” but would it not be
advisable for the alteration to stand in the name of the describer? I should write this cardui
Riley ( dactylus ), and not cardui Zeller.

t All the Pteropliori mentioned in Prof. Zeller’s admirable paper, “Beitrage zur Kentniss der
nordamerikanischen Nachtfalter,” are alluded to in this paper.

Utl

1881. J

75

of Packard, is here entered upon; according to Lord Walsingham,
Prof. Zeller “ is now inclined to regard P. Bertrami , ochrodactylus , and
Bischoffii as all belonging to the same species,” so we may, therefore,
safely regard Bischoffii as a synonym.

In a series of thirty specimens now before me, one (reared from
tansy by Mr. Jeffrey, of Scarborough) has a most decided black spot*
“just above and near the end of the split.” This may clear the
difficulty of Packard’s cervinidactylus. It is quite possible that he
described it from such a specimen, this is the brightest in my series,
it has long falcate anterior-wings ; at the other extremity is a type
from Herr Miihlig, so light as to bear a striking resemblance to the
figure of P. petrodactylus, Walker, in the plate before me; the an-
terior lobe is truncate, without any approach to the falcate form of
the former specimen.

As to the identity of ochrodactylus and Bertrami , I confess my-
self quite unable to give a decided opinion, there seems to me no
distinct line between the richly fawn-yellow specimens with falcate
wings, and the pale straw coloured insects with the apex as square as
in gonodactylus , the extremes of the series look most distinct, but the
gradations are such as to make it very difficult to draw the boundary
line. Mr. Stainton says,f “ The best character is furnished by the
hind legs ; in Bertrami the tibiae are slightly browned, but the tarsi
are spotless whitish, in dichrodactylus the tibiae are brown at the middle
and apex, and there is a brown spot at the end of the first tarsal joint.”
HeinemannJ draws the following distinctions : “ very close to the
former species, but the fore-wings less sharply pointed, all the
brownish-red dusting paler, the spots before the division pale, often
entirely wanting, the lines at the hind border finer; on the third
feather of the hind-wing the black scales behind the middle are either
less or wanting. The legs are yellowish-white, the tibiae of the fore-
legs are brown at the end, in the hind tibiae the reddish-brown colour
is equally spread from the middle to the end. It is widely diffused,
the larva lives in Achillea ptarmica and Tanacetum vulgar e .” These
distinctions, slight as they are, seem certainly inconstant in apparently
fine examples ; added to this, Heinemann makes the food-plant of the
larva doubtful, for he says of ochrodactyla, “ in the stem of Tanacetum

* Heinemann, in his description of ochrodactyla says, “vor der Spaltung zwei schwarzbraune,
mehr oder weniger deutliche Punkte.”

t Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 138.

t Heinemann, die Schmetterlinge Deutschlands und der Schweiz, Band 2, Heft 2, p. 784.

7(3

September,

vulgare ,” of Bertram?, as quoted above, he says, “in Achillea ptarmica
and Tanacetum vulgare.'1'1* It wants a careful description of the larvae
to decide the point.

(To be continued).

NATURAL HISTORY OF MIANA EXPOLITA.

BY WILLIAM BUCKLER.

With much gratification I am able to record the interesting
discovery of the larva of M. expolita, and of its food-plant ; a puzzle
that had hitherto baffled all attempts at solution, has at length been
unravelled by the assiduous efforts of Mr. J. Gardner, of Hartlepool,
to whose kindness I have been indebted for the opportunities of study-
ing the larva, both in the past and present seasons.

An attempt to rear this species from the egg was undertaken by
the Rev. J. Hellins in 1873, when I received eggs from Mr. J. E.
Robson, of Hartlepool ; and in this way a record was made of the
earlier stages, although but a single larva reached full growth, and
that disappeared before the change to a pupa could take place.

The eggs laid on July 22nd, arrived on the 24th, 1873 ; the larvae
were hatched on August 3rd, and were put into a bottle at first with
various grasses, out of which they seemed to choose the garden riband-
grass, Bhalaris arundinacea, var. ; so, in the course of the autumn,
they were placed on growing plants of this grass in a flower-pot and
put out of doors ; about the middle of October one was extracted
from its mine in the stem of this grass, and figured by me ; after
hibernation it was again extracted at the end of April, 1874, and again
figured and sent back to its food ; but after this it disappeared, and
so nothing could be published about it.

Mr. Gardner kindly sent me a full-grown larva and its food-plant
{Car ex glauca) last year, when I first bred the moth ; and this year six
larvae, more or less mature, on the 31st of May, and the moths ap-
peared July 13th to 19th. The plants of Carex were from six to eight
inches in height, and the habit of the larva is to eat out the very
heart of a plant working its way down to the white portion close to
the root ; and, as Mr. Gardner observed, when one plant has yielded
its nourishment the larva migrates to another, and of this habit he
had good evidence in some plants he found ravaged and deserted by
their former tenants.

* There is now before me a specimen of Bertrami, bred by Lord Walsingham . The pupa was
found on a stem of Artemisia, campestris (there was no Tanacetum near), which may prove, there-
fore, to be another food-plant. It has, for Bertrami, remarkably pointed wings.

1881.]

7/

The egg was noted as being of globular shape, with soft glistening
shell, scarcely showing traces of a sort of pitting all over; in colour
a very pale straw-yellow.

The newly-hatched larva was of the regular Miana form, stoutest
at third segment, whitish in colour, shining, with the head black, a
dark plate on second segment, the usual dots very small and distinct,
but dark in colour.

In captivity about the last week in October before hibernation ,
the larva is nearly or quite five-sixteenths of an inch long, of the true
Miana figure, stoutest at the third and fourth segments, tapering a
little behind, the head smaller than the second, is flattened and wedge-
shaped towards the front and of reddish-brown colour, darker brown
at the mouth, a broad shining semi-transparent plate on the second
segment of the same colour as the back, which is lightish orange-brown,
having a dorsal line oi pale orange-ochreous with two short transverse
bars about the middle of each segment ; the sub-dorsal marking of the
same pale colour is broadish and bounded below by the light orange-
brown of the side, from which an upward curved streak intersects the
marking at the first subdividing wrinkle and two shorter curves follow
without much intersection ; the black spiracle at the lower edge is
followed by the pale orange-ochreous of the belly ; a pale shining plate
is on the anal segment.

After hibernation, at the end of April, the larva is nearly half an
inch long, rather slender but still thickest at the thoracic segments ;
the design and colouring of the back and sides are much the same as
before, but less well defined, as the brown of the back and sides is
paler, and the belly has a faint watery greenish-yellow tint ; the
anterior legs are reddish-brown.

When found at large in the Carex, full grown, the larva is from
half an inch to nearly five-eighths in length, of the same general
figure as above, the segmental folds well defined, the subdividing
wrinkles are deep on the third and fourth but moderate on other seg-
ments which are dimpled along the sides : the general ground-colour
of the body is dull ochreous with a tinge of reddish ; the back is
deeply tinged with dull purplish-red on the third, fourth, fifth, sixth,
seventh, and eighth segments ; the dorsal line so inconspicuous as only
just to be discerned as pulsating, the segmental folds are pale ochreous ;
the head is reddish-brown and shining, with dark brown mouth and
black ocelli, a yellow-brown shining plate on the second segment has
its front margin rather darker brown, the anterior legs of the same

7S

[September,

colour ; on the sides of the third and fourth segments is a triangular
group of three large brownish-yellow horny spots, the ordinary
tubercular dots on other parts of the body are very minute, each with
a fine short bristly hair, and a faintly paler ring round its base ; the
spiracles black, the narrow plate of yellowish-brown on the fore part
of the anal segment has its front margin rather bluntly pointed in the
centre, that of the anal flap is of the same shining colour, flattened,
but with a little raised ridge round behind, from which proceeds a few
short bristly hairs, the ventral and anal legs tipped with brown hooks,
the skin of the body is smooth but without gloss.

The pupa is subterranean but often lies only a short distance
beneath the surface, and sometimes is scarcely buried amongst vegeta-
ble remains slightly held together by a few threads of silk ; it is five-
sixteenths of an inch in length, and of the usual Noctua form, stout
across the thorax, the abdomen tapering and ending with two fine
points : its colour for a time is very pale brown, afterwards dark
brown, its surface shining.

Emsworth : August 1 \th, 1881.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF ICHNE UMONIDJE.

BY E. PARFITT.

Mesoleius BRACHYACANTHUS.

Black, head wider than the thorax, mouth and palpi straw-yellow. Antennse
black above, ferruginous beneath, the basal joint very small, the second rather large,
with an arched protuberance above. Thorax gibbous, smooth, shining black, very
finely punctured ; mesothorax with two short, lateral, concave spines ; the meta-
thorax with two raised lines crossing each other at nearly right angles, forming a
St. Andrew’s cross. Wings ample, with a faint smoky tinge, and beautifully iri-
descent ; stigma and nerves testaceous, all growing paler towards the base, where
they are pale straw-yellow, scale pale yellow, cellule 4-angled, irregular, oblique. (
Legs : anterior coxae, and trochanters, the first testaceous-yellow, the second pale 1
sulphur-yellow, the posterior black, with the apex of the trochanters pale sulphur- i
yellow. Anterior and median femora testa'ceous-yellow, posterior piceous, with a ]
dark stain on the inside towards the base, where it is pale yellow. Anterior tibiae
and tarsi pale yellow, the apical joints of the tarsi fuscous or nearly black ; posterior
testaceous, the apex and tarsi nearly black. Abdomen black, cylindrical, but
growing gradually larger towards the apex, finely, not deeply, punctured, the base
of the first segment with two testaceous-yellow spots, all the rest have their apices ft
pale testaceous. Length, $ , 2£ lines ; expanse of wings, 4£ lines.

1881.

79

I hare two specimens of this species, both males, they were cap-
tured in the neighbourhood of Exeter, 1879, and, up to the present, I
have not seen another.

Hemiteles g-ybini.

3 . Head, thorax, and scutellum black, head somewhat square, wider than the
thorax ; mouth ferruginous, palpi pale straw-colour. Antennae : black above,
piceous beneath, the basal joint large, inflated, with a deeply impressed annulus near
the apex, second joint pale yellow at the base ; all densely pubescent. Thorax smooth
in front, the rest clothed with a yellowish pubescence. Wings ample, hyaline, irides-
cent, stigma and nerves dark piceous, the base and scale pale yellowish. Legs pale
reddish straw-colour, the claws of the anterior pair, and the intermediate and posterior
tarsi dark fuscous. Abdomen elongate-clavate, peduncle black, the first three seg-
ments, and the base of the fourth red, the rest black, the first is slightly contracted
in the middle, and depressed above, with two black dots, one on each side of the
medial line, the whole rather densely pilose. Length, 2J lines.

$ . Head, thorax, and scutellum black, mouth black, prothorax with two deeply
impressed lines ending at the base of the scutellum. Scutellum small, cordate, with a
deep impressed line running round it. Antennae, a fac-simile of those of the male, ex-
cept that they are black ; length, If lines. Wings ample, iridescent, stigma and ner-
vures black, base pale, scale whitish. Legs bright red, anterior claws, middle tarsi,
the base and apex of the posterior tibiae, and tarsi, entirely black. Abdomen
elliptical, peduncle shining black, with two longitudinal impressed lines, the first,
second, and third segments red, the latter with a black fascia, the rest black, with
their extreme apices whitish. Ovipositor black ; length, | line. Length, 2 lines.

This interesting species was bred from the pupa-cases of Gyrinus
natator : the male came out either in the autumn of 1880 or early in
1881, as the pupae were put into a box and were not looked at till the
spring. The females were bred from pupae collected this spring, and
the insects came out in July.

I am indebted to the Kev. J. Hellins for these : he collected the
pupa-cases of the Gyrinus on the heads of rushes and other water
plants growing by the side of the Exeter Canal. I am somewhat at a
loss to know at what stage the larva of the Gyrinus is attacked ; I
thought at first, when examining the male, it being so densely pubes-
cent, that this species attacked the beetle-larvae while still in the water,
but now that I am acquainted with the female, and find that she is
not so pubescent, I do not think this can be so. It is probable that the
larva is attacked while ascending the stem of the plant, or, perhaps,
when it has made itself a cocoon, as the female is provided with an
ovipositor sufficiently long to pierce through the pupa-case.

The cases are made of the seeds or flower-heads, or any materials
within reach of the little beetle-larvse.

Exeter: August Ath, 1881.

80

; September,

A NEW SPECIES OF EUPITHECIA.

BY THE KEY. H. HARPUR CREWE, M.A.

Some three years ago I received from Mr. Ficklin, of Keynsham,
near Bristol, specimens of Eupithecia which he had bred from larvse
taken the previous September, in North Devon, feeding in the seed-
heads of Jasione montana. At first sight I was disposed to consider
them a variety of Eup. castigata , and in this view Mr. Buckler, who
also saw the specimens, concurred. I forbore, however, to give any
definite opinion till I had seen the larva. The same autumn Mr.
Ficklin again took the larva in North Devon, and very kindly sent
specimens to Mr. Buckler and myself. We at once saw that they
bore no resemblance whatever to the larva of castigata , but though
smaller and stouter, most closely resembled that of Eup. campanulata.
As, however, the perfect insect was entirely distinct from the latter
species, I felt convinced it must be a species new to Britain.

Through the kindness of Mr. McLachlan the perfect insects have
recently been carefully examined by Herr C. Dietze, of Baden-Baden,
who probably knows more about Continental Eupithecice than any
one else.

He is unable to identify Mr. Ficklin’s insect with any known
species, and considers it new to science.

With the consent, therefore, of Mr. Ficklin, to whom the whole
of the discovery is due, I propose to name it : —

Eupithecia Jasio>teata.

In general appearance it closely resembles castigata , but the ground-colour is a
much paler ashy-grey. The dark central lunule of the front wing is round, not
narrowed, and before the hind margin there is a very conspicuous, almost uniformly
broad, acutely angled, pale whitish line, which forms the most distinguishing charac-
teristic of the insect.

Description of the larva : —

Short and stout. Ground-colour pale ochreous-brown. Central dorsal line dull (
olive-brown interspersed with lozenge-shaped spots of a similar colour, becoming eon- ,
fluent and merged in the dorsal line on the anal segments. Head blackish. Spiracular j
line indistinct, yellowish on each side, slanting brown markings. Whole larva 8
wrinkled and rough and sparsely studded with yellowish warts and hairs. j

Feeds in September on seeds of Jasione montana. Perfect insect »

appears in May. P

ti

Drayton Beauchamp Rectory, Tring : (3

August 6th, 1881. $

1881.1

81

Entomological collecting on a voyage to the Pacific. — [The following very in-
teresting extracts from a letter addressed to the Kev. W. W. Fowler, have been
handed to us by this gentleman for publication, which we have great pleasure in
doing. — Eds.]

The ship left Plymouth on September 28th, 1880, and, after a very rough and
disagreeable passage, anchored off Horta, in the island of Fayal (Azores), on October
6th. As we remained here six days, making good some slight defects, I was enabled
to land and look about me a little : on one occasion reaching the “ Caldeira,” a vast
extinct volcanic crater in the centre of the island, the lip of which is 8200 feet above
the sea, and five miles in circumference. The scenery of the island is very beautiful,
and the vegetation luxuriant and varied in the extreme, the loose volcanic soil being
of very great fertility : the hedges of Hydrangea were in their full beauty for
hundreds of yards, one mass of pink, blue, and white blossom : and ferns in wonder-
ful luxuriance and variety. I did not, however, find insects particularly numerous
— about 20 species of beetles, mostly Harpali and other familiar G-eodephagous
forms, a Calosoma, a prettly little variegated Plater related to Cryptohypnus, &c. ;
a large and curious Otiorhynchid weevil, Laparocerus azoricus, &c. Small moths,
mostly Pyrales, were individually numerous, the most abundant being Scopula
fierrugalis. Leucania unipuncta (extranea) , so rare in England, was here the com-
monest Noctua : there were only three butterflies, Pyrameis cardui, Pieris hrassiece ,
and a Satyrus, like a small S. Semele : the latter appeared to occur only on the
summit of the Caldeira.

Leaving Horta on the 12th, we visited the island of Flores, 120 miles to the
westward, and stayed there two days, I went ashore once, but the weather was not
favourable, and I got nothing that I had not found in Fayal. We finally left the
Azores on October 16th, and reached St. Vincent, in the Cape de Verde Islands on
November 1st, remaining here until the 6th. St. Vincent presents a very great
contrast to the Azores, being as barren and forbidding in aspect, as they are fertile
and luxuriant ; the whole island looks like a vast heap of “ clinkers ” and brick-
kiln refuse. Vegetation is scanty in the extreme, and what there is, is of a wretched
weedy aspect. Two or three walks on shore yielded me a few Heteromerous beetles,
two species of Cicindela, and a Cleonus, besides a nice series of a showy butterfly,
Hanais Chrysippus, var. Alcippus, and a few moths, of which the most noteworthy
were Heiopeia pulchella (common), Heliothis peltiger and armiger, &c. We had a
long and somewhat tedious passage of 30 days to Monte Video, our next port of
call ; the chief events which occurred to vary the monotony, were the capture of a
couple of sharks (which were eaten by the ship’s company, and pronounced ex-
ceedingly good ; I tried a morsel of one, and found it by no means unpalatable), and
the sight of a most gigantic cuttle-fish, floating dead on the surface of the sea, about
200 miles off the Brazilian coast. This creature (which resembled, on a colossal
scale, the common calamary, or “ squid,” of the British seas) was at least 14 feet in
total length, and weighed at least 3^ or 4 cwt. — a veritable sea-monster. We
remained at Monte Video from December 6th to 12th. I found it a very interesting
place, although the surrounding country is somewhat sandy and arid, with but few
trees. I obtained a few species of beetles, including a conspicuous green Phanceus
(a very fine genus of Lamellicornes related to Copris, &c.), some curious small
Heteromera and weevils, &c. Butterflies were very numerous, as regards individuals,

82

[September,

but of very few species, and these were of a decidedly British aspect, with the
exception of the large and conspicuous Danais Archippus. There are two species
of Pyrameis ( Carye and Huntera, the first being like a small and intensely coloured
“Painted Lady”), a very handsome Colias (C. Lesbia)', two handsome species of
Pieris, a little dark Thecla, not unlike T. pruni, &c. ; the moths appeared to be very
few in number, but among them I recognised such familiar Britishers as Stenopteryx
hybridalis, Agrotis saucia, and Camptogramma Jluviata. Monte Video is a fine and
well built town, of over 100,000 inhabitants, and altogether I was much pleased with
my first sight of the New World.

We started again on December 12th, and, on the 23rd, entered the Straits of
Magellan, and at 6 p.m. we were safely anchored off the little Chilian settlement of
Punta Arenas or Sandy Point, 110 miles from the entrance. As it was necessary to
coal ship, we spent Christmas day here, and did not leave until the morning of the
28th. I was thus able to enjoy, on Christmas day, a most delightful ramble about
the surrounding country, which is very pretty, covered with a fine open forest of
evergreen beech, and other trees, and abounding in beautiful wild flowers. Insects
were numerous, and I obtained some 40 species of Coleoptera : among them were
some that could scarcely be distinguished from familiar British coast species, such as
Proscus, Pogonus, Harpalus, Bledius, &c. : while others had a very exotic appear-
ance, and would scarcely have been suspected to come from so high a latitude as 53° S.
Among these were a fine Prionid, with flabellated antennae much longer than the
body ; a large and grotesque, spider-like, black Acalloid weevil ; a fine Brenthid,
some large weevils related to Otiorhynchus , &c., and one or two Heteromera of a
very Mediterranean type. The Lepidoptera were of much more British aspect ;
three species of butterflies were represented ; a charming little Argynnis, like a
miniature Lathonia above, but very different beneath (being entirely destitute of
silvery markings), was abundant ; less so was a Colias ( Vautieri , Gruer.), of which
the $ is very like a small Edusa, while the $ closely resembles Helice in tint and
marking ; a pretty Pieris was rare. The moths were represented by several
Geometrce , among which were four species of Lobophora, one very beautiful species
reproducing, on the fore-wings, the colour and markings of Agriopis aprilina ; a
fine Fidonid, related to Scoria dealbata, but sharply marked beneath with white
streaks on a coffee-brown ground ; a Scotosia, like a small certata, sundry Cidarice,
&c. The Noctuce included a Euclidia , looking very like a mixture of our two
Britishers, mi and glyphica ; a Hadena, not unlike glauca, and an Agrotis, which, I
think, is the widely distributed A. fennica.

Altogether I was very much pleased with my success at Punta Arenas, and
would gladly have stayed some days longer. On leaving, we proceeded round Cape
Froward, the southern extreme of the American Continent (a noble promontory), to
the west end of the Straits, and then northward, through the passage known as
Smyth’s and Messier Channels, finally entering the Pacific Ocean, in the Grulf of
Penas, on January 8th. The scenery along the whole 600 miles of this route is most
magnificent — I should say, unrivalled in the whole world : in some places the chan-
nel is less than 400 yards wide, the mountains rising sheer to the height of 3000
feet and more, and densely wooded to the water’s edge ; at frequent intervals, glaciers
(sometimes many miles in extent) come down to the Strait, and the ice dischai’ged
from them is frequently a serious impediment to navigation. As we did not travel

1881.]

83

during the night, but anchored before sunset in some one or other of the many
excellent harbours, I had occasional opportunities of landing, and, it is needless to
say, enjoyed myself immensely in the primeval Patagonian forest. The beauty and
luxuriance of these woods is most wonderful : the chief trees are the evergreen
beech ( Tagus betuloides ), the aromatic Winter’s Bark ( Drimys Winteri), a species
of cedar, &c., the whole matted together with a most dense undergrowth, among
which the wild Fuchsia holds a conspicuous place. It is like scrambling through a
quickset hedge, to try and get about among these woods, and the open places are
covered with a dense coating of spongy peat, saturated with water, and worse to
cross than an Irish bog ! The woods are a real Botanical paradise, being full of the
most lovely wild flowers, while the profusion of exquisite mosses, lichens, fungi, and
small ferns, which find a congenial climate in this land of never-ceasing rain, would
simply drive a Cryptogamist wild with delight. Insects are, however, not numerous.

I only got two beetles, a fine Brenthid weevil, and a chafer related to Serica : in
moths, the genera were almost all British, the one best represented being Fupithecia,
of which I found some half a dozen species, one or two pretty Tceniocampcc, a
Cidaria, very like suffumata, a Scoparia, a Crambus, a pretty olive-black Campto-
gramma , and one or two Micros. The great drawback to collecting, or even enjoying
the glorious scenery, was the weather, which, although it was the height of summer
in these southern latitudes, was most detestable — a succession of fierce storms of
wind, rain, and sleet, the thermometer rarely rising above 50°. I do not think we
had two consecutive hours without a shower after we left Punta Arenas, until we
fairly got clear of the coast.

We arrived at Valparaiso, after a pleasant passage from the Grulf of Penas, on
January 15th, but we stayed here only four days, and the few insects I obtained were,
with but one or two unimportant exceptions, identical with those I subsequently
obtained at Coquimbo, where we arrived on January 21st, and remained until
March 12th. This is a poor little town of about 6000 inhabitants, and the environs
are very sandy and barren, with but a scanty vegetation in the best parts. Under
irrigation, large crops of lucerne, &c., are grown, and these lucerne-fields produce many
interesting insects. Some of them remind one forcibly of those found at home in
similar places ; thus Colias Vautieri, <J , perhaps the commonest butterfly of the
district, closely resembles our Fdusa ; Pyrameis Carye is a close mimic of cardui ;
a large sulphur-yellow Callidryas is a good imitation of our “Brimstone;” and some of
the little skippers of the genera Pamphila and Pyrgus are very like our native species.
The most conspicuous butterfly is a superb Papilio {Archidamas) , a rich purplish-
i black insect, with a curved fascia of golden-yellow spots across all the wings, which
are from 3 to nearly 4 inches in expanse : this beautiful creature is common, even in
the town and on board the ship. Its larva, a fat, stumpy caterpillar of a deep madder-
purple colour, with a double row of orange-red tubercles on the back, is very plenti-
ful on a creeping plant, a species of Arista lochia, and it emits, in a concentrated
form, the very disagreeable smell of its food ; the pupa is often found attached to
rocks, &c. Another very beautiful, but scarce, butterfly is the extraordinary Satyrid
— Argyrophorus argenteus — of which the male is entirely of a vivid silvery-white
above, glistening in the sun, as it flies along, like a sheet of burnished metal; while
the female is as dull as the male is brilliant, being entirely a dull sooty-brown. Un-
fortunately, I have been able to obtain only this latter sex, for although I have seen

84

[ September,

four or five <$ , they have all managed to elude my pursuit. Among the moths, a
fine Derlephila is conspicuous, in fact, almost the only showy insect to be obtained,
though there are one or two pretty Plusice , with yellow hind-wings, besides our old
friend P. gamma. The beetles are by no means as well represented as the Lepido-
ptera ; though this is probably due to the fact that I was there at the very worst
time of year, when everything is utterly dried up. A tiger-beetle, Cicindela chilensis,
is the most abundant, as it occurs in myriads on the beach ; one or two large black
Heteromerous fellows must be exceedingly plentiful at certain times of the year, to
judge from the number of dead ones strewed about everywhere, though living ones
I found by no means numerous : some smaller, but very curious beetles of this
group (Heteromera) , a few good-sized weevils, a Buprestis, one or two ordinary
Lamellicorns, a Calosoma, a ladybird, and one or two cosmopolitan Necrophaga,
almost complete the list of beetles. The Order Hymenoptera , owing to the sandy
character of the surrounding district, is remarkably well represented, both in species
and individuals, at Coquimbo.

We left this port on March 12th for Callao, where we arrived on March 31st,
having called in at about a dozen small ports on the way, but made no stay at any
of them — a few hours, or, at most, a day, as we did at Iquique. The whole coast
from Coquimbo northward, nearly to the equator, is a desert, simply appalling in its
utter barrenness : for hundreds of miles you sail along a range of high hills, rising
steeply out of the water, of red volcanic rock, covered for hundreds of feet up their
sides with drifts of loose white and yellow sand, and without even a blade of grass
to relieve the awful sterility. Occasionally one of the snowy peaks of the Andes is
to be seen, but, as a rule, this grand mountain chain is shrouded in an impenetrable
veil of clouds. The ports on this coast are wretched places, mere collections of
wooden shanties, filthy and squalid almost beyond description ; in many cases the
water on which the inhabitants have to depend entirely, is all distilled from the sea,
and is sold at the rate of about 3d. per gallon. I landed at Caldera (Chile),
Antofagasta (Bolivia), Iquique and Arica (Peru), but, of course, got no insects,
except at the latter place, where a small stream of water supports a narrow 6trip of
vegetation, a mere ribbon of green in the yellow waste of sand. Here I obtained a
Pamphila, very like our sylvanus, in profusion ; one or two little “ Blues,” some
small moths, a Cicindela , &c.

We arrived at Callao on March 30th, and have remained here ever since ; we
shall probably leave for Panama towards the end of the present month. Callao <
stands on the edge of an extensive plain, all but level, with a scarcely perceptible rise !
towards the city of Lima, eight miles distant, and 500 feet above the sea-level. ]
Behind Lima commence the foot hills of the Cordillera, which are very rugged and s
barren : the snowy summits of the main range are to be seen on a clear day. The o
plain is covered with a tolerably luxuriant vegetation, by no means, however, of a e
tropical character in general : willows, bulrushes, reeds, and other familiar marsh i
plants, remind one very much of England, and only here and there a clump of al
bananas, or a field of sugar-cane, sweet potatoes, or “yuce,” a sort of Cassava ji
( Jatropha sp ), give a tropical aspect to the scene. The little river Rimac, which
flows through Lima, intersects the plain, and small running streams and ditches are at
met with in all directions, otherwise the roads and bye-paths are dusty to a most so
disagreeable degree : as you are aware, rain is all but unknown here. The insects, ie

1881. J

85

with a few conspicuous exceptions, partake of the general temperate aspect of the
vegetation. Beetles are singularly scarce : I do not think I have found twenty species
in all, and have been obliged to concentrate my attention on the Lepidoptera. A
Tetracha, a Scarites, one or two Heteromera and a Pentodon , all scarce, except the
first-mentioned, are the only conspicuous Coleoptera. In butterflies, I have as yet
obtained 39 species, whereof no less than 17 are Hesperida, nine of these belonging
to the genus Pamphila, three to Pyrgus , one Nisoniades, two Eudamus — very large,
brown, tailed insects ; the other two are also conspicuous “ skippers,” one measuring
nearly two inches across, of a soft ochreous-brown hue, with darker fasciae. There
are eight Theda — some very pretty, but none as large as our T. quercus, and some
very minute — a magnificent Iolaus, of a vivid blue colour above, widely bordered
with black, the hind-wings with two tails. This beautiful insect, the d of which is
two inches across, is very common, and most conspicuous. The two species of
Polyommatus respectively remind one of the European Telicanus and AEgon. The
two fritillaries, Agraulis moneta ? and vanilla , most brilliantly spangled with silver
beneath, are very conspicuous, and the latter is most abundant : the spiny larvae of
both species are to be found on “ Passion-flower.” Pyrameis Carye, and a pretty
red and brown ocellated Junonia (J. Lavinia ) are both common, and I have reared
a good series of the latter from spiny black larvae feeding on that cosmopolitan
plant, Verbena officinalis. The delicately-coloured white and grey Anartia jatropha
abounds in damp places, but I have as yet been unable to find out anything about
its earlier stages. The tropical American genus Heliconius is represented by a very
beautiful black and yellow species, which abounds in shady places ; an ochreous and
black Acraa ? is locally common, and its pale brown spiny larva, gregarious when
young, is to be found in plenty on a shrub of the Order Composita. The large and
showy JDanais Archippus is very plentiful, and its handsome larva, ringed with yellow,
white, and black, feeds on the troublesome but pretty weed, Asclepias curassavica :
the pupa is a very pretty object, short and stout in build, of a delicate pale green,
with a few small spots on the thoracic portion, brilliantly gilded ; there is a trans-
verse golden line, edged with black, on the abdomen. Callidryas is represented by
two species, one, the common sulphur-yellow Coquimbo species, C. Statira ?, the
other is a very handsome insect, the $ being of a vivid orange colour, the $ varying
from deep orange to greenish-white, and having a marginal series of small black
spots. I have reared it from a long, bright green, shagreened larva, not unlike that
of our “Brimstone” butterfly, feeding on a large Leguminous tree, the “ Paqui ”
(I think this is the well-known West-Indian Locust tree, Hymenaa Courbaril : it
produces immense flat legumes, containing many large beans surrounded with a
sweetish white pulp, which is eaten and very much liked about here). Two species
of Pieris, one of which, the common Callao butterfly, is remarkable for the constant
colouring of the S (chalk-white, with a black tip to fore-wings), and the extreme
vai’iability of the $ , which is sometimes almost like the opposite sex, and sometimes
almost entirely greyish-black, intermediates of all shades being found ; and a little
yellow Terias, as yet unique to me, complete the list of Callao butterflies.

I have lately taken two very fine species of Sphingida in a gentleman’s garden,
at flowers at dusk : one is a magnificent fellow, 4£ inches in expanse, of a beautiful
soft rich green colour, the hind-wings varied with violet, yellow, green, and rust-
red ; the other is not unlike a small S. convolvuli, but it has the hind-wings rusty-

8(5

[September,

brown, with a black border. There ai*e two Zygsenids : one (the commoner) is a
very curious and pretty insect, entirely black, except a very large hyaline patch in
each wing, and a large crimson blotch on the dorsal surface of the abdomen ; the
other belongs to the genus Glaucopis , and is a very brilliant creature, varied with
crimson, steel-blue, and purple-brown, with the whole body glittering metallic-green.
It flies high, and is difficult to catch, although not rare. The other moths are, with
few exceptions, obscure dingy things, small Botydce being especially well represented.
I have found two pretty Notodontidce (one, a pale brown, Cymatophorid-looking
thing, being beaten abundantly in the larval state from the Paqui tree. From the
same tree I have bred (from a large yellowish- grey half looper) a fine Erebus ?, nearly
four inches in expanse, not unlike our Mania maura in aspect. Noctuce, however, are
decidedly scarce, and Geometrce still more so, though among the latter are one or
two charming little “ Emeralds,” one of them a perfect miniature of our Phorodesma
bajularia, only about half the size. The other Orders of insects offer little that is
remarkable : the dragon-flies, caddis-flies, Hemerobii , &c., are remarkably like our
own species. There are one or twro fine Empidce, and other Diptera, and some large
and conspicuous Pompilidce , Sphegidce, Vespidce, &c., besides a superabundance of
mosquitoes, sand-flies, and other equally (or more) objectionable insects. Scorpions,
thi’ee inches and upwards in length, are occasionally met with under stones, but the
district is remarkably free from snakes ; I have only seen one, and he was a harm-
less species. — James J. Walkek, H.M.S. “ Kingfisher,” Pacific Station : 25 th May,
1881.

On the variable number of moults in larvce from the same batch of eggs. — Last
year I reared a few Orgyia antiqua from the egg, and what I then observed impressed
me with the belief that the larvae did not all moult the same number of times, but
as I had not kept them separate I did not like to say anything about it in print.
This spring I again found a batch of eggs, and securing the first four larvae that were
hatched I carefully separated and watched them, and made notes at once of every
change that occurred, and these notes I now present in a tabular form.

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

Hatched

,24th May

. .26th May

..26th May ... .

..26th May.

Moulted

. . 4th J une

.. 2nd June

.. 2nd June .

.. 2nd June.

Moulted

..17th June

.. 7th June

.. 7th June....

.. 9th June.

Moulted

..28th June

..20th June

..19th June... .

. .21st June.

Moulted

.. 6th July

.. —

.. 1st July ... .

.. 1st July.

Moulted ....

..lltli July.

Spun up

..16th July

.. 2nd July

..13th July....

. . 22nd J uly .

Moth emerged.

. . 5th August 6 •

..20th— 21st July <J .

. ,25th July ?.

.. 4th August

They were all treated alike, except that No. 2 had rather a smaller bottle, and
No. 4 a larger bottle to live in, than Nos. 1 and 3, but these last had two bottles oi
precisely the same size and shape ; the food was whitethorn, and they seemed to'
prefer that which came from our garden well flavoured with “ blacks ” from the
surrounding chimneys. I fancy I somewhat disturbed No. 1 in his first moult, and
so retarded his growth, but this has caused no eventual harm, he has come out a finer
moth than No. 2. — J. Helliks, Exeter: August, 1881.

1881.]

87

JEupithecia jasioneata. — I had the pleasure of breeding a long series of this
species in June, 1878, from larvae collected in September, 1877, at Yalentia, South
West coast of Ireland, by my collectors who were staying there at that time. The
larvae were feeding on Jasione montana. I shall not be likely to send for it again,
being in such an out of the way place. I sent several specimens away as vars. ? of
castigata ; at the time I bred them I had not seen the larvae. — E. G. Meek, 56,
Brompton Eoad, S.W. : August 22nd, 1881.

Drepanula sicula. — I have this year had the pleasure of renewing acquaintance
with this moth, and have been able to supply most of my friends with bred examples.
Although not so fortunate as I had hoped, still, another season, I trust to be enabled
to supply all correspondents. — William H. Grigg, 31, Cotham New Road, Bristol :
August 1st, 1881.

Hare Lepidoptera at Deal. — During a month’s stay at Deal this year, I have
had the good fortune to take 34 fine specimens of the rare Nola centonalis, and
during August I have bred 24 splendid Ennomos alniaria (— autumnaria) from
eggs obtained by a friend from a female moth captured on a gas lamp at Deal, and
sent to me last autumn. Fortunately I have been able to secure fertilized eggs, so
that I may hope to be able to supply friends with a great prize, genuine British
alniaria. — W. H. Ttjgwell, 3, Lewisham Road, Greenwich : August , 1881.

The influence of rain in the destruction of the larvae of Charceas graminis. —
In your Editorial review of my short note on the abundance of Charceas graminis
at Clitheroe, you question whether the rains helped to clear the land of them, and
suggest that the apparent diminution may have been caused by the retirement of
the full-fed larvae underground, in order to become pupae. That your explanation is
partially true is extremely probable. My informants, however, held that the rain
had considerable influence on the disappearance of the caterpillars, and the accuracy
of their belief is strengthened by the observation of Kollar, who says, “ Continued
rains, particularly when they occur about the last time of the caterpillars changing
their skin, are sufficient to destroy them entirely, as was the case in the Harz
territory ” (Kollar on Insects injurious to Gardeners, English translation. London,
1840, p. 138). — William E. A. Axon, Fern Bank, Higher Broughton, Manchester :
August, 1881.

The genus Oporabia. — With the help of correspondents an attempt has been
commenced to arrive at some definite conclusion as to the number of species of the
genus Oporabia found in Britain, from an examination of the early stages : but
whilst giving a short account of the few results already obtained, much more
extended assistance is asked for, in order that the questions may have a chance of
being satisfactorily settled.

From eggs of dilutata obtained last autumn at Pembroke, by Mr. C. G. Barrett,
a good many larvae were reared : Mr. Hellins took a large number of larvae at
Exeter during the spring : and Mr. Kay, of Bury, did his best, when applied to,
almost too late in the season, to obtain larvae in his neighbourhood, and succeeded
in providing a few.

The larva of dilutata is well known to vary considerably in the amount of its

88

[September,

markings, but nearly all the usual varieties were found among the examples from
each of the above mentioned widely separated localities, and all agreed with the forms
I have been accustomed to take at Emsworth, and with the descriptions furnished
in Stainton’s Manual and Newman’s British Moths ; I am still keeping the pupse
separate in different cages, and mean at the proper time to give the moths a full
examination.

Mr. Kay, through Mr. Harwood’s kind interest, also furnished a good supply
of larvae of filigrammaria, of which I had never before seen more than a single
example : there does not appear to exist in this species anything like the amount of
variation that we find in dilutata, and the larva, while exhibiting many points of
resemblance to its congener, is abundantly distinguished from it, both in habit and in
appearance.

Of any third species, so far, I have not been able to obtain an example, though
Dr. Buchanan White some time ago, in his able paper in the “Scottish Naturalist”
on the genus Oporabia, made a strong appeal for me : I wish now to repeat this
appeal, and to ask Entomologists, especially in Scotland and the North of England,
to try to procure for me during the autumn, a few eggs of all the species of this
genus, which they are accustomed to take in their localities ; particularly from those
moths which fly in September.

Mr. Hellins is anxious to help in this investigation, as far as he can, by examin-
ing the eggs of each species under the microscope. — William Buckler, Emsworth :
July 13 th, 1881.

Cosmia pyralina near Weybridge. — My friend Mr. McLachlan writes to me that,
on August 2nd, he shook a specimen of Cosmia pyralina out of a plum tree in a
garden between Weybridge and Gruildford. The capture of this very local insect in
a county from which it has not before been recorded, seems to me of great interest.
— Chas. G-. Barrett, Pembroke : August, 1881.

Notodonta cucullina. — Is it a common thing for Notodonta cucullina to be found
outside Buckinghamshire ? On Sunday, the 7tli, myself and friend took four larvse
in a small copse on the road to the G og-Magog Hills ; and on Thursday, August
11th, we took nine, four full grown. I believe Mr. G-reene took the pupse at Tring,
but I have seen no other localities except Halton. — T. E. Sabine Pasley, Cavendish
College, Cambridge : August, 1881.

Ichneumonidce infesting larva of Gyrinus natator. — Last summer (1880), whilst
fishing for carp in the Exeter canal, I was moved to collect some eight or nine small
tough cocoons, which I found on the flags and rushes growing at the water’s edge ;
most of these presently produced whirligig beetles, Gyrinus natator, but from two of
them emerged, somewhat later, ichneumons.

Again this year, during the last week in June, I brought home a dozen of these
cocoons, and bred (July 3rd — 9th) six specimens of the Gyrinus, and afterwards
(July 13th — 27th) five ichneumons, not of one species only, but of three or four.

So far Mr. Parfitt has made out twTo species of Hemiteles (for one of which,
being apparently unknown, he proposes the specific name gyrini), a Pezomachus

probably viduus, and one of the small species, Pierornalus , which was perhaps

liyperparasitic upon one of the former.

I am quite ignorant of the habits of the larva of Gyrinus, but it seema strange
to find it preyed upon to such an extent, and by such a variety of parasites : perhaps
some Coleopterist may be able to suggest the stage at which the latter may be
supposed to find the greatest facilities for depositing their eggs ; I can hardly fancy
the Uymenoptera going under water for that purpose. — J. Hellins, Exeter ;
August , 1881.

Rare Dip ter a in the New Forest. — I have been spending a week in the New
Forest, and have taken, on July 1st, a female of Ctenophora ornata, Meig., one of
the rarest of our Dipterous insects ; the only other specimen that has been found in
Britain was a male taken by my father (in company with the Rev. W. Kirby) , like-
wise in the New Forest, on the 7th July, 1821. There is an admirable figure of it
in Curtis’s “British Entomology.” I also took a specimen of another rare fly, viz.,
Henops gibhosus. — C. W. Dale, Grlanvilles Wootton : 9 th July , 1881.

Sartena (Hagen, 1864) = Neurorthus (Costa, 1863). — The following remarks
elucidate a point of synonymy concerning two genera (and species) of European
Hemerobiidce hitherto considered distinct.

In 1863 was published vol. i of the “ Atti dell* Accademia di scienze fisiche e
matematiche,” of Naples, in which the second memoir is one by Prof. A Costa, in-
tituled “ Nuovi studii sulla entomologia della Calabria ulteriore.” Amongst the
insects described and figured is a new genus of Nemerobiidce termed Neurorthus
(A. iridipennis , Costa), p. 32, pi. iii, fig. 7. (This was foreshadowed, without name,
in the “Rendiconti” of the same academy, vol. i, p.125,1862). In the same
author’s “ Fauna del Regno di Napoli, Neurotteri, Aggiunte,” p. 3, pi. xiii, fig. 4
(not fig. 3, as erroneonsly indicated in the text), 1871, the description and figure are
reproduced.

In 1864 Dr. Hagen published in the “ Annales Soc. Ent. de France,” 4me serie,
vol. iv, a paper, intituled “Nevropteres (non Odonates) de la Corse,” in which, at
p. 41, the genus Sartena ( S . amcena , Hagen) is characterized. It should be remarked
that Neurorthus was omitted (and apparently overlooked) by Dr. Hagen in his
“ Hemerobidarum Synopsis Synonymica,” 1866, although other genera and species
noticed by Costa in his original memoir were included.

During a recent visit to Belgium I saw the types of S. amcena in the collection
of my friend Baron de Selys-Longchamps, who generously presented me with one
of them. These leave no doubt that Neurorthus is synonymous with Sartena (over
which it has priority of one year), and in my mind there is also no doubt that S.
amcena is identical with N. iridipennis.

But Costa, in a foot-note appended to his description of N. iridipennis , draws
attention to Mucropalpus fallax , Rambur, Nevropteres, p. 422, 1842, from Sardinia
(Mucropalpus, Rbr., = Hemerobius , Auct.) — indicated by the author as an aberrant
species (and of which I think the type no longer exists) — as closely allied to, if
distinct from, N. iridipennis. According to the description, I am much inclined to
consider it identical with N. iridipennis and S. amcena, and if this be proved, the
insect will take the specific name fallax. If N. iridipennis ( S . amcena) be proved
to exist in Sardinia, I think there can remain no doubt on the point. — R. McLachlan,
Lewisham : VSth August, 1881.

90

[September,

Uettieics.

Bideag till Noedyestba Sibeeiens Insektfauna. Coleopteea. Insam-
lade under Expeditionerna till Obi och Jenessei 1876 och 1877. . Eortecknade af
John Sahlbeeg. I. Cicindelidse, Carabidse, Dytiscidse, Hydrophilidse, G-yrinidae,
Dryopidae, G-eoryssidae, Limnichidae, Heteroceridae, Staphilinidae, och Micropeplidae.
Med en Tafia. Stockholm, 1880, pp. 1 — 115, 4to.

This masterly work, published as a part of the “Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-
Akademiens Handlingar” (Bandet 17, No. 4), consists of a synonymic enumeration
(in Latin) of the species of Coleoptera, of the Eamilies indicated, which were
collected in the expedition to N.W. Siberia under Nordenskiold. One new genus,
NordensJcioldia ( Staphylinidee) is characterized, and the number of species
indicated is 750, whereof 78 are described as new. The author acknowledges the
assistance of Dr. Sharp in working out the Dytiscidce and that of M. Eauvel in the
Staphylinidce. The plate contains excellent figures of 18 species, of which 17 are
new, including the NordensJcioldia glacialis, of which 3 examples were found under
pebbles, among ice, at the margin of a mountain rivulet. Independent of the
interest that this work has as a record of the results of arduous enterprize in an
inhospitable, slightly explored region, it has much value in the observations on little-
known species, and especially in the synonymy generally, in which respect some
of our British species are affected. The want of an Index is to be regretted ; this,
perhaps, may be supplied with part ii of the work.

- Hbmipteba Aegentina enumeravit speciesque novas descripsit Caeolus Beeg
(Curonus). Bonariae, Pauli e. Coni. ; Hamburgo, Erederking et G-raf. 1879, pp.
1—316, 8vo.

The increased and increasing attention bestowed upon the collecting and study
of Hemiptera is shown in the number of general and particular memoirs devoted to
these insects which appear continually in Transactions of Societies, Journals, or
separately. The volume now under notice is a collection of papers in scientific
sequence previously published in parts of the “Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica,”
during the years 1878 and 1879, and constitutes a valuable addition to the knowledge
of the Hemiptera of the Argentine Republic. The number of species enumerated is
384, namely, 268 Heteroptera and 116 Homoptera, in which are included many that
are new, and a few new genera. It might have been surmised that an author writing
in the native country of the species treated of, and far from European centres of
information, would be at great disadvantage ; but it appears that M. Berg has had
the assistance of the late Professor Stal and Drs. Reuter, Mayr, and Spangberg, so
he has doubtless escaped errors otherwise probable or unavoidable^ and this care
on his part enhances the value of his work, which we trust wrill become as widely
known as it deserves to be.

Teansactions of the Noefolk and Noewich Natuealist’s Society,
presented to the Members for 1880 — 81. Vol. iii, Pt. ii. Norwich: 1881.

We have on several previous occasions had the pleasure of noticing the publica-
tions of this thriving and useful Society. The present part of the Transactions is
in no way behind those that have preceded it from the point of view of general

1881.]

91

interest, and most of the papers are valuable and lasting additions to Natural History
literature. Entomology is not so well represented as usual, but there are notes by
Mr. E. D. Wheeler and Mr. James Edwards. The former notices some of the rarer
Lepidoptera, including Margarodes unionalis, taken at Yarmouth Denes : the latter
records Gastrodes abietis, found by Lord Walsingham in spruce-cones at Merton.

The Butterflies oe Europe : illustrated and described by Henry Charles
Lang, M.D., E.L.S. Part i. London : L. Reeve & Co. 1881.

A good book in the English language, giving descriptions and figures of all the
European Butterflies, was much wanted (we might say the same for the moths).
Judging from Part i, Dr. Lang’s work seems likely to supply the deficiency. The
author proposes to briefly describe, and to figure, all the European species in about
20 monthly parts of 16 pages, and 4 plates each. The plates are drawn by the
author, and coloured by chromo-lithography, and those in Part i (with the exception
of one figure) strike us as excellent. The letter-press is occasionally open to im-
provement : for instance, why does the author father the terms “ Palsearctic ” and
“ Nearctic,” as applied to faunistic divisions of the globe, upon Wallace rather than
upon Sclater ?

P.S. — We have since received Part ii, which is mainly occupied by the “ whites,”
and which does not in any way cause us to change the favourable opinion expressed
concerning Part i. Perhaps the least effective figure is that of Aporia cratezgi. In
the text not sufficient importance is given to the slight seasonal variations in the
“ cabbage-whites,” on which our old Entomologists contrived to fabricate several
species ; an obvious slip occurs at p. 29, where a distinction is apparently drawn
between “ Tropoeolums ” and “Nasturtiums,” but not the natural one.

Entomological Society of London : July 6th, 1881.— H. T. Stainton, Esq.,
F.R.S., &c., President, in the Chair.

The following were elected, viz. : — Greorge Henry, Esq., of 38, Wellington
Square, Hastings, Member ; and Mr. A. S. Olliffe, of 36, Mornington Road, Regent’s
Park, Subscriber.

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited a $ Morpho which he believed to be that of
Morpho Adonis of which the other sex was already well-known in collections.

Miss Ormerod exhibited elm leaves, from Islay, attacked by a larva probably
belonging to the Coleopterous genus Orchestes ; also specimens of a saw-fly larva
from Rochdale, which had done much mischief in the meadows ; this Mr. Fitch
thought was a species of Dolerus, and he had observed a similar larva damaging
meadow-grass in Essex.

Miss Ormerod also exhibited two other larvae, one from Clitheroe, probably of
Charceas graminis, and the other from Marlborough damaging the wheat.

The Rev. A. E. Eaton showed a series of drawings by Mr. A. T. Hollick, of
larvae of JEphemeridce, one of which appeared to have the power of adhering to
stones by its ventral segments like a limpet.

The Secretary read the report of the Committee on the parasite of the Locust,
which they determined to be a species of Bombyliidcz.

Sir S. S. Saunders showed the imago and larva of the Bombylius, and egg-tubes
of the locust ; also a young live locust that had hatched out a few days before the
meeting.

[September,

92

Tlie following papers were read : —

Species of Euchroma, by Dr. Shai’p.

Larva of Nycteribia, by Baron V. Osten-Sacten.

Observations on the Homopterous genus Orthezia, with a description of a new
species, by J. W. Douglas.

Lepidoptera collected on the Amazons by Dr. Trail, by A. 0. Butler.

Papilionidce from Ecuador, by W. F. Kirby.

Descriptions of New Asiatic diurnal Lepidoptera , by F. Moore.

3rd August, 1881. — R. Meldola, Esq., Yice-President, in the Chair.

Miss E. A. Ormerod exhibited several bottles of Coleoptera and Hemiptera from
South Africa.

Mr. Kirby exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Swinton, a specimen of Iodis vernaria ,
and read a paper from him on its method of oviposition.

Mr. Fitch exhibited an ear of wheat shewing the skins of Aphis granaria, which
had been preyed upon by Allotria.

The following papers were read :

Description of a new genus of Hymenopterous insects (Dyscolethes) , by Prof.
Westwood.

New species of Rhopalocera from South Africa, by Boland Trimen.

Descriptions of new genera and species of Lepidoptera from Japan (Geometrites) ,
by A. G. Butler.

Description of the female of Papilio Adonis and of Neotropical Pentatomidce
and Coreidce, both by W. L. Distant.

Descriptions of new Longicorn Coleoptera , by C. O. Waterhouse.

LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA OBSERVED IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
OF GALLIPOLI, TURKEY, IN 1878.

BY GERVASE F. MATHEW, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

(Continued from page 32).

Lyccena semiargus, Rott. — Very common in certain localities, and fond of
frequenting grassy slopes. Specimens from the neighbourhood of Gallipoli differ
considerably from those I have seen from other parts of Europe : they are larger,
the eyes below are larger, and they have two or three obscure orange spots beneath,
situated at the anal angle.

Lyccena Cyllarus, Rott. — Common, and occurred in the same localities as the
above, and so similar in habits and appearance that I did not at first detect I was
taking two species.

Limenitis Camilla, Schiff. — This beautiful species was by no means uncommon
wherever its food-plant occurred. It is very graceful in its habits, and it was a
pretty sight to watch several of them flying to and fro in front of a clump of honey-
suckle growing on the outskirts of some wood. Occasionally they chased each other
to a considerable height, and disappeared amongst the topmost branches of the trees,
and, presently re-appearing, would float down with an airy motion to the honeysuckle
below, and after sailing lazily about, would settle on some prominent twig. There

1881.]

93

were several broods daring the summer, and their transformations were completed
with considerable rapidity. The first butterfly was noticed on the 26th May, and
on the 29th of the same month, I watched a female depositing eggs ; and on the
27th June, happening to be on the same spot, I searched the plant and found two
chrysalids, one suspended from the under-side of a leaf, and the other from a twig,
and a larva, not yet changed, suspended from a leaf. On 2nd July, these two
chrysalids produced fine butterflies. The suspended larva changed the next day
(28th June), and emerged 5th July, being thus only a week in the chrysalis state.
On 28th July I took full-grown and very small larvae, the latter are quite black, but
the former, as far as I could remember, did not seem to differ from those of L.
Sibylla. The chrysalids are much angulated, and resemble, in a remarkable manner,
a shrivelled-up honeysuckle leaf. The last butterfly was observed on the 21st
September.

Vanessa c-album, L. — Common, and much larger, and of a paler hue than
English examples.

Vanessa polychloros, L. — Common in the Ak-y-lar valley, sitting on the trunks
of trees, and among willow bushes in the shade ; but was not observed very often
on the wing. First seen on 13th June.

Vanessa Antiopa, L. — Very common in some localities, in the larva state,
throughout May and June. On the 13th of June I took about three dozen full-
grown larvae ; they had all changed to chrysalids by the 15th, and on the 26th all
the chrysalids produced butterflies, and they are the largest examples I have ever
seen of this species. It is strange that, notwithstanding the abundance of the larvae
in the early summer, I never saw a specimen of the perfect insect on the wing.

Vanessa Atalanta, L. — Common, but not abundant. Larvae frequently taken
between united leaves of mallow (M. rotundifolia , L., and M. sylvestris, L.), and
wall pellitory (P. officinalis, L.).

Vanessa cardui, L. — Abundant in all its stages. Imagos noticed depositing
eggs on thistle heads on 24th May, and on the 15th June the butterflies were out in
immense numbers, frequenting thistle flowers. Throughout September, October, and
November, the larvae were plentiful between united leaves of mallow.*

Melitcea Cinxia , L. — Common, first observed on 23rd May. Turkish examples
are larger, and of a deeper colour than British.

Melitcea Phoebe, Enoch. — Abundant, but local : first noticed, 23rd May. This
species varies considerably, and my Turkish examples differ from specimens I have
from Switzerland ; they are probably Staudinger’s variety caucasica.

Melitcea trivia, Schiff. — Abundant. First observed 26th May. A weak-flying
insect, and easily captured, inhabiting marshy pastures and open spots in woods
near streams. During early morning, and again just before sunset, it delights to
sit, with expanded and gently vibrating wings, on a flower-head, and when disturbed
merely floats in a dreamy manner to the next flower. They were very quiet in their
habits, and did not appear to quarrel with other butterflies, though they were con-
tinually jostled off the flowers by Melanargia Galathea and Larissa, or Hesperia
Actceon. The larvae of this pretty butterfly were exceedingly plentiful at the end of
June, feeding in society on Verbascum. The following is a description of the larva :
— Length, 10 lin. to 1 in. ; ground colour grey, or bluish-grey, with minute black dots

* At Malta, in March, 1S79, the larvae were very abundant between united leaves of mallow.

94

[September.

and lines of black showing through ; spines short, blunt, whitish, tawny at base, and
ciliated with fine black and grey hairs, arranged in eights in a ring on all the segments,
except the 2nd and 3rd, on which there are only six ; the sub-spiracular spines are
very minute ; a narrow black dorsal line ; an interrupted blackish sub-dorsal line ;
head reddish-brown, with a black dot on each side of the face ; mouth black ; legs
very small, pale pinkish-grey ; claspers of the same colour. Chrysalis short and
stumpy ; varies from pale bluish-grey to greyish-pink ; a minute dorsal orange dot
on each segment ; a sub-dorsal row of orange dots, bordered above with black ; a
black dot above the spiracles, which are orange ; all these dots are raised, especially
the sub-dorsal row ; six black dots on each wing-case ; ten small black spots on head
and thorax, and on centre of thorax ; on each side of the dorsal line, is a crescent-
shaped black line, bordered within with orange. The chrysalis is suspended by its
tail to a pad of silk spun on the under-side of a leaf, twig, or stone, generally on the
surface of the ground, and occasionally several larvse spin a loose kind of web, in
which they all change to chrysalids. The perfect insect appeared in about ten days,
and there were several broods during the summer.

Melitcea didynia , O. — Abundant and more generally distributed than either of
the other species of Melitcea. It was double brooded, the first brood appearing the
24th May, the second the 2nd August. It is an excessively variable insect, and the
females vary far more than the males. As I write I have a series of 17 before me,
and there are no two alike, and some of them are very beautiful, varying through
different shades of bright fulvous-red to creamy-pink and greenish-brown.

Argynnis Daphne , Schiff. — On one or two occasions I noticed a fritillary flying
among thick brushwood, but was unable to secure an example, and I believe it was
this species.

Argynnis Lathonia, L. — Rare, I only captured two examples.

Argynnis Paphia, L. — Common in the valley of Ak-y-lar.

Argynnis Pandora, Schiff. — This grand species was rather scarce, and difficult
to catch, as they were very strong fliers, and when once alarmed went off at a
tremendous pace. They were very fond of the flowers of various kinds of thistles,
and all the specimens captured were taken while they were regaling themselves on
these flowers. There seem to be two broods, for the first butterfly was taken 13th
June, and the last observed on 24th October.

Melanargia Galathea, L. — Yery abundant.

Melanargia Larissa, H. v. Herta, H. S. — Yery abundant in Ak-y-lar valley,
and in the grassy plain near the Bulair lines, and very partial to the flowers of
Scabious ( Scabiosa succisa, L. and columbaria, L.). First observed on 4th June.
A very variable insect.

Satyrus Hermione, L. — Yery rare.

Satyrus Briseis, L. — Abundant. First observed 22nd June. Rather a trouble-
some butterfly to catch, for it was fond of alighting on bare ground among loose
stones, where, closing its wings, it was difficult to see, and it generally rose just out
of reach, and went off with its quick jerky flight. The males were far more
numerous than the females.

Satyrus Semele, L. — Scarce and local.

1881.]

95

Satyrus Statilinus, Hufn., var. Allionia, F. — Common on the downs between
Grallipoli and the valley of Ak-y-lar. First taken, 30th July ; males more numerous
than the females.

Pararge Poxelana, Cr. — Common, but local, the first specimens occurring on 6th
June, in the valley of Ak-y-lar, in a shady spot by the side of the stream, where I
noticed them settling on the trunks, and among the branches of willow trees. When
disturbed, they did not fly far, and always alighted on a tree, or branch, and
invariably with their heads downwards. All the examples taken on the 6th June
were males, and no females were seen until a week or ten days later. I discovered
a locality nearer G-allipoli than Ak-y-lar, where they were plentiful, and I was able
to note their habits. During the heat of the day they seldom flew, and were only
to be obtained by beating bushes, or examining the trunks of trees ; but, late in the
afternoon, when it became cooler, they might be seen flitting slowly along hedge-
rows, and occasionally pitching on a stone, and expanding their wings to the setting
sun. The males were far more numerous than the females.

Pararge Mcera , L. — Scarce and local. Delighted to sit on the face of a rock,
exposed to the full glare of the sun.

Pararge Megcera, L. — Abundant, and larger and brighter than British examples.

Pararge AEgeria, L. — Bare, only a few observed, and these, to my surprise, did
not differ in any way from English specimens, for I had fancied that all south
European examples possessed yellowish fulvous spots, as in var. Pgerides, Stgr.

JEpinephele Janira, L. — Very abundant, and varied considerably. First observed
23rd May.

PpinepTiele Tithonus, L. — Bare, 17th J uly, only one or two.

Ccenonympha Pamphilus , L. — Very common. Turkish specimens are much
larger, and differ considerably in other respects from English examples. Some I
captured measure 1 in. 6 lin. in expanse, and the upper wings are broadly margined
with brown ; and the under-side of the hind-wings, instead of being brown or grey,
are of a uniform pale fulvous, with a marginal row of metallic blue spots. Another
variety, of which I only obtained one, is almost white, with broad black margins.
There were several broods during the summer.

Spilothyrus alcece, Esp. — Common throughout the district from April until
November. Larvae were found between united leaves of the common mallow, where
they were not difficult to detect on the stunted little plants growing among the
stones on the almost barren spots where the perfect insects delight to live. The
first I observed on 3rd August, but, unfortunately, during my absence for a week at
, Constantinople, they were neglected, and, upon my return, I found them all dead
and shrivelled up. These would probably have produced butterflies the end of
| August. The next batch of larvae were not obtained until the end of October ; they
fed up and became full grown early in November, when they spun open net-work
cocoons in the corners of the breeding cage, or among dead leaves and debris at the
bottom, remaining as shrunk-up larvae until the middle of January, 1879, when some
of them changed to short chestnut coloured chrysalids, with prominent black eyes,
and covered with a slight purplish bloom. The following is a description of
the full-grown larva : — Length, 11 lin. to 1 in. ; cylindrical, tapering towards

96

[September. 1881.

each extremity ; slightly pubescent ; head cordate, smoky-black, very distinctly
separated from the second segment, which is very narrow, black, and bears three
conspicuous gamboge-yellow wax-like spots, one dorsal, the other two sub-dorsal ;
whole of upper portion leaden-grey, thickly irrorated with transverse rows of black
and white dots, but when the larva stretches itself in crawling, a faint fulvous yellow
hue shows through, especially at the segmental divisions ; an interrupted dorsal line
somewhat darker ; a pale sub-dorsal streak ; spiracles miuute, orange, with black
pupils ; ventral area smoky-black ; feet black ; prolegs and anal claspers smoky ;
lateral skinfold strongly developed. The young larvae are smoky-black, with a small,
but somewhat indistinct, black spot on each segment just below the pale sub-dorsal
streak. These larvae were terribly subject to the attacks of ichneumons.

Spilothyrus althece , Hb. — Common, though not quite so numerous as the
preceding.

Spilothyrus althece , var. boeticus, Rbr. — Two examples only.

Syrichthus sidce, Esp. — This fine species was very rare, and only two were seen
and captured, on 25th May, near the Bulair Lines.

Syrichthus serratulce, Rbr. — Common, but rather local.

Syrichthus malvce, L. — Common.

Syrichthus orbifer, Hb. — Common, but local, only occurring in a certain ravine
near the Bulair Lines.

Syrichthus Sao, Hb. — Yery rare, only one example.

Nisoniades Tctges, L. — Common.

Nisoniades Marloyi , B. — This species only occurred in one spot in the Ak-y-lar
valley, where, on 3rd August, I secured a nice series, but, unfortunately, these were
all destroyed while on the setting boards by minute red ants, while I was absent at
Constantinople, and I had no opportunity of again visiting the locality.

Hesperia Thaumas, Hufn. — Abundant. First taken 1st June.

Hesperia Actceon, Rott. — Yery abundant, the first appeared on 15th June, and
they were very partial to flowers of different kinds of scabious.

Hesperia Nostrodamus, F. — I only obtained three or four examples, and they
seemed to be difficult to get in good condition.

HETEROCERA.

SPHINGES.

Acherontia Atropos, L. — The larvae of this species were very numerous through-
out October and November.

Sphinx convolvuli , L. — Found a single larva on the 12th September, in a vine-
yard, on a plant of Persicaria. It turned to a pupa in a few days, and on 16th
October produced a crippled moth.

Peilephila euphorbia, L. — Larvae common early in J uly, and several perfect
insects bred the following month.

Peilephila livornica, Esp. — Captured on several occasions flying before flowers
in the bright sunshine.

October, 18S1.]

97

Deilephila Alecto, L. — The larvae of this fine species were very common in
vineyards in September, and at times, I was told, they commit great ravages. The
following is a description of a full-grown larva : — Length, 3 in. ; when fully ex-
tended, 3 in. 6 lin. ; head small and retractile within the second and third segments ;
fourth and fifth segments much swollen, giving the larva the appearance, when the
head is withdrawn, of possessing a hood ; remaining segments of almost uniform
thickness ; colour, a beautiful green, something the hue of a fresh vine leaf, irrorated
more or less with darker green, and faint yellow-green spots, which seem to be
placed just beneath, and show through the skin ; dorsal line minute, dark green and
pulsating ; a pale yellow sub-dorsal stripe, bordered above by dark green ; on the
fifth to eleventh segments there is an oval-shaped ocellated spot, composed of an
outer ring of pale yellow enclosing a bluish eye ; these spots are most conspicuous
on the fifth and sixth segments, but gradually die away towards the eleventh ; their
base rests on the sub-dorsal stripe ; legs pale red ; horn small, pinkish-brown, with
black tip ; spiracles minute, pale red. When full grown, the larva descends to the
ground and spins a loose network cocoon amongst the debris on the surface, and in
this changes to a pinkish-brown chrysalis. Some of these I brought to England in
April, 1879, and they produced moths in June and July.

Smerinthus populi, L. — I noticed a number of larvse of this species on some
small poplar trees on 12th October.

Macroglossa stellatarum , L. — Very abundant. On 24th May, found a full
grown larva feeding on Galium verum, and observed a female busily engaged
depositing her eggs on the same plant. There was a succession of broods through-
out the summer.

Macroglossa croatica, Esp. — This beautiful moth was common both in the per-
fect and larva stages. I first met with it on 17th May, and continued to see it
almost every day until towards the end of September, so, no doubt there was a suc-
cession of broods. One day I noticed a female depositing her eggs while she
hovered above a plant of Scabious ( Scabiosa arvensis), and later on found the larvse,
of which the following is a description : — Length, 2 in. ; cylindrical ,* head sub-
ovate ; dorsal area pinkish-purple ; a broad, pale yellowish, sub-dorsal stripe, some-
i what attenuated towards the anterior segments, and bordered with dark pinkish-
purple above, runs from the second segment to the thirteenth, where it dies away at
the base of the horn ; spiracular and ventral regions pale pinkish-yellow, the yellow
chiefly predominating below the spiracles, where it forms an indistinct and inter-
i rupted stripe ; spiracles minute, deep orange ; head, legs, and claspers pale pink ;
horn deep purple, faintly tipped with black, and with very small blunt white spines.
The whole surface of the larva is thickly irrorated with minute white dots, which
give it a somewhat roughened appearance. When full fed it becomes a beautiful
magenta-colour, and the skin is smooth and glossy. A common variety of this larva
is bluish-green, with a white dorsal line and indistinct whitish spiracular stripe, and
covered with the same minute white dots. It spins a slight cocoon among dead
leaves and debris on the surface of the ground, wherein it changes to a bright chest-
nut coloured shining pupa. These larvse are terribly subject to the attacks of
ichneumons, and I only* succeeded in obtaining half a dozen healthy pupse, from
which but a single perfect insect was bred, in England, in June, 1879.

98

[October,

Ino ampelophaga, Bayle. — Common, flying among rushes on the sandhills near
Bulair Lines.

In addition to the above, I obtained three other species of Ino, which, up to
the present time, I have been unable to identify.

Zygcena pilosellce (= Minos, Fuessl.), Esp. — Abundant, and particularly fond
of the flowers of various kinds of thistles. Sometimes this and the following species
were so thick on the flower-heads that there was positively no room for any other
insect, and they would not budge one inch, although a score of V. cardui might be
fluttering round them. These Turkish examples measure 1 in. 6 lin., whereas speci-
mens I have from Ireland are barely 1 in. 3 lin.

Zygcena punctum, O. — Abundant with the above.

Zygcena filipendulce, L. — Abundant, and differ rather from British types.

Zygcena sedi, F. — Very local, but common where it occurred. The cocoons of
this species are white and glossy, and somewhat ovate shaped.

Zygcena Iceta, Hb. — This beautiful species was very rare, and only three were
obtained.

BOMBYCES.

Lithosia caniola, Hb. — Very rare.

Emydia striata, L. — Common, flying freely in the hot sunshine. One example
I bred has the fore-wings entirely pale ochreous, with two black dots just beyond the
middle, and another, which was captured, has the hind-wings entirely black, with a
very faint orange margin, this latter is probably the var. melanoptera of Brahm.

Deiopeia pulchella, L. — Scarce in the perfect state, but at Besica Bay the larvae
were very plentiful, feeding perfectly exposed in stubble fields on Myosotis, and, I
think, Anchusa or Lycopsis, 10th September.

Callimorplia Hera, L. — Common, but local, and a very brilliant insect on the
wing.

Arctia villica, L. — Common, flying by day in the hot sun, 24th May.

Arctia purpurata, L. — Three beautiful specimens bred from larvae found feeding
on Galium verum near the Bulair Lines.

Arctia Hebe, L. — Only one taken at rest.

Spilosoma fuliginosa, L. — Larvae feeding on Verbascum, 16tli November.

Spilosoma menthastri, Esp. — Larvae common in September and October.

Cossus cossus, L. — Larvae common on apricot, almond, mulberry, and other trees.

Orgyia antiqua, L. — Males common, flying in the hot sun.

Borthesia chrysorrhcea, L. — Larvae abundant, feeding on various shrubs.

Borihesia similis, Fuessl. — This species was double-brooded, and the larvae were
excessively abundant.

Ocneria dispar , L. — Common, the males flying wildly by day.

Bonibyx neustria, L. — Larvae abundant.

Bornbyx lanestris, L. — Larvae common, and perfect insects bred.

Bonibyx trifolii, Esp. — Full grown larvae scarce in May, but young larvae
abundant in September and October.

1881.]

99

Saturnia pyri, Schiff. — The magnificent larvae of this fine species were full
grown at the beginning of July, and were plentiful on pear, plum, walnut, almond,
quince, willow, and other trees, and from their large size, and the manner in which
they stripped the branches they were feeding on, could be seen at a long distance.

Phalera bticephala , L. — Larvae common.

N0CTU2E.

Diloba coeruleocephala. — Larvae common.

Acrovycta aceris, L. — At rest on plane trees, 3rd August.

Acronycta psi, L. — At rest on various trees, and larvae on apricot, 12th October.

Acronycta rumicis, L. — Larvae common on bramble, sorrel, &c., 5th November.

J Wadena ochroleuca, Esp. — Common, sitting on thistle flowers during the day.

Polyphcenis sericata, Esp. — Scarce, flying before the flowers of the Herberts
during the day.

Leucania congrua, Hb. — One example.

Cucullia verbasci, L. — Larvae abundant.

JPlusia gamma , L. — Abundant.

Heliothis dipsaceus, L. — Rather scarce.

Heliothis scutosus , Schiff. — Scarce, and difficult to obtain in perfect condition.

Heliothis armiger , Hb. — Common, larvae feeding in flowers of various kinds of
thistle.

Acontia lucida, Hufn. — Rare.

Acontia lucida , Hufn., var. albicollis, F. — Rare.

Acontia luctuosa, Esp. — Common.

Thalpochares ostrina, Hb. — Rare.

Thalpochares parva, Hb. — Rare.

Agrophila trabealis, Sc. — Common.

Leucanitis stolida, F. — Rare.

Grammodes bifasciata, Petag. — Rare.

Grammodes algira, L. — Rare.

Catocala conjuncta, Esp. — Two examples.

Catocala hymencea, Schiff. — One example.

Catocala conversa, Esp. — Common at rest during the day, on trunks of trees,
walls, &c.

Spintherops spectrum, Esp. — The magnificent larvae of this species were not
uncommon on broom at the end of May, and their white cocoons, spun up among
the terminal shoots, were most conspicuous. Mr. Stainton, in his Manual of British
Butterflies and Moths, says that he nearly screamed with delight when he first saw
the larva of Calocampa exoleta ! I wonder if he has ever seen this larva, and if so,
what effect it had upon him ? for I think it is a far more beautiful and interesting
creature, and I shall never forget the thrill of pleasure with which I first made its
acquaintance. It seems a pity that such lovely larvae should produce such dingy-
looking moths.

100

Octobei',

GEOMETRY.

Phorodesma neriaria , H.-S. — One example.

Nemoria viridata, L. — One example.

Thaler a fimbrialis, Sc. — One example.

Acidalia rufaria , Hb. — Common.

Acidalia subsericeata, Hw. — One example.

Acidalia ornata , Sc. — One example.

Rellonia calabraria,Z. — This pretty species was common on the downs between
Gallipoli and the valley of Ak-y-lar, and flew readily in the day-time. The males-
far outnumbered the females.

Rumia luteolata, L. — A few examples.

Aspilates gilvaria, F. — Scarce.

Aspilates ochrearia, Rossi. — Common.

Aspilates strigillaria, Hb. — Common.

Sterrha sacraria, L. — Common and variable.

Lythria purpuraria, L. — Common.

Ortholitha cervinata, Schiff. — One example.

Ortholitha bipunctaria, Schiff. — Common.

Anaitis plagiata , L. — Common.

Cidaria Jluctuata, L. — Common, bred.

Cidaria bilineata, L. — Common.

Cidaria sordidata, F. — Common.

Eupithecia oblongata, Hub. — Common, bred.

PYRALIDINA.

Cledeobia moldavica, Esp. — This striking species was excessively abundant in
some localities on dry banks among withered herbage.

Cledeobia angustalis, Schiff. — Common.

Botys alborivulalis, Ev. — One example.

Botys cingulata. — Common.

Botys pur pur alis, L.— Common.

Botys sanguinalis, L. — Common on the sandhills near the Bulair Lines.

Botys cespitalis, Schiff. — Common.

Botys fer rug alis, Hb. — Abundant.

Eurycreon sticticalis, L. — Rare.

Nomophila noctuella, Schiff. — This ubiquitous species was abundant.
Bioneaforjicalis, L. — Common.

Orobena frumentalis, L. — Scarce.

Margarodes unionalis, Hb.- — Rare.

Crambus chrysonuchellus, Sc. — Common.

Pempelia semirubella, Sc. — Common.

Myelois cribrum, Schiff. — Common.

In addition to the species enumerated in this list, I have still
several which I have not yet been able to identify.

Instow, North Devon : May, 1881.

1881.]

101

ANNOTATED LIST OP BRITISH ANTH 0MYIID2E.

BY R. H. MEADE.

{continued from page 65.)

5. LIMNOPHOBA, Desv.

Gen. ch. — Eyes bare, contiguous or approximate in tbe males ;
arista slightly pubescent or bare ; abdomen oval or conical, and always
marked on the dorsum with four or six large triangular or sub-quadrate
spots ; alulets well developed, the under scale being longer than the
supper; anal vein not reaching the margin of the wing.

1. compun’cta, Wdm. 3. tria^guligera, Zett.

2. SORORCULA, Zett. 4. ccxntractierons, Zett.

5. SEPTEMNOTATA, Zett.

Several species of a widely different character have been included
in this genus, which are only related to each other by having a very
short-haired or nearly bare arista, and spotted bodies. Some of these,
as J\I. consimilis , Pali., M. litorea , Fall., and A. pertusa, Meig., belong
^o the genus Spilog aster ; while others, as M. riparia , Fall., and JK.
\triangula, Fall., must be placed in the Coenosia group, the eyes being
widely separated in both sexes. I have thought it better to restrict
the name Limnopliora to a small and natural tribe, of which A. com-
puncta, Wdm., is the type. All in this group are of a black colour,
with entirely black legs ; more or less fuliginous wings ; and with the
pecond and third (and sometimes the first) abdominal segments each
marked on the dorsum with two large triangular or sub-quadrate
lateral spots, separated from each other by a straight, longitudinal,
barrow grey stripe.

The species are mostly confined to the northern and mountainous
parts of Europe, being more common in Scotland than in England ;
tnd on the continent, finding their chief home in Scandinavia.

L. compuivcta, Meig.

Of this, the largest species in the genus, I have not seen an English specimen ;
>ut several were given me some years ago by Mr. Yerrall, which had been captured
>y him at Rannoch in Scotland.

L. TRIAN GTJLIGERA, Zett.

Ill I captured several males of this species on the borders of Loch Katrine, in
Lugust, 1874, where it seemed abundant.

L. CONTRACTIFROtfS, Zett.

Zetterstedt has described several species which are so closely related to each

102

[October,

other, that it is very difficult to define them accurately. I have referred a single
specimen to the present species, which I found in June, 1880, on very high ground
on the borders of Rombald’s Moor in Yorkshire.

L. 7-notata, Zett.

This pretty little fly is the only one in the genus which is widely diffused, or at
all common in England. I have found it both in Yorkshire and in the south. All
the male specimens which I have seen belonged to the b. var. of Zetterstedt, having
the alulets fuscous ; a female which I captured together with a male in Askham Bog,
near York, in September, 1880, had the alulets white, while those of the male were
black.

6. HYDBOPHOBIA, Desv.

Gen. ch. — Eyes bare, contiguous or sub-contiguous in male ; arista]
plumose or sub-plumose ; alulets of moderate size, with the lower
scale longer than the upper ; abdomen conical, without distinct spots,
and with projecting sub-anal appendages in male ; anal vein prolonged
to posterior margin of wing.

Sect. 1 — Legs entirely blade.

1. ambigua, Eall. | 2. diyisa, Meig.

3. CAUDATA, Zett.

Sect. 2 — Legs partly pale.

4. conica, Wdm.

5. BRUNNEIERONS, Zett.

coronata ?, Zett.

6. ltnogrisea, Meig.

7. anthomyiea, Bond.

8. socia, Fall.

This genus is closely allied both to Mydcea and Sylemyia. It
differs. from the former by the species having the anal vein prolonged]
more or less distinctly to the margin of the wing, and by the abdomen
being usually conical rather than oval, and furnished beneath in the
males with large sub-anal appendages. It is distinguished from Sy-\
lemyia , to which it has been united by Schiner, by its higher degree of
organization ; the alulets in the principal species being of considerable]
size, and always with the scales of unequal length ; while in Sylemyia
they are small, and the lower scale is always covered by the upper one ; :
the abdomen also in the latter genus is usually cylindrical rather than?
conical.

H. ambigtja, Ball.
H. diyisa, Meig.

These species have been confounded together, though they are really very distinct.]
This confusion has arisen from their bearing a good deal of general resemblance, and]
from having been too briefly and imperfectly described ; so that the description of
one will apply almost as well to the other. Fallen’s H. ambigua is apparently more 1
rare than Meigen’s II. divisa, though neither is common. ] ' 1

1881.

103

They may be distinguished by the following characteristics : the face is more
prominent in H. ambigua than in H. divisa, and of a more brilliant silvery-white
colour ; the three longitudinal broad black stripes present on the thorax of both
species, are separated by much more distinct white interspaces in H. ambigua than in
H. divisa ; and the sides of the thorax are of a more brilliant shining white colour
in the former than in the latter. The scutellum is grey, with the apex shining
black, in H. ambigua while it is of an uniform grey colour in H. divisa. The abdo-
men has a longitudinal black dorsal stripe in both species, but it is much wider in
II. ambigua than in H. divisa, and of nearly equal width in its whole length, ex-
tending over each segment to the apex. In H. divisa it is moderately wide over the
first segment, but gradually becomes narrower, and terminates in a fine line, or
becomes indistinct, at the hinder margin of the third segment. The apex of the
abdomen is shining black in H. ambigua, but grey in H. divisa. The sub-anal
appendages are very different in the males of the two species, affording very charac-
teristic points of distinction ; in H. ambigua they form a large projecting complicated
hairy mass, under the third and fourth abdominal segments ; while in H. divisa
there are two long brown horny lamellae, extending forward from the under-surface
of the apex, arid covering the rest of the male organs, which are much smaller and
less hairy than in the former species. The third and fourth longitudinal veins of
the wings slightly diverge from each other in H. ambigua, while they run quite
parallel to each other in H. divisa as they approach the margin. The posterior tibiae
are ciliated on their outer and posterior surfaces with a number of long and short
bristles of uneven lengths in H. ambigua, while in II. divisa there is a row of very
short stiff hairs of equal lengths, extending along the whole outer surfaces of the
tibiae, and three long bristles in addition, one placed in the centre and one at each
extremity of the tibia.

H. CAITDATA, Zett.

This species may be known from either of the preceding by its having two lateral
tufts of hair, one on each side of the anus, on the under-surface, and another central
tuft at the end of a projecting process, placed in front of the large hairy genital
protuberance, beneath the penultimate abdominal segment. The abdomen is marked
in the same way on the dorsum as in H. ambigua, but is more hirsute. The posterior
tibiae are armed as in H. divisa.

I captured several males of this species in 1874 on the margin of Lake Winder-
mere ; I have not met with it in any other locality.

H. BRTJKNBIERONS, Zett.

The female only of this species has been described ; neither Zetterstedt nor
Kondani knew the male. I found one female at Silverdale, Lancashire, in May,
1881, and have another which I found in a collection of Dijptera made by the late
E. Walker.

H. anthomyiea, Rond.

This well-marked and pretty species has not been noticed by any author except
Eon dan i, who found it rarely in Italy. Herr Kowarz has met with it in Austria,
and it is generally diffused and by no means rare in England ; so it probably occurs
in other parts of Europe, but has been overlooked.

104

[ October,

It differs from all the other species in this genus by having the sides and under-
surface of the two basal segments of the abdomen more or less testaceous in colour,
and slightly translucent. The abdomen is cinereous, and has a longitudinal, tapering,
black dorsal stripe, as well as a series of transverse black marks at the base of each
segment, which are dilated on each side of the central stripe, so as to form six semi-
lunar-shaped spots. The legs have the femora and tarsi black in both sexes, and all
the tibiae more or less testaceous. In some varieties the legs are almost black, and
the yellow tinge at the base of the abdomen also indistinct.

The sub-anal appendages of the males are very complicated. Two long horny
processes, with sharp points, extend forward from the under-surface of the anal
segment, which are furnished with tufts of black hairs in the middle ; they some-
times project downwards, the points being free and ei’ected ; at other times they are
folded under two other membranous lobular bodies, which are placed under the
penultimate segment and extend backwards.

H. socia, Pall.

This is an aberrant species, the generic position of which is rather difficult to
determine ; the arista being short-haired, and the abdomen oval and depressed.
Rondani (the latest authority on the Anthomyiidce*) placed it first in the genus
Anthomyia, but afterwards removed it into the present one, to which it certainly
belongs. It is not common.

(To be continued).

ON CERTAIN BRITISH SEMIPTJERA-HOM OPTERA.

BY JOHN SCOTT.

(Continued from p. 67).

Libuknia V-flava, sp. nov .

$ . Yellow. Crown yellow, as long as broad fx-om in a line with the anterior
margin of the eyes to the base, anterior margin rounded, next the basal margin a
distinct fovea on each side adjoining the eyes, the triangular space in front between
the keels reaching to the frons : face yellow, slightly dilated below the eyes : an-
tennae yellow, 2nd joint granulated.

Pronotum yellow, with a distinct but minute fovea in the centre on each side of
the central keel, posterior margin arcuate : scutellum yellow, somewhat depressed at
the base on each side of the central keel. Elytra yellow, reaching to the apex of
the 6th abdominal segment, apex broadly rounded, nerves not granulated. Leys
yellow : claws black.

Abdomen yellow : genital segment yellow, posterior margin viewed from the
side nearly straight, viewed from behind broadish-oval, appendage yellowish-white,
somewhat semi-oval, lower margin concave, upper margin inwardly on each side of
the tube, and the lower angles very narrowly, black ; processes yellow, V-shaped,
upper margin narrowly margined with black and produced into a short tooth
interiorly. Length, 1 line.

? . Unknowm.

This species stands between L. jlaveola, Flor, and L. concolor, Fieb.
From the former it is easily distinguished by the different form of the

* Dipterologue Italic* prodromus, vol. vi Parma, 1877.

1881.]

105

anal opening when viewed from behind, also by the shape of the
processes ; and from the latter by the want of the granulation on the
nerves of the elytra, the want of the black margins of the appendage,
and also the V- (not U-) shaped form of the processes, with their
black upper margin.

I only possess a single example, but without date of capture or
locality.

Deltocephaltjs Nobmani, sp. nov.

S • Pale brownish-yellow Crown pale brownish-yellow, with a whitish longi-
tudinal central line, breadth across the anterior margin of the eyes about equal to
the length ; within the anterior margin a fine brown line extending from the apex
almost to the eyes, at the base, on each side the central line, a small, somewhat
square, brown spot, and adjoining the anterior margin of the eyes a paler, somewhat
triangular one : face pale clear brown, with six to seven yellowish- white, short,
slightly curved, transverse lines, and a short, pale, longitudinal central line at the
apex : clypeus pale yellow : rostrum yellow, apex black.

Pronotum pale brownish-yellow, with a whitish, longitudinal central line ; ad-
joining and running parallel with the anterior margin a pale yellowish- white, smooth
collar, terminating in a line with the inner margins of the eyes, where it swerves
into a straight line, terminating before reaching the lateral margins, posterior portion
finely wrinkled transversely ; posterior margin slightly concave, obtusely rounded at
the extremities : scutellum pale brownish-yellow, with a short, shallow, transverse
brown channel near the base. Elytra longer than the abdomen, pale brownish-
yellow, nerves concolorous, central and the two inner apical areas milky-white.
Legs pale yellowish or yellowish-white : tibice , 3rd pair pale yellowish, spines pale,
set in black punctures : tarsi, 3rd pair dark brown, base and exterior margin of the
2nd and 3rd joints with a short whitish line.

Abdomen black, side margins very narrowly yellow ; underneath, posterior
margins of the segments narrowly yellow, posterior margin of the terminal segment
concave ; genital flap black, triangular apex narrowly rounded, margins yellow.

Length, H line.

£ . Similar in colour to the $ . Crown with the markings less distinct than in
the other sex. Elytra shorter than the abdomen : clavus , nerves dark brown.

Abdomen : upper-side black, last segment orange -yellow, basal margin of the
latter black, sides with a few stout, short, yellow hairs. All the other characters as
in the S • Length, 1| lines.

I have compared this species with many of the late Dr. Fieber’s
in my possession, but cannot reconcile it with any of them ; neither
does it agree with any of the descriptions or figures given by him in
I his “ Synopse der europaischen Deltocephali,” published in the Verh.
z.-h. Gres, for 1869, pp. 201 — 221. In colour it resembles D. socialis,
i and is also otherwise like it, but ‘without the dark margin to the apical
areas.

I have seen three specimens taken by Mr. Geo. Norman (1^,2$)

I on “high heathery land in Morayshire three years ago.”

Lee, S.E. : 12^ September , 1881.

106

[October,

DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF SCOP ARIA TRUNCICOLELLA.

BY G-. T. POKRITT, F.L.S.

In the second week of August last year, I received two batches
of eggs of Scop aria truncicolella from Mr. Greorge Jackson, of York,
and Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson, of Preston, respectively. They were large
and glossy, at first pale in colour, but soon changed to very bright red.
They hatched in about a week, but before doing so changed to lead-
colour, the newly emerged larvae were red with shining black head.
I immediately placed them in a flower pot where was growing a layer
of the ordinary moss, which grows so abundantly on the sides of our
garden walks, and in the bottom of our grass lawns. In this moss
they disappeared, and I have no note on them until the end of October,
when I found they were tunnelling the moss with silken galleries in
all directions, thus proving they had made themselves perfectly at
home. I then left them alone, outdoors, until the end of March, when
I saw they were again feeding, and it became necessary several times
after this to replenish the moss as it became eaten away. They were
full-grown at the end of June, when I described them as follows : —

Length, nearly three-quarters of an inch ; head a very little narrower than the
second segment, it has the lobes rounded and the mandibles rather prominent ; both
it and the frontal plate highly polished. Body of nearly uniform width through-
out, tapering only at the anal extremity ; it is rounded above but rather flatter
ventrally ; segments very clearly defined, the divisions being deeply cut all round :
the skin has a rather tough appearance, the polished tubercles large and prominent,
and as usual there are a few short, but not very noticeable hairs.

The ground colour is a dingy dark olive-brown ; head and mandibles dark
brown, the frontal plate nearly black. (When younger the head is pale brown, with
the mandibles and frontal plate darker sienna-brown). A dingy black pulsating
vessel shows distinctly as the dorsal stripe ; the hairs and tubercles black. Ventral
surface similar to the ground of the dorsal area, the legs black. There are no other
perceptible lines or markings, and the larva altogether is a very dingy looking
creature.

For tbe most part they kept to their silken galleries in the moss,
but on damp evenings were to be seen crawling over the surface, and
were then very lively, and would wriggle about like the larvae of a
Tortrix ; they seemed much more active than the rather stouter larvte
of Sc op aria muralis.

They changed to pupse in the moss, and the first imago emerged
on August 6th, and wras followed during the next fortnight by about
thirty more beautiful specimens.

Highroyd House, Huddersfield :

September 7th, 1881.

1881.]

107

DESCRIPTION of A NEW GENUS and SPECIES of TENTHREDINID&.

BY W. F. KIEBY,

Assistant in the Zoological Department , British Museum.

Paeastatis, g. n.

Wings and body as in Tenthredo (true) ; antennaB 8-jointed, joint
3 nearly twice as long as joints 1 and 2 together; and joints 5 to 8
forming a club, tapering at both ends ; joint 4 being longer than any
of the remainder, and gradually expanded ; and joint 8 ending in a
point. The club is about as long as the first three joints together.

Parastcitis indica , sp. n.

Head black, coarsely punctured, clypeus and labrum nearly smooth, with a few
scattered punctures, clypeus incised, yellowish, as is also the outside of the mandibles
at the base ; labrum with a longitudinal impression in the middle. Thorax and
pectus black, punctured, segments of the abdomen blue-black in front, and yellowish
behind, the last two segments almost entirely yellowish above, and blue-black below.
Four front-legs yellowish, their femora and tibise, and the first two joints of the
middle tarsi, blue-black on the outside. Hind-legs blue-black, with yellowish cox®
and trochanters. Wings yellowish-hyaline, with a strong violet iridescence, es-
pecially over a dark shade at the tip of the fore-wings, extending over the greater
part of the radial cells, and a little below them ; there is also a dark shade filling up
the greater part of the first medial cell. Costa and stigma ochraceous, the latter
blue-black at the base. Exp. al., 12 lin. ; long, corp., 6 lin.

India (collected by Mr. Parr; precise locality not recorded).

A single female example is in the collection of Mr. P. Moore, to
whom I am indebted for the permission to describe it. The insect is
chiefly remarkable for the structure of its antennae, which are quite
different from any previously described form occurring among the
Tenthredinidce. A figure will shortly appear in Mr. C. O. Water-
house’s “ Aid to the Identification of Insects.”

British Museum :

September, 1881.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF CH AR AXES FROM WEST AFRICA.

BY AETHUE G. BUTLEE, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

We have recently received a small series of butterflies, chiefly
Chciraxes , from Accra, amongst which is the insect figured by Ilewit-
son (Exotic Butterflies, vol. v, p. 40, pi. xx, figs. 22, 23) as the female
of his Chciraxes cedreatis.

As both figures of C. cedreatis evidently represent females of
perfectly distinct species, and as the true male of Hewitson’s C. ce-
dreatis, $ , is sent with the female by Mr. Carter, and proves to be an
insect which has long stood in our collections as a probable variety of
C. Etheocles, it will be necessary to give a new name to this species.

108

[October,

Char axes Carteri, sp. n.

$ Char axes cedreatis , Hewitson, Exot. Butt., 5, p. 40 ; pi. xx,
figs. 22, 23 (1876).

$ . Above, velvety-black, the primaries with diffused olive-brown border ; a
small sub-costal steel-blue spot beyond the cell : secondaries with a sub-marginal
series of small greenish lunules with white centres ; two bright blue sub-anal spots
surmounted by white lunules ; a sub-marginal lunated greenish line : fringe white-
tipped ; head chocolate-brown with four white dots, collar and tegulse brown ; thorax
silky-black, abdomen velvet-black : under-surface exactly as in Hewitson’s figure of
the under-surface of the female, excepting that the oblique white belt (common to
many females in this genus) is wanting, and the scarlet sub-marginal lines on the
secondaries are less prominent. Expanse of wings, $ , 2 in. 11 lin. ; ^ , 3 in. 6 lin.

Accra {Carter). Type, B. M.

Hewitson’s colouring of tbe outer border of the secondaries above
does not perfectly agree with that of our specimen, being represented
as salmon-tinted, whereas ours is greenish-grey, but curiously enough
this very discrepancy in coloration occurs in two males of C. JEtheocles
in the Museum collection.

The female C. Carteri is, unfortunately, slightly damaged, but this
is explained by Mr. Carter ; he says : — “ I fear none of them are very
perfect ; I am obliged to get natives to make captures for me, and my
last employe complained that the ‘ spank of the wings was too brisk,’
whatever that might mean, on my complaining that he hardly ever
sent me a perfect specimen.”

British Museum :

September, 1881.

Drepana sicula. — Through a persistent search amongst its food plant since the
early part of August, I am glad to say I have been enabled to secure larvae of this
species, which have safely pupated. I have likewise to report a fairly successful
result from eggs obtained from moths bred at the end of May last, so perhaps cor-
respondents who have not hitherto received this species from me will take heart at
the announcement. I attribute my ill luck this summer to an undue forcing of the
pupae, which previously I had not attempted, as on an examination the moths were
found fully developed. — William H. G-rigg, 31, Cotham New Boad, Bristol: Y*7th
September, 1881.

Boletobia fuliginaria at Lewisham. — A specimen of this insect was taken in a
cellar in Lewisham, on the 1st August, by a young man who works in my garden.
The cellar had not been disturbed for some two or three years, and in a box in the
cellar were two empty cocoons. Being in some doubt as to the insect, I sent it to
Mr. Weir for identification, and this gentleman very courteously at once set my
doubts at rest by assuring me of its genuine character. The insect is a female and
in excellent condition, except the antennae, which are slightly damaged. We tried

1881. J

109

to tempt the occupant of the other cocoon with sugar, but I regret to say unavail-
ingly. — Feed. W. Smith, Hollywood House, Dartmouth Point, Blacklieath, S.E. :
24 th August, 1881.

Further captures of Boletobia fuliginaria. — Since writing to record the capture
of a $ Boletobia fuliginaria, I am happy to say the other two I supposed to be in
the cellar (having found their vacated cocoons), have both been captured. One
has gone to Mr. Bond and the other I have. Both were females. — Id. : 27 th
August, 1881.

Boletobia fuliginaria in London. — I have the pleasure of recording the capture
of the second specimen this season of Boletobia fuliginaria, which was taken in the
same warehouse, on the morning of the 25th ulto., as the one recorded by me on the
14th July ( ante p. 68) ; this is a female, and owing to its late appearance and probably
to having been out some little time is a little worn, but otherwise quite perfect. — ■
J. R. Wellman, 219, Elm Park, Brixton Rise, S.W. : September 6th, 1881.

Blusia orichalcea in Bembrolceshire. — I am so fortunate as to be able to record
the occurrence of a specimen of Blusia orichalcea in Pembrokeshire. I was collect-
ing on a fine afternoon about the middle of July last, in a wild spot close to one of
the branches of Milford Haven, when I saw it fly from one plant of bracken to
another, and secured it without difficulty. It has been submitted to Mr. C. Gr.
Barrett who has obliged me with its name. — James Malpas, H. M. Dockyard,
Pembroke Dock, S. Wales : 27 th August, 1881.

Nonagria despecta in Bembrolceshire. — Being one day, early in August, in the
extreme south-western corner of the county, and having half an hour to spare, I
explored an attractive looking little strip of marsh lying below an extensive range of
sand-hills near the sea. The place really was attractive, for in it Anagallis tenella
actually carpeted the ground with its pale purple flowers, and Samolus Valerandi
grew in plenty close by, with many common marsh plants, but attention was quickly
drawn away from these by the appearance of a small whitish moth, flying like a
Cr ambus, but with obviously broader fore- wings. This was Nonagria despecta —
never before found, as far as I can ascertain, in any part of Wales, and, therefore, a
most welcome discovery.

I worked over the ground — reviving the memory of old fen-land pleasures by
tumbling headlong over a great “ tump ” of Carex into an'abyss of black mud — and
found that the Nonagria was tolerably common, though not plentiful, and its
numbers were not greatly diminished by my visit.

At the same time I was much surprised to hear from Norfolk that despecta —
which I used to see flying in hundreds, if not thousands, over the tall herbage at
Ranworth Fen — has now become so scarce there, that hardly a dozen were seen in a
week. This seems very extraordinary, they cannot have been exterminated by col-
lectors, and no change in the condition of the Norfolk fens has taken place, and there
is good reason to hope that this scarcity is only temporary and casual.

With it, in the little Pembrokeshire marsh, I found — as in Norfolk — Acidalia
immutata and Fudorea pallida, but no other fen insect, not even Crambus uligino-
sellus, which certainly ought to have been there. — Chas. G. Baeeett, Pembroke :
f>rd September, 1881.

110

[October,

Singular variety of Pieris napi. — Among the insects brought back from the
Norfolk fens is one which deserves a separate and special notice — a $ Pieris napi,
entirely of a bright canary or sulphur colour. It is one of the most exquisitely
lovely insects that I have ever seen, its colour agreeing almost exactly with that of
Gonopteryx rhamni, $ , only with the addition of the soft shading of black atoms
always present in P. napi. I have some very striking specimens of the darJc varieties
of this species ( bryonies and sabellicce), but have nowhere seen anything approach-
ing the present specimen in yellow colour.

It was caught in company with a $ of the ordinary colour in the fen, when the
party were looking for Papilio Machaon, and Mr. Wheeler most generously sent it
here for my collection. — Id.

Captures of Lepidoptera in the Norfolk fens. — My eldest boy having begun to
make himself really useful as a young collector, has been encouraged in his exertions
by an invitation from my friend Mr. F. D. Wheeler, to join in a boat-excursion on
the rivers, broads, and fens of Norfolk, and some of his captures and observations
are worth recording. Very little collecting was done in the day time, but it is
gratifying to find that Papilio Machaon shows no sign of dying out, its larvae being
to be found in plenty. At night a fair number of moths came to the attracting
lamps, but not the abundance that has been seen in former years. Lithosia muscerda
was scarce, not more than a dozen being taken, and Nudaria senex not much com-
moner, though both species formerly occurred in abundance on the same ground.
As with Nonagria despecta I think this only a temporary falling off, there being no
permanent change in the conditions of their existence, and that they will probably
in future years be as plentiful as ever. Lithosia griseola and its handsome variety
stramineola seem to have been as common as usual.

Nonagria brevilinea, which for the last two years had scarcely been seen,
occurred sparingly, and some very good specimens were secured. Other Nonagrice,
as well as Leucanice, were very scarce, only one neurica and two or three straminea
and pudorina being obtained, but phragmitidis was not uncommon. Spilosoma
urticce and Simyra venosa were taken but rarely, as also was the case with Notodonta
dictceoides, Ptilodontis palpina, Tethea retusa, and Celcena Haworthi. Apamea
fibrosa and JEpunda viminalis were commoner. Geometrce were not plentiful, but a
series of G. papilionaria came in most satisfactorily to take the place of the faded
specimens in the cabinet. L 'nnomos erosaria, Collix sparsata, and Lobophora
sexalata occurred but sparingly. Among the swarms of Abraxas grossulariata one
was taken with its fore-wings smeared along the costal region with black, and among
the almost equally common Epione apiciaria was one in which the angulated first
line of the fore-wings was placed nearly in the middle of the wing instead of near
the base, and the broadly purple second line almost met it. The lovely white variety
of Hydrocampa stagnalis olso occurred.

Schcenobius gigantellus and mucronellus were found, though not in great plenty,
and a few Cr ambus paludellus, one specimen being of a beautifully pure white.

Peronea Lorquiniana seems to have fairly established itself in the Norfolk fens,
and several were taken. Its first discovery there was not more than three years
ago. A few Orthotcenia ericetana and Eupoecilia Geyeriana also occuiTed.

As a falling off in its former abundance is reported of Liparis salicis in some of

1881.]

Ill

its old haunts, it may be worth while to record that it occurs locally but not uncom-
monly in the Norfolk fens, sometimes being of unusually large size.

The trip was a great success — fishing, boating, rowing, sailing, even shell col-
lecting in the day-time, moth collecting at night — happy circumstances to be a boy,
and have some spare time ! — Id.

Curious variety of Hepialus Tiumuli. — Of the very few insects that have fallen
in my way this season, one seems worthy of record. It is a $ of Hepialus humuli,
found sitting one afternoon on a hedge bank, just emerged. The apical third part
of its silvery- white fore-wings was distinctly tinged with delicate pink, not following
any line or pattern but simply an extension over part of the wings of the lovely pink
colour of the apical cilia. When alive the patch of colour was very distinct, but it
is fading and in all probability will before very long disappear. — Id.

The ravages of the larvce of Charceas graminis in Thuringia. — On the 14th of
June last, the foresters informed me that, in a certain district of the Obergehren
Forest, caterpillars, of which they sent some examples in spirits, had made great
havoc in the pastures, and were so abundant that as one walked over the infested
ground they crackled under foot. I recognised at once larvae of Charceas graminis,
and advised what could be done to prevent their ultimate increase, but I was unable
to visit the place on the Rennsteig, about 2000 feet elevation, until the 28th June.
The locality worst infected was a wood-clearing of about 90 acres ; all the pasture
had become entirely withered in consequence of the roots of the grass having been
eaten by the caterpillars, whilst in other parts the vegetation flourished green. At
the time of my investigation the greater part of the larvae had become pupae, the
remainder were mostly ready to change, and only a few continued to feed. In a
square foot I counted from 25 to 30 larvae and pupae,' which gave for the 90 square
acres 69,984,000 individuals. Single ones were also to be found in the adjacent
clearings. I found school-children from the neighbouring villages busily engaged in
collecting the larvae and pupae, and they received for them a mark per litre.
Endeavours were made to stop the further spreading of the larvae by making
trenches into which the cattle were driven to trample on the larvae and pupae, and
later on fires were to be made, whereby any developed moths should be destroyed.
Altogether the forest officers did all that was possible to check the further spread of
the insects ; for this year in this place the grass was lost.

The moths first appeared on the 5th July ; also their natural enemy Ichneumon
bucculentus, Wesmael ; but no Tachince. It remains to be seen what will happen in
1882; whether larvae will invade neighbouring pastures in destructive swarms, or
whether in consequence of the attacks of their natural eneinies and by climatic
influences the number of the insects will be reduced to normal proportion. — A.
Gutheil. ( Condensed from the “ JEntomol. Nachrichten ls£ September.)

Capture of rare Lepidoptera and Homoptera in Herefordshire. — On the 30th
August I captured, in Herefordshire, a pair of Cerostoma asperella and a series of
Psylla visci. — C. W. Dale, Barmouth, North Wales : September 2nd, 1881.

A new mode of collecting Coleoptera , Sfc. — [The following is an abbreviated

112

[October,

extract from an article on the results of an excursion in South Hungary]. I now
mention a profitable way of beetle-hunting pursued by us almost daily. The method 1
was entirely new to me, it may also be so to others, and may perhaps have similar
results in other localities where railways go through woodland districts. The rail-
way from Bogsan to Resicza runs continuously on the bank of the Berzava, often
through forest ; on the embankments the outer ledge of the rails is on an elevation,
by which means the beetles will easily get over the rails and into the track, but their
retreat is prevented by the concavity of the inner side of the rails, and they are
caught in a trap, as in trenches with steep sides. In no other way can I account
for the masses of bulky beetles in the said space ; nor otherwise conceive for what
purpose they had intentionally crawled between the rails. The gi’eater proportion i
consisted of Dorcadion cethiops and I), rujipes, Dorcus parallelopipedus often in i
companies of 6 to 8 buried in the ground, G-naptor spinimanus and other cursorial
beetles, among which were Carabus intricatus, C. repercussUs, also C. Kollari and
C. montivagus singly. Further, Herophila tristis, Acanthoderes clavipes, Hoplozia I
fennica, Mesosa curculionoides, 31. nebulosa, the last three scarce; but very plenti- I
fully Timarchce , different Chrysomelce, particularly C. coeridea, &c., were found. I
Standfuss made an eager raid on the cases of Psychidoe which had a predilection for
hanging on the inner side of the rails. — E. yon Bodemeyer-Heinrichau (in
Fntomol. Nachrichten: ls£ September).

Meligethes morosus, Hr., a species new to Britain. — Among some doubtful
Meligethes , which M. Fauvel kindly named for me some time ago, was a specimen
of M. morosus, Er., a species not yet recorded as British : it apparently comes near
31. difficilis, Heer, but is easily distinguished by its anterior tibiae, which are much
more evenly toothed than in that species ; the teeth are much blunter, and increase
in size to the apex, where there are two or three larger than the rest, though not
conspicuously so, as in M. difficilis and other allied species ; in shape it is shorter
and more ovate than 31. difficilis ; its dark legs, as well as the teeth on the tibiae, ,
distinguish it from 31. ochropus, to which it is somewhat allied by having its inter-
mediate and posterior tibiae strongly elbowed. I took my specimen in my garden
in Lincoln, I believe out of a strawberry blossom. — W. W. Fowler, Lincoln : Sep-
tember 1 6th, 1881.

Harpalus discoideus, F. — While collecting Coleopt ra at Gravesend in July
last, I took a single specimen of a Harpalus quite unknown to me. Mr. C. O.
Waterhouse has kindly examined it for me, and pronounced it to be Harpalus ■
discoideus. — H. B. Pim, Leaside, Kingswood Road, Upper Norwood : Sept., 1881.

Choragus Sheppardi in Warwick shire. — From the bark of an old ash stump
near Bidford I took, in July last, a few specimens of Choragus Sheppardi. The •
stump was full of insects of various kinds, and amongst others were the following
species of Coleoptera : Homalium punctipenne, Cephennium thoracicum, Scaphisoma
agaricinum and boleti, Carcinops minima, Cryptarcha strigata, Triphyllus suturalis,
Diphyllus lunatus, Litargus bifasciatus, Dorcus, Sinodendron, Clerus formicarius.
In the Hypoxylon concentricum growing on the stump, I found larvae of Platyrliinus
latirostris, the perfect form of which I captured at the same place in May. — W. G.
Blatch, Green Lane, Smallheath, near Birmingham : September 17th, 1881.

1881. ]

113

Capture of Ceratocombus and Cryptostemma. — At the end of last July I found
a specimen of Cryptostemma aliena amongst stones on the margin of Dowle’s
I Brook in Bewdley Forest, and on a recent short visit to Matlock in search of Stenus
Guynemeri and Quedius auricomus (both of which species I obtained) I found three
specimens of Ceratocombus coleoptratus. They were on the under-side of bark lying
on the ground in a damp place. — Id.

t

v

),

IS

■'P

e

-

!

■■

s

i}.

Notes on Hemiptera at Battle , Sfc. — During August I had the pleasure of
working some parts of our district in company with four other local entomologists,
Messrs. G-. and H. Henry and E. P. and F. Collett. We confined our attention
almost entirely to the immediate neighbourhood of Battle and to Dallington Forest,
working principally at Hemiptera and Coleoptera. The larger Hemiptera were
much more abundant than usual ; besides plenty of Tropicoris, Piezodorus, Picrome-
rus, Myrmus, Gastrodes ferruyineus, and larvae and pupae of Pentatoma viridissima,
we took a few JElioides inflexus, Bury g aster maurus, and Corizus eapitatus, a con-
siderable number of Zicrona ccerulea and Strachia f estiva and a few Podisus luridus.
This latter was chiefly in the larval and pupal states, in which it is very handsome ;
one was observed sucking with great avidity a larva of Piezodorus, and by taking
this hint and supplying them with such food, several were brought to the imago
state. They seem, however, to be able to endure abstinence for a considerable time ;
one which remained without food for nearly a fortnight, at the end of that time
performed its final change satisfactorily and seemed as lively as ever. This species
was exceedingly local, being confined almost entirely to one damp corner of a wood
close by a large pond near Battle. Zicrona was on one occasion found sucking
Adimonia caprcece . Cymus claviculus occurred in all its stages under Polygonum
aviculare, and another Cymus, which Mr. E. Saunders informs me is a variety of C.
glandicolor, was extremely adundant in damp places by sweeping ; we could not,
however, associate it with any particular plant. In one damp spot Monanthia
humuli was abundant, though there was but little Myosotis. Dicyphus globulifer
occurred commonly on Lychnis diurna, larvae and pupae being present as well as
imagos ; I had also taken it in the same spot in May. By sweeping under fir trees
a few Macrolophus nubilus were obtained, though no Stachys was near, and on Scotch
firs we were pleased to find plenty of Acompocoris alpinus accociated with A.
pygmceus. Sphagnum and other mosses yielded a few Ceratocombus coleoptratus,
and Chilacis typhce was found in profusion at Ashburnham on bulrush-heads. Nabis
brevipennis, Anoterops setulosus, and two developed Stygnocoris rusticus, by sweep-
ing, a pupa of Ploiaria vagabunda under fir trees, Coranus subapterus and Triphleps
niger on heath, and Dictyonota strichnocera on furze bushes complete the list.
Among Coleoptera the best takes were three Mordella fasciata and a single Hap-
locnemus nigricornis, the firs also yielded in some numbers the usual Coccinellce,

\ including C. ocellata. Mr. ~W. Bennett has just shown me a fine specimen of Lamia
textor from Fairlight, near Hastings. — E. A. Butler, Hastings: Sept. Vjth, 1881.

Aculeate Hymenoptera at Hayling Island and Bournemouth. — I had two days’
collecting at Hayling Island about the middle of last month, and made the following
captures that I think are worth recording : —

Astata stigma, £ . — One specimen on the Sandhills to the East of the Island.
This is the second time only that the £ has been recorded from this country.

114

[October,

Oxybelus mucronatus. — Several $ and one 9 on thistles, Euphorbia , &c., on
the Sandhills to the West.

Oxybelus mandibular is. — One 9 in the same locality as the last. This is the
first recorded capture of the 9 in England. Mr. Bridgman, Mr. Dale, and myself
have all taken the $ .

Prosopis dilatata. — This rare species was not uncommon on Euphorbia flowers
on the Sandhills to the West. The 9 was much more abundant than the £ , I
expect I was too late for the latter sex.

Epeolus productus, Thoms. — I took one $ of this addition to our British
fauna on the Sandhills to the West of the Island. On getting home I find I have
two £ and one $ of the same species from Littlehampton, taken in a very similar r
sandy locality. It is rather larger than variegaius, and has the labrum in front t
sharply bidentate, and the tubercles on its disc nearer the middle than in that
species. It also has two distinct round spots on each side of the second, third, and
fourth abdominal segments. I hope to describe this species more fully in a coming
number with several other new species that I have to bring forward.

After leaving Hayling Island I went to Bournemouth for a fortnight, but did
not succeed in capturing any of the great rarities for which the place is celebrated.
Everything seemed very much parched up, and Kymenoytera were ^certainly scarce
in places were one would have thought that they would have abounded. I do not
remember ever seeing localities so promising and which yielded so little when
worked. The following are amongst my best captures : —

Mutilla europoea. — One £ and a few $ , the £ taken basking in the sun on
a bramble leaf about 9 a.m. M. rufiyes. — One 9 .

Pompilus chalybeatus, <£ and 9 ; several.

Karp actus tumidus.

Oxybelus mandibularis, $ . — On the Sandy Cliffs near Boscombe.

Eumenes coarctatus, off Rubus.

Andrena pilipes, $ $ , A. austriaca, 9 , A. decorata, 9 > off Rubus. A.
nigriceps , 9 , A. tridentata, 9 > off Senecio. A. fulvescens, 9 > off Crepis. A.
argentata, $ , abundant, skimming over the ground in Alum Chine, but I could
neither find the 9 nor the parasitic Nomada baccata — I presume that I was too
early in the year for the former.

Kalictus prasinus. — Several 9 on Erica , but I was too early for the <? •

Kasypoda hirtipes , $ 9 • — Pretty common. ]

Cilissa tricincta, 9 • — Pretty common. 1

Rombus Schrimshiranus, 9 9 • — Occasionally on the heaths and in the chines, , c
but I was unable to get the $ . — Edwabd Saunders, Holmesdale, Upper Tooting : : 1
August 11 th, 1881. o

A brief notice of Carl Ludwig Eoleschall, the Dipterologist. — My interest in j?
the author of the “ Bijdrage tot de Kennis der dipterologische Fauna van Neder- tl
landsch Indie ” was aroused by my studies of the fauna of the Malay Archipelago ; p
however, all that I knew, until recently, about the circumstances of Doleschall’s life i
was derived from the following sources :

1. The brief datum in Hagen’s Bibliotheca : “ Died 1859, in Amboina, Physi- ~
cian in Java.” 2. Two short paragraphs in A. R. Wallace’s Malay Archipelago &

1S81.J

115

(vol. i, p. 458, edit. 1869) : “ I had a letter of introduction to Dr. Mohnike, the
Chief Medical Officer of the Moluccas, a German and a naturalist. He kindly
offered me a room during my stay in Amboina, and introduced me to liis junior,
Dr. Dolescliall, a Hungarian, and also an Entomologist. He was an intelligent and
most amiable young man, but 1 was shocked to find that he was dying of consump-
tion, though still able to perform the duties of his office, (p. 461) I enjoyed myself
much in the society of the two doctors, both amiable and well-educated men, and
| both enthusiastic Entomologists. Dr. Dolescliall studied chiefly the flies and spiders,
but also collected butterflies and moths, and in his boxes I saw grand specimens of
the emerald Ornithoptera Priamus, and the azure Papilio Ulysses , with many more
of the superb butterflies of this rich island.” Mr. Wallace’s first visit to Amboina
took place in December, 1857. 3. An interpellation by Mr. Ellenrieder in the

Society of Natural History in Batavia (Natuurk. Tijd. Nederl. Indie, Batavia, 1859,
Ser. iv, Deel vi, p. 239) about the fate of the scientific collections of Doleschall.
He was told in reply, that an enquiry had been made, but without result.

Not long ago I had the good fortune to make the acquaintance of Dr. O.
Mohnike, mentioned by Mr. Wallace in the above quoted paragraph, and it is to his
kindness that I owe the details about Dr. Doleschall’s life, which I am about to
publish. Dr. Mohnike was Doleschall’s chief and friend, and as such, is in possession
of the most trustworthy data about him.

Carl Ludwig Doleschall was born on the 15th July, 1827, in Yag Jtjhelij in
Hungary, and died in Amboina, February 26th, 1859, as “ Officier von G-ezondheid
der tweede Klasse” (Health Officer of the second class, which answers to the rank of
First Lieutenant). His father had been Protestant Minister in Hungary. Young
Doleschall studied medicine in Yienna, but had, at the same time, to earn a living
by giving lessons. Among his best friends, at that time, was Dr. Cajetan Felder,
i later Burgomaster of Yienna, known for his love of Entomology and his large col-
lections of Lepidoptera. His son, Rudolf Felder (who also became afterwards
known as a Lepidopterist, and died in 1871, at the age of 29) was one of Doleschall’s
pupils.*

After having obtained his Doctor’s degree, Doleschall remained some time in
Yienna, but left in 1852 for Holland, where, on the 4th of January, 1853, he found
employment as Health Officer of the third class (Second Lieutenant) in the Military
Medical Department of the Dutch East Indies. Sent to Java, he was at first em-
ployed in Ambarawa, later in Djokdjokerta, both military posts in Central Java.

I His residence in both places lasted two years and three months, whereupon he was
i called to Batavia, in order to pass an examination for a higher rank of service.
Having been successful, he was promoted as First Lieutenant, and transferred, at his
own request, to Amboina, in order to have better opportunities for his Entomological
studies. The Chief of , the whole Medical Department in the Dutch East Indies
gave him a letter of introduction to Dr. Mohinke, the head of that department in
the Moluccas, in which the latter was requested to allow Doleschall as much time as
i; possible for his studies in Natural History. It was in Amboina that Doleschall
fe wrote his three papers on Diptera, as well as those on Arachnidce.

Doleschall was an excellent draughtsman and a good linguist ; he could speak

1 1 * About R. Felder and his father, compare a notice by Dr. Schiner in the Verhandl. zool.-bot.

jGes., 1872. Their connection with Doleschall is also mentioned.

116

[October,

German, Dutch, Hungarian, Slavonic, Latin, Italian, and Malay. He was very
much liked by all who knew him for his amiable temper, and his early death from
consumption excited universal regrets among the European population of Amboina.

The three works, mentioned in Hagen’s Bibliotheca Entomologica, are the only
ones that he published about Entomology sensu stricto.

His other publications refer to different branches of Zoology, principally Arach-
nida, and will be found enumerated in Carus’s Bibliotheca Zoologica, vol. ii, p.
1896 — 97. The following paper is not mentioned in Carus : Tweede Bijdrage tot
de Kennis der Aracliniden van den Indisclien Archipel, with 17 plates (Acta Societ.
Sc. Indo-Heerl., v ; 4to, pp. 60, with 17 plates ; Conf. Gerstaecker, Bericht, etc.,
1862, p. 236).

Besides the above, I have seen a botanical paper : Korte Karakterschets der
Flora van Amboina (Natuurk. Tijdschr. v. Nederl. Ind. Batavia).

Of the three “ Bijdrage ” on Diptera, the third is without plates. At the sale
of Mr. Snellen v. Vollenlioven’s library at the Hague, in October, 1880, a volume of
the Bijdrage was sold, in which to the third part were added original, unpublished,’
coloured drawings by Doleschall. The volume was bought by Mr. Puls in Ghent.
I possess a copy of these figures (44 in all), beautifully executed for me at the
Hague, with the owner’s kind permission.

Doleschall did not leave any Entomological collections of importance. I
have been told that the little there was has been sent to his only Entomological
correspondent, Dr. Felder, in Vienna. At any rate, the only Diptera of Doleschall’s
collecting, that I know of, are now in the Imperial Entomological Museum in Vienna.

I deem it a pleasant duty to express to Dr. Mohnike of Bonn, my sincere grati-
tude for the pains he has taken in satisfying my enquiries on the subject of this
paper. — C. R. Ostbn-Sackbn, Heidelberg : July, 1881.

Entomological Society of London : Sept. Ith, 1881.— H. T. Stainton, Esq.,
F.R.S., &c., President, in the Chair.

The President read a letter from the Colonial Office thanking the Society for
the Report it had transmitted on the parasite of the locust in the Troad.

The Rev. A. E. Eaton exhibited a nymph of Euthyplocia, and read some notes
respecting it.

Mr. E. A. Fitch exhibited a large mass of small Chalcids belonging to the
family JEncyrtidce, of which hundreds (if not thousands) had emerged from a single
larva of Zeuzera cesculi. He also exhibited pupae and perfect insects of Drosophila
cellaris, the larvae of which had been found feeding in the pickled cauliflowers in a
bottle of picalilli pickles. In another bottle of pickles the same larvae had been
found feeding in a great variety of pickled substances. He also exhibited galls
of a new species of Cecidomyiidce on the flowers of Galium mollugo, from Dorking ;
galls of Cecidomyia foliorum on leaves of Artemisia vulgaris ; and galls of an
unknown species found on Thalictrum flexuosum by Dr. Power in Scotland.

Mr. Fitch also exhibited an abnormal pupa-skin of Bombyx mori, from Mr. Kay
Robinson, from the anterior end of which were protruding what appeared to be the
posterior segments of two moths ; indeed, it was said that the female had actually
deposited several eggs. He also exhibited living larvae of a species of Dolerus from
Equisetum stems.

1881.]

117

Mr. Billups exhibited six Ichneumonidce new to Britain, including Lissonota
aneuris from Weybridge, Lissonota anomala from Wickham, Limneria litoralis from
Woking, Pezomachus xylochophila from Rainkam, and Pezomachus geochares from
Deal.

Sir S. S. Saunders exhibited larvse of the Dipterous parasite of the locusts of the
Troad, and read a letter from Mr. Calvert, from which it appeared that the locusts
had been entirely destroyed by these parasites throughout an area of 80 square
miles ; the Dipterous parasites were themselves subject to the attacks of a parasite
of the family Chalcididce .

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited a common house-mouse from Peru, from a
large swelling on the side of which had been obtained a larva of one of the (Estridce.
Mr. Verrall observed that no instance had been previously recorded of any (Estrus
attacking the house-mouse. Mr. Waterhouse also exhibited three new species of
Coleoptera from Sumatra.

The President exhibited specimens of Charceas graminis, received from Mr. F.
S. Mitchell of Clitheroe ; they had been bred from the larvae which had swarmed
so in that neighbourhood (see ante p. 39).

The following papers were read :

Dr. Baly, “ Descriptions of uncharacterized species of EumolpidceP

Mr. A. G. Butler, “ List of Butterflies collected in Chili by Thomas Edmunds.”

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, “ Descriptions of some new Coleoptera from Sumatra.”

A COMPARISON OF THE PTEROPHORI OF EUROPE AND NORTH
AMERICA, SUGGESTED BY LORD WALSINGHAM’S “ PTEROPHOR-
ID2E OF CALIFORNIA AND OREGON.”

BY E. C. E. JOED AN, M.D.

(continued from page 76 J

To pass to the next genus, Amblyptilus , a pretty new species with
a white ground to the wings is described under the well-chosen name
of Amblyptilus pica ; and cosmodactylus is described as very common
and very variable. In England cosmodactylus is certainly quite dis-
tinct from the acantho dactyl us of Hiibner, which is a much more
abundant insect, and by no means very variable. I must, in some
[years, have seen fifty specimens in an afternoon on Ononis, near the
Warren at Dawlish, and all of them with the rich reddish hue on the
forewings, utterly different from the almost greenish tint of cosmo-
dactylus. The larva of acantJiodactylus feeds on strongly smelling
plants of various Orders : Ononis, Pelargonium, Stacliys, and others ;
cosmodactylus generally affects the columbine ; on the Continent,
intermediate forms seem to occur. Our author, from the figures, did
not meet the true acanihodactylus in his travels.

Of the pretty but difficult genus, Oxyptilus , four species are
recorded, one of which only is new ; one, O. periscelidactylus (not met

US

[October.

with in Oregon or California), was first described by Fitch, and two
others, O. delawaricus, and O. nigrociliatus , by Zeller in his “ Beitrage
zur Kenntniss der Nordamerikanischen Nachtf alter.” The other, O.
ningoris , Wlsm., is new, and seems to me more allied to O. didactylus
than to any other European species.

Only one Mimeseoptilus is here mentioned, which is anew species,
M. exclamationis , Wlsm. Prof. Zeller, hotvever, in the work before
mentioned, records two others from Texas, M. semicostatus and JLT.
pumilio, this last seems an especially interesting little species, being;
only the size of Lioptilus microdactylus , and distinguished from all
other 3fimeseoptiliuY>y the short and broad fore-wings, which are of a
fawn-brown colour, marked with three very distinct black spots.” The
species described by our author is nearly allied to M. coprodactylus.

The CEdematophori are a very interesting addition to our known
plumes. Four species are here described, (E . grisescens , Wlsm., CE.
gypsodactylus, Fitch. ( creti ), (E. guttatus , Wlsm., and CE. occidentalis,
Wlsm., and to these Professor Zeller adds a fifth, CE. inquinatus , Zell.,
from Texas. Owing to the kindness of Lord Walsingham* two fine
specimens of CE. grisescens are now in my cabinet, and before me at
the present time, but they seem to me so very closely allied to the
European CE. Rogenlioferi from the Tyrol, that I confess myself unable
to separate them, it would seem that gypsodactylus is also very similar
to this but paler in hue and smaller ; guttatus and occidentalis are
very different, both of much the same type as our native lithodactylus ,
but the former “ whitish -cinereous dusted with small black scales to-
wards the costa and on the dorsal surface, and with a conspicuous
whitish spot at the base of the fissure ; ” the other, occidentalis , a
rather larger species, having two varieties, one pale whitish-ochreous
and the other paler. This is a very handsome insect, with the
markings less distinct than in lithodactylus, yet the following extract
from the description shows how close an ally it is to that species :
“Fore-wings whitish-ochreous (more yellow than in lithodactylus),
the costa and apex slightly shaded and the dorsal margin delicately
tinged with pale fawn-colour, a dark fawn coloured spot before the
base of the fissure is more or less connected obliquely with an elongated
spot of the same colour on the costa beyond it. The cilia are delicately
tinged with very pale fawn-colour.” The larva of this species was
found on the leaves of a “ sun-flower,” so that like its English
congener it feeds on the Composite. CE. inquinatus , of Zeller, seems

* I take this opportunity of thanking Lord Walsingham for his great kindness in giving me
specimens of most of the plumes here mentioned.

1881. J

119

more allied to Rogenhoferi in colour, since the fore-wings are “ of a
dirty grey, plentifully sprinkled with white and brown scales so as to
j form here and there spots or streaks.” Pterophorus monodactylus is
distributed in America as in Europe ; according to Staudinger, it
extends into Armenia ; it is, therefore, one of those species whose
range in the Northern hemisphere is very wide indeed. The chief
interest attached to it here is that our author records the two wrell-
known European varieties, the one fawn-brown, the other with the
fore-wings of a pale grey, sprinkled with darker spots and streaks.

The Lioptili are well represented, ten species being here described,
of which six are new to science, one, L. paleaceus , having been before
described by Zeller, one, L. sulphureus, by Packard, and two others,
agraphodactylus and homodactylus, by Walker : the type-specimens in
the British Museum enable these last two to be identified. In a genus
where all the species are so closely allied it is useless to make any
enumeration, the most notable, as far as beauty of colouring is con-
cerned, are L. sulphureus and L. helianthi , the former a large species
much bigger than our L. osfeodactylus, expanding 25 mills, and having
the fore-wings a bright sulphur-yellow ; the latter, L. helianthi , re-
sembling somewhat a very large and brightly coloured specimen of
Lienigianus. L. homodactylus is whiter than any European form,
but the most remarkable of the group is a new species, Lioptilus
parvus. The palpi in this are described as “ long, well clothed,
sharply pointed, and twice the length of the head,” this is certainly
very different from the usual palpi of Lioptilus, which wre may define
, as “ shorter or slightly longer than the head, delicate, pointed, almost
; cylindrical, with the third joint sometimes drooping.” Our author
, has, however, acted wisely in not creating a newr genus for his single
. specimen, but in merely indicating the divergence ; it is a small
j. species with the fore-wings “ dusty grey sprinkled with fuscous scales.”
In the genus Aciptilus there is a great falling off in the number
of species, as compared writh those of Europe, and in these there is an
. evident tendency to an aberration from the type-form. Three species
e are given, all of wrhich are now before me : two of these seem un-
I doubted Aciptili , the first, A. cinerascens, Wlsm., is very similar to L.
v Lienigianus in colour and size, the other, A. montanus,~W Ism., is about
’ the size of A. paludum , but is wdiite with brown scales, and a costal
. streak of the same colour ; the third, A. californicus is a most re-
markable insect, with the wdngs of an Aciptilus but the colouring of
' an Oxyptilus , and wdth the same “ tuft of projecting scales in the
fringes of the third lobe of the hind-wings.” Our author says, “ its

120

[October. 1881.

nearest European ally is A. siceliota, Zell.” The three Aciptili —
A. paludum , A. siceliota , and A. baptodactylus , have very much in
common with each other, so that they at least form a very distinct
section of Aciptilus , and certainly there is much resemblance to this
species in the group, but none of them have the tuft of projecting
scales. Although the inferior lobe of the fore-wing in Oxyptilus is
truncate, with a concave margin, yet this is not equally shown in all
species, it reaches its greatest development in O. didactylus and O.1
cricetorum , also in the O. ningoris of the present work, but it is much
less marked in O. Kollari, and still less so in the O. rutilans of St.
Helena ; none of them have, however, the simple pointed feather ofi
an Aciptilus , such as is found in A. calif ornicus. It is an undoubted
link betweeu Oxyptilus and Aciptilus, and very possibly may hereafteri
modify the classification of the plume moths.

The last of the Idterophoridce recorded is Trichoptilus pygmceus,
"Wlsm., a species near to the last, yet so aberrant, that a new genus
had to be formed for its reception ; saving in the tuft of scales on the
third feather of the hind-wing, its wings are the wings of an Aciptilus ;
but its palpi are longer, the third joint not drooping and not more
slender than the second, “the posterior tibiae are thickened at the base
of the spurs, and ornamented above them with erect brush-like tufts
of scales.” It was impossible for this to be called an Aciptilus , and
so the necessity for the new genus was imdoubted ; it is the least of
all the plumes yet known, and expands only ten millimetres ; its an-
terior wings are “ pale fawn-colour, dusted with fuscous-brown scales •
along the costa.” These last twTo are without doubt the most interest-
ing of the plumes discovered.

Prof. Zeller records a most remarkable genus of plumeless
Idteroplioridce from Texas ; it does, indeed, as its name states, “ laugh
at laws.” It seems the very Archaeopteryx of the plumes, with entire
wings, no naked unfeathered space as in Agdistes to mark where the
fissure should be, and with distinct ocelli ; #the hind femora being
shorter than the tibiae, seem almost the only feature which makes it a
plume and not a JPyralis ; two species are described, Scoptonoma in -
tegra and S. interrupta.

In this paper, as far as possible, species have been dealt with
rather than genera, and all reference to classification has been strictly
avoided ; this subject has not, however, been out of my thoughts, and
it is my hope to return to it at no very distant date.

* “Dass die Gattung nicht etwa zu den Pyraliden gebort, beweisen die Hinterschienen,
welcbe iiber doppelt so lang, wie die Scbenkel sind.”

November, 1831.]

121

Amongst the Alucitina our own conurion Alucita hexadactyla
(Linn.) is the sole species recorded as found in Oregon. It is the
only unsatisfactory figure in the hook, the plates of which are with
this exception uniformly excellent.* The letter-press is also good, and
the work is “ got up ” in a style every way satisfactory.

In conclusion, the following table of European and North Ameri-
can plume-moths ( "PterophoridcB proper) is appended, the British
species being in italics : —

Palcearctic Region.

I AGDISTI8

frankenise
meridionalis
Heydenii
manicata
adactyla
tamaricis
var. paralia
Bennetii

CN2EMIDOPHORU8

rhododactylus

cinnamomeus

PLATYPTILIA

capnodactyla
ochrodactyla
Bertrami
isodactyla
gonodactyla
\ favfarella
Zetterstedti
nemoralis
saracenica
tesseradactyla
Metzneri

Amblyptilia
| acanthodactyla
cosmodactyla
Oxyptilus
Kollari
tristis
distans

II laetus

f pilosellce
hieracii

11 teucrii

Neartic Region.

Scoptonoma

integra

interrupta

Platyptilia
Bischoffii ?
cervina ?

Bertrami

adusta

grandis

cardui

percnodactyla

albida

orthocarpi

albidorsella

shastae

fragilis

albiciliata

modesta

petrodactyla

Amblyptilia

pica

cosmodactyla

Oxyptilus

periscelidactylus
delawaricus
nigrociliatus
tenuis (dactylus) ?
ningoris

Palcearctic Region.

Oxyptilus
maculatus
ericetorum
didactylus
Hoffman nseggii
obscurus
marginellus
Bohemani
' MlMiESEOPTILUS

Ehrenbergianus
agronim
rhypodactylus
phceodactylus
miantodactylus
pelidnodactylus
serotinus
var. aridus
zophodactylus
islandicus
coprodactylus
Nolckeni
plagiodactylus
lutescens
graphodactylus
pterodactylus
paludicola
stigmatodactylus
Mannii

(Edematophobus

lithodactylus

Constanti

gigauteus

Rogenhoferi

Neartic Region.

MlM-ESEOPTILUS

exclamationis

semicostatus

pumilio

(Edematophobus

gratiosus

cineraceus

Baroni

guttatus

occidentalis

inquinatus

ambrosiae

gypsodactylus (creti)

grisescens

lugubris

* Our English, works on Lepidoptera, of which this can be said, are few indeed ; it would be well
if our authors would remember that a good description is ever useful, a bad plate is only a delusion
and a snare. Why cannot we have a work on Palsearctic Lepidoptera like Dresser’s birds ?

122

November,

Palcearctic Region.

Nearctic Region.

Pterophorus

Pterophorus

mom>dactylus

nionodactylus

Leioptilus

Leioptilus

scarodactylus

Mathewianus

Lienigianus

sericeus (dactylus)

tephradactylus

paleaceus

distinctus

stramineus

inulse

angustus

chrj’ocomae

inconditus

carpliodactylus

agraphodactylus

microdactyhis

sulphureus

coniodactylus

homodactylus

pectodactylus

naevosus (dactylus)

osteodactyltcs

subochraceus

brachydactylus

helianthi
Belfragei
grandis
Kallicotti
? parvus

Aciptilia

Aciptilia

semiodactyla

cinerascens

galactodactyla

montana

spilodactyla

lobatus(lobidactylus)

plilomidis

confusa

caspia

? californica

Palcearctic Region. Nearctic Region.

Aciptilia

volgensis

subalternans

xanthodactyla

xerodactyla

decipiens

icterodactyla

taphiodactjda

baliodactyla

calcaria

parthica

tetradactyla

malacodact3’la

chordodactyla

ischnodactyla

desertorum

olbiadactyla

nephelodactyla

pentadactyla

paludum

siceliota

var. ononidis
baptodactyla

Trichoptilus

pygmaeus

ochrodactylus*

A few words of explanation must be given as to tbe changes in
this list of British plumes since that published in 1869.

The Oxyptilus caught near Thetfordf and in other parts of our
Eastern counties is changed from Icetus to distans. There is no doubt
about this. Prof. Zeller first pointed out the mistake to me several
years ago : Icetus is a smaller insect, and, indeed, very different.

Oxyptilus pilosellce is the “ Mickleham plume no native speci-
men of O. hieracii has ever come under my notice.

Mr. Barrett, it seems to me, satisfactorily proved Mimceseoptilus
aridus to be only a variety of J\I. serotinus. J\l. Hodgldnsoni , it is
sadly to be feared, is only a form of zophodactylus.

M. plagiodactylus deserves investigation, the small bright-looking ;
form of the Lake district ( scdbiosce , Gregson) is at first sight very
different from the German specimens, which have a much larger blotch i
on the costa, but the “ plagium ” is distinct in both.

Unfortunately, no new JPterophorus has been added to the list.

105, Harborne Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham :
July 6th, 1881.

* I am afraid that the names Leioptilus grandis, Fitch, (Edematophorus cineraceus, Fitch, and
Trichoptilus ochrodactylus, Fitch, must be changed, since we have Platyptilia ochrodactyla, Plat,
grandis, and Aciptilia cinerascens ; in making out this list I am much indebted to the kindness
of Lord Walsingham.

t Oxyptilus distans was first taken in England, near Thetford, by Lord Walsingham.

1S81.]

ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH ANTEOMYIID&.

BY R. H. MEADE.

123

{continued from page 104.)

7. HYDEOTJEA, Desv.

Onodontha, pt., Eond.

Gen. ch. — Eyes either hairy or bare, contiguous or sub-coutiguous
iu males ; arista pubescent ; alulets well developed, with unequal
scales ; abdomen mostly oval ; wings with anal vein not prolonged to
the margin, and with third and fourth longitudinal veins mostly curved
slightly towards each other at their apices ; legs with anterior femora
of males always toothed at their extremities, and fore tibiae attenuated
or notched at their bases.

Sect. 1

1. ciliata, Eab.

spinipes , Fall. & Zett.

2. occulta, Meig.

Sect.

5. dentipes, Eab.

6. paljsstrica, Meig.

7. Eondanii, sp. n.

8. meteoeica, Lin.

■Eyes hairy.

3. cyrtoneurina, Zett.

silvicola , Loew.

4. irritans, Fall.

dentimana ?, Meig.
meteorica , Macq.

-Eyes bare.

9. armipes, Eab.
Jloccosa, Macq.

10. FASCICULATA, sp. U.
armipes ? , Macq.

Eondani separated the species of this genus which have hairy
eyes from the others, and placed them in a separate genus, which he
named Onodontha ; and I formerly adopted his arrangement, but there
are no other characters by which the separation can be supported, and
in the most common species of this group, viz , H '. irritans, which
Eondani retained in the old genus, the eyes of the males are always
more or less pubescent or short haired, so it is far better to keep them
all together. The species are not numerous, and are united by strong
natural characters, the fore legs of the males being always toothed,
;and the middle and hind ones often furnished with peculiar spines
or tufts of hair.

II. CYRTONEURINA, Zett.

This species bears a strong general resemblance to H. dentipes and its congeners,
lhaving the third and fourth longitudinal veins of the wings convergent (whence its
name) ; but it may at once be distinguished from H. dentipes by the eyes being
distinctly haired. It appears to be a rare British species, as I have only seen one
which was sent to me by C. W. Dale, Esq., of Glanvilles Wootton, Dorset, for
inspection.

124

[November,

H. IRRITANS, Fall.

This common species abounds everywhere in England ; the females swarming
in woody places, especially in warm damp weather, when they cause much annoyance
both to horses and men. Macquart confounded this species with the M. meteorica
of Linnseus, which is a very different and much less common species, at least in
Britain. R. irritans may be distinguished from all the other species in this genus
by having the arista sub-plumose (not merely tomentose) ; the middle metatarsi of
the males pectinated beneath with thick-set strong bristles ; and the posterior tibiae
(which, as well as the posterior femora, are somewhat elongated and curved) ciliated
at the apices with a small tuft of soft hairs.

H. DENTIPES, Fab.

This species, like the last, is exceedingly common ; it is distinguished, together
with the two following species (to both of which it is closely allied), from the others
2. iii this section by having the extremities of the third

and fourth longitudinal veins of the wings strongly
convergent (Fig. 2). The males of R. dentipes may
also be known from the others by the posterior tibiae
being somewhat curved, and furnished at their apices
on the inner sides with a callosity or tubercle covered
with short adpressed hairs ; the anterior tibiae also are ciliated with a small tuft of
hairs on their under-surfaces toward their fore part ; the middle tibiae are armed
along their whole external surfaces with a number of very minute erect bristles of
even lengths, arranged irregularly in several rows, giving a peculiar appearance under
a powerful lens, as if the side of the limb was covered with a “ chevaux de frise j”
and lastly, the abdomen is tessellated with white reflections.

H. PALiESTRiCA, Meig.

This species, often confounded with the former, is rare, and has never been
characteristically described. It bears a great general resemblance to R. dentipes,
from which it differs in the following points : the posterior tibise are less curved,
and have no callosity at the apex ; the anterior tibise are without the tufts of hair
on their under-surfaces ; the middle tibise are ciliated along their outer sides with
short curved hairs, which are not erect, but incumbent or imbricated over each
other ; and the abdomen is of an uniform grey colour, with a narrow dorsal stripe.

H. METEORICA, Lin.

This little species, though abundant on the continent, is not of very common
occurrence in England. The males are black, usually with fuliginous wings ; have
black lialteres, and two rather long sharp teeth at the ends of the anterior femora.

H. armipes, Fab.

Two species have been mixed together under this name, but the true armipes
may be distinguished from its congener, which I have named R.fasciculata, by the
following characters : the anterior femora have two teeth on their under-surfaces,
one much larger than the other, the smaller of which has been overlooked by most
authors, with the exception of Macquart, who mentions it in his description of R.
floccosa ; there is a single long, straight, blunt spine (or rather bristle) in the middle

1881.]

125

of the under-surfaces of the posterior femora, and the lower half of the inner surface
of each posterior tibia is ciliated with longish soft hairs extending to the apex, which
commence by a tuft or loose pencil of hairs much longer than the others in the
middle of the limbs. This is a common species.

H. Kowdanti, sp. n.

Mas., niger nitidus, abdomine oblongo-ovato fusco-cinereo non tessellato ; linea
llongitudinali lata nigra ; oculi nudi sub-remoti ; alee sub-fuscce, venis longitudinali-
I bus 3tio et 4*0 versus apices paulo infiexis ; femora antica bidentata.

Long. 31 lin.

| Head : eyes bare and separated by a wide black stripe, which occupies about
one-seventh of the width of the head ; arista pubescent at the base, which is
thickened.

Thorax with Scutellum black, shining, and unstriped.

Abdomen of a brownish-grey colour, without white reflections, and having a
widish black longitudinal stripe down the middle of the dorsum, of an even width
over each segment, though slightly evanescent on the last ; genital appendages
forming a small cylindrical projection underneath.

Wings short, of an uniform yellowisli-brown colour ; internal transverse veins
exactly opposite the ends of the axillary veins ; external transverse veins sinuous,
ind slightly oblique ; third and fourth longitudinal veins slightly convergent at their
Extremities, but less so than in H. dentipes.

Calyptra rather small (less than in H. dentipes ) and yellowisli-brown. Halteres
svith the stem tawny and the knob blackish-brown.

Legs black ; anterior femora with two teeth on their under-sides near their
ipices, the inner of which is about twice as long as the outer ; anterior tibiae nar-
•owed at the base, slightly notched (less so than in H. dentipes), and without peculiar
filia ; middle femora bearded on their under-sides at the base with a tuft of black
lairs as in H. dentipes ; middle tibiae ciliated along the whole length of their outer
ides with a series of short curved hairs or bristles of even length, imbricated over
ach other, and having in addition three long strong bristles on their lower halves ;
here are also three or four shorter bristles on the posterior sides of the same limb ;
posterior tibiae attenuated at the base, and without callosities at their inner ex-
t remities, slightly curved, and ciliated along their outer surfaces with soft hairs,
irhich become gradually longer towards the apex ; there are also several long bristles
in the posterior surfaces at the lower ends.

| The female is unknown to me.

i 1 This species bears a very close resemblance to H. palcestrica, but differs in
e eing smaller and darker in colour, in having shorter and browner wings ; a rather
ider frontal space between the eyes ; and a much wider longitudinal dorsal stripe
l the abdomen. It appears to be rare, as I have only seen one specimen, which I
,ptured near Bicester, Oxon, in June, 1880.

e H. FASCICULATA, Sp. n.

5, Mas., niger nitidus pilosus ; abdomine ovato albo cinereo, linea longitudinali
ft gra, segmento secundo dilatata signato ; oculi coherentes nudi ; femora antica uni-
l ntata ; femora postica subtus setis duabus contiguis medio instructa ; tibiae posticae
le l,ulis tribus longis forma penicilli rigidi ornatce. Long. 2 lin.

12 G

[November,

Head: eyes contiguous, naked; arista almost bare; face silvery-white, very
slightly prominent.

Thorax shining black, un striped, having four bristles behind the suture in each
medio-lateral row ; sides 6etose. Scutellum black.

Abdomen ash-grey, ciliated with long soft hairs on both edges and middle of
segments; first segment black at the base, from which extends a longitudinal black
stripe down the dorsum, which is dilated into a triangular black spot on the second
segment, the apex of the triangle being backwards, and ending in a narrow line
passing over the third and fourth segments ; anal appendages small and shining,
black.

Wings hyaline ; transverse veins rather near together ; external one slightly^
oblique, and a little sinuous; third and fourth longitudinal veins running almost!
parallel to each other towards the apex.

Calyptra yellowish- white. H alter es dingy yellow.

Legs black ; anterior femora with a single sharpish tooth on the under-surface
near the end ; anterior tibiae narrowed at the base, and with the lower two-tliirds
thickened and shortly ciliated on posterior surfaces ; middle femora armed on under-
surfaces near the base with two or three strong blunt bristles ; middle tibiae furnished
along the whole of their external surfaces with numerous minute erect spines, some-
what similar to those found in H. dentipes ; posterior femora with two straight
blunt hairs, placed near to each other, on the under-surface, exactly in the middle ;
posterior tibiae with a small rigid pencil of about three long hairs, converging to a
point on their anterior surfaces a little before the middle ; a few short soft hairs are
placed on both inner and outer surfaces near the apex.

I do not know the female.

This species bears a very close general resemblance to H. armipes, with which it
has evidently been confounded. Zetterstedt says in his description of the latter,
“ variat $ femoribus posticis subtus in medio setulse geminse.” Besides the points
of distinction which I have mentioned between these two species, I may add that
the poisers are fuscous in H. armipes , and yellow in H.fasciculata ; the wings are
slightly brown in H. armipes, and almost white in H. fasciculata ; and lastly, the
anterior tibiae are slightly bearded with some long hairs on their under-surfaces in
H. armipes, while they are only ciliated with short hairs in H.fasciculata.

This little fly is generally distributed.

(To be continued).

NOTES ON TEN T1LREDINID2E.

BY J. E. ELETCHER.

The $ of Hemichroa aim has hitherto been reputed very rare,
My experience of the species is very limited, as I have bred only
nineteen specimens, four in August, 1880, and fifteen in May last:
but of these, two of the former, and eight of the latter were $ — thus
outnumbering the ? by one.

1 SSL. 1

127

Until this year Hemichroa rufa was supposed to have no <$ , but
out of some ninety specimens of the species that I bred in May, two
proved to be . As, doubtless, Mr. Cameron will describe this sex in
his forthcoming work on these insects, I refrain from doing so.

On July 19th, 1880, I found a Fenusa larva mining a blotch in a
leaf of Fopulus nigra. In a day or two it went to earth, and the
imago was bred on June 1st of this year, the insect having been more
than ten months under the soil. It proved to be Fenusa Jiortulana ,
Kl. As it differed slightly from the published descriptions, I sub-
mitted it to Mr. Cameron, who kindly examined it, and confirmed my
identification thereof. In July last I found another larva on the same
ftree, at Crown East, and three others at Broadheath and Hallow.

In the first third of this month (September) I succeeded in
collecting twenty larvae of Fhyllotoma ochropoda , a number only once
before equalled in one year. It seems not to occur in every place
where its food-plant (Fopulus tremula ) is common ; but I have found
it at Monk Wood, Trench Wood, and Crown East Wood.

My local list of Tenthredinidce now numbers 130 species, in the
investigation of which I have experienced many delightful hours.

To Mr. Cameron my thanks are due for all, as until he determined
my captures and assisted me with types, I knew by name not more
than six species.

Worcester: September, 1881.

ON PARTHENOGENESIS IN TEN THREDINIDJE.

BY J. E. FLETCHER.

Having continued my experiments in this subject during the
^current year with virgin $ saw-flies, I offer the following notes : —

Hemichroa rufa. — The dozen larvae of this species mentioned
|(Ent. Mo. Mag., xvii, 180) as having spun up, attained the perfect
state in May last, all $ . Notwithstanding this, the species is not
Entirely without £ , as will be seen in another place.

Croesus varus. — Two $ were bred in May, and deposited eggs
from which larvae hatched, but only two reached the imago state
— both ? .

Nematus salicis. — From a specimen bred in May I obtained five
larvae, three of which spun up, and yielded $ imagines.

The following were tried, but none of them produced ova: —
Trichiosoma vitellince , Dineura Degeeri , Nematus croceus (2), Hemichroa
rufa (2), and two of the parthenogenetic brood of the latter above
mentioned.

Worcester: September, 1881.

128

[November,

FURTHER NOTES ON PARTHENOGENESIS IN COLEORTERA.

BY J. A. OSBORNE, M.D.

I send you by this day’s post a partbenogenetically-bred Gastro-
physa raphani. It is the second I have succeeded in rearing. Of the
first there is some account in this Magazine, vol. xvii, pp. 127 — 130 ;
it died after a life of 35 days, and developed “gastrophysm,” and
on examination it proved to be a female. The present example has the
peculiarity of one of the elytra being “ cut away ” so that they gape,
and it has a further defect in the anterior tarsi, wrhich caused embar- i
rassment and awkwardness when it was alive. This is likewise a J
female, and although it lived but 17 days, it developed a large amount j
of “gastrophysm,” and paired with two different males; no eggs, 1
however, were laid by it. The egg that produced it was one of a batch I
of 42 ; of which 18 showed signs of vitality, but only two produced j
larvae. It was laid by a virgin female on the 14th June, and hatched I
on the 24th. The first and second moults occurred on July 1st and |
5th — 6th respectively. The metamorphosis to pupa took place on
July 14th — 15th, and the imago appeared on July 23rd. The batch ,|
of eggs was the fourth laid by the same mother ; all the batches, of
■which twelve were laid before impregnation, showed an extraordi-
nary amount of parthenogenetic fertility. Of 146 parthenogenetic
eggs, six hatched, and the larvae lived a shorter or longer time. After
this the insect was allowed to pair with a male, and the subsequent
eggs became perfectly viable.

Nothing has struck me more in these experiments than the per-
fectly graduated scale of degree of fertility and developmental capacity
in both impregnated and unimpregnated females, and the eggs laid by I
them. The two series overlap to a considerable extent, and are so j
continuous as to represent virtually one series, in which the male in- j
fluenee may be regarded as only a collateral (though, of course, 1
extremely important) circumstance. The indications of being “addled,” j
which occur in two or three days, are just as characteristic of eggs 1
laid by impregnated beetles that have escaped fertilization, as in par- 1
thenogenet.ic eggs. But the great majority of even virgin eggs pass
beyond this condition, and at the usual time for hatching are uniformly !
yellow and of gelatinous consistence, and in these, more minute ex- ]
animation often reveals all degrees of imperfect development. Few, j
however, hatch, and the larvae usually die very soon. Development
in these is not only imperfect, but is also retarded.

I consider that the parthenogenesis in Gastrophysa rciphani is not |
at all a rare and accidental circumstance, but may be looked for with ;

1881.

129

almost as much certainty of finding it as in Nematus ventricosus ; at
arty rate, in the spring and early summer months. I have not yet
met with Q . polygoni , but would be glad to obtain eggs of it at the
proper season.

Finally, I must call attention to the seeming purposelessness of so
much parthenogenetic fertility m 6r. raphani. The sexes always ap-
pear to be present in about equal numbers, and one male is able to
fertilize many females. It would appear to be without any place in
the economy of the insect analogous to that of bees and wasps, ac-
cording to the theory of Dzierzon and Yon Siebold. It appears to
me rather the concomitant of a prevalent species supplied with
abundant food of a stimulating quality.

Milford, Letterkenny, Ireland :

October, 1881.

NATURAL HISTORY OF CR AMBUS WARRINGTONELL US.

BY WILLIAM BUCKLER.

Of this species I last year received two batches of eggs, the first
on the 14th of August from Mr. "W. H. B. Fletcher, and obtained by
him in the Newr Forest, and supplemented afterwards with a few more,
and the second batch six days later from Mr. J. Gardner, of Hartle-
pool, and to both friends I return many thanks.

All the eggs wrere laid loose ; those from the South hatched on
16th of the month, and up to the 1st of September ; those from the
North began to hatch on August 27th, and had finished on the 29th.
The young larvae from these wide apart localities wrere kept separate,
and placed in pots with growing plants of Festuca duriuscula , Aira
jlexuosa , and some other grasses of a hard nature ; their progress w?as
noted up to the middle of November, when they began to close their
numerous galleries for hibernation, after having very considerably
ravaged the grass.

In early spring of 1881, I noticed a great number of them busily
engaged in afternoons, whenever the sun shone on the pots, spinning
j threads in all directions round the outside of the grasses which had
in the interval recovered in a great degree ; but for some time after
this I was unable to attend to them, until at length I observed the
grass to be nearly all dead ; then, when almost too late I had the
mortification to find the greater part of them had deserted their
quarters, though enough still remained to serve my purpose of figuring
the larvae and breeding the perfect -insects.

130

[November,

The moths from the New Forest were bred on July 7th to 17th,
and those from Hartlepool on July 13th to 17th ; and here it may be
stated there was no very appreciable difference in the moths from
either locality, beyond this, that the darkest southern example was of
a satiny creamy-yellowish ground-colour, with the veins and inner
margin dark bronzy-green ; the darkest from the north was of a
whitish cream-colour and bronzy-brown ; while on the other hand the
lighter examples of the south had the veins and inner margin browner,
while the northern were more green.

The shape of the egg is broadly elliptical, appearing almost
truncated at the ends, the shell numerously ribbed and finely reticu-
lated ; the colour when first laid is pale straw, changing gradually in
a day or two to pinkish-red, which deepens until about the tenth or
eleventh day when it is brownish-red with a greyish-brown spot at
one end, and then hatches in a few hours.

The young larva is of a light salmon-red colour showing an
internal deeper reddish vessel through the skin, the head and neck
plate darkish brown, and a paler brown anal plate : by the middle of
November the case or gallery it has constructed is a quarter of an
inch long, composed outwardly of finely comminuted grassy particles
firmly attached to the grass about three-quarters of an inch above
ground ; the larva itself at that time, while yet feeding during mild
days, is nearly three-sixteenths of an inch long, and comes out readily
from its abode when disturbed, it is of stoutish character, tapering a
little posteriorly, the skin slightly glistening and of a lightish mahogany-
brown colour, the usual spots glossy dark transparent brown with a
black dot in each — the plates and head also dark transparent brown
— the lobes of the head very dark, also the mouth, ocelli black.

After hibernation some are full-fed and spun-up by the end of
May, while others are not yet full-grown, ranging in length from half
an inch to five-eighths, and go on feeding till the second week in June ; j
when near full growth they inhabit tubular galleries two inches long
of irregular figure, and firmly attached to the grass in an upright ’
position with the lower end touching the ground, and fabricated of
grey silk covered with particles of moss, frass, and grains of earth.

When full-grown the larva is three-quarters of an inch long, of :
moderate stoutness, cylindrical, though tapering a little at the three
hinder segments, and the head is rather smaller than the second, the |
segments are well defined and have a sub-dividing wrinkle about in the
middle of each : the ground-colour of the body is a dirty greyish-
green rather inclining to glaucous and a little paler on the belly, the

1S81.]

131

skin though dull is yet clear enough to show a darker dorsal pulsating
line, the shining head, and plate with a wide behind dorsal division are
of lightish warm brown, both dotted and"marked with darker brown,
mouth blackish, the shining spots on the back and sides, each bearing
a hair, are of a darkish warm brown on the back, lighter brown on the
sides, the small round spiracles are black, the anterior legs ringed and
tipped with darkish brown, the ventral legs fringed with dark brown
hooks : when full-fed and about to spin up, the colour of the skin
changes to a pale pinkish-brown.

The pupa is enclosed in an oval cocoon half an inch long and
quarter of an inch wide, made with similar materials to those of the
gallery, but is more tough and stronger and sunk partly in the earth ;
the pupa itself is three-eighths of an inch long with no peculiarity of
shape, with longish wing covers, leg-and'antenna-cases, the tapering
abdomen ending in a short truncated projection, the spiracles rather
prominent ; the colour at first is pale yellowish-brown and shining,
changing to dark brown a little before the insect is disclosed.

Emsworth : September 30 th, 1881.

LIFE HISTORY OF DF1LEPHILA SPINIFASCIA , BUTLER.

BY GERVASE F. MATHEW, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

The larvae of this fine species were abundant in the neighbourhood
of Valparaiso at the end of 1872 and beginning of 1873, and as
they were of all sizes, and ova were to be found throughout October,
November, December, and January, the probability is that there is
a succession of broods throughout the year. Their food-plant,
Muhlenbechia injucunda , called by the Chilians the “ Quilo,” grows
in profusion all over the country, and in some places inland becomes a
large straggling plant of vigorous growth, often entwining itself among
other shrubs and attaining a considerable height, but immediately on
the coast-line it never grows to any great size. The parent moths
usually select small stunted scrubby bushes, growing in exposed
places, whereon to deposit their eggs. The eggs hatched in the course
of a week or ten days. The young larvae were exceedingly beautiful
creatures, but after their last change they were by no means so hand-
some, and, moreover, at that agejvaried very considerably. Before
undergoing their last moult they were as difficult to sketch or describe
as the larvae of Deilephila euphorbia, but the following description
will give a pretty fair idea of what^ they were then like. Ground-
colour deep velvety-black ; on fifth to eleventh segments inclusive
there is a pale yellow ocellated spot, having a pink centre, and this

132

[November,

spot is enclosed by an intensely black perpendicular stripe which runs
from the dorsal to the spiracular line ; behind this, on each segment,
there are five alternate golden-green and black perpendicular stripes,
the first being three times the width of the other four ; dorsal stripe
rather broad and pale pinkish-yellow ; spiracular stripe as wide as the
dorsal and bright red ; spiracles small and yellow ; under-surface dark
olive-green thickly dotted with yellow spots ; head, prolegs, and
claspers dull red ; horn dull red with a black tip ; the dorsal stripe
runs through the horn to the extremity of the anal claspers where
it is bordered on each side with deep black.

The full grown larvse (which are as large as those of Sphinx
ligustri ) as I have mentioned before, vary exceedingly, hardly two
being alike, but the following was perhaps the most usually met with
and typical form. Ground-colour olive-green ; dorsal stripe broad
and pink ; sub-dorsal line pink enclosing from fifth to eleventh
segments a bright red ocellated spot with shining black pupil ; just
below the spiracles, which are pink, is another interrupted stripe of
the same colour ; under-surface, which is somewhat w rinkled, dark
olive-green thickly spotted with yellow ; head, prolegs, and claspers
pink ; horn rough, pink with a black tip.

The following is a description of four of the varieties : —

Var. A. — Whole of the upper-surface dull black; ocellated spots
pale pink with intensely shining black pupils ; dorsal stripe narrow
and red ; an interrupted sub-dorsal stripe from the second to fifth
segment, where it merges into the ocellated spot ; behind each ocellated
spot are two small faint pink spots indicating a continuation of the
sub-dorsal stripe ; skin-folds on each side of the face much w rinkled
and pale yellow ; spiracles pale straw-colour, and beneath them runs
a broad interrupted pink stripe ; under-surface blackish-green spotted
with yellow* ; head, prolegs, and claspers dull red ; on the twelfth
segment there is an oblique pinkish stripe ; above the anal claspers
there are two oval pink spots ; horn dull red wdth black tip. This was
a common variety.

Var. B. — Whole surface pale olive-pink ; ocellated spots straw-
colour, with black pupils, and bordered outside with black ; head pale
olive-green ; dorsal stripe broad and pale pink ; sub-dorsal line of the
same colour, but so faint as to be scarcely perceptible ; spiracles
orange in a black ring ; spiracular line very faint and pink ; prolegs
and claspers bright pink ; horn pale blue.

Var. C. — Ground-colour olive-browm ; dorsal stripe very broad and
of a clear straw-colour ; sub-dorsal line pink and much interrupted ;
ocellated spots wdtli intensely black pupils, bordered by a narrowr ring

1881.]

133

i of pink and that again bj a broad ring of black ; below tbe spiracles,
I which are deep orange, a broad pale pinkish-yellow stripe, bordered
| above by numerous yellow7 square-shaped spots ; under-surface lead-
| colour thickly spotted writh yellow; bead pinkish-brown wfith pink
;i cheeks ; prolegs and claspers pink ; born lead-colour wdth black tip.

Var. D. — Entire surface bright pea- green ; ocellated spots with
I black pupils, bordered by pink and black; dorsal and spiracular
I stripes bright pink ; spiracles orange ; under-surface a slightly darker
| shade of green and thickly dotted wdth small black spots ; bead, pro-
| legs, and claspers bright pink ; born pink with black tip. This w7as a
I very beautiful variety but it was very rare.

This species seemed to be confined entirely to the coast line, but
| even here it w’as local, though, where it occurred, it w7as usually very
, plentiful. I have counted as many as twenty-one larvae of different
sizes on a single small bush. The young larvae feed quite exposed, and
on account of their brilliant colour were very easily seen, but the full-
grown ones, although sometimes to be found on their food-plant, were
oftener to be seen on the bare ground by the side of it, and they did
not exhibit any desire to hide themselves beneath the branches. They
appeared to be exempt from the attacks of birds, for notwithstanding
there were numerous insect-loving species constantly feeding around
them, I never saw one touch them. However, they had one dire
enemy which preyed on them and kept dow7n their numbers, and this
wras a horrible long-legged black spider with an immense bloated
abdomen, decorated on each side wdth a bright scarlet spot. These
creatures, wEich wrere said to be poisonous, dwTelt in holes at the root
of the “ Quilo,” and when hungry issued forth and seized a larva,
although they did not seem to be able to manage a full-grown one.
Besides the remains of larvae I noticed dozens of dead and dried up
beetles in their retreats, showing that they occasionally varied their
diet.

When full-fed the larvse collect dead leaves, &c., around them,
and spin a loose sort of cocoon on the surface of the ground, in which
they change to a reddish-brown pupa resembling that of C. Elpenor.
Sometimes I found the pupae lying quite exposed, in no cocoon what-
ever, beneath the bushes, and at other times 1 came across them in
little holes under stones wrhen I was looking for Coleoptera. One day
I found a pupa wrhich was rather larger and more slender than those
of spinifascia , and in a short time it produced a fine Deilephila Annei,
Guer., being the only example of this species that I obtained.

Instow, North Devon :

May, 1881.

134

November,

DESCRIPTION OF AN EUDOREA NEW TO SCIENCE (EUDOREA
CONSPICUALIS).

BY J. B. HODGKINSON.

Expanse of wings (3) 8 to (?) 9 lines. Palpi light above, dark beneath.
Tongue yellow (a conspicuous object). Eyes large, dark. Head silvery-grey.
Antennce steel-grey, short. Thorax and abdomen silvery-grey.

Fore-wings with the basal area silvery-grey (under a low power very quaintly
irrorated), with two dark lines proceeding from the base, of which the lower line is
the longer ; first line slightly curved ; the orbicular stigma oval, filled in with very
pale ochreous, the claviform stigma often linear or arched and attached to the first
line, often running well into it on the fold ; central area dark grey, irrorated, having
a well pronounced dark blotch on the costa above the reniform stigma ; this stigma
varies in form, often it is K- or B-shaped (rarely forming the figure 8), the B wanting
part of the top and bottom looks like the figures 13 ; the second line commences
with a rich dark grey patch below the costa pointing outwards, then inclines inwards
a little below the sub-costal nervure ; the posterior area is bright light silvery-grey,
having very light faint irrorate patches, dark near the margin, which has two rows
of well-defined streaks (not dots) at the inner edge of the cilia ; cilia light, long.
Hind-wings light silvery-grey.

The general appearance is light silvery-grey, the form rather
broad ; intermediate between E. pyralella , H., ingratello , Zeller, and
atomalis , Doubleday, it sits triangularly and may be known, when
at rest, from any other Eudorea by the distinct pale basal area
standing out as a whitish dot on the tree-trunk, on which the insect
rests. It appears in July and August near Windermere. I first met
with it 10 years ago, when in company with Mr. C. S. Gregson ; I
have since revisited the district and taken a nice series. When on
the wing it appears as pale as E. pallida.

Spring Bank, Preston :

September 18 th, 1881.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BUTTERFLY FROM THE MALAY
PENINSULA.

BY W. L. DISTANT, V.P.E.S.

Cethosia Logani, n. sp.

3 . Above : anterior wings with the basal third bright red, remainder black with
white markings. Three pairs of narrow black longitudinal fasciae crossing cell, the
last pair somewhat indistinct owing to proximity of the black area, an indistinct
arcuated spot beneath cell, and two somewhat waved linear spots, situated one
beneath second median nervule near its base, and the other beneath the third
median nervule about one-third from its origin. The dark area contains the follow-
ing white markings : four spots a little beyond end of cell, of which the third is very
small, the others linear and transverse, beyond these are two rows of small rounded

1881.]

135

, spots situated wide apart, a very large sub-quadrate spot commencing at first and
'i terminating near third median nervule, followed by a small sub-lunate spot, and a
sub-marginal row of large but somewhat obscure lunate spots. Posterior wings
bright red with the outer margin broadly black, inwardly bordered with a series of
| irregular spots of the same colour, and nine or ten black spots near base ; the broad
I black marginal border contains two small red spots divided by the discoidal nervule,
|l and a marginal series of large pale and obscure lunate spots.

I Under-side of wings in general pattern as in C. nicobarica, Feld., but white
markings much more predominating, and differing principally by the third trans-
verse fascia on the posterior wings, which is broader, more irregularly spotted above,
and much more regularly and closely margined with small rounded spots beneath .
All the faseiae are also placed closer together than in Felder’s species, and the large

sub-quadrate spot on the fore-wings is also visible beneath.

Expanse of wings, 73 millim.

Hab., Province Wellesley.

This is a very distinct race or species of the Malayan representa-
| tives of the genus. It is most closely allied to C. nicobarica , from
which it differs by its much smaller size, the extent of the white
markings on the anterior wings, and the different pattern beneath, as
already described, and its natural position appears to be between
Pelder’s species and C. Metbypsea , Butl.

C. Logani will be figured in a forthcomming work, “ Phopalocera
Malayana.”

Derwent Grove, East Dulwich :

October , 1881.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME APPARENTLY NEW SPECIES OF
APCTIIBM FROM NORTH AMERICA.

BY ARTHUR G. BUTLER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

Having recently had occasion to go through the descriptions and
examine the figures of all the known N. American species of Arctia, I
have found that two or three species in the National Collection are
still unnamed.

Although it is always possible, in so variable a genus as Arctia ,
that any named form may turn out to be an aberration or sport of
something previously described ; I still think it useful to have names
for such forms (even in the event of their proving to be sports), as it
obviates the necessity of describing them on every occasion when they
are referred to.

The first species to which I shall have to call attention is nearly
allied to A. phyllira , of Drury ; unfortunately, it bears no locality, so
that it is possible that it may be a Mexican representative of Drury’s
species.

136

[November,

Arctia Dodgei, sp. n.

The primaries differ from A. phyllira in being of the peculiar greenish-grey
tint of H ypercompahera, and with the pattern of A. Williamsii, of Dodge ; the
thorax is also slightly greenish ; but the secondaries and abdomen are like those of
typical A. phyllira. Expanse of wings, 45 mm.

The next species is allied to A. phalerata, but it seems to me to
be quite distinct ; it certainly differs more than most of the species of
Arctia described nowadays.

Arctia ochreata, sp. n.

Allied to A. phalerata, but the cream-coloured stripes on the primaries are deeper
in colour and more slender, the sub-apical oblique stripe completing the ^-shaped
character always more or less abbreviated, and sometimes absent (one example shows
only the commencement of the furcation, which, when completed, produces this
character) ; secondaries bright ochreous, instead of pinky-white, with rose-coloured
abdominal border ; the sub-marginal series of black spots much enlarged, the sub-
apical one frequently confluent with the costal border, producing a large black apical
patch, also a well-marked marginal spot between the second and third median
branches ; body ochreous ; a broad longitudinal streak on the middle of the thorax,
a stripe on the tegulse, and a broad belt through the abdomen, black j similar dif-
ferences on the under surface. Expanse of wings, 34 to 43 mm.

United States (D. Doubleday) .

We have four examples of this form in the Museum, two of them
presented by Doubleday, the others from two distinct sources, but in
no case have we received the exact habitat : “ United States ” having,
I suppose, been considered sufficient by the old collectors.

The third and last Arctia to which I shall have to advert differs
from A. ochreata much as A. decorata , Saund., is supposed to do from
A. Nais , Drury.

Arctia rhoda, sp. n.

$ . Also allied to A. phalerata, the stripes on primaries narrower and ochreous ;
the sub-apical stripe sometimes abbreviated ; secondaries deep rose-red, the black
spots rather larger than in A. phalerata ; abdomen also deep rose-red at the sides.

Expanse of wings, 41 mm.

United States (two examples).

I think it quite possible that this may be the female either of
A. phalerata or ochreata ; but, if so, what becomes of A. decorata ,
Saund., which agrees absolutely in everything but the colour of the
secondaries with Drury’s figure of A. Nais ? one of the examples has an
old label attached to it, with the name “ vittata” inscribed thereon.

British Museum :

October , 1881.

1881.]

ON CERTAIN BRITISH HEMIPTERA- ROM OP TER A .

BY JOHN SCOTT.

137

(Continued from p. 105).

Deltocephalus I-album, sp. nov.

$ . Clear pale brownish-yellow. Crown yellowisli-wlxite with a brownish spot
on each side of the centre at the apex, a short brownish streak within the anterior
margin extending to within a short distance of the anterior margin of the eyes, and
a short transverse streak of the same colour in a line with the latter. Face bone-
white. Frons black, with three transverse, slightly curved, white streaks, the
upper two clubbed at their inner extremity, side margins narrowly black to within
a short distance of the apex, divided by one or two white spots, within the lower
margin two short, transverse, black spots. Clypeus yellowish. Rostrum brown, apex
narrowly black. Lorce pale yellowish-white, inner margin narrowly black. Cheeks
pale yellowish- white, with a small black spot on the inner margin near the apex.

Pronotum yellowish-white with a somewhat indistinct, pale, longitudinal,
central line, and a reddish spot on each side of the same at the base. Scutellum
clear pale brownish-yellow, with a short transverse channel in the centre, the space
between this and the apex white. Elytra clear pale brownish-yellow, shining, nerves
fine : clavus , apex of the axillary nerve white, anal nerve pale brownish-yellow, apex
white, area enclosed between the latter and the suture white at the base, in which is
a dark spot : corium clear pale brownish-yellow, transverse nerve of the basal area
broadly white, the colour extending for some distance along the bracliium and cubi-
tus, and forming an I-shaped character, posteriorly narrowly bordered with brown ;
nerves of the ante-apical and apical areas fine, white, apex of the latter margined
with black. Legs pale yellowish-white ; thighs : 1st pair with a black or pitchy-
black band next the base ; 2nd with a pitchy-black spot on the upper margin near
the apex, and another on the lower margin towards the base ; 3rd yellow, with three
or four minute black spots on the upper margin at the apex ; tibiae : 3rd pair yellow,
apex narrowly black, spines brown, set in black punctures, some of which are in
pairs ; tarsi : 1st and 2nd pairs yellow, 3rd black, 1st joint at the base yellow :
claws of all the pairs black.

Abdomen above, black ; basal four segments on the sides yellow : 5th and 6th
yellow, the former with a fine black longitudinal streak on the side, the latter with
two black spots on each side of the posterior margin, one placed at the lower
extremity, the other in a line with the streak on the former : underneath black,
posterior margin of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4tli segments very narrowly red, terminal two
yellow, posterior margin of the last ]■ -shaped, with a black margin and a depression
i on each side. Length, 1| line.

This species forms one of a large group of which D. ocellatus, Fall.,
D. oculatus , J. Sahib., &c., may be taken as types. It certainly does
not agree with any of the descriptions of the late Dr. Fieber, nor with
any of his types, either on the continent or in my collection. At the
same time as the genus is so remarkable for its variability, I am not
positively prepared to see the name retained which I have given to

138

[November,

this form. The bone-white face, the black frons, with the three
transverse pale lines, the white I-shaped character across the trans-
verse nerve of the basal area of the corium, alone afford characters for
its easy recognition.

Taken by Mr. J. Edwards, near Norwich.

Lee, S.E. : 6th October , 1881 .

The influence of Volcanos on flying Coleoptera. — On the 15th July, 1880, I as-
cended a volcano in South Yezo, and I may roughly describe the mountain as being,
about 2600 feet high, with vegetation of small oak and alder to 1200 feet, and then
shrubs and grass, leaving a cone of 600 to 700 feet, a bare surface of powdered lava
or sand to absorb and radiate the heat of a July sun.

On the oaks and alders were many Lucanidce and Elateridce, a Calosoma, and
now and then a tree Silpha allied to 4- punctata . In the high sandy area I saw
nothing but sand-piercing Hymenoptera, until I reached the ridge of the crater. The
ridge was about 15 to 20 feet broad, and the crater say 150 deep, and at the bottom
jets of steam, bubbling sand and sulphur, made walking in some parts impossible, or'
even dangerous. Sitting on the ridge, tired and hot, I felt the mountain draught
most refreshing, and, in a few moments more, discovered around me a number of
. Elateridce , some dead and dry on the sand ; others struggling on their backs, and
now and then some new arrival on the wing, fresh and vigorous from the forest
below, came to join the dead or dying on the crater’s edge. Looking about, I sub-
sequently obtained a few dead Silpha 6-carinata, Mots. It seemed to me that about
three hours were sufficient to kill an Elater after it dropped on the sand, the great
heat gradually destroying its life by abstracting its moisture, and I observed speci-
mens fall on the ridge that were not carried over into the crater. The Elateridce
consisted of two or three tree-species with red elytra, and doubtless began life in
the forest below, and were not seeking food on the burning sandy height. The
conclusion is, therefore, that they were carried up involuntarily, borne on the current
of wind, which was flowing upwards to the crater, and caused by the different
temperature on the sand to that in the area of vegetation below it.

When I passed through the forest, insects in this northern latitude were in the
profusion of summer ; and the question arises — why, of all this abundance, did the
Elateridce. and Silphidce alone arrive to perish on the dry heated lava. The elytra
of these species, when raised to the angle necessary to allow the membranous wings
action for flight, are just in that position to catch the full force of the upward
current, and thus these species with ample elytra met their death by being mechani-
cally lifted up into the arid region of sand. No Elaters were found in the crater,
as at the ridge the direction of the air-current changed, and they fell on the earth ;
and the sand-piercing Hymenoptera of the intermediate area were absent on the
ridge, as their wings, all used for motive power, enabled them to fly hither and
thither in the breeze, and they remained in their natural location.

These notes throw some light on the shortened wing-cases of certain Coleoptera ,
notably, of course, the Erachelytra. Then a few Longicornia ( Necydalis ), a few
Telephoridce (Ichthyurus) , and a good many Nitidulidce. The Staphylinidce are
very free fliers, and their wings would, with ample elytra, be powerless to direct

139

1881.]

I their movements in mid-currents. Bledii and Trogophlcei would be carried away

I from their burrows in the mud-flats to situations unfit for their existence, and all the
minute members of this family are largely dependent for their well-being on the
Humidity of the situations where they dwell. Large heavy-bodied insects have a
weight to counteract the undue influence of the wind, hence the Lucanidce were
absent ou the ridge ; and the Longicornia have a counterpoise in the long antennae.
iBut in the Staphylinidce the advantage of shortened elytra is very marked, and is
one of those forms of organization which extend the lives of individuals and races
by fitting them for the mechanical contingencies of their existence.

The traveller in Japan, go in what direction he will, meets with mountains, and
in going over the “ toge ” or passes between them, will generally ascend with the
[breeze, or face it as he descends, after passing the ridge, and many times in such
[places, by sweeping where there is vegetation, have I obtained great numbers of
Melanotus and other Coleoptera, evidently collected there by the breeze.

The shortened wing-case in all the families mentioned is accompanied with a
prolonged abdomen, which i6 an additional balancing power, and it is significant that
a very large proportion of the flying Coleoptera belong to the Rrachelytra , and that
mountain species, such as Lesteva, have the longest elytra, and cling to the under-
surfaces of stones near water. In Japan there is one genus, Trygceus , which is
sluggish, living under damp leaves in forests, and its elytra are scarcely shortened at
all. It would, however, be difficult to base any general theory upon these facts, as so
many mountain species have very abbreviated elytra and no wings at all, and such
wet-loving sluggish creatures as Acrognatha have short elytra utterly disproportionate
to the length of their body.

In former days I frequently found Hydaticus (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1873, p. 45)
under stones at an elevation of 1600 feet, that is, 1200 feet above any water, and
this spring I secured two examples on the back-bone of the same mountain, and I
bow account for their presence at this altitude by their being caught by an ascending
[current, tlie membranous wings being insufficient to counteract the lifting power of
|the elytra. — George Lewis, Hiogo Hotel, Kobe : July 8 th, 1881.

Coleoptera near Hastings. — The following are some of our best captures this
season : — Melandrya caraboides, a few in an ash-log at Hollington ; two or three
\Mordellistena abdominalis, by beating May-blossom ; Atemeles emarginatus, caught
flying over a road at Hollington. We have again met with a few specimens of
\Athous difformis. The Camber sand-hills have produced Crypticus quisquilius,
Helops pallidus, Xantholinus tricolor, a quantity of Cteniopus sulphurous, off Galium,
and Ceuth. echii , which was abundant on Echium. From a dead cat, at the same
place, we got a small series of Saprinus immundus. Phaleria cadaverina was very
; plentiful under putrid fish in the larval as well as the perfect state. Some moss
lf fielded a few Hyperaspis reppensis ; Silpha littoralis was not uncommon in rooks
^ which wTe hung up in a wood at Gfuestling, in May, accompanied by a few S. thora-
nca, Necrophorus vespillo, ruspator and interruptus, and quantities of mortuorum and
humator. A single specimen of the somewhat rare Rhynchites cuprous was obtained
it Heathfield. Strangalia 4>-fasciata has occurred at Gfuestling, Heathfield, Battle,
md Dallington ; and Chrysomela fastuosa, near Gfuestling. Lampyris noctiluca
las been unusually plentiful this season. — E. P. and H. F. Collett, 12, Springfield
^feoad, St. Leonards-on-Sea : October 12£A, 1881.

140

[November,

Note on Micralymma hreoipenne. — During a recent visit to Barmouth I
found Micralymma brevipenne crawling about (very sparingly) on old posts and
stones near the mouth of a brooklet three or four miles up the Mawddach. The
conditions under which it occurred being rather different from those previously-
known to me (its habitat, according to the “ authorities,” being “ far below high
water mark on the coast ”), I thought a record of the capture might be interesting.
I have looked through all the volumes of the Ent. Mo. Mag. for notes on Micra-
lymma, but, strange to say, in all the seventeen volumes there does not seem to be a
single record or note relating to this curious little beetle. — W. G-. Blatch, Green
Lane, Smallheath, Birmingham : October 17 th, 1881.

Deltocephalus Flori, Fieb., in Fnyland. — An insect taken by me among the
heather at Esher, Surrey, August 27tli, 1874, and hitherto undetermined, has been
I’ecognised by Mr. Scott as this species, known previously as British from Scotland
only ( vide ante p. 66). — J. W. Douglas, 8, Beaufort Gardens, Lewisham : 18£A
October, 1881.

Hemiptera at Hastings. — Perhaps the following may be worth recording :]
Acalypta cervina, a few in the Guestling sand-pit. Microphysa el-egantula , a single!
$ found walking on a post at Hollington. Calocoris fulvomaculatus, one, by
sweeping, at Guestling. I was very pleased to get Stenocephalus agilis at Holling-j
ton, but failed to get more than one specimen. Sigara minutissima, I secured one
of this, and saw several others at the Pet.t Ditches. Saida littoralis and lateralis j
have been taken at Rye Harbour. Sehirus Z-guttatus seems to be distributed all
over our district. I obtained Corizus maculatus at Dallington, but had not deter- ]
mined it in time to include it in last month’s list. — E. P. Collett, 12, Springfield
Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea : October, 1881.

Sartena amoena. — The discovery of the identity of this species with Neurorthns
iridipennis, Costa, by Mr. McLachlan ( cf ante, p. 89), is very interesting. After a
careful examination of a type in my collection with Costa’s description and figure
(both are not very sufficient), I have no doubt of the identity. I believe also that j
there is no doubt of the identity with M.fallax, Ramb. The types communicated j
to Rambur by M. Gene were returned probably, and may be still preserved in his j
collection.* According to a list of his collection, written and communicated to me]
in 1857 by De Selys-Longchamps, M. fallax and M. parvulns were not present
among Rambur’s types.

Not intending any reclamation, as there is none, I beg to state that I received
the Neuroptera from Corsica, January 28th, 1862, that I sent my paper June 5th, 1862,
and that it was presented to the Society in Paris, July 9th, 1862 (Bull. T., 2, xxxi), j
but printed only in 1864, with the remark, “ Seance, July 9th, 1862.” Of course, '
I was thus unable to have any knowledge of Costa’s publication. Perhaps it is not
known to entomologists of to-day how" difficult the work was twenty, and even ten
years ago. The only copy of Costa’s works then in Germany was in the hands of
Senator v. Heyden, in Frankfort, and to his untiring kindness I was indebted for all
I knew of these works. — H. A. Hagen, Cambridge, Mass. : 12 th September, 1881.

* Some years ago, the late Prof. Ghiliani informed me that nearly the whole of Gent’s types i
in the Turin Museum had long ago been destroyed by Anthrenus ! — R. McL.

1881.]

141

Drepana sicula. — I have great pleasure in recording my success in breeding D.
sicula in the autumn of last year, after most diligent search, necessitating a feai’ful
amount of hard work. I took a few larvae during October, these turned to pupae ;
the first specimen (a male) emerged on May 18th; I much regret I could not obtain
fertile eggs, for although two pairs were in cop. for over twenty hours, yet the eggs
deposited proved unfertile. This season I have spent a great deal of time searching
for the moth, but have only been rewarded with one specimen ; I have done rather
better in collecting the larvae this autumn. I trust I may be successful in procuring
fertile eggs. — W. K. Mann, Wellington Terrace, Clifton, Bristol : October , 1881.

H eliothis armiger, Gymnancyla canella, Sfc., in East Sussex. — On the last
Bank Holiday (August 1st) I was on the Camber Sand-hills near Bye, when I found
several pupae of Eepressaria cnicella, loosely spun up in the leaves of sea-holly,
Eryngium maritimum, and also took one specimen of the perfect insect. Near the
town of Bye I beat Catoptria candidulana ( Wimmerana , D. L.) from sea worm-
wood, Artemisia maritima. On a subsequent visit (September 13th) to the Camber
Sands I saw plenty of traces of the larvae of Gymnancyla canella on Salsola kali.
I brought away but few of the larvae, as I had little time to search for them, they
were evidently abundant, but some of the larvae were quite small. On September
24th, I took Heliothis armiger resting on a flower in the Bectory garden (at
Guestling), and the same afternoon my friend Mr. H. F. Collett brought me a
beautiful specimen of Eoporina croceago, taken within a short distance of my house.
— E. N. Bloomfield, Guestling Bectory : October 11th , 1881.

A fruitless search for the larvce of Coleophora apicella. — Some correspondents
having expressed a wish to have some larvae of this insect, which I had collected two
years ago rather freely on some plants of Stellaria graminea , growing in the shelter
of furze-bushes on the common at Tunbridge Wells, I took an opportunity whilst
staying at Hadlow near Tunbridge, to go over to Tunbridge Wells, hoping to lay in
a stock of these larvae. I returned, however, empty-handed, not having found a
single one. This unfortunate result was the effect of the singular meteorological
conditions which have prevailed this season. The severity of the winter killed half
the furze-bushes on the Common, the long dry time which prevailed from the middle
of March to near the middle of August had burnt up all the vegetation on the
Common, and it was not till the rainy period which set in (so disastrously for the
farmers then busy with harvest) on the 12th August that a revival of vegetation
restored some greenness to the aspect of the place, and when I visited it on the 17th
September the Common was more luxuriantly green than I had ever seen it.

The Stellaria graminea was making up for lost time and was pushing up dense
masses of green leaves (on which I found here and there the pretty larvae of
Hadena pisi), but it was only occasionally I found its star-like white flowers already
expanded and none had yet reached the seed-bearing stage — there was, therefore,
positively not an atom of food for any larvae of Coleophora apicella, though in 1879
the first fortnight in September was the very period when I had met with them-
This irregularity in the period of flowering and fruiting of its food-plant must surely
be very awkward for the larvae of Coleophora apicella, especially if the parent moths
deposited their eggs at the usual time. — H. T. Stainton, Mountsfield, Lewisham,
S.E. : September 2.2nd, 1881.

142

[November,

The larva of Eupithecia inturbata, Hub., H.-Scbf. ( subciliata , Guen.). — On
the 21st of May, by beating a maple-tree ( Acer campestre) , I obtained 5 larvse of
this species, and on another visit 4 larvae, but on the 30th May no more were to be
had, their time being over. The larvae, in captivity, feed exclusively on the flowers
of maple, with predilection for the organs of fructification ; they remain quite openly
thereon, it being in no way necessary to conceal themselves because their colour
entirely accords with that of the flowers, and they are thus almost invisible to their
enemies, as well as to entomologists. After a few days they prepared for their
transformation, which ordinarily takes place in a spinning interwoven with grains of
eai'th, on the surface of the ground. The first spun its cocoon on the 24th May,
the last on the 29th, and 8 days after I found six well-developed pupae, two
imperfectly developed, and in one cocoon a dried-up larva. On the 12th July two
male moths appeared, the four others, perfect females, between the 15th and 25th
J uly. The development from the pupa-state occurred regularly between 4 and 6
o’clock in the afternoon. Having in former years captured newly-developed moths
at the end of July and beginning of August this earlier appearance must be
attributed to the tropical heat of this summer.

The head of the larva is very small, greenish-yellow ; the colour of the body is
.that of their food ; the markings consist of a somewhat sharp dark dorsal line and
two lighter greenish-yellow sub-dorsal lines, the upper broader and stronger, the
lower finer, the two separated by a dark line. The elevated, wrinkled lateral angle
of the body forms also a light greenish- or whitish-yellow longitudinal streak, above
which the spiracles appear as raised yellowish spots. Under-side and legs of the
ground-colour. The pupa anteriorly rusty-yellow ; the abdomen greenish. The
chitinous pupa-case is so transparent that the development of the moth within can
be followed from the first.— Dr. A. Speyer {Abbreviated from the Stettiner entomol-
Zeitung, vol. xlii, p. 473 : September, 1881).

[See also Ent. Mo. Mag., ix, 17, 65, and xiv, 68. — Eds.]

Occurrence of Nepticula sericopeza rear Cambridge. — I had often examined the
keys of maples about here (Cambridge) for mines of Nepticula sericopeza, but
hitherto always without success. This year, at the end of August, I took shelter
from rain under a solitary maple ( Acer campestre) just outside the town, and
although it was so late in the season, occupied the time in looking over the keys that
were within reach. I soon found numbers mined and gathered a lot. The next
day I went again and caught sight of a cocoon on an unmined key. Following this
clue I soon found many more both on the keys and on the leaves of the maple, and
also on the leaves of an elder bush growing beneath. When on a leaf they are
in all cases on the upper surface, and when on the keys generally on the extreme tip.
The cocoon when fresh is very bright yellow and very neatly spun. Some cocoons
which I found were discoloured, dirty white or pink, but these afterwards proved to
be empty. I naturally concluded that these cocoons would produce the imago next
June, hence I was much surprised the morning after to see a fine N. sericopeza
roaming about the bag, in fact, they have been emerging every day this month, one
or two each day. I have now bred over two dozen with about an equal number of
Ichneumons, and there are still more to come out.

Last week I watched a ? on the tree, apparently busily engaged in laying her

1831.]

143

eggs on the keys — which are still green — so I imagine the second brood has still to
feed up, or else there must be a succession of broods throughout the summer. I
have found a few cocoons on other maples on the opposite side of the town, where
I took a single imago some 20 years since. If the higher boughs of the tree on
which I took these cocoons contained an equal number there must have been several
hundreds on this one tree, as I gathered over six score from the branches that were
within reach of my stick.

I believe the cocoon is described by Mr. Stainton as pink and attached to the
mined key, but in no single case did I find this to be so. I cannot help thinking
that the insect might be easily found in other places where the maples flower freely.

— W. Warren, Merton Cottage, Cambridge : 19 th September , 1881.

[The original notice of this larva is by Colonel G-oureau — Ent. Annual, 1864, p.

170 — who found it feeding in the keys of Acer platanoides, and spinning its cocoon
upon the mined key. He describes the cocoons as flat, yellowish-white , white , or
whitish-rosy. In this case the infested keys had fallen to the ground unripe. The
moths emerged at the end of June and beginning of July. — Eds.]

Occurrence of Gelechia scotinella, H.-S., in England. — In April of the year 1873,

I collected a quantity of distorted shoots of sloe, from which, among several species
of Lepidoptera, I bred, at the end of June and beginning of July of the same year,
four specimens of a fuliginous Gelechia unknown to me. I delayed ascertaining if
the species were known to others until I should have discovered its larva, which I
hoped to do in the following spring ; but when that time arrived circumstances
precluded my searching for it, and, by degrees, the matter dropped out of mind.

When putting my Tineina in order, early in this year, I came across the moths in
question, and then forwarded two of them to Mr. Stainton, who obligingly deter-
mined them as the Gelechia scotinella, H.-Sch. Through the kindness of Prof.

Zeller, Mr. Stainton was enabled to inform me that the species had been bred by
Herr Sauber at Hamburg, from the same plant ; also that the insect has been caught
at Prague, Vienna, Jena, and Wiesbaden.

In Staudinger and Wocke’s “Catalog,” the species is placed before G. sororculella.

Last spring I visited the place which had yielded me the larvae, and collected a large
number of similarly distorted shoots of the sloe, but none of the contained larvae ««

pertained to the species required. — J. E. Eletcher, Worcester: September, 1881.

Leaf-mining larvce extracted by birds (?). — The larvae of the genus Tischeria
are frequently extracted from their mines by some small bird, as I imagine. The
exit-hole is larger than would be made by the larva, and the cuticle around is torn,
which would not be done by the larva. By the dimensions of the mine, the larva
must be nearly full-fed at the time of extraction. The species I have observed
most affected in this way are T. angusticollella, dodoncea, and complanella — the
first most commonly. — Id.

[Mines of Lithocolletis may often be found torn open in a similar way. I fancy
Borne of the Tits are the offenders. — H. T. S.].

Platyptilia dichrodactyla and Pertrami. — After the appearance of Dr. Jordan’s
first paper on the Pterophori of Europe and North America compared, in one part
of which he made some references to the identity of the two plumes above named,

I wrote him a few lines, embodying my experience of one of them, dichrodactyla.

Dr. Jordan, in the kindest manner, desired me to communicate them to the Maga-
zine, as he thought there were some points of interest bearing on the question of

I November. 1881.

144

the identity of the two insects. Perhaps, no one in this country! has had more
practical experience of P. dichrodactyla than myself. I have bred it for a number of
years. With us, it is the only species, Bertrami not having occurred in any part'
of our district. The larva (of which I sent examples this summer to Mr. South for
figuring) feeds, with us, invariably in tansy. I have never found any trace in
yarrow. The imago fades — especially out of doors — sooner than any other I have
any experience of; for I never took an example at large which was not more or
less bleached : generally, they are almost white. The examples which [are bred
indoors must be boxed as soon as possible, and killed ; as even in the house, two or
thi’ee hours of exposure suffice to make them decidedly paler. My only [captures of
Bertrami have been made at Witherslack, where it seems pretty abundant. Now,
I never took a faded one ; they were all well coloured : so, one would fancy that if
they were identical, the food-plant must have caused a very complete alteration in
the qualities of the colouring matter of the scales. We must not forget, too, that
dichrodactyla is nearly a month later in appearance than Bertrami. For this I
quote Mr. Stainton’s remarks on the two species in this Magazine, vol. ii, page 137.

The colouring of the bred dichrodactyla is — in water-colour nomenclature —
nearly pure Indian yellow, clearly marked and streaked with a pale shade of the
same colour, and with the few costal and fringe markings and spots dark brown to
black ; the markings clear and decided, with invariably a very clear, small, black
spot just below the fissure : in some examples also one above, united by a brown
shade, as in serotinus.

The colour of Bertrami is shades of fawn-colour and brown, the darker shades
indistinctly margined, mere washes of colour, not sharply laid on like those in
dichrodactyla. The spot near the fissure, when present at all, is exceedingly faint.

The palpi, in dichrodactyla , are decidedly longer than in Bertrami. The
hooked apex, which, in some specimens of Bertrami — probably females — is well-
marked, and on which Dr. Jordan lays some stress, will be found, on close examina-
tion, to have a different shape in the two insects. In dichrodactyla the hook is
much more emarginate on the lower side, so that it comes to a much finer point
than in Bertrami.

One may easily see that, in localities where both species occur, the confusion
that may exist among caught, or carelessly-bred, examples, which, when mixed up,
will become almost hopelessly entangled.

The above points, in addition to the great difference — in bred examples — of]
the leg markings, so well defined by Mr. Stainton, give, in my opinion, strong
grounds for their separation, even should the coloration of the larvae be similar.
Dichrodactyla does not hibernate in the imago state. The female oviposits at
night— most usually quite after dark — with its abdomen thrust down among the
disc florets of the tansy flowers. One egg will — probably — be laid in each flower,
and the larva must emerge soon after (as the plant dies down in winter), and mine
down the stem into the root, where it remains until the fresli shoots are thrown up
in the following spring, up which it works as the plant grows ; throwing out frass
from the joints, and causing the whole plant to droop, very like the effects produced
by the larvae of Exceretia Allisella in the stems of Artemisia vulgaris, and becoming
full-fed about the end of June. — J. Sang, Darlington : October 8th, 1881.

©bituarjj.

W. Garneys. — We record with deep regret the sudden death from apoplexy, on
the 21st October, at Repton, near Burton-on-Trent, of Mr. W. Grarneys, one of our
oldest correspondents, who never relaxed his study of our indigenous Coleoptera, in
spite of arduous professional duties. A more complete notice will appear in our
next number.

December, 1881.

145

NOTE ON AEPOPHILUS BONNAIREI, SIG-NORET; A GENUS AND
SPECIES OF HEMIPTERA NEW TO BRITAIN.

BY CHAS. O. WATERHOUSE.

Recently I took some British Hemiptera to Mr. Edward Saunders
for identification, and the first species in the box he determined to be
Aepophilus JBonnairei , of Signoret. The specimens are marked in the
late Mr. E. Smith’s hand-writing, “ Polperro, Cornwall,” and they
appear to have been mounted by him, but I cannot ascertain whether
they were captured by him or not. A full description of the genus,
accompanied by a good figure with details, will be found in the
Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 1880, p. 1, pi. 1 ; but the original notice
is in the Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1879, p.
Ixxiii ( cf. Ent. Mo. Mag., xvi, p. 68), where the species is said to have
been found in the He de Re, at low water, under stones deeply
imbedded in the mud, and in company with the Coleopterous insect,
Aepus JRobinii. It measures two lines in length, is of rusty -yellow
colour, with dusky head and abdomen, the hemielytra a little longer
than the thorax and acuminate. Its appearance is more that of a
larva than an imago ; and I am not sure that a non-Hemipterist might
not at first sight mistake it for a narrow larval form of the common
house-bug, Acanthia lectularia.

British Museum :

November 3 rd, 1881.

ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES FROM EAST AFRICA.

BY ARTHUR G. BUTLER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

The two following species were obtained this year from a col-
lection of Lepidoptera sent home by Sir J. Kirk.

NYMPH ALIN M .

Charaxes Kirkii, sp. n.

<j? . Intermediate in character between C. Etheocles and C. Viola, but most like
the latter, from which it differs in the form of the ochraceous belt across the
primaries, which agrees exactly with the white belt of C. Etheocles in shape ; in the
almost entire absence of the purple shot at the base of the wings ; the primaries
being suffused towards the base, at the apex, and along the external border, with
rusty- or cupreous-brown ; the greater width of the dark external area of these
wings ; the considerably narrower belt across the secondaries, which is almost central,
tapers slightly towards the abdominal area, its inner edge straight, its outer edge
j slightly sinuous ; the upper part clouded with oehreous, the lower half indistinctly
bordered with lilac ; owing to the narrowness of this belt, the external black area is

146

[December,

of three times the width of that in C. Viola ; the sub-marginal spots are smaller, and
the red and green marginal border duller ; abdominal area broadly pale greenish-
grey : under surface altogether different, glaucous-grey, the black markings much
more prominent, broader ; a distinct white belt beyond the middle of the wings ;
the lunated red discal markings of the primaries replaced by a series of spots
between the upper radial and sub-median veins, the first three indistinct, dusky, the
last three black ; the discal lunated series of the secondaries darker and duller, and
the ill-defined band limiting the basal area on these wings narrower, less irregular,
and better defined. Expanse of wings, 75 mm.

Mamboia, E. Africa (Sir J. Kirk).

By referring to my figure of C. Viola (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, pi.
xxxvi, fig. 4), it will be easy to identify this insect ; its proper location
is evidently betwreen this species and C. Jocaste, of Senegal.

Teracoltjs incretus, sp. n.

¥ . Very near to the female of T. Auxo, but considerably larger; all the dark
brown markings better defined and broader, the external border of the primaries
being decidedly broader, and the macular orange area between it and the connected |
series of discal black spots of little more than half the width, and much more
arched ; the discocellular spot of about four times the size ; the discal markings of
the secondaries so well marked as to indicate an irregular zigzag line, the first,
second, and fourth divisions of which are dark brown, the last-mentioned being a
cuneiform brown spot; the marginal spots very large: wings below altogether
brighter and clearer in colour, the markings better defined ; the discocellular spot of
primaries pupillated with silver, that of secondaries consisting of a partially black-
edged silver spot with ochraceous iris. Expanse of wings, 55 mm.

Mamboia, E. Africa (Sir J. Kiric).

The female of T. Auxo expands 43 millimetres, that of the closely- j
allied (if distinct) T. Topha , 42, that of T. Keiskamma , 43 ; so that T.
incretus may be safely said to exceed all its nearest allies by 12 milli- 1
metres in expanse of wing.

British Museum : October, 1881.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SATUENIIDAE FROM THE

GOLD COAST.

BY W. E. KIRBY.

ANTHERiEA MACROPHTUALMUS.

Expanse, 5 inches. Warm fawn colour, shading almost into salmon-colour on
the hind-wings ; fore-wings with the basal line consisting of a rather indistinct
pinkish-white line, bordered with black within, straight across the cell, forming a
rectangle below, and ceasing half-way between the sub-median nervure and the
inner margin ; eye of moderate size, not quite round, paler than the ground colour,

1881.]

117

without pupil, but enclosed by narrow black and pinkish-white lines, the latter with
a few pink scales on the outside ; sub-marginal line pinkish-white, near and almost
parallel to the hind margin, very slightly undulated, and a little curved outwards at
the anal angle ; slightly bordered with black outside and with pink inside. Hind-
wings with the basal stripe blackish, nearly straight, and ceasing before reaching the
inner margin ; eye large, nearly of the ground colour, pupil of moderate size,
scaleless above, but scaled below, except its vitreous outer edge ; this eye is sur-
rounded with black, red, and pale pink rings, the latter broadest and produced into
a pear-shape ; the point rests on the basal stripe, and the opposite side extends
nearly to the sub- marginal pinkisli-while stripe, which forms a half-circle round the
eye, and then turns downwards towards the anal angle ; this stripe is indistinctly
edged with pink within, but bordered with a black stripe of equal width on the
outside.

Iii the collection of Mr. G. A. Higlett.

Notwithstanding its superficial resemblance to Caligula SuraJca ,
Boisd., from Madagascar, this appears to be more closely allied to
Anther cea Hersilice , Westw., from the Congo, than to any other
described species.

British Museum :

October , 1881.

DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF SCOPULA LUTEALIS.

BY WILLIAM BUCKLER,

It is a great satisfaction to have figured, and to be able to strike
off another Pyrale from my desiderata, and for this I render many
grateful thanks to Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, who most kindly sent me
three examples of this larva on 28th of June last.

They were feeding on tender leaves of some species of Uuhusy
and with me they partook freely of R. corylifolius and sparingly
of Stachys sylvatica.

In course of a week they spun up amongst the bramble leaves,
and the first twro moths emerged on 18th of July and the third on the
21st, all three males.

From a previous account of this larva I was prepared to expect
a close resemblance to that of prunalis, and was the more agreeably
surprised to see how very distinctly different they were in point of
colouring, — though in form and design they agreed with that species.

When I received them they were all three alike, though two were
nearly full-fed, while the third larva was in perfect condition and
beauty of colour ; and I venture to suppose that the notes taken at
the time it was figured may perhaps have some interest.

148

[December.

The length of the full-grown larva is three-quarters of an inch
or a trifle more, the form tapering much anteriorly and a little
posteriorly, the well-defined segments plump on the belly, and sub-
divided on the back near the middle of each by a deep wrinkle ; the
colour of the head is pale semi-pellucid yellowish-brown blotched with
a deeper tint of the same, the second segment is of a bright transparent
yellowish-green, and near the end of this two sub-dorsal stripes begin
at first as mere lines, but gradually widen through the third and fourth
and from thence are uniformly very broad of opaque primrose-yellow , ,|
relieved above by a narrow dorsal stripe of the transparent green, and j
below by another stripe of this colour which melts into the pale ■
whitish-greenish tint of the belly just where the pale tracheal thread j
shows faintly ; the anal flap is of sulphur-yellow ; the pale spiracles |
extremely small ; the slightly raised tubercular warts are of the ground f
colour where they occur, but those on the yellow have a central dot of J
green, and from each wart proceeds a fine pale hair ; the skin is glossy j
throughout. In short this larva is extremely like that of its congener
prunalis, but with the important and striking difference that the sub- j
dorsal regions are primrose-yellow instead of white.

When quite full-fed it loses its distinctness of colours and becomes
just before spinning up of a semi-transparent light amber-yellow all s
over.

The cocoon is the lining of a cavity formed by folding down the
side of a leaf or otherwise contrived between two leaves, made of 1
white silk, thin but strong, of oval form, and half-an-inch in length :
the pupa is three-eighths of an inch long, broadest across the well-
produced thorax, the wing-covers of moderate length, the leg- and
antenna-cases a little longer and free at the end, the fixed segments of
the abdomen are slightly keeled on the back and have very largei
spiracles, while those on the movable and tapering segments are of ij
ordinary size, each segment has five or six transverse ridges, the most
prominent being at the hind edge ; the anal tip ends in a pointed and ij
flattened prolongation furnished with curly-topped converging spines
firmly fixed in the silken cocoon ; the whole surface is black, and dull
generally, though glistening a little on the back, and is only really ; |
glossy on the two hinder segments ; moreover, with a strong lens a
few fine hairs are just visible, that is, one from each wart where these
traces of the larval skin still remain.

Eras worth : October 25th, 1881.

1881.]

149

DIPTERA OF THE NORFOLK BROADS.

BY Or. H. VERRALL.

During the last half of June, I had the opportunity of collecting
among the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads, and a list of my captures, with
a few notes, may be of interest. The neglect this district has ex-
perienced of late years, and the astonishing ignorance as to its
character and extent, which so widely prevails, are, I suppose,
attributable to the late inaccessibility except by boat ; but by making
Yarmouth the head-quarters, and using the new East Norfolk Railway,
many of the Broads, such as Hiekling, Ormesby, Eilby, and Martham,
are fairly accessible, and this is by far the most convenient method of
working the district, as scarcely any accommodation can be obtained in
the villages. The lakes are grand sheets of shallow fresh water, with
reedy, marshy, or well-timbered edges, affording most perfect spots
for a naturalist to work on, and they have apparently changed but
little for many centuries, hence they teem with life both entomological
and ornithological.

My hopes of obtaining some novelties to Britain were not doomed
to disappointment, as besides what may remain among my unnamed
\ residuum, I certainly obtained in quantity one very lovely Dolichopus
(Gymnopternus chalybeus, Wied.) quite new to Britain, and a speci-
men of the curious and puzzling Graphomyia picta, Zett.

As localities for English Diptera are very few, I give a full list of
! the species I have recognised: when no locality is given, the species
may be considered of general distribution.

Microchrysa polita (Hiekling)

flavicornis (Hiekling)
Sargus infuscatus (Martham)

Beris vallata (Hiekling)

Hsematopota pluvialis
SLeptis scolopacea
IChrysopilus auratus
iThereva annulata (Sandy Coasts)
bipunctata (Cromer)

' Dysmachus trigonus (Lowestoft)
Empis stei’corea (Fritton)
i Hygroceleuthus diadema (Lowestoft)
Dolichopus vitripennis (Hiekling)
atratus (Hiekling)
lepidus (Hiekling)
nubilus

claviger (Fritton)
plumipes
pennatus
popularis

Dolichopus signatus (Martham)
urbanus (Fritton)
nitidus (Martham)
griseipennis (Martham)
sabinus (Lowestoft)
simplex
brevipennis
seneus .

Gymnopternus cupreus

celer (Martham)
metallicus (Fritton)
chalybeus (Martham) [1]
serosus j-gj

assimilis(Martham&Hickliug)
nanus (Ormesby & Fritton)
Hypopliyllus obscurellus (Fritton)

Argyra diaphana

argentata (Martham)
leucocephala (Fritton)

Synarthrus pallipes (Lowestoft)
monilis (Hiekling)

150

[December,

Chrysotus cupreus (Martham)
neglectus (Martham)
gramineus (Martham)

Sympycnus annulipes
Campsicnemus scambus (Martham)
curvipes

armatus (Lowestoft)

Liancalus lacustris (Lowestoft)

Hydrophorus bipunctatus [3]

litoreus (Martham & Ormesby)

Helophilus hybridus (Ormesby and Martham)
pendulus

versicolor (Ormesby & Martham)
frutetorum (Ormesby & Martham)
transfugus (Martham)
lineatus (Ormesby and Martham)
Xylota segnis (Martham)

Thelaira leucozona
Sarcophaga carnaria

melanura (Lowestoft)

prsecox (Ormesby) Graphomyia maculata

viridis. Mg. ? (Ormesby) [4] picta (Martham) [8]

Medeterus petrophilus, Koto. ? (Cromer and Calliphora grcenlandica (Lowestoft) [9]
Thrypticus bellus (Ormesby) Lowestoft) ]V[orellia curvipes (Hickling) [10]

Xanthoclilorus ornatus (Pritton)

Pipizella virens (Ormesby7)

biguttata (Martham)

Pipiza noctiluca (Ormesby)

Chrysogaster splendida (Martham) [5]
splendens (Ormesby)

Macquarti (Hickling)
chalybeata (Martham&Hickling)
caemeteriorum (Martham)
Chilosia pulchripes (Hickling)
cliloris (Ormesby)
flavimana (Hickling and Martham)
variabilis (Hickling and Martham)
Pyrophaena ocymi (Ormesby and Martham)
rosarum (Martham)

Platychirus manicatus
albimanus
peltatus (Hickling)
fulviventris (Martham) [6]
Syrphus auricollis (Martham)
coroll ae

latifasciatus (Martham)

Sphan-ophoria picta
Ascia floralis [7]

Rliingia rostrata
Yolucella bombylans
Eristalis sepulchralis (Ormesby)
intricarius (Martham)
horticola (Ormesby)

Polietes albolineata (Hickling)

Hyetodesia lucorum

incana (Hickling and Ormesby)
errans (Lowestoft)
rufipalpis (Ormesby and Pritton)
basalis

Mydaea pagana (Fritton)
urbana
quadrum (Fritton)

Aspilia allotalla (Martham)

Hydrophoria conica
Hylemyia strigosa (Pritton)
nigrimana (Fritton)

Anthomyia pluvialis

inanis (Martham)

Homalomyia canicularis
Lispe tentaculata
Actora aestuum (Yarmouth)

Dryomyza flaveola (Fritton)

Tetanocera ferruginea (Hickling)
reticulata

Sepedon spinipes (Hickling)

Calobata cibaria (Fritton)

Trypeta cylindrica (Martham)

Oxyphora miliaria

Balioptera tripunctata (Yarmouth)

Scatopse halterata
Pericoma nubila (Fritton)
fusca (Fritton)

NOTES.

(1) Oymnopternus chalyleus, Wied. — This is a rather large dark purplish
insect with darkened wings, utterly unlike any other European species. The cilia
behind the eyes are all black, the antennae shortish, yellow at the base, 3rd joint tri-
angular, the epistoma white, from blue ; legs yellow, hind femora black at tip, hind
tibiae darkened, black at tip, tarsi all black, except base of front pair. It was

1881.]

151

| abundant amongst the low herbage, and on the water dock, on the marshy flat land
at the northern end of Martham Broad. The D. chalyjbeus of Stephens’ list was,
probably, as Haliday remarks, the T>. chalybeus of Meigen, which is only a variety
of D. ceneus, Deg.

(2) Gymnopternus assimilis, Stseg. — I am very suspicious that we have more
than one species under this name. True G. assimilis resemble G. cerosus, Ball., but
have a silvery instead of black face, but the specimens caught here, besides some

i others I possess, have also the lamellse of the hypopygium reddish instead of blackish.
The British species of this genus will well bear close examination ; to the eleven in
Walker’s Insecta Britannica, I have now added nine, one of which, however, ( G .

! angustifrons , Stseg), though named by Loew, is, I fear, only a small G. cupreus, Fall.

(3) Hydrophorus bipunctatus, Lehm. — When a slight ripple prevented this
j species from running about freely on the water, it was in countless thousands on the

edges of the lakes.

(4) Hydrophorus viridis, Meig. — True H. viridis, Mg., has a white face ; how-
ever, a specimen I once caught at Hendon, which was named viridis by Loew in
spite of an orange face, is clearly identical with the one specimen I caught at Ormesby.
At Martham I caught one other specimen with an orange face, but this is clearly
distinct, and the same as a species of which I once took one at Seaford. I do not
like to describe new Hydrophori from such poor material, and I possess a third
! species in one specimen from the little stream which crosses the road at the foot of
Loch Callater, which seems undescribed. Of all the other British Hydrophori I
possess full series.

(5) Chrysogaster splendida, Mg. — I have no doubt as to the naming of this
species (new to me), though the tarsi show but very faint signs of yellow, yet the
reddish under-side of the third joint of the antennae clearly distinguishes it from C.
metallina, F. ; I failed to distinguish it when catching it.

(6) Platychirus fulviventris, Macq. — This species is readily distinguished from
jits allies by its entirely yellow femora and tibiae ; also, from P. scambus, Staeg. and
P. immarginatus, Zett., by the tolerably abundant equal pubescence behind the front
femora ; those two species having about six long black hairs extremely distinct from
:the shorter pubescence. It agrees with these two species in the large extent of the
yellow spots on the abdomen, and therefore differs in this from P. clypeatus, Mg.,
angustatus, Zett., and podagratus, Zett., all of which also have the hind femora and
tibiae with a bi’oad blackish ring. I caught only one at Martham, but I find I took
one a year ago at Burwell Fen.

(7) Ascia floralis, Mg. — This was very abundant at Martham, and had all the
usual variations, which I cannot help thinking include A. quadripunctata , Mg., and
A. dispar, Mg., and possibly even more so-called species.

(8) Graphomyia pitta, Zett. — I captured one male of this at Martham Broad.
The first notice of this supposed species was made by Zetterstedt, in 1845, under
Cyrtoneura maculata, Dipt. Skan., iv, 1356, as a singular variety of the male, in
which that sex has the colouring of the female. He, however, speaks of it as taken
by Wahlberg in one place “ (Cedershal prope Holmiam) in pluribus exemplis.”
Wahl berg subsequently (1852), in the notes of his t ravels, incidentally mentioned it

152

December,

a3 C. coerulescens, and Zetterstedt, in 1855 (Dipt. Skam, xii, 4715), fully described
ifc as a separate species, Cyrtoneura picta, professing to recognize some other slight
differences, such as whiter alulae, narrower frontal triangle, less oblique transverse
vein, &c. He had apparently then seen several specimens from Sweden and Lapland.
I believe there is no notice of its having occurred elsewhere, and, though I consider
the specimen of extreme interest, I must still hold doubts of its specific rank.

(9) Calliphora grcenlanclica, Zett. — The common oblong, somewhat flattened,
dark blue Musca, common in London, and apparently occurring all over England and
Scotland, existing in English collections sometimes as M. equestris, sometimes M.
illustris, and sometimes M. azurea, is, I believe, Zetterstedt’s C. grcenlandica , as the
palpi are yellowish, and the thorax and abdomen all of one colour in both sexes.

(10). Morellia curvipes, Mcq. — All (4<?) belong to a small var. I find this
species common in numerous localities.

Sussex Lodge, Newmarket :

October , 1881.

NOTES ON BRITISH TORT RICES.
BY C. G. BAEEETT.

{continued from Vol. xvii, p. 267).

In this Magazine for 1869 (vol. vi, p. 113), I recorded the curious ;j
had found feeding in berries of J Rhamnus J

habit of a larva which I
frangula at Haslemere, and, when full-fed, forming a case out of a
piece of the leaf, in which to pass the winter, and stated my reason'
for believing it to be that of JEupoecilia ombiguella .

As far as I know, this observation remained for more than ten

years unchallenged and unconfirmed, so it will not be difficult to
imagine the pleasure with which I received, in the summer of 1880, a

imagine tne pleasure
letter from my energetic friend, Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, in which he
wrote : “I came down to the New Forest for a week in March, and,
when searching for cases of Coleophora alienella on the Rhamnus fran-
gula stems, I found some queer bottle-shaped cases on the stems,
formed of a piece of dead oak-leaf or bracken-frond. Towards the end
of April, a fine amhiguella came out indoors. It seems a queer idea
that the larva should feed on Rhamnus , then take the trouble to go to
the ground to make a case of oak or fern, and then return to the stems
to hibernate and pupate.”

This wras gratifying, and I begged Mr. Fletcher to search for
larvae in the berries, in the summer. This he did, and sent me a grand
supply of berries containing scores of larvae. These larvae were slug
gish and plump, thickest in the middle, with slightly swollen segments, j
Colour, dirty pale brownish-yellow, with the internal dorsal vessel

1881.

153

hardly perceptible ; spots large, shining, and prominent, slightly darker
than the body, but apparently without hairs ; head and dorsal plate
shining jet-black ; anal plate light brown ; anterior feet black. Very
little change in colour during growth until full-fed, when the reddish
tinge was sometimes assumed. Feeding inside the unripe berries of
Rhamnus frangula, hollowing out the hard seeds as well as eating the
pulp, and, when one berry was exhausted, fastening it to another with
white silk, the same operations being continued until several berries
were united together and their contents eaten ; but the first emptied
berry being used as the habitation, and frass extruded through a hole
in it. Sometimes the berries were also strongly joined to dead or
living leaves, which, however, were not eaten. These larvae seem to
have fed through July, since some were full grown on the 29th, while
others continued to feed until the middle of August. They were not
supplied with dead leaves, other than the drying Rhamnus leaves, and,
when full-fed, they left the bunches of berries and rolled up portions
of these leaves into cylinders, cutting off portions of these cylinders
to form cases. These cases were roughly formed, and the edges not
carefully joined ; but the larvae carried them about until they settled
down on the sides of the pots or the gauze covers for hibernation.
Great care was taken to afford them as natural a condition for passing
the winter as was possible, but the result was very meagre, only two
specimens survived the winter, and emerged in the following spring.
The cold was unusually intense, and nearly all my hibernating Tortrix
larvae perished. The difficulty of wintering them is always very great.
I could not find that any other larvae in the cases entered the pupa
state.

It does not, however, seem certain that the larva of ambiguella
always follows the general rule among this group of Tortrices, of hiber-
nating in the larva state. Mr. Fletcher’s subsequent observations on
this point are of so great interest, that I venture to quote them
verbatim :

“ I spent March 3rd to 10th, 1880, in the New Forest, partly that
I might search stems of Rhamnus frangula ; when so doing, I found a
few cases which afterwards yielded the moth in question : one of these
cases I opened to see if the tenant were Lepidopterous, this case cer-
tainly contained a larva. I took several more cases in the autumn of
1880, and opened six or seven ; all these contained pupce. A local
collector also called my attention to these pupae, because I had told
him the larva did not change till the spring. These are the ‘ facts of
the case,’ so far as they have come under my eye. I can only guess

154

[December,

they are remnants of the many-broodedness of the insect on the con-
tinent. 1879 was a cold, wet season, hence ambiguella may have only
meant to do a single brood, and so did not pupate until the spring of
1880. August, 1880, on the other hand, was hot and dry. May not
the larva have thought to run through another cycle of existence, and
have accordingly pupated, and had its further development stopped by
the break-up of the weather about September 10th ? However, these
are but guesses. The larva is not dainty as to the material of its case,
some use the leaf of Ukamnus, others that of the oak or a piece of
the bracken-frond ; I have one made of the bark of the honeysuckle,
and another has tacked a ‘ hair-pin ’ from the Scotch fir to its case.”

Here is material for thought !

It is singular that continental authors make no mention of these
cases. Dr. Hofmann quotes Yon Roser’s “ Observations on the worm
of the Grape. — Red-brown, with four pale, somewhat transparent
spots on each segment, and a tuft of hair in the middle. Head dark
brown. In several generations on vine. The first brood in the flowers
which it draws together, the second in the unripe, and the third in
the ripe berries (grapes), out of which the excrement is observable.
It is very mischievous. It pupates in the flowers or on the stem.
Imago in from fourteen to eighteen days, the last brood emerging in
the spring.”

This does not seem to agree very well with our insect, yet the
perfect insects are precisely alike, and Prof. Zeller assures me that
ambiguella is found on the continent in woods where there are no
vines, as well as in the vineyards.

Pembroke : 12 th November, 1881.

ON CERTAIN SOUTH AMERICAN DNLPHA CID2E.

BY JOHN SCOTT.

Dr. C. Berg, Professor in the University of Buenos Ayres, was so
kind as to forward me a copy of his work the “ Hemiptera Argen-
tina,” a review of which appeared at page 90 of the present volume
of this Magazine, and, having carefully perused the same, I observed
that he had described a JLiburnia under the name of cognata, a name
previously given to a species of this genus by the late Dr. Eieber. I
thereupon wrote to him calling his attention to the fact, and requesting
him to be good enough to permit me to see all his species of this
group. He at once sent me a box containing his types and other
examples which, having assorted and arranged according to the

1881.

155

Fieberian Catalogue, I have returned, and have left Professor Berg to
deal with them as he sees lit in his forthcoming volume of Addenda,
with the exception of the following : —

Family DELPHACIDA5.

E HIDES EUSCO-YITTATA, n. Sp.

$ . Pitchy-brown. Head : crown pale brown, pale straw-yellow at the base j
frons and face pitchy-brown ; keels pale brownish-yellow, lower margin concave,
somewhat yellow : clypeus brownish -yellow : antennae yellowish or pale brownish-
yellow, 2nd joint granulated. Pronotum shining, pale straw-yellow, sides brown
from a little way beyond the extremities of the keels. Scutellum shining, pitchy-
brown. Elytra clear, transparent ; corium : nerves yellowish, finely granulated,
nerves of the apical areas black, finely granulated ; clavus with a longitudinal brown
streak down the area, enclosed between the anal nerve and suture, apex of the area
enclosed between the anal nerve and dorsal margin with a short black streak. Legs
yellow. Abdomen above black, three or four terminal segments on the sides broadly
yellow. Length, 2£ lines.

I have only seen a single female example which, by the character
on the elytra alone, differs from all the species known to me.

The insect described by Professor Berg under the name of
Liburnia nimbato , has really nothing whatever) to do with the genus,
nor, indeed, with any of the other genera of Delphacidcd , and I have,
therefore, characterized it as follows : —

BEEGIA, n. g.

Head : crown barely twice as long as broad, with a longitudinal central, and
jfcwo short keels, in front, the latter almost joined in the middle of the anterior
imargin : face nearly equal in length to the breadth between the antennae, with two
longitudinal keels slightly widening from the lower margin of the frons to the apex ;
clypeus about as long as broad, measured across the base, without a central longi-
tudinal keel ; antennae : 1st joint about half the length of the 2nd ; eyes somewhat
large. Pronotum with a central longitudinal, and two side, keels, posterior margin
concave across the scutellum. Scutellum triangular, apex acute, with five longitu-
dinal keels, the central one not reaching to the apex, and the side ones vanishing
before reaching the side margins. Elytra as in Cixius, Oliarus, &c., but the furcate
apical areas are longer than in these genera. Legs : tibiae, 3rd pair with three spines
on the outer margin, nearly equidistant from each other, placed, one at the base,
another before, and the 3rd beyond, the middle ; tarsi : 3rd pair, 1st joint almost
twice as long as the 2nd.

This genus appears to be one of the connecting links between the
Delphacidce and tbe Cixiidce. Tbe head is somewhat similar to JEuides,
as viewed from above, but the broad face with its two keels completely
shuts out any relationship with that genus. The scutellum with five
keels brings it near to Oliarus , but the face here is also totally different

156

December,

in form. It also bears some slight resemblance to TTgyops Kinbergi ,
Stal (Eugenies Resa, 274, 156, tab. iv, fig. 2), but the crown and
antennae are much too long, and the keels on the face entirely dis-
similar ; the hinder tibiae alone bearing spines, as in this new genus.

I have much pleasure in naming the genus after Dr. C. Berg, for
his kindness in forwarding to me his specimens of this group.

Libtjenia Beegi.

The name Liburnia cognata , Eieb., having been unknown to Dr.
Berg when he published his work, I propose to re-name his species of
this name Liburnia Lergi , and so get rid of any confusion, although
I believe Eieber’s species to be L. Aubei, Perris.

Lee, S.E. : \Sth November, 1881.

NEW CLTONIIDM EROM EAST CENTRAL AFRICA.

BY H. W. BATES, E.E.S.

The following interesting species, new, with the exception of
Ceratorhina princeps , of which the $ has previously been made known, '
are from the neighbourhood of Mamboia and Mpwapwa, villages
situated in wooded districts at 3000 to 4000 feet elevation, in Eastern
Africa, 160 and 200 miles distant, respectively, from the coast at
Saadani.

Hypselogenia coeeosa.

? . JBreviter ovata, castaneo-fusca, fronte elongata concava, scabroso - j
punctata medio tuberculata, marginibus aeutis elevatis, ante oculos verticaliter -
angulatis, clypeo late bidentato : thorace brevi , transverso, lateribus fortiter j
rotundatis, margine antico supra caput elevato, postico ante scutellum 1
minime sinuato, grossissime hie illic confiuenter punctato, margine l ato gut- J
tisque nonnullis ochraceo-tomentosis : elytris grossissime , confiuenter , latera
versus sub-seriatim, punctatis, costis vix distincte elevatis ; margine apicali j
lituris transversisque ochraceo-tomentosis : subtus castaneo-rufa, punctata ,
abdomine utrinque f asciis quatuor ochraceis. Long. 10 lin.

Ceeatoehika. EUTHALIA.

9 . C. Smithii afiinis, sed dijfert elytris planioribus, thorace multo dis- :
tinctius punctulatis : fronte , thorace , scutello, corporeque subtus Icete prasinis ;
clypeo femoribus tibiisque rufis, tarsis nigris, elytris fiavis utrinque maculis
duabus (humerali et apicali) nigris. Long. 18 lin.

Ceeatoehina peinceps ( Oberthiir ).

S . C. guttatse ( Oliv.) similis sed multo magis convexa ; clypei cornubus
longioribus, verticaliter curvatis, supra longitudinaliter concavis, marginibus
aeutis parallelis, cornubus frontalibus nullis , sed occipite ut in Cselorhims

1881.]

157

horizontaliter producto bidentato : Icete castaneo-fulva, viridi-ceneo relucens ,
thorace magis viridi, nitido, convexo, medio nigro bipunctato : elytris ut in C.
guttata utrinque guttis circa 13 ochraceo-tomentosis. Long. 12 — 15 lin.

M. Rene Obertbiir, in Ann. Soc. Ent. Er., 1880, Bull. p. cxix,
briefly described the $ of tbis most interesting species.

Ceratorhlna. Burkei, var. histrio.

$ 9 • AC. Burkei differt utroque sexu thorace angustius albo-marginato
vittaque dorsali rufa, et elytris maculis oblique geminatis discoidalibus longe
distantibus.

Eccoptocnemis relucens.

<J $ . E. Thoreyi robustior et convexior ,rufo-castanea, nitid a, thorace lateri-
bus alutaceo-opaco, tibiis et tarsis nigris, elytris viridi relucentibus, ub-
opalescentibus. Long. 11 — 16 lin.

Heterorhina (Anisorhixa) l^yicauda.

A. flavomaculatse pr oxime aflinis ; minor, gracilior, et fascia Jlava postica
angustiori, per elytrorum apicem fere ad suturam continuata, area politissima
includenti, distinctissima. ? . Tibiis anticis extus bispinosis. Coloribus ut in
A. flavomaculata. Long. 10 lin., $ $ .

Heterorhixa (AnISORHI]Sta) elougata.

A. umbonatse coloribus simillima, sed differt corpore multo magis elongate
capiteque $ supra carina angusta mediana, clypeoque margine fortiter recur co
bidentato. Elongata, subtus nigra, nitida, sternis lateribus, abdominisque
apice fulvis, thorace castaneo-rufo, polito, medio nigro, lateribus sparse punc-
tatis ; scutello fusco-castaneo : elytris supra planatis, striis punctatis, gemi-
natis, subtilibus, interstitiis sparsim punctatis , favo-testaceis sutura fusca ;
pedibus rujis : ? tibiis anticis extus tridentatis. Long. 7 — 11 lin., $ ? .

Heterorhina. tricolor.

$ . H. speculari similis, sed brevior et latior, nigra, nitida, thorace san -
gineo vitta mediana nigra, elytris vitt a lata laterali (callum humeralem haud
tegenti) maculaque sub-apicali prope suturam, flavis : abdominis segmentis
duobus terminalibus rufis, medio nigro-maculatis : clypeo quadrato, margine
antico obtuse bidenticulato, fronte concava sub-lcevi, cornu ocdpitali porrecto
paullulum elevato : thorace (medio Icevi excepto) elytrisque sparsim punctatis.

Long. 8 lin.

Plassiorhlna. uhdulata.

A PI. plana dffert colore castaneo-fulva, viridi-cenea tincta, fasciaque
flava angusta undulata et nigro-marginata. Oblonga, deplanata, nitida,
thorace crebre, elytris sparsius et subtilius punctatis, vitta flava marginali
pronoti angulum posticum attingenti ; capite corpore subtus pedibusque pal-
lidius fulvis, ceneo-tinctis. Long. 11^ lin.

40, Bartholomew Road, Kentish Town, N.W. :

November, 1881.

158

[December,

Coleoptera at Chirique. — A little while ago I had a short letter, dated September
5tli, from Mr. Q-. C. Champion, who has so long been collecting Coleoptera, &c., in
Guatemala : he says that he is now located in the department of Chirique, adjoining
Costa Rica ; for the last four months he had been working the forest on the slope of
the volcano of Chirique : he had already collected perhaps 1000 to 1500 species, by
far the greater majority of which were identical with those of Guatemala: still he
has taken many nice additions in Coleoptera — various Cicindelidce, Lebiidce
(many species), Lampyridce, Lycidce, Chrysomelidce, Halticidce, Hispidce, Cassidce,
Longicornes, Lamellicornes, Brachelytra, &c. Mr. Champion asked me to notify
his change of address from Guatemala to David, Chirique, U. S. Colombia. — W. W.
Fowler, Lincoln : November 14 th, 1881.

Phytosus balticus, Sfc., at Mablethorpe. — Last August I spent a short time ati
Mablethorpe on the Lincolnshire coast, and I found a few Coleoptera that are
perhaps worth recording : perhaps Phytosus balticus in considerable numbers below
high wafer mark is the best. Phytosus spinifer also occurred in the same locality,
but not nearly as plentifully. I believe that the Phytosi have not before been
recorded from Lincolnshire. On the sand-hills one of the commonest beetles was
Demetrias monostigma, which I had never before taken. Thyamis marcida was
fairly abundant, and Psylliodes chrysocephala very plentiful, the var. nigricollis
being rather rare. I also took on the sand-hills Taphria vivalis, Ceuthorhynchus
asperifoliarum, Otiorhynchus muscorum, Meligethes viduatus (kindly determined for
me by M. Brisout), and other things. In a dyke I found Hydroporus assimilis,
Philhydrus testaceus, nigricans, and ovalis, and many common water-beetles. The
only Hemipterous insect I noticed was Orthostira parvula in some numbers in moss
on the sand-hills. — Id.

Captures of Coleoptera in 1881 — The following notes on my captures during
the past season may, perhaps, be of interest.

At Dulwich : Dromius 4 -signatus (3), Pterostichus picimanus and incequalis,
Bembidiurn obliqumn (on the banks of a small pond), Aleochara lata, Tachinus l
scapularis (3), Ochina hederce, Apion cruentatum, Phyllotreta ochripes (the com-
monest of the genus), and Psylliodes chrysocephala, var. nigricollis, were, perhaps,
the best.

West Wickham produced Badister sodalis ; Calathus piceus ; Stenolophus
teutonus ; Hydroporus marginatus (one specimen, found in the sweeping net !) ; ;
Mycetoporus lucidus ; Staphylinus stercorarius (three, in cow-dung) ; Ocypus fus-
catus (three, beneath stones) ; Antherophagus silaceus ; Aphodius putridus, Zenkeri, .
porcus, and obliteratus ; Opilus mollis, Hedobia imperialis, Salpingus castaneus '
(common on pine), Ceuthorhynchideus horridus, Cionus pulchellus, Tychius venustus, ,
Otiorhynchus muscorum, Barynotus obscurus, Prasocuris aucta (several at roots of
trees, in February), and Coccinella hieroglyphica (a few, on heather), and ocellata
(common on pine). Aphodius porcus was in the greatest profusion in one particular '
field. I took in all one hundred and sixty specimens, and might easily have cap-
tured double the number, had I felt inclined. By far the greater proportion of
these were to be found writhin half an inch of the ground, in patches of horse-dung,
the insect appearing to burrow beneath the droppings, and then tunnel upwards.

' 1881.]

159

At Boxhill, during a hurried visit at the end of May, Lema puncticollis, Lam-
prosoma concolor, and Cryptocephalus coryli, turned up in the sweeping net.

From Belvedere, Kent, I obtained Hylotrupes bajulus (2) and Donacia lemnce
| in abundance.

A visit to Aylsham, Norfolk, for a fortnight in May, produced Brychius elevatus,
1 Liopterus ruficollis, Cercus bipustulatus (plentiful), Poophagus sisymbrii, Orchestes
|i ilicis, Donacia dentipes (common), and Phyllotreta tetrastigma (several).

Among some insects collected for me by a friend, was a fine female specimen of
I Prionus coriarius. — Theodobe Wood, 5, Selwyn Terrace, Jasper Koad, Upper
Norwood, S.E. : November , 1881.

A note from Japan. — The extract I give below from a post-card recently received
j from Mr. Lewis is interesting anthropologically, as well as from a naturalist’s point
of view. That an Englishman should be successfully pursuing Natural History
researches in the interior of Japan, and that he should be able to transmit thence
} information of his successes on a post-card in the course of eight weeks to Scotland,
is a most striking illustration of the progress of civilization. — D. Shakp, Thornhill :
October , 1881.

“ Chittzenji : August 21s£, 1881. — There is something curious even now in
being able to send you a post-card from the forests of central Nipon, but here I am
writing by the margin of a lake 4000 ft. above the sea, with mountains around it
covered with vegetation, and rising another 4000 ft. at least. My last captures in-
clude a very nice Miscodera, and an Atemeles, very near paradoxus. The lake is
j 600 ft. deep, and has, in January, a belt of 20 ft. of ice ; as you walk along the
edge you displace the loose stones, and they fall into the water, and where your foot
i has been, wet stones are exposed : under these stones are water-beetles, quite secure
from the small, but almost continuous waves of the lake. But neither species nor
individuals are numerous, and a couple of hours’ work does not produce many
* # # ”

Sericomyia borealis “ singing ” while at rest. — Last spring I inserted a note on
the occurrence of Sericomyia borealis, Fall., in Sussex (Ent. Mo. Mag., April, 1881),

• and soon after received a letter from Mr. W. G-rant Gruthrie, of Hawick — he wrote
, as follows : “ I venture to ask if you can give me any information as to the life-
history of this insect ; in particular if the strange singing noise emitted by the insect
when at rest, and apparently motionless, is produced by the $ alone.” I know
nothing previously of this habit, and all I have been able to do is to corroborate Mi*.
Gruthrie’s statement, that the “ strange singing noise ” is made by the male.

When at Dallington this year (Aug. 18) I mentioned to my companion, Mr.
H. F. Collett, this curious habit as described by Mr. Guthrie. He was fortunate
| enough almost immediately to take a specimen of this insect “ making the singing
noise when apparently at rest” — this proved to be a male. We saw no other ex-
ample of the species. It therefore still remains doubtful whether the female also
emits this sound, while I have ascertained nothing more of its life-history. Can any
of your readers supply information on these points ?

Since writing the above notice, I have heard from Mr. W. Gr. Gruthrie, who has

100

[December,

kindly communicated the circumstances which first called his attention to the subject.]
I give an extract from his very interesting letter : “ About the middle of August !
last year, while showing my collection of insects to Mr. Peach, of the Government
Geological Survey, he gave me a humorous account of a fly which had amused his
party while surveying in Yarrow. They had seen it mostly about the cairns]
on the tops of the hills. He imitated its singing, and described it as like;
a wasp, only twice the size. I was convinced it was something I had never seen]
before, and could only think of the hornet, though if it were to occur so far north it
would scarcely make its appearance in such a situation. I felt interested, and de-j
termined to try and find it.

“Yarrow, the locality mentioned, was, however, at too great a distance (twenty
or thirty miles) for me to reach ; but I bethought me of a hill nearer at haul
(fourteen miles) having something of the same physical features, with an altitude of
2000 feet, and covered with peat to the top. This hill I visited on the first oppor-3
tunity, and had been on the summit only a few minutes, when I saw a fly alight on
a stone, but it was 60 much smaller than I expected, that I did not at first pay much
attention to it. I heard the singing too, but thought it came from a great distance. 1

“ It was some time before I made out the connection between the fly and tha
sound ; when I did so I got excited, made a dash with my net, and — missed ! I
waited a long while in hopes of another chance, but had to return home without the
prize. The next Saturday I went back, and found the fly on exactly the same stone jj
afraid of losing it again, I did not give myself much time for observation, but cap-
tured it at once, thinking to pay more attention to the next, but never saw another.!
I am sorry to say that the weather this season has prevented me from making any
further observations.”

I may add, that Mr. Verrall very kindly determined the insect to which Mr.
Guthrie refers, and concluded his note thus, “ The Sericomyia is a J , probably the i
singing sex.” — E. N. Bloomfield, Guestling Rectory : November 11th, 1881.

[We shall be glad to know if this habit in Sericomyia has been previously re-1]
corded. — Eds.].

Capture of rare Hymenoptera on the south coast of England. — Halictus quad - ]
ricinctus, Fab. — On the 3rd of September I captured four males and about a dozen J
females of this species on the Brighton Downs, near Falmer. Also a few of the j-
latter only near Eastbourne. Mr. F. Smith, in his “ Bees of Great Britain ” (1855), |
and again in his second edition (1879), observes, that “ Mr. Kirby, on the authority
of Dr. Latham, quotes this bee as a species of the London district (1802), but no]
one has met with it since to my knowledge. Mr. Dale took the female in the Isle i
of Portland some years ago, with the exception of which, not a single specimen of
either sex has been taken for many years.”

Bombus soroensis, Fab. — I took two males of this species (corresponding with i
the B. collinus, Sin., olim ) in widely distant localities near Brighton, on the 1st and I
3rd of September; the first on field-flowers by the road side near Ovingdean, the |
second on Rubus near Falmer. Mr. Smith, in his first edition aforesaid, says, “The®
male of this species has been long known as the Aq>is callumana of Kirby, but the®
insect was very rarely seen in collections. During the month of August, 1854, 1 - j

j

1881.]

161

met with Bombus soroensis for the first time at Southend, and obtained all the sexes
in that locality. Having diligently collected during the last twenty years, without
meeting with this species, it is probable that it is extremely local, and that its com-
munities are small.” But in his second edition, he concurs with Thomson (Hymenop.
Scadin.) in giving the B. callumanus as a “ distinct species,” and in substituting the
B. collinus of his first edition as the male of B. soroensis ; while reiterating, in both
instances, the reference to his former captures at Southend, and to other specimens
obtained by Mr. Walcott from the Brighton Downs.

Colletes picistigma, Thoms. — Five specimens of the male of this species, new to
the British fauna, were taken by me on chamomile flowers in August, along the
undercliff near Chewton, Hants. I did not meet with any of the other sex. — Sidney
Smith Saunders, G-atestone, Upper Norwood : November, 1881.

[The $ of this latter species has been taken in several localities by Mr. Bridgman
and myself, and this capture of the <? is most interesting. I hope to describe both
sexes in an early number. — E. S.]

JDufourea vulgaris, SchJc., at WoJcing. — While walking along the banks of the
Basingstoke Canal at Woking on the 1st of August last, I observed a number of
small black Apidce busy at work on the bloom of the Ragwort : to capture some few
of them was the work of a very few minutes, and amongst them was one specimen
which, when I picked it off the bloom, did not attempt to fly away but appeared very
sluggish and lay in the palm of my hand as though feigning death, or as though
benumbed with cold. Not knowing this insect I submitted it to Mr. E. Saunders,
to whose kindness lam indebted for its determination; it is a ? and somewhat
fesembles a small Panurgus calcaratus in whose company it was taken ; it is
rare both on the continent aud in this country. There is, I believe, only one other re-
corded capture of Bufourea in England, viz., by Sir S. S. Saunders ( vide Ent. Mo. Mag.,
xvi, p. 181), in 1879, who took a solitary $ specimen by sweeping, near Christchurch,
Hants ; although I have looked carefully several times since in the same locality
I have not been again able to meet with it. — T. R. Billups, 4, Swiss Villas,
Coplestone Road, Peckham : November, 1881.

Lasiosomus enervis , H.-Sch., near Weybridge. — A solitary specimen of this
exceedingly rare Hemipteron was captured by myself at Weybridge, in March last,
while shaking out moss over paper in search for the smaller Brachelytra ; as I think
this is the second specimen that is known to have been taken in this country, a record
of its capture may not be unworthy a place in your Magazine. I am indebted to
my friend Mr. E. Saunders, to whom I submitted the same, for his kindness in
i identification. — Id.

A few words on the larva of Cerura erminea as distinguished from that of C.
vinula.— Having lately been asked to determine whether a Cerura was vinula or
erminea, I had my attention drawn to the published figures and descriptions of the
larva of the last named species, and finding some very contradictory statements as to
its essential characters, I confess that for a time I was fairly puzzled.

1G2

[December,

In writing to Professor Zeller I mentioned my dilemma and called his attention
to the figures given by Freyer in his Beitriige (1, 11) and in his Neuere Beitrage (I, 92),
and to that given by Duponchel in his Iconographie. In reply the Professor says :
“ With regard to the larva of Cerura erminea, I can assure you that it is correctly
represented by Freyer on both his Plates, but the earlier figure is almost better than
the later one ; the long white streak which runs down the side will distinguish it

with certainty from the larva of C. vinula. I met with the larva in 1850 at Grlogau,

on Canadian Poplar, and bred a beautiful female the following March.”

If the dark dorsal mark which we find both in the larva of C. vinula and in
that of C. erminea be compared to a saddle, then the distinctive character of the
latter larva is the s noivy white stir ncp -leather (with no stirrup attached) which
depends from the saddle on the hinder half of the 8th segment descending below the
level of the spiracle. If any one succeeds in finding a “ Puss ” larva with such a
character, let him take great care of it, and if it does not produce an ichneumon, he
may look in due course to see the imago of Cerura. erminea. — H. T. Staintoit,
Mountsfieid, Lewisham, November 14th, 1881.

!

!

Re-occun 'ence of Trochilium scoliiforme at Llangollen.— Hot having seen any 1
recent notice of the capture of Trochilium scoliiforme I thought that the record of ■
a specimen taken this year might be interesting. Walking in a birch wood on June 1
26th, in the middle of the day, my attention was attracted by something running up fi
the trunk of one of the trees, this proved to be a female T. scoliiforme, with wings I
unexpanded. A close examination discovered the empty pupa case protruding from ■
the bark, and close to it another empty case. I diligently searched the trunks in ■
the neighbourhood, and kept a sharp look out on the flowers but without further ■
result. The birch wood close to Yalle Crucis Abbey, Llangollen, is the precise ■
locality mentioned by Stainton in his British Moths. — Gh H. Kenrick, Maple k
Bank, Edgbaston : October 24th, 1881.

i;

Agrotis Ashworthii at Penmaenmawr. — When collecting in North Wales, [
towards the end of July last, I found, high on a mountain at Penmaenmawr, two I
batches of eggs of seme Noctua, but which I did not recognise. The smaller batch, [
deposited on the bare rock, I left, but. the larger batch, deposited on a withered [
heath-twig, I brought away. These soon hatched, and the larvae fed well on J|
Polygonum and other plants until about five-eighths of an inch long. But early in J
September, perhaps for want of suitable conditions for hibernation, they began to j
droop and die off rapidly, and, on the 19th of that month, fearing I should soon j j
have none left, I sent about half-a-dozen to Mr. S. L. Mosley to figure for future 1 1
reference, as I had been quite unable to make them out. Mr. Mosley, however, at fl
once recognised them from figures or preserved larvae in his possession, previously I
received from Mr. Gtregson, as Agrotis Ashworthii ; and, on looking up the descrip- I
tions, I found they were undoubtedly of that species. I had never thought of
Ashworthii in connection with them, or should have recognised them long before.
Some hundreds of them must have hatched, but at the time I write not more than |
one or two are alive, unless, indeed, friends to whom I gave some have been more !
fortunate. On the same mountain, I took a specimen of the fine dipteron, Tabanus
sudeticus, of Zeller. — G-eo. T. Porritt, Highroyd House, Huddersfield : November
3rd, 1881.

163

I 1881. J

1 Occurrence of (Ecetis furva, Ramb., in Cumberland. — I took both sexes of the
■ above insect at Elter- water, near Ambleside, in August. — James J. King, 207, Sau-
chiehall Street, Glasgow : November , 1881.

Neio locality for Polycentropus Kingi, McLacJi. — I was fortunate in capturing
a few examples of the above caddis-fly on the Brathay river, near Ambleside, in
August last. This is the third known locality for this insect. — Id.

Setodes argentipunctella, McLach , occurs in profusion on the Brathay river,
at Brathay Church, Ambleside. — Id.

Stenophylax rotundipennis, Bratier, in Scotland. — When looking over some
I insects taken by Mr. Morton, at Carluke, I found a £ and ? of the above, which he
: captured on the Clyde. — Id.

“ La Societe Francaise d’ Fntomologie ” is the title under which certain members
of the “ Societe Entomologique de France,” who think that respectable body has
become somewhat effete, seek to establish a new Society ; the prospectus and pro-
•' posed rules bear the signature of Albert Fauvel. The principal aim is the publication
of a French monthly Entomological Journal. We consider such a journal a distinct
desideratum for France. But in that rich country surely there are to be found en-
tomologists of sufficient enterprise to undertake the risk and trouble of such a
publication without the aid of the ponderous machinery of a new Society ; moreover,
the present agitation throws the promoters open to the suspicion of wishing to create
schism in the original Society. We wish to see the proposed journal appear, but
not under the auspices of a second French Entomological Society. At the same
I time, we would hint that our colleagues of the executive of the “ Societe Entomo-
logique de France ” might show a little more energy, and institute some needful
reforms, not the least of which should be an endeavour to bring out each annual
volume of “Annales ” within the year. — Eds.

r The “ Wiener entomologische Zeitung.” — We are glad to learn that the Austrian
Entomologists propose to commence with the new year a monthly Entomological
Journal (24-pp. 8vo, price 8 marks annually) under the above title. We wish it a
longer life than its predecessor, the “Wiener entomologische Monatsschrift.” The
proposed editors are : Ludwig Ganglbauer (assistant in the Vienna Museum), Dr.
Franz Low, Prof. Josef Mik, Edmund Beitter (all three well-known names), and
Fritz Wachtl (“ Oberforster ” and official entomological referee). It will be pub-
lished by Alfred Holder, of 15, Bothenthurm Strasse, Vienna. — Eds.

©bihtarjj.

William Gurneys. — The brief record of Mr. Garneys’s sudden death (at the
, early age of 49), contained in our last Number, needs supplementing by a few remarks
on his devotion to the study of Entomology, and a reference to a local work of
somewhat high standing, of which he edited the 2ud edition. Educated for the
j medical profession, and the son of a country doctor, there is small wonder that the
• practical pursuit of an easily accessible branch of natural history should have
attracted him as a young man, whose mind was well prepared by anatomical and
biological studies : and no better field for observation could have been found than

1 64

[December,

the district around Bungay, on the river Waveney, the boundary line of Suffolk and
Norfolk, in which town his early days were spent. The marsh lands and rich pas
tures here produce insect life in profusion, both of species and individuals ; ancj
probably no single locality in England would offer so many attractions to an inci-
pient Entomologist. During his final curriculum in the metropolis, Mr. Garney I
made the acquaintance of the chief London Coleopterists ; and when he settled a i
Repton, on the Trent, in South Derbyshire, he never allowed the anxieties anc;
ceaseless duties of a country doctor in considerable practice to prevent him fron;
seizing every opportunity of extending his knowledge of the local insect fauna
Here he was fortunate in meeting with others of congenial tastes, Burton and itij
neighbourhood having, by some lucky chance, attracted enough resident Entomolol
gists to form, as it were, a local Society, containing such names as Brown, Hewgill,
G-arneys, Harris, Mason, and Fowler, all well-known supporters of British Ento:
mology.

Mr. G-arneys was unwearying in his efforts to assist his fellow workers ; with
an accurate eye, well trained by lengthened scientific observation, and possessed o<
sound books and a good collection, he was never so happy as when working out tin
difficulties captured by himself or his friends ; and the chief result of this closij
attention is shown by his “ List of Coleoptera of Repton and neighbourhood,” con;-
tained in the 2nd edition, edited by him, of the “ Contributions to the Flora anc j
Fauna of Repton and neighbourhood,” published by Bemrose & Sons, 23, Old Baileyij
and Irongate, Derby. This little volume was originally compiled for the guidance]
of the students of Natural History in the well-known Repton School ; it contains—^
Lists of the Plants by Mr. F. O. Bower and Mr. Lewis, twice revised and added t<]
by Mr. G-arneys ; of Birds by Mr. Worthington ; of Mosses and Mollusca by Mr,
G-arneys and Mr. Hagger; of Lepidoptera, originally by the Rev. F. Spilsbury, bu'
increased by Mr. Garneys and Mr. Mason ; and of the Beetles by Mr. Garneys
alone. This latter is very full, with localities, &c., and may be taken as a model fo:
local lists. It is remarkably free from misprints, and we are only able to add t|
single species to it, viz., Phyllotreta tetrastigma, Comolli, which the writer of thill
notice found in Repton Shrubs when collecting with the late Mr. Garneys.

Mr. Garneys was a supporter of this Magazine from the very first, and occa;j
sionally contributed short notes to our columns.

John BicJcerton Blackburn, B.A., died at the residence of his father-in-law, the;
Rev. J. Buckmaster (Vicar of Wandsworth) on the 29th October, at the early age
of 36. He was the brother of the Rev. Thomas Blackburn (now of Honolulu
Hawaiian Islands), one of the original editors (we might say the founder) of this
Magazine. After the demise of the “ Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer ” ir,
1861, the two brothers and a friend (all youths) started, in August, 1862, the!

“ Weekly Entomologist,” and continued it for 15 months, a bold stroke, and one1
that might have been successful had the experience of the editors been equal to theiil
enthusiasm. Both brothers at that time held official positions at Somerset House
both found the position uncongenial. Our former colleague qualified himself foil
clerical duties : his brother (now deceased) became engaged in tuition, but his health;
gave way, resulting in his death after a long illness. He paid special attention toj
British Lepidoptera, and worked hard both at collecting and rearing.

« 1 165

NOTES ON THE ENTOMOLOGY OF PORTUGAL.

VI. HYMEN OPTERA ACULEATA,

Collected by the Ret. A. E. Eaton in 1880.

BY EDWARD SAUNDERS, E.L.S.

In recording the species of Aculeate Hymenoptera captured by
the Rev. A. E. Eaton, I am glad to be able to notice many species of
> considerable rarity and interest, including 4 that I believe are new to
: science, and which I have described in the following notes. The col-
lection contains altogether 79 species, and of these 28 occur also in
i Great Britain. Dr. Perez, of Bordeaux, has kindly examined some of
;the difficult species of Andrena, &c., for me, and many of them bear
[ his names, some of which, I believe, are still unpublished, but likely
';to appear in a forthcoming work.

FOSSORES.

Mutilla stridula, Rossi. — One $ , May 8th, at Almodovar.

EhilantJius triangulum , F. — One J1, May 23rd, on the hillside
I near Sao Marcos de Serra.

Cerceris arenaria , L. — One , May 15th, in a vineyard to the

i north of Silves.

Hoplisus latifrons , Spin. — One $ , May 15th, in a vineyard to the
: north of Silves.

Bembex rostrata , F. — Three <$ , July 7 th,Vigo [Spain], off Eryngium
on the sea shore.

Trypoxylon clavicerum , Lep. — One $ , May 18th, on the road from
; Silves to Monchique.

DIPLOPTERA.

Vespa germanica , F. — Two $ ; one on Picota, near Monchique,
the other at Cintra.

V. sylvestris, Scop. — Two $ ; one, June 24th, westward of Villa
| Real, the other, June 14th, hillside near Ponte de Morcellos. Both
| specimens are more shining than those that occur in England.

Odynerus ( Oplopus ) Dufourii. — Two $ , May 7th, near Almodovar.

O. ( Leionotus ) simplex , F. — One , May 13th, between Sao Bar-

nabe and Sao Barth olomeu do Messines. The yellow colour in this
specimen is unusually abundant.

O. sp. ?. — One allied to tristis , Thoms., June 12th, Ponte

de Morcellos.

166

[December,

O. (Ancistrocerus ) renimacula , Lep. — One ? , June 14th, hillside
near Ponte de Morcellos.

PterocJieilus phaleratus , Pz.— One $ , June 15th, without locality.
Ceramius lusitanicus, Klug. — One $ , May 19th, near Monchique.

Colletes marginata , Sm. ( nec Schenck). — One $ , J une 3rd, between
Coimbra and Sao Antonio.

SpJiecodes gibhus, L. — One $ , June 8th, Cea.

S. piiifrons, Thoms.— One $ , May 15th, vineyard north of Silves.;
Halictus scabiosce,~R ossi. — Pour ? , June 3rd, between Coimbra \
and Sao Antonio.

H. pyrenceus , Perez. — Two $ , June 3rd, between Coimbra and 1
Sao Antonio.

II. cylindricus , P. — One £ .

12th, Ponte de Morcellos ; $ , May 15th, vineyard north of Silves.

Prof. Perez has examined the J1 , and returned it with the note, “ H.
Jicemorrhoidalis , Schenck, = probablement le de prasinus ,” and it
agrees with the <$ , which wre refer to that species in this country.
Schenck’s name has the precedence.

H. interruptus , Panz. — One $ , June 24th, westward of Villa Peal.

H. bifasciatus, Brulle. — One $ , slopes of Picota near Monchique,
at an altitude of over 1600 feet.

H. sp. ?, “4-signato affinis” Perez. — June 14th, hillside near

Ponte de Morcellos.

H. platycestus , Dours. — One $ , May 15th, vineyard north of
Silves.

H. costulatus, Kriech. — One $ , May 21st, near Monchique, at an
elevation of 1650 feet.

Andrena pilipes, Pab.- — One $ , near Monchique, with the pre-
ceding.

A. Trimmer ana, Kirb., var. spinigera, K. — One <$ , April 27th,
hill above Cintra, near the Pena. Prof. Perez considers spinigera as
only a form of Trimmer ana, and I have little doubt that he is correct,
the male of spinigera true is very distinct, by the long spine on the
cheek, but this spine varies very much in length, according to the in-
dividual, and the females are, as far as I can make out, undistinguisha-

ANTHOPHILA.

PL. Jicemorrhoidalis, Schk, 1853. )
prasinus , Sm., 1855. )

— One <$ , two ?. <^&?,June

1881.]

167

ible, except by the colour of the abdomen, which in the other allied
species, such as rosee, decor ata, &c., is known to be very variable and
' of no specific value.

A. nigrocenea , Kirb. — Two $ ; one, June 3rd, between Coimbra
land Sao Antonio ; the other, April 27th, above Cintra, near the Pena.

A. granulosa , Perez. — One $ , May 20th, slopes of Picota, near
Monchique, at an elevation of about 1700 feet.

A.fulvago , Kirb. — One $, May 13th, between Sao Barnabe and
Sao Bartholomeu do Messines.

A. distincta, Luc. — One $ , May 19th, near Monchique.

A. litJiurgoides, Perez. — One ? , April 27th, hill above Cintra,
near the Pena. This species* Prof. Perez says, is rare, and he points
lout that the specimen is disfigured by stylopization, having the villosity
[of the last segments denser than in the typical form, and more or less
rufescent, also that it has some white spots on the clypeus, which do
inot exist in the type.

A. Pandellei , Perez, $ ?. — One June 3rd, between Coimbra

and Sao Antonio. Prof. Perez says that he only knows the $ of
\ Pandellei, which has the thorax covered with a scale-like pubescence
dike syuamea, Gir., sguamigera, Schk., &c., and has the first two ab-
|dominal segments red ; in this they are black.

A. fulvicrus, Kirb. — One J', April 27th, on the hill above Cintra :
one $ , June 3rd, between Coimbra and Sao Antonio.

A. lucens, Imh. — One <$ , April 27th, hill above Cintra, near the
Pena.

A. olsoleta , Perez. — One ? , May 7th, Almodovar.

A. jpuncticollis, Perez. — One ? , May 18th, on the road from Silves
to Monchique.

A. Afzeliella, Kirb., var. — One $, June 3rd, between Coimbra
and Sao Antonio.

A. erythronota , Perez. — One $ , Juue 12th, Ponte de Morcellos.

| Dasypoda cingulata^ Erichs. (Waltl, Beise). — Pour June 3rd,

between Coimbra and Sao Antonio. These <$ agree well with Erich-
''on’s description, except that the 2 — 5 abdominal segments are clothed
with black hairs at the base, which are not mentioned by him, but they
ire in very good condition, and if Erichson described from a $ that
lad been more exposed to the sun, &c., the difference might easily be
iccounted for.

168

f December. 1881.

Dasypoda Batoni , n. sp.

Nigra, sub-nitida, capite ( vertice excepto nigroj, thorace, aldominisque segmentis\
duobus basalibus, pilis erectis Icete fulvis dense vestitis, reliquis nig ro pilosis, tertio\
apicefulvo; segmeniorum ventralium apicib us dense nigro-fimbriatis ; pedibus supra\
fulvo, subtus nig ro pilosis ; tarsis calcaribusque testaceis ; metatarsis infuscatis.y
Antennis omnino nigris.

Caput vertice subnudo, irregulariter punctato ; mesothorax nitidus crebre sed
minute punctatus, metathorax punctatus area basali triangulari rugulosa ; alee sub-
fuscce, venis fusco-nigris ; abdomen nit idum, rugose punctatum, segmento septimol
anguste rotundato, sexto ventrali apice rotundato in medio anguste emarginato, postice
pilis brevibus erectis densissime vestito ; tibiis metatarsisque longe pilosis.

Long. 13 mm.

One 3, June 24th, westward of Villa Real, at an elevation of
3 780 feet. I can find no description that will at all agree with the!
characters of this which is in very bright and fresh condition.
Banurgus proximus, n. sp.

<$ . P. Banksiano, K. (atro, Pz.), simillimus, sed genitalium forma coloreque
obscuro mox distinctus {vide fig.). P. arctos, Erich., affinis , sed fitnbriee anali colore
discedens, $ quam ad hanc speciem refero. P. Banksiano forma approximat sed\
fimbria anali Icete aured, abdominisque segmento sexto dorso subpiano, distinguitur.

Long. 10 — 12 mm.

Fig. A. G-enitalia of P. proximus.

„ B. Apex of sagittae of genitalia of P. LanJcsianus.

$ $ , May 12th, between Almodovar and Sao Barnabe ; $ , May
15th, vineyard N. of Silves.

I have not described this species in full, as it is so like P. Panic- ;
sianus that I thought it would he enough to indicate its characteristic
peculiarities. In the £ the genitalia are dark brown, not
pale testaceous as in P. Banlcsianus (in this respect agree-
ing with P. arctos , Er.) ; the sagittae are produced laterally
into a membranous wing, wholly wanting in P. Banksianus ,
and the apex of each is not rounded as in that species.

The $ is distinct not only by the bright colour of the anal
fringe, but also by the nearly" simple apical segment, which
in P. Banksianus has its centre triangularly raised.

I have had very great doubts as to the distinctness of
this £ from, P. arctos , but Erichson mentions both ater
and arctos, and distinguishes arctos from ater by the darker
colour of its genitalia and its Hack anal fringe. Now, in
my specimen the anal fringe is if anything lighter than in ater , and I
therefore, thought that I should not be justified in adopting his name.
I have no actual proof that the $ described belongs to this <£, bui
they were taken in the same locality and on the same day.

P. calcaratus , Scop. — Two Almodovar, May 10th, and Sac;

Rornao, June 9th, the latter at an elevation of 1790 feet.

January, 1882.]

169

; P. Perezi , n. sp.

Niger , nitidus, nigro pilosus, capiie maximo, thoracis
multo latiore, facie {vide fig.) transverse pilosa, clgpeo pi-
losissimo, antice valde et semi-circulariter exciso, labro
polito, mandibulis falcatis, genis pilosis, vertice polito, snb-
quadrato, postice emarginato sparsim punctato et piloso ;

\ thorace supra breviter, sub alis longe, pilosa ; mesothorace
supra nitido, sparsim punctato , linea dorsali antice im-
presso, alis dilute infuscatis ; metathorace basi longitudinaliter
i rugoso ; abdomine subovali sparsim nigro piloso, segmentorum
apicibus sub-depressis, discoloratis, fimbria anali nigra, subtus ,

| prcesertim lateribus, nigro piloso ; genitalibus pallida testaceis,
nitidis, stipitibus medio externe longe nigro fasciculatis {vide fig.),
pedibus simplicibus rufo-pilosis, tarsorum apicibus testaceis, meta-
| tarsis anterioribus subtus longe pilosis. Long. 10 mm.

P. cephaloti affinis, coxis simplicibus, tibiisque intus non
I fasciculatis distinctus. Genitalia, P .Perezi

Three $ , May 15th, in vineyard north of Silves.

This species appears to me quite distinct from anything described.
I sent a specimen to Prof. Perez, who told me it was unknown to him.

Panurginus montanus , Gir. — One ? , May 15th ; this rare little
species was taken in a vineyard north of Silves.

Camptopoeum frontale, Pab. — One $ , June 9th, Sao Romao, at an
elevation of over 1790 feet ; this is also a rare species in collections.

Osmia rufa , L. — One ? , hillside near Sao Marcos de Serra.

O. coerulescens, Latr. and Giraud {nee Kirby). — One <$ , one ? .
Giraud, in his paper on the Hymenopterci which infest the brier-stems
I (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 4, ser. vi) has carefully distinguished two very
: distinct species, which are mixed in many collections under the name
of either cenea or coerulescens , but he refers to coerulescens , Kirby, the
species whose $ has the apex of the abdomen 3-dentate and the $ the
■ thorax black ; certainly, Kirby in his description says corpore femineo
afro , but we have only found one species in England, and that
'certainly is the one with the 2-dentate $ and the blue-black $. I
say this after a careful examination of Kirby’s types.

O. fulviventris, Latr. — One June 3rd, between Coimbra and

Sao Antonio.

O. adunca, Panz. — One May 18th, road from Silves to Mon-

chique.

170

[January,

Megachile maritima , Ivirb. — One , July 7th, Yigo [Spain],
amongst Eryngium on the shore.

M. melanura , Duf. — One ? , May 7th, Almodovar.

Heriades campanularumyEAvh. — One £ y June 3rd, between Coim- '
bra and Sao Antonio.

Ceratina albilabris, Jur. — Pour $ , four ? , May 21st, near Mon- ;
chique, at an elevation of 2050 feet ; 21st June, up the high hill N."W\ i
of Villa Real.

Nomada succincta , Panz. — Three $ ; two taken, May 13th, between ]
Barnabe and Sao Bartholomeu do Messines, and one, June 12th, at ;
Ponte de Morcellos. The two taken on May 13th are very large and;
fine, and I was almost tempted to describe them as a new species, but
as I can find no satisfactory structural characters, I think it wiser to
wait for further evidence of their distinctness.

-V. sp. ? not yet determined. — One <-£, May 20th, slopes of

Picota, near Monchique, at an elevation of 2250 feet.

-V. sp. ?. — One ? , = ? ? of preceding, June 12th, Ponte de

Morcellos.

2V sp.?. — One <J, May 20th, slopes of Picota, near Moii-|

chique, at an elevation of 2250 feet.

Dioxys pyrenaica, Lep — One J, May 7th, Almodovar.

Crocisa orbata , Lep. — Two J', June 14th, hillside near Ponte de,
Morcellos.

Melecta punctata, Latr. — One ? , hillside near Ponte de Morcellos. ]

Eucera subrufa , Lep. — One J', June 3rd, between Coimbra and
Sao Antonio.

E. similis, Lep. — One $ , June 19th, near Monchique.

E. nigrofacies, Lep. — One June 3rd, between Coimbra and j

Sao Antonio.

E. semistrigosa, Dours. — One ?, June 3rd, between Coimbra and !
Sao Antonio.

E. collaris, Dours. — One $ , April 25th, quarries and hillsides |
near Belem.

E. hispanica, Lep. — One $ , June 12th, Ponte de Morcellos.

Tetralonia sp. ?— One very rubbed $ , May 23rd, hillside,

near Sao Marcos de Serra.

1S82.J

171

Saropoda bimaculata , Panz. — Two <$ , June 9th, near Sao Pomao,
and, June 24th, westward of Villa Peal, both at an altitude of 1780
feet or more.

Anthophor a per sonata, Illig. — Two <$ , April 24th, near Olivaes.

A. pennata, Lep. — Two one $ ; £ & ? , April 28th, on the
[ road to Mafra ; $ much faded, May 19th, near Monchique.

A. femorata, Latr. — One <$ , June 24th, west of Villa Peal, at an
elevation of 1780 feet.

A. Thomsoni, n. sp.

Nigra, capite toto nigro cinereo, hirsuto, clypeo rugoso-punctato ; thorace
; crebrerrime punctato, cinereo hirsuto, dor so summo Icevi, inter alas nigro fasciato ;

: alls dilute infuscatis ; scutello linea dorsali elevata ; abdomine crebre punctato, seg-
I mento primo longe cinereo hirto, 2 do 3 tio qUe apicibus albo-fimbriatis, 5t0 dense nigro
piloso ; 6t0 valvula dorsali angusta, sub-convexa ; subtus nitida, punctata, segmento-
s, rum apicibus membranaceis, nigro Jimbriat is, segmento 4(0 lateribus albo fasciculatis,
• 5t0 apice dense nigro piloso, setis rigidis fuscis terminato : pedibus nigro hirsutis ,

tibiis tarsisqiie antice griseis ; sarothro albo, nietatarsis posticis dense nigro pilosis.

Long. 14 mm.

One $ , June 9th, near Sao Poinao, at an elevation of 1792 feet.

I Somewhat like atroalba, but differing at once in the colour of the
; metatarsi, and the narrow white apical bands on the 2nd and 3rd
abdomiDal segments. I have named this species in honour of Dr.
C. G-. Thomson, of Lund.

Xylocopa violacea , Scop. — One <^, May 20th, slopes of Picota,
near Monchique.

Bornbus hortorum , Linn. — Two one $, near Belem, N.'W. of
Villa Peal, and between Coimbra and Sao Antonio.

B. terrestris , Linn., var. — One ?, May 20th, slopes of Picota,
I near Monchique. The hairs on the legs are bright fulvous, agreeing
\< with the variety mentioned by P. Smith in Brit. Mus. Catalogue,

Apidce , part ii, p. 39 L

B. muscorum , Linn. — One two §, June 3rd, between Coimbra

f and Sao Antonio ; June 6th, Cea.

Apis mellifica , Linn. — April 27th, quarries and hillside near
Belem.

Holmesdale, Upper Tooting :

November , 1881.

172

(January,

ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH ANTHOMYIIJDAE.

BY R. H. MEADE.

{continued from page 126.)

8. DEYMEIA, Meig.

Gen. ch. — Eyes bare, sub-contiguous in males ; antennas short,
with sub-plumose arista ; peristome and cheeks bristly ; proboscis
elongate, horny, and with a moveable, pointed, hook-like apex ; abdo-
men oblong and hairy ; alulets moderately developed, with unequal
scales ; wings with anal vein not prolonged to the margin ; legs spinous.

D. hamata, Eall.

obscura, Meig. and Macq.

Of tills peculiar genus with its elongated hooked proboscis, only one European
species is known. I am not aware whether any exotic species hare been described,
but in a collection of North American Anthomyiidce, which I received in 1876 from
the Museum of Natural History, in Cambridge, Mass., for inspection, through the
kindness of Baron R. Osten-Sacken, I found several specimens of a species closely
related to D. hamata , but rather smaller.

9. POGONOMYIA, Eond.

Gen. ch. — Eyes bare, sub-contiguous in males ; antennae short,
second joint armed with long bristles ; arista sub-pubescent ; peristome
thickly bearded with bristles ; proboscis of ordinary form ; abdomen
oblong, and hairy in the males, especially at the apex ; alulets of mo-
derate size, with unequal scales ; wings with anal vein not reaching the
margin ; legs bristly.

P. alpicola, Eond.

Rondani formed this genus for a single alpine species, which bears a strong general
resemblance to Drymeia hamata , but differs essentially from that fly by the absence
of the hooked proboscis. P. alpicola is shining black, about 3 lines in length, with
fuscous wings, black poisers, hairy body and legs. Rondani only knew the male ;
the female differs from it in having the eyes separated by a frontal space, occupying
nearly a third of the width of the head ; this space is of a deep velvety black
colour, bordered on each side by a narrow whitish margin, in which is seated a single
row of strong bristles, extending to the base of the antennae. The ocelli are seated
on an oval spot, the front part of which glistens with silvery-white reflections ;
there is also a well-marked, triangular, silvery-white spot between and over the bases
of the antennae (this spot also exists in the male, though of a smaller size). The
peristome is nearly smooth, and the body and legs less hairy than in the male. The
abdomen is conical and pointed at the apex. The colour is shining black, with cine-
reous reflections. The poisers are black, and the wings fuscous, but less deeply
coloured than in the male, especially at their bases.

Like Drymeia hamata, P. alpicola is sluggish in its habits ; it has not pre-
I viously been recorded as British, nor mentioned I believe by any continental author
• except Rondani. At the end of June and in the beginning of July last (1881), I
I found both males and females in profusion in a field of mowing grass, on very high
| ground, at Queensbury, between Bradford and Halifax. The flies were all located
r in the corollse of buttercups ( Ranunculus acris ), and allowed themselves to be cap-
} tured by the hand. I have not met with them in, nor received them from, any other
I j locality.

10. OPHYBA, Desv.

Gen. ch. — Eyes bare, large, contiguous or sub-contiguous in
li males; arista bare; abdomen oval, furnished with soft hairs, but without
i bristles ; alulets large, lower scale much longer than upper ; anal vein
; of wings not reaching the margin ; posterior tibiae mostly curved and
[ ciliated ; colour metallic steel-blue or black.

1. leucostoma, Ball. 2. anthrax, Meig.

IThe flies comprised in this small genus are characterized by their shining me-
j tallic colour. In their habit they resemble some of the true Muscidce, as the
I Lucilice, &c. The first species is generally distributed ; but the second (O. anthrax)
I is local, though occuring in great abundance in some places. The only locality in
t which I have seen it was at Buckingham, where it was swarming on a hedge near a
[ bone mill, which emitted a strong putrid smell.

Gen. ch. — Eyes hairy, and contiguous or sub-contiguous in males ;
r arista sub-pubscent or bare ; epistome sometimes prominent ; alulets
| moderately developed, with unequal scales ; anal vein not prolonged
to the margin of wing.

Meigen formed the genus Lcisiops to include all those species of
Anthomyiidce which have hairy eyes and a pubescent arista. His de-
\ finition was so short and incomplete, that he grouped together several
i species belonging to quite distinct genera ; and the genus Lasiops, as
described in the 7th vol. of his great work, really includes only two
! characteristic species, for out of the five which he enumerates, one
| (Z. occulta ) is a Sydrotcea , another (Z. apicalis ) appears to be iden-
tical with Hyetodesia semicinerea , Wdm., and a third (Z. cenescens)
t belongs to the genus Lonchcea among the Acalypterata.

Besides Z. cunctans, Meig., and Z. hirticeps, Eall. (the two species

11. TBICHOPHTHICHS, Bond.
Lasiops , Meig. p.

1. cunctans, Meig. $ .
innocens ?, Zett. <$ .
decolor , Eall. $ .

2. SEMIPELLUCIDUS, Zett.

3. PULCHER, sp. n.

4. ROSTRATUS, Sp. U.

174

[January,

left in Meigen’s genus), there are several species which have been I
since discovered, with hairy eyes and bare aristsB, which cannot be j
placed in any of the other described genera ; some of these are more !
highly developed than the others, having largish alulets with unequal ||
sized scales, while some are of feeble organization, with small and
equal sized scales. Rondani has placed the former group in his genus
TrichopJiihicus , and reserved the name of Lasiops for the latter. This
arrangement ought to be reversed, as Meigen’s typical species ( T \
cunctans ) should be retained in his own genus ; but my friend, Herr ;
Kowarz, having lately published* an elaborate monograph on the l
species in the latter division, in which he has followed Rondani, I feel I
bound to do the same. I shall return to the restricted genus Lasiops
when I have finished with the more highly organized genera.

T. cunctans, Meig.

This species, which is not uncommon in the North of England, appears to be
very rare on the continent. Meigen imperfectly describes the male only, snd men- j
tions no habitat. Schiner gives a brief but correct description, stating that he had
only seen a single male ; and Macquart and Rondani do not allude to it. As I have
found both males and females in the neighbourhood of Bradford, I will shortly
mention the chief peculiarities of each ; for though it is a very well-marked species, j
it is very imperfectly known.

The males have the eyes contiguous, and clothed with long hairs ; the thorax i
is shining black, but in a strong light may be seen to be striped with four indistinct '
deeper black lines, the outer of which are broken at the transverse suture. The ab-
domen is clothed with soft hairs, and appears of a blackish colour when viewed from
before backwards, but when looked at from the opposite direction, shines with j
whitish-grey reflections, and shows a widish, tapering, black dorsal stripe, with in- |
distinct black posterior borders to each segment. The scales are yellowish, and the ■
poisers black. The wings are slightly fuscous ; the third and fourth longitudinal j
veins are parallel between the external transverse vein and the apex, the external (
transverse vein itself being obliquely placed, but straight. The legs are all black
and clothed with soft hairs, but few spines ; the posterior tibiae are ciliated with j
fine bristles, of moderate and even lengths, along the whole of their external
surfaces.

The female has the eyes widely separated, and only slightly pubescent. The
thorax and abdomen are both of a dull grey colour, the former is distinctly striped ,
with four black lines, the two central ones extend from the anterior edge to the
centre of the back, a little over the suture ; the lateral ones are interrupted at the
transverse suture, the portions in front of which assume the shape of an oval black
spot, while the hinder portions are prolonged in straight lines to the hinder part of
the thorax. The abdomen is of a flattened oval shape, pointed at the apex, and of
an uniform grey colour. The poisers are black, as in the males, the scales nearly t

Die Dipterengattung Lasiops, Mg. ap. Rd., Mittheil. d. miinebener Ent. Ver., 1880, p. 123.

1882.]

175

white ; the wings clear, and the legs as in the male, but less hairy. There is no
'! doubt but that the Musca decolor of Fallen, also described by Meigen and Zetter-
stedt by that name, all of whom only knew the female, is the opposite sex of T.

. cunctans, though neither of the first two authors were aware of it. Zetterstedt*
suspected that his A. innocens might be the same as Meigen’s cunctans, and adds
i that perhaps it is the male of A. decolor. The description of his A. innocens ,
however, does not apply to T. cunctans in some points.

T. SEMIPELLUCIDA, Zett.

This very well marked species has been confounded with Meigen’s Lasiops
ij apicalis, which there is no doubt is the same as Hyetodesia semicinerea, Wdm. T.
'• semipellucida also bears a very strong general resemblance to that species, and they
' are often mixed up in collections ; but they may easily be distinguished by the fol-
lowing characters : in H. semicinerea the arista is decidedly sub-plumose both in
; male and female, while in T. semipellucida it is almost bare in both sexes ; in R.

semicinerea the thorax of the male is more glabrous, and there is a patch of white
i reflections on each shoulder, which is absent in the other species ; the wings of the
males are only slightly darkened along the anterior margins in R. semicinerea ,
j while they are quite fuscous in T. semipellucida ; the abdomen is of a pale trans-
parent yellow colour in R. semicinerea, with the apical segment black, together with
a black dorsal central stripe, and black posterior margins to the segments, while in
I T. semipellucida the abdomen is of a dull brownish -yellow colour, darker towards
I the hinder part, with transverse black stripes, but without the central dorsal stripe
or the black apex ; the legs of the males are decidedly longer in R. semicinerea than
in T. semipellucida, and the posterior tibia) are ciliated on both sides with long hairs
! in the former, but are almost bare in the latter.

This little fly is generally distributed, but not very common.

T. PULCHER, sp. n.

Mas, niger, nitidus ; oculis ienuiter hirtis ; abdomine oblongo-ovato, cinereo,
: albo-micanie, sub-striato ; alis subfuscis ; halteribus fiavidis ; pedibus simplicibus.

Femina, obscure cinerea ; oculis sub-nudis ; thorace abdomineque concoloribus
innotatis ; alis hyalinis. Long. 1$ and 2 lin.

$ . Read : eyes sub-contiguous, with short hairs ; forehead and face not pro-
ir minent, epistome slightly projecting ; antennse a little prolonged, the third joint
about twice as long as the second ; arista long, thickened, and slightly pubescent at
the base, the remainder slender and bare.

Thorax with Scutellum Bhining brownish-black, and unstriped.

Abdomen hairy, oblong-oval or conical, of a brownish-grey colour when viewed
from before backwards, but when seen in the opposite direction, appearing of a
: glistening whitish- or bluish-grey colour (glaucous), marked with faint brown dorsal

reflections, assuming the form of a dorsal stripe, dilating into indistinct triangular
spots or patches ; sub-anal organs small.

Wings more or less tinged with brown ; third and fourth longitudinal veins
slightly diverging at their extremities ; external transverse vein straight and upright.

Dipt. Scand., vol. iv, p. 1523.

176

[January,

Calyptra yellowish-wliite, rather small, but with unequal scales. Halteres
yellow.

Legs black, with few hairs or bristles ; posterior femora rather long, almost
bare along their anterior two-thirds, but furnished with a loose tuft of a few long
hairs on both sides of their hinder extremities ; posterior tibiae bare, with the ex-
ception of two or three shortish bristles on their outer sides.

$ rather smaller than $ . Head : eyes nearly bare, separated by a wide black
space, occupying nearly a third of the width of the head. Thorax and Abdomen
of a brownish-grey colour, without markings. Wings clear. Other characters
similar to those of the male.

This small species is generally distributed, especially in the North of England ;
it bears a good deal of resemblance in size, shape and colour to Mydcea vespertina.

T. RO STRATUS, Sp. n.

Mas, nigrescens ; ore valde produeto ; abdomine glauco-cinereo, linea dorsali
et faciis transversis nigris signato ; iibiis posticis incurvis, apicibusque calcare acuto
armatis ; halteribus nigris. Long. 3 lin.

Head : eyes long-haired, and contiguous ; forehead prominent ; face white,
with black reflections ; antennae black and short, the third joint rather longer than
the second ; arista sub-pubescent ; lower surface of head flat, with the anterior part
projecting forward below and beyond the antennae in the form of a snout ; opening
of the mouth large ; proboscis thick and rather elongated ; palpi filiform and black.

Thorax black, clothed with thin grey tomentum, and without distinct stripes ;
shoulders greyish- white ; scutellum black.

Abdomen hairy, conical, and rather elongated ; the four segments nearly equal
in length, the first black, the other three of a glaucous or greyish-white colour, with
black reflections, which show differently in different aspects ; when viewed from
before or the side, they assume the form of six semi-lunar spots, one placed on each
side of the base of each segment ; but when seen from behind, there appears to be
an interrupted central dorsal stripe, dilated at the posterior edge of each segment
into a triangular spot, the lower angles of the base of which are continued into a
transverse, widish black band, which encircles the posterior margin of each of the
three last segments ; anal segment thickened, but without projecting appendages.

Calyptra well developed, white. Halteres black.

Wings clear, third and fourth longitudinal veins divergent ; internal and ex-
ternal transverse veins near together, the latter straight.

Legs black, with posterior femora ciliated along their whole under-surfaces with
hairs of moderate and even lengths ; posterior tibiae curved inwards, shortly ciliated
along their outer sides, and armed with a strong sharp pointed spur a little before
their apex on their inner sides, which are otherwise nearly smooth.

The female is unknown to me.

I have seen but one specimen of this well-marked and peculiar species, which
was in an imperfect condition, having lost the anterior tibiae and tarsi, and the middle
legs entirely ; it was in a collection of unnamed British Lfiptera made by the late
Mr. Francis Walker, the locality being unmarked. It is closely related to the A.
sub rostrata of Zetterstedt, but differs essentially by having the posterior tibiae
spurred.

(To be continued).

1882.]

177

NOTES ON BRITISH PTE It OPHORIDJE.

BY C. Gt. BARRETT.

For a long time it Las seemed to me that the present synonymy
: of the Bterophoridce is not well understood, nor, fully cleared up.
The corrections introduced by Dr. Jordan in his notice of Pastor
. Wallengren’s work (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. vi, pp. 117 and 149), and by
Mr. Stainton (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii, p. 137), have been partially
adopted, and the names introduced in an extremely haphazard manner
into published lists and private collections ; and, as I have a few words
to say on some of the species recently noticed by my friends Dr. Jordan
and Mr. Sang, in these pages, the opportunity seems favourable for
suggestions about the nomenclature of others.

Blatyptila Bertrami , Bos si. (= ochrodactyla, Hub., dichrodactyla ,
Miihlig.). — It ought not to be necessary to point out that these are
not three species, but that the name ochrodactyla was found to belong
properly to the species which feeds on tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare), and
not to our much commoner species on Achillea, which, therefore,
; received another name — Bertrami, Bossl. The third name — dichro-
dactyla, Miihlig, — being a synonym of ochrodactyla, need not be used.
In this we shall be in agreement with continental authorities.

In contrast to the habit of the larva of ochrodactyla, as detailed
by Mr. Sang, I may mention that the larva of Bertrami, which feeds
' (exclusively, I think) on Achillea millefolium and ptarmica, attacks
I the top of a young shoot, eating out the heart and feeding downivards
for a short distance into the tender young stem, then leaves it to
' attack another young shoot in the same manner. This larva is, in fact,
I rather an external, than an internal, feeder. The habits of the larvae
I seem certainly to point to the distinctness of these two species.

Eor Blatyptila trigonodactyla , Haw., the prior name, gonodactyla ,
f Schiff, is, I think, now generally adopted, but the correction of
I cosmodactyla , Hub., for Amblyptilia punctidactyla, Haw., seems usually
[ to be ignored.

Oxyptilus parvidaciylus, Haw., is mentioned by Dr. Jordan in the
paper above referred to (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. vi, p. 122) as Oxyptilus
I obscurus, Z., the name adopted by Wallengren, but Haworth’s name
J; has priority, and should be retained.

Oxyptilus hieracii, Z. — I feel no doubt that this species is truly
British, although very rarely obtained. I have two specimens of the
i, nativity of which I have no doubt, though I cannot ascertain the
I locality in which they were captured. They were sent to me by a

178

1

[January, 9>

friend who does not collect the group, and could not recollect whence;
they came. There were authentic specimens in the collection of
the late Mr. T. H. Allis, and I hope they still exist at York.

Oxyptilus Icetus , Z., distans , Z. — To a great extent I agree with.
Dr. Jordan’s remarks on these, but there is a little more to be said.j?
Distans is larger, darker in colour, and coarser-looking than Icetus, but
I cannot find any reliable distinctions in markings between them —
that is between typical distans and Icetus received from Prof. Zeller. ;
The original British specimens from near Thetford, to which the name
Icetus was applied, were second-brood specimens, taken late in July,!
1868, and these were lighter and brighter-coloured than those of the
first brood, which was not met with either that or the following year.!
I remember very well the day — June 4th, 1870 — when the first speci-ji
mens of th z first brood were taken, when about thirty fell to two nets;
at Brandon. They were hiding among the lucern and other low
plants, and were easily disturbed, but not always easily caught. Of
these, the majority were larger and decidedly darker in colour than:
those of the second brood, and agreed accurately with types of distans ;
and whenever, in subsequent years, I collected at Brandon in June, I
found these typical distans mixed with specimens inclining towards
the brighter-coloured form, of which the second brood was mostly
composed. There can, therefore, be no doubt whatever, that Dr.
Jordan is correct in applying the name distans to our insect, and,'
I think, very little doubt that Icetus is a variety of the same species.
I admit a little doubt on the point, seeing that a very few specimens
have been taken at Folkestone by Mr. Purdey and others of an
Oxyptilus which agrees absolutely with continental Icetus , but is rather
paler than any Brandon specimen that I have seen, and, as far as I
know, the distans form has not been taken at Folkestone. Probably,
this only requires careful looking after, but it would, doubtless, be
rare in that neighbourhood. I think I am at liberty to say that Prof.
Zeller is also now of opinion that distans and Icetus form but one
species.

Mimoeseoptilus bipunctidactylus , Haw. — This name seems to have
been entirely overlooked by Dr. Wocke and Pastor Wallengren, both
of whom have adopted serotinus , Z., which certainly is a much later
name, but has, nevertheless, found its way into many lists and cabi-
nets. I am strongly of opinion that Haworth’s name should be
restored.

M . plagiodactylus , Stn. — I quite agree with Dr. Jordan that this
species “ deserves investigation.” I think that I. have been investi-

I gating it from time to time for a dozen years, and am not fully satisfied
yet. The distinctive characters, as given by Mr. Stainton, are : the
[ dark clouding on the costa, and the short black streak on the anterior
1 lobe of the fore-wing.

This insect is common in chalky places among Scabiosa columbaria
|; — sometimes swarming about disused chalk-pits, — from nine to ten
i lines in expanse of wings, usually with the markings more or less
I distinct, and sometimes very pronounced, but also frequently varying
in the direction of faintness of these typical markings until in some
i specimens they entirely disappear. On the other hand, we find
f scattered all over the country, almost wherever Scabiosa succisa grows,

| the ordinary M. bipunctidactylus, varying from eight to ten lines, the
y smallest specimens generally occurring in the drier localities, where
the scabious is stunted. These are usually without the clouded costa
I and black streak on the anterior lobe, but in some specimens both
} characters appear indistinctly, and, in some few, they are to be seen
j. pretty distinctly ; in fact, the two forms distinctly overlap. I remem-
ber that at Ranworth Fen a patch of very luxuriant Scabiosa succisa
produced specimens that leaned altogether to the plagiodactylus form ;
i while at Brandon, among Scabiosa columbaria and arvensis, the two
t forms were so mingled, that no one could separate them. Now, in all
| these forms the black spot before the fissure is constantly present, it
does not seem in the least degree to share in the inconstancy of the
f other dark markings, and the white border of the fissure is also
I1 usually visible.

From the lake district comes a form in which these reliable
! characters are much as usual, but the variable characters — the clouding
I and black streak — are so much exaggerated that the insect has been
I described as a distinct species. It has, however, been reared from
precisely similar larvae to those of plagiodactylus, feeding in a precisely
similar way. I have many times spent hours — with good magnifiers
h1 ■ — over long series of these various forms, and have not been able to
i find any reliable point of distinction between them, and the only
|i logical conclusion I can come to is, that they constitute but one species
- • — bipunctidactylus, of Haworth. As already stated, I believe the few
British specimens that have been reared under the name of aridus, Z.,
to be pale ochreous varieties of this species. I will not venture an
[( opinion upon Zeller’s aridus, of which I have but a single type, and
; which is recorded from Southern Europe, Northern and Western
Russia, Armenia, and Palestine.

The larva of M. plagiodactylus , with its mode of feeding in the

180

[January,

shoots of Scabiosa columbaria , is described in this Magazine, vol. viii.!
p. 15G, and there is a strong impression on my mind that I have seen
in print or manuscript a precisely similar description of the economy
of 31. bipunctidactylus in Scabiosa succisa , but I cannot now put my
hand upon it. But Dr. Bossier, of Wiesbaden, describes the larva of
the autumn brood as follows : —

“ In September, 1863, I found some flowers of Scabiosa succisa inhabited by
larvae, which only betrayed their residence there by small threads on the blue petals.
Brought indoors there appeared in a few days a spindle-shaped larva, verdigris-green,
the broad dull red dorsal line margined on both sides with whitish-green as far as.
the usual position of the sub-dorsal line. Head, anterior legs, and spiracles brown-
black, the anterior segments with some brown dots, the body clothed with isolated;
whitish hairs. For pupation it attached itself like a butterfly larva, the pupa hungj
downwards by the tail and was, like the larva, green with a red dorsal stripe. The;
imago appeared in ten days. The imago flies here among Scabious in dry sunny!
places and is not scarce in June and September.”

The larva of the June brood could not have fed in the flowers.

31i?nceseoptilus Loewii , Z., seems to be correctly changed to
zopJiodactylus , Dup. I am quite of Dr. Jordan’s opinion that Hodg-i
/cinsoni is merely a slight variation of this species.

Much confusion seems to have resulted from the fact that ouru
old and well-known 31. fuscus , Betz., fuscodactylus , Haw. (feedings
on buds of Veronica cbamcedrys ), is really pterodactylus, L., and that!;
the species which stood in our lists and books as pterodactylus (the
Convolvulus feeder) is monodactylus , L. This last name is wonderfully
suitable to this species, which, when at rest, is a conspicuous object,
with its fore and hind wings rolled up into “one finger,” pointing
each way like a sign post.

Pembroke : 14£A November, 1881.

NATURAL HISTORY OF EMMELESIA BLAND I A TA .

BY WILLIAM BUCKLER.

The habits of the genus JEmmelesia seem to make it such a difficult
matter to get hold of the larvse of some of the species, that I feel
more than ordinary pleasure in being able to say that I have removed
blandiata from my list of desiderata : of course it was not one of the
“ unknowns,” for the food-plant, and a description after Freyer, had
been given in Stainton’s Manual, yet for all that 1 could see no chance
of obtaining the larva for years ; and now — it has not been by means
of British examples that I have worked out its history, although the
help came from an old ally.

1882.]

181

On 21 st of August, 1880, a sultry day with hot sun and occasional
showers, the Rev. J. Hellins was strolling in advance of his vehicle
through a part of the Brunig pass, between Alpnach and Brienz in
Switzerland, and was watching the swarms of butterflies on the wing,
when he noticed a small grey moth busy over a plant of Euphrasy
(Euphrasia officinalis) , which was growing on a hank a little above his
head ; some misty recollection of the above-mentioned notice in the
Manual made him think of hlandiata, and he tried to catch the moth
in order to see if it was that species, but failing in this, he came back
to the plant about which it had been flying, and pulling several shoots
of it found that he had secured about a dozen of the eggs that had
just been deposited underneath the leaves amongst the open flowers,
and these, unfortunately supplemented by some fresh shoots gathered
early next morning, and so damp with dew, he posted in a tin box to
me on the 22nd, and I received it in the afternoon of the 23rd.

On opening the box I found most of the Euphrasy already
decayed, for it is one of the plants that fade rapidly from damp,
and though I could see several empty egg shells, there were only
four or five tiny larvae still living, but there was also one bigger
and finer than the rest, just emerging from a round hole in a seed
vessel, where it had evidently fed on the unripe contents ; a few eggs
had remained unhatched, and from these one larva appeared next day,
and two more the day following, when I also found another larva of
an earlier batch that had already moulted once if not twice.

The young larvae soon ate their way into the seed capsules and
therein must have moulted, for though their small entrance hole was
detected in the upper part of some capsules, they themselves could be
seen but seldom for some time until they had acquired a certain
amount of growth, and until the necessity for more food compelled
them occasionally to come outside and attack fresh capsules, when
they could be better observed ; especially was this the case after their
last moult, when (like the larva of E. unifasciata, Ent. Mo. Mag., vi,
p. 186) they assumed a handsome dress admirably designed in harmony
of aspect with the food- plant for their protection, whilst living for the
remainder of their larval existence more or less exposed ; for often
they remained with their heads buried in the seed capsules and the
greater portion of their bodies resting outside, and motionless for
hours during the daylight ; but the succession of brilliant little flowers
given forth by the plants seemed quite to divert the eye from the
larvae, and, moreover, their assimilation to the stems and leaves was so
perfect, that even when one knew they were present on a shoot, it was
with difficulty they could be detected.

182

' January,

The two most advanced in growth moulted the last time in the
evening of the 1st of September, the others at intervals later, and thej
first entered the earth on the 10th, more followed soon, and the last-
on the 18th.

The only moth bred as yet, a male, appeared on 14th of August,
1881, and enabled me to make sure of the species, though probably {
more will emerge in a future season in conformity with the habit of i
some of its congeners.

Again, during this last August, Dr. T. A. Chapman, most kindly1
sent me from Switzerland, amongst other things, a good supply of
Euphrasy shoots (gathered near Engelberg, some 12 or 15 miles, as;
the crow flies, from the spot where Mr. Hellins had seen his moth the
year before), on which he had detected eggs, and from these Mr.
Hellins has succeeded in rearing to full growth about a dozen larvae
evidently of the same species, and has thus enabled me to supplement
my description drawn from the examples I had reared myself: these;
were about a week later in their changes than the larvae of 1880.

The egg of blandiata is oblong and somewhat flattened, one end
more rounded than the other ; rather more than eV inch long and
about inch wide, the shell reticulated rather coarsely and shallowly,
not very shining, and of a deep yellow colour ; when empty the shell
looks white.

The newly-hatched larva is rich yellow, with blackish-brown head
and narrow plate across the middle of the second segment, its skin
glossy, the bristles from the usual spots are somewhat clubbed ; in
four days’ time it is decidedly grown, still yellow,* and with the
addition of a dark purplish-brown dorsal line, and a sub-dorsal line
rather paler than the yellow ground and faintly edged with darker ;
after a moult and increase of size the colouring is more opaque and of
a light buff -yellow, afterwards a very faint brownish colour tinges the
back and a slight pearly greyish-whiteness the belly ; as they grow
they become pale dull green, with a dull purplish dorsal line; but
they continue to be very plain little larvae, until the last moult, which i
is passed when the length of three-eighths of an inch is attained ; at
full growth the length is half an inch or a trifle more, and the larva
is not quite so thick in proportion as its congener unifasciata , though
the segments are plump and well defined, each having two transverse
wrinkles near the end ; the form tapers gradually forward from the

* The rich yellow colouring of the egg and young larva strikes me as assimilating wonderfully ,
with certain spots, apparently some fungus, with which the Euphrasy is much infested ; there is
also a little yellow grub, apparently Dipterous, that shows tho same colouring, but we have not
reared any to full growth.

183

seventh to the head, which is the smallest, and backward a little from
: the tenth to the end of the thirteenth. The general ground colour is
I green varying in richness in different individuals, and is yellower and
i brighter for the first few days ; the head is very glossy, greenish-
; yellow faintly tinged with pinkish, and having two rows of pink
I freckles down the front of each lobe, the ocelli large and black ; the
I; green of the body is well contrasted with the design on the back
\ which occupies the space there between the trapezoidal warts, and is
I attenuated a little on the posterior and thoracic segments, beginning
on the second as merely twin lines, but on all the others consisting of
V three equally stoutish lines of very dark crimson, of these the dorsal
I line in the centre is straight, but each outer one in its course along
I each segment bends inward a little towards the middle in symmetrical
* progression, enclosing a ground of deep rose-pink within them at
\ either end, but which is lost in the middle of the segment by the
[ complete fusion there of the three dark crimson lines together in a
f mass, just where the middle of the bends bring them near each other ;
I after an interval of green comes the sub-dorsal line of very deep pink,

[ and at a less interval a thicker and rather sinuous lateral line, and at
j a wider interval again below a sub-spiracular line of the same deep
l pink colour ; the tubercular warts are whitish with minute black
|| central dot bearing a fine short bristle, the anterior pairs of the
trapezoidals are quite close to the crimson outer curves of the dorsal
design ; one wart occurs upon the anterior thickest part of the lateral
sinuous line, another behind each spiracle, and others again beneath :

[ the roundish spiracles are blackish with pale centres ; the yellow-
green of the back is more yellow close to the crimson design, and also
on the tumid spiracular region, which on the posterior segment and
i edge of anal flap is primrose-yellow ; against this the outer crimson
surface of the anal legs contrasts strongly ; beneath on the green
belly are three paler lines, the central one the more noticeable : as
I the larva matures the crimson markings of the back become purplish,

[ and the general ground a deeper green, though the spiracular ridge
i remains yellowish to the last.

The foregoing describes what I believe to be the typical or com-
plete design of the larva, for it was the one shown by all the larvae in
1880, and by most in 1881, but amongst the latter there occurred
three or four of a variety showing an incomplete form of the dorsal
design, which may be regarded as substantiating in a manner the
I* description in the Manual after Freyer.

In this variety the dorsal line as usual is complete throughout,

184

[January,

but at the beginning of every segment tbe two outer or curving lines
are absent as far as tbe first pair of warts, and the pink ground s(
faintly shown as scarcely to be noted there, but the remaining parts
of the design are quite perfect, and so stand out like a dark arrow^
mark, or in other words a very elongated triangle at the end of eacl:
segment, through which passes the continuous dorsal line.

There were also two or three larvse with the full pattern, but oi
much duller colouring, being pale brownish with a pink tinge, and the
lines of the pattern also duller.

The larva goes into a light soil for its final change, and forms a
compact little cocoon not quite three-eighths of an inch long and
about half as wide ; the pupa measures five- sixteenths of an inch in'
length, it is without any peculiarity of form, and of a bright yellowish-
green colour for some time, having a broadish stripe of crimson down
the middle of the back of the abdomen, suggestive of the larval;
design, and with rather a glossy surface.

Emsworth : December 7th, 1881.

t

A NEW SPECIES OF HEMITELES.

BY E. PAEEITT.

Hemiteles peEsector, n. sp.

Nigra , abdominis segmentis 2-4, antennarum basi, pedibusgue rufis. !

Shining, with no preceptible sculpture, metathorax sub-opaque.

Head transverse, face rather prominent below the antennae, clypeus distinctly i
separated from the face, cheeks not buccated, space between the eyes and mandibles !>
wide, face between the eyes wider below than above, covered with short pale fulvous
pubescence, antennae long and slender, flagellum 17-jointed, 1st joint larger than the
2nd, about five times as long as wide, joints not quadrate. Jaws and palpi bright !]
yellow. Thorax slightly pubescent, about one-half longer than high, parapsides
faintly impressed ; the upper part of the metathorax short, back rather sloping, I
supero-medial area transverse, rounded at the sides, slightly incurved in front, and t{
faintly closed behind, posterior face with two distinct central lines, posterio-medial I
area elongate, sides almost parallel. Metathoracic spiracles circular. Abdomen : I
1st segment elongate, narrow, about twice as wide at the apex as at the base. J
Spiracles placed just behind the middle, post-petiole with two keels, and a slight
depression between them, nearly half as long again as the hind coxae and tro- i
chanters ; remainder of abdomen ovate, segments transverse, the 4th and following I
very short, aculeus nearly two-thirds the length of the abdomen. Legs rather ij
slender. Wings : areolet pentagonal open at the apex, inferior exterior angle of the {
discoidal cell projecting beyond the corresponding angle of the areolet, stigma I
moderate, transverse anal nervure sub-opposite, divided below the middle. Scape, ]
1st and 2nd joints of flagellum, 2 — 4 segments of abdomen, and legs red, the latter
paler at the base, the posterior darker than the two front pairs.

Female, length 4 — 5 mm., or 2\ lines.

1882. j

185

This species is very distinct from H. gyrini described in the Ent.
! Mo. Mag., vol. xviii, p. 79, and is, so far as can be ascertained, unde-
scribed. It was bred from some pupae of G-yrinus natator, collected
i by the Rev. J. Hellins at the same time and place as stated before in
I) regard to gyrini , but this did not come out so soon as that species, and
I consequently was not described nor in time for my catalogue of Ichneu-
I monidcB of Devonshire. This insect has the facies of gyrini , but it
I has the basal half of the antennas red, and the thorax is quite smooth
I without any lines or markings, and the abdomen is broadly ovate, all
| of which distinguish it from the former species.

Exeter : November 30 th, 1881.

NOTES ON BRITISH TOR TRICES.

BY C. G. BARRETT.

{continued from p. 154).

f ' On page 241 of Vol. xiv of this Magazine are some remarks upon
I a supposed aberrant form of Brachyt&nia Hartmanniana , L. (scrip -
tana, H.), found by Dr. "Wood in Herefordshire in the year 1877.
During the succeeding three years, although constantly looked for, it
l was not seen ; but Dr. Wood’s unflagging zeal has been rewarded this
! year by the capture of nearly a dozen specimens. These he has sent
i for examination, pointing out their perfect constancy in shape, colour
and marking, and the reliable marks of distinction from Hartmanniana,

I ' which is well known to be little liable to variation, and strongly urging
L the claim of this form to rank as a distinct species.

I am inclined to think that the claim is good, and, therefore, pro-
pose to name this pretty species after the entomologist who has
f devoted so much time and pains to working it out.

Brachyt^nia ’Woodiana, n. sp.

Head and front of thorax black, upper part of thorax whitish, antenna? light
| brown, fore-wings chalky-white with very numerous small clouds of bluish-grey, basal
f blotch only indicated by a dark grey cloud on the base of the dorsal margin, central
■ fascia broken, consisting of a blue-black triangular or sub-quadrate costal blotch,

[ having an extension or neck connecting it with a blue-black, undulating, longitudinal
I j streak near the middle of the wing, below which are two pale grey clouds. Costal
listreaks short, blue-grey. Beyond the central fascia are three delicate curved lines of
litiny blue-grey clouds, as in Penthina betuletana. Cilia whitish, dotted with grey.

8 'Hind-wings rather dark grey with similar cilia. Exp. 7£ lin.

186

[January,

Tarrington, near Ledbury, Herefordshire, July.

It is slightly smaller and less robust in body than Hartmanniana , |
and the costa of the fore-wings is not so much arched. It also differs |
from that species in its white ground colour, blackish head and collar, I
the form of the large costal blotch, and the arrangement and number |i
of its delicate cloudy markings.

It is found exclusively about apple trees, upon which its larva j
doubtless feeds, although it has not yet been discovered, and one of
the moths taken this year was actually running up the trunk of an
apple-tree with unexpanded wings just out of pupa. Hartmanniana ,
which occurs on willow trunks in the neighbourhood, has not been
found in the orchards at all, nor have the two species been found any- 1
where mixed together.

It is probable that the species is widely distributed in Hereford- j
shire, as a specimen has been taken near Leominster.

Pembroke : 9th December, 1881.

Notes on the past season, and on the occurrence of certain Lepidoptera and ■
Coleoptera in the Forest of Dean. — In this part of Gloucestershire the present year I
was from a naturalist’s, standpoint, notable for the abundance of insect life that 1
prevailed throughout April, May, June, and the opening days of July. Some of the j
commoner kinds of moths, such as P. pilosaria, H. progemmaria, H. leucophcearia, ;
T. stabilis, and T. viridana were observed to be especially numerous, and two
Lepidoptera, which are not apt to remain in the duplicate drawer so long as the J
before mentioned, viz. : A. prodromaria and C. ridens (some nice varieties) were u
nearly as common, being taken by the score, the majority of them as soon after |
emergence from the pupa as their full developement would permit. When these 4
two species had lost their bloom, and while they were becoming tattered and torn, |
and assuming the bleached appearance indicative of Lepidopteral decrepitude, ]
zest was given to a walk in the Forest by a good chance of taking a series of N. j
cristulalis and T. extersaria, varied now and then with fine examples of N. trepida, J
N. chaonia, F. dolobraria, while later on H. velleda (var. carnus), S. fagi, and A. ij
herbida were to be found by trunk hunting. When in the month of June the |
beating stick and net were employed, F. advenaria, A. prunaria, A. sylvata, A. u
j Blomeraria, N. pulveraria, and B. lancealis fell victims to this method of collecting, ;;
Owing, however, to a run of rainy or windy weather setting in just when the two
“ waves ” were at their best, only a few specimens were obtained worthy of a place on
the setting board. Last year they were by no means difficult to secure in good j
condition. In the wood, which is the head quarters hereabouts of “Blomer’s wave,” ,
L. rubricollis turned up at rest on grass stems, and C. propugnata on trunks, and the ;l
larva of P. galactodactylus mustered in force on the underside of burdock leaves. ;
Towards the middle of April a few N. hispidaria were secured, and have proved a
desirable supplement to the representatives of the species already in the collection.

1882.]

187

By the beginning of June, the spring moths that are common in the forest had
passed away, and the ova they deposited had produced larvse. These creatures were
in myriads on the oaks; and when, in the first week of July, their ravages had
reached a maximum, many an acre of woodland could not show a tree with more
foliage on it than there would be in December. Larvse-beating, however, turned out
to be an extremely disagreeable occupation, chiefly on account of the numbers of a
large dark bronze-green Pentatoma (?) the stick dislodged from the branches, so that
I made only one trial of that kind of work, but from it I ascertained that the
devouring host consisted in the main of “stung” caterpillars, and, accordingly, do not
expect that an abnormal quantity of imagos will appear next year. A reference to
the note-book shows that from July to the conclusion of the season, captures just
here have been below the average, and consist principally of the commoner kinds of
the Heterocera. The Rhopalocera, however, of which twenty-four species have
been observed in the district, did not altogether fail to add to my stock of duplicates,
though the only one taken was V. c-album, an insect I have looked for to no purpose
hitherto in several localities. It was a charming pastime, therefore, one day last
September to single it out from a mixed ci’owd of urticce, polychloros, Io, and Ata-
lanta, and to box a long series of it in good order, a mile or two from here, making
the fiftieth of our Diurni with which I have had to do afield.

With respect to Coleoptera, many of those species I have recorded as taken in
1878 — 80 have occurred again this year under similar conditions ; so such only are
enumerated as in their capture present some point of difference, as compared with
their predecessors. Thus Cychrus rostratus occurred by stone-turning ; Rhizophagus
cribratus by beating whitethorn blossom; Corymbites pectinicornis by searching
grass-stems ; Lasia globosa by examining felled trunks. Also some mention must
be made of the extraordinary abundance of Calosoma inquisitor and Silpha 4- punc-
tata. As an instance, one afternoon in June I bottled of the former more than a
hundred examples, and dozens of the latter. The majority of them were either
crawling or motionless on the trunks and branches or running along the ground, but
a fair number were seen flying in the sunshine. These insects appear to be some-
what local, as they were common only in a comparatively small area. The check
they exercised upon the devastating power of Lepidopterous larvse was very palpable.
In those portions of the forest in which the trees were stripped of foliage, I did not
notice a single specimen of the larger beetle.

A note on some species hitherto not recorded, to the best of my belief, from
here may be of interest, especially as the number of Coleopterists appears to be
rapidly increasing, possibly because the study of the Order is so very attractive,
from the diversity of structure and economy of its members, or because, at present,
there is little liability of continental stocks being planted out, and their offspring
being foisted upon one as indigenous. In carcase, Silpha thoracica ; in toad-stool,
Gyrophcena gentilis ; by beating foliage and blossom, Paramecosoma melanocephala,
Rhamphus Jlavicornis, Magdalinus barbicornis ; from Sparganium, Donacia linearis ;
by sweeping, Philonthus sanguinolentus , Cercus bipustulatus, Galeruca viburni ; on
stumps, Quedius scitus, Platypus cylindrus ; under birch bark, Rpurcea parvula ;
on felled timber, Brachytarsus scabrosus ; in decayed wood, Pteryx suturalis ; in
moss, Mycetoporus clavicornis. — A. E. Hodgson, Coleford, Grloucs. : November , 1881.

183

[January,

Bare Coleoptera in Scotland. — While spending a holiday this summer in North
Eritain, I took some examples of Amara Quenseli, Harpalus 4- punctatus , Agathidium
rhinoceros , and Hylurgus minor. These were the principal captures, but Miscodera
arctica, Tachinns proximus and T. pallipes, Anthophagus alpinus, Acidota crenata
Agathidium rotundatum, Hydnobius strigosus, Otiorhynchus maurus, and a “ pug ”
I do not recognise, which may be nothing more than a strange form of Eup. succen-
turiata, besides fine varieties of common insects, also occurred and perhaps are note-
worthy.— Id.

Pterostichus vulgaris , Sfc., in a frog’s stomach. — -On opening the stomach of a
dead frog, in the summer, I found inside it three large beetles : Pterostichus vulgaris ,
Harpalus ceneus, and Barynotus obscurus : the two former were but little injured,
and the latter was quite perfect in every respect, except that most of the scales had
been rubbed off. These three beetles almost filled the stomach, and it seems strange
that its thin covering can resist the jaws and claws of large Carabiclce ; there must
be some poisonous effect in the saliva which destroys them at once.

I mentioned this fact to Mr. Matthews, who told me that the frogs had not got
it all their own way : a little while ago, he saw a frog on his garden path, evidently
in trouble, and, on examining it more closely, he found that a large Carabus viola-
ceus had fast hold of it by the leg. He kept the frog to see what would happen to
it, and it soon died, evidently poisoned by the acrid excretion of the Carabus : this
excretion seems to be a powerful irritant poison, and to be capable of producing
considerable pain if discharged over the human face, or any part of the body where
the skin is thin. — W. W. Fowler, Lincoln : December 9 th, 1881.

Lebia crux-minor in Japan. — On the 31st July I crossed an elevated pass in the
centre of the main island called Shiwojiritoge, the altitude was nearly 3500 feet, and
the temperature about that of a summer day in the south of England. The whole
district was gay with the flowers of Siberian type, and there were no trees or shrubs,
so that the general aspect viewed from a distance was that of the Sussex downs, but
when seen close, the flowers were massed together, and rose one or two feet high.
Here, on a species of Arctium, I found a large Larinus, and in beating to get speci-
mens, one or two Lebia crux-minor fell into my umbrella, I soon discovered plenty
of them feeding on the saccharine matter exuding from the burrs. Associated with
them, I also discovered a new Lebia, which was, however, very scarce, and I secured
but three or four during more than an hour’s search. The number of the commoner
Lebice I saw during the time must have been over 100, and they were all of the
north European type with red legs, and I did not find one of the Italian var.
nigripes, which is the form usual at Nagasaki, in the southern island of Kiushiu. If
I am ever at Brighton again at the right time, I shall search the burdock for L.
crux-minor. — G. Lewis, Grand Hotel, Yokohama: October 1 6th, 1881.

Curious variety of Argynnis Paphia. — At a field meeting of our Naturalist’s
Field Club which took place near Saundersfoot, Pembrokeshire, last July, a capture
was made of sufficient interest to be worthy of special record — a female Argynnis
Paphia of normal colouring on the upper-side, but having the usual greenish tinge
of the under-side of the hind-wings replaced by a distinct tinge of purple. The

189

• 1882.]

|, contrast to the ordinary form of the insect is very beautiful. This capture was made
by the Yice-President, the Rev. Clennell Wilkinson, and the insect is now in his
jf cabinet. — Chas. G-. Barrett, Pembroke : 14 ih December, 1881.

I A new species of Coleophora ( C. adjunctelJa, RodgJe.). — Quite a dozen years ago,
I on a salt marsh beneath Humphrey Head, near ITlverston, I took a considerable num-
i ber of this insect, and sent it away pretty freely as Col. salinella ; about three years
i ago I paid a visit with Mr. Threlfall to the same place, and a two days’ hunt only
• yielded a score or so for each of us ; since then I have made the acquaintance of the
3 true C. salinella which I find is a totally distinct species from mine, C. salinella being
a larger insect and of a pale yellow colour, whereas the insect which I propose to
i; name Col. adjunctella is a shorter winged insect and of an olive-brown ground
|; shade, it is clearly distinct from ccespititiella by the white streak that runs along
t. the costa ; also the wings are more arched, and in fine specimens there is almost an
I absence of streaks ; the antennae are much darker, nearly black and more robust
i than in C. ccespititiella. The food of the larva has yet to be discovered ; there were
neither rushes nor Luzula about that I remember ; we had to get them by creeping
; on our hands and knees, the place being too bare to sweep and had to place our backs
: against the wind when we wanted to box any of the specimens.

Mr. Sang looked at my fine series and agrees with me as to its distinctness. —
J. B. Hodokinson, 15, Spring Bank, Preston: December hth, 1881.

[Mr. Hodgkinson’s insect is very distinct from any species of the genus with
which I am acquainted. It resembles most nearly C. badiipennella, having like that
I insect a distinct pale costal streak from the base to the costal cilia, but the ground
colour of the wings is far glossier than in C. badiipennella. — H. T. S.]

Larvce of Scopula lutealis and S. prunalis. — Probably, during the last two
I seasons, I have collected and sent away more larvae of lutealis than any one else in
Britain ; and I believe the very larvae figured and described by Mr. Buckler were
!' sent from here to Mr. Fletcher by myself. [Yes, this is so. — Eds.] With care, the
two species are separable, but yet they are so much alike that I have scarcely ever
sent away a batch of lutealis without saying “possibly a few prunalis may be mixed
with them.” I have had a tolerable batch of each species feeding side by side, and
I have no hesitation in saying that only those accustomed to larva-rearing would
i have distinguished one from the other. The distinguishing character, I think, is the
[ black spot so distinct on each side of the second segment in prunalis, but absent in
i lutealis. All being well at the end of May or early in June (Mr. Buckler’s were
late specimens), I shall be pleased to send these larvae to any Lepidopterist who would

■ care to compare the two species. I described this larva from a single specimen in
1877 (see Ent. Mo. Mag.,xiv, 114). — G-eo. T. Porritt, Highroyd House, Hudders-
i field : December ls£, 1881.

Sericomyia borealis “ singing ” while at rest ( cf \ p. 159, ante). — A tinted figure

■ of Sericomyia borealis will be found in my “Insect Variety, ” pi. iv, fig. 7, and at
page 216 there is the following remark. “ In addition to the instances preferred, I
have heard the primitive spiracular notes of the hover-flies given out by a showy
northern species, Sericomyia borealis, that frequents brambles in the West High-
lands, as it alighted on rotten stumps with closed wings, to fulfil the maternal duty

190 [January, 1

of oviposition.” The observation thus recorded was made on the precincts of whal 1
was once the laird’s estate at Whitehouse, on West Loch Tarbert, in Argyleshire 1
and in my note-book the entry runs thus : “ 19th of August, 1876. A large, yellow I
belted hover-fly, depositing on the rotten stumps in the sunshine, it utters a plaintivtl
note every time it settles with the wings closed over the back, but when it alightil
with them expanded it is mute. There is a slight tremulous motion at the extremity jj
of the wings as it gives forth its note, which it does frequently, singing to itself ail I
it were, as it sits. Sericomyia borealis and Criorhina oxyacanthce , another largtj
dipteron which mimics the carder-bee, are equally fond of the ragwort- and knap |
weed-heads.” That the fly in question was the female, I am assured by the presence!
of a short ovipositor, that in one of my specimens shows a desiccated bunch o<l
minute ova protruding ; and that it was engaged in oviposition, its actions led me tel
infer. The economy of this group is, as is known, very various. — A. H. SwiNTONil
Binfield House, Gruildford: December 2nd, 1881.

Sericomyia “ singing ” while at rest. — I have just read Mr. Bloomfield’s notfl
on Sericomyia borealis, and hasten to offer my mite of corroborative testimony tel
what he has published.

One day during the past autumn I went with a small party for a walk on Dart!
moor, near Okehampton ; after some miles of rough tramp up and down several torsi
as the afternoon was drawing on, we found ourselves on a heap of stones on the tojj|
of Cawsand, and were glad to rest there awhile ; before long, a piping sound was!
audible, and one of the party said the wind was whistling; but to this explanatiorl
I demurred, having some recollection of having heard the noise before, so, looking I
round, I soon saw several large flies resting on the stones, and was presently able tea
convince my friend that the sound came from them : the next thing was to try tc||
capture one, but they were so watchful, that it was with great difficulty I managed I
to stun one with my felt hat, when I pill-boxed it, and brought it home for Mr 1
Parfitt ; from him I learn that it is a Sericomyia, and, probably, the species mentioned I
by Mr. Bloomfield.

The first time these flies caught my attention was more than thirty-five yearei
ago, when I was spending a holiday on Dartmoor, and I have since seen and heard I
them from time to time, but — of course, in the usual way — let them alone, for some!
Dipterist to look after.

How they make the noise, I cannot tell, but it is quite certain that they make it !
while resting on the stones. — J. Hellins, The Close, Exeter : 3rd December, 1881. |

The “Revue Cole opt Srologiq tie.” — The approaching publication of yet another!
monthly entomological journal is announced for February 1st, under the above title.!
devoted to bibliography, descriptions of new species, synonymy, &c., concerning jj
Coleoptera only. The prospectus is issued by Mons. Constant Yanden Branden, o,'a
69, Rue de la Madeleine, Bruxelles. — Eds.

I

(©bituarir.

John Cray died at his residence, Claygate, Esher, on November 27tli last, atj
the age of 69. He was, we believe, originally a manufacturer at Bolton, but he
retired from business many years ago, and devoted himself to yachting expeditions
in connection with entomology and natural history generally. He published very.

1882.1

191

little,* but bis services to entomology were, nevertheless, great. It was in his yacht,
the “ Miranda,” that the late Rev. Hamlet Clark made his voyage to Brazil, so
graphically described in “Letters Home” {cf. Ent. Mo. Mag., iv, p. 120), and in
which the late Mr. Wollaston made most of those voyages to the various Atlantic
Islands that were so pre-eminently productive of scientific results, and during which
Mr. Gray shewed himself a most enthusiastic collector and acute observer. He had
been in failing health for some years. So long ago as 1850 he was elected a member
of the Entomological Society of London, and his connection with the Society was
continued until his death, as it also was with this Magazine, to which he was an
original subscriber. Possibly his last public appearance amongst entomologists was
on the occasion of the excursion of the Entomological Club to Esher some four or
five years ago, and he was then in feeble health.

Entomological Society of London : Oct. 5th, 1881. — H. T. Stainton, Esq.,
E.R.S., &c., President, in the Chair.

Mr. McLabhlan exhibited a parthenogenetically-bred example of Gastrophysa
raphani, sent to him by Dr. Osborne {vide ante p. 128).

Mr. Theodore Wood exhibited a Notiophilus biguttatus abnormally punctured.

Mr. Meldola exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Argent, several interesting varieties of
British Butterflies.

Mr. Pirn exhibited the example of Harpalus discoideus recorded in this Maga-
zine {ante p. 112).

Mr. Fitch exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Bignell, Formica umbrata, var. mixta,
Nylander, from Stonehouse, new to this country.

Mr. Olliff exhibited an example of Papilio Americus, Kollar, with abnormal
neuration occasioned by deformity in one wing.

A communication from the Colonial Office was read regarding the damage oc-
casioned to cocoa-nut trees in the Fiji Islands by Lopaphus cocophagus, one of the
Phasmidce ; and also respecting the ravages of locusts in Cyprus.

Prof. Westwood communicated a description (with figures) of an insect from
Ceylon, apparently immature, the ordinal position of which was doubtful. He pro-
posed for it the generic term Dyscritina.

Dr. Sharp communicated descriptions of new species of Coleoptera from the
Hawaiian Islands.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse read descriptions of new species of Putelidce from
Ecuador.

Mr. Cameron communicated a paper on new species of Nymenoptera.

November 2nd, 1881. — The President in the Chair.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited a variety of Ourapteryx sambucaria, in which
the transverse lines approximated, taken by his brother at Wandsworth.

Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited the specimen of Anthercea macropthalmus, n. sp.,
from the Gfold Coast, described in this Magazine, ante p. 146. Also a series of beau-
tiful dissections of saw-flies and other Hymenoptera, made by Mr. Cameron, with
especial reference to the “ saws ” of the former, as indicating specific differences. A
discussion ensued as to the most suitable objective for entomological purposes ; Messrs.
McLachlan and Waterhouse preferring a two-third inch ; the Rev. A. E. Eaton
stated that the variation in the magnifying power of objectives by various makers was
a source of much confusion of opinion on this point.

* In Hagen’s “ Bibliotheca,” vol. i, p. 302, “John Gray, Wheatfield House, near Bolton-le-
Moors,” is credited with the publication of various entomological notes in Morris’s “ Naturalist”
from 1851 to 1854, including the description of a new Longicom beetle ( Prionus Westwoodianus) .
We believe this results from mistaken identity. All these notes were by a “John Gray,” of
Glasgow, a different person (30 we think) from the subject of this notice.— Eds.

192

[January. 1882. jl |

The Rev. A. E. Eaton exhibited a portion of honey-comb built against a wall ,j|
without any protection whatever ; it contained living bee-larvae : also a specimen of
a wood-louse, Porcellio scaber, captured in Iceland by Mr. Coles, and a series of !
beautiful drawings of wood-lice, executed by Mr. Hollick. L

Dr. Lang exhibited an example of Lyccena Icarus , var. Icaroides.

Mr. Distant exhibited a species of Cicadidce from Borneo, probably forming a i
new genus, in which the “ drums ” were developed to such an extent, as to equal or j
exceed the length of the abdomen.

Mr. Billups exhibited an example of Dufourea vulgaris, from Woking (cf.
ante, p. 161).

Sir S. S. Saunders exhibited Scleroderma domestica, Westwood, received from i
M. Andre, bred from the larva of a longicorn beetle; also Diptera injurious to figs.

The President exhibited, on behalf of Dr. Buchanan White, some remarkable
tubes (some nearly an inch in length) manufactured by Lepidopterous larvse, from ,j
the white excrement of dogs ; they were from Aden. He likewise remarked on the !
differences between the larvse of Cerura vinula and erminea {cf. ante, p. 161), with j
respect to a moth from Hertfordshire, received from Mr. Piffard, and which the
latter thought might be C. erminea , an opinion in which the meeting did not agree.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited a specimen of Aepophilus Bonnairei, Signorefc,
from the late Mr. E. Smith’s collection, labelled “ Polperro ” {cf. ante, p. 145).

Mr. Butler concluded his paper on the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of Japan.

Prof. Westwood communicated a paper on the Diptera destructive to cereals
in Britain.

December *lth, 1881. — The President in the Chair.

Mr. A. R. Grrote, the American Lepidopterist, was present as a visitor.

A. J. Scollick, Esq., of Albion Lodge, Putney, was elected a member.

A letter was read from the Colonial Office regarding the plague of locusts in :
Cyprus, and stating that on further search the egg-tubes of the locusts were found !
to be much infested with the parasitic larvse of Bombyliidce (numerous tubes and i
parasites were exhibited), although previously believed not to occur in the island. ,

Mr. W. C. Boyd, exhibited an example of Ennomos tiliaria, in which the two
transverse lines on the wings were confluent for a portion of their length.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited Scenopinus fenestralis bred from root of '
Aconitum, and Phora rufipes, parasitic on Nematus ribesii.

Mr. Pascoe exhibited a larva of some large species of Myrmeleonidce, which had
been found living in this country in a barrel of currants imported from Zante.

Mr. McLachlan exhibited weevil-larvae (possibly of Brachycerus ) sent to him j
by Mr. G-. F. Wilson, and stated to be causing great damage to Japanese lilies in :
Mr. Wilson’s garden at Weybridge.

Mr. Oliffe exhibited Harpalus cupreus, Dej., a very rare British beetle, captured
by Mr. Horne, in the Isle of Wight.

Mr. Pirn exhibited a specimen of Telephorus from West Wickham that he had
been unable to identify ; it was stated that it was possibly a form of T. lituratus.

Sir S. S. Saunders read further notes from Mons. Andre respecting a species of
Scleroderma parasitic on a Longicorn larva.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse read notes (illustrated by diagrams) on Blastophagus
sycomori and psenes, of Linne, detailing the results of his examination of the speci-
mens in the Linnean cabinet. He was of opinion that, although the specimens con*
sidered by Sir S. S. Saunders as types of psenes bear no label, or other indication in
handwriting, they are veritable types, and the identical specimens received by Linne
from Hasselquist. Sir S. S. Saunders made a long explanation to the same purpose, j

Mr. Butler communicated a paper on Heterocerous Lepidoptera collected in
Chili by Mr. Edwards.

Mr. Distant read Descriptions of new species of Cicadidce.

February, 1882.]

193

NOTES ON TEN THE EBINIDJE.

’ BY P. CAMERON.

{Continued from vol. xvii, p. 67).

Tenthredo scottca, sp. n.

Black ; clypeus, labrum, a line round the lower part of the eyes, one on the
I pronotum, two spots over the posterior coxae, apical three-fourths of the under-side

If of the front coxae, and an irregular spot on the apex of the two hinder ones, white.

Legs pale yellow, except the greater part of the coxae, which is black, and the ex-
I treme apex of the posterior tibiae and the tarsi, which are dull fuscous. Wings
almost hyaline, costa dull reddish, stigma black. ? . Length, 5f lines.

Similar to T. dispar in size and form, but having (apparently) the
l; antennse and metatarsi shorter, the head more opaque and punctured,
j and differing otherwise in the coloration of the legs and face ; the
; saw also differs.

Rare. Taken near Dumfries, in June.

THE BRITISH GREEN SPECIES OF NEMATUS.

With the valuable assistance of Mr. J. E. Eletcher, I have sub-
! jected our green species of Nematus to a revision, and have satisfied
myself that we possess seven, if not eight, species. These are :

1. JSF. Bergmanni , Dbm , sec. Thoms., = prasinus, Htg.

2. W glutinosce , sp. n.

G-reen, or testaceous-green ; the space enclosing the ocelli, the usual marks
|i on mesonotum (as in miliaris), a ring surrounding the cenchri, a small one behind
I them, ancl a row of transverse marks on back of abdomen (becoming narrower to-
[ wards the apex), black. Antennse somewhat shorter than the body, filiform, black,
[ fuscous beneath, the 3rd joint a little longer than 4th ; the head bulges out dis-
I tinctly behind the eyes ; looked at from above, the front projects sharply from the
surrounding parts, and is furrowed between the antennse. The frontal (pentagonal)
|j area is well defined and square at the apex ; the antennal fovea is indistinct, but a
» well-marked furrow comes down on either side of it from the outer side of the
■ frontal area, and curves round the base of the antennse. The central furrow on

!i vertex is well defined, broad in front, narrow behind. Spurs a little more than one-
i fourth of the length of the metatarsus, being as long as the cerci. Stigma greenish-
white.

The $ has the antennse longer than the body, with the 3rd joint shorter than
t the 4th ; the lower part of the body and the sides of the abdomen above are
[ rufescent ; the upper part black, the thorax entirely so, save an incomplete ring on
l scutellum, the central part of which is black. The hinder tarsi are fuscous-black ;
: the stigma fuscous. Length, 2\ — 3 lines.

Very similar to miliaris , Pz .,=viridis, Htg.,= microcercus , Thoms.,
^ but the front is wider between the antennse, and does not project so

194

[February,

much ; antennal fovea leas defined, head smaller, cenchri smaller, spurs ' ,
shorter compared to the metatarsus, which is itself shorter compared j
to the 2nd joint, abdomen with a broad and continuous black band,
scutellum marked with fuscous in the centre, and the frontal area
more distinct.

The larva feeds on alder. It is green, the head is of a darker green, especially
on the top ; a black line goes from the top to near the eyes, and another line goes
from the top half way down the face, mouth brownish ; mandibles black at the tips.
The body is covered with tubercles of a darker colour than the body, and generally
irregularly oblong in shape. On the 2nd and last segments they are somewhat'
irregularly arranged, but on the middle ones they are usually in two pairs above, and
three single ones in a line below them, while there is a longer, slightly curved one
over the abdominal leg, and one or two smaller tubercles over that. Two curved
lines are over the legs, which are glassy-white ; the claws are brown. On the back
are two white lines ; there is no distinct black line along the sides, but a thin
white one, which runs through the spiracles. The cerci are black, as well as the
space immediately behind them.

It is double-brooded, and is freely parthenogenetic in confinement, the eggs
laid by the virgin females yielding only males.

Common in Scotland, and at Worcester.

3. W. miliaris, Pz., = viridis, Htg.

4. W. salicivorus, t>p. n.

Pale testaceous-green ; the vertex in the middle (the black being continued as
a small rounded mark behind), the usual three marks on mesonotum, the space
between the cenchri (separated in the middle), black; on the base of abdomen are
one or two fuscous transverse marks. Antennae slender, as long as the body, black,
fuscous beneath, the 3rd joint slightly shorter than 4th. Head slightly narrowed
behind the eyes, broadly rounded in front, but retreating on the outer side of an-
tennae, and projecting, not sharply, between them ; frontal area well-marked, its
lower end incurved at the centre, through the upper part of the large, distinct, oval,
antennal fovea projecting into it ; furrows on vertex distinct, but not reaching to
the back ; there is no central furrow. Clypeus with a shallow indentation. Cerci
as long as the hinder spurs. Wings as in miliaris. Length, 2\ — 3 lines.

Of similar size and coloration (except that the black, or, rather,
fuscous, markings on abdomen are confined to the base) to miliaris ]
and glutinosce , but it differs from both in having the head much more I
swollen in front, the part between the antennae being rounded and not j
furrowed in the centre, the frontal area is less raised, and not truncated
at the apex, the antennal fovea is very distinct, while the curved
furrows which come down on either side of the antennal fovea, so i
conspicuous with glutinosce and miliaris, are scarcely noticeable ; the il
cenchri are smaller, and the antennae thinner.

1882. J

195

The larva has the body dark green ; the head is green ; on its centre, in front,
is a long black line which reaches near to the mouth ; above, over the eyes, is a
much shorter lateral line. Over the legs is a blackish waved line, and above that
again is a less distinct line. On the thoracic segments are some tubercles, while
over the anal segment is a black mark, cleft behind, where it is broader than it is at
the apex ; the cerci are black. A thin white line runs through the spiracles.

The larva of salicivorus may be known from that of miliaris by the much
> longer central stripe and broader lateral one on head ; by the less clearly indicated
■ black stripe on the sides of the body above, by the clearly indicated waved lines over
the legs, by the legs wanting the oblique black mark in front of them found in
i miliaris, and by the distinct black mark over the anus. In habits they are identical,
l and they may be sometimes found feeding on the same sallow bush.

Clydesdale, Worcester.

5. N. curtispina , Thoms.

6. N. palliatus, Thoms.

7. N. lacteus, Thoms.

Glasgow : January, 1882.

DESCRIPTION OF THE LARYA, &c., OF RYDRCECIA NICTITANS.

BY WILLIAM BUCKLES.

As I am not aware of any other than the very brief description
of the larva of this species, from Treitschke, in Stainton’s Manual, I
am induced to offer one resulting from my own observations.

My first acquaintance with the larva was in August, 1862, when
Mr. Hydes, of Sheffield, sent me six full-grown examples, reported to
have fed on some kind of grass, but as I could not then obtain any
more precise knowledge of their habits, I contented myself with a
figure from one of them, and that figure soon proved very serviceable
in protecting me from an error, when a flower-head of Iris pseudacorus
with a larva of nictitans placed in it, was sent to me as that of Apamea
Jibrosa — a larva which in all the subsequent years has not yet been
forthcoming !

However, sixteen years later by a mere chance I was able to im-
prove my acquaintance with nictitans , for on 7th of June, 1878, I
happened to pick up a small stone that rested on a very little tuft of
Poa maritima in gravelly soil, near a salt watercourse, and found I
had torn away with the stone a silken covering from a very young
Noctua larva, apparently unknown to me, which I brought home as a
prize to be carefully tended, watched, and figured ; it soon moulted,

196 [February,

and my interest in it increasing, I again visited the spot in about a
week when I found three rather larger examples, and again two more
of them on the 20th of June while getting fresh tufts of the food- !
plant, and in the same way subsequently two others ; the larvae when 1
found varied in length from a quarter of an inch to an inch, and then |
only when approaching their last moult could I suspect what species
they were, though when they neared full growth my previous suspicion
ripened into certainty of their identity, which in August following
was confirmed when I bred the eight moths, comprising the usual
sexual varieties of colouring, from the 4th to 20th of the month.

The habit of this larva is to feed on the bleached portions of the
grass close to the soil, and to spin for itself there a case of whitish)
silk closely and firmly invested with the food-plant which forms at
once a snug dwelling and protection, and in most instances the shelter
afforded by a stone was utilized, even within a few inches of salt
water ; it rather surprised me to find this species in such a littoral
habitat, never having met with it before, though I had known the
moth taken at light in a grassy place bordering a wood four milesj
away inland, and understood that it occurred commonly on open moors!
and other similar localities in many parts of the kingdom.

The young larva, when a quarter of an inch to three-eighths in
length, is of ivory-whiteness striped longitudinally with purplish-!
crimson, the head white with black ocelli and dark brown mouth ;|
after a moult in about five days later it assumes a little more colour,!
when the head is pale whity-brown as are also the neck and tail plates,
each plate having two pairs of minute blackish-brown dots, the ground
colour .of the body is a faint greenish-drab, which shows transversely
at the segmental divisions and in the wrinkles, as well as in the
broadish dorsal stripe, the sub-dorsal and lateral stripes and the whole!
of the belly, the alternating dark stripes are now of crimson-brown,
broadest along the back of which they mark the boundary, the two
below on the side are narrower and follow the sub-dorsal and lateralj
ones, the spiracles occurring at the bottom of the lowest.

On attaining nearly the length of an inch, its stoutish form isj
noticeably stoutest at the third and fourth segments, the darker colour- j
ing of the back and side stripes is now changed to pinkish-grey, and
that of the paler stripes to a light rather greenish flesh tint, the
shining head is of a warm flesh colour and dark brownish at thej
mouth, the glossy neck-plate is light yellowish-brown rather inclining!
to orange, thinly outlined with blackish-brown, but thicker at the front
margin, where it is wavy within ; the anal plate is of the same colour.

1882.]

197

and similarly margined ; the blackish-brown tubercular dots are very
small along the back as far as the eleventh segment, then rather larger
on the twelfth and front of the thirteenth ; the black oval spiracles at
the bottom of the lower grey side stripe are accompanied with blackish-
I brown spots peculiarly characteristic, viz. : one in front and one above
of ordinary size, and a very large one behind the spiracle, and in corres-
ponding position on the third, fourth and twelfth segments this is
even larger still and somewhat trilobed in shape, two other rows of
single spots smaller and paler occur below.

When full-grown the larva is about an inch and a quarter in
length, rather broadest on the third and fourth segments, tapering
thence a little to the head, also in a very slight degree towards the
anal segment which is rounded off behind ; the characteristic head
plates, and spots remain as before, but the previous contrast of
colours between the lighter side stripes and darker back is now greatly
reduced, and the light broadish dorsal stripe also from its softened
edges and showing faintly within a slightly deeper greyish pulsating
vessel.

On entering the earth the larva encloses itself in an earthen
cocoon of weak cohesion ; the pupa varies from five-eighths to three-
quarters of an inch in length, and is of stoutish proportion, of the
usual Noctuci form, the abdomen convexly tapering from the movable
segments to the anal tip, which ends with two very fine projecting
points ; on the back of four of the middle abdominal rings just at
the beginning of each is a narrow transverse band of punctate rough-
ness, while all the other parts are smooth and shining, and the colour
is of deep mahogany -brown.

Emsworth : January 1th, 1882.

'

ON FITE NEW BKITISH HYMENOPTERA ; WITH A SYNOPTICAL
TABLE OE THE GENUS SPHECODES.

BY ED WARD SAUKDERS, E.L.S.

Of the five species I am about to describe, two belong to the very
(difficult genus Sphecodes, and to show how they differ from their allies,
I have given a table of all our British species, indicating the novelties
by n. sp. after their names. I fear that in many collections the species
iin this genus are mixed, as it is only by very careful study of the geni-
: talia in the £ , and the apical segment in the ? , and the alar hooks in
(both sexes, that they can be separated with any certainty. We are

198

[February,

indebted to both Yon Hagens and Gr. C. Thomson for the careful structu-
ral study they have made of this genus, and I have borrowed largely
from their remarks in the characters I have used.

SPHJECODES.

(4) 1. Posterior wings with 7 — 10 alar hooks ; antennae in $ long, 3rd joint not |
one-fourth so long as the 4th.

(3) 2. Vertex of the head in both sexes with its sides converging rapidly behind
the eyes. $ genitalia with the squama produced into a membranous
wing on its inner margin, and terminating in two unequal processes
densely clothed with long hairs, of which the upper process is much
longer than the under, and is produced and widened at the apex, the \
widened apices crossing each other. $ with the apical dorsal valve
narrow and linear gubbtts.

(2) 3. Vertex in both sexes usually more or less quadrate (though very variable
in this respect) . $ genitalia with the squama un winged, and terminating

in two sub-equal processes, sparingly clothed with short hairs. $ with \
the apical dorsal valve wide and flat sttbquadrattts.

(1) 4. Posterior wings with 5 — 6 alar hooks ; antennse in $ short, 3rd joint much
more than one-fourth the length of the 4th.

(10) 5. G-enitalia of the $ with the stipites not grooved ; antennse with the joints
much produced and rounded in front. ? with the puncturation of the
thorax large and close, 3rd segment of the abdomen without a lateral
black spot or fovea.

(9) 6. Surface of genitalia in $ longitudinally striate, 2nd sub-marginal cell
longer than wide in both sexes.

(8) 7. Larger; $ genitalia with the sagittse very narrow, and fringed with short
hairs, the squama membranous and somewhat quadrate, with a thickened
semi-lunate central region. ? with the apical dorsal valve wide, slightly ,

reflexed and shining at the edges pilifrons, Thoms.

== rujiventris, Sm., nec Wesm.

(7) 8. Smaller ; $ genitalia with the sagittse much widened at the base, the squama
produced into two processes, of which the under one is rather the longer.

? with the apical dorsal valve narrower, dull, and with an impression
running parallel to its edge round its apex 1. similis, Wesm., n. sp.

Bull. Acad. Brux., 1835, T. ii, p. 279.

(6) 9. Surface of genitalia in finely rugose, not longitudinally striate, 2nd sub-
marginal cell, in both sexes, on its lower margin, as wide as long, narrowed
above 2. puncticeps, Thoms., n. sp.

Op. Ent., 100, 8.

(5) 10. Punctures of thorax fine and distant, genitalia of the <J with the stipites
widely grooved. $ with the 3rd segment of the abdomen generally with
a small black spot or fovea on each side near the base, apical dorsal 111
valve narrow ephippium.

1882.]

199

3. Colletes picistigma, Thoms., Hym. Scand. ii, p. 165.

Like the other smaller species of the genus in general appear-
ance, but the has the first abdominal band interrupted, the basal
segment largely and closely punctured, and the sixth ventral segment
shining, strongly punctured, and with a shallow fovea on each side
near the apex ; each segment beneath has also an entire fringe of short
hairs, in this respect resembling succincta and marginata ; but the
former of these may be known by the two deep f oveaB of the sixth ven-
tral segment, and the latter by this segment being simple, with only a
slightly raised dorsal line ; the genitalia have the apical portion of
the stipites about equal to the basal, the apical pencil of hairs reaching
to about the end of the sagittsc ; the sagittse have their lateral mem-
branous wings projecting beyond the end of the thicker portion,
somewhat turned down at the apex and rounded.

The ? has the pubescence of the thorax rather of a brighter red
than in its allies ; the abdomen slightly shining, but with its basal
segment largely and closely punctured ; its best characteristic is that
it lacks the long scattered hairs, which clothe the whole basal half of the
first segment in fodiens and succincta , although the segment is clothed
with short hairs at the sides and at the extreme base. The colour of
the abdomen also is of a particularly deep black, and the bands whiter
than in the other species.

I have taken the $ at Hastings, Falmouth, Hayling Island, Little-
hampton, and Southwold. Mr. Bridgman has taken it at Norwich.
The capture of the $ by Sir S. S. Saunders in Hampshire was recorded
in our December number.

4. Halictus beevicoenis, Schk., Jahrb. Yer. Naturk. Nassau, xvi,

1861, p. 310.

This little species, of which I have at present only seen British
specimens of the $ , is very distinct, and, considering the difficulty of
the genus, tolerably easy to recognise by the following characters :

<? . The antennse are shorter than in most of the black species ; the thorax is
deeply punctured, the punctures being somewhat remote, i. e., about the width of
two punctures apart ; the surface is shining, and nearly smooth ; the punctures of
the scutellum are rather larger and more remote ; the metathorax is longitudinally
rugose at the base, its brow somewhat rounded and smooth ; the abdomen is short
and oval, slightly shining, finely and clearly punctured on the first three segments ;
beneath there are a few rather short hairs ; extreme base and apex of tibiae, and the
whole of the tarsi, pale.

? . Head very finely and closely punctured ; clypeus very largely and remotely,

200

[February,

1!

fringed in front with long golden hairs, its apical margin truncate, and produced at
each side into a triangular tooth : mesothorax finely and remotely punctured, in
front with a deeply impressed central line : metathorax as in the S ; abdomen with
the first segment shining and scarcely punctured, the rest very finely and closely
punctured, with the apical margins discoloured, clothed with ochreous-grey hairs ;
beneath with long fringes of grey hairs on each segment.

I have described the $ from a continental specimen, kindly sent
to me by Mr. C. Ritsema. The <$ I have taken at Hayling Island
and Bournemouth, but only in single examples.

The only species it could be confounded with is H. villosulus, but
its smaller size, finer puncturation, and shorter antennae in the J',
readily distinguish it.

5. Epeolus productus, Thoms., Opusc. Ent., p. 91, Hym. Scand., ii, 1

p. 210.

c? differs from that of E. variegatus in having the two tubercles
of the labrum situated nearly across the middle, instead of considerably
below the middle as in that species, and the apex of the labrum bi-
dentate instead of simple, the second segment of the abdomen beneath
more shining and more sparingly punctured, the apical dorsal valve
widely rounded with parallel sides.

$ differs from that of E. variegatus in having the labrum and the
second abdominal segment as in the J, the intermediate and posterior
femora black, except at the base, the second, third and fourth abdo-
minal segments with a round dorsal spot on each side distinct from
the extreme lateral spot, whereas in variegatus the two spots on the !
second segment are confluent, and those on the following segments
not so round and more transverse. I do not, however, attach much
importance to this character, although it is easily noticeable. The
fifth segment beneath is much more narrowly rounded than in varie- j
gatus , and the posterior femora towards the base outwardly, more
largely and rugosely punctured ; in size it is generally rather larger
than variegatus.

I have taken this species at Hayling Island and Littlehampton,
and Mr. Bridgman has taken it at Norwich ; in fact, it appears to be
our common species. I have only taken variegatus at Ealmouth, and
seen a $ from Reigate, taken by Sir Sidney Saunders.

Holmesdale, Upper •Tooting :

December 12 th, 1881.

1882.1

201

ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH ANTH OMYIIDAE.

BY R. H. MEADE.

{continued from page 176.)

12. HOMALOMYIA, Bouche.

Gen. ch. — Head smooth and semi-circular ; eyes large, covering
the sides of the head ; bare, and sub-contiguous or approximate, in the
males ; arista sub-pubescent or hare, with the second joint often rather
elongated ; alulets of moderate or small size, with the scales more or
less unequal ; abdomen mostly elliptical and flattened in the males,
and marked with an angulated dorsal stripe ; oval and immaculate in
the females ; wings with the anal vein shortened, and the axillary vein
curved towards its extremity ; legs with the middle tibiae tuberculated,
or- thickened and ciliated, in the males.

Sect. 1 — Legs more or less pale.

1. APRICA, Hal. 2. ETTSCIJLA, Hall.

Passerinii , Bond. 3. pallitibije, Bond.

Sect. 2 — Legs wholly or nearly hlacJc.
Div. i — Halteres pale.

4. scalaris, Bab.

saltatrix , Desv.

5. canicularis, Lin.

M. domestica minor, Deg.

6. INCISURATA, Zett.

7. MANICATA, Meig.

penieulata ?, Bond.

8. armata, Meig.

9. spissata, sp. n.

armata ?, Macq.

Div. ii-

15. carbonari a, Bond.
cerea ?, Meig.

10. herniosa, Bond.

11. mutica, Zett.

lepida ?, Wdm.

12. sociella, Zett,

13. serena, Fall.

lugubrina ?, Zett.

14. eloricola, Meig.

cilicrura , Bond.

- Halteres black.

This is one of the best defined and most natural groups among
jthe Anthomyiidoe. It includes the Chorellioe of B. Desvoidy, so named
from the habit of the males to perform choral dances in the air. The
peculiar structure of the last two longitudinal veins of the wing (see
fig.*) is common to this and the three following allied genera, viz.,
Coelomyia , Haliday, Piezura , Bondani, and Azelia, Desvoidy.

* Wing of H. aprica.

202

[February,

H. aprica, Hal.

This fine species is the largest and most highly developed in the genus. The

middle and the posterior legs have the femora
and tibiae of a bright reddish-yellow colour in
both sexes. The front pair have the femora
and tibiae dusky in the males. The females
have the coxae yellow, and also the anterior
femora and tibiae in many specimens ; but
sometimes they are darkened, as in the males. The abdomen is sometimes grey in
both sexes, and sometimes partly yellow and translucent. It is generally distributed
but not common. The females are more frequently seen than the males.

H. FUSCTJLA, Fall.

Of this rather peculiar and well-marked species, which has the tibiae reddish or
piceous, I have only seen a single female, which I captured near Edinburgh in j
August, 1875. The best description is given by Zetterstedt, in the Diptera of
Scandinavia. He notices the male in the 4th vol., p. 1686, and, in vol. 8, p. 3310,
gives a correct account of the female, which has the frontal space comparatively
narrow. He says that both sexes of this fly were found by Staeger in the nest of a
humble bee. The specimen which I found was covered by a number of Acari, similar
to those which infest bees and beetles, so perhaps it had been in a bees’ nest.

H. PALLITIBIJE, Eond.

This small species has the knees and tibiae pale, in both sexes. It appears to ,
be rare ; I have one pair ( J & ? ) captured in the neighbourhood of Bradford.

H. scalaris, Fab.

This common species, characterized by the projecting tubercle on the inner sides , :
of the middle tibiae of the males, sometimes has the anterior tibiae yellow at their j 1
bases, when it forms the A. manicata of Macquart (not of Meigen). I have a variety -
in which the second and third abdominal segments are yellow and translucent at
their sides, as in H. canicularis ; this is probably the same as the A. subpellucens, tr
Zett. I it

H. CAifictrLARis, Lin. j ta

This, though the best known and the most common species, and the one which
is generally considered as the type of the genus, really possesses fewer characteristic or
features than most of the others ; the eyes being proportionately smaller, covering
less of the cheeks, and the middle tibiae being simple, without any tubercle or marked lls
thickening.

H. INCISURATA, Zett.

HU,

This species bears a very close general resemblance to H. scalaris, in size, shape ‘ t
and design ; it differs, however, by having the thorax grey, not black, marked by
two or more less distinct stripes, and by the intermediate tibiae being simple, as in
H. canicularis. Kondani does not seem to have known this species, for he confuses jr.
it with H. lepida , Wdm., whioh appears to me to be synonymous with H. mutica , , h

1882.]

203

Zett. The females of H. incisurata and H. scalaris are very similar, but may be dis-
tinguished by the neuration of the wings, the third and fourth longitudinal con-
verging a little in the latter, and being almost parallel in the former species. It is
not very common, but generally distributed.

H. MANICATA, Meig.

The males of this pretty species are characterized by having the anterior knees
pale, and also the fore tibiae, with the exception of their apices, which are black,
thickened, and furnished on their outer sides with a little tuft of black hairs, which
is sometimes adpressed so as to be easily overlooked ; a long straight spine also pro-
jects downwards from the base of each middle coxa. The females may be distin-
guished by the pale colour of the fore tibiae. Not common.

H. ABMATA, Meig.

This little species differs from most of the others by having the abdomen wide
and less elongated. Meigen’s description is very correct, but he omits to mention
that the posterior tibiae are curved as well as thickened, and ciliated with longish
hairs on both sides. The females of this and many other species of Homaloymia
are very difficult to determine, unless they are captured together with the males.
Generally distributed.

H. SPISSATA, sp. n.

Mas , niger nitidus, abdomine oblongo depresso glauco, linea dorsali angulata
. ornato ; femora intermedia subtus hispida ; tibia intermedia nuda abrupt h spissata ;
tibia postica intus ciliata. Long. 2\ lin.

Head : eyes sub-contiguous ; arista bare.

Thorax , with the scutellum, black, shining, and unstriped.

Abdomen oblong and depressed, grey with glistening white reflections when
viewed from behind, and appearing of a brownish-black colour when seen from before.
It is marked by an interrupted dorsal band, which is dilated at the base of each seg-
ment into a triangular spot j anal processes very small.

Wings slightly nigrescent, third and fourth longitudinal veins parallel ; external
transverse vein nearly straight and upright, separated from the internal transverse
vein by about twice the distance that it is from the termination of the fifth longi-
tudinal.

Scales of Calyptra of moderate size and unequal length, and of a sordid white
or brownish colour. Halteres yellow. Legs black, with the exception of the bases
of the anterior tibiae, which are testaceous ; front pair simple ; middle femora fur-
nished beneath with longish black bristles, not extending to the apex, and arranged
in two parallel rows ; coxae without spines ; middle tibiae abruptly thickened or
tuberculated on their inner sides at about one-third from the lower end ; tubercle
smooth, not ciliated ; posterior tibiae slightly curved, somewhat thickened, furnished
with a few long hairs in the middle of their inner surfaces, and with a number of
bristles and hairs of irregular lengths on their outer sides.

This is possibly the H. armata of Macquart ; it differs from H. armata of
Meigen, and also from H. manicata of Meigen, by having the tubercular projection on
the middle tibiae smooth and not bearded with short hairs as in both those species.

204

[February,

The tubercle resembles that of H. scalaris in being smooth, but is proportionately
smaller and less prominent.

I captured a single male of this rare species at Tingewick, near Buckingham, in
August, 1873.

H. HERNIOSA, Rond.

This differs from all "the other species in the genus by the males having a large
projecting sub-anal process. The abdomen is black with grey reflections, but without
any distinct dorsal stripe. The wings are slightly fuscous, and have the anal veins
rather more elongated than usual, with the axillary veins straight.er and placed
almost parallel with the anal. It is rather an aberrant species, and appears to be
rare ; I have only seen three specimens, all captured in the neighbourhood of
Bradford.

H. MTJTICA, Zett.

This species is probably the same as the S. lepida of Wiedemann and others
(not of Zetterstedt), and the H. prostata of Rossi and Rondani ; but the descriptions
given of these species are not sufficiently precise to enable one to determine the point
with accuracy, and it is very likely that more than one distinct species have been
mixed together under the name of H. lepida. For these reasons I have adopted the
title of mutica, as the description given of that species by Zetterstedt agrees with the
characters of the fly which I wish to discriminate. It is from 2 to 2^ lines in
length ; the calyptra have the scales of moderate size, and of marked inequality ;
the thorax is black ; the abdomen grey, with brownish-black reflections, and the
usual angulated black dorsal stripe ; the intermediate tibiae are gradually (not
abruptly, as in H. armata ) thickened towards their extremities, and ciliated with
very short hairs on the inner sides of the thickened parts ; the posterior tibiae are
slightly curved inwards, ciliated along the whole of their external surfaces with a
row of hairs of moderate and even lengths ; and have on their inner sides some long
hairs in the middle, and others which become shorter towards each extremity ; the
wings are slightly fuscous. It is not uncommon.

H. SOCIELLA, Zett.

This is a well-marked species, of about the same size as the last. The thorax
has a grey tinge, the shoulders being whitish ; the abdomen is ash-grey, marked by
a narrow black sub-interrupted dorsal stripe, with very indistinct or no angular dila-
tations ; the intermediate legs have the femora ciliated with long hairs of even
lengths along their posterior surfaces, and are furnished with a long row of spines
on their under sides ; the middle tibiae have yellow bases, are very slightly thickened
towards their extremities, and ciliated with soft short hairs along the whole length
of their inner surfaces ; the posterior tibiae are simple, having no bristles or long
hairs on their sides, with the exception of the two or thi’ee usual spines on their
outer surfaces. A rare species. I only possess a single male, captured near
Bicester, Oxon.

H. SERENA, Rail.

This is a small species, only from to 2 lines in length; the calyptra are
small, with scales almost equal in size ; the wings have a brownish tinge ; the abdo-
men is narrow, and often with a reddish or yellowish tinge, and somewhat translucent

1882.]

205

at the base ; it is marked by the usual angular stripe (as in H. scalaris ) ; the legs
are often piceous ; the middle femora are ciliated beneath with long hairs, the mid-
dle tibiae are thickened along their lower halves, and ciliated nearly the whole length
of their inner sides, the hairs becoming longer towards the apices ; the posterior
tibiae have a few long hairs of irregular lengths on their outer sides, and only the
usual short adpressed ones on their inner surfaces ; the poisers and scales are some-
times fuscous. Not very common.

H. FLORICOLA, Meig.

This species may be readily known by its brownish wings, and widish, straight,
interrupted dorsal band on the abdomen, having no angular dilatations. The tibiae,
especially the posterior ones, are piceous or sub-rufous ; and there are six strong
projecting spines on the infra-thoracic surface, one arising from the base of each
coxa. Not uncommon.

H. CARBONARIA, Rond.

This little black species is well marked, and generally distributed ; the calyptra
are small, and, with the halteres, black ; the wings are fuscous ; the abdomen is
short and wide, flattened, and marked with the usual angulated dorsal stripe ; the
middle tibiae are thickened towards their ends, which are shortly ciliated on the
inner sides ; the posterior tibiae are unarmed ; there is a minute black spur or tooth-
like process on the under-side of each middle metatarsus at its base ; a similar but
larger process is found in the same situation in H. armata ; on close inspection with
-a good lens, this is apparently formed by a pencil of rigid black hairs. I believe
this species to be identical with the A. area of Meigen, but not with that of Zetter-
stedt ; the latter is considered by Loew to be the same as the A. gibbera of Meigen,
and to belong to the genus Azelia.

(To be continued) .

MEASUREMENTS IN DESCRIPTIVE ENTOMOLOGY ; A SUGGESTION.

BY R. McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &c.

The following remarks now almost exclusively concern British
entomologists. Very few years ago they might have been applied far
more universally. The substance of them amounts to a suggestion
that millimetres , and not inches and lines , nor inches and fractions ,
should be used in all descriptions ; in effect the decimal system should
be accepted.

At the present moment, there may be considered to be no existing
“ custom” amongst British entomologists, but many of them have
anticipated my suggestion by rendering it inapplicable to themselves.
In the volume of “Transactions” of the Entomological Society of
London for 1881, I find “descriptive” papers from the pens of
sixteen authors, ten of whom use “ inches ” or “ lines ” (or fractions),
while six use “millimetres.” And more than the “thin end of the

206

[February,

wedge ” has been inserted, for it was only quite recently that “ milli-
metres ” were used at all, excepting in quotations.

Carrying my analysis outside the entomological publications of
this country, I scarcely find (excepting in some issued in the British
Colonies) any system of measurement employed other than by milli-
metres.

The old descriptive authors (commencing with Linne) did not, as
a rule, think it necessary to indicate any dimensions other than com-
parative, thus arguing that their readers should possess at least as
much knowledge as they. Later, a system of measurement by “inches”
and “lines ” was instituted, and outside this country this was usually
based upon the “Paris inch” ( cf. Burmeister’s “Manual,” English
translation, p. 26), but not universally, for there were “inches ” other
than Parisian (excluding our own). The “Paris inch” (which was
divided into 12 “lines,” as is our own) equalled about l|th English
(i. e., about 1 inch, lj lines), and, occasionally, the “Paris inch” and
decimals were employed. Until quite recently (as already demon-
strated), English authors used the English inch and lines (or fractions)
exclusively. When we consider that the old “Paris inch” equalled
about 28 millimetres, and that the English inch measures slightly over
25 millimetres, it is easy to imagine that much confusion and error re-
sulted from this employment of a term which had such a striking
discrepancy in its possible interpretation according to the nationality
of the describer. This discrepancy may appear small to the general
travelling public whose ideas have been “ enlarged ” when trying to
equalize an English and German “ mile,” but it seriously affects en-
tomologists who occupy themselves with the study of minute insects,
or of the comparative lengths of the parts of an insect. The use of
the English “ inch ” is liable to more than double the chance of error
than if millimetres had been employed to give effect to the author’s
meaning. (Occasionally, authors have used centimetres and milli-
metres, or fractions of a centimetre, the latter course being especially
objectionable).

Measurement by lines (whether “ Parisian ” or English) fails in
minute insects. It is not, therefore, necessary to enlarge on the
custom universal with investigators of minute forms of animal (or
vegetable) life, to whom the microscope (with powerful objectives)
and micrometer are absolute necessities ; these use the decimal
system ; no other would avail. With these it is often necessary to
carry the decimal system to extreme minuteness ; for all practical
purposes in entomological descriptions (concerning external anatomy
only) the millimetre (with large fractions) is sufficient.

207

To conclude. The “ descriptive entomologists ” of Britain (and
her Colonies) are now nearly equally divided between those who use
the English inch (and divisions) and those who employ millimetres.
Those who still adhere to the former system of measurement isolate
themselves from (and occasion unnecessary trouble to) their brethren
of nearly all other nationalities. In addition to this they sometimes
inadvertently introduce an item of uncertainty into their descriptions
which might he reduced to a practical minimum by the employment of
millimetres. When Teuton, Gaul, Sclav, and “ our American Cousin,’ 9
are approximately agreed on a certain course as best suited to the
advancement of science, we “ Britishers ” should not be divided as to
its importance.

Lewisham, London : $th January , 1882.

AN ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW GENERA OF THE EPHEMJERID2E.

BY THE BEY. A. E. EATON, M.A.

(Supplementary from p. 27).

Amongst specimens of foreign Ephemeridce , very kindly lent me by
Dr. Hagen, are represented the following new genera :

Hagenultjs, n. g.

Allied to Adenophlelia (Ent. Mo. Mag., xvii, 194), hut differing
as follows : — Hind-leg scarcely longer than the intermediate-leg, their
ungues dissimilar in form and size ; fore tibia of <$ about twice and a
half as long as the femur. The first axillary nervure of the fore-wing,
instead of the anal nervure, receives the extra longitudinal nervures
interpolated between them. Hind- wing with a large unciform costal
projection, and with very simple neuration. Egg-valve about as long
as the last three abdominal segments taken together, narrowed from
its base to about its middle, and from thence to its apex, forming a
split tube, through which the eggs are discharged ; ventral mem-
braneous projection of the $ penultimate segment acutely excised and
bifid. Type, R. caligatus , (in Rotamanthus ), Hag., MS., from Cuba.

Hagenulus caligatus , n. sp.

JPotamanthus caligatus (Hag., MS.).

Sub-imago dried. S • Wings transparent pale bistre-grey : neuration slightly
opaque, some of the cross-veinlets in the first three areas of the fore-wing marked
with black, most of the others in the disc of the wing faintly bordered with greyish ;
in seven cross-veinlets in the marginal area before the nodal point. Setae annu-
lated with black.

Imago [in life, has olive-brown oculi, light brown ochreous body, with a small
black or brown spot on each side of every abdominal segment, &c. : teste Gundlach,

208

[February,

Hag., MS.], ? , dried. Thorax above, luteo-fuscou8 ; abdomen discoloured, the seg-
ments darker posteriorly, the venter paler than the dorsum. Wings transparent,
the marginal area of the fore-wing slightly discoloured, and containing about seven
simple cross-veinlets before, and eleven beyond, the nodal point : neuration piceous,
nearly every cross-veinlet marked with a roundish blackened spot. Legs dull pale
brownish-yellow, each with the femur twice banded with piceous, the distal ex-
tremity of the tibia black, and the tarsus sub-lutescent [“ with darker tip to the
tarsus,” G-undl., MS.]. Setae white, or greyish- white, with black annulations and
joinings ; the annulations towards the base of the setae at every joint, then at every
alternate joint, and, still further from the base, at every third joint. Long, corp.,

5- — 7‘5 ; al., 7'5 — 8- ; setae circiter, 10 mm.

Hab. : Rangel Mountains, Cuba, in June (Poey, Chas. Wright:
and Grundlach ; Hag. Mus.). There is no im. in the collection, but:
only a sub-imago with seven cross veinlets in the marginal area of the
fore-wing before the nodal point ; but there are four im. of, perhaps,
another species which have none there, and only nine in the pterostig-
matic space. Their thorax seems to be piceous, and their wings are
spotless.

Teloganodes, n. g.

Allied to JEphemerella , having the anal nervure of the fore-wing
similarly approximated to the 1st axillary nervure towards the wing-
roots ( vide Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1871, pi. ii, 5), but differing, as
follows : — Hind- wing obo Fate-oblong, sub-similar in outline to that of
Hahroplilehia ( vide op. cit ., pi. v, 2), but more obtuse: neuration ex-
tremely simple, comprising three longitudinal nervures, viz. : a strong
sub-costa terminating near the extremity of the costal projection,
followed by a forked and a simple nervure comparable with the 2nd
and 3rd nervures in the hind-wing of Bcetis pumilus (op. cit., pi. v,
25a). Two caudal setae. Type, T. tristis, (in Cloe), Hag. Distrib.,
Ceylon.

Leptohtphes, n. g.

Allied to Tricorythus, but differing as follows : — Caudal setae, 2.
Wings with more numerous cross-veinlets in the disc (none in the
marginal area), and having the recurrent membrane produced (as in
Oligoneuria , &c.) into a short, free, subulate prolongation at the peak 11
of the mesonotum ; the terminal and inner margins, perhaps, fringeless. **

LeptoJiyph.es eximius , n. sp.

Adult ? dried. Body discoloured, pitch-black. Wings transparent, talcose^
or slightly dimned with very pale sepia-greyish ; neuration pitch-brown. Fore- »i
legs greyish-black ; hinder femora greyish-black, hinder tibiae and tarsi greyish-white. u(
Setae dull whitish. Long. corp. (shrunken), 4 ; al., 8, setae circiter, 8 mm.

Hah. : Cordova, Argentine Republic. HI!

ft

Croydon : 10 th January , 1882.

1882.]

209

Notes on Lepidoptera in Roxburghshire in 1881.— I hare made a few notes on
some species of Lepidoptera which I have taken, and larvse I have reared to pupse,
this summer, which may be of some interest to record. During the months of June
and J uly there were extraordinary numbers of the common Noctuce, the sugared
trees on some nights being perfectly covered with them ; the species in greatest
force being Apamea basilinea, Xylophasia rurea, Hadena thalassina and adusta,
Noctua c-nigrum , and many others. The autumn, however, owing to continued cold
and wet, has been very unproductive, and many species commonly seen have been
meagrely represented, and of others I have scarcely seen a specimen. I may mention
that any of the species I have to note of which I had any doubt as to identity have
been seen (including all four specimens of Triphcena subsequa ) and confirmed by
Mr. G. G. Barrett, and so may be relied upon. I have seen little of the group of
Sphingina, and can only note two species, viz. : a fine, newly-emerged specimen of
the common Smerinthus populi, found clinging to a flower-stem in J une ; and, on
August 24th, a friend sent to me a fine, large, live specimen of Sphinx convolvuli,
which he found clinging to the outside sash of a window — it is a very large specimen,
measuring five inches across the wings, when set out in the usual English fashion.
The larva of Smerinthus populi is very common on every species of Salix and
Ropulus in this district, and I have reared a rather large number successfully. Of
the Notodontidce I have succeeded with the following, viz. : Cerura furcula, which
seems scarce ; Notodonta ziczac and dromedarius are both moderately common
(I have twenty-eight pupse of the latter, and about as many of the former) and
generally distributed. I may mention that I found one larva of dromedarius on
alder almost saffron-yellow in colour, and it remains to be seen whether or not the
imago will show any variation from the usual type. Leiocampa dictcea is pretty
common on poplar, but dictceoides is a scarce species ; I got a few of the larvse on
birch, all of which pupated successfully ; in colour they were of a uniform, purple,
shining brown, the raised lateral yellow lines being broad and very conspicuous.
Lophopteryx camelina is plentiful on sallow, oak, and birch, the two former apparently
being preferred. I also took larvse of Clostera reclusa, which seems very scarce. I
got a number of the larvse of Rombyx quercus , var. callunce on heath, and was suc-
j cessful with them, having fourteen cocoons from eighteen larvse. In the imago Btate,
I took Cilix spinula, in fine condition, in July. Of Noctuce, Thyatira batis, not
seen previously here, and a number of fine specimens of Acronycta ligustri.
Leucania lithargyria and comma were both moderately common, and Nonagria
fulva plentiful, in September. Of the genus Triphcena, I took four specimens of
subsequa in July, also a fine specimen of fimbria in August, and another in Septem-
ber. Noctua augur, although not considered a scarce species, appears to be so here,
as I only took one good specimen. Noctua c-nigrum was plentiful throughout June
and July ; triangulum is scarce, and I secured two good specimens only, and one or
two others in worn condition ; brunnea and rubi are both common. Of the Tcenio-
campce I took two specimens of gracilis, on sallow bloom, in the beginning of May,
and several good specimens of Aplecta herbida, from sugared trees, in J une and
July, and in the former month a fine specimen of Kadena rectilinea. Anarta myr-
tilli was unusually plentiful. I took of the Plusiidce only one notable species, viz. :
Plusia festucce, on July 13th, which seems very early for its appearance. Of Geo-

210

[February,

metres I got, in September, three specimens of Fnnomos tiliaria, and one of Himera
pennaria; and, in July, several fine specimens of Venusia cambrica; Macaria liturata
was moderately common in the fir-woods, and the males of Fidonia- piniaria were in
great force, the female not so easily found, although I secured several, I took
Scodiona belgiaria, on moorland, in fine condition, in June. Anisopteryx cescularia
and Larentia multistrigaria were not common, although I got of each several good
specimens. Of the Fupithecice, among others, subfulvata and absynthiata ; and the
following Micro- Lepidoptera, viz. : Simaethis pariana, Fudorea cratcegalis, Tortrix
Forsterana , Per one a variegana, mixtana, and ferrugana, Teras caudana, Sciaphila
virgaureana, Phoxopteryx unguicella and myrtillana, Fupoecilia angustana and
ciliella, Depressaria nervosa , Cerostoma vittella, Plutella Dalella, Tinea semifulvella
and cloacella, Swammerdamia comptella , Chauliodus chcerophyllellus, Nemophora
Schwarziella, Gracilaria Swederella, and Flachisia apicipunciella. — A. Elliot,
Samieston, Jedburgh, N.B. : November 23rd, 1881.

[Mr. Elliot asks me to add to his communication a few words on several inter-
esting species, which he has not mentioned : — Hepialus velleda, var. car mis, one
very beautiful specimen. Oporabia autumnaria, several fine and well-marked speci-
mens, with fore-wings certainly more triangular than those of O. dilutata or
filigrammaria ; these I understand were taken on a heath, higher than the locality
in which Mr. Elliot found filigrammaria among sallow. Cheimatobia boreata, very
fine specimens, having the marginal black dots distinctly shown on fore- and hind-
wings. I may also mention that the four Triphcena subsequa, taken in Roxburgh-
shire, have very much darker fore-wings than any I have before seen. They
contrast handsomely with Suffolk specimens. — Chas. G\ Barrett.]

Scarcity of Colias Fdusa in 1881. — This does not appear to^ have been a
“year” for this species, if one may judge from the absence of notices of captures
in the Entomological periodicals ; nor was it plentiful last year, or the year before.
I have seen but one example myself this season, and that a large and very brightly
coloured female which I captured at Penzance, while she was depositing eggs on
some Lotus plants. She was at once placed in a breeding cage, with a growing
plant of Lotus, and furnished with a piece of sponge moistened in syrup, and in
about a fortnight’s time laid some 150 eggs. A few of these were sent to my friend
Mr. Gr. C. Bignell, of Plymouth, and the remainder, in due course, hatched. The
young larvae grew very well, and looked in a most satisfactory condition until just
attaining their last moult, when nearly all of them sickened, turned black, and
perished, and only about a dozen of them assumed the pupa state, and these also,
in a short time, turned black and shrivelled up, although the wing cases of a few of
them became of a bright yellow, showing that the perfect insect was fully developed
and ready to emerge. I account for my failure in bringing these larvae to maturity
to want of sufficient sun, and the abundance of rain, during the whole time they
were feeding, for they were kept quite exposed in my garden, and often for days at
a time their food plants were saturated with moisture. Mr. Bignell fared no better
with the eggs I sent him. — G-ebyase F. Mathew, H.M.S. “Espiegle,” Funchal,
Madeira : \3th December, 1881.

1882.

211

Smerinthus populi and Notodonta dictcea double-brooded. — Notwithstanding the
unusually cold wet season — for, with the exception of a few weeks at tjie end of
June and beginning of July we had, in the North of Devon, very little of what could
be called real warm summer weather — these species were double-brooded. Larvse of
the former were observed the middle of July, and again up to the second week in
October, and this latter brood were nearly all the beautiful golden-green variety with
sub-dorsal row of large red spots, rarely to be seen among the first brood. Larva of
N. dictcea also occurred the end of July, and were taken again, quite small, on 3rd
October, so that most of this brood must have perished, for the easterly and
westerly gales of the middle of the month completely blackened and killed the few
fresh leaves then remaining. — Id.

Nepticula agrimonice , Heyden , a species new to Britain. — In October and
November, 1879, when searching for larvae of Nepticula ceneofasciella in one of our
large Sussex Woodlands, I had the good luck to find in the leaflets of Agrimonia
eupatoria the larvae of a second species, which pupated in their mines and yielded
the above Nepticula in the following spring. The larvae are locally very plentiful,
and 20 — 40 may often be found in a single leaf. They seem to prefer the radical and
lower cauline leaves of those plants which are well sheltered by brambles, &c. Not
being able to find any empty mines, I infer that there is only one brood in a year.
I cannot end this note without thanking Mr. Stainton for kindly naming some
specimens for me, and for referring me to the accounts of this species in the Ento-
mologists’ Annual (1868, p. 47 and 1874, p. 46) which I had overlooked. — W. H.
Ballett Fletcher, 6, The Steyne, Worthing, Sussex : January , 1882.

[Yon Heinemann remarks (Wiener entom. Monatschrift, 1862, p. 312), “that
this species is readily distinguished from its allies by the form of the anterior wings,
which appear of unusual breadth beyond the middle, by the longer cilia,” so that
from the costa to the anal angle is a greater distance than usual in this group. The
male, as remarked by Yon Heinemann, has the anterior wings “more grey than
black.” The general appearance is, however, much that of Nep. angulifasciella.
The habit of pupating within the mine is, however, one that does not occur amongst
any of the allied species, and a good character is thereby at once afforded. Yon
Heyden’s notice in the Stettin, entom. Zeitung for 1861, gives the earliest mame
for this insect, Nepticula agrimonice. — H. T. S.]

Be-discovery of Anerastia Farrella. — In July last, I paid a visit one afternoon
to some sand-hills on the northern coast of Norfolk, and after boxing several species,
such as Agrotis valligera and tritici, Crambus inquinatellus and Warrinqtonellus,
and Anerastia lotella, which were dislodged from the grass and other herbage grow-
ing there, I took seven specimens of a Lepidopteron somewhat resembling, as I then
thought, Anerastia lotella, but smaller and more conspicuously marked. This, upon
arriving home, I pronounced to be A. Farrella, but noting the rarity of the species I
sent one a short time afterwards to Mr. C. Gr. Barrett, who has informed me that I
had named the insect correctly. In the Norfolk list of Lepidopterq, compiled by
Mr. Barrett and issued in 1874, is a remark on A. Farrella which I cannot do better

212

[February,

than quote here. “ The original specimens of this species were taken by a Mr. Farr,
who collected in Norfolk about 30 years ago. He went to London about 1844 and
afterwards died ; it is, therefore, impossible now to ascertain the exact locality of
the specimens, but they appear to have been taken either near Yarmouth or Lowes-
toft. Probably the species is to be found on the sands of the Norfolk and Suffolk
ooasts.” — Edward A. Atmore, 8, Union Street, King’s Lynn : December 13 th, 1881.

Eulepia grammica. — This day I have had a pleasure I never expected, viz. : to
pin in my cabinet a veritable British specimen of E. grammica. About two months
ago I went over to Keighley in Yorkshire to see an old man that T. H. Allis used to
call upon ; his name is Jesse Miller, one of the older type of collectors, that collected
for love, and unless Labrey or Allis called he had no correspondents, still less with
any dealers. Well, Allis tried hard to get the E. grammica, but Jesse kept the
moth. I asked him who took it, and he said that John Armstrong took it about 46
years ago, in Wharfedale, when shaking the boughs of trees for caterpillars. I now
copy from his letter to-day — “ you need have no fear of its being British, it is the
only one of the kind I ever saw.” I may add, the specimen is old and perfect but
badly set, and much smaller and duller looking than any foreign specimens I have
seen ; it is a male. — J. B. Hodgkinson, 15, Spring Bank, Preston : Jan. 4th , 1882.

Mimceseoptilus HodgJcinsoni verstis Loewii. — I see my “ plume ” is threatened
with extinction. Has any one seen the original Eodgkinsoni that I took? I fancy
C. S. Q-regson could give a good account of it, he has a good drawing of it and I rather
think a specimen ; the late Henry Doubleday wrote to me that I had sent him a new
plume and a new Tortrix , the “ plume ” was Hodgkinsoni, the Tortrix, Euchromia
rufana. A little more information may not be out of place. I never either saw or
heard tell of a Loewii being taken any nearer than Southport, quite 50 miles away
and a sea between ; another thing the plant Centaury does not occur within
miles of where I took this insect. — Id.

Amblyptilia punctidactyla. — This plume I took some years ago in the autumn,
in the Clee Hill district of Shropshire, on the wing, and bred two specimens from
larvae sent me by a friend, found in the same locality, but a different part of it.
The larvae were feeding on Stachys sylxiatica, and the pupa remained suspended
to the spike on which the larva had fed ; on finding, subsequently, in this county,
larvae that appeared precisely similar feeding on the same plant, and eventually I
suspending themselves in the same way, I hoped that I had reared a good series of
the same plume, but they all, without exception, turned out to be A. acanthodactyla.
The larvae and pupae were so similar that the characteristic difference must be very ,
slight : both were green, with a slight purplish tinge in some, both slightly hairy. '
My friend has since taken and reared larvae from the same plant in Dorsetshire, which i .
have produced punctidactyla. From this, I judge that A. punctidactyla is often ; ^
overlooked, and mistaken for acanthodactyla, and that it is worth while in the ,
coming season to examine more closely the plume larvae feeding on this plant, with .
a view to clear, if possible, these two plumes from confusion. Acanthodactyla is

1882. J

213

common in this county, but I have never yet seen the other species here. — H.
Williams, Croxton, Norfolk: January , 1882.

[We learn from Professor Frey’s remarks, Stettin, ent. Zeitung, 1871, p. 125,
that he had also bred both these plumes from Stachys sylvatica, but those he referred
to cosmodactyla differed somewhat from the ordinary form of that species, such as
he had been in the habit of breeding from the seeds of columbine (Aquilegia vul-
garis). However, he could only look upon these specimens as being a variety of
cosmodactyla, having once bred one similar specimen from columbine, amongst a
hundred of the ordinary insect.

As the fifteen bred from Stachys sylvatica were all precisely similar, he sug-
gested that they might bear the name of cosmodactyla, var. stachydalis. The
punctidactyla of the Manual is the cosmodactyla of Frey and Staudinger. — H. T. S.]

Oxytelusfulvipes in Warwickshire. — Whilst searching to-day for Ocyusa picina
and Gymnusa variegata (both of which species I obtained) in some boggy ground at
Sutton Park, near here, I found several specimens of Oxytelus fulvipes, a species
hitherto found only (in this country), I believe, in Needwood Forest. — W. Gr. Blatch,
214, G-reen Lane, Smallheath, near Birmingham : Jamiary 18 th, 1882.

Influence of size of elytra on flight in beetles. — In last November’s Magazine,
p. 138, are some notes of mine on the influence of air-currents on Coleoptera, and
into these notes the Editors have introduced the following paragraph : — “ It would,
however, be difficult to base any general theory upon these facts, as so many
mountain species have very abbreviated elytra and no wings at all, and such wet-
loving sluggish creatures as Acrognatha have short elytra utterly disproportionate
to the length of their body.”

Now I should class Acrognatha with the Btedii and Trogophleei mentioned in
my note, for it has ample wings and on still evenings doubtless flies. But had it
ample elytra the least breeze or air-current would wraft it away from the subaquatic
areas essential for it. I do not know to what genera the “ many mountain species ”
with abbreviated elytra and no wings belong. Yet I can imagine species in which
the shortened wing case, owing to a perpetually disturbed atmosphere, would be in-
sufficient to enable them to retain their location, and in this case they might either
die out or become apterous. It is possible even that a further modification would
occur, viz. : the elytra might become soldered together as an insect ceases to raise
them. Mr. Wollaston many years since referred the apterous forms of Coleoptera ,
so abundant in Maderia, to the strong breezes continually passing over that group of
Islands, and what I believe is that the shortened wing cases of Coleoptera is a protec-
tion in a less disturbed atmosphere, namely, in the ordinary air-currents of temperate
latitudes. For the past two weeks I have been noticing the flight of Coleoptera
here, and comparing the movements of insects with those of Japan. In beating for
specimens you knock numbers into the umbrella, but the difficulty is to secure them.
Ordinary beetles, such as Hispa, Languria, and Opilus which are sluggish species in
Japan, here often escape by flight before you can put a finger on them, and this
activity I believe can be referred to the calm and generally currentless atmosphere
of the tropics, which enables species with ample elytra to acquire a rapid and

214

[February,

energetic flight without being involuntarily carried away from their food-plants, or
the situations suited for their habits. How if there is truth in these latter remarks,
Brachelytra should be much rarer in the stillness of the tropics than in the more
disturbed atmospheres of the temperate regions, and I think my collections here will
prove this. — Gr. Lewis, Hadley, Dickoya, Ceylon : 12 th December , 1881.

Capture of Cassida vittata near Hastings. — During last summer I captured
this species along the road from Battle to Robertsbridge, and I thought it might be
worth recording in your Magazine. — F. W. Savage, University School, Hastings :
January , 1882.

More Tropical Notes. — I have read Mr. W. B. Pryer’s “ Tropical Notes ” (Ent.
Mo. Mag., vol. xvii, p. 241) with great interest, and though I agree with him that
on the whole the accounts of the fauna and flora of the Tropics are greatly exag-
gerated by travellers, still my experience in the Western Tropics, in Chiriqui and
other parts of central America, differ greatly from those of Mr. Pryer in the East ;
I do not find such an absence of life even in the dense forest, nor can I say that
butterflies in particular are never found under the forest canopy. Mr. Pryer (who
tells us very little about the Coleoptera ) gives a somewhat dismal account of the
productions of the foi'est which will certainly not apply to this part of the New
World. The forests of the tierra caliente of Central America are perhaps more open
than in Borneo, lofty trees with dense undergrowth of palms, tree ferns, &c., and
though beautiful flowers are few and far between, still the foliage-plants in a great
measure compensate for their absence. I seldom enter the forest without meeting
with a flock or two of one or more species of monkeys, macaws, and other brightly
coloured birds, two species of Morpho, two of Caligo, many Heliconidce (the beauti-
ful transparent winged Ithomice especially), species of Satyridce that I never find
excepting beneath the forest canopy, various Erycinidce, &c. ; it is true that more
species of butterflies will be found outside the virgin forest, in the second growth
and along the banks of the rivers, &c., as the Papilionidce, Pieridce, Hesperidce,
species of Anartia, Junonia, Danais, Agraulis, Callicore, &c., these are rarely if ever
to be seen in the forest. Coleoptera, however, are very rare comparatively in the
forests of the hot country, the coffee-regions or zone of 2000 — 3000 ft. or more
elevation is infinitely more productive ; I find at least double the number of
species and individuals in those districts, and the new clearings made in the forests
for planting coffee are the most productive places, here Coleoptera (especially small
species) abound, many species of Lebiidce , Lampyridce, Lycidce, Lougicorns, Chry-
somelidce, Hispidce, &c. Hemiptera, especially the Pentatomidce , Coreidce, and
Fulgoridce are perhaps commoner in the forests of the hot country. Though one
does not find in this Western Tropical forest all the gaily coloured birds, insects, &c.
at once, still they are there, and, in a residence of a few months, one becomes
acquainted with them. I confess myself I was greatly disappointed with my first
impression of the Tropical Forest, but, after a long residence, my opinion has greatly
changed, and I can confirm Mr. Pryer’s eastern experiences in one thing only, that
is in the absence of flowers. — Geo. C. Champion, Bugafita, Chiriqui, Estado de
Panama, U. S. Colombia: December, 1881.

1882 ]

215

IftiifUJ.

Les Cynipides, Ire partie. — La generation alternante chez les Cynipides par
Dr. H. Adler, de Schleswig, traduit et annote par J. Lichtenstein (de Montpellier) :
suivi de la Classification des Cynipides d’apres le Dr. Gr. Mayr, de Yienne. Mont-
pellier; C. Coulet: Paris; J. B. Bailliere et fils : Bordeaux; Feretetfils: Berlin;
R. Friedlander et fils. 1881 : pp. i — xv and 1 — 141 : 8vo, with 2 coloured plates.

Dr. Adler’s well-known theory of the alternation of generation in Cynipides is of
extreme interest to all scientific entomologists, but the treatise in the G-erman
language in which it was propounded (c/*. Ent. Mo. Mag., xvii, p. 259), is not in
many hands in this country, and this translation of it into French by M. Lichtenstein
will prove to be a real boon to students in England as well as in France, and will
doubtless conduce to extended observation and experiment. The translation has been
made with the sanction of Dr. Adler, who has also aided in its production by giving
the original large folded coloured plates, without which, as Lichtenstein says, it
would have been difficult to comprehend some points. In the “ Introduction ” (from
which an extract will be given) M. Lichtenstein avows his adhesion to Dr. Adler’s
theory, and interprets the facts observed as being in accordance with his own ideas
of the biology of Aphides, which have frequently been adverted to in this Magazine.

Part 2 of the work is to contain a description of new species found in the
South of France.

Professor C. G. A. Giehel, the successor to Burmeister in the direction of the
Museum, and professorship, at Halle, died on the 15th November last. He was
born at Quedlinburg, 13th September, 1820. His writings were very versatile,
but probably he was best known as a palaeontologist, and many papers on fossil
insects were written by him. Outside palaeontology he published much on the
Bird-Lice {Mallophaga) which he made his speciality, and in 1874 he produced
an enormous folio work, with 20 coloured plates, on these creatures, under the title
“ Insecta Epizoa,” which, to a great extent, should be regarded (as the title-page
indicated) as a posthumous work by Nitzsch, edited by Griebel, but with very much
original matter by the latter. In journalism he was known as the chief editor, for
many years, of the “ Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften,” which
holds a respectable position amongst Natural History journals in Germany.

Jules Putzeys. We regret to announce the death, at Brussels, on the 2nd of
January, of this prominent Coleopterist, in the 73rd year of his age. Putzeys held
high official government appointments in Belgium, and at his death was general
honorary secretary to the Minister of Justice, in addition to other honours, not the
least of which was that of “ Trustee ” of the Belgian Museum of Natural History.
He was especially a Carabologist, and his first published entomological paper related
to this group, and appeared in the Stettin Zeitung for 1845, and that journal con-
tains many of his somewhat voluminous writings, almost down to date, though he

216

[February. 1S82.

also published much through the various channels for such memoirs in Belgium.
His death, following so soon on that of Baron Chaudoir, leaves a great gap in the
students of this special branch in Europe. We have reason to believe that his
collections have been bequeathed to the Belgian National Museum, the already
extensive riches of which they will greatly swell. In him Belgium has lost one of
her most highly honoured and respected naturalists.

North Middlesex Natural History Association. — We hear that under the above
name a new Natural History Society has been established at Holloway (temporary
address, 26, Ingleby Road, Grove Road), to which we wish every success. The
Annual Subscription is Half-a-G-uinea. The Meetings are held every Tuesday, at
8 p.m. — Eds.

The “ Rivista Scientijico-Industriale e G-iornale del Naturalista .” — The old-
established Italian Magazine indicated in the first half of the above title, now
appears in an enlarged form with a strong natural history direction, under the
editorship of Prof. Guido Yimercati, Treasurer of the Italian Entomological Society,
with whom (amongst others) are associated the following names known to Ento-
mologists, viz. : — P. Bargagli, G. Cavanna, G. Malfatti, and P. Stefanelli. It appears
twice monthly, and the subscription (outside Italy) is 12 francs (address, G-. Yimer-
cati, 1, Piazza Cavalleggieri, Florence). “All original notes possessing general
interest will be published in three foreign languages, English, French, and German.”
We are rather sorry to notice that a lottery (prizes of books, ajDparatus, or collections)
is offered as an inducement to subscribers. — Eds.

Entomological Society of London : Anniversary Meeting, January 18 th,
1882. — H. T. Stainton, Esq., E.R.S., &c., President, in the Chair.

The following were elected Members of Council for the ensuing year, viz. : —
W. Cole, E. A. Fitch, F.L.S., W. A. Forbes, B.A., F.L.S., F. Du Cane Godman,
F.L.S., Rev. H. S. Gorham, F. Grut, F.L.S., W. F. Kirby, F. P. Pascoe, F.L.S.,
O. Salvin, M.A., F.R.S., E. Saunders, F.L.S., H. T. Stainton, F.R.S., Lord Walsing-
ham, M.A., F.Z.S., and C. O. Waterhouse.

The following Officers were subsequently elected, viz : — President, H. T.
Stainton ; Treasurer, E. Saunders ; Librarian, F. Grut ; Secretaries, E. A. Fitch
and W. F. Kirby.

The President read an address which was ordered to be printed, and the
Meeting terminated with the usual vote of thanks to the Officers for their services
during the past year.

March, 1832.]

217

A FEW WORDS ABOUT EPISCHNIA (ANERASTIA) FARRELLA.

BY H. T. STAINTOJT, F.E.S.

In my ‘’Attempt at a systematic catalogue of tlie British Tineidie
and Pterophoridse,” published in 1849, the following note occurs (at
p. 4) after the synonymy of Anerastia lotella :

“Mr. Doubleday and Mr. Curtis have each a specimen apparently distinct
from this, with a pure white streak from the base to the apex near the costa, the
costa itself beyond the middle being dark. They were taken at the lighthouse at
Lowestoft.”

The following year, 1850, John Curtis published in the Annals
and Magazine of Natural History (second series, yoI. v, pp. .110 — 121)
some “ Notes upon the smaller British Moths, with descriptions of
some nondescript or imperfectly characterized species.” Amongst
these notes there appears (at p. 114) a description of Anerastia
Farrella.

Mr. Curtis adds, “For a specimen of this pretty and distinct
species I am indebted to Mr. H. F. Farr : two or three were taken at
the North Lighthouse, Lowestoft, the beginning of June, 1840.”

In 1851, appeared my “ Supplementary Catalogue of the British
Tinekke and Pterophoridae,” in which (at p. 1) Anerastia Farrella is
introduced, with a reference to the Curtisian description and to the
note in my previous Catalogue, and there is added :

“ This species has also occurred on the coast near Heal.”

Fourteen years elapsed before any further notice of this species
appeared, when A. Constant described it under the name of Myelois
Lafauryella , from a single female, which he had taken in the sandy
department of Landes, during an excursion he had made there in
company with Mons. Lafaury ; this description is in the Annales de
la Societe Entomologique de France, 1865, p. 189, and is accompanied
by a figure of the insect, pi. 7, f. 1.

Four years later we learn that this insect, which had been found
on the sandy coasts of Norfolk, Kent, and Western France, was also
no rarity on the shores of the Baltic ; for in the Stettin, entom. Zeit.,
for 1869 (p. 289), Baron von Nolcken wrote as follows: —

“Near Stettin there occurs an Epischnia, which the Lepidopterists there have
collected in numbers, and have distributed under the name of Lafauryella. Lately
Dr. Schleich wrote to me that Herr Miller had likewise discovered the larvae in the
flowers of Anthyllis vulneraria ; probably in a short time we shall now learn the
entire natural history of this species. The name of Lafauryella was, as they told
me at Stettin, given to it by Constant, but I have neglected to ascertain where he
described it — but it has another and probably older name, which seems to be quite

218

[March,

unknown on the Continent, though given to it by Curtis in 1850, as pointed out to
me by Mr, Stainton when I showed him specimens of the Stettin species. Curtis
described it in 1850 as Farrella in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2nd Series, v, p. 114,
and Stainton places it in his Supp. Cat. of Tineidse, 1851 (p. 1). I mention these
references in order that when the now imminent discovery of its entire natural
history comes to be published they may be duly utilized.”

In Kaltenbach’s “ Pflanzenfeinde aus der Klasse der Insecten ”
(of which the first portion appeared in 1872), we read (at p. 119),
under Anthyllis :

“ Fpischnia Lafauryella , Const. — Herr Miller discovered the larva of this
species in the flowers of Anthyllis vulneraria, in 1869.”

In the same year, 1872, Zeller in his “ Beitrage zur Kenntniss
der nordamerikanischen Nachtfalter,” which appeared inthe“Ver-
handlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien,” has !
noticed of Fpischnia Farrella (p. 558), of which he records the j
occurrence of a specimen in North America (at Beverly in Massachu- j
setts) that

“ This species which appears to occur on all the Northern Coasts of Central I
Europe, is found on the coast of Pomerania on Anthyllis vulneraria ; the larva is
most easily obtained after it has spun up a sand-ball for hibernation by passing the ; 1
sand through a sieve ; in the spring it spins an elongate cocoon, in which it changes j ^
to the pupa-state.”

I

In 1880, we find a further notice in the Stettin, entom. Zeit., in a
paper on “ Pomeranian Micro-Lepidoptera by F. O. Biittner, with ,
additions by Professor Hering and Dr. Schleich,” here we read (at pp. < 5
393, 391) :

“ Fpischnia Farrella, Curt. ( Lafauryella , Const., Ann. Soc. Fr., 1865). — The
perfect insect is often abundant from the middle of May to the end of June amongst
the sand-hills near M.isdroy, a watering place on the Baltic Coast. The larva feeds
on Anthyllis vulneraria , is full-fed in September, when it descends below the
surface of the sand and spins a spherical ball, in which it passes the winter as larva. 1
The following spring it quits this hibernaculum and then spins an elongate cocoon, I
which in captivity is sometimes on the soil, sometimes in the corners of its cage ; ,r
within this cocoon it assumes the pupa-state in about a fortnight, and in about fli
three weeks the imago appears. In its habits and mode of life it wonderfully re- I oi
sembles the larva of Gelechia malvella, Hiib.”

It is not quite clear to me whether the three weeks begin to I
count after the pupa-state is assumed, but I should imagine that to
wrould most probably be the case. J ;Jgr

As to the habits of Gelechia malvella , which have been given in t
some detail by Fischer von Boslerstamm in his “ Abbildungen, etc.” j ct
(at p. 121), I may speak from personal experience. ] sc;

1882. J

219

The larvae of Gelechia malvella , which can be collected by hundreds
in holly-hock seeds, require to be kept out of doors ; they soon enter
the earth and there form round habitations in which they pass the
winter unchanged ; in the spring I saw them crawling about the cage
by scores, looking none the worse for a winter’s residence underground,
and not needing any further nourishment ; they soon spun their pro-
per cocoons, chiefly among leaves on the surface of the ground, and
the perfect insects came out very freely. Whether the larva of
Epischnia Farrella also crawls about in the spring is not mentioned,
but I should think it extremely probable. Perhaps on this point we
may soon obtain further information, and I should also like to hear
precisely how it treats the plants of Anthyllis vulneraria on which it
feeds ; if by rolling the leaves, by spinning web, &c.

Mountsfield, Lewisham :

February 2nd, 1882.

Anerastia Farrella . — I note that Mr. Edward A. Atmore records the rediscovery
of Anerastia Farrella. This should scarcely be called a rediscovery, because it has
been taken many times since 1844 (the date mentioned as that when Mr. Farr left
Norfolk) by Mr. Thomas Brown, of Cambridge. I received several specimens from
him about the year 1870, which he found on the sand-hills near Yarmouth, while
searching for Cr ambus fascelinellus and Nyctegretes achatinella. These specimens
are now distributed amongst the principal collections in this country. — E. Gh Meek,
56, Brompton Road, S.W. : February Qth, 1882.

LIFE HISTORY OF CALLIDR TAS DRY A, BOISD.

BY GERVASE F. MATHEW, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

This fine butterfly was local in the neighbourhood of Valparaiso,
but where its food plant occurred was tolerably plentiful. The males
flew rapidly during the heat of the noon-day sun, and, as at that time
of the day there was usually a strong breeze blowing, they were
extremely difficult to catch, for if struck at and missed, they went off
down wind at a headlong pace, and were soon lost to view. The
country they frequented was steep and bushy, with large boulders of
grey granite scattered on the surface, and in many places intersected
by deep fissures, which made it anything but pleasant for an excited
chase after such a swift-flying insect. The females were exceedingly
scarce in comparison with the males, being in the proportion of about

220

[March,

one to twelve, but they were far more easy to catch, as they flew among
the branches of their food-plant, searching for a suitable place to
deposit their eggs. Strange to say, hardly a specimen captured was
perfect, although in many instances they seemed to be fresh from the
chrysalis, yet had large pieces chipped in most cases from their hind-
wings. This was caused by the males, who, when seeking their mates,
were so numerous, that they were often to be seen in a throng fluttering
round a single female, and, in their eager struggles, urging her amongst
the low and thorny brushwood, where her wings soon became damaged.

The eggs were laid on the under-side of the terminal shoots of
Cassia Candolleana , Yog. — called by the Chilians the “ Flor del Mayo,”
— upon which shrub the larvae appear exclusively to feed. When
young they live between united leaves, but as soon as they become
half-grown, they emerge and feed exposed on the upper surface of the
leaves, continuing to do so until full-fed. They can then be seen
without much difficulty, stretched at full length along the centre of
the leaf, with their claspers firmly fixed to a silken pad. They are not
to be dislodged with a beating-stick. The mature larva is of a dark
pea-green colour, thickly irrorated wflth slightly raised black dots,
which give it a somewhat rough shagreened appearance ; a broad,
granulated, lemon-yellow and orange stripe runs just above the
spiracles, which are black ; on each segment above this yellow stripe
are four small, square-shaped black spots ; head, pro-legs, claspers, and
entire under surface pale pea-green. The whole larva bears a strong
resemblance to that of Gonepteryx rhamni. I was unable to find a I
chrysalis among the branches of the Cassia , but in confinement, the
larva, wThen full-grown, attached itself to a silken pad, encircled itself
with a thread, and, in this position, changed to a bright beautiful
green and much-angulated chrysalis, with pale yellow dorsal and
spiracular lines, and enormously developed wing-cases. The change
from larva to chrysalis was extremely rapid. A full-grown larva
which was found on the afternoon of 4th January attached itself the
same evening, and, upon looking at it at four o’clock the following
afternoon, it had, in that short time, become a chrysalis, which pro-
duced a male butterfly on the 21st of the same month, so that the 1
whole period from larva to butterfly was just seventeen days.

The perfect insects differ slightly from the descriptions and figures
in Butler’s monograph, but, probably, this difference is merely local.

H. M. S. “ Espiegle,” Madeira :

13 th December, 1881. L

1882.1

221

ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH ANTS 0MYIID2E.

BY B. H. MEADE.

{continued from 'page 205.)

13. PIEZUEA, Eond.

Gen . ch. — Head smooth and semi-circular; eyes large, bare, and
sub-contiguous in the male ; antennae long, the third joint about three
times the length of the second ; arista plumose ; alulets of moderate
size, with unequal scales ; abdomen depressed, with five distinct seg-
ments ; wings with the veins as in the genus Homalomyia ; legs
simple.

P. pabdalina, Eond.

This genus contains, as yet, only one recorded species, which bears
a strong general resemblance in form and structure to those in the
genus Homalomyia , but differs by having the arista plumose, and the
abdomen with five segments, four only being distinct in the Homa-
lomyice.

P. pardalina is of a pale yellowish colour, the face is silvery-white ; the eyes
in the male are bordered, and separated above, by a double white stripe, which ex-
tends to the vertex, where a small elongated triangular black spot is interposed,
upon which the ocelli are placed ; the antennae are yellow, with the third joint grey,
the colour becoming darker towards the end ; the thorax is pale slate-grey, and has
a wide central longitudinal dark stripe, with two lateral, somewhat semi-lunar, lon-
gitudinal spots, one over the base of each wing ; the shoulders are yellow ; the
scutellum is grey at the base, but yellow at the apex ; the abdomen is yellow, with
a more or less distinct, narrow, interrupted, black dorsal stripe on the last three
segments, and a black mark on the margins of the third and fourth segments ; the
sub-anal male appendages are large, globular, and of a yellow colour ; the legs are
entirely yellow, with the exception of the tarsi, which are black. Long. $ , 6 mill.*

I have not seen a female, but Rondani says that it is very similar to the male.

This peculiar species appears to be rare on the continent of Europe, as well as
in England. I am not aware that its occurrence has been recorded anywhere except
in Italy. I have seen two British specimens ; one was captured by myself near
Bicester, in Oxfordshire, and the other was found by Mr. C. W. Dale near Oxford.

14. AZELIA, E. Desv.

At omog aster, Macq.

Anthoniyia, p. Meig., Schin.

Aricia, p. Zett.

Gen. ch. — Head round ; eyes very large, bare, contiguous in the

* I gladly accept the suggestion made by Mr. McLachlan in the last number of this Magazine,
and for the future will use millimetres instead of lines in the measurement of Diptera.

222

[March,

!

males ; ocelli large and prominent ; frontal bristles wanting ; arista
bare, or pubescent ; alulets small, but with the scales usually unequal
in size ; abdomen cylindrico-conical, with only four distinct segments,
each of which is mostly marked with three spots, one central and
elongated, and two lateral and round ; wings veined as in the Homa-
lomyice , but with the axillary less approximated to the extremity of the
anal veins : hind tibiae of the males often bearded on one or the other
side with long hairs.

Females with the eyes separated by a moderately wide space, fur-
nished with a single row of small bristles on each side ; abdomen
pointed, and marked as in the males, but with smaller spots.

Sect. 1 — Halteres pale.

1. Macqtjarti, Staeg.

triquetra , p. Macq.

2. Zetterstedti, Rond.

triquetra , Fall, et Zett.

3. cilipes, Hal.

triquetra , p. Macq.
tibialis , Staeg.
Stceyeri, Zett.

4. triquetra, Wied. et Meig.
nudipes , Zett.

Sect. 2 — Halteres black.

6. ATERRIMA, Meig.

5. gibbera, Meig.
cerea , Zett. ?

This- group, though closely related to the Homalomyice , is well
characterized, and has been recognised as forming a distinct genus by
most modern authors, except Schiner, who, in his most valuable work
(Fauna Austriaca, Diptera ), still retains it in his great and hetero-
geneous genus Anthomyia. Jt was elaborately monographed by H.
Loew in 1874,* and revised by Rondani in 1877.f

The British species in the first section may be thus tabulated : —

Hind tibiae of $ with long hairs on both outer and inner sides... 1. Macqtjarti.

„ „ „ on inner sides only 2. Zetterstedti.

„ „ „ on outer sides only 3. cilipes.

„ „ „ on neither side 4. triquetra.

All these four species have the alulets and wings more or less fuscous
cent. A. Macquarti, which is the most common, is also usually the largest :
having long cilise on both sides of the hind tibiae, the males are also furnished witht
a single long straight bristle in the middle of the under-side of the middle femora, i E
The females sometimes have the fore tibiae piceous, or even testaceous, and may be '
found in abundance on horse-droppings in roads in woody places. I know of no [

5 or nigres-t; |
3t ; besides i

* Entomologische Miscellen., Breslau. t Dipterologise Italic* Prodromus, Vol. vi.

1882.1

223

specific characters by which they may be distinguished from the females of the allied
species. A. Zetterstedti has the long ciliae of the hind tibiae arranged in a double
row on the inner and anterior sides, and has two or three strong bristles on the
under-surface of the middle femora. This little species (usually the smallest) is not
uncommon. I do not know the female. A. cilipes has the beard on the hind tibiae
of the males longer and stronger than in either of the other species, and placed on
the outer (or rather hinder) sides only ; it has also a single very long bristle pro-
jecting straightly outwards a little before the end of the tibia below the beard. The
legs are all more or less piceous, the tibiae being often testaceous. In size it nearly
equals A. Macquarti, the males being about 5 millimetres in length. It is not
common. The female is unknown to me. A. triquetra is about the size of A.
Zetterstedti , or a little larger, the males measuring from 3£ to 4 millimetres in
length. It is easily known by its simple hind tibiae. There is usually one long
bristle on the under-side of the middle femora, as in A. Macquarti. It is generally
distributed. I have not seen the female.

A. gibbera, Meig.

This little species, from 2£ to 3 millimetres in length, has black halteres, as well
as nigrescent alulets and wings ; the thorax is deep black ; the abdomen is dark
grey, marked in the ordinary manner, but with the spots large and sometimes con-
fluent, when they become indistinct ; the scales of the alulets are very small, and
almost or quite equal in size ; the hind tibiae are ciliated on the under-side with long
hairs arranged in two rows. Very rare. I have only seen one male, captured by
Mr. Verrall at Rannoch, which he kindly sent for my inspection.

A. ATERRIMA, Meig.

This is an aberrant species, the abdomen being without the characteristic spots ;
it resembles the other species in the genus, however, by the form and structure of
the head, abdomen, and wings. It is entirely black, with the exception of a narrow
white seam on the posterior edge of each abdominal segment ; the halteres are quite
black, as well as the alulets, the scales of which are small and equal in size ; the
wings are nigrescent ; the legs are black ; there is a single straight bristle on the
under-side of each middle femur ; the hind tibiae are simple. Size of male about
3 mm. I have seen but one specimen of this little fly, also from the collection of
Mr. Verrall.

15. CCELOMYIA, Hal.

Homalomyia, , Rond.

Aricia, p. Zett.

Gen. ch. — Eyes of moderate size, bare, sub-contiguous in male,
not covering tbe lower third of the sides of the head ; forehead and
epistome rather prominent ; proboscis membranous and somewhat
elongated ; arista tomentose ; abdomen with five segments, very de-
pressed, membranaceous beneath, concave, and without plica ; alulets
small and sub-equal ; wungs and legs as in the Homalomyice.

224

[March,

This genus* differs from all the three preceding ones by having
the head more or less angular, with smaller eyes and prominent fore-
head and epistome. The concave membranaceous state of the ventral
surface of the abdomen, which looks as if the under halves of the rings
had disappeared, is not exclusively confined to this genus, for the same
peculiarity may be observed in the Homaloviyice, but the “ plica ” (a
membranous, or vascular ?, cord, with diverging processes, which con-
nects the base with the apex of the abdomen) is always present in the
latter genus, while it is very short and almost abortive in Ccelomyia.

C. mollis sima, Hal.
spatulatci, Zett.

This, the only known species, is peculiar by having the abdomen of the males
of an obovate or spatulate form ;f the wings and alulets are nigrescent ; the lialteres
yellow ; the thorax black and unstriped ; the abdomen grey, marked with a longi-
tudinal line and three broad transverse marks, which assume a triangular form, being
attenuated towards the sides ; the legs are black, the middle femora are thickened
in the centre, and furnished beneath with a strong black beard ; the middle tibiae are
narrow at the base, and become gradually larger towards the end, which is ciliated
on the inner side with short hairs.

The female has the forehead pi’ominent, the eyes separated by a wide space of a
whitish-grey colour, with a black central stripe (often red in front) ; the thorax
grey, and rather indistinctly striped ; the abdomen short, oval, and pointed, of an
uniform greyish-black colour ; the wings grey, with yellow bases ; the alulets and
halteres yellow ; the legs simple.

This peculiar species occurs chiefly in the north of England. I have found
both sexes in tolerable abundance in a swampy place in a wood near Bradford, during
the month of May, upon the flowers of Caltha palustris.

(To be continued).

ALTERNATION OF GENERATION IN THE CYNIPID2E.

BY J. LICHTENSTEIN. £

So far as oue genus at least is concerned, I am able to uphold the
theory of M. Adler. I do this with the greater pleasure, because in it
I recognise the laws that I have traced in my preceding works on the
“ Homop teres monoones,” and I am very glad to render deserved
homage to the learned compatriot of Eabricius.

* Haliday’s description is given in a note in Westwood’s Generic Synopsis at the end of the
second volume of his Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects, p. 148. It is as
follows ; “ Ccelomyia. Abdomen, 6 , obovatum, ventre concavototo membranaceo (absque plica aut
linea coriacea longitudinali). Facies brevis impressa. Peristoma oblongum. Labium sub-
elongatum (membranaceum tamen). Calyptra jam minima (ut in Homalomyia division 2, Delia
R. D.j. Antennae pedes alaeque Homalomyice.”

t I consider that this should be looked upon as a specific, and not as Haliday made it, a
generic character.

J From the “Introduction” to M. Lichtenstein’s Translation of Dr. Adler’s treatise. — Vide
ante p. 215.

1882.]

225

In November, at Montpellier, we find in abundance, under tbe
leaves of Quercus pubescens, tbe small flattened gall, in form of a small
sbirt-button, applied to tbe lower surface of tbe leaves. These brown,
ratber bard, galls fall to tbe ground in tbe winter, and from them, in
tbe spring, comes forth tbe Cynipid called Neuroterus lenticularis,
which is described by Reaumur.

All tbe individuals of a species of this genus are identically tbe
same. They have been deemed to be females, because they have an
ovipositor and eggs, but, for my part, I believe they are without sex,
and their so-called eggs are gemmations. I consider them to be larval
forms, corresponding to tbe “phase emigrante,” which I have described
in my “ Considerations sur la generation des Pucerons and I give
tbe reason why I so understand it.

I found, in tbe month of April, a Neuroterus occupied in punc-
turing a terminal bud of a young oak. Over tbe little branch bearing
this bud, I slipped a tube like a lamp-glass which I fixed thereon, at
one end, by a cork cut in two pieces, and having a notch in the centre
to admit the branch, the other end with a cover of muslin.

My Neuroterus was so busy with oviposition that it did not fly
away, and I was enabled to ascertain that it pierced the bud with its
long, spiral ovipositor, five times one after the other. The next day
it was dead, and fallen down in the tube, whence I removed it and
pinned it for my collection, having first assured myself by an attentive
examination that it was certainly Neuroterus lenticularis.

I then substituted for the tube a covering of muslin round the
branch, sufficiently large to allow the leaves to develop, and in order
to avoid any error, I removed all the buds except the one that I had
seen pierced by the Cynipid.

On the 20th April, five days afterwards, the leaves of this bud,
rather largely developed, bore five little galls of the size of small peas,
fleshy and transparent, like a white gooseberry, which were the well-
known galls from which Spathegaster baccarum is disclosed.

Half of the miracle was thus beyond doubt : an insect of the
genus Neuroterus, proceeding from the hard, button-shaped galls of
the autumn, produces by its puncture the fleshy gall of the genus
Spathegaster.

This last genus is sexuate ; it has males and females which copu-
late, and, if Dr. Adler has spoken the truth, which to me is beyond a
doubt, because I have seen it, the female of Spathegaster punctures
the leaves and deposits there the true egg, around which the Neuro-
terian gall is developed.

226

[March,

Presuming that the readers of this are acquainted with my theory
of the phases of evolution of monoic insects, I thus classify the phases
of the evolutionary cycle of Spathegaster baccarum , Liun. :

1. Eggs of the fecundated female, and the larvae pro- ) Founders.

ceeding therefrom, in the hard autumnal galls ) ( Pseudogyna fundatrix.)

Emigrants.

(P. migrans.)

G-emmations.

(P. gemmans .)

Sexuated.

( sexuata ) .

Entomological tradition makes it difficult for the mind to adopt
the idea that a winged form, having an ovipositor, and furnished in-
teriorly with a store of eggs, prodigiously like an ovary, should be only
a larva which will afterwards be reproduced as an apod, vermiform
larva, which will lead on to sexuated forms.

I admit that this is rather difficult to understand, and yet I have
before me, in my cabinet, a nymph of Cantliaris vesicatoria , which
appears quite ready to burst and render the perfect insect ; eyes, feet,
and mandibles are visible, and yet, I expect, as with Meloe and Sitaris ,
to see this pseudonymph stop in its development, again become a larva,
and only then undergo the new transformations which will end in the
perfect insect.

Why, then, should I not admit among Aphides and Cynipidce a
winged form perfectly imitating the perfect insect, except as to the
genital organs , capable of suddenly producing a new larval form, which
will eventually become sexuated P

The fact is there, broadly : I do not attempt to explain it, but
I declare it boldly ; and every one may convince himself that a
single egg of Phylloxera or a single egg of Spathegaster will produce,
after a series of diverse forms, males and females ; and before these
sexuated insects appear, would be seen winged insects which have every
sign of the perfect form, except that they are all absolutely alike (in
their well-known phase), and that they are reproduced without having
any sex, by gemmation, sometimes with organs and modes of repro-
duction so like those of true females that if it were not for the absence
of a corresponding male form, and the nature of the product accruing
— all very different from the first larva of the founders, — they might
be taken, as till now they have been taken, to be true females.

2. Winged emigrants without sex, all identical, having

a long spiral ovipositor with which the buds are
punctured ( Neuroterus lenticularis)

3. Egg-buds and larvae proceeding therefrom, which are

enclosed in a fleshy gall of the form of a gooseberry

4. Sexuated insects, Spathegaster baccarum, Linn., males

and females

1882. )

227

It is to be quite understood that I do not compel any one to
believe this, but it is very easy to verify all that I have advanced ; for
almost all plants nourish Aphides , and, at least, twenty or thirty species
of Cynipidce are abundant on our oaks ; and it is only required to show
if I am in error in what it consists. As to the anatomy, I beg to be
excused, not knowing anything of it ; but when I see a fact so patent
as, for example, that of an insect coming out of a gall, and by its
puncture producing, before my eyes , one totally different, whence comes
another insect, I can well say that the first is simply a link in the
complete evolution of the creature. This system will probably reduce
by half the number of species, and, perhaps, of the genera, in the two
groups mentioned. This is the business of the Linne of the future,
and it will not, perhaps, be a great evil.

ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE OENUS TERACOLUS OCCURRING-
AT ACCRA, HOLD COAST.

BY ARTHUR G. BUTLER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

In my Revision of the Lepidopterous genus, Teracolus (P. Z. S.,
1876, pp. 125 — 165), in which 129 species were enumerated, only five
were noted as occurring upon the G-old Coast.

Last year, Mr. E. T. Carter sent us eight examples (four species)
from Accra (representing, so far as he then knew, the whole of the
species obtainable there) : finding that the greater part of these
differed from any specimens which we possessed, he, at my request,
very kindly obtained more examples, which he has generously presented
to the Museum collection.

The following is a complete list of the species collected by
Mr. Carter.

1. Teracolus Carteri, sp. n.

? . Allied to T. Isaura and T. Helle of Abyssinia, and T. Hype rides of S. Africa ;
but decidedly larger, altogether more brightly coloured, and with much broader ex-
ternal borders than any of these species.

Wings, above, pale sulphur-yellow, the basal area, almost to the middle, suffused
with greyish-brown; a broad, internally dentate-sinuate, blackish-brown external
border ; primaries with the apical two-thirds of the costal margin blackish ; a con-
spicuous oblique black spot at the end of the cell, and a much larger, but diffused,
spot at external third of interno-median area ; apical area, almost to the middle of
the wing, vermillion-red, with a slight magenta shot, its outer edge oblique, and with
a diffused orange border ; this red area is divided by longitudinal, black-brown
stripes upon the veins, and interrupted in the middle by an oblique band, widest
upon the costa, and extending to the third median branch ; secondaries with traces

228

[March,

of the usual rectangular greyish-brown stripe, producing the appearance of a sub-
marginal series of seven inverted bell-shaped spots ; body black, with greenish-grey
hairs : wings, below, white ; the basal area broadly suffused with sulphur-yellow ;
the external border also yellowish, crossed by tapering longitudinal black stripes on
the veins ; outer margin narrowly black, fringe white ; primaries with the dis-
coidal and interno-median black spots as above ; a broad, oblique, reddish-orange,
sub-apical belt, in the centre of which is an abbreviated, oblique, dusky line, repre-
senting the narrow band of the upper surface ; secondaries with the basal half of
costal border, a streak on the interno-median interspace, the indistinct angulated
discal stripe, and a black-dotted conspicuous spot at the end of the cell, bright cad-
mium yellow ; body, below, white. Expanse of wings, 56 mm.

One fine example obtained.

2. Teeacoltjs Ocale.

$ . Aniliocaris Ocale , Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep., 1, p. 584, n. 37
(1836).

The ordinary female is described by M. Boisduval ; but his speci-
men evidently had the external area of the secondaries somewhat more
suffused with blackish than in the example before me, since the an-
gulated discal stripe is said to be confounded with the outer border ;
this character, however, is liable to variation in other species of the
genus.

The male and the albino-female fulfil Dr. Boisduval’ s supposition
respecting the male, “ nous soup9onnons que le male doit avoir une
grande analogie avec celui de cette derniere espece” (Arethusa), since
they principally differ in their smaller size, smaller and better separated
black marginal spots, and in the paler coloration of the under-surface :
Cramer’s figures of T. eborea, $ (pi. 352, C. D.), would do very well
for the male of T. Ocale , if the apical band were vermillion-red instead
of carmine.

3. Teeacoltjs Aeethusa.

$ . Papilio Arethusa , Drury, 111. Exot. Ent., II, pi. 19, figs. 5, 6
(1773) ; ( Antbocaris a ), Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep., 1, 582, n. 35

(1836).

Eive females.

The male of this species appears to be rare ; we now possess only
two, to nine females.

4. Teeacoltjs Antigone.

<$ . Anthocaris Antigone , Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep., 1, jl 572, n.
19 (1836).

1882. ]

229

The female is like a very dwarfed form of the female T. Arethusa ;
but differs on the under-surface in its altogether paler colour and
much less pronounced markings.

5. Teracolus conigee, sp. n.

3 . Nearly allied to T. gelasinus of Angola but differing in having a broad
grey stripe along the internal border of the primaries, and the base of the secondaries
grey, as in T. interruptus ; the black (internally zigzag) external blackish border of
the primaries very narrow, scarcely wider than the black costal border ; the veins
and the two black squamose spots on the orange area less prominent ; the marginal
black spots on the secondaries sharply defined and conical ; the orange sub-apical
patch on the under-surface of the primaries uniform in colour throughout ; and,
therefore, considerably larger than in T. gelasinus ; the costal border, discoidal cell,
and apical border, sulphur-yellow. Expanse of wings, 40 mm.

One example only obtained.

6. Teracolus minans, sp. n .

3 . Wings creamy-white above, with rather broad, internally dentated, external
black -brown borders, that of the primaries continuous, and throwing back longitu-
dinal blackish stripes along the veins ; that of secondaries interrupted between the
veins, so as to produce a series of sub-conical spots ; primaries with a blackish
internal streak to outer third ; apical area broadly orange, with oblique inner edge ;
two blackish dots on the third median and lower radial veins, as in the allied species ;
secondaries slightly blackish at the base ; body black, thorax slightly bluish, with
greyish hairs in front ; wings, below, white, a marginal series of black dots ;
primaries with the discoidal cell, sub-costal area and external border sulphur-yellow ;
a semi-circular, sub-apical, orange patch ; a squamose, grey, interno-median streak,
ending in a blackish spot ; a black dot at the end of the cell ; secondaries with the
basal half of costal margin orange ; an orange and black dot at the end of the cell :
body, below, white. Expanse of wings, 35 — 38 mm.

<j> . Differs from the male, above, in the broader and grey internal streak on
the primaries, in having the orange area crossed just before the middle by a slender,
oblique, elbowed black stripe, and in the decidedly broader external border of these
wings ; the secondaries differ in having a blackish costal spot, and an undulated,
squamose, blackish, or greyish, streak from the third marginal spot to the first median
branch ; below, the primaries show a trace of the oblique stripe across the orange
area ; the blackish interno-median spot is continued upwards as a small greyish spot
above the internervular fold ; the secondaries are creamy-yellow, washed with
sulphur-yellow on the external border, the orange costal stripe and discoidal spot are
more prominent, and the costal spot and discal streak of the upper surface are in-
dicated by congregations of olivaceous-grey scales.

Expanse of wings, 36 — 40 mm.

Two pairs.

This species is nearly allied to the following, but appears to me
to be distinct.

230

[March,

7. Teracoltjs PHLEGETONIA.

3 . Anthocaris pKlegetonia, Boisduval, Sp. Gen. Lep., 1, p. 576, n.
25 (1836).

The female chiefly differs from that sex of T. minans in the wider
black stripe across the orange area of the primaries, and the marking
of the secondaries above, exactly like that of the male T. Eione from
South Africa ; on the under-surface the greyish stripe across the
orange area of the primaries is far less distinct, and the secondaries
are altogether paler. Expanse of wings, 43 mm.

One female example.

This concludes, so far as is at present known, the species to be
obtained at Accra.

British Museum :

January , 1882.

NOTES ON THE ENTOMOLOGY OF PORTUGAL.

VII. COLEOPTERA.

Collected by the Rev. A. E. Eaton in 1880.

BY H. W. BATES, E.E.S., AND D. SHARP, M.B.

[The Coleoptera collected by Mr. Eaton may probaby prove not of
so much importance as the insects of other Orders, in consequence of
the beetle-fauna of the country having already been much studied.
We think it advisable, however, to give a list of the species captured,
with localities, and more especially because Prof. M. P. d’ Oliveira has
just commenced in the “ Pevista da Sociedade de Instruc9ao do Porto,”
ii, No. 2 (February, 1882), a “Catalogue des Insectes du Portugal”
(printed in French), commencing with the Coleoptera. — Eds.].

GEODEPHAGA.

Cicindela campestris, L. — One example, Cea, approaching in its
somewhat flattened and strongly granulated elytra the local form
maroccana ; in colour it is conformable to the typical campestris.

Cardbus galicianus , Gory. — One example, near Villa Peal.

C. melancholicus , Fab. — Cea.

C. Steuarti, Deyrolle (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1852, p. 240, t. 5, f. 3).
— One ? example, near Villa Peal, beside a streamlet at an altitude of
2700 feet. This species has been long considered a variety of the
C. guadarramus of Central Spain, but its specific rank has lately been
pointed out by Dr. L. von Heyden (Deutsch. entom. Zeits., 1880, p.

1882.]

231

2b2), who has found that, besides its differences of form and sculp-
ture, the anal forceps of the $ is essentially different from that of C.
guadarramus. It was originally discovered in a wood near Oporto,
and seems to he confined to Portugal and the province of Asturias in
Spain.

Chiasmus velutinus , Dufts. — Three specimens, Almodovar, resem-
bling in size and colours examples from Tangier.

C. agrorum , Oliv. — One example, Alemtejo.

C. gallcscianus, Chaud., Monogr. Chlsen., No. 81. — One $ example,
hills above Salamonde, agreeing with M. de Chaudoir’s description in
all respects, except that the sparsely and rather finely punctured in-
terstices are distinctly elevated.

Oodes hispanicus , Dej. — One example, Almodovar.

Licinus peltoides, Dej. — Two examples, Lisbon.

Anchomenus marginatus , Lin. — Lisbon.

Steropus gagatinus, Germ.' — One example, Alemtejo, similar to
others from Tangier, with which it has been compared.

Patrobus rufipennis , Dej. — One example, Almodovar.

LAMELLICORNIA.

Scarabosus laticollis , Lin. — Monehique, Alemtejo.

Copris hispanus, Lin. — Algarve.

Ontliophagus fracticornis, Preyssl. — Algarve.

Geotrupes momus, Lin. — Algarve.

Hymenoplia strigosa, Illiger. — Algarve.

Chasmatopterus hirtus, Blanch. — Almodovar.

J Uhizotrogus Jlavicans, Blanch. — Many examples, Monehique. P.
aestivus, Oliv. — Cea. P. limbatipennis , Yilla. — One example, hills above
Salamonde.

Oxythyrea stictica, Lin.^ — Monehique, Cintra, Lisbon.
LONGICORNIA.

Agapanthia suturalis, E. — Algarve.

Calamobius gracilis , Creutz. — Almodovar.

h. w. BATES.

DYTISCIDiE.

Hydroporus lituratus , Brulle. — Almodovar.
Agabus brunneus , E. — Almodovar.
Meladema coriacea , Cast. — Almodovar.

232

[March,

GYRINIDJE.

Gyrinus Dejeani , Brulle. — Lisbon.

HYDROPHILHLE.

Hydrobius convexus , Brulle. — Cea.

SCYDJVLENIDiE.

Mastigus prolongatus, Gory. — Cea, Cintra.

CLAVICORNES.

Necrophorus vespillo, L. — Monchique.

Telopes sp. ?. — Algarve.

ELATERIDAE.

Athous sp. /. — Cintra.

MALACODERMES.

Luciola lusitanica , Charp. — Lisbon and Cintra.

Telephorus melanurus, L. — Monchique. T. sp. ?. — Cintra.

Jlenicopus hispidus, Ramb. — Algarve.

Haplocnemis andalusiacus , Ros. — Algarve. P£. sp. ?. — Almo-

dovar.

Dolichosoma nobile, 111. — Monchique.

HETEROMERA.

Tentyria glabra, F. — Alemtejo. T. sp. ?. — Algarve.

Scaurus punctatus, Hbst. — Alemtejo.

Pandarus castilianus, Pioc. — Villa Real.

Opatrum nigrum, Kust. — Lisbon.

CossypTius Hoffmanseggi, Hbst. — Lisbon, near Bemfica, on the hills.
Misolampus gibbulus, Hbst. — Monchique.

Omophlus ruficollis, F.— Alemtejo, common in flowers of cistus ;
var. with entirely black thorax, Algarve.

(Edemera nobilis, Scop.

Meloe insignis, Charp. — Alemtejo; abundant near Almodovar.
M. tuccius, Rossi. — Lisbon, on the hills west of the city.

CURCULIONHLE.

Brachyderes lusitanicus, F. — Cintra, Monchique.

Polydrusus setifrons, Huv. — Almodovar.

Sitones gressorius, F. — Monchique.

Phytonomus sp. ? . — Algarve.

Lixus sp. ?. — Cintra.

Cosliodes sp. ?. — Almodovar.

1882.

233

PHYTOPHAGA.

Clythra sp. /. — Algarve. C. sp. ?. — Almodovar.

CryptocepJialus sp. ?. — Cintra.

Chrysomela sp. ? . — Monchique. C. americana,Jj. — Monchique.

C. Ban/csi, F. — Lisbon.

Timarcha sp. ?. — Lisbon.

JEntomoscelis adonidis , F. — Cintra.

Malacosoma lusitanicum , L. — Almodovar.

Haltica sp. ? . — Cea.

Splicer oderma cardui , Greb. — Cintra.

Cassida equestris , F.

COCCINELLIDiE.

Coccinella 7 -punctata, L. — Algarve. C. variabilis , 111. C. sp. ?.

-Algarve.

D. SHARP.

Note on Drepana sicula. — A rather singular instance of variation (or even of
degeneration from the type) arising, probably, from extreme isolation and consequent
in-breeding, seems to be afforded by Drepana sicula in its one British locality —
Leigh Woods, near Bristol.

In comparing specimens from this locality with typical continental specimens
it may at once be seen that there is a great difference in the markings of the hind -
wings. Between the two delicate indented brownish lines that cross the hind- wings,
and in contact with the posterior of them, is, in continental examples, a large blotch
of a delicate warm fawn-colour, within which are two or three small, pale yellow
spots, and just behind the posterior line is a pair of distinct, round, black dots, the
lower one being the larger. But in the Bristol specimens, as far as I have seen, the
fawn-coloured blotch is extremely faint, the contained yellow spots hardly visible, and
the twin black dots in most cases totally obsolete. I have traced them in one
specimen, but much smaller and closer together than in continental specimens, and
Mr. Grigg, who has seen most of the recent specimens, assures me that these two
black dots are almost invariably absent.

This is the more remarkable because in the same specimens the yore-wings are
often as strongly marked — with all markings complete — and as usually coloured as
those from abroad, and they are scarcely inferior in size.

Much more serious results from '-apparent ly — isolation and breeding-in, appear
to be the extreme sluggishness of the perfect insects, which are scarcely ever seen to
fly, the great difficulty of obtaining fertile eggs, and the subsequent delicacy of the
larvae, all of which seem to point to the gradual extinction of the species in this
locality. — Chas. G. Barrett, Pembroke : IQth February , 1882.

234

[March,

Early appearance of Vespa germanica , Fab. — The unusually mild winter
through which we are just passing, seems to forecast an early and, probably, pros-
perous season to entomologists generally, if we do not experience sharp frosts with
biting east winds in March and April ; at any rate, the following facts would almost
lead one to suppose so : — While out for an entomological ramble on the afternoon
of the 20th of last month across Wimbledon Common, I was surprised, on coming
up to the remains of a felled oak, to see three queen-wasps flying lazily about the
trunk, I at once captured and boxed them, and, on looking more particularly at the
tree, I found the bark was in several places leaving it, it being in an advanced state
of decay ; on ripping off the bark in one place I found no less than thirty-eight
more, in a state of stupor or torpidity, and all huddled up as close as it was possible
for them to get ; there had been, the night previous, a sharp frost, and the rime was
still on them and all round them, the bark being saturated with moisture ; on
placing some of them in the palm of my hand, they speedily recovered, and walked
about as though they appreciated the warmth ; some few of them I took home, and,
placing them loosely on my study table, they very soon flew about the room ; the
circumstance of so many being found hibernating together is certainly very unusual,
and, probably, unprecedented. The late Mr. Smith, in his Catalogue of Fossorial
Hymenoptera, speaks of a female of V. vulgaris being seen on the wing on February
13th, 1859, at Hampstead ; but I can find no account of Vespa germanica being met
with in January before. Vespa was not alone, as a resident under the same bark,
there being numbers of Rhizophagus bipustulatus, as well as Cis boleti, Eryoccetes
villosus, Homalium vile, Conurus pubescens, Atomaria peltata, &c., and innumerable
specimens of the Order Thysanura. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. E.
Saunders for identifying the wasp. — T. R. Billups, 20, Swiss Yillas, Coplestone
Road, Peckham : February 10th, 1882.

Notes on the Coleoptera of the Hastings district. — During November and
December last, I worked at a hot-bed in Gruestling, and, among other things, turned
up the following Trichopteryqia : — T. grand icollis, in some numbers; T. sericans,
very abundantly ; T. anthracina, a few only ; T. picicornis, of this rarity I secured
only one specimen ; T. atomaria, one only. Ft. apicale, literally swarmed. I was
pleased to meet with Philonthus thermarum, which, I fancy, is not very common ;
Phil, discoideus was rather plentiful ; I have not met with this latter in any other
situation. Cilea silphoides, Acritus minutus, Micropeplus staphylinoides, Falagria
sulcata, Homalota longicornis, Horn, fusca, H. fungi, var. dubia, H. melanaria,
Scydnuenus hirticollis , Eumicrus tarsatus, Oxypoda opaca, O. alternans, Stenus
declaratus, speculator, unicolor, Er., and several other common things occurred.
Probably, I might have got a longer list, had not the hot-bed been destroyed. I hope
to work at the same again in the spring, when it (the hot-bed) is re-made.

The following may be worth recording : — Ptenidium formicetorum, from rotten
wood ; llyobates nigricollis, sand-pit at Guestling ; Aleochara cunicnlorum, several
taken at Gruestling, in May, I believe, from dead "birds ; Atomaria atra, Kr., I took,
by sweeping, at Battle. Rhyncolus cylindrirostris was very plentiful in an old
beech tree. Bryaxis Waterhousei occurred at Rye somewhat sparingly under stones
by the river-side. Bythinus Curtisi in the Gruestling sand-pit. Carcinops minima ,
accompanied by numbers of Haploderus coelatus, was obtained by shaking flood-
refuse over paper.

1882.]

235

I must not fail to mention that I am greatly indebted to the Rev. W. W.
Fowler, who has kindly looked over nearly all of the above, and who also sent the
Trichopterygia he was not certain about to Mr. Matthews. A. atra , Kr., was
determined by M. Fauvel, to whom Mr. Fowler sent it, as was also Al. cuniculorum.
— E. P. Collett, 12, Springfield Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea : February , 1882.

Reoccurrence of Polystichus vittatus at St. Leonards. — I am pleased to be able
to report that Polystichus vittatus has turned up again in its old haunts at Bopeep,
near St. Leonards. Only a single specimen, however, has yet rewarded my efforts ;
this I took under rejectamenta a few weeks ago. — E. A. Butlee, Hastings : January
23rd, 1882.

Informationfor Coleopterists. — We have reason to believe that a new Catalogue
of British Coleoptera, compiled by Mr. F. P. Pascoe, and brought down to date, is
on the sve of publication.

Ho. 1 of the new “ Revue Coleopterologique ” (cf. ante, p. 190) is before us.
The publication appears likely to become a very useful one when the editor can get
it into working. In size and general “ get-up” it reminds us of the “ Comptes-Ren-
dus ” of the Belgian Entomological Society. In it we learn that Putzey’s collection
and library have been bequeathed to the latter Society, not to the Museum, although
they will be under the same roof. — Eds.

A request for European Thysanoptera. — I have selected the group of Thysan-
optera for a special study, and I am very much in need of specimens of the described
European species, to be enabled to avoid the renaming of species which very probably
are found both in Europe and America. I have, therefore, written to Mr. A. Gr.
Butler for his kind advice as to how or from whom I possibly could obtain speci-
mens, and was kindly referred to you, saying that you might be able to give me some
either help. Will you, therefore, allow me to ask respectfully for your kind assistance,
to furnish me with specimens during the coming season, either determined or unde-
termined, or to give me the address of persons, especially of gardeners or farmers,
interested somewhat in entomology, or of some botanists who are collecting plants
themselves, so that I may correspond with them ; perhaps many of your friends in
different parts of the country would be so kind and willing to collect these insects
for me if you would kindly urge my wish to them, and at the same time send
them a list of plants on which the different species are to be found ; to enable you
to do so, if you should kindly decide to assist me in my researches, I will give here
a list of species and the plants upon which they are found ; there will be no need
for your friends to determine any species, if all the specimens collected from one kind
of plant are kept separate, with the name of the plant attached to them.

Phlceothrips ulmi, under bark of dead elms and other trees ; Phi. statices, in
flowers of Armeria maritima ; Phi. pini, numerous under bark of old pine stumps ;
Eeliothrips adonidum,m flowers and on leaves in hot-houses ; Sericothrips staphylinus ,
in flowers of Ulex europsea ; Chirothrips manicata, on spikes of grass ; Limothrips
denticornis, on heath and grass ; Lim. cerealium, very common on grass and cerealia ;
Aptinothrips rufa, in great numbers in spikes of grass and cerealia; Apt. nitidula

236

i March,

on the heads of Plantago maritima ; Thrips ulicis, in flowers of Ulex europseus,
Crocus susianus, and corn ; Thr. phalerata , on Lathyrus pratensis ; Thr. obscura,
common on wheat ; Thr. ulmifoliorum, on leaves of elm ; Thr. atrata, in flowers of
Convolvulus soldanella, Dianthus, Centaurea cyanus, Campanula ; Thr. vulgatissima,
in all kinds of garden flowers, especially narcissi, umbelliferse, and plenty in flowers of
Sinapis nigra ; Thr. conorrhodi, common in flowers of wild roses ; Thr. glossularice,
in flowers of gooseberry ; Thr. physapus, in flowers of Cichoraceae ; Thr. fuscipennis
on Rumex ; Thr. erica, on heath ; Thr. urtica, in flowers of Nasturtium, Thalictrum,
Ranunculus ; Thr. corymbiferarum, in flowers of Corymbiferse ; Thr. minutissima,
in Umbelliferse ; Thr. discolor, in flowers of Cruciferae ; Thr. livida, in flowers of
Ulex europaeus ; Thr. primula, in flowers of primrose ; Thr. dispar, on Festuca fluitans
and other grasses ; Thr. brevicornis, on Festuca fluitans ; Thr. subaptera on Plantago
maritima ; Thr.juniperina, on Juniperus ; Thr. variegata, on flax ; Thr. phalerata,
in flowers of Yicia sativa ; Thr. atrata, on Spergula nodosa ; Thr. persica, on
diseased leaves of peach ; Belothrips acuminata, prob., in flowers of Galium verum,
Lathyrus pratensis or Plantago on sand-hills by the sea ; Melanthrips obesa, in
flowers of Sinapis nigra, Reseda, and Ranunculus ; Coleothrips fasciata, in flowers of
Reseda.

I shall be much obliged for any favour which may be kindly conferred
upon me, and shall be most happy, if I should be able, to assist in return. — Thomas
Pekgande, 321, D Street, S.W., Washington (D.C.), U.S.A. : January, 1882.

[Possibly this request may bring to the front some at present unknown student
of British Thysanoptera. — Eds.]

Measurements in descriptive Entomology. — Under this title my friend, Mr.
McLaclilan, suggests (p. 205 ante ) that British “descriptive Entomologists” should
agree to adopt millimetres as the measure for insects ; and for this course, two chief
reasons are adduced. First, that some use the English inch as their unit instead of
the Paris inch ; and, second, that the millimetre is better than either. Now, I have
nothing to say in defence of those who have employed the English inch, except only
when they have written coram populo, for those to whom the Paris inch would be a
myth, because the Paris inch with its divisions into 12 lines was the accepted
standard, as Burmeister has shown. But I know two Englismen, at any rate, and
there are doubtless more, who have always used the Paris line in their descriptions,
and never a word has been heard about any insufficiency. And such lines are suffi-
cient, because the minuter dimensions of millimetres are misleading, even with
respect to insects of comparatively small dimensions, for this reason, that absolute
exactness in the stature of the individuals of a species does not exist, and line-
measurement is amply sufficient to express the average size and range of variation of
any ordinary insect. Any thing less than half a line in length is microscopic, and
for such objects microscopic measurements must confessedly be adopted ; these are
equally beyond lines or millimetres. But to give in millimetres the dimensions of a
butterfly which is several inches in expanse, or of a Goliath beetle or other enormous
insect, the individuals of the species, moreover, varying extremely in size, is about
as reasonable as always to quote large money-value in centimes. So that there is
really no advantage to any one in using millimetres instead of the Parish inch or
lines, well known throughout the scientific world, — and this is all I contend for,
whether the insects be large or small.

18S2.J

237

But, suppose we were all agreed, on the score of the universal brotherhood of
science, to be reformed, become decimal-doctrinaires, and give up for the future the
use of one measure for the other, what is to be said about the old and young brethren
ol all countries who have already described thousands of insects with the old ortho-
dox style of measurement, and the trouble they have given to their successors if
their “ lines ” are to be converted into millimetres ? Could they not well ask — “ To
what end will you do this, considering you understand perfectly well what is intended,
and what will you have gained when you have done it ?” Truly, this suggestion of
the use of smaller measurements seems to be founded on the fallacy above mentioned,
and the moderns who have introduced and would enforce the Procrustean standard
of millimetres, to the exclusion of lines, are really the authors of needless trouble,
and have much to answer for. But if it is now too late to revert to the inch and
line exclusively, and it is desirable to meet objectors, the equivalent to the old
measure, whatever it may be that shall be employed, could be added in millimetres,
like the different thermometrical readings of Fahrenheit, Reaumur, or Centigrade,
which, for those who may be concerned, are often put in conjunction.

It only remains to notice what pertains to the measurement of parts of insects,
and to say that such is rare y given in figures, or if so given, is of much value ; a
comparative statement of relative proportion being far better, because such propor-
tion is at once recognisable by the eye, without reference to any detached scale.

Mr. McLachlan’s suggestion must be understood as his own personal proposal,
and my dissent must also be considered my own individually, like the expression of
the opinion of any other contributors ; neither being in any way put forth editorially.
— J. W. Douglas, 8, Beaufort Gardens. Lewisham : February ls£, 1882.

Measurements in descriptive Entomology. — Owing to severe family bereavement,
my friend and colleague, Mr. Douglas, had no opportunity of seeing what I had
written until it was on the eve of publication. This was unfortunate, because it
prevented me from knowing that any British Entomologist was in the habit of using
the “ Paris inch ” as his standard. I now find that at least two have been so doing.
My friend’s counter-suggestion is that the Paris inch should be our standard, to the
exclusion of the English inch and the metrical (a better term than “ decimal ”)
system. No doubt the Paris inch teas in common (not universal) use outside this
country. Outside this country it is now commonly (but not yet universally) aban-
doned by all nations in favour of the metrical system, which is the generally accepted
“ standard,” an end at which my suggestion was aimed. The now venerable Bur-
meister, who, in 1832 (English translation, 1836) when a young man of 25, wrote
that “ the Paris line has been adopted as unit,” has now, at the age of 75, so far
conformed to general usage, that in his works on the insects of the Argentine Re-
public, he places the metrical equivalents in brackets after the dimensions according
to the Paris inch. This latter has never been in general use in this country, and I
hardly expect it will now find favour as a standard with us, after having been pretty
generally abandoned abroad. It appears to me much to be preferred that those
British Entomologists who object to the millimetre should continue to use (as most
of them did use) the English inch ; it is familiar to all “ Britishers ” (though not
always so to our foreign brethren), and it is not good that there should be two mea-
surements in use with us bearing the same name but not equivalent in value. For
my part, I have not the slightest uneasiness as to our ever adopting an almost obsolete

238

March,

measure in tlie place of our own “ inch,” but I think the otherwise almost universally-
accepted metrical standard will gradually be more and more recognised, and used,
by us, when measurements may be required that concern other than British Ento-
mologists (who will presume to draw the line ?). That “thousands of insects have
been described under the old system ” (the “ old system,” according to most British
Entomologists, would mean the English inch) is of little importance ; monographic
work is gradually reducing these, even in measurements, to a standard, which I take
to be the aim (even if sometimes visionary) of every scientific writer. Some other
points in my friend’s notes (such as the definition of a microscopic object, and the
importance of minute dimensions of parts of insects) must be passed over. The
thermometrical allusion shows sufficiently the want of a “ standard,” as most of us
have felt ; but I may be permitted to say that our own scientific physicists and
chemists now almost generally adopt the “Centigrade” reading as their “standard.”

I made only “ a suggestion,” but it has occasioned with me an amount of cor-
respondence, and verbal interchange of ideas, that were never anticipated. It was
really addressed to British Entomologists, who in the course of their studies have
been obliged to consider the question otherwise than as exclusively British. I will
be especially grateful to those amongst us who use, or favour the use of, the Paris
inch, if they will acknowledge such on post-cards (its use amongst us, unacknowledged
and unsuspected, I take to be of serious importance) ; the question of the general
adoption of the metrical system, or of the English inch, I leave to those whom it
may intimately concern ; each of our Entomologists can judge for himself, and the
editors do not desire to raise a controversy on the subject. — R. McLacHLAN, 39j
Limes G-rove, Lewisham : 13 th February, 1882. '

The New Zealand Journal of Science. — A Journal under this title, a large por-
tion of which will be devoted to Natural History, has been commenced at Dunedin, ;
New Zealand, edited by Mr. Gr. M. Thomas, F.L.S. (published by Wilkie and Co.).
At present it will consist of 48 pp. bi-monthly at 10 shillings per annum. Amongst
the “ contents ” of No. 1 we notice a long paper by Capt. T. Broun, on “ How to
collect and preserve Coleoptera.” — Eds.

Iljuinu.

Proceedings of the Perthshire Society oe Natural Science, Yol. i, Pt. i,
1880-81 (1881), pp. 1 — 42, small 4to. Published by the Society.

The completion of the Perthshire Natural History Museum at a cost of nearly
£2000 (forming the Moncrieff Memorial Fund) has been taken advantage of by the I

Society for the commencement of the publication of “ Proceedings,” of which the ^

first part is before us. At present, entomology is insufficiently represented, almost r

the only paper being one by Mr. S. H. Ellison, on the “ Butterflies of the Perth
District ;” but under the energetic care of the Editor, Dr. Buchanan White, wre
doubt not that more space will be devoted to our science in future parts. Geological 1

information is very full, as was natural under the Pi’esidency of so distinguished a -

geologist as Prof. Geikie; so is the botanical part ; and the records of excursions a

are very useful, readable and instructive. We wish the Society all success in its new l

undertaking. The form in which the proceedings are got up appears to us unfor- ^

tunate, being too strikingly suggestive of newspaper columns. jj

1S82.]

239

NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF WEST NORFOLK.

BY EDWARD A. ATMORE.

Probably tbe first insects worth boxing, which put in an appear-
ance in this district are Prephos Parthenias , observed flying about
woods in the sunshine as early as the middle of March, and Cymato-
phora flavicornis easily obtained about the same time by sugaring the
birch-trees. An odd specimen of Amphidasis prodromaria may also
be picked off tree-trunks. By visiting the sallows in average seasons,
at the beginning of April, a few Tamiocampa munda , T. rubricosa, T.
gracilis , Xylocampa lithorhiza , and Trachea piniperda are met with, and
of course a host of the commoner Toeniocampce and hibernated Noctuce
are also to be seen at this feast of the “ Catkin.” It is singular that I
rarely meet with Trachea piniperda in the imago state, although I
obtain nearly every year, large numbers of pupse of that species, from
the large fir-woods in tbe neighbourhood. It is now that Eupithecia
dodoneata and E. abhreviata are taken among oaks, but neither are
common, but if Phlceodes immundana be a desideratum, it may fre-
quently be obtained in numbers, flying around alders, in the bright
sunshine. Early in the month of May a number of species are of
course on the move, their numbers increasing as the month advances.
Perhaps the first to appear worth noticing are Eupisteria heparata and
Yypsipetes impluviata , both of which are common among the alders,
and I found them more abundant than usual, last season. Ephyra
pendularia and Drepana falcataria are of frequent occurrence amongst
birch, which trees also yield a few Eupoecilia maculosana and Lobesia
reliquana , the latter flying during sunshine. Tephrosia punctulata is
common on alder and birch trees, its conspicuous outspread wings
when at rest on the trunks rendering it by no means a difficult object
to detect. In some woods Astliena candidata , Cidaria silaceata , and
Ephyra omicronaria , the latter amongst maple, are fairly plentiful.
Our heaths are enlivened by day with numbers of Phragmatobia fuli-
ginosa , Saturnia Pavonia-minor, Phytometra cenea , and Anarta myrtilli.
The cocoons of Phragmatobia fuliginosa, resembling a piece of wool,
may sometimes be found amongst ling ( Calluna vulgaris). Polyom-
matus Aqestis and Thecla rubi are also locally abundant on heaths,
but the latter I find is more abundant in dry woods, where the trees
are rather scattered. Of the Eupithecice the following are common :
E. nanata on heaths, E. assimilata in gardens, E. indigata in fir
woods* E. lariciata amongst larch, and E. exiguata amongst hawthorn ;
the beating stick employed on hawthorns will not be altogether un-

240

[March. 1S82.

productive, as by its means may be obtained plenty of E. castigate,
and near tbe end of tbe month numbers of Corycia taminata with an
occasional C. punctata , Eupithecia coronata and E. satyrata. At the
end of the month, in damp woods on the imperfectly drained fen-lands,

E. pygmceata is no rarity. This species in its habits bears a remarkable
resemblance to many of the Diurni , flitting about as it does from
flower to flower during sunshine, preferring, it seems to one, the
flowers of species of Ranunculus and Stellaria holostea, upon which
last named plant, the $ deposits its egg, at least so I am given to
understand. Owing to its small size and dark colour it is not easy to
see this species, and from its activity, I find it is not very easily
captured. Of the Tortrices occurring here in May, the genus Phoxo-
pteryx is not badly represented, but only P. Lundana maybe said to be
ubiquitous, or nearly so ; P. siculana and P. uncana are very local,
although in their restricted localities numbers may be taken ; P.
biarcuana and P. inornatana , although not so plentiful, are far from
being scarce ; P. diminutana , however, must be considered scarce. A
few more Tortrices are now and then met with, such as Clepsis rus~
ticana among Myrica gale, Stigmonota conipositella among clover, but
to my knowledge only single specimens of S. perlepidana , S. internana,
and Retinia turionella have been met with up to the present time.

Early in June when Eupithecia pygmceata is still abroad, and
perhaps this is the best time to search for it, Enimelesia affinitata may
be boxed by the score where its food-plant Lychnis diurna grows,
more especially frequenting woods ; at the end of the month the j
smaller E. alcheniillata among nettles, and E. albulata among Rhin-
anthus crista-galli are equally common ; Botys lancealis is more local, but j
where it does occur is plentiful. Other species which are taken more or
less plentifully in this mouth are Abraxas ulmata among elm, Astliena
luteata among maple, Scotosia undulata and Lobophora hexapterata (both
rather local) among sallows, Melanthia albicillata , Miltochrista niiniata ,
Anticlea rubidata , Melanippe unangulata and Rivula sericealis generally jj
in woods, where also X.ylophasia scolopacina may be met with, flying
at dusk. Erastrig fuscula frequent among fir trees, and comes freely
to sugar, Ellopia fasciaria and Lithosia aureola also among fir, but j
not commonly ; in woods also a sprinkling of Gnophria rubricollis , ■■

Acidalia subsericeata, A. inornate, Eurymene dolobraria, Herminia
barbalis , and Aventia jlexula may be obtained. In the fenny districts
A. immutata , Nonagria despecta , and Collix sparsata are found flying
at dusk. On heaths Euthemonia russula gets up in front of the col-
lector, Eupithecia minutata is common and a few Ebulea verbciscalis,

April, 1882.]

241

and Cxyptilus teucrii may be dislodged from the Teucrium scorodonia
(wood-sage) growing there, and perhaps it is worth noticing here that
a single specimen of Acidalia rubricata has been taken on one of the
heaths. At the end of the month Coremici quadrifasciaria appears in
woods and is no rarity. This species seems to be generally distributed
throughout the county, but I believe its head-quarters are in the
Western and North-Western parts. It selects for repose the trunks
of trees from which it is easily dislodged by the beating stick, and if
unmolested after being thus disturbed, it quickly settles again on the
same or on some neighbouring tree. On the higher grounds in this
district Strenia clathrata is common enough to be designated a pest,
yet it is worth boxing, as some nice varieties are met with. Of the
Eupithecice not already mentioned, E. venosata is common among
Silene ivflata (Bladder Campion) ; E. centaureata abounds in some
spots, especially where Centaurea grows in any quantity ; E. linariata
occurs more sparingly among Linario vulgaris (yellow toad-flax), and
E. rectangulata is far too abundant in orchards : I have seen scores
sitting on the lee-side of railings, having been blown nolens volens out
of an orchard close by. In the salt-marshes a few Acidalia emutaria
are to be found flying at sunset. Sugar is not remarkable for the
number of good things it entices (at least, such is my experience) ;
however, by its means a few Mamestra anceps, Apamea gemma, A.
unanimis, Dipterygia pinastri , Rusina tenebrosa , Acronycta aceris ,
Hadena atriplicis, Leucania comma , Cymatopliora duplaris , and Axylia
putris may be picked out of the host of commoner species congregated
on sugared trees. I have also just seen a fine specimen of Cymatopliora
ocularis which was taken at sugar last season by a beginner. Acro-
nycta leporina I have not noticed at sugar, although I have taken it
flying around birch at dusk. Elodia interpunctella is very abundant
in the grain warehouses of the King’s Lynn Dock Company, where
its larvae probably feed on the grain or locust-beans. A few Crambus
cerussellus, Eupopcilia nana , and E. atricapitana are taken on heaths,
the latter among Senecio jacobcea (Ragwort) ; E. udana, Adela ruji-
mitrella } and Incurvaria (Elilmanniella are met with sparingly in the
fen districts, where also a single specimen of Plilceodes Demarniana
has been taken by my brother; acting on the principle that “where
there is one there are others,” I have searched every season for this
species, but my efforts have been unsuccessful up to the present time.
Of the other Tortrices occurring in June, I note Semasia nanana among
spruce-fir, Dichrorampha simpliciana and Ephippiphora fceneana among
Artemisia vulgaris (Mug-wort) ; E. trigeminana rather common among

242

[April.

Senecio jacobcea, and Antitliesia corticana among birch. In July many
of those which come out at the end of June are still on the wing,
although of course some of them are getting decidedly the worse for
wear. It is now that Polyommatus JEgon is swarming on some of the
heaths by day, and long before sunset on the boggy portions of similar
places, the sluggish Schrankia turfosalis is on the move, and in its
restricted haunts is very abundant, but it is, nevertheless, rather diffi-
cult to procure in good condition ; this species at the approach of
danger quickly betakes itself to the under-growth, from which it
cannot often be put out. When in captivity it is restless and should,
therefore, be stifled as soon as possible, and afterwards pinned in the
relaxing box ; if boxed alive the specimens are generally worthless in
the morning. A little later in the evening Hypenodes costcestrigalis is
roving about and is certainly as fond of sweets as any Noctua, but I
find its near relative S. turfosalis is not to be allured by the employ-
ment of any such medium as sugar. In woods during the month
Macaria liturata and Thera fir mat a may be dislodged from scotch-fir,
the handsome Geometra papilionaria from alders, Angerona prunaria
from sloe, and Phorodesma bajularia from oak. Of the Pupithecice ,
P- succenturiata, P. subnotata , and P. subfulvata occur, but only the
last is common. Pionea stramentalis is abundant, but local, in some
grassy places in woods. A few Triphcena interjecta , Orthosia suspecta ,
and Tetliea subtusa are perhaps the best of those which visit sugar, and
on the coast a few Agrotis valligera and Hydrcecia nictitans are
found flying at dusk. Crambus warringi onellus also occurs on the
coast along with C. inguinal ellus , and C. pinetellus is occasionally met
with on heaths, where also Agrotis porphyrea is flying about in pro-
fusion. Crambus latistrius and C. hamellus also are met with here, but
are local. In the salt-marshes a few Cliilo forficeilus and numbers of
Leucania phragniitidis are flying about the drains. The latter is also
common among Phragmites communis (common reed) in the fen
districts. Of the Miero-Lepidoptera Dichelia Grotiana , Carpocapsa
splendana , and Lithographia nisella are not uncommon. Choreutes
scintillulana occurs among Scutellaria galericulata. Pup oe cilia palli-
dana , P.Manniana and Carpocapsa juliana have also occurred, but never
commonly. The same remark will apply to Puchromia ericetana and
Calosetia nigromaculana. Tortrix Lafauryana is now on the wing, in
this district. I took a nice series of this species last season ; to all
appearance it does not seem to have been taken elsewhere in the United
Kingdom. Another good species taken here and which is now to be
looked for, is the curious Stathmopoda pedella. Unfortunately the

1882.]

243

alders from which I first obtained S. pedella three or four years ago,
have been cut down, and although I have visited annually the alders
still standing in the same neighbourhood, my efforts have only been
rewarded by the capture of a solitary specimen. At the end of July
or more generally during August, a few JSfoctua umbrosa, Hydrcecia
micacea , Agrotis tritici, Cosmia affinis, C. diffinis , and less commonly
Noctua Dahlii and Agrotis saucia are taken at sugar ; but N. umbrosa
and H. micacea are very partial to the flowers of Arctium lappa
(burdock). Epione apiciaria is common, and the same may be said
of Lithosia griseola. The straw-coloured variety of L. griseola ( L .
stramineola) also occurs in the proportion of about one to eight of
the normal form. Of the Tortrices which occur in August, Bracliy-
tcenia semifasciana and Semasia populana both among sallows, are
perhaps the only species worth mentioning. In some seasons, at the
end of August or during September, Sphinx convolvuli is taken. To
my knowledge but one specimen was captured last season, and that
was found flying at honey-suckle. A few years ago, five were taken
during one September, at honey-suckle, in a garden near Lynn.
Noctua glareosa , Agrotis saucia , Xanthia gilvago , and some of the
commoner Xanthice visit sugar during the same month, and Salonota
biniaculana is common in some places among birch.

A glance at the foregoing list and remarks will be sufficient to
show that West Norfolk varies considerably in the nature of its soil,
and consequently in flora, or in other words, in its physical features,
t I have alluded more than once to Lepidoptera taken on a tract of land
known as the fen-land, or fen-district, and this term is probably the
best I can give to describe a strip of land lying on either side of the
river Nar. The nearest part of this land, which has been but imper-
fectly drained and consequently in some parts is still very wet, would
be distant about five or six miles from this town. Prom an entomo-
logical point of view I regret that its re-drainage has been under
consideration for some time, and what is worse still, it is likely very

I soon to be an accomplished fact. The soil is black and peaty, very

H

j similar to that which one finds at Wicken and neighbourhood and its
flora is also not very dissimilar. Although some plants, such as Cladium
\ j mariscus and Peucedanum palustre, so conspicuous at Wicken, appear
| , to be absent from this fen-district, nevertheless, many plants so
common at Wicken, such as Iris pseudacor us, Ranunculus lingua and
' jlammula , Thalictrum jlavum, Spiraea ulmatia , Lysimachia vulgaris,
Lytlirum salicaria, Valeriana officinalis, grow nearly as profusely in
this district. From these facts, it is not improbable that many more

244

[April,

species than those I have mentioned, which are plentiful in fen- j
districts elsewhere, might, if properly worked for, be found to occur j
here also.

If, however, the present drainage scheme under consideration
should be carried out, many of the plants, as well as most of the
species at present found, must necessarily disappear. In conclusion :
should many of the localities which have hitherto, I believe, been
scarcely visited by an entomologist, be worked systematically, I an- ]
ticipate that some interesting Lepidopterci will be added to our West j
Norfolk fauna.

8, Union Street, King’s Lynn, Norfolk :

February 1st, 1882.

SOME POINTS IN THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PAPILIO MACHAON.

BY WILLIAM BUCKLER.

In offering my notes on the history of this species, I know I am
going upon ground to some extent already well trodden, and it is,
therefore, not on the plea of telling anything quite new that I put them
forward ; but, knowing that there is now, more than ever, an interest
felt in obtaining exact information as to the process of growth or
development in the earlier stages of various forms, and being con-
scious that I have done my best in this case, I still hope that my work
may be of use; I only wrish I could impart to others anything ap-
proaching the pleasure I myself felt in watching and recording what
follows.

In 1868, I had reared the larvse from two eggs found in Burwell
Fen by Mr. W. F. Jeffrey, and two more in 1871, from eggs found by
Mr. C. Gr. Barrett, in Horning Fen, and had taken several figures in
either case, but, when in 1879, Mr. W. H. Edwards of Coalburgh, West
Virginia, put some questions to me on the number of moults and other
points connected with them, I found I could not give such positive
answers as I could have wished.

I determined, therefore, to rear the larva, if possible, again, and
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher most kindly helped to bring my project within
range of possibility by sending me three eggs, on June 4th, 1880,
which he had found the day before in Wicken Fen, and on the 12th a
few more, laid on Feucedanum pa-lustre, and eventually three of these
proved infertile.

1882.]

245

Of course what follows is really the personal history of the
individuals which I watched, and though for convenience sake I shall
generalize, and sometimes use the present tense and not the past, I
wish it to be understood that I speak only of what I was aware I saw ;

I know I made one omission, which will be noticed in its proper place.

The eggs hatched June 13th — 15th, the larvae in every case making
their first meal on the empty shell, and for a day or two I supplied
them with garden carrot, but after that they were fed entirely on
Angelica sylvestris ; from first to last each larva was kept separate,
and its changes noted in a separated record.

The larva, on first turning its attention to its food plant, scoops
out a round cell on the surface of a leaf, but after a few hours takes
the bolder course of eating quite through from the edge of the leaf ;
it does not roam, but continues at the same part till the third or fourth
day, when it moves off to some distance and on a stalk or leaf spins a
few silk threads for a foothold ; there it waits from two to three days
for the first moult, and when this is accomplished eats the cast skin all
to the head-piece, and soon after goes- — apparently by design — back to
the spot where it was previously feeding, and attacks the leaf again :
at this stage I noticed if a larva found a speck of frass on its food, it
would pick it up in its jaws, stretch out its body, and somehow project
the frass away from the plant : again, after feeding three or four days
it retires as before, and prepares for and accomplishes its second
moult, which happens on about the twelfth day of its life ; similarly the
third moult comes on the sixteenth or seventeenth day, and the fourth
(the last) from the twentieth to the twenty-third day, the cast skin
being always eaten : after the last moult the larva feeds on for ten or
twelve days, consuming a great quantity of food and making very
rapid growth ; I may here note that its usual attitude in repose is from
the very first much like that of a Sphinx, with the neck arched, and
the head bent down. The earliest age at which I noticed the curious
horns of the second segment was when I touched the larva just after
its third moult ; they were then much longer and thinner than they
became after the fourth moult, but there accompanied their protrusion
a drop or two of clear greenish liquid, and a most penetrating odour,
which reminded me of an overkept decaying pine-apple : after the
fourth moult the horns were of a shorter and stouter character, but I
noticed that when I was holding a larva between my finger and thumb
it had the power to lengthen one horn at the expense of the other
(which became shorter), so as to manage to touch my finger with it ; the
horns are extremely soft and flexible. When full grown the larva

246

[April,

ceases feeding, and rests for a while, and then commences its prepara-
tions for pupation by selecting a stem, and spinning on it from side to
side a number of threads to ensure a good foothold ; next, lying along
these threads head downwards it spins at the bottom of them a broad
cone of whitish silk, having a sharpish apex ; then turning round it
creeps up the stem a little and with the anal legs feels about till they
find this cone, when they are placed close together on the stem but
touching the base of the cone, and a slight pushing motion is visible
by which their circlet of hooks is fixed in the silk spun on the stem :
its tail end being thus fixed, the larva stretches out its head and front
segments, lifting up at the same time the first and second pairs of
ventral feet, and bends itself backwards in a wide sweep from one side
of the stem to the other, as though to be assured there is free room
for its movements ; it next, — whilst in this semi-detached attitude —
and with its thoracic legs rigidly extended, throws back its head, and
in this way swells out its breast, like that of a pouter pigeon, leaving
a deep hollow between the mouth and the first pair of thoracic legs ;
then it bends to one side of the stem and spins a broadish attachment
for the first thread of the cincture, and presently with a slow and de-
liberate motion sweeps round as before to the other side, the head all
the while wagging as the silk issues from the spinneret and is guided
along the hollow above mentioned ; as the head approaches the other
side the body swells out still more as though to stretch the thread,
and give it the necessary curvature ; as on commencing the thread, so
now on fastening it to the other side, there is a delay for a little, and
the fastening seems to be made with a more liquid and glutinous
quality of silk thau the rest of the thread : the first thread thus
completed, the larva proceeds in the same slow and methodical manner
— spinning some thirty threads from right to left, and as many from
left to right — or sixty altogether for the cincture, the time thus
occupied being about one hour and forty-five minutes ; occasionally
the first pair of thoracic legs seemed to be called in use to assist at
the fastening of the ends of the threads : when enough threads have
been spun the larva seems to test their strength by pulling them quite
taut with its projecting breast, two or three times, and then appa-
rently satisfied, it bends down its head to put it under the cincture,
and creeps up inside it till it hangs loosely round its back between the
sixth and seventh segments : next it seems to relieve itself by stretch-
ing upward all the front segments that had been so engaged during
the spinning, and in a few minutes settles into a quiet posture with
head bent down and legs brought close to the stem : thus it rests, and

1882.]

247

meanwhile the segments of the body shorten, and their divisions
deepen ; the head becomes bent down close to the stem, while the
body is held away from it as far as the cincture allows — drawn tight
as it is into the deep division between the sixth and seventh segments,
so that only the head and tail are in contact with the stem ; at the
end of about a day and a half suddenly the head and front segments
are jerked backward four or five times in succession, next the belly is
brought close to the stem and the head held up, and then in about five
minutes the skin splits open behind the head on the top of the back,
and the pupal thorax appears bulging out ; presently is disclosed the
top of the head, then the upper part of the face, and with a few nod-
ding motions the head is freed, and the skin slowly but easily slides
downwards from each side (the cincture causing not the least impedi-
ment), and as it goes drags away like little threads the linings of the
spiracles ; presently from out of the collapsing skin is disclosed the
tip of the tail, and there is just time allowed for the observer to see
that it is quite hollow , when in another moment it is fitted upon the
cone of silk, and strongly pressed- down, and with a repeated half
screwing motion the attachment is made complete ; meanwhile the
moisture which exudes from the pupal surface has surrounded and
fairly embedded the cincture at its line of contact with the back ; the
old shrivelled skin now rests in a heap between the lower part of the
abdomen and the stem, but is presently, by a slight twisting movement
on the part of the pupa, caused to drop off : the head and thorax
gradually develop themselves, the former into two largish blunt di-
verging processes, the latter into a central bluntly projecting eminence,
with another on either side ; the larval tubercles remain as small blunt
conical protuberances, the wing-covers form an angular outline, and
the back becomes dull and rough ; just four minutes elapse from the
bursting of the larval skin to the full disclosure. (Here I must ex-
press my regret that I forgot to look for the connecting membrane
which was discovered in Pieris and Vanessa by Hr. Osborne, and
described in vol. xv, p. 59, of this Magazine.)

The egg of Machaon is globular, having a depression at the base
in contact with the leaflet on which it adheres ; it is of a good size and
with apparently smooth surface, and when first laid is of a greenish-
yellow colour quickly turning green, and soon after tinged with violet-
brownish, gradually deepening to purplish, and faintly showing the
embryo through the shell, which in a day or two turns entirely
purplish-black, a process of change similar to that shown by a ripen-
ing black currant ; the shell next assumes a- light pearly transparency,

248

[April,

and the dark embryonic larva coiled round within is plainly visible,
and in a few hours hatches.

The newly hatched larva is 3 mm. long, stoutish, with shining
black head and black velvety body with dark green segmental divisions,
and conspicuously marked with a patch of creamy-white on the seventh
and eighth segments ; the pale pinkish tubercles, in some instances
yellowish, rather bristly, are in two rows down either side, and in about
eight hours turn darK drab, and in a day or so blackish like the third row
beneath, except those on the white patch which remain white.

After the first moult, in three days the length is 8 or 9 mm., the
stoutness in proportion ; the head black, and the body velvety-black
bearing two orange dots on the front margin of the second segment,
the shining, rather pointed, black tubercles having their bases reddish-
ochreous, after being for a day or so green ; the white patch as before,
but now bearing black tips on the tubercles.

After the second moult the length by the third day has increased
to 14 mm. with increase of stoutness ; the black shining head is
marked on the face with a yellow chevron, and with pale yellow upper
lip and bases of papillae ; the black velvety body has the white patch
yet more conspicuous and encroaching a trifle on the ninth segment ;
the front dorsal margin of the second segment is marked with orange-
yellow, and minute twin dorsal bright yellow dots are on the third and
fourth, and a faint narrow transverse divisional streak of yellowish
or greyish between them, other similar short streaks occur on the
ninth and tenth ; of the three rows of conical black tubercles on
each side of the body, the two top rows have their upper bases half
ringed with bright orange colour (excepting those on the white patch
which have pale yellow), the lower third row have orange bases like
slanting slashes ; the anterior legs are whitish, tipped and spotted
above with black, each ventral leg with a white crescentic mark above
the foot ; and there is some white on the anal flap.

After the third moult, in two or three days the length is 22 mm.
and the thickness in proportion ; the design now more developed shows
the head yellow marked with black, and when protruded the horns
coloured orange-red, the ground colour is of the palest greenish-yellow,
though it is still white on the seventh and eighth segments, but show-
ing only in transverse rings a little wider than the very narrow green-
ish-yellow ones round the others, for the middle of each segment is
transversely banded with velvety black, but narrower on those two
with white ground; the segmental divisions are greyish-black; the
black velvety bands are intersected with three lines of the ground-

1882.]

249

colour bearing tbe orange tubercles witb black bristly apices except
on the thoracic segments, where the black bands are broadest and only
broken below, as on them the upper tubercles are completely sur-
rounded with black ; all the legs are white marked with black.

After the fourth moult the length in two days is 31 mm., and
in five more days is 46 mm. and very stout, its size and beauty of
colouring being now at their greatest ; the thoracic segments swell
upward in a rounded arch from the fourth which is the largest, and
viewed from above sharply taper thence to the head, which is the
smallest, and bends downwards ; the colour of the head is bright
yellow with a black oval spot on the face and two black streaks down
either side, the ocelli in a black patch below, the mouth marked with
black in the centre and on each side, papillae whitish ; on the front
marginal ridge of the second segment occur two orange spots and two
black spots in front of them close to the head, and between these
pairs of spots is the concealed orifice from whence the retractile soft
fleshy horns of pinkish-red colour dart forth when irritated, and when
seen at this period are uniformly stout with blunt diverging extremi-
ties ; the ground-colour of the smooth skin of the body is a very
brilliant pale yellow-green, becoming white on the belly and ventral
feet, the segmental divisions widely banded with deep purplish edged
with velvety -black, and across the middle of each segment is a broad
velvetv-black band covered with excessively fine bristly pubescence,
and bearing the orange tubercle of the upper row near the front
margin, and sometimes also that of the middle row ; but generally
this transverse black band is interrupted by an isthmus (so to speak)
of the ground-colour which bears this tubercle ; and below there is
always a slanting isthmus of ground-colour bearing the lower tuber-
cle ; on the third and forth segments the broad bands have only
this lower interruption, and bear the orange warts of the two upper
rows (here diminished in size) in their middle ; the anterior legs are
white with black tips and joints ; the ventral legs have each a narrow
streak in front, a spot behind, and a large crescentic mark of black
above the white feet which have dark hooks ; on the anal legs this
black mark is purplish in the middle ; the spiracles are blackish-slate
colour situate within the lower parts of the black bands ; the whitish
belly has a central series of blackish blotches, and narrow transverse
bands in the deeply sunk divisions.

The pupa, when come to its full colour, is pale yellow on the back
and abdomen, and delicate light green on the head and wing-covers.

Emsworth : February 28 th, 1882.

250

[April,

ANOTHER APTEROUS MALE IN THE C0CCID2E ( ACANTHOCOCCUS
ACERIS , SIGNORET).

BY JULES LICHTENSTEIN.

In 1877, I described in this Magazine (Yol. xiv, p. 34), the first
apterous male I was aware of in the Coccidce : it was an underground
one. Since that time I discovered also that in Gossyparia ulmi and
Pitsemia pupifera the males are wingless.

To-day, I have to mention another which is completely apterous ;
it belongs to a well-known insect, feeding on the maple-tree ( Acer
platanoides and pseudoplatanus ) and named by Signoret, “ Acantho-
coccus aceris .” The maple-tree is much inhabited by bark-lice, as I
have in my collection, besides the above-named “ Accinthococcus
Lecanium aceris , Curtis, 1838; Westwood, 1840; Bouche, 1844;
Pseudococcus aceris , Signoret and others : Pulvinaria aceris , Licht.
(ined.) : Chionaspis aceris , Sign. All these have winged males. Curtis
and Westwood have described the Lecanium , and Miss Smith, of Peoria
(Illinois), has lately made known the Pseudococcus. Leaving for
another occasion the monography of the maple-lice, which will some
day follow the elm-lice and terebinth-lice, described already in the
“Eeuille des jeunes Naturalistes,” I intend to speak to-day only of
the “ Acanthococcus .” The female and larvae of that insect are well
described in Signoret’ s “ Coccides,” Ann. Soc. Ent. Erance, 1874, p.
34 ; but nothing is said of the male, nor of the biology.

The male is brown-reddish, of the usual form of the Coccidce , but
absolutely without wings. Its length is 0’70 mm., the antennae are
ten-jointed, rather hairy, and 038 mm. ; third joint the largest ;
the abdomen is terminated by a small protuberance, bearing the short
penis, on each side of which are two small triangular pieces supporting
two long white tails of a cottony matter, as usual in the male Coc-
cidians.

The biology is as follows : — By the beginning of May the female
lays in the interior of the bag, in which she is entirely enclosed, rather
large eggs, from which are produced small oval larvae, which gather
under the leaves and remain there sucking and increasing very little
until the fall, when they hide in the bark-crevices. In winter the
larvae which are to become males exude a cotton-like cocoon, entirely
closed in front, but open behind.

When the cocoon is ready, and in the first half of January (here
at Montpellier), the larva throws oft the rather strong-spined larval
skin, and appears as a soft white maggot, quite smooth, showing only

1882.]

251

rudimentary antennae and legs, very short (0'09 mm.), and without ar-
ticulations. It is a very curious state, reminding one of the pseudo-
nymph of the Meloidce.

After six or eight days there is another change of skin, the exuviae
of the pseudo-nymph are thrown out of the cocoon, and the larva
takes the usual nymph appearance ; the legs are 0'49 mm. long, and
show their articulations. The antennae have ten joints.

After another fortnight the exuviae of the nymph follow7 those
of the larva and pseudo-nymph, and the perfect imago remains in
the cocoon, wrhile the two white tails project out of it, increasing
slowly in size. A few days after, the little animal comes out back-
wards, and runs about on the trunk of the maple, looking for its
female. They copulate and the male dies, then comes the turn of
the female to form her cocoon, to lay her eggs, — and the cycle begins
again.

Montpellier : 20 th February , 1882.

P.S. — In the Wiener entomologische Zeitung, i, p. 60 (March,
1882), my learned friend, Dr. Franz Low, announces that he had
observed the economy of Acanthococcus aceris in 1877 and 1878, and
had discovered that the male wTas apterous. It does not appear to
have occurred to him to publish his important discovery until after I
had written to him requesting he would communicate to the zoolo-
gisch-botanischen Gesellschaft of Vienna, my own observations on
the insect, of wrhich he makes no mention. — J. L. : 9 th March , 1882.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF ICHNE UMONIBM.

BY E. PABEITT.

POLYBLASTTJS BrIDGKMANI, 71. Sp.

Entire length, 6^ mm. Expanse of wings, 13 mm. Abdomen,
3i mm.

Niger, facie et linea ante alas et scutellum favis. Abdominis medio
fulvo , segments primi basi nigra : pedibus fulvis, coxis et tro chant eribus
anticis et mediis flavis, posticis fulvis, tarsis posticis tibiarumgue posti-
carum apice nigris.

Head black, transverse, face below the antennae straw-yellow, jaws yellow, their
apices ferruginous, palpi yellow. Antennae longer than the body, black, the basal
joint beneath yellow. Thorax gibbous, black, finely punctured, with two raised

252

[April,

lines reaching from the base of the anterior wings, converging to the scutellum, a
line before on each side, and a dot before, and beneath the wings, yellow. Scutellum
and post-scutellum yellow, metathorax coarsely punctured (as seen under an inch
objective), with two raised lines enclosing a space in the form of a Jew’s-harp, with
the narrow part directed towards the post-scutellum, a raised line also borders the
metathorax, the whole of which is rather thickly pubescent with pale hairs. Wings
broad, iridescent, and rather thickly set with short black hairs, which are bulbous at
the base. Stigma and radius black, the front yellow, squamula and base of
nerves yellow, intermediate and internal nerves yellowish. Posterior wings :
nerves testaceous yellow, the recurrent nervure issuing from below the middle
of the angulated transverse nervure. Legs fulvous, the anterior and medial
coxae and trochanters pale yellow, the posterior fulvous ; base of the femora with a
narrow black ring, the apical half and the tarsi of the posterior pair black, the ungues
of the others testaceous. Abdomen one-fourth longer than the head and thorax,
depressed, the sides nearly parallel, a little wider in the middle, the apex obtuse, the
first segment and base of second and three apical segments black, the apical half, the
second, third, and fourth, entirely fulvous-yellow, the basal segment with a rather
widish groove along the centre, the edges of which are raised and rounded off ;
there are also two raised obtuse prominences, one on each side of the groove, about
one-third from the base, and two yellow elliptical depressions, one on each side of
the base of the second segment. The whole thickly punctured, and clothed with
short depressed hairs.

I captured this species in a field of wheat near Exeter, in July,
1881, and have named it, as a slight mark of esteem and appreciation
of the work done in this neglected group of British insects, the
Ichneumonidce , by Mr. J. B. Bridgman, of Norwich.

Limneria aefinis, n. sp.

Length, 5 mm. Exp. 7 mm. Ovip. 1 mm. Antennae, 4 mm.

Niger , abdomen elongato-clavatus sub-compressus, palpis et mandi-
bulis stramineis , pedibus rufo-testaceis , cox is et trochanteribus anticis et
mediis stramineis , posticis nigris , femoribus posticis fuscomaculatis,
tibiis albis, ad apicem et basin f us cis, tarsis fuscis.

Black, head transverse, buccated behind the eyes, thickly punctured, mandibles
and palpi straw-coloured, the apices of the former ferruginous. Antennae black, the
basal joint yellow or testaceous, beneath. Thorax shagreened, black ; scutellum
black ; metathorax coarsely punctured, divided into six areas, bordered by smooth
raised lines. Wings iridescent, and rather thickly set with short black hairs, radius
black in fi’ont, testaceous, base yellow, intermediate and internal nerves testaceous-
yellow, scale straw-colour ; stigma dull white, or, in some, pale testaceous ; areola
with a short petiole, or, in some, sessile. Legs fulvous, claws of the anterior and
intermediate tarsi ferruginous ; coxae and trochanters of the anterior and inter-
mediate pairs straw-yellow ; posterior black, or with a black patch above ; posterior
femora (in some) with a black spot above ; tibiae pale yellowish-white, with the base

1S82.

253

and apex black ; the apical half of the tarsi black. Abdomen elongato-clavate, sub-
compressed, black above, beneath yellow, with the edges of the segments broadly
edged with dark testaceous, merging into black towards the apex ; basal segment
above smooth and shining for about two-thirds its length, the apical portion thickly
but slightly punctured, the sides parallel for about two-thirds, when it grows sud-
denly wider ; second segment twice as long as wide, and about two-thirds longer
than the third segment. All clothed with a short whitish pile. Ovipositor testa-
ceous, curved, about one millimetre in length.

I have four specimens of this species : I captured two by sweeping
vetches in a field near Exeter, in June, 1881, the others I bred from
a hedge at Lydford, on the border of Dartmoor. The description
applies to both sexes, as do also the measurements.

This insect in general appearance and colouring might, at first
sight, be taken for a a small specimen of Gravenhorst’s Campoplex
viennensis ; according to this author’s arrangement, it would come
in his second section, but naturally it would seem to be nearly allied to
C. viennensis , on wrhich account I have named it affinis.

Exeter : 8 th March, 1882.

THE BRITISH PSYLLINA, WITH CORRECTIONS IN THE SYNONYMY.

BY JOHN SCOTT.

Some attention being now given to this interesting group by
several students, perhaps it will not be out of place for me to lay
before them a complete list of the genera and species found in the
British Islands down to the present time, together with such corrections
in the synonymy as have been made since the publication of my
Monograph in the Trans. Ent. Soc. for 1876. Erom the time of the
appearance of Dr. Forster’s Monograph, in 1848, until lately, no
attempt was made to alter or interfere with his arrangement generi-
cally or otherwise : probably, this may have arisen from a paucity of
observers. In 1877, however, Prof. C. G. Thomson, in his " Opuscula
Entomologica,” fasciculus, 8, gave a Synopsis of the Scandinavian
species, under the title of “Ofversigt af Skandinaviens Chermes-arter,”
wherein he desires to restore the name Chernies , originally given to
some of them by Linne ; no one, however, of late days has adopted it
except Thomson, and whether he will have many followers remains to
be seen. His further innovations as regards sections of the genera
employed by Forster point in the right direction, and writh respect
to Trioza JValkeri, which he makes the type of a sub-genus, Tricho-
psylla , I would go further and give it generic rank ; the structural dif-

254

[April,

ferences of the elytra alone being a sufficient reason for doing this.
Next, Dr. Pranz Low, in his “ Systematik der Psylloden,” published
in the “ Yerh. z.-b. Ges.,” xxviii, pp. 605 — 609, divided the group into
sub-families, and assigned to each division various genera, which are
justifiable by the structural characters he points out ; thus reducing
the whole family into small groups easy of recognition.

The following list, prepared mostly in accordance with Dr. Low’s
views, contains all the additions made to the British species since
the publication of my Monograph. His sub-families are four in
number, viz. : — Liviince , A-phctlarince, Psyllines, and Triozirue.

PSYLLINA.

Sub-family. 1. LIYIINiE.

Livia, Latr.

j uncorum, Latr.

Sub-family. 2. APHALARINiE.
[Euphyllttea, Forst.

no British representative.]
Ehinocola, Forst.

1. erica, Curt.

callunce, Boh.

2. aceris, Linn.

Aphalaka, Forst.

1. picta , Zett.

jlavipennis, Forst.
sonchi, Forst.
innoxia, Forst.
alpigena, M.-D.

2. nebulosa, Zett.

radxata, Scott.

graminis, Thomson ( nec Linn.).

3. exilis, Weber et Mohr.

4. calthce, Linn.

polygoni, Forst.

5. artemisice, Forst.

6. nervosa, Forst.

Sub-family. 3. PSYLLINiE.
Psyllopsis, F. Low ( Psylla, QMct. part im ).

1. fraxinicola, Forst.

2. fraxini, Linn.

[Callophya, F. Low ( Psylla , auct .partim) .
contains no British species.]

Psylla, F. Low (Geoff., ~La,tr.,&c.,partim) .

1. pruni, Scop.

fumipennis, Forst.

2. costatopunctata, Forst.

ferruginea, Forst.
cratcegi, Schrk. (nec Scop., Forst.).
annulicornis, Boh.
triozoides, Leth.
quercus, Thomson ( nec Linn.).
puncticosta, Thomson.

3. costalis, Flor.

nobilis, M.-D.
picta, Forst. ?.

4. simulans, Forst.

pyri, Scott ( nec Linn., Curtis).?*

5. pyricola; Forst.

6. pyrisuga, Forst. ?.

pyri , Schdbg. ( nec Linn.).
aurantiaca, Gour.
austriaca, Flor.
rutila, M.-D.
rufitarsis, M.-D.

7. peregrina, Forst.

carpini, Forst. ?.
cratcegicola, Flor ( nec Forst.).

8. mali, Schdbg.
ulmi, Forst. (nec Linn.).
aeruginosa, Forst.
cratcegicola, Forst. (nec Linn.).
rubida, M.-D.
claripennis, M.-D.
viridissima, Scott.

* I only discovered that the insect described by me as Ps. pyri ought to be referred to the
Ps. simulant, Forst., after receiving specimens of the true species from Dr F Low As far as the
outward appearance of the two species goes, they are extremely like each other, but the falcate
form of the processes in Ps. pyri at once settles the question, yet we are left in doubt whether
Curtis’s species was not the Ps. simulant, Forst., and whether we possess the true Ps. pyri in
England.

1882.]

255

9. visci, Curtis.

ixophila, F. Low.

10. cratcegi, Forst.

pityophila , Flor.
oxyacanthce, M.-D.
similis, M.-D. ( partim ).

11. pineti, Flor.

similis , M.-D. {partim).
occulta, Forst. ?.
ornata, M.-D.

12. rhamnicola, Scott.

13. salicicola, Forst.

rufula, Forst.

14. stenolabis, F. Low.

15. Hartigii, Flor.

sylvicola, Leth.

16. Loewii, Scott.

17. hippophaes, Forst.

18. betulce, Linn.

elegantula , Zett. ?.
ambigua, Forst.

19. Forsteri, Flor.

alni, Forst. (nec Linn.).

20. alni, Linn.

fuscinervis, Forst.

Heydenii, Forst.

21. buxi, Linn.

22. spartii, Guer.

spartiophila, Forst.
[Spanioneuea, Forst.

not yet discovered in Britain.]

[Amblybhina, F. Low.

contains one species not yet found in
Britain.]

[Diaphobina, F. Low.

contains no British representative.]
Liyilla, Curtis.

1. ulic'is, Curtis.

Abyt-EN a, Scott (F drat., partim) = {Atcenia,
Thoms.).

1. genista, Latr.

ulicis, Curtis, Scott.
spartii, Hartig.

[Flobia, F. Low.

contains no British representative.]

[Allceoneuba, F. Low., = {Arytaina,
Forst., partim).

contains no British representative.]
[Homotoma, Guer., = {Anisostropha,
Forst.).

contains no British representative.]

Sub-family. 4. TRIOZINiE.
Tbichopsylla, Thoms.

1. WalJceri, Forst.

Tbioza, Forst.

1. urticce, Linn.
eupoda, Hartig.
forcipata, Forst.
protensa, Forst.
crassicornis, Forst.
bicolor, M.-D.

2. viridula, Zett.
simplex, Hartig.
apicalis, Forst.

3. galii, Forst.
velutlna, Forst., Flor. ?.
thoracica, Flor. ?.

4. acutipennis, Zett. {nec Forst.).
Saundersi, M.-D.

5. remota, Forst.
cinnabarina, Forst.

Ticematodes, Forst.
dryobia, Flor.

6. salicivora (Reuter), Scott.

7. albiventris, Forst.
sanguinosa, Forst.

8. munda, Forst.
munda, Flor.

9. rhamni, Schrk.
dbieticola, Forst.
argyrea, M.-D.

10. abdominalis, Flor.

11. Dalei, Scott.

[Bacteeiceba, Puton.

not yet discovered in Britain.]

I may add that I do not hold with Dr. F. Low in the position he
assigns to the genera Livilla and Sjpanioneura in his sub-family
Psyllince. Although the neuration of the elytra of the former is

256

[ April,

similar to that of Psylla , yet the peculiarity of the form and length
of the face-lobes seem to indicate that it ought to be dealt with as a
member of a sub-family, to be called Livillince. As for the latter
( Spnnioneura ), it is somewhat remarkable in its structure, partaking,
as it does, of the characters of Psylla and Trioza combined. From
Psylla it differs in having lanceolate elytra, as in Trioza ; and from
Trioza in having a petiolate cubitus, as in Psylla. Here, also, I think
are sufficient grounds for the formation of a new sub-family, under
the name of Spanioneurince.

In the “ Meddel. af Soc. pro Fauna et Flora fennica,” 5 (1880),

o

Dr. O. M. Reuter, in his enumeration of the Hemiptera of Abo and

O

Aland, observes the nomenclature of Dr. Low in respect of the Psyllina ,
which are mostly the same species as in Britain.

Lee, S.E. : 2nd January , 1882.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FROM TENERIFFE, ST. YINCENT, &c.

BY GERVASE F. MATHEW, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

We arrived at Teneriffe on the 17th December, and on the fol-
lowing afternoon I went for a walk, taking the road from Santa Cruz
towards Laguna, in the interior, the ancient capital of the island. The
country passed through was very rough, dry, and rocky, the small
fields being divided by loose stone walls, reminding one of Malta. The
only things under cultivation, at this time of the year, appear to be
spring onions and prickly pears. There were a great many acres of
the latter, which are grown for the purpose of rearing the cochineal
insect. In one place there were a number of women busily engaged
covering the leaves with muslin. The parent insects, so I was told,
are kept in sheds, built for the purpose, and deposit their ova on the
muslin, which is then cut into pieces about six inches square. These
pieces are then wrapped round a leaf of the prickly pear, and their
ends fastened to the leaf with the sharp thorns picked from the plant
itself. The little creatures when they are hatched crawl from the
muslin on to the leaf, and the muslin afterwards serves as a protection
from wind and rain. The insects take three or four months coming
to maturity, when they are shaken off, baked, and dried, and are then
ready for exportation. There are two £- crops ” in the year, but the
first is generally a light one.

1882.1

257

Lacuna is some 2000 feet above Santa Cruz, from which it is
distant about seven miles, so it was uphill work, and, as I did not feel
inclined to go the whole way, I stopped, after walking about four miles,
and rested, and admired the beautiful view, and then returned to the
town. As I did not expect at this time of the year to see any insects
about, I took no net -with me, so, in consequence, noticed many large
dragon-flies, two or three Macroglossa stellatarum, and a number of
Pieris Daplidice , and also picked up an uninteresting-looking Noctua
larva, much resembling that of Agrotis exclamationis * crawling on the
dusty road. The next morning I landed with one of my brother
officers for a drive to Laguna, and upon reaching the mole, we found
a carriage which we had previously ordered waiting for us. It was a
queer-looking conveyance, of ancient date, and had three horses
attached to it abreast. The day was simply perfect : cloud and sun-
shine, the latter preponderating, with a deliciously balmy breeze.
The road between the two towns was a capital one, and our three little
horses took us along merrily, although it was uphill the whole way.
We reached Laguna about half -past one, and found it a dreary, dirty -
looking town, with much grass growing in the wretchedly-paved streets.
After driving about in the town for a short time, we went right through
and found the country beyond flat and well cultivated, and in some
places looking beautifully green. We drove on for about a mile
between something almost like hedges, and then stopped, got out, left
our carriage in the road, and walked about for an hour or so. I put my
net together at once, and had only just done so when a brown butter-
fly flitted by, and was netted, and I was pleased to find that I had
captured a fine Lasiommata Xiphia , and seven others W'ere soon ob-
tained. They were evidently just coming out, for they were quite
fresh and in beautiful condition. Besides these, Pieris raped and
Daplidice and C hr y soph anus Phlceas — the latter with much larger
black spots than in British examples — were taken, and several Pyrameis
cardui seen. The country this side of Laguna was very pretty, and
after walking on until we could see the sea the other side of the island,
we returned to our carriage and drove back to Santa Cruz.

On 24th December, we arrived and anchored off the estuary of
the river Ouro, on the West Coast of Africa, in lat. 23°, 40' 1ST., and
remained until the 29th. This locality, I expect, has never been visited
by an entomologist ; and from the ship, entomologically speaking, the
aspect was most desolate, nothing as far as the eye could reach but

* On the 16th January this larva produced a fine Agrotis, unlike any species with which I am
acquainted.

258

[April,

sandy desert — in fact, tlie great Sahara. While here I went on shore
several times shooting (birds were very numerous), and found the
country was no better than it appeared from the ship : stunted bushes
of mesembryanthemum, saltwort, stonecrop, &c., grew at intervals on
the sandy beach, and on the desert beyond, the same plants, in a more
dwarfed form, and a few others I did not know, occurred. A. diligent
search at the roots of these plants resulted in the discovery of one
small beetle (a Dermestes ) and the larva of another (Cicindela) , and a
few larvae of an Orthopteron. But a large dragon-fly ( Anax \_Cyrto-
sorna ] ephippiger) occurred in the greatest profusion, which is strange
when one bears in mind that these insects in their larva-state pass
their existence in fresh water, of which there were no signs whatever
in the neighbourhood, nor had there apparently been any rain for
months. The river Ouro seems to be a river in name only, for an ex-
ploring party from the ship which went to the head of the estuary —
some twenty miles or more inland — could discover no trace of fresh
water. These dragon-flies flew off to the ship in considerable numbers,
and at night might be seen reposing on the various ropes. One even-
ing, shortly before dusk, I landed on the sand-ridge, at the mouth
of the estuary, and found the dragon-flies had congregated in vast
numbers on the bushes, and I noticed that they invariably selected the
branches to leeward of the bush.* Only one species of butterfly, the
ubiquitous Pyrameis cardui, was noticed. No traces of the ordinary
food-plants were visible. Three different kinds of moths were ob-
tained : a fine CJicerocampci celerio at rest (the larva of this insect feeds,
I believe, exclusively upon vine); HeliotJiis armiger , whose larvae I
have taken feeding in flowers of thistles and henbane ; and an Agrotis ,
near ripce , whose larvae, probably, feed on Sedum, and other plants
growing on the sands.

We left the river Ouro on 29th December, and arrived at St.
Vincent, Cape de Verde islands, on the afternoon of 2nd January.
Prom previous accounts I had had of the island, I expected to find
nothing but a barren, dry rock, so was agreeably surprised to see an
abundance of green scrub to the westward of the town, and plenty of
green and golden patches among the hills. The next day I went on
shore, and walked out to the westward of the town, where I found
that the scrub was composed chiefly of tamarisk with mimosa and
cassia, and several other trees and shrubs I did not know. The golden-

* The name of this dragon-fly has been supplied by me, from a specimen forwarded by Mr.
Mathew. It is essentially a migratory species, sometimes flying over to the' European shores of
the Mediterranean, from Africa, in large swarms ; this will account for its appearance in such
numbers in a place in which it could not have been bred.— R. McLachlan.

1882. ]

259

green patches were caused by a densely growing Sedum, whose bright
yellow and sweetly smelling flowers were just coming into bloom.
There were also large patches of Chenopodium growing luxuriantly
among the tamarisk and elsewhere, and near the shore Suceda maritima
and Beta maritima in plenty. Among the Chenopodium , a Byrale ,
which seems identical with a species I have taken in Peru, was
abundant, and I also obtained a single example of another species of
Byrale , which I have likewise taken botb in Brazil and Peru. Un-
fortunately, it was a dull afternoon, witb frequent misty showers, and
only a gleam of sunshine at rare intervals, and a strong breeze blowing.
It always blows here, I believe. During the gleams of sun, I noticed
two kinds of butterflies : a Bieris, which looked uncommonly like
rapee, and which I missed shamefully several times, and two specimens
of an obscure little Lyccena, Among the Chenopodium I obtained five
small and prettily marked Bterophori, and from the tamarisk bushes a
plume which appears to be identical with Agdistis Bennettii .* Among
the same bushes there were numbers of a dull coloured Scoparia, and
a very small whitish Tinea , but the moment they were dislodged with
the beating stick, they were blown away by the strong wind, and I was
only able to secure a couple of them. Two species of dragon-flies were
plentiful, but also, on account of the wind, difficult to catch, and I
obtained but two — one possessing a bright claret coloured body, and
the other dull golden-green — perhaps, sexes of the same species.
Besides the moths mentioned above, I secured a pretty little yellow
Noctua , allied to Micra, and two species of Geometer. In the seed-
pods of Cassia, a Tortrix larva was plentiful, and I gathered a couple
of dozen of them.f Coleoptera and Hemiptera were very scarce, but
Orthoptera were abundant, and I noticed many species, besides hearing
them all around me. The Hymenoptera were represented by a single
large, dark blue, ichneumon-like insect, having large, bright yellow
antennae, which made it very conspicuous on the wing. They were
busy collecting honey from the flowers of the Sedum. We left St.
Vincent on the 4tli January for Cape of Good Hope, where we shall
remaiD for about a fortnight, and then proceed to Australia.

H. M. S. “Espiegle,” at Sea:

27 th January , 1882.

* A. tamaricis, 1. — Eds.

t I placed these pods in a large wide-mouthed bottle, and in a day or two observed many of
the larvae had crawled to the sides of the bottle and were hanging, dead, and, upon examination,
I found all the pods covered with mildew, and every larva dead. One which I placed in a small
pill box by itself, for the purpose of figuring, spun a cocoon of fine white silk, and on the 20th
January produced a moth. — G. F. M.

260

[April,

Note on Acherontia Atropos in Caithness. — In March, 1877, a correspondent of
the Ent. Mo. Mag. made enquiry about the occurrence of Acherontia Atropos in
Caithness. In the Ent. Mo. Mag. for the following month I mentioned the only
instance then known to me. Perhaps it may interest Mr. Sandison to hear that it
has been taken twice since then, and on both occasions by chance observers. In
August, 1877, a specimen was found at rest in the daytime in a grass field adjoining
one of potatoes, at Billster, near Wick ; and in August, 1879, another was startled
out of ivy at Barrock House, in the parish of Bower. Ho doubt the insect occurs
occasionally throughout the county. — L. D. Dunbar, Wick, N.B. : Feb. Vlth, 1882.

Further note on Tortrix Lafauryana. — I have just had the pleasure of ex-
amining a series of variations of both sexes of Tortrix Lafauryana, Ragonot, kindly
lent for the purpose by Mr. Atmore, and am able to add a few words to my note on
the species ( ante p. 17). In the males the range of variation here seems to be from
the usual yellowish or pale ochreous colour to a bright fulvous, the markings slightly
darker, or even almost obliterated. Females either very pale ochreous, greyish-
ochreous, or dull brownish-red, in all cases having the fore-wings crossed by nume-
rous irregular, delicate, faintly darker lines, something as in the female of Lozotcenia
rosana , giving the wings a faintly reticulated appearance. This also occurs, but more
faintly, in the males.

By good fortune, at the same time, my old friend, Mr. Machin, has sent me a
pair of Tortrices reared by him from Statice limonium, which are clearly L. latior-
ana, Wilk. (a variety of L. costana), the female of which resembles the paler females
of Lafauryana in shape, size, and colour, but is entirely destitute of the delicate
reticulations of that species, and is thus easily distinguishable. — C. Gr. Barrett,
Pembroke : February 2&th, 1882.

On the colouring matter , Sfc., of cocoons of some of the silJc- spinning Lepidoptera.
— I have been much interested in reading an article in the “ Journal of Science ” for
last month (February, 1882), by Mr. J. W. Slater on “Silks and Silkworms,” and
my attention was especially caught by the part where the statement of Major
Coussmaker, who has studied the large Indian silk-spinning larvse, is quoted to the
effect that by opening cocoons at various intervals he had convinced himself of the
fact “ that when the caterpillar has left off eating and begins to spin, it voids the
food remaining in the alimentary canal, first of all in a more or less solid form and
of a dark colour, but after it has become fully enveloped in the cocoon, the excrement
comes away as a light-coloured liquid, the hue and consistency of which depend
upon the amount of vegetable matter not previously evacuated, and the amount of
lime, carbon, and ammonia present and he considers the use of this excrementi-
tious deposit is to harden the cocoon, but at the same time it stains the silk, and it
is from this point of view chiefly that he takes notice of it. Now to me at first,
when I recollected the invariable habit of larvee to empty the intestine of food before
commencing the cocoon, this statement seemed sufficiently startling ; but presently
the yellow powder in the cocoon of Clisiocampa neustria came to mind, and could
not be accounted for as emanating from the spinnerets of the larva ; so I turned to
Kirby and Spence, and found of course that they had not omitted to speak of this
habit, but after mentioning it as belonging to C. neustria and Liparis salicis, they

1882.1

261

proceed to give the explanation that these larvae, “ after spinning their cocoons, cast
from their anus three or four masses of a soft and paste-like matter, which they
apply with their head all round the inside of the cavity, and which, drying in a
short time, becomes a powder that effectually renders it opaque. This is not as
might be expected an excrement, but a true secretion, evidently intended for this
very purpose, and according to Reaumur, a similar powder, but white, derived from
the varicose intestines, is used by the caterpillars of Oastropacha quercifolia, &c.”
And I find in Boisduval’s introduction to the first vol. of “ Lepidopteres, Suites &
Buffon,” the following passage : “ II en est qui, pour rendre leur coque plus ferme et
moins transparente, 1* humectent d’une liqueur jaune qu’elles rendent par l’anus,
et qui, en se dessechant, devient pulvdrulente comme du lycopodium ou de la fleur
de soufre (Bombyx neustria, franconica, castrensis, &c.)”

Besides the powdery cocoon of C. neustria, I had bethought myself of the
varnished cocoon of Saturnia carpini, and on this point also I find something in
Kirby and Spence, for they quote a conjecture of Reaumur that the threads of
which it is made are connected by a “ gummy matter from the anus, with which the
whole interior of the cocoon is often plastered.”

I have myself bred very few indeed of the large Oriental silk-spinners, and I
have not sufficient physiological knowledge to speak with anything like authority on
the substances other than silk, which are found in the cocoons of the above men-
tioned British species, but I must say of the two explanations given I prefer the
one which attributes them to a secretion, to that which gives them an excrementi-
tious origin. Perhaps there may be some one who has investigated this subject
recently, and can settle it for us ; if not, it seems sufficiently interesting to be examin-
ed anew, and I shall be glad to help any one able and willing to make experiments.

The cocoons of some of the ichneumous, as noticed by Kirby and Spence, offer
curious examples of variation in the colour of silk, which must all come from the
same source ; some of these cocoons are regularly banded in two colours, others, as
Mr. Parfitt made me observe, are spotted, and some I have seen almost streaked ;
here would be another interesting subject for examination by a competent student. —
J. Hellins, Exeter : 10 th March, 1882.

Corticaria Wollastoni at Mablethorpe, S(c. — Last summer I took on the sand-
hills at Mablethorpe, Lincolnshire, several specimens of a Corticaria which I thought
might be Wollastoni, Waterhouse, as it seemed strange, and I knew that Mable-
thorpe was the place where Mr. Wollaston took the specimens from which the insect
was named ; on comparing my specimens with the type specimen of Wollastoni
given me by Mr. Matthews, I found that they were identical. I sent, however, one
of my specimens to M. Brisout de Barneville, who returned it to me as C. transver-
sahs, Gryll., a species very common on the continent, and apparently one of the most
variable of the genus. I find that Reitter, in his Monograph, has already merged
Wollastoni into transversalis as a variety ; and although he has done this only from
descriptions, and owns that Wollastoni is unknown to him, yet there would seem to
be little doubt but that he is right. The following continental species, that have at
one time or other been described, are all now included under transversalis : brevi-
collis, Mannh., maura, Mots., hortensis, Manilla., Wollastoni, Waterh., suturalis,

262

[April,

Mannh., crocata, Mannh., taurica, Mannh., curticollis, Mannh., pollens, Mannh.,
moravica, Reitter, albipilis, Reitter, sericea, Mannh. This fact will show how
variable the species is.

Our C. curta, first described by Mr. Wollaston (Ins. Madeira, 1854), appears to
be the same as C. fulvipes, Comolli, described in 1837 ; the latter name, therefore,
has priority. — W. W. Fowler, Lincoln : March 9th, 1880.

Oryetes nasicornis at WicTc. — Will any correspondent, who knows of the capture
of the continental Oryetes nasicornis in Britain, tell me when and where it occurred ?
In May, 1879, between the 18th and 31st, a female O. nasicornis was taken crawling
on the South Head Braes, Wick, and brought to Mr. Sinclair, watchmaker, by whom
it was given to me. As it is common in gardens, tan pits, &c., in northern aiid
middle Europe, it doubtless came in the ballast of one of the many vessels which
trade between the Baltic ports and Wick. Mr. E. C. Rye kindly named the insect
for me shortly after it was taken. — L. D. Dunbar, Wick, N.B. : February Vith, 1882.

Notes on captures of British Aculeate Hymenoptera. — I should be glad if you
would allow me space to record the following captures of some of our rarer British
Aculeate Hymenoptera. The species mentioned were taken some years ago, before
I first left England, and I only call attention to them now because I find that the
localities here given for the Fossores, &c., have not been mentioned by Mr. E.
Saunders in his Synopsis, and as some are for species of considerable rarity, I thought
it was a pity that they should be forgotten ; I have also added localities for several
rare wasps and bees, and would especially call attention to the capture of Odynerus
basalis on Stowborough Heath, Dorset, for although my kind old friend, the late
Mr. F. Smith, described and figured it in the Entomologist’s Annual for 1869, he, in
some unaccountable way, omitted it from his Catalogue published in 1871. It has,
I believe, been subsequently taken by Mr. C. W. Dale, also in Dorsetshire.

Formica sanguinea, Shirley, Croydon, common, one nest in the post of an oak
paling sunk in the ground ; aliena, Bournemouth, 3 ? , July. Myrmica lobicornis,
Leptothorax acervorum and Nylanderi (a few specimens), Shirley, Croydon, in nest
of F. sanguinea, common. Tetramorium ccespitum, Shirley. Mutilla europcea,
Croydon and Bournemouth ; rufipes = ephippium, entirely black var. of the 3 , one
specimen, Sandown Bay. Aporus bicolor, four $ , three ? > Steephill, Yentnor, July,
1871, first recorded capture of the 3 in this country.* Agenia variegata, Steep-
hill, Yentnor, July. Pompilus agilis, Yentnor. Tachytes unicolor, Yentnor. Crabro
capitosus, Ipswich, bred from bramble-sticks. Fumenes coarctata, Bournemouth and
Stowborough Heath. Odynerus basalis, ? , first captured on Stowborough Heath,
Dorset, 24th July, 1878. Vespa norvegica, Shirley. Andrena Hattorfiana, Yentnor ;
spinigera, Shirley ; austriaca, = rosce, Shirley ; simillima, Yentnor. Ccelioxys
Edentata, Ipswich, common. Osmia bicolor, Riddlesdown, near Purley, May ;
pilicornis, Shirley, 1 $ . Nomada baccata, Bournemouth ; armata, Yentnor.
Stelis phceoptera, Addiscombe, not uncommon. Ceratina cyanea = ccerulea, Croydon,
bred from bramble-sticks. Bombus soroensis, 3 and $ , Croydon and Ipswich. —
G-. A. James Rothney, 84, Anerley Pai’k, Penge, S.E. : 9th March, 1882.

* Mr. Rothney has given me an opportunity of examining these specimens, and also very
kindly added a pair of this great rarity to my collection.— E. S.

1882. ]

263

Note on Trioza crithmi, F. Low, a species of Psyllidce not yet Jcnown as
British. — Where “ hangs (out) one that gathers samphire P” If there be such an
one, he is the very person to direct the footsteps of the naturalist to the head quarters
of this insect, discovered by Dr. Puton on the sea coast in Brittany some time ago,
and who wrote to me immediately after its capture, saying, that it was certain to be
found in England where the plant grew. I hope some enterprizing individual will
try and obtain the species, and be good enough to send me living examples, together
with a small portion of the food-plant, for the purpose of figuring. Nothing is, I
believe, as yet known of its earlier stages, and the young forms would prove of much
greater interest than the adults. — John Scott, Lee, S.E. : March ]'2th, 1882.

Note on some fungi that attack insects, Sfc. — Isaria araehnophila is parasitic
upon dead spiders, I. farinosa on dead pupae, I. sphingum on dead moths. These
creatures are, however, first attacked whilst living. The genus Isaria is supposed
to be a sort of conidophorous, or larval, condition of the genus Torrubia (or Cordy-
ceps ) amongst fungi. Several British species of this latter genus grow on the larvae
or pupae of moths, one grows on an ichneumon, and another ( Cordyceps sphceroce-
phala ) upon living wasps in the West Indies ; this last species seems to have no
place at present in the lists of British fungi, yet it seems probable that the fungus
now exhibited growing from the body of a bee, is no other. The bee was caught in
this country whilst it was inconveniently flying with its fungus burden. — Worth-
ington G-. Smith (extracted from a paper read at Sci. Committee R. Hort. Soc.,
14^ March, 1882).

ftcuinr.

Report op the Entomologist op the United States Department op
Agriculture por the tear 1880. By J. Henry Comstock. With Illustra-
tions. Washington : Glovernment Printing Office. 1881. (Author’s Edition)
pp. i — iv, 235 — 373.

The primary object of this Report is to give notes on insects injurious to various
plants or crops in America, with indication of the remedies, and in this respect is
likely to be beneficial ; but it has a wider interest for Entomologists in the accounts
of the natural history of the insects noted, and in the descriptions of new species
The Report is divided into three parts : 1, Miscellaneous Insects ; 2, Report on
Scale Insects ; 3, Report on the Parasites of the Coccidce.

The first part is mainly devoted to Lepidoptera from an economic point of
view, and three new species are described : Pempelia Gleditschiella, Fernald,
from leaves of the honey -locust ; Grapholitha bracteatana, Fernald, from cones of
Abies bracteata ; and Botys repetitialis, Grrote, from cauliflowers. Two other new
insects are also described — Biplosis catalpce, Comstock, and Entedon diastatce,
Howard. Plates i and ii belong to this part.

Part 2. This consists of a Report on Coccidce, preceded by an introductory
notice, in which are well and concisely given their characters and metamorphosis, to
which are added statements of methods for the destruction of these very injurious
insects, the preference being given to a solution of soap, the author saying — “ The

2G4

[April. 1S82.

results were so remarkable, that I feel warranted in saying that, taking into con-
sideration its efficacy as a means of destroying scale-insects, its effect upon plants,
and its cost, there is at this time no better remedy than a strong solution of soap.
In my experiments whale-oil soap was used, and the solution was applied by means
of a fountain-pump to orange trees infested with the red scale of California. In the
strongest solution used the proportions were three-fourths of a pound of soap to one
gallon of water. The mixture was heated in order to dissolve the soap thoroughly ;
and the solution was applied while yet heated to about 100° F. The tree upon
which the experiment was made was very badly infested, the bark of the trunk
being literally covered with scales. Four days after I examined the trees very
carefully, and could find no living insect on the trunk, and only a small proportion
of the Coccids on the leaves appeared to be still alive. Three months afterwards
Mr. Alexander Craw made a careful examination of this and some other trees upon
which we had experimented, and on this one he was unable to find any living scale
insects.”

Pages 292 to 349 are occupied with descriptions of species, some of which are
well-known European forms, some American, previously known, and more new
and now first described and figured. Plates iii to xxii are devoted to the Coccidce.

Part 3 is a Report on the Parasites of the Coccidce , contributed by Mr. L. O.
Howard, in which the fostering of them with a view to their beneficial action in
lessening the number of Coccidce is shown to be practicable and is advocated.
Thirty-four species ( Chalcididce , Proctotrupidce ) are described, most of them being
new, and Plates xxiii and xxiv are filled with figures of them.

Altogether this is one of the best of the Reports by the State Entomologists
of America we have seen.

©bituarg.

Sir Charles Wyville Thomson, LL.JD., F.P.S., died at his residence, Bonsyde,
Linlithgow, on the 10th March, at the age of 52.

In early life he collected British Lepidoptera, and there is a communication
from him in the 4th volume of the Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer, p. 117, on
the occurrence of “ Anthrocera Minos in the West of Scotland.”

Professor Wyville Thomson was then (1858) at Queen’s College, Belfast, where
he remained till 1870, when succeeding Professor Allman in the Chair of Natural
History in the University of Edinburgh, he entered on a wider sphere of usefulness.

His connection with the “ Challenger ” expedition as head of the Scientific Staff
is well known. Leaving England in 1872, they were away three years and a half ;
on his return from that voyage in 1876 he was knighted.

Unfortunately, he seems never to have enjoyed good health after his return from
this expedition. In June, 1879, he had an attack of paralysis, and from that time
he could only work at occasional intervals, and towards the end of last year he
resigned his Chair at the University of Edinburgh, and latterly he found himself
physically unable to continue his personal superintendence of the volumes which
have yet to appear relating to the expedition.

Another attack of paralysis occurred early in March, which speedily had a fatal
termination.

May, 1882.]

265

ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH AN TR OMYIIDAZ.

BY R. H. MEADE.

{continued from page 224.)

16. HYLEMYIA, E. Desv.

Gen. ch. — Eyes bare, contiguous or sub-contiguous in the male ;
arista plumose, or sub-plumose ; alulets small, with scales of equal
size ; abdomen usually prolonged with five segments, conico-cylindrical,
or oblong flattened and narrow ; the ventral surface often furnished
with tufts of hair, and the anal male appendages prominent : wings
with the third and fourth longitudinal veins parallel, or slightly di-
vergent ; anal vein prolonged to the margin : legs simple.

Sect. 1 — Legs wholly or nearly hlacjg.
Div. i — Arista long haired.

1. hilaris, Fall.

2. yirginea, Meig.

3. VARIATA, Fall.

4. LASCIYA, Zett.

5. FLAYIPENNIS, Fall.

crassirostris , Meig. $ .

Div. ii — Arista short haired.

6. seticrura, Eond.

7. CARDUi, Meig.

hrunnescens ?, Zett.

8. NIGRESCENS, Eond.

9. PTJLLELA, Zett.

longula , Meig. non Fall.

10. ciiVERELLA,Meig. non Fall.

11. CIKEROSA, Zett.

12. ANTIQUA, Meig.

Sect. 2 — Legs more or less pale.
Div. i — Arista long haired.

13. strigosa, Fab.

vulgaris , Panz.

14. nigrimana, Meig.

15. PRiEPOTENS, Wdm.

Div. ii-

16. puella, Meig.

17. operosa, Meig.

18. COARCTATA, Fall.

-Arista short haired.

19. tibiaria, Eond.

cep arum /, Meig.
antigua Schin.

The distinctive characters between the species in this genus, and
those in Hydrophoria , are somewhat difficult to define ; the only posi-
tive point of difference being the comparative size of the scales of the
alulets, which are unequal in size, and larger in proportion, in Hydro-
phoria than in Hyleniyia. Schiner has repudiated the genus Hydro -

266

[May,

phoria altogether, placing H. conica and H. linogrisea in Hylemyia ,
and removing JET. divisa into the unspotted division of his genus
Spilogaster {My deed). While, however, some of the more highly de-
veloped species of this genus are closely related to some of those in
Hydrophoria , many of the others are very feebly organized, having
very small alulets and narrow flattened bodies.

The arista should always be distinctly plumose or hairy in all
species placed in this genus, but there are a few in which the hairs
though distinct are short, and some of these have been placed by one
author in one genus, and by others in another, thus creating a good
deal of confusion : H. antiqua and pullula , for instance, are included
by Schiner in his great genus Anthomyia , along with H. cardui ; while
Rondani places them more correctly in the present genus.

H. hilaris, Fall.

This fire well-marked species is rare. I have only seen one British example,
which was sent to me by Mr. B. Cooke, of Southport.

H. VIKGIKEA, Meig.

This large species is also rare. I captured a single male in August, 1873, at
Tirgewick, near Buckingham. The legs, though black, have all the knees as well as
the bases of fore tibiae pale.

H. YAEIATA, Fall.

This little species, which abounds everywhere, may be recognised by its narrow
conico-cylindrical abdomen, marked by a slender longitudinal dorsal stripe, which
becomes attenuated towards its extremity ; and by the arista being furnished with
very long but few hairs. The thorax is striped by three, or rather five longitudinal
black bands, which are more distinct in the female than in the male The forehead
is prominent, the eyes contiguous behind in the latter sex, but rather widely sepa-
rated in the former, the frontal space being rufous at its fore part.

H. lasciva, Zett.

This species is almost as common as the last, and is often confounded with it ;
it differs, however, by being rather smaller, much blacker, and more hairy. The
thorax is indistinctly striped ; the abdomen is flat and oblong, not conical ; the sub-
anal processes are much larger ; the dorsal stripe is wide and of equal width over
each segment, except the last, on which it is indistinct ; the head is round, and the
forehead less prominent than in H. variata ; the arista is very similar.

Length, about 4 mm. (2 lin.).

H. FLAYIPENNIS, Fall.

In this species the arista is long and thickly haired ; the proboscis is thick and
fleshy, especially in the female ; hence the name given to it by Meigen, who only
knew that sex. The thorax is nearly black and indistinctly striped ; the abdomen

1882.]

267

is dark grey, cylindrico-conical, hairy, with an interrupted dorsal stripe, formed by
three widish tapering black spots ; the wings are of a brownish-yellow colour, more
intense at the base ; the hind tibiae of the males are clothed along their front and
inner surfaces with soft hairs of moderate length. The female has the frontal space
black, and the abdomen nigrescent and immaculate. Rather local, not uncommon
in Yorkshire, and I have received it from Mr. Dale, in Dorsetshire.

H. seticettea, Rond.

This well-marked species has only been described by Rondani. It is charac-
terized by the arista being rather shortly but thickly haired ; the face slightly
prominent; the eyes of the male contiguous; the proboscis thick, as in H.fiavi-
pennis ; the thorax yellowish-grey, with five longitudinal stripes ; the abdomen
oblong, flattened, very hairy, ash-grey, with a narrow longitudinal stripe ; the sub-
anal appendages of the male large, and furnished in front with two projecting hairy
lobes ; the wings sub-luteous ; the legs spinous ; and the hind tibiae thickly
armed with long rigid hairs, or fine bristles, along the whole of their inner and front
sides. The females, which were unknown to Rondani, have the eyes separated by a
wide space, having a central red stripe, bordered by a white margin on each side
about half the width of the stripe ; the thorax marked as in the male ; the abdomen
brownish-grey, conical, hairy, and immaculate ; the wings nearly colourless, strongly
ciliated along the front half of the costa, and with a long costal spine (the costa is
nearly smooth in the male). The legs are spinous. Generally distributed.

Length of both sexes, about 6 mm. (3 lin.).

H. caedui, Meig.

The diagnosis of this species is involved in a good deal of obscurity. It was
not known to either Zetterstedt or Rondani ; the former, however, probably con-
founded it with his A. brunnescens, for the descriptions of the two species correspond
pretty closely, and in his last volume he remarks that Dr. Winnertz in 1856 sent
him a specimen of A. brunnescens under the name of Anth. cardui, Meig.

I have not seen a typical example of H. cardui , but shall give a short account
of the British species, which appears to me to correspond most closely to the de-
scriptions given by Meigen and Schiner of that insect.

Eyes of male sub-contiguous ; face sub-prominent, white with brown reflexions ;
epistome unprojecting ; arista with short hairs, and having a shining black, short,
oval prominence at its base ; thorax brownish-grey, with greyish-white sides, marked
with three longitudinal black stripes, one central, straight, diminishing in breadth
from before backwards, and two lateral, sinuous and irregular ; the stripes are sepa-
rated by two rows of bristles, which give the thorax the appearance of being five
striped ; addomen long, narrow, depressed, and hairy, with the second segment
prolonged, ash-grey with black reflexions, marked with a black interrupted longi-
tudinal dorsal stripe, and transverse lines ; the sub-anal process of the male is
furnished with two projecting lobes, and there is a tuft of shortish black hairs on
the under-surface of the middle abdominal segment ; wings yellowish-brown, the
third and fourth longitudinal veins parallel to each other behind the external trans-
verse vein ; fore tibiae with one bristle projecting from the middle of the external

268

[May,

surface, in addition to the apical ones ; hind tibiae with a few short bristles on their
inner surfaces, and five or six longer ones, of even lengths, arranged along the outer
sides, at nearly equal distances from each other. I do not know the female.

Length of male, 6 mm (about 3 lin.).

This species seems local. I captured a number of specimens near Risborough,
in Buckinghamshire, in June, 1879, but have not met with it in any other locality.

H. nigrescens, Rond.

This species closely resembles the last, and may easily be confused with it ; it
is, however, distinct, and may be known from H. cardui by the following points of
difference : the eyes of the male are contiguous, the epistome slightly prominent,
the arista has rather shorter hairs, and has a slightly prolonged thickening at the
base instead of a bead-like prominence, as in H. cardui ; the thorax is indistinctly
striped and less white on the sides than in H. cardui ; the third and fourth longi-
tudinal veins of the wings are slightly divergent ; the fore tibiae are without any
spines on their outer surfaces, besides the apical one ; the hind tibiae are more spinous
externally than in H. cardui, and the spines are placed in irregular order. The
female is unknown. Rare. I have two males captured in the neighbourhood of
Bradford, and have received typical specimens from the continent.

H. PULLULA, Zett.

This little species may be known from all the others in the genus by the trans-
verse veins of the wings being slightly clouded with black. Rot uncommon.

H. cinerella, Meig.

This species is quite distinct from the M. cinerella of Fallen, with which Meigen
confounded it ; the latter species has the arista nearly bare, and belongs to the genus
Chortojphila. The present insect has the arista distinctly plumose, though rather
short-haired ; the face is somewhat prominent ; the eyes of the male sub-contiguous ;
the dorsum of the thorax blackish-brown, with an indistinct central stripe, and an
irregular black line on each side, below which the sides are of a grey-white colour ;
the scutellum is pale grey ; the abdomen is long, narrow, and conical, grey, with a
narrow longitudinal dorsal stripe ; the hind legs are long, with the tibiae spinous ; a
few short spines being situated on their inner sides in the middle. Rare. I have
three males which were found near Bradford, and I have also received it from
Austria.

H. CINEROSA, Zett.

This, though supposed by Zetterstedt to be the same as the A. cinerella of
Meigen, is quite distinct. The face is less prominent ; the thorax (with the scu-
tellum) is of an uniform greyish-brown colour ; the sides are pale, but are not sepa-
rated from the dorsum, as in the former species, by a black line ; the abdomen is
oblong and flattened, of a dark grey colour, and marked on the dorsum with four
wide sub-confluent triangular black spots, instead of with a straight narrow line ;
the hind legs are proportionately shorter than in H. cinerella, and the hind tibiae
are clothed on their inner sides with soft hairs instead of bristles ; the wings are
tinged with yellow in both species. Not common. I captured five males near Lake
Windermere in June, 187-f.

1882. ]

269

H. ANTIQTTA, Meig.

This rare species, of which I have seen but one British example, has been con-
founded with several others. It is shortly but clearly described by Meigen (vol. v,
p. 166). The thorax is yellowish-grey with white shoulders, and is unstriped ; the
abdomen is flattened and elliptical, ash-grey, with a very fine, straight, sub-inter-
rupted dorsal black line ; the hind tibiae are spinous. I have typical continental
specimens of this fly named by the late Professor Bondani.

H. stbigtOsa, Tab.

This is common everywhere in woods ; it has the tibiae only piceous in the
males, and the femora, as well as the tibiae, pale in the females.

H. MTGBIMA1TA, Meig.

This species closely resembles the last, but is usually rather larger, and has the
four posterior femora of the males, as well as all the tibiae, pale. The females are
difficult to distinguish from those of H. strigosa. Generally distributed, but not
common.

H. pb^pote^s, Wdm.

This fine species has all the femora and tibiae yellow in both sexes ; the anal
segment of the abdomen, as well as the sub-anal male appendages, are also yellow ;
the wings have the third and fourth longitudinal veins strongly divergent, and the
external transverse veins very oblique and sinuous. Bare.

H. PTJELLA, Meig.

This species closely resembles H. virginea, but has all the tibiae testaceous,
while in H. virginea only the bases of the fore tibiae are pale. These two species
are probably only varieties of the same. Bare.

H. opeeosa, Meig.

This species, of which I only know the female, is characterized by having the
thorax, which is brown, marked by two wide irregularly (maculiform) shaped lateral
stripes, and two narrow central lines, the sides being cinereous ; the abdomen is
conical, grey, and has a central dorsal stripe ; the legs have all the femora black, but
the tibiae testaceous in both sexes. The female has the intraocular space black, ex-
cept at the front margin, where it is red. Length, 4 mm. (about 2 lin.).

This fly, which is rare, bears a strong resemblance to Hgdrophoria conica, but
is much smaller and has little alulets.

H. COABCTATA, Fall.

This is a well-marked species ; the arista is furnished with hairs of medium
length ; the males have the thorax grey with the sides lighter, and the dorsum in-
distinctly striped ; the abdomen hairy, oblong, narrow, flat, and cinereous, with an
indistinct narrow dorsal stripe ; anal segment grey, sub-anal appendages hairy, with
two black lamellae ; wings with yellow veins ; legs black, with pale tibiae. The
females have both the thorax and abdomen pale ash-grey, and immaculate, and the

270

[May,

four posterior femora, as well as all the tibiae, pale. Not common. I found several
specimens in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh in August, 1875, and have received
it from Mr. B. Cooke, of Southport.

H. TIBIARIA, Rond.

This peculiar species bears a very strong general resemblance to H. cardui in
the colour, shape, and markings of the thorax and abdomen. It differs in having
the arista rather longer haired ; the tibiae all piceous or testaceous, and above all in
having the abdomen furnished in the middle of its ventral surface with a tuft of
black hairs, so long that it extends in a curved direction backwards as far as the
apex of the abdomen, and even sometimes beyond it.

Length, 7 mm. (about lin.).

The female is unknown. Not common. I have captured it at Thorpe Arch, near
York. This species is probably identical with the H. penicillaris of Rondani, which
I have not seen ; the only difference between them appears to be that the legs are
wholly black in the latter.

(To be continued).

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF LIBURNIA.

BY JOHN SCOTT.

Of finding new Liburnice there appears to be no end ; their
numbers increase so rapidly. In the same lot from which the under-
mentioned has been extracted, I believe there are at least two other
new species. My collection being for comparison of no use, I, as a
rule, when at a loss in this group, submit the doubtful example to
M. Lethierry, the fortunate possessor of Dr. Fieber’s collection, for
identification. The following is a portion of the result of his kind
investigation at this time.

Liburnia insignis, n. sp.

g ■ Brachypterous. Pale yellowish. Crown about as broad as long, not
projecting beyond the front of the eyes. Elytra reaching to about the middle of
the abdomen, apical margin flatly rounded. Abdomen pitchy-black, posterior margin
of the terminal segment broadly white ; genital segment, viewed from the side, pro-
duced into an angular form posteriorly, and having a short, curved, acute tooth at
the lower extremity.

Head : crown broad ; breadth about equal to the length, basal fovese distinct
but not deep, the triangular space in front enclosed between the keels barely ex-
tending to the frons, anterior margin slightly convex, not projecting beyond the
front of the eyes : face slightly brownish -yellow, broad, slightly narrowed between
the eyes, central keel distinct but not prominent : antennce yellow.

Pronotum : posterior margin flatly concave across the scutellum, side keels short,
somewhat indistinct, disc on each side of the centre somewhat depressed. Scutellum :
keels distinct, somewhat acute. Elytra reaching to about the middle of the abdomen,
margin at the apex flatly rounded, nerves fine, not granulated. Legs yellow : thighs
at the base fuscous. Abdomen pitchy-black, shining, with a large yellow or brownish-

1882.1

271

yellow transverse patch on the upper-side at the base, posterior margin of the last
four segments very narrowly brown, down the centre of each a short narrow streak,
not reaching the anterior margin, posterior margin of the last segment broadly white :
genital segment black, shining, viewed from the side the posterior margin is pro-
duced into an angular form, and having a short, curved, acute tooth at the lower
extremity, viewed from behind almost circular, margins of the upper half folding
down inwardly and forming two triangular flaps, leaving a small space between their
edges down the centre, processes black, forming a wide V-shaped character, apex of
the arms white, produced into a point. Length 1 lin. (Paris), nearly.

The shape of the genital segment is alone sufficient to lead to the
identity of this species, viz. : the flat isosceles-angular form of the
posterior margin of the segment as seen from the side, and the two
triangular flap-like pieces as seen from behind.

I have only seen a single J example taken by Mr. Gr. Norman,
at Pitlochry.

Lee, S.E. : 3rd April, 1882.

NOTES ON TENTER EDINIB2E.

BY P. CAMERON.

( continued from page 195 .)

Blennocampa (Monophadnus) sulcata, sp. n.

Black ; covered with a silky greyish or blackish pubescence, which gives the
legs a fuscous tinge ; apical fourth of anterior femora and tibiae in front, and the
four posterior knees dull testaceous-white. Antennae thickish, not much longer than
the head and thorax ; 3rd joint about one-fourth longer than the succeeding. Head
with a deep, longish depression behind the eyes, and slightly projecting behind them;
frontal area and sutures indistinct ; clypeus very slightly incised. Wings smoky,
somewhat darker at the base ; transverse radial nervure received in apical third of
3rd cubital cellule ; transverse median a little before the middle of median cellule ;
1st recurrent a little in front of middle of the 2nd cubital cellule ; 2nd scarcely so
near the middle of the 3rd, and not received in such an acute angle as the 1st ;
3rd cubital cellule short and wide, compared with the length, which is a little shorter
than the 2nd, on upper side, but longer on lower ; there is a “bulla” on 1st trans-
verse cubital nervure. Claws simple. Abdomen about one-fourth longer than the
head and thorax ; sheath of saw projecting, its upper side produced into a projecting
rounded point, and bearing a few hairs.

The $ is similar in coloration, and has the antennae a very little longer, and the
wings if anything clearer. Length, 6 — 6£ mm.

This distinct species is very closely related to B. exarmata , Thoms.
(Hym. Scand., i, 207), olim monticola , id. Opus. Ent., 279, 3, wo^Hartig.,
but that has the antennae filiform, and the 3rd cubital cellule elongated,
and no mention is made of any peculiarity in the shape of the sheath.
Prom B. micans , Klug, it may be known by the eyes not reaching
close to the base of the mandibles, by the indistinct frontal sutures
and area, by the deep suture behind the eyes, while the head projects

272

[May,

more behind, by the shorter 3rd cubital cellule ; the transverse radial
nervure is received further from the 3rd transverse cubital, and con-
sequently the 2nd radial cellule is longer ; and, lastly, in micans the
transverse median nervure is received in the middle of the cellule ; in
sulcata , a little in front of the middle. B. sericans , again, is larger,
has the abdomen longer, compared with the head and thorax, the middle
tibiae and tarsi are distinctly obscure white in front, the antennal fovea
is larger, there is no suture behind the eyes, while the sheath is not
prolonged into a projecting point at the upper part, and the saw is
longer and with better marked indentations. As for the common B.
nigrita , the long 3rd cubital cellule and the short -second radial cellule
at once distinguish it. B. monticola, Htg. = feriata, Zad , is also
related to it, but may be at once separated by there being no suture
behind the eyes, by the short 2nd radial cellule, by the 3rd cubital
cellule being double the length of the 2nd, and by the tibiae being
all more or less white at the sides.

Germany ( Brof. Zeller) ; Holgate, York {Mr. T. Wilson), among
roses.

Heptamelus ochroleucus, Haliday, Nat. Hist. Bev., 1855, ii, p. 60,
pi. ii, f. 1 = Ccenoneura Bahlbomi, Thoms. Haliday had no doubt of
his species being the same as Melicerta ochroleuca , Ste., but Stephens’
generic description does not agree ; this, however, is a matter of no
importance, as it affects neither the generic nor specific name. Hali-
day’s figure and description are excellent. The figure given by M.
Andre, Species des Hymen., i, pi. xv, f. 1, may be that of a new species,
but it certainly does not represent Coenoneura Dahlbomi, or, as it now
must be called, Heptamelus ocliroleucus.

Sfrongylogaster viridis, Smiedeknecht, Ent. Nacht., 1881 = S. de-
licatulus. When fresh and newly emerged, delicatulus is green, but
after death the green colour disappears.

Strongylog aster macula , Klug, is British. I have taken it on ferns
on the Kilpatrick Hills, Dumbartonshire.

Glasgow : April , 1882.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF ICIINE UMOmBM.

BY E. PARFITT.

Hemiteles LITOREUS.

Abdominis medio) pedibus palpisque stramineo-ferrugineis ; anten-
narum articulis 1 — 4 subtus rujls.

Head and thorax black, antennae black, the basal joints rusty-red beneath, in
some, in others entirely rusty-red at the base ; 4 mm. long. Abdomen and thorax

1882. ]

273

of equal length. Head and thorax sparsely and coarsely punctured, metathorax
divided into six areas, coarsely punctured, with a minute tooth on each side. Wings
iridescent and slightly smoky-hyaline, stigma dark piceous, radius testaceous-straw-
colour towards the base, squamula the same, areole 5 angular. Legs ferruginous,
coxae and trochanters the same, in some specimens the posterior are stained, or are
almost black, posterior tibiae and tarsi entirely dusky. Abdomen depressed, fusiform
in outline, or with the sides nearly parallel, basal segment black, narrow at the base,
growing gradually wider for about two-thirds, where there are two small protuber-
ances ; from these to the apex the sides are parallel and striated. A broad shallow
groove runs the whole length. Second and third segments pellucid, straw colour,

with a ferruginous stain, the rest more or less stained with black, apex black.

Long., 3J — mm. Mas et Fern.

I captured this species by sweeping herbage, Aster tripolium, &c.,
on the sea-shore near Woodbury Road Station, in May, 1881. I have
taken it in the Exminster marshes, also near the sea ; it is probably
parasitic on some larvae which feed on littoral plants.

Mesoleitjs elegans.

Niger , abdoniine rufo nigroque varia , segmentorum marginibus flcivis,
facie pectore et linea ante alas jiavis ; pedibus rufis , coxis et trochanteri-
busfavis, postieis Jlavo nigroque variis.

Black, head wider than the thorax, buccated behind ; clypeus, palpi, and
mandibles yellow, the latter ferruginous at the apex, Antennae nearly as long as
the body, the apical half recurved, dull ferruginous, the basal joints black above,
beneath yellow. Thorax slightly swollen, black, a curved line on each side in front,
a dot before, and a narrow line beneath the wings, yellow ; scutellum and post-scutellum
dull red (sometimes black), parapsides distinct. Wings hyaline, ample, iridescent,
radius and stigma pale testaceous, inclining to opaque-white. Legs : the anterior and
medial coxae and trochanters pale yellow, the extreme base black, posterior black,
with their apices yellow ; femora, tibiae, and tarsi fulvous, clothed with a white
pubescence. Abdomen black, all the segments, except the basal one, banded with
fulvous-red, and margined with pale yellow, which colour grows more distinct towards
the apex. Basal segment gradually narrowing towards the base, the centre elevated,
a deep groove runs half the length from the middle to the base, enclosed by two
sharply raised lines. Long. 7 1 mm. Caput et thorax = abdomen, 3£ mm. Fern.

This species appears to come next to _3f. amabilis , Holmgren, Disp.
Synop. Mesl. Scand., f. 19, and belongs to bis sec. 3, div. 2, cob.
2 aa, bb, but differs in tbe colour of tbe coxae and tbe transverse anal
nervure being distinctly antefurcal. It appears to be widely and
sparsely distributed, it bas been taken by Mr. Bridgman, in tbe Nor-
wich district, and by Mr. Gr. Bignell, near Plymouth, and I have taken
two specimens near Exeter.

This insect varies a good deal in the colour of tbe abdomen.

Exeter : April, 1882.

274

[May,

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN REARING TEPHROSIA CREPUS-
CULARIA AND BIUNDULARIA , WITH REGARD TO VARIATION.

BY J. T. D. LLEWELYN, M.A., F.L.S.

Some years ago, Robert Stafford and I tried and published an
experiment in rearing the dark smoke-coloured variety of TepJirosia
crepuscular in, and I now offer a few remarks on a repetition of this
experiment on this and another species of the same genus, viz., T.
biundularia , in which the variation is still more pronounced and
distinct.

Finding the variety of crepuscularia in a wild state, in a propor-
tion of 5 per cent, to the type, we selected ova from a fine dark female
moth, and, rearing them, were enabled to mate a dark pair, and thus
obtain ova from two dark parents : in the next year we had a larger
proportion of the dark smoky variety, and, repeating the selection of
parentage, secured the union of darkly-bred dark parents, and thus,
in 5 years of selected parentage, we were rewarded with a batch of
97 perfect insects of Tepli. crepuscularia , all, without one solitary
exception, of the dark smoky variation.

On a second trial of this same process, and in the third year of
its satisfactory progress, we lost the whole lot from the ravages of the
ichneumon flies, but nothing daunted, and favoured by circumstances,
a fresh trial has this spring resulted thus. In the year, a batch of
250 insects hatched out from ova obtained from dark parents, but 20
have reverted to the original type.

In the case of TepJirosia biundularia , the variety is black, with
the subterminal line clearly and conspicuously pencilled out in white,
and this form of variation seems far more scarce with us than the
corresponding form in crepuscularia. We have previously reared
batches of this species, crepuscularia — both the spring and summer
broods — but have only succeeded in obtaining a few specimens of the
dark variation ; last year, however, a dark female gave us a goodly
batch of ova, and we are now hatching them out with the satisfactory
result of having secured some twenty of this fine dark form ; of these
we have induced three pairs to mate, and have thus, at last, secured
the wished-for darkly-bred ova.

I have used Doubleday’s Nomenclature.

WilJ any of your correspondents kindly tell me if the other
species of this genus are liable to similar variation ?

I have plenty of the variety of crepuscularia in duplicate, should
it be acceptable to your readers who would care to have it, but very
few of biundularia.

Penllergare, Swansea :

April 12th, 1882.

1882.]

275

RECTIFICATIONS CONCERNING HOMOPTERA.

BY JULES LICHTENSTEIN.

I. Coccus latanicc , Boisduval ( Boisduvalia latanicc , Signoret), a
very curious, round, brownish leaf-louse, fringed with a snow-white
circle of fine secretion, and very common in hot-houses on all kinds
of Latanicc and Calami , is neither a Coccus nor an Aleurodes, but a
true Aphidian. The very scarce winged form looks entirely like the
winged forms of the genus Vacuna, Heyden ; it has the same forked
neuration of the upper wrings, and five-jointed antennae all with fine
circles. It is easily distinguished at once from the Vacunce by the
presence of two little conical-pointed horns between the antennae
under the forehead. I suggest for it the new generic name Cerat-
aphis (“horned plant-louse”), and the species will become Cerataphis
latanicc , Boisduval.

II. Coccus rubi , Schrank, has not, according to Signoret, been re-
discovered since the short description appeared in the “ Fauna Boica.”
But I found the insect last autumn, and succeeded in breeding it. It
lives in the larval state through the winter, sucking the under-side of
the leaves of Rubus discolor. Early in spring the male larva forms a
little cocoon in the same manner as in Dactylopius , and the imago
makes its appearance in April. The female is an oval, purple-red
scale-louse, fringed and spotted with snow-white wholly secretion, and
has eight-jointed antennae. The male is also purple-red, and has ten-
jointed antennae ; wings and legs white ; four snow-wrhite tails or setae,
the interior pair as long as the entire insect, the exterior as long
as the wings. This latter character induces me to term the genus
“ Tetrura,” and the species will thus be T. rubi , Schrank.

Montpellier : 8th April, 1882.

Note on Aphalara nebulosa, Zett. — This species was originally introduced by
me into tbe British list in my Monograph of the Psyllidce, under the name of A.
radiata, from specimens in the collection of the Rev. T. A. Marshall, which were
taken at Cheltenham, as he informed me, either by beating or sweeping. In No-
vember, 1876, Dr. F. Low sent me an example from the Imperial Museum of Yienna,
desiring to know whether it was the same species as that described by me; but as
he did not then give, nor has since given, me any clue as to what plant it was
attached, I presume he has not been in a position to do so. Dr. O. M. Reuter,
however, in the “ Entomologisk Tidskrift” for 1881, p. 152, sp. 7, says that he has
seen an example from Stockholm, on the ticket of which is “ in Epilobio angustifolio **
and as this, as well as other species of willow-herb, are not uncommon throughout
this country, we appear to be now in a fair way to become acquainted with it.
Nothing seems to be known of its earlier stages, so that a still greater inducement
is in store for those who desire to be first in the field. — John Scott, Lee, S.E. :
March 6th, 1882.

276

[May,

Further note on Trioza crithmi. — The ink on the pages of the last part of the
Magazine could have been barely dry when in answer to my enquiry, at page 263, I
received a kind letter from Mr. P. H. Grosse, F.B.S., informing me that samphire
grew in some profusion on Anstey’s Cove Bocks, within a little distance from Tor-
quay, and asking what the creature was like and when to be looked for. I at once
replied, and have now the great gratification to say, that through his exertions I
possess not only specimens of this species, but also the ova, larvae, and nymph states.
In fact, the whole biology of this valuable addition to the British fauna now lies
before me in 4 glass bottles. I purpose describing the insect and its earlier stages
afterwards, and will here only add that through all its transformations to the perfect
state, it is uniformly of an orange-yellow colour. The eggs are set on long pedun-
cles, and are easily seen. I believe that at Folkstone the plant is also very abundant,
and as that place is much easier of access from here for pleasure seekers and
others than is Devon, I may hear of the insect being also found there. — Id. :
1 6th April, 1882.

Additions to the Perthshire Hemiptera. — The following species of Hemiptera
were captured at Pitlochry, and may be added to my former lists (vol. xvi, pp. 175
and 213).

Agalliastes Willcinsoni, two specimens with fully developed membrane, among
short grass in woods ; Myrmedobia tenella, Teratocoris viridis, moss, Knock Barril ;
Nabis flavomarginatus, Scholz, several developed specimens ; Poeciloscytus Gyllenhali
with fully developed membrane ; Orthotylus fuscescens, Kirschb., on pines ; Corixa
carinata, Sahib., Loch Broom or its vicinity ; Trioza abdominalis, Flor, on ivy ; T.
galii, Foerst., short grass, Faskally ; Doratura stylata, Boh., Middlehaugh, July and
August, many developed specimens ; Liburnia neglecta, Flor ; L. elegantula, Boh.,
Faskally ; L. denticauda, Boh., Faskally ; L. uncinata, Fieb., grass in woods ; L.
mesomela, fully developed ; L. discolor, Boh., developed ; L. insignis, Scott (Mr.
Scott will describe this new species) ; L. cemulatrix, Scott ; L. distinct a, Flor,
moss, Knock Barril; L. forcipata, Boh.; L. notula, Grerm., Craigour; Stiroma
nasalis, Boh. ; Dicranotropis haniata, fully developed, in profusion ; Chlorita
viridula, Fall. ; Acocephalus rivularis ; A. polystolus, Fieb., Middlehaugh; JDelto-
cephalus Minlci, on a dry hill, August ; F. socialis var. onustus ; T>. pseudocellar is,
Flor; 2). picturatus, Fieb.; T>. Flori, Fieb. ; Aphalara picta, Craigour; Thamno-
tetiix f rontalis , H.-S., Culk ; Fupteryx abrotani, Doug. ; Athysanus russeolus, Fall. ;
A. piceus, Scott, in a marsh, Dunfallandy ; Fupelex spathulata , F. producta, F.
cuspidata, all common on a dry hill, Middlehaugh ; Orthezia cataphracta, very
abundant in the larval state ; I bred two winged males and found others in Septem-
ber in profusion, sitting quietly on fine grass ; O. fioccosa, common in the larval
state, with the above ; O. urticce, rare, in the larval state. Feltocephalus picturatus
and Athysanus russeolus are new to the British list. — Gh Nokman, Peebles : March
28th , 1882.

Abundance of Ptinella denticollis , Fairm. — Since writing my former note on
Ptinella denticollis (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xvii, p. 186), I have taken every oppor-
tunity of searching for that minute beetle. Considering that (as the Bev. A.
Matthews informed me) in 1881 there were not 40 specimens of this insect in all

1882.]

277

collections put together, and also that up to that time this little beetle has been
captured at the rate of only 1 or 2 specimens at a time, my success has been most
remarkable.

Almost invariably, ■wherever I have searched for P. denticollis I have found it
not in ones and twos, but in scores and hundreds. It is still plentiful in the locality
in which I first found it (Knowle), and during the past winter and present spring it
has occurred to me at the following amongst other places. In a bye-lane within
three miles of the centre of Birmingham it is very plentiful under bark of oak
stumps, posts, and rails ; and in company with it I find Euplectus nigricans. At
Sutton Park, seven miles from Birmingham, it literally swarms under the bark of
dead oak trees. At Needwood Forest I captured a goodly number under the loose
bark of decaying holly trees, and at Salford Priors and Bewdley Forest it occurred
freely under bark on oak logs. It is very common under similar conditions at Leigh
Woods near Bristol, and on a recent visit to Dean Forest I found several specimens
(together with what I believe to be P. britannica ) under bark on an old oak stump.
It seems that comparatively few Coleopterists have met with P. denticollis , and the
only conclusion I can arrive at is that owing probably to its minute size and its
resemblance in colour to the bark under which it lives, it has been overlooked.
Perhaps my note may have the effect of inducing other workers to look for this
species ; if so, and success attend their search, probably we shall soon see records of
its capture from many other districts. I shall be pleased to send specimens to any
Coleopterist in want of the species. — W. G. Blatch, 214, Green Lane, Smallheath,
near Birmingham : April 1 Qth, 1882.

Early Coleoptera near Lincoln. — I have never been accustomed to get Coleop-
tera by sweeping much before May, certainly not in the North of England, but on
March 18th, in a wood near Lincoln, I found beetles as abundant on the herbage as
they often are in early summer. I swept Lathrobium boreale in some numbers,
Cytilus varius, Lema melanopa, Lathridius nodifer , a Cionus or two, two or three
species of Halticidce, Cceliodes quercus, two or three Ceuthorhynchi (C. punctiger
being the best), sundry Staphylinidce, and a few common Hemiptera. Atenieles
emarginatus was to be found in a nest of Formica fusca. Coprophilus striatulus
is usually common on the Lincoln pavements in April ; this year specimens were
running about on March 19th. — W. W. Fowler, Lincoln : April 15 th, 1882.

Meloe variegata and other Coleoptera at Margate. — I have much pleasure in
recording the occurrence at Margate of Meloe variegata , Don., of which rarity I
obtained three specimens, during a visit in the early part of March last. Two of
these were found by my sister, one sprawling upon the pathway, and the other upon
the sands beneath, while I took the third myself upon a grassy bank not far from
the town. Of M. cicatricosa, no less than six specimens turned up, four falling to
my lot, and two to that of a friend who was with me for a couple of days. Among
the more noteworthy of my remaining captures were the following : — Dromius
4s-signatus, several under recently turned stones in a heap a mile or so from the
town ; JBembidium 5-striatum , two in the deserted burrows of sand hoppers in the
cliff -cuttings ; Ocypus fuscatus, one under a chalk lump upon the sands ; Saprinus
maritimus, Bhinosimus viridipennis, in profusion under bark in a small copse near

278

[May,

Kingsgate ; Trachyphlceus alternans , Tanymecus palliatus, and Mantura Matthewsi,
a single example of each ; Phyllotreta lepidii, common by sweeping along the cliffs;
Cassida nobilis, not uncommon under stones in the heap frequented by the Dromius;
unfortunately I did not find it until the day before my departure, and therefore,
failed to obtain more than fourteen specimens, all of which were clinging to the
lower surfaces of the stones. Insect life in general appeared remarkably forward
for the time of year, much more so than I found to be the case in this neighbourhood
upon my return. — Theodore Wood, 5, Selwyn Terrace, Upper Norwood : April,
1882.

A marine Caddis-fly. — I have just received a letter from Prof. F. W. Hutton, of
Canterbury College, New Zealand, in which is the startling announcement that the
larva of a marine caddis-fly lives in Lyttleton Harbour in rock-pools between high
and low water-marks, and forms its case of coralline seaweed. Prof. Hutton says
he has kept the larvae for months in jars of sea-water, but only once succeeded in
breeding the insect, and that was when he was away from home, so that only the
dead remains were obtainable. These (with larvae and cases) are on their way to
this country, and I am not a little curious as to what a creature of such anomalous
habits can be like, for this is not an instance of a species occurring in “brackish ”
water, but absolutely marine.

Prof. Hutton also announces the breeding and forwarding of a New Zealand
species of Helicopsyche. — R. McLachlan, Lewisham, S.E. : 11 th April, 1882.

Dichrorhampha distinctana, Hein., a species of Tortricidce new to Britain. — This
very pretty species is allied to plumbagana and also slightly to consortana, it is of a
rich dark brown mottled with silvery, and having the costal silvery streaks long
and very oblique, the first united with the dorsal blotch, and the second connected
by a sharp angle with the anterior edge of the ocellus, which is peculiarly formed,
having a sharp angle in the middle of its anterior margin. The dorsal blotch ex-
tends two-thirds across the wing, is oblique, constricted above the middle, and has
sinuous margins. There is a row of distinct black dots along the hind margin of
the wing. Hind-wings pale grey, cilia of all the wings whitish with dark tips.
Taken by Mr. R. South in a wood in North Devon among golden-rod ( Solidago
virgaurea ) .

It appears to be a very local species, being only recorded by Heinemann from
bare hills near Vienna. — Chas. Gr. Barrett, Pembroke : 14 th April, 1882.

Asthenia scopariana, H.-S., bred. — I have just had the pleasure of rearing a
specimen of this pretty little Tortrix from a single larva sent me last year by Mr.
Hodgkinson, feeding in flowers of Genista tinctoria. It arrived just too late to be
described as it had just spun up in one of the flowers. — Id.

©bituiirn.

Charles Robert Darwin, LL.D., F.R.S., passed away, almost suddenly, at his
residence at Down, Kent, on the 19th April, in his 74th year. Long before this brief
announcement can be published, the daily and weekly journals in all parts of the
world where Natural Science is cultivated will have given minute details of his life and

1882.]

279

labours, and we have no hesitation in saying, that even his most unrelenting opponents
will agree that we have lost the greatest Naturalist, the most painstaking and con-
scientious observer, and, privately, one of the most single-minded and kindest-
hearted men of our times.

In the notices of his labours, full justice will have been given to his wonderful
discoveries of the natural relations of plants and insects, in connection with the fer-
tilization of the former. But it may, perhaps, not be so generally noticed, that
during his celebrated voyage in the “ Beagle,” he collected a vast number of new and
interesting insects ; in Coleoptera alone his materials formed the subject of many
memoirs by Mr. G-. R. Waterhouse. Also it may not be so generally known, that
he was one of the original Members of the Entomological Society of London, of
whom only six now remain. He was with us long enough to see ridicule replaced
by reasoning (often sufficiently lame) amongst his opponents. He was essentially
a man who worked for the future ; the Naturalists of to-day, painfully as they may
feel the blow, cannot sufficiently realize the loss they have sustained.

Entomological Society oe London : February ls£, 1882. — H. T. Stainton,
Esq., F.R.S., &c., President, in the Chair.

The President appointed Lord Walsingham and Messrs. Grodman and Pascoe
Yice-Presidents for the ensuing year,

R. Todd, Esq., of Bayswater, was elected a Member.

Mr. E. A. Fitch exhibited a very singular melanochroic variety of Strenia
clathrata from Hampshire, in which the dark markings were confluent, so that only
a few spots of the pale coloration remained ; and a new Myrmecophilous Coleopterous
insect, taken by Mr. Rothney in India.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited Macromela Balyi , Crotch, one of the Langu-
riidce, also from Mr. Rothney ; also examples of a species of Pentatomidce from the
same source, involving a question as to distinct species, or only conditions depending
upon degrees of maturity.-

Sir S. S. Saunders exhibited both sexes of Halticella osmicida, Saunders, and
read a note, in connection therewith, regarding Fuchalcis venusta, Dufour.

Dr. Sharp communicated a critique of Dr. Horn’s recent paper on the classifica-
tion of the Adephaga, which occasioned a discussion, in which several Members
took part.

Mr. A. Gr. Butler communieated a paper on additional Lepidoptera from the
Hawaiian Islands, received from the Rev. T. Blackburn.

Professor Westwood communicated a Memoir on Fig-insects, with regard to
caprification, &c.

March 1 st, 1882. — The President in the Chair.

Mr. Billups exhibited examples of Vespa germanica, part of the congregation of
this insect noticed by him in this Magazine, ante p. 234 ; in reply to a question he
stated, that he believed all the specimens observed pertained to the same species, at
all events, all those he brought home did so, V. vulgaris not being among them.
He also exhibited a series of Ichneumon erythrceus, a species hitherto considered to
be extremely rare in this country. Likewise many specimens of Callistus lunatus ,
recently captured.

280

[May. 1882.

Mr. McLachlan, on behalf of Mr. P. H. Gosse, showed the envelopes in which
a series of Ornithoptera Haliphron , &c., had been received from Celebes, and which
bore the imprint of the insects defined with almost photographic accuracy. Mr.
Gosse asked for suggestions as to cause, and the general opinion appeared to be that
slight heating and pressure combined offered the most likely explanation. A subse-
quent analysis of the paper envelopes with regard to the possible presence of lead,
made by Mr. Meldola, produced a negative result.

Mr. Meldola called attention to a paper by Mr. W. H. Edwards, recording the
observations of Dr. Wettfeld on the habits of H eliconius Charitonia. The male
butterflies appeared in swarms around the pupae, and pairing took place^ before the
females had emerged from the puparia, the males detecting the sex of the pupa im-
mediately, and deserting those which 'were about to produce males. The Rev. W.
Deans Cowan, present as a visitor, stated that he had made a quite analogous obser-
vation with regard to Papilio Demoleus in Madagascar.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse read a . description of the Indian Myrmecophilous
Coleopterous insect exhibited at the ldst meeting, which he considered to form a new
genus, and named Paramellon sociale!

Dr. Sharp, in communicating descriptions of some new forms of Coleoptera
from New Zealand, entered into a lengthy, and very severe critique of Capt. Broun’s
“ Manual of New Zealand Coleoptera .”

Mr. A. G-. Butler communicated a further portion of his paper on the Legi-
doptera of Chili, collected by Mr. Edmonds ( Bombyces ).

Sir S. S. Saunders read a paper on the terminal segment of Salticella, with
regard to M. Andre’s published statement.

Mr. E. Saunders read a paper on the terminal ventral segments of Prosopis and
other Anthophila.

April 5th. — The President in the Chair.

Mr. L. de Niceville, of the Calcutta Museum, was elected a foreign Member.

Mr. Billups exhibited a number qf small Ichneumonidce , &c., mounted on discs
of microscopic glass, thus enabling the upper and under-side of the same insect to
be critically examined. The specimens were first mounted lightly on card, and sub-
sequently transferred to the glass discs. The method appeared likely to prove of
great service, the only draw back being the liability to breakage of the glass.

The Rev. H. S. Gorham exhilited a Coccinella sent to him by Mr. Hodgson,
from Gloucestershire, which appeared to combine the characters of C. ocellata and
oblong opunctata, and might possibly be a hybrid. He and Mr. Waterhouse stated
it was an erroneous notion that Coccinellidce are excessively variable, on the con-
trary, they are very constant in markings, save in two species, viz., C. variabilis and
C. bipunctata.

Mr. McLachlan exhibited his collection of British Caddis-flies (Trichoptera) ,
and made remarks on some of the more interesting forms, especially with regard to
the cases. The collection had been more than 20 years in course of formation.

Mr. Butler continued his paper on the Lepidoptera of Chili ( Noctuce ).

II1

D OF YOL. 1

II.