THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S
MONTHLY MAGAZINE:

CONDUCTEU BY

C. a. BAEEETT, F.E.S. W. W. FOWLEE, M.A., F.L.S.

a. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. E. McLACHLAN, F.E.S.

J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDEES, F.L.S.

H. T. STAINTON F.E.S.

SECOND SEEIES-VOL. II

[VOL. XXVII.]

An inner impulse rent the veil
Of his old husk : from head to tail
Came out clear plates of sapphire mail.
He dried his wings ; like gauze they grew ;
Through crofts and pastures wet with dew,
A living flash of light he flew." — Tennyson.

LONDON:

GUENEY & JACKSON (Me. Van Voorst's Successoks),

1, PATEENOSTEE EOW.

1891.

'L^

.ui^

LONDON :

NAPIEE, PEINTEB, SETMOUE STEEET, EUSTON SQUAEE.

MDCCCXCI.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S
MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

SECOND SERIES-VOL. 11.

[VOLUME XXVII.]
EDITOEIAL.

Mi*. Gr. C. Champion, F.Z.S., who has been a contributor to this
Magazine almost from its commencement, has joined the staff, and
will give his assistance in his own special Order, and generally.

ON CERTAIN BEITISH SPECIES OF CONCEYLIS.
BY THE RIGHT HON. LORD WALSINGHAM, MA., F.R S., &c.

CONCHTLIS AFFINITANA, Dgl.

Gochylis affinitana, Dgl, Zool., iv, 1269-70, 1268, fig. 7. (1846).
Q n. syn. = Cochylis cancellana, Z., Is., 18-47, 739-40.

In 1884, Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher was good enough to send nie
^\feome stems of Statice Umonium from the Isle of Wight, from which
I bred a nice series of Goniodoma UmonicJla, Stn. From among these
^^.atems appeared a single specimen of Conchjjlis njjinitana, Dgl. I have
'^ carefully compared this bred specimen with the type of Conchylis
cancellana, Z., and they are obviously the same species.

My acquaintance with this insect has lately been renewed by
^ breeding it from larvae found in the dead stems of Aster tripolium in
a salt marsh near Cannes, last April. They entirely agree with
English examples, and as one Bucculatrix maritima aX^o appeared from

A

rAKV, IS'.tl.

i

2 [Jaimury,

among the stems of Statice sent by Mr. Fletcher, there is no doubt
that Aster tripolium occurred where he found them. The larva of
cancellana has not been recorded under this name, nor, indeed, has the
perfect insect been recognised, so far as I am aware, since Zeller took
it in Sicily, in IS4±.

Hartmann (Mitth. Miinchen. Ent. Ver., 1879, 178) quotes Wocke,
to the effect that the larva of affinUana, Dgl., feeds in the stems of
Aster tripolium ; and McLachlan (Ent. Ann., 184.59, 89) mentions that
he had received specimens from Heinemann bred from the flowers of
the same plant. Sicilian collectors should now have no difficulty in
re-discovering the species in the locality originally indicated by Zeller.

The name nffinitana, Dgl., takes precedence, as dating from the
year previous to the publication of Zeller's description, thus no altera-
tion is needed in our British lists.

Co^X'^YLIs HEyi)E>"iANA, H.-S., and implicitana, Wk.

McLachlan, following Wocke, who corrected Herrich-Schiiffer in
a letter published by that author (Schm. Eur., vi, 157-S), pointed out
(Ent. Ann., 1869, 90), that the description of Heydeniana, H.-S.,
differs from his figure (pi. lii, 3(39), to which it was intended to apply,
and rightly concludes that two separate species are indicated. I have
in the Zeller collection specimens labelled, " heydeniana (? H.-S.,
fig. 369), Hm. 83," in Zeller's writing, showing that he also had a doubt
whether the figure applied to this species.

McLachlan (Ent. Ann., 1869, 90) refers to letters from Heine-
mann, giving 07iaphali^im and Pyrethrum inodorum as the food-plants
of Heydeniana, but Heinemann himself [Schm. Deutsch., i (1), 83
(1863)], in referring to this species, mentions only the flowers of
Anthemis cotula, from which one may infer that he was doubtful as to
the identity of the species feeding on allied plants. This may, per-
haps, account for his suggestion, " ? = sitbroseana, Wilk."

AVocke only knew impJicitana, Z. (IMS.), from South European
specimens, and he described this in his letter to Herrich-Schaffer, the
publication of which has caused this species to be wrongly designated
as ''impJicitana, H.-S.," whereas it should be i)nplicitana,Wk. Writing
obviously after the publication of Herrich-Schaffer's fourth volume,
in 1849, he was under the impression that no specimens of this species
existed, except in his own collection ; but I find a specimen in the
Zeller collection, received from Mann, in that year, and this is pro-
bably the South European species referred to by Wocke, although no
locality is mentioned on the label. The si)ecimen is not in good

1S91.] i

condition, but the central fascia appears to be narrower and more
evenly distributed towards the costa, thus agreeing with Wocke's
description. From this single specimen it would be rash to pronouce
it distinct from Heydeniatia ; but a specimen taken at Cannes, last
April, agrees so closely with Herrich-Schiiffer's fig. 369 (plate lii), as to
leave little doubt that this is the species figured, and it is obviously
distinct from Hej/deniana ; the figure was probably taken from a
specimen referred to in the description as collected by Salviano in
Italy. Dr. Wocke wrote the pai't of Staudinger's Catalogue dealing
with the Tortricida, and he gives Heijdeniana and implicitana as dis-
tinct species. The type of implicitana was, of course, well known to
Wocke, as it was described by him in the letter referred to above.
Staudinger acquired Herrich-Schaffer's collection ; so it is presumable
that Wocke was acquainted with the type of Heydeniana. Since
Wocke had such facilities for comparing these two species, it would
be rash, without an independent comparison of the types, to say that
he was mistaken in regardino; them as distinct.

The species occurring in this country on Antheinis seems to be
undoubtedly Heydeniana, H.-S. Without professing to give its full
synonymy, I may mention that von Heinemann is right in identifying
it with anthemidana (Curt.), Wilk. The species which stands under
this name in British collections is well known to all Norfolk collectoi's
as feeding in the flowers of Eriyeron acre, a plant which, in common
with Eriyeron canadense, is widely distributed over the light soils in
the neighbourhood of the breck sands of the Brandon district. There
is no suspicion that this species ever feeds on Anthemis ; I have taken
it in Kent, where Eriyeron was abundant, and have received it from
Mr. Farn from Sussex, but it is quite distinct from the species feeding
on Anthemis, and has not yet received a specific name. Having been,
I think, the first to observe it some 25 years ago, I may, perhaps, be
permitted to supply the omission.

CoNCHTLis (Eup(Ecima) erioerana, sp. n.

AntenneB greyish. Palpi whitish, tinged externally with brown. Head v,-\\\lis\\ .
Thorax whitish, with a slight ochreous tinge. Fore-wings whitish, slightly tinged
with oehreous,the costal margin shaded at the base and middle with greyish-fuscoua ;
a rather broad oblique fascia, reaching from before the middle of the dorsal margin
to within one-third of the costa, is of an umber-brown, with an admixture of some
fuscous scales ; a greyish-fuscous cloud partly connecting it at an angle with the
costal margin ; this fascia is slightly extended outwards on the fold, and is usually
less deeply coloured above and below it ; on the apical third of the wing are a few
umber-brown inottlings, intermixed with greyish-fuscuus reticulations, whicli furni a

^ [January,

costal spot before (lie apes ; on the dorsal margin below the anal angle is a small,
rather triangular, fuscous spot ; the apical margin of the wing is more or less tinged
with greyish in fresh specimens ; cilia the same as the gi-ound-colour of the wing,
with a distinct greyish-fuscous line running along their base, some greyish spots are
visible along their outer half, but these are distinctly separated from the grey basal
line. Hind-wings greyisli, with slightly paler cilia, in which a faint median shade
is visible. Abdomen grey, anal tuft inclining to ochreous. Leffs pale greyish.

Esp. al., 10—12 mm.
Type, J ? . Mus. WIsui.

The small ivoiy- white larva with a brownish head feeds in the flowers of
ISrigeron acre ; its presence is easily detected when the seeds are ripe by the
gathering togetJier of the central florets, the outer seeds subsequently falling off
leave only the small tuft which contains the pupa. I have not yet found it in the
smaller florets of Erigeron canadense, which occurs in the same localities in
Norfolk. The imago appears in the beginning of June, the end of July, and the
beginning of August. This species is not known to occur on tlie continent. In
England, it is found at Shoreham (Kent) ; near London ; on the borders of Norfolk
and Suffolk ; and near Norwich.

It differs from Heydeniana, H.-S. (= anthemidana, Wilk.), in its smaller size,
in the absence of any true rosy tint on the head and wings, in the decided angle
formed by the fuscous cloud which connects the oblique fascia with the costa, and in
the row of three or four greyish spots on the outer half of the cilia of the fore-wings,
the lower one of which, at the anal angle, is the only one usually to be detected in
that closely allied species.

Mr. Meyrick was good enough to take some specimens of Con-
cliylis anthemidana, Wilk., and erigerana, Wlsm., for me to Australia
a few years ago, in the hope of being able to compare them with
Curtis' type, which was supposed to have been taken to Melbourne
with his collection. I quote the following from a letter received from
him, dated September, 1886 : —

" On my way through Melbourne last week, I was at last enabled to examine
Curtis' collection for the type of Eupceeilia anthemidana, for comparison with which
you entrusted me with specimens. The result was nothing, as there were no speci-
mens in the collection under that name, nor any agreeing with those sent. Either
the type of E. anthemidana was never in the collection, or it was removed before
the collection left England. I made a general inspection of the collection, which is
clean, and in very good condition. The point in question must, therefore, remain
unsolved ; and I will return your specimens on reaching England.''

The synonymy of this species is as follows : —

CONCHTLIS ERIGEEANA, 8^9. n.

= Eupceeilia anthemidana, McL., Eut. Ann., 1869, 92, 3 {ex parte) ;
Barrett, Ent. Mo. Mag., xi, i94, 5 (L875) {ex parte).

London : November 17th, ISOH.

1891.] 5

CAN DEILEPniLA GALII BE FOUND IN THE LARYAL STATE
EVERY YEAR IN ENGLAND?

BY W. H. TUGWELL.

Mr. C. G-. Barrett, in Ent. Mo. Mag., 1890, p. 300, says, " that lie is assured
that gain larvae are to be found every year in the sweeps of sandy coast from
Llandudno, North Wales, to Grange, in the north of Lancashire."

I assume that by Mr. Barrett's particularly mentioning the names of Messrs.
Capper, Gregson, Pierce, and Harker, that his information is to be taken as coming
from them ; if this is the case, I am in the position to prove that that idea is certainly
not held by nearly all these gentlemen, as they know well, what I shall later on
prove by facts, that there is no evidence that galli has been taken or seen on the
Wallasey sand-hills since 1870 until 1S88, a period of 18 years.

Lancashire and Cheshire have long been noted as the home of some of our best,
keenest, and hardworking entomologists. Such men as the late Mr. Nicholas
Cooke, Mr. N. Greening, Mr. Joseph Sidebotham, with Messrs. Gregson, Capper,
J. B. Hodgkinson, and a small army of minor workers; most, if not all, of these
gentlemen have been in the habit of freely recording the results of their labours in
the entomological serials, such as the " Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer," the
" Entomologist's Monthly Magazine," and the " Entomologist." Through the pages
of these journals I have made a most careful search for any record on the capture
of gain, and with the following pretty conclusive results : —

In the "Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer" for 1856, we read that a single
larva was taken at Brighton, as it stands as having been bred in 1857 ; and there
are five more reported as captured imagines, one each at Brighton, Rugely, and
Lewishara, and two at Stowmarket. In 1858, three are chronicled, one each at
Brighton, Worthing, and Southport. In 1859, there are twelve reported captures
of imagines, spread over a considerable area, viz., Gainsborough, Darlington, Hack-
ney, Suffolk, Cambridge, Oundle, Somerset, Kent, Beccles, and Macclesfield ; and
larva of galii were found at Hackney, Dover, and Wallasey.

In the pages of the " Entomologist's Monthly Magazine," from 1864 until 1870,
there is no record of D. galii being found at all, but in 1870 they occurred in some
numbers all over England, extending to Perthshire. In 1871, eighteen larvse are
reported from Brighton ; but from 1871 until 1888, a period of 17 years, not asingle
capture of galii is on record, either as imagines or larvae.

In vol. xxiii of Ent. Mo. Mag., 1886-7, there is a most important item bearing
on this very question : Dr. J. W. Ellis, in an article or paper on " Entomological
localities near Liverpool," writing of Wallasey sand-hills, page 60, says, " by examining
the tufts of yellow Oalium {Galium ventm), the larvse of Deilepkila galii maybe
looked for; it once occurred in abundance here (in 1870), btit it has not heen met
with since." Now, few people knew this locality perhaps better than did Dr. Ellis ;
he had, in company with many other entomological friends, closely worked this spot,
yet he says most distinctly, that galii had not been found at Wallasey since 1870.
Writing this in 1887, this gives a period of 17 years in which there is absolutely no
record of galii having been seen. How does tlie assured occurrence of it every year
agree with this statement ? Wlio has found it every year ?

A strict search through the whole series of the pages of the " Entomologist "

Q I .Irtimai y,

gives tlie same results. Vols, ii, iii, and iv, r/alii is a blank, but in vol. v, 1S70, both
imagines and larvae are reported over the greater part of England, and even in
Perthshire ; they were found at Leominster, Gloucestershire, Chepstow, Edgbaston,
Derby, Herefordshire, Notts, Durham, Staleybridge, Middlesex, Plymouth, Witham,
Bolton, Weston-super-mare, Ipswich, Perthshire, Newcastle, Tooting, Durdham
Downs, Kent, and Wallasey. Now, although the larvae were common in September
in many of the above places during 1871-2-3, not a single capture was made of
imagines ; in 1875, two imagines were noted in Norwich only ; from 1875 to 18S8,
thirteen years, not a single record is to be found ; and but for the two imagines at
Norwich, seventeen years had passed, and no capture of larva? had been certified,
either from Deal or Wallasey !

It is worth noting that out of the eight reported captures of imagines in 1857-8,
four of them were captured in September ; but we have not a single record of larvae
of gain being found in England that could have produced these September moths.
On the continent, where they get more sun and warmer autumn, yes, always two
broods ; but in England, never. When we do get larvcB in this country ; it has always
been, end of August to mid September !

Thus, according to record, we have (in modern times) had three galii years,
viz., 1859, 1870, and 1888, and this is all that can be shown ; and it must rest on
those who make the statement, that "galii is to be found in England every year,"
to prove their case by facts ; a mere assurance that they are to be so found is not at
all satisfactory.

The size, too, of all the caught examples of D. galii, when compared with
English bred and fed examples, points conclusively to their probable origin as being
South European, they are much larger than those from our English-fed larva;. Who
ever saw a bred English male 3^ inches expanse, or a female of same origin measuring
3| inches full ? Any of our largest galii look quite small beside them ; it is striking
when seen together.

A great point is always made by those who hold to the " native " theory, of the
improbability of the parent moths reaching so far as Wallasey, and crossing England
and the channel to do so; but, truly, is that an insuperable flight for such insects
as galii or C. nerii ? There is not a shadow of doubt but that the latter insect does
immigrate here from time to time, and so, doubtless, does galii. Does any one
believe that in Ireland and Scotland galii exists every year in the larva state ?
I much doubt if any one holds to this ; then must they not immigrate to reach those
points ? and if a few do this, as is proved, what is there to make it a matter of sur-
prise if, at fairly long intervals, part of a migratory flight crosses England in any
direction ; doubtless, a flight of insects would be controlled by direction of the wind,
hence it is called the " blown over " theory. We all know that, however strong the
flight of a Lepidopterous insect may be, if started up in a strong wind gust, it
is carried away by its force, and that would necessarily give a bias as to the direction
of migration. It is, doubtless, a different force to that of seasonal migration of
birds, but migration of insects is much too well authenticated for any one to doubt
its existence. Hawk-moths have been captured 8Uo miles from land, why then
doubt the passing of our " silver streak ?"

Of the great number of galii that occurred all over, or, at least, a considerable
area, of England in 188S, it is, perhaps, of little moment as to whether they were

istn.) 7

more mirnerous at Wallasey than at Deal or elsewhere ; but, from the best informa-
tion possible to get, I am informed that from the Wallasey hills possibly not 112
were bred, and 150 would be the outside number. We are told that one party got
a cigar-boxful ; I can only say that at Deal one morning, I, my wife, and Mr. Lachlan
Gibb collected forty-five larvte, but as each larva was in a separate box, I cannot say
if they would fill a cigar-box, but, at any rate, it required five large hat-boxes to feed
them up in. It is on record that Mr. Meek found fifty larvce one morning at
Kingsdown, Kent, so tliat possibly there was very little to choose between as to
numbers ; Buffice it to say, that I believe I stand as a " record " for breeding the
greatest number of galii for 1888-9, viz., 112 imagines.

That Mr. Grregson may have taken a few larvse at Wallasey in 1889 is quite
possible, but it is beyond dispute that in doing so he stands alone ; every one else
failed, not only at Wallasey, but at Deal ; I spent a month there in 1889, and could
not find one. That is, perhaps, strange, but true ; numbers of larvae must have
pupated in 1888, but what became of the moths, or their progeny, if any resulted
from them, is a difiicult problem to solve. My opinion is, that our climate is too
cold to produce galii sufficiently robust to prove capable of bearing fertile ova, so
that they exist one season only, and die out.

Greenwich : November, 1890.

[I am not disposed to argue the point — indeed, the point is not mine. I thought
the facts and the opinions gathered up in Lancashire worthy of record and of con-
sideration, but I do not feel bound to champion them, as they do not arise from my
own observations. One point must be conceded : if I in any way suggested that
all the Liverpool entomologists named hold precisely the same views, I beg to with-
draw the suggestion, it should not have been made ; indeed, no one could expect
such identity of opinion. — C. G. B.J

OELECHIA {ANACAMPSIS) SFABSICILIELLA, n. sp.

BY C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S.

Expanse, 5 lines. Head dark grey, antennae blackish above, paler beneath,
thorax blackish, abdomen slightly paler. Fore-wings, narrow, with acute apex,
brown-black, the usual three spots black, but hardly visible in the ground colour,
fascia indicated by two nearly opposite faintly ochreous blotches, that on the dorsal
margin being slightly posterior ; beyond these the costal and dorsal margins at the base
of the cilia are indented with smaller faint ochreous blotches, two or three on each
margin, cilia of mixed dark grey and ochreous, abundantly dusted with lilaek dots.
Hind-wings browni.-^h-grey, rather paler at tiie base, cilia pale grey.

Differs from all other described species, as far as I can ascertain,
by the pale blotches at the base of the costal and dorsal cilia, which
give that portion of the wing an indented appearance. From the
closely allied coronillella and anthyllidella it may also readily be i\\^-
tinguished by its narrower fore-wings and their more acute apices.

This species has been in my collection for some years. I took

( January,

about a dozen by sweeping mixed herbage in a quary near Pembroke,

and then noticed its distinction from anthyllidella, but have waited

until it could be satisfactorily ascertained that it is hitherto unde-

scribed. By Lord Walsingham's kindness I have had an opportunity

of comparing it with the species in the collection of the late Professor

Zeller, and now think that I am tolerably safe in introducing it as a

novelty. A single specimen is in the collection of my friend, Mr.

Capper, of Huyton Park, Liverpool, but unfortunately without

locality.

39, Linden Grove, S.E. :

December, 1890.

SYMMOCA SIGNATELLA, H.-S., A RECENT ADDITION TO THE
BRITISH FAUNA (LEPIDOPTERA).

BY A. F. GRIFFITH, M.A.

S. SIGNATELLA.
Exp. 5'" — 7'". Fore-wing pale grej, with dark grey markings, Tiz., an oblique
dot on the costa near the base, an angukted and interrupted transverse line before
the middle, a V-shaped mark on the inner maigin beyond the middle the apex of
which approaches the anal angle, and a spot on the costa nearly opposite, a row of
dots at the base of the fringes, and a darkish cloud near the middle of the hind
margin ; hind-wing darkish grey, not emarginate. VIII, IX.
Larva said to feed on lichens on trees.

I took six specimens of this very distinct insect in the neighbour- *
hood of the London Docks on August 7th, 1S89, and another single
specimen on September 17th. 1890. They had no doubt been intro-
duced with some cargo, possibly Spanish cork. Mr. Stainton (who
kindlv identified them for me) states that the species has been gradually
extending its range from the Mediterranean regions, and has somewhat
lately become domiciled near Paris. My specimens appear to run some-
what smaller and (especially in the hind-wing) darker than those in
his collection, which he received from M. Kagonot and from M.
Milliere.

The genus Sjpnmocn of Hiibner has been placed among the Gelechi-
dcB, between Sophronia and Pleurofa. But Mr. Stainton points out
that though Frey, in ISoG, placed it between Psccadia and Frays, in
his later work (18S0) he places it between Depressaria and Gelechia ;
and this last situation Mr. Stainton considers to be the most appro-
priate. I have also to thank him for the following note of the
characters of the genus: —

Palpi slightly recurved, the middle joint thickened with appressed scales, ter-
minal joint equally long, aciculate. Anterior wings elongate, with obliquely curved
hind margin, and the apex almost rounded ; the posterior wings not indented below
the apex.

Brighton : December, 1890.

1S91.]

A FORTNIGHT IN ALGERIA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW
LEPIDOPTERA.

BY E. METRICK, B A., F.Z.S.

Tn A[)ri], 1^90, having a limited period of three weeks at
my disposal, T determined to make an entomological trip to Algeria.
One week was consumed in the double journey ; in the remaining
fortnight I traversed a good deal of ground, and although little favoured
by weather and considerably incommoded b}^ ill-health, I acquired a
certain amount of material, which has proved to be of some interest.
The winter in Algeria had been, as I was told, unusually cold and wet,
and rain fell frequently during my stay ; even in the Sahara we had a
heavy fall, probably quite an inch, one night Hence insects were
presumably backward ; and on the high plateaux, above 4000 feet,
there was a good deal of fresh snow, and it was still too early even to
attempt collecting there.

I landed at Philippeville, and spent three days there ; the high
surrounding hills, covered with a dense growth of Cisfus, JErica, and a
great variety of other shrubs and flowering plants (but few trees),
seemed an ideal collecting ground, but insects were very scarce ; I
believe that a month later better results would be obtained. Thence I
proceeded to Constantine, about 60 miles inland, the ancient IN^umidian
capital ; perched on a table of rock at an elevation of some 2000 feet,
enclosed by an immense ravine, and surrounded by rocky hills with but
little vegetation, it could at no time be very prolific. I made no
attempt under the circumstances to visit the cedar forests, which lie
at high levels, but went on to Biskra, which was the chief goal of my
journey. It is an oasis of 100,000 date palms, situated within the
verge of the plain of the Sahara, nearly 200 miles from the coast, and
about 3o0 feet above sea level. For some 60 miles before reaching it
the country is desert, but consists of high limestone ranges, which
terminate abruptly in the great sand plain. Vegetation at Biskra, ex-
cept in the irrigated gardens of the oasis, seems at first sight to be
entirely absent ; but in fact there is almost everywhere a scanty
sprinkling of little shrubby plants of quite a number of species, pecu-
liar to the desert. These are, however, so efiiciently browsed by the
numerous goats and camels of the Arabs, that many insects must be
unable to exist there on that account alone. Moreover, the neighbour-
hood of the intensely heated plain on one side, and the high snow-
topped ranges on the other, cause Biskra to be a very windy place ;
in point of fact, except on the first evening, it blew more or

\[) (Junu:iry,

less of a gale during all the six days that I stayed. There is practi-
cally no shelter for insects except at the roots of plants, and as these
are nearly all thorny, the difficulties of collecting are not slight.
Hence I did not get much ; I searched during the whole of one day
with the result of one specimen only, but what I did get was good.
Returning from Biskra, I tried the picturesque gorge of Elkantara,
where I ascended the limestone mountains to about 2000 feet, but
obtained almost nothing. Travelling by way of Setif, I visited Kharata,
lying at the head of the magnificent defile of the Chabet-el-Akhira,
enclosed by forest-clad precipices, 3000 to 5000 feet high, which ought
to have abounded in insects, but were apparently almost destitute of
them ; and so finally reached the sea again at Bougie.

In determining my captures, 1 found with surprise that very little
has yet been done towards working out the Algerian Micro-Lepidoptera,
hence the proportion of novelties is not inconsiderable. I am indebted
to the kindness of Mr. Stainton for assisting me to compare the new
Tineina and doubtful species with his continental collection, and for
his opinion on some geographical forms.

The following is a complete list of Lepidoptera captured ; but it
should be remembered that in the Rhopalocera and Noctuce I made no
special search, but simply took what lay in my way.

Pyrameis cardui, L. — common at Biskra, and flying freely in spite of the wind ;
I also took a larva there, and bred the imago.

Pararge ^geria, L. — Philippeville and Bougie, common ; the southern fulvous
form only ; the difference from the pale English form is very striking.

Polyommaius Phleeas, L. — Constantine and Biskra ; several specimens.

Thestor Ballus, P. — Bougie ; two specimens.

Lyccena melanops, B. — Philippeville ; common on a waste hill above the town.

Pieris hrassicte, L. — Philippeville ; common.

Anthocharis Belemia, Esp. — Biskra and Bougie, common ; specimens from the
latter locality more strongly marked. A. Eupheno, L. — common at Philippeville.

Thais rumina, L. — ^Bougie, occasional.

Psyche sp. — I bred a species of this genus from Constantine, but have not suc-
ceeded in determining it satisfactorily at present.

Fumea intermediella, Brd. — several specimens of what appears to be this species
bred from Philippeville.

Procris sp.—& single specimen of a small species taken at Philippeville ; it is
not in good condition.

Spilosoma (?) sp. — larvse of a species of this group were abundant at Constan-
tine, feeding gregariously on lilies, Umbelliferce, &c. ; I brought away some, but
failed to rear them, as they succumbed to the hardships ot travel.

1891.] 11

Metopoceras Jchallhlja, Oberth. — Constantine ; one specimen at light.

Plusia gamma, L. — common in some parts of the desert at Biskra, and I also
saw the larvae on the flowers of one of the Composiice.

CiicuUia umbratica, L. — one on a gas lamp at Constantine.

Eupithecia tamarisciata, 'Erv.—Const&Tiitme and Philippeville, rather common
on lamps.

Cidaria decolorata, Hb. — Philippeville ; one worn specimen.

Larentia fltictuata, L. — common at Constantine on ^as lamps ; the specimens vary,
but are mostly larger than English, and at first sight very different looking, the
ground-colour being greyer and the markings little darker than the ground.

Anthometra megearia, Oberth. — two specimens at Biskra.

Acidalia virgularia, Hb. — Philippeville, Constantine, Bougie ; generally com-
mon. All the specimens are of the white southern variety, and I quite failed to
recognise their identity until I got home. A. emutaria, Hb. — one specimen near the
gorge at Kharata.

Metrocampa honoraria, Schiff. — Bougie ; one specimen.

Cornifrons ulceratalis, Ld. — Biskra ; one specimen at light.

TiTANIO ZACHLOEA, n. sp.

(? . 17 mm. Head and thorax black, strewn with whitish-ochreous scales and
hairs ; frontal prominence moderate, without accessory spines. Palpi mixed with
blackish and whitish ; maxillary moderate, dilated with loose hairs ; labial clothed
with very long rough projecting hairs beneath. Antennae whitish-ochreous, marked
with black, ciliations long (3), fasciculated. Abdomen black, densely strewn with
whitish-ochreous scales. Legs whitish-ochreous, anterior and middle pairs partially
suffused with grey, femora densely hairy beneath. Fore-wings elongate-triangular,
costa almost straight, hind-margin somewhat obliquely rounded ; pale brownish-
ochreous, mixed with whitish-ochreous and irrorated with black ; costal half suffused
with whitish-ochreous from base to middle ; lines blackish, ill-defined, first from
one-fourth of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, somewhat bent below middle,
second from four-fifths of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, slightly indented
beneath costa, thence to below middle gently curved outwards, anteriorly strongly
margined with whitish-ochreous ; a small transverse discal spot beyond middle in-
distinctly formed by black irroration ; a whitish-ochreous streak along hind-margin ;
a fine blackish hind-marginal line ; cilia whitish, with a grey median line becoming
black at apex, basal half finely barred with black, with a blackish spot at anal angle.
Hind-wings clear pale whitish-ochreous ; a dark grey discal dot at one-third ; a
curved, well-defined, strong blackish line at three-fourths, parallel to hind-margin,
obsolete on costa ; a few scattered black scales between this and hind-margin ; a
narrow black streak along hind-margin throughout ; cilia whitish, basal fourth
whitish-ochreous, mixed and obscurely barred with black.

Biskra ; oue specimen, iu perfect condition. The species is
probably nearest to T.Jioralis, but very distinct from it structurally
by the very long hairs of palpi, and hairy femora, as well as in colour
and marking. The genus Titanio is to be understood as defined in my

19 [.];iimiiry,

paper on the European 'PxjraVuUna in the current issue of the Trans-
actions of the Entomological Society of London ; and the same caution
applies to the other genera of Pyrales (including Pterophoridce) here
quoted.

Scoparia aiigiisfea, Stph. — comtnon on tree trunks at Pbilippeville. This is a
characteristically southern species, which is probably enabled to live in England
only by the comparative mildness of our insular climate in winter.

Dupoyicheliafocealis, 7i. — Biskra; several specimens.

Synaphe armeniaJis, Ld. (?) — I took at Biskra a worn ? specimen which agrees
well enough with this species, but it is not sufficiently good to identify certainly.

Mnesixena leonalis, Oberth. — Biskra ; two specimens. I had not previously seen
this insect, and can now affirm that it is a true Mnesixena, and not a Pyralis
(Stemmatophora), as referred by Oberthiir.

Euzophera sp. (?) — a single specimen taken at Biskra, very closely resembling
E. pinguii, but it can hardly be that species. E. oblitella, Zi. (?) — one specimen at
light, Biskra, which is apparently truly referable to this species, but it differs some-
what from my French specimens.

Euchromius supei-hellus, Z. — Biskra ; one specimen.
Trichoptilus siceliota, Z. — one specimen at Philippeville.
Ptekophoeus peobolias, n. sp.

$. 22 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous, yellowish-tinged ; entire
face projecting to form a strong rounded prominence, equalling two-thirds of eye.
Antennae whitish. Abdomen yellowish-whitish above, more yellowish beneath.
Legs white, anterior and middle pairs longitudinally striated with black, less dis-
tinctly on tarsi. Foi-e-wings cleft to middle, segments linear ; veins 2 and 11 present ;
whitish-ochreous ; costal edge white towards base ; a very fine dark fuscous costal
streak from about one-third to three-fourths, anteriorly mixed with white scales, pos-
teriorly becoming somewhat broader but less defined ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with
terminal half dark fuscous on posterior half of lower margin of first segment, and
of both margins of second segment. Hind-wings cleft firstly to before two-thirds,
secondly to five-sixths, segments linear ; pale grey ; cilia grey-whitish, faintly
ochreous-tinged.

Elkantara ; one specimen. Allied to P. xanthodacfyhts, with
which it agrees in neuration, but differing in marking, and specially
characterized by the peculiar strong projection of the face. Ptero-
plwrus, as defined in my paper quoted above, is the genus hitherto
u.sually called Aciptilia.

Penthina ohlongana, Hw.--Philippeville ; one large specimen.

Eudemis hotrana, Schiff. — Philippeville ; one specimen.

EUDEMIS ISOCHROA, n. sp.

^. 12 mm. Head white, sides of crown slightly ferruginous-tinged. Palpi
pale ferruginous sprinkled with black, internally and on apex of second joint white.
Aiitennse blackish, ciliations 1. Tliorax yellow-ochreous, on back mixed with whitish.

\m.] 13

shoulders ferruginous. Abdomen dark grey. Legs blackish, posterior pair and apex
of joints whitish. Fore-wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arclied.apex
obtuse, hind-margin slightly rounded, rather oblique ; rein 7 to costa; yellowisli-
ferruginous ; costa narrowly suffused with deep ferruginous, mixed with dark grey ;
a pale yellow suffusion occupying basal two-fifths except towards margin ; a large,
deep, ferruginous patch, sprinkled with dark grey, towards anal angle, extended
upwards as a suffused band along hind-margin ; cilia whitish, with a dark grey line,
at anal angle ferruginous-tinged. Ilind-wings grey, near base thinly scaled, apex
and hind-margin dark grey ; cilia grey-whitish, with a dark grey line.

Philippeville ; one specimen. This peculiar species cannot be
compared with any other known to me, and is structurally peculiar in
the costal termination of vein 7 of the fore-wings, but is otherwise a
true Eudemis.

Baclra lanceolana, Hb. — one specimen, taken at Biskra.

Grapholitha minutana, Hb. — Philippeville ; several specimens beaten from
poplar. These form a variable and very curious series ; they are smaller than
English specimens, some being much smaller, and the ferruginous suffusion tends to
disappear, so that they are mostly much whiter, and one is as white as Q-. neglectana.

Stigmonota Leplastriana, Curt. — -Bougie ; two specimens.

Dichrorampha sp. — a worn and unidentifiable specimen of the plumbagana
group, taken at Philippeville.

Batodes angustiorana, Hw. — Philippeville ; one specimen.

TORTRIX XTLOTOMA, n. sp.

(J. 16 mm. Head and thorax rather light ochreous, face and palpi dark
fuscous. Antennae pale ochreous spotted with fuscous, ciliations 1. Abdomen grey,
anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Legs dark grey, posterior tibiae and apex of joints
ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate, moderate, suboblong, costa moderately
strongly arched on anterior half, straight posteriorly, apex obtuse, hind-margin
straight, somewhat oblique, rounded beneath ; light brownish-ochreous, towards
hind-margin with some small, very obscure grey spots ; costa narrowly and ob-
scurely ferruginous ; basal patch obsolete ; central fascia starting from before middle
of costa, on costal third rather narrow, dark fuscous edged with ferruginous, then
becoming suffused with ferruginous, and obsolete on lower half, except a small
dark fuscous spot on inner margin before anal angle ; a flattened triangular dark
fuscous spot extending on costa from two-thirds to apex, edged with ferruginous ;
cilia pale ochreous, above apex dark fuscous. Hind-wings grey, darker towards
apex ; cilia grey-whitish, with a grey line.

Bougie ; two specimens. I use the term Tortrix in the proper and
limited sense, to signify the group of which viridana is the type, called
Heterognomon, Ld., in Staudinger's Catalogue. The markings of this
species are quite as in Cacoecia costana, but it is a browner and less
broad-winged insect, and of course differs structurally by the absence

of the costal fold.

{To he continued.)

24 f January,

OCCURRENCE AT PORTLAND OF TINEA SUBTILELLA, FUCHS,
A SPECIES NEW TO THE BRITISH FAUNA.

BY N. M. RICHAIiDSON, B.A.

I have the pleasure of recording the capture of a small moth new
to Britain, Tinea subtilella, Fuchs. One afternoon early in August
Mrs. Eichardson and I were collecting at Portland, and I had left her
for a short time to go after one or two species which occur on some
steep slopes, when she caught a very small moth and boxed it with
some difficulty, and soon afterwards took a second, having been much
struck with the very hairy head of the first one, which she did not
recognise as having seen before. She did not rejoin me until it was
beginning to grow dusk, too dark to see what the little moth was.

Next day we examined it carefully, and came to the conclusion
that it must be a Tinea, though it evidently did not belong to any of
our British species, being much too small in the first place, though
this, in one of this genus is not conclusive evidence, and unlike in
other respects to those most nearly allied to it.

Mr. Stainton has, with his usual kindness, named the species for
me, and also gave me some interesting particulars about it, which he
has kindly promised to add to this note.

As might have been expected, we went several times to Portland
(a drive of an hour and half or more) in pursuit of this little creature,
but took only eight specimens altogether between us. T. suhtileUa
flies at dusk on favourable evenings for a short time, with an
irregular sort of flight, and when it pitches on a stone or leaf, it runs
away at a great pace, and causes many an anxious moment before it
either disappears from view or is safely housed in a box, round which
it still runs with frantic vigour. In consequence of all this motion
its condition is not generally very good by the time it is made into a
cabinet specimen. I have not observed it flying at night or in the
earlier part of the day.

I append a short description of this moth —

Exp. al., 3i — 3j"'. Size (in the eight specimens I liave) very constant. Head
very hairy, pale reddish-ochreous ; eyes black, very conspicuous when the insect is
at rest. Fore-wings and fringes shining pale ochreous, with a slight appearance of
a darker greyish spot at the tip of the wing, and with the costa at the base also
somewhat darker. Hind-wings and fringes very pale greyish-ochreous. Antennae,
legs and thorax pale ochreous, like fore-wings ; body more the colour of hind-wings.

The moth bears some resemblance to a very small T. biselliella.

Montovideo, near Weymouth :

JJicembcr I2(k, 1890.

i.sia.] IT)

[Herr Fuchs first met with this insect July 12th, 1878, at Bornich, in the
Eheingau (Rhhie district) on the walls of vineyards. Fuchs observes that to catch
it with the net was not difficult, but to see it in the net was not so easy, and in the
attempt to box it, when in the net, he lost many specimens. On cooler evenings
they were less active and sat quietly on the stone walls of the vineyards, and were
then more easily boxed (Stettin. Ent. Zeit., 1879, p. 34,1).— H. T. S.].

ON THE BRITISH SPECIES OF THE GENUS PITYOPHTHORUS,

EICHHOFF.

BY W. F. H. BLANDFOKD, M.A., F.E.S.

The genus Piti/ophtlioriis was established by Eiehhoff in 1864 to
include certain small Tomicldae, of which the so-called Pifijophthorus
microfjrajihuH of our collections may be taken as an example. Its range
was then extended by Thomson and Count Ferrari in order to include
those species of Tomicus in which the elytra terminate in the male in a
pair of hooked spines, and which are devoid of any intercoxal process
to the prosternum, namely, T. chalcographus, hidentatus, and quadridens.
These insects are, however, quite distinct from the true Plti/ophthori,
and were subsequently returned by Eiehhoff to the genus Tomicus ; but
they still stand under the former genus in some of our books and
collections.

I propose to deal with the Pityophtliori proper.

This genus, as defined and limited by Eiehhoff, presented the fol-
lowing characters: — the antennae possess a five-jointed funiculus and
an oval non-compressed club, which is constricted by transverse sutures
dividing it into four distinct joints. The thorax is as long as or longer
than broad, bordered at the base, and distinctly narrowed in front.
The elytra are cylindrical with simple rows of punctures, and with
impunctate interstices ; the apex is obliquely truncate, and presents a
depression on either side of the suture ; it is not armed with spines
or teeth, but the raised sides of the apical depression and the sutural
margins sometimes possess a row of small setigerous tubercles.

In Tomicus hidentatus and its allies the antennal club is tunicate,
the basal joint being enlarged and enclosing the apical joints.

Hitherto the only species recorded as British has been P. micro-
grnphus, Gyll. ; this, however, we do not possess, at least, to my
knowledge, and the whole of the specimens so called that I have
examined are referable to P. raviuJorum of Perris. To this belong
the specimens standing in Stephens' collection under the name of
Tomicus jiiibescens, Marsham, and it is almost undoubted!}' Marsham's
insect. His name should, therefore, have precedence over that of
Perris.

Ifi [January,

The other British species is a much larger insect, which has been
taken by Dr. iSharp and others at Braemar, and which stands in some
collections under the name of scoticus. This is very similar to the
continental P. Liclitenstcinii, Eatz., but is larger. I have little doubt
that it will prove a distinct species, but apart from size, the points of
difference are slight, and I do not feel justified in introducing it as
new without the examination of more specimens than those which
Dr. Sharp has kindly isntrusted to me. If it turns out to be distinct
from P. Lichtensteinii, it should stand under Dr. Sharp's MS. name
scoticus.

These three species (I include P. mlcrographus for the sake of
convenience) may be distinguished as follows : —

I. Apex of elytra bluntly rounded, not acuminate.

i. Apical depressions of elytra wide and deep, their surface glabrous and
shining; size larger P. Lichtensteinii, ^sXz.

ii. Apical depressions narrow and inconspicuous, their surface wrinkled ; size
smaller P. pubescens, Marsh.

II. Elytra acuminate at apex P. micrographus, Gyll.

PlTYOPHTHOEUS LiCHTENSTEINII, Ratz.

(? n. sp. scoticus. Sharp, in litt.).

Similar in size and appearance to a small female of Tomicus bidentatus ; cylin-
drical, convex, shining, pitchy-brown or black, with disc of thorax and elytra lighter,
with very scanty fine pubescence on front and sides of thorax and sides of elytra.
Forehead with strong wrinkled punctures, in the male with a fi-inge of yellow hairs
above the mouth, in the female with a dense brush of yellow hair, forming a circular
patch in the middle of the forehead. Thorax convex, scarcely longer than broad,
Btrongly narrowed in front ; sides straight to middle, thence sinuate to apex, which
is strongly rounded, posterior angles distinct but rounded, disc impressed on either
side behind middle, covered in front with strong transverse asperations, the posterior
half very shining, with somewhat diffuse punctures, deep in male, finer in female,
with a broad smooth central line. Scutellum small, depressed, rounded, shining,
with two or three hairs on it.

Elytra as wide as thorax and less than twice as long, humeral angles rounded,
sides straight to near apex, which is bluntly rounded ; moderately shining, with rows
of rather deep punctures, interstices inipuuctate, the inner ones subrugose trans-
versely, especially round scutellum. Sutural stria impressed throughout its length.
Apical impressions wide and deep, their fundus very glabrous and shining, their
lateral margins abruptly raised and bearing five or six setigerous tubercles, as do the
sutural margins, which are slightly raised at the apical declivity. Under-side thinly
pubescent. Femora and tibiae pitchy-brown, tarsi and antenn£B testaceous.

Length, 2—2-2 mm.
Hah.: Braemar, Scotland.

The points in which this appears to me to differ from the conti-

l-i'.H.l 17

ueutal P. Llchtensteinil are its greater size, the more abundant and
yellower frontal pubescence, the greater narrowing o£ the thorax in
front and its sparser and leas rugose punctuation behind.

PiTYOPHTHORUS PUBESCENS, Marsham, Stephens.

Ips pubescens. Marsh., Ent. Brit. Col., p. 58 (1802).

P. ramuloriim, Perris, Ann. Pr., 1856, p. 192.
Somewhat elongate, obscure fuscous-brown, shilling, with thin grey pubescence,
antennae and legs testaceous, femora and tibi^ with fuscous tinge. Head in female
with a conspicuous brush of grey-yellow hair. Thorax as long as broad, narrowed
in front with apex rounded, asperate in front, behind sliining, with large deep
punctures and smooth central line. Elytra cylindrical, with conspicuous rows of
strong punctures ; the interstices with slight transverse wrinkles. Sutural stria not
depressed, suture slightly raised at apex with a narrow, somewhat rounded, depres-
sion on either side, whose lateral walls are only slightly raised, and are punctured
by the continuation of the lateral striae of the elytra, without conspicuous setigerous
tubercles. Length, 1-3— 1'5 mm.

Commonly distributed in iir woods in the South of England,
Shirley, New Porest, &c.

Similar to the foregoing species, but much smaller, without im-
pressed sutural striae, and without the deep and wide apical impression
or its marginal tubercles.

PiTYOPHTHORUS MICROGRAPHUS, Gyll.

Elongate cylindrical, reddish or pitchy-brown, moderately shining. Antennae
and legs reddish-brown. Thorax longer than broad, hardly narrowed in front, apex
bluntly rounded, anterior exasperations concentrically disposed, punctuation of
hinder part fine and scattered. Elytra produced at apex, not obtusely rounded, with
fine punctuation. The apical depressions distinct, deep, rather dull, their outer
margins raised, convex, shining, without punctures, but with distinct setigerous
tubercles, as have the raised sutural margins. Length, 1"3 — I'o mm.

I know of no authentic British specimens. The species is es-
pecially attached to the spruce fir.

Its longer shape, brighter colour, and finer punctuation will di.stin-
guish it from either of the other species, as will the acuminate elytra.

Ill the identification of the sexes I follow EichhofE's views in his
" Europaischen Borkenkiifer " (Berlin, 1880). He there reversed his
earlier opinion, which agreed with Thomson's, in accordance with ob-
servations and dissections whic he had recently made.

The sj)ecics of Fiiyoplttliorus can be taken in localities where they
occur by examining the smaller terminal joints and branches of Conifer
brushwood. jMost species breed in these, and do not touch the bark
of large branclu's. P. iiiicruf/raphuti is, however, an exception.

1 ^ [January,

The three sj)eoies of Tomicus mentioned, above have been again
separated from that genus by M. Bedel, and placed in a new genus,
Pifyofjenes, distinguished from Tomicus by the absence of a prosternal
process. Pifi/or/pnes chnJcogr(tphus, Linn., and hidentatus, Herbst, are
well known species ; P. quadridens, Hart., is less known, and its place
is sometimes supplied by examples of P. hidentatus. It is a distinctly
smaller insect, the punctuation of the thorax is finer and more scat-
tered. The male has four distinct teeth at the apex of the elytra, two
at the summit of the apical declivity, which are large and hooked, and
two rather more than half-way down it, but not as far down as the
apex, the border between these two teeth is not crenulate, and is quite
devoid of setigerous tubercles, which are always present in P. hiden-
tatus. The female has four small tubercles in the situation of the
male teeth.

48, Winipole Street, W. :

November, IS'JO.

ON THE OVIPOSITIOX of MET(ECUS {RHIPIPHORUS) PARADOXUS.
BY T. ALGEENON CHAPMAN, M.D.

It is now some twenty 3'ears since I made a slight addition to our
knowledge of the life-history of this interesting species. I was then
obliged to leave undetermined the whole question of the oviposition,
of the hatching of the young larva, and its means of reaching the
wasps' nest. In this long interval I have, as opportunity occurred,
made various efforts to clear up some of these points ; but it was not
till this year that I made any further advance : so far as I have heard
no one else has done anything in the matter. As my observations
this year only throw a partial light on the still obscure questions, I
had some idea of waiting till they were more complete before saying
anything about them ; but I reflected that possibly another twenty
years might elapse before making another step, and the appearance of
the part of Mr. Fowler's Coleoptera dealing with the species making
it seasonable, I submit this note.

Failures are often as instructive as successes, and have, in this
case, led up to the trifling success I have at length reached, so that I
am sorry to have kept no record of what I did in the matter at various
times in recent years. I did, however, obtain examples of the beetle
in greater or less numbers, and treated them in various ways, placing
with them earth, sand, various plants, flowers, &c., but always with
the result lh;it in a few weeks at furthest thev died, without either

1891.] IQ

ovipositing or sbowiug any desire to hibernate. I, however, came to,
or was confirmed in, the conclusion that the eggs were laid in autumn,
and that the beetles did not hibernate, partly from the death of the
beetles, partly from the females always being full of eggs fully
matured. I have never succeeded in finding a free larva in the wasp's
nest, whence I conclude that they are introduced one by one, and
very quickly bury themselves in a wasp grub ; whereas, did the beetle
hibernate, the female would lay many eggs in a nest, and the young
larvfe would certainly be often met with. The female contains so
many ova (though not so many as Meloe) that it is obvious that the
great mortality of the species occurs between oviposition and the safe
arrival of the larva into the interior of the wasp grub, especially as
after that date the mortality is nil. If the egg were laid in the nest
this would not be so.

Thinking out these matters, I this year enclosed a number of
freshly disclosed beetles in a sunny place, with portions of dead and
rotten wood, as well as some flowers. I was lucky enough on two
occasions to see the beetles in cop., proving certainly that pairing
occurs in autumn, and afterwards I observed several females, fertile
or otherwise, searching the crevices of the wood with their extensive
ovipositors, and at times quietly resting with the ovipositor nearly out
of sight, buried in the cracks of the wood. This clearly proves that
the eggs are laid in autumn.

That a cavity in dead or rotten wood is the natural place of ovi-
position is not proved, but is rendered in the highest degree probable,
when it is remembered that no other arrangement that I previously
tried had any success in inducing oviposition. It becomes further,
therefore, probable that the mite-like young larvae are met with by
the wasps in collecting the wood shavings for nest building, probably
usually one at a time, and a nest contains a succession of paradoxus,
because the same post or stick over which the beetle larvae are wan-
dering, is constantly frequented by the wasps of that nest, whilst those
of other nests, free from Rhipiphovux, do not happen to have visited
such a p'ist. Though my ob.^ervations will well bear refutation or
confirmation, there remains really only one matter still unknown, that
is, when do the eggs hatch ? From the delicate nature of the eggs I
incline to believe that the young larva is developed in the autumn, but
hibernates unhatched within the egg-shell. Those eggs that I found
laid in the wood cavities were either infertile or injured by my ex-
amination, as they went mouldy instead of developing. Whether any
I did not disturb may have been more lucky will not appear till next
spring, but 1 much doubt it.

20 [January,

The eggs are spindle-shaped, 0'47 mm. long and 0'2 mm. in di-
ameter, of a pure milk-white, and are laid somewhat irregularly, but
with a tendency to be packed closely side by side. Mr. Fowler
appears to entertain the idea that the egg is laid in the wasp cell ;
this may justify my stating two reasons why this would be extremely
improbable, even if I had not otherwise rendered it practically certain
that the actual habit is very different. First, a personal reason ; I
have met with hundreds of Rhiphiphorus in all stages, only once as a
free larva, but abundantly within the wasp larva, and at all stages
forward to the perfect beetle, but have never seen any indication of
an egg within the cell. Secondly, the wasp develops with extreme
rapidity, yet the Rhipipliorus keeps up with it, or, indeed, overtakes
it ; there would thus be really no time for the development of the
young larva within the egg, even were it as rapid as is at times the
case in Chri/sis. The nature of the ovipositor, egg, and young larva,
nevertheless, plainly indicates that the larva must take some time to
mature in the egg, and that the species is not viviparous.

Firbank, Hereford :

November, 1890.

NOTE ON A NEW CICINDELA FROM NORTH JAPAN.
BY G. LEWIS, r.L.S.

CiCINDELA AINO, n. SJ).

C. niohozana simillima, supra cupreo-fusca. JElytris, pnncto humerali et
post humerali, fascia flexuosa media, lunula apicali alhis ; lahro alio
travsverso. 5 . Length, 16 mm.

This species is the size of and very similar to C. niohozana. Bates, but it is
darker in colour and has the labrum much shorter and more transverse. The elytral
markings are similar in both species at the humeral angle and in the spot below the
shoulder, but the median fascia in C. aino is less angulate in the centre, and the
apical marking is not a circular disc, but a crescent embracing the tip of the wing-
case like that seen in C. Lewisi, Bates. The thorax is somewhat quadrate, as in
C. niohozana. Cicindela sachalinensis and Raddei also belong to this group.

I am much indebted to Mr. Bates for the intimation, after a
careful examination of the specimens, that the species has not until
now been described.

Hab. : Tezo and Saghalin. I have two female examples from
the Ishikari Eiver in Yezo, and Mr. Bates has one from Saghalin.

Folkestone : Xovember, 1890.

1P91.] 21

Microjpteryx Kaltenhachii on hornbeam. — Mr. Machin has handed me for ex-
aniinaHon a very perfect specimen of a curious (very purple) Micropteri/x, reared by
him this year. It proves, on examination, to be of the species recently described by
Mr. Stainton, and reared by Dr. Wood from leaves of liazel — Kaltenhachii. Mr.
Machin tells me that he found about twenty mines containing larv£e on leaves of horn-
beam (Carpinus betulus) in the first week of June, 1889, in the neighbourhood of Ongar
Park Wood, Essex. One specimen of the moth was reared at the end of March.
The occurrence of this species in a new locality, and on a different (though allied)
food plant, is of great interest. — Chas. G-. Barrett, 39, Linden Orove, Nunhead,
S.E. : Xovember 2Uh, 1890.

Another Plusia moneta at Dover. — My friend Mr. Webb informs me that
another Plusia moneta has been captured at Dover, a smaller and darker specimen
than that previously recorded. It flew into a bedroom window in the Maisondieu
Road and settled on the dressing table, about 6 or 7 o'clock in the evening of Sep-
tember 20th. Fortunately it fell into appreciative hands. This is clearly a specimen
of the second brood, probably having fed as a larva in some neighbouring garden.
Its occurrence is most interesting, as increasing the probability of the continuance
of the species in this country. — Id. : December, 1890.

Plusia moneta, and its geographical distribution. — With great interest I have
read the announcement of the occurrence of Plusia moneta in Great Britain (Barrett,
Ent. Mo. Mag., 1890, 255) ; this species being a very good example of the great
changes which may take place in the geographical distribution of an insect. The
tendency of moving in the direction from east to west, which we find, or suspect, in
so many other European insects is expressed clearly in this species, and has been
noticed for some years by continental entomologists.

Plusia moneta was known to be a common insect in the south and south-east of
Germany, but until the year 1875, was not recorded from the north-wesl of our
country, nor from the Netherlands.

In the year 1875 began the invasion of the species into the above-named dis-
tricts, and in the course of a few years it was recorded from different places : Ehoden,
Arolsen (Speyer), Hanover (Wacquand), Mecklenburg, Stralsund (Schmidt), Ham-
burg (Grseser). In the year 1882, it was found near Arnhem, and in 18"^7, near
Breda, in Holland (Snellen).

The tendency of the species to gain new ground was so intense, that even the
rough climate of our Harz Mountains was not able to keep it back, for I found
moneta in the moorland districts of the Brocken, at about 800 metres ; I noticed
the larva there during three years from 1879 on the Aconitum plants, in a small
garden belonging to a forester's house. The species was single-brooded there, whilst
it is double-brooded in more favourable climates.

Now, the species having crossed the Channel, it will probably spread as rapidly
over England as it has done over the north-west of Germany, and over Holland.

Tke larva may be easily noticed, when young, in May, on the aconite, spinning
the young shoots of the plant together, like the larvoe of several DepressaricB. Later,
the large yellow cocoon is easily visible hanging on the under-side of a leaf of aconite.

22 [JaiiiKiry,

The most interesting question is, whether Plusia moneta will keep the newly-
gained ground, or whether it will lose it again in the course of years. — Attgust
Hoffmann, Devrientstrasse, 3, Hanover, Germany: November 2.1th, 1890.

Description of the larva of LHhocolletis anderidce, Fletcher. — At the kind in-
vitation of the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, Mr. E. R. Bankes and I went to stay with
him at Bloxworth for a few days at the end of October last to look for mines of
Lithocolletis anderidce.

We found a good many mines in the birch, but from the size and general ap-
pearance of most of them, I fear that we, or I at all events, have chiefly been
successful in collecting L. iilmifoliella. I have, however, some mines which I feel
sure are those of L. anderidcB, and a few of these I have sacrificed in order to describe
the larva of tills species, which I found no difficulty in distinguishing from ttlmi-
foliella, as will be seen by the following description : —

Length, If lines. Head almost black towards the sides, with the central part
light grey, and two longitudinal blackish lines proceeding to the mouth from a point
near the top; tips of jaws and palpi reddish-brown. Body uniforiidy yellowish-
green, rather transparent. Legs almost transparent, with inconspicuous grey rings
at the joints. When first taken from its mine the dorsal vessel is bright green,
owing to the presence in it of undigested food, and this gives the larva the appear-
ance of being greener than it really is. As the food passes through the colour of
the larva seems to fade until it is decidedly more yellow in tint, the dorsal vessel
being still a little darker. A few almost colourless hairs are perceptible under the
microscope. The head is slightly narrower than the last segment, and not more than
half the width of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments, which are considerably larger
than the rest, and present a swollen appearance, the 3rd segment being the widest
of all. The 5th segment is distinctly narrower than the 4th, and the body thence is
cylindrical to the 9th segment inclusive, whence it tapers very slightly to the end.

This larva may be distinguished from that of L. ulmifoliella by its smaller size
and more slender appearance, and by the absence of the yellow spot, which is so
conspicuous (until the larva is about to change to pupa, when it is merged in the
opaque yellow colour, which the whole body then assumes) on the 9th segment of
Zi. ulmifoliella. It does not make even a slight cocoon like ulmifoliella, and the
mine is smaller (see 1890, p. 213). The pupa is brown, and rather less than I5 lines
in length. — Nelson M. Ricuaruson, Montevideo, near Weymouth : Nov. Vlth, 1890.

A query as to kil/enialion. — Of those insects that hibernate in the perfect state
some are fertilized in the autumn and only the females survive the winter ; others
are fertilized in the spring, both sexes passing through the winter. In the Aculeate
Hymenoptera the former appears to be the rule, obtaining in T'espa, Bombus, Apa-
thus, Halictus, and also in honey bees and ants, so far as they can be regarded as
hibernating rather than as perennial, that is, the fertile ? survives the winter, the
(J does not. Are there any instances known of the male hibernating in Aculeate
Hymenoptera ? In Lepidoptera both sexes survive the winter, and fertilization
takes place in the spring. I know this to be so in Qonepteryx rhamiii, V. urticce,
lo, Atalaiila, c-album, O. vaccinii and {spadicea?), S. satellitia, S. libatrix, Xylina

isiti.^ 23

rhizolitha, and petrificata, Calncampa (botli), 77. croceago, S. duhitata, C. miata,
Alucita, and some Depre.isariw. It would be desirable to extend tlie lists both in
Hifmenoptera and Lepidoptera, and especially to ascertain whether there are any
exceptions to these apparent rules. If not absolutely, tliey are very broadly true.
As to other Orders I have made fewer observations, and have not noted that many
have been specially recorded. I believe no Tenthredo hibernates as an imago. As
to Ichneumons, I learn from Mr. Bignell that their habits are very various, and in
some species have that indeterminate character (or "fluidity") that I refer to as
common among Coleoptera. Not a few hibernate as imagines, but the date of fer-
tilization is not recorded ; the capture of hibernated males in the spring, or their
absence, would be strong, if not perfect, evidence as to this point. Among Coleoptera
many species pass the winter niore or less awake rather than hibernate. Many others,
as the HyJesinids, ought not to assume the perfect state till spring, but a large pro-
portion do so in autumn ; these individuals hibernate and pair in spring ; there is,
indeed, among beetles a great apparent fluidity of habit, with no very defined date
for any stage to the degree we are used to in Lepidoptera.

When do those beetles pair whose habit is like that of many weevils, take
Antkonomns pomorum as a type, which emerges in June or July and do not oviposit
till the following April, or even May ?

The common Coccinellce, Dryops femorata , and one or two others that truly hi-
bernate, pair in the spring ; records of many others must exist.

To return, however, to the Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, where we are on
more fully explored ground, what is the reason for so decided a difference of habit ?

It would seem that there was an advantage in autumn fertilization to this
extent, that there is probably always an unfertilized residuum, which must be in
proportion to area. Say that one 9 pei' square mile represents, for a particular spe-
cies, a sparseness of distribution in which she fails to be found by the (J, and that
this number (more or less) always remains unfertilized, this represents a loss that
must be much larger proportionately in the spring, when periiaps half the individuals
of the species have succumbed to the perils of hibernation, it will, indeed, in that
case be twice as great a loss as it would have been in autumn ; but, in a specially
disastrous winter in which, say, nine-tenths of the species have perished, it will be
ten times the loss. The number that fails (o be fertilized being an absolute and not
a proportional number.

It is also possible to suppose that in the case of autumn fertilization, only half
the number of individuals having to survive, suitable hibernacula will be more easily
found, being proportionally twice as abundant, though probably suitable places for
wintering in are always in large excess of any requirements.

If these advantages of autumn fertilization have led the Hymenoptera to adopt
that system, why have the Lepidoptera taken the opposite course? I do not think
anything can be made of the weather being more suitable in spring.

There is room for much doubt whether there is any actual effect produced by
any possible advantage in either case, and whether the difference is not existing in
the natural habit of the two Orders. In Aculeates there is possibly (there certainly
is in Apis melUfiva) a necessity for fertilization occurring within a brief period after
exclusion ; whilst, as seen in various ants and bees, the fertilized 9 it'^J 'i^^ many

Oj, [January,

months or years. On the other hand, in Lepidoptera the necessity of egg laying as
soon as possible after fertilization is often great, and delay in fertilization is more
easily suffered than delay in oviposition afterwards. — T. A. Chapman, Hereford :
October, 1890.

Megacronus inclinans and Agahus guttatus near Hartlepool. — On October I2th,
1890, I took three specimens of Megacronus inclinans upon the sand hills between
Hartlepool and Hesleden Dene Mouth. It was a beautiful sunny afternoon, and
beetles literally swarmed ; had it been possible for the whole ground to have been
gone over to Black Hall Rock, doubtless many more good species would have been
secured, as it was a day in a hundred for the time of year. On November 8th, after
heavy rains, I took no less than 130 specimens of Agabm nitidus under stones and
flood refuse, upon the sands at tlie mouth of the stream running out of Hesleden
Dene ; they had evidently been washed down by the flood, and taken temporary
refuge under the first convenient shelter. It is somewhat strange that only one
guttatus was taken. — J. Gardner, Hartlepool : December, 1890.

The marine caddis-fly of New Zealand. — In the " Transactions of the New
Zealand Institute," vol. xxi, 1888 (1889), there is a paper by Mi\ Geo. M. Thomson,
F.L.S., on New Zealand Crustacea, and at p. 260 are some remarks on the Amphi-
pod, Corophium contractum, Stimpson, to the following effect : — " When collecting
on the shores of Auckland Harbour, between tide-marks, I picked up a small tube
about 6 mm. long, closed at one end and furnished with a hinged lid at the other
end, which at the time I took to be the case of a marine caddis-worm. The tube
was made of very tough material, and was covered over with fragments of corallines,
so that had I not seen it moving, I should have passed it by. On opening it the
tube was found to contain a small specimen of C. contractum, but whether the
Crustacean constructed the tube, or, which is more likely, had merely found it empty
and had taken refuge in it, could not be decided."

This tube is figured on pi. xiii, fig. 2, and coincides so precisely with that of
Philanisus, " a marine caddis-fly," the habits of wliich were described and figured
by me in the " Journal of the Linnean Society," Zoology, vol. xvi (1882), that I
have no hesitation in referring it to that genus, and agree with the suggestion tliat
the Crustacean had simply utilized it, but it may possibly have previously devoured
the rightful inmate. I have used the term "T'/ze" marine caddis-fly, because at
present we are without evidence that more than one species of marine habits exists
in New Zealand. — R. McLachlan, Lewisham, London : November 21th, 1890.

Bare Aculeate Hymenoptera in Devon. — Myrmecina Latreillei, ^ , beaten from
high oak hedge on one occasion in a lane near Tavistock ; September 27th, 1890.
Myrmosa melanocephala, $ , running up vertical bank in hot sun on road leading
from Morthoe to beach ; in the same bank were species of Halictus and Sphecodes
hurrovf ing, also &6.ne specimen o( Chrysis bidentata, $; August 3rd, 1890. Methoca
ichnetimonoides , $ , running on rocks at Morte Point, Morthoe, almost in reach of
spray ; August 1st, 1890. Mr. Saunders has kindly verified the names of the insects.
— Harold Swalb, Tavistock : November Wth, 1890.

1891.1 25

■' L'Abeille." — Bj the will of the late Abbe de Marseul this publication became
the property of the Entomological Society of France. The Society has decided to
continue it, under the editorship of M. L. Bedel. As heretofore, it will be mainly
devoted to memoirs on the Coleoptera of the Old World. Each volume will consist
of 12 parts of 24 pages each, and the subscription is fixed at 10 francs to Members
of the Society and 12 francs to others. We would suggest that the original form
(12mo) of the journal was inconveniently small. — -Eds.

Soqii^tiiis.

Birmingham Entomological Society : November l^th, 1890. — Mr. W. Gr.
Blatch, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

Mr. M. Stanger Higgs was elected a Member of the Society.

Mr. H. M. Lee showed Calocampa vetusta, Scopelosoma satellitia, &c., from
Sutton Park. Mr. P. W. Abbott showed a fine series of Tapinoatala fidva taken in
Sutton Park, flying at night in the company of Nonagria ariindinis. Mr. R. C.
Bradley showed two varieties of Abraxas grossularinta. A discussion followed on
the causes of colours in insects, in which Messrs. W. Gr. Blatch, C. F. Thornewill,
R. C. Bradley, and C. J. Wainwright joined. Mr. C. J. Wainwright showed several
wings of Selenia tetrahmaria denuded of scales, one of which lacked half of one
longitudinal vein ; a discussion followed, in which Messrs. Blatch, Thornewill, and
Wainwright joined. Mr. Blatch mentioned a curious case of a specimen of Habros-
tola urticce, which had the body filled with scales like those on the wings. Rev. C.
F. Thornewill showed a collection of Lepidoptera made at Abbott's Wood in June,
1890, and made remarks on them.

December \st, 1890. —The President in the Chair.

Mr. W. Gr. Blatch reported that during 1890 he had taken sixty species of
beetles new to the Midlands. Messrs. C. F. Thornewill, R. C. Bradley, W. 'Harrison,
Gr. W. Wynn, and A. Jolmson showed collections of insects taken during 1890.
Mr. Thornewill's included a specimen of Scotosia certata, taken on September 8th,
and seeming, therefore, to point to a second brood of the species. Mr. G. T. Baker
showed a collection of Madeiran butterflies. Mr. C. J. Wainwright showed Cosmia
affinis and diffinis from near Bromsgrove. — Colbean J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.

Lancashire AND Cheshire Entomological Society. — The monthly meeting
was held on Monday, December 8tli, 1890, in the Free Library, the President
(Mr. S. J. Capper, F.L.S.) in the Chair.

Mr. B. H. Crabtree was elected a Member.

Mr. R. Newstead, F.E.S., read a paper on " British Wasps : their parasites and
scavengers ;" in which he gave the life-history of the wasp, from the commencement
of the nest by the single queen, to the complete formation of the colony, and enu-
merated twenty-two species of insects, which he had found inhabiting these nests ;
the paper was fully illustrated with specimens and diagrams. The President
exhibited Acidalia immorata from Lewes. Mr. Gl-regson, cases of Articulata, showing
manipulation before being presentable at private and public museums. Mr. Sydney

20 [Jaiiuury.

Webb, his two specimens of Plus-ia monefa. Mr Bescherner, foreign Papilios. Mr.
Stott, a very variable series of Charceas graminis. Mr. P. Sehill, Parnassius Apollo
and P. Phaehux, vcith specimens of Papilio Machaon, showing the marked difference
between English and foreign specimens. — F. N. Pierce, Hon. Sec, 143, Smithdown
Lane, Liverpool.

Entomological Society of London: December 3rd, 1890. — The Right Hon.
Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

Mr. John Gardner, of 6, Friar Terrace, Hartlepool ; and Mr. Samuel James
Capper, F.L.S., of Hiiyton Park, Liverpool, were elected Fellows of the Society.

Dr. D. Sharp exhibited specimens of Papilio Polites, P. Erithonius, and Euplcea
Asela, received from Mr. J. J. Lister, who had caught them on board ship when near
Colombo, in November, 188S. Dr. Sharp read a letter from Mr. Lister, in which it
was stated that from the ship hundreds of these butterflies were seen flying out to
sea against a slight breeze. Many of them, apparently exhausted by a long flight,
alighted on the deck of the ship, and large numbers perished in the sea.

Lord Walsingham exhibited a coloured drawing of a variety of Acherontia
Atropos, which had been sent to him by Mons. Henri de la Cuisine, of Dijon. He
also exhibited specimens of an entomogenous fungus, apparently belonging to the
genus Torruhia, growing on pupae, received from Sir Charles Forbes, and which had
been collected in Mexico by Mr. H. B. James. Mr. McLachlan expressed an opinion,
in which Mr. C. O. Waterhouse and Mr. Gr. C. Champion concurred, that the pupae
were those of a species of Cicada. Mr. F. D. Godman said that at the meeting of
the Society on the 3rd October, 1888, he had exhibited a larva of a Cicada with a
similar fungoid growth. The specimen was subsequently produced, and the fungus
proved to be identical with that on the pupae shown by Lord Walsingliam.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited male specimens of Spilosoma mendica, Clk., bred from
ova obtained from a female of the Irish form which had been impregnated by a male
of the English form. These specimens were of a dusky white colour, and were
intermediate between the English and Irish forms.

Mr. F. Merrifield showed samples of a material known as "cork-carpet," and
explained its advantages as a lining for cabinets and store-boxes. Dr. Sharp fully
endorsed the opinion expressed by Mr. Merrifield.

Mr. R. W. Lloyd exhibited specimens of Anisotoma Triepkei, Schmidt, and
Merjaci-onus inclinans, Er., collected last August at Loch Alvie by Aviemore.

Mr. Merrifield read a paper, entitled, " On the conspicuous changes in the
markings and colouring of Lepiduptera caused by subjecting the pupae to different
temperature conditions ;" in which it was stated tiiat the results of many experi-
ments made on Selenia illustraria and Ennomos autumnaria tended to prove that
both the markings and colouring of the moth were materially affected by the
temperature to which the pupa was exposed : the markings by long continued
exposure before the last active changes ; the colouring, cliiefly by exposure during
these last changes, but before the colouring of the ptrfect insect began to be visible,
a moderately low tcmpei-ature during tliis period causing darkness, a high one pro-
ducing the opposite effect, and two or three days at the right time appearing in some
cases sufficient. Dryness or moisture applied during the whole pupal period had

little or no effect on either markings or colouring. Applying the facts thus ascer-
tained, Mr. Merrifield said he had obtained from summer pupae of illtintraria some
moths with summer colouring and spring markings, some with spring markings and
spring colouring, and some with summer markings, but an approach to spring
colouring. These specimens, with enlarged and coloured photographs of them, were
exhibited.

Mr. C Fenn, who said he did not agree with Mr. Merrifield's conclusions,
exhibited a very long and varied series of specimens of Ennomos autumnaria, all of
which, he stated, had been bred at the same temperature. He expressed an opinion
that the presence or absence of moisture, rather than differences of temperature, was
one of the principal causes of variation. The discussion was continued by Lord
Walsingham, Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. Waterhouse, Mr. Jenner Weir, Mr. Elwes, Mr.
McLachlan, Mr. Porritt, Dr. Mason, Mr. Barrett, and others.

Mr. G. T. Baker read a paper, entitled, " Notes on the Lepidoptera collected in
Madeira by the late T. Vernon Wollaston." The paper was illustrated by a number
of figures drawn and coloured some years ago by Prof. Westwood.

Mr. Hamilton H. Druce exhibited several very beautiful species of butterflies,
belonging to the genus Hypochrysops from the Solomon Islands and Australia, and
read a paper on the subject, entitled, " A Monograph of the Lycsenoid genus Hypo-
chrysops, with descriptions of new species."

Mr. C. J. Gahan read "Notes on some species of Diabrotica." —II. Goss and
W. W. Fowler, Hon. Secretaries.

ON THE BRITISH SPECIES OF THE GENUS CICADULA (ZETT.),

FIEBER.

BY JAMES EDWARDS, P.E.S.

As originally constituted by Zetterstedt, this genus comprised,
besides the insects the subject of this paper, the genera Gnathodus,
Eupteryx, TypJdocyha, Dicraneura, &c. In 1871, Dr. J. Sahlberg
restricted the use of the term Cicadula, and for him it was equivalent
to the Fieberian genera Kyhos and ChJoriia. Fieber, in his "Katalog "
(1872), appropriated the term for that group of small Jassids in which
the outer branch of the cubital nerve becomes obsolete soon after
leaving the base of the elytron, or, at all events, does not reach the
angular nerves, while the first wing-nerve, and the upper branch of
the second, are either connected by a transverse nerve, or very shortly
confluent at some distance before the apex.

Seeing that Sahlberg had already appropriated the same term for
certain of the components of the original genus of Zetterstedt, it
would have been better had Fieber invented a fresh name for the
group which he wished to characterize ; but as Dr. Puton, in his
Catalogue, follows Fieber in the use of the name, it is expedient that
the same course should bo adopted here.

28 [January,

In my Synopsis of British Cicaditui I have followed Dr. Sahlberg,
and considered the group as a section of Limotettix, but having lately
become acquainted v\ith a greater number of the described species, I
now think that it will be best to treat it as a distinct genus, charac-
terized by the neuration of the elytra and wings. A French translation
of Fieber's work on the genus, with valuable additions by M. Lethierry,
is published in the Eevue d'Eutomologie for 1885 ; the late Mr.
Scott, too, has a paper on the genus, which is chiefly useful to the
student for the detailed description of C. frontalis, at page 231 of
vol. xi of this Magazine. From the description of Fieber's C. frontalis,
published in 1885, it is clear that his insect is not identical with Scott's
insect of the same name, as the former seems to have imagined.
Scott's description having been published ten years prior to that of
Fieber, a new name for the latter's insect becomes necessary, and I
have, therefore, called it C. Fieheri.

The most obvious feature of the genus is the evanescence of the
upper branch of the cubital nerve, a peculiarity which is shared by
Gnathodus, but in the latter the first wing-nerve and the upper branch
of the second coalesce before the apex of the wing, and thus run into
the marginal nerve. In all the species that I have been able to
examine, the sedeagus is formed on the same plan, namely, a subterete,
more or less tapering base, supporting a pair of slender pointed arms,
which in C. metria only are unequally bipartite ; the last named species
is aberrant also in the form of the genital plates, which are nearly flat
throughout, and obliquely truncate at the apex, and the pygofer
projects beyond the plates for a distance nearly equal to their entire
length ; in the other species they are abruptly narrowed at a distance
from the apex, varying from about one-half to one-third of their entire
length, the narrowed portion is bent upwards, and wants the long
white cilia which clothe the outer margin of the horizontal portion of
the plate, and the pygofer does not project for any appreciable dis-
tance beyond the apex of the plates.

In these insects, as \n many other Gicadina, the form of the
sedeagus affords the most constant structural specific character, and
I have, therefore, given outline figures of that organ in several of the
species ; at present it is only necessary to have recourse to this part
for the separation of species in the case of otherwise doubtful
examples of C. G-notata and C Fieberi ; but in view of the probable
existence of species otherwise perfectly distinct, but closely resembling
those already described in general appearance, the diagnosis of a
Cicadula, which does not give an account of the sedeagus, cannot be
expected to stand.

is'.n.] 29

I have not been able to examine types of either C. fasciifrons or
C. opncipennis, and in their absence it is impossible to be certain that
the insects here called by those names are identical with the insects
from which the descriptions of those species were taken by their
respective authors ; but, judging from description, it seems probable
that they are so, and I have, therefore, thought it better^ instead o£
creating fresh names, to adopt those of Stal and Lethierry respectively,
leaving the question of the identity of our insects with theirs to be
absolutely decided hereafter by some one enjoying the requisite facili-
ties for the purpose. With regard to C. opncipennis, M. Lethierry is
of opinion that our insect is a variety of that species, although he
cannot say for certain, as the species was described from a single
example which belonged to M. Jakowleff.

The following is a table of all the species at present known to me
as occurring in Britain : —

1 (4) The two subocellar black spots wanting.

2 (3) Frons without transverse dark lines ; crown as long or longer than its

basal width ... 1. metria,'F\ox.

3 (2) Frons with more or less distinct brown transverse lines ; crown about one-

third shorter than its basal width 2. oparipennis, \jet\\.

4 (1) Subocellar black spots present (frequently confluent with each other and

the adjacent markings).

5 (10) Frons without black transverse lines.

6 (7) Frons with a black spot just above the clypeus 3. 7-wo^a^rt, Fall.

7 (6) Frons without a black spot at the apex.

8 (9) Subocellar spots below the ocelli ; crown with two large prsebasal spots...

4. variata, Fall.

9 (8) Subocellar spots behind the ocelli ; prsebasal spots of the crown wanting

or punctiform 5. punctifrons, ¥1111.

10 (5) Frons with more or less confluent black transverse lines, or entirely black.

11 (12) Subocellar frontal spots each composed of two short parallel curved lines

6. fasciifrons, Stal.

12 (11) Subocellar spots entire, or confluent with the adjacent markings.

13 (16) Markings of crown and frons, as a rule, distinct.

14 (15) Size larger ; curvature of front and hind margins of crown subcqual,

nearly all the areas of the elytra filled up with brown...

7. frontalis, Scott ( ? ).

15 (14) Size smaller ; crown very distinctly longer in the middle than at the

sides ; elytra generally subdiaphanous, pale greenish-grey ; convexity
of the curve of the arms of the sedeagus beneath .8. 6-}totata, Fall.

16 (13) Subocellar spots merged with the interocular line, and frequently with the

basal markings of the crown and the black lines on the frons also, so
that the crown and face appear entirely black, or black with a few
yellow markings.

,30 'Jaiiuar}',

17 (18) Size smaller ; elytra greenish-grey, with or without brown or piceous

markings ; convexity of the curve of the arms of the sedeagus above...

9. Fieberi, n. B'p., frontalis, Fieb.

18 (17) Size larger; entire upper-side pitch-black, with a bluish tinge ; the first

transverse nerve, and those immediately adjoining it, frequently forming
a kind of pale H 'lear the base of each elytron ...10. cyance, Boh.

Of these, metria, 7-notata, variata, and 6-notata, are our well-known species of
those names ; opacipennis, punctifrons, fasciifrons, and cyancB, are new to Britain,
and Fieberi is practically so, although it was described by Fieber from specimens
sent to him by Mr. Scott under the name of 6-notatus. In point of facies, frontaUx,
fasciifrons, 6-notafa, and Fieberi form a natural group, and to the same group cyance
and opacipennis evidently belong, the former illustrating an extreme development
of the dark markings ; and the latter, in the majority of specimens, their entire
absence. In the group just mentioned, the normal black markings of the head are
a pair of round or roundish basal spots, an interocular line more or less widely
interrupted in the middle, and a pair of large spots on the forehead, the latter clearly
representing the coalescence, vertically, of the widely interrupted interocellar and
infraocellar lines, as presented in C. fasciifrons, where, with the exception of some
highly coloured males, they retain their separate character. The remaining four
species are very distinct in appearance. As before remarked, C metria is somewhat
aberrant in the external male characters, but as it agrees with the other species in
contour, and the neuration both of elytra and wings, it seems undesirable to create
a new genus for its reception. This interesting species has been much misunderstood,
being placed by Fieber, Sahlberg, Scott, &c., in the genus Deltocephalus. C. fron-
talis, Scott, is a good species, allied in the form of the crown to C. punctifrons.
Fall. ; it may be easily distinguished from our other species with the crown-markings
of the 6-notata pattern by its superior size, and the entire absence of angulation in
the outline of the front margin of the crown ; so far as I know, it has not been
taken in Britain since the capture of the original specimens by the Rev. T. A.
Marshall in a swampy place near Lastingham in September ; the male is still unde-
scribed, but T have a strong opinion that a male Cicadula from Chamounix, sent to
me by Dr. Puton as representing what he considered to be C. frontalis, Fieb.,
belongs here.

The colour-characters are best seen in highly coloured males, and as the more
difEcult species {6-notata and Fieberi) are highly gregarious, there will generally be
no difficulty in securing some of these in each gathering and in deciding to which
type of coloration the majority of the specimens belong ; it is perfectly useless to
attempt to identify solitary females of the two species last named.

I append descriptions of those species of which no English
description has hitherto appeared ; the measurements used are actual,
not estimated, quantities.

Cicadula opacipennis, Leth. (?).
C. opacipennis, Leth., Ann. See. Ent. Belg., xix ; Bull., 83 ; in Fieber's
Cicad. d'Eur. (Cicadula), 58.
Crown, prDiiotuni, and t^cutelhuii, yellow, tlie former sometimes with two puncti-

istti.) 31

form black spots, which are Tiearcr to the hind than the front margin, and about
equidistant from each otlier and from the eyes. Elytra sordid greenish-grey.
Crown : in the male, one-third shorter than the pronotum, one-third longer in the
middle than at the sides, its free sides nearly straight, apex obtuse ; in the female,
one-fourth shorter than the pronotum, one-third longer in the middle than at the
sides, free sides arcuate, apes broadly rounded ; frons generally with a few fuscous
side lines, infraocellar line rarely developed, and then biarcuate and more or less
widely interrupted in the middle. Elytra subopaque, with slightly paler nerves,
but without fuscous streaks or other markings. Abdomen : above black, narrowly
pale at the sides ; beneath, black, with pale hind-margins to the segments. ..^deagus
as in figures n and o. Legs pale, front tibiae with a dark line, hind tibise with black
points. Length, 85 — 3j mm.

Ranworth, Norfolk ; iu very wet places, September 18th, 1890.
This is, without exception, the most agile Cicadine that I kuow.

CiCADULA PUNCTIFRONS, Fall.

Cicada punctifrons, Fall., Hem. Suec, ii, 42, 26.
Limotettix piinctifrons, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii, 244, 16.

Crown yellow, with a large round black spot adjoining the hind-margin of each
ocellus, sometimes there is a black point on each side of the hind-margin, about
equidistant from the central line and each eye, and an irregular, generally sub-
geminate, dark spot in the middle of the front margin ; in the male, subequal in
length to half its basal width, one-half shorter than the pronotum, a little longer at
the sides than in the middle; in the female, one-third shorter than the pronotum,
one-fourth longer in the middle than at the sides, its free sides gently arcuate, apex
obtuse. Face generally pale brown, with the margins, the side lines, and a middle
stripe, yellow. Pronotum yellow, the disc frequently occupied by an irregular
blackish spot, which is divided in the middle by a pale stripe. Scutellum yellow,
sometimes with a black triangle on each side at the base. Elytra whitish-hyaline
tinged with yellow, nerves bright yellow, the clavus and the inner areas of the corium
frequently more or less completely occupied by black or fuscous stripes ; membrane
fuscous, nerves pale. Abdomen : above black, yellow at the sides ; beneath yellow,
black towards the base. Legs yellow, with black lines and points.

Length, 4J — 5f mm.

This interesting addition to our Fauna has been taken sparingly
by Mr. Edward Saunders off dwarf sallows at Woking. It is the
largest species of the genus that we possess at present, and the male
is remarkable for the great development of the characteristic form of
the genital plates, of which the narrow apical portion is bent upward
at a right angle to the body of the plate, and forms the " appendice
erecta acuminata " of J. Sahlberg.

CiCADULA FASCIIFRONS, Stal. (?) .

ThamofHtixfasciifrons, Still, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1S.5S, 194, 94.
Cieadu'a fascii frons, Ficb., Cicad. d'Eur. (Cicadala), 4*^, 7.
I 'pp( T tore-))arts scn-ilid greyish-yellnw, elyl ra jialo vclhnv-hrdwii, a pair of short.

32 [J.iiiuary, 1S91.

black, parallel, curved, transverse lines on each side of the forehead. Crown : in the
male, two-fifths shorter than the pronotum, one-fifth longer in the middle than at
the sides, free sides feebly arcuate, apex widely rounded ; in the female, one-fourth
shorter than the pronotum, one-third longer in the middle than at the sides, free
sides nearly straight, apex widely rounded ; basal markings round, interocular line
widely interrupted in the middle ; frons with black side lines, and sometimes a dark
middle stripe. Pronotum with a few black points near the front margin, its disc
frequently more or less occupied by a dusky patch, which is divided in the middle
by a stripe of the pale ground colour. Base of the scutellum generally with a
triangle on each side, and a pair of points in the middle, black. Areas of the elytra
frequently more or less filled up by fuscous streaks, nerves pale, except that of the
inner jiiargin, which has its basal and apical thirds blackish. Abdomen black, the
connexivum beneath, and the hind-margins of the ventral segments narrowly,
yellow. ^Edeagus as in figures e andy. Legs greyish-yellow, with black lines and
points. Length, 85 — 4^ mm.

In the field the most striking characteristic of this species is the
uniform pale brown appearance of the specimens ; and at home, either
sex may be easily recognised by the markings on the forehead. It
lives on Juncus articuJatus, on which plant I first took it in quantity
at Cley, on the Norfolk coast, in August and September, 18S8, and I
have since found it in the Norwich district wherever I have had an
opportunity of working its food plant. Possessing only a single
female in 1887, I regarded it as an intermediate variation between
G-nofata, Fall., and frontalis, Scott ; hence the description of the
former in my Synopsis was drawn to include all throe, and must, there-
fore, now be abandoned.

CiCADULA ElEBERI, 11. Sp.

Cicttdulo frontalis, Fieb., Cicad. d'Eur. (^Cicadala), 45, 5, nee Scott.
Upper fore-parts bright yellow ; prevalent form of marking on the head of the
male a pair of round basal spots, and a broad black band across the forehead, inter-
rupted in the middle by a cuneate stripe of the pale gi-ound colour, on this black
band the pale ocelli are very conspicuous, and there is generally a short oblique
yellow line continued outwardly from each ocellus to the lower angle of the band ;
sometimes the markings of the crown spread in such a manner that it is wholly, or
in greater part, black ; this is the state described by Fieber. Markings on the fore-
head of the female irregularly oblong, slightly arched, sometimes (by reduction)
perfectly crescent-shaped. Crown : in the male, one-fourth to one-fifth shorter than
the pronotum, one-third longer in the middle than at the sides, free sides feebly
arcuate, apex broadly rounded ; in the female, one-fifth to one-seventh shorter than
the pronotum, one-third longer in the middle than at the sides, free sides straight,
apex rounded; frons yellow, with the side lines, and sometimes a middle stripe,
blackish ; sometimes black, with the side lines and apex yellow. Disc of the prono-
tum IViqucnlly occupied by a dark fuscous patch, which is divided in the middle by
a r-ti'ipc ol' tiic p;il<' l;i'(iuii(1 ccih'ur, wv.w the li'ont nuii'gin a Irw Mack points

February, 181.1.1 33

Markings of the scutclliim as in C.fasciifrons. Elytra very variable in colour ; in
many males uniform pale fuscous, with the nerves concolorous, and the costa, and
sometimes the inner margin, vei'y narrowly blackish ; in many females pale grey,
with a greenish tinge, and the nerves paler, or even yellow ; in others, some or all
the areas are occupied by a broad fuscous stripe, when the pale nerves are very con-
spicuous, and that of the inner margin is blackish in its basal and apical thirds, with
the intervening space whitish. Abdomen and legs coloured, as in the preceding
species, ^deagus as in figures i and k. Length, 3^ — ii mm.

Weybouriie and Cley, Norfolk, by sweeping in marshes near the
sea.

This is at present a very little-known species ; in 1888, M. Leth-
ierry wrote me that he had only one example in good condition, taken
in England, and sent, he thought, by Scott to Fieber as C. G-nofata ;
doubtless this was one of the original examples. It does not, so far
as 1 am aware, occur in inland situations, like its congener, C. Q-notata.
I have reserved the latter name for the species which is so very
abundant with us in grassy places everywhere, and which is most
certainly characterized by having the a?deagus as in figures g and h.
In C. Q-notata the markings of the head are more prone to vary by
way of reduction, than in its allies ; the interocular line is not unfre-
quently absent altogether.

CiCADULA CTAN^, Boh.

Thamnotettix cyance. Boh., Sv. Ak. Hand!., 1845, 36, 12.
Limoteftix ci/ance, J. Sahl., Not. Fenn., xii, 246, 18.
Cicadula cyaiice, Fieb., Cicad. d'Eur. (Cicadula), 41, 1.

General colour of the upper-side varying from dark fuscous to black with a
bluish tinge ; the transverse nerve and portions of those adjoining it frequently
forming a whitish \-\ near the base of each elytron. Crown sometimes entirely black,
at others exhibiting the normal markings in various degrees of confluence ; in the
male, three-fifths shorter than the pronotum, the curves of its front and hind margins
nearly parallel ; in the female, one-half shorter than the pronotum, one-third longer
in the middle than at the sides, its free sides nearly straiglit, apex rounded ; frons
black, generally with a yellow spot in each apical angle, and sometimes with vellow
side lines. Pronotum sometimes entirely black, but generally yellow, with its disc
more or less completely occupied by a fuscous or black patch, which is divided by a
stripe of the pale ground colour, near the front margin a few black points. Elytra
varying in colour from fuscous, with the white H before-mentioned, to uniform
pitch-black, with a bluish tinge ; nerves concolorous ; in many females the fuscous
pigment is ari'angcd in streaks, wjiich more or less completely occupy the areas, and
leave the nerves pale ; in these specimens the middle third of the inner marginal
nerve is generally conspicuously whitish. Abdomen : above, black, the hind-margins
of the segments very narrowly yellow ; in the male, black beneath, with the con-
nexivum narrowly, and the upturned apices of the genital jilate.s, yellow ; in the

34

[ February,

female, black beneath, with some spots on the connexivum, and the pygofer, yellow ;
saw-case black, ^deagus as in figures I and m. Legs sordid yellow, striped, and
spotted with black. Length, 4— 4| mm.

Weybourne, Norfolk, by sweeping grasses in a swampy marsh
near the sea.

The rarity of this species is probably to be accounted for by the
lateness of its appearance ; I found males preponderating in a small
series taken on October 18th, 1888, and I took some nearly full-grown
nymphs at the same time. This insect has been recorded as occurring
on Nymphcea and Potamogeton nutans ; but I think that its occurrence
on these plants was due to the habit which it possesses, in common
with many other insects living in similar places, of taking to the water
when first disturbed, and shortly afterwards returning to the shore ;
there were certainly neither water-lilies nor Potamogeton in its Norfolk
habitat.

EXPLANATION OF FIGUKES.

^DEAGUS OF CiCADULA.

a. C. metria, side view ; b. do., from above.

beneath.

c.

C. 7-notata, „

d.

0.

C.fasciifrons, „

/•

9-

C. 6-notata, „

h.

i.

C. Fieberi, „

Jc.

I.

C. cyance, „

m.

n.

C. opacipennis „

0.

131, Rupert Street, Norwich :
November, 1890.

1891.J 35

SUaaESTIONS TOWAEDS a better GROUPINa OF CERTAIN
FAMILIES OF THE ORDER DIPTERA.

BY C. R. OSTEN SACKEN.

Ever since the sub-division of the Order Diptera in Orfkorrhapha
and Cj/cIorrhapJin, introduced by Brauer, attempts have been made to
bring about some mode of arranging the families of Orthorrhapha into
smaller natural groups. These attempts, first made by Schiner and
afterwards developed by Brauer,* cannot be considered as successful.
The reason is (as far as the families are concerned which I intend to
discuss in this article) that these groupings were principally based
upon a character of subordinate value, taken from the wings, and on
another character of doubtful importance, borrowed from the larvae,
■without sufficient regard for the organization and the affinities of the
images. I believe that a natural arrangement must be the result of
the study of those organs of the imago which are necessary for the
functions of external life, principally, therefore, of the organs of
orientation connected with the head (eyes and antennae), and in the
second line, of the organs of locomotion (legs and wings).

To begin with the Nemocera, as soon as we apply this method
to them we discover a mode of grouping more satisfactory, it seems to
me, than those hitherto proposed.

The bulk of the true Nemocera form a natural aggregation of
Jive large families, widely and, as far as known, rather evenly distri-
buted in all parts of the world {Cecidomyidce, Mycetophilidce, Culicidce,
CJiironomidce, and Tipiilidce), and a sixth, smaller family (^PsycTio-
didce).f The remaining Nemocera are represented by Jive small
families : the Sihionidee, SimulidcB, RhypJiidoB, BlepharoceridcB , and
Orphnephilidee, whose organization is widely different from that of the
true Nemocera, and whose geographical distribution is peculiar ; I
form of them an artificial group, the Nemocera anomala, which, like
the Limnohina anomala among the Tijyulidce, seems principally to con-
tain archaic forms, remains of bygone entomological horizons.

* Schiner, in the Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges., 1864, p. 2U ; Brauer, in his Characteristic der
Hauptffrup]ieu, kc. (in the Deukschr. K. Akad. d. Wiss. Vienna, vol. xlii, p. 110) ; a short
synopsis of the same arrangement in (. c, vol. xliv, p. 98 ; a modified system, I. c, xlvii, p 11 ;
further developments in his Systematisch-Zoologische Studien (Sitzungsber. d. K. Akad. d. Wiss.
Vienna, 1835, pp. 237—413), and in the Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges., 1890, pp. 273—275).

t Thfi still problematic Dir.a will, perhaps, form a seventh family. The discovery of exotic
forms may clear up its position. Hitherto, a single species has been described from China
(Thomson, Kug., Rcsai, and three species are mentioned as occurring in New South Wales, but
not yet described (Skuse, Trans. Austr. Ass. Adv. of Sc, 1890, p. .'J50). Thus, about 27 species in
all are known to exist (about 15 in Europe, and 8 in North America), save, of course, tlie possible

36 [February,

The true Nemocera never have a holoptic head, and hence the
differentiation of the sexes in the breadth of the front, and the size
and shape of the eyes, if it exists at all, is reduced to a minimum.
The eyes round, oval, or lunate, are placed on the sides of the com-
paratively very small head, and are separated by a more or less broad
front ; when lunate, their upper or lower ends are often approximate,
but there is never that broad contact which constitutes a holoptic head.
The development of the antennae is large, and, in comparison to the
small head, sometimes, we may say, excessive (for instance, in some
male Cecidomyiae) ; the contrast in this respect with Bibio and Simii-
lium, with their large heads and small antennse, especially in the male
sex, is striking. The distinctive character of the antennae of the
Nemocera consists in the homology of the majority of the joints of
the flagellum ; hence their name (from oiema, thread). Another dis-
tinctive character consists in the large development of what we may
call sensitive hairs, which adorn the antennae, and are arranged,
especially in the male sex, in the shape of verticils, pencils, and plumes
(the MycetophilidcB form in this case an exception). The Jegs,
although sometimes very long, are generally weak, and but little fitted
for walking ; structural peculiarities, useful for classification and de-
scription, occur only as exceptions (in Geratopogon, hairy fringes in
CTiironomi, &c.). Emjwdia occur, but in rather weak development ;
pulvilli seem to be rare (I perceive something like them in some
Cliironomi') .

In general aspect the true Nemocera are distinguished by slender-
ness and lightness ; the elongation of the abdomen in comparison to
the thorax is especially noticeable (Psychoda, which is more thick-set,
forms an exception). Their habits are rather crepuscular ; they prefer
shady places and evening hours. Their larvae, peripneustic in the
MycetophilidcB and Cecidonujidce, meta- or amphipneustic in the other
families, correspond to the two natural sub-groups of the section
Nemocera.

Of course, all these generalities suffer exceptions, but we must
bear in mind that the larger the group is which we are considering,
the more we must look to the majority of chai-acters only, and the
less be embarrassed by exceptions.

In the five small families, for which I propose to adopt the section
Nemocera anomaJa, peculiar structures of the head and eyes sometimes
(but not always) occur, which, as far as I know, never appear among
the genera of the other Nemocera. Holoptic eyes occur, not only in

1891.] 37

the male sex (Bibio, Rh/phus, S'mulium), but also in both sexes
{Orphnefliila, and some Blephnroceridcd) . The eyes are often bisected,
the facets upon the upper-side being larger ; these two halves of the
eye are sometimes bicolorous {Simulium), or they are separated by a
distinct groove, or even by a transverse unfacetted stripe {Blepharo-
ceridce, male Bibio). Empodia and pulvilli, in some genera, have an
uncommon development ; the legs are sometimes particularly strong
and even fit for walking {Bibio, DilopJms, Simidimn) ; the sexes (in
these same three genera) are remarkably differentiated in their whole
appearance. The number of genera in these families is small (only a
single one in the Simulidce and OrphnephilidcB, three in the Wiyphidce) ;
the number of species in these genera, in most cases, is likewise
small (except in the Bibionidce and SimulidcB). A strange monotony
prevails, in forms and colours, within the same genus, notwith-
standing an extensive, sometimes sporadic, geographical distribution ;
the metamorphoses are also peculiar. All these peculiarities prove
'that, in a rational classification, these five small families should be
separated from the true Nemocera.

Having thus disposed of the old group of OrthorrhapJia Nemocera,
we reach now that of the Orthorrhapha Brachycera, and we meet at
once with a group of families which have been for a long time con-
verging towards each other during the successive changes in the
systematic arrangement, but which found the keystone for their final
association only since the application to them of a chaBtotactic
character, the total absence of macrochastaB. This group consists of
the families Strntiomyid^, Tabatiidce, AcantTiomeridce, and Leptidce
(plus XyJophagidee). Among the Orthorrhaplia Brachycera it repre-
sents the largest agglomeration of bristleless forms, and deserves for
this reason the name par excellence of the Section Eremochceta.
Besides the chaetotactic character, these families are strongly bound
together by other structural peculiarities, which naturally separate
them from the Nemocera, as well as from the remainder of the
Brachycera. 1. The eyes (in the male) are predominantly holoptic ;
exceptions are either only apparent (as subcontiguous eyes, or, in the
Sargidce, approximate eyes in one genus, and absolutely contiguous
ones in the very next one) or very rare {Xylophagus, with broadly
dichoptic eyes in both sexes, some Australian Chiromyzce, Hermetia,
and some others may be considered as exceptions ; but even Xylo-
phagus has in Coenomyia a close relative, which is holoptic ; and so has

38 [February,

Hermetia in its Australian relative Massicyta*) ; 2. bisected eyes,
with larger facets above than below (in the male) are of very frequent
occurrence ; 3. eyes of variegated colour are more common in this
Section than in any other of the whole Order of Diptera, principally in
the Stratiomyidce and Tahanidce ; 4. the antenna; in the group Eremo-
chcBta are characterized by what I should call a morphological
restlessness ; there is no other group of Diptera m which the structure
of the antennas varies so much, even in closely related genera. These
various forms offer a complete transition from the thread-like antennae
with homologous flagellar joints, characterizing the Nemocera (such
antennae occur, for instance, in Suhula varia, and in Xyhphagus), to
the disc-and-arista type, which becomes so common in the other great
division, the Cyclorrhapha. This transition is effected by the joints
of the proximal portion of the flagellum tending to coalesce and to
form a compound joint in various shapes, while the joints of the distal
portion gradually pass into the form of a simple bristle. Portions of
the antennae are often beset with more or less long and dense hairs,
but the analogue of what I called sensitive hairs in the Nemocera,
forming a verticil, a pencil, or a plume, does not occur here. 5. There
are three well-developed puhuUi, which is one of the most characteristic
features of the Eremocha-ta ; exceptions are rare. The legs are
generally smooth, without those bristles and spines that distinguish
the Asilidce, and, in a lesser degree, the Bomhylidce and TherevidcB.

For the final adjustment of the families of this group we must
wait for more material. The original arrangement was principally
based upon the common European forms ; but this section, perhaps
more than any other, is represented by very remarkable and often
anomalous forms in the other continents, especially in the tropics ; the
anomalous forms that disturbed the old arrangements came especially
from Chili {Coenura, Heterostomus^ , and recently from North America
{Agnotomyia, a Leptid, with only four posterior cells ; Arthroceras,
also a Leptid, but with the antennae of Coenomyia ; the singular genus
Olutops, &c.) ; about Australia and Africa we know almost nothing.
Certain it is that the very problematic family of Xylophagidce must be
given up, and its contents, temporarily at least, united with the
LeptidcB. Even the AcanthomeridcB may have the same fate ; apart
from their enormous size, they are not sufficiently distinguished from
the Leptidce, in the new composition of this family.

* The genera Psammorycter, Lamproniyia, and Pheneus, forming the group Psummort/cterina,
Loew, have a narrow front in both sexes, and in this character, as in their whole appearance,
seem to mimic the Asilidce ; but here again their close relative, Triptotricha, has a holoptic head
in the male.

1891.] 39

To sum up, the families examined in this paper should, according
to mj opinion, be grouped as follows : —

I. Nemocera. II. Nemocera anoiiala.
CecidomyidsB. Culicidte. Bibionidae.

Mycetophilidse. Chironomidae. Simulidse.

Psychodidffi. Blepharoceridse.

TipulidsB. Rhyphidae.

(?) Dixidee. Orphnephilidae.

III. EHBMOCH.ETA.

StratiomyidsB.

Tabanidffi.

Acanthomerid 88.

Leptidffi (plus Xylophagidee).

I have prepared a more elaborate paper on the subject discussed
here, to be published in the " Berliner Entomologiache Zeitschrift."
But I intend to hold it back for some time, in the hope of improving
it through the study of exotic forms in some of the large European
collections. This preliminary publication may in the mean time prove
useful.

Heidelberg : January, 1891.

INSECTS, &c., TAKEN IN THE NESTS OF BRITISH VESPIDJE.

BY B. NEWSTEAD, F.E.S.

CURATOR, GROSVENOR MUSEUM, CHESTER.

Having collected all the British Vespidce (except V. crahro) in the
Counties of Cheshire and Denbighshire for our Museum, I deemed it
necessary to work up their parasites, in order to make our collection
more educational. In 18S9 wasps were exceptionally abundant
throughout our district, so I thought it a fitting opportunity to collect
their nests for the above purpose.

I think the best plan for taking their nests is" to place a round
stick of cyanide of potassium in the burrow leading to the nest in
the evening, and to carefully stop the entrance afterwards with a
pebble. Before 7 a.m. the following morning the nest should be
taken, if not, the pebble must be removed to allow the benighted
wasps to enter, of which there are always a goodly number. If the
latter plan be adopted, the nest must be left until the evening, when
it can be taken without the least danger of being stung.

All nests taken should be examined at once, and afterwards placed
in large flowerpots with a small quantity of earth in them, covered
with calico, and placed in a warm outhouse. These, of course, must

4!0 .February,

be examined from time to time for anything that may be hatched
from them. The cyanide kills all imagines, no matter of what Order,
but it seems not to effect the larvae.

Vespa germanica and V. vulgaris were fairly abundant this year
(1890), but not so numerous as last year ; the majority of their nests,
however, were exceptionally large. One nest of V. germanica mea-
sured 15^ inches in diameter, and weighed 11^ lbs.

The following is a list of the species taken : —

tCRUSTACEA.
Porcellio scaler, Latr. — turns up in almost every nest.

ACARIDA.

Uropoda elongata, Haliday. — new to us ; seven attached to Romalomyia cani-
cularis bred from a nest of V. germanica, Ince, Cheshire, October, 1889. Nymphal
forms only.

Olyeiphagus spinipes. — swarmed in nest of F. gervianica, October, 1890,
Chester " Cop."

Some nests of V. germanica simply swarmed with a species of Tyroglyphns,
August to October, 1889, Cheshire and Colwyn Bay.

COLEOPTEEA.

■fLeistus rufescens, F. — one specimen from nest of V. vulgaris, NaTit-y-glyn,
Colwyn Bay, August, 1889.

fPterostichus vulgaris, L. — one specimen in nest of V. vulgaris, Colwyn Bay,
August, 1889 ; one in nest of V. germayiica, Chester " Cop," August, 1890.

\Bradycellus verbasci, Duft. — three specimens in a single nest of T\ vulgaris,
Nant-y-glyn, Colwyn Bay, August, 1889.

fCholeva tristis, Panz. — two specimens in nest of V. germanica, Ince, Cheshire,
October 10th, 1890; nest nearly deserted.

■fHomaloia succicola, Thorns. — three specimens in nest of T'. vulgaris, Nant-y-
glyn, Colwyn Bay, August, 1889.

Quedius puncticollis, Thorns. — three specimens in nest of V. germanica, October
10th, 1889; larva) abundant in same nest. A few of these produced imagines the
following April.

Epurcea obsoleta, F. — three specimens in nest of V. germanica, Colwyn Bay,

August, 1890.

Cryptophagus puhescens, Sturm. — abundant in many nests of V. germanica and

vulgaris, Colwyn Bay, and Tnce, Cheshire, August, 1889, to April, 1890. C. setu-

losus, Sturm. — common in nests of V. vulgaris, Colwyn Bay, August, 188U ; sparingly

at Ince, Cheshire.

Metcecus paradoxus, L. — several in a single nest of V. vulgaris, Manley,

Cheshire. August, 1889 ; these were taken by Mr. A. J. Nixon.

* Thy amis lurida, Scop. — one in nest of V. germanica, Colwyn Bay, August,

1889.

HYMENOPTERA.

Aspilota concinna, Hal. — in a single nest of V. vulgaris, Nant-y-glyn, Colwyn

Bay, October, 1889.

18P1.1

41

Proctotnipes ?. — several specimens that may belong to this or an allied genus.
They are very much at the service of any specialist. One in nest of V. vulgaris,
October, 1889, and several from this and V. germanica, April, 1890, Colwyn Bay
and Cheshire.

DIPTERA.

Cyrtoneura stahdans. Fall. — abundant in nests of V. germanica, August to
April, Colwyn Bay, and Ince, Cheshire, 1889—90.

Homalomyia canicularis, L. — abundant in nests of V. germanica, 'very sparingly
in nests of V. vulgaris, August to April, Colwyn Bay, and Inco, Cheshire, 1889 — 90.
H. vesparea, Meade, n. sp. — I found the larvsie of this in the same nest as I did those
of A. inanis. Not knowing at the time that it was new to science, I made no de-
scription of it. These only produced two perfect insects on the 26th of July, 1890.
Mr. Meade says, " The species cccupies an intermediate position between Horn,
scalaris, F., and Horn, coracina, Lw." One specimen is in the collection here, the
other in Mr. Meade's.

Phora rufipes, Meigen. — occurred in every nest examined, August and Septem-
ber, Colwyn Bay and Cheshire.

Acanihiptera inanis. Fall. — larvae swarmed in single nest of V. germanica, Oc-
tober 10th, 1889 J imagines hatched July, 1890 ; Ince, Cheshire.

Volucella homhylans, L., var. plumosa. — larvje most abundant in nests of V.
germanica, Colwyn Bay and Cheshire, August to October.

I also found several specimens of Lepidopiera too worn for identification. At
least three species of Bipteva deposit their ova on the outer covering of the nest.
I have found them on very many nests, but I am unable to say which of the species
deposit them there.

Does it not appear very strange that such soft bodied insects as
the Dipt era dare venture into a viasp's nest without being protectively-
coloured ? One can easily see that any insect conferring a benefit
upon the wasps, by ridding their nests of dead larvae, would be wel-
comed into their strongholds as friends and helpers. But when we
find at least four species of the Diptera parasitic on the Vespidce
apparently without any protection whatever, one feels much puzzled,
especially when we know for a fact that the Vespidce feed upon the
Diptera, and upon species too that are allied to Anihomyia. All the
Diptera are diurnal^and therefore must of necessity enter the nests
in the daytime in order to deposit their ova.

Except a few CoccineUa Tl-punctata found hibernating in an old
nest of V. hritannica, I have not taken any parasites from the nests of
this species. I have not taken nests of V. sylvestris or V. rufa.

My best thanks are due to the following for their valuable help

in determining the species: — Messrs. J. B. Bridgman, E. Bostock,

E. H. Meade, Edwd. Saunders, and Eev. W. W. Fowler.

Grosvenor Museum, Chester :

December hth, 1890.

t I think are mere intruders in search of food. Certainly not parasites.

^ Accidental visitor.

The other species seem to be true inhabitants, if not parasites.

4:2 fFebruary,

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF BRITISH A^THOMYIID^.
BY E. H. MEADE.

Myd^a affinis, sp. n.
i. Livida siibnitida, cano-tomentosa ; oculi contlgui ; thorax antice
distincte, postice obscure, vittatus ; abdomen linea dorsali tenui, tessellisque
nigris ornatum ; femora omjiia {cum tibiis) Jlava. Long., 8 — 9 mm.

This species bears such a close resemblance to M. pagana, Mgn., that I formerly
considered it to be only a variety of that fly ; but, after the careful examination of
a specimen which I captured in June last, I have no doubt about its being distinct.

It is of a bluish-black colour, having whitish-grey toraentum on the thorax and
abdomen. The eyes are coherent. The thorax is distinctly marked by four black
stripes on its front half, but the lines become nearly obsolete behind the transverse
suture. The abdomen is marked by a narrow longitudinal stripe in the middle of
the upper segments, and also distinctly tessellated by irregular black spots or patches.
The legs are entirely reddish-yellow, with the exception of the tarsi, which are black.

M. pagana varies in colour ; the more common variety is covered with yellowish-
grey tomentum, but in many examples this is of a whitish or bluish-grey colour.
M. affinis resembles the latter variety in tint, but differs from both kinds in the
following points : the eyes are coherent instead of being subcontiguous ; the hinder
part of the thorax is less distinctly striped ; the dark abdominal patches or tessella-
tions are much more marked ; and the fore femora are entirely yellow, not blackened
at the base as in M. pagaua.

I captured two males of this species near Lake Windermere several years ago,
and found another in June, 1890, at Grrange-over-Sands, in Lancashire ; also in the
Lake District. I do not know the female.

HOMALOMYIA VESPARIA, Sp. n.

S . Nigra siibnitida thorace substriata, abdomine elongato-glauco, ma-
culis trigonis ampliis signato ; oculi arctS contigui ; femora intermedia
sub-buccata, subtus, barbata, basi niida ; tibice intermedice tuberculo elongato
piano, breviter ciliato, instructed ; tibia? posticce villosce. Long., 7 mm.

This species closely resembles H. scalaris, F., in size, shape, colour, &c. ; it is
also nearly allied to H. coracina, Lw. {H. spissata, mihi*), but differs from them
both in several well marked distinctive characters, which I will briefly point out.

The eyes are quite contiguous, while they are somewhat separated in H. scalaris,
and also to a less degree in H. coracina. The antennae and other parts of the head
resemble those of II. scalaris. The thorax is black, shining, and indistinctly striped,
as in both the other allied species. The abdomen resembles that of H. scalaris,
being elliptical, rather more elongate than that of H. coracina, and marked as in H.
scalaris, with much wider triangular dorsal marks than in H. coracina. The wings
have the third and fourth longitudinal veins slightly approximated at their extremi-
ties, as in H. scalaris ; they are almost parallel in H. coracina. The internal
transverse veins are situated at some distance before the termination of the auxiliary
vein, with the point of which they are placed in almost a straight line in both H.
scalaris and H. coracina.

* See the description of this species in Eut. Mo. Mag., vol. xviii, p. 203.

1891.1 43

The legs are black. The front pair present no peculiar characters, but the in-
termediate ones have the femora somewhat swollen or dilated a little beyond the
centre, their basal third is bare, but the middle and anterior portions are spinose
beneath ; the thickest and strongest bristles forming a sort of beard under the
swollen portion of the joint. In H. scalaris the middle femora are of the ordinary
shape (slightly thickened in the centre), and are bristled along their whole under-
surface, the spines being concentrated into a tuft of very strong blunt bristles
towards the middle. In if. coracina the bristles on the under-sides of the middle
femora are less tufted than in the other two species, and extend from the base along
the posterior three-fourths, leaving the distal or front part bare ; there is also no
abnormal thickening of the limb.

The middle tibias in H. vesparia have an elongated projection or tubercle on
their iinier sides, which occupies about two-fifths of the distal end ; it is even in
shape, and ciliated over the whole inner surface with short straight hairs, somewhat
in the same manner as the corresponding tubercle in R. armata, Mgn., in which it
is, however, larger, irregular in shape, and armed with longer hairs.

In H. scalaris the tibial tubercle is in the shape of a short thick lump at tlie
inner end of the joint, and quite bare ; in S. coracina it is somewhat similar in
shape to that in H. vesparia, but more irregular upon the surface, and destitute of
hairs, with the exception of a few soft ones on its lower part. The hind tibia are
ciliated upon both sides much as in H. coracina ; they are almost bare in S. scalaris.

Mr. R. Newstead, Curator of the Grosvenor Museum, Chester, kindly sent me
a male of this species, which he had bred from larvce which he bad found in the nest
of Vespa germanica, together with those of Acanthoptera iiianis, Fin., and
HoMALOMTiA canicularis, L. The larvae of the last named common fly seem to bo
common in wasp nests, and Zetterstedt mentions* that they have also been found in
those of Bombus terrestris.

The interesting question arises — what is the food of these larvte in these nests ?
Those of H. canicularis and also of H. scalaris are well known to feed commonly
upon ordure and various rotten vegetable matters, as decayed cabbage stalks. What
do they find to eat in wasps' nests ? They cannot be parasites upon the wasp larvae.
Do they eat the excrement emitted by these ?

LlMNOPHORA LITOREA, Flu.
I captured two males of this well-marked species at Grange-over-Sands, Lanca-
shire, in June, 1890. It has not yet, I think, been recorded as British ; it is
characterized by having the eyes in the male separated by a broad black line ; by
the antennffi being rather long, and having the arista very slightly pubescent ; by
the thorax being grey with whitish shoulders and sides, and marked on the dor-
sum with three somewhat confluent and indistinct stripes ; the hiteral ones broad
and irregular (maculiform) in shape, and the middle one apparently made up of
several narrow lines ; by the scutellum being grey, with a black mark on each side ;
by the abdomen being of a clear grey colour, and marked with four moderate sized
triangular spots. It is about 6 mm. in length.

Bradford, Yorkshire :

December 13th, 1890.

* Dipt. Scand., t. xiv, p. 62.51.

44 L February,

ON A BRAZILIAN SPECIES OF ALEURODES FOUND IN ENGLAND.
BT J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S.

Aleurodes FILICTUM.
Aleurodes JiUciicm, Goldi, Mittheil. schweiz. entom. Gesells., vii, 247 (1886).

Pupa. Subdiaphanous, pale greenish, oval, the sides anteriorly very slightly
sinuous ; within the margin all round a parallel line, the intervening space crossed
by equidistant, straight lines ; a second parallel line within the first, often indistinct,
the space thus formed also crossed by lines closer and shorter than in the
first zone ; tlie two series forming a double row of subquadrangular meshes, which
Q-oldi terms " doppeltem Fransensaum ;" from this very faint, close lines proceed
convergently to the disc, where the body of the insect beneath sliows through ; the
margin, at times, with very small, close, obtuse dentation, and exterior to all the
usual delicate, white, waxy, band-like secretion is attached to the margin, and being
also adherent to the frond it is more or less broken off and left behind if the insect
be raised. On the under-side are five pairs of strong, setaceous hairs, viz., one pair
on the head, two on the sternum, and two on the abdomen posteriorly, all of them
very long and mostly projecting beyond the margin. Eyes red. Length, 5 mm.

Imago ? . White ; abdomen more or less pale yellow, wings spotless ; antennae
densely farinose, of seven joints ; the 1st very small ; 2nd much longer, stout, sub-
clavate ; 3rd longest of all, slender, joined to the 2nd by a short petiole ; 4th to 7th
shorter, subcqual, filiform ; eyes large, black, with minute white dots (facets) in
rows, oval, but appearing long-reniforra ("bean-shaped," Groldi), by reason of a
granulated projection from tlie middle of the inner side.

Expanse of wings, 2"5 mm.

The £orep;oing agreos with Dr. Goldi's description (Z. c.) except as
regards the pupa in two small points, due doubtless to the stage of
development of the insect when under notice ; thus, the margin is less
sinuate, and the second intramarginal line is not so continuous as in
his figure. In the imago the antennae are stated to have six joints,
but there are really seven, which is the normal number in the genus,
as Signoret has shown (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, viii, 369, 1868) ; in
this case one of the articulations, which, on account of the white
powder, and the transverse strise when the antennae are mounted in a
transparent medium, are difficult to distinguish, appears to have been
overlooked.

Of this distinct species, doubtless imported on ferns from a
tropical country, many examples of pupae and $ imago were obtained
by Mr. S. J. Mclntire, during September and October, in the tropical
fern-house in the Royal Gardens, Kew, on the under-side of the fronds
of ferns, chiefly Oleandra articulata and Pteris qundriolata. Dr.
Goldi found the species on the under-side of the fronds of Asj)lenium
cuneatiim and other Brazilian ferns in the Botanic Garden at Rio de
Janeiro, but of the perfect form only females, the reason in both cases
being, probably, that the males fly off with greater agility, as is the
habit in other species.

153, Lewisham Road, S.E. :
October, 1890.

1891.] 45

LIST OF NEUROPTERA OBSEEVED AT EANNOCH IN JUNE, 1889.
BT J. J. F. X. KING, F.E.S., AND K. J. MOKTON.

Rauuocb has been visited by hosts of entomologists, but as few
of them have paid attention to the Neuroptera, we have no hesitation
in giving the following list of the results of a visit during the last
summer, when we made that Order our special object of search.

While, as we have indicated, few recent visitors seem to have
collected Neurojjtera, the productions of the district in that Order are
not altogether unknown, as Mr. McLachlan was there in 1865, and
obtained many interesting species. Amongst other things certain rare
Odonata of alpine and boreal distribution were found to have their
home there, but even these insects, conspicuous as they are in point of
size and beauty, seem not to have caught the popular eye, and it was
beginning to be a question whether they still survived in the old
locality. We are glad to have been able to settle that question in a
satisfactory way, and we also made large collections in the Order
generally.

The time of our stay was limited to a week exactly (15th to 22nd
June — too early for many species) ; our head quarters were near
Camachgouran, and our operations extended from the shores of the
Loch to Cross Craig, Camcreagh, near Loch Lydoch, and Loch Ericht,
the last named a magnificent sheet of water, but difficult to work on
account of the dearth of shelter.

The weather was of the most brilliant kind possible, the heat was
intense, and the biting flies countless in number and awful in virulence.
The fine weather conditions made dragon-flies almost past catching,
and we had sometimes to endure the tantalizing sight of unknown
JEschncB and an occasional Somatochlo^^a about the tree tops hope-
lessly out of reach. Some good dragon-flies were taken about 7
o'clock in the morning in the Woods, flying about swampy places and
along the roads.

The species taken are as follow : —

TRICHOPTERA.
PHRTOANEID^.
Phryganea striata, L. — A pair, evidently just developed, at a weedy lake-like
expansion of River Gaur.

LIMNOl'UILID^.

LimnophUus centralis, Curt. — Common, by beating firs. L. auricula, Curt. —
Two ? from firs at foot of Cross Craig. L. (jrisvus, L. — Rather common in firs near
Cross Craig. L. luridus, Curt., and L. sparsus, Curt. — Both these species occurred
with the last named.

Asynarchus cuenosus, Curt.- -One specimen on the Moor beiiind Camachgouran.

4g ' February,

Stenophylax infumatus, McL. — The day we arrived we were fortunate enough
to fall upon what was probably the original locality whence Mr. McLachlan procured
his typical specimens — a deep-cut moor stream overhung by heather and bog myrtle.
There the insects were rather common, mostly S , but only to be found after diligent
search in a manner which experience alone can teach, and which is hard work.
S. stellatus, Curt. — Yery common at Loch Rannoch ; occurred also at Loch Ericht.
S. latipennis, Curt. — A single ^ at a moor stream at foot of Cross Craig.

Micropterna sequax, McL. — A ^ bred from a case found in a dribbling stream
running down Camcreagh. The stones lying around were dotted with nymph skins
presumably of this species. M. lateralis, Steph. — Very common.

EccUsopteryx guttulata, Pict. — Dall Burn and Loch Ericht.

Apatania Wallengreni, McL. — -Abundant all along Loch Rannoch side, but we
must surely have been too late for the S , to wliich sex hardly 10 per cent, of the
specimens taken belonged.

SERIC'OSTOMATID^.

Sericostoma personatum, Spence. — Taken singly at Loch Ericht and elsewhere.
Brachycentrus submibilus, Curt. — Two specimens from River Gaur (this species
would be over).

Lepidostoma Jiirtum, F. — Not uncommon.
Lasciocephala basalis, Kol. — A single J at Loch Ericht.

LEPTOCERIDJE.

Leptocerus nigronervosus, Retz. — In profusion along a calm reach of River Gaur.
The specimens taken here were paler in colour and larger than a few from the Loch
side, which were small and dark.

Tricenodes bicolor, Curt. — Occurred near the locality mentioned for P. striata.

HYDEOPSYCniD^.

Sydropsycke pellucidula, Curt. — Two $ on River Gaur ; the species probably
over. IT. guttata, Pict. — Only one ^ from near the head of Loch Rannoch. H.
instabilis, Curt. — A <? taken near the Loch.

Philopotamus montanus, Donovan. — Dall Burn and elsewhere, sparingly.

Plectrocnemia conspersa. Curt., P. geniculata, McLach. ; Polycentropus Jlavo-
maculatus, Pict., P. multiguttatits, Curt. — All taken at moor streams by beating the
overhanging heather ; and all common, save P. geniculata, of wliich only a few
specimens were taken.

Cyrnus trimaculatus, Curt. — Only one specimen preserved, but doubtless
common.

EHTACOPHILID^.

Rhyacophila dorsalis, Curt. — Common.
Agapetus fuscipes, Curt. — Only one or two taken.
Olossosoma vernale, Pict. — Occurred singly.

HYDROPTILID^.

Hydroptila femoralis, Eaton. — Not uncommon at Loch Ericht and Loch
Rannoch.

Oxyethira costalis. Curt. — Common everywhere.

NEUROPTERA-PLANIPENNIA.

SIALID^.

Sialis lutaria, Lin., and S.fuliginosa, Pict. — Occurred on the Dall Burn.

1891. J 47

HEMEROBIID^.
Hemerohius inconspicuus, ATcL., //. nitidulus, Fab., H. orotypus, Wall., H.
liinhattts, Wesm. — -All very common in the fir trees in the Black Wood. U. tiervosus,
Fab. — A few from fir trees near the base of Cross Craig.

PSEUDO-NEUROPTERA.
PSOCID^.

Psocus fasciatus,¥a,h., &nd Elipsocus ttnipunciatus, M.\i\l. — Not uncommon in
Black AVood, by beating fir trees.

PERLID^.

Isogenus nubecida, Newm. — Very short winged forms of this were taken by
sweeping the lower branches of alders on the shoi'es of the Loch.

Chloroperla grammatica, Poda. — Very common.

Isopteryx tripunctata, Scop. — Very common.

Capnia nigra, Pict. — One specimen (an early species ; quite a number of it
were taken when I walked across the Moor of Rannoch on Easter Sunday : J. J.
F. X. King).

Tceniopteryx trifasciata, Pict. — Was especially abundant on the higher parts of
the Dall Burn. )

Leuctrafusciventris, Steph. — Common.

Nemoura variegata, Oliv. — Very abundant, as is usual with this. N. Meyeri,
Pict. — Sparingly near Lochs Rannoch and Ericht. N. lateralis, Pict. — Common at
both Lochs. N. cinerea, Oliv. — A few specimens taken. N. humeralis, Pict. — Very
common.

A large Ferla was found near Xinloch, but the bottle containing it was unfortu-
nately lost.

EPHEMEBID^.

Ephemera danica, Miill. — Common along the side of the Loch in the evening.

Leptophlebia marginata, Lin. — Sparingly along the Loch from Kinloch to its
head. L. cincta, Retz. — Common.

Cloeon simile, Eaton. — Only one specimen of this usually common species.

Centroptilum Ititeolum, Miill. — Common.

Baetis rhodani, Pict. — Near Camachgouran and at Loch Ericht. B. pumilus,
Burm. — Not uncommon.

Siphlurus lacustris, Eaton. — Three specimens from Loch Rannoch and Loch
Ericht.

Rhithrogena semicolorata. Curt. — Rather common near both Lochs.

Ecdyurus venosus. Fab., and E. lateralis, Curt. — Common near both Lochs.

ODOJfATA.

Leucorrhinia_dtihia, V. de L. — Three specimens at a pool on the Moor towards
Cross Craig.

Lihellula quadrimaculata, L. — Rather common on the Moors.

Somatochlora arctica, Zett. — One specimen on the Moor behind the Black
Wood. The species was also observed flying about the trees iu the higher part of
the Wood itself.

Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr. — Common.

^schna horealis, Zett. — Five specimens of this rare ^schna were caught,
mostly about the Black Wood. jE.juiicea, Linn. — One female taken.

Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp. — A few specimens preserved ; probably common.

Pyrrhosoma minium, Harris. — Very common.

Glasgow : September, 1890.

48 [Februarj',

Eupithecia togata in the New Forest. — It is satisfactory to be able to record the
capture of this handsome " Pug " near Brockenliurst during the past season, for,
although it might well be expected to occur in the New Forest, I am not aware that
it has previously been reported from that " happy hunting-ground." On July 19th,
Mr. C. Gulliver gave me a living example of a " Pug " — unknown to him,^which
he had just taken among some fir-trees, spruce being, of course, among the number.
It was worn absolutely to a shadow, but proved to be an undoubted specimen of
-E". togata ; and, although worthless for the cabinet, it is none the less ititeresting
on that account. — Eustace E. Bankes, The Eectory, Corfe Castle : Dec. Zth, 1890.

Butalis laminella in the Isle of PurbecTc. — Ever since the discovery of this
species in Arundel Park by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, in July, 1886 (Ent. Mo. Mag.,
XXV, 15, 16), I have been extremely anxious to turn it up in this district, thinking
it more than likely that two or three specimens, which had been reported as B.
fusco-cenea, were in reality its smaller ally. Fortunately, my hopes have at last
been realized, for, in the middle of June, I met with "the genuine article" in one
restricted spot on our coast among some scattered plants of Helianthemum vulgare,
and by spending the best part of some six days or so climbing about a most uncom-
fortably steep and rough part of the cliff, I succeeded in taking just enough
presentable specimens to fill up my series. These specimens were certainly very
hardly earned, for, unless the sun was shining brightly (which it had a most
irritating knack of not doing ! ), it was quite useless to try for the insect at all ; and
in any case, owing to the nature of the cliff, sweeping, though extremely difBcult to
manage, was the only plan of attack possible, but unfortunately its effect is too
plainly visible in the rubbed and damaged condition of some of the specimens. — Id.

Tinagma hetulce in East Dor set. —While the Eev. O. P. Cambridge, Mr. N. M.
Kichardson, and I were searching for mines of Lith. anderidce at Bloxworth, in
October last, we found very evident traces of where the larvae of this new I'inagma,
lately discovered by Dr. Wood, of Tarrington, had been at work earlier in the year,
a good many of the birch leaves attracting attention by the neat oval holes where
the full-fed larvte had cut out their cases. Mr. Cambridge also had in his cabinet,
under the name of T. resplendellnni, a particularly fine specimen of T. betulce, which
he had taken at Bloxworth, in July, 1887. Dr. Wood has very kindly examined
both tlie mined leaves and the moth, and his report upon them is quite satisfactory.
How easy it oftentimes is to meet with a recently-discovered or little-known species
when some one with keener perception or greater perseverance has already given one
the necessary " lead over " with regard to its habits ! — Id.

Retarded emergence and a second brood of Oelechia ocellatella. — On May 7th
of the present year, I collected at Portland some larvae of Gelechia ocellatella, but
only kept for myself a few which were left over, and which I naturally expected
would produce the perfect insects, as on previous occasions, during the hitter half of
June or early days of July. Eight moths altogether were bred, the dates of their
appearance being: July 2nd, 13th, 17th; August 13th, 17th, 27th, 28th; Septem-
ber 7th. In my previous experience of this species, extending over several years,

i8sn ] . 49

June 21st is the latest date on which the first moth has appeared, and none have
ever emerged after the middle of July. The retarded emergence shown this year is
the more remarkable from the fact that the larv®, all collected on the same day, had
of necessity to feed up quickly or not at all, as the only victuals available for them
were the leaves and spun shoots of Beta mnritima, in which they were wlien
gathered.

In strange contrast to my own experience was that of my friend Colonel
Partridge with G. ocellatella in the past season, as he collected feeding larvae on the
same ground in Portland in the latter part of July, and these produced the motha
in September ! It is clear, therefore, that, in some cases at any rate, this species is
double-brooded ; a most interesting fact of which I was previously in ignoranoe. —
Id.

On Ephentia Roxbui-gkii, Qrer/son.- -In a recent paper in the " Entomologist,"
Mr. South includes, in a notice of the " Deltoides, Pyralites, and Crambi," intro-
duced into the British list within the last thirty years (or more) the name of
JEphestia Roxhurghii. It so happens that within the past year I have had oppor-
tunities of examining several of the (very few) known specimens of this so-called
species : first the original type in Mr. Gregson's collection, now in the possession of
Mr. Sydney Webb, at Dover, and more recently those in the collection of Mr. S. J.
Capper and the late Mr. N. Cooke, at Liverpool.

All these specimens are, I am firmly persuaded, merely melanic forms of E.
elutella, Hiib., and in this view I am supported by the excellent judgment and
experience of Mr. Webb. The original description is somewhat obscure, but one
made by M. Eagonot (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xxii, p. 25) is, when the dark colour is
omitted, actually an accurate description of elutella : — " Fore-wings broad, costa
rounded, colour pale brownish-grey, first line oblique, greyish, hardly paler than the
ground colour, second line slender, pale grey, parallel to the hind-margin, slightly
sinuous, followed on the costa by a dark streak. Cilia pale brownish-grey, preceded
by an indistinct dark line." The addition of, " median space entirely suifused with
blackish-brown, in which the discal spots are hardly perceptible," scarcely indicates
sufficient character for a distinct species. M. Eagonot seems to have been somewhat
misled by a superficial resemblance in the insect to Cryptoblabes bistriga, though
his careful scientific examination of the specimen brought it back to its real place,
or very nearly. If the intermediate shades of variation had been before him he
would doubtless have recognised it as elutella.

It is a curious circumstance with this elutella, that besides its wide range of
colour — whitish-grey, pale grey, pale yellowish, half grey and half ochreous, and
various shades of slate colour and dark grey — it is also most unstable in the position
and direction of its transverse lines, and in this form called Roxhurghii the aberration
is rather decided, the first line being quite oblique and rather straight ; but the
comparative straightness arises from the absence of the usual dark indentations
which have become invisible, and in this respebt, and in the position of the line, the
species shows a range of variation exteniling to that in which the first line is
perpendicular. The form of the costal margin, in which elutella seems to dififer
from all its allies, is, however, most constant. — Chas. G. Barkktt, Linden Grove
Nunhead, S.E. : January, 1891.

50 [Februarj-,

Change of name of a palaarciic Pyrale. — Having recently obtained from Natal
Cramer's venustalis (of which testiila. Wo., and divulsalis, Z., appear to be merely
synonyms), I find it to belong certainly to the genus Titanic. Hence Titanio
(^Noctuomorpha) venustal is , Ld., a very different species of the same genus from
Armenia, must receive a fresh name, and I propose for it that of echincea. — E.
Meyeiok, Ramsbury, Hungerford : January 13</t, 1891.

Capfiire.i of Trifurcula pallidella and Anyhia Langiella. — Ou September 2nd,
1888, 1 captured a specimen of Trifurcula pallidella at Glanville's Wootton ; there
is plenty of Genista tinotoria in this parish. Of Anyhia Langiella I met with a
specimen at Glanville's Wootton on July loth, 1890, and on October 20th I took
another at Boscastle in Cornwall. — C. W. Dale, Grlanville's Wootton, Sherborne,
Dorsetshire : January 2th, 1891.

Note on Sphaleroptera ictericana. — -On July 15th, 1890, I took five or sis
empty cases of Taleporia pseudo-bombycella on some old fencing at Aldeburgh,
Suffolk, and was much surprised about a fortnight later to see a specimen of 8.
ictericana emerge from one of them. The larva must have wriggled itself into the
case, and so saved itself the labour of constructing a cocoon. — C. T. Cruttvs'Ell,
Dinton, Norfolk : January, 1891.

Note on Tortrix costana, var. latiorana. — On July 14th, 1890, I took two speci-
mens of this variety on the salt marshes near Aldeburgh, Suffolk, flying in company
with T. vihurnana, which was abundant. — Id.

"A query as to hihernation." — In reply to Dr. Chapman (Ent. Mo. Mag., xxvii,
p. 22), I can at any rate vouch for one hibernating Lepidopteron in which the
pairing takes place in the autumn, viz., Dasypolia Templi. When eggs of this species
are wanted, the ? are almost always collected in October and November, and kept
alive singly in chip boxes until spring, when they freely deposit their eggs. I have
kept the $ alive through the winter myself, and sent numbers away to friends in the
autumn, and except in cases where the moths have died before spring through un-
suitable treatment during the winter, they have always, so far as my friends have
told me, deposited fertile eggs in the spring. This fact is so well and has been so
long known, indeed (see the late William Buckler's description of the larva, Ent-
Mo. Mag., iv, p. 251), that Dr. Cliapman must have overlooked it when writing his
note. I had a very strong impression too that the same thing occurred with several
of the species mentioned by Dr. Chapman, but this is simply an inference from the
fact that most of the spring species taken (I am alluding to the Noctuce more particu-
larly) appear to be ? , and however early they may be taken, the eggs obtained are
always counted on as fertile. But as Dr. Chapman " knows fertilization takes place
in the spring," I cannot gainsay it, as no doubt he has seen the various species paired
after hibernation. But if not in the case of every species he mentions, I would
point out that the fact of a few ^ being found in spring does not by any means
prove his theory. The ^ of D. templi hibernate under stones along with the $ ,
and are found with them well into the winter ; and I have no doubt that in a mild
winter some of them survive and fly again in spring. I believe, indeed, but am not

1891.] . 51

absolutely certain, that I once saw a J at a gas lamp in spring. But except when
searched for in old stone quarries after hibernation has begun, when in some years
it occurs plentifully, the species is only occasionally seen at large in this district. —
Geo. T. Porritt, Huddersfleld : Januari/ 8th, 1891.

Fleas in martins' nests. — I very recently obtained two nests of the house-martin
{Chelidon urbica), and in picking the clay asunder discovered a number of fleas
{Pulex gallince), each in a separate crack, that is, I did not observe two together.
As I found theni I placed them in a test tube with some crimped paper to sport
on. Into this tube I transferred 178 fleas, and put them in a drawer of my writing
desk. The next day being fine, I took them out and placed them in the sun.
After a short exposure, the warmth very soon aroused them out of their hibernating
inclination ; I presume they thought summer had arrived, for the males very soon
began to select their partners ; with some of them pairing only lasted a few seconds,
■which I think probably abnormal, others remained paired longer. I was desirous of
obtaining some in this position, but unfortunately had to sacrifice all. I killed them
by throwing them into boiling water, and by this means secured seven pairs in cop.
I therefore presume that the males and females hibernate, and that the latter are
not fertilized until the spring.

Having examined the contents of the nests of the house-martin, I thought I
would see how matters stood with the sand-martin (Cotile riparia) ; in turning over
the contents of these nests, about ten days after that of the house-martin, I was sur-
prised to see the enormous quantity of fleas in cocoons ; I have no hesitation in
saying that the two nests contained upwards of 2000, and I bottled more than 200,
but I could not keep pace with their appearance, and consequently had to carry
them out of doors into the cold air to prevent them leaping about so freely as they
did when indoors in a warm room ; but having been aroused from their winter sleep
they still continued too lively, and to prevent their further acquaintance with myself,
and fearing they would have a desire to introduce themselves unsolicited to the
members of my family, I thought it advisable to plunge them into boiling water.

In the nest of the house-martin among the lining, which consisted of roots of
grass, feathers, &c., I observed several larvse of Lepu^o^ite^-a, apparently those of some
Tinea ; these appeared to have first confined their attacks to the pupa-cases of the
fleas, for of these I could not discover one ; this may have driven the fleas to seek
shelter in the mud cracks of the nest ; but in the nests of the sand-martin the only
scavenger I saw was a beetle (a single specimen) and two larvse, which I suppose
were those of the same species ; a few Acari were in this nest and also two or three
in the former, with a few larvse of the fleas still feeding. The fleas from the sand-
martin are very much darker than those from the house-martin, and they may be a
distinct species.

I sent a few of each to Mr. Walker of Liverpool, and in dissecting one he found

a small Acarus within the abdomen of one of the fleas of the sand-martin. This is

not the first time that Acari have been found in a ilea ; in a note in " Science Q-ossip"

for 1871, p. 88, the following sentence appears : — "After soaking (the mole flea) in liquor

potassce, and squeezing it between two glasses prior to mounting, I was surprised to

see large numbers of mites expelled from the abdomen, and after I mounted it in

balsam, I was pleased to find that seven mites still i*emained in the abdomen."

D 2

52 . [February,

I did not intend to publish these notes until the end of the year, in order to
make them more complete, but desired to add to Dr. Chapman's paper that fleas
pair after hibernation.

I have several notes of instances as to Pulex irvitans being found passing the
■winter in their cocoons, spun up in bed furniture. — G. C. Bignell, Stonehouse :
January 7th, 1891.

"The Honey Bee: its Natural History, Anatomy, and Physiology;"
by T. W. Cowan, F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. Houlston & Son, London. 1890.

In this little book is put together in as popular a form as such subjects will
allow, an account of the Hive Bee, treating it both structurally and physiologically.
Mr. Cowan seems to have quoted carefully from the various authorities, giving the
pagination for the quotations, which will greatly enhance the book's value. Where
structure is so fully treated of, we are surprised to find no mention of the transference
of the first abdominal segment in the larva to the thoracic group of segments in the
imago, creating the propodeum of Newman, and the figures on page 70 puzzle us ;
still, we think we can safely recommend the little book to those who wish to know
something about the Honey Bee.

Societies.

Birmingham Entomological Society: Decembei- \f>th, 1890. — Mr. W. Gr.
Blatch, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

Mr. H. J. Sands, Harborne, was elected a Member of the Society.

Mr. R. C. Bradley showed Emmelesia albulata, ty))e from Knowle, and var.
thulcB from tlie Sbetlands. Mr. W. Q-. Blatch showed Mycetoporus punctus and
Conurus nnimaculatus from Knowle, both new to the Midlands. Mr. Gr. T. Baker
read a paper on the Butterflies of Switzerland ; giving a list of species to be
collected there, and exhibiting many of the most interesting.

January Zth, 1891. — The President in the Chair.

Mr. P. W. Alibott showed JVoctua glareosa and Eulolia cerririaria from Sutton
Coldfield. Mr. R. C Bradley showed Sciara ThomcB from Cannock Chase. Mr.
W. Q-. Blatch read a paper on the Coleoptera he had collected during two holidays
spent in the Church Stretton district in 1890 ; he sliowed ninety of tlie species, all
of which were rare and interesting. — ColbrAN J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The Annual Meeting
was held on Monday, January 12th, 1891, in the Free Library, the President
(Mr. S. J. Capper, F.L.S.) in the Chair.

Mr. S. J. Capper, F.L.S. , F.E.S., was re-elected President; the Rev. H. H.
Higgins, Vice-President ; Mr. F. N. Pierce, Secretary.

The President then read his Address, giving a summary of the Entomological
work of the year, and notices of the more interesting captures iu this country. —
F. N. Pierce, Hon. Sec, 143, Smithdown Lane, Liverpool.

1891.] 53

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society:
November 27th, 1890. — W. H. Tugwell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. R. Soutli exhibited esamples of Melanippe fluctuafa, L., from many
localities, and called attention to the var. costovata, of Haworth, also to an unusually
large specimen from Scotland; he also referred to Millicre's figure of the variety
known as neapoliaata, as to which Mr. South expressed an opinion that he had a
doubt as to its occurring in England. Mr. Hodges, Leucania vitellina, Hb., taken
September 26th, 1890 ; also specimens of Caradrina ambigua, Fb., Isle of Wight,
August, 1888 ; and one from Guernsey, September, 1890. Mr. R. Adkin, a series
of Spilosoma menthastri, Esp., bred from ova received from the North of Ireland,
the whole of the moths having a distinct brownish tinge of colour, which was
common to both sexes, the specimens also varied much in the arrangement of the
spots. Mr. Short, series of the two forms of Lobophora viretata, Hb., bred from
ova received from the Birmingham district ; some discussion took place as to the
difference in colour and size of the respective broods ; Mr. Short also exhibited
three examples of Spilosoma fuliginosa, L., from Aberdeen, much larger and paler
than those usually received from the north. Mr. Adye, forms of Anchoscelis liinosa,
Haw., from Christchurch, Hants. Mr. Tugwell, insects from New Caledonia ; also
long series of Triphana comes, Hb., from English and Scotch localities, and extreme
forms from Shetland ; the series showed considerable variation, and T. orlona, Hufn.
(subsequa, Hb.), which species the exhibitor remarked was more stable in colour, and
the variation was less marked than in T. comes. Mr. Billups, foreign Coleoptera ;
also numerous species of Diptera taken by him during the past season, among which
were Tetanocera ferruginea. Fin., T. elata, F., T. piinctidata, Scop., Aeidia cognata,
W., A. heraclei, L., I'alloptera arcuata. Fin., Limnia marginata, F., Platystoma
seminationis, F., &c.

December II th, 1890.— W. H. TuGWELL, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited Peronea hastiana, L., bred from larvae received from
the Isle of Man, Hepialus sylvinus, taken in Kent. Mr. R. South, Lyccena
Astrarche, Bgstr., vars. Allous, Hb., Salmacis, St., and Artaxerxes, Fab., and made
some observations thereon. Mr. Tugwell, long series of Eupithecia satyrata, Hb.,
English and Scotch, also the var. callunaria ; also several specimens of an Eupithecia
from Paisley, which Mr. Tugwell said he could not think were E. satyrata. Mr.
C. G. Barrett expressed an opinion that they were E. trisignaria. Mr. Short,
Epunda lichenea, Hb., from Portland. Mr. Farrant, a small form of Hypsipetes
sordidata, Fb., and a Deltoid, which he stated was taken in Somerset. Mr. T. R.
Billups, Masicera .<!ylvatica, Fen., bred by Mr. Fenn from the larvee of Saturnia
pavunia, Schiff. ; Mr. Winkley had also bred the same species from Pieris brassicce,
L. ; Phorocera concinnata, Mg., by Mr. Frohawk, from Vanessa urticcB, L. ; Trixa
variegator, Mg., from Chimatobia boreata, Hb., by Mr. South. Mr. Billups also
called attention to three specimens of the rare Oxycera terminata, Mg., one of
which he had bred from a pupa found in his own garden, Dulwich, August, 1889,
the otlier two being captured in the same locality in August last ; he also exhibited
several species of Ilymenoptera parasitic on the ova of Lepidoptera and Diptera.

January 8th, 1891.— W. H. TuGWELL, Esq., in the Chair.

Messrs. H. Williams and T. J. Washford were elected Members.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited Boarinia repandata, L., bred from ova obtained from a

5 J? [February,

moth taken at Westerham, Kent. Duj-ing liibcrnation the larvce were divided into
two equal lots, the one kept on growing privet, and the other on growing birch, each
lot produced some few individuals, varying from the majority, but there was no
marked difference between the one lot and the other. Mr. Adkin also exhibited
Retinia buoUana, Schiff., and H. 'pinicolana, Dbl., bred from larvse collected in the
neighbourhood of Poole, the New Forest, and Surrey ; those from Poole and the
New Forest emerged between June 26tli and July 27th, and wei e all buoliana ; those
from Surrey emerged between July 12th and August 3i'd, from July 12th to 22nd,
they were all huoliana, and from July 25th to August 3rd, they were all pinicolana,
with the exception of one huoliana, bred July 27th. Mr. Tugwell exhibited two
series of Miana strigilis, St., and M. fasciuncula, Haw., and referred to a statement
recently made by Mr. Tutt that these two species were only forms of one, he
having received forms which were intermediate between the two from Rev. W. F.
Johnson, of Armagh. Mr. Tugwell said this statement had considerably surprised
him, and he at some length pointed out what he considered were the differences
between the two ; he also made reference to the published descriptions of the larvfe
respectively made by Newman and Buckler ; Mr. Fenn remarked that he did not
think Newman's descriptions of larvae were vary reliable, as that gentleman never
adopted any system in describing them ; he thought also that larvae varied so much
in their different stages that the description of a solitary larva was of very little
value ; Mr. South expressed an opinion that the two species were undoubtedly
distinct, in which opinion Mr. Barrett concurred ; Mr. Tutt said that he considered
the points of difference alluded to were only superficial : he would, however, at a
subsequent meeting, exhibit the specimens he refei-red to. Mr. Tutt, on behalf of
Mr. Reid, of Pitcaple, exhibited long variable series of Agrntis simulans, Hufn.,
Tripliaena comes, Hb., Mclitcea aurinia, Rett., Melanippe fiuctuata, L., and Abraxas
grosiulaiiata., L. ; Mr. Tutt stated that this species had been successfully introduced
by Mr. Reid in the vicinity of Pitcaple, and had apparently developed sexual
dimorphism, the <? 's gradually becoming darker, and the ? 's paler. Mr. Manger
exhibited a box of Australian Coleoptera. — H. W. Baekee, Hon. Sec.

Entomological Society of London: January 2\st, 1891. — Fifty-Eighth
Annual Meeting. — The Right Hon. Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.R.S., President,
in the Chair.

An abstract of the Treasurer's accounts having been read by one of the Auditors,
the Secretary, Mr. H. Goss, read the Report of the Council. It was then announced
that the following gentlemen had been elected as Officers and Council for 1891 : —
President, Mr. Frederick DuCane Godman, M.A., F.R.S. ; Treasurer, Mr. Robert
McLachlan, F.R.S. ; Secretaries, Mr. Herbert Goss, F.L.S., and the Rev. Canon
Fowler, M.A., F.L.S. ; Librarian, Mr. Ferdinand Grut, F.L.S. ; and as other
Members of the Council, Prof. R. Meldola, F.R.S., Mr. Edward Saunders, F.L.S.,
Dr. David Sharp, F.R.S., Mr. Richard South, Mr. H. T. Stainton, F.R.S , Colonel
Charles Swinhoe, F.L.S., Mr. George H. Verrall, and the Right Hon. Lord Walsing-
ham, M.A., F.R.S. It was also announced that the new President would appoint
Lord Walsingham, Prof. Meldola, and Dr. Sharp, Vice-Presidents for the session,
1891 — 1892. Lord Walsingham, the retiring President, then delivered an Address.

A vote of thanks to the President and other Officers of the Society having been
passed, Lord Walsingham, Mr. Goss, and Mr. Grut replied, and the proceedings
terminated. — H. Goss, Hon. See.

isiti.] 50

A FORTNIGHT IN ALGERIA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW
LEPIDOPTERA.

BY E. MEYUICK, B A., F.Z.S.

{Conchided from p. 13).

CONCHXLIS CniONOPA, «. sp.

<? . 10 — 11 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and legs, white;
thorax with a well-developed crest ; anterior legs indistinctly banded with fuscous.
Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa hardly arched,
apex obtuse, hind-margin slightly rounded, oblique ; snow-white, irregularly sprinkled
with whitish-ochreous, and with faint, obscure, whitish-ochreous markings ; a series
of small spots along costa, partially very finely sprinkled with blackish ; an undefined
basal patch ; a rather narrow straight median fascia parallel to hind-margin, inter-
rupted beneath costa, marked with some scattered black scales in disc ; an undefined
transverse streak before hind-margin ; a series of minute groups of fine black scales
along inner and hind-margin ; cilia white, tips whitish-ochreous, base spotted with
groups of fine black scales. Hind-wings and cilia snow-white ; veins 3 and 4 closely
approximated at base.

? . 9a mm. Head, &c., as in ^ . Fore-wings shaped as in cJ , but apex more
pointed, hind-margin more oblique ; white, with two tolerably defined narrow pale
ochreous fasciae, somewhat bent in disc and interrupted below costa, first before
one-third, second beyond middle ; a pale ochreous spot on costa before apex ; no
black scales ; cilia white. Hind-wings as in $ .

Biskra ; four specimens (3 ^^ , I ? ), all obtained by searching at
the roots of the same individual plant (a little shrubby desert plant,
unknown to me). Hence I have no doubt that the sexes are correctly
referred to the same species, in spite of the remarkable differences in
marking of the fore-wings. The species belongs to the straminea
group, but is very distinct from any known to me.

Ptocheuusa osseella, Stt. — Philippeville ; five specimens. These are a small
and pale form, and perhaps slightly narrower-winged than English types, but there
is no other difference ; the quite peculiar neuration is identical.

Apodia doliodes, n. sp.

$ ? . Ifi — 17 mm. Head in $ whitish, in ? whitish-fuscous. Palpi long,'
whitish, second joint dark fuscous except at apex, terminal joint sometimes with a
dark fuscous longitudinal line in front. Antennae fuscous, in $ serrate, ciliations f .
Thorax light fuscous. Abdomen grey, apex in $ whitish. Legs dark fuscous, apex
of joints whitish, liairs of posterior tibia? pale greyisli-oclireous. Fore-wings elongate-
lanceolate; ligiit fuscous, more or less densely irrorated with whitish and darker
fuscous ; a cloudy, obscure, dark fuscous, subelongate dot in middle of disc, and a
second before three-fourths ; cilia pale wliitish-fuscous, with two ill-defined fine
dark fuscous lines, sub-basal and median. Hind-wings hardly 1, apical projection
half as Ipng as breadth of wing, hind-UKirgin somcwhsit projecting on vein 5 ; grey ;
cilia pa'e ochrcous-greyish.

Philippeville; three specimens. An obscure-looking insect su-

56 [February,

perficially, but possessing the full structural characters of Jpodia,
which is a good genus (ueuration : fore-wings, 7 and 8 out of 6 ;
hind-wings, 3 and 4 widely remote, 5 nearer 6 than 4, 6 and 7
separate).

ApODIA PSAMATniAS, W. Sp.

(? ? . 9 mm. Head and thorax ocliroous-whitish, sprinkled with dark fuscous
Palpi whitish, second joint with sub-basal and broad subapical blackish bands, ter-
minal joint witli subapical blackish band. Antennoe whitish, annulated with dark
fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish, banded with dark
fuscous. Fore-wings lanceolate ; whitish-ochreous, irrorated with fuscous and
blackish ; a dark fuscous dot at base ; a short, cloudy, dark fuscous mark from
costa near base ; six moi'c or less distinct, cloudy, dark fuscous or blackish dots, viz.,
two on costa at one-sixth and one-third, two on fold somewliat obliquely beyond
these respectively, one (sometimes large) in middle of disc, and one in disc at
three-fourths ; cilia ochreous-whitish, with three partially interrupted lines of dark
fuscous scales (sub-basal, median and subapical). Hind-wings two-thirds, apical
projection two-thirds of breadth of wing ; pa^e grey ; cilia whitish-ochreous.

Biskra ; two specimens. In neuration and other essential charac-
ters identical with the preceding, but very different superficially.
Here, as in most other species, diminution of size and paleness of
colouring are concomitants of the desert habitation.

Calyptrotis, n. g.

Head smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue well developed. Antennae three-fourths,
in (? serrulate, shortly ciliated, basal joint moderately long, densely scaled, with
dense pecten of long hair scales. Labial palpi long, recurved, with loosely appressed
scales, second joint long, terminal joint less than half second, pointed. Maxillary
palpi very short, appressed to tongue. Posterior tibise clothed with very long dense
hairs. Fore-wings with vein 1 long-furcate, 2 from two-thirds of cell, 3 from angle,
4 and 5 approximated at base, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle of cell.
Hind-wings four-fifths, trapezoidal, hind-margin deeply sinuate beneath pointed
produced apex, cilia 2 ; veins 3 and -i remote, 5 approximated to 4 at base, 6 and 7
widely remote and parallel.

This genus, structurally related to Monochroa, is immediately
separated from that and all its nearest allies by the strongly de-
veloped and conspicuous scale-peel en of the basal joint of antennae,
which in them is entirely absent. The very short terminal joint of
the palpi is also a noticeable character.

C. ALPHITOUES, n. sp.

(J fj . 13 — 16 mm. Head white, with a few black scales. Palpi white, more
or less irrorated witli black externally. Antenna; white, annulated with black.
Thorax white, sprinkled with black, apex of patagia and posterior extremity black.
Abdomen whitish. Legs white, banded with black irroration. Fore-wirgs lan-
ceolate ; white, more or less tinged with pale greyish-ochreous in disc, and irregularly
irrorated throuj^iiout with black ; tlie increase of this irroration tends to form two

isfli.i 57

small spots obliquely placed beneath costa near base, a cloudy, somewhat obliqu*-.
bar extending from costa beyond one-third to the fold, a small erect spot on anal
angle, and a narrow streak along hind-margin ; cilia white, irrorated with black.
Hind-wings pale grey ; cilia whitish, slightly ochreous-tinged.

Biskra ; a series obtained one evening from some sheltered shrubs
near the river bank.

Gelechia eeemaula, n. sp.

(J $ . 11-12 mm. Head and thorax brownish, face white. Palpi internally
whitish, externally black, with apex and a sub-basal band of both second and ter-
minal joints brown (appearing white when worn). Antenna? brownish, obscurely
annulatcd with black. Abdomen grey, sides whitish. Legs blackish, ringed with
white, hairs of posterior tibiae white. Fore-wings elongate-lanceolate ; ochreous-
brown, mixed with reddish-ochreous, and irrorated with whitish-ochreous and black ;
a Harrow, cloudy, oblique, black bar from costa before one-third to fold, dilated
posteriorly in disc; a small black spot in disc before middle, a black dot obliquely
beyond this on fold, and another in disc beyond middle ; an ochreous-whitish spot
on costa at three-fourths, and a short, somewhat oblique, ochreous-whitish streak
from inner margin opposite it, not meeting ; apical area beyond this much suffused
with black, and very obscurely spotted on margins with ochreous-whitish : cilia pal-e
whitish-ochreous, basal half irrorated with black, and limited by a fine black line.
Hind-wings one, apex one-third as long as breadth of wing, hind-margin somewhat
projecting on vein 5, cilia If ; light grey, thinly scaled towards base, darker towards
apex and hind-margin : cilia whitish-ochreous, greyish-tinged.

Biskra ; beaten in plenty from a common thorny desert shrub,
and also three specimens bred from larvae feeding in spun shoots of
the same plant. The description is taken from the bred specimens ;
those taken on the wing are usually worn, when the black scales largely
disappear, and the insect becomes much lighter and more ochreous-
looking. The species belongs to the group separated by Heinemanu
under the name Lifa, but not truly distinguishable from Gelechia ; it
may be said to be intermediate between maculiferella and ohsoletella,
probably nearer the former, but a much more uniformly coloured
insect, without white markings.

Q. ohsoletella, F. R. — three specimens at Biskra, amongst what I believe was
an Atriplex ; they do not appear to differ at all from English types. G. sp. — one
specimen from Biskra of an indeterminate species allied to ohsoletella, but more
strongly marked.

Psecadia bipunctella, F. — Coustantine ; one at light, and a second on a fir stem.

GilcOPHOEA X3NIA3, ». sp.

? . 11 mm. Head whitish-grey. Palpi grey, sprinkled with dark grey and
wliitish. Antenna? grey. Thorax light grey. Abdomen whitish-grey. Legs dark
grey, apex of joints and hairs of posterior tibiae grey-whitish. Fore-wings lanceo-
[late; hght grey, with scattered dark grey and whitish scales; an elongate white
[suffusion in disc from one-fourth to three-fourths ; a minute black dot in disc beyond

E

58 [February,

middle ; five cloudy, rather large, dark fuscous spots, tiz., two transversely placed
in disc at one-third, one above middle, one in disc at tv^o-thirds, and one on anal
angle : cilia grey --whitish, with some grey scales at base. Hind-wings light grey :
cilia grey-whitish, faintly ochreous-tinged.

Philippeville ; one specimen. This is a true CEcophora, and very
distinct from any described European form, but has much similarity
to some Australian species.

Glyphipteryx Fischer iella, Zi. — two specimens at Bougie.

Plutella cruciferarum, Z. — fairly common in the desert at Biskra, where cruci-
ferous plants resembling Cardamine form a not inconsiderable proportion of the
vegetation.

Microptei-yx aureaieUa,Sc. — abundant on the hills at Philippeville and Bougie,
on flowers or flying in the sun, and also taken at Elkantara ; varied much. M.
isobasella, Stgr. — plentiful in a restricted swampy locality at Philippeville, sitting
on various flowers. None of the specimens showed the character of 3£. calthella
and the species would appear to be as good as others in the genus.

Nemopliora Sclncarziella, Z. — three specimens from Philippeville, which are
probably this species ; they are, however, greyer, and the hind-wings are somewhat
more transparent than in English types.

SCIOPETEIS, n. ff.

Head rough-haired ; ocelli present ; tongue absent. Antennae two-thirds, in ^
filiform, clothed with rather long pubescence (2), basal joint moderate, stout, with
well developed pecten. Labial palpi rather short, porrected or drooping, with loose
projecting hair-scales. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiae with appressed
scales. Fore-wings with vein 1 furcate, 2 from two-thirds of cell, 7 absent, 10 ab-
sent, 11 from before middle of cell. Hind-wings under one, elongate-ovate, cilia 1 ;
vein 3 remote from 4, 4 and 5 from a point or stalked, 6 and 7 parallel. ( ? pro-
bably apterous).

Nearly allied to Talceporia, from which it differs essentially by the
absence of veins 7 and 10 of fore-wings.

S. TECHNICA, ». sp.

(J . 10-11 mm. Head and palpi pale yellowish. Antennae dark fuscous.
Thorax pale yellowish, mixed with pale fuscous. Abdomen and legs grey. Fore-
wings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa slightly sinuate, strongly arched
before apex, apex obtuse, hind-margin obliquely rounded, continuously with inner
margin ; pale whitish-ochreous, yellowish-tinged ; a series of small fuscous spots
along costa and hind-margin ; irregular fuscous strigulse from some of these cross
disc ; an irregular fuscous fascia from middle of costa to middle of inner margin :
cilia grey, base obscurely spotted with whitish-ochreous. Hind-wings thinly clothed
with hair-scales; grey : cilia light grey, towards anal angle ochreous-tinged.

Philippeville ; three specimens from sheltered rock-faces.

Ebiocottis pteocoma, n. sp.

(J 5 . 13-14 mm. Head orange, face dark fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, inter-
nally yellowish. Antennae black, obscurely annulated with grey-yellowish. Thorax

1891.] 59

light bronzy. Abdomen dark grey. Legs grey, posterior pair suffused with ochreous-
whitish. Fore-wings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded,
hind-margin oblique, slightly rounded ; ochrcous-bronzy, posteriorly more or less
irrorated or wholly suffused witli pale ochreous : cilia light ochreous. Hind-wings
dark grey ; cilia grey, base darker.

Generally common amongst the taller and more sheltered scrub
at Philippeville and Bougie. It is nearly related to the described
species of the genus, but instantly recognisable by the orange head.

Tineola biseUieUa, Humm. — one specimen taken at Biskra of what is probably
a form of this species, but the face is much browner than usual.

Nepticula aurella, Stt. — Philippeville ; one beaten from bramble.

Trifnrcida immundella, Z. — Bougie ; one specimen, somewhat dark, but other-
wise not apparently different.

Acrolepia vesperella, Z. — Philippeville and Bougie ; four specimens. A. gra-
nitella, Tr. — several taken at Kharata, and others bred from larvae found mining
the leaves of Inula at Bougie.

Prays oleellus, F. — Philippeville ; one specimen.

Zelleria phillyrella, Mill. — Philippeville ; one specimen.

Blastobasis phycldella, Z. — Bougie; two specimens.

Coleophora fuscicornis, Z. — Constantine ; one amongst low herbage. C.fretella,
Zi. — one specimen from Bougie which agrees well with this species, except that the
pale discal streaks are extremely faint.

C. PAETHENICA, n. sp.

?. 16 mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi filiform, untufted, white. An-
tenna white, annulated with dark fuscous, basal joint with thick, rather short tuft,
stalk thickened above with white scales on basal fourth. Abdomen white, last two
segments black at base in middle. Legs ochreous-whitish. Fore-wings elongate-
lanceolafce ; ochreous-white : cilia white. Hind-wings greyish-white : cilia ochreous-
white.

Biskra ; one specimen. Probably nearest C. vestalella.

C. sp. — an indeterminate, uuicolorous, whitish-ochreous species, without tufts
of antennfB or palpi, and with grey hind-wings, of which I took one specimen at
Biskra. C. sp. — one specimen of a species of the argentula group, from Biskra.
Besides these, I found three larvte of a Coleophora feeding on grass at Elkantara,
with cases resembling those of C. alcyonipennella ; and another species, with a case
somewhat like that of C. phlomidella, feeding in plenty at Biskra on a desert plant
whose afSnity I could not conjecture, as it was not in flower ; I unfortunately failed
to rear these.

Caltcobathba, m. g.

Head smooth, forehead and face with very large, flat, pearly scales ; ocelli ap-
parently absent; tongue well developed. Antennae two-thirds, in $ — (?), basal
joint dilated to form a large concave eye-cap. Labial palpi long, recurved, slender,
smooth-scaled, terminal joint as long as second, acute. Maxillary palpi very short,
appressed to tongue. Postei-ior tibiae with rough projecting hairs above and beneath.

QQ [February, 1591.

Fore-wings with vein 1 furcate, 2 from near angle, 7 and 8 out of 6, 7 to costa,
11 from middle of cell. Hind-wings one-third, linear, cilia 7; veins 2—5 separate,
6 and 7 stalked.

Allied to Stathmopoda, from which (as from nearly all genera of
the Elachistidce) it is immediately separable by the basal eyecap of the
antennae.

C. ACAEPA, W. sp.

? . 11 mm. Head, palpi and thorax pale whitish-ochreous. Antennae fuscous,
basal joint whitish-ochreous. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous, apical segment black
beneath and on sides. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior and middle pair obscurely
banded with fuscous. Fore-wings elongate-lanceolate, long-pointed ; pale whitish-
ochreous ; some veins in disc and towards costa posteriorly obscurely lined with
fuscous: cilia pale whitish-ochreous. Hind- wings grey : cilia pale whitish-ochreous,
greyish-tinged.

Biskra ; one specimen.

ISCHNOPHANES, n. g.

Head smooth ; ocelli absent ; tongue well developed. Antennaj two-thirds, in
(J serrulate, simple, basal joint long, considerably dilated with loose scales. Labial
palpi moderately long, curved, ascending, slender, smooth-scaled, apex of second
joint very slightly projecting beneath, terminal joint rather shorter than second,
acute. Maxillary palpi very short, appressed to tongue. Abdomen flattened. Pos-
terior tibise clothed with long hairs above. Fore-wings with vein 1 furcate, 2 from
angle of cell, 5 absent, 6 absent, 7 to costa, 8 absent, 11 from middle of cell. Hind-
wings one-half, linear, costa bent near base, cilia 6 ; cell open between 3 and 7, 4
absent, 5 absent, G absent.

Allied to Batrachedra, but sufficiently distinct by the enlarged
basal joint of antennae, and degraded neuration.

I. MONOCENTRA, W. sp.

S $. 7-8 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-whitish. Antennae whitish, annulated
with dark fuscous. Thorax and abdomen pale whitish-ochreous. Legs ochreous-
whitish. Fore-wings elongate-lanceolate, apex slenderly produced ; pale whitish-
ochreous, towards apex very minutely speckled with blackish ; a round black dot in
disc at three-fourths, sometimes obsolete : cilia pale whitish-ochreous, finely sprinkled
with blackish round apex. Hind-wings whitish-grey : cilia very pale whitish-grey-
ochreous.

Abundant amongst some low herbage on the sand near the river
at Biskra, flying freely about sunset on the one calm evening, but not
afterwards obtainable.

Limnoecia phragmitella, Stt. — I saw Typha-ha&As infested with the larva; of this
very wide-ranging species (wiiich extends to New Zealand) in the neighbourhood of
Setif, but did not take any.

Elachista argentella, CI. {cgc/nipennella,llh.). — Philippeville and Constantine ;
five specimens. In all of these the stalk of veins 6 and 7 of the hind-wings is much
shorter relatively than in English specimens ; in the latter it is fully one-half of the

Miucb, USS.l. 1 (51.

entire length of till) veins, ill the former not iiiDiv th;iu oiio-fourlh ; this is an iu-
toresting instance of geographical variation of structure, but probably from inter-
mediate localities connecting forms would be obtained. Algerian specimens are also
somewhat smaller, ami have the hind-wingi darker grey, but do not differ in this
respect from South European forms. .E. disertella, H.-S. — Philippevillc ; three
specimens.

E. ECHIDNIAS, n. sp.

? . 9 ram. Head light grey, face whitish. Palpi white, second joint exter-
nally dark fuscous except apex, terminal joint with base and three rings dark fuscous.
Antennae dark grey, basal joint dark in front. Thorax grey, apical Iialf of patagia,
ochreous-whitish. Abdomen ochreous-grey-whitish, apical segment beneath and on
sides with a plate of black hair-scales, partially concealed beneath pearly, flat .scales,
but probalily expansible. Li^gs dark grey, apes of joints and hairs of posterior tibisa
whitish. Fore-wings lanceolate ; dark grey, sprinkled with whitish ; an irregular
whitish streak from base beneath costa to one-third, thence curved down, passing
through middle of disc and curved back to costa at two-thirds ; two cloudy blackish
dots benea*^h this streak at one-third and two-thirds of disc, each followed by an
obscure, wliitish, transverse mark connecting streak with inner margin ; a very
acutely angulated, fine, black, transverse line near before apex : cilia whitisli-grey,
base mixed with dark grey scales round apex. Hind-wings grey : cilia whitisli-grey.

Biskra ; one specimen. This is a singularly distinct species, yet
in a manner intermediate between the pale species and the nigrella
group.

Urodeta cisticolella, Stt. — one specimen at Philippevillc.

Tischeria marginea, Hw. — Philippeville ; commonly beaten from bramble. The
circumstances of capture leave no doubt that these specimens belong to a bramble-
feeding species, and I consider them certainly a geographical form of marginea ; but
the fore-wings are more or less wholly suif used with ferruginous, and the insect
appears much darker, the black dot at tlie anal angle being obliteratisd. Specimens
from the South of France in Mr. Stainton's collection made no approach to this
colouring.

Bucculatrix cratcegi, 7i. — Philippeville ; three specimens.

Cemiostoma susinella, H.-S. — two specimens beaten from aspen at Philippeville.

Coriscium Brongniardellum, F. — Constantino ; one specimen. I consider the
identification safe, but the specimen differs from any English types that I have seen,
being a dark obscure form, witli the wliite markings nearly obsolete.

LiTHOCOLLETIS IDOLIA3, «. SJ}.

(J. 8 mm. Head and thorax briglit saffron, face and pali)i silvery-white. An-
tennae whitish-saffron, beneath white. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous.
Legs whitish, median band and apex of anterior and middle tibiae, and apex of some
tarsal joints, black. Fore-wings lanceolate ; light golden-orange ; costa whitish-
tinged on anterior half ; three fine outwardly oblique black lines from costa before,
in, and beyond middle, reaching half across wing, obtusely bent downwards in mid-
dle, but lower portion sometimes obsolete, space between first two whitish towards
costa, third obscurely margined posteriorly with whitish ; two faintly paler, oblique.

62 [March,

fascia-like spots from inner margin, reaching half across wing, first before middle,
J.ardly traceable, second beyond middle, its apex produced posteriorly as a longitu-
dinal projection in disc to three-fourths, and enclosed with fine black lines in disc
only ; a fine, black, oblique line from inner margin before anal angle, not reaching
half across wing, obscurely whitish-margined posteriorly ; a very minute black apical
dot : cilia whitish, base within a fine black line pale saffron, costal cilia with two
very fine black bars. Hind-wings grey : cilia whitish-grey.

Philippeville ; two specimens, both, I think, beaten from a species
of Quercus. The species is curiously marked, owing to the obsolescence
of some of the ordiuary streaks, and is allied to L. deJitella.

Kamsbury, Hungerford :

September, 1890.

HOLIDAY CAPTURES of LEPIDOPTERA in SWITZERLAND in 188G.
BY G. T. BAKER, F.L.S.

In continuation of my former notes on our holiday in 1886, we
left Heidelberg about the 22nd of June, and skirting through a part
of the Black Forest, arrived late the same evening at Lucerne, where
we stayed a couple of days, after which we took the boat for Stansstad,
and from thence drove up the valley of the Aa to Eugelberg ; this,
though beautiful, by no means equals many of the valleys of Canton
Yalais, whilst the insect life was likewise less numerous. After a rest
and lunch at Engelberg, we proceeded with our " Knecht " (to carry
the "Baggage") over the Joch Pass to Engstlen, my wife on horse-
back and I on foot ; but, unfortunately, as we neared the foot of the
Pass, the snow becam.e very low indeed, and as it was also very soft,
it stopped the riding, and the most trying part of the w^ay had to be
performed by us both on foot, so that by the time we arrived at the
Engstlen Alp, it was almost dark, and was also pouring with rain.
We had arranged to stay here ten days or a fortnight, and after the
long and fatiguing w'ork of the previous day, were not very distressed
to have the rest of a wet day awaiting us on the following morning.
The next day, how-ever, the weather began to clear, and we soon felt
the power of the Alpine sun. The Engstlen Alp and Lake is a
beautiful spot : a small level mountain pasture of somewhat over
6000 feet, closely surrounded with snow peaks, and with the magni-
ficent Wetterhorn in the near distance towards Meiringen. A most
delightful twelve days we had here, and rather regretted having
arranged to spend a week at Engelberg on our homew^ard way.
Looking back, however, I think we had almost as profitable collecting

1891.] 63

in the one place as the other, and if the scenery was not quite so fine,
still it was veiy beautiful, having as a background the dome-shaped
Titlis towering at the end of the valley. There is here a considerable
school and monastery, which owns a great part of the rich pasture
hmd of the valley ; and we were struck by the fact that the peasantry
of this part of Switzerland seem much more prosperous and well-to-
do than those of the southern Cantons.

In giving a detailed list of my captures, I shall, as usual, follow
the order of Staudinger's catalogue.

Fapilio Machaon, Engstlen Alp.

Parnassius Apollo, Engelberg ; Mnesnosyne, Engstlen and Tannen Alps. I
took this commonly about 6500 feet high. Frey says in his Lepidopteren der
Schweiz, p. 3, highest about 5000 feet (Paris feet, equal to say 5328 English feet),
and as I took it very near the top of the Tannen Alp, the species evidently flew a
good deal higher than the late much esteemed Professor was aware.

Aporia cratcegi, Engelberg.

Pieris brassicee and napi, Engelberg, v. bryonicB, Engstlen. I also took a very
pretty ? of the usual napi flying among the var. hryoniae. Callidice, Engelberg.

Anthocharis cardamines , Engelberg and Engstlen.

CoUas Hyale, Engelberg.

Polyommatus Hippothoe, Engelberg ; most abundant, also v. Euryhia and v.
Stieberi ; this latter may have been unusual for Switzerland, but it is indistinguish-
able from some Lapland forms I have. Dorilis, v. subalpina, Engelberg.

LyccBiia ^gon, Argus, and v. argyrognomon, Engelberg ; Pheretes, Engstlen ;
Astrarche, Engelberg and Engstlen, ab. Allous, Engelberg ; Icarus, and ab. Icarinus,
Engelberg. I also took at this place (Engelberg) some half dozen specimens of a
" Blue " I could not make out, they appeared to be a small variety of " Lycidas,"
but the spots were smaller and the metallic markings subdued ; however, on sub-
mitting them to my friend Dr. Staudinger, he has pronounced them to be a curious
form of " Icarus." Eumedon, Engstlen ; Corydon, Hylas, Engelberg ; minima,
semiargus, Avion, Engstlen and Engelberg.

Vanessa urticee, and cardui, Engelberg.

Melitcea Cynthia, Joch Pass ; Dictynna, Alhalia, Engelberg ; both of these
were very abundant indeed.

Argynnis Euphrosyne, Engelberg and Engstlen ; Pales, Engstlen, a pest
literally ; Niobe, and v. Eris, Engelberg.

Erebia, v. Caxsiope, Engstlen and Engelberg ; Melampus, Maiito, and Tyndarus,
all Engstlen, not rare.

Oeneis Aello, Engstlen and Tannen Alps.

Pararge Mara, Engelberg.

EpinepAile Hyperantkus, Engelberg.

Coenonympha Pamphilus, everywhere.

Syrichthus Alveus, and y.fritillum,v.caicus and cacali'^e, aW from Engstlen ;
serratulce, Engelberg.

Sisoniades Tages, Engstlen.

64 [Maicli,

Hesperia Thauma? and sylvanus, Engelberg.
Macroglosxa stellatarum, Engstlen.

1)10 cIi,ri/socephala,'Er\gatlen, v. Reydenreichii, Engelberg ; most of these latter
form a transit to v. Heydenreichii.

Zygitna, v. niihigena find filipendultji, Engelberg.

Nudaria mundana, Engelberg; one specimen sitting on the wall in the hotel.
Setina ramosa, Engstlen.
Lithosia complana, Engelberg.

Nemeophila russula, Engelberg; plantaginis, ab. Hospiton, and ab. matronalis,
Eiagstlen; larvse abundant in all stages, from which I reared the three forms.
Psyche plumistrell a, Joch Pass.
Dasychira pudibunda, Engelberg.
Leucoma salicis, Engelberg.

Bombyx lanestris, larvoe, Engelberg ; v. roboris, flying wildly in the hot sun-
shine high up (over 7000 feet) on the Tannen Alp.

Agrotis simplonia ; I took one specimen, a very dark form, on the Engstlen Alp.
Mamestra nebulosa fphbeiaj, and glauca, Engstlen ; both of these species came
to light not infrequently.

Plusia tripartita (Abrostola urticcB), Engelberg.
Anarta, v. rupestralls, Joch Pass.
Frothymia viridana, Engstlen.
Euclidia glyphica, Engstlen and Engelberg.
Herminia terdacularia, Engelberg.
Jodis lactearia, Engelberg.
Acidalia perockraria, v.fumata, Engelberg.
Cabera exanthemaria, Engelberg.

Psodos alpinata and quadrifaria, Engstlen ; I found alpinata specially common
in a beautiful pasture high up in the Tannen Alp.
Ematurga atomaria, Engstlen.
Phasiane clathrata, Engstlen.
Scoria lineata (dealbata) , Engelberg.
Ortholitha limitata, Engelberg.
Odezia atrata, Engelberg and Engstlen.

Cidaria berberata, Engelbci'g ; montanata, everywhere ; _^«<c^«ato, Engstlen ;
turbaia, inolltiginata,ferrugata, nebulata, incultaria, tristata, hastata, v. subhastata ,
minorata, adequata, Engstlen ; bilineata and ohliterata, Engelberg ; albulata,
everywhere.

Enpithecia impurata, Engelberg ; satyrata and silenata, Engstlen.
Sercyna Schrankiana, phrygiaUs, and sericealis, all fairly abundant at Engstlen.
Botys nigralis, Engelberg ; octomandata, ciiigulata, ostriitalis, cespiialis, Engst-
len, opacalis ; decrepitalis, uliginosalis, crocealis, and pandalis, all from Engelberg-
Diasema litterata, Engelberg.

Crambus pratellus, Engstlen ; diimetellus, hortuellus, Engelberg and Engstlen ;
coDchellus, margaritellits, Engelberg; pyramidellus, Engstlen; coulonellus, the
commonest Crambus at Engstlen ; perlellus and Warringtonellus, Engelberg.
Asarta cethiopella, Engstlen.
Catastia v. auriciliella, Engstlen and Engelberg.

1891.1 65

Tortrix corylana, and vilurnana, Eiigsllrn.

Sciaphila Wahlbomiana, Engstlen.

Pentkina lacutiana, Engelborg.

Grapholita cirsiana, Engstlen and Engolberg.

Nemotois metallicus, Engelberg.

I have several plumes and Phycidice, which are as yet unnamed ; and had not
the season of 1886 been very backward indeed, and with an unusual amount of snow,
the probabilities are that our list would have been considerably extended.

16, Clarendon Road, Edgbaston,
Near Birmingham :

September %Uh, 1890.

NOTES ON SOME BEITISH AND EXOTIC COCCIDM (No. 19).
BY J. W. DOUGLAS, T.E.S.

Plate I.

Lecanium saeotiiamni, n. sp.

? scale, adult ; oval, very convex, chestnut-brown, shining, smooth, on the sides
only and extending to the margin 8 — 9 short, transverse black lines, very slightly
raised and not very perceptible (sometimes wanting entirely), amongst which are
slight confluent punctures, sometimes also a few punctures on the disc. Eventually,
■when the scale becomes quite dry and empty, all the punctures become deeper, es-
pecially on each side of the smooth median line, which thus is sometimes rendered
slightly but obtusely carinate. Anal cleft short, the point above it very small, not
projecting. Antennae (fig. 2a) very small, of 7 joints ; 1st and 2nd widest, in
length subequal ; 3rd longest, nearly as long as the remaining four together, with
two long hairs near the apex ; 4th, 5th and 6th each successively shorter and
narrower, the 5th with one very short hair ; 7th very small, with several long hairs.
Legs (fig. 2b) long, slender ; tibiae scarcely wider than the tarsi, but a trifle longer ;
tarsi with two long digitules very finely clubbed; claw short, obtusely pointed, with
two short, dilated digitules. There are two hairs on the trochanter, and three on
the femur, but none evident on the tibiae and tarsi of the three specimens examined,
thought it is possible they may have been rubbed off in the preparation for the
microscope. Length, 4 — 5, breadth, 4, heiglit, 3 mm.

Larvae very small, pale yellowish, present no tangible features to distinguish
them from those of other Lecania.

I am indebted to Mr. E.. Newstead, Grosvenor Museum, Chester,
for the great paius he has taken in preparing specimens and making
drawings of the atitennae and legs.

In September, 1889, Dr. T. A. Chapman, Hereford, sent some
scales which he had just then found on stems of broom {Snrofhnmnus
scoparius) . In some respects these seemed to be like Lecnnmm genistce.
Sign. (Ess. Cochen., p. 235), which Signoret found abundant in the
pine forests on the coasts at Hyeres and Cannes, on Gcnida anglica ;

QQ [Marsh,

but in that species the scales are 8 mm. long by 4 broad, being, 8ig-
noret says, cue of the largest species found in France. The scales I
received were dry and empty, and the stems of broom to which they
were attached were dead when found, so it seemed possible that the
life of the insects had been arrested, and the length of the scale re-
stricted to 5 nmi. by the premature death of the food-plant, and I
determined to wait a year for the solution of the question.

This season Dr. Chapman has sent several scales on three occa-
sions ; in all of them the insect was mature, and the scale full of very
small white eggs, but the scale itself differed each time. On June 17th
the insects were alive, and the scales (not yet firm) had attained
nearly the full size, but were yellow-brown, smooth though very finely
punctured, and had 8 — 9 narrow black lines extending across from
margin to margin at equal distances apart, the lines strongest on the
anterior part of the scale. On June 21st the scales were redder-
brown, the transverse black lines a trifle raised, the punctures generally,
especially on each side of the median line, deeper and more conspicuous.
On July 10th the black lines had in most cases disappeared from the
disc, and remained on the sides towards the margins only, or in some
instances had quite vanished. This last consignment of scales was
attached to vigorous living shoots of broom, and the maximum length
of 5 mm. was not in any case exceeded, so that the full gi'owth had
been attained.

The male in any stage was not obtained.

This species on the broom differs materially from L. genistcs on
the allied Petty-whin, inasmuch as that species, as described by Sig-
noret, has scales nearly twice as long (8 mm.), and no mention is made
of the very characteristic black lines ; the antennae also are described
as of 8 joints ; the 3rd, 4th and 5th longest and subequal, the 5th at
the apex with three hairs, of which one is very long ; Gth and 7th
equal, the latter with three short hairs ; Sth twice as long as the 7th,
with eight to ten hairs ; tibife and tarsi slender, the former one-fourth
longer than the latter; claws broad at the base, with one of the digi-
tules a little larger than the other.

Dr. Chapman informs me that the scales are gregarious on the
under-side of last year's shoots of the broom, attached by preference
to sloping or horizontal branches, and, curiously, to a great extent to
such as were in a dying state. The death of the branches Dr. Chap-
man attributes to the attack of an Aphid with which they are infested.
He sent some examples to Mr. Buckton, who says they are the common
Siplionophora pisi, Kalt. (Brit. Aphides, vol. i, p. 134, pi. xiv), a general

18S.1. ' G7

feeder, but particularly attached to PnpilionacecB, and in some years
very destructive to peas and other farm crops. I apprehend that the
Lecania also helped to pump out the life of the broom.

The female Lecania, as a rule, fix themselves in early life, and
remain attached to the same site for the remainder of their existence.
" J'y suis, j'y reste," might be their family motto. But Dr. Chapman
tells me that these on the broom were still on the move in May, the
probable reason being, I think, that they found the supply of sap on
which they depended for a living was getting short, or it may be de-
teriorated in consequence of the additional absorption of it by tteir
fellow-squatters, the Aphids, and so they felt compelled to shift to
"fresh wood and pasture new," a proceeding they would not otherwise
have adopted. I once witnessed a similar migration of young, full-
sized females of Lecanium heaumontioB, which moved about freely on
the withering stems of Beaumontia grandiflora, on which they had
come to me (of. Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xxiv, p. 95).

Lecanium ciliatum, n sp.

9 scale, mature. Ochreous to light brown ; outline variable, broad rounded
oval (fig. 3a profile, fig. 3b front view), or at times irregular narrow oval, or trans-
versely oval, broadly I'ounded at the sides, being then broader than long (length, 5,
breadth, 6 mm.) ; in all cases the middle portion is occupied by a high, broad,
smooth, fusiform swelling, of which one point is close above the small anal cleft, the
other not extending to the anterior margin by a considerable space ; the top with
two distinct rows of deep, more or less large, punctures ; the entire elevation re-
sembling a convex, pointed scale, superimposed on a broader, flatter one ; the re-
mainder of the surface of the scale being comparatively flat, and covered with a
reticulation of confused lines and confluent punctures ; the entire margin with a
fringe of fine concolorous hairs (Mr. Newstead says these are white and conspicuous
to the naked eye in the living insect), which become more or less abrated in the dry
scale. Antennae (fig. 3c) of 7 joints ; Ist stout, widest ; 2nd not quite so long ; 3rd
as long as the 4th, 5th and 6th together, without hairs, these three latter in
length subequal, the 4th a trifle the longest, the sides suddenly constricted in the
middle, where there are one very long and one very short hair placed together on
one side, and a still shorter one on the opposite side ; a single long hair on the 1st,
2nd and 5th joints, two on the 6th, and about six on the 7th.

" Tibiae about twice the length of the tarsi, constricted at about one-third of the
distance from the apex. Tarsal digitulcs long, more than two-thirds the length of
the tarsi" — (E,. Newstead). Length, 5'5, breadth, 5 mm.

" (? scale (fig. 3d), glossy white, elongated, convex, with one centra! and two
lateral square, granular projections, some of the posterior ones double ; margin with
a rather strong, glassy fringe. The only specimen I possess has the posterior portion
wanting, the imago having escaped before I discovered it." — (R. N.).

" Larvae large, dark yellow ; antennae of 6 joints ; Ist widest, oval, in length

G8 ['^'^"--i'.

equal to tlic 4th and 5th ; 2iid shortest, with one long hair ; 3rd longest, with two
long hairs ; 4th and 5th equal, the 4th with one long hair on the under- and one on
the upper-side, 5th with one very long hair ; 6th nearly as long as the 4th and 5th,
with two long and three or four shorter haii's, the longest arising from the middle of
the joint. Tibiee and tarsi of nearly equal length, the former with several hairs, the
latter with two long ones. Anal cleft deep. The larvse, which appear a month
later than L.fuscum, are larger than those of any other species of Lecanium that I
have examined." — (R. N.).

In the third week of June in the years 1887, 1888 unci 1889, Mr.
G. C. Bignell, of Stonehouse, Devon, sent on each occasion a single
example of this very remarkable scale, they being all he could find on
an oak (Quercus rohur) in his locality, and as they had some resem-
blance to lleaumur's fig. 8, pi. G {PuJvinaria Innatus, Gmel., Sign.), it
seemed possible that they might be that species before the develop-
ment of the ovisac represented in the figure, and so I have waited for
more examples. This year I requested Mr. Newstead to look for such
scales, and on July 2Gth he obtained several on oaks in Delamere
Forest, some of them having eggs within them, proving that they
were not Pulvinaria, which has an external ovisac. The species does
not appear to have been described or figured by Eeaumur, Planchon,
Signoret, or any other author. Unlike L. fuscum, which is found
among the buds at the ends of the last year's shoots of oaks, this was
seen by Mr. Newstead only on branches four or five years old, and far
from their termination.

I am greatly indebted to Mr. Newstead for searching for this
species, and also for the notes of his observations and the excellent
figures reproduced on the plate.

153, Lewisham Eoad, S.E. :
October, 1890.

ON THE NEW AUSTRALIAN VINE PEST.
BY E. BEEGROTH, M.D.

The Australian newspapers of 1S90 have contained many accounts
of the occurrence in immense multitudes of a Hemipterous insect
injurious to the vineyards and orchards in New South Wales and
Victoria. The government entomologist of N. S. W., Mr. French,
has found a mixture of strong benzole to be the best remedy against
it. At the Meeting of the Linnean Society of N. S. "W. on February
26th, 1890, Mr. Fred. A. A. Skuse, the well known Dipterist, exhibited
specimens of the insect, stating that it belonged to the family Capsidce,
and was related to the American Chinch bug. In a recent number of

1S91.] 00

"Insect Life," it is recorded as a species of Phytocoris. As, however,
the Araerican Chinch bug {Blissus Jeucopferus, Say) does not belong
to the Cnpsidcp, and as Mr. Skuse states that the insect has oceHi, it
was clear that there must have been some error in the determination.
A few weeks ago Mr. Skuse kindly submitted several specimens of
the vine bug to me, which enables me to state that it has nothing to
do with the Capsiihe, but belongs to the genus Nysins, Dall., of the
family Lygceidce, a genus not hitherto known from the Australian
continent.

After having compared it with the descriptions of all hitherto
known species of Nysius, I must conclude that it is not an introduced
species, and I do not hesitate to describe it as new.

Ntsius viisriTOR, n. sp.

Elongatus, suhopacus, colore variabilis, bucculis basin capitis versus
evanescent thus, hemelytris pellucidis, apicem abdominis superantibus, extus
leviter rotnndatis. Long., 3 — 3'8 mm.; cum hemelytr. 3'5 — 4'5 mrri.

Caput fusco-nigrum, medio superne plus miuusve late rufescens, subtus intra
oculos utrinque macula basali oblonga subobliqua flara iiotatum, antenuis testaceis,
hie et illic plus minusve distincte iufusoatis, bucculis pone medium sensim evanes-
centibus, basin capitis hand attingentibus, rostro coxas medias attingente, articulo
primo bucculas superante, gulee sequilongo. Pronotum antrorsum nonniliil angusta-
tum, antice capita angustius, lateribus medio levissime subsinuatis, disco nigro,
dimidio postico plus minusve pallide testaceo-variegato vel striate, interdum fere
toto testaceo, nigropunctato, linea transversa subapicali nigra. Pectus nigrum,
acetabulis testaceis, sffipe etiam margine antico et postico prosterno posticoque me-
Bostcrni, interdum imo maculis duabus lateralibus metasterni rufescentibus. Seu-
tellum nigrum, interdum vittis duabus longitudinalibus rufescentibus summoque
apice pallido. Hemelytra apicem abdominis longius superantia, extus fere a basi
leviter rotundata, corio et clavo albidis, illo secundum venas plus minusve distincte
minute seriatim fusco-maculato, margine postico fusco, bis flavido-interrupto, mem-
brana lacteo-hyalina. Abdomen subtus subtiliter adpresse albido-pilosulum, nigrum,
rarius medio flavido-variegatum, margine postico segment! penultimi ventralis medio
eaepe testaceo. Pedes testacei, plerumque nigropunctati, dimidio apicali fcmorura
posticorum, tibiis basi et apice anguste, articulo tarsorum primo apice et ultimo
toto infuscatis.

Belongs to the group hh of Stal.

The genus Nysius has a very marked insular habitat. The Ha-
waiian Islands especially are wonderfully rich in species of JVysius, not
less than thirteen species having been described from these islands,
chiefly by Dr. Buchanan White and the Eev. Th. Blackburn. From
Buchanan White's excellent structural descriptions it is evident that
these species cannot be regarded as varieties of a smaller number of
species. Apart from the uncertain species of Walker, we find the

70 [Marsh,

following number of species for the other insular faunas : — New
Zealand has three species, the Society Islands two, the Galapagos
Islands one, the Ladrone Islands one, Japan two, Ceylon and Sumatra
one, St. Helena two, Madeira and the Canary Islands one, the Azores
one, Jamaica three. The palaearctic region (exclusive of the Atlantic
Islands) has thirteen species, the Ethiopian region four, North America
live, and the American continent south of Texas twelve species. In
tropical Asia (exclusive of Ceylon and the Sunda islands) the genus has
not yet been met with. It is probable that most of the Pacific insular
groups have their peculiar species of this genus, but we still know
practically nothing of the Hemipterous fauna of many of these
islands. Nysius thymi, Wolff, has the widest geographical range,
being distributed througb Europe and Siberia, and over a great part
of the United States and British America ; according to Buchanan
White it also occurs in St. Helena.

I take this opportunity of correcting the synonymy of a species
of Nysius. N. zealandicus, Dall., must retain its older name, clavi-
cornis, Fabr. Stal was wrong in citing " Lygceiis clnvicornis, Eabr.,
Ent. Syst., iv, 169, ex parted The description of Pabricius, loco citato,
exclusively refers to the New Zealand species.

Forssa, Finland :

January 8th, 1891.

ON TWO NEW SPECIES OP EETEROMERA FROM JAPAN.
BY G. LEWIS, F.L.S.

I have in preparation a paper on the Japanese Seteromera, which
comprises about eighty species, but as there will be some delay in its
publication, I have decided to print in advance a note on two species,
of which I have distributed specimens with manuscript names.
^;«ffr«n^/<ff, Motschulsky, Etud. Ent.jViii, p. 141,1859 ; = ChariotJieca,

Pascoe, Journ. Ent., i, p. 125, 18G0 ; ^ Metaclisa, Duval, Gen.

Col., iii, p. 296, t. 72, f. 359, 1S61.

Amarantha atroctanea, n. sp.

Oljlonga, subjiarallela, nitida, supra atro-cyanea, corpore infra, antennis
ped ilj usque piceis. Long., 9 — 9| millim.

Oblong, subparallel, shining, blackish-blue above, imder-surface more or less
piceous, sometimes with a bluish tinge ; antennae and legs piceous or blue-black.
Head somewhat thickly punctured, the punctures between the eyes being rather
coarse and a little confluent in front ; thorax evenly and less densely punctate.

1891.] 71

widest at posterior angles, narrowest at anterior angles, lateral margins narrowly but
clearly elevated, and continuing as a stria behind the eyes, and becoming evanescent
in the centre, base sinuate on each side ; scutellum triangular and impunctate ;
elytra : sutural stria very short and consisting of six or eight punctures, eight other
punctate strite, with tlie interstices smooth and slightly convex. The colour of the
under-surface and legs varies.

Motschulsky formed the genus Amarantha to receive a species
(viridis) taken ou the borders of the Caspian Sea, south of the
Caucasus, but he placed it near Helops. Faust, Hor. Ent. Ross., xi,
p. 249, places it in its proper position near HopJocephala and
Platydema.

I found examples of this species in all the elevated forests as
far north as Nikko, and in the Yezo it was taken at the sea-level. It
inhabits the touch-wood of decaying beeches.

Basanus, Lacordaire, Gen. Col., v, 1859, p. 306. '

Basanus erottloides, n. sp.

Oblongo-ovalis, niger, nitidus ; elytrls utrinque maculis vel fasciis rufis
duabus ; abdomine rufo, apice parum infuscato ; pedibus nigris.

Long., 7\ — 10 millim.

Head rather coarsely and roughly punctate, with a shallow impression between
the eyes ; thorax punctured, punctures rather smaller and less rough, the lateral
margins well raised, forming an even but narrow sulcus within ; elytra with
corresponding epipleurse, which, however, terminate at the apical red spot : striae
are formed of small punctures in well-defined rows, interstices flat, with finer
scattered punctures ; the subhumeral transverse fascia does not cross the epipleura,
and internally it ceases before the sutural stria — between the 4th and 5th stria it
has a long denticulation, which nearly touches the base of the elytra, and posteriorly
the margin of this fascia has thi*ee denticulations, shorter and equal to each other in
length, before the apex of the elytra there is a second red spot of irregular, but not
always constant, outline. Beneath the abdomen is a bright red, with the terminal
segment infuscate. Antennae and legs black, with the tarsi piceous.

One example in twenty has faint longitudinal impressions on the
elytra.

This fine species differs from B.forficornis, Dej.,in having longer
and more slender antennae, the thorax narrowed anteriorly from the
middle, the elytra usually without longitudinal impressions and the
anterior fascia dentate, and the abdomen red.

The genus should be placed next to Scaphidema ; the structure
of the sterna is similar in both.

Found in old trees in all the islands. Tuyama, Hakone, Nikko,
and Sapporo are special localities for it.

Folkestone : February, 1891.

[March,

CRYPTOnTPNUS DER3IEST0IDES AND ITS ALLIES.
BY G. H. HORX, M.D.

Cryptolnjpnus dermestoides, Herbst, O. g^uadriguttatus, Lap., and
the closely allied North American species form a little group, of which
G. dermestoides may be taken as the type. They all have a peculiar
sculpture of the thorax, rough in part, smooth behind. The species
may he distinguished thus : —
Prosternal sutures single, not grooved nor smooth.

Elytra without spots ; ventral segments, (J $, simple gradarius.

Elytra with four faint spots ; second ventral segment, $ , with a pubescent

spot dispersus.

Prosternal sutures double, grooved and smooth.

First ventral segment with a small tubercle between the cox£e, and the anterior

tibiae dilated, in the male qitadriguttatus.

First ventral segment with a small tubercle on a flat space, and the anterior

tibiae simple, in the male Melsheinieri.

First ventral segment convex between the coxae and fimbriate posteriorly, and

the anterior tibiae dilated, in the male dermestoides.

First and second ventral segments each with a tubercle, and the anterior tibia?
simple, in the male concinnus.

The first ventral segment of C. dermestoides {(^^ is somewhat
gibbous between the coxae and raised to a level with them, and the
fimbriae are directed backwards ; while in C. qiiadriguttafus (^) the
first ventral segment is rather flat between the coxae, and has a round
pubescent spot. I am only acquainted with two species (both North
American) with the prosternal sutures single, not grooved nor smooth ;
but I suspect that there are parallel forms in Europe, and that there
are one or two good species at present considered varieties of C.
dermestoides, with plain prosternal sutures. It is curious that in the
first series (prosternal sutures simple) the abdomen of the male is
simple, while in one of the species the female has a pubescent spot
on the second ventral segment. In two of our species with non-
striate elytra, C. pectoralis and C. ohliquatulus, the male has at the
middle of the presternum a small round spot with erect pubescence.
In none of our Gryptohypni is the male front tibia dilated, as it is in
the European C. quadrigiittattis and O. dermestoides. I am indebted
to Mr. Champion for examples of these last mentioned species for
examination.

Philadelphia: January Zth., 1891.

[C. dermestoides, Herbst, and C. qnadriguttatiis, Lap. (= tetra-
graplius, Germ.), considered by most recent authors as varieties of

1891 1 _ 73

one species, thus prove to be distinct. They occur together in various
northern locahties in Britain, as Rannoch, Braemar, Scarborough, &c. ;
in Scotland, G. dermesto'ules is, perhaps, the commoner of the two,
while at Scarborough, G. quadrigiittatus is much more abundant than
G. dermestoides. A large number of specimens collected by Mr. J. J.
Walker in Italy, at Civita Vecchia, all belong to G. quadriguttatus,
none of these showing the slightest variation in the elytral spots. It
may be safely assumed that all British specimens with distinct spots
are quadriguttatus ; while those which are unspotted or merely have
the shoulders and an indeterminate patch near the apex of each
elytx'on a little lighter are, with rare exceptions, dermestoides. In some
examples of G quadriguttatus the basal or the apical spot is obsolete.
Many of the Scarborough specimens of G. quadriguttatus have the
spots large and sharply defined, these examples resembling the normal
continental form ; Scotch examples are rarely so well marked. The
two insects are treated as distinct by Candeze, who, however, did not
observe the conspicuous male characters to be found in the front tibise
(noted by Thomson) and on the first ventral segment ; the chief
characters used by him being colour, and an imaginary difference in
the length of the elytra. — Gr. C. C]

DESCRIPTIOX OF THE LARVA OF HYPENA ROSTRALIS.
BY GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.

My first acquaintance with the larva of Hypena rostralis was
made at Deal at the end of August, 1888, when I found a full-fed
specimen wandering about near some hop plants in a garden, and
evidently searching for a suitable place in which to spin up. I placed
it in a cage in which were other species, and saw no more of it until
the imago appeared in the month following. On the 24ith of June
last I next saw larvae through the kindness of Mr. W. R. Jeffrey, of
Ashforrl, who sent me two from a few he had reared from eggs deposited
by a captured $ . The ? moth, as is well known, hibernates, and
deposits her eggs in spring or early summer ; but whether the (J also
hibernates and pairing is effected in the spring, or this takes place in
the autumn, I cannot say. Mr. Jeffrey tells me the eggs from his
moth were deposited about the 15th of May, and hatched on the 2Gth
of the same month ; the larger of the larvc^e received was nearly full-
grown, so next day I described it as follows : —

Lengtli about an inch, and slender proportionately ; the head has the lobes
rounded, is the same width as the second, but narrower than the third segment.
Body cylmdrical, widest in the middle, attenuated very gradually to the anal ex-

74 [March,

tremity. There are only four pairs of posterior legs, on the 8th, 9th, 10th and 13th
segments respectively, so that the larva, when walking, arches the 5th, 6th and 7th
segments ; skin soft and smooth ; tubercles slightly raised, and from each of them
springs a single short and inconspicuous hair.

Ground-colour bright grass-green, exactly of the same colour, indeed, as the
vnider-side of the hop leaves on which it feeds ; the head tinged with yellow. A
darker green pulsating vessel showing clearly through the skin forms the dorsal line ;
subdorsal lines clear white ; spiracular lines also white, but much interrupted and
less distinct ; tubercles and spiracles black, and the head is also numerously dotted
with black ; segmental divisions yellow, but scarcely noticeable, the hairs grey.

Ventral surface, legs and prologs uniformly of the same bright green of the
ground of the dorsal area. Feeds on hop, and when young (Mr. Jeffrey says) is
very inconspicuous, if at rest in its usual position along the midrib of the hop leaf,
the colour of the leaf and larva so closely resembling each other.

Next day, on the 26th, the larva described became paler in colour and began to
spin its cocoon, which, on the following day, was evidently nearly completed ; during
the spinning a pretty pink colour spread over the dorsal area of the larva. The
cocoon is of white silk, but so slender, that the pupa can be distinctly seen through
it. The pupa is about five-eighths of an inch long, and very much of the ordinary
Noctua shape ; it is smooth and polished, the ribbed antennie cases prominent and
reaching to quite the bottom of the wing sheaths ; colour rich mahogany-brown.

AVhen full-fed both larvae seemed exactly alike, and the first moth
emerged ou July 21st, the second on July 26th.

Huddersfield : Felruary \Uh, 1891.

Sphinx pinastri as a British Insect. — We take the following from Mr. Bloora-
field's " Lepidoptera of Suffolk," as of interest, because it concerns probably the
only corner in these islands in which this common and destructive continental insect
has any claim to be considered indigenous : — " Yery local. Tuddenham St. Martin
in 1877, Waldringfield, two specimens in 1878, and one in 1879, Saxmundhara in
1879, Ipswich in 1881 and 1882. Mr. N. F. Hele writes from Aldborough : 'in
July, 1881, a specimen was taken in the Vicarage grounds here, on the wing, in the
vicinity of some honeysuckle. During the months of July and August in the
following year we captured about forty specimens in this neighbourhood. We found
them at rest on the trunks of Scotch firs from four to about fourteen feet from the
ground, in every respect apparently without regard to wind or weather.' Until the
last two years Mr. Hele has not failed to take a specimen or two every year." — Eds.

Plusia moneta, F., in France. — At a meeting of the French Entomological
Society on December 10th, 1890, the veteran Lepidopterist, Mons. J. Fallou, an-
nounced (Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr , 1890, pp. cexi) that he had captured a specimen of
this insect at Champrosay (Seine et Oise), not far from Paris, in June, 1890, the
first time during the twenty years he has resided there. He also gave some general
notes on its occurrence in France, commencing with Duponchel (vol. vii, 2, p. 63,
1829), who stated that it had then only been found in Normandy. Subsequently it

i«9i.] 75

had been noticed at Mont Dorc (Auvergne) in 1879 ; in Alsace ; and, according to
M. Jourdheuillo, at Troycs (Aube) in 1887 and 1888. M. Fallou docs not allude to
the " France nieridionale " given by Guenee in his " Noctuelites " (ii, p. 332, 1852).

We call attention to Duponchel's statement as to its occurrence in Normandy
previous to 1829 as of especial interest at the present time. Duponchel says that a
brother of M. Boisduval found it regularly at Falaise every year, that it was double
brooded, and that the larvae fed on a variety of plants, including sunflower and
Jerusalem artichoke, burdock and cucumber. Guenee (/. c.) briefly alludes to the
same subject. According to this statement, by eminent Lepidopterists, its first
appearance in the North of France is by no means recent, and, in fact, its first
recorded occurrence in the country was in the noi'th. Does it still occur in Nor-
mandy ? — Eds.

Acidalia immorata. — In the 24th vol. of the Ent. Mo. Mag., p. 133, is recorded
the capture of this insect, as follows :— " On June 27th last (1887) Mr. C. H. Morris
of this town showed me an insect of which he had just caught two specimens . . .
the insect somewhat resembled Fidonia atomaria . . . subsequent examination
of the specimens showed clearly it was not that species, and that it teas evidently
new to the British list." It may interest your readers to learn that the statement
underlined is incorrect. On referring to Proc. Ent. Soc. of London, 1868, p. xxxviii,
they will find these words : — " Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a specimen of Choerocampa
celerio . . . also a moth, from the British collection of the late Mr. Desvignes,
ticketted ' immoraria, Iliib.,' which it was suggested was an extraordinary variety of
Strenia clathraria." Thus the insect had been recorded twenty years or so earlier. —
J. Greene, Kostrevor, Clifton, Bristol: February '\2th, 1891.

[We prefer to put the matter this way : — The late Mr. Desvignes appeared to
have correctly named his specimen ; but it seems strange he nowhere published (so
far as we know) any statement about it. Subsequently, after his death, it was erro-
neously considered a variety of S. clathraria, and thus it rested down to 1887. See
also Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xxiv, p. 163, and Proc. Ent. Soc, 1887, p. xlix.— Eds.].

Coleoptera and Lepidoptera at Bundoran, Ireland. — On July 14th, 1890, Mrs.
Johnson and I started for Bundoran, where we arrived after a tedious journey, the
latter part of which was relieved by the scenery as we passed along the shores of
Lough Erne, or crossed the river Erne, or viewed the mountains of Leitrim and
Sligo. Bundoran itself is of the usual type of small Irish towns : a long, straggling
sti'cet, with here and there an offshoot to right or left ; it lies on the southern side
of Donegal Bay, with the sea in front and the mountains rising in the backgi-ound
at a distance of some three or four miles ; north-west lies the mouth of the Erne,
and between it and Bundoran are extensive sand-hills, covei'ed with Ammophila,
wild pansies, ragweed, and yellow bedstraw {Galium veriim), with a few patches
of dwarf roses {Rosa spiyiosissima) ; this formed our chief hunting-ground. We
twice made excursions towards the mountains, but found the sand-hills much the
best ground.

I had never been on the west coast of Ireland before, and was in great hopes of
turning up something good, but in this I was disappointed, partly from the uii-

76 [March,

favourable season, and partly from the short time I had to spend, as I returned home
for Sunday, 20th, and left altogether on the 26th, so that I had only a few days for
collecthig ; I should mention that I spent two days near Belleek, of pottery fame, at
Templenew, where the hunting-ground lay in old woods of hazel and holly, stretching
along the banks of the Erne, the home of the badger, a very promising locality, but
as I had only a few hours I did not do much, especially as the second day was
spoiled by rain.

I had hoped to get some good varieties of Agrotis on the sand-hills, but I was
totally at fault, as I did not see a single specimen ; in fact, the Lepidoptera were
few and far between, owing, I imagine, to the dampness of the season, for previous
to my arrival, I was told there had been continuous wet weather for some time. The
buttei'jflies comprised Pieris brassiuce, P. rapcB, and P. napi, Epinephele Jaiiira, and
Lycana Icarus, this last was large and fine, but not plentiful. I took on the sand-
hills a 9 of ^. Janira, with the blotches on the anterior-wings large and nearly
white, giving it when on the wing the appearance of Satyrus Semele, for which I at
first mistook it. The Noctum were represented by Triphcena pronuba, Xylophasia
monogJypha (polyodon) , and Mamestra furva. The first two were taken at sugared
heads of ragweed, the last (a single specimen) flew into our sitting-room. X. mono-
glypha and T. pronuba were quite the ordinary forms, and not plentiful. A single
specimen of Eupithecia centaureata came to sugared ragweed. These were all that
were produced by night work, which was pleasantly varied by a visit from a keeper
■who wished to know whether we were ferretting rabbits.

By beating and kicking the tufts of Amtnophila we took several Melanippe
sociata (suhtristata), of rather darker form than nsnvii, ti\so Platyptila ochrodactyla
and Mimcesopiilus pterodactylus. The oidy thing that was really plentiful on the sand-
hills was Crambus perlellus, which showed a good deal of variation. Inland we took
Lomaspilis marginata, Tortrix icterana, Sericoris cespitana, S. lacunana, Halonota
trigeminana, Catoptria Scopoliana, and Elachista cygnipenella, these were taken by
beating hedges and among sallows in marshy ground.

At Templenew our captures were not numerous nor exciting : one Euplthecia
tenidata beaten out of a sallow bush ; one Tanagra atrata, in the wood ; Rivida
sericealis, abundant and dark ; Scapula lutealis, Crambus culmellus, Sericoris
lacunana, Bactra lanceolana, Catoptria Scopoliana, and Qrapholitha nigromaculana,
in meadows and among Iris pseudacorus, or " flaggons," as the country people call
them. I am indebted to IMr. Barrett for kindly looking over and determining for
me those species about which I was doubtful.

Of Coleoptera I managed to take a much larger number than of Lepidoptera,
partly owing, I dare say, to my better acquaintance with them, and partly to
their being less affected by the damp. At Belleek (Templenew), the Erne seems
more productive of salmon than Ilydradephaga, for I could only get a solitary
specimen of Hydroporus erythrocephalus. Under stones I got Leistus rufescens and
Pterostichus vulgaris ; on Iris pseudacorus were Donacia sericea and Aphthona
ccerulea ; and by sweeping herbage I took Telephorus fulmis and T.Jlavilabris.

Bundoran produced a much richer harvest. On the sand-hills JS'otiophilus
aquaticus, Clivinafussor, Broscus cephalotes, llarpalus rujtcornis, Calathus melano-
cephalus, and C. micropterus were found under stones and at roots of grass, &c.'
Cereyun melanocephalus, C.Jlavipes, C. hanwrrhoidalis, C. depressus, C. terminalus,

i«<u.] 77

Aphodius rufesren.t, A. nijipes, and A. depresx!'", in stercore bovino, under which I
searched carefully for Oeotrupes, but failed to get anything but &. stercorarius, L.
One morning, as I climbed to the top of one of the sand-hills, a couple of crows rose
reluctantly from some object in the valley beneatli ; I descended in the hasty and
undignified manner rendered necessary by the steepness of the slope, and found a
nice young rabbit, in prime condition for attracting carrion-loving beetles ; I visited
it every day till my departure with very satisfactory results, taking the following :
Necrophortis ruspator {huniator did not appear, though common on Antrim coast),
Silpha ritgosa, Creophilus maxillosus, Ocypus cupreu.i, Xantholinus punctidatiis, X.
linearis, Philonihus succicola, Thorns, (pruximus, Kr.), Ph. sanguinolentus, Ph.
longicornin, Ph. varians, Ph. margiuatu.^ (also very common in stercore), Aleochara
fuscipes, Tachinus marglnellus, T. laticollis, Choleoa morio, C. cisteluides, Saprinus
nitidulus, and <S. ceneus, this last was very numerous. Serica hrunneawaa abundant,
crawling about the sand and herbage, or lying dead in the hollows. ^^giaHa
arenaria and Otiorhgnchus atroapterus occurred crawling on the sides of sand-iiills,
always choosing the steepest and barest places ; sweeping ragweed produced Longi-
tarsus (TAgamis) gracUix, L.jacohrece, Wat. {tabidus, 01 ), very plentiful, L. lesvis,
and Coccinella ll-punclata ; on thistles I took Sphceroderma cardui and S. testaceum,
and by general sweeping, Meligethes viduatus, M. cenetis, Brachypterus pubesceiis,
Adrastus limbatus, Agriotes obscurus, Apionfagi, A. carduorum, A. ervi, A. loti,
Ceuthorhynchus poUinarius , Ceuthorhynchideustroglodytes,axi.A. Cneorhinus geminatu-t.
Inland I took in a boggy pond Maliplus obliquus, ITydroporus vittula, H. tristii,
Helophorus aquaticus, H. aneipennis, Anarcena globulus, Payk, and Limnebius
papposus. In the river Drowes, or Bundrowes, as they call it at Bundoran, I got
some Limnius tuberculatiis, and by beating sallows, Crepidodera ventralis, C. helxines,
C. transversa, and Dorytomus maculatus. I have given a very extended list of my
captures as the locality was apparently unworked previously. No doubt, with a more
favourable season, and a longer time to work, a much longer and more interesting
list could be obtained. — W. F. Johnson, Winder Terrace, Armagh : Nov. 6th, 1890.

Hydroporuft septentrionalis and other Coleoptera in the Plymouth district. — On
September 9th, 1890, one specimen of H. septentrionalis was obtained in a pool beside
the river Plym, near Plymouth. Although frequent search was made no further
examples were discovered. In the spring of 1890 Deronectes latus was caught in
some pebbly pools in the same locality, and Scydma-nus nanus was shaken out of
rubbish at the foot of an oak near at haiul. One specimen of Panngt^us i-pn.ifnlatus
under stone on slope near the sea, a couple of Oxt/felus maritimus and LymneBum
riigrupireum, Phytosux balticiis, and Sipalia testacea were captured accidentally on
the seashore. The first specimen of Lymnannn was taken accidentally wliilst
■watching the sand-hoppers, Ac, compelled to beat a hasty retreat from their labours
on the decaying seaweed and other rejectamenta on the seashore as the sea advanced
a few minutes before high water on the spring tide ; search being made afterwards
at low water, the head quarters of the insect was traced out, and sevei-al specimens
secured. Entomologists at the seaside might find it worth while to visit suitable
localities on the occasions mentioned ; and, even though no rare capture should be
made, they would, nevertheless, find that tlie remarkable spectacle of a countless
army of sand-hoppers and other Crustacea, witii a greater or less sprinkling of beetles,

Q

78 ! M."-rl,

flies, spiders, &c., all with their heads in the same direction, and all probably actuated
by the same motive of self-preservation, fleeing from the advancing waves, would
well repay them for the time and trouble the sight may cost. I have been sur-
rounded by such great numbers of these little crustaceans, that it has been impossible
to get out of their midst without regretfully crushing them at every step. In the
autumn a small colony of Diphyllus lunatus (larva, pupa and imago) was found in
black, globular, fungoid growtlis on oak, and Octipus hninnipes was taken beneath
moss on the same species of tree. In the previous spring (1889) in a willow bed a
single specimen oi Pterostichus cethiops was captured. — James II. Keys, 9, Addison
Eoad, Sherwell Estate, Plymouth : Fehruary, 1891.

A query as to the food of certain Dipterous larvcB found in 7iests of Vespidce. —
I feel that I can say very little in reply to this interesting question raised by Mr.
Meade (rt«^e p. 43), simply because so much mystery seems bound up in "wasp
paper " as to prevent a trustworthy investigation. In a state of confinement all the
Dipterous larvee recorded (anie p. 41) fed upon wasp larvse and pupae, prefe.ably
those tliat were in a state of decay. Failing tliese they readily fed upon the material
at the base of the cells, wliich, I believe, consists of cast skins, &e. In no instance
have I found any of the larvse inside a sealed cell ; neither have I ever seen them
attack and kill either larvse or pupae. It is just possible, however, that H. canicu-
laris, L., may feed upon living larva; and pupae ; indeed, I do not see how they could
derive sufiicient nourishment from the excrement or the few dead larvae and pu]);e,
especially in nests where these larvae occur in great numbers as I have seen them do.
I once took a nest of Bomhux wMscoriOH, Linn., which was almost alive with the
larvae of H. canicidaris, as many as three or four in a single cell. They seemed to liave
eaten everything contained in the nest, even the cells were destroyed by them. This
nest contained but few larvse of the Bombus, which is not to be wondered at, for in
addition to Homalomya, there were quantities of Cryptophagi. — R. Newstead,
Grosvenor Museum, Chester : February bth, 1891.

Scarcity of Aculeate Hymenoptera in South Devon.— \ have been much in-
terested and, I fear, also a little pleased to find in your columns several references to
the scarcity of insect life on the coast of Devon. I have, for the last three years,
visited South Devon, and collected on the coast line from Paignton and Torquay to
Teignmouth and Dawlish, and inland as far as Dartmoor, but, as regards the Aculeate
Hymenoptera, never have I worked so poor a ground. The vegetation is luxuriant
and varied, the climate — at least, from an Anglo-Indian point of view — absolutely
perfect, but bees, wasps and ants are not only extremely limited in species but in
numbers. There is a spot beyond Dawlish called the " Warren," with the most
attractive sandhills, a very Paradise for the Fossores, but not a sand-wasp could I
find ; I have seen better collecting in St. Sepulchre's little garden in the city.

The first visit I attributed my want of success to having been accustomed for
so many years to collecting in India, and after the grand tropical forms I thouglit it
very possible that our less conspicuous English species uiiglit have escaped my
notice ; but two more visits, coupled with the observations of Mr. S. Stevens and
others, lead me to think it is not from personal defects as a collector, but really that
there /* something in the counly itself which is not suitable or attractive to Hy-

i8i)i.] 79

meiioptera. The only rarity captured from 188S to 1890 was a ? of Stenamma
Westwoodii at Labrador Shaldon. The only feature of sand-wasp life found was
one quite refreshing little colony of MelUnus arvensix in a small sandpit on Ilaldon
Heath, Teignmouth. — Or. A. James Rothnet, 15, Versailles Road, Anerley :
January 24th, 1891.

Aculeate Hymenoptera in Wiltshire in 1890. — The season of 1890 seems to
have been a very poor one generally for the Aculeala. Many of the very commonest
species were either totally absent or appeared only in very limited numbers ; on the
other hand, a few species, as usual, appeared in unprecedented abundance.

The most striking feature of the season, however, was the early appearance of
certain Andrenidce, (not the earliest spring species, but those which normally come
out from the middle to the end of May. Andrena Wilkella, Kirb., A. angustior,
Kirb., and A. nana, Xirb., were all to be found in both sexes at the end of April,
and it was curious to notice these species flying about with equally fresh specimens
of either sex of the very early Andrence : Qwynana, Kirb , minutula, Kirb., Trim-
merana, Kirb., &c.

Halicti were exceedingly scarce, and it will probably take several seasons to
bring (hem to their former abundance, as their numbers have steadily decreased
during the past three seasons. Previously to 1887 there was a steady increase in
their numbers ; in that year they literally swarmed ; the same remarks apply to
Sphecodes, both as to the increase and decrease of their numbers. The fohowing
species are worthy of mention, either for their rarity, or for their unusual scarcity
or abundance during the past season.

Andrena lapponica, Zett. — I was fortunate in taking a few specimens of this
scarce or overlooked species on March 15th. One only was a c? , this sex being
evidently already past : it must be a very early species. These specimens were
taken from a few burrows in a hard sandy path. A. angustior, Kirb. — Male speci-
mens generally distributed in North Wilts and adjoining parts of Gloucestershire.
The females are much scarcer. It is altogether a very unobtrusive species, and in
all probability common generally. A good plan to catch this and other species,
which fly up and down a hedge bank without settling, is to place on the ground
small pieces of paper or light coloured stones : the bees readily alight on these for
the purpose of sunning themselves. A. Wilkella, Kirb., wee E. Saund. (Synopsis). —
Exceedingly abundant from the end of April to June. The males of this species
were to be seen for a fortnight in May flying round the foliage of an isolated sunny
bush in such myriads as to resemble a vast swarm of hive bees about to settle. The
AndrenidcB are said to be characterized by their silent flight, but a deep 1mm could
be heard at a considerable distance from the bush. Elsewhere the species was in
thousands flying up and down the hedge-rows. In my notes on this and the allied
species in this Magazine (this species I there called xanthura), I expressed doubts
as to,whetherj.stylopized specimens of this species existed. I have now taken a
number so affected, and think that most, if not all, of the specimens called con-
vexiuscula belong to this species rather than to Afzeliella, but the matter requires
further investigation.

Nomada bifida, Thoms. — Both sexes taken, and identically coloured specimens
of ruficornis amongst them. N. ochrostoma, Kirb. — Very abundant. I easily
captured fifty specimens in an hour or two ; several times three or four specimens

G 2

80 [MAreh,

at a sweep. In uiy experience it is exclusively the parasite of A. Wilkella, Kirb.,
though said also to attack A. labialis, Kirb. N. Fabnciana, Linn.— Unusually
common. Tiiis species is parasitic on at least two species, A. Gwynana and
Halictus ruhicundus, Chr. The specimens taken by me last season were attacking
the former; and occurred from the Ist till the end of May. When parasitic on
the Halictus, they appear at the end of May and continue till the middle of July.
At the end of July, and in August, the specimens parasitic on Owt/nana sometimes
produce a second brood. This species may, therefore, be met with almost throughout
the entire season. N.flavoguttata, Kirb. — Unusually scarce ; the small Halicti,
which it attacks, were hardly seen either in spring or autumn.

Osmia bicolor,'^iSh\. — Loss common than usual. O. pilicornis, Sm. — I took a
short series of this species (^ $ ). It burrows in dead wood.

Sfel is phcEoptera, ILirh. — One ?; another seen.

Bombus cognatus, Stph. — Unusually scarce. B. Latreillellus, Kirb. — One ? ,
and a few $ . B. sylvarum, Linn. — All the nests I have found of this species have
been built underground, though it is often stated to build on the surface. B. Der-
hainellus, Kirb., and B. lapidarius, Linn. — The former always builds a nest on the
surface of the ground, the latter always below. Volucella bombylans, the parasitic
fly, I feel sure, must attack the former, since the nest is placed in exactly similar
situations to that of B. muscorum, Linn., from which the parasite has been bred.
Nevertheless, it is generally stated to attack and mimic B. lapidarius, which is
probably a mistake.

The common species of VespidcB were very abundant. Odyneridte mostly
scarce. Ancistrocerus Anti/ope, Panz., very abundant, liowever, and A. callosus in
its usual numbers. The habits of this last species differ from any other of its
section. The females hibernate and re-appear very early in the spring, like Halicti,
Bombi, &c. It provisions its nest with green Tortrix larvae of considerable size.
From one burrow I took about a dozen of these ; one of them pupated immediately,
but died ; the others were all packed witli full-grown parasitic larvce of IchiietimonidcB,
which appeared in thousands in tlie winged state after three or four days. It is
evident, therefore, that the larvte of the wasp would iiave starved, as tlie eggs had
not been hatched, when I took the store from her burrow.

Fossores were exceedingly scarce, and I saw nothing which I have not previously
recorded. Pottipilus gibbus, S , appeared on May Ist, an exceedingly early date for
these localities. — R. C. L. Pekkins, Sopworth Rectery, Chippenham : January, 1891.

ICdmund Andre, F.E.iS. — Tlie French publications announce the unexpected
death of tliis well-known ilymenoptcrist. Established at Beaune (Cote d'Or)
formerly as a wine merchant, he later started as an entomological bookseller and
general Natural History Agent, on an extended scale. His published entomological
notes, &c., were numerous ; but his principal work was the " Species des Hymenopteres
d'Europe et d'Algerie," commenced in 1879, and continued, with the aid of his
brother and other Hymenoptcrists, until his death. The portion concerning the
Braconidce was supplied by the Kev. T. A. Marshall. It is to be hoped that this
most important work will be continued. He became a Member of the Societe En-
tomologique de France in 1879, and joined the Entomological Society of London in
1880. He was also a Member of the Berlin and Stettin Societies.

1891.] 81

The Lepidoptera of Suffolk, compiled by E. N. Bloomfield, M.A., F.E.S. ;
00 pp., 8vo. London : Wesley and Son ; Colchester : W. H. Harwood. 1890.

Another addition to the already numerous county Lists of British Lepidoptera.
As is well known, the Kev. Mr. Bloomfield is not a resident in the county, but his
connection therewith otherwise has enabled him to draw up a very valuable and
useful List, and no pains seem to have been spared in order to render it complete.
Such a List was indeed commenced so long ago as 1857 to 1859, in Morris's
" Naturalist," by such well-known workers us the Rev. Joseph Greene, the Rev. H.
Harpur Crewe, and Mr. C. R. Bree, but it extended only to near the end of the
Noctua. This has been made use of in the present List, with many additions, both
in species and localities, and the remainder has been completed ; the Micro-
Lepidoptera being especially well enumerated, and the whole could scarcely have
been more detailed had it been the work of a resident, all the leading local observers
having assisted him to their utmost. The physical features of the county are
tolerably well known to all ; the fact that it shares with Norfolk what is commonly
termed the " breck-sand '' district adds not immaterially to the number and interest
of the species. The only thing we can find fault with is the absence of a numerical
summary.

The DAiiwiNiAN Theoet of the Origin of Species : by Francis P.
Pascoe, F.L.S., &c. ; small 8to, pp. 130. London: Gurney and Jackson. 1890.

This little book, written by an uncomprising opponent of the theory of Natural
Selection, shows evidence of an immense amount of reading, and the numerous
quotations from various authors render it useful to the general reader, whatever may
be his views on the theory itself. Mr. Pascoe considers that the old theory of
Evolution is practically " unassailable. But Evolution is not Natural Selection."
We think there are many who will agree with him ; but Natural Selection may,
nevertheless, be a potent factor in Evolution. Outside questions of theory altogether,
the book may be profitably studied by those who wish to know something of the
many wonderful adaptations of structure, habits, and metamorphoses in the Animal
Kingdom.

Sixth Report on the Injurious and other Insects of the State of
New York ; by J. A. Lintnek, Ph.D., State Entomologist. Albany, 1890.

As usual, Dr. Lintner produces an interesting and valuable Report, somewhat
less bulky than its predecessors. It opens with a concise review of the principal
features in Economic Entomology for the year, and the remainder consists of mono-
graphs of special insects in almost all Orders, worked out in a detailed manner.
Several of them are well known as common both to Europe and N. America, amongst
which we may mention Mypoderma bovis, Adalia bipunctata, Dermestes lardariusi
Aphis brassicce, &c. In any case these Reports are always useful to European
workers in the same field, for if the subjects treated on be not always common to
the two continents, there is usually much similarity.

Guides fob Science-Teaching ; No. viii : Insecta ; by Alpheus Hyatt and
J. M. Arms. Boston, U. S. A. : D. C. Heath & Co. 1890. Small 8vo.

This vol. of 300 pp., with copious outline illustrations, appears to be one of a
series issued under the auspices of the Boston Society of Natural History. The

82 March,

joint autliorship is explained in the introduction, Mr. Hyatt having secured the
assistance of a lady, Miss Arms. We think it will serve the useful purpose for which
it is intended, viz. : as a Guide to teachers. It is got up in the best style for such a
work, and the subjects specially taken up as points for demonstration seem suitable.
The arrangement followed is the ascending scale, and the classification is mainly that
of Brauer. Possibly, a little too much prominence is given to " specialization,"
'' development," &c. We take it that the theory of Evolution is specially upheld
as opposed to Natural Selection in this Guide. The concluding passage is good :
" Artificial ideas revenge themselves, and words become their ready instruments,
first to express what is false, and then to help in binding the mind with the con-
servative fetters of habit."

Birmingham Entomological Society : Ja«Mrtr_y 19^A, 1891.— On this evening
the First Annual Exhibition and Conversazione was held in the Library Hall of the
Medical Institute, when over one hundred friends were present, and a most enjoyable
evening spent. Among the exhibits may be mentioned the following : Mr. W. G.
Blatch showed his collection of Midland Coleoptera in ten drawers, also drawers of
Heterojytera and Aculeate Hymenoptera. Kev. C. F. Thornewill showed his col-
lection of British Butterflies. Dr. P. B. Mason showed ten drawers of Homoptera.
Mr. G. H. Kenrick, seven drawers of Butterflies collected by himself in S. America.
Mr. G. T. Baker, ten drawers of Exotic Butterflies. Eev. E. J. Nurse, drawers of
Fen and other Briti&h Lepidoptera. Mr. E. C. Bradley, his collection of Tipulidce,
in seven boxes, also Tineina. Other exhibits of Lepidoptera, &c., were shown by
Messrs. G. W. Wynn, E. C. Tye, A. H. Martineau, G. W. Abbott, J. W. Neville,
and Colbran J. Wainwright.

February 2nd, 1891. — Annual Meeting. — Mr. W. G. Blatch, F.E.S., Presi-
dent, in the Chair.

The Secretary presented the Annual Report, and the Treasurer the Financial
Statement. They were both very satisfactory, the latter showing a balance in hand.
Yotes of thanks were passed to the OfEccrs for their services during the past year,
and the following were elected for the ensuing year: President, Mr. W. G. Blatch,
F.E.S. ; Vice-President, Eev. C. F. Thornewill, B.A., F.E.S. ; Hon. Treasurer, Mr.
E. C. Bradley ; Hon. Secretary, Colbran J. Wainwright ; Librarian, Mr. A. Johnson ;
Auditors, Messrs. H. Stone, F.L.S., and A. S. Wainwright ; Messrs. P. W. Abbott
and A. H. Martineau were elected as remaining members of the Council.— Colbran
J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.

The Society meets on tlie First and Third Mondays in the Month, at the
Medical Institute, Birmingham, at 8 p.m. ; all Entomologists will be welcomed.
The Secretary will be glad to hear from gentlemen desirous of joining.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society:
January 22nd, 1891.— W. H. Tugwell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Mr. J. C. Dacie, of Putney, was elected a Member.
Mr. South exhibited specimens of what he thought to be a new species of Miana ;

1891.1 83

the examples, which had been until lately in his cabinet as M. strigUi.i, Clcrck, were
taken with others in North Devon ; Mr. South read'notes relative to his exhibit.
Mr. Tugwell remarked tliat an examination of a larger number of specimens would
be necessary before coming to any conclusion as to whether those now shown were a
new species, or only strongly divergent forms of M. strigilis. Mr. J. A. Clark, a
variety of Arctia Caia, L., in which almost all tlie white colour of superior wings
was replaced by the brown colour. Mr. Short, specimens of Polyommatus Phlceas,
approaching the variety Sc/iinidfii, Grerh. Mr. Tugwell, Hepialus velleda,Yi.h.,iro\n
Paisley, showing considerable variation in colour and size ; it was mentioned that
this species occurred at Darenth Wood and Folkestone, Kent, and at Sutton and
Boxhill, Surrey. Mr. Tutt, specimens of Miana received from Ireland, and which
he contends are intermediate between M. strigilis and M.fasciunctda. In the dis-
cussion that followed Messrs. South, Tugwell, Adkin, Fenn, Hall, and others took
part. Mr. Billups exhibited Sericomyia boreali.t, Fin., and the rarer species, S.
lappoiia, L. Chilusia (tstracea, L., Arctophila mussitans, F., Eristalis intricarius, L.,
and Volurella bumhi/^anx, L., with very dark varieties of the same, all taken in
Aberdeenshire last season. A communication from the President was read by the
Secretary.

The Treasurer submitted his balance sheet, showing a balance to the Society's
credit of £71 17s. 9d. ; the Secretary read the Council's Report for 1890, from which
it appeared that 32 Members had been elected during tlie year, making a total mem-
bership of 232. The Election of Officers was next proceeded with, and resulted as
follows : — Mr. W. H. Tugwell, President ; Mr. J. Jenner Weir, F.L.S., &c., Vice-
President ; Mr. E. Step, Hon. Treasurer ; Mr. W. West, Hon. Curator; Mr. D. J.
Rice, Hon. Librarian ; Mr. Barker and Mr. D. J. Rice, Hon. Secretaries ; Messrs.
R. Adkin, F.E.S., T. R. Billups, F.E.S., C. A. Briggs, F.E.S., J. T. Carrington,
F.L.S., C. Fenn, F.E.S., R. South, F.E.S., and J. W. Tutt, F.E.S., Council.

The meeting closed with rotes of thanks to the various Officers.

February \2th, 1891. — W. H. Tugwell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited Aplecta occulta, Jj.jhred during November and Decem-
ber last year from ova received from Forres in the previous August. The specimens
were all of a light form, the pink shades in the primaries being strongly produced
in many of them. Mr. Tugwell said there was a dai'ker shade of colour in the spe-
cimens shown than in those obtained in the south. Mr. Tugwell exhibited Melanippe
hastafa, L., from Sussex and the Shetlands, to sliow the desirability of obtaining
insects from various localities. Mr. Nussey, bred specimens of Thecla pruni, L.,
and called attention to a large specimen of the ? which had emerged from the pupa
without antennae. Mr. J. McLachlan, I'olia chi, L., dark forms of Noctua xantho-
grapha, Fb., Agrotis lucernea, L., and Aporophyla nigra. Haw., all taken at
Aberdeen. Mr. Farrant, a richly coloured specimen of tSmeriiithus lilice, L., and au
example of Epinephele hyperanthus, L., approaching the var. Arete, Mull. Mr.
Auld, a coloured drawing of a pale variety of Abraxas grossulariata, L. Mr. Bil-
lups, Tragus nova valedonicce, Montrouz., Unicodes Flchtelii, Schr.,and Cicindelidee ;
also two species of Hemiptera from the same locality, Tectocoris Banksii, Don.,
and Mictis symbolica, Don. — H. W. Bakkek, Hon. Sec.

S4 March,

Entomological Society of London: February 4th, 1891. — Frederick
Du Cane G-odman, Esq., M.xi., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The President nominated the Et. Hon. Lord Walsiiigham, M.A., F.R.S., Pro-
fessor Raphael Meklola, F.R.S., and Dr. David Sharp, F.R.S., Vice-Presidents for
the Session 1891—92.

Dr. Thomas A. Chapman, M.D., of '" Firbank," Hereford ; Mr. Horace St. John
Donnisthorpe, of " Belvedere," Crystal Palace Park Road, S.E. ; Mr. F. W. Frohawk,
of 9, Dornton Road, Balham, S.E. ; Mr. E. Ernest Q-reen, of 10, Observatory
G-ardens, Kensington, W. ; Mr. Gr. F. Hampson, B.A., of Thurnham Court, Maid-
stone ; Mr. Frederick J. Hanbury, F.L.S., of 69, Clapton Common, Upper (Jlapton,
N.E. ; and the Hon. M. Cordelia E. Leigh, of Stuneleigh Abbey, Kenilworth, were
elected Fellows of the Society.

Mr. C. J. Gahan called attention to a larva which he had exhibited at the
meeting of the Society on the 1st October last, when some doubt was expressed as
to its afSaities. He said that Prof. Riley had since suggested that the larva was
that of a Dipterous insect of the family Blepharoceridce ; he was quite of the same
opinion, and thought it might probably be referred to Hammaturrhina hella, Low, a
species from Ceylon.

Mr. Tutt exhibited a long series of Agrotis pyrophila, taken last year by Mr.
Reid, near Pitcaple, in Aberdeenshire, and remarked that this species had been
commoner than usual last year in Scotland, the Isle of Portland, and the Isle of
Man. He also exhibited long and variable series of MeJitcea Aurinia CArtemisj,
Triphana orbona, Abraxas grossulariaia, and Melanippe fluctuata, all from the
same locality in Aberdeenshire.

The Rev. Canon Fowler exhibited a cocoon of Deiopela pidchella, recently
received from Lower Burmah.

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exliibited specimens of Scyphophorus interstitialis, a
Mexican species, and Aceraius Comptoni, a Ceylon species, recently taken by Mr.
Bowring in his greenhouse. He also exhibited, on behalf of Miss Emily Sharpe, a
specimen of Daphnis hypothotm, Cramer, a native of Borneo, Java, and Ceylon,
caught some years ago at Crieff, N.B. The specimen had long been confused with
Choerocampa nerii, under which name its capture was i-ecorded in " The Entomo-
logist," xiii, p. 162 (1880).

The Rev. Dr. Walker exhibited a collection, including many species of
Orthoptera and Scorpions, recently received from Jerusalem.

Mr. Frederick Enock read an interesting paper, entitled, " The Life-IIistory of
the Hessian Fly." This paper was illustrated, by means of tlie oxy-hydrogen
lantern, with a number of photographs of original drawings showing the fly in all
its stages and transformations. Mr. G-. H. Verrall said he believed the Hessian Fly
was no more a recent introduction into this country thati the Cabbage White
Butterflies. The discussion was continued by Mr. Grodman, Mr. Enock, and others.

Mr. Roland Trimen communicated a paper, entitled, " On some recent Additions
to the List of South African Butterflies." ^

Mr. H. W. Bates communicated a paper, entitled, " Additions to the Carabideous
Fauna of Mexico, with remarks on species previously recorded."

Mr. W. F. Kirby read a paper, entitled, " Notes on the genus Xanthospilopteryx,
Wallgr."

Dr. D. Sharp contributed a paper, entitled, " On the Rhyncophorous Coleoptera
of Japan," pt. 2. — H. Goss and W. W. Fowler, Hon. ISecretaries.

i>^vti.] 85

ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH TACHINIID^.
15Y R. U. MEADE.

The British Tnchiniidcn are very little known, comparatively few
species having been properly identified, or described, in any English
work ; and the Family has excited little interest among British
Dipterists. For the purpose of drawing attention ' to them, and to
facilitate their study, I shall endeavour to arrange them into genera,
and to name and briefly define as many species as I have been able to
find or identify. The list, I fear, will be very imperfect, but it can be
filled up by others. I shall only include those species which may be
vailed true Tachinids, and are comprised in the sub-family of TacTiinince
<if Mr. Verrall's list.

These flies, which are parasitical upon other insects, especially
upon Lepidoptera, belong to the most highly developed group of the
Miiscidce, having strong wings, large scales (aJuIefs), and often wide
oval bodies.

The general characters of the family are the following : — The
species are mostly armed with numerous strong spines and bristles.
The eyes are more or less widely separated in both sexes, those of the
male, however, being usually nearer together than those of the female.
The frontal space {frontalia) is bordered with strong bristles {fronfo-
orbitaJ), which are generally arranged in a single row on each side in
the males, and in a double row in the females. The arista is mostly
bare, with the basal half more or less thickened ; it is composed of
three joints, of which the first two are generally very short, and the
third very long ; but sometimes the second is more or less elongated,
and becomes in some instances nearly or quite as long as the third.
The antennae vary much in length ; the first joint is usually very short,
the second is sometimes (in one genus onlj^) loiiger than the third,
occasionally of equal length with it, but generally much shorter. The
sides of the epistome are usually furnished with long and strong
vibrissa?, and the Jacialia (edges of the facial space containing the
antenna;) are often ciliated for a longer or shorter part of their length.
The cheeks {wangen, Sch., mediana, Dsv., the spaces between the
facialia and the eyes) are sometimes clothed with soft hairs or bristles,
and the chin (backen, Sch., lateralia, Dsv., the bottom of the face
below the cheek and eyes) is also often ciliated. The back and sides
of the thorax are furnished with rows of numerous spines, and the
abdominal segments are also usually armed with strong setae on their
posterior edges, as well as in some species in the middle or disc. The

u

86 [MarcL,

legs are also provided with numerous spines, which are arranged in
different manners. The wings have the first posterior cell more or
less closely contracted and sometimes closed at the end, where it joins
the costa, by the apical cross vein, which is formed by the bending
upwards of the fourth longitudinal vein.

It is chiefly by variation in the above characters that the genera
and species are distinguished from each other ; and the formation of
genera has been found so diiEcult, owing to the impossibility of de-
ciding between generic and specific characters, that some authors have
given up generic division of the Family altogether. This, however,
has been found so inconvenient, that some artificial arrangement, with
the adoption of generic names, is absolutely necessary. I have,
therefore, drawn up an analytical table of genera, taking the charac-
tei'S from Macquart, Schiner, Rondani, and others, which I will insert
before commencing the diagnosis of species.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1 (70) First posterior wing cell open at the end.*

2 (23) Arista with the second joint elongated.

3 (12) Arista straight ; the second joint much shorter than the third.

1 (11) Antennae with the second joint elongated.

5 (6) Antennae with the second joint longer than the third ..

1. EcHiNOMTiA, Dinner.

8 (5) Antennce with the second joint shorter than the third.

7 (8) Palpi rudimentary 2. MiCEOPALPUS, Mcq.

8 (7) Palpi normal.

It (10) Proboscis Tery long, straight, and slender 3. Aphria, Dsv.

10 (9) Proboscis rather long, but thick ; fronto-orbital bristles in a double row

in both sexes 4- Demoticus, Mcq.

11 (-i) Antenna; with the second joint short.

12 (3) Arista geniculated ; the second joint nearly or quite as long as the third.

13 (16) Head wide and swollen.

14 (15) Cheeks tumid, facial angle nearly straight 5. Gonia, Mgn.

15 (14) Cheeks not tumid, facial angle inclined backwards... 6. Germaria, Dst.

16 (13) Head neither wide nor swollen.

17 (18) Proboscis long, slender, and twice elbowed 7. SiPHONA, Mgn.

18 (17) Proboscis of the ordinary shape.

19 Wing-veins setigerous.

20 (21) Fourth longitudinal vein bent in a curve to form the apical cross vein ;

abdominal segments without discal eeta 8. Thryptoceba, Mcq.

21 (20) Fourth longitudinal vein bent at an angle; abdominal segments with

discal setffi 9. Bigonichkta, End.

* In some genera the aperture in certain species is very small, or even quite closed.

1891.]

87

Apical cross vein deficient .10. AcxiA, Dsv.

Arista with the second joint short.*

Facial edges (farialia) unarmed, or ciliated only along their lower part.

External {discal) cross vein extremely oblique 11. Plagia, Mgn.

External cross vein straight or only moderately oblique.
Eyes hairy.

Third joint of the antennse not more than twice the length of the second,
and often less.

Colour bright gold-green 12. Gtmnocheta, Dsv.

Colour generally black or grey.f
Eyes of the male subcontiguous.

Arista pubescent 13. Macquaetia, Dsv.

Arista bare 14. Polidea, Mcq.

Eyes of the male more or less widely separated.
Abdomen wide and oval.

Eyes much shorter than the face 15. Nemor^a, Dsv.

Eyes prolonged to near the bottom of the face.

Cheeks hairy ; abdominal segments without discal setse .

16. Chetoliga, End.

Cheeks bare ; abdominal segments with setse on the disc...

17. Nemoeilia, End.
Abdomen oblong.

Colour grey and red 18. Olitieeia, Dsv.

Colour shining black without red 19. Zophomyia, Mcq.

Third joint of the antennse always twice (or more than twice) the length

of the second.
Third joint of antennae very convex in front... 20. Epicampocera, Mcq.

Third joint of antennse nearly straight in front 21. Exoeista, Mgn.

Eyes bare.

Third joint of the antennae not more (and often less) than twice the length

of the second.

Second joint of antennse somewhat prolonged 22. Tachina, F.

Second joint of antennse not prolonged.

Forehead prominent ; arista pubescent at the base, cheeks ciliated...

23. Brachycoma, Dsv.

52) Head wide and swollen, arista and cheeks bare...

24. MiLTOGEAMMA, Mgn.

Head neither wide nor swollen.

Antennse with the third joint short and round 25. Trixa, Mgn.

Antennse with the third joint oblong.
57) Abdomen subglobose 26. Clytia, Dsv.

* In some species it is slightly prolonged, in others it can scarcely be distinguished from the
first joint.

t In some species the colour may be metallic-blue or seneous, but never bright green

88 [March, 1891.

56 (55) (57) Abdomen rather flattened 27. Maceonychia, Rnd.

57(55) (56) Abdomen slender and oblong 28. Mtobia, Dsv.

58 (47) Third joint of antennae always more than twice the length of the second.

59 (60) Apical cross vein deficient 29. Rceselia, Dsv.

60 (59) Apical cross vein present.

61 (62) Abdomen conical and mostly spotted 30. Meigenia, Dsv.*

62(61)(63) Abdomen oval and not spotted 31. Masiceea, Mcq. •

63(64) (61) Abdomen oblong and nari'ow, colour black ... 32. Hypostena, Mgn.

64 (63) Colour ocliraceous ..33. Leskia, Dsv.

65 (24) Facialia ciliated along their whole, or nearly their whole, length.

66 (69) Eyes bare.

67 (68) Forehead glistening white ......34. Metopia, Mgn.

6S (67) Forehead not white 35. Frontina, Mgn.

69 (66) Eyes hairy.

70 (1) First posterior wing-cell closed at (or before) the end (stalked or unstalked).

71 (74) Facialia ciliated.

72 (84) Eyes bare.

73 First posterior wing-cell closed at the end 37. Baumhaueeia, Mgn. ,

74 (71) Facialia bare.

75 (76) First posterior wing-cell with a short stalk 38. Clista, Mgn.

76 (75) Cell with a long stalk.

77 (78) Cheeks hairy 39. Rhinophora, Dsv.

78 (77) Cheeks bare.

79 (80) Antennfe with the third joint fully twice as long as tlie second...

40. ScoPOLiA, Dsv.

80 (79) Antennae with the third joint only a little longer than the second.

81(82&83) The outer and inner cross veins near together 41. Plesina, Mgn.

82(81&83) Tlie outer cross vein midway between the inner one and the angle of the

fourth longitudinal vein 42. Leucostoma, Mgn.

83(81&82) The outer cross vein nearer to the angle of the fourth longitudinal than

to the inner cross vein 43. Phyto, Dsv.

SI (72) Eyes hairy.

85 (86) First posterior wing-cell with a very short stalk ...44. Teyphera, Mgn.

86 (85) Cell with a long stalk 45. Loewia, Egg.

1.— ECHINOMYIA, Dume'ril.
Servilia, pt., Dsv.
Fahricia, pt., Dsv.
Gen. ch. —Eyes bare ; facialia unarmed ; epistome pi'ominent ;
antcniiie long and drooping, with the third joint wide, and shorter
than the narrow prolonged second joint ; arista bare, vvith both the

* Some species in this genus have the eyes hairy.

April, ISf'l. 1 89

first and accond joints somewhat elongated, the first being, however,
much shorter than the second, which again is three or four times
shorter than the third ; body large, with a wide oval abdomen, furnished
with numerous hairs and bristles ; fore tarsi dilated in the female, in
which sex the frontalia are wnder than in the male, and have a double
instead of a single row of fronto-orhital setae on each side.

1 (8) Abdomen armed with bristles, but not clothed with soft hair.

2 (7) Palpi filiform.

3 (4) Abdomen subglobose and black 1. grossa, Jj.

4 (3) Abdomen oval and ferruginous.

5 (6) Antennte rufous 2. fera,Tj.

6 (5) Antennae nigrescent 3. tessellata, F.

7 (2) Palpi clavate (faljricia,Dsv.) 4. /eroa?, Pz.

8 (1) Abdomen clotlied with soft hairs as well as armed with bristles (servillia,

Desv.).

9 (10) Abdomen with the sides red 5. lurida,¥.

10 (9) Abdomen with the sides not red 6. ursina, Mgn.

E. GROSSA, L.
This handsome fly, the largest of the British Muscids, has the thorax, abdomen
and legs black. The face is yellow, and the cheeks, chin and all the back of the head
are clothed with yellow hairs. The first and second joints of the antennae are rufous,
the third is black, rather small, and not quite half so long as the secoud. It is not
common, and has been bred from cocoons of Bomhyx trifolii.

E. FERA, L.
This species varies a good deal, but it is characterized by the thorax being
black, with testaceous shoulders and sides ; by the abdomen being yellow and pellucid,
marked with a wide, longitudinal, dorsal black stripe ; by the face being yellow, and
the head clothed with yellow hairs ; by the antennse having the first two joints
rufous, and the third black, which is about half the length of the second ; by the
legs (including the tarsi) being wliolly yellow in (he female, but having the basal
lialves of the femora black in tlie male. This is tlie most common species in the
genus, and has been bred from the cocoons of several moths.

E TESSELLATA, F.
This species differs from IS.fera by having the dorsal stripe on the abdomen
narrower, and sometimes interrupted; by the thorax being grey ratlier than black,
with the front and sides pale, and with indistinct dorsal stripes ; by the face being
white, and the hairs on tlie occiput, &c., pale yellow; by the legs being black or
piceous ; and tlie antonuie black or grey, with the second joint rufous at its extremity.
The third joint i.s wide and large, and only about one-third shorter than the second.
Tliis species is rare.

E. FEROX, Panz.

This species is very t^iuiilar in form and colom- to the last. lis cliaractoristic

I

90 [April,

feature is the dilatation of the ends of the palpi, which are thick and clavate. The
thorax and legs are black ; the abdomen is rufous, with a wide sinuous (sometimes
interrupted) dorsal black stripe, which is dilated, and covers the end of the last
segment. The antennre are black and rather short, the last joint being about two-
thirds of the length of the second. This is also rare.

E. LUEIDA, F.

In this and the following species the whole body is clothed with soft hairs, in
addition to spines and bristles ; the frontalia are also furnished with numerous soft
hairs besides the ordinary bristles, which are weaker than usual, and very irregularly
arranged ; the hairs also extend down to the cheeks. In IS. lurida the clothing on
the abdomen is bright golden-yellow, beneath wliich the skin is black and shining ;
the sides of the abdomen are more or less widely marked with red. The antennsB
have tlie first two joints piceous or testaceous, and the thii'd (which is very little
shorter than the second) black. The legs are testaceous, the femora being more or
less nigrescent. This species is not common. I received one some years ago from
Mr. Dale, captured, I believe, in Dorsetshire ; it has been bred from the pupse of
Cucullia verbasci.

E. URSiNA, Mgn.

Tliis is larger than the former, being 6 lines (about 12 mm.) in length. It re-
sembles E. lurida in general characters, but differs by having the abdomen almost
entirely black, it being only slightly testaceous on the sides of the basal segments ;
the hairs on the abdomen are also less yellow, but wliitish, and mixed with black ;
the cheeks have also more black hairs upon them than in E. lurida, in which they
are mostly pale yellow, though mixed with black bristles ; the antennae also have the
second joint rather longer than in E. lurida. This species is rare.

2.— MICKOPALPUS, Mcq.
Gen. cli. — Body oblong ; eyes hairy ; antennae drooping, with the
second joint narrow, elongated, and generally only a little shorter than
the third, which is widened and truncated at the end ; arista with the
second joint more or less elongated, bnt always four or five times
shorter than the third ; proboscis rather long and projecting, dilated
at the end ; palpi very small and short (quite rudimentary), and ter-
minating in a little bristle ; wings with a cubital appendix. The
female has the frontalia wider than in the male, and armed with a
double row of fronto-orbital bristles,* and also has the fore tarsal
joints dilated as in the genus Echinomtjia. The flies in this genus
resemble those in the former one in their general habit, but are
smaller and feebler in organization.

1 (2) Legs rufescent 1. vulpinus, F\v\.

2 (1) Legs nigrescent.

3 (4) Chin bare «. 2 fulgens,Mgvi.

4 (3) Chin hairy .. ..3. h(Bmorrhoidalis,^\x\.

* As these bristles ars usually in a single row in the male, and in a double row in the female,
1 shall only mention them again when they depart from this rule.

isjii.j 91

M. vuLPiNUs, Fin.

Tliorax black, covered with white tomeiitum, and marked with four longitudinal
black stripes ; shoulders and sides yellow ; scutellum yellow ; abdomen rufous, with
a wide longitudinal black dorsal stripe, which does not reach the apex, and with
white tessellations, assuming the form of irregular broken transverse bands on the
sides ; cheeks bare ; chin with a few soft haii's, but no bristles ; legs testaceous, with
the knees and tarsi nigrescent. Not rare ; has been bred by Mr. F. Norgate from
Sphecia bembeciformis.

M. FULGENS, Mgn.

This species differs from the former by having the chin quite bare ; the legs

nearly black ; and the abdomen with the dorsal black stripe rather indistinct ; so

that it appears to be tessellated or variegated all over with red and white patches.

Rare.

M. HJEMORRKOIDALIS, Fin.

This may be distinguished from both the other species by the chin being fur-
nished with both hairs and bristles ; by the antennae having the second joint only
half the length of the third ; by the abdomen being black with red sides, and white
tessellation, as well as having the anal segments red in both sexes ; and by the legs
being black, with the tibiae partly testaceous. This species has not yet been recorded
as British, but I possess one specimen which I obtained many years ago from the
late Mr. F. Walker, with other British flies, and it is so common in Germany and
Scandinavia that I think it may be safely recorded as indigenous.

3.— APHRIA, Desv.

Gen. ch. — Eyes bare ; face rather oblique ; facialia unarmed ;
antemije drooping, second joint rather long, only a little shorter than
the third joint in, the male, and subequal with it in the female ; arista
with the second joint elongated, it being about one-fifth of the length
of the third ; proboscis long, narrow, pointed, and projecting hori-
zontally forwards ; fourth longitudinal vein bent upwards in a curve;
third longitudinal vein setigerous.

A. LONGIROSTRIS, Mgn.

This (the only British species) is whitish-grey ; the thorax is marked by four
fine longitudinal black lines ; the scutellum is grey ; the abdomen is also cinereous,
with the first segment black, and having a black band on the posterior edges of the
other segments ; the second and third and sometimes the base of the fourth rings
are rufous on the sides ; the froutalia and palpi are testaceous, the latter having
black tips in the male, according to Macquart. Tliis rare Tachinid is in Mr. C. W.
Dale's collection.

4.— DEMOTICUS, Mcq.

Oen. ch. — Eyes bare ; frontalia wide, and armed with a double
row of orbito-frontai bristles in both sexes ;* facialia unarmed ; cheeks
and chin bare ; antennse reaching the epistome, which is somewhat

This only appUes to the fir.st and typical species.

V -i

92 t^i"'!'

prominent ; second antennal joint a little elongated, but two or three
times shorter than the third ; arista with the second joint more or less
prolonged ; wings with the veins setigerous.

1 (2) Arista with the second joint a good deal elongated ; third longitudinal

vein armed with bristles at the base 1. plebejus, Fin.

2 (1) Arista with the second joint yery little prolonged ; second, third, and

fourth longitudinal veins all setigerous 2. frontatus, Bohem.

D. PLEBEJUS, Fin.
Thorax light bluish-grey, with four indistinct black stripes, the central ones
very narrow ; scutellum grey ; abdomen cinereous, with a broad irregular black band
on the posterior margin of each segment ; the second and third segments mostly
red on the sides ; orbito-frontal bristles in a double row in both sexes ; antennae
black or brown ; arista with the second joint about one-fourth of the length of the
third J palpi red ; wings with the third longitudinal vein armed with a few setae
near the base ; legs black, with tibite piceous. This rare species was captured by
Mr. C. W. Dale, at Freshwater, I. of W., in June, 1880.

D. FRONTATUS, Eohem.

This species resembles the former in general form and colour, being only of
rather a more yellow-grey ; it differs, however, by having the eyes much nearer
together in the male than in the female, and by the frontalia having only a single
row of bristles on each side in the former sex ; the two first joints of the antennae
are also testaceous, and the arista has the second joint very short, and the third
thickened along its basal third ; the palpi are black ; the proboscis is much longer
than in Z). plebejus, also narrow, pointed, and projecting forwards; the abdomen is
rather lighter in colour than in D. plebejus, marked by irregular black bands and
reflections, and has the sides of the segments red and translucent ; the wings have
the first (auxiliary branch), third, and fifth veins setigerous ; and the tibiae are darker
in colour than in D. plebejus. This species, which is not uncommon, is quite
aberrant, and miglit be placed in the genus Aphria as well as in Demoticus, the
proboscis being narrow and somewhat elongated, and the fronto-orbital bristles in a
single row only in the male. Zetterstedt and Boheman seem only to have known
the female, and Scliiner does not allude to any difference between the sexes. I have
captured tliis fly in different parts of England.

5.— GONIA, Mgn.
Gen. ch. — Body ovato-oblong ; head very wide and tumid ; eyes
bare, small, and very widely separated, in both sexes ; frontalia broad
and ciliated, with a number of rather fine bristles arranged irregularly
in several rows in both male and female ; cheeks and mentum swollen,
and more or less hairy ; antenna; long and narrow, with the third
joint much longer than the second, ca[)ecially in the male ; arista bent
u])vvards in the middle, and having tlie second joint much elongated,
it Ix'ing in sonic species rather longer, and in others rather shorter,

1891.] 93

than the third ; abdomen without seta? on the disc or middle of the
segments ; feet with the claws and pads (pulvilli) very small ; the
males are rather difficult to discriminate from the females.

1 (2) (3) Abdomen quite black 1. ForsteriyM gn.

2 (1) (3) Abdomen black, with narrow white bands 2. fasciata, Mgn.

3 (1) (2) Abdomen red, with a dorsal black stripe.

4 (5) Face dull, without glittering reflections 3. divisa, Mgn.

5 (4) Face with white or yellow glittering reflections.

6 (9) Abdominal dorsal stripe narrow.

7 (8) Fourth abdominal segment black 4. capiiatajDe Greer.

8 (7) Fourth segment red 5. trifar-ia, ZeWer.

9 (6) Abdominal dorsal stripe wide.

10 (11) Fourth abdominal segment only black 6. latei-alis, ZeWer.

11 (10) Third and fourth segments black 7. ornata, Mgn.

Gr. FOESTEEI, Mgn.
This fine species, usually the largest in the genus, has the head reddish-yellow,
■with silvery reflections ; the antennae have the basal joints testaceous, and the third
black or grey ; the second joint of the arista is a little curved and rather longer than
the third ; the palpi are yellow ; the cheeks and chin are almost bare ; the thorax is
rusty-black, and indistinctly striped ; the scutellum is brownish-yellow ; the abdo-
men is shining blue-black, without any white bands or reflections ; the legs are
black, or nearly black, in this, as well as in all the other species in the genus. Bare.

Gr. FASCIATA, Mgn.

rii/iceps, Wlk.
This species is very similar to G. Forsteri, but is usually smaller, and has the
shining black abdomen marked with narrow white bands on the front edges of the
segments ; the thorax is also rather more distinctly striped, and the cheeks are more
hairy. Not common.

G. DIVISA, Mgn.

This species differs from all the others by having the frontalia and cheeks of
rather a dull yellow colour, without gloss or glitter ; the cheeks are thickly covered
with hair, the abdomen is of a transparent red colour, marked with a broad, dorsal,
black, longitudinal stripe, and with very narrow transverse white bands, which are
often indistinct. Rare.

G. CAPiTATA, De Geer, Zett., End., non Mgn.
Three distinct species have been mixed together under this name, viz. : G.
capitata, G. lateralis, and G. ornata, so it is rather difficult to determine which is
the one named by De Greer ; upon reference, however, to his figure of this fly, I find
that it gives (though rude) a very characteristic delineation of a female specimen, as
described by Zetterstedt and Rondani ; therefore, I shall adopt their diagnosis.
Head, with frontalia, rather wider in the female than in the male ; face glistening
with yellowish-white reflections ; cheeks nearly bare ; antennse with the basal joints
testaceous, the third joints black or grey, and about four times the length of the
second in the male, and only about twice in the female ; arista with the second joint

94 Al"i'-

rather shorter than the third ; thorax much the same as in G. Forderi ; abdomen
reddish-yellow, with a black longitudinal dorsal stripe, narrow in both sexes over the
two first segments, being not wider than the space between the two central setse on
the edge of the second segment. In the male it continues of the same width to near
the bottom of the third ring, where it spreads ont and covers tin; fourth segment.
In the female (whose abdomen is shorter and rounder) the black stripe is dilated,
and covers the middle of the dorsum of the third segment, as well as the fourth
segment, leaving the sides of the third, and a little of those of the fourth, however,
always red. The bases of the third and fourth segments are encircled by a wide
white band, and the base of the second also by s narrow one. Not common.

G. Ti^iFAEiA, Zeller.

The males of this species very closely resemble those of G. capitata, but differ
in the following particulars. The abdomen is more translucent, and the narrow
longitudinal black band extends of the same width to the apex, leaving the fourth
segment red on the sides like the others ; the circular vrhite bands are also very
narrow on the edges of both the second and third segments, but form a wide white
patch on the sides of the fourth. I do not know the female of this species. In
Miss Prescott Decie's collection, and also in that of Mr. Billups, the latter specimen
was captured at Dulwich.

G. LATEEALis, Zeller, Zett., End.

This species differs from G. capitata by having the abdominal stripe twice as
wide, and not straight on the sides ; it is dilated at the top over the first segment,
and a little again on each side opposite the junction of the second and third seg-
ments, finally spreading out and covering the whole of the last ; the sides of the
third segment are entirely red, as in G. capitata, which this species closely resembles,
except by the width and shape of the abdominal stripe, and, as pointed out by
Rondani, by the middle setse on the border of the third segment of the abdomen
being placed a little more forward than the others in the same row, so that they are
placed on the disc, and not on the edge. This is not an uncommon species, I have
received several from Mr. Bridgman, captured in Norfolk, and Mr. Bignell sent me
one some years ago, which he had bred from a Lepidopteron.

G. ORNATA, Mgn.
This species differs from G. lateralis, by having the thorax usually more dis-
tinctly striped by four black bands, and having the abdominal dorsal broad stripe
still wider (in the male), straight on the sides, and only continued to the base of
the third segment, when it expands and covers the whole of that ring (except a
small patch on the side), as well as all the fourth segment. The white transverse
fascia is rather wider upon the fourth segment than upon either of the others, but
that upon tlie second is the narrowest. Not rare, I have received specimens from
Mr. C. W. Dale, and also from Mr. Bridgman.

Note. — In the generic table the genus Degreria, Mgn., was
omitted altogether, as well as the name of the genus I'horocern, Dsv.
They should stand thus when inserted, viz. : —

68 (G7) Forehead not white ; fourth longitudinal vein bent at an angle ..

35. Frontina, Mgn.
68a((;8) Fourth longitudinal vein bent in a curve 35a. Degeeeia, Mgn.

69 (66) Ej'cs hairy 36. Phoeocera, Dsv.

CTo be continued.) l^->^^

95

NOTES ON SOME BRITISH AND EXOTIC COCCIDjE (No. 20).

BY J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S.

Plate I.

Lecanium nigettm.
Lecanium nigrum, Nietner, Enemies of Coffee Tree, p. 9 (18G1) ; E. T. Atkinson,
Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, vol. Iv, p. 284 (1880) ; E. Ernest Green, Indian
Museum Notes, vol. i, p. 117, pi. vii, figs, a—k (1889).
$ adult. Scale long-oval, a little narrowed and produced in front, brown-black,
or black, smootli, shining, arcuate lengthwise, gibbous in the middle, slightly and
very briefly carinate on the marginal area in front, on each
side of the median portion a row of small fovese (some-
times wanting), margin not produced, the sides next to
it punctured. Under the microscope the whole surface
is seen to be covered with tesselation of closely approxi-
mate, small, yellow dots and punctures. The scales full
of pink eggs and larvse of ordinary form. Antennae of 3
joints (fig. 1 in margin) ; the first two broad, short,
equal in length ; 3rd longest of all ; 4th and 5th equal,
each half the length of 3rd ; 6th and 7th equal, shorter
than 4th and 5th ; 8th gradate, pointed, as long as 6th
and 7th together (in some specimens it is constricted and
simulates two joints), with five or six long hairs, one of
them (apical) much the longest ; the other joints, except
3rd and 4th, with one or two hairs each. Legs (fig. 2 in
Fig. 1. l"'ig. 2. margin) long, slender ; coxae with one very short hair;

trochanters with one very long hair ; femora with two very short hairs near the
apex ; tibiae and tarsi in length subequal, their articulation distinct ; digitulcs of
tibiae fine, ordinary ; those of the claw long, broad, much dilated at base and apex
as figured, less so in exceptional examples. Length, 3"5 — 4 mm.

On stems and midribs of the under-side of leaves of Justicia
MacdonaJcli, received bj Mr. S. J. Mclntire from the Botanic Gardens,
George Town, Demerara, kindly forwarded to me on May 28th, 1889,
and, subsequently, a greater number of empty scales on small stems
of Comhretum Avhhtii. These agree fairly well with INIr. Atkinson's
scanty description (/. c.) and Mr. (jreen's figures {I.e.) of the ? scales
of L. nigrum ; and they are identical with ? scales of that species
sent to me in 1888 fi*om Ceylon by Mr. Green, who states that they
are numerous on and injurious to coffee trees, Cinchona and Oroton.
In the plate quoted he also figures the larva, the male and its scale,
but no mention is made by either author of the antennae and legs of
the female, of which particulars are now supplied. The scales from
Demerara, in nearly every instance, had been attacked by paras-ites,
which had caused the antenna? and legs to be at least partially mal-

90 Ur'ii,

formed ; fig. 1 on the plate represents an antenna of this character,
the true condition is shown in the margin ahove.

The species belongs to Signoret's 4th section of the genus, which
includes L. hihernncidorum, cojfece, hemisplitericum, &c.

One of the stems of Combretum was closely covered with a tough,
silky web which a Lepidopterous larva had formed over the adherent
scales of Lecania ; it had probably fed on the bodies of the insects,
for the scales were reduced to small fragments. In a cocoon of the
silky material was a pupa, but it was dead. Is this another cocco-
phagous species ? {cf. Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xxiv, p. 225).

Lecanium distinouesbum, n. sp.

? adult. Oval, slightly attenuated and pointed posteriorly, the form frequently
irregular and the size less than the dimensions given below ; convex, smooth, shining,
brown, indistinctly and irregularly mottled with whitish ; ultimately a median lon-
gitudinal carina is developed on the abdominal portion, with three or four deep foveae

on each side of it. Legs and antennae atrophied.

Length, 5, breadth, 3, height, 2'5 mm.

In the immature state, that is just before oviposition, broad-oval, flat-convex,
light reddish, a transverse line on the first third, a large median blotch posterior to
it, and a long blotch on each side of this, white. Antennte (fig. 4a) of 7 joints, taper-
ing ; Ist short and wide ; 2nd shorter ; 3rd very long, nearly as long as 4-7 together ;
4th and 5th much shorter, subequal ; 6th about the same ; 7th a trifle longer than
6th, with a few stiff hairs at apes ; the 3rd, 4th and 5th deeply notched on inner
side. Legs (fig. 4b), tibiaj but little longer than tarsi, the latter with two long, and
claws with two short, digitules. In a few days the scales collapsed, the colour became
red-brown, and the light markings disappeared; yet the bodies were full of un-
extruded eggs. In a still earlier stage the form of the scale is more regularly and
narrower oval, almost pointed at each end.

(J adult. Scale white, glassy, of the ordinary Lecanium form. The imago of
the ordinary character, bright pieeous ; wings pale, the apical half of the costa
carmine. Legs fuscous, hairy. Antennte (fig. 4c) of 10 joints, with sliort, stiff, pale
hairs, on the last joint three of the apical ones clubbed. Length, lo mm.

Larva ochreous ; antennae of 6 joints ; the 3rd, -1th, 5th and 6th with one
specially long hair, the 6th also with one more very much longer than any on it or
the other joints ; the tarsi and claws with the usual digitules.

A pale median dorsal blotch is usually to be seen on the young $ scales of
several species of Lecanium, e. g., L. pyri, Schrk., L. tiliis, Linn., L. variegatum,
Goethe, &c., but I have not observed the other pale markings herein noted, nor seen
them described, in any other species except L. fuscum. Yet, as I regard such
evanescent markings as incidents and signs of immaturity, some or all of them may
be of general occurrence, but not noticed, because the scales are not observed in the
young state.

Found at Delamere Forest gregarious on last year's shoots of
J^accinium ini/rfil/ics by Mr. E. Newstead, of Chester, from whom I

1891.] 97

received specimens of the (^ , and of the ? in different stages of de-
velopment. He also sent drawings, now reproduced, and tbe following
particulars : —

" On April 24th, 1890, in a sheltered portion of Delamere Forest, Cheshire, I
found, on three or four plants of Vaccinium myrtillus, a quantity of both $ and ?
scales (the latter immature) of this species. The males began to emerge on May 5th,
and continued to do so for several days. I found males in the open air about the
middle of May; they were very skittisli, frequently taking short flights ; they lived
for several days, but did not readily copulate in confinement.

"Although I have searched the Vaccinium in many parts of the Foi'est I have
failed to find another colony of this species, and as there are so many acres of
Vaccinium it veas merely by chance that I discovered the only known locality for the
insects."

The adult ? scales when found some weeks afterwards were full
of larvae, but the mother insects had become entirely shrivelled, and
could not be restored by boiling in caustic potash ; thus it was fortu-
nate the antennae and legs had been obtained previously from younger
forms ; and this may give a serviceable hint for procedure with other
species in future.

Kaltenbach, in his " Pflanzenfeinde," p. 420, has described a
Lecaniuin vaccinii, but, as Signoret has stated (Ess. Cochen., p. 466),
the description shows that it was no Lecanitim, but a Chionaspis, so it
does not count here. Goethe, in the " Jahrbuch d. nassauischen
Yerein fiir Naturkunde," 1884, p. 125, described, far too briefly, Le-
caniuin vaccinii macrocarpum found on the small prickles of the
American bilberry in the Botanic Garden at Karlsruhe. The ? scale
is said to be " very small, light brown, and before impregnation is
strongly fringed, with eye-points between the antennae, which latter
have small knobbed hairs. The ^ was not seen." Such an imperfect
description would not identify any species with precision, but it in no
way points to our present species. No other Lecanium has been re-
corded as having been found on Vaccinium, and L. distinguendum
appears not to have been obtained on any other plant, and to be
undescribed.

In one of the $ scales of L. distinfjiiendum, besides a number of
living larvae, was a single white pupa of a Hymenopterous parasite
which occupied a large portion of the space ; the presence of the
larvae showed that the parasite had attained its full development as a
larva without destroying all the eggs of the Lecanium. This, when
perfect, and one or two of other parasites issuing from these scales, I
sent to Mr. L. O. Howard, Assistant Entomologist of the United
States Department of Agriculture, Washington, who writes : —

98 IM-'nl

" Tlie single specimen is a new species of tlie genus Encyrtus. Many species of
Encyrtus have been described from Europe, but this seems to differ from all. It
comes closest to Encyrtus lineola, Mayr, but is separated by distinct characters. The
other specimens were a Pachyneuron (of the same species as the two from Lecanium
fuscum), which I cannot determine specifically."

Early in August Mr. Newstead found among some scales of L.
distinguendum that he had collected two Rhyncophorous beetles, Bra-
chytarsus varius, F., which species, as well as B. scahrosus, F., are well
known to feed, when in the larva state, on various Coccidce. .Among
other authors Dalman (K. Vetensk. Acad. Handl., f. 1S25, p. 3G8),
writing of his Coccus cypraeohi^ says : —

" Besides several species of Pteromalince which infest this Coccid, anothernoxious
parasite is found in it, viz., Anthribus varius, as I have often had occasion to observe.
I have also since found in another Coccus a rarer species of Anthribus — A. scabrosus.
These two species appear to form a true gei\us distinct from Anthribus."

PULVINAEIA BETUL^.

Coccus betulcB, Linn., F. S., 1017 ; S. N., 740, 7. Fab., Sp. Ins., 394, 8 ; Mantiss.,
ii, 319, 10 ; Ent. Syst., iv, 226, 12 ; Syst. Rhyng., 308. Modeer, Act. G-oth.,
i, 23, 16 ; Gmel., Syst. Nat., i, 4, 2216, 7. De Villers, 560, 5. Puhinaria
betulce, Sign., Ess. Cochen., p. 207.
9 adult. Scale broad, obcordate, nearly as broad as long, slightly convex,
shining, dark piceous-brown, the marginal area broadly (band-form) rufo-testaceous
(this coloration probably not constant) ; the disc scarcely punctate, but with two
or three slight transverse ridges ; the marginal band ■with several very slight equi-
distant transverse lines ; the posterior edge widely but shallowly emarginate, the
sides of the notch divergently rounded off from the narrow, close, rather long anal
cleft ; the white cottony ovisac ample, raising the scale, extending a little beyond
it at the sides and very much behind. Antennae of 8 joints (fig. oa) ; Ist very broad,
short, with a few hairs ; 2nd not so thick, a little longei* ; the rest more slender ; 3rd
longest of all, with one hair ; 4th and 5th much shorter, subequal, each with one
hair ; 6th and 7th still shorter, subequal, with one or two hairs ; 8th about the same
length, pointed, sides gradate, with several long hairs, of which one (apical) is longer
than the others. Legs stout (fig. 5b) ; tibiae with two hairs near the apex ; tarsi
obtuse at apex, more than half the length of tibiae, with two long finely capitate
digitules ; claw long, strong, with two shorter digitules dilated at the extremity.

Length, 5, breadth, 5 mm.

Described from one of two examples found on birch trees (Betula
alba) at Delamere Forest, July 20th, 1890, by Mr. R. New^stead, who
has kindly furnished the figures.

Signoret (Z. e.) cites the authorities given above, and describes
Pulvinaria hetulcB as the Coccns heiulce of Lmne, but he gives only the
characters of the ? scale, thus : —

" In the most advanced state this species much resembles P. vitis, which, for
the sake of comparison, we take as the type of the genus. It is almost as long as

broad, rugose, of a dark brown colour and covered, especially on the median line,
with small greyish tubercles of an elongate form, •which are composed of a secretion
soluble in ether. The anal emargination is very wide."

This agrees fairly well with the specimen before me except as to
the tubercles, wliich do not exist ; they probably pertain only to the
young immature form, and are the same as designated by Modeer in
his account of that stage of growth as " ogon " (eyes, buds, pips,
points) ; or it may be that my specimen is abnormal, and the absence
of tubercles has been caused by the enervating influence of the para-
sites that had evidently affected the insect ; but as the other characters
differ but very little, and only one species of PuJcinaria has been
obtained from the birch, I conclude that this is the same as Signoret's.
He gives no particulars of antennje or legs of the adult, but only the
characters of the larva. The male is unknown.

Linne, in the " Fauna Suecica " (J. c.) describes his Coccus hetulcs
very briefly, thus : —

" Habitat in Betiila alba ramorum divaricationibus solitarius," and he adds
nothing in the subsequent " Systema Naturae."

Pabricius and J3e Villers merely refer to Linne. Gmelin, in his
edition of the " Systema Naturae," has : —

" Habitat in Europse Betula alba, teres, spadiceus."
Modeer has :—

" Bjork Fiistflyet (Betula alba), $ scale oval, cut out posteriorly, dark red-
brown ; when young pale rust-colour, with dark points.

" Found in angles of twigs of birch. Somewhat larger than a pea. Lays in the
beginning of June a considerable quantity of eggs in a conspicuous white cottony
nest, which becomes so much extended that the scale is raised up on it from behind
perpendicular."

There is no reference to Linne, so that even with this description
by Modeer (whose work, by the way, Signoret says \l. c. p. 5] he had
not " analyzed ") the identification of the Coccus hetulce of Linne was
by its habitat on the birch, and by repute, more than by description ;
but Modeer's description points undoubtedly to a Pulvinaria, and
Signoret's species appears to be the same ; and so, in default of any-
thing to the contrary, rather than by positive facts, the species described
by these authors may be accepted as the Coccus hetulce, Linn.

Its recognition as a British species rests on the works of the
authors quoted by Stephens in his " Catalogue of British Insects "
(1829), ii, 368, viz., Berkenhout, Stewart, Samouelle, and Turton, none
of whom (as indicated) gives a description or information when or
where it has been found in Britain ; nor can I trace any subsequent

100 Ai.ril,

record of its occurrence, and Walker omits it from his " List of
British Homoptera " (1860), so that it is virtually now added to the
British fauna.

On December 23rd, 1885, on the small branches of an alder
(AInus glufinosa), a near ally of the birch, at Lewisham, I found
several scales of a Pidvinaria, but as they were then six months old,
perforated by parasites, and (with the ovisacs also) black with the
filmy grime of coal smoke that defiles every exposed thing within
many miles of London, I could do nothing with them, and I have
found none since, until on August 21st, 1890, on the same tree, there
were half a dozen of the same sort of scales in better condition than
on the former occasion, though evidently past their prime. Comparing
them with P. hetulcs, the scales conform very well to the foregoing
description of that species from birch, the chief difference to be per-
ceived being that in these the legs and antennae are much more slender,
and there is a very slight variation in the relative length of some of
the joints of the antennae, of which I give Mr. Newstead's figure for
comparison (-^c). As at present advised, I do not think there are
sufficient grounds to do more than to call this " var. P. aZ«/," but this
remains an open question.

Adjacent to some of the $ scales were two or three of those of
the (J, from which the imago had not been developed.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Page 95 — Lecanimn nigrum, ? , fig. 1, antenna (abnormal).
„ 65 — ,, sarothamni, $ , fig. 2a, antenna, 2b, leg.

„ 67 — „ ciliatum, $ , fig. 3a, scale (profile), 3b, scale (front view), 3e,

antenna, 8d, $ scale (broken).
„ 96 — ,, distinffuendum, $ , fig. 4a, antenna, 4b, leg, 4c, (J antenna.
„ 98 — Pidvinaria betiilce, ? , fig. 5a, antenna, 5b, leg.
„ 100 — „ „ var. alni, $ , fig. 5 c, antenna.

153, Lewisham Road, S.E. :
October, 1890.

MICROPTERTX SANGII; A NEW SPECIES FROM BIRCH.
BY JOKN H. WOOD, M.B.

When describing the larvae of some of our Micropteryges (vol.
xxvi, p. 1) I pointed out that, in addition to the five species known to
inhabit birch {Betula alba), there was also a sixth, which had not, up
to that time, been differentiated, and for which I proposed provisionally
the name of inconspicuella.

PL 1.

?. Newsl-iad Del erLiln

^

iMi ] 101

However, the subsequent breeding of a pretty long series of this
so-called inconspicuelJa, a species possessing a pallid larva, has shown
that it is in reality semipurpurella, and that the new species is the one
with the grey larva, which was erroneously referred in the paper to
semipurpurella. Under these circumstances the name of inconspicuella
will have to drop altogether, whilst one must be found for the insect
having the grey larva. Now I learn from Mr. Stainton that he pos-
sesses a series of a Micropteryx, bred some years ago by the late Mr.
Sang from birch, which appears to be identical with the insect I have
reared from these grey larvae, and it seems to me I cannot, therefore,
do better than call it Sangii, in memory of that good observer.

The following is a description : —

Exp. al., 5i — 5J lines. Head grey or grey-brown ; paler in the female. An-
tennae about half as long as the fore-wings. Fore-wings purple, flecked with pale
golden ; with a large, upright, pale golden spot, reaching from the anal angle fully
half way across the wing.

Sangii is closely allied to semipurpurella, and is probably mixed
up with it in most collections, but may be distinguished by attention
to the following points. In semipurpurella the antennae are more than
half as long as the fore-wings, thus they are longer than in Sangii ;
the anal spot is small, usually inconspicuous, not reaching to the middle
of the wing, and less upright than in Sangii, frequently it is absent
altogether, only the fasciculus of pale hairs in the fringe being present.
Turning to the "Manual," the description thereof semipurpurella —
" With a large pale golden spot . . reaching half across the wing ;
antennae more than half as long as the fore-wings " — apparently par-
takes of the characters of both insects, and it would be a nice question
as to which has the best right to the name of se7nipurpurella, were it
not that the antennal differences being of higher import than those of
the wing spot settle the matter in favour of the species with the
longer antennae.

Tarrington, Ledbury:

March llth, 1891.

ON THE ERRONEOUS INCLUSION OF

CATOFTRIA (GB.APROLITIIA) DECOLORANA, FRR., IN THE

BRITISH FAUNA.

BY C. G. BARRETT, P.E.S.

This paper might with almost equal force be denominated " a
discourse on the peculiar vitality of error." As a general rule, in this
country, the report of the capture of a species new to the British

102 [April,

list is subjected to some degree of careful scrutiny, and the evidence
pretty closely sifted, and if it is also a species the usual range of
which does not appear to approach our geographical position, great
doubt is felt until, by the capture of further examples, the claim of
the species to a place in our lists is established. But in the case of
Gatoptria decolorana no record, as far as I can ascertain, exists of the
capture of a single specimen in these islands in any stage of its life,
and the only intimation of its existence is found in a quotation
(imaginary) of a record which never was made.

The earliest notice of the name which I can find in our publica-
tions is in the " Entomologist," vol. xiii, p. 269, in a paper by the late
Mr. Walter Weston, where he stated that, "Mr. Machin records having
reared this species in some numbers from larvae feeding in the seed-
heads of golden rod {SoUdago virgaurea), collected at the end of
September and in October in woods in Kent and Surrey." But no
such statement was ever made by Mr. Machin. In the same periodical,
vol. xii, p. 109, he stated in the words quoted that Catoptria cemulana
bad been so reared by him, and he went on to say that an allied
form, which he believed to be a distinct species, occurred in the salt
marshes at the mouth of the Thames. He indicated some of its dis-
tinctions, and suggested Aster tripolium as its probable food-plant.
In order to be quite certain of my point, I have written to my old
friend Mr. Machin, and he replies that he never made the statement
attributed to him with regard to decolorana, but has always held that
the species reared by him from SoUdago to be cei/mlana (as it un-
doubtedly is). In the same year (1879) he obtained larvse in the
flowers of Aster tripolium, and reared the moths in the following
summer. I was equally successful with the larvse which he sent me,
and thereby accumulated the evidence for which I had been waiting,
in order to introduce and describe the new species, which took the
name of tripoliana. As far as I have been able to ascertain, no
previous description of tripoliana exists, and the name should apparently
stand for the salt-marsh species.

But Mr. Weston's statement with regai'd to decolorana is per-
plexing. I do not believe that he intentionally misquoted Mr. Machin ;
he must have trusted to memory, and some confusion of names must
have crept in. He was a genuine and earnest student of the Tortrices,
and had an extensive acquaintance with them. AVhen publishing the
series of notes in which this mistake occurs, he did me the honour of
consulting me on many difficult points, and sent me portions of his
MS. from time to time, but certainly the [)ortion now in question did

i8ia.] 103

not come under my eye, or I should not now be compelled, with regret,
to controvert it.

In the "Entomologist " for December, 1881, the editor inserted a
plate, consisting of figures of recently noticed vai'ieties and novelties,
and among them a figure of Catoptria decolorana. In this, Mr. Car-
rington did good service, for the figure repi-esents the genuine insect,
and was, ver}^ liktjly, taken from that of Herrich-Schaffer, but it does
not seem to have occurred to anybody to notice that this figure did
not represent any known British species, and nost assuredly not that
reared from flowers of SoUdago ; consequently, decolorana has appeared
as a British insect, not only in Mr. South's adaptation of Staudinger
and Wocke's catalogue, but in every labelling and exchange list pub-
lished since, or nearly so, and the name is to be seen in nearly every
cabinet of recent arrangement. I cannot say that this error has been
overlooked for ten years, but inasmuch as I had already (Ent. Mo. Mag.,
vol. xvii, pp. 82 — 4) stated rather fully the evidence upon which the true
names of the two species under consideration rested, I hardly felt called
upon to interfere further. But recently, in looking through Sorhagen's
" Kleinschmetterlinge der Mark Brandenburg," I find that this error
has found its way to Germany, and that my (totally innocent) friend,
Machin, is there credited (page lo7) with the statement that the larva
of decolorana feeds in seed-heads of Solidaqo virgaurea.

As the larva of this species is (I believe) unknown, it is quiLe
time to check the dissemination of this error.

Of the true decolorana I have specimens sent by the late Prof.
Zeller as types. They are slightly smaller than cemulana, of an
extremely pale yellowish-grey, almost without definite markings, but
with a few brownish flecks, which become more abundant beyond the
middle. The costal streaks are visible, but very faint, and the ocellus
or "shield" is visible from being devoid of brown flecks, and encloses
two short faint brown lines. The wings have no trace of the distinct
angulated fascia and basal markings seen in cemulana, in fact, deco-
lorana is as suitable a name as it could have. It inhabits eastern and
central Germany, and north and east Russia.

39, Linden Grove, Nunliead, S.E. :
January, 1801.

Pempelia adelpheUa. — Concerning continuity of error, it may be well again to
point out that, with all respect for published lists, there is not a particle of evidence
to show that Pempelia adelpheUa, Frr., has ever been taken in fliis country. It is a
very pretty species, found, I believe, in Germany and Russia, and which, if only for
its beauly, would be most welcome here, little likely as it is to occur. It resemblea

lot (April,

Pempelia formosa more than any other species, but has no resemblance whatever to
P. Tiostilis, Steph., and the only conceivable reason for the confounding of the two
together seems to be that the basal portion of tlie fore-wings in adelphella is of a
rich red, almost brick-red, and that the same portion of the wings in hostilis is of
a faint shade of the same colour. This ei-ror was most emphatically pointed out by
M. Ragonot (Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xsii, p. 55), yet the name adelphella continues to
appear in many collections and lists.— Id.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANASPIS FROM SCOTLAND,
WITH SOME REMARKS ON THE BLACK SPECIES OCCURRING
IN BRITAIN.

BY Q. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S.

The publicatiou of the E-ev. W. W. Fowler's Monograph of the
British Anaspis (Ent. Mo. Mag., sxv, pp. 331 — 338) has induced me
to examine the black species contained in my collection, two of which
have been separated as distinct for the past ten years, but not named.
One of these is the species described by Mr. Fowler under the name
of A. Garneysi ; this I have captured in some numbers at Loughton
and Darenth, and it is probably not uncommon in the London district,
Dr. Power Laving met with it in various localities. As Mr. Fowler
states {op. cit., p. 334), it comes very near A. nigripes, Bris. ; in fact,
it agrees precisely in its male characters with the description of that
insect, from which it differs in its paler legs, shorter thorax, and
larger size. It is probable that this and the species described below
under the name of A. septentrional is have been confounded by con-
tinental authors with A. frontalis, notwithstanding the exceedingly
well-marked characters to be found in the form of the ventral
segments of the male. The colour of the legs is a character of very
questionable value ; in fact, most of my examples have the posterior
femora infuscate or piceous, instead of " almost-eutirely yellow." The
second species I am quite unable to identify from the works of Costa,
Mulsant, Thomson, or Emery ; the following is a description of it : —

Anaspis septenteionalis, n. sp.
Elongate, black, the front of the head and the palpi flavo-testaceous, thickly
and finely pubescent, the prothorax and the elytra very finely transversely strigose.
Antennas black, the three or four basal joints flavo-testaceous, filiform, in the male
very elongate and slender, in the female considerably sliortcr, the penultimate joints
in both sexes longer than broad, but much more elongate in the male than in the
female ; prothorax about one-third broader than long, bisinuate at the base, the
hind angles rectangular ; elytra with the transverse strigie more distinct than on the
prothorax ; beneath black ; legs compai-atively slender : the anterior pair (including
the coxa-) ilavo-testaceous, with the tarsi slightly darker, the middle pair fuaco-

1801.] 105

testaceous, with tlie tibise, except at tlie base, piceous or fuscous, and the tarsi, except
at the base of the first and second joints, infuscate, the hind pair piceous, the
exti-erue base of the tibiae excepted ; the tibial spurs testaceous ; the anterior and
middle tarsi slender in both sexes.

$. Anterior tarsi very feebly dilated ; anterior and intermediate tibiae sinuate
within, the anterior pair slightly curved inwards towards the apex. Third ventral
segment elongated, produced in the middle behind, and furnished at the apex with
two long lacinise or appendages, these latter narrowly separated at the base, almost
straight, extending to the middle of the fifth segment, and becoming slightly diver-
gent posteriorly, the space enclosed by them unimpressed ; fifth ventral segment
very deeply and abruptly emarginate at the apex, but not at all depressed in the

middle in front of tlie emargination.

Length (with the head extended) 3^ — 31 mm. (<??).

Two examples of this species were captured by myself at Avie-
inore, Inverness-shire, in July, 1876. A. septentrionalis is closely
allied to A. frontalis, Linn., but may be easily known from it by the
more slender legs and antennae, and by the well-marked male characters.
The male of A. frontalis has the fifth ventral segment broadly excavate
in the middle from the apex nearly to the base* (this part being quite
unimpressed in A. septentrionalis), and the apex much less deeply
emarginate ; the lacinise very distinctly curved inwards at the apex ;
and the anterior tarsi strongly dilated (very feebly so in A. septen-
trionalis). The antennae in the male of A. septentrionalis are very
elongate and slender, the insect thus resembling A. Oarneysi, Fowl.,
but this latter has the lacinije strongly divergent and curved, and
enclosing a large broad space ; the anterior tarsi are equally slender
in these two species, and only very feebly dilated in the male. In the
female of A. septentrionalis the intermediate legs are a little darker
than in the male. The different male characters, &c., distinguish it
from A.pulicaria, Costa, and A. ni^rip eSjBris., and the non-moniliform
antennae from A. ruflabris, Gyll., and A. melanostoma, Costa.

Mr. Fowler remarks (op. cit., p. 331) that the genus Anaspis may

be more widely spread than at present known : it is more probable,

how^ever, that it will prove to be confined to the Palaearctic and

Nearctic regions, as in North America the genus only just reaches the

southern boundary of the United States, and is replaced in Mexico

and southwards by Pentarin and an allied genus ; the single species

recorded from the Australian region is in all probability not a true

Atiaspis.

11, Caldervale Road, Clajiham Common, S.W. :
December, 1890.

This cbiuactcr is not u.>ticcd by Mr. Fowler, though it is incutiMiicl by recent authors.

K

106 [^Piil.

ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF MEXICAN RISTERIDM.
BY G. LEWIS, F.L.S.

Mr. Julius Flohr has kiudly sent me two new species recently
discovered by himself in Mexico ; one of them pertains to a new
genus, and was found within the precincts of an ants' nest, the other
is a true Hister, and one bearing remarkable characters.

HiSTER LATISTEIUS, 11. Sp.
Sreviter avails, convexiusculus, niger nitldus ; f route tenuissime punctu-
lata, stria suhintegra ; fronoto stria externa Integra interna hasi ahbreviata ;
elytris striis 1 — 3 integris, 4 basi ahbreviata, 5 — 6 dimidiata ; ijygidio pro-
pygidioque Icevibus ; prosterno hand striata ; tibiis anticis emarginatis.

Lang., 4f mill.
Hah. : Tepic.

Head with extremely fine and scattered punctuation, frontal stria semicircular,
and scarcely meeting anteriorly ; thorax transverse, impunctate, outer stria complete
and looped behind the anterior angle, inner stria much abbreviated before the base,
but continues anteriorly behind the neck unbroken and slightly crenate ; the elytra
have broad but not deep striae, each of which is feebly crenate on either edge ; 1 — 3
complete, 4th a little abbreviated at the base, 5th and 6th, apical, nearly equal in
length, and terminating just beyond the middle. Tlie three inner striae are less
broad than the others. The pygidium and propygidium are nearly smooth, being
more feebly punctate than those in S. coenosus, Er. The prosternum is without striae,
all the sternal plates are smooth, mesosternal stria complete. The anterior tibiaj are
peculiar. At their apex there is a large tooth, which is minutely tridentate at its
apex, and between it and two or three small teeth at the bases, the outer edge is
conspicuously emarginate.

The species may be placed near H coenosus, Er.

Trichokeninus, n. gen.

Orbicularis, parum convexus setosus ; caput retractum. Mandibulis
robustis, in incdiis valde unidentatis ; antennis brevibus, sub front e maV'
(jine insertis, clavd articulo unico ovato et ccBteris sensim incressatis,
funiculo magna, Prosternum modice carinatum, bistriatum basi inciso ;
mesosternum marginatum utrinque profunde sinuatum in medio acu-
minatum; pygidium parum convexum. Femora et tibice dilatatce.

This genus comes very near to Reninus, Lewis, 1889 (Hetiia,
1885), but the species cannot be placed in it. It is sparsely covered
with setae ; the legs are less dilated with the angle on the outer edge
much nearer the base. The dorsal sculpture also is very different,
and the prosternum carinate. The genus also appears to be similar
to TJlkenus, Horn, but in Horn's genus the mesosternum is semi-
circular in front. The setae seem liable to be rubbed off, but I think
in a fresh example each puncture would bear one.

'^i'1-1 107

Teicttouexinus Floiiri, n. sp.
Orhirular'ts, xuhconvexus^pict'O-brunneus, setosus. El^tris striis integris ;
pjjgidio propygidioque tenuissime punctatis, prosterno bistriato ; pedibus
dilatatis. Long., 3 mill.

Hah. : Atlixco.

Orbicular, rather convex, pitchy-brown setose ; head flattish, with sliallow
and irregularly formed punctures, the marginal striae are elevated, and particularly
so at the base of the clypeus, where they do not join, but form a frontal canalicu-
lation ; the thorax is similarly punctured to the head, with a complete stria running
close to the edge ; the elytral striae are apparently complete, the three outer ones are
distinct and a little elevated, especially the first, the sutural ones are evanescent ;
the pygidium is inconspicuously sculptured after the manner of the thorax. The
anterior tibiae are dilated and semicircular, and spinose on the outer edge ; the
hinder tibiae are more dilated and angulated before the base, but they are not so
broad as the tibite of lleninus or Eretmotus.

Besides the example sent by Mr. Flohr, I have a second, in bad
condition, obtained at Guanajuato by Monsieur Salle.

Folkestone : February, 1891.

Wiener entomologischeii Verein. — An Entomological Society of Vienna was es-
tablished in February, 1890 ; it now comprises 58 Members, with Herr Eogenhofer
of the Vienna Museum as Honorary President. Herr Johann Prinz is President.
It has just published a first " Jahresbericht," consisting of 31 pages, which includes
an address by the Honorary President, Local Lists, and biological notes, &c., a very
modest beginning. With the exception of the Honorary President, the list of
Members seems at present to be made up of local collectors, a large number of them
holding official positions on the Austrian railways, and the aim of the Society appears
to be that of developing a knowledge of the local insect-fauna. We think it is the
first purely Austrian Entomological Society that has been founded, and as such we
shall watch its development with interest and expectation. — Eds.

A means of preserving coUection.i of insects in dry hot countries. — In the
" Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae," xxiv, pp. 233, 234 (1890), M. A. Wilkins,
writing from Tachkent in Turkestan, alludes to the inefficiency of ordinary preserva-
tives in Central Asia, on account of their rapid volatilization through the hot dry
air, so that if a collection be neglected for only two or three months, Anthreni are
sure to be found in the boxes. He has hit upon a plan which he finds effective, and
at the same time very simple. He employs India rubber bands about 1^ inches in
width, and less than the length of the boxes to wliich tliey are to be applied. These
bands are stretched over the opening line of the boxes, and effectually prevent the
entrance of the most minute destroyers. Possibly a similar plan might be adopted
in other countries with a like climate. At any rate, the method has the merit of

extreme simplicity. — Eds.

K 2

108 [April,

Newspaper Entomology.— T\\e following is a cutting from the Spalding Free
Press of March 3rd, 1891 : —

" Remarkable discover// of a Jive hutterfly, 3000 ypars o!d. — ^fr. of Crow-
land, believes he has discovered a peacock butterfly, at least 300t> years old. Tt came
about in this way. Beneath a layer of gravel at Crowland, some 20 f.-ct in thickness,
was found a peat-bed, which at a moderate calculation would date back to 1500 B.C.

Mr. was desirous of seeing the vegetable formation in tliis bed, and for this

purpose cut out a brick of the peat. He then broke it open, and immediately a
butterfly flew out. He captured it, and it lived in his establishment for about a
fortnight afterwards. It is supposed that the butterfly was in the peat at the time
the gravels were brought down, and thus sealed the bed. When the gravel was
removed, the air penetrated the peat, and the process of incubation was set up ; the
breaking of the cake of peat admitting more air, promoted the final development of
the butterfly, and it flew out. An indentation in the peat coincides with the
existence of a chrysalis there, but the shell is lost. The peat and butterfly were
exhibited before the Peterborough Natural History Society on Tuesday evening."

Coleoptera at Church Stretton. — In September last Dr. Horner and I spent a
fortnight at Church Stretton, in Shropshire, with the object of working up the
Coleoptera of that interesting locality. We were favoured with remarkably good
weather, were able to devote the greater part of every day to collecting, and were
rewarded with an amount of success beyond our expectations. To myself the dis-
trict was not in any way strange, but to Dr. Horner all was quite new, and there
could be no doubt about his thorough appreciation both of the beautiful scenery
and of the entomological results of our expedition.

An entomologist visiting Church Stretton for the first time is at once impressed
with its evidently favourable aspect for his special pursuit — its sub-mountainous
surroundings, the high moorlands of the Longmynd on the west, the well-wooded
hills of Helnieth, Eagleth, Haslar, Cardington, and Cacr Caradoc, on the east, the
delightful valleys, and the nuitierous streamlets whieh, flowing iVom the higher
ground, feed the rivers Onny and Teme towards Ludlow.

The late Rev. W. Hope made this district famous in entomological annals by
his records of remarkable captures at Netley, in this neighbourhood — a locality
which is frequently confounded by entomologists ot the present day with Netley
near Southampton. A pretty full list of his discoveries could be com} ilcd from
Stephen's Manual of British Coleoptera, a still interesting (if obsolete) work, from
reading which I first conceived an idea of the value and importance of the Church
Stretton district as a field for entomological exploration ; and although I have not
found there all the species Mr. Hope discovered, a great many that seemed to have
eluded him have rewarded my researches.

In my Catalogue of Midland Coleoptera, to be published shortly in the Trans-
actions of the Birmingham Entomological Society, all the known Church Stretton
species will be duly enumerated ; but on the present occasion I purpose specifying
only the rarer or more interesting of those captured during our recent visit.

In moss, on the margins of the hill-streams, and in waterfalls, we found
Chatarthria seminnlum, Homalota eremita, H. curtipennis, H. decipiens, Ggmnusa

1891. I 109

brevlcollis, G. variegafa, Quedius timbrinus, Q. miricomiis (abundant), Q, attenua-
tus, Q. fumatus, Philonthus nigritulun, Stenus Ouynemeri (abundant), Oeodromicus
nigrita, Parnus striatelltis. In the streams occurred llydroporus sepfentrionalis,
IT. rivalis, and H. Davisi. Moss and dead leaves in woods produced a vast number
of species, amongst which were the following : — Lehia chlorocephala (under broom),
Aleochara mrcrenx, A. maculata (5), Oxypoda spectabilis, O. annularis, Ilyohates
nigricoUis, Homalota nilvicola, H. crasaicornis, H. pagana, H. pilicornis, S.
valida, $ (?), i^- niacrocera, H. cadaverina, H. intermedia, H. testudinea, H. pilo-
siventris, Encepkalus compHcans, Megacronus cingulatus, M. inclinans, Mycetoporus
lucidus, M. punctus, Habrocerus capillaricortiis (1, at World's End), Euryporus
j)icipes, Quedius nigriceps, Q. fumatus, Q. umhrinus, Q. scintillans, Medon brunneus>
Deliphrum tectum, HomaJium exiguum, Leptinus testaceus (1), Agathidium atrum,
A. Icevigatum, A. globosum, A. nigrinum, Amphicyllis globus, Choleva angustata, C.
intermedia, C. spadicea, C.fusca, Colon dentipes, Neuraphes elongatulus, Bythinus
puncticollis, B. validus, Bryaxis hcematica, Gonioctena pallida, Liosoma oblongu-
lum. In fungi were captured : — Homalota humeralis, H. oblita, H. indubia,
Gyrophana Poweri, Bolitochara lucida, Pocadius ferrugineus. In shingle, on banks
of streams : — Perileptus areolatus, Homalota cambrica, H. longula, Philonthus
ftdvipes, Actobius signaticornis, A. prolixus, aud Elmis parallelopipedus. On a
mossT bank at Netley we took Homalota perexigua, Oxytelus Fairmairei, Neuraphes
minutus, Scydmrfnus scutellaris, and Stilbus testaceus. Under oak bark we found
Quedius puncticollis. Altogether we must have taken about 200 species. — W. G.
Blatcii, Knowle, Birmingham : March \Mh, 1891.

OdontcBus mobilicornis at Wellington College. — Two specimens of this scarce
insect were taken here on successive days in July last. They were found, one dead,
the other alive, but both in good condition, floating on the surface of a small pond
in the College grounds. — E. F. Elton, Wellington College, Berks : March \Mh, 1891.

On the occasional development of wings in species of Hemiptera, usually
micropterons or apterous. — In his new, thought-suggesting book, " The Darwinian
Theory of the Origin of Species " {cf. p. 81, ante), at page 12, Mr. F. P. Pascoe
says, " Some of our Hemiptera — Nabis, Pithanns, Pyrrhocoris, &c., ordinarily wing-
less, are sometimes found in hot summers to have well-developed wings." In all
these species there are always, in their usual condition, at least rudiments of the
elytra, but there are others commonly quite apterous, in which at times macropterous
individuals appear, and then the respective forms are so different in aspect that they
have been deemed to be distinct species, e.^., Velia currens and rivulorum, Mesovelia
furcata and parra. But I do not believe that such dimorphism happens only "in
hot summers," for I have observed it also in cold seasons, and I may, in this con-
nection, recur to a note published in 1869 (Ent. Mo. Mag., vi, p. 10), in which,
referring to an abnormal appearance locally of many winged examples of Velia cur-
rens in April, 1868, I said, " What was the cause of the acquisition of wings by so
many individuals ? There was nothing exceptional in the weather of 1867 to favour
development — the insects appeared before the heat of 1868, and there have been no
winged ones since, as might have been expected if heat influences full development ;
so I apprehend the cause must be sought in other than external circumstances. At

110 [April,

present, and, perhaps, for ever, if tliis be true, the cause of such irregular develop-
ment must be hypothetical. In Nature there is always a reserve of power — a
capability of replenishing exhausted force, and renewing action in one way or another.
In insects we see this, for instance, in undeveloped bees and ants, the stage to which
the ordinary workers attain being sufficient for the race ; but if occasion arrive
which requires a different condition of life, development is not arrested in so many
individuals as usual — the reserve is brought forward. So it may be as to the
development of wings in Velia — and doubtless in other insects — that the law of
Infinite Wisdom, under which the creatures ordinarily exist without wings, has
latent power for the production of these organs when they are to become necessary
for the welfare of the race, either in removing the individuals to better localities, or
in taking them to mingle with other stocks, and so prevent deterioration. I say,
when the wings are to become necessary, for they must be prepared in the penultimate
state, and the creatures can have no prescience or will of their own in providing for
tiieir unknown future."

I am very glad to see this interesting subject again brought under notice, and
although it is admittedly difficult to investigate, I trust the consideration of it may
result in bringing out some fact which may help towai-ds its elucidation. At
present, we may say, " Omnia exeunt In. mysterium." — J. W. DoTJGLAS, 153, Lewis-
ham Eoad, S.E. : March 9th, 1891.

Hepialus velleda in, abundance in Somerset. — Mr. Bidgood, Curator of the
Taunton Museum, informs me that some years ago two young collectors living in
West Somerset, near the border of Exmoor, brought to him considerable numbers of
Hepialus velleda, which they had taken in the Exmoor district. Some of these were
in the Museum collection. I have not previously heard of this species in abundance
in the south or south-west, ah hough casual specimens have often been recorded. —
CuAS. G. Barrett, 39, Linden Grove, Nunhead : March, 1891.

Hcsperia lineola in Somerset. — When at Taunton a few weeks ago I looked over
a small collection of Lepidoptera, and found in the short series under the name of
Hesperia linea two specimens of H. lineola. These specimens were previously un-
recognised, but were almost certainly taken in Somersetshire, and the species evidently
has a wide range with us.- — Id.

Black variety of Phigalia pilosaria at Gainsborough. — My friend Mr. M. F.
Burton, of Gainsborough, recently captured a black variety of this species in a wood
near Gainsborough, and wrote to me as follows concerning it : — " I found it on the
bole of an oak on February 15th ; it was a rich velvety-black all over, except the
lines on the upper wings, which were brown. It was one of the most beautiful
insects I ever met with, but was much injured by a collector to whom I gave it, who
killed it with ammonia, and allowed its wings to get rubbed. It is now in my pos-
session, and I much regret I ever parted with it. I occasionally meet with black
varieties of A. betularia here — all females." Mr. Burton informs me that Ph. pilosaria
was exceedingly abundant in the wood on the day above mentioned, and that he
saw another very dark, but not black, variety. — W. W. Fowler, Lincoln :
March \Uh, 1891.

1891.] Ill

Note concerning Pseudomacromia elegans and pretiosa,Karsch. — In the current
number of the " Entomologische Nachrichten " (1891, Heft, v.), Dr. Karsch
describes two magnificent dragon-flies, under the above names, from Caraeroons. I
liave had these two species in my collection for several years, discovered in the same
district by the late Mr. D. G. Rutherford, and have readily identified them by Dr.
Karsch's excellent descriptions. But Dr. Karsch places them in two different
sections, thus : —

a. Hind- wings with no inner triangle Ps. speciosa.

b. „ ,, an ,, ,, Ps. pretiosa.

I possess two ^ of Ps. speciosa : in one the inner triangle is present in both
hind-wings ; in the other it is absent in both hind-wings.

I have one ? of Ps. pi'etiosa : the inner triangle is present in both hind-wings,
and in the right hind-wing there is]an additional nervule.

It appears to me that this character is seldom of strict sectional value in
Lihellulina, and is only of importance when studied from a large number of indi-
viduals of a species.

Ps. pretiosa is one of the most handsome of the Libellulina. It is strange
tliat both Dr. Karsch and myself should have seen only the ^ of one species and
the ? of the other ; but I can hardly consider this (perhaps mere coincidence)
suggestive. — R. McLachlan, Lewisham : March I6th, 1891.

Anthophora pilipes at Ilfracomhe. — After the very severe winter which we
have had it may be worth recording that Anthophora pilipes, S , was enjoying
itself in the sun here on the 28th February. I saw two males, one of which allowed
me to catch it in my fingers ; I do not think this is unusually early in normal years,
but this has not been a normal winter, and in a place like this, which is not generally
at all an " early " one, I was surprised to see them. I fear the snow storm of this
week must have equally surprised them, and prevented further enjoyment, at least
for some time. — Edward Saunders, Ilfracombe: March I3th, 1891.

Note on some Irish Trichopiera. — When looking over some Trichoptera col-
lected by the Rev. W. F. Joimson near Armagh, I noticed one female of Gramma-
taulius atomarius, F., an insect which has not been recorded for Ireland. In the
same box there was an insect which is now being turned up more frequently, namely,
Molanna palpata, McL. From the same neighbourhood there was also Limnophilus
ajffinis, Curt., Molocentropus picicornis, Ste., and Plectrocnemia conspersa, Curt.
Chimarrha marginata, L., occurred in considerable plenty near Bundoran. — James
J. F. X. King, Glasgow : March, 1891.

(Sbituarn.

It is with regret that we announce the death of Dr. J. M. J. af Tengstrom
whose work on^ the Micro-Lepidoptera of Finland, " Bidrag till Finlands Fjdril-
Fauna," published in 1847, in the " Notiser Sallskapets pro Fauna ct Flora Fennica
Forhandlingar," placed him at that early date in the foremost rank of the Micro-
Lepidoptcrists of Europe.

112 [April,

Twelve years later appeared in the publications of the some Society his
" Anmarkningar och Tillagg till Finlands Smaf jgiiril-Fauna."

Up to that time Dr. Tengstrom had lived at Helsiiigfors, a comparative centre
of learning and civilization, but lie then moved to the remote Kexholm, on an island
in the large Lake Ladoga, w^here he was comparatively out of the world.

He died on December 26th, 1890, at the age of 69.

The Mesozoic and Teetiaey Insects of New South Wales : by E.
Etheridge, Jun., and A. Sidney Olliff j from the Memoirs of the G-eological
Survey of New South Wales. Palaeontology, No. 7 ; pp. 1 — 12, 4to, with two plates.
Sydney, 1890.

The knowledge of Fossil Insects has made gigantic strides latterly, more es-
pecially in France, Germany and North America ; important discoveries have also
been recently made in our own islands. But, as the authors of this OfEcial Eeport
tell us, the fossil insect remains previously known from Australia were quite
insignificant in number, and, until recently, the oldest was of the Cretaceous horizon,
viz., a Dragon-fly from Queensland described by Dr. H. Woodward as ^schna
flindersensis. The others (witli one exception) were Tertiary. Nor is the number
of Australian fossil insects very largely increased by those made known in this
memoir ; nevertheless, very important additions are made, and a substantial nucleus
now exists around which to accumulate further discoveries, which, probably, have
not yet been made, not because there is but little to discover, but because little or no
attention has hitherto been paid to tlie subject.

In the present memoir a single mesozoic fossil from New South Wales is de-
scribed and figured as Cicada Lowei, but another from Queensland is also described,
in tlie remains of a Buprestid, showing the elytral sculpturing in a very perfect
manner.

The Tertiary remains, newly discovered, are more numerous. They include
C hironomus venerahilis {DipteraJ ; Ephemera Culleni (Pseudo-NeuropteraJ , a May-
fly, of which several nymphs are figured, the single wing is of somewhat anomalous
form, and is detached from the body to which it is presumed to belong (PL i, fig. 5) ;
and a presumed Lampyrid larva (Palcsolycus prohlematicusj , this should be further
investigated.

A summary of the known Australian Fossil Insects gives the following small
results. Mesozoic : a Cicada and a Buprestid. Cretaceous : a Dragon-fly. Ter-
tiary: Cydnus, Chironomus, Ephemera, Lagri a (?), Lampyrid, Cyphon, and Oxy-
telus ; one of each. The authors express a not unreasonable surprise at the absence,
at present, of any indications of Palaeozoic insect remains.

Birmingham Entomological Society : February 16th, 1891.— Mr. R. C.
Bradley in the Chair.

Messrs. C. J. Fryer, Warwick, and A. Madeley, Dudley, wore elected Members
of the Societ}'.

mi.] 113

Mr. R. C. Bradley showed Ephenella marginata from Bournemouth. Mr. E.
C. Tye read a paper (written conjointly with Mr. Gr. W. Wynn) on the Lepuloptera
of Marston Green ; it was written with the purpose of showing what might be done
in that district rather than what had been done ; and to recommend members to
work it, as it lies very near to Birmingham, and is easily got at. The paper de-
scribed the ground, which includes Packington Park and many fine woods and lanes,
and also gave a list of species already taken there.

March 2nd, 1891.— Mr. R. C. Bradley in the Chair.

Mr. J. J. Quirke, Jun., Haudswortli, was elected a Member.

Mr. R. C. Bradley showed Trypeta centaurere from Moseley. Mr. Q-. H. Ken-
rick showed a specimen of TriphcBna pronuba, bred this January from eggs found on
a withered lime leaf early last September. Mr. Kenrick read a paper on " Tempera-
ture : its effects on some insects not found in this district." He pointed out the
great importance of temperature in affecting the distribution of insects ; he said
that most insects were very susceptible to heat or cold during some period of their
existence, which period varies in different species ; and that a difference of a few
degrees would kill them off or prevent their development. He quoted a number of
species in illustration, showing how their distribution was affected by various
temperatures. He believed that this extreme susceptibility often assisted evolution
very materially by isolating species. The paper was illustrated by some admirable
maps and specimens of the species treated of. — Colbean J. Wainwkight, Hon.
Sec.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — The Monthly Meeting
was held on Monday, February 9th, 1891, the President (Mr. S. J. Capper, F.L.S.,
F.E.S.) in the Chair.

Mr. W. E. Sharp read a paper on " Variation and Heredity." The President
exhibited varieties of Bombyx rubi. Mr. Grregson, a variety of Sciaphila Colqu-
hounana bred from larvas collected at Scarlet Rocks, Isle of Man, 1889. Mr. K.
Newstead, a specimen of Vanessa Aniiopa captured in Cheshire in 1872. Mr. Stott,
varieties of British Lepidoptera. The Rev. II. H. Higgins, African Butterflies.
Mr. Wilding, a series of Silpha atrata, var. subrotnndata, from Ireland.

Monday, March 9th, 1891.— The President in the Chair.

Mr. Broctoii Tondin was elected a Member. Messi-s. Collins, of Warrington,
and Scowcroft, of Prestwich, were proposed for Membership.

Mr. J. Herbert Stott read a paper on " A parasitic fungus forming its base in
the larva of a New Zealand Lcpidopteron," illustrated by specimens and drawings.
The Hon. Sec, F. N. Pierce, read a paper, entitled, " Notes on the Genital Armature
of the genus Miana," in which he referred to the recent controversy respecting the
distinctiveness of the two species, M. strigilis and M.fasciuncula, and proved, by
the examination of the structure of the genital armature, that they were specifically
different ; the paper was illustrated by the author's preparations, thrown on a screen

L

114 tApril.

by the aid of the oxy-hydrogen Micro lantern, and exhibits of specimens from various
parts of the country by the President and Members. — F. N. Pierce, lion. Sec.

N.B. — Meetings on Second Monday in each montli, at the Free Library, William
Brown Street, Liverpool, at 7.30 p.m.

The Sotjth London Entomological and Natural History Society :
February 26th, 1891.— W. H. Tttgwell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. R. J. Anderson, of Suez, was elected a Member.

Mr. Adye exhibited an unusually dark form of Notodonta camelina, L., with other
forms of the same species. Mr. Cockerell, Reliothis armigera, var. umbrosa, Grote,
from the West Mountain Valley, Colorado. Mr. H. Moore exhibited Erebus odora,
from South America. Mr. Turner, Melanippe fluctuata, L., taken at Broekley ; the
specimens were very variable. Mr. R. Adkin then exhibited long series of the species
of the genus Triphcena, Och., from many localities in the British Islands, together
with Continental series of some of the species for comparison. In dealing with
comes, he pointed out Hiibner's typical form, the varieties adsequa and prosequa of
Treitschke, and Curtisli of Newman, also Hiibner's consequa, wliich he considered
should be regarded as a form of this species rather than of orbona, Hufn., to which
it had hitherto been referred, and supported his contention by specimens known to
be forms of comes, Hb., which agreed with Hiibner's figure of consequa. He also
described the distinguishing characters of these varieties, and gave notes on the
nomenclature of the species. Mr. Fenn exhibited examples of the genus Triphcena,
from Forres. Mr. McArthur, T. comes from the Isle of Lewis, and T. ianthina from
Northumberland. Mr. Turner, T. pronuha from Broekley, Kent. Mr. South and
Mr. Tugwell also showing varieties of various species of the genus. A discussion
followed, Messrs. South, Fenn, Tugwell, Adkin, and others taking part. Mr. E.
Step exhibited a hibernating specimen of Vespa germanica ( ? ).

March I2th, 1891.— The President in the Chair.

Mr. E. F. Elton, M.A., of Wokingham, was elected a Member.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited Poedisca Solandriana, L., bred from larvse feeding in
shoots of birch from Aberdeen, and, on behalf of Mr. W. Smith, sundry Tortrices
and Crambites from Paisley. Mr. R. South, Vanessa urticce, L., from various parts
of the world, to show the geographical distribution and local variation. Mr. Adye,
varieties of Abraxas grossulariata, L., fi'om Hants. Mr. Robinson, two specimens
of Pygcera, which had been supposed to be varieties of P. curtula, L., and were
bought quite cheap in 1876. Mr. Tugwell said it was difficult to say what the species
was. Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited a large number of Hymenopterous and Dipterous
parasites, and communicated a paper thereon. — H. W. Barker, Ron. Sec.

Entomological Society of London: 3Iarch 'ith, 1891. — The Right Hon.
Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. F. P. Pascoe exhibited, and made remarks on, a curious Coleopterous larva

1891.] 115

with a case soiiiowli.it resembling that of the Lepidopterous genus Psyche, which
was found at tlie Theatre of Bacchus, Athens.

Mr. J. W. Douglas sent for exhibition specimens of Icerya {Crossotosoma)
csgyptiaca, which, through the kindness of Mr. A. D. Michael, he had recciyed from
Alexandria on the 19th January last. It was stated that in travelling most of them
had become loose, and had lost their waxen appendages ; but a few still remained
on the stems of their food-plant. In connection with this subject, Mr. G. H. Verrall
alluded to a Dipterous parasite of Icerya from Adelaide — Lestophonus icerya,
Williston, — which had been bred form Icerya Furchasi, Mask., last February. Mr.
McLachlan and Lord Walsingham continued the discussion.

]Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a long and interesting series of Triphana comes
(orbona), from various parts of the South of England, Yorkshire, Forres, the Isle
of Man, the Isle of Lewis, and the North of Ireland.

Mr. Gr. F. Hampsou exhibited a series of varieties of Plotheia frontalis, Walk.,
which was the only species in the genus, and confined to Ceylon. He said that the
varied forms of this species had been described under twenty-one different names
by Walker, Felder, and Moore.

Mr. F. Merrifield showed a number of specimens of Selenia illustrana, of
three different stocks, proving that the spring brood of this species, which passed
the winter in the pupal stage, was, like the summer pupa, materially affected in
colouring by the temperature to which the pupa had been exposed in its later stages.
He thought this fact, coupled with similar results ascertained with respect to the
single-brooded Ennomos autumnaria, indicated that the operating cause was one of
wide general application, and that valuable results might be looked for if entomo-
logists would turn their attention to the subject. Mr. H. J. Elwes said that in his
experience in many parts of the Palsearctic region, in Japan, in the Taurus Mount-
ains, on the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean, in the Canary Islands, and
elsewhere, where there was a combination of heat and moisture, all the commoner
species of Lepidoptera occurring in this country attained a larger size and a greater
brilliancy of colouring than in colder and drier regions ; and he referred to such
species, amongst others, as Pieris brassiccB and Argynnis Paphia. The discussion
was continued by Mr. Jacoby, Mr. Fenn, and others.

Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher exhibited a long series of Zygana lonicerce from York,
and Zyycena Jilipendulce from Shoreham, Sussex ; also a series of hybrids obtained
by crossing these two species. He stated that the eggs obtained from these hybrids
were all infertile. Lord Walsingham said this latter fact was extremely interesting .

Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited a living specimen of an ichneumon which had
just emerged from a chrysalis of Papilio Turnus.

Mr. C. J. Gahan exhibited a number of species belonging to the genera Letna
and Diabrotica, and read a paper on them, entitled, " On mimetic resemblances
between species of the Coleopterous genera Letna and Diabrotica." Lord Walsing-
ham, Mr. Jacoby, Colonel Swinhoe, and Mr. Champion took part in the discussion
which ensued. — II. Goss and W. W. Fowler, Hon. Secretaries.

116 [April, 1801.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS SCOLOPOSTETHUS.
BY G. HORVATH M.D.

Ill vol. XXV of this Magazine, Messrs. James Edwards and Edward
Saunders have published several papers on the British species of the
genus Scolopostethus, Fieb. The two authors do not agree on the
subject, and whereas Mr. Edwards indicates six British species, of
which two are new, Mr. Saunders does not admit more than four.

As Mr. Saunders has had the kindness to send me authentic spe-
cimens of the species established by Mr. Edwards, I have also looked
into this controverted question. In publishing here the result of my
researches, I take the opportunity to give a synoptical table of all the
European species of the genus.

I entirely agree with Mr. Saunders that one must not attach a
high specific value to the colour of the antennae in this genus. The
(J genital styles would be good guides, but they are difficult to examine,
and therefore the characters derived from them are hardly available
practically ; at the same time I think that there are other characters
wdiich one can well employ to distinguish the species ; these characters
have been originally partly indicated by C. G. Thomson, and have
reference to the structure of the antennae, of the anterior legs, of the
mesosternum, &c.

The pubescence of the upper surface allows us to separate off
one section of the species.

Among the species which are glabrous above, pictas, Schill., is easily distin-
guished by the slender antennfe and by the structure of the anterior femora, of which
the tooth is central.

cognatus, Fieb., from South Europe, is easily known by the red-bi-own tint of
its general colour, the white base of the coriuni with concolorous punctures, and the
ferruginous apical joint of the antenufe.

brevis, Saund., from Malta, should have the antennae somewhat similar ; unfor-
tunately the unique type was lost in the post, so one cannot pronounce any certain
opinion upon it, but, to judge from Mr. Saunders' short diagnosis, I think it ought
to be referred to cognatus, Fieb.*

Having thus disposed of the above mentioned species, there only
remains a small group of the genus to be examined, which contains
just the species about which Messrs. Edwards and Saunders disagree.
It is quite certain that the mesosternal tubercles in this genus possess
the same real value as in the allied genus, Eremocoris, Eieb.

We have two species with mesosternal tubercles : the one is the affinis of

* It is now known that the curious Tritomacera aphanoides of Prof. A. Costa is also only a
specimen of this species with monstrovis antennae. I possess a similar abnormal example of 6'.
Tkoiusoni, Rout., of which both antennae have only three joints.

Way, ISwl.l , 117

Schilling ; the other is the species which has been named punctatus by Mr. Edwards,
but which I described ten years ago under the name grandis (Term. Fiizotek, 1880,
p. 185, 4).

Mr. Saunders does not believe in the distinctness of this species, and considers
it only as a variety of affinis. If one only consulted the description given by Mr.
Edwards, one would willingly accept this view ; but, on examining the types, one
can prove to oneself easily that it is a good and very distinct species. It differs
from affinis by its larger size, the structure of the pronotum, and the development
of the membrane in the brachypterous forms. One might say that the development
of the membrane is intermediate between that of the bi-achypterous and that of the
macropterous form of affinis. This species, described by me from Hungary and by
Mr. Edwards from Britain, is probably distributed over the whole of Europe.

Let us now examine the remaining species with the mesosteruum
sim[)]e.

Mr. Edwards records three species, adjunctus, D. & S., neglectus,
Edw., and decoratus, Hahn.

As to adjunctus, D. & S., Mr. Saunders has shown that it is an insect with tuber-
culated mesosternum, and identical with affinis, Schill. My friends, Dr. Puton,
Reuter, as well as myself and Mr. Edwards too, have been deceived in considering
the adjunctus, D. & S., to be a species without tubercles ; the species named by us
erroneously adjunctus is really Thomsoni, Reut. {decoratus. Thorns., nee Hahu), of
which the neglectus, Edw., seems to me to be only an insignificant variety with the
first two antennal joints partly black ; at least, I cannot find in it any character of
specific value. The colour of the antennae is in this species variable, and the black
colour tends to develop more or less. Specimens with the 1st and 2nd joints of the
antennae entirely testaceous are very common in Transcaucasia, but are less frequent
in Europe.

Decoratus, Hahn (ericetorum, Leth.), differs from the preceding by the structure
of the pronotum, which is shorter, more transverse, with the lateral margins a little
straighter, the coloration as a whole is more obscure, and the antennae are generally
black, the membrane is nearly always complete.

According to my investigations there should be five species of
Scolopostethus in Britain.

1. pictus, Schill.

2. grandis, Horv., = punctafus, Edw.

3. affinis, Schill., = adjunctus, U. & S.

4. Thomsoni, Eeut., = adjunctus, Edw., and neglectus, Edw.

5. decoratus, Hahn.

The European fauna possesses altogether nine species of this
genus, which may be distinguished by the following tabic : —

1 (12) Pronoto, scutello hemelytrieque glabris.

2 (3) Antennis gracilibus, corpore dimidio longioribus ; dentemajusculofemorum

anticorum in medio sito ; vertice inter oculos pilis duobus longioribus

lis [M^y.

erectis anterioribus instruclo, posterius prope ocellos pilis destitiito.
Mesosterno mutico ; antcnnis totis flavo-testaceis vel raro (var. antennalis,
Horv.), articulis duobus apicalibus saltern ad partem nigris. Long., 4^
mm. Europa fere tota ; Transcaucasia 1. S. p ictus, ^c\n]l.

3 (2) Antennis crassiusculis, breyioribus ; dente majusculo femorum anticorum

ante medium, fere in triente anteriore sito ; vertice pilis erectis nonnullis
longioribus etiam posterius prope ocellos instructo.

4 (11) Articulo quarto antennarum toto nigro, raro basi pallido ; corio griseo-

testaceo, fusco-punctato, pone medium nigro-maculato.

5 (8) Mesosterno ante coxas bituberculato ; tibiis anticis apud mares fortiter

apud feminas leriter curvatis.

6 (7) Statura majore ; pronoto etiam in exemplis macropteris fere quadrato,

sequilongo ac basi lato, antrorsum baud angustato ; membrana apicem
abdominis raro attingente, plerumque plus minusve abbreviata, sed pone
angulum apicalem corii fortiter rotundato-producta, parte hac producta
dimidio diauietri membranse circiter aquilonga ; articulo secundo anten-
narum apicem versus S8epe nigro vel nigro-fusco. Long., 4^ mm. Bri-
tannia, Hungaria 2. S. grandis, Horv.

7 (6) Statura minore ; pronoto in exemplis macropteris trapezoideo, antrorsum

distincte angustato ; membrana rite explicata vel abbreviata, in hoc casu
apice rotundato-truncata et pone angulum apicalem corii vis producto ;
articulo secundo antennarum toto flavo-testaceo. Long., 3^ — 4 mm.
Europa tota; Transcaucasia; Sibiria occidentalis 3. S. affiHis,iic\i\\\.

8 (5) Mesosterno simplici ; tibiis anticis apud mares leviter curvatis, apud femi-

nas basi rectis.

9 (10) Pronoto longiore, basi minus quain duplo latiore, marginibus lateralibus

sinuatis ; articulis primo et secundo antennarum flavo-testaceis, illius
basi et hujus apice saepissime nigris ; membrana abbreviata vel raro
completa. Long., 3| — 4 mm. Europa septentrionalis et media ; Trans-
caucasia 4. S. Thomsoni, Reut.

10 (9) Pronoto brevi, transverso, postice fere duplo latiore quam longiore, lateribus

fere rectis ; antennis plerumque totis nigris, tantum apice articuli primi
basique articuli secundi testaceis ; membrana completa, rarissime abbre-
viata. Long., 3^ — 4 mm. Europa fere tota ; Asia minor ; Transcaucasia.

5. S. decoratus, Halin.

11 (4) Articulo quarto antennarum, basi nigra excepta, ochraceo ; dimidio basali

corii lacteo, punctis decoloribus, dimidio apicali fusco-cinnamomeo, macula
costali pone medium lactea. Mesosterno mutico. Long., 3^ — 4 mm.
Europa meridionalis ...6. S. cognatus, Fieb.

12 (1) Corpore superne piloso. Mesosterno mutico ; articulis duobus apicalibus

antennarum nigris.

13 (16) Pilis superficiei corporis semierectis et sat dense dispositis ; membrana in

exemplis brachypteris minus abbreviata, pone apicem corii rotundato-
producta, parte hac producta dimidio diametri membranae fere aequilonga
vel longiore.

1891.1 119

14 (15) Superne breTiter pilosus, taiitum vertice pilis nonnuUis erectis pilis reliquis

duplo longioribua instructo ; scutello apice imo ferruginco ; corio griseo-
testaceo, apice nigro-fasciato ; membrana completa, apicem abdominis
attingente vel ssepius abbreviata, segraentum dorsale ultimum abdominis
haud tegente ; articulis duobus basalibus antennarum totis flavo-tostaceis ;
femoribus anticis, basi apiceque exceptis, nigris. Long., 3|--4 mm.
Hungaria ; Austria meridionalis 7. S. puberulus, Kotv.

15 (14) Superne longius pilosus, pilis verticis pilis reliquis haud longioribus ; scu-

tello toto nigro ; corio'lferrugineo-testaceo, apicem versus', tantum nigro-
marginato ; membrana abdomine paullo breviore vel rarissime paullo
longiore ; articulo secundo antennarum apice nigro vel nigricante ; pedi-
bus totis testaceis. Long., 3^ — 4 mm. Hungaria; Rossia meridionalis;
Transcaucasia 8. S. Lethierryi, Jak.

16 (13) Corpore superne pilis praesertim in corio perpendiculariter erectis longis

minus dense vestito ; membrana abbreviata pone apicem corii levissime
producta. Scutello apice ferrugineo ; corio griseo-testaceo, apice nigro-
fasciato ; articulo secundo antennarum apice seepissime, femoribus anticis
medio semper nigris. Long., 3| — 4 mm. Suecia, Gallia, Germania,
Austria, Hungaria ; Sibiria occidentalis 9. S. pilosus, 'Reui.

There are yet two species of the genus — 8. maderensis, Eeut.,
from Madeira, belonging to the section in which the species are hairy-
above ; and S. ahdominalis, Jak., from Mongolia, allied to pictus : as I
have seen neither the one nor the other, I am unable to include them
in my table.

Budapest : February 28th, 1891.

VARIATION OF APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS AT PORTLAND.
BT NELSOK M. EICHAEDSON, B.A.

Mr. C. Gr. Barrett, in looking over my collection a short time ago,
seemed to admire very much amongst other things my Portland series
of A. australis. My acquaintance with this species is not large, but I
have always thought that the Portland specimens were very handsome,
and presented a great contrast to several I received from Surrey,
amongst which there was but little variation, and which looked rather
dingy beside the Portlanders. It is difficult for entomologists living
in rather remote localities to be very well up in the forms of species
found in other parts, and the advent of a friend who has more oppor-
tunities of seeing other collections generally gives them some new
ideas.

I have never seen A. australis common at Portland, and do not
think that I have met with more than 20 or 25 in four seasons, in-

120 I May,

cludinf^ worn ones. On the night on which I took the largest number
(6 or 7) the lanterns had gone out for want of oil (I have since then
always carried a reserve bottle), but fortunately for our personal
safety there was a bright moon, by the light of which I boxed my
austraUs on the ivy blossom. Had it been dark we must have remained
where we were, amongst the rocks, until daylight.

Occasionally a specimen occurs at Portland like the Surrey ones,
but generally the ground colour in the ,^ is whiter, which gives the
insect a cleaner appearance. The ? does not, so far as I have seen
(3 or 4 specimens), deserve much special notice, though it partakes,
to a slight extent, of the striking characters of the ^ . In one J the
chalky-white ground-colour is strongly contrasted with the sharp black
markings, the most conspicuous of which are a blotch between the
stigmata and another following the reniform, a large blotch half-way
between the stigmata and the inner margin, two blotches on the inner
margin, the usual basal and hind marginal streaks, and the zigzag
lines which bound the central area. The centre of the thorax is white
with a black streak, and each patagium has the upper part white and
the lower part nearly black.

In another ^ all these black markings are indicated slightly, but
as a rule sharply, in black, with very faint bi'own patches in the
neighbourhood of the stigmata and hind margin, and the ground-colour
(of which much more is visible than in the first specimen) is likewise
pure white. A third is like No. 2, but has the black markings some-
what more developed, and a fourth (a great contrast to No. 2) is
suffused with blackish clouds all across the middle part of the wing.
The hind-wings of the male are very pale, especially in some specimens,
but not quite so white as the fore-wings.

There are other int rmediate forms with dark clouding on the
costa, but I think that I have said enough to show what the species is
like in this locality. My desire is to breed it, but I was unsuccessful
with the only eggs that I managed to procure — an elastic band broke
and the larvae escaped. I took no females last year, and only two or
three males, though I was at Portland several times during the
autumn, twice in the company of my very energetic friend, Mr. H. W.
Vivian, who induced me to take him there two nights running, which
is rather much, even for an entomologist, considering that we spent
one of the days there as well, and did not get home until from 4 to 5
o'clock a.m.

Monte Video, near Weymouth :
March Uth, 1891.

1891] 121

DESCRIPTIOX OF THE LARVA OF KUPERIA FULVAOO.
BY GEO. T. POREITT, F.L.S.

For many years Sherwood Forest in Nottinghamsliire was con-
sidered the only British locality where this pretty species could be
taken in numbers. There it used to- be, and I suppose still is, a most
abundant moth. Odd specimens were very occasionally taken in other
and very widely separated localities in England and Scotland, but it
was not until 1888, when Mr. J. N. Young, of Eotherham, and his
friends, took twenty-six specimens in Wadworth Wood, near Don-
caster, that another locality was found where it could be i*elied on to
occur in some plenty, as the two seasons which have elapsed since then
have suiBciently proved.

By previous arrangement, I met Mr. Young in Wadworth Wood
on the 21st of June last, and found that by the time I arrived he had
already made a good haul of Euperia fulvago larvae, along with many
other species He had gone the previous evening to " sugar," re-
mained in the Wood all night, and commenced to beat for larvae at
daybreak. We set to work together at the birches, and I had before
long the satisfaction of finding that the "early bird" had not got
quite all "the worms," for by the time I discontinued beating, a fair
number had found their way into my boxes. We were, however,
clearly a week too late, as although a few larvae were small, by far the
greater part were quite full-fed, and evidently most had already left
the trees.

The full-grown larva is about an inch and a half in length, and of moderate
bulk in proportion ; head very slightly narrower than the 2nd segment, the lobes
round and polished ; body cylindrical, and of nearly uniform width throughout ;
skin soft, and so translucent that the pulsations of tlie internal vessels can be dis-
tinctly seen through it.

Ground-colour pale dingy green, with the appearance of having been dusted over
with a white powder ; head pale yellow, the mandibles black, and on each side, a
little above the mandibles, and towards the outside, is a small red spot ; medio-dorsal
and subdorsal lines white ; the spiracular stripe is composed of two waved lines, also
white ; this stripe encloses the spiracles, which are white, edged all round with
purple ; segmental divisions yellow, this colour showing especially when the larva
is crawling.

Ventral area and prolegs uniformly pale dingy green, the anterior legs still
paler, and slightly tipped with black.

The young larva found did not appear to difPor either in shape or colouring
from the adult specimens.

Feeds on birch, and rests coiled round in the middle of a leaf

122

[Mity,

with the head close to the other extremity, just as does the hirva of
Cymaiophora Jlavicornis when full-grown.

The larvae all pupated below the surface of the earth in their
cage, and the moths emerged from July 25th to August -Ith.

Huddersfield : April 1th, 1891.

ON THE FORM OF THE MAXILLA IN CERTAIN EUROPEAN
SPECIES OP THE GENUS MORDELLA.

BY G. C. CHAMPION, F Z.S.

In the European species of the genus Mordelln, including the
British M. aculeata, Linn.,* the type of the genus, and M. fasciata,
Fabr., the maxillse vary in shape to an extraordinary degree, according
to the species. This character appears to
have escaped the observation of such ac-
curate observers as Lacordaire, Mulsant,
Emery, and others. The extreme forms are
well seen in M. aculeata and M. fasciata,
of which, and of M. sulcicauda, Muls., I have
dissected out the mouth-parts of numerous
examples of both sexes. In M. aculeata, the
outer ciliated lobe of the maxilla is exceed-
ingly long and linear, riband-like, tapering
to a point, the inner lobe being also long
and slender (fig. 1) ; the outer lobes project,
tongue-like, far beyond the front of the head,
and are easily seen without dissection. This
is the form represented by Jacquelin-Duval
(Gen. Col. Europ., iii, t. 90, fig. 447, his), and
given by him (op. cit., pp. 405, 406) amongst the generic characters
of Mordella: " machoires a lobes lamelliformes coriaces ; I'externe
tres-etroit, lineaire; presque aussi long que le palpe, tres-obtusement
coude en dehors avant son milieu, attenue au sommet, tres-brievement
cilie ; rinterne aussi etroit, ina-is atteignant a peine au coude de
I'externe, detache a sa base, densement cilie en dedans a I'extremite ;"
but by some mistake the maxilla figured is attributed to M. fasciata.
In M. fasciata, the outer ciliated lobe is short and comparatively

* In the Rev. W. W. Fowler's work on the British Coleoptera, v, p. 69, the locality, "Wester-
ham, Kent, frequent {Gorkam)," is given amongst others for this very rare British .species, bat
this probably refers to M. fasciata, Fabr., and not to M. aculeata. The latter is very widely
distributed and common on the continent, from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean region, occur-
ring on high mountainous ground, as well as on the warm southern shores of Europe, and ought
to be funnd nioie frequently in Britain. I have only seen it alive myself in Norway, but possess
examples from Switzerland, Gibraltar, various places in the Mediterranean region, Asia Minor, &c

I

d

1891.] 123

broad, rounded at the apex, and is not visible beyond the front of
the head (fig. 2).

In the S. European M. sulcicauda, tlie outer lobe is nearly as long
as it is in M. aculeata, the insect in other respects closely resembling
M. fasciata. In M. hipunctata, Germ., it is a little shorter. In M.
12-punctata, Rossi, M. maculosa, Naez., M. hisignaia, Eedt., and M.
inllosa, Schr., so far as can be ascertained without dissection, the
outer lobe is short, though in one or two of them, M. 12-puncfata, &c.,
the tips are visible beyond the front of the head, and in this respect
these last-mentioned species are intermediate between M. lipimctata,
and M. fasciata. This lobe does not vary in length according to
the sexes, it being similar in both. Jacquelin-Duval's figure (447, lis)
no doubt represents the maxilla of M. aculeata, or of M. sulcicauda.
Mulsant, in his voluminous work on the " Longi pedes," omits all
mention of these characters ; and Emery, " Essai Monographique
sur les Mordellides," p. 4, nota 1, doubts that any species of the
genus Mordella has a lobe like that figured by Jacquelin-Duval : " La
fig. 447, bis, de Jacquelin-Duval, qui represente la maehoire de
la Mordella fasciata, est certainemeut inexacte. line mdclioire par-
eille n^existe ni dans la M. fasciata, ni dans aucune autre Mordelle que
faie disseque'e " (the italics are mine). Tet Emery (op. cit., p. 78)
notices a variable character of this kind in Mordellisfena, where it is
not nearly so easily seen, owing to the smaller size of the species.

In the very long and linear outer lobe of the maxilla, J/, aculeata
and M. sulcicauda approach the genera, Hhipiphorus and NemognatJia,
in which this character is still more developed. I have not yet
observed a linear form of maxilla amongst any of the large number of
tropical American Mordellce I have examined, all these approaching
M. fasciata in this respect.

11, Caldervale Road, Claphara, S.W. :
3Iarch 12th, 1891.

MALE AND WORKER CHARACTERS COMBINED IN THE SAME
INDIVIDUAL OF STENAMMA WESTWOODI.

BY E. C. L. PERKINS.

Last October, while walking between Dartmouth and Stoke-

Fleming, I picked
up a small ant,
which was moving
in a very uncertain
and erratic man-

^_^;^:z:3:==fflniQXc>

124

[MaT,

ner. Subsequent examination showed it to be a monstrosity of the
above named species ; the right half of the body exhibiting characters
strongly characteristic of the (J, while the left half resembles the ?.

The following is a description of the two halves, drawn up in
parallel columns for comparison.
Left Half.
Head red, with darker cloud reaching
from vertex to eye.

Mandible very large, with 7 teeth.

Eight Half.
Head dark brown.

Mandible small (the ant being carded
I cannot clearly make out the form of
the right mandible).

Antenna 13-jointed, dark, thin, with
pale hairs ; Ist joint of flagellum stouter
than next, but subequal to it ; the fol-
lowing joints all much longer than wide ;
apical joint as long as on left side, but
not nearly so stout ; scape short and
straight, only about as long as two
joints of flagellum, and per se barely half
the length of that of left side.

Eye larger ; more than twice the size
of the other, and much nearer to the
base of antenna.

Mesothorax dark, laterally with two
rough projections, apparently tegula.

Second node of petiole darker.

Abdomen from middle line dark
brown.

Legs longer and thinner.
The form of the abdomen, so far as I can make out in this speci-
men (set on card) is that of the ? . The shape of the mesothorax is
unsymmetrical bilaterally. Length, about 3 mm.

DESCRIPTION OP FIGURES.
A, right, B, left, antenna, viewed from the side (enlarged).

In the " Entomologist's Annual," 1874, F. Smith describes an
anomalous specimen of Myrmica Jcevinodis, having the right side en-
tirely ?, but the left side partly $, partly ? ; while in my Stenamma
the right side is c? , the left 5 . lam indebted to Mr. Saunders for the
reference to the Annual.

Sopworth Rectory, Chippenham :
3£arch, 1891.

Antenna 12-jointed, testaceous, with
pale hairs ; 1st joint of flagellum longer
than next two together ; these and the
following joints much wider than long ;
apical joint very large and stout, as long
as two preceding ; scape very long and
bent, as long as many joints of flagellum.

Eye small.

Mesothorax red.

Second node of petiole lighter.

Abdomen from middle line testaceous-
brown.

Legs shorter and thicker.

iswi.j 125

ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH TACUINllD.E.

BY R. H. MEADE.

{continued from page 91.)

6.— GERMARIA, Dsv.

Oen. cA. — This genus is closel}^ allied to Gonin, and the single

species which it contains has generally been included in it ; the chief

points of difference between them are that in Oermaria there is less

tumidity of the cheeks, which are also less setose ; there is greater

obliquity of the facial angle ; the facialia are ciliated along the lower

part of their edges ; and the fronto-orbital bristles are stronger, and

extend lower down.

G. RUFicEPS, Fin.

This fly is black, covered with slate-grey tomentum ; the palpi are yellow ; the
antennffi have the first two joints rufous, and the third black ; the arista has the
second and third joints of nearly equal lengths ; the thorax has four black lines ;
the abdomen is oblong, with the second, third, and fourth segments encircled with a
broad whitish band, and has no discal setse ; the wings are armed with a number of
small spines at the bases of the first and third veins, and there is a short cubital
appendix. Rare ; it is figured in Curtis's British Entomology.

7.— SIPHONA, Mgn.

Oen. ch. — The little grey flies contained in this genus are charac-
terized by having a long, filiform, horny proboscis, which is twice bent
or elbowed ; and also by the arista being bent towards the middle, at
the junction of the second and third joints, the former of which is a
good deal elongated, being more than half as long as the latter; the
eyes are bare ; the orbito-frontal bristles are in a double row (on each
side) in both sexes ; the antennae are rather long, the third joint being
two or three times the length of the second ; the abdomen has all the
rings of nearly equal width, and without setse on the disc ; the wings
have the apical cross veins rounded at the base, and the first posterior
cell terminating near the apex of the wing.

The frontalia are nearly of equal width in both sexes, and the
orbito-frontal bristles being always in a double row, it is difficult at
first sight to distinguish the males from the females, owing to which
causes they have been separated, and described as distinct species ;
they may, however, be known from each other by the following
characters : the third joint of the antennae is about three times the
length of the second in the males, and only about twice as long in the
females ; the abdomen is rather narrow and subcylindrical in the males,
and thickened at the apex, in the females it is rather wider and flatter,

12G [M^iy.

and pointed at the end ; the colour of the two sexes is also different,
of the males being more or less testaceous, and that of the females
cinereous.

1. First abdominal segment armed with setsB on the margin...

1. geniculata, De Greer.

2. First abdominal segment without setaB 2. cristata,^.

S. aEXic'ULATA, De Geer.

jlavifrons, Stseg., Schn., J" .
Antennae with the first two joints rufous, and the third black or grey ; palpi
yellow ; thorax grey, unstriped, clothed with rows of black bristles and numerous
short black hairs ; scutellum grey, witli apex often yellow ; abdomen in the male
yellowish-grey, often testaceous at the base and sides, with the apex and a longitu-
dinal dorsal stripe grey ; in the female it is entirely grey upon the dorsum, but
sometimes a little yellow underneath at the base ; the anterior edges of each segment
are encircled with a narrow pale ring in both sexes ; and there are two setae in the
middle of each segment near the edge, besides others on the sides ; the legs are
yellow, with the exception of the tarsi. Very common.

S. CRISTATA, r.

tacliinaria, Mgn., ^.

cinerea, Mgn., Eond., $ .
This species, which may be at once known from the former by the absence of
setsB on the middle of the edge of the first abdominal segment, has the male very
similar to that of S. geniculata ; the two basal joints of the antennae are, however,
sometimes partly nigrescent ; the thorax is of rather a lighter grey, with pale
shoulders, and the abdomen is more flavescent and translucent. The female, which
seems to be less common than the male, is entirely of a pale bluish-grey colour, the
under-surfaee of the abdomen only being a little lutescent ; the femora are also
partly grey. Mr. Bignell sent me three examples of the latter sex (the only ones
that I have seen) in 1883, which were bred from Leucania littoralis.

8 — THRIPTOCERA, Mcq.

Gen. ch. — The little black and grey flies in this genus have the
eyes bare, and widely separated in both sexes ; the orbito-frontal
bristles in a double row in both males and females ; f acialia unarmed ;
cheeks bare ; antennae with both basal joints short, and the third from
three to four times longer than the second ; arista mostly bent or
elbowed, with the second joint elongated, but shorter than the third ;
abdomen oval, with the segments nearly equal in width, and only
armed with setae on the posterior margins ; wings with some of the
veins mostly setigerous, apical cross vein usually curved at the base,
outer cross vein seated midway between the inner one and the curve
of the fourth longitudinal vein ; and first posterior cell terminating
near the apex of the wing.

1891.) 127

The males and females closely resemble each other.

1 (4) Wings with the alternate veins setigerous.

2 (3) Antennae nigrescent ... 1. crassioornis, Mgn.

3 (2) Antennae rufous 2. pilipeniiis,¥\r\.

4 (1) Wings with the third long vein only setigerous.

5 (6) Legs testaceous 3. bicolor, Mgn.

6 (5) Legs nigrescent.

7 (8) Second joint of arista short 4. cognafa, Schn.

8 (7) Second joint of arista long 5. minutiss ima, Zett.

T. CRA.SSICOENIS, Mgn.
Antennae black, with third joint long and thick, the basal joints are sometimes
subrufous ; palpi yellow ; thorax grey and unstriped ; scutellum grey ; abdomen
black, segments encircled on the front edges with a white ring or band, which is
wider in the males than the females ; legs nigrescent ; wings with the first, third,
and fifth veins setigerous. Not rare.

T. PILIPENNIS, Fin.
This species is very similar to the last, but has the antennae smaller and rufous,
the scutellum is also red at the apex, and the legs piceous ; the wings have the bases
yellow, and have the veins ciliated, as in T. crassicornis. Rare ; Mr. Bignell sent
me a specimen in 1882, which he had bred from a Tortrix.

T. BICOLOR, Mgn.
Antennae rufous, third joint sometimes partly grey or black ; palpi yellow ;
thorax grey and unstriped, with the shoulder points luteous ; scutellum yellow ;
abdomen rufous, with a narrow pale band round the base of the segments ; legs
testaceous ; wings with the third longitudinal vein only setigerous, the spines
extending from the root of the vein to a little beyond the inner cross vein. Not;
rare ; Mr. Bignell sent me several in 1882, bred from Bomhyx quercus.

T. coGNATA, Schn.

This is rather an aberrant species, for the second joint of the arista is short and
indistinct, like the first ; the wings also have only three or four setae at the base of
the third long vein. In other points, however, it resembles the foregoing species ;
the antennae have the third joint large, thick, and black, with the basal joints rufous ;
palpi yellow ; thorax grey, with four narrow black stripes on the front ; abdomen
black, with the second and third rings encircled with a white band, legs black. Rare.

T. MINTJTISSIMA, Ztt.
This little species, only two or three mm. in length, has the second joint of the
arista much elongated, it being about two-thirds of the length of the third joint,
with which it is geniculated ; the antennae have the third joint thickened ; the
palpi are rufous or piceous ; the thorax is cinereous, with the shoulders pale, and the
dorsum marked in front with two narrow stripes ; the abdomen is black, with a
narrow white band round the front margins of the segments ; the legs are black ;
the wings have the apical cross veins pale and rather indistinct, bluntly angular at
the base, and joining the costa exactly at the apex of the wing ; the veins are

128 [May,

uiiftriiic'tl, except with one or two bristles at the base of the tliird vein. Rare ;
I have only seen two examples, which were found by the Rev. Mr. Elooinfield, at
Guestling, near Hastings.

9.— BIGONICHETA, Rnd.

Gen. ch. — This genus is closely allied to Thriptocera, but differs
by having the eyes slightly pubescent ; the arista twice elbowed, all
three joints being of nearly equal length ; the cheeks setigerous ; the
abdomen with setae on the disc, as well as on the margin of the seg-
ments ; the wings with the fourth longitudinal vein bent at an angle
(not curved), and the outer cross vein placed nearer to the inner one
than to the angle of the fourth longitudinal vein. Other characters
as in Thriptocera.

B. spiNiPENNis, Mgn.

Palpi red ; antennas black, with the third joint a little rufous at the base ;
cheeks ciliated with bristles, which extend quite to the bottom, but are not seated
on the edges of the facialia ; thorax cinereous, marked with four longitudinal black
lines, the inner pair being narrow and rather close together ; abdomen grey, with a
rather sinuous black band on the hinder part of each segment ; legs black, with the
coxae tinged with red ; wings with the first, third, and fifth longitudinal veins seti-
gerous. Not common ; Mr. Fletcher, of Worcester, sent me a specimen some years
ago, which was bred from Coccyx strobilella ; I captured one near Ulverstone, Lan-
cashire, in 1886, and Mr. Billups sent me one for examination, which he had taken
in his garden at Peckham. I believe that this species is only a variety of B.
setipennis. Fin., as Meigen makes the chief difference to consist in the colour of the
palpi, and many years ago I obtained two continental specimens from flerr Kowarz,
captured at Asch, in Bohemia, which were named B. setipennis, and which had the
ends of the palpi red.

10.— ACTIA, Dsv.

This genus, like the last, is so closely allied to Thriptocera, that I
think they should both be considered only as subgenera. As in
the parent genus, the arista is bent and has the second joint a good
deal elongated ; the veins of the wings are also setigerous, and the
form, size, and colour of the body are very similar to those of the
Thriptocera. The characteristic feature in Actia is the want of the
apical cross vein in the wangs, in which respect it resembles the genus
Hoeselia, Dsv., with which it was confused by Meigen, the Thriptocera
frontalis, Mcq., being the same as Hoeselia Lamia, Mgn,

A. FEONTALIS, Mcq. = f'-^^±" " ^^ '^ ^-- fl 'X

Palpi piceous ; antennse black ; thorax grey, and indistinctly striped ; scutellum

grey ; abdomen shining black, with the front margins of the second, third, and

fourth segments surrounded by a narrow white band, interrupted in the centre, so as

to leave a longitudinal black stripe ; legs nigrescent j wings with the first (auxiliary

is'.'i.) 129

branch), third, and fifth veins armed with bristles. I am not aware that this species
has yet been found in Britain, but I have described it from continental specimens,
so as to render the group of Thriptoceratm, Desv., more complete.

(7b be continued.) / O ^

NOTE ON THE GENUS HYPSOIDES, BUTLER.

BY AV. F. KIRBT, F.L.S.

Assistant in Zoological Department, British 3Iuseum {Natural History), S. Kensington.

The genus Hypsoides was founded by Mr. Butler in the " Cistula
Entomologica," vol. iii, p. 1 (1882), for a new moth from Madagascar,
which he called H. hipars, and w^hich still remains the sole representa-
tive of the genus in the British Museum.

Some time afterwards, on examining the figure and description of
Bomhyx Badama, (sic) Coquerel [Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3), iii, p. 530
(1855) ; (4), vi, p. 342, pi. v, figs. 1, 1 (18G6)], we came to the con-
clusion that the two species were closely allied, although specifically
distinct. This is confirmed by a short paper just published by M.
Mabille in the "Bulletin de la Soc. Ent. de France" (6), x, pp.
cxlvi — cxlviii, in which he establishes a new genus, Goenostegia, for
Bomhyx Bhadama, Coq., and places in it Bomhyx Bhadama and B. Diego,
Coq., and two new species, Coen. Barrei and O. fluvens, the last of
which is closely allied to, if not actually identical with, Hypsoides
bipnrs, Butl. C.Jiavens appears, however, to be a yellower insect.

Mabille regards Coenosiegia as allied to Cnethocampa, and proposes
to establish a new family, Cnethocampides, for the two genera. It is,
however, much more closely related to the African genus Anaphe,
"Walker, which was discussed by Lord Walsingham in the "Transactions
of the Linnean Society of London," ser. 2, Zoology, vol. ii, pp. 421 —
426.

The majority of authors agree in referring the two anomalous
genera, Anaphe from Africa, and Hypsoides (= Coenosiegia) from
Madagascar, to the Liparidce. Both genera agree in constructing a large
silken pouch, which forms an outer covering for the gregarious pupae.

Zool. Dept., Brit. Mus. (N. H.) :
April, 1891.

A LIST OF HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA COLLECTED IN THE
ISLAND OF GUERNSEY.

BY W. A. LUFF.

During the last few years I have collected the HemipteraSetero-
ptera in this island, and, through the kindness of IMr. Edward Saunders,
who has examined and named most of them, I am enabled to present

130 t^^y-

a list o£ the species captured. No previous list, to my knowledge,
Las beeu published for Guernsey, and as many are rare in England,
whilst others are not to be found there, I think it will prove of
interest to collectors.

The species not found in England are indicated by *.

Eur yg aster maura, Lin. — One specimen taken.

Geotomus punctulatus, Cost. — Not uncommon under stones, &c., on the cliifs.

Sciocoris cursitans, Fab. — Common in sandy places on the coast.

Aelia acuminata, Lin. — Four specimens.

Perihalus vernalis, Wolff. — One.

Carpocoris fuscipina, Boh. — Very common on the cliffs. C. baccarum, Lin. —
Common.

Piezodorus incarnatus, Germ. — Common.

Strachia oleracea, Linn. — Both the red and white spotted forms are common on
the cliffs.

*Strachia ornata, Lin. — One specimen taken of this beautiful species.

*Brachypelta aterrima, Foerst. — Not uncommon on furze bushes on the cliffs
in autumn.

Jalla dumosa, Lin. — Two.

Acanthosoma hcBinorrhoidale, Lin. — Not uncommon.

Syroinastes marginatus, Lin.^ — -Very common.

Verlusia rhomhea, Lin. — Four.

Coreus denticulatus, Scop. — One only.

Alydus calcaratus, Lin. — One.

Stenocephalus agilis, Scop. — Common.

Therapha hyoscyami, Lin. — Not common.

* Lyg (BUS punctato-guttatuSy'E Sih. — This pretty little red and black species is very
abundant, at the roots of foxglove on the cliffs in the spring, summer, and autumn ;
they are gregarious, and follow each other along a track like ants. They were
observed on sunshiny days in January and February of this year.

*LygcEOsoma reticulatum, H.-S. — Common on the cliffs.

Ischnorhynchus geminatus, Fieb. — Taken commonly by sweeping amongst heather
on the cliffs.

Eenestaris laticeps, Curt. — Common in sandy places on the coast.

Heterogaster urticce, Fab. — One specimen.

Mhyparochromus dilatatus, H.-S. — Two. R. chiragra, Fab. — Two specimens.
R. chiragra, var. sahulicola. — One.

Ischnocoris angustulus, Boh.

Macrodema micropterum. — One specimen taken, with wings developed.

Flinthisus brevipennis, Latr.

Stygnus arenarius. — Common.

Aphanus Eolandri, Lin. — Two specimens, taken many years ago. A. lynceus.
Fab. — One. A. quadratus, Fab. — One of our commonest species.

Dieuches luscus, Fab. — Not uncommon.

Emblethis verbasci, Fab.

iJrymus sylvaticus. Fab. — One.

1891.) 131

Scolopostethus decoratus , Ilalin.

Pyrrhocoris apterus, Lin. — Two specimens.

Monanthia cardui, Lin. — Common.

Hydrometra stagnorum, Lin. — Occasionally abundant.

Yelia currens, Fab. — Common.

Aepophilus Bonnairei, Sign. — Several specimens of this curious species were
taken by Mr. Marquand at low water mark on our south coast, and I captured a
single specimen in the same locality on September 28th, 1890.

Gerris thoracica, Schum. — Common.

Nahis lativentris, Boh. — Not rare. N. rugosus, Linn. — One.

Cimex lecttilarius, Lin. — Common in some houses in town, scarcely to be found
in the country parishes.

Lyctocoris campestris, Fall. — One.

Temnostethus pusillus, H.-S. — One.

Anthocoris nemorum, Lin.

Miris IcBvigatus, Lin. — Very abundant.

Megalocerma rujicornis, Fourc. — One.

Phytocoris tilicB, Fab. — Several specimens. P. varipes, Boh. — Not common.

Calocoris hipunctatus, Fab.

Oncognathus binotatus, Fab. — Very common.

Lygus pratensis, Fab. — Extremely abundant. L. paiulinus, Lin. — Several.

Heteroptera merioptera, Scop. — Several specimens.

Nepa cinerea, Lin. — Not common.

Sanatra linearis, Lin. — Rare.

Notonecta glauca, Lin. — Very abundant in most ponds. N. glauca, var. macu-
lata. — Not so common as the type.

Corixa Oeoffroyi, Leach. — Very abundant. C. atomaria. — Very common. C.
moBsta. — I have taken one specimen.

Guernsey : April 6th, 1891.

Pimpla graminellce. — I have again been favoured with cocoons of Pi^npla gra-
minellcB from Mr. Gardner, Hartlepool, who found them spun up in the webs of
Orgyia antiqua ; from one of these batches I bred one male and four females. The
principal reason of this record is that the species of the genus Pimpla have been
looked upon as solitary parasites ; these cocoons are very similar to those from which
I bred Pimpla ritfipleura, and which I compared when describing them to a cluster
of Macroceatus cocoons. — G. C. Bignell, Stonehouse, Plymouth : April 8th, 1891.

The habits of Humble Bees in New Zealand. — In No. 1 of the resuscitated
" New Zealand Journal of Science " (January, 1891) — which we wish all success —
is a long and interesting article on the introduced Bomhi in New Zealand, by Mr.
Geo. M. Thomson, P.L.S., full of information, and ending with a list of plants of
which the flowers are visited by the bees. Our readers will remember that the
primary object in introducing the bees into the Colony was the fertilization of the
red clover. We take the following extract as showing how modification of sur-
roundings influences habit : —

132 '^^*-^-

" A remarkable point in connection with the life of the humble bee is, that in
many parts of the Colony they do not appear to hibernate at all. In England those
insects wliich survive the winter appear about April, and immediately proceed to
seek out suitable quarters for the establishment of their homes. In this part
(Dunedin) of the Colony the past winter was extremely mild, and the hibernation of
the bees was very short. I saw them nearly daily on various flowers right through
the summer and autumn up till June 5th. On the following day the weather be-
came suddenly cold, and the bees disappeared until August 13th. For nearly a
month afterwards the weather remained fine, and night frosts were frequent, yet for
a few hours in the middle of the day the bees were seen regularly. Mr. James
Gilmore, of Goodwood, about 30 miles north of Dunedin, states that he saw them
right through the winter, except in rainy weather. In the middle of July, when the
nights and mornings were very frosty, the bees came out in the middle of tlie day if
the sun was shining. If this is so in this comparatively cold part of the Colony, we
may expect that in those jiarts where frost is unknown no hibernation will take place
at all. It is woi'thy of note, however, that only large females survive the winter.
This season the first small bees of the new brood were seen by me on November 22nd.
The rate of increase of the humble bee has been so great in this Colony, that the
question has arisen in my mind as to whether they would not become as serious a
nuisance, so far as honey is concerned, as the rabbit has proved to the farmer and
squatter. With two exceptions I have never heard of them visiting the flowers of
indigenous plants."

And yet it is only a very few years ago that the first humble bees were intro-
duced into New Zealand ! — Eds.

Lytta vesicatoria, L., and other Coleoptera from Hants and Dorset. — Among
some beetles lately sent to me by my cousin, Mr. J. H. Fowler, of Ringwood, Hants,
I found the following : — from Ringwood, Hants, a small but very good specimen of
Lytta vesicatoria, L. (this species has also been recorded from Hants by Mr. Mon-
creaff), also specimens of Carabus nitens, Calosoma inquisitor, Mordella fasciata ,
Limonius minuttis, Clythra quadripunctata, &c. ; from Sturminster Newton, North
Dorsetshire, Eryx ater, Cryptocephalus sericeus, nitidulus, and lineola, Phytoecia
cylindrica, Oodes helopioides , Haplocnemus impressus, Hoplia philanthus, and Ho-
maloplia ruricola ; and fi'om Wimborne, Dorset, Carabus nitens, Elater sanguino-
lenttis, Ehynchites piibescens, Pogonocharus bidentatus, and Trox sabulosus. — W. W.
Fowler, Lincoln : April 11th, 1891.

Heterocerus britannicus, Kuwert : a new species described from Britain. — In the
" Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichcn zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in
Wien," December, 1890, p. 535, Herr Kuwert describes a new species of Heterocerus
{H. britaymicus) as from " England." Mr. Champion having called my attention to
the paper, I wrote to Herr Kuwert, who kindly told me that the single male on
which he described the species came to him through M. Bellier de la Chavignerie,
labelled " Anglia, Reiche." I then sent him three or four species from my collection,
and among them a small species which I received some years ago as sericans from
Mr. Lennon, of Dumfries : this proved to be Herr Kuwert's britannicus. "ilLy speci-
mens are very small reddish insects, witli obsolete darker spots, but the specimen on

1801.] i;33

which it has been described appears to be darker. Tlie following is Ilerr Kuwert's
description (/. c, p. 535) : — " Thorax plainly broader than the elytra, the latter with
obscure red spots with thick yellowish pubescence ; tlioras black, with short and less
thick pubescence, with a distinct red central line and badly defined reddish sides,
very strongly widened in the middle and a little narrowed in front. Male with the
clypeus raised into a prominence on its anterior margin, and with the intermediate
tibise strongly widened beneath. Legs and apex of abdomen reddish. L., 2 mm."

The species which we know as H. fusculus, Kiesenwetter, appears to be really
H. ptilchellns, Kies., and it is doubtful wliether we possess the former species at all ;
in fact, the whole genus, as arranged in our British collections, appears to be in utter
confusion. I am preparing a paper on the genus, and hope to be able to clear up
one or two more points; it appears, however, to be difficult to know whether the
sexes are not sometimes contused as separate species, and I should be very much
obliged if any collector would forward me undoubted pairs of any species, common
or uncommon. The male and female are usually found together in one mud burrow,
whicli is not occupied by more than one pair. I have found H. pulchellus in num-
bers in April at Luccombe Chine, Isle of Wight, but it appears to be an entirely
local species. — Id. : April \Oth, 1891.

Since writing the above, Mr. McLachlan has kindly called my attention to a
description of a new species of Heierocerus, from Scandinavia, by B. Varenius, in
the " Eutomologisk Tidskrift " (Stockholm), 1891, Haft 1, p. 22, named H. Molleri ;
it is apparently closely allied to H. fusculus, from which it appears to differ a little
in size, and in having the front tibise furnished externally with seven spines. It seems
very doubtful at first sight whether it will prove a distinct species ; it is described in
company with a new Megarthrus. — W. W. F.

Homalota princeps, Sfc, at Ventnor. — During ten days spent at Ventnor, from
the 3rd to the 13th of this month, I captured a few insects of interest, although the
weather was not altogether favourable for entomological work. I never remember
such a scarcity of Hymenoptera at this time of the year. Even on two really
bright sunshiny mornings, I only saw the following species : — Ralictus longidus, 1
(this is a rare species, and one I was glad to meet with) ; Andrena fulvicrus, 4 or 5
c? and ? ; Anthophora pilipes, several (J and ? ; Bombus terrestris and Derhamellus
and Apis mellijiea. I was collecting on the sheltered side of the hills just above
the sea, facing S. and S.W. The gorse was out in fair blossom, and also a few sallows
liere and there, so that one might have expected to have met with spring Andretim,
&c., in abundance, which made the above result very disappointing.

Coleopiera, however, were more encouraging. By shaking seaweed above high
water mark I secured three Lymnaum tiiyropiceum, six Homalota princeps, sur-
rounded by plenty of its nWies, puiicticeps, halohrectha and vestita, two oi plumbea,
Aleochara algarwm and grisea, Phytosus spinifer and balticus (the former fairly
common, the latter very rare, only four specimens occurring), two J/ecfoB^ocq/er,
and otliers. I suppose I spent about five hours altogether searching the seaweed,
which was in the little bay just opposite Steep Hill Castle.

In Hemiptera I found a single Zicrona ccerulea crawling up a grass stem, a
really beautiful creature in flie sunshine. — Edward Saunders, St. Ann's, Woking:
April loth, \S0\.

134 tMay,

Capture of Hister marginatus near King's Lynn. — The dearth of Lepidoptera
last season may be assigned as the principal reason of my giving attention for the
first time to Coleoptera, and it is not improbable that I shall demote more or less
attention annually to this fascinating group ; a group which, to say the least of it,
gave me plenty of employment in an otherwise rather discouraging season, so far as
Lepidoptera were concerned. Amongst my captures in beetles sent to Mr. E. A.
Newbery, who kindly identified them for me, is a specimen of Hister marginatus.
This insect was picked up one afternoon in June on a road-side near this town. As
Mr. Newbery informs me it is a rare insect, I thought it worth recording. — E. A.
Atmoee, King's Lynn, Norfolk : March 20th, 1891.

Abundance of Retinia turionana near King's Lynn. — For several years past I
have been in the habit of searching for pupse of this species, but never until this
year have I met with them commonly. As a result of twice searching for them
recently, I have taken in all thirty-eight healthy pupse. I need scarcely add that
many ichneumon pai'asites were found, for I must have destroyed at least 150. — Id.

Sahits of Cymatophora flavicornia. — It struck me as being worth recording
that on the sunny afternoon of March 28th last, while netting some specimens of
Brephos Parthenias in some woods near here, I noticed a greyish insect fluttering
round the birch trunks, which on capture proved to be a male specimen of C. flavi-
cornis. Is it generally known that this species ever flies by day ? From tlie business-
like search among the trees which this insect was making (and which it resumed on
release), it appeared to me to be in search of a female. I may add that I have taken
this species subsequently, feeding on sap from a punctured birch trunk, at night. —
K. M. Peideaux, 28, Berkeley Square, Bristol: April 3rd, 1891.

(ibituarg.

Prof. Felipe Poey, C.M.Z.S., died on January 28th in the ninety-second year
of his age, at Havana (Cuba), where he was born in 1799, and where he passed all
his life, save a few years spent as a student at Paris. He was one of the founders
of the French Entomological Society, and was elected a Corresponding Member of
the Zoological Society of London in 1836. Poey was a profound naturalist, best
known as an ichthyologist, but he published several papers on tlie Lepidoptera of
Cuba, and also a bulky volume on the general Natural History of the Island.
Moreover, he largely assisted others, and in Hagen's Synopsis of North American
Neuroptera, his name is very frequently quoted in connection with Cuban species.
He retained his love of Nature to the last, notwithstanding his patriarchal age. We
conclude this short notice by quoting the words of a well-known entomologist who
met him at Havana in 1857 — 58 : — " Already at that time he looked old ; his sallow
complexion gave him the appearance of a man worn out by the climate. He was a
remarkable instance of the macrobiotic quality of the study of Nature. He was a
savant in the full sense of the word ; at the same time charming and entirely un-
pretending in his manner." There remain few naturalists who have reached so
great an age, even in climates far less trying.

1H91.] 135

BlEMINGHAM EXTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY: March \Gth, 1891. — Mr. W. Gr.

Blatch, President, in the Chair.

Messrs. P. T. Pope and H. Pope were elected Members of the Society.

Mr. Blatch said he had noticed a large number of spring Lepidoptera at Hopwas
Wood a few days previously, and had noticed that among the Ribernia leucophaaria
light specimens seemed to prefer birch trees, and dark specimens oak and other trees
with darker barks, their colours thus being assimilated to their surroundings. Mr.
Thornewell said that round Burton-on-Trent he noticed what appeared to be two
forms of Phigalia pedaria ; one large and light found early in the open country,
and one smaller, darker, and found later in the Woods. Mr. Thornewell exhibited
a number of Xanthim, and read notes on them, making several suggestions which
provoked considerable discussion, in which Messrs. Blatch, Bradley and Wainwright
joined.

April 6th, 1891.— Mr. R. C. Bbadley in the Chair.

Mr. C J. Wainwright sliowed long series of Cheilosia oestracea and Vohicella
pellucens ; the former from Somersetshire, the latter from Wyre Forest and other
localities. Mr. R. C. Bradley showed Echinomyia grossa and fera. Mr. H. J.
Sands showed a piece of ebony completely destroyed by some large larvae. — Colbran
J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society : April IWi, 1891. —
The President, Mr. S. J. Capper, F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair.

Messrs. J. Collins, of Warrington, and W. R. Scowcroft, of Prestwich, were
elected Members.

Mr. J. E. Robson, F.E.S., of Hartlepool, read a paper, entitled, "Are Abraxas
pantaria and A. ulmata one species or two ? " After remarking on the difBculty of
obtaining exotic specimens of the genus, the author said that pantaria had been
admitted into the British list on the authority of one specimen, taken at Oakhamp-
ton Park, Somerset, he referred to their geographical distribution, stating that
pantaria only occurred in places where ulmata was absent, he tlien minutely
described the two forms, comparing the markings of each, and pointed out the
difference in the genital armature, which he considered was due to local and climatic
causes, altering the form of the genitalia. The paper, which was fully illustrated by
many cases containing examples of the genus, led to considerable discussion, as to
what constituted a species. Mr. Tutt sent for exhibition the series of Miana, from
Armagh, that recently caused so much controversy among London entomologists ;
but so palpably distinct were the specimens oi fasciuncula and strigilis, and so
obvious the ease with which the examples could be separated, that no discussion
arose. Mr. Robson exhibited some fine varieties of butterflies, and Mr. Collins a
wonderful variety of Leucania lithargyria, which had the hind-wings deeply
fimbriated with dark scales, the central portion of the wing being light. — F. N.
Pierce, Hon. Sec, 143, Smithdown Lane, Liverpool.

136 May,

Entomological Society of London: April \st, 1891. — Professor R.
Meldola, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. G. A. Booth, of Grange-over-Sancls, North Lancashire, and Mr. W. Manger,
of New Cross, S.E., were elected Fellows of the Society.

Mr. H. J. Elwes showed a small but very interesting collection of butterflies
from Laggan Alberta, N.W. Territory of Canada, taken by Mr. Bean at high eleva-
tions in the Rocky Mountains. Amongst them were CoHas Elis, Streck., which
seemed to be very close to, if not identical with C. Hecla, of Europe, Argynnis
Alberta, W. H. Edw., and Chionobas subhyalhia, "W. H. Edw. The resemblance
between the butterflies of this locality and those found on the Fells of Lapland was
very striking, some of the species being identical, and others very closely allied.
Mr. Elwes said that it was another proof if one were wanted, of the uniformity of
the butterflies found throughout the boreal region in the Old and New Worlds.

Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited sevei-al insects recently received from Mr. J. J.
Walker, from Hobart, Tasmania. The collection included a curious species of For-
ficulidee, with asymmetrical forceps, from the summit of Mount Wellington ; two
mimetic species of (Edemeridce belonging to the genus Pseudolycus, Guer., and the
corresponding Lycidm, which were found with them ; also specimens of both sexes
of Lamprima rutilans, Er.

Mr. N. M. Richardson exhibited a specimen of Zygmna JilipendulcB with five
wings ; a second specimen of the same species with the middle legs on the right side
much dwarfed ; four specimens of Qelechia ocellatella, including a pink variety, bred
from Beta maritima ; four specimens of Tinea subtilella, a species new to Britain,
taken last August in the Isle of Portland ; also specimens of Nepticida auromar-
ginella, a species new to Britain, bred from larvse taken near Weymouth, on bramble.
Dr. Sharp and Mr. McLachlan commented on the structural peculiarities of the two
specimens of Zygcena.

Mr. C. Fenn exhibited a series of TcBniocampa instabilis, which had been bred
out of doors during the recent severe weather. They were all bred from ova laid by
the same female, and many of them were of an abnormally pale colour. Mr. Fenn
said that, according to Mr. Merrifield's theory, these pale specimens, in consequence
of the temperature to which they had been subjected in the pupal state, ought to
have been very dark. Mr. Jenner Weir, referring to the pale specimens, said he had
never before seen any of so light a colour.

Mr. W. Dannatt exhibited a butterfly belonging to the genus Crenis, recently
received from the Lower Congo. He said he believed the species was undescribed.

Mr. G. A. J. Rothney sent for exhibition several specimens of an ant {Sima
rufo-nigra), from Bengal, together with specimens of a small sand wasp {Rhinopsis
ruficoriiis) and a spider {Saltlcus), both of which closely mimicked the ant. It was
stated that all the specimens exhibited had lately been received from Mr. R. C.
Wroughton, Conservator of Forests, Poona. Mr. Rothney also communicated a
short paper on the subject of these ants and the mimicking sand wasps and spiders,
entitled, " Further notes on Indian Ants."

Mr. G. C. Champion read a paper, entitled, " A list of the Heteromerous
Coleoptera collected by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., in the neighbourhood of Gibraltar,
with descriptions of four new species." At the conclusion of the meeting a dis-
cussion ensued, in which Mr. Kirby, Mr. Elwes, Mr. McLachlan, Mr. Jenner Weir,
Dr. Sharp, and Mr. Crowley took part. — H. Goss, Hon. Sec.

1891.) 137

MICRO-LEPIDOPTESA COLLECTED NEAR CANNES, 1890.
BY 'THE RIGHT HON. LORD WALSINGHAM, MA, F.R S., &c.

The following somewhat rich list of captures in the tiuie devoted
to collecting during three months spent on the south coast of France
in the spring of 1S90 may be of interest to others who visit the locality.
I have to acknowledge the valuable and willing assistance received at
all times from my esteemed colleague, Mons. A. Constant, to whose
long acquaintance with the Lcpidoptcra of France, accompanied by a
thorough knowledge of the botany of the district, I am indebted for
many of the more interesting species here mentioned. I had the
pleasure and advantage of his companionship on several occasions in
the Esterel hills and elsewhere, with free access to his well-arranged
collection. Having been in the neighbourhood of Cannes during the
spring months of several years, with only occasional intervals, I am
convinced that, notwithstanding the diligent and careful study so long
devoted to the subject by Mons. Constant, and by the late Mons. P.
Milliere, many unobserved species of Micro-Lepidoptera still remain
to be discovered, and I look forward hopefully to a winter campaign
next year. The genera GeJechia (in its widest sense), Goleophora,
BucculatrLv, and Nepticula are those which appear to be most richly
represented in the coast district. I have not remained sufficiently late
in the summer to penetrate to the adjacent mountain-range of the
Alpes-Maritimes, undoubtedly rich in species.

By referring to my notes of previous years, a far more extensive
list could be made, but one of the objects in view is to show what
may be done in a limited space of time, and I am not aware that more
than two or three|of the species taken before 1890 would be additions
to those already recorded by other authors.

The following descriptions refer to two new species of Coleophora,
and a new Stagmatopliora mentioned below. I leave the new Lita to
be dealt with at some future time, in the hope that Mons. Constant
may add it to the already numerous discoveries he has made known to
his fellow-workers. He informs me that he is about to publish
further descriptions of several new species, some of which he has
kindly permitted me to mention by his MS. names, in anticipation of
his next paper.

Coleophora bifrondella, sp. n.
AntenncB, white, annulated with greyish-brown.
Palpi, white.

Head, white ; face slightly tinged with greyish-brown.
Thorax, white.

138 [May,

Fore-wings, greyish-brown, the costal margin throughout distinctly white, dorsal
margin narrowly white ; a white streak along the lower edge of the fold, and a
second streak above the fold, commencing near its base and ending in the dorsal
margin beyond its outer extremity ; cilia of the costal and apical margins whitish,
those of the dorsal margin pale greyish-brown.

Hind-wings, pale greyish-brown, with slightly paler cilia.

Abdomen, pale greyish-brown.

Legs, whitish, faintly touched with greyish-browu on the hind tarsal joints.

Exp. al., 10 mm.

Hah. : Cannes. Type, ^ ? , Mus., Wlsm.

The larva feeds on Saiureia montana on the slopes of the hills
above the water canal to the east of Cannes. It forms its case by
mining and cutting off one of the minute leaflets, the shape of which
is well preserved, to this it usually attaches a second mined leaflet as
its growth proceeds, and this second leaflet is sometimes fixed obliquely
at the apex of the first, giving the case a somewhat angulated
appearance.

The species appears to be allied to C. sarothamni (the calycoto-
mella of Milliere), but it is much smaller; the white streaks are more
distinct and uniform, with an almost total absence of the intermediate
slender branches, or streaklets, observable in the larger insect. The
case is also widely different. Mons. Ragonot considers it close to
gypsopJiilella, but decidedly distinct. .

COLEOPHORA ST^HELINELLA, Sp. tl.

AntenncB, white, the basal joint thickened with scales beneath, but not tufted.

Palpi, white.

Head, white.

Thorax, hoary-white, with a greyish-brown, longitudinal, median line.

Fore-ioings, hoary- white, with slender cinereous lines somewhat clearly defined ;
of these the most important starts from the base above the middle, and is con-
tinued somewhat widely to nearly the middle of the wing-length, whence it is
depressed towards the doi'sal margin before the apex, and emits from its upper edge
four slender parallel streaks, which extend outwards to the costal margin, the outer
one nearly reaching the apex ; above its basal half is a slender detached sub-costal
streak, and a few cinereous scales about the base of the costa ; from below the base
of this central streak is emitted another slender streak, running above and parallel
to the fold, reaching the dorsal margin at one-third from the apex, and continued
around the dorsal margin and apex to the costal margin, where it ceases, nearly
opposite to the point at which it struck the dorsal margin after receiving at least the
outer three of the costal branches of the central streak ; another cinereous streak
lies below the fold, and the dorsal margin itself is narrowly cinereous as far as the
end of this streak, or for rather more than half of the wing-length ; costal and
apical cilia white, but a strong brownish-grey sliade runs along their middle, being
diffused beneath the apex, and overspreading nearly the whole width of the dorsal
cilia.

I

1891.1 139

Hind-ioings, brownish-grey, with shining pale brownish-grey cilia.
Abdomen, pale brownish-grey.

Leffs, posterior pair clothed above with long hairs of the same colour as the
cilia of the hind-wings ; tarsal joints whitish, unspotted. Exp. al., 11 — 12 mm.

Mab. : Cannes, Agay, I'Esterel, Beaulieu.

Type, (^ ? . Mus., Wlsm.

The larva feeds upon Stcehelinus duhius. It hollows out the
whole width of one of the narrow leaves, and forms its case by
cutting off a sufficient length of the hollow leaf to contain it.
The upper-side of the leaf being much darker than the under-side,
which is whitish, the case has a rather peculiar bicoloured appearance.
The mouth is slightly oblique ; the whole case is somew^hat flattened,
elongate, narrowly ovate, and the posterior end rounded. The larva
frequently leaves its case in feeding, and is found mining to the end
of the long narrow leaf, so that in beating the plant it is not unusual
to find several empty cases in the beating net. The young larva makes
a smaller case, which it exchanges for one of larger capacity as its
growth advances. Length of the case, usually about 6 — 8 mm.

This species appears to be nearly allied to GoleopTiora ohtectella,
Z., from Syracuse, but the cilia of the hind-wings are darker, the wings
are less narrowly pointed, and the markings are more closely defined
than in that species ; moreover, the antennae are white, not annulated.
C. ohtectella, described in the Lin. Ent., vol. ix, p. 333 (1849), appears
to have been accidentally omitted from the latest Sicilian lists. Mous.
Ragonot advises me that it is near to cliamoBdryella and to santolinella,
Cst., but differs from the latter in its plain (not annulated) antennae.

STAGMATOPHOEA, H.-S.

Stagmatophora eosmabikella, sp. n.

= larva mining leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis, Stn. Tin. S. Eur.,
215, 365 (1869).

Antennee, alternately annulated with fuscous and white, towards the apex the
last four white spots are evenly, but more widely, separated than on the basal two-
thirds ; a white spot on the upper-side of the basal joint.

Palpi, white ; with a black spot on the outside at the base, and another before
the apex of the second joint ; apical joint with two slender black streaks, running
throughout its length on each side.

Head, smooth ; shining steel-grey.

Thorax, deop brown.

Fore-ioi>i()s, brown, with three white costal streaks ; two before and one beyond
the middle, tlie former pointing obliquely outwards, the latter obliquely inwards,
each tipped with golden metallic scales ; on the dorsal margin are four golden me-
tallic spots : the first two more or less in conjunction with the golden ends of the
streaks above them, the outer two being right and left of the apex of the third

140 [M-^y-

costal streak ; at the extreme apex is a bright golden metallic spot ; these golden
markings are all distinctly and brilliantly iridesc-cnt, and the white streaks on the
costa are very pure, and with a silvery lustre ; cilia greyish-fuscous.

Hind-wings, grey, with greyish-fuscous cilia.

Abdomen, grey.

Legs, brown, tarsal joints spotted with white. Exp. al., 6 — 7 mm.

Larva, mining leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis, March and April.

Imago, June 2l8t — July 7th.

Hah. : Pont St. Louis (Stn.) ; Monaco and Beaulieu (Wlsm ).

Type, S ? > Mus., Wlsm.
The only differences I can detect between this species and Qra-
howiella, Stgr., are as follows : the white on the costal margin is more
purely white and silvery, the golden scaling is more distinctly iridescent,
having lilac- and rosy-purple reflections, which do not exist to the
same extent in Grabowiella, the hind-wings are decidedly grey, not
brown, the antennae having a different pattern, the four spots nearest
the apex being evenly divided, and not separated from the more thickly
spotted part of the stem by any broad brown band, whereas in
Graboiviella the basal half is thickly spotted with white, this is followed
by a broad brown band, and beyond it are five evenly divided white
spots ; the spotting of the hind tarsal joints is also somewhat different,
in this species there are four distinct white spots, in Graboiviella only
three, the fourth being the foot itself.

The larva of this insect was discovered by Mr. Staintou in 1866,
but he did not succeed in rearing the imago. Its life-history, which
is recorded in " The Tineina of Southern Europe," p. 215, is as
follows : —

" A yellowish larva, mining the leaves of rosemary {Rosmarinus officinalis) ;
the mined leaves become yellowish-brown, and rather inflated ; some excrement is
protruded through a hole on the under-side of the leaf, generally at the end of the
mine nearest the foot-stalk.

The larva I have thus described : —

Length, 2 lines ; yellowish, the incisions between the segments rather paler ;
the head dark brown ; the second segment with a brown plate above ; the anal
segment with a small grey plate ; all the legs (16) pale yellowish. The larva is
rather active.

I met with these on the 27th March, the day before I left Mentone, on the
rocks above Pont St. Louis, on the Italian side.

I did not succeed in rearing anything from them."

The larva, with which I have been well acquainted for several
years, differs from that of the closely allied Graboiviella in its habit
of pupating within the mined leaf, never forming a case of excrement,
but it moves from one leaf to another when feediu-i;.

141

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1891.] 153

ANNOTATED LIST OF BRTTISH TACniNIID.E.
BY R. n. MEADE.

(ro)it i lined J'rom fage 129.)

11.— PLAGIA, Mgn.

Gen. ch. — "Middle-sized nigrescent species, with the outer cross

veins of the wings extremely oblique. Eyes in some species hairy, in

others bare ; widely separated, and with a double row of orh it o -frontal

bristles on the frontalia in both sexes ; antennje with the second joint

elongated, it being from one-half to two-thirds of the length of the

third joint ; arista with the second joint slightly prolonged ; facialia

unarmed ; ''heeks more or less deeply ciliated by a continuation of the

orbits-frontal bristles, which in some species is prolonged quite to the

'c;pistome ; wings with one or more of the veins setigerous, and with

a cubital appendix ; fore tarsi of the males wath the last joint provided

with long claws and bristles.

Eondani divides this genus or group (Plagidce, Dsv.) into three
subgenera, viz., Gifrtophlceha, Blepharigejia, and Plagia, the first, which
has the eyes hairy, and the cheeks ciliated quite to the epistome, may
be looked ujion as a well marked genus, but the distinctions between
the other two are so slight as not to be worth notice ; Blephariqena
only differing from Plagia by having the cheeks rather more deeply
ciliated, and the middle abdominal segments with discoidal setae, which
characters I find to be very variable.

1 (2) Eyes hairy {Cyrtophlaba.'RnA!) 1. ruricola, Mgn.

2 (1) Eyes bare.

3 (4) First and third veins setigerous 2. ruralis, Fhi.

4 (3) Third vein only setigerous.

5 (6) Antennffi wholly black 3. irepida, Mgn.

6 (5) Antennae VFith first two joints testaceous 4. curvinervis, Ztt.

P. ETJRICOLA, Mgn.

Eyes hairy ; palpi yellow ; antennae with the first two joints testaceous, and the
third black, the second joint nearly as long as the third ; cheeks ciliated quite to
the epistome ; thorax black, covered with light grey tonientum, and having four
longitudinal stripes ; abdomen black, with wide, irregular, grey, transverse fascia,
expanded on the sides of the segments, no setffi on the middle of the second and
third rings, but having the median marginal spines placed at some distance from the
edge ; legs black ; wings with the third longitudinal vein ciliated from the base to
the little cross vein ; cubital appendix short. I have not seen a British specimen of
this species, but Walker has included it among his Tachince, the description being,
however, very vague.

P. EURALIS, Fin.

Eyes bare, palpi black with yellow ends ; antenna; black, with the third joint

about one-third longer than the second ; orbito-frontal bristles scarcely extending
lialf way down the cheeks ; thorax and abdomen similar to those in P. ruricola ;
legs black ; wings with the outer cross veins sinuous, and less oblique than those in
the other species, the first (auxiliary branch) and third veins both spinigerous ;
cubital appendix short. Not uncommon.

P. TEEPIDA, Mgn.
Eyes bare ; palpi and antennse black, the latter with the third joint about one
and half times as long as the second ; cheeks ciliated neai-ly to the bottom ; thorax
grey, with four black stripes, the central pair being narrow ; abdomen black, with
grey reflections, and armed on the central segments with both marginal and discal
seta) ; legs black ; wings with the outer cross vein straight and very oblique, and
with the third longitudinal ciliated from the base to a short distance beyond the
little cross vein ; cubital appendix rather long. Rare ; I captured one specimen in
1876 near Bicester, Oxon.

P. CUBYINEEVIS, Ztt.

Eyes bare ; palpi yellow ; antennse with the two basal joints testaceous, the
third black, and fully twice as long as the second ; cheeks ciliated about half way
down ; thorax grey, with four rather indistinct stripes ; abdomen as in P. trepida,
with white reflections, and spines both on the disc and edges of the segments ; legs
black ; wings with the outer cross veins very oblique, and with the third vein ciliated
along almost its whole length ; cubital appendix short. Grenerally distributed, but
not common ; Mr. Billups sent me one, bred from Pcedisca sordidana.

12.— QYMNOCH^TA, Dsv.
Gen. ch. — The species in this genus are of a bright golden-green
colour ; the forehead and face are prominent ; the eyes hairy and
much nearer together in the males than in the females ; the antennae
arc drooping, with the second joint elongated and about two-thirds
of the length of the third joint ; the cheeks are bare, but the chin
hairjr ; the abdomen is subglobose, and has both discal and marginal
seta); the wings have the fourth longitudinal vein bent at an acute
angle, and the outer cross vein placed near to the angle.

Gr. YIEIDIS, Fin.
This, the only recorded British species, has the sides of the frontalia glossy
green, the central stripe being rufous ; the palpi and antennee are black ; the thorax
and abdomen are of a brilliant green colour, with sometimes a coppery tinge ; the
legs are black, with the bases of the femora green ; the wings have a yellowish-
brown tinge, and the fourth longitudinal vein has a short cubital appendix. Not
uncommon.

13.— MACQUARTIA, Dsv.

Gen. cli. — This genus contains a number of moderate or small
sized species, with ovoid or oblong bodies, often of a bright metallic
blue-black or bronze colour ; the males have the eyes approximate or

i»iii-J 155

contiguous, and h.iiry ; in the females the}' arc moderately separated,
and often only pubescent ; the antenna) are short, with a tomentosc
arista ; the facialia are unarmed ; the cheeks are bare, but the mentum
or chin is hairy or bristly ; the abdomen has both discal and apical
seta> ; the wings have the fourth longitudinal vein bent in a curve oi*
blunt angle, and the first posterior cell opens near the apex of the
wing. These flies are not common, and several species are difficult to
determine, being very much alike.

1 (8) Colour bright metallic or blue-black.

2 (3) Palpi yellow 1. teneby-icosa, Mgn.

3 (3) Palpi piceous or black.

4 (7) Abdomen -svitli white reflections.

5 (6) Colour blue-black 2. spinicincta, sp . n.

6 (5) Colour bronze 3. nitida, Ztt.

7 (4) Abdomen without white reflections 4. chalyheata, M.gn.

8 (1) Colour dull black or grey.

9 (12) Legs black.

10 (11) Palpi yellow 5. ciliar is, Ztt.

11(10) Palpi black Q. grisea,^!^.

12 (9) Legs partly or wholly yellow 7. dispar,'F\n.

M. TENEBIJICOSA, Mgn.

Shining metallic-blue or bronze-black ; eyes contiguous in the male, and separa-
ted by about a fourth of the width of the head in the female ; frontal stripe rufous
or piceous in the latter sex ; fronto-orbital bristles only extending slightly below the
base of the antennae, which are black, and have the third joint about one and a half
times the length of the second ; arista thickly pubescent j palpi yellow ; thorax
grey upon the front and sides, and marked with four black stripes, the central pair
being rather wide apart and narrow ; there are four external dorso-central bristles
behind the transverse groove ; abdomen with very slight grey reflections ; dorsal
setae weak, and seated upon both the disc and edges of segments ; legs black ;
calyptra brown in the male, and nearly white in the female ; halteres yellow ; wings
brown in the male, and nearly clear in the female ; apical cross vein slightly curved
inwards, outer cross vein sinuous. Not common ; I have found both sexes near
Lake Windermere.

M. SPIXICINCTA, sp. n.

This, which is about the largest British species (length, 7 — 9 mm.), has the
thorax wide and the abdomen oval ; the colour is sliiny blue-black, with white to-
mentum and reflections ; the male has the forehead and face rather flat ; the eyes
approximate, the frontalia ciliated with very long, strong, and thickly set fronto-
orbital bristles, which spread out upon tlie upper part of the cheeks and terminate
in a large group or patch opposite the base of the third joint of the antennte ;
margins of frontalia black, central stripe rufous or piceous ; cheeks white, with black
reflections ; antennne short, basal joints piceous, tliird joint about equal in length to
the other two, and black ; arista long and tapering, somewhat thickened at the base,
and very shortly pubescent ; cpistome very slightly prominent, with long fibrissa),
and having a I'ow of bristles extending backwards along the margins of the mouth

15G fJ""^'

(peristome) ; chin rufous, elothed with soft hairs ; palpi black or piceous ; thorax
inarkcd upon the front margin with four widish black stripes, the central pair often
divided by a narrow line ; external dorso-central bristles, three behind the transverse
groove ; abdomen with white reflections on the sides, the first segment has two
central marginal spines, the second segment has two central discal ones, and two
marginal ones ; the third is surrounded by two transverse rows of strong setse, one
running across the centre or disc, and the other on or near the edge ; the fourth
segment is armed with numerous spines ; the legs are black ; the wings have a
brownish-yellow tinge, the apical cross vein is straight, with a blunt or rather
rounded angle at the base ; the outer cross vein is oblique and sinuous, the third
longitudinal vein has several setae at the base. This species, of which I do not know
the female, is not uncommon ; I formerly confounded it with the 31. caelehs of
Eondani.

M. NITIDA, Ztt.

This species is very similar to M. tenehricosa, but differs by having the palpi
black or piceous, instead of yellow ; the arista less pubescent ; the middle thoracic
stripes wider ; the external dorso-central bristles three instead of four in number
behind the groove ; the abdomen more oblong, and with more white reflections on
the sides. Rare ; in Mr. Dale's collection.

M. CHALTBEATA, Mgn.
Glossy black or blue-black, without any white tomentum or reflections, with the
exception of a little on the shoulders in the female ; the eyes in the male are some-
what separated (subcontiguous) ; the palpi black ; the posterior external dorso-
central bristles three in number ; the calyptra yellow ; the halteres piceous ; the
wings nearly clear, with the apical cross vein nearly straight and curved at the base,
and the third longitudinal vein bristly from the base nearly to the little cross vein.
Not common ; I have captured it in Oxfordshire, also received it from Mr. Matthews
in S. Devon, and it is in Mr. Dale's collection.

M. CILIAllIS, Ztt.
Dull grey ; eyes in the female moderately separated ; forehead rather promi-
nent; frontalia white, with a rather narrow black central stripe; palpi yellow;
antcnnaj with the third joint nearly twice as long as the second ; arista thickened at
the base, long, and very slightly pubescent ; eyes very shortly haired ; thorax with
four black stripes, and three external dorso-central bristles behind the groove ;
abdomen cylindrico-conical, grey, with an irregular wide black band on the hinder
portions of each segment, and with two discal seta? in the centre of the second and
third segments, as well as two median apical ones ; legs black ; calyptra wliite ;
halteres yellow ; wings with a distinct costal spine, and with the apical, as well as
the outer cross veins, straight. Very rare ; the male is not known.

M. GEISEA, Fin.
Dark grey ; male with the eyes subcontiguous ; female with them moderately
wide apart, and with a broad rufous central stripe down the frontalia ; antennae
black, with the second joint rufous in the female ; palpi black ; thorax with the
dorsum black in the male, and the front edge and slioulders pale grey, it has three
external dorso-central bristles, and is marked by four longitudinal black lines, which
are much more distinct in the female, in which the dorsum is grey ; abdomen grey

1891.] 157

in both sexes, but darker in tlie male ; it is without any Jofinito markings, but very
setose, and has the spines seated upon little black spots ; the third segment is on-
circled by two transverse rows of bristles, as in M. spini-cincta ; legs black ; calyptra
and halteres yellow j wings yellow at the base. Rare.

M. DisPAR, Fin.

rujlpes, Mgn. and Macq.

jiavipes, Mgn. ?, $ .
The male of this species is very much like that of the last {grisea), but differs
in having yellow palpi, rufous or piceous basal joints to the antenna?, and reddish
tibiae, the abdomen also shows dark reflections ; the female closely resembles the male,
but has the abdomen lighter in colour, and the coxae, femora, and tibiae entirely
yellow. Rare ; in Mr. Dale's collection.

14.— POLIDEA, Mcq.

Hareisea, Mgn., Rnd.

Gen. ch. — Eyes bairy, separated rather widely and equally in some
species in both sexes, and. also having the fronto-orbital bristles in a
double row ; in other species (according to Meigen) having the eyes
of the males contiguous ; antennae with the third joint about twice
the length o£ the second ; arista bare ; abdomen ovate, with or with-
out discal setae ; wings with the first posterior cell nearly closed, and
ending near the tip of the wing, apical cross veins mostly curved at
the base, third longitudinal vein spinose.

P. CEASSITARSIS, Ztt.

simplicitarsis, Ztt.

oenea, Ztt., non Mgn.

rehaptizata^ Rnd.
This little bronzed or bright black species (from 5 to 6 mm. in length), the only
one recorded as British, closely resembles some of the 3IacquarticB, it differs, how-
ever, by having the eyes widely separated, and tlie fronto-orbital bristles in a double
row in both sexes ; the sides of the frontalia are glazed and bronzed ; the cheeks
are white and bare ; the chin is somewhat rufous and hairy ; tlie arista is bare and
thickened for two-thirds of its length ; the thorax and abdomen are of a shining
brassy or bluish-black colour, without any white tomentum or reflections ; and the
latter has setae (rather small) both on the disc and edges of the segments ; the legs
are black, having the fore tarsi a little dilated in the female. The males have the
fore tarsi simple, and may also bo known by the shape of the abdomen, which is
ovato-cylindrical with the apex thickened, while in the female is is ovate, rather
flattened, and pointed. I have selected Zetterstedt's name of crassitarsis in pre-
ference to the others, because it is more characteristic than simplicitarsis, which no
doubt belongs to the male of tiie same species. The name of cenea was applied by
Meigen to some other species, which seems to be now unknown, described as having
the eyes contiguous in the male, and the abdominal segments without discal setae ;
this was probably a Macquartia. Rare ; the female is more common than the male.

{To he continued.) 9 i. (^

158 ^J""'='

NEW LONGICORN COLEOPTERA, CHIEFLY FROM MEXICO.
BY H. AV. BATES, F.E.S.

Two of the following species are additions of great interest to
the Coleopterous Fauna of Mexico, for specimens of which I am
indebted to the liberality of Mr. Julius Flohr. I have added descrip-
tions of a few new species of Delfaspis, a New World genus, allied to
our European Purpuricenus, which have also been recently received.

Ptrodes maculicollis.

Ohlongus, cenescenti-niger, thorace grosse intricato-rvgoso, nitido, utrinque
apud a7igtdos ajiticos macida aurantlaco-Jiava ; elytris vermiculato-rugulosis
subopacis, <J aneo-fuscis anguste indistincte rufo-marginatis, ? fiilvo-rvfis.
Antennce utroque sexu corpore hrcinoi'es, purpuj^eo-cuprecB vel cyanecc,articulis
3 — 10 c? suhcylindricis rohustis, ? aj^icem versus gr ad atim dilaiatis.

Long., i , 30—33 mm., ? , 38—50 mm.

Canelos, State of Durango, Mexico.

This fine northern species of Pyrodes differs in no essential point
of structure from the type of the genus, P. speciosus, of S. Brazil.
The antennae in the (^ are of similar form to those of P. speciosus, ? ,
being only a little longer, and the joints a little broader. In the $
the width of the joints is still greater, especially towards their apices.
In the very small difference as to length and form the antennce of the
new species most resemble those of Mallaspis xanthaspis and rliom-
hodera. The head is porrect, parallel-sided, coarsely rugose, and with
the central furrow and the concavity of the forehead much deeper
than in P. speciosus. The thorax is as broad as the elytra, dilated and
rounded (with edge serrated) immediately from the anterior angles
and to the very sharp lateral spine, after which it is abruptly narrowed.
The scutellum is moderately large, acute-angular, coarsely rugose, and
channelled down the middle. The elytra are brondly rounded at the
apex, with a short sutural spine.

ESMEEALDA COSTULATA.
E. columbinas {Guer.) afflnin, paullo latior, aurato-viridis rcsplendcns,
elytris utrinque costulis Icevibus quatuor nee basin nee apicem attingeutibus ;
subtus viridi-eyanea polita. Long., 25 mm., ? .

Eiver Madeira, Amazons (Coll., Bates).

Eather more broadly oblong than individuals oE the same sex of
E. columhina and E. Icstijica. The central groove of the head is
broad and deep ; the antennae reach to more than half the length of the
elytra, joints 3 — 10 being compressed and triangular, with inner apices

produced. The thorax is short find very broad, very uneven, the disc
having a broad, transversely-placed, trilobed groove or pit, coarsely
punctured like the sides, the elevated parts of the disc being smooth.
The extremely large scutcllum has a few punctures ; the elytra are
shagreened between the polished cost® and near the apex, where the
costae terminate in irregular ramifications. The base of the elytra is
very sparingly and more coarsely punctured. The prosternum differs
from that of the other two species in being conically and strongly
elevated between the branches.

YESPEEOCTENUS, nov. gen.

Gen. Vespero {Latr.) affinis, a quo dijfert inter alia antennis, $ , longe
pectinatis elijtrisque utroque sexu corporis apicem attingentibus.

This anomalous form of Longicorn is, without doubt, closely
allied to the European geuus Vesperus, although beyond the pallid
colour and the softness of the integuments there is little general
resemblance. The head is transverse-quadrate behind the eyes, in
both sexes, and the neck suddenly constricted. The eyes, as in
Vesperus, are coarsely facetted, but they are more reniform, being
siuuated on the upper inner edge. In the ? , which can be most easily
examined owing to its freedom from the dense pile of the (^,the fore-
head below the antennae emits a laminiform projecting ledge, deeply
notched in front, below which is the subvertical ej)istome, followed
by the articulated labrum, densely ciliated on its front edge. The
mandibles are long, porrect, curved only near the apex, and irregularly
dentated on their inner side, with an angle (indicating the commence-
ment of a tooth) on the outer edge at the bend ; in miniature they
resemble the mandibles of Macrodontia cervicornis. The palpi are
elongate, the terminal joint short, ovate. The thorax is similar in
form to that of V. Xatarti, $ , but a little more dilated behind ; in
the J' it is short and trapezoidal. The pronotum has no lateral margin.
The elytra are elongate-cuneiform, nearly as in Toxotus. The anterior
coxa; are strongly exserted and parallel. The elytra are entire in both
sexes, and of thin, flexible texture. The legs are slender, the tarsi
four-jointed : the first much the longest, and, like the second, Avith pro-
duced apical angles ; in the third joint the angles arc still more pro-
duced ; the true fourth joint is visible as a small nodule at the base of
the claw joint. The hindmost legs in the ? are widely separated at
their base. In the (J the abdomen is short and conical. The antennas
in the ? are 12-jointcd, filiform, simple, about half the length of the
body ; in the ^ they are equally 12-jointed, three-fourths the length

160 'J^'"^'

of the body, the joiuts third to the eleventh emitting at their apices
a long, linear, and compressed branch quadruple the length of the
stem of the joint, except the branch of the eleventh, which is equalled
in length by the extremely long twelfth joint.

Mr. Flohr informs me that the specimens were taken by Mr.
Becker at night, by spreading a white sheet on the ground and lighting
a fire, which attracts them ; they come out of the ground after the
manner of the Cebrios and Scaptoleni. Their habits are, no doubt,
similar to those of the Vesperi, which are subterranean in their early
stages.

Vesperoctenus Floiiri, n. sj).

Pallide fusco-testaceus, tenuiter puhescens elytris glabris ; $,capiteet
thorace dense fulvo-sericeo-lanvfjinosis, hoc medio j^a^iicMi'S eloncjatis ohsriin-
oi'ibus quatuor, elytris grosse coriaceis suhcostulatis. Long., 22 mm.

Durango, Mexico {Becker^, communicated by Mr. Julius Flohr.

Deltaspis disparilis.

Subcylindrica, nigra; $ thorace (marg-i)iibus incrassatis anticis et pos-
tico nigris exceptis) elytris prosterno et abdouiine rubris, " abdoinine solum
rubro clytrorum epvpleuris rufescentibus. Long., 19 — 20 mm.

Canelas, in Durango {Flohr).

Of the numerous allied species this approaches nearest in mode of
punctuation to 7). nigripennis. The head is very coarsely and irregu-
larly, the thorax strongly but separately, punctured, with smooth
elevated spaces, and without trace of lateral tubercle. The elytra are
a little more finely, and much more densely, punctured, and clothed
with short tawny hairs, the apex of each bisinuate-truncated. The
thorax is more elongate, ovate-quadrate, than in the allied species.

Deltaspis marginella.

Minor, anguste eylindrica, opaca, thorace abdomine {inter dum corpore
subtus toto) vittaque epipleurali late rufis ; capite, elytris supra, antcnnis ct
pedibus 7iigris ; thorace subalveolato-punctafo lateribus medio plus minusve
angulatis. Long., 11 — 12 mm., $ ?.

Canelas, in Durango {Flohr).

As in D. alutacea, the thorax, though glabrous, has a peculiar
opaque surface, on which the punctuation is with some difficulty
determinable. It is very close, even on the nodular elevations. The
elytra are finely pubescent, and very densely but separately punctu-
lated ; the apex is obliquely and obtusely truncated ; the red vitta on
the epipleura is very broad at the shoulder, and gradually tapering
to beyond the middle, where it ceases.

mn. 161

Deltaspis variabilis.

Closely ullicd to D. mar/jhiella, but readily diatiiiguished by its
more or less shining thorax, on which the similar subalveolate punc-
tuation is readily detected: the lateral angle or tubercle is generally
prominent, but is sometimes (as in other species of the genus) absent.
The colour is variable, the thorax, generally bright red with blue-black
anterior and posterior borders, is sometimes suffused with the dark
colour. The elytra, finely and densely punctured, are red, sometimes
with broad basal and sutural blue-black margins, or wholly blue-black,
with the epi pleurae alone red. I/ong., 10 — 14 mm , ^^ $ .

State of Guerrero, Mexico (i?(j;'ow), communicated by Mr.Hai-ford.

11, Carleloii Road. Tufiicll Park, N.W :
llaj/, 1891.

ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE CLAWS

IN STERNOC(ELIS AND IIET.ERIUS, AND NOTES ON THE

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE LEWIS, E.L.S.

The claws of Sfernocoelis are stout and single on all the tarsi, but
I only observed this character in March, when I had some living spe-
cimens to study for a few days. This character will hereafter serve
well to distinguish the genus from Hefcerius, in addition to the con-
cavity common to the meso- and metasterna. The claws are short,
and being robust, the speculation that they have gradually become
connate might seem legitimate if I could see any sign of a suture, but
as far as I can tell the claw is solid. Eretmotits also has only a single
claw, and perhaps the enlargement of one claw in both cases has been
the cause of the disappearance of the second. In Hetcerius the claws
are slender, each tarsus, like those of the majority of beetles, bearing
two, and I see a similar structure in Satrapes, the genus which of all
the Kisteridae most resembles it. In Hetcerius and Sternocoelis the
two basal joints of the antennae are evidently connate, as a suture
remains and shows the limit of each joint. As regards Hetcjerius, Dr.
G. H. Horn has point(!d out this, and has given us figures of the
antennae, but in the case of the claws in Sternocoelis it seems to me
that either one has grown large, its growth causing the waste and
final destruction of the other, or that at no period has there been a
second, and that there is nothing available at the moment to guide
any one to a solution of this problem. The other genera with single
claws that I know of in the Histeridce are MonupHus, which contains

'-1

[(32 I Juno,

two curious species found in Soutli Africa, and Euclasea from Central
America.

It may be of interest if I add a few lines here on the geographical
distribution of the species. The genus Hetarius contains nine species,
all of which have been found at remote distances from each other in
the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. Of these three may
be selected which are extremely similar to each other in appearance,
\\z.,ferrugineus,gratus and Blanchardi, and they are natives of Europe,
Asia and America respectively. So that it may be said that the genus
is widely distributed, and contains species which are very similar to
each other, although occurring in countries where the fauna generally
is very dissimilar. Other genera can be called to mind, such as Notio-
pJiihis and Loricera, which have a like distribution, and the genua
HetcBrius will not, therefore, be considered peculiar in thus maintaining
a general aspect over a large area. Not much is known about the
species of the genus, as, with the exception oiferrugineus, all are rare,
four being, I believe, unique in collections, but if we may be guided
hj Jerrugineus, which has been found from London to Gibraltar on
the west of Europe, and eastwards as far as the Caucasus mountains,
we cannot consider it likely that the other species are very local.

But in looking into what is known of the history of Sternocoelis,
we find no such corresponding details. It is a genus solely occupying
countries whose shores are washed by the Mediterranean Sea ; the
si)ecies are numerous and very local, and sometimes three species have
been found inhabiting one ant's nest. On the southern littoral of
the Mediterranean, Oran, Algiers, Constantine, Phillipeville, and Bone,
all have their peculiar species, while Tangiers, Tlemcen, the Island of
• Sicily, and Greece, are the localities of others, and it does not yet
appear that their centres of distribution are much widened out. It is
only at Tangiers and Algigiras, where the water passage is narrow,
that one species is found on both continents, and even then the com-
monest species in Morocco (aracJinoides) has not been found in Spain.
The species which is known to have the widest distribution is hispani-
cus, which has been taken abundantly near Lisbon, and occurs at
Madrid (320 miles about). Sternocoelis MarseuU has as yet only been
taken near the Escorial, and the other Spanish species (fusculus and
incisiis) are apparently local. In no case has any species been de-
tected encroaching on the habitat of another, excepting in those
instances in wliich several arc found together.

Folkestoue: April IWh, 1891.

1891.] 163

PLUSIA BUIACULATA, STEniENS, = P. VERTICILLATA, GUENfiE.
BY P. B. MASON, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., &c.

lu the collection of the late Mr. Edwin Brown I found an insect
with the printed label, " bimaculata,'' and a reference to its reception
from Carter of Manchester. This had been placed under P. iota, and
I have never closely examined it until the other day, when I received
a specimen of P. verticillata, Gn., from Dr. Staudinger. This re-
minded me of the old specimen, and on comparing them I found them
to be examples of the same species. On reading Stephens' description
of P. bimaculata, there is no doubt that it is a good and sufficient
description of the species named verticillata by Gruenee.

To make sure of the correctness of the identification, Messrs.
Kirby and Warren kindly examined the Stephensian collection, and
discovered that the type specimen was not there, and Mr. Kirby told
me that they did not possess a great many of the reputed British
specimens of this collection, and suggested that my specimen might
possibly be the type. Can any one put on record the fate of these
reputed British specimens ? ; the box or drawer containing them did
not go to the British Museum with Stephens' British collection.

Stephens' type specimen came from the Marsham collection, and
w^as without locality.

Now, there is one record of the capture of P. verticillata, Gn.
(ac?ita. Walker) in England, viz , that by Mr. H. P. Jiobinson, of
Tunbridge Wells, in May, 1S70.

The synonymy of this species must, therefore, be corrected as
follows : —
Plusia bimaculata, Steph., 111. Brit. Ent., Haust., vol. iii, p. 102.

P. verticillata, Guenee, Sp. Gen. NoctucL, t. ii, p. 344, No. 11G8,

1852 (Knaggs, Ent. Annual, 1871, p. 79).
P. <7CMfff, Walker, B. M. Cat. of Noctua?, p. 922, 1857 (Eobinson,

Ent. Mo. Mag., vii, p. 138).

This species seems, like others of the genus, to have a very wide
distribution, and there are specimens in the British Museum from
many parts of Asia, from Africa, and from Australia.

Burloii-ou-Trent ; Ma if, 1891.

164 [June,

ON SOME NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN COCCIDM FOUND IN ENGLAND.

BY R. KEWSTEAB, F.E.S.

PLATE II.

Dacttlopius Walkehi, n. sp.

? adult. Elongate, brown. Antennee and legs pale yellow-brown, covered
■with a dense white powder ; the white cottony appendages of the margin stout, six
of these at the abdominal extremity longer and stouter than the others, the second
pair longest and vei'y stout, in length equal to the width of the body, the median
pair short, composed of a much finer felting, are best seen from the under-side.
Dorsum with numerous fine hairs and round spinnerets, the latter not raised above
the surface ; margin with a few hairs. Anal lobes normal, each with a medium
sized hair and two or three shorter ones. Ano-genital ring with six long hairs, the
intervening spaces with a row of extremely delicate hairs. Antennae (fig. 7) of eight
joints ; 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th in length nearly equal, 3rd two-thirds the length of
the 8th, 6th and 7th shortest, equal, 8th longest, all the joints with many fine, long
hairs. Legs (fig. 7d) long ; femora and tibite in length equal, the former having a
row of long hairs on the under-side ; tarsi a little more than half the length of the
tibiae, both furnished on the upper and under-sides with a row of long hairs. Digi-
tules simple, upper pair stoutest. Length, 2\ — 4 mm. ; width, f — l.j mm.

Sac cylindrical, composed of delicate white cottony filaments; in the centre
these become more felted. The whole structure, however, is \Gry fragile, and can
only bo obtained in a perfect condition by placing the $ on the food plant and pro-
tecting it with gauze. Length, 6 — 8 mm. ; width, 1^ — 2 mm.

Hah. : on Ar/rosfis vulgaris, at Mauley, Cheshire, September 5th
to 9th, 1890.

I was only able to find about nine examples, although I searched
unremittingly for several hours on many occasions. All occurred low
down near the base of the plants, and when disturbed, they walked
about much faster than any other Dactyloplus I have seen.

The row of fine hairs of the ano-genital ring is abnormal in the
genus ; at least, I do not find any description of such by Signoret or
any other author. When placed in potash this species gives off a rich
dark crimson colour ; in this respect it is like D. indicus, Sign. (Essai,
p. 351), but differs in the form of the antennae and in other particu-
lars. It also differs from any other species that has the 8th joint the
longest. So far this is the only indigenous representative of the genus.

I have much pleasure in dedicating this sjiecies to Mr. Alfred
Ostend Walker, Nant-y-Glyn, Colwyn Bay, who for many years has
kindly helped me in all my zoological studies.

EllIOCOCCUS INSIONIS, n. sp.
? adult. Dark crimson,* elongate, oval ; dorsum with a number of flanged,

* This apijlios to the desiccated ? only ; I have not secu living examples.

i

im.i 165

tubular spinnerets (fig. 5b), and very small round discs surmounted by an extremely
email spine ; margins with numerous strong spines. Abdominal lobes large, each
with a single long hair and two or more short spines. Ano-genital ring large, with
eight long hairs. Antennae of seven (sometimes six) joints ; of which the 3rd, 4th
and 7th are the longest, Ist and 2nd stouter and shorter, 5th and 6th shortest ;
those with only six joints have the 3rd and 4th united, thus the 3rd becomes the
longest (fig. 5) ; terminal joint with several long hairs (6 ?), there are also long hairs
on the other joints, except the first, which is furnished with two short spines. Legs
(fig. 5a) strong ; tibiae and tarsi equal, the former having two stiff hairs or spines
placed together near the tibio-tarsal joint, one of them being longer and stouter than
the other. Claw long and slender; digitules simple.

Length of restored specimens, 2 — 3 mm. ; width, 1 — 1^ mm.

Sac felted, white or yellowish-white, elongate, oval, slightly flattened, posterior
half in some specimens distinctly segmented ; abdominal extremity open.

Length, 31 — 5 mm. ; width, 1 — If mm.

Contains an average of 170 pale yellow or straw coloured ova.
Mab. : on Agrostis vulgaris, Itumex, Pferis, and Ulex. Frequently
in company (on the same leaf) with Eriopeltis festucce, and more rarely
with Signoretia luzulce. At Ince, and Manley, Cheshire, August and
September, 1890.

The seven-jointed antennae are abnormal ; in this respect it is
like U. Bnithhgi, Mask. (Trans. N. Z. Inst., 1889, p. 145), but it differs
from the latter in the form of the antennje, legs, and other important
characters. The large sac will at once distinguish it from any other
described species.

Some of the specimens recorded by Mr. Douglas (Ent. Mo. Mag.,
vol. xxiv, p. 160) from external characters only, under the assumed
name of Eriopeltis Lichtensfeinii, Sign, (previously Tl.festucod, Sign , nee
Fonsc), have been kindly forwarded to me for examination, and prove
to be identical with the above ; but the species is generically different
from that described by Signoret {cf. Ess. Cochen., p. 183, pi. viii, figs.
3, and 3«— /).

Eriococcus fkaxini, n. sp.

$ adult. Bright red, subglobose ; each segment above with a single row of
flanged tubular spiimerets (fig. 6b), transversely arranged, and short scattered hairs,
which are longer towards the abdominal extremity. Antennae (fig. 6) of six joints,
each successively shorter and narrower, except the 6th, which is about equal to the
2nd in length, and is furnished at the end with four or five slender hairs. Legs
(fig. 6a) very short ; femora with one very long hair ; tibiae and tarsi equal ; claws
rather long and slender. Digitules simple. Ano-genital ring very small, with six
extremely small hairs. Anal setiferous lobes nearly obsolete, wide apart, each with
a single medium-sized hair; near the lobes are several shorter hairs. Rostral fila-
ments very long.

lOG [J""e,

Sac variable, generally more or less circular, and obtusely rounded, composed of
a very brittle white felting ; the largest scarcely exceeding 1 mm. in diameter by
I — 1 mm. high, one of them often contains two or more individuals ; it is, therefore,
almost impossible to give the exact measurements of a single sac, and all the more,
because many are generally packed close together.

? of the second stage pale red, or yellowish-red, narrowed behind ; segments
distinct ; eyes piceous. In this stage it is only partly covered with a thin cottony
secretion, the dorsum remaining almost bare. Antennse, legs and ano-genital ring
as in the adult

Hab. : in the cracks and crevices of the bark of the common ash
{Fraxinus excelsior). Abundant on three trees at Ince, Cheshire,
August, 1890.

The ano-genital ring with only six hairs, and the nearly obsolete
abdominal lobes are abnormal, but I do not think these characters of
suiEcient importance to form a new genus. In these characters there
are suggestions of the genus Dactylopius, but the forms of the sac
and the antennae at once separate it from this genus. Mr. Maskell
states (Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. xvii, p. 29) that E. paUidus, Mask., has
"the ano-genital ring small, with eight {sometimes six?) tine, short
hairs." I thought it just possible that the normal number might also
occur in some of my examples, but a subsequent examination of many
specimens proves, I think beyond doubt, that there are only six. It
is, therefore, quite distinct from any other described species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Lecanium hesperidum, ? , fig. 1, leg.

„ lauri, ¥ , fig. 2, leg.
Orihezia occidentalis, $ , fig. 3, 3a, antenna.

„ praelonga, ? , fig. 4, 4a, profile, 4b, antenna.
Eriococcus insignia, $ , fig. 5, antenna, 5a, leg, 5b, dorsal spiimeret.

„ fraxini, $ , fig. (5, antenna, '^a, leg, 6b, spinnerets.
Dactylopius Walkeri, ? , fig. 7, antenna, fig. 7d, leg.

Grosvcnor Museum, Chester :
January, 1891 .

Locusts an food. — From two widely different sources we have before us recent
details as to the use as food of Acrydium peregrinuin.

The first is an elaborate official report on the " Locust of North-Western India,"
by Mr. E. C. Cotes, of the Indian Museum. It is there stated (p. 6) that in certain
districts the poor collected and boiled the locusts in salt water, obtaining, in this
way, a supply of food both for themselves, and for their horses and camels, which
eat the locusts, and are said to tlirive upon them. The " Report" in question teems
with information as to the ravages of the insect.

INT. MONTHLY MAG. 2'^.*Ser II

iPLa

mi.] 1G7

The second ia contained in a note sent by M. Kiinckel d'lTerculais to the
Entomological Society of France (Meeting of February 11th) on the ravages of the
satne species in Southern Algeria, in wliich it is stated that the natives are only too
ready to aid in the destruction of locusts, because they use them as food, the occu-
pants of each house or tent laying in a stock. They are first cured in salt and water,
and then dried in the sun ; they also form an article of barter, il. Kiinckel remarks
that Strabo recorded a similar iiabit as existing in his time, in the same district, but
then the locusts were crushed, salted, and formed into a kind of cake, which formed
the chief food of the population.

Recent writers on locusts as food seem mostly to have forgotten tlie numerous
citations by the Rev. F. W. Hope in a paper published in vol. iii of the First Series
of Trans. Ent. Soc. London (1842), which probably mainly concern A. peregrimnn
and its American form or representative.

This reminds ns that latterly we have heard nothing of the elaborate prepara-
tions once made by our friend Prof Riley for utilizing the Rocky Mountain Locust
(Caloptenus spretus) as food. We incline to the opinion tluit the "taste," even
when they were cooked in the most tickling style of Parisian gastronomic art, proved
an acquired one, and was easily, and not reluctantly, lost. — Eds.

A new species of TortricidcB causing motion in seeds. — In the " Anales de la
Sociedad Cientifica Argentina," Tome xxxi, pp. 97 — 110, February, 1891, Dr. Carlos
Berg gives a lengthy review of the natural history and bibliography of Carpocapsa
saltitans, Westw., of which the larva inhabits the seeds of CoUigitaya odorifera,
Mol., known as "jumping seeds ;" and he adds the description of a npw species of
TortricidcB, the larva of which lives in and on the seeds of another Euphorbiaceous
plant, Colliguai/a brasiliensis, J. Miill., a native of Uruguay, causing tiiem to move
in a manner similar to those tenanted by Carpocapxa saltitans, which he describes
as Orapholitha matrix. There is a long account of the natural history and diagnosis
of the moth. — Eds.

LarvcB of Abraxas grossuJariata on Japanese Spindle-tree. — I was somewhat
surprised yesterday to find a colony of the larvse of Abraxas grossulariata on the
terminal shoots of Euoni/mus japonicus,vrhere they were busily engaged in devouring
the young leaves. By the much-commended device of hand-picking I stopped the
further development of about six dozen of them, but they have already left the
young shoots as bare as the continued action of our long winter has effected on the
unripened wood of last year, which, however, is withered past redemption. Kalten-
baeh states that he found the larvse of this species on E. europeeus, but I do not
remember that they have been noticed on the Japanese plant. At Beaufort Gardens
they devastated the currant bushes, as was natural and proper — for them ; why they
have spitefully followed me here, where there are no currants, and satiate themselves
on foreign food, I know not. — -J. W. Douglas, 153, Lewisham Road, S.E. :
Mai/ I6th, 1891.

Late appearance of early-spring Lepidopfera. — On the 5th instant, owing, I
8upp( se, to the retarded season, I met with Anisopteryx cBscularia and Amphydasis
prodromaria in excellent condition, at light. Some more seasonable visitors to the
gas lamps on the same night were SeJenia illustraria, Coremia ferrugata, Melanippe

IGS [June,

Jluctiiata, and Anticlea derivata. — R. M. PxiiDEAUX, D, Yjvjan Terrace, Clifton,
Bristol: May Uh, 1891.

Endromis versicolor at Reading — Yesterday, tlie 23rd, I was out among the
birches after some B. Parthenian, $ , which I wanted for eggs, when, what at first
sight appeared to be a V. Polychloros, passed me, but after going over and about the
tops of some fir trees, it was met by the strong east wind, when it altered the manner
of its flight, and I recognised it as a moth ; after following it for some distance I
netted it, and it proved to be a fine male E. vemiooloi-. To-day I visited the place,
and saw another one, but failed to catch it. Again it looked like a large Vanessa
coining towards me, but after I had struck at and startled it, it looked much more
like a B. rubi dashing off, and although it was going dead against a rough wind, I
could not overtake it. I searched the birch stems well for females, but without
success ; however, as this male is in such fresh condition, perhaps the female is not
yet out. I have never seen the species here before, and do not think it has
been recorded for Berks. — W. Holland, 111, Southampton Street, Eeading :
April 24th, 1891.

P.S. — On Monday, the 27th, after a long search, I found a 9 iJ. versicolor
hanging from the small twigs of a birch bush, and looking like a large dry leaf; it
was quite low down, about a foot from the ground, just where it was best hidden by
the dead fern and long dry grass. I fear though that it had laid its eggs before I
found it, for it appears to be dying, and has laid me but one egg only. — W. H.

This afternoon I have found eggs of E. versicolor I believe. I have not been
quite satisfied in my mind at missing the eggs of the female I found, so have been
searching the birches near the spot several times. To-day I had another look, and
found on a bush or two within about ten yards of where the female was, 49 large,
purple-brown, oblong eggs, with a depression at top, just like the one egg laid by the
female in the chip box. They were laid in little batches of from 6 to 12, in rows,
on the small twigs of birch at the bottom of the bushes. Sis of the eggs had hatched
before I found them, but I could not discover the little larvae anywhere ; they cer-
tainly were not on any leaves very near tlieir birthplace.— W. H. : May I3th.

Coleopkora vibicifferella.—Jl is satisfactory to be able to report the re-occurrence
of Coleopkora vibicigerella. A friend and myself journeyed down to the Essex
Salt Marshes on April 27th, with the particular intention of looking for hibernated
larvse of O. smaragdarla. In this, however, we were not successful, but, oddly
enough, the very first plant of Arieniisia examined produced the Coleopkora, and
about a dozen more were found within a few yards. The insect is exceedingly local,
as Mr. Elisha has previously observed, for further careful search during the day
proved fruitless. C. vibicigerella is no exception to many others of the genus, larvae
in various stages of growth being obtainable at the same time. The smallest of all
now appear to feed only occasionally, and will no doubt pass another year before
assuming the pupal state. Several of the larger ones have already spun up. On
the Continent this species is reported to be attached to Artemisia campestris ; pos-
sibly a careful search amongst that plant might produce vibicigerella more plentifully
than we have it at present from A. marilima. — Geo. W. Biku, Honor Oak Park,
S.E. : May l^ih, 1891.

1891. 1 109

The ovlposifion and autumnal larva of Lampronia rubiella. — The egg of L.
ruhiella is laid when the raspberry is in flower ; I have twice seen the process take
place, and on one occasion besides saw it faiL The motli sek^cts a fully open flower,
and, without any prolonged examination, insinuates her lerminal segments in the
angle formed at the base of the stamens outside, between them and the calyx seg-
ments, seating herself on the stamens. The spear with which the ovipositor is armed
pierces the substance of the receptacle in this angle, and the egg is placed in the
substance of the receptacle at a depth from the surface about equal to its own
diameter. On one occasion on which I saw the whole process it occupied about two
and a half minutes ; on the other the mother had some difiiculty in extracting the
spear after the operation was completed, and finally did so with a jerk — nothing of
this sort occurred in the other case. The futile attempt was made by a moth on a
not fully opened ilower, which still had the calyx segments erect, and she sat outside
them and tried to insert the extremity of the abdomen between these, but without
success.

The egg is rounder than in Adela, Micropteryx or Incurvaria, but I have not
got its measurements. When the raspberry is ripe and is removed by human or
other agency, the larva of rubiella is in the fleshy white receptacle, but is ready to
quit it, and does so immediately. In one such receptacle were two larvte. So far
as I could see, their presence does not interfere with the due development and
ripening of the fruit.

The larva is nearly 3 mm. long, rather robust and fairly active ; it reminds one
very much of the larva of Carpocapsa pomonella, not only in its colouring, but in its
general outline and proportions. The whole larva is, however, of a deeper tint, it
is pink througliout and dorsally of a deep, bright pink ; there is a very marked
pink dorsal line from the 4th segment backwards. It is, indeed, very like, or de-
cidedly smaller than, the larva that may be found in April in the buds or shoots
that it kills.'

The larvae that I took were very unhappy in a glass jar, portions of raspberry
stem, leaves of raspberry, and sawdust, gave them no comfort. A close search among
the sawdust revealed somewhat later a larva contained in a very small cocoon ; the
cocoon is round and flat, an extremely oblate spheroid, or say cheese or lozenge-
shaped, the silk white, very tough and dense, firmer and thicker round the margin,
and the larva is so much larger than the cocoon, that it has to coil itself up in it
marginally. The cocoon is li mm. in diameter, and barely ^ mm. thick.

If I have given the impression that the larva can only escape by the fruit being
removed, I am wrong, as though the larva does not apparently despise this easier
mode of egress, its proper proceeding is to make a hole in the base close to the
footstalk. On its escape it no doubt proceeds to the base of the stem in the " stool "
of the plant, and passes the winter in such a cocoon as that I have described,
emerging thence in the spring, and continuing its life history as already well known.
— T. A. Chapman, Hereford : 2Iay, 1891.

PerilUus falciger ; a parasite in a perfect beetle. — This very interesting species
has been bred from Timarcha laevigata by the Kev. John Isabell, who boxed three
beetles, brought to him at the Land's End by Mr. Cranford on March 30th. On
examining the box the following day he observed that a number of larvaj had escaped

170 J"ne,

from one of them, and on further investigation, it was found that forty-one altogetlier
had left their host, twenty-three of which had spun up in slight white cocoons on
the angle formed by the bottom and side of the willow chip box ; eighteen, however,
had not sufficient strength, or were injured by the occupants of the box, or may be
the box was too dry for them. Of those that formed cocoons, nineteen emerged on
May 1st and following days. On reference to Marshall's Monograph of the British
BraconidcE, Part II, p. 76, he mentions that " A specimen exists in the British
Museum, ticketted in the handwriting of F. Smith, ' the larva from a living Timarcha
coriaria ; and one specimen, a ? , in the possession of the author, taken in Nortli-
amptonslure.' " — Gr. C. Bignkll, Stonehouse, Plymouth : May l^th, 1891.

Aspilota concinna, Hal., bred from Ilomalomyla canicularh — I believe there is
no record of the breeding of Aspilota concinna. I have, during the present month,
reared them from an old wasp's nest, Vespa vulgaris, obtained last September near
Plymbridge ; out of the same nest I have also been breeding a groat number of
Dipterous flies, Romalomyia canicularis — on this species the little Aspilota was a
parasite. — Id.

Raphidia cognata, Ramb., as a British Insect. — In the No. of this Magazine for
Nov. last (1890, p. 304), I published a note under this heading, in which it is stated
that I had seen " no recent British specimens." This still holds good ; but there
is some evidence to hand showing that at one time it was probably not uncommon.
A few weeks ago the collection of British insects formerly belonging to the late Mr.
W. Bennett, of Betchworth, was sold by auction. The Neuroptera were purchased
by Mr. C. A. Briggs, and amongst tliern were two examples of R. coqnata, one of
which he has kindly given me. Mr. Bennett died a long time ago, and probably
had done no collecting for long before his death. It may be that scarcely any speci-
mens in the collection were less than from 40 to 50 years old. They were all on
the characteristic old British pins never seen in comparatively modern collections.
But if R. cognata was to be found in those days, why not now also ?

In the same collection were two specimens of Nothochrysafulviceps, Steph.
This occured in almost all the old collections of British Neuroptera, and was
apparently not very uncommon formerly. The few British specimens I possess
came from old collections, contemporaneous with those that contained R. cognata.
I may be wrong, but I do not remember any record of a comparatively recent capture.
And yet it is a large and conspicuous " Lace-wing," and collectors of Netti-optera
are more immerous now than they were formerly. — E. McLachlan, Lewisham :
3Iay, 1891.

Notes on a British Flea — Typhlopsylla a.isimilis, Tasch. — I have lately got a
few specimens of fleas off shrew mice, voles, and conmion mice, and nearly all these
appear to me to be referable to T. assimilis, Tascl)., they have only the three genal
spines as mentioned by Taschenbcrg, whereas musculi, Duges, has four ; the curious
thing is, that I have not met with a single specimen of this latter, which appears in
our list, whereas I have obtained fourteen or so of assimilis, which appears to be
unrecorded. Taschenbcrg records his assimilis from Sorex vulgaris and Talpa
europcea, Mus sylvaticus and Arcicola arvalis. Mine have occurred : four on

1391.] 171

Sorex vulgaris (ShcfTiold and Woking), one on Mus sylvaticus (Woking), .and seven
on Arvicola riparia, Yarr. (Woking), and two at Ventnor, by shaking dead grass, &c.,
over a sheet, in pursuit of Coleoptera. Musculi is said by Taschenberg to infest
Mtts musculiis, agrarius, decumanus, rattus, and, on Kolcnati's authority, Arvicola
arvalis. I have little doubt, therefore, that it is only because I have not liad the
chance of searching many true rats and mice that I have failed to meet with
musculi. If any one has duplicate specimens of this, or of any of our British fleas
to part with, I should be very grateful for them, and will make the best return in
my power. — Edward Saunders, St. Anne's, Woking : Ma^ 13th, 1891.

Homalota crassicornis at Buxton. — I have just received from Mr. Horner a ?
specimen of Homalota crassicornis, Gryll., a species I did not previously know, but
the first glance at it reminded me of some dark IIomalottB which I got at Buxton
in June, 1889, under dead leaves in the Corbar Woods, and then referred to pagana.
Only the other day I was examining these very specimens, and came to the con-
clusion that there was something wrong, and that they were distinct from my
southern pagana, but I left them to examine more closely another time. I now
clearly see, with the aid of Mr. Horner's specimen, that they are referable to crassi-
cornis, and as Buxton is, I believe, a new locality for this rare species, I thought the
capture would be worth recording. The obtusely angulated apical margin of the
dorsal plate of the 7th abdominal segment in the ^ , as pointed out by Sharp, easily
distinguishes it from pagana ; and, as Mr. Horner remarks in his letter to me, the
emarginate venti-al valve of the 7th segment in the $ is equally characteristic of
that sex. The antennae in both sexes are very differently formed to those of pagana.

To be doubly certain of their identity, I have referred a ^ and ? to Dr. Sharp,
who has kindly examined them and returned them as correct. — Id.: Mai/ 14:th, 1891.

Bruchus lentis. Boh. — A friend of mine in Lincoln has just brought me a
quantity of specimens of this beetle, bred from lentils recently imported from Egypt ;
only three or four specimens have been recorded as British, and these are probably
importations. Dr. Power is said to have taken one or two of them at Birch Wood,
but it is probable that there is some mistake as to the record, or that they were taken
in or near a house to which they had in some way been carried. It is most probable
that the species ought to be struck off our lists as indigenous, but if so, there are
many others among the corn and pulse feeding species that ought to share the same
fate.— W. W. Fowler, Lincoln : May \(Uh, 1891.

Coleoptera at Hastings. — The season is very backward here, many of the early
spring beetles having only just made their appearance. I have, however, taken a
few good things, the best of which are as follows. In Guestling sandpit, Megacronus
cingulalus, Plinthus caliginosus (2), Ccenopsis ll^altoni, nndjissirostris. C. Waltoni
has been fairly plentiful at Bexhill and Guestling in moss, hut Jissirostr is I have
only taken singly this season, whereas, a year ago, I took nearly twenty specimens.
On the shingle at Pett I met with a few Lymnceum nigropiceum, but the most
assiduous searching failed to produce more than five specimens. At Fairlight under
Lotus corniculatus, Sitones Waterhousei turned up sparingly, in company with
TrachyphlcBus squamulatus and Syncalypta hirsuta. The latter insect seems to
occur all over this district ; I have found it in plenty at Hastings, Fairlight, Camber,
Pett, Bexhill, and St. Leonards.

172 [June,

One of the most interesting finds has been that of Rydropoyunfemtgineus. I
first took a few specimens in June, 1889, in a small pool about a foot across, and last
season it again turned up. This year my friend Mr. Ford, to whom I pointed out
the locality, has taken it in some numbers by taking all the stones, &c., out of the
pool. It seems strange that so rare an insect should be found in such a small
quantity of water in numbers, considering that there is neiiher a stream nor pond
within a mile. — W. H. Bennett, 11, George Street, Ilastings : May \Uh, 1891.

Bledius crassicollis in numbers near Sj/e, Sussex. — For the past two seasons I
have met with this species sparingly near Rye ; it seems to occur most plentifully
in May and June, at least, I have never been able to find it later in the year, so I
thought I would spend a day hunting for it, and was rewarded by at last finding it
in some numbers. I have always taken it on the banks of brackish ditches, and not
far from the water's edge. It does not appear to burrow very deep, but lies in its
burrow quite near the surface. I found a small species of Dyschirius associated with
it, but it is apparently only D. ceneus. On the sides of the same ditch, under vege-
table refuse, Actohius signaticornis occurred sparingly, while Limnichus pygmmus
was not uncommon on the mud. — Id.

^oi;icties.

Birmingham Entomological Society: April 20ih, 1891. — Rev. C. F.
TnoRNEWiLL, F.E.S., Yice-President, in the Chair.

Dr. Stacey Wilson was elected a Member of the Society.

Mr. R. C. Bradley showed Lauxania cylhidricornis from Wyre Forest, and L.
CBuea from Trench Woods. Mr. A. Johnson showed larva? of Epunda lichenea.
The Secretary read a paper on " Urtication,'' which had been communicated by Mr.
R. Freer. He described the elfects which the hairs of Porthesia similis, Bomhyx
rubi, and other Lepidoptera in various stages, produced, and said that he concluded
from them that the irritation was caused mechanically and not by poison. After
describing in detail the hairs of the larva of Porthesia similis, and referring to the
liairs of other larvse, such as Attacus Cecropia and the PterophoridcB, he said that
careful study of these had convinced him that the hairs which caused the irritation
were not true hairs, but degenerated weapons of offence and defence. A discussion
followed, in which Messrs. Thorncwill, Pope, Harrison, and C. J Wainwright joined.
— CoLBEAN J. Wainweight, Hon. Sec.

Lancashire and Cheshiee Entomological Society: May l\th, 1891. —
The President, Mr. S. J. Cappee, F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair.

Reports were read by the Secretaries of the District Records Committee, which
showed that the lists were progressing, but the Secretaries hoped, in order to make
them as complete as possible, that they would get the assistance and co-operation of
all Entomologists who had done work in cither of the two counties. A paper, " On
the habits of some species of the lly menoptera- Aculeaia" by Robert Newstead,

1891.] 173

F.E.S., was read, the autlior exliibifed several cases of Ht/menoptera, and two
species of Jiombus, in situ, stuck on thorns, said to be done by the Butcher Bird.
The President exhibited Cicada montana from the New Forest. Mr. Stott, varieties
of several sjjeeies of Nocture. Mr. Day exhibited and explained a new setting board
(Day and Newstead's Patent), which, by the use of glass slips, it is claimed the wings
of Lepidoptera can be set accurately, and without disturbing the scales. The next
meeting of the Society will take place on Monday September 14th.— F. N. PiEECE,
JIo7i. Sec, 143, Smithdown Lane, Liverpool.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society :
March 'IGth, 1891.— W. H. Tugwell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. Skinner, of Putney, was elected a Member.

Mr. C. Fenn exhibited a long series of Tcsniocampa incerta, Hufn., bred from
ova obtained from a female at Lee, Kent, and remarked that the forms were mostly
of very pale grey or brownish tints, banded with dark grey and purple, out of
nearly one hundred that were bred, two-thirds followed the type ; the pupse had
been exposed to tlie intense frost of the winter, and the moths emerged within a
fortnight after the frost broke up. Mr. Tugwell, referring to Mr. Fenn's exhibit,
expressed an opinion that a brood did not always follow the parent form. Mr. South
remarked that in breeding Lepidoptera he invariably found the brood followed either
the male or female form. Mr. Mansbridge exhibited a melanic specimen oi Phigalia
pedaria, Fb. Mr. South then referred to the supposed variety of Pygara curtula,
L., exhibited at a previous meeting by Mr. A. Kobinson, and remarked that an
analogous variety of P. piffrn, Hufn., had been figured by Stephens and recorded by
Mr. Whittick. An exhibition of microscopical objects was then given by members.

ylpril 9th, 1891.— The President in the Chair.

Mr. A. H. Hamm, of Reading, was elected a Member.

Mr. II. Moore exhibited Caligo Memnon from South America, and Metapodi^is
sericoUis from Trinidad. Mr. South, three varieties of Miana strigilis, Clerck,
which were extraordinary forms of the var. latruncula, and were received from Mr.
Jeffreys, of Clevedon. Mr. R. Adkin, Pcedisca sordidana, from Forres, and re-
marked that these were very unlike the specimens from N. Devon. Mr. Cockerell
read a note on variation, and some discussion followed. Mr. S. Edwards contributed
a paper on the Pajnlionidce.

The Annual Exhibition was held on April 15th and 16th, at the "Bridge
House," London Bridge, S.E., and comprised exhibits in nearly all groups of
Natural History. The principal entomological exhibits were a fine collection of
nests of British and Foreign Wasps by -Mr. H. Moore and Mr. A. E. Cook. Mr.
Billups showing Hymenoptera, Heterogyna and Foi^sorial, British Coleoptera,
Dipiera, Hemiptera-Homoptera. Mr. Lewcock and Mr. Goodman, cases of Coleop-
tera. Mr. W. Manger, Exotic Coleoptera, &c. Mr. R. McLaclilan, British Tri-
choptera or Caddis Flies, with cases of the larvee. Mr. W. West, Uomoptera,
collected in 1890. The most interesting exhibits amoug the Lepidoptera were those
of Messrs. Tugwell, South, McArthur, J. II. Leech, C. S. Gregson, A. J. Crokor, C.

174 [June,

11. Williams, Sydney Webb, Hawes, T. W. ITall, J. E. Wellman, Professor Stewart,
Messrs. R. Adkin, J. Capper, C. A. Briggs, C. Fenn, A. H. Jones, J. A. Clark, J.
W. Tutt, &c. A room was set apart for exhibition of living mollusca, collected in
the neighbourhood of London, and of microscopical objects. Lectures were de-
livered each evening by Mr. F. Enock and Mr. G. Day.

April 23rd, 1891.— The President in tlie Chair.

Mr. E. Sabel, of Clapham, was elected a Member.

Mr. E. South exhibited a series of rolyommatus Phlceas, L., among which were
cxanaples of the vars. Schmidtii, Gerh., and Eleits, Fab., and some other interesting
aberrations, together with representations of the species from Europe, Asia, and
Africa. Mr. E. Adkin, Emmelesia albulata, Schiff., bred from pupse received from
Siietland in 1888, including var. griseata, Stgr., and var. thules,'We\r ; he also ex-
liibited pupte of Cedestis GysselineUa, Dup., in drawn-together fir needles, and larvae of
Lithocolletis iiacci7iieUa, Scott, both from Rimnoch. Mr. Tugwell, Larentia olivata,
Bork., from Portland. Mr. Billups, the three cabinet drawers of life histories shown
by him at the Annual Exhibition ; also pupa and imago of Eulophus daniicornis^
Kirby, bred from Demas coryli, L., by Mr. Symes, Cetoriia atirata, L., showing the
position of the species in the cocoon after its chani;e from the larval stage, and, on
behalf of Mr. Mansbridge, galls on Jlieracium and birch, collected near Leeds.

May \Uh, 1891.— The President in the Chair.

Messrs. H. Eowland-Brown, B.A., F.E.S., of Harrow Weald, G. Bird, of Honor
Oak, F. E. Filer, of Southwark, G. W. Euffle, of Camberwell, A. E. Uewey, of
Walham Green, and A. C. Forrester, of Clapham, were elected Members.

Mr. Tugwell exhibited, on behalf of Mr. J. E. Eobson, of Hartlepool,
varieties of the under-side of Lycczna Icarus, Rott., and L. Astrarche, Bgstr.,
and Vanessa Atalanta, L., varieties of V. uriicce, L., Ccenonympha Pamphi-
lus, var. albescens, &c. Mr. Tugwell also showed, on behalf of Mr. Collins, of
Warrington, a dark specimen of Aplecia nebulosa, Hufn., an exti'cmely dark form
of Acronycta rumicis, var. salicis, Curt., and a variety of Leucania lithargyria, Esp.
Mr. Jager, living larvae of CalUmorpha Ilera, L., reared from ova obtained from a
specimen captured in South Devon in 1890. Mr. R. Adkin, Noctua f estiva, Hb.,
from Forres, Isle of Unst, North Wales, and Kent. Mr. Tugwell, bred forms of
Lobophora vlretata, Hb. The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Merrificld, and
extracts from his papers on the effects of temperature on the colouring of certain
species of Lepidoptera, the consideration of which stood over until a subsequent
Meeting. Mr. Tutt contributed a paper, " Reproduction and Parthenogenesis." —
n. W. Barker, Hon. Sec.

Entomological Society of London: Ilay 6th, 1891. — Frederick
DuCane Godman, Esq., M.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

Mr. Eobert A. Dallas Beeching. of 24, St. James's Eoad, Tunbridge Wells,
Kent ; Mr. H. Shortridge Clarke, of Douglas, Isle of Man ; Monsieur Leon Fair-
maire, of 21, Eue du Dragon, Paris ; Mr. Wm. Eeid, of Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire ;
and Mr. Nelson M. Richardson, B.A., of Montevideo, Weymouth; were elected
Fellows of the Society.

18-1.] 175

Dr. D. Sharp esliibitod a number of eggs of Dytiscus marijlnaJis laid on the
sheath of a species of reed, and commented on tlie manner of tlieir oviposition,
wliich he said had been fully described by Dr. Ri'gimbart.

The Rev. A. E. Eaton exhibited a collection of Vsychodldm from Somersetshire,
including six species of Psychoda, eleven species of Fericoma, and one species of
TJlomyia. Mr. McLachlan commented on the interesting nature of the exhibition.

Mr. P. Crowley exhibited a specimen of Prothoe Caledonia, a very handsome
butterfly from Perak ; and a specimen of another equally handsome species of the
same genus from Tonghou, Burmah, which was said to be undescribed.

The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Merrifield, pointing out that the statement
made by Mr. Fenn, at the meeting of the Society on the Ist April last, of his views
on the effects of temperature in causing variation in Lepidoptera, was incorrect ; he
(Mr. Merrifield) had never suggested what might happen to Tceniocamjm instalilis,
and had expressly stated that he had found a reduction of the temperature below
57° to produce no effect, whereas in Mr. Fenn's experiments the temperature must
have been below 40°.

The Secretary also read a letter which Lord Walsingham had received from Sir
Arthur Blackwood, the Secretary of the Post Office, in answer to the memorial
which, on behalf of the Society, had been submitted to the Postmaster General,
asking that small parcels containing scientific specimens might be sent to places
abroad at the reduced rates of postage applicable to packets of bond fide trade
patterns and samples. The letter intimated that, so far as the English Post Office
was concerned, scientific specimens sent by sample post to places abroad would not
be stopped in future. —IT. Goss, Hon. !Secretary.

ON OVIPOSITiON, AND THE OVIPOSITOR, IN CERTAIN
LEPIDOPTERA.

BY JOHN 11. WOOD, M.B.

AVlieii I coiniiiuiiicated the discovery made by Dr. Chapman and
myself of the mode of egg-laying in Micropteryx (vol. i, scr. 2, p. 148),
I had no idea how large the subject would prove, and that it would
practically open up the whole question of ovipositing in Lepidopterous
insects. We soon found, as had been suspected, that other genera in
the Tineina hcaides 3Iicropferi/x and Inctirvaria were able to penetrate
plant-structures and deposit their eggs within ; some selecting one
part of the plant, and some another, whilst the instrument was modi-
fied to suit the kind of work it had to do. We next came upon a
class of ovipositor very similar in outward appearance to the foregoing,
and like them, rigid, yet highly clastic, and capable of being freely
protruded. In form it was flat, broad, thin, and pointed, but in spite
of its very lancet-like shape, it was incapable of cutting, and had
evidently been designed to enable the insect to place its egg within
an unopened floret ; its form and rigidity being admirably adapted

176 fJune,

for insinuation between the closely Ij'ing coverings of the floret.
Such an ovipositor occurs in the genus Oli/pliipteryx, and in many of
the ColeophorcB.

Now, there was one curious point about all these instruments
that struck both of us, which was that, freely as they could be pro-
truded by the insects themselves, it was impossible to force them out
by pressure on the abdomen, as can be done with ordinary ovipositors.
It, therefore, seemed natural to conclude that the powerful rods with
which they were provided, and which were plainly the agents through
which protrusion was effected, would be peculiar to insects having
rigid ovipositors ; but happening to examine two or three species, all
possessed of telescopic but soft ovipositors, I was surprised to find
the rods present. This led to a wider examination, with the result
that the rods were always found ; and we must, therefore, conclude
that they are present in all Lepidoptera, and are the handles by means
of which the ovipositor and the last abdominal segment, or its equi-
valent, are worked. In insects with short ovipositors that scarcely
reach beyond the abdominal outlet the rods are proportionately small
and weak. In an insect, for example, of the size of 'Melanijipe mon-
tanata, they are absolutely smaller than in Adela viridella, whilst in
so minute a creature as Micropferi/x caltheJIa an ordinary lens would
not be powerful enough to demonstrate them.

Early in the enquiry I came across an unexpected fact. It seems
that all male Lepidoptera have eight external segments in the abdomen,
but that their number in the female varies. In those with simple
ovipositors the number is eight, as in the male, the ovipositor in the
one case, and the male appendages in the other, making up the full
complement of nine abdominal segments (Latreille's, or the 5th seg-
ment, being, to the best of my judgment, thoracic in the Lepidoptera) .
But in those with compound or telescopic ovipositors, composed, that
is to say, of the ovipositor proper and the sheath, the number of
segments is seven, the 8th having been converted into the sheath, and
become i]itra-abdominal. As the steps of the operation by which the
segment has been gradually changed into a sheath remain stereotyped
for us in still existing forms, it may be as well to give them a moment's
consideration. In the male insect, and in some of the other sex, the
8th is in all respects a typical abdominal segment. It is completely
external ; has its surface covered with ordinary scales, in addition to
a frill of larger ones along the edge; and, further, consists of two
separate plates, a dorsal and a ventral one. It is by no means a com-
mon female form, and though it ap])ears to occur pretty widely among

1891.] 177

the GeometrcB, and in some o£ the Diurni, I have not found it in any of
the other great Macro groups, and have only met with it in the genua
Elachista among the Micros. The first important modification, and
one that I think includes the greater proportion of the female insect
in, perhaps, all the great groups, consists in the fusion of the two
separate plates into a single strong piece or ring, not always quite
perfect, owing to the occasional presence of a narrow gap on the
ventral face occupied by membrane alone. The ring is still wholly
external, and is clothed and frilled with scales. A further advance
follows from retraction of the ring, more or less under the 7th seg-
ment, and by the loss of all the scales but the frill. Nevertheless,
the presence of the frill indicates that it has not yet quite lost its
external character, but continues, as in the foregoing forms, to be part
of the outer wall. Now% by retracting the part completely under the
7th segment, and by removing the last remnant of the scales, the
change is completed, and it is transformed from an external segment
to an internal one, or sheath, and becomes an appendage to the
ovipositor ; whilst the oiSce of forming the abdominal outlet is trans-
ferred to the 7th segment. At the same time with its conversion into
a sheath, it usually becomes longer in proportion to its width, and
acquires the shape of a tube rather than that of a ring. As I shall
have an opportunity later on, when describing the parts in individual
insects, of dealing with some of the extreme forms of the sheath, I
will content m}self for the present with merely observing that it
would be scarcely possible, without some such survey as the above, to
recognise its true homologies, and that in all cases the sheath is, beyond
dispute, the metamorphosed 8th segment.

Let us now briefly look at the homologies of the ovipositor. This I
organ consists of t'vo distiiu-t i)arts : one, inner and visceral, and the I '

other, outer and skeletal. The visceral portion is a fleshy hyaline o'^
duct, a prolongation from the cloaca, and serves for the passage of the '
excrementa as well as for the delivery of the egg. The outer or
skeletal part is the portion that has most importance for us. In the
great majority of cases it may be described as a pair of chitiuous
plates, which embrace and take hold of the visceral tube, and are the
means by which its protusion and retraction are effected. It must
not, however, be concluied that the plates, though separate, are dis-
connected, for they are united to each other by membrane, just as are
their homologues, the abdominal ])lates, so that, were the visceral tube
removed, an outer or skeletal one would still remain. Moreover, ala
the plates themselves are mn-ely chilinous deposits in this membrane,

178 I June,

all I shall wish to imply, wheu speaking later on o£ the suppression
of a plate, will be that the usual deposit has not taken place, and not
that the membrane itself is absent. In a few insects, like Elachista
cygnipennella (see figure post.), the plates are broad, substantial pieces,
not so very unlike the plates of an abdominal segment, with which
they are morphologically identical. In others, again, as Coleophora
ccBspititiella (see figure post.), they are long and narrow ; whilst in
one or two others of this genus, of which I have preparations before
me, the plates are so narrow that they are barely as wide as their rods,
and cannot well be distinguished from them. But in the great mass
of insects these chitinous pieces are plates only in name, for they are
broken up into fine lines or threads, which in some instances are
armed with numerous cross spiculse, and form very beautiful objects
under the microscope.

Although the plates are, as I have said, identical with those of an
ordinary segment, ihey are differently put together in the two cases.
Taking an ideal segment to consist of four pieces, we find that in an
ordinary segment the two upper pieces are united to forui the dorsal
plate, and the two lower the ventral plate ; whereas, in the ovipositor
an upper is united with a lower piece to form a lateral plate, the result
of the combination being that the orifice of the ovipositor lies in a
vertical plane, and not in a horizontal one as we should have expected
from the general structure. But before dismissing jhis part of the
subject, we must glance for a moment at the very exceptional state of
things in the plant-cutters. We have just seen how attenuated the
skeletal portion of the ovipositor becomes in very many insects, but
in these others it undergoes quite an opposite change, and is developed
into a single, but very large and powerful plate, fitted for cutting or
piercing the tissues of plants. Its position is 1 orizontal, with the
visceral tube suspended from the under-side ; ani from this relation
of the parts we must conclude that it represents the dorsal plate of
an ordinary segment, the ventral plate having tp all appearance been
suppressed, or being represented in a few of them, as for example in
Micropteryx by a pair of isolated pieces of chitine lying in the lower
side of the wall of the visceral tube.

In the previous communication [ spoke or the rods as dorsal and
ventral. This is misleading, for their true relationship is with the
segment as a whole, and not with a part of it. The one pair, which
we will now call the outer pair, work the Stl; segment or its equivalent,
the sheath ; and the other, or inner pair, work the ovipositor or 9th
segment. The rods are to aJl intents and purposes prolongations of

1891.] 179

the plates, and owe their existence to the necessity of providing that
the muscles which are attached to them, and on which the movements
of the egg-laying apparatus depend, should have great length of fibre.
For the muscles do not act on the principle of a lever, as in the limbs,
but pull upon the part directly, producing simple protrusion and re-
traction, so that the amount of motion that is possible can be neither
more nor less than the amount of shortening the muscles undergo on
contraction, in the same way as an object is pulled in, measure for
measure, by the shortening of the cord to which it is fastened. Con-
sequently, in those cases where the parts have to be protruded freely
the rods are proportionately long, while they are comparatively short
under the opposite condition of things, and may even be absent
altogether when the amount of protrusion is very trifling, or other
means are taken for securing length of muscular fibre. Complete
absence of the rods is, however, very exceptional. I have never met
with it in the case of the inner pair which work the ovipositor, and
for various reasons I much doubt whether it ever occurs with them ;
but here and there in one or two of the great groups the outer pair
are suppressed. In some of the Diurni, as for example Hipparchia
Janira and Aiy^/nnis Ewphrosyne, they appear to be absent. The
Hipparchia has the 8th segment converted into a ring, whose widest
parts are at the sides, where the rods, if present, would have been
attached. In the Argynnis the segment consists of a separate dorsal
and ventral plate, the latter being narrow in the middle and wide at
the sides, which reach back some way. Thus, by the same means,
viz., lateral dilatation of the plate or ring, sufficient length for the
muscles is obtained in both insects without the intervention of the
rods. Thanaos Tages, the only other butterfly I have examined, does,
however, possess the rods ; but they are very rudimentary, and are
merely short crooked processes, attached one at each corner of the
ventral plate. Again, in the genus Cramhus, so far as I have looked
into it, the outer rods are also absent. Here the rather narrow sheath
is closely connected with the gigantic apparatus concerned in impreg-
nation, from which in all pi'obability the muscles get their attachment.
Perhaps I ought to say something about this apparatus. In Lepido-
ptera it is quite independent of the ovipositor, opening below it and
further back ; it is a most complex and remarkable structure, though
it is only necessary here to speak of its external portion. This in its
simplest form is a small, x-aised, chitinous opening, communicating
with the abdomen through the intersegmental membrane uniting seg-
ments 7 and S. Frequently it becomes a short canal by being prolonged

180 [June, 1891.

forwards on the sheath or 8th segment ; in other cases, again, it is
developed into a huge plate reaching backwards under the 7th segment
as far as its inner edge, and forwards to the outer edge of the 8th,
with the underpart of which it is intimately united, the orifice being
occasionally guarded by a flap, chitinous or leather}^ as the case may
be ; whilst the varieties and modifications of the several forms are
infinite, and are likely to afford useful characters in determining
closely allied species. In other genera of the Cramhidce, as well as in
all the remaining great divisions, with the exception of the Sphingidce,
which I have had no opportunity of examining, the lower rods, so far
as enquiry has at present gone, have always been present. Hitherto
the rods have been considered as if they were ahvays simple and un-
branched bodies ; but in many of the Geometrcs, as in Minoa euphorhiata
(see figure, post.), where the 8th is a typical abdominal segment, and
consists of two separate and nearly equal plates, each outer rod
divides into two, one branch going to the corner of the dorsal plate,
the other to the corner of the ventral one.

No part of the investigation has been more puzzling than the
muscular system connected with the rods. Actual dissection is next
to impossible in the Micros, and in them one has to depend upon more
or less accidental preparations ; but in the larger insects it is not so
very diiScult to trace out the whole course of the muscles. They
appear to be special developments of the ordinary recti muscles of
the abdomen, and consist of two opposing sets, which may be called
respectively protrudors and retractors, according as they push the
parts out or draw them in again. Kemembering that the main purpose
of the rods is to secure great length of fibre for the muscles, it is not
surprising that it is into the points only of the rods, where they are
all crowded together, that the muscles are inserted, and that the shanks,
however long they may be, remain free.

Let us now examine a large insect like TriphcBna pro7iuha, taking
the retractors first.

At the back part of each dorsal plate of the abdomen are a pair
of transverse black lines, one on each side the middle line, marking
the attachment of flat bands of muscle, the so-called recti, which
retract and telescope the segments into each other. On the 7th seg-
ment, however, in place of these flat bands, there come off four
roundish bundles of muscular fibres, two on each side, which pass
downwards, and which are inserted into the points of the four rods,
one bundle into each rod Their action is to withdraw both ovipositor
and sheath within the body, and from the circumstance of having a

July. 1M91. ! 181

commou origin, thc}'^ probably act simultaneously. The ovipositor is
furnished besides with its own pair of proper retractors that withdraw
it within the sheath. They take their origin from the points of the
outer rods, and each is inserted by two heads, not actually into the
ovipositor itself, but into the membrane (intersegmental) connecting
it with tlic sheath — one head into the part reflected on to the ovipositor,
the other into the fore portion further outwards. I imagine that the
last mentioned muscles act first and retract the ovipositor into the
sheath, and that then the other set step iu and, by a concei'ted action,
withdraw both ovipositor and sheath within the abdomen.

Now, as regards the muscles that push the parts out.

There seem to be no special protrudors of the sheath, their ])lace
being supplied by tiie ordinary abdominal muscles that extend the
segments upon each other. On the other hand, the ovipositor is pro-
vided with a pair of powerful [)rotrudors. They spring from the
inner surface of the sheath by a double origin — one from close to the
middle line of the dorsum, and the other from further outwards, and
are inserted into the points of the inner rods.

I have little doubt that the muscular system described above
is, with some trifling variations, common to all Lepidoptera having
simple ovipositors, or compound ones like pronuha, with little
range of motion ; but in compound instruments capable of great
protrusion, such as we find in the plant-cutters, Coleoplioras, &c.,
the arrangement is, in many respects, different. The most striking
difference, perhaps, is the presence of special protrudors of the
sheath, to enable that body to take its fair share in the great
extension to which the whole apparatus iu these insects is subject.
These muscles spring from the sides of the ventral plate of the
7th or last abdominal segment, far back, and are inserted into the
points of the outer rods. Their demonstration is by no means easy,
and I have only succeeded in obtaining them in an imperfect and
fragmentary condition. In strong contrast to them in this respect
are the protrudors of the ovipositor. These can be recognised at
once, and are of great size, commensurate with the work they have to
perform, but with nothing unusual in their attachments. The same
may be said of the " proper " retractors of the ovipositor ; but of the
common retractors of the ovipositor and sheath, which pass from the
points of the rods up into the abdomen, I have not been able (except
in Micropterycc) to find a trace, many as have been the preparations I
have made, and I can only come to the conclusion that they do not

182 [July.

exist, at least in this form. When the great length of the rods in
these insects is considered, and that they even reach in some cases
as high as the 3rd abdominal segment, it becomes plain enough how
inconvenient, if not impossible, it would be that retractors (allowing
of the length of range required in these insects) should be inserted
in the ordinary way into the points of the rods. Where, then, are we
to look for them ? To this I can by no means give a satisfactory
answer. Let me, in the first place, say, that I feel nearly positive
that the ovipositor has not a special muscle for drawing it back into
the abdomen, in addition to its own proper one that retracts it within
the sheath, for I have quite failed, after very careful search, to discover
anything to which such an office could be assigned. Besides, seeing
bow intimate is the connection here between the ovipositor and sheath,
and how important the sheath has become as an integral part of the
egg-laying apparatus, it appears only necessary to provide for a special
muscle for the withdrawal of the ovipositor as far as^the sheath, leaving
it to the latter organ to carry it along with itself into the body. But
what withdraws the sheath ? That is the crux. That it requires and
is effected by special muscles can scarcely be doubted ; and that the
muscles must be inserted into the body of the sheath, since the rods
are closed to them, is equally certain. Tet I have not been able to
find them, or at least, to isolate them from the muscles which pass in
and ou'.. of the sheath in connection with the movements of the ovi-
positor. I have often, hov^ever, been struck, especially in dissecting
the Coleophoree, with the great amount of muscle, broken and unbroken,
connected with the sheath. The unbroken fibres, forming much the
larger part, can be traced into the points of the rods, and named
without hesitation ; but the broken ones are more perplexing. I am
tempted to assign them to the muscles we are in search of, their inner
attachments to the abdominal wall having been lost by the removal of
that structure in the course of preparation. There is yet one point
observable in all the long-rodded insects, which ought not to be passed
over, viz., the remarkable way in which the muscles sux'round the rods
on all sides, encasing them, as it were, in a fleshy tube ; an arrange-
ment which not only gives direct support to these long and slender
bodies, but also by insuring an even pull all round instead of a one-
sided one, must prevent the bending which would otherwise almost
certainly occur under the great muscular strain they have to bear.

I will now describe in detail a few of the instruments I have
examined, and shall select them chiefly from the Tineince, purposely
avoiding those in wliich the genital aperture is largely developed,

isni.]

183

Fio. 1.

because, as the latter much obscures the egg-laying apparatus itself,
they are not so favourable for illustration. They all fall under one
or other of two divisions, according as they are simple with the
abdominal outlet at the 8th segment, or compound with the outlet at
the 7th segment.

Elachista eygnipennella (Fig. 1). — I begin with this, not because it is a com-
mon form, for I have met with it nowhere but in the Elachista, but because it is
the simplest and most easily understood of any I have come across. It belongs
to the class of simple ovipositors. The 8th segment con-
sists of a dorsal and a ventral plate ; the dorsal, which
is very deep and engages the greater part of the circum-
ference of the outlet, receives the stout and slightly
curved outer rod into its inner corners, no branches
being sent to the comparatively shallow ventral plate.
At the extreme inner edge of the ventral plate lies the
genital aperture (g. a.), beneath a flat and very narrow arch of chitine. The
plates of the ovipositor are large triangular pieces, to which the rods are attached
about the middle of the posterior borders. Scattered over the surface of the plates,
but congregated most thickly at their outer angle or nose, where, too, they are not
so big, are certain long stiif hairs, springing from bulbous bases. They are organs
of touch, no doubt highly sensitive, and are to be found in some part or other of all
instruments, their usual seat being the ovipositor itself. I shall call them the
tactile hairs.

As we know that eygnipennella must place her eggs on the surface of the blades
of Dactylis glomerata and other grasses, it seemed singular that she should be
provided with so large and strong an ovipositor, and I was, therefore, led to try and
discover her precise practice. I find that she avoids the fully expanded leaves, and
selects one in which the sulcus running down the middle of the upper surface is not
yet grown out, when, pressing her instrument in between the approximated sides,
which must offer no inconsiderable resistance, and guided by the tactile hairs, she
deposits her egg or eggs at the bottom of the trench. The egg is cy'indrical and
very slender, being nearly three times as long as broad, and slightly iiarrowcr at the
tail end. It is usually laid singly, but occasionally three or four in a row over-
lapping each other.

Minoa euphorliata. — This is another example of a simple instrument, showing
among other things the division of the outer rods ; a state of things which, I repeat,
has only been found among some of the Oeometra. The dorsal and ventral plates
of the 8th segment divide the outlet pretty evenly
between them, and, to meet this condition, each
of the outer rods splits into two, one branch
going to the corner of the dorsal plate, the other
to the corner of the ventral one (Fig. 3). The
plates of the ovipositor are merely bands and

Sfav)

Fig. 1.— The last three segments of E. eygnipennella, with the ovipositor protruded,
rods. o. r., Outer rods. ^'. a.. Genital aperture

i. r., Inner

184

[July,

threads of chitine connected together by inter-
vening membrane, and may be likened, from their
Btructure and appearance, to an open fan. Tla
broader pieces or bands are directly continuous
with the rod, but the threads either spring from
the bands or arise independently in the inter-
spaces, as these become wider by the divergence
of the bands. Numerous spiculse come off at
right angles from the bands and threads, and
others are scattered sparingly over the intervening Fig. 3.

membrane ; their ofEce being, I presume, to supply the ovipositor with sufBcient
transverse rigidity. The inner rods are short and weak, and suddenly expand, before
ending in the plates, into an oval-shaped piece, which affords attachment to a part
of the proper " retractor " muscle of the ovipositor. The tactile hairs form a thick
fringe along the outer edge of the plates, but their number rapidly lessens on the
body of the plates, only a few reaching about as far as the middle. Their chief
Beats are the bands and threads, but some may also be found on the soft intervening
membrane. They may be readily known from the spiculte by their much greater
length, their longitudinal direction, but principally by their large, granular-looking,
and tubercular bases.

The substitution to a greater or less extent, of membrane for
chitine in the ovipositor, of which the Oeometrce afford an example,
is the essential characteristic of the soft ovipositor, in contradistinction
to the hard or rigid one: the former is almost universal, and is to be
found from end to end of the Lepidoptera, in simple and compound
instruments alike, whilst the latter is strictly exceptional, and confined,
so far as I know, to some genera in the Tineince. I do not propose to
describe other forms of the soft ovipositor. There are many of them,
as may be conjectured from the various modifications to which its
several parts can be subjected — for instance, in the relative proportion
of the parts, in the presence or absence of the expansion for the
retractor muscle, the number, form, and disposition of the chitinous
ribs, with the presence or otherwise of the spiculje, as well as in the
general shape of the instrument itself. To attempt them would add
unnecessarily to the length of these articles ; and as I have also
already entered sufficiently into the more common forms and modifi-
cations of the 8th segment, I may, therefore, pass at once to a
consideration of the rigid, compound instruments, which, exceptional
though they may be, are from their highly specialized nature more
interesting and worthy of our attention. The simplest of them is the
lancet-shaped instrument for probing unopened flowers, of which no

riQS. 2 and 3. — One of the plates of the ovipositor, and the 8th abdominal segment in M. euphor-
biata. a, Dilatation for the insertion of retractor muscle of the ovipositor, b. Torn
muscular fibres.

18010

1S5

8fs.W

Fig. 4,

more convenient example can be found iliini in tlievery common Coleo-
phora ccEspitifiella.

Coleophora ccBspitiliella. — Appearing at a time wlu'ii the flowor-heads of its
food-plant, Juncus conglomeratus, are fully formed,
yet not in actual blossom, the parent moth insinuates
her thin, pointed ovipositor witliin the pcriantli of a
floret, and affixes an egg to the inner surface of a
segment. An examination of the floret usually shows
that she lays two eggs before withdrawing her instru-
ment, but places them on separate though adjoining
segments in the same row ; it depending upon the
state of the flower at the time whether that be the
inner or the outer row.

The sheath (8 (sh.) ) is a complete tube, much
flattened vertically, the better to match the thin and
flat ovipositor, and has the rods, which are about half
ns long again as the sheath, inserted into the sides.
A good idea of the relative length of the parts can
be gained by stating, that when the sheath is fully
protruded, the rods extend back into the abdomen as
far as the inner margin of the 7th segment, this segment being a very large one,
and equalling in length the 6th and 5th together. The sheath is strong, and of a
rich amber colour below ; but weak and watery-white above, where, to increase its
strength, an amber coloured ridge or back-bone runs down the middle. Its mouth
is provided with a straight margin on the upper-side, and on the lower is hollowed
out in the centre into a large notch, from which there rises on either hand a broad,
ear-like projection, with an indented outline, and dotted with long tactile hairs, that
reaches round the side to the dorsal aspect. Instead of the usual cylindrical shape,
the ovipositor is flattened into a very thin, blade-like instrument, in which the plates
(ov. pi.) form a strong, amber-coloured, and rather narrow margin all round, whilst
the centre is occupied by the soft visceral tube (v. t.). The mouth is a long slit,
extending back from tlie tip for some distance, and opens laterally. In addition to
the tactile hairs on the " ears " of the sheath, shorter ones are to be found on the
margins of the plates of the ovipositor, especially towards their points. I have
come across no insects so favourable as these " probing " ones for exhibiting the
genital aperture. In caespititiella it is a low, flat archway on the under-side of the
sheath, at its inner extremity (g. a.). The ai'ch, which is moderately deep, is a
strong, chitinous structure, capable of resisting much pressure, and is firmly united
to the sheath, whilst from its lower corners two distinct and converging elevations
are continued down nearly as far as the notch, leaving only a very narrow channel
between them for some little distance before their termination. The meaning of
these elevations is not quite clear. They may be merely supports of the arch, on
the other hand they may be of some special use in the pairing of the sexes.

Fig. 4.— Ventral view of last three segments of C. caspilitiella. ov. pi., Plate of ovipositor.
V. t., Visceral tiibe. g. a., Genital aperture.

{To be continued.)

186 [.'uiy

ON SOME NEW HISTERID.E FEOM BURMAH.
BY G. LEWIS, F L.S.

Mr. W. Doherty baa very kindly sent me from Calcutta some
HisteridcB collected by him at the Ruby Mines, Burmah, at an eleva-
tion of some 6 — 8000 feet above sea level, and I find amongst them
five species which are evidently new and needing descriptive notice.
There were also in the quill in which the whole came two species re-
presented by single specimens. The locality in which these species
were collected seems to be a very good one, as the captures are par-
ticularly interesting ; the large size of the Paromalus is surprising,
and one Platysoma is very fine.

1. — Platysoma foveolatum, n. sp.
Ovatttm, nigrum, nitidum ; fronte, stria utrinque abhreviata ; pronoto,
ante scutellum distincte foveolato ; elytris tristriatis ; jpropygidio 2>ygidioque
grosse punctatis ; prosterno haud striata; mesosterno iceviter emarginato,
stria Integra distincte impressa. Long., 7 mm.

Rather broadly oval, black, shining ; forehead with a rather shallow and broad
stria, bisinuate and shortened on either side, and not touching the outer margin in
front of the eye ; thorax with complete marginal stria, rather strong at the sides,
feeble in front, especially behind the eye, transvei-se, with a very distinct fovea in
front of the scutellum ; elytral striaj 1 — 3 complete, the 4th consists of one or two
points only at the apex ; propygidium is depressed on both sides, where it is strongly
punctate, in the middle the punctures are fewer ; pygidiura closely punctate, punc-
tures ocellated, external edges elevated ; the prosternura is not sculptured ; the
mesosternal stria is complete, leaving the anterior margin rather wide. Anterior
tibisD 4-dentate.

This species belongs to the same group as atratum, Er., and
ovatmn, Er., but it is much broader than any species in the section,
and the scutellar fovea is very conspicuous.

2. — Platysoma lucillum, n. sp.
Ohlongum, depressiusculum, brunncum nitidissimum ; fronte Iceviter im-
pressa ; pronoto impunctato stria valida intcgra ; elytris striis 1 — 4 intcgris
5« basi late abhreviata ; propygidio pygidioqtie grosse punctatis ; prosterno
haud striata ; mesa- et metastcrno Icevihus ; anfenms pedibitsque ritfis.

Long., 2\ mtn.
Oblong, reddish-brown, shining ; forehead lightly impressed, not punctured,
stria well marked and nearly straight ; thorax smooth, with a complete stria, lateral
interstice rather narrow ; elytra 1 — 4 striiB complete, 5th much shortened before the
base, and it is quite parallel to the suture. The sutural stria is wanting, the inter-
stice between the suture and the fifth stria is a very little wider than the interstice
of the 4th and 5th strife ; the propygidium is wholly covered with large punctures
evenly set ; the pygidiura has punctures irregularly dispersed, most thickly set at

i.^'.ii.j 187

the base and easily counted as 21 or 22. Prosternum without strife ; mcsosternum
very slightly omarginate in front, marginal strife clearly defined and continuing down
the side of the metasternum. All the sternal plates are impunctate.

3. HiSTER YESTITUS, n. Sp.

Brevlter ovalis, niger nitidus ; pedibus piceis ; fronte stria integra ;
elytris striis 1 — 4 integris, 5 — 6 apicalibus ; frosterno mesosternoque dense
vestitis ; metasterno Icevi. Long., 3 — Zx mm.

Oval, black, shining, antennsE and legs picoous ; frontal stria transverse, mode-
rately impressed, very slightly sinuous ; head and thorax very finely and sparsely
punctulate ; thorax with marginal stria very fine, terminating behind the eye, lateral
stria oblique, rather strong, turning towards the outer margin as it approaches the
base, it continues behind the neck, where it is feeble and a little crenulate, and at
the eyes it is feebly sinuous ; elytra, strise 1 — 4 complete, 5th and sutural apical, the
sutural reaching the middle of the dorsal region, the other is shorter. The inter-
stices of the Ist and 2nd strife and the 3rd and 4th striae widen out a little at the
base. The propygidium and pygidium are evenly but a little sparsely punctured.
The prosternum and mcsosternum are clothed with a very singular growth, which,
under the microscope, appears to be composed of cinereous hairs. The growth
naturally entirely obscures the sculpture of these parts, but in an abraded specimen
the prosternum and mcsosternum seem to be roughly punctured or granulate. The
metasternum is smooth and impunctate, and the contrast in the appearance of these
surfaces is very remarkable. The anterior tibiae are rather dilated near the tarsi,
and bear, when not abraded, a cluster of small denticulations, the other tibise are
multispinous.

The superficies of this species resembles myrmidon, Mars. I have
seen eight specimens of it.

4.— Paroma-lus Goliath, n. sp.

This species belongs to that section of the genus in which the
males have an abdominal tubercle.

Ovalis, niger, nitidus, punctulatns ; capite stria integra ; pronoto ante
scutellum foveolato ; elytris striis ohsoletis ; pygidio suhopaco tenuissime punc-
tulato ; prosterno bistriato ; mesosterno immarginato, stria transversa
hiangulata. Long.. 4f — 5^ mm.

Oval, black, and shining, above evenly and rather thickly punctulate ; forehead
flatti.sh, with marginal stria well marked and complete ; thorax with conspicuous
scutcllar fovea and outer stria complete ; elytra with dorsal striae obsolete, apex
margined by an epipleural stria being continued round it to the suture ; propygidium
and pygidium somewhat opaque, with almost imperceptible punctulations. The
anterior lobe of the prosternum is punctate, the keel bistriate, strire joining behind
only and in front terminating abruptly at the suture. Mcsosternum (not distinct
from the metasternum) with a shallow, biangulate, transverse stria divided into
three nearly equal parts ; S metasternum with a large three-sided depression at its
base, the first segment of the abdomen is also depressed anteriorly, and has a well-
defined ridge-like basal tubercle. Anterior tibia? 4-dentate, intermediate spinose.

188 !'i"iy.

posterior witli two or throe spines near the tarsi. ? is without the mctasternnl
depression and abdominal tubercle, but it has sexual distinctions somewhat variable
in the pygidium. The disc of the pygidium is deeply excavated, generally in the
form of two loops, slightly oblique to each other, with the intermediate surface
irregularly rugose and punctate. On the under-side of the pygidium also in the
centre is a small transverse excavation.

5.— TiiYPOK^DUs DoHEETYi, n. sp.

Cylindricus, nixfer nitidus ; rustro trianffulato margine elevato ; j'^oiioto
sparse punctulato ; prosterno trwncato, punctato, ntrhiquc striato ; mesosterno
antice recto haud 2^i'od/icfo. Long., 4^ mm.

$ cylindrical, black, very shining, snout triangular, elevated at the sides with a
median longitudinal impression, lightly and unevenly punctulate ; thorax about as
long as the elytra, both evenly but not thickly punctulate, triangularly sloped in
front, with a tubercle or little ridge behind the neck, and two lesser elevations behind
it at the point where the anterior slope begins, the lateral stria is complete ; elytra
lightly impressed round the scutcllum ; propygidiura and pygidium sparsely punc-
tulate, tiie latter clothed sparingly with greyish hairs ; anterior tibiro with five or
six strong teeth. $ . Thorax anteriorly convex, with the anterior angles sub-
foveolate, and the upper-surface is more distinctly punctured, especially the pygidium.

Beneath, prosternum rather roughly not closely punctured, the keel truncate
before and behind, corners rectangular, striate at the sides ; mesosternum truncate
in front, widening out behind the anterior coxaj, marginate laterally. $ has the
metasternum and first ventral segment distinctly punctured, in the i these are only
finely punctulate.

Folkestone: March, 1891.

ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF ANTHICIDM.
BY G. C. CIIAMPION, P.Z.S.

TOMODEtiUS DENTICOLLIS, n. Sp.
Elongate, narrow, parallel, reddish-testaceous, the elytra flavo-tcstaceous, with
the sputellar region infuseate (perliaps owing to discoloration), the upper siu-faee
shining and finely pubescent. Ilcad with a few widely scattered minute punctures,
the eyes black and very coarsely granulated ; antenna) entirely testaceous, stout,
fully reaching to the middle of the elytra, the penultimate joints transverse ; pro-
thorax slightly broader than long, very strongly constricted at the sides behind the
middle, and with the usual deep transverse groove across the disc before the base,
the anterior portion canaliculate, and at the sides denticulate, the teeth fine but distinct,
the posterior one longer than the others (the lateral constrietioii, in consequence, ap-
pearing very abrupt and deep), the surface with minute scattered punctures ; elytra
long and narrow, parallel, with irregular rows of closely placed, moderately coarse,
punctures, which become much finer and shallower towards the apex ; legs flavo-
tcstaceous. Length 1^, breadth J, mm.

Ilah. : N. W. Australia, Adelaide River.

1891.1 189

A single specimen of this interesting new species of Tomoderus,
the first of the genus recorded from the Aiistralian continent, has
recently been forwarded to me by Mr. J. J. Walker, In the denticulate
lateral margins of the thorax it differs from all others of the genus
yet described ; but parallel forms are known in the genus Anthicus, e.g.,
A. spinicoUis, A. cBqiiinoctialis, La Ferte, &c. The species is allied to
T. compressicoUis, Motsch. ; but it is very much smaller and narrower
than that insect, and has the elytra! punctuation much finer, closer,
and less regularly arranged. T. hrcvicoUis, La Ferte, from India,
appears to be still more nearly allied, but, to judge from the descrip-
tion, has the thorax formed as in T. compressicoUis ; T. vinctus, Er.,
from Tasmania, differs in numerous particulars from T. denticoUis.

Mectnotaesus tenuipes, n. sp.
Moderately elongate, testaceous ; the elytra piceous, with the sides towards
tlic base broadly and indeterminately, and a large rounded spot on each at the apex
(confluent with the one on the opposite elytron at the suture), testaceous ; the upper-
surface thickly clothed with very fine, silky, appressed, whitish pubescence, the
prothorax with a few very long hairs at the sides and beneath the horn. Head
densely and minutely punctured, flattened between the eyes, the latter black ; an-
tennae entirely testaceous, exceedingly long and slender, filiform, extending fully to
the apex of the elytra ; prothorax transversely convex, strongly and abruptly con-
stricted at the sides behind, and with a shallow transverse groove across the disc just
lu'forc the base, the surface densely and minutely punctured (the punctuation quite
liidden by the pubescence) — the horn long and broad, furnished with seven strong
teeth on either side, and with a broad projecting piece at the apex, the crest
moderately raised and sharply margined on either side, the margin serrate, the
surface of the crest and horn coarsely punctured, the crest without median carina ;
elytra convex, truncate at tlie base, widest at the middle, and slightly narrowing an-
teriorly, the sides subparallel in front, the shoulders broadly rounded, the surface
with fine, deep, scattered punctures, the punctures subserially arranged towards the
base and becoming very much finer towards the apex, the interspaces with an ex-
ceedingly minute punctuation (only visible under a very strong lens) ; legs pale
testaceous, exceedingly long and slender, the tibial spurs long,

Length (from tip of thoracic horn to end of the elytra) 2^, breadth g, mm.

Hah. : Japan, Urasa, between Niigata and Nikko,
One specimen, captured by Mr G. Lewis on September 19th,
1881. This very distinct species may be at once known by its ex-
ceedingly long and slender legs and antennae. It is the second
recorded Mecynotarsus from Japan.

11, Caldervale Road, Clapham, S.W. :
May Uh, 1891.

OASE-MzVKIXG COLEOPTEROUS LARViE.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, F.Z S.

On April 23rd, 1890, at West Cliff, I came across numerous little
earthy cases, cylindrical, rounded posteriorly, and subcarinate dorsally,
in the nest of an ant, apparently Formica fusca. Each of these con-
tained a fleshy Coleopterous larva, with rugose head ; in colour pale
orange, with the head and tarsi red-brown.

I at once sent one of these to Dr. John Hamilton, who wrote on
April 28th that they were " very probably the larvae of Goscmoptera
vittigera, which is found in Colorado. The larvse of G. dominica
construct such cases, and hibernate as larva? under stones, &c. I
thought all the species of Glijthrini and Gldamydini were leaf-eaters
(ph3'tophagi), but I find G. dominica lives on the ground and eats dead
leaves, and likely this larva does the same. I have the one you sent
me in a tin box with an old leaf in it, and it appears to be eating quite
lively ; possibly I may raise it. Observe whether its being with ants
was an accident (as I think) or whether from its nature. Professor
Eiley, Missouri Rep. 0, figures the eggs, larvae, case, and imago of
C dominica, also the case of Ghlamys plicata, e\\^ev oi which would
do, as to shape, but the details are a little different."

So I made further search, and as a result found a second species,
living on the same bank, but doubtless distinct. This latter did not
live with ants. The two larvae may be distinguished by the following
table : —

COSCINOPTEEA No. 1. CoSCINOPTEEA No. 2.

Lives in ants' nests. Lives under rocks, but not in nests.

Case, 71 mm. long ; greyish, carinate Case, 4 mm. long ; blackisli with no
dorsally, and with more rudimen- indication of carinoe.

tary lateral carinsB.

Larva pale orange ; head, tarsi, and Larva white, with a strong pinkish-
thoracic shield red-brown. yellow tinge ; head and legs black ;

thoracic shield dark brown.

Structurally, both species seem gencrically identical ; they also
walk in the same way.

I have found Goscinoptera vittigera and G. axiliaris in the perfect
state in the neighbourhood of West Cliff. Bahia quadrigiittata, Say.,*
I found on Yucca angustifolia, Pursh, at the same locality as that of
the larvae ; may my larva No. 2 have been this ?

I believe, myself, that larva No. 1 lives normally with ants (since

* C. vittigera was kindly identified for me by Mr. L. O. Howard, from a. specimen found by
Swift Creek ; the other two species were identified by Dr. Hamilton.

1801. 191

I always fouiid it so), and possibly the case-making habit may have
been acquired in this group as a protection against the bites of the
ants. Microdon, a genus of SyrphidcB, of which I found a new species,*
in the pupal state, in a nest of Formica Integra, at West Cliff, has a
stronger pupal covering than most of its family ; and the Sisteridcd,
some of which live with ants, are very well protected by their curious
structure. By being able to live in ants' nests, and protected from
the ants themselves, no doubt these insects obtain a much greater
immunity from attack by birds, lizards, and other enemies, and are
thus benefitted. Many such enemies would not venture to attack a
nest of ants ; and those who might do so, would very easily overlook
these CoJeoptera or Diptcra in the multitude of hurrying ants.

3, Fairfax Eoad, Bedford Park,

Cbiswick, W. : April 2lst, 1891.

NOTE ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF ADELA RUFIMITRELLA.
BY T. A. CHAPMAN, M D , F.E.S.

In the " Natural History of the Tineina," Stainton says, " the egg is laid in or
on tl)e pods of Cardamine pratensis, and Sis. alliaria, and the young larvce, no doubt,
feed on the contents of the pods, wlien they quit the pods they descend to the
ground and construct flat bivalve cases." This is, no doubt, a remarkable instance
of how near a man of great insight may come to a knowledge of some interesting or
unusual fact, and yet just miss it ; since it appears to be certain that he had no idea
of the possession by the moth of a piercing apparatus by which the moth does lay
her eggs in the pod, and yet, wise after the event, we wonder how he could suppose
the eggs to be laid in the pod, without some such apparatus. Last year I found the
eggs in the pods, and traced the larva thence to its appearance on the ground in a
case. This year I have succeeded in seeing the moth in the wild state laying her
eggs. The interest (to me) in this case, as in that of L. ruhiella, being chiefly in
connection with the habit of the moth as a " spear-tail." I hope Dr. Wood will
give us some details of the anatomy of the " spear " or knife in this as in the other
species he has investigated.

This spring I found A. rtiftmitrella abundant among Cardamine pratensis (I
never see it on <S. alliaria), in a conveniently near meadow, and on May 29th and
30tli saw the moths in cop., and observed several ? s ovipositing. The moth when
80 engaged, walks from one pod to another, on reaching the pedicel of the new pod
she walks slowly up it, trailing the abdominal extremity, fringed in all these species
with tactile hairs, along its surface as she proceeds, now and then halting a moment
as though about to oviposit in the pedicel. It is not, however, till she roaches a
point about one-tenth of an inch up the pod that she actually does so. She then
adopts an attitude, with the head towards the upper end of the pod, raised as high

* Not yet described : the type specimen, with pupa-case, is now in the I3ritish Miuseum.

192 J"'>'-

as the full length of the tibia; and tarsi of the fore-legs will allow, the tips of the
wings touch tlie pod, the abdominal extremity, which, were the moth at rest, would
in this attitude be hidden between tlic wings at some distance from the pod, is bent
down so that it meets its surface at almost a right angle. It is not, however,
specially bent down at the moment, but has been maintained against the surface of
the pod during the walk up the stalk and pod, and it has obviously been by its
tactile sense that the proper spot has been selected. The actual oviposition takes
from 40 to 60 seconds. When the pod is long enough the moth generally crawls
further up and makes one or two further layings in the same pod.

On opening the pod, two or even three eggs may sometimes be found at the
same place ; from noticing on one occasion that the two eggs so placed side by side
were not of apparently the same age, I incline to think that the moth only lays one
egg at eacli place, and that two or more eggs together mean that two or more layings
have been made at the same place by the same, or, more likely, by different moths.

A pod examined immediately the moth has laid shows externally only the
faintest longitudinal mark that one is doubtful about, till opening the pod and finding
the egg within confirms the observation, so slight is the damage done by the incision,
or so rapidly is it repaired. The position is in the margin of the dissepiment, close
to the margin of, but not in, the dehiscent plate.

The pod selected is usually about half inch in length, with seeds not much
larger than the egg of the motli. A moth was seen apparently ovipositing in a pod
a quarter of an inch long, but no egg could be found within, and there was in fact no
cavity within sufficient to contain an egg, as the moth had probably discovered.

When laid, the egg is 0"46 mm. in length, and 0'16 in width, of an ovoid shape,
that is, narrower at one end. After some days the egg grows to a length of 0.60 mm.,
and a width of 0.28 mm., the shape is now more distinct, and may be called pear-
shaped, the narrow end having a collar or neck. The development of the young
larva within is easily seen ; when the egg has attained the full size noted (by ab-
sorption of fluid ?), the young larva is to be seen within coiled or rather doubled up
within an interior membranous, nearly globular sac, the ends of the egg proper con-
taining clear fluid. The nuclei of the cells forming the egg shell may be noticed,
but it has no other sculpturing except a few radiating lines, marking the micropyle
at tlie narrow end.

In 189t', the eggs hatched about June 10th ; on June 17th the larva was l"6mm.
in length, eating the seeds and dissepiment, on the 22nd it had moulted, and was
22 mm. in length ; head and six legs of ordinary Lepidojjterous type, with well-
developed palpi, and other mouth parts, various hairs on head, and a series of lateral
hairs, two on each side of each segment, no distinct prolegs ; interior anatomy very
easily seen, owing to transparency, skin under a higher power, beautifully shagreened
with rows of raised dots.

It is still apparently in this second skin when it is set free and becomes a case-
bearer ; this took place on June 28th. It is set free by the natural dehiscence of
the pod, the two lateral plates falling off in the cruciferous manner. The lai'va has
provided for this contingency, and already inhabits a case. Tlie greater part of this
case consists of the husk of one of the seeds, so divided that a half forms either side
of the case, but not being large enough in one example drawn, is supplemented by
silk and frass at both ends, and along one margin, tlie length of the husk being

1891 ■] . 193

sometliing over one irnn., and that of the case nearly two. By July 3 'th, the cases
were 3 J to i mm. long, for v.-ant of other material they were made of silk, frass, and
leaf chips ; the larva3 being fed on leaves of C. pratensis, which they cat freely.
They became apparently full grown in September, having cast their skins at least
twice. I lost them during the winter, having let them dry up. It may be desirable
to explain that the successive stages were not those of one individual larva, but of
specimens obtained at each date by opening a fresh pod, ao that the dates arc not
strictly accurate, if read for one individual, still, as all the egg laying is done in a
day or two, the different larvie must be very nearly of an age.

I may also remark that in commencing my observations I was bothered by the
ova of a Curculio (I think) about the same size as those of rufimitrella, nearly
spherical, and laid, not in the cavity of the pod, but in the substance of the dissepi-
ment. In this ease just a trace of the place of oviposition is discernible externally.

Firbank, Hereford: June, 1891.

ON THE NESTS OF OSMIA BICOLOR, SCHK.
BT V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S

In vol. xxi, pp. 3y and 67, of this Magazine, I drew attention to
what 1 considered was a very curious habit of Osmia hicoJor, Schk., a
h.ibit, I believe, quite peculiar to this one bee, that of [)icking up dry
bents of grass or stick, and flying away with them in its mandibles.
It is only the female that does this, and I concluded at the time I first
noticed it that it must have something to do with nidification, but in
what way I was at a loss to know. This bee is known to make use of
old shells of Helix nemoralis for its nidus. These it fills with its
cells, and I have seen the bee right inside the whorl of this shell
busily at work, and so captured it, but I have never seen any symptom
of stick or bent connected with it, so it was a puzzle what the bees
did with them.

This present season, notwithstanding the very severe winter and
continued cold spring, these bees were out and about quite as early
and as numerously as usual, and by the middle of April they had
become plentiful. I was too much engaged with other matters at that
time to go and look after them, and it was on the 6th of this present
month that I was able to get away to one of the spots where these
bees can be watched attentively, and where I was not likely to be
disturbed. I found the females in abundance, and they were at their
old game, so now was my opportunity. I saw them alight on tlio
ground, search about and select a bent, and then fly off with it. I
was determined to solve the mystery, if possible, so I crept about on
my hands and knees watching intently the bees flitting along the dry

19 i [-'"ly.

suuny bank, working in and out among the short herbage, and soon I
saw one start up under my very nose, and I saw also a little pile of
bents collected into a heap, just such as the bees select. It struck me
as a very peculiar looking mound, and I took up the lot in my hand,
when what should I see under it but a Helix shell full of cells of the
Osinia. Here, then, was the explanation of the mystery, plain enough.
These bees, when they have filled a shell full of cells, set to work to
cover it over, to hide it both from the sun's rays, and from any birds,
mice, insects, or other enemies that might chance to come across it.
Having so far succeeded, I made up my mind to return the next
morning and prosecute my studies further in the same direction. I
soon found another of these peculiar little constructions, so I sat myself
down by it and watched to see what would occur. I was close enough
to take it up if I wanted to, but the bee came with her load, perfectly
indifferent to my presence, and deposited it in her own peculiar way
and to her own satisfaction, and then went away for another ; she
worked hard, and brought them in rapidly one after another, with each
one she would alight on the top of the mound, then look round, walk
over it, and with her jaws push one of the ends into the heap where
she wanted it to remain, and so fix it ; as soon as she was satisfied with
its position off she went for another, brought it in, and did exactly
the same, every bent was put in its proper place, and she never laid
one simply down on the top while I watched her.

These nests very much resemble those of Formica rufa in
miniature, they are from four to six inches round the bottom, and are
from two to three inches high, so that they are very easily detected
when you once know what they are, and the labour spent upon them
must be very great, for there are hundreds of bents in each, and each
one is brought and added separately. I found some dozen or more,
all within a short distance, and three so close together that I could
watch the proceedings of them all at the same time. This furnishes
a complete history of the habits of this wonderful little Osmia.

Wottoii-undcr-Edge :

May \Wi, 1891.

Aculeate Ilymenoptera in S. Devon. — The spring bees and other Aculeates have
so far been very scarce this year. Neither the sallow nor the blackthorn blossom
produced a single species worth catching. In April I found a single Halictus
xanthopus, Kirb., ? , which was stylopized. I have not previously noticed it so
attacked. Andrena minutula, Xirb., was also taken so affected for the flrst time.

1891.] 195

On the cliffs round Stolic-Flcining workers of the small ant, Leptothor ax unifasciata,
Ltr., ran over the shale in the hottest sunshine. I also found their nests, wliieh were
formed in cracks between the flakes of shale. The number of individuals in each
nest was small. Tetramorium caesjntum, Linn., was also abundant, and Lasius
alienus, Forst., generally distributed. The only occasion on which I have seen bees
plentiful this season was one morning at tlie end of May, in the lanes round
Moreton-IIampstead. Andrena similis, Sm., <? , and A. varians, Rossi, were
abundant and fresh; A. cingulata, Fab., and helvola, Linn., and a single $ of
Halictus Icevigatus, Kii-b., also occurred. In a sandy bank there was an enormous
nest of Lasius fuUginosus, Ltr. Unfortunately, I had no net on this occasion, and,
being a very bright day, bees were not easily to be caught in the fingers. As in
other localities, Andrena angustior, Kirby, is generally distributed all round Dart-
mouth, and over the moor, but not very abundant. I have taken a few specimens of
A. fulvago, Chr., in the blossoms of Hieraoium, and a single ? A.fucata, Sm.,
freshly emerged. The g of the latter appears to be unknown in this country, unless
it is identical with that of helvola, Linn., fucata being merely a variety of that
species. Osmia fidvicenti-is, Pz., anea, Sm , and aurulenta, Pz., have all occurred,
the two latter on the cliffs. O. aurulenta was making use of the empty shells of
the whelk, which lay at the foot of the cliffs, for its nidus. The cells are lined with
masticated portions of green leaves. I have often watched Osmia fulviventris
chewing up rose leaves for a similar purpose, but that species generally, if not always,
chooses out the decayed and yellow ones. Aurulenta has long been known as using
snail-shells for its nest. — R. C. L. Perkins, Townstal House, Dartmouth : June
loth, 1891.

Andrena liccephala at Box Hill. — This being an entirely new locality for this
species of spring bee, I perhaps may be pardoned for asking the recording of so in-
teresting a capture. On the 5th of last month, in the company of my friend Mr.
Alfred Beaumont, I visited the neighbourhood of Box Hill, in the hopes of capturing
a few additional insects for my collection ; the weather was anything but propitious
for our recreation, being very overcast, with a cold N.E. wind blowing, we were,
however, favoured with an occasional burst of sunshine, which, although very brief,
while it lasted induced a host of insects to appear ; during one of these fitful out-
bursts of sunshine we came across a magnificent clump of sloe bushes (Prunus
spinosa), which were completely enveloped in a dense mass of bloom, hovering over
and around these bushes were numerous species of Diptera, Ichneumon idcB, An-
drenidce, &c., and, amongst others, Andrena hucephala, Steph., several of which were
soon captured, Mr. Beaumont taking one male with an abnormally large head ; not
being familiar with this species I submitted it to my friend Mr. Edward Saunders,
who with his usual kindness at once identified it for me, with the remark that it was
an extremely interesting capture. Mr. Smith, in his Cat. Brit. Hym., 2nd ed., p. 61,
says the species is now rare, and gives as its localities, Bristol and Chobham Common.
Mr. Edward Saunders says, "local," and adds Hampstead as another locality.
Andrena albicans, Trimmerana, and nigrocenea were very abundant, while Nomada
ruficornis and alternata, although not so numerous, were also in company. The
rarity of this species of Andrena is my excuse for troubling you with this note. —
T. R. BiLLUPS, 20, Swiss Villas, Coplcstono Road, Peckham, S.E. : June, 18'J1.

19G iJ"'y.

Nomada lateralis, Paiiz. — Two specimens of this handsome parasitic bee were
also taken by myself at the same cluster of bushes, and as Mr. Edward Saunders
only gives Norwich, Yorkshire, and Newcastle as its known localities, while Mr.
Smith adds Ilighgate Archway, I think it is nearly safe to assume that this is also a
fresh locality for this species, and as it was captured in company with Andrena
bucephala, which is said to be its host, it. gives me much pleasure to be able to
record its capture at the same time. — Id.

Qelechia alacella in the New Forest. — It is perhaps worth recording the fact
that two specimens of the above scarce G-elechia fell to my net last season in the
New Forest; one in perfect condition in the middle of July, and another, decidedly
the worse for wear, in the last week in August. In Stainton's " Manual," ii, p. 332,
the larva is said to feed on " lichen on fruit trees," but as there are no fruit trees
within a very long distance of either spot, and as both the moths were beaten from
oak, it seems clear that the larva, if it be really a lichen-feeder, is quite as much at
home on lichen growing on oak, and it is not unlikely that it would occur on other
lichen -covered forest trees as well. — Eustace E. Bankes, The Eectory, Corfe
Castle : May mth, 1891.

P.S. — Since the above note was written, I have referred to Sorhagen's " Die
Kleinschmetterlinge der Mark Brandenburg," and his remarks about G. alacella
may be worth quoting, as bearing on the point. He says, " Grabow discovered the
larva near Berlin at the end of June, on the lichens on oak and fruit trees, where
possibly it only goes through its transformations. Larva greyish-white, with black
head and thoracic plate." — E. R. B. : June 15th, 1891.

Oelechia lutulentella in the Isle of Purheck. — On July 15th last year, I had
the good fortune to take a nice specimen of Gelechia lutulentella in this neighbour-
hood ; it was on the wing at about sunset, in company with O. lentiginosella (which
it closely resembles in size and shape), in a rough pasture, where Genista tinctoria
grows freely. This insect is apparently one of those which nearly always occur
singly, and seem to appreciate the " charms of solitude," in so far as their own
species are concerned! — Id.

Note on Nepticula tormentillella, H.-S. — As on the strength of my note in
Ent. Mo. Mag., xsiv, 16u, I may, perhaps, be considered responsible for the intro-
duction of Nejdicula tormentillella into the British list, I am anxious to clear up
the matter, at any rate in so far as I am connected with it.

Unluckily, not a single moth was bred from the larva? there recorded as having
been found on Potentilla tormentilla in Yorkshire and Westmoreland, as they were
late stragglers, and were all ichnoumoned, but I have no doubt in my own mind that
they belonged in reality to the recently-described N. serella (Ent. Mo. Mag., xxiv,
2G0), instead of to N. tormentillella.

As regards the specimens in the cabinet of Mr. P. B. Mason, which are men-
tioned in my original note as having been bred by the late Mr. Sang, I learn from
Mr. Mason that he now fully believes them to be referable to N. serella, rather than
to its continental ally.

It follows, therefore, that the whole of my previous note should be understood
as referring to serella, which hatl not been described at the time it was written ;

1891.1 197

and as I am not aware that the true tormentillella has occurred in Britain as yet,
the latter species has, to the best of my belief, no claim to a place in our list.

I should have made the correction before this, but was misled by the way in
which my note is referred to in the index of Ent. Mo. Mag., xxiv. Happening to
notice that, without a word having passed to or from me on the matter, my descrip-
tion of the larva had been entered, under the heading of " Larva) of British species
described in this volume," as belonging to N. serella (the original description of
which had appeared in a later part of the same volume), I naturally concluded that
the rest of my note had been indexed as referring to serella, and that my mistake
had to all intents and purposes been set right ; unfortunately, however, such is not
the case, as I see that strangely enough both in the general and the special index
my remarks are entered as applying to the true tormentillella ! — Id.

The flight and pairing of the genus Hepialus. — Referring to my communications
on this subject (vol. xxiii, 1st series, pp. 186 and 214), in which I described the
flight and pairing of H. humuli, hectus, and sylvinns, I have now to record that I
have at last observed the pairing of H. lupulinns, and the manner in which the ?
attracts the ^ . I have no doubt the process is exactly the same as in sylinnus, but
I was fortunately able on the present occasion to watch her for a considerable period,
and as this species flies whilst it is yet light, my observation, though a solitary one,
appears quite complete and satisfactory. On the evening of June 3rd, I saw a newly
emerged ? crawling up a grass stem. It was then just eight o'clock, and at the
same moment a $ approached with its usual rapid, irregular flight. It flew within
a foot of her, but did not take the slightest notice, and was evidently unconscious of
her proximity. When she was half way up the stem she commenced to vibrate her
wings ; first there was a preliminary flutter or two, and then a steady long-continued
vibration, which lasted without any intermission for ten minutes. A (J then
approached. It flew in its usual quick, erratic manner, until within about three feet
of where she sat. The rapid fliglit was instantly cheeked, and it commenced to fly
backwards and forwards, advancing very slowly as it did so, evidently searching for
her, when within a foot I netted it, and in doing so slightly disturbed her ; the
vibrations of her wings ceased, and after a short pause she commenced to crawl
further up the stem. I feel sure it was the net that disturbed her, and not any
consciousness of the approach of the $ . As she climbed up, she gave a quick
flutter or two, then moved up a little, another flutter and a further progress upward,
until she seemed satisfied, settled herself comfortably on the stem, and begun again
with the rapid vibrations of her wings. This was kept up as before for rather over
twenty minutes before another $ appeared. It flew in the same way, rapidly but
erratically, until within three or four feet, and then slowly backwards and forwards,
advancing as it did so, until he found her. The act of pairing appeared to bo coni-
pleted instantly. There cannot, I think, be the slightest doubt that the ? diffuses
faint attractive odour (though I confess I was again unable to detect it), and that
the vibration of the wings, as in sylviiius, assists to diffuse it. This diffusion,
judging from the distance at which the males changed their mode of flight, does not
appear to be effective more than three or four feet from where it emanates. The
night in question was absolutely calm, perhaps with a little wind it might have
influence at a greater distance. — Joux E. Robson, Hartlepool : June, 1801

108 [July.

Lampronia rubiella. — It appears that in my note on the earlier portion of the
life-historj of this species (Ent. Mo. Mag., June, 1891), I did not make it sufficiently
clear that I took for granted that it was well-known that the larva inhabited the
buds or shoots of the raspberry in spring, and that my observations filled up the
hiatus between the appearance of the moth in May (this year June) and the half
grown larva in the following March, and that it might be supposed that I was giving
the whole life-history, this reading being facilitated by my using the word emerge
in reference to the escape of the larva from its cocoon of hibernation, so that one
miglit suppose I meant the emergence of the moth. Stainton, in " The Manual,"
1859, says, " larva in shoots of raspberry, April — May," and its name would suggest
that a knowledge of this portion of its life-history is of considerably older date.
There is one point in connection with this period of its existence perhaps worthy of
note. In entering the bud in March (or April), it does so just as it begins to open
(an odd belated larva may be found occasionally living Tortrixio.Bh.ion in the leaves),
eating out the centre, and especially the pith, and finally pupating in the cavity so
formed. It docs all this so early in the history of tlie bud, that a secondary bud at
once takes the place of the one destroyed, hurries forward, and bears fruit ; indeed,
is so successful in taking the place of the lost bud, that but for its existence in the
axil of the new shoot, the latter would be supposed to be the ordinary normal shoot.
It is, therefore, remarkable that neither as a young larva in the fruit core, or when
older in the bud, does it do any material injury to the prospects of the crop. My
interest in the species centres largely in its method of oviposition. The discovery
by Dr. Wood and myself of the oviposition of the large species of Micropteryx,
being followed by that of a similar habit in Lampronia, Adela, &c., viz., the long-
horns, and a suspicion that the same habit exists in some of the OlyphipterygidcB,
raises the question as to whether tliis remarkable habit, and its correlated structure,
associated with metallic brilliance in many of the moths, does not necessitate bring-
ing the several insects possessing it together into one family, and at any rate it
demands more observers to note the various ways in which it is carried out in the
different species. It leaves as a more obscure and interesting problem than ever the
life-history of the small Micropteryges. — T. A. Chapman, Firbank, Hereford :
June, 1891.

Re-occurrence of Col. chalcogrammella. — It is very satisfactory to be able to
record the finding of a few cases of the above rare species at Scarborough, the only
locality known for it at present in Britain.

It was during 1883 I made my first journey to Scarborough specially for the
larva of this insect, and since that time two others, all of which proved fruitless.

It seemed very odd to me that an insect which Mr. Wilkinson, of Scarborough,
used to take at times in abundance should have so effectually disappeared since his
death, now about fifteen years ; I felt convinced it must still be there, and, notwith-
standing my former disappointing journeys, I determined to again visit the place
this year, and thoroughly search every likely spot for the food-plant ; I could gain
no information as to in what part of Scarborough it used to be taken, and so, during
the last week in May, I thoroughly searched all the dry slopes and broken ground
along the coast south of the town, as far as Flamborough Head, where the Cerastium
arvense was likely to occur, and to the north about two miles beyond Scalby Mill
Hotel : at last I found a few patchct of the CerasUum, and carefully searched it for

i

is!)i.] 199

some considerable time, when I found a few of the leaves had evidently been mined
by a Coleophora larva, and shortly after was rowai'dcd by finding one of the small,
straight, brownish cases of C. chalcojrammella, hut although I examined every shoot
of these patches of Cerastium separately, I could only find four more cases, making
five in all, so that they are evidently very scarce. I had no further opportunity
of searching for more of the food-plant about this part of the district, for the next
day turned out very windy and wet, with showers of sleet and snow, so that further
search under such conditions was impossible, and the following day my eight days'
visit came to a close. — Q-EO. Elisha, 122, Shepherdess Walk, City Road, London, N.:
June nth, 1891.

Anisotoma Triepkii at Woking. — During last summer I caught two males and
two females of this rare beetle by evening sweeping on the heathery commons round
here. I suspected from their size and the shape of their posterior legs that they
belonged to this species, but I did not like to refer them to it for certain ; Mr.
Champion, however, has had the kindness to examine them carefully with his speci-
mens of Triepkii, and tells me that they agree with them exactly. While on the
subject of Anisotoma, is it known that any of the species habitually hop ? I was
much surprised the other evening after catching a small beetle flying, which I took
to be an Anisotoma, to see it give a considerable jump in my net. I then thought
I must have made a mistake as to its identity, but on bottling it there was no doubt
of its being a true Anisotoma, but I am not sure of its species. — Edwaed Saundees,
St. Ann's, Woking : June loth, 1891.

Hydroporus ferruginous, Steph., in the Hastings district. — I have taken this
species in some numbers in two very small pools, less than a yard in circumference,
along the cliffs ; they seem to prefer the crevices in the rock, where it is no easy
matter to get them ; on one occasion I found about twenty in a small crevice in the
rock about half an inch wide.— A. Foed, Claremont House, Upper Tower Road,
St. Leonards-on-Sea : June, 1891.

Otiorrhynchus sulcatus devouring ferns. — I have been Fery much surprised
lately to find this weevil destroying the fronds of the ferns in my greenhouse.
Noticing two or three specimens of the insect a fortnight ago, I concluded that they
had come from the vine which occupies a corner of the house, and the destruction of
the fern fronds I attributed to slugs. A nocturnal visit, however, disclosed the fact
that the weevils were the offenders, for they were clinging to the fronds, aud busily
nibbling away at the edges. In some eases little more than the mid-rib was left
remaining. The insect seems very partial in its tastes, and chiefly attacks the hart's-
tongue {Scolopendrium vulgare). A careful examination disclosed the fact that the
larvae had wintered in the pots which contained the ferns, for I found both pupaj
and newly emerged beetles buried in the earth. — Theodoee Wood, Baldock, Herts :
June Uh, 1891.

[I can confirm the above observations, although I have not seen a reference
made to a like occurrence before ; some time ago, however, I received specimens of
O. sulcatus from a gardener, which he had found destructive to maiden-hair ferns in
one of his houses ; the larvte had been found at the roots. — W. W. F.]

200 l-'"i:-

A new species of Aleurodes L — Pale golden -yellow ; antennae and legs paler,
infuscatcd beneath ; eyes oval, black, almost divided in the middle ; tip only of the
rostrum blaek ; wings clear milk-white, without any spot.

To-day I found these iiiSeets in great abundance on brambles, in one of the old
pits on Biuckheath. At first I thought I had obtained A. rubi, Sign. (Ann. Soc.
Ent. Franco, 4e Ser., viii, p. 382, 186S), but it cannot be that species, which is
" yellow, spotted with brown-black, the elytra with one black spot. Head wide,
large, almost entirely black ; 2nd and 3rd joints of the rostrum black, the 3rd black
above, yellow beneath. Antennre brownish. Eyes reddish-brown, much divided.
Thorax and breast more or less black. Legs, except at the joints, black. Abdomen
yellow, the last segment black beneath," &c. It is far more in agreement with A.
carpini, Koch ; that species, however, has hitherto been believed to be special to
the hornbeam. The present, form, I believe, is distinct ; I name it provisionally A.
rubicola. TJie larva, in autumn, should afford good characters. — J. W. Douglas,
153, Lewisham Road, S.E. : June Ibth, 1891.

The New Forest: projected spoliation. — In "The Times" of to-day, June
12th, is advertised for letting on building lease by H. M. Commissioner of Woods,
the freehold enclosure, Coxleaze Plantation, containing 33 acres, and also the freehold
enclosure, Ironshill Park, containing 44 acres, both near Lyndhurst. Can nothing
be done to prevent this continued diminution of the forest land ? The Entomolo-
gical Society formerly did yeoman's service in preventing encroachment on a larger
scale ; can they do nothing now ? — C. A. Beiggs, 55, Lincoln's Inn Fields : June
I2th, 1891.

The Butterflies of North America ; 3rd series, part xi : by W. II.
Edwards, Boston : Houghton, Mifflin, & Co. ; London : Kegan Paul, Trench,
Triibner, & Co. 1891.

This Part refers to only three species, but of each of these the life-history is
worked out and figured in an exhaustive manner. The first is Apatura Flora, Edw.,
from the Southern States, the plate for which contains nearly thirty figures. This
is followed by Satyrus Meadii, Edw., from Colorado and the neiglibouring mount-
ainous States, with about twenty figures. Lastly, Chionobas Chri/xus, Dbdy. and
Westw., and its var. Calais, Scud., from the Rocky Mountains and British N.
America, from Newfoundland to the Pacific, with nearly thirty-five figures. Each
species is traced ab ovo, and the Chionobas is especially interesting, owing to the
habits of the species of the genus, and their difficulty to rear from the egg. Alto-
gether this is a capital Part from a biological point of view.

dDbituarn.

Robert Oillo, of Bath, who has recently died, was well known as a Colcopterist
in the west of England, and was very successful as a collector ; on a specimen which
lie captured near Bath, a new Amara (nitida, Sturm) was introduced into our lists ;
he used also to take several good insects in considerable numbers, among them,
Copris lunaris and Onthophagus ovatus, and he was always very liberal in distri-
buting them to his friends ; it is to be hoped that some other Colcopterist in the
district will be found to carry on his work, as the locality seems to have been but
little worked, and to be capable of producing many good insects.

im.] 201

BiRMiNonAM Entomological Society : June 1st, 1891. — Mr. E. C. Bradley
in the Chair.

Mr. Or. W. Wynn showed eggs of Endromis versicolor, found on birch twigs at
Wyre Forest ; two small batches had been found placed I'ound the stem near to the
ends of the twigs. He also showed Taniocam'pa populeti from Marston Green, &c.
Mr. A. Johnson showed larvaj of Hibernia aurantiaria, from specimens taken
at Sutton. Mr. E. C. Bradley showed a box of TyralidcB from his collection. —
CoLBRAN J. Wainwright, Uon. iSec.

Entomological Society of London: June Srd, 1891. — Frederick
Du Cane Godman, Esq., M. A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

Mr. J. M. Ayde, of Somcrford Grange, Christchurch, Hants, and the Eev. John
Seymour St. John, B.A., of 42, Castlewood Eoad, Stamford Hill, N., were elected
Fellows.

Mr. E. B. Poulton exhibited living larvfc of Endromis versicolor, an(^ommentcd
on their habits.

Mr. W. F. H. Blandford called attention to the fact that the larva? of Liparis
monacha remained in small groups on the bark of the tree for about a week after
emerging from the eggs, and that this fact was taken advantage of by the German
foresters to destroy them. Also that he had himself verified the statement that
uric acid can be detected in the malpighian tubes of insects. Mr. McLachlan
agreed that the demonstration that the malpighian tubes were of the nature of renal
organs was now sati^^factory.

Mr. C. J. Gahan exhibited two species of Coleoptera that he considered to
possess a mimetic resemblance, viz., Estigmena chinensis, one of the Hispidee, and a
nondescript Lamiid allied to Pemptolasius. He called attention to a peculiar
structure of the antennae in the latter by which the resemblance was increased.

Mr. Tutt exhibited a hybrid between Amphidasis prodromaria and A. hetularia,
obtained by Dr. Chapman. Mr. Stainton commented on the fact that the two
insects appeared at different times; and Mr. Tutt stated that the A. hetularia had
been subjected to forcing, so as to cause it to emerge at the same time as A. pro-
dromaria.

Mr. Tutt also exhibited forms of Caradrina, some of which he said were
considered distinct on the continent, though they were not recognised as sueli in this
country, viz., Caradrina tara.vaci (bJanda), C. supersies, Tr., from Sligo, and C.
superstes, H.-S., considered as synonymous with superstes, Tr., but apparently more
closely allied to C. ambigua.

Mr. Bristowe exhibited varieties of Arctia menthastri, some of which had been
fed on mulberry and others on walnut ; no difference was observed in the variation.

Mr. G. Elisha exhibited larvcD in their cases of Coleophorn vihicigerella and C.
maritimella.

Mr. A. G. Butler communicated a paper, entitled, " Additional notes on the
synonymy of the genera of Noctuid Moths." — David Sharp, V.P., Acting Secretary,

202 fJ'Jiy.

NOTES ON THE DRITISn SrECIES of the GENUS IIETEEOCERUS, FAB.
BY REV. CANON FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S.

Since the publication of Vol. Ill of my work on the British
CoJcoptcra, two important papers have been published on this much
neglected and very obscure genus : — " The species of Heterocerus of
Boreal America," by Dr. Horn (Trans. Amer. Ent. Sec, xvii, January,
1890), and the " Bestimmungstabelle der Heterocerus Europas und der
angrenzenden Gebiete," by Herr A. Kuwert (Verhandlungen der
kaiserlich-kouiglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien,
p. 517, 1890) ; a description of a new species described by Herr Kuwert
in his paper, H. hritannicus, together with notes on other species, will
be found on page 132 of this volume. Since writing these I have had
further correspondence with Herr Kuwert, who, in his last letter, ex-
presses regret that he had not more specimens from Great Britain
when he wrote his paper ; it is very probable that we have more species
than those below enumerated, but several of them are extremely hard
to distinguish, and even with named specimens from Herr Kuwert
before me, I find it very hard to separate closely allied species, and
nra by no means sure that they will all prove eventually to be distinct.

The table given in Vol. iii, p. 384, of my work will serve roughly
to distinguish the majority of the species which were known as
British when I wrote it, but the character of the presence or absence
of margins on the posterior angles of the thorax is often a very
obscure one, and apt to prove exceedingly misleading (occasionally, as
in the continental species, H. obliteraius, Kies., they are present in
one sex only) ; on this character, however, Kuwert forms two of his
principal subgenera, Heterocerus, i. sp., in which the hind angles of
the thorax are not margined, and Tcenlietocerus, Kuw., in which they
arc margined, or at least show a trace of margins. The other sub-
genera, Micilus, Schiodte (containing a single species, M. muriniis,
Kies.), and Phyrites, Schiodte (containing a single species, P. aureohis,
Schiodte), are not represented in Britain ; the former is distinguished
by the shape of the scutellum (which is punctiform and subtransverse),
and the latter by having the third joint of the antennae small, and the
fourth forming with the following a uniform club ; whereas, in Hete-
rocerus and Tcenhetocerus, the third and fourth joints are both small.
Kuwert also makes too much use of colour distinctions ; this, perhaps,
is to a certain extent inevitable, but the colour in this genus is ex-
tremely variable, and often misleading as a character ; in fact, he
practically admits this, for, after defining one division as follows : —

is'.ii ] 203

" Elytra always without smaller light double spots set colon-wise ou
their disc," he proceeds to say of the corresponding division — "Elytra
with double colon-like spots on their disc, which arc usually oblong
and often coalesce ; the first dots sometimes join the shoulder spots,
and cause the markings to resemble those of group 5 " (of the pre-
ceding division). It is obvious, therefore, that the distinction is not
of much practical divisional value, although it appears to be of service
in helping to distinguish certain species ; in others it appears to be
valueless.

While, however, we must allow that the markings of the upper
surface are of but little value as definite characters, yet they must
not be ignored altogether ; and Dr. Hox-n points out in connection
with them that there is one point of considerable utility. " In a
number of species," he says, " there exists a pale spot at the middle
of the base of each elytron more or less prolonged backward. This
is very constant in the species to which it is known to belong, and has
as much value here as a similar white spot at the middle of the base
of the elytra in certain groups of Cicindela. In fact, the fully de-
veloped markings of Heterocerus are decidedly Cicindeloid in type."

Kiesenwetter appears to have been the first who attempted to
monograph the species ; this he did without reference, for the most
part, to structural characters, and, as he based the descriptions chiefly
on colour and sculpture, and this in the case of small series, it is
not to be wondered at if his characters are misleading. Schiodte, in
18G6, attempted a division on the antennal characters, one of the
divisions, Augyles, having only ten joints to the antenna) ; this is,
however, a very difficult and uncertain point to determine, but must
be noticed in connection with tlie fact that the name Augyles was
wrongly applied afterwards to the division or subgenus now known
by the name of Littorimiis Des Gozis.

In 1872 Mulsant and Key observed that in certain species the
elevated curved line on the first ventral segment extended from the
front angle by a broad curve towards the middle of the posterior edge
of the segment, and there terminated, while in others the line con-
tinued the curve forward towards the inner edge of the coxa. In the
former case the abdominal plates are called open (plaques abdominales
ouvertes), and in the latter entire (plaques abdominales entieres) ; for
the species with entire plates the name Augyles was erroneously
adoj)ted, but was changed by Des Gozis to Littorimus ; it is, however,
incorrect to speak of "abdominal plates " in this connection ; the only
point to be noticed is the ridges, which are really organs of stridula-

204 [J^'y- 1801.

tion, and form a much more important character than the margination

of the thorax on which Kuwert and other authors base their chief

divisions.

Dr. Horn gives the characters depending upon those ridges as

follows : —

Stridulating ridge of first ventral segment incomplete, i. e., extending from the front

angle in a curved line merely to the posterior border of the segment...

Heterocerus.

Stridulating ridge of first ventral segment complete, i. e., forming nearly a semicircle

from the front angle to the posterior border, then recurving to the inner

coxal border Littorimus.

As far, however, as our fauna is concerned, this character is not
of much use, as the subgenus Littorimus only contains two species,
H. hritannicus and H. sericans, and it is doubtful whether the latter
species can really be regarded as British ; it seems, therefore, that we
must, to a certain extent, fall back upon the character presented by
the margiuatiou of the posterior angles of the thorax, in spite of its
being so unsatisfactory. H. Jlexuosiis, femoralis, salinus v. rectus, and
arenarius, will be found to present scarcely a trace of margins, whereas
in the other species they are more or less distinctly visible.

Dr. Sharp (Biol. Cent. Amer., vol. i, pt. 2, p. 116) makes use of
a character which he has recently observed, and which may prove to
be of considerable importance. In several of the American species
there is an elevated line on the metasternum, which begins at the
middle of the posterior border of the middle coxa, extending obliquely
backward and joining the suture between the metasternum and its
episternum ; it is possible that this may prove a good character with
regard to some of our species, but I have not been able to observe it in
those that I have examined. The shape of the labrum and mandibles
in the male will also be found to present marks of distinction ; the
sculpture of the elytra will be seen to vary much in the same species,
some specimens being more plainly substriate and more coarsely punc-
tured than the others. When we take intx) account the great differ-
ence that also exists in the markings of the same species, it will at
once be seen how very easily confusion may arise : the clothing
consists of a more or less dense, short, semi-erect pubescence, the
margins being set with longer hairs, which are more conspicuous on
the thorax.

The males are, as Dr. Horn observes, in most cases easy to dis-
tinguish from the females ; the head is larger and more prominent,
the mandibles more slender and projecting, the labrum longer, and
the clypeus retuse to a varying degree ; the thorax is at least as bi'oad

August, 18'..1. I 205

as the elytra, sometimes slightly broader, and not gradually narrowod
to the front as in the female ; at the same time it must be remembered
that it is easy to regard the male as a separate species, an error which
can only be avoided by capturing the species in their burrows, two,
a male and a female, usually occupying one burrow. The species, as
is well known, live in these burrows or galleries, which they excavate
in soft mud near pools or small lakes, or on the margins of muddy
streams ; they are very conspicuous, and the presence of the beetles
may easily be detected by their means ; when disturbed they run from
their galleries and quickly take to flight, especially in hot weather.

Our British species have usually been considered to be eight in
number: of these H. fossor, Kies. (rec^^^s, Wat.), and H. arenarius,
Kies., have been regarded as doubtful, and the generally recognised
species, six in number, are H.femoralis, Kies., H. ohsoJetus, Curt., II.
marginatus, F., H. Icevigatus, Panz., Il.fuscuJus, Kies., and H. sericans,
Panz. As far as I have been able to make out, H. rectus, AVat., is an
intermediate variety or species between S. salinus and Il.fossor.
H. arenarius must still be regarded as very doubtful. H. femoralis
and U.Jlexuosus, which have usually been regarded as synonymous,
must now be considered as distinct. A new species, S. pulcJ/ellus,
Kies., must be added doubtfully before H. fusculus ; and for H.
sericans, a newly described species, II. hritannicus, Kuw., must be
substituted. Apparently we do not possess the true H. sericans, but
the specimens which have been named for me by Herr Kuwert as H.
hritaniiicus appear to differ considerably, and I was at first inclined
to think that part of them should be referred to an allied species, if
not to II. sericans, which may perhaps be found in our collections.

The following, then, will be the list of our species as at present
known : —

Subgenus IIETEROCERUS, i. sp.

flexuosus, Sfceph. (femoralis, Kios., pars.),
salintt.t, Kies., var. rectus, Wat.
{arenarius, Kies., ? ?).
femoral is, Kies.

Subgenus T^NHETEROCERUS, Kuwevt.
marffinatus, F.

(sericans, Kies , ? ?) )

.... T' I s- S. L/Knrimiis, Dos Cfozis.

britannicus, Kuw. ) °

oh.ioletus, Curt.

pulchellus, Kios. ?.

ftiscnlus, Kios.

lcEvi(/alt(s, Panz.

206 ■ [August,

M.Jlexuosus, Steph., and H.femoralis, Kies., are considered synonymous in our
catalogues ; the latter insect is, however, smaller, with the elytra rather shorter and
the hinder indented cross-markings situated a little nearer the middle ; the mark-
ings, according to Kuwert, are reddish in E. flexnosiis and yellow in H.femoralis.
I have only seen one specimen of the true H.femoralis, which was sent nie by Mr.
Waterhouse (without locality) and named by Herr Kuwert ; it certainly looks very
different from H. flexuosus, being shorter, smaller and duller, with the general
colour dark and the markings hardly visible. H. flexuosus is, apparently, a rather
common species with us, but Herr Kuwert says that he only possesses one example
of it from Morlaix. H.femoralis would seem to be rare in Britain, but there still
appears to be considerable confusion with regard to it, and considerable doubt as to
what really is the true H. femoralis of Kiesenwetter ; Herr Kuwert sent me a
specimen named H.femoralis from Pomerania a short while ago, and now writes
concerning it, that he is inclined to believe " that the/e»!ora^/* from Pomerania,
which has the legs paler and is larger, may perhaps be the arenarius of Kiesen-
wetter." With regard to H. arenarius I cannot discover an authentic British
specimen ; I believe that light examples o{ flexuosus and Icsvigatus are made to do
duty for it. The following is Kuwert's account of the species : — " A little larger
than yemora/is. According to Kiesenwetter (I have no examples to refer to) in
colour, markings and pubescence it comes half way between salinus and femoralis,
but the colouring is brighter and the legs are entirely yellow." The only locality
he gives is Ireland ; as, however, I have pointed out {I. c, vol. iii, p. 386) Mr. Crotch
came to the conclusion that the Irish specimens did not difPer materially from H.
femoralis ; I believe, therefore, that H- arenarius should be regarded merely as a
synonym of the last named species.

Among the insects which I sent to Herr Kuwert were specimens named H.
rectus, Wat., from Mr. Waterliouse's and Mr. Champion's collections. These he is
inclined to regard as a new variety or species, and proposes that they should be
described as intermedius, n. sp., as being intermediate between H. salinus and H.
fossor ; H. rectus has usually been regarded as synonymous with Hfossor, but will
now stand as a variety of H. salinus. Herr Kuwert was not aware that it had been
described, but, apart from this, there is a species of Kiesenwetter's already in ex-
istence named intermedius, which comes near hispidulus, Kies.

H. salinus is a rather large species (6 — 7 mm.), parallel, with bright yellow
markings, and legs entirely yellow ; the elytra are twice as long as together broad ;
the thorax is short, with Die sides strongly rounded and the margins more or less
strongly yellow ; the club of the antennae is somewhat long ; the colouring is varia-
ble and the pubescence thick. The variety rectus differs in being smaller, with the
antennse darker, and the legs dark instead of light ; it also lias, in the male, two
small, but distinct, prominences on the head behind the clypeus, which are scarcely
visible in the type form. H. fossor has lighter legs than the var. rectus, and only
one small prominence on the head behind the clypeus.

H. marginaius and H. Imvigaltis are often confused. The latter is rather the
larger species, and is duller and more plainly pubescent, with the markings longer
and more colon-like (colonartigen) on the disc of elytra ; in marginatus they are
smaller and more often form spots ; the scutellary region appears to be usually dark

1891.1 207

in marginatus, whereas in Icevigatus it is often occupied by more or less long yellow
markings ; in the latter species the second joint of the antennae ends in a whitish tuft
of hairs, of which the longest reach the apex of the club. Both these species have
the hinder angles of tlie thorax rather distinctly margined.

Of iT. ir/<a»» tews, Kuwert, I have already given the description in Ent. Mo.
Mag., present volume, p. 133, and need not here repeat it. I have received
specimens (named H. sericans) from Mr. Bennett, of Hastings, which are considera-
bly darker than the Scotch examples, taken in numbers by Mr. Lennon near
Dumfries ; it is possible that H. sericans is not British ; it is a larger insect than
H. britannicus, with the markings yellow instead of red. I have not seen a British
specimen agreeing with the description.

H. olsoletus. Curt., is one of our most distinct species, by reason of its rather
large size (5 mm.), broad form, coarse punctuation, and small but plain mai-kings.

n. fuscidus, Kies., is an extremely local species, but occurs abundantly at
Luccorabe Chine, Isle of Wight. I sent a specimen to Hcrr Kuwert, taken by
myself at this locality, and he named it pulchellus, Kies. ; a specimen, however, taken
by Mr. Champion at Sandown, is returned asfusculus, and I believe that both insects
belong to one species ; another specimen of Mr. Champion's, from Dr. Power's col-
lection, without locality, is returned as pulchellus ; and another (rather larger) from
the London district s.sJ'hscuIvs. The former is described as smaller than H.fusculns,
and always with plainer and brighter markings, but the difEei-ences seem very slight,
and I cannot decide, without further material, whether we have both species in
Britain. The characters drawn from the colour of the sides of thorax and of the
legs are plainly untrustworthy in these closely allied species ; if the species are
really distinct, I am inclined to think that all the Isle of Wight specimens must be
referred to pidchelhis, and the single specimen above referred to as belonging to Mr.
Champion, from the London district, to fnsculus, and that Herr Kuwert is wrong
with regard to the Sandown specimens.

The above notes are more or less fragmentary, but may serve as a
help to any one who has time to collect material and really work tiie
genus. I do not know of any other small genus among our Goleoptcra
which presents so much difficulty, except perhaps Raltica, on which
we may hope some additional light may be thrown by the researches
of Mr. Edwards, of Norwich, who is now working at it.

Lincoln : June, 1891.

PLUSIA BIMACULATA, STEPHENS.
BY II. T. STAINTON, F.R.S.

The Stephensian specimen of this insect is now in the British
Museum.

"When the Stephensian Library was removed here in 1S53, along
with the books came one solitary book-box, containing a number of

208 [August,

Continental specimens of reputed Bi'itisla insects — such as Aglia Tau,
Gluphisia crenata, &c. I had never looked on the box as containing
anything of value till I read Mr. Mason's note on Plusia himaculata
at p. 1G3 of this volume. I then referred to this box, and there, sure
enough, was the missing specimen, along with several other apparently
British specimens of curious Plusics.

I lost no time in communicating my discovery to Dr. Giinther,
F.E.S., and hearing from him that the Museum would be glad to re-
ceive this box of insects, I took it there and handed it to him on the
22nd June. It had been an inmate of this house for 38 years !

Mountsfield, Lewisham, S.E. :
July 4th, 1891.

ON TWO UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF THE GENUS PRANzEUS,

MACLEAY.

by b. g. nevinson, m.a., f z.s.

Phan. Boucaedi.

Niger subnitidus. Clypeus einarginatus et valde bidentatus angulis
utrinque obtvsis. Thorax omnino grosse punctatus, antice ceneus angulis
obtusis, ad basin bi-impressus. Elytra striata interstitiis subconvexis minute
punctatis. Corpus subtus rufo-hirtum metasterno punctata medio canalicu-
lata, pygidio ceneo crebre functato. TibicB anticce quadridentatce in utroque
sexu sine tarsis.

Mas major. Caput cornu erccto, transverse trituberculato, tuberculo medio
vix majore. Thorax abrupte in medio declivis utrinque profunde foveolatus, pro-
cessu superiore obtuse quadridenticulato, denticulis lateralibus majoribus sed vix
divergentibus.

Femina. Frons transversim eariuata et trituberculata. Thorax omnino grosse
punctatus, antice declivis, apice medio transversim et areuatim carinato, pone
carinam leviter depressus. Long., 22 mm.

Hah. : Nicaragua (Boiicard).

This interesting species comes close to Ph. Pluto, Har. The
clypeal teeth are very long and slender, and the head horn sharply
tridentate, the teeth being more approximate than in Pluto. The
median process of the thorax is obtusely quadridentate, the exterior
teeth being barely produced, instead of, as in Pluto, being strongly
divergent. The whole of the thoracic surface, including even the
shining declivous portion, and the deep depression on either side of
it, is strongly punctured. The stria? of the elytra are broad and
opaque, the inter.stices narrow and shining on their summits, and

I'-i'i- ! 200

iiiiiiutely punctate. Pygidium grecniali, closely punctate. Metaster-
11 urn shilling, punctate, with a slender, well-defined central sulcus.
Pubescence reddish and abundant.

PlIAN. CUPRICOLLIS.

Cofjyus atro-c(eruleum vel suhcpneum, thorace eupreo, elytris nigrig, 02)acis,
sab.scriceis, suhtiliter striatis, interstitiis j^lanis. Pygidium atro-viride.
TibitB antii'cB tridentatce. Long., 19 mm.

Hah. : Nicaragua, Chontales {Belt., Bouccird, Janson, &c.), Panama,
Chiriqui.

Mas. Caput cupreum, antice nigro-inargiiiatum, cornu nigro erecto subrecurvo
antice punctulato, postice ad apicem serratulo. Tliorax granulatus, antice dcclivis,
aiigulis productis, disco medio lasvi eubquadrato leriter concavo marginibus cariiiatis,
carinis autice denticulo acuto — postice tuberculo conico — termiiiatis ; inter tuber-
culos orbiculatim excavatus et ad basin bifoveolatus.

Mas minor. Capitis cornu breve. Thorax scabrosus, disco medio contracto,
laevi, carinulis marginato, denticulis anticis, tuberculisque posticis obtusis, ad basin
bifoveolatus.

Mas etfeminatus. Capitis vertex tuberculo acuto instructus. Thorax sca-
brosus ad basin bifoveolatus, supra marginem anticum disco la;vi et quinque
tuberculato.

Femina. Caput nigrum postice plerumque cupreum, fronte transverse carinata
et obsolete trituberculata. Thorax cupreo-refulgens, scabrosus, ad basin bifoveolatus
et interdum nigro-niaculatus, antice carina media arcuata et trituberculata, tuber-
culis nigris. Tibite anticse tarso minuto iiistructae.

Closely allied to chryseicoUis, Har., with which in collections it is
usually confounded. It is easily distinguished by its distinctly mar-
gined thoracic disc, and by its basal tubercles being closer together
and not incurved at their apices, also by the more granular sloping
sides of the thorax. Moreover, it is a more southern species,
apparently not occurring further to the north than Chontales, in
Nicaragua, whereas chryseicoUis is restricted to Mexico.

Two other allied forms, nocfis, Bates, and au7'icoUis, Harold, are
easily separated from it : the first by the smooth sloping sides of the
thorax, and smooth pygidium, the second by the very coarsely punctate
posterior surface of the thoracic basal tubercles, and its brilliant green
or coppery pygidium.

In the Biologia Centr. Amer. Col., vol. ii, pt. 2, tab. 4, figs. 2, 2a,
a Chontales specimen of cupricoUis has by accident been figured as
chryseicoUis, Harold.

6, Tite Street, Chelsea, S.W. :
June, 1891.

2 10 i August,

ON A NEW BEETLE FROM JAPAN.
BY G. LEWIS, F.L.S.

S/s)jiiopJ/oncs,\Viitevh.,^nt. Mo. Mag., xiii, IS7G, p. 125 {Tel ephor like).

SiSTNOPHORUS DICUROUS, 71. sp.
Flavus, nitidus, pubescetis ; capite thoraceque sublcBvihus ; elytris nigris
cUstincte punctutis ; ahdomine infuscato. Long., b\ mm.

Yellow, shining, with elytra and eyes black ; metasternuin and abdomen, except
the terminal segment, dusky. Head and thorax nearly smooth, with yellow pubes-
cence ; elytra distinctly but not rery closely punctured, with black pubescence ;
the antennae and legs are pale yellow, and the claws have a sharp and conspicuous
inner tooth.

The species of this genus when alarmed " simulate death " by drawing the head
and thorax completely under the elytra, and while lying thus in the net or umbrella
look like simple discs. The structure of the skeleton enables them to do this, as
there is only a membranous surface behind the thoracic coxee, and this structure,
I consider, brings the genus into the Telephorida. The Cleridce have a cylindrical
thorax with no opening behind the anterior cosre, and they cannot, therefore,
" feign death " as the Telephoridte do.

I took two exam])les at Kasliiwagi, in Tamato, in the middle of
June. In Ceylon I found three species, which are, I believe, uu-
described at present.

Folkestone: J«He7^A, 1891.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF EUG ASTER (RETRODIBJE)
FROM SOMALI LAND, WITH REMARKS ON E. SPINULOSES, LINN.

BY W. r. KIRBY, F.L.S.,

Assistant in Zoological Department, Sritish Museum (Natural History), S. Kensington,

Among the many curious Ortlioptera which inhabit the African
deserts, the large spiny apterous insects now placed in the restricted
family Hetrodidce are not the least remarkable. The species are not
numerous, but are generally rare in collections, which has frequently
led to the names given to those known to the older writers being
applied to several distinct insects. Thus, Eugaster spinulosus, Linn.,
from Morocco, which is allied to the new species described below, and is
excellently figured in Edwards' "Gleanings of Natural History," vol. ii,
pi. 285, has sometimes been confounded with the much commoner E.
Ouyoni, Luc, from Algeria ; but E. spinulosus is a black and testa-
ceous insect, with black spines on the thorax, and a black abdomen

is\n.] 211

with transverse rows of (mostly square) pale spots, while E. Gtu/oni is
uniformly black, except that the spines, and the spiny raised hind-
border of the pronotuui, are red. The specimen of U. spinulosus in
the British Museum was brought by Mr. J. J. Walker from Fez. He
states that the insect is much sought after by the natives as an
aphrodisiac, and that they are extremely unwilling to part with speci-
mens.

EuaASTER WooDii, sp. n.

Male. Head black, and rugose-punctate above the eyes ; white below, clypeus
witli scattered punctures, and transversely striated at its lower extremity ; antennss
brown above, bluish-white at the base ; between them stands a strong, short, conical
horn. Pronotum brown, uneven, strongly punctured, mottled with black, and the
spines blackish towards the base ; with red tips. On the front edge are four spines at
about equal distances apart, the two middle ones small, the lateral ones larger, and
each with a still larger one, nearly erect, a little behind and within it. At the base of
each of these hinder spines is a round pale depression, and another obliquely behind
it, more or less surrounded with black. Behind this point the pronotum is slightly
constricted, and a central lobe commences with a large spine on 'each side, which is
nearly horizontal, and blackish at the base ; between these spines are four black
marks, the front ones forming long triangles directed backwards, and the hind ones
transverse curves. Behind each spine are two black streaks, connected with a series
of ten short black stripes, on the hinder edge of the centre of the pronotum ; these
are flanked on each side by another long i-ed spine at a lower level ; these form the
first of a series of two long and about five small red spines on each side, which run
round the raised hinder lobe of the pronotum, which is not marked with black,
except towards the base of some of the spines. Abdomen with the segments light
brown in front, mostly striped with pale green beyond the middle, and edged with
black behind. Legs white, a white red-tipped spine above the front coxse, front tibiae
with five or six short spines on each side, middle tibiae with three or four, hind
tibiae with two to five.

Female similar, but the pronotum paler testaceous, and the abdomen darker
brown ; the legs are spotted with rusty-brown, which is hardly apparent in the male,
and the tibial spines are larger ; there are seven or eight on the hind tibiae.

Long. Corp., 32 — 4i mm.

Sah. : Somali Land.

In the collection of the British Museum. Presented by Capt. C.
E. W. Wood, 2nd North Staffordshire Eegiment.

Intermediate between JE. spinulosus, Linn., from Morocco, and
E. Servillei, Reiche, from Abyssinia. It is abundantly distinct fi'om
the former ; the latter is not before me, but appears from the descrip-
tion and figure to be mucb paler, and more uniform in colour.

British Museum (Natural History) :
May ISth, 1891.

212 [August,

ON OVIPOSITION, AND THE OVIPOSITOR, IN CERTAIN
LEPIDOPTERA

BY JOHN H. WOOD, M.B.
{continued from page 185).

AVe now come to that most interesting class, the plant-cutters.
In addition to JSIicroptcryx and Incurvnria, the genera Lamprojiia,
Adda, and Nemo-pliora must also be included, as well as, judging from
dry specimens, Ncmotois, Pancalia, and Tinagvia, which, perhaps,
exhausts the list, so far as the British fauna is concerned. In those
that pierce the seed-pods of their food-plants and lay their eggs among
the seeds, like Adela riifimitrella and Jibulella, the end of the instru-
ment is conical, but hollowed out on the under-side, and may be
likened to the mandible of a bird's beak. In A. viridella it is shorter,
and more trowel-shaped, and has the visceral tube ending immediately
behind it in a pair of large, singular looking flaps. The use and
meaning of the apparatus must have remained unsolved but for a
valuable observation made by Dr. Chapman. Having placed two
moths on some fresh sprays of oak, he found that five eggs had been
inserted by their narrow end into the tender petiole of a baby acorn,
and were sticking half in and half out of it. We may, therefore,
suppose that the trowel gouges in some tender stalk or stem (perhaps,
not necessarily, a flower stalk) a shallow cavity, into which the point
of the egg is guided by the flaps of the visceral tube. Nemophora
ScliwarzieUa has a very similar instrument, and she probably sticks her
egg half in and half out of some similar part of her food-plant,
whatever that may be. Lampronia prcelatella and rubiella, on the
other hand, have broad, chisel-like instruments, with the cutting edge
curiously indented and scolloped according to the species, and without
any flaps to the visceral tube. They are for cutting through the
receptacles of flowers and depositing the egg in the loose cellular
tissue within. Here, again, I am indebted to Dr. Chapman. I had
suggested that rul it! la would probably lay in the flowers of raspberry,
and my friend has actually watched her perform the act. She sits on
the open flower, thrusts the point of her body in among the outside
stamens, and in about two and half minutes manages to pierce the
receptacle and lay her egg. PrcBlatella will almost certainly be found
to lay in a similar way in some other flower.

As these various instruments are all very much alike, it makes very little
difference which we select for illustration. Let us take, then, Adela viridella.

In the first place it is well to notice the great strength of the abdominal

iS'Jl.J

213

:xsh^

07 pi

Fig. 6.

case, clue to the size and ihickiiess of the
plates in all tlie segments, exce))t the first,
which, on the contrary, is weak and almost
entirely membranous, in order to enable
the insect more readily to curve her body
round into the position assumed in laying.
The 7th segment (see Fig. 5) is remarkable
in several ways. In the first place its
lower plate projects considerably beyond
the upper, forming by itself the tip of the
abdomen — a most unusual feature, and
only to be found in these insects. It is also
of great size, the dorsal plate equalling in
length the 6th and 5th segments together, and the ventral almost the 6th, 5th, and 4th;
the latter is besides very deep and capacious, and turns up behind in a rather sharp
curve, which ends in an overhanging lip. A fringe of very long tactile hairs comes
from under the lip, and others are scattered over the tip of the dorsal plate, none
being found in either of the usual situations — the sheath and the ovipositor.

The egg-laying organs are of surprising size, and the rods reach, when retracted,
to the junction of the 3rd and 4th segments. On removing the external case, the
object that appears most conspicuously is a large chitinous
plate that was lying close under the upper wall of the
abdomen. This is the sheath — an imperfect structure in
one sense, as it consists only of the dorsal plate, the ventral
being obsolete. It is of great length, being only one-third
less than its rods ; and may, for convenience of description,
as well as to mark a distinct difference, be divided into two
unequal parts, of which the inner is about twice as long as
the outer. The inner portion (8 (sh.l) ) is merely a slightly
arched plate, having the outer rods inserted into its corners.
Its chief function seems to be to support the inner I'ods, or
rather the plates into which ihey expand, and prevent their
bowing out under the great muscular strain to which they
are exposed ; whilst a more subsidiary use may be to
strengthen, when the instrument is protruded, the weak
spot in the outer wall occasioned by the shortness of the 7th
dorsal plate. In the case of the outer and shorter portion
(8 (sh. 2 ) ) it is to be noticed that it is compressed laterally,
or pinched in, as it were, so that, whilst it becomes much
narrower across the back, it is correspondingly deepened at the sides, the cross

pli.m-

Fio. 5. —The end of' the abdomen in A. viridella.

Fig. 6. — Side view of the point of the ovipositor, and of the outer portion of the sheath,
ov. pi., Trowel-shaped terniinati(ju of ovipositor, v. t.. Flaps of the visceral tube,
sh. pi., Plate portion of the sheath, sh. m., Membranous portion of sheath.

Fig. 7. — Dorsal view of the sheath «nd point of the ovipositor; the four rods broken off .short.
8 (sh. 1), Inner portion of sheath, a (sh. 2), Outer portion of sheath. Other letters as
in Pig. 6.

214, (August,

section being nearly semicircular. At the mouth the sides are still more developed,
and are even turned in somewhat and approach each other. The ventral plate, as
has just been said, is absent, but in its place is a tough, ventricose membrane
(sh. m.), which, by bridging over the gap on the under-side of the short, outer
portion, completes the periphery of this part of the plate, and gives it all the
characters of a sheath ; it is then reflected on to the wall of the abdomen, no trace
of it being found covering in the under-side of the long, inner portion. Under these
circumstances the outer portion of the plate must be considered in reality as the
true sheath, the inner portion being merely a prolongation from it in order to sub-
serve the purposes already pointed out. Scattered over the inner half of the
membrane are numbers of small chitinous projections — they may almost be called
teeth, — which must come in usefully in steadying the parts upon the plant-structure
in the process of laying.

As we saw in Col. ccespititiella that the sheath was not of the same texture
throughout, but that some parts were amber-coloured or brown, and others hyaline,
these colours representing stronger and weaker structures respectively, so here we
find the same saving of material where strength is not needed, and its concentration
in the lines of strain and pressure. Except for a narrow faintly coloured portion
occupying the whole width at the inner end, the brown part may be said to begin
as a pair of narrow bands, one on each side, not much wider than the rods, and con-
tinuous with them, leaving a broad hyaline space in the centre of the plate :
gradually widening, they nearly meet a little beyond the middle, this spot corres-
ponding as near as may be with that part of the ovipositor where the tendency to
yield would be greatest. From this point they begin to contract, and, still keeping
to the margin, become reduced in the " true " sheath to narrow but, judging by their
dark colour, thick belts, and finally dilate again, and meet round the outer end or
mouth, having the appearance of being still further strengthened at this point by
very fine transverse ribbing. Thus, to meet the longitudinal strain a continuous
band in direct communication with the rod travels the whole length of the organ,
whilst at points in its course, particularly at the mouth and near the middle, special
transverse strength is also given. Running down the centre of the plate is a
brown ridge, something like the one in ccBspititiella, which terminates some little
distance short of the mouth in a small swelling that gives off a spur or tie-rod on
each side, and at the inner end in a singular black arrow-shaped process that projects
beyond the plate. From the sides of the " arrow " a part of the massive protrudor
muscles of the ovipositor take their rise, the other part coming from the plate itself
close to the attachment of the rods. It would doubtless endanger the integrity of a
body so long and slender as the plate, were the strain from these great muscles to be
concentrated entirely at one end, and the ridge has consequently been devised for
carrying some of it away, and distributing it further down the organ. I have already
referred to the ribbing round the outer end of the plate, but the structure of the pale
central portion in the " true " sheath is even more peculiar, and is at the same time
very elegant, for it looks as if it were made up of minute scales, like those of a

1891.]

215

snake's skin. What its meaning is, and why it shoukl be absent from the corres-
ponding part of tlio inner portion of the phite, which, like the usual run of chitinous
material, shows no structural details whatever, I cannot explain.

The ovipositor when at rest is completely concealed within the sheath. Its
skeletal portion is represented, as in the case of the sheath, by the dorsal plate
only. It consists of two very long and narrow subplates, the separate halves, as I
take it, of the dorsal plate, but united at their extreme tip to form the solid
penetrating point of the instrument. The subplates have a thick inside vein, or
rather a double vein with a narrow intervening bit, and a thin outside blade ; the
latter at the inner end vanishes almost insensibly into the rod, and at the outer
end is gathered up into the sides of the trowel. The end of the instrument has
a very different appearance according to which way we look at it. Viewed from
above, it is sharp-pointed and conical ; but from the side it reminds one of a
garden trowel, that is to say, it is hollow, with the sides deepening as they extend
back from the point. Its edge is served with a few irregular and shallow indenta-
tions, fitting it the better for cutting its way into the acorn stalk. The visceral
tube ends immediately behind the trowel in a pair of large transparent flaps, which,

I am inclined to think, embrace the
sides of the acorn stalk and guide the
point of the egg into the cavity pre-
pared for it.

The ovipositor plate lies so close
under the sheath, and is so bound to it
by the soft tissues, that it is no easy
matter to separate them, and it can sel-
dom be done without mutilation of one
or both. I therefore give a figure of the
parts of A.fibidella (Fig. 8), in which
I fortunately succeeded, after division of
the soft parts, in slipping the plate from
under the sheath without material in-
jury to either, the only remaining bond
of connection being the fibres of the
protrudor muscles of the ovipositor.
It will be noticed that the form of the
sheaLh is distinctly (though not essen-
tially) different from what it is in
viridella, but there is much less differ-
ence in the subplates of the ovipositor,
and the diagram represents very well the character of these parts in viridella.

{To he continued.)

Fig. 8. — Ovipositor and sheath of A. fibulella. p.m , Protrudor muscles of ovipositor.

21G [August,

NEW GENERA OF AGDISTID.E AND rTEItOPnORIDJi.
BY THE RIGHT HON. LORD WALSINGHAM, M A , LL.D., F.R S., &c,

ThefoUowinfj species tvill sliorth/ he figured witli stniclural drawings
in " Xovitates LepidopteroJogicce.^^

AGDISTID/E.

ATOMOPTEEYX, gen. nov.

Type Atomopteryx Doeri, Wlsm.

AntenncB as long as the fore-wings ; basal joint slightly enlarged, rounded ;
simple at the base, slightly serrate beyond the middle.

Maxillary palpi obsolete.

Labial palpi porrect, extending about the length of the head beyond it, roughly
clothed, laterally compressed ; first joint dilated, large and tufted beneath ; second
joint longer than the first, tufted ; apical joint very minute.

Haustellum well developed, clothed along the basal portion.

Fore-wings narrow at the base, becoming wider beyond it, more than three times
the width of their base opposite the anal angle ; costa slightly arched beyond the
middle, rather pointed at the apex, apical margin convex and very oblique. Neura-
Hon agreeing a]3proxiniately with that of Agdistis, but veins 8 and 9, which run to
the costal margin above the apex, are from a common stem ; there appear also to be
some supplementary veins about the end of the cell which probably assist the
folding of the wing iu an attitude of repose.

Hind-iuings rather triangular, dilated at the abdominal angle, hind-margin
slightly concave. Neuration differing from Agdistis in having veins 3 and 4 from
a common stem.

Abdomen slender, fringed at the sides ; the genital segments in the S strongly
developed ; uncus short, reaching to scarcely half the length of the long lateral
claspers, it is supplemented by a brush of hair-like scales expanding posteriorly to
the length of the uncus itself.

Legs long and slender ; posterior pair with the femora much shorter than the
portion of the tibia above the first pair of spurs ; spurs short, inner spur very
slightly longer than the outer.

This geuus is undoubtedly allied to Agdistis, Hb., but approaches
Stenoptyelia, 7i., and Scoptonoma, Ti., not only in neuration, but also in
the form of the palpi, which are less abrupt and rather more developed
than in Agdistis. In the fore-wings there is an elongate triangular
fold extending inwards from the apical margin, btit much less trans-
parent than in Stenoptycha, this character, as well as the shape of the
fore-wings and the structure of the posterior legs, show that Atomop-
teryx may fairly be regarded as a connecting link between Stenoptycha
and Agdistis.

Atomopteryx Doeri, sp. nov.

Antenyia; pale fawn.

Palpi pale fawn at the sides, streaked longitudinally above and beneath with
brown.

is'.a.] 217

Head fawn-brown, slightly paler above.

Thorax fawu-brown.

Fore-wings fawn-brown, very sparsely sprinkled longitudinally with darker
(almost fuscous) scales; the scales on the fold are slightly paler than the colour
above or below it ; a darker marginal line runs around the apex and lateral margin ;
cilia shaded with brownish-fuscous along their middle, pale cinereous at their ends
and base, tipped with fuscous at the anal angle. Exp. alar., 22 — 24 mm.

Hind-wings slightly paler than the fore-wings, with a more greyish tinge ; cilia
shaded with brownish-fuscous along their middle, pale cinereous at their ends and
base.

Abdomen the same colour as the hind-wings, with the ferruginous blotches on
each side before the middle, followed by dark scales fringing the segments on which
they are placed, these do not extend across the body.

Sab. : Brazil, Petropolis (Doer).

Type, cJ $ , Mus. Wlsm.

1 am iudebted to Herr H. Doer of Petropolis for two specimens
((J& $ ) ; there is also a single specimen in the Zeller collection, its
expanse is only IG^ mm., but it appears to be the same, or certainly
a ver}" closely allied species. It is without locality, but was probably
collected by Baron von Nolcken in Colombia.

OCriTEOTICA, ffen. nov.
Type OcJri/rotica fasciata, Wlsm.

Antenncp stout, slightly pubescent on the under-side ; basal joint elongate, but
scarcely enlarged.

Maxillary palpi obsolete.

Labial palpi projecting the length of the head beyond it ; second and apical
joints approximately equal, apical joint depressed.

Haustellum long, slender, naked.

Head tufted above with bifid spatulate scales.

Fore-wings undivided, costa straight, apex slightly depressed and pointed, apical
margin scarcely concave, anal angle rounded. Neuration, 12 veins, 8 and 9 from a
common stem, 8 to costa above apex ; 3 and 4 from a point ; rest separate.

Hind-wings undivided, narrow, costal margin rather straight, dorsal margin
evenly convex, scarcely indented below apex, not scalloped. Neuration, 7 veins, all
separate.

Abdomen ornamented and tufted above, somewhat fringed at the sides.

Legs, anterior pair with a brush-like collection of scales around the first tarsal
joint ; posterior pair with two pairs of long equal spurs and fringes of long pro-
jecting scales on the legs above them.

This genus, although it has only 7 veins in the hind-wings which
partake somewhat of the form of those of Agdistis, difFcrs widely from
it in the form of the palpi, in the possession of bifid scales with which
the head is tufted, and in the distinctly spurred and tufted hind-legs,
a character found in EucncmidopJiorus,W\gvi)., in Co^inoclostis, Mcyr.,

218 [August,

and in Oxyptilus, Z. I caiiuot but regard it as a connecting link
between these genera and Agdistis, to which its affinities are more
neai'ly inclined.

OCHTEOTICA FASCIATA, S^J. nOV.

AntenncB whitish, spotted with pale ferruginous.

Palpi whitish, touched with pale ferruginous at the sides, the base with a small
ferruginous spot.

Haustellum whitish.

Head pale ferruginous, covered with a brush of erect hair-like scales, each of
which is distinctly flattened and furcate at its apex.

Thorax white, witli a ferruginous band along its anterior margin, reaching to
the base of the wings on each side.

Fore-ioings white, sparsely speckled with ferruginous scales ; the costal margin
ferruginous throughout, as are also the apical and the whole outer portion of the
dorsal margin, this colour can also be traced towards the base, but is interrupted
before the middle ; a triangular ferruginous fascia commencing before the outer
third of the costa is attenuated downwards to the ferruginous shade on the dorsal
margin, thus completely enclosing the white central portion of the outer third of
the wing by a narrow ferruginous band, this portion is slightly tinged, as well as
speckled with pale ferruginous ; on the middle of the apical margin is a slight in-
verted ferruginous tooth-like projection ; cilia at the apical margin ferruginous at
the base, forming part of the dark marginal band, but externally pale inclining to
ochreous ; a slight fuscous streak runs through them at the anal angle, and a second,
less conspicuous, ojiposite the transverse fascia. Exp. alar., 14 mm.

Uind-wings brownish, cilia paler.

Abdomen wanting.

Legs, anterior pair tinged with ferruginous, whitish at the joints ; posterior
pair with alternate bars of ferruginous and white ; first pair of spurs scarcely ex-
ceeding the second pair in length, both pairs indistinctly barred ; the erect fringes
at their base tipped with dark ferruginous.

Hob. : Brazil, Espiritu Santo {Schmidt).
Type, (J, Mus. Wlsm.

I purchased this specimen some years since from M. Dcyrolle in
Paris.

I add further details from a specimen in the collection of Mr.
Herbert Druce, from Central America.

Abdomen brownish at the base, whitish beyond it, with crossed bars of ferru-
ginous forming a letter X before the middle ; a ferruginous transverse band beyond
the middle ; anal segment ferruginous ; the posterior edges of the white portions of
the abdomen have the appearance of raised fringes marking the ends of the segments.

Fore-wings with an irregular fasciaform ferruginous marking before the middle
of the dorsal margin ; the dorsal margin is distinctly tinged with ferruginous
tliroughout.

(To he continued).

i8sa. 210

" The New Forest : projected spoliation." — Before attempting to reply to the
question raised by Mr. C. A. Briggs in his note on page 200, ante, it will be
necessary to consider what the rights of the Crown are over the Woods of the
New Forest.

The total area within the boundaries of tlio Forest comprises some 92,365 acres,
of which upwards of 27,000 acres are private property, 125 acres are Copyhold of
Her Majesty's Manor of Lyndhurst, 600 acres are Leasehold under the Crown, 500
acres are Enclosures belonging to Lodges, and 1000 acres are private Woods and
Plantations of the Crown, leaving about 63,000 acres for the "Woods and Wastes"
of the Forest. Prior to 1698 the whole of these " Woods and Wastes " were open
and unenclosed, but under the authority of the Acts 9 and 10 Will. Ill, c. 36 (1698),
and 43 George III, c. 72 (1808), the Crown was empowered to enclose and keep en-
closed freed and discharged from all rights of common such quantity of land in the
Forest as would amount to 6,000 acres for the growth of timber.

By the Deer Eemoval Act of 1851 (14 and 15 Vict., c. 76), the Crown was
authorized to enclose and plant with trees any quantity of land not exceeding
10,000 acres, in addition to the 6000 acres already in enclosure under the authority
of the Acts before mentioned ; and the 4th Section of the last mentioned Act
provided " that the said Enclosures so made and set out as aforesaid shall remain in
" the actual possession of the Crown freed and discharged of and from all rights of
" common * * * * during the period of the same remaining so enclosed_/or
" the growth and preservation of timber and trees." The powers conferred by these
Acts were not repealed by 40 and 41 Vict., c. 121 (the New Forest Act, 1877), but
the rights of enclosure were by section 5 of the last cited Act limited to " such lands
" as are at the date of the passing of this Act enclosed, or as have previously to such
" date been enclosed, by virtue of Commissions issued in pursuance of the said Acts
" or some of them."

It will be seen from what is above stated that the Forest Woods or Enclosures
are of two kinds, namely, (1) Private Woods and Plantations of the Crown ; and
(2) such portions of the " Woods and Wastes" as have been enclosed under the
authority of the Acts, or of some of them, above cited.

It would appear to me that if the two Enclosures referred to by Mr. Briggs
(namely, Coxleaze Plantation and Iron's Hill Pai-k) were enclosed under the
authority of any of the Acts above cited, their enclosure was, under those Acts,
limited for the purposes of the growth and preservation of timber and trees ; and the
letting or selling of such Enclosures, or any part of them, for the purposes of
Building Sites would be ultra vires. It is within my own knowledge, however, that
Iron's Hill Park is not a part of the " Woods and Wastes " of the Forest, but is
one of the private Woods of the Crown, and belongs to Her Majesty in virtue of
her oflice, as Lady of the Manor of Lyndhurst ; and therefore neither the general
public, nor any persons in the Forest possessing common rights, can, I fear, prevent
the Commissioners of Woods from selling or letting this Plantation for any purposes
which appear to them desirable.

I am afraid it will be found on enquiry that Coxleaze Plantation is also one of
the private Woods of the Crown, and consequently, the remarks which I have made
on the rights of the Commissioners of Woods over Iron's Hill Park are also appli-
cable to this Plantation.

220 [Augu.sl,

If, liowcvcr, Coxlcaze is an Enclosure whicli was made under tlie authority of
any of the Acts before cited "for the growth and preservation of timber and
" trees," it would seem probable that the Commissioners of Woods will be acting
ultra vires in selling or letting the same, or using it for any other purposes.

I would suggest to Mr. Briggs that he should put himself in communication
with the Hon. Auberon Herbert, who is constantly watching the action of the
Commissioners of Woods, and the Deputy Surveyor of Woods and Forests at
Lyndhurst, in regard to the Forest.

Many of the happiest hours of my life, from the age of 13 years, having been
passed in the Enclosures above referred to, I deeply regret to hear of the probability
of their destruction. In Coxleaze Enclosure my first specimen of Aporia cratcpgi —
a straggler — was taken, and in 18G4 I there caught my only specimen of a melanic
variety of L. Sibylla. This Wood was also a favourite locality of mine for
"sugaring," and has furnished me with large numbers of D. Orion, L. turca, and
other local species. Iron's Hill Park was, in my experience — excepting always Hurst
Hill Enclosure — the best locality in the Forest for Catocala promi.tsa and C sponsa,
and was apparently the head-quarters of Triphmia subsequa. — H. Gross, Surbiton
Hill : July \st, 1891.

Dianthoecia Barreftii in North Devon. — When staying at Ilfracombe in July,
1879, 1 took a Nocttia which much puzzled me. I caught in on flowers of Silene mari-
tiina by lamplight, but until now have not found anyone who would venture to give
it a name. One friend suggested the genus Hadena, and tliought it might be dentina,
while another thought it more like ckenopodii. Then it was proposed to call it a
Mamestra or Apamea gemina or octilea. For my own part I always thought that it
was a Dianth(Bcia,m\A now I liear from my friend Mr. Barrett tliat he has no doubt
that it is really a variety of Dianthoecia Barrettii. — W. C. Botd, College Road,
Cheshunt : July OtJi, 1891.

[This specimen is, undoubtedly, most perplexing. It is a ? , witli large full
abdomen, and the ovipositor so completely withdrawn, that it does not strike one as
a Dianthoecia at all, while its resemblance to HadencB of the dentina group is quite
remarkable. On the other hand, its markings almost exactly agree witli those of
Dryobota roboris (a south European Noctua, and an oak-feeder), and it was with
difficulty that it could be with certainty identified. It differs from Irish specimens
of Barrettii in the browner ground colour, and less distinct markings, and more
resembles the unique Welsh specimen reared by Mr. W. H. Blandford, from which,
however, it differs in tone of colour, being somewhat greyer, and also having the
markings more obscure. Strange to say, it, like Mr. Blandford's specimen, bears no
greater resemblance to the supposed typical form, Ivteago, i\m\\ do the Howth speci-
mens. This is, as far as I know, the first instance of the occurrence of Dianthoecia
Barrettii in England proper. — C. G. B.]

Dioryctria .iplendidella, Bag., in Suffolk.— In the latter part of last month I
went down to Denton, Norfolk, to join my friend the Rev. C. T. Cruttwell, in a
vigorous effort to work out a new Coleophora which lie has taken there. In this we
were eminently totsuccessful, and on the whole we did not find the results of hard

1891.] 221

work by any means what appcavod to be promised by the richness and wt^ll-vvooded
character of tlie district. Perliaps our most satisfactory find there was CErophora
tripuncta, in some plenty, sliowing a special partiality for the maple bushes in the
hedge sides.

One day Mr. Cruttwell drove me over to Southwold, a lovely drive of twenty
miles, and to a rather attractive looking bit of coast, but disappointment followed us :
Plutella cruoiferaram swarmed at every step, and nothing else could be found, so my
friend went inland to beat hedges, and I remained to idle about the sea-side, and
watch the evolutions of some terns and ring dotterels. By and by Mr. Cruttwell
came back with the results of hedge heating — one Eiipithecia to(jata, and one
Dioryctria splendidella. My astonishment may be imagined, not a single spruce fir
could be seen for miles, and he had seen none. Then we strolled towards some bits
of salt marsh, and on passing a wooden building another splendidella was descried
sitting under a batten, and upon another building two more— which last were only
secured by the intervention of natives with a long ladder, — and on further search we
found two more splendidella, sis in all, several of them very large and handsome.
I simply record what we found. I can ofi^er no explanation. No spruce firs, nor, as
far as I saw, any firs appeared to be nearer than two or three miles. Had all the
specimens been about the wooden buildings, the conclusion would have been irresis-
tible that some one had gathered a vast number of cones and brought them there.
But it appeared that nothing of the kind had been done, and the specimen of
splendidella, with togata, in a hedge more than a mile distant would still have
remained unaccounted for. The theory of immigration even suggested itself, but
the specimens were in beautiful condition, and could hardly have flown many miles.
Perhaps we ought to have accepted our good fortune with thankfulness, and not
troubled our heads about " whence !" In the salt marsh were Eupoecilia vectisana
and ajffiiiitana, with Sericoris littorana, very sparingly, and with our twenty miles
drive before us we devoted little time to them.— C. G. Baeeett, 39, Linden Grove,
Nunhead, S.E. : July lOth, 1891.

Cosmopteryx orichalcea in Wilts.— 'E.o.vXy in June last I was surprised and
pleased to have a fresh specimen of this apparently local insect brought me by one
of the most active of the College collectors, E. I. Claxton. We subsequently re-
visited the locality, and obtained about a dozen more. They occurred on the exposed
slope of a dry railway embankment, and, seemingly, only in a very limited space,
where the vegetation was somewhat different. I hope, later on, to identify the
grass to which they are attached.— E. Meykick, The College, Marlborough:
July 1th, 1891.

Leptura scutellata, ^c, in Windsor Forest.— Ox\. behalf of Mr. J. B. Bowring,
I have to record the capture of a considerable number of this usually scarce Longicorn
in a stump about ten feet high in Windsor Forest. On the same stump a large
number of Tillus elongatus were also found, in company with Ptilinus. Mr. Bowring
kindly sent me several specimens of the Leptura alive ; both the male and female
stridulate in the s;unc manner as Agapanthia lineatocollis, by moving tlie thorax
forwards and biickwards. The characteristic pubescence of the scutcUum is silvery

X

Ill [August,

in tlie males, which are considerably smaller, and golden in the females. On July
10th Mr. Bowring captured several specimens flying about the stump ; they fly
readily and strongly, and make a loud noise in flight. CalJidium variahile and
Phlosotrya rufipes have also occurred in considerable numbers at the A butts in
the Park, and Tiresias serra has recently been found sitting outside a buiTow of
Xestohium tessellatuin in the Forest. Mr. Bowring has also asked mo to record the
following :— From the New 'Forest— Trox sabulosus, EJater elongatulus, Corymhites
metallicus and hipudulatus, Mesosa iiubila, Cleonus nebttlosns, and Conopalpus
testaceus.

From Ugbrooke Park, near Cluulleigh, Devon, a fine specimen of Strangalia
aurulenta ; this corroborates the records given in my woi'k on the British Coleoptera,
vol. iv, p, 239, " Between Barnstaple and Bideford, Devon (Stephens); Plymouth
(J. H. Keys)." I have already recorded in this Magazine the capture of Platyrr-
hinus latirostris in this part by Mr. J. C. Bowring (Vol. i. New Series, p. 110).

From Bovey Tracey, Devon — Leptinus testaceus and Fachyta cerambyciformis
{octomaculatd). "With regard to the former, which occurred in come numbers, Mr.
Bowring writes — " I took them on August 19th, 1890, on a live mole, the beetles
getting off it on to my handkerchief in which I put the mole for a few minutes, and
as it was not until afterwards that I found them, there were probably many more
on the animal." This is the first record of the occurrence of L. testaceus in the
south-western or western counties ; it is, however, in all probability, generally dis-
tributed throughout England, but is seldom met with. It has been recorded from
the Hastings district, the London district, Needwood near Burton-on-Trent, and
Ripon ; and also from the Clyde and Forth districts of Scotland. It is found in dead
leaves, birds' nests, on small rodents, in the nests of humble bees, and very rarely in
ants' nests. — W. W. Fowler, Lincoln : July l-ifk, 1891.

Barynotus mcerens, Fab., destructive. — A friend of mine is greatly exercised by
the havoc which a beetle (kindly identified for me by the Rev. Theodore Wood as
the above) is making among her lilies of the valley. She first noticed the insects
about three summers ago. This year they are specially numerous ; up to July 4th
she had killed 580 of them — 80 on one evening. They do not show themselves
until after 10 p.m. The beetles devour musk, violets, primrose, and foxglove (es-
pecially the two latter), as well as lilies of the valley. A large chestnut overhangs
the lilies, and a fernery runs at the back, but they do not touch the tree, and do
very little damage to the ferns. As far as my friend can make out, the eggs hatch
in August. The larvae did no end of harm last year to the lily roots, and filled the
bulbs of the tiger lilies and gladioli growing close by. The perfect insect attacks
foliage only, sitting astride the leaf, and eating in rings like tiie clover weevil. It
has completely destroyed two beds of lilies of the valley out of tiie three in the
garden, and the birds do not seem to carry it off. Can any of your correspondents
supply me with information on the following points ? (1) What is the best means
of preventing the depredations, and killing the larvae? (2) Where are the eggs
laid ? (3) Is it probable that these insects were brought with ferns from Wales, or
bulbs from Grermany ? (-l) What is the ordinary food plant of B. moerens? — M. C.
H. BiKD, Brunstead Rectory, Stalham, Norfolk: July 8th, 1891.

[As a rule the beetle above alluded to, Barynotus elevatus. Marsh, {moerens,
auct. nee Fab.), is by no means common ; in fact, there are many Coloopterists who

would be glad of a good series for their collections. Tliis is the first time that I
have ever heard of it as being destructive, nor do I know of any record of its life-
history ; hitherto it has been found in Britain very locally under stones, in moss,
flood refuse, &c. I have never taken it except in Bretby Wood, near Ripon, Burton-
on-Trent, where it occurred somewhat commonly in early summer on bracken. The
beetle might have been introduced with ferns fi-om Wales, but it is more probable
that it came in the lily roots, as these seem to be attacked much more than the fei'ns.
The eggs are probably laid, as in the case of Otiorrhynchus sidcatiis, a little below
the surface of the ground. The last named beetle sometimes attacks strawberry
plants ; in this case Miss Ormerod (Manual of Injurious Insects, 2nd Edition, p.
363) recommends that the kind of shelter preferred by the insect should be dis-
covered, and that by placing some of this (whether slates, tiles, odd bits of thin
turf, or morsels of old waste sacking) on the ground by the plants, they would
probably form excellent traps, which might be cleared daily with very little trouble.
The destruction of the full grown insect will of course diminish the larvae, but
as larvae they are very hard, if not almost impossible to get rid of, as applications
that will destroy them will also kill the plants ; watering, however, with a " strong
solution of amnioniacal liquor and common agricultural salt " has been found of
service in like cases. The only real method of getting rid of them is to root up all
the affected plants and those in their neighbourhood, and then to treat the ground
with a strong dressing of gas lime, and allow it to be fallow for some time before
replanting. — W. W. F.].

Otiorrhynchus sulcaius destructive to ferns, Sfc. — Your editorial comment on
Mr. Wood's note on Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, in the July No. of Ent. Mo. Mag.,
reminds me of an incident in my experience which has hitherto puzzled me, but
which may perhaps find a solution in a similar way. I have for some time past
grown large numbers of plants of tlie little saxifrage, known popularly as " Mother
of Millions," on an imitation rockery made of virgin cork. I have often noticed
that here and there plants have suddenly begun to wither, and on examining them,
I invariably found the plant completely severed from its root, a hollow being exca-
vated in the stem at the junction with the root just below the rosette of leaves, and
in this cup -like hollow was a fat white grub. I have never succeeded in rearing
them, as they always died when thus disturbed. But a few days ago I found an
Otiorrhynchus sulcaius in the conservatoi-y in whicli the rockery is situated. Is it
likely that the larva was that of the beetle, and, if so, do you know of any other
instances of a similar damage ? I have not found maidenhair or other ferns
attacked in this way, but always the saxifrages. — E. A. Butler, 39, Ashley Eoad,
Crouch Hill, N. : June 20th, 1891.

Notes on Coleoptera in the North of Ireland. — Since my last note (2nd series,
vol. i, p. 295) I have the following additions to the Irish list -.—Hydroporus vm-
brosus, taken on Carlingford Mountain, Co. Louth, and in the Mullinure meadows
here. Homalota luteipes, in moss from Mullinure ; H. atricolor, in moss from the
Palace Demesne; S. pygincea, in moss from Lowry's Lough ; H. luridipennis, in
flood rubbish from Mullinure. I am indebted to Mr. A. C. Horner, of Tonbridge,
for kind assistance in determining these KomalotcE. 3Iycetoporus lucidus, in moss

X 2

224 [August,

from Mullinure. Oxytelus Fairmairei, in flood rubbish from Mulliniire. Meligethex
lumbaris, sweeping herbage at Lowry's Lough, in June. Acritus minutus, several
taken in a hotbed by one of ray pupils. Byrrhus fasciattts, on Carlingford Mountain,
and on Dcadman's Hill, near Newtown Hamilton, in this county. Anaspis suh-
testacea, taken by Eev. S. A. Brenan at Cullybacky, Co. Antrim. Tropiphorus
carinatux, in moss from Mullinure. Besides these, I may mention Bemhidium Doris,
of whieh I have taken some examples in flood rubbish from the MuUinures, and in
moss from the edge of Lowry's Lough. On March 9th last, I was driven up to
Newtown Hamilton, and got a couple of bags of moss from that vicinity. These
produced Bradycelliis cognatiis, B. similis, Acidota crenata, Tachyporus transver-
salis, and a couple of Mantiira chrysanthemi,oi which I had taken a single specimen
previously in moss from the Vicar's Cairn, at an elevation of 800 feet. The present
locality is fully as high. Ilydroporus obscurus is plejitiful in a pond about half way
up Carlingford Mountain, and in a bog near Vicar's Cairn. Salpingus ceratus
occurred in moss about stumps of fir trees near this. The only other Irish record
appears to be Dr. Power's, near Dublin. In moss from the Palace Demesne, mostly
from about tree stumps, I took, in March, lihizophagiis cribratus and R.perforatus ;
Mr. J. J. Walker records both from Gal way, so they are probably widely distributed.
Ou April 4th, there was a flood in the MuUinures, owing to the heavy rains, so
as soon as the weather permitted, I hurried down with my bags. The rubbish was
not yet deposited, for the flood had not reached its height, so I took my water net,
and fished out all I could carry, and I must say the result was most satisfactory, and
I feel sure I took many species which, had I waited for the subsidence of the waters,
would have escaped me. Of course, it makes the carrying of the bags a damp
business, in fact, I was wet through, but that is a trifle compared to the gain in
captures. Some idea may be formed of the numbers which wore contained in this
rubbish when I mention that Mrs. Johnson had to take a clothes brush and brush
me down, so covered was my coat after sorting the contents of my bag. One of my
captures astonished me very greatly. This was Pelophila borealix, of which a single
specimen made its appearance. I never expected to see it in the MuUinures, which is
'quite unlike any of tlie other localities in which I have taken it. I have ascertained
by experiment that it will hibernate, and probably does so naturally, but I have
never met with it in the moss which I have from time to time gathered at Lowry's
Lough. Judging from what it did witii tne, it burrows into the ground and lies
dormant till the warm weather brings it out I also took Bemhidium ceneum, which
had not appeared in this immediate vicinity previously ; Agahus tmguicularis ;
Dytiscus circumcinctus, a fine $ ; a single specimen of Helophorus nubilus, &\so new
to this district ; a few Megacronus citigulatus ; Lathrobium quadratiim and L.
longulum, both of these arc tolerably numerous here ; and one Erirhiuus athiops.
Tlie season is terribly backward, and sweeping practically useless ; I worked hard at
it yesterday morning, and could get nothing but some common Apions, while off
some willows I beat a number of Phratora vifelliiKe, which were devouring tlie
young leaves at a great rate. — W. F. Johnson, Winder Terrace, Armagh : May
26tk, 1891.

%,

Microdon mutabilis, L. — The record of the capture of this very curious Dipteron
which at first sight, when at rest, may be mistaken for a bee or a saw-fly, will

isin.j 225

prove, no doubt, interesting to Diptcrisls. The first eaptinv wns mndc by my friend
Mr. F. C. Lemann, on the 16th June; after being identitied bj' Mr. Coryndon
Matthews, finding that Mr. Yerrall had placed it in liia list in italics, as much as to
say it was a doubtful British species, it gave me a greater desire to capture others ;
consequently, my friend Lemann and I journeyed to the locality at Ivybridge on the
21st, and were rewarded with three additional specimens, two of them falling to my
net : it was a glorious sunny day, we observed that they took very short flights a
few inches above the ground, and again settled on the grass, the three captures
taking just as many hours, therefore, they may be called scarce, and the locality
local, not covering more than twenty square yards.

The National Collection, I believe, did not possess a British specimen until I
presented one of the above-mentioned captures.

According to Schiner (Fauna Austriaca Diptera) the life-history appears to have
been worked out, for he says : — " The metamorphosis of the different species is
known ; the larva? resemble small slugs, and would at first be taken for such ; they
are flat and fleshy on the under-side, the back is arched and appears moistened ;
they have been found in the nests of Formica fusca, and under the bark of a species
of willow. The imagos are found in wet places, where they sit on the under-sides
of leaves, and in the grass, and may often be taken in great numbers by sweeping —
they make a humming noise during flight, and have little resemblance to the other
genera of S^rphidcB."

The humming noise produced during flight can also be produced when not in
motion ; on removing the lid of the box on the following morning to make a closer
inspection of the first capture, I was rather surprised to find it was able to make s
humming noise when annoyed, a beautiful undulating sound ; it was some time
before I could discover how it was produced, seeing the fly apparently did not move ;
at last with a powerful lens I discovered that it was by its poisers vibrating, and I
believe coming in contact with some short bristly hairs situated on the abdomen, and
pointing towards the thorax ; the undulations were caused by the rapidity with
which the poisers were moved. — Gr. C. Bignell, Stonehouse, Plymouth : Julj/ \st,
1891.

Ilypoderma bovis, Dei,. — This species, which was identified by Mr. C. Matthews,
was captured on the 9th June, on the moor between Yelverton and Clearbrook ; the
hairy body in three colours, white, black, and red, giving it a very bee-like appearance.

This is a sub-cutaneous parasite on cattle, and very seldom taken in the imago
state. — Id.

180 parasites in one larva of yirctia Caja. — I was passing by a field on the 20th
of last month (June), when 1 saw crossing the pavement in front of me a larva of
Aretia Caja ; I immediately boxed it (as I capture all 1 come across, in the hope of
bi'eeding varieties) ; I left the larva in the same box for about six hours, when,
looking at it again, I saw it almost covered with maggots. I left these, along with
the Caja larva, for three or four days, in which time they spun up and emerged ;
they proved to be Apanteles Caja. I afterwards counted the cocoons, and found
there were no less than 180. Is not this an unusual number? — A. E. B. WoOD,
Garfield Lodge, Stoke, Devonport : July 2nd, 1891.

220 [August,

Bruimr.

Ejivisiox DEs Ehaphidides : par Herman Albaeda (Tijdschrift voor En-
tomologie, xxxiv, pji. 65 — 184, avec 10 planches, 1891).

This Monograph is a very valuable contribution on a small group of Ncuropterous
insects, remarkable in their structure and also in their habits. The whole biblio-
graphy is worked out chronologically, the synonymy determined for the most part
from types, and each species is described and figured in great detail, the figures
referring to the head and pronotum, wings, and anal parts. The two existing genera
— Rhaphidia and InoceUia — are retained undivided. The group is essentially
PalaBarctic and Nearctic, the species of the former division extending eastward to
Japan, those of the latter represented only in occidental North America (in fact, a
further eastward extension of the Palaearctic element). Of Rhaphidia the author
describes 21 Palnearctic species (7 new), and 4 Nearctic (2 new). Of InoceUia there
are 3 Palsearctic (2 new), and also 3 Nearctic (2 new). The greatest care is shown
in the descriptions and figures, especially as to neural ion and anal appendages, the
former being worked out very minutely so as to distinguish between actual specific
characters and individual variation. To some we think that less finished (t. e., more
purely diagrammatic) figures of the anal parts would have proved more intelligible ;
but that is a matter of opinion. The European distribution is general (4 only having
been observed in Britain), but several of the rarer or new species are Mediterranean.
We have no space for analysis, but congratulate the author and entomologists on the
successful conclusion of the work. The idea emanated from the writer of this notice,
who, in asking the author to determine the materials in his collection (160 Palaearctic
and 58 Nearctic specimens), suggested a Monograph ; that the suggestion was a
useful one the sequel has proved. — E. McL.

^biiuari).

Henry Edirards. — With great regret we notice an announcement, from an
American source, of the death of Henry Edwards, a man of great originality — actor,
theatre proprietor, and entomologist — an Englishman by birth, an emigrant on pro-
fessional duties to Australia and New Zealand, a settler in America, firstly in
California, afterwards in the Eastern States, where he died. We hope to be able to
give more precise details of his history in a future number. The, to some, apparent
antagonism of theatrical and scientific pursuits has more than once proved a fallacy.
" Ochsenheimer and Treitschke " are familiar names to all Lepidopterists, the
majority being probably ignorant of their history, other than that their names
appear as " sponsors " for many species. We could cite other cases, and even amongst
students of entomology now here in England. Henry Edwards did much good
work, both as a collector and writer. No. 35 of the " Bulletin of the United States
National Museum " (Smithsonian Institution, 1889), consists of a " Bibliographical
Catalogue of the described transformations of North American Lepidoptera," with
references to moi'e than 1000 species : this was probably his last work of importance.

1891.] 227

Ferdinand Grut, F.L.S. — The news of the death of Mr. Grut, Honorary
Librarian to the Entomological Society of London, on July 19th, aged 71, will come
upon the Fellows of the Society, and a large circle of private friends, as a shock.
Although not in good health for a long time, he was constantly present at the
Society, and at the meeting on July 1st he seemed better, and in better spirits, than
usual. This is a preliminary announcement.

oqiiitg.

Entomological Society of London: July \st, 1891. — Fbederick;
DttCane Godman, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Rev. John Isabell, of St. Sennen Rectory, Penzance, was elected a Fellow
of the Society.

Mr. Jacoby exhibited a specimen of a species of Coleoptera belonging to the
family GalerucidcB, with the maxillary palpi extraordinarily developed.

Canon Fowler, on behalf of Mr. Wroughton, Conservator of Forests, Poona,
exhibited specimens of a bug imitating an ant, Polyrhachis spiniger, and a spider
imitating a species of Mutilla, and read the following notes : — " I have taken a good
many specimens of a bug which has achieved a very fair imitation of Polyrhachis
spiniger (under the same stone with which it may be found), even to the extent of
evolving a pedicle and spines in what, were it an ant, would be its metanotum.
Curiously enough, however, these spines are apparently not alike in any two speci-
mens. Is it that this bug is still waiting for one of its race to accidentally sport
spines more like those of F. spiniger, and thus to set the ball of evolution rolling
afresh ? or is it that the present rough copy of spiniger' s spines is found sufficient to
deceive ? The bug has also been found in the Nilgherries. Mr. Rothney remarks
on the above species : — ' I have not found the species mimicking Mutilla ; but in
Calcutta and Barrackpoi'e, where P. spiniger is a tree-ant, forming its net by spinning
together the twigs of a shrub, the mimicking bug also assumes arboreal habits, and
may be found on the trunks of trees with the ants.' "

Mr. PoiTitt exhibited living specimens of Fupithecia extensaria and Geometra
smaragdaria : the position assumed by the former proved conclusively that it had
rightly been placed in the genus Eupithecia.

Mr. Crowley exhibited two specimens of a Papilio from the Khasia hills, be-
longing to an undescribed species allied to P. Papone, sub-generic section Chilades.
Col. Swinhoe remarked that he possessed a specimen from Northern Burmah. Mr.
Moore and others took part in the discussion which followed.

Mr. Dallas Bccching exhibited a specimen of Plusia moneta, recently taken by
himself at High Woods, Tonbridge, and specimens of Gonepteryx Cleopatra, lent
him for exhibition, which were alleged to have come from the same locality.

Ur. T. A. Chapman exhibited the larva of Micropteryx calthella, and read the
following notes : — " The larva were obtained by placing moths in a cage with damp
moss, diad Ituves, and otlier debris off the surface of the ground. Into this the

228 lAugust,

inoths crept to a depth of half-an-iucli, forcing their way into narrow cavities, and
laid their eggs in groups of six or twelve. The eggs are clothed with fine hairs,
tipped with refractive particles. The larva, about a millimetre in length, possesses
on each segment eight processes of a globular form, raised on a very slight pedicle.
Besides the thoracic legs, each of the abdominal segments (eight) possesses a pair of
minute jointed legs of the same type as the thoracic. There are also a pair of long
jointed antennae."

Col. Swinhoe read a paper, " On new species of Heterocera from the Khasia
Hills."

Mr. Crowley read a paper, " On a new species of Prothoe."

Mr. C. J. Gahan read a paper, " On the South American species of Diahrotiea,"
Part II, being a continuation of Dr. Baly's paper on the same genus, publialiod in
the Society's Transactions for 1890, Part I.

Mr. W. F. Kii'by communicated a paper, entitled, " Notes on the Orthopterous
family Mecopodidm."

Prof. Westwood communicated " Notes on Siphonophora artocarpi" referring
to an appendage of the eyes which had been overlooked in his previous description.
• — H. Gross and W. W. Fowler, Hon. Secretaries.

ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH TACniNIIDJ£.

BY E. H. MEADE.

(Continued from page 157).

14— NEMOR^A, Dsv.

NeMOE^A et PlATYCHIKA, Rnd.

Oen. ch. — Species mostly large, highly developed, and closely
allied to each other ; eyes hairy, more or less approximated in the
male, but never contiguous, and always much shorter than the sides of
the head ; forehead prominent ; antennae drooping, with the second
joint elongated, often nearly as long as the third ; facialia bare ; cheeks
sometimes clothed with soft hairs ; chin large, extending far below the
eyes, and setose ; abdomen oval, middle segments with or without
discal seta) ; fore tarsi more or less dilated in the females.

Rondani noticed that those species which have both marginal and
discal abdominal setae, which are by far the more numerous, have
the fore tarsi of the females more dilated than those which are without
the discal setae ; he therefore placed them in a separate genus, which
he named PJatychira ; they resemble their congeners, however, so
closely ill all other characters that I think they should not be separated
fruiii them.

i8;.i.j 229

1 (4) Middle abdominal segments without discal setae {Nemor<Ba, End.).

2 (3) Abdomen black \. glabrata,'M.g\\,

3 (2) Abdomen red 2. ruhrica, M.g\\.

4 (1) Middle abdominal segments with discal setae {Platycliira, End.)-

5 (6) Cheeks clothed with fine hairs Z. pnparum,'E\n.

6 (5) Cheeks bare.

7 (18) Palpi yellow or rufous.

8 (9) Antennae with basal joints yellow 4. strenua,M.ga,

9 (8) Antennae black.

10 (15) Thorax with three stripes.

11 (12) Scutellum with apex red 5. r«^an5, Mgn.

12 (11) Scutellum black.

13 (14) Wings with cubital appendix 6. appendiculata, Mcq^.

14 (13) Wings without cubital appendix . ...7. tiemorum, Mgn.

15 (10) Thorax with four stripes.

16 (17) Thoracic stripes narrow, and placed at equal distances from each other..

8. rudls, Fin.

17 (16) Thoracic stripes wide, and middle ones nearer to each other than to the

outer stripes 9. consobrina, Mgn.

18 (7) Palpi black.

19(20) (21) Abdomen marked with two well defined, broad, transverse, white bands ..

10. fadicum, F.

20(19) (21) Abdomen marked with two broad, undefined, white bands or tessellations

11. ccBsia, Fin.

21 (19) (20) Abdominal bands very narrow, and wings with short cubital appendages

12. intermedia, Zett.

All the species of Nemoraea have the tliorax black or grey, some-
times with a green or bluish tinge ; it is always also more or less
distinctly marked with either three or four longitudinal stripes, and
whitened with grey tomentum on the front margin and sides ; in my
diagnosis of the different species I shall, therefore, only mention its
colour w^hen it varies from the ordinary type. The same remarks will
apply to the colour of the legs, which is black or dark grey in all the
species.

N. GLABRATA, jMgn.
I have not seen either a British or foreign specimen of this species, but have
introduced it owing to its being recorded as British by Mr. F. Walker in the sup-
plementary list of British Ta^hinids published in the Appendix to the second vol,
of the lusecta Britannica.

N. EUBRICA, Mgn.
This and the foregoing species are the only two recorded British ones that
belong to Kondani's restricted genus Nemorcea, in which the middle abdominal

Y

230 [August,

segments are without setae on the disc. N. ruhrica has the thorax marked with
four longitudinal stripes of nearly equal width, and has four external dorso-central
bristles behind the transverse groove ; the scutellum is reddish-brown, the apex
usually only being rufous in the female ; the palpi and the two basal joints of the
antennse are red ; the abdomen is reddish-yellow with a black longitudinal stripe,
and shows white reflections; the wings are brown with yellow roots. Very rare.

N. PUPABUM, P.

This is distinguished from all the other recorded British species by having the
cheeks below the termination of the fronto-orbital bristles clothed with a few fine
scattered hairs.* The cheeks are white with black reflections, and the hairs upon
them are pale in colour and not very easy to see. The chin is thickly covered with
long hairs ; the eyes are subcontiguous in the male ; the palpi are yellow ; the an-
tennae have the basal joints grey or sometimes red, and the third joint black-brown
with the base often red ; the thorax has three stripes, the central one being very
wide, and four external dorso-central bristles behind the transverse groove ; the
scutellum is rufous ; the abdomen is blackish-brown, the sides of the second and
tliird segments being red in the male ; the fi-ont borders of the second, third and
fourth segments are also encircled with an even, wide, subinterrupted white band ;
the wings have the fourth longitudinal vein bent at an acute angle, the external cross
vein sinuous, and the little cross vein nebulous. Rare.

N. STBENUA, Mgn.

This has the cheeks quite bare ; the antennae are in great part yellow, and paler
in the female than in the male ; the eyes in the male are subcontiguous ; the peris-
tome is red ; the thorax is marked with four rather narrow stripes, and has four
external dorso-central bristles behind the transverse groove ; the scutellum is red,
with the base mostly black ; the abdomen is shiny black, having red sides in the
male and indistinct white transverse bands ; tlie wings are yellow at the base, with
the external cross vein oblique and sinuous, and the little cross vein nebulous. Not
common. I found both males and females in Oxfordshire in 1883, it is also in Miss
Decie's collection captured at Westward Ho ! and I received a specimen from Mr.
Harwood of Colchester.

N. VAGANS, Mgn.

This differs from the former by having the antennae more nigrescent, the apex
of the second joint and the base of the third only being rufous ; by the thorax being
marked with three instead of four stripes, and by the scutellum being red only at
the tip. Eare. Captured by Mr. C. W. Dale at Blair Athol in June, 1883 ; found
also by Mr. Harwood at Colchester. .

N. APPEKDICULATA, Mcq.f
This has the eyes in the male rather widely separated, the frontal space occupy -

* These characteristic hairs must not be confounded with others that are present on the sides
of the frontalia in this and other species between the fronto-orbital bristles and the eyes.

t Ann. d. 1. Soc. Eut. de Fr., 11, 6, llL'.

1S91.] 231

ing about one-fourth of the width of the head ; the frontal stripe dark brown ; the
sides of frontaha and face yellowish-white with black reflections ; the antennae black,
with the second joint nearly as long as the third ; the arista with the second joint
somewhat elongated ; the palpi piceous ;* the thorax with three stripes, and havhig
three external dorso-median bristles behind the transverse groove ; the scutellum
quite black ; the abdomen shiny greenish-black, with white tessellations on the sides,
but no red ; the wings have the fourth longitudinal vein bent at a right angle, and
tlien forming nearly a straight and oblique apical cross vein, also giving off at the
angle an appendix of moderate length, it occupying about one-third of the space
fi'om the angle to the margin of the wing ; the external cross vein is nearly straight,
the little cross vein is nebulous. I have only seen one specimen (a male) of this
well-marked species, which was sent to me in January, 1891, by Mr. Dale for my
inspection.

N. NEMORUM, Mgn.

This rare species has been recorded as British by F. Walker, but I have not
seen a specimen. It difPers from N. vagans by having the scutellum quite black,
the apical cross vein nearly straight, and the little cross vein unclouded ; it may also
be distinguished from JV'. appendiculata by the eyes of the male being sub-contiguous,
and by the absence of the cubital appendix, as well as of the nebulosity of the little
cross vein.

N. EUDIS, Fin.
The diagnosis between N. rudis, Fin., and N. consohrina, Mgn., is involved in
a good deal of obscurity. Fallen's description of the former is very vague, and
throws no light upon the subject. Eondani does not mention N. rudis, but his
remarks respecting N. consohrina correspond with those applied to iV'. rudis by
Meigen, Zetterstedt, and Schiner ; all of whom say that the thorax in the latter
species is marked by four narroto black lines. Meigeu's description of N. consohrina
is very brief, he only says that the thorax is marked by four stripes, stating nothing
as to their width. Schiner is the only author who clearly defines the difference
between the two species, and as I have specimens which correspond to his descrip-
tions I sliall follow them.

N. KiiDis, Flu. ?, Mgn., Zett. et Schn.
P. consohrina, Rnd.

Thorax marked by four narrow black stripes, which are equal in width and
placed at equal distances from each other ; external dorso-central thoracic bristles
three in number behind the transverse groove ; eyes in the male separated by an
interval occupying about one-fifth of the width of the head, those of the female not
much wider apart ; antennae black, tinged with red at the junction of the second
and third joints, which colour is more marked in the female than in the male ;
palpi yellow ; scutellum more or less rufous towards the apex ; abdomen black, sides
red in the male, and marked by grey tessellations in both sexes ; wings with the
apical cross veins much curved, the outer cross vein a little sinuous, and the little
cross veins rather nebulous. Not uncommon.

* Macquart says that they are black, with the bases testaceous.

232 [August, 1891.

N. CONSOBRINA, Mgn. ?, Sch. no7i End.

Thorax striped in front by four wide black bands, the central pair of which are
placed near together ; posterior outer dorso-central bristles three in number ; an-
tennae black ; palpi yellow ; scutellum black ; abdomen as in N. rudis ; wings with
the apical cross vein rather oblique, and less curved than in N. rudis ; the outer
cross vein sinuous, and the little cross vein almost clear. Rare.

N. KADICTJM, F.

This, the most common species in the genus, has the antennae and palpi black,
the latter being sometimes pale or red at the ends ; the eyes are separated by nearly
an equal interval in both sexes ; the thorax has four rather narrow stripes, and three
external dorso-central bristles behind the transverse groove or suture ; the scutellum
has the apex mostly red ; the abdomen is shiny black, with two well defined broad
transverse bands, and has the sides red, and somewhat diaphanous in the males ;
the wings are tinged with brown, and have the veins, especially the little cross ones,
rather nebulous, and the apical cross veins much curved. Grenerally distributed.

N. c-EsiA, Fin.

This closely resembles N. radicum, but is quite distinct ; the thoracic stripes
are wider ; there are four instead of three external dorso-central bristles behind the
suture ; the third antennal joint is shorter, being scarcely as long as the second ;
the abdomen has the sides irregularly tessellated with white, instead of being
encircled with white bands ; the wings are clearer, the little cross veins are un-
clouded, and the apical cross veins are more oblique and less curved. Very rare ; I
have only seen one British specimen, which was in the late F. Walker's collection.

N. INTERMEDIA, Ztt.

setosa ?, Mcq.

This species is of a bright blue-black colour, with a convex subcylindrical
abdomen having large, recurved, subglobose anal segments ;* the antennas are rather
short and black ; the palpi are filiform and black ; the frontalia are wide, the eyes
of the male being more widely separated than in any other species ; the thorax is
marked with four indistinct black stripes, and has three outer dorso-central bristles
behind the suture ; the tip of the scutellum is red ; the abdomen is of a bright shiny
black colour, with the vestiges only of white interrupted bands ; the wings have
very short cubital appendices. iV". setosa, Mcq.,t seems closely to resemble this
species in form and colour, only differing by having the palpi yellow instead of
black, and having no appendices to the wings, it is probably only a variety of the
same. Very rare ; I have only seen two examples (both males), which I obtained
with other unnamed British species from the late F. Walker.

CTo he continued). ^ (7 0

The shape of the abdomen is very similar to that of Cynomyia mortuofum.
t Ann. d. 1. Soc. Ent. de Fr., 11, 6, 116.

SoptcnibuT, isoi.l 233

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FROM PORT DARWIN, &c.
BY JAMES J. WALKER, R.N., E.L.8.

We arrived at Tanjong Priot on May 7th, but as we left again on
ilie 9th at daybreak, and were busy coaling, &c., all the time, I had, to
my regret, no chance of going on to Batavia. I had, however, a turn
round the immediate vicinity of the hai'bour, but as the weather was
rainy and unfavourable, I did not meet with very many insects. The
country here is sandy and entirely alluvial and very swampy in places,
though covered with dense vegetation, coco-nut palms predominating.
There seemed to be a fair sprinkling of butterflies along the roads, &c.,
but mostly of small and comparatively inconspicuous kinds. I met
with examples of three European species, viz., Neptis aceris, Lyccsna
hcetica, and L. trochilus. The commonest butterfly appeared to be a
black and greenish-white Danais, which abounded in shady places.
By brushing long grass with my net, I obtained a fair variety of small
Coleoptera and Semiptera, but the only conspicuous beetle I got was
a beautiful blue Cicindelid, with red legs, which at first I mistook
for an Agra !, it is, I believe, a species of Collyris. A beautiful little
metallic Heteromeron, allied to Selops, found not rarely under logs,
is also worth notice. On the whole, however, I was somewhat dis-
appointed with Tanjong Priok, though it must be acknowledged that
I had no good opportunity of collecting.

We had a fine view of the picturesque north coast of Java on our
way to Timor, and especially of the fine volcano, " Gunong Agong "
(10,500 feet), in the Island of Bali, as we passed through the Strait
between that Island and Lombok on May 12th.

On the 13th our course lay between the Islands of Flores and
Chandana (Sandalwood Island), but at too great a distance to see
much of either of them ; we also got a distant glimpse of Sumbawa.

On the 15th, at 8.30 a.m., we arrived off Koepang (Timor), and
anchored about half a mile off the town. The country here is of
moderate elevation, but very rugged, with some high mountain peaks
in the background ; it appears somewhat arid, but there is no lack of
vegetation. A tine " fan palm," 100 feet or more in height {Boj'assiis
flahelliformis) , is very conspicuous, and large Ficus and other trees
are planted on either side of the principal streets of the town.
Koepang, which is one of the oldest Dutch settlements in the East, is
an exceedingly neat and clean place, with an abundant supply of water,
but it is said to be unhealthy ; there are but few European residents,
most of the trade being in the hands of the Chinese. A fine stream

7.

234 [September,

[A

comes down from the hills, just to the north of tK and, having

an opportunity of landing in the afternoon, I rambled along its bed
for a couple of miles or so. Here I saw a good many insects, including
the fine and rare Papilio (Enomaus (I think), but it kept well out of
reach, and I got only one poor specimen. I also took .. fine yellow
Ornithoptera, the only one I saw. The commonest insect wa a very
beautiful Fieris, richly marked beneath with deep orange on a velvety
black ground.

On the following day (16th) we moved over to the Island of
Semao, about eight miles distant, where the Dutch Government keep
a store of coal, and while we were coaling, I managed to get the
forenoon on shore, and for the first time since leaving England, met
with tolerable success in Lepidoptera. The very first butterfly I saw
(and caught) was the rare and beautiful Cethosia Leschenaultii, un-
fortunately a little damaged ; during the forenoon I took another in
most beautiful order, and missed a third. The Island, for some
distance inland, consists of upheaved coral rock, covered with dense
brushwood and trees of moderate size, and very difiicult to traverse ;
but I found a good path which extended for more than a mile through
the bush, and here I was able to get some very satisfactory collecting.
There were several Papilios {Polydorus, Pammon ?, &c.), and a fine blue
species, allied to P. Ulysses, was seen once or twice, but it kept too
high up to be caught ; a very fine Oharaxes was also seen several
times, but I succeeded in getting only one very bad specimen. Pieris,
Callidryas (some fine species), Terias, Pontia, and Danais, were well
represented, and flying with the latter I got three beautiful specimens
of a Cethosia (since found at Port Darwin, I think it will be C. Pen-
tliesilea, Godt.), deceptively like Danais Chrysippus on the wing.
Neptis aceris, or a closely allied species, was very abundant, and a fine
Thestias was more often seen than caught ; altogether I caught or
observed at least 35 species of butterflies, and brought off something
like 100 specimens, quite as many as I could set out at once. The
place was too dry for Coleoptera, although I tried beating, &c. ; a
species of Mylahris, very like some of the Mediterranean forms, was
almost the only beetle observed, all the dead timber in the clearings,
etc., was full of " white ants," to the exclusion of beetles. Hymen-
optera were well represented, and I took one or two fine and conspi-
cuous species. Altogether I liked Semao very much as a collecting
ground, and was very sorry that we had to leave so soon.

We were off again at daylight on the 17th, and at 9 a.m. sighted
Cartier Islet, our first station on the surveying ground, its position

i8iti.] ^9».- 235

being first iOMOLO i by the wreck of a fine barque lying nearly high
and dry on the reef. She appeared to have been there for a long time,
but a large oart of her stores and fittings remained intact, and were
found to be worth appropriating. Cartier is a mere sand bank, less
than half a^ mile in length, and destitute of even the smallest trace of
veget .Jon, but it is surrounded by an extensive coral reef, over which
I had .0 walk, through water two feet and more in depth for a mile
and a half, and pretty hard work, too, I found it. There was, of
course, nothing to do on the Islet except to look for shells, of Vv'hich
I found a good many, and while looking for these I met with a very
curious and interesting little Hemipteron (I fancy of the genus
HalohatoJcs), inhabiting the sand beneath stones near low water
mark, a la Aepys. Turtle seemed to abound on the Islet, judging
from the numerous traces observed, and many were seen close to the
shore in the evening, but none could be caught.

We left Cartier on the 20th, and made the N. W. Australian
coast about Cape Bougainville, about 2 p.m. the next day. The first
sight of Australia was not very prepossessing, being (as is the case
for several hundred miles east and west of the present point) a low,
featureless, red sandstone coast about 200 feet high, of very sterile
aspect, densely clothed with dry looking scrub, the innumerable
off-lying Islands (very imperfectly indicated in the existing charts)
being of exactly the same character. This is our " surveying ground"
for the present season, extending from Cape Bougainville (long. 126°
E.) to the entrance of King's Sound.

On the 22nd we anchored close to the " Low Eocks " in Admiralty

Gulf, in time for me to get a turn on shore. The Island on which I

landed was not more than six acres in extent, but I managed to bag

five or six species of LyccenidcB, one or two of which I have not since

met with. The Islet is composed of a very hard white sandstone, and

is covered with tall dry grass, almost like a crop of corn. On the 23rd

we moved about 25 miles to an unnamed Island in the " Montalivet "

group, to which we gave the name of Baudin ; this is barely a mile

long by half as wide, but of very varied surface, and covered with

vegetation and brushwood. I spent the day on shore, from 10.30 a.m.

to 6 p.m., but found the walking very fatiguing, as the whole Island is

strewn with great blocks of ironstone (of which the Island is in large

part composed), which are concealed by the high grass, &c., and the

" plague of flies," of which all voyagers to these parts speak in no

measured terms, was here in full force ; they kept one fully occupied

in brushing them out of one's eyes, nose, &c. — fortunately they do

z 2

236 [September,

not bite ! I saw and captured a good variety of butterflies, at least
20 species being observed, the most numerous individually was a black
bordered Fieris. The fine Papilio Erithonius was not rare, but shy
and very difficult to obtain (on a subsequent visit to the Island I found
the larva pretty freely, and have now a good many pupa)) ; I also
noticed Eujyloea, Junonia, Terias, Lyccena, CaUidri/as, Elodina, &c.,
most of which I captured, but I could fiud scarcely any Coleoptera.
Next day (24th) we proceeded to the westward, among a perfect labyrinth
of small sterile islands, for the most part uncharted and unnamed, and
in the afternoon came to an anchor off a small rocky Islet, which we
called " Queen's Islet," it being apparently unnamed on the chart.
Landing here for an hour or two (until I was fairly driven off by the
flies!), I found a good deal of grassy and bushy vegetation, and a few
Tiepido-ptera, chiefly LyccBnid(S,\)U.t also a nice Pie7-is allied to P. Tetotonia,
Euploea Pelor?, &c. On the following day (25th) five of our officers,
including myself, attempted to land on " Bigge Island," but we were
met on the beach by a party of eight or ten natives, who showed such
decided symptoms of hostility, that we thought it best not to persevere
in our attempt (as it was, some spears were thrown at us, none of
which fortunately took effect) ; they were great strapping fellows
fully six feet high, perfectly black, and with absolutely no clothing,
except a few streaks of white paiut on the upper part of their bodies.
I have since been informed at Port Darwin that all the natives of the
N.W. coast are hostile and untrustworthy, except in the immediate
vicinity of the settlements. 2Gth, we ran down to De Freycinct
Island, a very singular little rock, capped with a great mass of ironstone
like a huge wall : landed here, but got very little. 27th, again pro-
ceeded westward, and anchored off one of the "Pleywood Group," where
I lauded (armed !), but saw little except sand-flies, though there was a
fair amount of rough vegetation. 29th, proceeded to the entrance of
King's Sound, and anchored among the " Buccaneer Islands " (named
I believe by Dampier !) ; found some natives on the Island where we
landed for observations, but they did not come near us, the steam
whistle seeming to frighten them very much. I got a few LyccenidcB
and small moths here, but very little else, these Islands are at this
season arid and parched almost beyond belief ; it is a mystery to mo
how the natives manage for fresh water. On the 30th we commenced
our return to the eastward, and calling at Queen's Islet and Baudin
Island (at which latter place we left a party for tidal observations),
we arrived at Port Darwin on the afternoon of June 5th, and I landed
for the first time on the mainland of Australia.

1.S91.] 237

"We remained hero until the 9th, during which time I had seme
very fair collecting, but as all the species then met with were taken on
the second (present) visit, I will not refer to them at present. On
the 11th we were again at Baudin Island, where we found the tide
party all I'ight, though the natives had paid them a visit, but not, I
think, with any hostile intention ; they appear to wander from Island
to Island on rude rafts or catamarans in search of turtle, &c. We
stayed here two days, during which time I got a good many Lepidoptera,
including the larvc^ of PapiJio Erithonius (which are now producing very
fine butterflies), but scarcely a beetle of any sort, though I had laid
down traps of dead shell fish, &c. CoJeoptera are miserably scarce on
this coast at the present (dry) season. Having relieved the tide
watching party and landed (to make room in the ship) a large quantity
of stores and provisions, we left for Port Darwan, where we arrived
on the evening of the 15th.

The harbour of Port Darwin is one of the finest in Australia, or
indeed in the world, but the shores cannot be called at all picturesque,
being low and uniform in character, and covered with a dense growth
of mangroves (though the place is very healthy) ; they gradually rise
into a sort of level table land, covered with an open scrub, chiefly
composed of stunted bushes of two or three species of Eucalyptus,
with larger trees of the same kind scattered about ; in the gullies
there is a more tropical looking growth of bamboos, small fan palms,
a large (? Euphorbiaceous) tree, locally known as "milkwood," Pandani,
Zami(B, &c., but at present the soil is excessively dry, and the herbage
and grass, for the most part, burnt up by the sun. The town (Palmer-
ston), which is of some importance as the terminus of the overland
telegraph to Adelaide, as well as of the projected overland railway (of
which about 160 miles are complete), is built on a bluff overhanging
the harbour, and is well laid out and prosperous-looking, although
nearly all the houses are built of corrugated iron ; the inhabitants
number, I should say, about 2500, of whom at least four-fifths are
Chinese, who have the largest quarter of the town to themselves.
There is very little cultivation, except in some of the gullies, where
the Chinamen manage, by industrious irrigation, to keep some market
gardens going, and to produce a very fair supply of the usual tropical
fruits and vegetables. Natives abound in the bush skirting the town,
and very savage looking fellows some of them are, but they are
quite safe within a radius of at least thirty miles from here.

My walks have not as yet extended for more than four or five
miles from the settlement (some of the very best places for collejting

23s [September,

being the lanes loading from the landing place up to the town), but I
have managed to accumulate a nice little lot of Lepidoptera and Hy-
menoptera ; other Orders of insects, except perhaps Orthoptera, being
just now very poorly represented. As for Ooleoptera, one may say
there are practically none, a day's work producing only a few miserable
CoccinelUdce, Oalcrucidce, and the like ; a smooth, red Ilispa ? (the
larva of which feeds on the Za77U(B, and strips the leaves down
to the midrib) is the only insect of this Order which can be called at
all common. But this is the height of the "dry season " (and dry it
is, in all conscience), and during the rains I am told that beetles are
only too numerous. One very singular circumstance is that there are
apparently no Coprophaga ; in spite of diligent search in all varieties
of their food, I have not taken a single specimen ; ants appear to do
their work hero. In butterflies I have already taken over 40 species,
including Papilio Eritho7iius (also larva)), Gallidryas (3 spp.), Terias
{^),EIodi7in (1), Pieris (2), Acrcea Andromache, Eurycus Gressidn ()]ot
rare), Diademn (4 spp.), Danais Qi),Euploea (3 or more), Junonia (2),
Cethosia (? Pciithcsilea, Godt., very common and fine), Melanitis Leda
(abundant, very- fine and variable), Amhlypodia (lovely sp.), Thecla,
Lyc(cnn ((> spp. at least), Ccenonymphn, Satyrtis (2 spp), Hesperidce,
perhaps 5 spp., one of which, a great black and fulvous fellow, three
inches in expanse, is the grandest thing of the group I have yet met
with. Diadema Polina runs to grand vars. of the $ , but cannot bo
called abundant, and I have not found the larva yet, as I did in
Tahiti, kc.

There is a good variety of moths {Py rales, perhaps, abounding
more than others), including one or two fine day flyers ; but the w^et
season appears to be the time for them, as for the beetles. Termites
and ants swarm everywhere, and of the latter there is one most ob-
jectionable species (? (Ecophylln svinragdinn), a green fellow, about
the size of F. riifa, which makes largo nests by drawing leaves together
with a sort of white silk, and is so abundant that eight or ten of those
nests may be seen on one bush. These fellows get down one's back
while traversing the scrub, and bite most severely, besides emitting a
very pungent smell of formic acid ; fortunately they do not sting, as
some of the species living under stones do. There are " garra[)atas "
here, but luckily they are not numerous ; also (I hear) leeches in
some of the marshy places. Dragon-flies are abundant, but none are
at all remarkable ; some fine locusts, Mantidce, &c., chiefly in the scrub
land, and a superabundance of mosquitoes, sand flies, &c., in the
mangrove swamps, which (contrary to what I have always heard) pro-

isin.] • 239

duce plenty of butterflies, chiefly Danais, Euploea, &c. I get a speciea
of Halohates very freely by fishing from the ship's side with a water
net. Land shells are few in species and very hard to procure alive at
present, though two of the Helices are very fine.

There are at least half-a-dozen people here who go in for collect-
ing butterflies, &c., in an amateur sort of way, and I have been able
to get a fair amount of information out of them as to the local in-
sects ; all agree that this is about the worst time of year, though,
judging from what I see in their collections, I find that in my short
visit I have obtained very nearly all the butterflies which they have —
just under 50 species.

H.M.S. " Penguin," Port Darwin :
June \Qth, 1890.

[These " notes " are in continuation of those published in Ent. Mo.
Mag., Second Ser., vol. i, pp. 284— 286.— Eds.]

THE LARVA OF EUP(ECILI4 GEYERIdNA.
BY NELSON M. RICHAEDSON, B.A., F.ES.

Whilst on a visit to the Rev. 0. P. Cambridge early in July last,
I had the satisfaction of finding the larva of Eupoecilia Geyeriana in
the seed capsules of Pedicularis palusfris, thereby confirming the
suggestion of Mr. C. Gr. Barrett made no less than sixteen years and
a half ago (Ent. Mo. Mag., xi, 192), and as I have proved its identity
by breeding the imago, I append the following description : —

Length of full-fed larva, about 6 lines. Shape decidedly stumpy, the head
being only about half the breadth of the middle segments, the width of each segment
increasing gradually up to the 5th, after which there is but little alteration of breadth
until the 12th, which is narrower, the 13th being still more narrow and about equal
in breadth to the 2nd. The transverse section of the body would be nearly circular.

The head is polished, very dark greyish-brown, nearly black, with a reddish
tinge about the jaws ; plate on 2nd segment like the head, but somewhat mottled
with a lighter shade of the same colour, and with a lighter brownish dorsal line.
Ground colour of larva a very light greyisli-brown (burnt umber with a little black
in it produces the right colour), rather darker above the spiracles, especially in the
first few segments. The dorsal vessel shows through as a rather darker brown dorsal
line. The usual warts are large and conspicuous, though not much raised, those
near the head being of the colour of the plate on 2nd segment, whereas the rest

240 [September,

become gradually lighter towards the anal plate, which resembles in colour the warts
in its neighbourhood. An inconspicuous brownish hair springs from a minute black
spot in the centre of each wart ; legs dark grejish-brown ; edges of spiracles in-
tensely black and solid-looking under a microscope, but hardly visible to the naked
eye ; booklets of claspers nearly black, claspers of the neighbouring ground colour.

The shade of the ground colour varies a little in depth in different individuals,
but not much.

I have the larva before me in three stages, viz., very small, about half-grown,
and full fed. There is very little difference in their appearance, except that the dark
parts of the younger larvn; (the head, warts, &c.) are darker, and have a more polished
appearance than in the full fed larva , and the space between the head and the plate
on 2nd segment is rather whitish, whereas in the full grown larva it is of the ground
colour. The younger larves are also less stumpy. The egg is doubtless laid in May
or June on the bud of the louse- wort, and the newly -hatched larva probably bores
at once into the seed capsule, as it is only there that I have found larva;. It appa-
rently moves from one capsule to another, as I occasionally find a capsule with the
seeds partly eaten, and with a hole bored in the outer covering not large enough for
the exit of a full grown larva. It is, however, possible that these holes are the work
of one of two other larvae which feed — the first (a Dipterous one) in the stems and
capsules, the second a very small (Coleopterous ?) one in the capsules only. If, as
Sowerby says of this plant, " no animal will eat it when other food is obtainable,"
it seems, nevertheless, to be a favourite with insects, as there is also a third small
pink (Dipterous ?) larva, which eats the outside of the capsule.

E. Oeyeriana, when nearly full fed, sometimes, at all events, feeds upon the
capsules from the outside, and cats the case as well as the seeds, as in one instance I
found that a larva had eaten about half the capsule itself and was still feeding on
the remainder. When touched, it sometimes omits a brownish liquid from its
mouth. It is sluggish in its movements, as might be expected from its shape.

The larva leaves the plant to pupate, and spins a rather substantial cocoon of
white silk on or just below the surface of the earth. I bred an imago on the 9th of
August, and I hear that it was out at Bloxworth on the 1st.

Mr. Cambridge discovered this moth near Bloxworth last year,
a,nd kindly showed me the locality, which enabled me to find the larva,
though for some time it seemed as if all the eating was the work of
the much more numerous non-Lepidopterous larvae before mentioned,
and as if E. Geyeriana was still to remain unknown. The plant is a
difficult one to keep in a healthy condition, as it soon gets mouldy,
and unless the larva is nearly full fed when found, I do not think
there would be much chance of rearing it.

It will be seen, on referring to Ent. Mo. Mag., xvii, 3G, that the
above larva is very distinct from that of E. uclana.

Monte Video, near Weymouth :
August 13th, 1891.

'-■'M 241

NEW GENERA OP AODISTID2E AND PTEUOFHOJUBM.

BY THE RIGHT HON. LORD WxVLSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., &c.

TJiefolloiving species ivill shortly he figured lolth slructural drawings
in " JS^ovitates Lepidopterologicce .^^

(^Continued from page 2] 8).

STEGANODACTTLA, gen. nov.
Type Steganodactyla concursa, Wlsm.

Antenna! somcwliat stout, simple or slightly pubescent ; basal joint elongate,
but scarcely enlarged.

Maxillary palpi obsolete.

XaSiaZ^aZ^i projecting the length of the head beyond it; second and apical
joints approximately equal, apical joint depressed.

Haustellum long, slender, naked.

Head tufted with bifid spatulate scales.

Fore-ioings undivided ; narrow, elongate, evenly expanding outwards from the
base ; apical margin deeply indented below the pointed and falcate apex ; anal angle
nearly square but slightly blunted. Neuration, 12 veins ; 1 furcate at base ; 8 and
9 from a common stem, 8 to apex ; rest separate.

Uind-wings undivided ; deeply scalloped below the produced apex and again
below the middle of the outer margin ; with long cilia. Neuration, 7 veins ; all
separate.

Abdomen dilated laterally, fringed at the edges and ornamented above.

Legs, posterior pair with two pairs of long equal spurs, at the base of each spur
a fringe of projecting scales.

This genus agrees in the neuration of the hind-wings with Ag-
distis and Ochirotica, to which it is nearly allied ; it differs in the very
distinctly excavate margins of the hind-wings, which, unless we are
dealing with a separate and parallel line of development, would appear
to indicate a retention of some indication of the lines of fissure repre-
sented in the true Pterophoridce, the loss of which has also apparently
involved the loss of one of the nervules.

Steganodactyla concursa, sp. nov.

AntenncB, palpi, and head, pale ochreous.

Thorax pale ochreous, anterior and posterior margins somcwliat flecked with
brownish scales.

Fore-icings pale ochreous, costal margin narrowly tinged with brownish-fuscous,
interrupted with very pale ochreous spots ; beyond the middle a line of scattered
brownish-fuscous scales, commencing before the middle, follows the upper edge of the
discal cell ; a similar line of scales, both much interrupted, is adjacent to the dorsal
margin, and extends slightly upwards at the end of the coll, but is coutiuucd beyond

2-12 [Septemlxil-,

it to the anal angle ; along the apical margin is a distinct brownish-fuscous patch
containing from throe to five dark ocollatcd spots ; a dark fuscous line running along
the base of the cilia from the anal angle to the apex ; the cilia, with this exception,
are very pale oehreous, with a fuscous patch before the anal angle.

Exp. alar., 16 mm.

Bind-wings pale tawny-brown, cilia the same colour with a pale oehreous line
along their base ; a fringe of long scales near the abdominal margin runs from the
base along the first vein.

Abdomen pale oehreous, a dark fuscous band running down the centre, dilated
at the base and posteriorly, it does not reach the penultimate segments.

Legs, posterior pair pale oehreous, banded with brownish-fuscous above the
spurs and on the tarsal joints ; spurs equal in length and tinged with brown above.

Sah. : Cetlon, Pundaloya, one specimen bred from a larva on
Argyreia (E. E. Green).

Type, cJ, Mus, Wlsm.

The falcate apex of the fore-wings is clearly defined by a strong
line at the base of the cilia, and the deep scallops in the margins of
the hind-wings are also clearly shown by a pale line, which follows the
outline, between veins 2 and 3 the margin is straightened in contrast
with the concave outline above and below it.

I am indebted to Mr. Green for the following notes :—

" The larva feeds between the unoxpanded leaves of Argyreia. Colour pale
dull green tinged with dull purple. A double, short, transverse ridge on each seg-
ment ending on each side in a short tubercle, each tipped with a single curved
bristle. An interrupted pale subdorsal line, followed by a small black spot on the
5th to 12th segments. A well-defined fringe of soft hairs below the spiracles. The
fourth segment is the largest. Legs 16. Length, 5 mm."

Steganodactyla connexiva, sp. nov.

AntenncB whitish.

Palpi whitish ; apical joint tinged with chestnut-brown externally ; a narrow
streak of the same colour on the outer side of the middle joint.

Head white in front, with brown scales behind.

Thorax snow-white, the anterior and posterior margins chestnut-brown.

Fore-wings snow-white along the middle from the base to the apex, costal and
dorsal margins chestnut-brown, varied with brownish-fuscous, especially on the outer
half of the wing ; the brown costal band is dilated outwardly from the base to the
end of the cell, where it slightly interrupts the white ground-colour of the wing by
meeting the apex of a triangular projection arising from the dorsal band ; a similar
projection arises from the dorsal band before the middle, but does not quite reach
the costal band ; the apical margin is narrowly ferruginous-brown, interrupted only
at the extreme apex, whore it almost joins the costo-apical cilia, which are of the
same colour ; the white space before the apex is slightly streaked and mottled with
brown scales ; cilia goldcu-brown, with a dark ferruginous-brown shade along the
basal half, which is interrupted on the dorsal margin. Exp. alar., 17 rum.

im.] 213

Hind-winffs tawnj-brown ; cilia grojisli.

Abdomen flattened and dilated posteriorly with alternate bands of chestnut-
brown and snow-white, margined at the sides, except on the penultimate segments,
with chestnut-brown projecting fringes ; the apical segment brown, with a whitish
band ; the pattern of the abdomen, which is very distinctly marked, may be de-
scribed as consisting of three white and three brown bands, the white ones of about
equal width, the brown ones decreasing in width as they become more remote from
the thorax ; the first two of these brown bands are more or less interrupted by
wliito scales at the sides, but not interrupting the brown marginal fringe.

Leffs, posterior pair rich ferruginous-brown, with white bands on the tibite and
on the tarsi, and a conspicuous white spot in the fringe above the second pair of
spurs ; spurs brown above, wliite beneath.

I£ab. : Pegu, Thandsuug (Karen Hills, 4000 ft., W. Doherfy).
Type, ? , Mus. Wlsm.

PTEROPHORIDjE.

SOCPICHOEA, Wkr.

Cat. Lp. Ins., B. M., XXX, 952 (1SG4).

Type Sochchora donntella, Wkr.

Antenna; (?) setiform, simple, shorter than half the length of the fore-wing.

Maxillary palpi obsolete.

Lahial palpi porrect, smooth ; apical joint more slender and somewhat shorter
than the second.

Head clothed with bifid scales.

Fore-wings bilobed ; narrow at the base, widened beyond the middle, apical
margin oblique and slightly sinuous, anal angle well-defined, apex slightly depressed,
falcate in- the appearance of the apical cilia; cleft to less than one-fourth from the
middle of the apical margin. Neuration, 12 veins ; 8 and 9 from a common stem ;
rest separate ; 2 from near angle of cell.

Hind-wings with three lobes ; the upper cleft very short, reaching to about one-
third from the apical margin, the lower cleft reaching to three-fourths ; upper lobe
rounded and spatulato with a tooth of scales about the anal angle ; the second lobe
pointed, ensiform, with a tooth of scales at the anal angle ; the third lobe linear,
tufted with a tooth of scales near the apex. Neuration, 8 veins ; 5 and 6 short.

Abdomen somewhat dilated.

Hind-legs with two pairs of very long spurs ; with short apprcssod scale tufts
at the joints.

According to Mcyrick's tabulation this genus would approach
Platyptilia, from which it differs very decidedly in the absence of a
projecting tuft in front of the head, as well as the slender palpi, and
more especially in the very slender linear third lobe of the hind-wings,
which is in strong contrast to that of Platyptilia, and gives at once-
the appearance of Oxyptilus.

244 i September,

SocncnoRA Donatella, Wkr.
Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M., XXX, 952 (1864).
Walker's description of the species runs as follows : —
" Female. — Gilded ferruginous-red, paler beneath. Fore wings with a few short
paler streaks ; an abbreviated transverse black partly cinereous-bordered line beyond
tlie middle ; a more exterior whitish dentate transverse lino ; marginal line black ;
fringe cinereous ; costa mostly black. Hind-wings blackish, reddish at the base.
Var. — Fore-wings dark reddish brown.

Length of tlie body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines."

Hah.: Brazil, Ega {Wkr.), Petropolis (Wlsm.).

My specimen agrees with his dark reddish-brown variety ; he
might have added that the posterior pox'tion of the thorax and the
base of the abdomen are whitish-ochreous ; the legs are rich ferrugi-
nous-brown, the basal portion of each joint slightly paler ; the under-
side of the body whitish-ochreous, of the wings only slightly paler
than the upper-side.

(To he continued.)

NOTES ON SOME BEITISH AND EXOTIC C0CCID2E1 (No. 21).
BY J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S.

Plate II.

Lecanium lauei.
{ef. Ent. Mo. Mag., xxv, p. 57).

In a former volume (I. c.) I described as L. lauri, Boisd., flat
scales found on bay leaves at Southampton and Lewisham, and although
early in the year, yet as there were young larva) beneath the largest
of them, I concluded they were mature. Early in October, 1890,
however, on leaves of the same bay tree at Lewisham, and on others
sent by Mr. Bignell, of Stonehouse, Devon, besides many young
insects, there were several scales of the preceding brood, dead and
empty, and these showed there had been a further development, for
although not of larger dimensions the median area had become plump,
smooth and brown, yet the lines radiating thence to the margins re-
mained and were black, and in all the scales, of every age, the eyes
were not black as in L. hesperidum. Adverting to Signoret's doubt if
L. lauri were distinct from L. hesperidum, I sent some of these bay
leaf scales, and also some of i. hesperidum from orange trees, to Mr.
E. Newstead, to prepare and mount for examination ; this he has had
the kindness to do, and to communicate the result, as follows : —

1891.] 245

"The antennsc (fig. 2tl) in both kinds do not appreciably differ, but the logs
are discordant, as in the comparative statement.

L. HESPEBIDUM (fig. 1). L. LATTRI (fig. 2).

Coxa without hairs. Coxa with two long hairs.

Trochanter with one very long hair. Trochanter with one short hair.

Femur, tibia and tarsus without hairs. Femur without hairs ; tibia with one

long hair ; tarsus with two very fine
short hairs near base of claw.

Tarsal digitules very long, stout at base, Tarsal digitiilcs short and stout, scarcely
dilated at apex, extending beyond di- or not extending beyond dilated digi-

lated digitules of claw. tules of claw, which are a trifle longer

than in L. hesperidum.

Three specimens examined. Fourteen specimens examined.

" In each kind the characters stated were constant in all the examples."
Some mature scales, on ivy leaves {Hedera helix), previously re-
ceived from Mr. E. Parfitt, of Exeter, proved to be L. lauri, all
agreeing perfectly with the foregoing description.

Taking all the differential structural characters into consideration,
I think there are good grounds for maintaining a specific distinction,
and I apprehend that hitherto two similar species have often been
regarded as one. L. hesperidum has not been recorded as found
living on plants growing in the open air in England.*

Okthezia occidentalis, n. sp.

? adult (Fig. 3). Short-oval, piceous, covered with white cereous matter,
forming above the head an obtuse, gibbous, projection, and thence, on the margin all
round, as a raised border, a series of broad, upward-curving, laterally-joined lamella),
slightly longer posteriorly, meeting there in a broader, channelled, projecting plate ;
marsupium (in this example) only incipient. On the uneven dorsal surface (within
the marginal border), lying in a depression in the middle of each of the three thoracic
segments, a scutelloid, obtusely pointed, concave, wedge-shaped plate extends back-
wards on to the next segment, interrupting, as it were, the lamellee which extend
from side to side ; their lower edge is not straight, but next to the cuneate plate on
each side of it is curved up to it, and its raised surface there is hollowed out or
flattened. On the other segments the lamellas are of similar form but shorter
(narrower), and are interrupted in the middle by a continuous longitudinal, angular
furrow, of which the sides are raised into obtuse points on each segment. Legs, and
antennae of 8 joints (Fig. 3a), piceous. Length (without marsupium), 4 mm.

(? larva (or what I deem to bo such) like the adult ? , except in size, but the
three thoracic cuneiform plates and the points on the edges of the abdominal furrow
are all more sliarply defined, and the terminal projecting lamella of the circum-
ferential series is conical. Length, 2"5 mm.

Male imago not seen.

* On July Ist, 1891, Mr. S. Stevens sent from his conservatory some leaves of Nerium oleander
crowded on the under-side along the mid-rib with scsiles of i. lauri in all stages of growth.
Examination showed the autonnaK and IcgH to be idciiticil with tlie figures quoted aliovc, excoiit
that in the adults, in some cases, the 3rd and 4th joints of the antenna; are equal in length.

246 (September,

On June 17th, 1889, I received from the Colorado Biological
Association three specimens of the species described above, one of
them a female with marsupial ovisac undeveloped, and two but little
more than half as large ; with the folloTvdng note from Mr. T.
D. A. Cockerell :—

" Enclosed is a species of Orthezia for your kind determination. It occurs here
(West Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado, altitude about 7700 feet above sea level) in nests
of an ant, Myrmica ?, and appears to be new. I submitted specimens to the De-
partment of Agriculture, and Mr. L. O. Howard writes — ' Your Coccid from an ants'
nest is an Orthezia which may be undescribed. It seems to differ in some respects
from O. americana, Walker, but there are so many described species of this genus
which we have not in the Museum that I hesitate to say it is new.' "

On July 25th, in reply to my enquiry, Mr. Cockerell wrote : —
" I have not been able to find any more of the Orthezia. Certainly they were
in the ants' nest, and I cannot conjecture whether the ants took them in or they
were there of their own accord, but the latter seemed probable. What they feed
on I have no idea. There were many willows near where I found them, and much
herbage. Might they feed on the roots of some plant?"

No species of Orthezia is known to feed on roots of plants. The
association with ants is curious and deserves investigation ; and it is
desirable that the species of ant should be identified : the specimen
sent could not be recognised here.

The description by AValker of his Dortliesia americana (List of
Homopt. Ins. in Brit. Mus., iv, p. 191, 1852) is not sufficiently definite
to determine any species ; and the figure of what purports to be that
species given by Comstock in his Report for 1880, pi. ix, fig. 3, cer-
tainly does not represent the form now before me, nor do I know of
any description that will apply to it. The only other species that
has a scutelloid formation on each of the thoracic segments is O.
cataphracta, Shaw, but there they are very minute and rounded {of.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, pi. xv, figs. 8, 10). The name is sug-
gested by Mr. Cockerell with reference to the western origin of the
species.

[Note. — In fig. 3 the shading is much too deep, obscuring the raised points on
the abdomen. — E. N.].

Orthezia pr^lonoa, n. sp.

$ adult (Fig. 4 ; profile 4a). Long and narrow ; pitchy-black, covered with
snow-white cereous laminations. Anteunro long, slender, ochreous, base and apex
piceous. Legs slender, ochreous. Two large, thick, laterally conjoined lamelltc
project over the head ; the upper surface of the body throughout covered with
thick cereous matter, formed of conglomerate lamellae, tlie rounded ends of which
do not quite reach the sides of the body, but terminate abruptly and leave the

1891.] 2-i7

ground colour narrowly visible within the lateral margins ; the middle of this mass
is traversed lengthwise by a deep furrow ; on tlie outer sides of the body are narrow
laminae extending downwards, and continued in consecutively lengthening series
round to the anal region, so that they project greatly and lie in the channels of the
marsupium ; marsupium much shorter above than beneath ; of the raised lines be-
tween the channels the two outer have their posterior ends curved round towards
each other ; the lower surface curved upwards, the end especially more turned up
suddenly, so that it is at a much greater elevation than any other part of the surface,
and between it and the end of the upper-side is a largo open cavity ; the outer sides
of the marsupium finely channelled longitudinally, the under-surface smooth. An-
tenna; of 8 joints (Fig. 4b).

Length of body, 2, with marsupium, 4'5 ; breadth, 2 mm.
Male unknown.

Very distinct by the narrow and elongate form, the latter charac-
teristic due to the marsupium, and by the peculiar character of the
lamellation. Having been sent in cotton wool saturated with spirit,
almost all the specimens have been deteriorated by partial removal
of the lamellae, but the description has been made from several
individuals.

Kindly forwarded on May 23rd, 18S9, by Mr. D. Morris, of the
Royal Gardens, Kew, who received them from the Botanic Garden at
Trinidad, where they were found on the leaves of a Capsicum.

In October, 1S90, 1 received from Mr. Jenman, the Superintendent
of the Botanic Gardens, George Town, Demerara, through Mr. S. J.
Mclntire, several specimens of this species on leaves of Sauchezia
nobilis, but they were all dry and broken to pieces. Still I could
recognise the characters, and this is of interest in showing that the
insect inhabits more than one locality.

Explanation of Plate II.
See p. 166 ante; and add thereto Lecanium lauri: — 2d, antenna.

153, Lewisham Road, S.E. :

Novemler, 1890.

ON TWO SPECIES OF ELACATIS {OTHNIUS) FOUND IN JAPAN.
BY G. LEWIS, r.L.S.

The first time I saw a species of Elacatis alive was at Singapore
in 1872 ; at that time a large number of specimens were running very
actively over the dead branches of some small trees in the public
garden. In 1880 and 1881 I met with Elacatis Kraatzi, Reittcr, con-
tinually in Japan under similar circumstances, on posts and railings
when bark remained on them and the timber was not old.

These insects conduct themselves very much like the small

248 September.

derided, they are diurual, and in Japan they display the greatest
activity in sunny warm days of May and June ; but in the tropics I
imagine they are on the alert whenever the weather is fine, but not in
the extreme heat of noon. They are not always easy to catch, as they
drop and fly when disturbed.

Elacatis Keaatzi, Eeitter, Deutsche Ent. Zeit., 1879, p. 22G.

This species varies very much in size, my largest $ measures 62 mm., and the
smallest ? 3^ mm. I took very few males in comparison with the number of
females, and the males have two curious fovese in the middle of the mentum, each
fovea having a tuft of protruding griseous hairs. Dr. Horn first published a notice
of this sexual character, and figured it in the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1888, p. 28, t. 3,
fig. 24 b, after having seen it in an American species. In E. Kraatzi it is very con-
spicuous, and as Reitter has not seen it, I think he only knew the female. The
female has only two shallow impressions in the menton.

Sah. : Eound in all the Japanese islands in forests away from
the coast.

Eeitter described this species from a Siberian specimen, and a
type from Herr Eeitter kindly sent to me agrees exactly with my .?
specimens.

I also found the following in South Japan.

Elacatis ocularis, n. sp.

Angustata, suhparallela, nigra, griseo-puhescens, punctata, sat nitida ;
antennis nigris, genicuUs tarsisquc ferrugineis ; fronte incequali, oculis promi-
nentibus; thorace undique suhocellato-punctato, utrinquc 4,-denticuIafo; elytris
punctatis maculis plurimis irroratis luteis. Long., 3^ — 4 mm.

Narrow, rather parallel, black, clothed with griseous pubescence ; antenna;
black, in two examples piceous, but in all concolorous, Ist robust, 2nd similar in
shape but smaller, 3rd longer and less stout, 4th to 8th raoniliform, 9th and 10th
transverse and anteriorly truncate, lltli circular in outline, the last three form a
loose club ; head rather rugosely and thickly punctate, and with the thorax slightly
eeneous, the eyes are very prominent, and the surface between tliem uneven ; thorax,
anterior angles are rounded off, and the lateral edges have four denticulations, the
basal tooth largest ; elytra punctate, punctures somewhat shallow and rugose, black
variegated with luteous patches, the region of the scutellum being usually dark.
Tlie head beneath has, in common with other species of the genus, a wide, smooth
space bordered by an area of large punctures. There are no fovese in the mentum
in the male.

This species is similar to E. lyncea, Pascoe, a species I found not
uncommonly in Ceylon.

Hah. : Kiushiu. I took eiglit examples in the forests on the
banks of the Kumagawa in Hiogo in May, ISSl.

Folkestone : July. 1891.

1891. 219

Notes on the food-plants of Thecla ruhi. — The ova were laid freely in oiiptivity
on sprays of gorso (Ulex europceus), the females being confined with those in a glass
jar, placed in the sunshine.

Although the young larva; began at once eating the young undeveloped shoots
of the gorse, this was found to be unsatisfactory as a food-plant j partly owing to
the ease with which they concealed themselves amongst it, rcTidering the changing
of food a tedious business. Broom not being handy, I tried Lotus corniculatus and
Lotus major, with great success, the larvae growing rapidly upon these plants, the
leaves being occasionally eaten, but the flowers vastly preferred.

As I have frequently seen birch mentioned as a food-plant for Thecla ruhi, I
may remark that I could never persuade my larva to touch it, and Mr. Ilarwood, of
Colchester, informs me that his experience has been the same. I found that the
larv89 would also eat various kinds of clover, but did not find these as convenient food-
plants as the species of Lotus referred to. When full-fed, some of the larvoe pupated
upon the earth provided (but never beneath it), others on the sides or corners of the
cage, spinning a few threads, in no definite direction, but just enough to hold the
pupa in the spot selected, from which it is easily dislodged. The ova were laid on
the 10th of June, larvae hatched 18th of June, and were full-fed about July 14th. —
E. M. Peideaux, 9, Vyvyan Terrace, Clifton, Bristol : August Qth, 1891.

Stenophyfax alpestria in Yorkshire. — In a small box of insects of various Orders,
which Mr. John Harrison, of Barnsley, gave me on July 18th last, I found two
specimens of Stenophylax alpestris. As was the case with the three specimens
taken by Mr. Chappell (see Ent. Mo. Mag., iv, p. 205), Mr. Harrison unfortunately
does not know exactly where he took them, but says it must have been at no great
distance from Barnsley, and probably at Dunford Bridge, which is some ton miles
from Barnsley, and about the same distance from Huddersfield. — Q-EO. T. Poebitt,
Huddorsfield : July ^Ist, 1891.

[I received four specimens from Mr. Chappell in two instalments in 1868 ; the
first was distinctly indicated as from " Burnt Wood, Staffordshire," the others from
" Staffordshire " only. — R. McLachlan.]

Nothochrysa capitata near Weymouth. — I have pleasure in recording the oc-
currence in this neighbourhood of Hemerobius concinnus on August 8th, 1889, and
Nothochrysa capitata on June 29th, 1891. I took a single specimen of each species
in a wood composed of various kinds of firs, a few oaks, &o., near here. The latter
specimen was, I think, beaten out of a spruce or flying near it, and presented a most
remarkable appearance when flying. I could not make out at all what sort of insect
was before me — the effect of the reddish body and the Chrysopa-lWo wings was very
curious. I have to thank Mr. C. W. Dale for kindly naming these specimens. —
Nelson M. Ricuaedson, Moute Video, near Weymouth : August \Uh, 1891.

Dufourea vulgaris, Schk., at Chohham, Surrey. — On the \st of August, 1881,
Mr. T. R. Billups captured the $ of this rare bee at Woking on a flower of ragwort.
On the 1st of August, 1891, I took a c? on a dandelion flower at Chobham. As I
have repeatedly looked for this insect about here without success, I think it may be
fairly concluded that it is a great rarity. It is so like a small black Ilalictus that

A A

250 (September,

I have been constantly afraid of passing it over, but the different style of flight of
the specimen I have just caught told me at once that I had got something unusual,
and distinct from an Halictus. I hope more specimens may be found before the 1st
of August, 1901. — Edwaed Saundees, St. Ann's, Woking : August \Mh, 1891.

Various Captures in June and July. — Although the season has not been
altogether favourable, still I have met with a few rarities, the best being a couple of
Scyhalicus ohlongiusculus at Lulworth, and three of Platymetopius undatus at Hook
(fresh localities for both species) ; I have also taken Allantus hcematopus, Calohata
ephippium, and Platycheirus immarginatus at Abbottsbury, Beris Morrisii at Hook,
!EupcBcilia pallidana, Pelecocera tricincta, and Cryptocephalus lineola at Bourne-
mouth, Cramhus selasellus, Butalis siccella, Leucopis puncticornis, Harpalus
melancholious, and H. vernalis on the Chesil Beach, Nephrotoma coxalis, Tipula
vittata, and Pompilus hyalinatus, var. black abdomen with red band, at Glanvillcs
Wootton.— C. W. Dale, Glanvilles "Wootton : August I2th, 1891.

Microdon mutabilis, Lin. — Mr. Bignell, in recording the capture of this species
in Ent. Mo. Mag. for August, writes — " Mr. Vorrall had placed it in his list in italics
as much as to say it was a doubtful British species." Now it was figured as a British
species by Curtis in his British Entomology as long ago as 1825 ; in it he says — " I
had the pleasure of seeing Mr. Dale beat one out of an oak in the beginning of June
near Lyndhurst, and ho informs me that he has taken three off grass and birch
on the borders of Dorsetshire." I have taken it myself at Glanvilles Wootton in
1869 and 1889. Now Mr. Verrall inserts both mutabilis and devius, L., in italics.
Our species is most probably devius and not mutabilis. — Id.

FURTHEB COCCID NOTES : WITH DeSCEIPTIONS OF NeW SpECIES FROM NeW

Zealand, Austealia, and Fiji ; by W. M. Maskell, F.R.M.S. ; pp. 1—36,
7 plates, 8vo. Wellington, N. Z. (Extract from the Transactions of the New
Zealand Institute, 1890.)

Attention is being more and more directed to the Coccidm, which, as regards
form, metamorphosis, and economy, are among the most wonderful of insects, and
besides the interest they, for these reasons, have for entomologists, the vast injuries
they often cause to plants and fruits are compelling cultivators all the world over to
study them, if only for the purpose of discovering the best means of destroying
them. In the present paper, which is supplementary to his former excellent works,
Mr. Maskell describes and characteristically figures many new species of the extra-
ordinary genera peculiar to the Southern Hemisphere, and gives general and special
critical remarks on Coccidce, which are of great value to students, as, for instance,
where he says, with regard to the anomalous Coelostoma assimile, " Whatever be the
rule amongst other orders and families of insects, Coccids present this difiiculty to
students, that one must be prepared at any time to find very distinct departures
from generic, or even group, types, and to consider any character whatsover as
elastic and variable."

1 «'.•!•) 25 i

(Dbituiirm

Ferdinand Orut, F.L.S. — We briefly announced the death of Mr. Grut in our
last No. (p. 227). He was bom at St. Peter's Port, Guernsey (where his family had
been settled for more than 400 years), on January 19th, 1820. His parents left
Guernsey in 1825, with their children, of whom Ferdinand was the fifth, and
settled in London. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy and University,
and afterwards was clerk under his father (Nicholas Grut), who was then Secretary
to the " Palladium " Insurance Office. He subsequently, in 1852, became Secretary
to " Marshall's Charity," a wealthy institution, having for its object the augmentation
of the stipends of small Church livings, which position ho held until his death.
In October, 1866, ho married Mary Eliza, daughter of the Eev. John Bowstead,
but had no family. His widow and two sisters remain to deplore his loss : we
believe the male line of the family is now extinct.

For several years Mr. Grut had suffered from angina pectoris, which became
more distressing latterly, and caused his very sudden death on the evening of July
19th, at 9, Newcomen Street (formerly King Street), Southward, the offices of
" Marshall's Charity," where he resided. It can be said of no man that ho died
more truly in harness, for he attended to his varied official duties to the very last.
He was buried in the family grave at Scvenoaks.

Mr. Qrut's connection with the Entomological Society of London was long,
useful, and laborious. He was elected in 1846, and there now remain only ten
Fellows of older date. In 1856 he was on the Council, and was Vice-President in
1863, and again on the Council in 1868, a position he held to the last, an uninter-
rupted stretch of 23 years. He was one of the Secretaries from 1871 to 1877, and
Honorary Librarian from 1878 to 1891, during a long portion of which period he
was single-handed, for it was only latterly that a resident Librarian was appointed.
Not the least arduous part of his labours was the compilation of the huge MS.
Catalogue of the Library, familiar to most of the Fellows. His work was truly a
labour of love, in which he took the keenest interest, and his constant regret latterly
was that his failing health sometimes did not permit him to perform his duties to
his own satisfaction ; to his colleagues nothing was apparent save an occasional
weakness of memory.

Mr. Grut was also for many years Secretary to the Entomological Club (not
connected with the Society), and we think it was mainly owing to his exertions that
the Club continues to exist. Many will remember those pleasant annual excursions
organized by him ; many also had the privilege of attending the meetings of the
Club at his house in Newcomen Street, which reunions were always of the most
enjoyable nature, with Mrs. Grut, and usually his unmarried sister, dispensing tea
and coffee in a lower room to the guests as they arrived.

In 1872 he was elected into the Linnean Society, and was a nearly constant atten-
dant at the meetings. Also for many years he was on the Council of the Eay
Society, and from his ready discrimination and business habits, was of great service
at the not too frequent meetings.

Mr. Grut amassed an extensive library, both entomological and general, which
includes many valuable works. He also formed a large collection of Coleoptera,
chiefly CaralidcB, but addc-d little to it latterly, yet, owing to the period at

252 [September,

which it was principally brought together, it must be of value. As an author
wc think ho published only a few short notes ; nevertheless, owing to his long-
continued ofEcial duties, there are few men in this country who have done more
to sustain entomological science. A man has gone from among us whose place
it will be difficult to fill in all its varied aspects. As a friend ho will be extensively
mourned. Strictly upright and honourable in all his actions, thoroughly genial and
cordial in social intercourse. A staunch Tory and Churchman, ho never allowed
political differences of opinion or religious views to influence him in his friendships,
and it would be difficult to find one with whom it was more pleasant to work as
a colleague, a fact to which the writer of this notice, a co-Socretary with him of
the Entomological Society for several years, readily testifies. Few men could have
been less spared. — R. McL.

oqidiijs.

BiKMiNonAM Entomological Society : July 20ih, 1891.— Mr. R. C. Bradley
in the Chair.

Mr. Or. n. Verrall, F.E.S., was present, and delivered a lecture on Diptera.
lie said he had come down with the hope of inducing Members to take up the study
of the Order, which possesses many recommendations not possessed by other Orders
of insects. It is a much neglected Order, and therefore shows a considerable field
for original work to all ; all workers can introduce new species, &o., he had intro-
duced some hundreds to the British List. Another recommendation to the group
is that it is not necessary to go far for fresh material to work at, one's own garden
providing much ; he had taken in his garden at Newmarket 500 species. He briefly
described the classification and characters of the Order, and then ran in review the
families and genera, giving their salient points and many interesting facts about
them. Mr. C. J. Wainwright proposed a vote of thanks, which was seconded by
Mr. Or. II. Kenrick, supported by Dr. P. B. Mason, and replied to by Mr. Verrall. —
CoLBRAN J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.

Entomological Society of London: August 5th, 1891. — Frederick
DuCane Godman, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

Mr. Arthur J. Chitty, of 33, Queen's Gate Gardens, S.W., and Captain E. Q.
Watson, of 5, Lypiatt Terrace, Cheltenham, were elected Fellows of the Society.

The President announced the death of Mr. Ferdinand Grut,the Hon. Librarian
of the Society, and commented on tlie valuable services which the deceased gentle-
man had rendered tlie Society for many years past.

Dr. D. Sharp exhibited Japyx solifugns, from the Eastern Pyrenees, and stated
that in his opinion it was a connecting link between the Thysanura B,nA Dermaptera.
lie also exhibited pupoD of Dytisous marginalia ; one of these was perfectly developed,
with the exception that it retained the larval head ; this was owing to the larva
having received a slight injury to the head. Dr. Sharp also exhibited specimens of
Ophonus puncticollis and allied species, and said that Thomson's characters of the
three Swedish species, O. puncticollis, O. hrevicollis, and O. reotangulus, applied

1891. 1 253

well to our British examples, find separated them in a fvatisfactovj manner.
Thomson's nomenclature, however, would he thought prove untenable, as the dis-
tinguished Swede dosoribed our common punctioollis as a new species under the
name of rectnnjulus.

Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited a bleached specimen of Epinephele Jamra,
having the white fore-wing of a creamy-white, blending into pale smoky-brown at
the base ; also a long and varied series of Epinephele ITyperanthus, from the New
Forest and Dorking. The specimens from the former locality were considerably
darker and more strongly marked than those from the chalk. Amongst the speci-
mens was a variety of the female with large lanceolate markings on the under-side,
taken in the New Forest in July, 1890, and a female from Dorking with largo,
clearly defined, white-pupilled spots on the upper-side. Mr. Frohawk further
exhibited drawings of varieties of the pupee of E. Hyperanthus, and also a large
specimen of a variety of the female of Huchloe cardamines, bred from ova obtained
in South Cork, with the hind-wings of an ochreous-yellow colour. Coloured
drawings illustrating the life-history of the specimen in all its stages were also
exhibited.

Mons. Serg(5 Alpheraky communicated a paper entitled, " On some cases of
Dimorphism among Paloearctic Lepidoptera." — H. Goss, Hon. Seo.

ON OVirOSITION, AND THE OVIPOSITOE, IN CERTAIN
LEPIDOPTEEA.

BY JOHN n. WOOD, M.B.

{con eluded from page 215).

There still rctnaiu the ])ocket-makeTB, Micropteri/£c and. Incurvaria.
They, or I should rather say Micropteryx (for I have not examined
Incurvaria) , is so exceptional in many ways that it requires a separate
notice. The abdominal wall shows the same solidity of structure as
in those we have just been considering, but the 7th segment is not
extra large, nor are its component plates of disproportionate length.
Perhaps the greatest anomalies are connected with the sheath (Fig. 12,
8 (sh.) ). In all insects we have hitherto met this structure is rigid,
but here it is a flexible tube that is rolled up* within the abdomen
when the ovipositor is withdrawn. Probably this peculiarity is to
enable the sheath more easily to enter and adapt itself to the pocket,
for it is self-evident that a soft expansile tube must be better fitted
for the purpose than a hard and unyielding one. Tet the sheath is
not altogether devoid of chitine, for a considerable part of its surface

* Correctly speaking, it is invaginated rather than rolled up. The sheath is attached to the
ovipositor at the level of a line passing round just behin<l the points of the lower spurs, and at
the inner end is tied up short to the ti)i of the ~th ventral jihito, and more loosely to that of the
dcrsal iilatc. In the diagram, therefore, the sheath is shown not fully extended, the outer end
being still invagin ited.

254

[Seiitcinber,

has little scales of this material disposed in lines, which radiate from
the middle line of the dorsum and pass diagonally downwards. Four
or five of these lines, where they meet over the back of the structure
at its inner end, are converted into rows of tiny teeth, pointing back
towards the abdomen. I imagine that their use is to catch hold of
the wall of the pocket, and prevent the root of the sheath from
slipping out, when the rest of the apparatus is withdrawn, which, as
we shall see presently, happens several times during the operation of
cutting the pocket. In consequence of the flexibility of the sheath,
the protrudor muscles of the ovipositor, which we have so far always
found to spring from the segment immediately above, namely, the 8th
or its equivalent the sheath, have here to be moved up to the 7th
segment, from the dorsal plate of which at its outer end they take
their rise. But a still more remarkable result is the dislocation of
the outer rods (Fig. 12) and their transference to the ventral plate of
the 7th segment. They could exercise little or no control over so yield-
ing a body as the sheath, whereas, by their insertion into the ventral
plate of the 7th segment, they are able, as has already been shown
(ante, vol. i, p. 150), in the first place to open the outlet, and next to
advance the point of the plate into the mouth of the leaf-pocket, and
keep it on the stretch, so as to prevent the nipping of the sheath, and
of the tender under-parts of the ovipositor, which would else occur.

The anomalies of the ovipositor are almost as remarkable, and certainly more
difBcult to understand. The skeletal portion consists mainly of a very strong hori-
zontal plate, flat, except for a rather sharp upward curve at the extremity, and
armed with saw-like teeth round its lancet-shaped end (Fig. 10) ; its length, as com-
pared with that of its rods being as nearly as possible 1 to 3. (As the details are
not quite alike in all the species, I ought to say that the particular one here de-
scribed is semipttrpurella.) I originally called this plate the knife-blade, but it
would be more correct to liken it to a pair of knives (sub-plates), lying back to
back, and united to each other near the points. The backs of the knives are directly
n _ continuous with the rods, and are of

some considerable thickness up to
some little distance from the ex-
tremity, when they get spread out
and united with each other, leaving
only a thread or two of thicker
Si'sW material to run on into the tip.
The blades, which commence ab-
ruptly, are narrow plates of a
peculiar fibrous structure, looking

Fig. 9.

Fig. 9. — 1, The two halves of ventral plate of ovipositor, with the connecting membrane studded
with teeth. 2, dorsal view of the end segments, showing the shape of knife-plate at
work. ;i, Inner end of sheath with rows of teeth, and the bifid tip of 7th dorsal plate.

1891.]

255

much like whalebone, with the fibres at right angles to the long axis of the knife.
The whalebone tissue is not continued quite to the end, but terminates just where
the plate gets rounded off to form the lancet-like head, its place hero being taken
by ordinary homogeneous chitino. So far there is nothing to distinguish it funda-
mentally from the ovipositor of A. viridella, but if we turn it over and examine the
under-side, a most unexpected and puzzling state of things presents itself, for we
find attached there a pair of supplementary knives, the counterparts of the main
ones. They lie, however, so directly under the latter, and match thorn so exactly,
that they are apt at first to be overlooked, whilst the structures
that do catch the eye are a pair of black chitinous spurs on
cither side, united by a common fibrous attachment to the
under-side of their respective rods at the junction of these with
the sub-plates. I will deal with these spurs first. Each pair
lies in the same vertical plane as its rod, but its component
parts face in opposite directions. The inner and shorter
spur (Fig. 11, e) looks towards the abdomen, and receives
numerous muscular fibres that come from some point within
the body. The precise spot I have not been able to ascertain* —
a matter of not so much consequence, since there can be no
question that the muscle is a retractor, and in conjunction with
the one on the opposite side withdraws the knife within the
body, and is, therefore, the retractor of the ovipositor. The
outer spur (Fig. 11, d) is longer, and faces outwards. Its
point is dark and chitinous, but its body is hyaline and apparently fibrous, indicating
that it is more pliant and mobile than the inner spur. Among my earlier notes is
one assigning a muscle to the point of this spur also, but as I have no preparation
by me that actually shows it, it may be that in those early dissections membrane
was mistaken for muscle, an error that might easily have happened. Yet after all I
believe that the observation was right, because the mechanism of the parts, as I
understand it, requires that such a muscle should exist. f But of this presently.

Fio. 10.

V

Now, from the outer spurs, midway between their point and base, there comes

Fio. 10.— Upper surface of knife-plate, with parts of the inner rods attached to it.

Fiu. 11.— Side view of one-half oi knife-plate, aud its rod. a. Back of main knife. li, Back of

supplementary knife. c, c', Whalebunc plates of main aud suiiplomentary knive.K.

d, Lower spur, e, Upijer spur, with torn fibres of retractor muscle attached to it.

f, Ventral sub-plate of ovipositor.

* This point has since been cleared up, and the muscle found to arise from the point of the

outer rod.

t I have now ascertained that these muscles do exist. The arise, like the retractors of the
ovipositor, from the points of the outer rods, and end in extraordinarily long tendons, which are
inserted into the points of the outer .spurs. The jiresence of the tendons is most unusual, and 1
know no other instance of their occurrence. The consequent curtailment in length of the con-
tractile p.irts indicates that the muscles act within comparatively narrow limits— a circumstance
still further coutirmatory of the view, given later on, of the mechani.sm of the parts.

256

(Sci)tcmbor, IS'.il.

off a pair of cliitiiious rods (Fig. 11, b), which at the otlier end run into, and arc
amalgamated wltli, the tip of the knife plate. These rods are the backs of the
supplementary knives. They possess blades (Fig. 11, o'), which are fibrous, like the
blades of the main knives. Each supplementary blade is united by its edge to the
same part of the corresponding main blade, their union giving rise to a thick solid
rim, which runs all round the knife plate, and out of the under-side of which at the
lancet-like end the saw is cut.

Following the rule in cutting instruments, the visceral tube does not reach to
the end of the knife-plate, but leaves the cutting point free. A pair of rather large
lanceolate plates (Fig. 11 f) are imbedded in the wall of its lower side, the
points of which project a little beyond the mouth of the tube. I have little doubt
that they are the two halves of tiio ventral plate of the ovipositor (9th segment),
but quite dis-
located from - 9iov)
the rods, and
having no con-
nection with
them. Wliea
the tube is ool-

lapsed, the Fio. 12.

plates lay side by side, but when distended, they become widely separated, and
bring into view on the intervening membrane numbers of rather large recurved teetli
(Fig. 9, 1), which, by seizing hold of the wall of the pocket during the birth of tlie
egg, must, I imagine, greatly facilitate that process. The tactile hairs are confined to
the 7th or last abdominal segment, with the exception of a few short and very stiff
ones that are placed at pretty regular intervals along the edge of the knife plate.
In semipurpurella and unmiaculella there are three of these hairs on each side, but
in purpurella, which has a proportionately shorter instrument, there are but two.

At the commencement of these articles I alluded to the difficulty usually
attending the demonstration of the retractor muscles in the rigid, long-roddcd
instruments. In Micropteryx it is otherwise. I have already pointed out the
retractors of the ovipositor and their insertion into the inner spurs at the base of
the rods ; but it is to an instructive preparation of Dr. Chapman's that I am indebted
for the demonstration of the retractor muscles connected with the outer rods. They
appear in the preparation as broken fibres attached to the tips of these rods, and
passing up into the abdomen ; running in an opposite direction to the protrudors,
their office must be to draw back the 7th ventral plate out of the mouth of the leaf-
pocket, into which it had been advanced by tlie protrudors, and to close the
abdominal outlet.

I will now give wliat I take to bo the meaning of this singular
and complicated implement. But first let me draw attention to the
curve at the end of the knife plate, a sliape scarcely fitting it, it
seems, either for scratching through the cuticle at starting, since the
point would be turned away from the surface of the leaf, or for

Fig. 12. — Side view of last throe sogineuts ; 9 aud 8 considerably but not fully extended, a, Ven-
tral aub-plato of ovipositor, b. Lower spur, c, Upper spur. J, luter-seginoutu.1
uiouibraiie.

October, 18'Jl.l 257

afterwards cuttiiii^ the pocket without the citnstjint risk of the point
coming tlirough the wall. IIow the disqualilicatiou is overcome T
hope to be able to show.

Having kept ixsemipurpurclla in confinement, I had the advantage
on several occasions of watching her method of proceeding. As the
plates of the last (7th) abdominal segment gradually opened, and the
ventral one was at the same time extended and advanced within the
lip of the pocket, it was easy to see, through the transparent mem-
brane filling the gap between them, the spurs of one side gliding up
and down, the lower spur appearing more erect than in the quiescent
state, and standing nearly at right angles to the line of the instrument.
As the depth of the pocket increased, the spurs passed out of sight, but
would presently flash by again, followed by a brpwn body — the knife
and its rolled up sheath, and would disappear within the abdomen.
Again would the instrument be shot down into the pocket, where it
would remain for some seconds, and then once more flash into sight
and disappear as before ; and this would be repeated several times
before it was finally withdrawn, slowly and cautiously, as compared
with the former rapidity, so as not to scratch nor injure in its passage
the thin-shelled and delicate egg. But if, instead of this side view,
we take a full view and look through the upper surface of the leaf,
we shall see that the saw does not make rapid alternating cuts from
side to side, but that it works away for a time at one wall, and is then
withdrawn for an instant, and on starting again begins on the other
wall, and that it is in a sort of piece by piece fashion that the pocket
is cut. At the same time a singular feature is noticed, which is, that
the knife plate loses in symmetry, bulging out on the one side, viz.,
that on which it is working, and becoming slightly concave on the
other side. It might be thought that this is merely the effect of the
resistance it meets with, just as a stick bends when it is pressed against
an object, but this can scarcely be the true explanation, since the same
shape is sometimes seen in specimens under the microscope (Fig. 0, 2),
where no such resistance can be present, and we are, therefore,
forced to the conclusion that the power to alter its form, unlikely
as it may at first sight appear, must be inherent in the instrument
itself.

Now, I wish to draw particular attention to one point, not
apparently a very large one, in the above observations, namely, the

13 u

258 L October,

erect position of the lower spurs, as compared with their supine state
when at rest. It is most important. In the first place, it must be
effected by muscular agency, and by just such muscles, too, as I have
shown some good reason for believing* are actually inserted into the
points of these spurs. In the second place, the raising of the spurs
to an erect position draws back the supplementary knives attached to
them by means of the rods ("backs "), whilst at the same time the
main knives are being thrust forwards by the great protrudor muscles,
and the effect of these two opposing forces upon the tip of the
instrument will be to remove its upward curve and straighten it.
Tet this is not quite the whole matter. The instrument is practically
double, one side remaining idle, whilst the other is sawing away at the
leaf, and if we suppose that, instead of the opposition being between
the parts of the same side, it is between those of opposite sides, that
is, that when the main knife of one side is pressed forwards, the sup-
plementary knife of the other side is pulled back, then not only is the
point quite as effectively straightened, but also at the same time the
instrument is given the bow-like figure it puts on at work.

It may be objected that the movement of the knives upon each
other, which must take place before the point can be straightened, is
rendered impossible by the union between the whalebone blades ; but
it must be remembered that the required movement need only be very
small, that the blades are only united along the edge, and that their
peculiar fibrous nature not only favours, but has probably been de-
signed to allow of, a slight gliding motion upon each other, and at the
same time provides by a natural recoil for the resumption of the curve,
directly the muscular action ceases. But it may be asked, why is the
point of the knife curved at all ? I believe it is that the egg may
escape injury or displacement from the saw coming in contact with it,
whilst the instrument is being withdrawn ; either of which accidents
would, it seems to me, be liable to happen in so cramped a space as
the leaf-pocket, were the end of the instrument flat. Such are the
facts connected with this complex organ, and the conclusions that
have been drawn from them. That they have in every particular been
rightly observed and interpreted is, perhaps, scarcely to be expected,
yet I think that in the main they will be found to be correct.

Tarrington, Ledbury :

November 17th, 1890.

* The existence of these muscles is no longer doubtful, as has been pointed out in a previouu note.

i«ti.] 259

NEW GENERA OF AGDISTID.^ AND PTEROPHORID^.
BY THE RIGHT HON. LORD WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., &c.

The following species will shortly he figured loith structural drawings
in " Xovitates Lepidopterologiccey

{Concluded from page 244).

GILBERTIA, gen. nov.
Type Oilhertia eq^ues, Wlsm.

Antennce (?) simple.

Maxillari/ palpi obsolete.

Labial palpi, second joint somewhat thickened ; apical joint shorter than the
second, recurved, slender.

Head tufted above with bifid scales.

Fore-icings narrow, cleft to two-fifths of the wing-length ; upper lobe slender ;
second lobe wider and distinctly falcate, with an excavate outer margin ; anal angle
well defined. Neuration, 12 veins ; 3 and 4 from a common stem ; 5 and 6 short ;
8 and 9 from a common stem ; 10 separate at its origin.

Hind-wings 3-lobed, the first fissure extending to one-fourth from the base, the
second fissure nearly to the base ; the third lobe ornamented with a projecting tuft
of scales. Neuration, 8 veins ; 4, 5, and 6 short, all separate, to end of upper
fissure.

Abdomen broad, ornamented above.

Hind-legs with two pairs of long equal spurs, distinctly tufted at the joints
above.

This genus is apparently more nearly allied to Deuterocopus, Zi.,
than to any other. It differs from Oxyptilus in the complete separa-
tion o£ vein 10 from the origin of 8 and 9, in which respect it agrees
■with Platyptilia, the excavate margin of the second lobe of the fore-
wings at once distinguishes it from that genus ; the tufted legs and
the absence of a projecting tuft in front of the head cause it to
approach Eucnemidophorus, Wlgrn., which agrees with Platyptilia in
neuration.

I name the genus in honour of my friend, Mr. Gilbert T. Carter,
C.M.G., Governor of Lagos, who has sent me this and many other
interesting species.

Gflbertia eques, sp. nov.

AvtenrKB ferruginous at the base, beyond it on the uj)per-side black, spotted witli
white ; whitish bonealh.

Palpi ferruginous ; soniowliat recurved, twice as long as the head ; apical joint
about half the Icngtli of the second joint, wliioli has a whitish spot at its end on the
inner side.

200 [October.

Head dark ferruginous-brown.

Thorax ferruginous, with a broad white transverse bar in front, and another
behind it, the latter coming forward on tbe sides and almost joining two conspicuous
■wliite lateral patches on the ua*ier-side.

Fore-wings cleft to move than one-third of their length, apical lobe depressed
at the apex, second lobe strongly scalloped ; dark ferruginous-brown ; an indistinct
paler ferruginous streak below the costa on the basal fourth ; another about the
middle of the costa, haying some white scales at its lower edge ; a pale ferruginous
bar across the base of the anterior lobe, in which are also some white scales, is
followed by a blackish streak in the costal cilia, which are pale ferruginous beyond
it, extreme apex blackish ; on the dorsal margin is a minute white spot about the
end of the dorsal third ; a broad white transverse bar crosses the base of the second
lobe, and is followed by some scattered white scales in the cilia within the cleft,
which, with this exception, are dark ferruginous-brown ; on the dorsal margin, below
and before the white bar, the cilia are pale ferruginous, beyond it dark purplish-
brown, then again pale ferruginous within the crescent-shaped apical margin, which
is preceded by an oblique line of white scales. Exp. alar., 14 mm.

Hind-wings, anterior lobes cleft to two-thirds of their length ; pale ferruginous
before the cleft, shading into deep purplish-brown beyond it ; third lobe pale
ferruginous, with a small triangular tuft of deep brown scales at the middle of the
dorsal margin, and a broad spatule of dark purplish-brown scales at the apex, pre-
ceded by projecting white scales on the dorsal margin immediately before it.

Abdomen ferruginous, with a broad, conspicuous, raised, shining white band
before the middle, beyond wliich is a second interrupted whitish band, and beyond
it a third, uninterrupted, but less conspicuous, than the first.

Legs ferruginous, barred with conspicuous white bands above, fringed at each
joint with long erect ferruginous scales ; spurs very long, the inner one longer than
the outer (reaching a length of nearly 2 mm. in the anterior pair), white, tinged with
ferruginous, and blotched with blackish on their outer sides ; second pair of spurs
of equal length.

Hah. : Gold Coast, Accra, one specimen, 1881 {Carter).

Type, ? , Mus. WIsm.

UTUCA, Wkr.
Cat. Lp. Ins., B. M., XXX, 951 (1864).
Type TJtuca ocliracealis, Wkr.
Antennce (?) simple, more than half tlie length of the wings.
Maxillary palpi obsolete.

Labial palpi recurved, closely appressed ; apical joint, porrect, scarcely pro-
jecting beyond the front of the head.
Head clothed with bifid scales.

Fore-wings narrow at the base, gradually and evenly widened outwardly, apex
depressed and rounded, anal angle ill-defined, apical margin very oblique ; a very
short fissure from above the middle of the apical margin cannot be said to divide

181.1.] 261

the wing into two lobes, amounting as it does to scarcely tnorc than a strong inden-
tation. Neuraiion, 11 veins, 5 apparently wanting; 1 shortly furcate at base; 2
from outer third of cell ; 3 and 4 closely approximate at base, from the anal angle
of cell ; 6 and 7 from upper half of cross-vein, enclosing the termination of the
short fissure ; 8 and 9 from a common stem, 8 to apex ; 10 arising very close to
8 and 9.

Hind-wings 3-!obed ; first two lobes lanceolate and somewhat wider than the
third lobe, which is of even width throughout ; the upper fissure reaches to about
one-third the length of the wing, taken from the apex of the second lobe ; the lower
fissure, measured by the same lobe, extends to four-fifths of the wing-length ; cilia
rather short, without tufts or teeth of scales. Neuration, 8 veins ; 8 to apex of
upper lobe.

Abdomen stout ; much ornamented.

Legs with equal spurs, not tufted.

The neuration o£ this genus would place it close to AJucita, L,,
as defined by Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1890, 487—8.

TJtuca ocheacealis, Wkr.
Cat. Lp. Ins., B. M., XXX, 951 (1864).
Antennce greyish-fuscous.
Palpi greyish-fuscous.

Head white, mottled with greyish-fuscous around the neck and eyes.
Thorax and tegulae reddish-orange, with a greyish-cinereous spot posteriorly.
Under-side white, mottled with greyish-fuscous.

Fore-wings and cilia unicolorous, cinereous. Exp. alar., 23 mm.

Hind-wings and cilia unicolorous, cinereous.

Abdomen white, with four transverse bands of greyish-fuscous, connected by a
central line, which is dilated between the last two, so as to cover nearly the whole
upper-side of the segment, a slender lateral of the same colour passes along the side.
Under-side white, mottled with greyish-fuscous.
Legs cinereous ; tarsi white.
Sah. : Brazil, Ega (Wkr.).

Two specimens, ? Bolivia, labelled " La Industria Haziendo, Gua-
rino" (Zell. Coll.).

UROLOBA, ffen. nov.
Type JJroloha fuscicostata, Wlsm.
Antenna pubescent in $ .
Maxillary palpi obsolete.

Labial palpi erect, closely pressed together, not reaching above the eyes, clothed
irith rough but scarcely projecting scales.
Eyes very large and prominent.
Haustellum long, slender, naked.
Head with a short projecting frontal crest of bifid scales.

2(52 [October,

Fore-wings elongate, dilated outwards, costa almost straight, apical margin with
a conspicuous notch immediately below the apex, which is depressed, attenuated and
falcate ; below the notch the margin of the wing is obtusely angulated, thence
obliquely and slightly convex in the direction of the anal angle. Neuration, 11
veins ; 5 apparently wanting ; 8 and 9 from a common stem, 8 following the curve
of the falcate apex ; rest separate.

Hind-ioings 3-lobed, the first fissure reaching to about one-third from the apex,
the second fissure to within one-fourth of the base, without teeth or tufts of scales.
Neuration, 8 veins ; all separate.

Abdomen somewhat tufted at the sides ; lateral claspers of ordinary length.

Legs, first and second pairs somewhat thickened at the joints; posterior pair
with very short spurs, in the first pair having the inner spur longer than the outer,
in the second pair both spurs are of equal length, a few long scales project over the
joint above them.

This genus agrees with Utuca in neuration, but differs in the
more thickly clothed palpi, and in the more distinctly falcate apex of
the fore-wings, of which the very short fissure is placed decidedly
higher than in that genus.

Uroloba fuscicostata, sp. nov.

Antennee brownish-fuscous.

Head, thorax, Siud pal J) i, very pale fawn colour, much shaded and sprinkled with
reddish-brown.

Fore-wings pale fawn colour, much sprinkled with reddish-brown and brownish-
fuscous scales, the latter predominating below the middle of the costa, at the base
below the fold and along the extreme costal margin ; cilia tinged with brownish-
fuscous, especially about the anal angle. Under-side with the costal margin broadly
streaked with black, reacliing from the base to that point where the margin begins
to be depressed towards the apex, the widest part of this band of black scales being
about the middle of the wing. Exp. alar., 22 mm.

Hind-wings pale fawn, sprinkled with pale brownish scales ; cilia very pale fawn,
brownish-fuscous at their bases around each of the lobes. Under-side with a line of
deep black scales reaching along the costa as far as the base of the first fissure, there
are also a few blackish scales beneath the cilia, helping to give them that fuscous
appearance which is visible on the upper-side.

Abdomen fawn colour, dusted with brownish-fuscous, the scales on the sides of
the posterior segments project laterally.

Legs whitish fawn colour, sprinkled with brown scales, especially at the joints.

Sah. : CniLE, Valparaiso {J. J. Walker).

Type, S^ M"8- Wlsm.

This species is represented in my collection by two specimens,
both males, collected at Valparaiso for which I am indebted to Mr.
J. J. Walker.

Merton Hall, Thotford :
June, 1891.

i89i.i 263

ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH TACHINIIDM.

BY R. U. MEADE.

(Continued from page 232).

16.— CHETOLYG-A, End.

Nemok^a, pt. Mgn., Mcq., Schn.

Oen. eh. — Eyes tairj, more or less approximated in the males,
and prolonged to near the bottom of the sides of the head and face ;
antenna? drooping, second joint elongated, and more than half the
length of the third ; cheeks hairy ; chin short ; facialia nearly or quite
bare ; abdomen without discal setae on the middle segments ; hind
tarsi of females not dilated.

1 (2) Anal eegments black 1. awccwa, Mgn.

2 (1) Anal segments red.

3 (6) Thorax with five stripes.

4 (5) Antennae with third joint widened, and second abdominal segment with four

marginal dorsal bristles 2. analis, Mcq.

5 (4) Antennse with third joint narrow, and second abdominal segment with only

two bristles 3. nigrithorax. Egg.

6 (3) Thorax with four stripes 4. quadrij)ustulata,F.

C. AM^NA, Mgn.

JSf. exacta, Wlk.

Eyes of male approximated ; antennae black, with the third joint rufous at the
base, and about one and a half times as long as the second ; cheeks thinly clothed
with fine black hairs ; palpi red ; thorax black, thickly coated on front and sides
with white pubescence, and marked upon the dorsum with five distinct longitudinal
striae ; also having four external dorso-central bristles behind the transverse groove ;
scutellum rufous ; abdomen black, with sides red in the male, and marked in both
sexes with broad tessellated irregular white bands ; anal segments black ; legs black,
tibiae sometimes piceous. Rare ; found by Mr. Harwood, of Colchester, who kindly
sent me a female ; it is also in Mr. Verrall's collection, who possesses the typical
specimen named N. exacta by Walker.

C. ANALIS, Mcq.

cruentata ?, End.
Eyes sub-approximate in the males, and not very widely separated in the
females ; cheeks yellow or white, and glistening, having brown reflections, and fur-
nished with fine black hairs ; fronto-orbital bristles long and numerous, being very
thickly set and rather irregular in the males ; antennae rather long, the second joint
being about two-thirds of the length of the third joint, which is somewhat dilated,
especially in the females ; arista long, and thickened for half its length ; palpi
rufous ; thorax shiny blue-black in the male, with a little grey or tawny pubescence
on the sides and front margin, and marked with five rather indistinct longitudinal
stripes; the female has the stripes much more distinct, and the lliorax clothed with

204 ^October,

more pubescence ; tlie external dorso-central bristles are four in number behind the
transverse groove; scufcellum rufous ; abdomen black, with the sides and anus red
in both sexes, and transversely banded with white tessellations; the first segment is
quite black, armed on the margin with two central dorsal setae, the second segment
having four setee ; legs black, hind tibiee ciliated externallj with an even row of
rather short bristles ; the wings have the outer cross veins very sinuous. Rare ;
Mr. Billups sent me a male, which he had captured at Dulwich.

C. NIGEITHORAX, Egg.

cilio'iira ?, Rnd.

This species is so similar in most of its characters to C. analis, that I shall only
point out the chief marks of distinction between them. The antennae are shorter,
and the third joint is narrow and undilated ; the fronto-orbital bristles are less
numerous, being placed further apart ; the palpi are dark at the base, and have their
ends quite pale ; the first abdominal segment has no large seta? on its margin, and
the second segment is armed with only two spines instead of four, as in C. analis.
This is also rare ; Mr. Billups sent me one for my inspection, bred from Saturnia
carpini.

C. QUADRTPUSTULATA, F.

T. cestunns, Fin.

iV". eri/tJirinn ?, Mgn.
T. disprcfa ?, AYlk.

This species bears a great general resemblance to both the preceding ones, and
FabriciuB probably confounded all three together. The eyes are approximated in
the male, and moderately remote in the female ; the fronto-orbital bristles are
numerous, but not very large ; the antennae are black, those of the male have the
second joint elongated, and about two-thirds of the length of the third, which is
rather narrow ; in the female the second joint is rather short, and only about half
the length of the third, which is wide ; the arista (especially in the male) is long
and thickened for about half its length ; the palpi are testaceous ; the thorax in the
male is shiny blue-black with little pubescence, and rather indistinctly marked on
the front part with four longitudinal lines of moderate width ; in the female the
thorax is covered with hoary pubescence or tomentura, and very distinctly striped,
the stripes extending over the whole dorsum ; there are four external dorso-central
bristles behind the transverse groove ; the scutellum is tawny ; the abdomen is more
or less extensively marked on the sides with red or yellow in the male, the apex and
venter being also of the same colour, the dorsum is shiny black, with some white
tessellations on the edges of the segments ; in the female the abdomen is dark grey,
tessellated with black and white, having an indistinct black dorsal band, and some-
times a little red on the sides of the middle segments ; the anus is always red ; the
first abdominal segment, whioh is black, has two long bristles on the edge in the
centre, the second segment has four setee in the same position in the female, and
usually six in the male ; the wings have the outer cross veins a little sinuous ; the
legs . are black, and have the hind tibia) ciliated, as in the two preceding species.
Rare ; it is in Mr. Coryndon Matthew's collection, and in Mr. Verrall's ; the latter
kindly sent for my inspection Walker's typical specimen of T. dispecta, which I find

1891.] 2G5

to be a well marked example of the present species. Walker describes the palpi as
being black, but I find them pale in colour, in his own specimen.

17.— NEMOEILLA, End.

Nemoe^a, pt. Mgn., ]\rcq., Schn.

Qen. ch. — This genus, like tlie former {ChetoJyga), differs from
NemorcBa by having the eyes prolonged, and the chin short, so that the
antennae are inserted above, instead of opposite to, the centre of the
eyes. The points of distinction between Chetolyga and NemoriUa
are, that in the latter the cheeks are bare, instead of being hairy,
and the central abdominal segments are armed with setae both on the
disc and on the edges, instead of only on the latter parts, as in
Chetolyga. The two genera agree in all other essential points.

N. PLOEALTS, Fin., Zett., non Mgn.
noiahilis, Mgn., Schn.
T. intersita ?, Wlk., ? .
This, the only recorded British species, has the eyes approximated in the male,
and rather widely separated in the females ; the antennae have the third joint rather
narrow, and about one-third longer than the second ; the arista is long, and thickened
for nearly half its length ; the palpi are black in the male, but sometimes pale in
the female ; in which sex the basal joints of the antennse are also sometimes rufous ;
the thorax is black, with grey pubescence, and marked with three wide black stripes,
the middle one, which is the broadest, being often divided into three ; the scutellum
is black or grey ; the calyptra are dirty white ; the abdomen is black, covered with
grey pubescence, and marked by a dorsal black line, and with transverse dentated
bands on the second and third segments, that on the former being wider than the
other, and having the marks running together to form a somewhat square-shaped
spot ; the anal segments are black, the sides of the second segment are generally
slightly rufous in the male ; the wings have the outer cross vein sinuous ; the legs
are black, and have the hind tibiae ciliated externally with slightly uneven bristles.
This fly is not uncommon ; I received one many years ago from the late Mr. Cooke,
of Bowdon, which he had bred from Botys verticalis, and Mr. Billups has one reared
from Plusia festuccB. Mr. Verrall kindly sent for my inspection the typical speci-
men of Walker's T. intersita, which he had obtained from the late M. Desvigne's
collection. I find that it is a female of the present species, though Walker's own
description docs not exactly agree with it, for he says that it should have four dorsal
thoracic stripes, whereas the specimen has but three, or rather five, the central one
being divided.

18.— OLIVIEEIA, Desv. non Mgn.
Panzeria, Mgn.

Gen. cli. — Eyes thinly haired, sometimes nearly bare, approximate
in the male, and rather remote in the female ; cheeks and facialia
bare ; antennae free, with the second joint elongated, and nearly as
long as the third ; arista with the second joint a little prolonged, and

2GG [October,

the third thickened at the base, rather short, and sub-pubescent ;
epistome prominent ; proboscis long, slender, and porrected ; abdomen
oblong and elliptical, armed with seta) on the disc of the segments ;
wings with the first posterior cells very slightly open at the apex, and
often quite closed or even stalked. This genus is rather aberrant,
and from the structure of the wing it might be placed in the second
division of my analytical table.

O. EUFOMACULATA, De G., End.
lateralis, F., Mgn., et alia.

Cheeks and sides of frontalia silvery-white, with black reflections ; antennae and
palpi black ; thorax grey, with four black stripes, the central pair narrow, the outer
ones broad ; abdomen black, the rings with narrow white bands on their front edges,
and having the sides of the three first ones dark red ; wings greyish, with the roots,
front margin, and sometimes the borders of the veins ochreous. Common.

19.— ZOPHOMYIA, Mcq.

Eekbia, Desv., Mgn.
AvEENiA, End.

Oen. ch. — This small genus contains one or two shiny black
bristly species, resembling some of those in Macquartia in general
appearance, but differing by being more setose, and having the eyes
widely and nearly equally separated in both sexes. The eyes are
thinly but rather longly haired in the males, and almost nude in the
females ; the fronto-orbital bristles are in a double row on each side
towards the vertex in both males and females ; the antennae are
drooping, with the second joint rather long, but nearly one-half shorter
than the third ; the arista is rather short and thickened at the base ;
the abdomen is conico-cylindrical, with setae on both the middle and
edges of the rings, the anal segments in the male are rather large and
incurved ; the wings have large costal spines, and the angle at the
base of the apical cross veins somewhat rounded ; the legs are very
spinose.

Z. TEMULA, Scop., Schn.

tremula, L. F., Mgn., Mcq., et alia.
Jlavipalpis ?, Mcq., pt.
This is rather a peculiar-looking fly, having a shining black body with bright
reddish-yellow scales and basal halves of the wings ; the forehead is prominent ; the
antennae black, with a red tinge at the end of the second joint ; the palpi have the
bases dark, and the ends reddish-yellow ;* the thorax, like the abdomen, is immacu-
late, has a little white pubesoence on the front edge, and numerous strong bristles on

* 1 have only examined three specimens, which all have the palpi of this colour ; they are
generally described as being black ; are these belonging to lsls.c(i\x&rt'afiavipalpu ?

1891.] 2G7

the sides ; the abdomen is conico-cylindrical, verj glabrous, and has all the setsc
large, and those on the fourth segment very numerous ; tlic wings liavc the fourth
longitudinal vein bent at rather a rounded angle, and the outer cross vein a little
curved, but not usually sinuous ; the legs are black, and armed with numerous
strong spines irregularly arranged. Not common.

{To be continued), o J^ /"

ON THE ALTEEATION IN THE FORM OF THE SCALES OF LECANIA
CAUSED BY INTERNAL PARASITES.

BY E. NEWSTEAD, F.E.S.

Last year, when examining a number of specimens of Lecanium
fiiscum, I found among them a single one almost as large again as the
rest, and of a different form ; so much so, that I considered it a
distinct species, until upon removing it from the branch for closer
examination I saw in it some parasitic larvje, and as this was the only
example that contained such larvae, the thought occurred to me that
the form of the scale might have been abnormally altered by the
parasites. I communicated my observations to Mr. J. "W". Douglas,
who replied that my statement was important, but required further
proof.

This year I have examined a good many species of Lecanium, and
find that several are subject to considerable variation in the form of
the scale, and this entirely from the attacks of internal parasites. Of
these there are at least two species very common, and both, so far as
I have been able to trace, produce abnormal swellings, peculiar to the
species, on the dermis of the host. The most important of these is
that which produces one, two, or more large tubercular swellings — •
generally two ; when the latter is the case the scale appears quite
symmetrical, one of the swellings being on either side of the dorsum
each opposite to the other. When there is but one large tubercle, it
is invariably situate on one side of the dorsum, thus giving the scale
a "lop-sided" appearance, which at once attracts the eye as curious
and unusual. I find that each of these tubercular swellings, if ex-
amined in season, as a rule contains a single parasitic larva, or if more
are present, there is but one large swelling, which gives the scale a
heaped-up or gibbose form. Such forms I find common in the follow-
ing : — Lecanium (ssculi,fuscum, genevense, and caprece, especially in the
two latter. I should add that the portions of the dermis affected by
the parasites are devoid of the ordinary reticulation, and iu the speci-

268 [October,

mens much swollen the integument becomes almost transparent. It
is somewhat exceptional for the perfected parasites to escape througli
the dermis by making and leaving the usual perforations, they more
frequently leave the body of their host through the anal cleft, as there
is no other means of escape if they have not made such for them-
selves. When this is the case, they appear to have completed their
metamorphoses below the ventral skin of the host, thus the scale
remains apparently intact, and one can easily see how such specimens
would pass for perfect ; they, however, have had the whole interior
eaten away, but when the parasites escape through the dermis, the
ventral surface generally remains entire.

At present I am unable to single out this parasite fi-om other
species which appear at the same time ; this, however, could be easily
accomplished by keeping the scales isolated. Por the time being the
foregoing is sufficient to show that the greatest care should be exercised
to select unparasitized specimens for description ; for while some
parasites may not materially affect the exterior of the scale, they are
quite capable of malforming the antennae and legs, especially such
species as feed upon the larvse and ova when in the scale.

Grosvenor Museum, Chester :
July 28th, 1891.

EEMAEKS ON THE ALTERATION OF THE AERIAL HABITS OF
CERTAIN GALL-FORMING APHIDES.

BY G. B. BUCKTON, F.R.S.

Though there is nothing new in the record of subterranean forms
obtaining in many genera of Ajjliides, there may be some interest felt
in the following note. Subterranean habits have been observed in
the genera Siphonophora, Aphis, Pemphigus, Schizoneura, Paracletus,
and Trama. In plate cxii of the " Monograph of British Aphides,"
may be seen figures of Pemphigus lactucarius, and also a section of a
clod of earth, exposing a cavity containing numerous immature forms
of the same insect.

Again, in plate cxiii, figures may be seen of the bottle-like purses
made by Pemphigus hursarius. M. Jules Lichtenstein, as is well
known, bestowed much attention upon Homopterous insects, and he
assumed that the great part of the Pemphigince and Phylloxerince, in
their second phase of development, were W'inged, and that in this con-
dition they migrated from the ordinary food-plant to form hibernating
colonies. His observations suggested to him the name " Pseudogyna
migrans,'' for an expression of this condition of their development.

1891.] 2G9

He regarded this emigration ratbcr as the rule than the exception
in the genera comprised in this section of the family. Moreover, in
a letter written to me in 1883, and subsequently published, he states
his conviction that emigration may take place from one plant or tree,
to another plant or tree of an entirely different botanical family, and
he states, amongst other examples, that the winged forms of Tetraneura
uhni hibernate on Triticum I'epens.

Passerini has shown that the immature forms of Peinphigus Boyeri
{Aphis radicum of Fonscolombe) feed below ground on the roots of
various plants, such as Zea, Sorghum, Loliuvi, &c. M. Lichtenstein
considered that the period of two years is necessary to complete the
evolution of Pemphigus lursarius. The galls made by this Aphid are
formed on the petioles of the leaves of the Lombardy and the black
poplar tree. They are pear-shaped, and when ripe show reddish
apertures at their summits, out of which, from late in May to the
end of July, the winged insects emerge, and then take their flights.

M. Lichtenstein, in conjunction with M. Courchet, placed a
number of these insects with growing grasses under glass bells to note
if they made any descent to the earth round the roots ; but up to 1881
no direct proof could be adduced that such were the hibernating habits
of this species. Oviposition of some PemphigincB has been proved to
take place under the bark of trees by Messrs. Eiley and Mouell ; but
they thought it probable that certain species might be subterranean
and root-feeders during some portion of their existence. (See " Notes
on Aphidid?e of U. S. America, Washington, 1879").

One requisite of a scientific thinker consists in being a good
sceptic or doubter ; that is to say, although the mind must be receptive
of all fair deduction from undoubted premises, theory and hypothesis
must continue in abeyance until such premises rest unquestioned.

In 1881, 1 hesitated to accept as proved some of M. Lichtenstein's
deductions, and I preferred to take up a neutral position as to the
question of emigration of Aphides, such as that of Tetraneura, from
the elm tree to the roots of grasses.

Through the kindness of Mr. Mosley, of Huddersfield, I am able
to add another item to the proof that emigrating forms of an aerial
species feeding on leaves of a forest-tree may retire to the roots of
low herbs, with a view to hibernate ; and that they again issue in the
spring, previous to the development of the perfect sexes.

On the 13th July of the present year, Mr. Mosley, entomolo-
gizing near a wood in the neighbourhood of Huddersfield, saw some
plants of the common buttercup {Ranunculus rcpcns), quite white

270 [October,

With specimens of a woolly apliid, most of wbicli were clustered upon
the stem and leaves of the plant.

These insects were forwarded to me by post, together with a por-
tion of the roots and some earth accompanying them. I found the
insects chiefly located under the crown of the root amidst a quantity
of cotton-like flocks interspersed with the earth. Unfortunately, two
fat larvae of a Dipterous fly {Syrphus), which seems, fortunately for
the existence of vegetation, to be almost constantly found in company
with Aphid swarms, had sucked dry most of the specimens.

An examination under the lens of those which remained proved
to be interesting, by showing these insects to be the viviparous forms
of Pemphigus bursarius. Mr. Mosley again visited the spot a fort-
night later, but he was astonished to find that the insects had almost
entirely disappeared from the leaves, and it is highly probable that
the insects had passed into the earth. No poplar trees were in the
immediate vicinit}^ of the spot, but a row of the Lombardy poplar
flourished within a hundred and fifty yards of the place. The foot-
stalks of the leaves of these trees were swelled up into numerous
purse-like pseudo-galls, which is the commonest form of these excres-
cences resulting from the attacks of the last-mentioned Pempliigus.

Mr. Mosley informs me that he has seen the buttercup similarly
attacked in another place about five miles distant from the before-
mentioned wood near Huddersfield.

A nursery ground is situated about two miles away from this last
locality, in which there are poplar trees whose leaves are often de-
formed by the purses of Pempliigince. This intervening distance may
seem somewhat great, but the large wings of the insects are well fitted
for transporting them upon every gentle wind which may happen to
blow ; and, indeed, it is well known that swarms of Aphides travel to
great distances, like clouds, under certain conditions of the atmosphere.

As a conclusion to this notice, attention may be directed to the
comparatively little known section of the Aphidince, named by Pas-
serini Bhizohiincd ; almost all the examples of which hitherto have
been described as apterous.

The forms assumed by Aphides from moult to moult are diverse,
one from the other; and we may surmise that future observation will
reduce the number of the insects now regarded in this section as
species, by showing some of them to be only the subterranean con-
ditions of insects, the aerial habits and forms of which are better
known to us.

1891.] 271

Artificially, it is difficult to bring about such a change of life and
food, even when the right growing plants have been selected. In the
present case it is therefore satisfactory to find the presence of the
winged forms of a tree species, which cannot well be mistaken, nestling
in numbers on a small trailing plant, previous to its descent into the
ground, much in the same manner as we see the Flnjlloxera descends
to the vine root at certain seasons.

Haslemere :

August 15th, 1891.

APLOTA PALPELLA BEED.
BY JOHN H. WOOD, M.B.

Tou will be interested to hear that I am breeding at the present
moment Aplota palpella. For several seasons I had noticed a strange
larva on an old mossy sandstone wall, and guessed it should be some-
thing good ; twice was I beaten in the attempt to rear it, but the
problem is at last solved, and now every afternoon I have the pleasure
of finding two or three A. palpella resting with folded wings on the
moss in my glass vessels.

The larva lives gregariously, in silken galleries, on the surface of
the moss, and kills the plant in its progress, the dead moss afterwards
often becomes covered with a lichenous growth ; the larva feeds on
the moss, not on the lichen. July 31st, 1891.

The first moth emerged on July 19th, and they kept on appearing
almost daily for a fortnight or better. Seeing what a good insect I
had bred, I went on the afternoon of July 23rd in search of the pupae,
of which I obtained a modest supply by stripping off a patch or two
of the moss where the galleries of the larvae were visible. These
galleries are of white silk, interwoven on the outside with fragments
of the moss. I hoped, too, that 1 might see the moth itself at Large,
but in this was disappointed, for I did not then know that its habit in
the day time is to sit with wings pressed close to its sides on its food
plant, depending for its protection so entirely on the likeness which
its yellow scaling gives it to a projecting bit of the moss, as scarcely
to be induced to move even by a touch of the finger. Yet I may add,
that it was active enough after dusk in my vessels, and skipped or ran
about, rather than flew, with wings carried out horizontally from the
body, in the jerky Oelechia fashion that is known so well.

On August 15th I met with a worn specimen (the only one I ever

272 LOutobci,

saw at large) sheltering from a stiff wind ou some park paliugs,
distant four miles at least from the sandstone wall, and of quite a
different aspect ; the one being in the midst of a rich and flat agricul-
tural district, the other on the hills with a limestone soil, rich only in
productions dear to a naturalist, or a lover of the picturesque.

My earliest date for the larva is February 9th, this was in 1889.
They were then about 3'" long and apparently hibernating, they seem
to wake up irregularly, for some have made considerable progress by
the middle of April and have brought their galleries up to the surface,
while others have grown but little and still keep their galleries out of
sight underneath the moss, in the position they occupy through the
winter. They are provokingly slow feeders, hence the chief difiiculty
if the attempt be made to rear them indoors.

This year I deferred collecting them till May 25th, selecting two
of the patches that had the strongest galleries, yet these larvjB were
still feeding and appeared likely to continue doing so for a while, when
I examined them for the last time on June Gth and took their de-
scription.

The moss they are eating on this wall is the common creeping
species, Somalothechcin sericeum, but I do not suppose that the insect
can be restricted to this single kind.

I have just found a belated individual, newly emerged, in the
vessel containing the pupa? of Jul}"^ 23rd.

Tarrington, Ledbury :

August 22nd, 1891.

Description of the larva of Aplota palpella. — The adult larva is long and
slender, of nearly uniform bulk from end to end, and with the segmental divisions
only moderately defined, their skinfolds being white. Ground-colour pale greenish-
white or yellowish-white. A purple band, with the edges (especially the upper one)
irregular and broken, occupies the subdorsal region, becoming fainter and narrower
at the divisions. A paler band of the same colour runs along the spiracular region,
and is even more broken and irregular than the subdorsal, being divided on each
segment into two separate portions. Immediately below the spiracular band is a
whitish skinfold, and then come the underparts, which are of tlie ground-colour.
Head and thoracic plate shining black, the latter with a pale dividing line, not
reaching the anterior border. Anal plate ochreous-brown. Legs of the ground-
colour. Spots small and indistinct ; the trapezoidals lying in the subdorsal bands,
nearly in a line. Hairs pale and rather long.

The hibernating larva only differs in that tlie bauds are darker and redder, and
in having a reddish suilusion on the back between the subdorsal bands, more es-
pecially, and sometimes only, on the anterior and posterior parts of tlie segment.

The pupa lies in a flimsy cocoon at the end of the gallery. It is pale yellow,

im.] 273

wing cases and all. On the abdomen are four rows of narrow, transverse, pale
brown marks, the remnants, as I read them, of the larval bands. In the subdorsal
rows each segment has two marks, one about its centre, the other on its extreme
posterior edge ; in the spiracular row the central mark is absent, and only the one
on the posterior edge present. These marks, however, must melt away at some time
or other, for they are not to be found in the exuviae. The anal extremity ends in a
large curved process, which divides into four hooklike bodies. On the back of the
segment next the anal are also a pair of curved processes. With such an arrange-
ment the case is hold firmly in position, whilst the moth is escaping. — J. H. Wood,
Tarrington, Ledbury: August 22nd, 1891.

DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OP EUPCECILIA PALLIDANA.
BY EUSTACE R. BANKES, M.A., F.E.S.

The welcome discovery of the larva of Eapcecilia jyallidnun iu
seed heads of Jasione montana is chronicled by the E-ev. C. R. Digby
iu Eut. Mo. Mag., xxiv, p. 89, but as no descriptiou of the larva has
been published, I append one, drawn up on July 30th from a few
full-fed examples.

Length, 4—5 lines. Head and 2nd segment (of which the pos-
terior part is the darker) vary from brown to blackish-brown. The
body, which is short and obese, stoutest in the middle, and getting
narrower towards the head and tail, is of a beautiful rosy-pink with a
greenish tinge. The only conspicuous part of the anal plate is the
central area, which is brown or blackish-brown. There are no visible
spots, and the bristles are very pale and inconspicuous. Portions of
an internal vessel, which I take to be the alimentary canal, often show
through the semi-transparent body as darker blotches. Yentral surface
yellowish-white, with a more or less pronounced greenish tinge. All
the legs and claspers semi-transparent yellowish-white ; there is a very
slender black streak noticeable where the anterior side of each true
leg joins the body.

The Rectory, Corfe Castle

August 26th, 1891.

Ephestia pinguis in the Isle of Purbeck. — On August 13th the Rev. C. R. Digby

netted a fine specimen of this local moth, which he had beaten out from the tall side

hedge (composed of mixed growth, in which ash was of course represented) of a

copse near this house. This is the first occasion on which M. pinguis has been met

with in the county of Dorset, and the capture is all the more encouraging, as I iiave

60 often searched for it in vain on ash trunks round here. From the same hedge I

had the good fortune to secure two specimens of Tinea albipunctella on the following

day, and altogether we took about three or four examples apiece of Peronea Schalle-

riana, var. latifasciana. — EusTACK R. Bankes, The Rectory, Corfe Castle : 21th

August, 1891.

C C

27^! [October,

Coleopliora salinella two years in the pupa state. — On October 24th, 1889, I
collecterl on the Chesil Beach some larvfe of this species, but only very few moths
emerged (August 20th to September 9th) last year. As, however, I thought that
the cases might perhaps be useful to some one, the old dry handful of Atriplex
portidacoides to which they were attached was not thrown away, and this has, to my
surprise, produced several specimens of C. salinella during the last three or four
weeks ! Unluckily none of the cases had been cut open and examined during the
last twelve months, but it seems almost certain that their tenants had passed that
period as pupee, and it would be interesting to learn whether a similar occurrence
has been noticed with any other Coleophora besides Frischella. A few species, such
&s /uscocuprella, alcyonipenella, &c., are, of course, known to spend more than one
year as feeding larvae ; but is it not possible that our very limited amount of success
in breeding some of the genus may occasionally be due to the fact that the cases
containing pupse, which would produce imagines in the second year, are thrown
away too hastily when the breeding Jars are cleared out at the close of each
season ? — Id.

Acrolepia marcidella in the Isle of Purbeck. — It is very satisfactory to be able
to record the occurrence of a second specimen of this extremely rare species in
Purbeck. It was taken by the Rev. C. E. Digby on July 3rd last, and was found
crawling up a grass stem close to a thatched shed (where it had doubtless hibernated)
at about 7 p.m., within a few yards of' the spot where Mr. Digby took his first
specimen in June, 1886 (Ent. Mo. Mag., xxiv, p. 42). Having been fortunate
enough to be present on both occasions, I have had the pleasure of examining the
specimens whilst still alive, and Mr. Digby most generously made me a present of
this second example on the spot. Unluckily it was worn to a mere shadow of its
former self, and no wonder, considering that it had lived as an imago ever since the
previous autumn ! I regret to say that we have not been able to obtain the slightest
clue to the food plant of the larva, and a recent search for the larva itself produced
no result. — Id.

Curious instance of re-union, between the same moths.— \n June last I was
breeding some Ephestia KuhnieUa, and one evening, at about 9.30, when looking
into the jar in which the moths were emerging, I noticed a pair in cop. As I was
anxious to obtain eggs, they were induced to move, just as they were, into a large
glass-bottomed box, the greatest care being taken not to disturb them, and later on
that night they were still paired. By the next moraing, however, they had separated,
but being too busy to kill and set the male that day, I left him where he was until
the following morning, when, on looking into the box at about 8.30 a.m., I found,
to my astonisliment, that the moths were again in cop., 35 hours after they had
originally united ! As the sexes seemed as a rule to pair off at about 9 — 10 p.m.,
it is most probable that they had been in that position since the previous night. It
would be particularly interesting to learn whether similar instances of a second act
of copulation between the same individual S ii'id ? (after they have once separated
naturally) have been observed, as I should fancy that it must be a most unusual
occurrence. — Id.

i\o<e on Gelechia lutulentella. — It is hardly necessary to apologize for my satis-

i8«i. , 275

faction afc finding that I unintentionally nialignod G. hdulenieUa when stating in
Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. ii (2nd series), p. 196, that it seemed to be always very solitary
in its habits. I have lately come across the three or four specimens taken with the
one mentioned in my note, and they prove that it was flying not in company with
G. lentiginosella, but with other (though very differently coloured) individuals of
its own species. This season I have had the good fortune to secure a nice series of
O. lutulentella, and find that it varies in colour to a wonderful extent, from glossy
black to glossy pale yellowish-brown. — Id.

Re-occurrence of Arge Oalathea in East Yorkshire. — On the occasion of our
Excursion of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union to Sledmere in East Yorkshire on
Bank Holiday, Monday, August 3rd, Arge Galathea was turned up in its old locality
there. Formerly this species was known to occur commonly at Sledmere, and also
in several other Yorkshire localities, but had been regarded by Lepidopterists as
quite extinct in the county for probably some twenty-five years. — Geo. T. Poeeitt,
Huddersfield: August, '[SQl.

Pterophorus pallidum in Yorkshire. — When collecting on Thome Moor, near
Goole, in company with Mr. John Harrison, of Barnsley, on the 18th of July last,
I boxed a small " Plume," which I quite failed to recognise. On making a careful
examination of it last week, I found it agreed closely with the Dorsetshire specimens
of P. paludnm in my cabinet, but as none in my series were in such good condition,
nor quite so large as my capture, together with my doubt as to the likelihood of
paludum occurring so far north as Yorkshire, I at once sent it off to my friend Mr.
Sydney Webb, of Dover (who knows the species of this group as well as any one),
for his opinion. His reply on returning the specimen was as 1 had anticipated,
" paludum, a very fine and large specimen." — Id. : September 7th, 1891.

Callimorpha Hera in Devonshire. — As I believe some doubt exists as to the
claims of Callimorpha Hera to be considered as established as a British species, a
note of its recent capture in Devon may be worth publication. My neighbour,
Major-General Garden, who has recently returned home from Teignmouth, yesterday
showed nie seventeen specimens of C. Hera, all of which he assures me he caught
last August, in five days, in the neighbourhood of Teignmouth. He states that had
he been favoured with reasonable weather, he would probably have caught a much
larger number. I am not aware that the capture of so large a number of specimens
of the species in England by any one collector in one season has been previously
recorded. — H. Goss, Surbiton Hill : September 12th, 1891.

Acronycta aini at Hoddesdon. — On August 21st I found in the garden a larva
of A. alni. It is now safely in cocoon in a piece of " touch-wood." I believe it is
new to this county. — F. M. Campbell, Kose Hill, Hoddesdon : Sept. 19th, 1891.

Eroi minutus in Gloucestershire. — I captured a single specimen of this beetle
on the 19th September, 1885, as it was crawling over an old beech stump in the
Westridge Wood near here. I have never been able to meet with another speci-
men until the 9th inst., when I had the satisfaction of taking two more by beating
young oaka, where the foliage was very thick ; I have tried again twice since but
without success. — V. R. Peekixs, Wotton-undcr-Edge : September 11 th,lS91.

CC 2

27G ,<Jctobei-,

Bombits lapponicus at Wotton-under-Udge. — I have hatl the satisfaction of
adding this fine bee to our local list. I captured a female on the 15th inst. in the
garden, on the flowers of one of the Michaelmas daisies ; I thought at first it was
a lapidarius, but being rather doubtful I boxed it, and discovered my prize. This
particular daisy has a great attraction for bees and flies, and when the sun shines,
which is only once now and again, the flowers are full of life. — Id.

Aculeate ITymenoptera at Lowestoft in August, \d>'d\. — I have been spending
the first three weeks of August close to Lowestoft, where, from the accounts given
by the late Mr. F. Smith, who visited the place at exactly the same season in 1858,
I was hopeful of picking up some of tlio rarer Aculeate Hymenopfera. In this I
was not altogether disappointed, though the weather was, on the whole, singularly
unfavourable. Halfway between Lowestoft and Pakefield, Tetramorium ccespitum
abounded on the grassy slopes leading to the beach. I took all the sexes of this, and
also those of other ants, Lasius flainis, n'lger, and alienus — the two latter in close
proximity, and, as I believe, in the same nest. Of Myrnn'ca I could only find
workers, and all were Icevinodis or scabrinodis. This was a disappointment, as
Smith had found lobicornis not uncommon iu the neighbourhood. Mutilla rufipes,
$ , was fairly abundant, running by the sandy paths along the slope. Tiphia femo-
rata, $ , literally swarmed on the umbelliferous plants, b\it I found no males. Of
the Pompilidce by far the most abundant was Priocnemis exaltatus, both sexes. I
also took Fompiliis }ilui)ibei<s, mostly in the "Denes" towards Gorton, and females
only of Pompilus chalyheatus, unguicularis, nudgibbus. The local species of Mellinns
(sabulosics) occurred in both sexes, but not in such abundance as I expected. But
most of the fossorial genera seemed afraid to put in an appearance in the gusty and
sometimes rainy weather which prevailed, and the few which did appear (such as
Tachytes and some common sorts of Crabro) scarcely deserve a record. Wasps
were not common, but I came across one or two specimens of Odyiierus trimarginatus.
Lastly, as to the Bees ; not many species were to be found, but they included some
rather good ones. Andrena nigriceps, $ , was fairly abundant on the ragwort, and
I also took a few males. I found, too, four kinds of CoUetes — succincta, fodiens,
Daplesana, and piciatigma ; of the latter, unfortunately, only females. On Gorton
Common the workers of Bombus Scrimshiranus abounded, revelling on the purple
heath (I have since taken some males near Woking on the same flower). Other
Bombi occurring frequently were hortornm, the males nearly all of the black variety
Harrisellus, while the females and workers were, without exception, light in their
colour ; Latreillellus, and (workers only) cognatus. Of my other captures it may
be worth while to mention Epeolus productus, Sphecodes puncticeps, CaUoxys
elongata, Anthophorafurcata, Andrena bimaculata, and Ha/ictus punctatissimus. —
F. D. MoRiCE, Rugby : September \Uh, 1891.

Myrmosa melanocephala in WarwicJcshire. — On July 27th last I took a male
of this species in my garden at Rugby. Never having seen any of the so-called
" solitary ants " in this district, I was a good deal surprised at this capture, and I
think it may be worth recording, as I am not aware that Myrmosa has been pre-
viously found in the Midlands. — Id.

1891.1 277

Hemiptera-IIeteroptera near Lowestoft. — Last summer I recorded the capture
of Nobis hoops at G-omshall ; it has been my good fortune to meet with the insect
again this year in Suffolk. In August I found a single specimen at the roots of the
tall grass on the sandhills near Lowestoft ; several hours' diligent search, howercr,
failed to yield any others. The commonest Nabis there was major, which was
abundant ; but, owing to the lateness of the season, by the beginning of August
they liad not got beyond the nymph stage, and many were still quite minute larvfB.
Four fully grown nymphs I enclosed in a box, hoping to see their transformation ;
but they soon attacked one another, and in a day or two there was but a single
living one standing victorious amongst three corpses sucked dry. It was curious to
note that to save itself the trouble of perforating the skin of its victims, the survivor
availed itself of their anal opening iu order to suck out tliL-ir juices. This habit I
have noticed in other cases also, and it gives them a means of attack which is suc-
cessful even against hard skinned beetles. On the sands at Gorton I found a
macropterous ? of Globiceps dispar running about just above the margin of the sea.
No others could be found in that neighbourhood, but at Fritton, about five miles
inland, I came across the species plentifully in a marshy field covered with tall grass
and rushes. They occurred at the roots of the vegetation, the females (brachypterous)
being far more numerous than the males. The latter, like the same sex in Cyrtor-
rhinus caricis, were very agile, and readily took to the wing. One macropterous 9
also fell to my lot here. I have a number of duplicates of the brachypterous ?
which are at the service of any Hemipterists who may want the species. Nabis
Uneatus was fairly common in the same field, which also yielded a single specimen
of Cyrtorrhinus Jlaveolus (macropt.). A few Eroticoris rufescens occurred at
Lowestoft and Herringfleet, and a single Salda orthochila at the foot of the cliffs at
Gorton. But everything was late, and many species which are usually fully de-
veloped by August were still young and immature. — E. A. Butleb, 39, Ashby Road,
Grouch Hill, N. September, 1891.

A Synonymical Gatalogue of the Lepidoptera Rhopaloceba (Butteb-
FLiEs) OF Australia : by W. H. Miskin, F.L.S., F.E.S. Forming No. 1 of the
Annals of the Queensland Museum. Pp. 93, 8vo. Brisbane : J. G. Beal. 1891.

Mr. Miskin's name has been long and favourably known in connection with the
Lepidoptera of Australia, and he has done good service in compiling this Catalogue.
It is on the plan of Mr. W. F. Kirby's general Catalogue, but the " old fashioned "
sequence from PapilionidcB to ITesperidre is maintained. Especially valuable are
the columns devoted to distribution, which give precisely the range of each species
so far as is known. In some cases the aulhor treats as " species" forms which are
often considered as only varieties in a more general sense. About 360 species are
listed, and naturally the northern (or inter-tropical) portion of the continent swells
the list very considerably. A few new species are described for the first time. The
bibliography and synonymy are very full, so much so as to be occasionally appalling
in extent. With regard to generic nomenclature, the author says, " I have in many
cases preferred to retain names, which have become so familiar by long use, as to
make it inexpedient, in my opinion, to discard them," and he avows himself " an
uncompromising opponent of the species makers," and says further, that " the practice

278 1. October,

of hastily describing as a new species an insect tliat the author has seen but a single
example of, possessing no local knowledge of the fauna ■whence it is derived, is much
to be deprecated." There is much good common sense shown in the Preface.
Appended to the Catalogue is a Label List, " on one side only." Entomology is
evidently progressing by rapid strides in our Australian Colonies, and nothing will
tend to further it better than good faunistic Catalogues.

#bituarn.

Edward Wesley Janson, F.E.S., died at his residence at Stroud Green, N., on
September 14th, aged 69. For more than a year he had suffered from a painful and
incurable internal malady, and had latterly been confined to his house. His family
was of Dutch extraction, and his father was for a long time London Agent of the
Dutch-Rhenish Railway Company, and in his office we believe the son acquired those
precise business habits which were a feature in his character. He early showed a
taste for entomology, and in 1843 joined the Entomological Society of London. At
that time the Society possessed a collection, and in 1850 Mr. Janson was appointed
Curator, and continued as such down to 1863. The Society's Collection was sold in
1863, and thenceforth the Curator became Librarian — a post held by Mr. Janson
till 1874. He was one of the Secretaries from 1857 to 1861. Most unfortunately
for himself and for the Society his peculiar temperament led to a serious split
in the Society in 1862. All this time Mr. Janson was diligently collecting and
studying the British Coleoptera, and did much and undoubtedly good work in
an Order that was then comparatively little known, and to which the only guide
was Stephens' " Manual." He went the right way to work, and entered into
correspondence with the leading Continental authorities on Coleoptera, thereby
clearing up many doubtful points, and adding largely to the number of known
British species. He was a frequent contributor to the " Entomologist's Weekly
Intelligencer," &c., and from 1855 to 1861 furnished the chapter on British
Coleoptera to the " Jllntomologist's Annual." Here again his temperament unfor-
tunately brought him into violent contact with his fellow workers, for our Coleopterists
in those days were by no means a happy family. Subsequently Mr. Janson estab-
lished himself as a Natural History Agent and Bookseller, and acquired a considei'able
business, in which he is succeeded by his surviving son Oliver, who is also favourably
known as a writer on CetoniidcB. Mr. Janson amassed a very large library, not only in
the way of business, but also as a bibliophile, and he is believed to have possessed
one of the finest collections of ElateridcB ever brought together, but he made but
little use of it as a writer. As a Natural History Agent he did much, and often
for the mere love of the thing, to enrich the collections of many of our prominent
entomologists ; the amiable side of his character strongly and favourably exhibited
itself with the mellowness of age, and his death, under peculiarly painful circum-
stances, will be deeply regretted. In addition to his contributions to serials, Mr.
Janson edited the Coleopterous portion of a new edition of Curtis' " British
Entomology."

Birmingham Entomological Society : Aug. 17fh, 1891. — Mi-. R. C. Bradley
in the Chair.

Mr. G. W. Wynn showed bred series of Bomhyx ruhi and B. quercus from
Sutton, a single specimen of Choerocampa porcellus taken at Sutton last June, a

1891.] 279

series of Notodonta dictcea bred from larviB found on Cannock Chase ; and a single
specimen of Plusia bractea from Bewdley. Mr. P. W. Abbott showed series of
ZygcBna JilipendnlcB and Z. trifolii from the Isle of Wight, including yellow varieties
of the former species. Of the latter species 75 per cent, wore varieties, with the
spots more or less coalesced. Mr. R. C. Bradley showed Scatophaga scybalaria from
Sutton Park. Mr. C. J. Wainwright showed Phytometra ceiiea from Wyre Forest. —
CoLBKAN J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society : Sejitemher \4cth, 1891.
— The Opening Meeting for the Winter Session. — The President, Mr. S. J. Capper,
F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair.

Mr. Walker read a paper, entitled, "Nerves and Nervous Systems," describing
the general structure of the nervous system of a typical insect, and comparing it
with that of a spider, and pointing out the close affinity which differs only when
the economy of the subject rendered it necessary. The paper was illustrated with
carefully executed blackboard drawings. Among the numerous exhibits the Presi-
dent showed specimens of the new Tortrix donelana, from Q-alway. Mr. Walker,
curious varieties of Vanessa Antiopa, which he had bi-ed from Canada, the black
sub-terminal band and the blue spots being quite absent, the yellow border very
wide. Mr. Melvill, a specimen of Choerocampa nerii, captured at Prestwich in
1846. Mr. Newstead, several cases of life-histories, including the full life-history of
Sirex gigas, which he stated had been very common. Mr. Prince, a fine variety of
A. Caja, the fore-wings of which were almost quite brown, and the black spots on
the hind-wings formed a thick dark marginal band. Mr. Gregson, a series of
Lithosia sericea, taken this year. Mr. Harker, Dianthcecia Barretti, from Howth.
— F. N. Pierce, Secretary, 143, Smithdown Lane, Liverpool.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society :
August IZth, 1891. — W. H. Tugwell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited the cases containing living larvae of Psyche
villosella, Och., the produce of the eggs in July of the present year ; of last year,
the cases from which the imagines had emerged from the eggs of 1889 ; and the
perfect insects, male and female ; and contributed notes thereon. Mr. Weir also
exhibited a pair of Pyrameis Dejeayiii, Godt., and remarked that it would be seen
the male was scarcely, if at all, distinguishable from Pyrameis cardui ; the female,
on the other hand, resembling a faded P. Atalanta. Mr. Weir made some interesting
observations relative to his exhibit. Mr. C. Fenn exhibited a female specimen of
Odonestis potatoria, L., with male coloration, from Deal. Mr. J. H. Carpenter, a
finely marked variety of Epinephele hyperanthus, L., the spots on the under-side
being unusually large and elongated, a bred scries of Melitaa Athalia, Rott., from
Essex, and Cucidlia asteris, Schiff., from Folkestone. Mr. West, Apamea ophio-
gramma, Esp., from his garden at Strcatham. Mr. Watson also showed A. ophio-
gramma, and a small bred series of Ocneria dispar, L. Mr. C. A. Briggs, Heliothis
peltigera, Schiff., dark forms from Devon, pale forms from Tuddenham, Norfolk, and
Folkestone, Kent, and asked whether both forms had been taken together. Mr.
Herbert Williams, an hermaphrodite of Pieris rapce, L., taken at Box Hill. Mr.

280 (Octol)or, 1,H<<1.

Frohawi, a fine series of unusually largo females of Euchloe cardamines, L., from
Kent. Mr. Tugwell, Dioryctria abiatella, Zinck., bred from Scotch-fir shoots, also
dark varieties of Pyralis farinalis, L., and a streaked variety of Botys urticalis,
ScliifF. Mr. Hawes, living larrse of Syrichthus malvce, L., and Nisoniades Tages, L.
— H. W. Barkkr, Hon. Sec.

Entomological Society of London : September 2nd, 1891. — Frederick
DuCane Godman, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

Mr. W. II. Blabcr, of Groombridge, Sussex ; Mr. T. D. A. Coekeroll, F.Z.S.,
of Kingston, Jamaica ; Mr. R. E. V. Hanson, B.A., of Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; and
Mr. R. C. Wroughton, of Poona, India ; were elected Fellows of the Society.

Mr. G. F. Scott- Elliot exhibited a series of various species of Diptera collected
on RamuiculacecB, PapareraceoB, and CrucifercB. He said that during the past
summer he had studied about forty species of plants belonging to the Orders named,
and that they had all been visited by insects which were probably necessary for
nectariferous flowers. The majority of the Diptera caught were not confined to one
species or even genus, but in view of the unmodified character of the flower in the
Orders named this was only to be expected. Mr. Verrall observed that certain
insects afPected certain plants, but that the OeraniacecB were seldom visited, except
by a few Empidce. The discussion was continued by Mr. McLachlan, Mr. Kirby,
and others.

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited a specimen of the Orthopterous insect, Hemisaga
hastata, Sauss., which, in the Transvaal, he observed to attack and feed on Dariais
Chrysippus, a butterfly well known for its protective character and distasteful
qualities to have a complete immunity from the usual Lepidopteral enemies. The
Hemisaga lurked amongst the tops of tall flowering grasses, being consequently
disguised by its protective resemblance to the same, and seized the Danais as it
settled on the. bloom. From close watching and observation Mr. Distant could
discover no other danger to the life of this well-known and highly protected
butterfly.

Mr. T. R. Billups exhibited four species of Diptera, which he believed to be
respectively Oxycera terminata, Mg., Pipizella annnlaia, Mg., Clidogastra punctipe.';,
Mg., and Oxyphora amicce, L., taken at Oxshott, Surrey, on July 11th last. He
mentioned that all of them were recorded in Mr. Verrall's list only as " reputed
British." He also exhibited a specimen of Hypoderma bovis, Deg., taken at Plum-
stead on the 29th July last.

Dr. D. Sharp exhibited several species of ForJiculidcB, and called attention to
the diverse conditions of the parts representing the wings in the apterous forms.

Mr. H. Goss exhibited living larvae of Scoria dealbata, reared from ova. They
were feeding on Polygonum aviculare, but not very freely ; B rachypodium sylvaticum
had been named as a food-plant for this species, but he did not find that the larvre
would eat this or any other grass.

The Rev. Dr. "Walker exhibited, and read notes on, a collection of Lepidoptera,
Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and Diptera, which he had recently made in
Norway. Mr. Champion, Mr. Billups and Mr. McLachlan took part in the dis-
cussion which ensued. — H. Goss, Hun. Sec.

Xovember, 1891.1 281

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FROM PORT DARWIN, &c.

(Continued).
BY JAMES J. WALKER, R.N., F.L.S.

I have just returiicd from a little trip " up country," otherwise
I should not have a great deal to record. The weather here, though
still brilliant!}^ fine, is now getting A^ery hot, and the place is utterly
parched up, though curiously enough, a few species of Coleoptera are
putting in an appearance for the first time. Lepidopfera are nowhere
now, though yesterday I got a good addition to the local list of but-
terflies (Charaxes Sempronius) on board the ship !

We left Port Darwin for our survey work on July 3rd, arriving
at Baudin Island, our head quarters in those parts, on the evening of
the 5th, where we found our tide-watching party all well, and un-
molested by natives. On the 7th we moved to " Low Rocks," in
Admiralty Gulf, where we remained until the 16th, making magnetic
and other observations ; I landed only once for a few hours, and got
but one moth, singularly like Zeuzera cescuJi (of this species I have
since found the larvae feeding in the large wood}" roots of a species of
bean which grows on sandy shores). From the 16th to 19th sounding
and surveying between Baudin and Troughton Islands, anchoring off
the former Island until the 24th. I landed several times, and got a
few nice insects and land shells, taking advantage of a lot of big stones
being raised out of the ground on the summit to build a cairn ; here
I took two or three nice species of Jleteromera, allied to Helops
(mostly deep blue in colour), a curious flat, broad Elater of small
size (not rare), a IIa7yalus-i\img under dead leaves, &c. A fine shark,
9 feet long, was caught (and eaten) on the 19th ; his back bone, laid to
bleach on the sand above high-water mark, promptly attracted nume-
rous examples of a beautiful blue Saprinus, of a Dermestes, like our
D. tessellatus, and Corynetes violaceus, which latter beetle appears to
be all over the world. A very fine Bosfrichus, quite an inch long, was
brought me from the neighbouring Condillac Island. Of butterflies
there were but few, with the exception of a fine Pieris (I think a form
of P. Teutonia), which was common and in good condition ; I also
found the larva feeding on Gapparis, and bred a nice series.

On the 25th we moved down to Bigge Island, and cruised about
there until the 29th, when we began to make our way back to Port
Darwin ; on that afternoon I was landed on one of the Montalivet
Islands, of similar character to Baudin, but more rugged and rocky,
where I got a few^ land shells but very little else, although there was

DD

282 [November.

110 lack of vegetation, and even some good-aized trees. The 30tli at
Baudin again, where I got the afternoon ashore, but, the tide being
low, I went in for collecting sea shells on the beach, or rather reef,
and got a fair varietj^ August 1st, I landed at 10 a.m. with a survey
party on " Jones' Island," and spent the day there very pleasantly.
This is little more than a sand bank, about 1| mile in circumfer-
ence at high water, but surrounded by a very extensive reef, which
dries out at low tide for more than a mile all round ; the Island itself
is covered with coarse grass and herbage, and in the centre is a large
deposit of an inferior kind of guano, which had been worked at some
previous period, as there were eight or ten large iron water tanks left
there, besides numbers of broken shovels, &c., and some large heaps
of the guano piled up ready to be carried away. The number of sea
birds on the Island was astonishing, but unfortunately none were
breeding at the time ; I picked up a few CoJeoptera (Ilarpalus, Opa-
trum, Gorynetes, &c.) and Hymenoptera, not to mention a couple of
human crania, apparently those of aboriginals, but very old — they had
been there quite 20 years I should say ; however, I thought them worth
bringing off. No land shells, but a varied assortment of sea shells on
the reef at low water ; it was 10 p.m. before we were able to leave
the Island, on account of the tide, and the ship having moved out
some eight miles, it was nearly 2 a.m. before we got on board again.

We left for Port Darwin on the following afternoon, and arrived
there at 8 a.m. on the 6th. In the course of one or two walks on
shore I saw exceedingly few insects on the move, only stray specimens
of J^iirycus and Delias Ayanippe, which latter I failed to catch ; but
I fell in with a few nice forms of Coleoptera for the first time at this
place, chiefly under stones and logs in very dry places. Perhaps the
most interesting was a Brenthid, almost a fac simile of Amorphoce-
phalus, of which I found six examples under a piece of ironstone, in
a nest of medium-sized red ants. Another "ant's nester," a little
yellow species near Cohiocera, but larger and more oval, occurred in
large numbers wdth a very small black ant. One or two fine Cnrahidce
(notably a thing like a large Pcecilus lepidus, in plenty) were found
under the stones, and a very nice Heteromeron (? Toxicum s]i.), with
two long horns on head in (^ , occurred under a log (I afterwards got
a good many more up country). A Sispa, exceedingly like H. atra
in all respects, a nice Langurid, and one or two very queer forms of
Memipitera were obtained by sweeping ; while a moderate-sized and
deeply punctured black Heteromeron, probably a near ally of Panda-
rtcs, occurred under logs somewhat freely, along with one or two
Elateridce, &c.

1891.] 283

On the 8th I started from Port Darwin on a week's leave, for a
trip up the railway line, which extends about 150 miles into the in-
terior to a place called " Pine Creek ;" I was kindly furnished by the
authorities with a 1st class pass to the end of the line, but after making
due enquiries, I resolved to at least break the journey at the "Adelaide
River " Station, 77 miles from Port Darwin, the presence of permanent
water being a great inducement to me to stay there. I left at 8 a.m.,
and it was a somewhat monotonous ride through a flat or slightly
undulating country, covered with the endless Eucalyptus forest, and
diversified only by the huge nests of the Termites, some of which were
fully 15 or IS feet high ; one very remarkable kind, seen in only one
or two places along the line, being of a thin, fiat, wedge-shape, about 5
feet high, and what is most singular, the long direction of the sides
is invariably the same, viz., north and south. I greatly regretted that
I had no opportunity of closely examining these remarkable nests,
which I do not remember having seen any account of in all the books
I have come across. Arriving at the Adelaide River soon after noon,
I saw at once that it was the best place so far on the line, so having
obtained good, though somew^hat homely, accommodation, I stayed here
until noon of the 12th. The river, which falls into the sea to the
eastward of Port Darwin, about 120 miles from my position, consisted
mainly of a series of deep pools of beautifully clear and pure water,
connected by a shallow rapid stream flowing over a bed of coarse
gravel ; in the rainy season it reaches a level of more than 30 feet
above the present one, as shown by the flood-rubbish entangled in the
branches of the trees. A dense and luxuriant belt of bamboos, Ficus,
etc., fringes both banks of the river, the surrounding country being
as usual lightly timbered with Eucalyptus, Pandanus, Casuarina, Gre-
villea (the latter tree now leafless, but a mass of scarlet blossom, the
resort of flocks of most noisy green and crimson parrots), and with
long coarse grass underneath, very few flow^ers, except a few Compositse.
There were not many butterflies, though Eurycus was fairly common,
and I got a pretty Precis wqw to me, one Charaxes Sempronius, one or
two Lycaence new to me, &c. Beetles were, I soon found, to be had
by diligent working, and during my stay I must have got at least 150
species (I have already mounted over 100) ; the sweeping for about
half-an-hour at sunset was very good, and I was astonished at the
number of European, and even British, genera which turned up —
varied of course by exotic-looking things, but not nearly to the degree
which I should have imagined. Such things as Bledius, Philonthus,
Bemhidium, Apion, Nanophyes?, ChiJocorus (blue sp.), Bypocyptus,

DD 2

284 [November,

Hispa, Casnonia (very nice sp.), Tracliys, Aphanisticus, Throscus
(very small sp.), Crepidodera, Thy amis, Saprinus, Phalacrus, Coccinella,
JEpilaclina?, Psammohius, Bryaxis, Mycetoporus, Antliocomus^ &c., &c ,
constantly turning up in the net. Under fig-tree bark, besides
a fine grey Longicorn, I found plenty of Hypohorus, very like H.
Jictcs, accompanied by a CeryJon ? , and a thing not very unlike a
small Teredus. Lots of Coleoptern (as well as moths) came to the
lamp in the evening, chiefly small chafers allied to Serica, Elmis ?
(abundant), Trox, Harpahis, &c. In the pools along the bank of the
river I got a very nice little lot of small water-beetles, all I think,
with one exception, to be referred to European genera, the exception
being a black Volvulus ? in plenty ; the chief things being Qyrinus
(3 spp., one the smallest I had ever seen), Agahus, Hypliydrus?,
Hydroporus (many, some very minute), Hydrohius, Berosus, Cyclo-
notum, Hydroclius (swarms), Hydrcena, &c., also some interesting
water-bugs near Bannfra, Corixa, Plea, &c. Most of my best cap-
tures, however, were made under logs and stones, within a quarter of
a mile from where I was staying, close to the Railway Station ; on the
river bank I found Oodes?, Chlcsnius, ByscJ/irius, Stenolophus, Clivina,
etc., and in drier situations 4 spp. of Carenum (unfortunately the two
best, very fine green species, only singly), Poecilus, Harpahis (several),
a lot of a fine little Lucanid between Passnlus and Borcus, but, I
think, nearer the former, several Heteromera, a fine and very curious
black weevil near Otiorhynchus, &c., &c. In a nest of a large stinging
ant I got four or five of the finest Pselaphid (near Ctenistes) I have
ever seen ; this made me hope to meet with one or other of the
Paussidce, but they did not put in an appearance. In stercores, several
Onfhophayi of small size (one nearly ajac smile of 0. fauriis), a fine
blue Saprimis, &c. Hemiptera pretty numerous, including one or two
very fine forms. Hymenoptera only tolerably represented. I took the
finest JEsclma I ever saw down by the river (where I resorted to bathe
morning and evening), as well as some other interesting dragon
flies, &c. Biptera, including mosquitoes, most abundant and trouble-
some, but no great variety.

I found the further I went away from the immediate neighbour-
hood of the river, the less there was to be had, so confined myself
almost entirely to its banks, going perhaps over an extent of four or
five miles only. Lots of natives, but all "tame," as the saying is here,
and apparently not at all bad fellows, though burdened with a minimum
of clothing. Altogether my stay at the Adelaide River was a very
enjoyable and, I think, a fairly successful one, and should we come

1891.) 285

here next year, as seems not unlikely, I hope to be able to have a
similar trip a little earlier in the season. On the 12th, at noon, I
resumed my trip up the line to a place called " Union Reefs," about
140 miles up, where I had a kind invitation from the manager of some
gold (quartz) mines. Arrived there at 4.20, after a somewhat tedious
journey through a very arid country, timbered with the usual Euca-
li/ptus, &c. (no place anywhere to compare with the one which I had
just left), I had just time to look over the operations for crushing the
quartz and extracting the gold by means of mercury (which operations
are very interesting) before it was dark, and being very tired, turned
in early. Next morning, as I had to start back to Port Darwin at
8.20, I roused out at 6 a.m. (sunrise), and got an hour's collecting
before breakfast ; the country was miserably arid, but I got one or
two nice fresh Garabidce, Heteromera, weevils, &c., but mostly single
specimens. It was a long and very hot ride back to Port Darwin,
where I arrived at 4.30 p.m., but I greatly enjoyed the few days out
of the ship, the results of which have kept me busy ever since. Have
been out once or twice collecting since my return, and keep finding a
few additions each time; Pcecilus? sp. ? now sv>'arms under nearly
every big log or stone, but you never see one anywhere else ; one or
two other nice Carahidce, &c., turn up occasionally with it.

H.M.S. " Penguin," Port Darwin :
August \1th, 1890.

NOTE ON THREE AUSTRALIAN CARABIDJE.
BY H. W. BATES F.B.S.

The three interesting species here mentioned formed part of a
small series of Australian species sent to me for determination, some
time ago, by Mr. A. S. Olliff, of Sydney. The new genus of the Broscus
group is interesting as being closely allied to a genus, Lt/chnus, hitherto
known only from Tasmania, and as adding another generic form to
the numerous and varied Australasian series of this sub-family.

EURYLYCimtJS, nov. ffcn., suh-iam. BROSCIN.E.
Of shorter form than the typical BroscincB, the elytra especially briefly oblong-
ovate. Head small, strongly sulcate-constrictcd immediately behind the prominent
eyes ; frontal furrows deep, lateral, and the groove and ridge close to the eyo and
over the base of the antenna; sharply developed. Antenna3 short, joints 4 — 11 ovate,
contracted at their bases, joints 1 — 4 (except apex of tlic 4th) glabrous. Terminal

286 [November,

joints of the palpi gradually dilated and compressed to the apex, and broadly trun-
cated, the labials more strongly so, with bisetose penultimate joint. Mandibles
furnished with a setigerous pore. Thorax suborbicular, as wide as the elytra, the
latter without scutellar stride. Joints 1 — 3 of the anterior tarsi, with their outer
angles produced, in the ^ more strongly so, and their soles on the inner side fur-
nished with a rounded pad of compact hairs.

The genus is nearest allied to Lychnus (Putz.), but clearly distinct
by the form of the anterior tarsal joints, and the clothing of the
soles in the ^ .

EUETLTCHNUS OlLIFFI, 11. Sp.

Shining pitchy-black, the palpi, antennoe, and legs dark red. The transverse
occipital groove punctured, the rest smooth. The thorax strongly rounded on the
sides, but a little narrower at the base than between the prominent but rounded
anterior angles, and suddenly narrowed close to the base, whereby the hind angles
become slightly projecting ; the base with a few large punctures, the dorsal furrow
deep, the rest smooth. Elytra towards the suture sharply striated, the exterior
strisB and all striee near the apex obsolete. Long., 13 mm., <? ? .

Mt. Kosciusko, N. S. Wales.

Percosoma. Blagbavii,
Putzeys, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 186S, p. 323 ; Mecodema Blngravii, Castel-
nau. Trans. R, S. Victoria (2), vol. viii, p. 161.
This species, of which Mr. Olliff has sent me a single (apparently female)
example, certainly cannot remain in the genus to which M. Putzeys has referred it.
The head is of entirely different form, strangulated (though not so strongly as in
Lychnus) immediately behind the eyes, the neck not broader than the anterior part,
the eyes prominent, the frontal furrows deep and lateral, and the mandibles short
and broad, and abruptly falcate at the tip. As in the Broscidce generally, it has
only one supra-orbital pore, whereas Percosoma has four in line close together.
The first three joints of the anterior tarsi are greatly prolonged at their outer apices,
and the palpi dilated and transversely truncated, the labials subsecuriform. If the
male prove to have the soles of the dilated joints of the anterior tarsi furnished with
a hair-pad, the species will belong to Eurylychnus, from which it differs only in the
elytra having a scutellar striole.

Mt. Kosciusko.

GiGADEMA GRANDIS,

Macleay, Tr. Ent. Soc. N. S. AVales, i, p. lOS ; Chaudoir, Eev. et Mag.

ZooL, 172, p. 20.

Neither of the above-cited descriptions of this fine species is satisfactory ;
C'haudoir'g minute details of the elytral sculpture do not agree with any of the ten
examples, males and females, which I have examined, and which include specimens
named by Macleay himself. The species is distinguished from Q. titana, longU
pennis, Bostocki, and others, by the rotundity of the sides of the thorax continuing to
behind the middle, by the sub-opaque elytra, and by the broad lobular production

1S91.] 287

of the middle of the anterior margin of the thorax. This process is most developed
in tlie cJ , in the ? it is sometimes very much reduced, the front margin being nearly
straight from one angle to the otlier. Specimens of this latter form were sent to
England some years ago by Mr. Masters, under the name of (?. noctis (Newman),
and one, somewhat intermediate, was included among the species communicated by
Mr. Olliff. What may be the O. noctis of Newman I have failed to ascertain, for
although Chaudoir alludes to the insufficient description, neither Mr. Waterhouse
nor myself can find any species under this name in Newman's works ; there is, how-
ever, a specimen labelled in Newman's handwriting, correctly placed among the
series of Q. titana, Thomson, in the British Museum collection, and this may have
led to some inexplicable mistake regarding it ; Chaudoir gave it, with doubt, as a
synonym of longipennis, Germ., but confused the matter by confounding this species
with the much larger and very different G. titana.
Queensland.

11, Carleton Road, Tufnell Park, N. :
October, 1891.

THE SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN THE PALPI OF MORDELLISTENA
ABDOMINALIS, FABR.

BY G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S.

The apical joint of the maxillary palpi of Mordellistena abdo-
minalis, Fabr., is exceedingly dissimilar in form in the two sexes, and
this important character seems to have been entirely overlooked by
authors. In the male (fig. 1) this joint is about three times as broad
as long, deeply excavate along the upper side within, and has the upper
and lower sides sub-parallel, the tip rounded, and the base sub-truncate;
it may be described as boat- (or hammer-) shaped. In the female
(fig. 2), it is oblong-ovate, rather narrow, with the apex
obtuse. The three apical joints of the maxillary palpi
may be easily seen without dissection, if the insect is
mounted in the " English fashion ;" and it seems inex-
i / plicable that these characters have not been noticed

before, the species being one of the best known, and at the same time
the most interesting, of the genus Mordellistena. Mulsant, who
devotes three entire pages to his description of the species (Longi-
pedes, pp. 53 — 55), does not mention the form of the palpi. Emery,
though he proposed a sub-genus, MorJelJochroa, for M. ahdominalis
and another species (Essai Monogr. sur les Mordellides, p. 80), is
equally silent as regards the form of the palpi : he merely gives as
characters for his sub-genus, " Eperons des jambes de la 2<= pairs
presque nuls, a peine visibles ; prothorax d'un rouge vif, au moins
chez la ? ; elytres noires unicolores ;" nevertheless {op. cii.), in three

oOQ [November,

small, less known species, M. Tournicri Emery, M. Jiumerosa, Rosenh.,
and M. pulchelln, Muls , all belonging to his section Tolida, be
observed similar but less pronounced sexual characters of this kind,
and particularly notices the malleiform apical joint of the male.
Thomson (Skand. Col., vi, p. 295) notices a sexual difference in the
palpi, but, as will be seen from the accompanying figures, his descrip-
tion is incorrect and misleading as regards both sexes : of the male he
states, " palpis maxillaribus articulo ultimo securiformi," of the female,
" palpis maxillaribus articulo ultimo oblongo subsecuriformi ;" he
mentions, however, that the exterior margin of the joint is excavate
in the male. Jacquelin-Duval (Gen. Col. Europ., iii, pp. 405, 406,
t. 90) describes and figures the trophi of Tomoxia, Mordella, &c., but
be says nothing about MordelUstena ; Lacordaire, also (Gen. Col. v,
p. Gil), omits all reference to these sexual characters. Curtis, Brit.
Ent., ii. Col. ii, figures the mouth-parts, &c., of M. ahdominaUs, and
also the insect itself, on t. 4SB, but the apical joint of the maxillary
palpi (which he descinbes as large, ovate, hatch et-sbaped) is incorrectly
drawn ; his figures and description refer to the female sex only, though
be was unaware of the fact. Fowler (Col. Brit., v, pp. 70, 71), not
having examples of both sexes of M. ahdominaUs before him for
examination, has taken his characters from Thomson. The species
itself is somewhat rare in Britain, but I have taken examples of both
sexes occasionally on TJmbeUifera; in early summer, at Caterham and
Mickleham in [Surrey, and at Darenth Wood and 8trood in Kent ; the
male is very mucb rarer than the female. As is well known, the
sexes differ considerably in colour, the male having been described
by Eabricius under the name of M. ventralis, and the female by the
same author as 31. abdominalis.

I have recently described (Biol. Ceutr.-Am., Col., iv, 2, pp. 310,
311) three species of MordelUstena, of large size, from Central
America, M. epliippiata, M. UneatocoUis, and M. cequinoctiaUs, with
the palpi formed in both sexes as in M. ahdominaUs, Fabr. ; and also
several small species, M. imlpaUs, M. perexigua, &c. {op. cit., pp. 347,
348), with the palpi as in the above-mentioned South European forms
included in ToUda by Emery. In the other British species of Mor-
deUistena, the apical joint of the maxillary palpi is not very dissimilar
in form in the two sexes, it being, at most, a little longer and more
triansrular in the male than in the female ; the section ToUda is not
represented in Britain.

11, Caldervalc Koad, Clapliani Common, S.W. :
October 1st, 1891.

1891.] 289

NOTES ON THE BRITISH SPECIES OF IIALTICA.
IJY JAMES EDWAUDS, F.E.S.

Tlic following notes arc nothing more tlian tlie result of an
attempt to furnish an intelligible definition of the species of IlciJtica
known to inhabit Great Britain. The subject is for many reasons one
of more than ordinary difficulty, and I am bound to admit that my
success has been scarcely so complete as I could wish ; but as I have
been fortunate enough to enjoy special facilities for the investigation
of the matter, I think it well to publish a statement of the conclusions
at which I have arrived.

A considerable quantity of material has been placed at my dis-
posal by Mr. Champion, Dr. 8harp, and others; and I am, in particular,
indebted to the Rev. Canon Fowler for the loan of the actual speci-
mens referred to in his "Col. Brit. Islands," with the labels of the
continental authorities still attached, and to Mr. P. B. Mason for the
loan of the E-ye and Wilkinson collections.

The difficulties which attend any attempt at the effective definition
of the species of this genus have long been recognised, and are
chiefly owing to the fact that the points upon which we are accustomed
to rely for specific differences are subject to so much variation as to
be in most cases practically worthless as characters of limitation.
Fortunately, the form of the cedeagus affords constant structural
differences, and it seems to me that the character next in importance
in point of practical value is that of the general facies. It must
not, however, be assumed that I dismiss the various characters which
have been employed for the separation of species here (and which look
so well on paper) w^ithout sufficient reason ; on the contrary, I have
spared no pains in testing the utility of them all. The presence of
three or four teeth to the mandibles has been used to divide the
species into two groups, but the fact is that the mandibles are trifid
at the apex in all, the so-called fourth tooth being simply an angular
projection, of greater or less development, on the inner edge of the
upper-side of the mandible ; it is true that this projection is more
apparent in the smaller species, but the variation in its development
frequently leaves one in doubt whether the individual specimen under
examination should be regarded as having three teeth to its mandibles
or four. Another very variable character is the callosity at the an-
terior angles of the thorax ; it is present in all, but reaches its greatest
development in H. h/thri. Equally unsatisfactory are the characters
derived from the humeral callosity of the elytra, the frontal tubercles,

290

[Xovember,

and the punctuation : the punctuation of the elytra is really the same
throughout the genus; the surface of the elytron is finely reticulate,
and the punctuation consists of large punctures with an admixture
of smaller ones. "With the exception of those derived ivom the
cedeaqus, all the characters before mentioned are liable to a surprising
amount of variation in degree, and this is quite independent of sex or
species ; more than this, monstrous individuals frequently occur which,
by reasou of the accentuation of some character, differ completely in
appearance from any of their congeners, and as these specimens are
generally females, it is impossible to say with certainty to which
species they should be referred. I have two such specimens now
before me ; one with distinctly projecting anterior angles to its trans-
versely quadrate thorax, which seems to belong to M. li/fhri, the other,
in which the thorax is little, if anything, more than one-half as wide
as the base of the elytra, seems to belong to H. oleracca. Under
these circumstances, it is not surprising that the nomenclature of these
insects is in a state of hopeless confusion, but it is clear that the
present is not an occasion for any attempt to deal exhaustively with
the literature of the group, and for that reason I do not in the matter
of names propose to go behind the account of the genus given by
"Weise, in "Ins. Deutsch.," vol. vi, pt. v, p. 825, et seq.

The (Bdeagus, which is formed on the same general plan throughout the genus, is a
straight, elongate, parallel-sided, chitinous organ, arising from a short oblique base, and
having a length in its straight part about equal to four times its width ; its general
contour and proportions may be gathered from the accompanying figures, of which A
represents the under surface of the organ in H. Ii/thri, and B the same part in H. oleracea.
Its upper surface is mainly occupied by an elongate-triangular excavation, furnished
in its basal two-thirds with numerous transverse ridges, and having at the apex an
orifice from which the ductus ejac^datorius is extruded ; the under surface, which
furnishes the most useful specific characters, may be con-
sidered as divided longitudinally into three tracts, namely,
a wide and flat smooth central chainiel, flanked on each side
by a somewhat raised lateral tract ; these lateral tracts
become depressed or excavated, or otherwise altered in form,
in their apical third, and arc furnished at about their middle
third with a series of deeply engraved short oblique lines ;
the number and disposition of these lines {i. e., whether
the series extends to the base of the adeagus or not), is not,
in the species that I have examined, a matter of any value
as a distinctive character. The cedeagus of H. oleracea, L.,
forms an exception to the foregoing observations, as its apex
is rounded instead of apiculate, and the under surface is
^ B divided into five tracts, having a lateral channel at each side

margin, in addition to the central channel, with its contiguous raised lateral tracts.

1891.] 291

The characters drawn from the cedearjns, of which I have availed myself in this
paper, are only those which are well-defined, and readily appreciable ; for, after
some experience of the matter, I think that many of the minute differences employed
by Weise in his table of characters drawn from the adeagux are rather those of the
individual than of the complex. So far as our British species are concerned, if one
had a number of the cedeagi under review, it would be easy to pick out those of 11.
pusilla, oleracea, and coryli ; but with regard to the others, they arc all apiculate,
and have the lateral tracts of the under-side flattened and longitudinally excavate
in the apical third, so that, in spite of certain minor differences of degree, they can-
not be separated with any approach to certainty.

In the males the basal joint of the front and intermediate tarsi is widened,
particularly the former ; the last ventral segment is flattened in the middle, and
narrowly reflexed at the apex, and its hind margin is feebly concave, with a large
transversely oblong projection in the middle.

The following is a tabular expression of the characters which I
have found most useful for the separation of our species : —

1 (6) Elytra distinctly widened behind, or parallel-sided.

2 (5) Elytra attaining their greatest width about the apical third.

3 (4) ^deagus apiculate, the lateral tracts of the under-side flattened, but not

longitudinally excavated in the apical third. Species bright metallic-green,

living on hazel 1. coryli, All.

ampelophaga, Brit. Coll.

4 (3) Mdeagus apiculate, the lateral tracts of the under-side flattened, and longi-

tudinally excavated in the apical third. Species living on herbs in marshy
places ; colour violet-blue, or dark blue, more rarely blue-green or green...

2. LYTHEi, Aube.

conaobrina, Brit. Coll.

tamaricis, Fowler, nee Sehr.

5 (2) Elytra parallel-sided for the greater part of their length. Colour blue-

green, green, dull coppery or fusco-ecneous. ^deagus apiculate, tlie lateral
tracts flattened, and longitudinally excavated in the apical third. Species

living on heaths 3. eeiceti, All.

longicollis, Brit. Coll. ((?).

6 (1) Body oblong-ovate, attaining its greatest width at or near the middle.

7 (8) Species dark blue, elytra strongly punctured. ..4. paltistris, Weise.

helianthemi, Brit. Coll.

8 (7) Species dark greenish-blue, dark green, or nearly black, punctuation of elytra

finer and less evident.

9 (10) Mdeagu-s apiculate, the lateral tracts abruptly narrowed in their apical third,

where the central channel widens out into a spoon-shaped depression.
Average size smaller. Elytra proportionately shorter and wider...

5. PUSILLA, Dufts.

montana, Brit. Coll.
10 (9) .'Edeagus rounded at apex, its under surface with three longitudinal channels,
lateral tracts subterete for three-fourths of their length, the apical fourth
forming a thin curved ridge. Average size larger. Elytra proportionately

longer and narrower 6. oleracea, Lin.

pusilla, Brit. Coll.

292 [November,

H. CORYLI, All. — This is our well-known, bright metallic-green, hazel-frequenting
species ; I retain Allard's name for this insect, notwithstanding that Weise puts it
as a var. of H. qiiercetorum, Foudr. (distinguished therefrom by the want of a
lateral fold on the elytra), because it has long been known to us under the name of
coryli, which is, moreover, very appropriate. It is also the insect described by
Fowler (Col. Brit. Islands, iv, 358), under the name of ampelophaga, Gruor. ; his
opinion that all our specimens (pi'csumably of the insect described by him) must be
referred to H. oleracea, apparently arises from the fact that a pair of specimens
standing under the name of ampelophaga in Dr. Power's collection, and labelled
ohracea by Reitter, undoubtedly belong to the species so long known to us as 11.
coryli, and hare nothing to do with H. oleracea, L., as understood and defined by
Weise. The widening of the elytra behind is more distinct in the females than in
the males, but the species can scarcely be confounded with anything but ericeti,
from which it may be easily distinguished by its habitat, and its distinctly depressed
form. There are several European species of a bright metallic-green colour, but the
form of the cedeagus would serve to distinguish them. The true anipelophaga, Gruer.,
which, according to Weise, = cowsoirina, Foudr , may, perhaps, be found here some
day, since the latter author's insect is found on sallows, particularly on dwarf sallows,
as well as on the vine.

H. iTTHRi, Aube. — This is the H. consobrlna of our collections ; in form it is
(normally) even more depressed and widened behind than H. coryli ; in colour dark
blue, with a greater tendency to acquire a violet than a greenish tinge, and the
punctuation is, as a rule, very fine. Blue-green examples of this species a trifle
more convex in appearance, and having the punctuation a little more evident than
usual are the tamaricis of Fowler, but not of Schrank. After a careful examination
of thirteen specimens of this kind (twelve 9 , one <?), I cannot discover any satis-
factory cliaracter or characters by which to separate them from H. lytliri ; the form
of the (hdeagus is practically the same as in that species. In defining H. tamaricis,
Schr., Weise makes a great point of its narrow thorax, which he says is about half as
wide as the elytra at the shoulders : of course, one docs not expect mathematical
precision in comparative measurements of this kind, but, of the four specimens from
Dr. Power's collection lent to me by Fowler, not one has even the appearance of
possessing an abnormally narrow thorax ; one of these specimens, labelled tamaricis
by Reitter, measures "07 in. across the base of the thorax, and "09 in. across the
shoulders of the elytra, and exactly the same relative proportions obtain in the other
three, although in one of them the measurements are '06 in. and .08 in. respectively.
Weise records H. tamaricis, Schr., as inhabiting England ; apparently on the
assumption that Stephens' Haltica erucce is synonymous. He also tells us that
tamaricis, Schr., is synonymous with the hippophaes of Foudras, and as the latter
lives on Hippopha'e rhamnoides, L., it may possibly yet be found in Britain on that
plant, if not on Tamarix gallica, L., a plant common enough on our sandy coasts,
although not indigenous.

H. EEiCETi, All. — This is a convex, parallel-sided species, generally blue-green
or green in colour, which sometimes swarms on Calluna and Erica ; it is not, how-
ever, the only species whieli occur- on Erica, for on the only occasion that I have
yet found H. oleracea, L., in quantity it was on Erica tetralix on Household Heath.

im.] 293

The males have a partieiilai'ly oblong appearance, and tlie widening of the basal
joint of the front tarsi reaches its maximum of development in certain examples of
this species. These accentuated males form the //. long icollis of British collections,
wliatever the H. longicollis of Allard may be (Weise puts the latter as a var. of
oleracea, L.). The differences in punctuation which the late Mr. Rye (Ent. Mo.
IMag., xii, 179) ascribed to longicollis and ericeti do not exist, and it is somewhat
remarkable that all his specimens standing under the latter name are females, and
those standing under the former name are, with one exception, all males. Copper-
coloured i^'i fusco-seneous specimens are occasionally found, especially in the north,
and it is one of the latter which has been named oleracea, var. nigra, by Reitter,
for Fowler, and is figured by the latter under that name (Col. Brit. Islands, iv,
pi. 136, fig. 13).

H. TALUSTRis, Weise. — In the entire absence of male specimens, I can only say
that this species is to be distinguished from oleracea and pusilla by its very dark
blue colour, and more evident punctuation ; it stands in most collections under the
name of helianthemi, All., and the dearth of males is, therefore, very remarkable.
Dr. Sharp is of opinion that the males of this species do not have the basal joint of
the tarsi dilated, but I have failed to find a male in his series of fifteen examples.
The specimens are very uniform in size, and in colour most nearly resemble jff. lythri.
The late Mr. Rye, writing of this species (Ent. Mo. Mag., xii, 179), says that he was
indebted to Mr. Chappell for the only male which he had seen, of which the intro-
mittent organ differed very much from that of oleracea and montana {i. e., pusilla,
Dufts.) ; this identical male is now before me, and the adeagus is dissected out, but,
unfortunately, it is unmistakeably that of oleracea, L. ; as there mounted it certainly
difPers very much from that of oleracea, as exhibited in the same collection, but the
difference is entirely owing to the fact that they are so mounted that the upper sur-
face of the one is compared with the under surface of the other ; on dismounting
the cedeagics of the so-called helianthemi and comparing its under surface with that
of the ready-mounted cvdeagiis of oleracea, I found them to be identical in form ;
the specimen, moreover, is a perfectly normal oleracea in appearance, and is quite
unlike the six female specimens of typical helianthemi {i.e., palustris, Weise), which
accompany it. Mr. Rye's male was named by Allard himself, but Weise puts that
author's helianthemi as a synonym of pusilla, Dufts. Dr. Sharp, who has long had
our insect separated in his collection as a new species, informs me that it generally
occurs by single specimens, and this is my experience of the species in the field ; it
is found in marshy places.

H. OLERACEA, L., and pusilla, Dufts., are only to be determined with cer-
tainty by a reference to the form of the adeagus, although, speaking generally, the
latter may be distinguished by its smaller size, and comparatively wider and shorter
elytra, the latter having a very broad square appearance at the shoulders ; in colour
both species are very variable, being indifferently green, greenish-blue, greenish-
black, or black ; the variety of the former with greenish-blue elytra and metallic-
green thorax is a very handsome insect. In dealing with the English literature of
these insects it is necessary to bear in mind that the names oleracea and pusilla have
at different times both been applied to the insect here called oleracea, L. H. pusilla,
as above defined, is the insect which was introduced into our lists as H. montana,

294 [November,

Foudr , whicli latter is, according to Weise, merely a colour variety of the older
ptisilla of Duftschmidt ; it stands under the name montana in the collections of
Mr. Ryo and Dr. Sharp, but of two speciaiens sent under that name by Canon
Fowler one certainly is oleracea, L. ; Dr. Sharp has taken the species on the Malvern
Hills and at Mickleham, in August and September respectively, and also, quite
recently, near Cambridge, where he found it exclusively confined to Helianthemum,
and just emerging on September 3rd.

131, Rupert Street, Norwich:

September \Oth, 1891.

FURTHER REMARKS ON THE GENUS EUGASTER, SERVILLE

{OUTHOPTERA—HETRODIDJL), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO

NEW SPECIES.

BY W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
Assistant in Zoological Department, British Museum (Natural History), S. Kensington.

Since my remarks on U. sjnnuJosus, Linn., were published {^antea
pp. 210, 211), Dr. Sharp has kindly presented a male Eugaster to the
Museum, which so much resembles^, spinulosus, except in size and in
the colour of the pale markings, that I should have regarded it as the
true male (which I believe is still unknown), but that Dr. Sharp
informs me that he possesses a female which does not differ from the
male, except in the sexual characters.

EuciASTER PowYsi, Sharp, MS.

Head and pronotum testaceous ; head above the antennae black, reticulate-
punctate, frontal tubercle small, obtuse ; clypeus tawny, smooth, with scattered
punctures, most immerous on the sides, which are slightly blotched with black ;
antennaj red for the basal third, and black beyond ; mouth parts mostly blackish ;
mandibles broad, tawny, with a deep groove on the outer side ; palpi black towards
the tips ; pronotum tawny, with black spines, with one longitudinal and two broader
but shallower transverse depressions. Front edge with a series of small spines, about
five on each side of the median line, diminishing in size to the centre ; lateral spines
five, the 2nd and 3rd much the largest ; the intermediate space of the pronotum is
very rugose, and crossed by irregular rows of black humps between each pair of
lateral spines ; the spaces between these humps are marked with deep punctures.
Hinder lobes more reddish, raised, with eight or nine large spines on each side, di-
minishing to the centre. Above the front coxse is a strong black spine ; prosternum
tawny, armed with two short concolorous spines, rather wide apart ; in front of the
coxoe is a large black spot on each side. Legs tawny, the extremities of the femora,
the tarsi, and the front tibiae, black ; base of the femora spotted with black on the
sides ; all the tibiffi armed with four or five small spines beneath. Abdomen black,
smooth and shining, with numerous red spots and dots, largest and most numerous
at the extremities of the segments. Long, corp., 30 mm.

Hah. : Morocco.

1391.] 295

EUGASTER SPINULOSUS, LillU.

The female specimen of E. spinulosus, Linn., in the Museum,
wbicb agrees very well with Edwards' figure (Gleanings, ii, pi. 285),
looks very different to E. Powijsi, owing to its large size (length, 5L
mm.), the greater extension of the black markings on the pronotum
(the whole of the hinder ridge is black), and the tawny markings of
the abdomen ; but in all other particulars it closely resembles E.
Poiri/ni.

I am not sure if it has already been pointed out that Hetrodes
spinulosus, Fisch., Orth. Ross., p. 309, pi. xxxiv, fig. 2 (1834), is a true
Hetrodes, and not a Eugaster ; in fact, it is closely allied to, if not
identical with, H. pupus, L. E. Guyoni, Serv., is tbe type of Eugaster.

Eugaster Guyoni, Serv.

Ill alluding to this species in ni_y former paper, I spoke of it as uiiiforinlj black,
but this is not quite correct, for there are small and inconspicuous tawny or reddish
dots and speckles on the base and sides of the abdomen, and sometimes also on the
back ; but nothing like so well marked, at least in any of our specimens, as in
Lucas' figure (Expl. Alg. Orth., pi. ii, fig. 1).

There are four specimens of E. Guyoni in tbe Museum at present,
all males, which were brought from Biskra Bay by Dr. Anderson, and
vary very little.

They are from 27 to 30 mm. in length, and none of them show a fourth small
spine, as described by Serville, behind the three lateral ones, though some of them
have a small rudimentary spine on one side, either in front of the smaller spine
which precedes the two large ones, or on the front edge of the pronotum. Perhaps
the normal number of lateral spines in the male is three. Lucas states that the
specimen described by Serville, and figured by himself, was a female, measuring 39
lines in length, and therefore considerably lai'ger than the males in the Museum
collection.

There is one female Eugaster in the Museum, previously referred
to E. Guyoni, which was taken at Dartford, and was believed to have
been brought from Tunis with Esparto grass, but it appears to me to
belong to a distinct species.

EUGASTEE LucAsr, sp. n.
Hetrodes Guyoni, var., Luc, Bull. Soc. Ent. France (2), ix, p. iv (1851).
Eugaster Guyoni, Luc, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), i, p. 217 (18G1).
Eugaster Guyoni, White, Proc Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, ]). xxv.

Deep black, slightly inclining to blue-black above ; moutli-parts and trochanters
inclining to reddish ; spines red. Face smooth, sparingly punctured ; mandibles
with a deep groove on the outer side ; vortex very thickly punctured ; pronotum
strongly rugose-punctate, with four spines in the lateral series, whicli arc broad

29Q I November,

short, and hardly pointed ; tliere are also one or two smaller ones slightly indicated
on the right side of the front of the pronotum. The two middle spines are very
broad, rather sliort, the first of these is oblique and very slightly pointed, the second
is rounded at the extremity. The first and fourtii spines are smaller, and on a lower
level, and the fourth is conical, being rather longer and narrower than the first.
Prosternum black, with short red-tipped spines between the front coxae, and above
the front coxte is a strong black spine. The hinder ridge of the pronotum is armed
with four or five spines on each side, diminishing in size towards the centre ; the
ridge itself and all the red spines are of a much darker red than in our specimens of
E. Guyoni. jibdomen black, smooth and shining, the basal sutures and the anal
appendages inclining to reddish, but without a trace of red or tawny dots or spots.
Front and middle tibisB armed with four, and liind tibia; with five, spines on each
carina. Long. Corp., 39 mm. (G2, sec. Lucas).

Hah.: Tunis (?).

T have little doubt that this insect is quite distinct from E.
Guyoni. It is probably the same as that mentioned by Lucas as
occurring in the south-east of Algeria, at Kefoum-Teboul on the
Tanisian frontier, but his specimens appear to have been even larger
than E. spinulosus.

British Museum (Natural History) :
September, 1891.

LIFE-IIISTOEY OF IIYPSIPETES liUBEEATA.
BY NELSON M. KICIIARDSON, B.A., F.E.S.

On June 9th, 1888, I took a ? //. ■)-iileraia,vih\Q\\ I put in an
inverted bell-glass containing a sprig of sallow in M'ater, and covered
with leno. In the course of two or three days it had laid on the
upper-side of the leno, by protruding its ovipositor through the holes,
about 90 eggs. In the case of a $ taken last May the eggs were
chiefly laid on the central stalk of a female sallow catkin, which would
seem to be the natural laying place of this species, as it was also
utilized by a $ which my friend, Mr. II. W. Vivian, bred from some
pupae I gave him in 1889.

The egg is oval in shape, generally a little broader at one end than the other.
The top and bottom are rather flattened, so that the height of the egg is nearly the
same all over, except close to the sides, which are consequently rather straight. The
whole surface is covered with small irregular depressions, generally hexagonal, pent-
agonal or oval, of which there would be about 30 along the edge of a median
transverse section. The egg is whitish when first laid, and after a day or two
becomes pinkish in tinge, the ridges between the depressions being here and there
marked with blotches of darker pink, which increases the general pink tinge when
the egg is seen with the naked eye.

1891. J 297

The larva, when first hatclied, is remarkably lively, crawling very fast ; it is
difficult to keep in confinement, as it seems to be able to get out of almost anything ;
after a day or two, however, it settles down to its food (sallow), and gives no more
trouble. It seems to like best the under-side of a sallow leaf, especially of a stipule,
as a place of residence, spinning thereon a white silken covering for itself, on the
outside of which it sticks the down from the leaf, thereby making its abode very
inconspicuous. In its earlier days it is gregarious in its habits, several larvae living
under one covering ; as it grows older it becomes m.ore solitary, though, even up to
the time of its being full-fed, two will often inhabit the same house. In its older
stages it generally draws two leaves together and lives between them, or sometimes
makes its home by folding over a part of a leaf It rests with its head curled round
to its tail, and it is remarkable how small an abode one or two good sized larviE seem
to find comfortable. At night it sallies out and feeds upon its own or the neigh-
bouring leaves, but not on the part it has spun over. It remains nearly full-fed for
a very long time before it forms its cocoon ; most of my brood appeai-ed to be full-
fed early in September, and on October 25th there were still some tliat had not spun
up for pupation. The larva descends to the surface of the gi'ound about the middle
of October and there spins a tough cocoon of silk mixed with small pieces of earth
and rubbish, in which it shortly turns to a pupa. In one or two cases the larva
spun up and turned between the sallow leaves, but this was not at all of frequent
occurrence.

When quite young the larva is rather transparent, pale greenish, with a ringed
appearance, owing to a very distinct dull red transverse band on the back of each
segment, and with a dark brown head and plate on second segment, which become
lighter with successive changes of skin. The markings on the body become less
defined at each change, and gradually more marbled with ochreous, the red bands
soon losing their definite outline, and becoming more suffused over the whole seg-
ment, except the folds where the segments unite, which remain green.

The description of the larva in its last stage is as follows : — Length about one
inch ; rather stout, tapering very slightly towards the extremities. The head is
rather flat, the rest of the body neai'ly cylindrical. There is a rather striking oblique
fold on the side of each segment in the neighbourhood of the spiracles, and the
whole body has a somewhat wrinkled appearance. Head brown, much speckled and
blotched with darker brown, clypeus and mandibles dark brown ; 2nd segment with
a shining, very pale ochreous, dorsal plate, marked with brown, and having a broad
darker brown dorsal band extending to the subdorsal lines ; body verdigris-green,
marbled with dingy ochreous, and more or less suffused with pink, sometimes almost
crimson, the green often entirely disappearing, except between the segments ; 11th,
12th and 13th segments more entirely ochreous, the latter having a shining ochreous
anal plate, generally slightly dotted with black ; a similar plate extends over the
whole of the hinder half of the anal clasper down to the foot ; the dorsal, subdorsal
and two other lines above, and one just below the spiracles are greyish, and rather
darker than the ground colour, the line immediately above the spiracles very distinct
and blackish on segments 2, 3 and 4, the dorsal line also being more distinct than
the rest. Spiracles black, small, but distinct ; legs marked with pale brown, and
having a double, narrow, black mark in front where they join the body ; claspers
pale ochreous, booklets reddish-brown ; under-side of body pale ochreous, tinged
with pink, and with verdigris-green showing through here and there. The usual
warts are polished, but otherwise like the adjacent skin, except for a small dark
brown dot in the middle, from which springs a pale ochreous bristle.

EE

298 [November,

Pupa very dark brown, polished, much paler between the segments ; wing
cases, &c., very distinct ; there are two small hair-like projections from the last
segment.

The moths began to emerge on May 6th, 1889.

I find that the imago, like its relative,. G. elvtata, will lly on
nights when scarcely anything else is on the wing, but it is not, so far
as I have seen, an abundant species, and is also local. I only take it
here in one place, though there is plenty of sallow in the neigh-
bourhood.

I delayed tlie publication of the above in order to obtain fuller
information on one or two points, and have been unable to secure eggs
until the present year.

Monte Video, near Weymouth :
Sepiemher \Wi, 1891.

ADDITION TO THE LIST OF BRITISH HEMIPTERA.
BY EDWAKD SAUNDERS, P.L.S.

Henestaeis halophiltjs, Burm., Hand., II, i, p. 292.
= rjeocoriccfs, Antess.

In examining my series of what I believed to be the ordinary H.

laticei^s, Curt., I was surprised to find this very distinct species mixed

with it ; the few I have were taken near Heme Bay, and I remember

noticing at the time their more uniform and darker coloration, but I

put them away with Jaticeps, and thought no more about them till I

re-examined them the other day. The two species are so distinct,

that I feel ashamed of myself for not having noticed the difference

before, and what makes the matter worse, I find them similarly mixed

in my European Collection ; possibly others may find them mixed

also. I give below its chief distinctive characters.

Head with the eyes less produced than in laticeps, and on wider stalks, which
are inclined slightly backwards, but not upwards ; the distance between the eye and
the pronotum is not nearly as long as the eye itself, and the eyes tend to embrace
the anterior margin of the pronotiim ; the antennas have their apical joints as long as
or longer than the 3rd ; pronotum much shorter than in laticeps, squarer and less
raised posteriorly. In colour the whole insect is generally darker, sometimes nearly
black, but I have seen some as pale as laticeps, which is also variable in colour.

Ilab. : in a saltmarsh at Hampton, near Heme Bay.

Mr. Champion has taken it at Whitstable and Sheppey, and
records its capture also from AVhitsand Bay, Cornwall, by Mr. J. J.
"Walker.

St. Ann's, Woking :

October Uth, 1891.

1891.1 299

AN EAELIER NAME FOR TINAQMA BETULM.
BY H. T. STAINTON, P.E.S.

In October, 1890, Dr. Wood published in tbis Macjazine, vol. xxvi,
]). 261, the life-history of Tinaf/ma hetulce, a species then supposed to
be new to science. I added a description of the imago in the same
number, at p. 2G4.

In November, 1885, Dr. Sorhagen had proposed for the same
insect (then only known to him by the mine of the larva) the name
HeUozela HnmmonielJa, in the Entomologische ISTachrichten for 1885,
pp. 33S and 339. Dr. Sorhagen showed in this great critical acumen ;
he recognised from the structure of the mine, proceeding from the
stem of the twig, up the foot-stalk of the leaf, and thence into the
mid-rib. that the insect must belong to the genus HeUozela, of Herrich-
Schiiffer, and as no species of that genus was then known as a
birch-feeder (two species feeding on oak, and one on alder), he con-
cluded, w^ithout having seen the imago, and possibly without having
seen the larva, that the species was new, and proposed the name
Hammoniella. Dr. Sorhagen, whilst collecting mines of Phylloporia
histriqelJa, in the little birch trees growing on a peat-bog near Ham-
burg, had been struck by the mines, also in birch-leaves, of this new
species, and he represents in a wood-cut, at p. 339, the different mines
of the two species.

In a recent number of the Stettin. Entom. Zeitung, 1891, p. 133,
Oberlehrer Gr. Stange has called attention to this early notice of the
insect by Dr. Sorhagen, and has realized its identity with the Tinagma
hetulcB of Dr. Wood and myself. Herr Stange has been fortunate in
breeding a considerable number of the imago.

Major E. Hering, in his interesting Ergtinzungen und Berich-
tigungen zu E. O. Biittner's Pommerschen Mikrolepidopteren, in the
same number of the Stettin. Entom. Zeitung, refers, at p. 198, to this
Hammoniella of Sorhagen.

Sorhagen, in his Kleinschmetterlinge der Mark Brandenburg, has
an appendix, commencing at p. 317, which mentions rather briefly the
species known to occur in other parts of North Germany (many of
which may eventually be found to occur in the Mark of Brandenburg) ;
in this appendix he naturally includes any of the species he had
recently found when exploring the peat-bog near Hamburg, and at
p. 337, he introduces HeUozela Hammoniella, though rather strangely
he fails to give any reference to his earlier publication in the Ento-
mologische Nachrichten, for the unearthing of which we are indebted
to Oberlehrer Stange.

Lewisham : October 12th, 1891.

EE 2

300 [November,

MICROPTERYX CALEBONIELLA : ANOTHER NEW SPECIES,
PROBABLY FROM BIRCH.

BY A. F. GRIFFITH, M.A.

In April, 1SS5, I took in Sutherland twelve specimens of a
Mlcroptcri/x, which is very distinct from all our other British species.
They differ from all except Sparmannella in having the fringes uni-
formly pale golden, the antenna) are short, and the markings on the
wings are otherwise very similar to those of purpurella, but the fore-
wings are brighter and more regularly and completely reticulated with
golden, and the golden anal spot is more distinct.

As the species does not seem to have been observed elsewhere,
the name ealedoniella seems appropriate. Two of my specimens are
now in Mr. kStainton's collection, and two in that of Mr. Vine, of
Brighton.

In June, 18S9, I found a Micropterijx larva not uncommonly on
birch in the same neighbourhood, feeding like SparmanneUa, but in
consequence of an unfortunate accident the whole batch were killed.

The only other Micropterijx which I have met with in Sutherland-
shire is a single specimen of SparmanneUa, with the ground a most
rich peacock-blue.

M. ealedoniella may be thus described: —

Exp. alar., 45'" — 5'". Head grey, antennae less than half as long as the fore-
wings. Fore-wings bright reddish-purple, often shot with peacock-blue, delicately
and regularly reticulated with golden. A large distinct anal spot pale golden, not
however extending to the middle of the wing ; fringes pale golden.

Brighton : October, 1891.

Notes on Micropteryx Sangii and KaltenhacMi, Sfc. — My series of M. Sangii
have been for two years waiting for a name. They have been collected partly at
Sandridge (Herts), and partly in several localities in Sussex. Both when bred and
when caught they appear to run somewhat smaller than semipurptirella.

Three seasons ago I found a Micropieri/x larva local and scarce on nut and horn-
beam at Abbot's Wood, in Sussex, the blotches appeared to be identical on the two
food-plants, and I have no doubt but that they were M. Kaltenhachii. They oc-
ciu'red singly, and were even more scattered than the larvee of SparmanneUa. I
failed entirely in rearing the raoths.

I have three specimens of a Micropteryx, one taken at Highgate, and two at
Tilgate, which appear to answer to the description of salopiella, the ground-colour
being reddish rather than purple, and the large distinct anal spot being rather
silvery, but they are as large as the largest semipurpurella in my series. Are these
true salopiella 1 — Id. : September, 1891.

rinsia moneta at Cambridge in 1890. — A fine specimen of this species was taken
at rest in August, 1890, by Mr. J. C. Rickard just outside Downing College Grounds.
—Id. : October I2th, 1891.

1891.] 301

NOTES ON EUrCECILIA SODALIANA, HAW. {AMANDANA, H.-S.),
WITH DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA.

BY W. a. SHELDOK.

This species is not uucoinmou in a locality a few miles from Croy-
don, and I have taken it in some numbers for several years.

The imago appears in June and July, the earliest date in my diary
is the 15th of June, and the latest the 8th of July, it is usually well
out by the 20th of June, and quite passe by the end of the month ;
during the day it is exceedingly sluggish, appearing to hide amongst
the thickest growth, and if disturbed dropping like a stone ; early in
the evening a few specimens may be found sitting upon the leaves of
the food-plant, common buckthorn {Bhamnus catharticus) , or on the
grass stems under the bushes.

Flight usually commences about half-past eight, and is over by
nine o'clock, during this time a fair series may usually be taken on a
warm and still night by standing under a buckthorn bush and netting
the specimens as they fly over it, their white colour rendering them
easily discernible ; after nine o'clock hardly one will be seen.

The ova are deposited on the berries, apparently singly, the larva
hatches in about fourteen days, burrows into the berry, and feeds
upon the contents ; when these are devoured, another berry is selected,
and the process goes on until the larva is full-fed, which is usually by
the end of August.

The infected berries turn purple much earlier than the sound
ones. The larva has a habit of fastening together with silk those
berries in its immediate neighbourhood. In confinement it burrows
freely into virgin cork, forming therein a tough leathery cocoon, in
which it passes the winter, unchanged ; probably in nature the bark of
its food-plant furnishes it with a hibernaculum.

The following is a description of the full-fed larva, made with
the assistance of a glass : —

Lengtli, I inch, moderately stout, sluggish, head highly glabrous, amber
coloured, mouth darker ; on the second segment is a jet-black shining plate, divided
in centre ; dorsal area purple ; between the segments light pea-green ; dorsal canal
not apparent, except when larva is crawling ; anal segment has an indistinct green
plate spotted with black ; on each segment are several humps, each one of which
emits an indistinct hair. Ventral area light pea-green.

15, Alexandra Road, Croydon :

September Uth, 1891.

302 [November,

A new toor/c on the Lejiidoptera of the British Islands. — I have undertaken a
very serious task, and do not in the least under-estimate its difBculties. The amount
of knowledge of our Britisii Lepidoptera, from the large number of students, is now
so enormous, that a work on the subject to be equal to modern requirements must
necessarily be a formidable undertaking. This, however, is what I aspire to, and,
well knowing that no one man can in a lifetime hope, himself, to work it up, I ask
for the help of those who have made a practice of observing insects in their natural
conditions. I have been so engaged for forty yeai's, and naturally have personal
knowledge of the majority of the native species ; and what I now want is informa-
tion as to the habits (particularly in the perfect state) of the more rare, and
especially of the very local species, their manner of flight, time of flight, habits of
resting, of feeding, of amusing themselves, everything about them in their living
state. An enormous mass of information is already in hand, but there must still
be a great deal of unpublished knowledge, and for this I ask. The friends to whom
I have applied have responded in the warmest and kindest iiianner, but I cannot
write to every one.

The Rhopalocera will come first, of course, and I want observations of the
living and moving habits of any local butterflies, but particularly of such as I have
little or no personal acquaintance with in their Tiative haunts, as Melitcea Cinxia, M.
Athalia, Erebia Blandina, Tliecla pruni, T. heiulce, Hesperia paniscus, and II.
comma.

I am extremely anxious to examine one of the British specimens of Danais
ArcMppus (Plexipptis), and if possible, of Lycana boetica. Probably, it will be
necessary to figure these species from European or exotic specimens, but it is im-
portant to see and compare the native specimens as far as possible.

One further question. Can any one ixxvm&h, from personal knowledge, parti-
culars of any capture of the larva of either I'ieris Daplidice, Vanessa Antiopa, or
Arggnnis Lathonia in the United Kingdom ? — Chas. G. Bakrett, 39, Linden
Grove, Nunhead, London, S.E. : October 6th, 1S91.

Coleophora leucanipeunella, Hb. : an addition to the British fauna. — An example
of a Coleophora, which agrees with this species in every respect except that it is
smaller than is usual, was taken by the Rev. C. T. Cruttwell in a small wood on the
borders of Norfolk, flying with other species of the same genus in one of the open
wood-paths in June, 1890. In June last, I went down to Denton, to assist him in
searching for more, but no success whatever attended our efforts in 1 hat direction,
and the single specimen of the previous year remains, as far as is known, unique in
this country.

It is somewhat allied to saturatella. Its head and palpi are silvery -grey,
antenute also silvery-grey with darker rings. Fore-wings glossy, dark bronzy-grey,
shot with reddish ; the costa regidarly and rather broadly white fi'om the base almost
to the apex, where it tajjers off into the costal cilia, which are dark grey ; remaining
cilia dai'k bronzy-grey. Jlind-wings dark grey. Thorax bronzy-brown ; abdomen
dark brown. A pretty and distinct looking species.

Sorhagen says that its larva lives in a seed capsule of Silene nutans, injlata, or
Lychnis viscaria, in June, afterwards cutting off the capsule and using it as a case.
—Id.

i8»iJ 303

White form of Diaphora mendicn, $ . — When in the north of Ireland last
month, I took the opportunity of examining all the local collections of Lepidoptera
within reach, and was surprised to find that every male mendica taken in the north
is of the same pale cream colour as those from the neighbourhood of Cork. I am
not sure whether the smoky dai'k form is known to occur at all in Ireland. — Id.

The larva of Spilosoma sordida, Jlilb. — In one of my Swiss tours several years
ago (viz., in 1880) I found the eggs of this alpine species laid on a bare rock in a
neat and regular circle like a watch spring, between Chamounix and Martigny ; they
were of a whitish-buff, but darkened the day before they iiatched, when the larvae
were of a pale yellowish colour, with a few very short hairs rising from minute black
tubercles. They remained similar in hue after the first moult, but had a pale greyish-
white central dorsal line, and also a very faint orange spiracular stripe.

The second moult took place in from ten to twelve days' time, when they became
lavender-grey, slightly hairy, with a narrow white central dorsal line.

After the third moult the caterpillars were similar in all respects, but were
decidedly darker, more hairy, and with all the markings intensified.

Some, after the fourth moult, assumed the adult skin, which was dark greyish -
brown, covered with very dark brown (almost black) bail's of moderate length, the
central dorsal line white or very pale orange, and continued from the second to the
end of the last segment. The spiracular line is orange, composed of spots, one on
each segment from 2nd to 13th inclusive, but much more intense at either end than
in the centre. Spiracles very pale buff, encircled by a fine black line. Under-surface
pale grey, with a slight greenish tinge. Some remain precisely the same as after
the third moult, and do not assume the adult skin until the fifth moult has taken
place, but whether this is sexual or otherwise I do not know, as I unfortunately
did not make a note of this particular at the time.

Length, 35 to 40 mm. Five pairs of claspers.

They spun a cocoon of hair, earth, &c., on the surface towards the end of August,
having hatched during the second week in July, the ova being found on June 12th,
so that from egg to pupa a period of close on twelve weeks elapsed.

The larvffi are polyphagouo ; in 1880 I fed them on elm, in 1881 I forced these
pupse and obtained fine series during the latter half of February, from these I se-
cured several batches of eggs, wliich hatched during Easter week, the larva; were
then fed on Lamium, hut they took very readily to gooseberry, hawthorn, and nettle,
which happened to be in the breeding cage at the same time for other species. The
1881 larvae spun up during the latter part of June, the time between each moult
being from ten to fourteen days. The perfect insects did not appear until the
following year, when all the ova proved to be infertile. — G. T. Baker, Clai'cndon
Eoad, Edgbaston : October 1st, 1891.

Re-union between the same moths. — Cases of re-union between the same moths,
as cited by Mr. Eustace R. Bankes (ante p. 274) would, I believe, be by no means
uncommon, if opportunities were given for their occurrence. It is only when moths
are reared in confinement that we can be sure of all the circumstances agreeing with
the case mentioned, and it too frequently happens that a pairing having been once
observed, the male is removed out of reach of the female, and all chance of a second

304 [November,

pairing thus prevented. It not infrequently happens that when ova are obtained
from captive fcnaales, a portion of the batch prove infertile, indeed, I have long held
an opinion that it is the rule rather than the exception, and have, therefore, generally
allowed the male to remain with the female during the time that she was depositing
ova, and have, on more than one occasion, observed what I believe to be an act of
re-union after a natural separation ; but in the following case the details were
carefully observed, and entered in my diary at the time. On May 24th, 1889, four
males and three females of the Irish form of Spilosoma mendica emerged from pupse,
one of eacli sex was selected and the two put together in a cardboard box covered
with leno for a lid, througli which their movements coiild be well observed without
interfering with them. At 8 a.m. on the 25th they were in cop. ; they were left
undisturbed during the day, and in the evening they had separated and ova were
deposited, and on the morning of the 26t]i, at the same hour, they were again paired.
Thus there were two distinct pairings between tlie same individuals, and ova were
deposited before the second act of copulation took place. — Robt. Adkin, Lewisham :
October, 1891.

(Jmias moNinus, Boh. — I have taken several specimens of this local insect near
the Trent, on the borders of Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire. — A. Thoenlet,
South Leverton Vicarage, Lincoln : October, 1891.

[This beetle used to be found by the late Mr. W. Garneys and myself on the
banks of the Old Trent at Repton, Eurton-on-Trent ; it probably occurs throughout
the Trent valley.— W. W. F.]

Gnorimus nobilis, L., and Trichius fasciatus, L., in Herefordshire. — Mr. E. W.
Bowell has recently sent me a single specimen of Gnorimus 7wbilis, labelled Hereford,
July, 1891, and three or four specimens of Trichius fasciatus, from the banks of the
river Monnow, Herefordshire, concerning which he writes as follows : " These were
bred by my friend Dr. Chapman, the food of tlie larva being the wood of Alnus
f/lutinosa. I have seen the insect flying on several occasions;" in that same box was
a specimen of Molorchvs minor, taken at a Roman villa near Woodstock on July
1st.— W. W. FowLEK, Lincoln : October lOih, 1891.

Trechus lapidosus, Daws., and other Coleoptera, tf'c, at Charmouth, Dorset. —
While staying at Charmouth in August, I found Trechus lapidosus in numbers under
shingle at the mouth of the Char ; the mouth of tlie river was entirely silted up,
forming a long pond, and on its banks I took fifty or sixty specimens of the beetle in
one morning ; Bemhidium saxatile was very abundant, accompanied by the var.
vectensis, and Myrmecopora (Tacht/usa) uvida, and other small Staphylinidce, were
to be found, but sparingly ; after some heavy rains the Char burst tlirough into the
sea, and the Trechi seemed to disappear. On the road between Charmouth and
Lyme Regis, I beat about a dozen specimens o{ Lebia chlorocej'hala,var.chri/socephaIa,
off broom ; they were very scarce, and occurred singly, or in small numbers, on
different days ; not a single specimen of the type form was seen ; Gonioctena litura
was very abundant on the broom ; I did not come across any specimens of tlie dark

1891.] 305

variety, but found two or three red or dull scarlet examples ; the colour, however,
faded after death ; I have not seen a record of this variety, which is very distinct in
life ; beetles, as a rule, appeared to be scarce, and I took very few worth recording.
I may, perhaps, mention Otiorrhynchus raucu.t, scabrosus, and ligneus, Uydrocyphon
deflexicoUin, Tychiiis meliloti, Adimoyiia tanaceii, aud Am'sotoma li/wra ; Anthono-
■mus rxibi was rather plentiful on flea-banc flowers, and I found a few violet-coppery
specimens of (Elemera ccerulea, the only male being of a deep purple colour. Har-
palus rotundicollis was taken busily engaged at the seed-head of knapweed, or an
allied plant ; I have found Harpalus puncticollix in the same situation at Filey : as
far as can be seen they are devouring the seed, and not searching for small insects ;
in this point certain of the Ophontts group appear to be related to Zabrus.

Among the Hemiptera I swept a single specimen of the apparently very rare
Derceocoris neticornis ; the only other example I ever met with was at Filey. I also
took Rhyparochromns chiragra, Heterocordylus tibialis, and Dicyphus annidatus,t\\Q
latter in abundance.

One morning I saw a large and beautiful specimen of the straw-coloured variety
of Polyommatus Phlceas, but failed to secure it. Vanessa lo was in abundance in
certain spots, but V. Atalanta and V. cardui were, apparently, entirely wanting.
Gonepteryx rhamni has been for some years conspicuous by its absence, as far as my
observation has gone ; has it become more scarce in reality ? — Id.

Notes on some Scottish Coleoptera. — The record of Timarclia tenehricosa, F.,
for Scotland was "extremely doubtful," but it is no longer so, as I found seven speci-
mens the other afternoon crawling about on a sunny face of rough waste land. I
think, however, it must be very intermittent in its appearance, as I could hardly
have overlooked so conspicuous a species during the time I have been collecting ;
yet it was in this county it had been said to exist, on only very indirect authority.
I have lately taken sparingly Rhynchites cuprevs, L., at the blossom of the rowan
tree ; it is rare in Scotland. R. aneovirevs, Marsh., has also turned up on the
same trees and oak. While collecting a few days ago with Mr. Lenuon near Dum-
fries, I got one specimen of Elater nigrimis, Herbst, which is new to the Solway
district ; and here I have been getting some examples of Corymbites holosericeus,
F., these have all been got on Scots fir, which I have not seen named as its habitat.
SubcoccineUa 2i-pu>ictata, L. {Lasia globosa, Schneid.), has turned up here. I have
taken several Gyrophcena minima, Er., in a fungus ; this was hitherto on the Scottish
list only on the strength of a single specimen taken many years ago by Dr. Sharp.
A solitary S example of PhyJlotreta nodicornix, Marsh., which I got three or four
years ago by the sea here, is, I think, the only Scottish record for this species. —
W. D. R. Douglas, Orchardton, Castle Douglas, N.B. : June I9th, 1891.

Creophilus maxUlosus, var. ciliaris, Steph., in Ireland. — At the end of August
I took a specimen of Creophilus maxillusus, var. ciliaris, Steph. (among several of
the ordinary type), under a dead dog-fish near Port Balantrae (closi' to the Giant's
Causeway), Co. Antrim, Ireland. I was only in the neighbourhood a very few days
or I might have found some more specimens. Chrysomela BanJcsi, F., was apparently
not rare at the same locality. — Id.

30G [Noveiiibei ,

JIoDialoplla rnricola : the black variettj. — On July lltli last, wlien collecting
on the clialk downs in the neighbourhood of Ashridgc, I took a specimen of this
rare chafer. At the time I did not recognise the value of my capture, or should
have searched in hopes of getting the type form. I am indebted to Mr. C. O.
Waterhouse for liis kindness in identifying my insect. In the Natural History
Museum at South Kensington there are two specimens of this variety, one continental
and one British. My capture is a specially large and handsome specimen. — Aetiiur
CoTTAM, Eldercroft, Watford : September, 1891.

Metallites marginatus at Watford. — Canon Fowler, in his new work on the
Coleoptera of the British Islands, says that this beetle is very local but not un-
common where it occurs, and that it is found on broom and juniper. I have for
some years taken it in this neighbourhood, but always on hawthorn. There is very
little broom about here, and no juniper within several miles. Last spring the insect
was abundant on the hawthorns as soon as the leaves were out. I obtained a good
series, and could have taken a very large number had I chosen to do so.-:— Id.

Coleoptera at Baldock, Herts. — Altiiough I have not had much leisure for
active entomology during the season which is now drawing to a close, I have
managed to pick up a few things which may be thought wortiiy of notice. Perhaps
the best of these was Hallomenus humeralis, of which I took thirty-one examples
from a standing dead pine in July ; the tree was greatly decayed, so much so, in
fact, that an outer layer of wood, about an inch and a half in thickness, came away
almost at a touch. Between this and the sounder wood beneath the Hallomeni were
concealed. They are difBcult insects to set, owing to their great fragility, and the
antennae, in particular, will scarcely bear even the most careful manipulation.

Beating hazel bushes into an umbrella early in June pi-oduced several Brachy-
tarsus scabrosus. I secured eight examples in all, and missed three or four more.
They lie motionless for a few minutes in the umbrella, and are very hard to dis-
tinguish ; when once in motion, however, they are very active, and, in the hot
sunshine, take wing almost as readily as blue-bottle Hies. A single Apoderus coryli
turned up with them.

Among a number of Anaspides beaten from liawthorn blossom was a specimen
which seemed to agree fairly well witJi two examples of A. Garneysi, given to me by
the late Dr. Power under the name of A. variegata. Not feeling quite satisfied as
to tlie identity of the insect, however, I forwarded it to Canon Fowler, who returns
it to me as probably Gariieysi, the impossibility of examining the male characters
preventing him from pronouncing with certainty.

On an old oak fence I found Ptinus lichenum in numbers. If it is always as
local as in this instance, it must often be overlooked, as it was absolutely confined to
about five yards of fencing out of a couple of hundred, and was very hard to see
while resting motionless among the lichens.

Single specimens of ]£ncephalus complicans and Phytmcia cylindrica turned up
in the sweep-net. Poophagus nasturtii was fairly plentiful upon watercress in a
small rivulet, while from the sedge, &c., in the marshy ground which bordered it I
got Baris T-album, Douacia ajffinis, Haltica consobrina, and Psammcechus bipunc-
tatus ; the last commonly. By beating Salix I obtained several Apion minimum.

1891.] 307

These were taken in September; Canon Fowler, in his " Britisli Coleoptera," gives
May and June as the months of appearance. There must, I think, be a second
brood ; certainly one of my specimens was quite soft, and seemed to have but just
left the pupa.

Adimonia caprea was very common about the second week in September ; A.
suturalis often does duty for this species in collections. The two species are very
similar in appearance, but, beyond the structural differences, A. caprem seems
always to have two indistinct pale lines running from base almost to apex of each
elytron. This character is not noticed in the descriptions which I have seen, but,
as far as my own experience goes, is constant. The habitat of the two species, of
course, is perfectly distinct.

Sweeping Lathyrus pratensis produced a few specimens of Bnichun loti, and a
curioush' coloured example of B. riijlmanuf. Otiorrhyuchus raucus I met walking
along the high road, and Diphi/llus lunatun had chosen to end its days in my water
but. Bolitochara lucida was fairly common in toadstools in June. Among the
ILydradephaga my only capture worthy of note was KaUphis cinereux, which I
found in some numbers in the more stagnant parts of a slowly-running stream.

Three specimens ( ? ) of 3Ietoecus paradoxus have just reached me from a
correspondent at Bury St. Edmunds, who took them from a wasp's nest in the
neighbourhood of that town. With them were an example of Myrmedonia limhata,
which I always thought was exclusively attached to ants, and a number of Crypto-
phagi, which await identification. — Theodore Wood, Baldock, Herts : Oct. 2iid, 1891.

Pulvinaria oxyacaiithcB, Linn. — In May, 1881, on a hawthorn bush in Beaufort
Gardens, Lewisham, I found a mature scale of Pulvinaria oxyacanthcB (Ent. Mo.
Mag., xxii, p. 158), but neither then nor in subsequent years could I get another,
which was curious, considering that all the species of the genus are of gregarious
habits. But this year, on June 5th, when casually looking among the trees in Lee's
sandpit adjacent, I saw a dozen of the ? scales of this species, conspicuous by the
white ovisac, on twigs, of last year's growth, of a hawthorn of small size, " cabined,
cribbed, confined " under the close shade of a beech tree, so that it could not grow
larger; and this situation seemed to suit the Pulvinaria exactly. There was no
trace of a male scale ; it was doubtless too late.

On June 12th I received from Mr. P. B. Mason, Burton-on-Trciit, several ?
scales of a Pulvinaria from Cratce/ju.s' pyracanflia, growing on the side of a house;
these had every resemblance to P. oxyacanthce, and a microscopical examination of
the antennse and legs (kindly made by Mr. E. Newstead) proved that they were
really that species. This is interesting, for hitherto the species has been observed
only on hawthorn, which, however, is of the same genus. — J. W. Douglas, 153,
Lewisham Road, S.E. : Octolier 6th, 1891.

Lecanium olem, Bernh. — On August 27th last Dr. J). Sharp, Cambridge, sent
on a leaf of JS'erhtm oleander some scales of L. olece in all stages of growth. This
is the first time, to my knowledge, that this species has been found in England,
though it is common on various plants in the south of Europe, and occurs in the
United States of America, especially in Florida and California, where it is known as
the " Black Scale," and causes great damage to the plants it inhabits, amongst which
oleander ii mentioned (<_/'. Comstock's " lleport " for 1850, p. 336). The male is

308 [November,

unknown. The simultaneous existence on the same plant of the insects in all gra-
dations of life, shows that tlie species, like others of the same nature, is pseudaga-
mous, and that there is a continuous production and not distinct broods.

In tlie Ent. Mo. Mag., xxiv, p. 95, writing of Lecanium testiido, Curtis, wliich
I liad from Ivew on Brexia madagascariensis and Cratapa gynandra, I said tliat,
except in one small particular, the scales externally were identical with L. oleoe ;
and liaving subsequently received several exactly similar scales on various plants
from Demerara, some of which having been dissected by Mr. K. Newstead, and
found to agree as to antennaj and legs witli L. olece, I am now satisfied that L.
tesludo must be referred to that prior species. Signorct, who did not know L. testudo
except by description (Ess. Cochen., p. 271), surmised that it might be the same as
L. cycadi.i, Boisd., but that species is anomalous in having nine joints in tlie an-
tenna;, and in reality is not known since Signoret's time, so that actual comparison
cannot be made and the question decided. — Id.

Bomhus soroensis, Fah., at Ilfracombe. — Notwithstanding the rain and wind
which have been prevalent lately, I was lucky enough to find a male of the above
species on a head of Senecio at Ilfracombe. The record of this locality is, I think,
worth making, ae I do not know of its having occurred so far west before. — Edwaed
Saunders, St. Ann's, Woking : October 16th, 1891.

Ilemerohius pellucidus, Wlkr., near F.reter. — The Rev. A. E. Eaton has just
given me an example of this rare and very local insect taken by him at Exwick, near
Exeter, on the 8th July last. This, I think, is a new locality. It had been pre-
viously taken in England by Messrs. J. C. and C. W. Dale at Grlanvilles Wootton,
and by Mr. J. E. Fletcher near Worcester. — R. McLachlan, Lewisham, London :
October 2nd, 1891.

Concerning the female of I.wcelipteron fulvum, Costa. — I am not sure that the
female of this insect has been previously noticed. I have before me a ? from near
Amasia in Asia Minor, lent me by Mr. Albarda of Leeuwarden. It differs from the
S in the apex of the abdomen being obtuse and without appendages, and in the
absence of the blackish scale-like hairs on the inner margin of the wings (especially
the posterior) so conspicuous in the c? . In connection with this my notes on allied
species, published in Ent. Mo. Mag., xxii, p. 215, should be compared. — Id. :
October nth, 1801.

Drepanopferyx phalanoides, Linn., in Scotland. — On the 5th instant I had a
few hours' collecting at Cleghorn, and a single specimen of tliis interesting insect,
beaten from hazel, gave some value to my otherwise not very rich booty. So late in
the season it was hardly looked for, and its appearance is the more noteworthy
seeing it has been an absentee for five or six years, although repeatedly sought after.
This makes the fourth specimen from Cleghorn, probably the greatest number yet
taken in Britain in one locality. The insect proves to have a wider range in the
Glen than was thought probable, as the present specimen was taken at some distance
from the place were tliose previously recorded (Ent. Mo. Mag., xxii, p. 139) were
found. — Kenneth J. Mokton, Glenview, Carluke, N.B. ; October 8lh, 1891.

1891] 309

BlEMINGHAM ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY : Sept. 2\st, 1891.— Mr. E. C. Bradley
in the Chair.

Mr. P. W. Abbott sliowed Tceniocampa opima and gracilis and Nyssia zonaria
from Wallasey ; also Argynnis Paphia, var. Valezina, from New Forest. Mr. Or. W.
Wynu showed Sesia cuUciforniln from Wjre Forest. Mr. W. Harrison showed a
bred series of Selidosema ericetaria from the New Forest. Mr. R. C. Bradley
showed four specimens of Pteropoecila Lamed from Sutton; lie said Mr. Gr. H.
Verrall had confirmed the species. Mr. Wainwright showed Plusia orlchalcea and
Arctophlla mussitans from North Cornwall. Mr. W. Harrison showed a box of
beautifully preserved laryse ; he managed to retain the green colour in Saturnia
carpini and others by inflating them and allowing them to dry naturally, without
the application of heat : this took about twenty minutes.

October Uh, 1891.— Mr. W. G. Blatch, President, in the Chair.

Mr. R. C. Bradley showed a long series of Spilographa Zoe from Moseley ;
this species is not usually found in more than odd specimens, but Mr. Bradley suc-
ceeded in taking it freely from the under-sides of leaves at Moseley. Mr. Q-. W.
Wynn showed a boxfull of large American Bombyces ; also Xylophasia hepatica,
which he had bred from pupse found underneath the bark of poplars at Cleeve Prior ;
they were in cocoons and situations which exactly resembled those of Acronycta
megacephala. Mr. W. Harrison showed Papilio Machaon from Wicken. Mr. W.
Gr. Blatch showed the following beetles : Ilybius cenexcens from Tysoe, Warwickshire ;
Homalota crassicomis from Bewdley ; Oxytelus fulvipes, Henoticus serratus (a
series), Micropeplus tesseru/a (a series), and Lampronia luzella, all from Knowle. —
COLBRAN J. Wainwrioht, Hon. Sec.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society : October I2lh, 1891. —
The Vice-President, The Rev. H. H. Higgins, in the Chair.

Mr. C. E. Stott read a paper, entitled, " Notes on Celcena Ilaworthii," in which
he described the haunts of this species with its earlier stages, and concluded by de-
scribing the diffei'ent local varieties. Mr. J. Collings read " A few remarks on
Aplecta nebulosa," stating he had bred five melanic forms from Delamere, for which
he proposed the varietal name of Robsoni, in honour of the well known entomologist,
Mr. J. E. Robson, of Hartlepool. The Secretary read a communication from Mr.
J. W. Tutt, who wrote, that the sppcimens of Tortrix Donelana exhibited at the
last Meeting had, at the South London Entomological Society, been stated to be
T. Steineriana, var. Dohrniana, and that the name of Donelana would, therefore,
fall to the ground. But it was pointed out that Donelana had already been referred
to Steineriana, but incorrectly. Mr. Townsing showed a remarkable gynandro-
morphous specimen of Orgyia antiqua, the head of which possessed the male
structure, while the body was that of the female. Mr. Harker, a variety of Vanessa
lo, the ground colour of which was fulvous-brown. Mr. Gregson, a very variable
series of Dianthoecia conspersa, including the melanic form. Messrs. Townsing and
Prince, dark forms of Abraxas grossiilariata. Mr. Pierce (the Secretary), Retinia
resinana, and their resinous nodules from the fir trees. — F. N. PlEECE, Hon. Sec,
143, Sinithdown Lane, Liverpool.

310 [November,

The SoFTn London Entomological and Natural History Society :
August 21th, 1891.— W. H. Tugwell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. Tucrwcll exhibited a series of BryophiJa peria, Fb., from Kent, showinf;
great variation. Mr. Tugwell also exhibited, on behalf of Mr. J. E. Robson, of
ITartlepool, LyccBna Astrarche,'Qgsiv., collected at Durham, and showing the species
in all its forms, vars. Salmacis, St., and Artaxerxes, Fab., with intermediate forms.
Mr. S. Edwards, the genus Charaxes, and read notes on the distribution of the
species. Mr. Carpenter, varieties of under-sides of Tliecla rtihi, L. ; Etigonia
qaercinaria, Tlufn., bred from ova, and unusually dark. Mr. Frohawk, P/eris nnj>i,
L., from different localities, and three females showing graduation of an additional
spot between the third and fourth nervules, one male entirely white ; pale and dusky
forms of the female ; and a banded form of Pararge Megc2ra, L., taken at Chatten-
dcn, 1861. Mr. Mera, living larvne of Acronyda tridens, Schifp. Mr. West
(Streatliam), the Lewes form of GnopJws ohscuraria, Hb. Mr. Turner, bred series
of Pelurgia comUata, L., and of Hgpsipetea sordidata, Fb. ; also a living larva of
Stauropus fagl, L. Mr. C. Fenn, Odontia dentalis, Schiff., bred from Echium,
Hyria muricata, Hufn., Anerastia lotella, Hb., Cramhus uliginosellns, Zell., C. con-
taminellus, lib., and Sericoris conchana, Hb., from Deal and neighbourhood. Mr.
H. A. Sauze, a case of Coleoptera, containing twenty-six species. Mr. West
(Streatham), an example of Nania typica, with two tibiae and tarsi on left front
femur. Mr. Billups, British Dipiera, including Xemorcea strenua, Meig., from
Oxshott ; Erixtalis sepulchral is, L., a male taken at Plunistead ; also a female of
the rare Hypoderma bovis, Deg. ; Phytomyza aqnilegice, Hardy, reared with its para-
site, Bhizarcha areolaris, Nees, from leaves of the columbine growing in his garden
at Peckham. Mr. Billups also exhibited Polysjihincta varipes, Gr., and a cocoon of
Attaciis Cecropia from New York State, received from Mr. Turner, and from which
he had bred forty-eight specimens of a species of Cry plus, closely allied to the
British Cryptus digitatus.

September \Oth, 1891. — The President in the Chair.

Mr. W. F. Robinson, of Notting Hill, was elected a Member.

Mr. S. Gr. C. Russell exhibited a large number of Argynnis Selene, Schiff., from
North Hants localities. Mr. Carpenter, a fine series of PericalUa syringaria, L.,
bred from ova received from Essex, and of Di.inthaecia alhimacula, Bork.,bred, from
Kent. Mr. Frohawk, a series of PoJyommatus Pklceas, L., and pointed out the
advantage of rearing this species from ova, as those bred were much larger than
captured specimens. Mr. Joy, a melanic specimen of Boarmia repandata, L., taken
near Grange. Mr. R. Adkin showed a series of Psodos coracina, Esp., bred this
spring, from Rannoch. Mr. C. Fenn, about fifty caught specimens of Agrotis
corticea, Hb., showing the variation of the species at Deal. Mr. Barker exhibited a
dark variety of Arctia Caia, L., and Mr. Weir remarked that he had once seen a
series arranged according to whether the antennsE were white or black. Mr. Short
exhibited varieties of Arctia Caia, L., in one example the whole markings of half of
the superior wings were absent. Mr. Tugwell showed examples of MeliicEa Aurinfa,
Rott., from English, Irish, and Scotch localities, and made some observations on the
local variation of this species, and a discussion ensued. — H. W. Barker, Hon. Sec.

1891.] 311

Entomoiogical Society of Londox : Octoler Ith, 1891. — Dr. David Shaep,
F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Chairman referred to the death, on the 14.th September last, of Mr. E. W.
Janson, who had been a Member of the Society since 1813, and who had formerly
filled the offices of Secretary and Librarian respectively.

The Rev. Dr. Walker exhibited a long series of several species of Erebia, and
oi,A)\gynnis Pales, which he had recently captured near Eoldal, in Norway.

Mr. W. L. Distant exhibited specimens of Danais CJiri/sippiix, with its two
varietal forms, Alcippus, Cram., and Dorippus, Klug, all which he found together
in the Pretoria district of the Transvaal. Mr. Jenner Weir, Colonel Swinhoe, and
]\Ir. Distant took part in the discussion which ensued as to these forms and their
distribution.

The Rev. W. F. Johnson sent for exhibition specimens of Vella currens from
stagnant water near Armagh ; also a specimen of Nobis limhatus, killed whilst
holding on to its prey, a very hard species of Iclmeumon. Mr. Saunders thought
that, from the nature of the Ichneumon, the only chance the Nabis had of reaching
its internal juices would be through the anal opening, as recorded by Mr. E. A.
Butler in a similar case, in the Ent. Mo. Mag., October, 1891.

ilr. F. P. Pascoe exhibited two British species of Diptera, unnamed. He said
they had been submitted to Mr. R. H. Meade, but were unknown to him, and are
probably new to the British list.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited two specimens of a supposed new species of Tortrix
{Tortrix JDonelana, Carpenter), bred from larvse found on pine trees at Tuam. Mr.
C. G. Barrett said he examined the specimens with great care, but he did not con-
sider that they belonged to a new species. He was unable to distinguish them from
Tortrix viburnana.

Mons. A. Wailly exhibited preserved larvaj, in various stages, of Citheronia
regalis, which he had bred from ova received from Iowa, United States. He said
that the inhabitants called this larva the Hickory Horned Devil, and that the speci-
mens exhibited were the first that had been bred in this country. Mons. Wailly
further exhibited three female specimens of Anthercea yama-mai bred from cocoons
received from Japan ; also a nest of cocoons of Bombyx Radania, received from the
west coast of Madagascar. Prof. J. B. Smith, of the United States, and Col.
Swinhoe took part in a discussion on the habits of the larva; of Citheronia regalis,
and as to the period at which they dropped their spines prior to pupating.

Dr. Sharp exhibited several specimens of a weevil, Ectopsis ferriigalis, the ends
of the elytra of which bore a close resemblance to the section of a twig cut with a
sharp knife. He said he had received the specimens from Mr. G-. V. Hudson, of
Wellington, New Zealand, who stated that they were found resting in large numbers
on dead trunks and branches of Panax arborea in the forests.

Mr. Gr. C. Champion stated that the species of Forficididce, captured by ]\Ir. J.
J. Walker, R.N., in Tasmania, and exhibited by himself at the meeting of the
Society in April last, was, he believed, referable to Anisolabis tasmanica, Bormans,
described in the " Comptes Rendus " of the Ent. Soc. Belgique, 1880, p. Ixviii.

The Rev. A. E. Eaton made some remarks on the synonymy of the Psychodidce,
and stated tliat since August, 1890, he had identified all of the British species in
Mr. Yerrall's list, except Sycorax silacea.

Mr. Gervase F. Mathew, R.N., communicated a paper, entitled, " The effect of
change of climate upon the emergence of certain species of Le}>idoptera." A dis-
cussion followed, in which Mr. Stainton, Mr. Barrett, Dr. Sharp, and Mr. McLachlan
took part. — H. Goss, I£o7i. Secretary.

312 (November, 1891.

SOME NEW, &c., LEPIDOPTERA FROM CHILI.
BY AVM. BARTLETT-CALVEET, F.E.S.

On looking over my collection the other day, I noticed that I had
pnt aside in one of my boxes several moths which had caught my
attention when collecting in the Indian territory of Araucania some
eighteen months ago, and on comparing them with Butler's, Felder's,
and others' descriptions, found that they were either examples of lost
types or new species, so I now give a list of both the lost (?) and
describe the new species ; and I think I might say that when I am
able to compare my collection with that of the British Museum, I
shall still be able to present some five or six new species of Geometers,
and, perhaps, a few Micros, and a species of HepiaJ idee \\'\t\\ pectinated
antennte from Alfalfar, Cordillera of Santiago.

lochroa clilorogastra, Feld. n. Rogenh., Reise der Fregata Novara um
der Erde, Lep. iii, plate 99, fig. 17, 1875 ; Araucania, in June.
One specimen only, now in Dr. Izquierdo's collection.

Mallocephala riibripes, Blanchard, Gay's Hist. Fisica i Politica de
Chile, page 6S, atlas ii, plate 4, fig. 7 ; Araucania, in February.
Of a smoky-black colour, wings semi-transparent ; thorax black ;
sides of thorax slaty, with an orange-yellow band above and at
bottom, near base of wing ; abdomen a vermilion-red. This
species I always found by day on the walls of the house beneath
the corridor ; I only got males, so I expect that the $ will either
be apterous, or have aborted wings.

'Rhinodia hi-oceUata, Feld. u. Rogenh., Z.c, plate 129, fig. 14 ; Araucania.
One s])ccimen, caught flying by day in the woods.

Phasinne catiUata, Feld. u. Rogenh., 1. c, plate 129, fig. 3 ; Araucania ;
in the lamp at night.

Ccenurgin runica {^EucUdia), Feld. u. Rogenh., /. c, plate 117, fig. 11 ;
Araucania ; caught flying by day amongst grass, and taken by
night in the lamp, both (J and ? . The male has pectinated an-
tenna^, and is of a dull leaden hue, whereas the female is brighter
coloured, and has not pectinated antennae, but very finely ser-
rated ones.

Bacillogaster hypparia, Feld. u. Rogenh., /. c, plate 132, fig. 35 ;
Alfalfar. One specimen ; lamp at night.

Tetracis ianthinus, SI), nov.
(J $ . Alls anticis siq^ra violaceis nigro-punctatis ; marginefulvis,lineis
transversulihus, macula discoidali spadiceis ; posticis snpn'a violaceis yiigro-

December, ISiU.l 313

punetatis, lineis transversalibus spadiceis ; suhtus, anticis violaoeis silaceis ;
posticis violaceis pallidioribus ; macula discoidali nigra.

Exp. alar., <? , 41 mm. ; ? , 44 mm.
Sab. : Pemehue, in Araucania ; mensis Februarius.

<y ? . Wings on the upper-side of a beautiful light violet colour, with the
outer half of wings profusely black speckled ; fore-wings with a chestnut-coloured
dot at end of cell, and a wide stripe of same rich colour from the outer third of
inner border to near apex ; hind wings with a less pronounced stripe from centre of
abdominal border, and fading into the ground colour before reaching the upper
border of the wing ; fringe on all the wings of the same rich chestnut colour ; upper
half of abdominal border fringe white ; under-side of wings of a lighter hue than
above, the fore-wings clouded with ochre, the stripe on the upper-side faintly showing ;
hind-wings with a black spot at outer end of cell ; thorax violaceous, body whitish,
under-side dirty white ; legs ochraceous ; femur violaceous. The ^ is rather lighter
in colour than the $ .

SlONA TRIANGULAEIA, Sp. ItOlK
Alls supra omnibus fumosis, argenteo-splendentibus ; subtus, anticis
fuscis, Uneaque apicali lactea ; posticis fuscis, lineaque in similitudinem
irianguli albida lactea. Exp. alar., 39 mm.

Hah. : Punta Arenas, in Preto Magellanico ; mensis Junius.
Wings on the upper-side of a shining smoky-silvery hue, with the markings of
under-side showing through ; under-side, fore-wings of a darker colour than above ;
costal border and apex ferruginous, with a short milky-white dash at apex ; hind-
wings of a beautiful chocolate-colour, crossed by two diverging milky-white stripes,
running from the base of wing to outer border, the one running parallel to the
abdominal border, the other (which is slightly arched) on the upper third of wing ;
from the abdominal border just above the inner angle of wing another stripe runs
towards the outer angle of wing, crossing the abdominal stripe, and on reaching the
upper curved one, turns off abruptly at an obtuse angle and terminates at the outer
third on the upper border of the wing, so that these stripes form a large triangle
with prolonged sides ; on the outer border of the wing and midway between these
prolongations is a white dash, this dash and the upper edge of curved stripe are
black bordered ; on either side of curved stripe above the cell are two little dashes ;
thorax colour of upper-side ; abdomen smoky-bi'own.

This species is easy of recognition ; a large milky-white triangle
on a chocolate-coloured ground.

This species differs from Butler's S. columla, Trans. Ent. Soc ,
page 422, 1882, in its having the abdominal stripe from base to mar-
gin in lieu of the two oblique dashes, and the marginal line instead
of the spot on the second median interspace, as also in its larger size.

OpOKABIA ? AUENOSA, Sp. IIOV.
(J . Alls anticis supra cineraceis ; lineis transversalibus denticulatis
numcrosis fuscis ; posticis supra omnino cino'aceis ; subtus omnino cineraceis.

F F

Q14( [December,

?. Alls supra alhidis ; lineis transversalihus denticulatis numerosis
fuscis ; suhtus suhalbidis. Exp. alar., ^ ? , 34 vim.

Sab. : Coquimbo ; inensis November ad Februarium.

(? . Fore-wings of an ashy colour, with a wide irregular shaped sepia-coloured
band across the centre of the wing, and wider on the costal border ; this band is
again crossed from costa to inner margin by numerous lunulated lines of a darker
hue, and bounded on their outer edge by whitish stripes of irregular shape ; on the
outer side is an irregular zig-zag line of a dark brown, between this line and the
outer border a white zig-zag line runs from the angle to the costal border very near
apex, between these two lines on the second and third interspaces are two short
black dashes ; basal fourth of wing same colour as band ; hind-wings of a dirty
white or ash colour without markings ; under-side of all the wings of a smoky
colour, with the broad band of fore-wings showing through ; fore-legs smoky,
banded with white ; fringe smoky.

$ . Of a snow-white colour on all the wings ; pattern of male, but the band
on fore-wings of almost the ground colour ; a few curved lines on the outer border
of hind-wings from outer to anal angle ; under-side of all the wings whitish ; fringe
whitish, separated from the wing proper by a fine brown undulated line.

DiGONis PniLiPPii, sj). nov.
(J $. Alls utrinqiie sulphureis ; lineis transversalibus Jlexuosis fumosis ;
macula discoidali nigra fumosa. Exp. alar., $, 29 mm.; ?, 36 mm.

Sah : Araucania ; mensis Februarius,

(? 9 . Wings on both sides of a sulphur-yellow ; fore-wings, above, costa
mottled and striated with brown ; two sinuous and dusky lines across the centre of
the wing, one at the basal and the other at the outer third of wing ; the inner one
forming an open > shape ; these two lines are wider apart on the costal than at the
inner border of wing ; at the upper or apical end of cell (between these two lines)
is a well-defined black Z-shaped marking ; hind-wings with two ill-defined lines
across the wing; a black discal spiot ; outer borders of all the wings chocolate-
coloured ; under-side of wings as above, the Z-shaped discal spot of upper-side
forming only a small dash ; thorax and abdomen pale yellow.

I have named this species in honour of Dr. Philippi, who has
been kind enough to help me on several occasions with regard to our
Chilian Lepidoptera.

Epimecis ? Medina, sp. nov.
6 ? . Alis anticis siqjra fumosis, lineis duabus nigris cum angulo acuta
transversa centrali, inter lineam et apicem fuscis ; linea curva albida sub-
apicali ; infra nigra, in tcrtio basali maculaque transversa oblonga lutcis;
linea curva subapiicali albida; pasticis, supra duabus partibus basalibus
rutilis ; linea nigra ad marginem abdominalem ; tertia externa nigris ; infra,
duabus partibus basalibus flavis ; tertia externa nigra, medio fascia dentata
flavida arcuata divisa ; thorax et abdomen fumosa ; corpus infra ravus ;
femina maris pallid ior. Exp. alar., J , 56 ad 60 turn.; ?, 68 mm.

1891.] 315

Jlah. : Valdivia. In coll. Meflin.T.

(? ? . Fore-wings on the upper-side of a smoky colour, tliickly marked with
fine black dashes ; two black and T(>ry acute angled lines across the centre of the
wing, and which enclose a dark brown band, apical part of wing same colour ;
near the apex is a lunulated white dash running from the costal border inwards
about 4 mm., and from the lower extremity of this dash to the outer angle the wing
is clouded with blackish patches, and also on inner border, between the base and
inner angulated line ; under-side black, with the inner border smoky-piceous ; basal
third of wing, and a large oblong patch on outer third yellowish, inclining to red ;
white apical lunulated dash of upper surface ; hiud-wings, on the upper-side, the
basal two-thirds of a fiery-red colour, with a curved black stripe running from the
abdominal border (just above anal angle) to near the centre of wing, and a black
■^-shaped marking on the centre of upper border, outer third of wing black, wider
on the upper than on tlie abdominal border ; the under-side is of the same pattern
as above, but the colouring is brighter, and at the base inclines more to yellow ; the
black outer border is bisected by a curved dentate yellowish band from upper to
abdominal border; thorax and abdomen smoky, with a few white hairs o.n thorax ;
body below drab coloui'ed. The female is paler and duller in colour than the male,
and the abdominal border of hind-wings smoky on both sides.

This fine insect is in the collection of Don Jose Toribio Medina,
who obtained it in Valdivia, Southern Chili.

At first sight it looks very much like Catocala electa, of Europe.

SCOTOPTEEYX ? GRAPHICA, Sp. UOV.
Alls supra cervinis ; anticis cum linea tortuosa in tertio hasilari, e alia
in tertio externa nigris ; vence alhidce, margine anteriore venisque sub-viridi
et nigra maculosis ; maculaque hasilari et macula discoidali nigris ; posticis
supra, cum linea tortuosa in tertio externa nigra; vence albidce, margine
ahdominali viridi maculosa; infra, alee fumosce ; posticce in dimidio ahdo-
minali subalhida, lineaque anguloso in tertio externa et macula discoidali
nigris; caput viride ; thorax niveus, cum maculaque nigra in prothorace et
metathorace ; abdomen fumosum. Exp. alar., 61 mm.

Hah. : Candelaria, in prov. Curico. In coll. Medinae.
Wings above of a fawn or stag colour, fore-wings with two black sinuous lines,
one across the basal and the other at the outer third, from costal to inner border ; a
black discal oblongish spot ; veins white ; on basal third is a large clouded patch
composed of black and brown atoms, a brown stripe across the centre of wing just
inside outer sinuous black line ; at outer angle a large snow-white patch, from whose
upper border a lunulated white line runs midway (to costal border) between black
sinuous line and outer border of wing ; all the wing, especially base and costa,
studded with sap-green atoms and thickly speckled with black dots, more conspicu-
ous on central third of wing, which is of a lighter colour than the rest ; there are
also (irregularly placed) a few clouded white patches ; hind-wings with a black
sinuous line from abdominal to upper border, and meeting outer line of fore-wings,
as also the brown stripe, but this is not so pronounced as in fore-wings, a largo black

316 [December,

and white patch at anal angle ; veins white ; wing studded with green and black
spots, being most conspicuous on abdominal border ; wings below smoky ; fore-wings
with pinky reflections ; abdominal half of hind-wings creamy-white ; an angulated
black line from abdominal to upper border ; a dark discal spot, and all the wing
dark speckled ; fore-wings, costa creamy, black speckled, a faint indication of an
angulated line, corresponding to that of outer third on upper-side ; head green ;
thorax snow-white on sides, fawn above, intermixed with a few green scales ; a
dark brown or blackish stripe across pro- and metathorax ; abdomen smoky, inclining
to fawn, speckled with darker scales ; and on the first three segments of abdomen
are a bunch of raised green tufts ; body and abdomen below dirty brown or drab ;
legs cream-coloured, black speckled.

I have placed this in Scotopterxjx, but really I am uot sure
whether it will remain there.

Htponomeuta eutila, sp. nov.
Alls anticis supra rutilis ; posticis ulbido-splendentibus ; infra, ant ids
roseo-liiteis ; posticis alhidis. Exp. alar., 15 mm.

Hah. : Araucania ; meusis Jauuarius.
Fore-wings on the upper-side of a fiery-red ; from the base to near outer angle
a darkish stripe runs parallel to inner border ; under-side of a rosy-yellow, without
markings ; hind-wings, above, shining white ; below, white ; thorax red ; abdomen
dark brown.

AnTITHESIA MONTANA, sp. nOV.
Alls anticis in dimidio hasali luteis, in postico fuscis, macula orhiculari
lutea versus angulttm notata ; posticis nigris fumosis ; subtus fumosa.

Exp. alar., 15 mm.
Sab. : Lolco, in Araucania; mensis Februarius.
Fore-wings above with a large yellow patch occupying the basal half of wing ;
outer half of wing and a part of base of a very dark red (in some lights), but
generally blackisli ; in centre of outer half is a large round yellow dot, enclosed in
a black ring ; hind-wings of a shining smoky-black ; under-side of all the wings
smoky, inclining to black ; head yellow ; thorax and abdomen colour of hind- wings ;
fringe on fore-wings blackish ; of hind-wings piceous.

Aqriocoma mimulina, Butler.
var. araucana.

Alis anticis supra sulphureis ; macula fumosa magna ; posticis alhido-
splendentibus ; subtus, anticis albido-sulphureis, macula eadem ut suj)ra
conspicua ; posticis albidis, macula discoidali nigra. Exp. alar., 19 mm.

Sab. : Araucania ; mensis Februarius.

Of this species, Butler's description of mimulina comes pretty near, excepting
that the patch is smoky-coloured, instead of reddish, also he does not mention the
black discal spot and a series of black dashes on outer border of hind-wings on the
under-side ; so that should var. araucana bo elevated to the rank of a new species

1891.] 317

instead of a variety, as I now place it, it will be distinguishable from mimulina by
the following : — Triangular patch on upper-side of fore-wings smoky instead of
reddish, and enclosing on its lower edge a bright silvered dot in place of white one
of mimidina ; under-side of fore-wings sulphury -white instead of snow-white ; under-
side of hind-wings with a black discal spot, and a series of black dashes between the
nervules on the outer border at base of fringe ; the rest as in mimulina.

Santiago, Chili : 1890.

I

LIFE-HISTORY OF PLUTELLA ANNULATELLA, CURT.
BY >-ELSO]Sr M. RICHARDSON, B.A , F.E.S.

Since I have collected at Portland, I have been more or less on
the look-out for the larva o£ P. annulatelln, but have never come across
it until this year, though I have before seen traces of its presence.

I first made acquaintance with this species by shaking an imago
out of an overhanging tuft of grass on September 27th, 18S7, and
this is the only clue that I have to its mode o£ hibernating, as my
other captures have all been made in June and July, in which months
I have taken a few each year, but not more than about 20 altogether.

The plant on which it feeds {Cochlearia qfficinaUs) is common in
many parts of Portland, but the larva seems to be rather local, as in
some places it did not appear to be present, though there was plenty
of the food-plant ; where it occurred at all, it was not uncommon,
though until one knew something of its habits, one might easily pass
it by unnoticed.

The egg is apparently laid in the flower-bud, as the young larva,
which could not in some cases have been hatched more than a day or
two before I found it, draws together the petals slightly with silk, and
lives inside them, ejecting its frass through the small gaps in its
habitation between the petals. It was in this state when I first dis-
covered it in the middle of May, all the larvae at that time being rather
small. As the larva grows, it gets too big for its first little house, not
to mention the fact that it has eaten its contents, and for the rest of
its larval life it spins a few threads of silk amongst the bunch of
flowers and seed pods in a flower-head, and eats flowers, seeds, pods,
leaves, and stalks, preferring them in the order in which I have named
them. The extent to which a large larva can conceal itself in a flower-
head, which seems quite open to observation throughout, is most
extraordinary. I have sometimes thought that one might be present
from seeing a little eating or a thread or two of silk but could not see
the larva itself until I ])inched the seed-head, when it iiiiiiiediately

318 [December,

rushed out. The larva does not usually leave its dwelling without a little
pressure, though sometimes it seems to be off as soon as one looks at
it ; it hangs by a thread, but as soon as it reaches the ground it
generally wriggles and dances in a way that would put even a Tortrix
to shame. At the same time, it sometimes appreciates the advantages
of lying still, when it curls itself up, eo as to bring its head and tail
together, and then strongly resembles a small leaf of Cochlearia
broken off.

A curious habit of the larva is, that when about to eject a grain
of frass, it gives its tail a succession of violent jerks, by the last of
which the grain is thrown to a distance of several inches. Mr. Hodg-
kinson suggests (Entom., 1S78, p. 11) that the full-fed larvse get right
into the seed-pods ; this is quite contrary to my experience at Portland,
as, though I looked carefully wath this object in view, I never found
one in a seed-pod. It is, however, possible that on plants with very
large seed-pods they are compelled to get completely inside, in order
to get at the contents; at Portland, the larger pods would easily
contain a larva, but the seeds could all be eaten by the introduction
into the pod of merely its first few segments. As a rule, there was
but one larva in a flower-head ; a second one would probably sooner
or later have come into contact with the first, and caused both to
depart suddenly.

In the case of other solitary larvae, e. g., C. absynihii, of which
one rarely, if ever, finds two large ones on the same flower-spike of
wormwood, my impression is that a deadly conflict takes place, and
that the survivor eats its weaker or less active brethren ; in the present
case, however, it is the most sluggish which is most likely to retain its
position.

The young larva is very like the older ones, but, perhaps, a little
more brownish in colour, and more transparent. When nearly full-
fed, it is about 6'" or 7'" in length, and tapei's towards the extremities,
when it is rather less than half the breadth of the 8th and 9th
segments, which are the largest in the body.

The head is green, with a very slight shade of brown, and is much covered with
small blackish marks of irregular shape, which are placed in four more or less dis-
tinct lines on each side of the middle, in addition to the usual spots, which are
intense black. The 2nd segment has also numerous small blackish markings, not so
large as those on the head. The body is entirely green, with the exception of the
usual warts and bristles, which are jet-black and very conspicuous, so that the larva
presents a striking and somewhat formidable appearance under the microscope, par-
ticularly about the head and 2nd segment. When full-fed the larva becomes rather
more opaque in appearance, and spins a cocoon of very fine network, composed of

1891.1 ' 319

whitish silk, of the shape of the cocoon of Z. filipendula, either on the muslin
covering or the side of the pot, or occasionally on the surface of the earth or on
some part of the plant. It always seems to leave its habitation for a convenient
spot. The pupa, to which it turns in a few days, is distinctly visible through the
cocoon. It is about 3^"' in length, greenish-yellow in colour, with a dark brown
subdorsal spot on each segment, and with more or less trace of a corresponding
double marking underneath. The tip of the abdomen approaches to brown, and the
wing, leg, and antennse cases are brown, the eye-cases black. These markings are
sometimes obsolete, though generally distinct. The pupa appears to the naked eye
to be smooth, but with a microscope can be seen small blackish bristles, corresponding
to those on the larva, and a few very fine long hooks at the tail. The divisions
between the segments are not furnished with spines or hooks. Each of these caudal
hooks is like a straight piece of wire sharpened at the end, the extreme tip being
bent over to form the hook.

The first larva spun its cocoon at the beginning of June, and the
first imago emerged on the 27th of that mouth, so that the pupa state
lasts about three weeks. I have found this moth very retiring in its
habits, and after a few weeks, during which it flies but little, and that
only at night, when it occasionally visits flowers, it appears to settle
down in its hibernating quarters until the spring. Before 1887, I
believe that not more than half a dozen specimens had been taken at
Portland, and none for many years, though the species is not really a
rarity there, but is hard to get in the imago state.

The Portland form of this moth is very handsome : the inner
margin being white, or nearly so, and sharply contrasted with the rest
of the wing. It varies very little in this locality.

From the above description it will be seen that this larva has
many points in common with that of Plutella cruciferarum, the
notorious " Diamond-back moth," which at present shares the honours
of the Colorado beetle and the Hessian fly.

Montevideo, near Weymouth :
November, 1891.

A NEW GENUS OF RISTERIBM.
BY GEOKGE LEWIS, F.L S.

Epiechinus, n. g.

This genus has many characteristics similar to Onthophilus, and its species have
hitherto been included in it. The characters which separate it are, however, very
important, and such as cannot be overlooked in the Family. They are as follows: —

The antennal fossa is an excavation in the anterior angle of the thorax. The
prosterniim has a keel bordered on each side with a carina, the carinse in some
species, e.^., O. costipennis,'Sk\iv., meat anteriorly, and enclose au elongate triangular
space, in others the carinse are more parallel to each other, and do not unite
anteriorly as in O. hipartitun, Lew.

320 [December,

Tiie ineso- and met.asterna are deeply fovcolate, the foveae varying much in
shape, and forming characteristic specific differences, and there is also sometimes in
the metasternum a median sulcus.

The upper surface of the species is more or less setose, the setae being most
conspicuous on the costse, and in the thoracic punctures.

The femora and tibiae are relatively short, and the tarsi and the antennae have
joints more equal in length and less lax than in Onthophilus.

I give a list of the species in both genera, arranged systematically : —
Onthophilus. Type, striatus, F.

Ostreatus, Lew., sulcatus, F., caucasicus, Heit. jfoveipennis, Lew., ordiiiarius,
Lew., exaratus, 111., cicatricosus, Reit., striatus, F.,Jtavico7'nis, Lew., affinis, Redt.,
alternatus, Say, silvcB, Lew., Flohri, Lew., Lecontei, Horn.

Epiechinus. Type, costipennis, Fahr.
Novemcostatus, Mars., costipennis, Fahr., punctistermim, Lew., bipartitus, Lew.,
ttiberculisternum, Low., hispidus, Payk., arhoreus. Lew., liova, Lew.

Folkestone : November, 1891.

AN ASIATIC PSYCEOPSIS {PS. BIRMANA, n. sp.).
BY ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &c.

The singular and beautiful Neuropterous genus Psi/cJiojJsis, Newm.,
was long considered peculiarly Australian. Recently, however, Prof.
Brauer described a species from Kilimanjaro, East Africa, under the
name Ps. zebra (Ann. k. k. Naturhistor. Hofmuseums, iv, p. 102,
1889). I possess a species from Birmah, which is described below.

PSYCHOPSIS BIRMANA, 71. sp.

Body for the most part greyish-fuscous, M'ith grey hairs ; antennae (broken)
yellowish-grey in the basal portion. Head above blackish, with two large rounded
yellowish discal tubercles, and a similar small oval tubercle behind each eye, antennal
sockets yellowish ; eyes pale leaden-grey ; face and palpi pale yellowish. Pronotum
much narrowed in front. Legs pale yellowish ; femora clothed with long concolorous
hairs ; spurs of tibiae very short, testaceous ; claws short, testaceous, much curved.
Abdomen pale ochreous beneath, with dense whitish silky iiairs ; at the apex above
are two large subquadrate plates, separated at the end by a somewhat triangular ex-
cision ; beneath are two broadly triangular lateral plates (lying against the dorsal
plates), separated and open in front (viewed ventrally), the space between them
filled in with dense yellowish hairs ; in the middle of the posterior margin of the
penultimate ventral segment is a broad triangular excision, in which is a deep
blackish fovea.

Wings very pale greyish, subhyaline, with faint darker greyish tessellation, and
vague indications of two or three faint transverse fasciae ; some slightly darker spots
in the space between the subcosta and sector, which space is slightly dilated towards
the end, and four or five more conspicuous darker spots along the cubital region
towards the inner margin ; fringes and pubescence whitish ; costal area very abruptly
dilated at the base, the nervules furcate or bifurcate towards the costa (occasionally

isiti.] 321

simple), not connected hy a line of ollique nervules ; only two series of gradate
nervules, one between the end of the radius and the apex of the wing, the other
before the middle ; neuration wholly pale. Posterior wings with no dark rounded
spot at end of radius, and almost witliout markings, except a few spots in the area
between subcosta and sector, and a faint indication of a darker line along the series
of gi'adate nervules.

? . Length of body, 10 mra. Expanse of wings, 33 mm ; length of anterior
wing, 15^ mm., breadth, 12 mm. ; length of posterior wing, 12 mm., breadtli, 8 mni.

Sab. : Birmah (one example in my collection).

Ill size, and also in general appearance, this species is similar to
Ps. insolens, McLach., but the markings of the wings are much fainter,
and there ia no subapical rounded spot in the posterior wings, a cha-
racter so universal in the Australian species as to be of almost generic
value.

Ps. hirmana differs also from all the Australian species, except
Ps. Meyricki, McLach., in the absence of a line of connecting oblique
nervules in the costal area, which line is somewhat differently placed
in the various species (in Meyricki there are indications of these
nervules at the extreme base) ; zehra, Brauer, is unknown to me, and
the description does not allude to either the presence or absence of
this line of nervules.

In Ps. birmnna the costal margin is more abruptly dilated at the
base than in the Australian species, except Ps. elegans, Guer., and
perhaps Ps. mimica, Newm. On the other hand, the posterior wings
seem to be slightly narrower in proportion than in the Australian
species. There is a slight difference in the dilatation at the apex of
the space between the subcosta and sector alluded to in the description.

According to neuration the species may be divided thus : —

1. No line of oblique (gradate) nervules in the costal ai-ea of either pair of wings

{zebra, Brauer, uncertain) ; only two series of transverse gradate nervules
in the anterior vi'vnga—Meyricki, McLach., bii'inana, McLach.

2. With a line of such nervules in the costal area of both pairs of wings {zehra,

Br., uncertain).
a. Four series of transverse gradate nervules in the anterior wings (the second

rudimentary or incomplete) — mimica, Newm., zehra, Br.
h. Three series of such nervules — elegans, Guer., coelivaga, Wlk., insolens,
McLach.
Prof. Brauer (/. c.) questions elci/uns as perhaps not distinct from
mimicci^hnt in addition to the structural difference in neuration above
alluded to, it differs in its smaller size, quite distinct character of
markings, and in the much less produced anal angle of the anterior
wings, which is very pronounced in mimica.

Lewisham, London :

November 1th, 1891.

322

[December,

A NEW SPECIES OF ALEUEODES.

BY J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S.

Aleueodes EUBICOLA.

(? ? . Pale golden-yellow. Antennae (fig. 1) paler, of 7 joints, the 1st Tcry
small ; 2nd more than twice as long, stout, subpjriform ; 3rd thinner, longest of all,
nearly as long as the following four together ; 4th half as long as 5th, which is

one-third the length of 3rd ;
6th and 7th each consecu-
tively shorter. Eyes large,
oval, black, facetted in rows,
near the middle a triangular,
granulose formation projects
from the outer side, opposite
the base of each antenna,
half-way across the eye, so
that the anterior portion of
it is smaller than the pos-
terior (this formation quite
disappears under treatment
with caustic potash, leaving
the eye entire) ; rostrum
*^long, dentate at apex, which
only is black. Legs as usual
in the genus ; posterior tibiae
twice as long as the tarsi,
1st joint of tarsi the longest.
Wings clear milk-white, spot-
less. Genitalia of S , fig- 4.
Expansion of wings, $ , 2
mm., S rather less.

Larva immature (fig. 2). Broad-short-oval, the marginal fringe of secretion
distinct ; the dorsal region with three pairs of long hairs, very pale and difficult to
see, and one pair at the posterior margin ; the six dorsal hairs are specially charac-
teristic. These larvae, about half-grown on August 24th, are transparent, of the
colour of the under-side of the leaves on which they rest, and may be easily
overlooked.

Larva mature (fig. 3), September 24th. Pale greenish-yellow, flat, broadly
rounded oval ; marginal area wide, thin, delicately striate transversely ; on the outer
sides anteriorly, shallowly or deeply incurved (at times, in the most advanced indi-
viduals, this amounts to an angular notch), indicating the posterior of the thoracic
region, whence a distinct yellowish line extends quite across the marginal field (in
some examples also are two or more marginal indentations irregularly placed pos-
teriorly, but these have apparently been caused during growth by inequalities on the
surface of the leaf) ; within this marginal space the outline of the body of the insect
is denoted by an oval ring of raised, connected, white granules, and within this ring
is a series of small, white, granulose, transverse ridges, highest in the middle, indi-

1S91.1 323

eating tlie segments ; these are most evident on the abdomen ; beyond the anal
orifice is a raised V'l'ke formation, extending far on to the marginal area, and within
the long, depressed triangle thus formed is a tongue-shaped organ (fig. 5, more en-
larged) ; the marginal cereous fringe is now more or less imperfect, and the dorsal
hairs have disappeared. Length, 1 nun.

This form, both in the imago and mature larva condition, is very like A. ribium,
Doug., which lives on the leaves of red and black currant {Ribe.t rubram and niyrum),
{of. Ent. Mo. Mag., xxiv, p. 265), but is rather smaller, and as larva is fiatter, and
not 80 regular in outline ; the immature larva was not observed.

The imago also resembles A. carpini, Koch, which I found at Bexley Wood on
hornbeam {Carpinus betulus) on May 28th, 1881, but the aniennae differ in their
proportions (copy of Koch's figure No. 393 herewith [fig. 6] for comparison). The
larva has not been described or figured, and I have been unable to obtain it.

A. vaccina, Kunow, on Vaccinium uliginosum is also, by description, very like
it, but there are some differences in the larva, as I have noted in the Ent. Mo. Mag.,
XXV, p. 256.

Whether these three are distinct species (and different also from
A. rtihicola, as I believe), or only one modified by the varied suste-
nance derived from the very diverse food-plants, is a question that
cannot now be resolved in default of more full details of their structure
at different stages of their lives. But in view of the structural cha-
racters appreciable only in the larva state of the similar pure white-
winged species A. 'phillyrece, Haliday, on PMllyrea ; A. immaculata,
Heeger, on ivy {Hedera helix) ; A. duhia, Heeger, on ash {Fraxinus) ;
and A. aceris, Geoffroy, on Acer plat anoides ; whereby they are well
differentiated {cf. Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, iv, Ser. viii, p. 388,
et seq.), and considering that parallel differential structure may exist
in those above-mentioned, I think it desirable to assume for the present
that they and A. rubicola are good species.

As I have already stated (p. 200 ante), I saw A. rubicola abundant
on a few bramble bushes {Buhus) growing on the sheltered side of a
deep old gravel-pit at Blackbeath on June loth last. It was high
noon, and they were enjoying their siesta, yet they readily took short
flights on the least shaking of the bush, returning immediately to their
shelter on the under-side of the leaves ; the natural time for flight
would be towards sunset, when they would be very active. None were
to be seen after the end of June. The larvae were only on the oldest
leaves, which were young when the eggs were laid in June ; sometimes
there were 8 or 9, at others only 1 or 2, on a leaf. They would become
pupse, still adhere to the leaves when they had fallen, and thus
hibernate.

The illustrations, and notes of observations on prepared speci-
mens, huve been kindly furnished by Mr. R. Newstead.

153, Lewisham Boad, S.E. :

October, 1891.

324 I Ouceraber,

ANNOTATED LIST OP BRITISH TACniNIID^E.

BY R. H. MEADE.

(Continued from page 2G7).

20.— EPICAMPOCEEA, Meq.
Gen. ell. — Eyes hairy, nearer together in the males than in the
females ; palpi projecting and a little clavate, forehead very slightly
prominent ; epistome flat ; cheeks minutely ciliated ; facialia almost
bare ; antennae with the second joint short, the third three or four
times as long, thick, with the front surface convex, and the end
rounded ; abdomen oval, with the segments armed with setae both on
the disc and edges.

E. succiNCTA, Mgn.
Blue-black, with black palpi, antennae, and legs ; frontal stripe brown ; sides of
frontalia bluish ; face white, with blue reflections ; fronto-orbital bristles extending
down one-fourth of the length of the face, four being placed below the base of the
antennae ; arista long, thickened for about two-thirds of its length, and minutely
pubescent ; thorax indistinctly strijDed with four slender lines ; scutellum black ;
abdomen glabrous, with white reflections, which assume the form of irregular trans-
verse bands when viewed from behind ; wings with the apical cross veins nearly
straight, and the outer cross veins a little sinuous at the base. Not uncommon.

21.— EXORISTA, Mgn.

Gen. eh. — Species mostly of moderate size and oval shape ; eyes
hairy, rather widely separated in both sexes, and prolonged down the
sides of the face ; forehead mostly short ; antennae with the second
joint rather short, and the third from twice to six times as long ; front
surface of the latter straight, or nearly so ; arista with the second
joint often a little elongated ; cheeks bare ;* fafcialia unarmed, or only
ciliated with short weak bristles along their lower halves ; abdomen
sometimes with and sometimes without discal setae on the middle seg-
ments ; wings with the fourth longitudinal vein with an angular bend,
and the first posterior cell partly open, and terminating a little before
the tip of the wing.

The species are very numerous ; almost all those that I have ex-
amined have four external dox'so-central thoracic bristles behind the
transverse suture, so I shall only mention them when they vary from
that number ; most of them also have the thorax and abdomen very
similarly coloured and marked, so that the specific characters must be
taken chiefly from differences in the colour of the palpi, scutellum,

* Sometimes the fronto-orbital bristles extend down the face, but they are never ciliated with
fine hahs as in the preceding genus.

1891. J 325

and legs, from the presence or absence of diseal setfc on the central
abdominal rings, from variations in the length of the antenna) (those
of the male are often longer than those of the female), from the
degree of extension of the fronto-orbital bristles on the cheeks, and
other minor points of structure.

1 (10) Palpi black.

2 (3) Scutellum partly red 1. vulcraris,^}^.

3 (2) Scutellum black or grey.

4 (5) Fronto-orbital bristles extending to near the bottom of the cheeks...

2. amplico7'nis, Ztt.

5 (4) Fronto-orbital bristles not extending below the middle of the cheeks.

6 (9) Apical cross vein of wings nearly straight, and first posterior cell always a

little open.

7 (8) Arista thickened to the middle 3. Jiinhriata, Mgn.

8 (7) Arista long, slender, and only thickened at the base... 4. mutabilis,^\n.

9 (6) Apical cross vein much curved, and first posterior cell nearly or quite

closed 5. dtibia, Fin.

10 (1) Palpi red or partly red.

11 (26) Legs wholly or partly red or yellow.

12 (13) Legs wholly yellow 6. vetula,MgT\.

13 (12) Femora black, but tibiae yellow or red.

14 (15) Fronto-orbital bristles in a double row in the males. . . 7. biserialis, Mcq.

15 (14) Fronto-orbital bristles in a single row in the males.

16 (21) Sides of the abdomen mostly marked with red.

17 (20) Middle abdominal segments without diseal setae.

18 (19) Frontal stripe as wide or wider than the sides of the frontalia...

8. lucorum, Sign.

19 (18) Frontal stripe narrower than the sides of the frontalia... 9. gnava,'Mg\\.

20 (17) Middle abdominal segments armed with diseal setffi... 10. chelonicB,'R\\d.

21 (16) Sides of the abdomen without red marks.

22 Colour whitish or yellowish-grey.

23 (25) Scutellum quite red 11. leucopha:a,'Mgn.

24 (23) Scutellum with only the tip red 12. albicans, 'E\n.

25 (23) Scutellum black 13. perturbans, Ztt.

26 (11) Legs black.

27 (42) Scutellum red or partly red.

28 (31) Middle abdominal segments without diseal setse.

29 (30) Thorax indistinctly marked, scutellum all red 14. fauna, Mgn.

30 (29) Thorax distinctly striped, scutellum only red at the tip...

15. acronyctartim, Mcq.

31 (28) Middle abdominal segments with diseal seta;.

32 (35) Abdomen with apes red.

33 (34) Wings with little cross vein clouded 16. rvjicauda, Zit.

34 (33) Wings with cross veins clear 11. apicalis, Mgw.

35 (32) Abdomen with apex black.

36(37) Palpi with tips only red 1%. lota, Mgn.

37 (36) Palpi wholly red or yellow.

326 [Documber,

38 (41) Apical cross vein of wings curved.

39 (40) Wings with cubital appendix 19. ffrandis, Ztt.

40 (39) Wings without appendix 20. affliiis, Fin.

41 (38) Apical cross vein straight 21. noctHicida,'Rud.

42 (27) Scutellum quite black 22. jucunda, Mgn.

E. VULGARIS, Fin.

This, which may be considered as the typical species in the genus, witli which
many of the others may be compared, may be known from all the other British
ones with which I am acquainted by having the palpi, antennae and legs black, and
the scutellum with a red apex.* The eyes are widely and almost equally separated
in both sexes; the fronto-orbital bristles have four or five seta?, which extend on to
the cheeks in an even row below the roots of the antennae ; the latter have the third
joint usually four times as long as the second, with the front margin nearly or quite
straight ; the arista has the second joint somewhat elongated, and the third thickened
for fully half its length ; the facialia are mostly ciliated along tlieir lower halves
with small bristles ; the thorax is dull black, covered with hoary pubescence and
marked with four longitudinal lines, the central pair being narrow and the outer
ones irregular and maculiform ; the abdomen is hoary on the sides and front margins
of the rings, and has their posterior edges and a central dorsal line black ; the seg-
ments are armed with setae both on the edges and disc ; the wings have the apical
cross vein a little curved, and the outer one slightly sinuous ; the legs have the hind
tibiae ciliated with a nearly even row of bristles, which have one or two longer ones
among them.

This species, which is one of the most common of all the TachiniidcB, is ex-
ceedingly variable both in size and other characters ; thus the third joint of the
antennae is sometimes not more than three times as long as the second, much
thickened, and rounded at the end, when it probably becomes the T. magnicornis or
T. rotundicornis, Ztt. Again, the palpi are often testaceous at their ends ; the
facialia also are sometimes nearly or quite bare, and the scutellum is occasionally
black instead of having the end pale.

E. AMPLICOBNIS, Ztt.
This is rather an aberrant but well marked species. It is narrow and oblong in
shape ; the forehead is rather prominent ; the eyes in the male approximated ; the
antennae have the third joint about three times the length of the second, very thick,
with the extremity rounded, and the front surface rather concave ; the arista is
rather short and thickened to beyond the middle ; the fronto-orbital bristles extend
down the cheeks almost to the bottom of the face, there being about eight below the
roots of the antennae ; the facialia are almost bare ; the palpi are black ; the thoi-ax
is black, marked with four rather indistinct stripes ; the abdomen is grey, tessellated
with black ; the first segment is nearly as long as the others, and they are all armed
with setae on the disc and edges ; the scutellum is black or grey ; the wings have the
third longitudinal vein armed at its base with a row of six or seven setae ; the outer
cross vein is seated neai'ly one-third nearer to the angle of the fourth longitudinal
than to the little cross vein, the apical cross vein is a little curved, and terminates

* Sec remarks upon Ex. parens, Hud., at the end of this genus.

isiu.] 327

a little before the apex of the wing, leaving the first posterior cell slightly open.
Very rare. I have only seen one specimen ( c? ), which I captured near Buckingham
in June, 1878. Zetterstedt refers this fly to Meigen's genus Tryphera, but I think
it belongs more properly to Exorista, unless it be placed in a new genus.

E. FIMBRIATA, MgD.
This species is very similar in general appearance and character to E. vulgaris,
but difPers by having the scutellum quite black, by the general colour being more
glabrous and bluish-black, by the eyes being nearer together, especially in the males,
and by the anteunoe being shorter, those of the male having the third joint only
between two and three times the length of the second ; the abdominal segments
have setfe both on the disc and edges. Not common. I have captured it in Kent
and in Oxfordshire.

E. MUTABILIS, Eln.

This is one of the smallest Tachinids, being only about 4 mm. long ; it is placed
by Fallen, Zetterstedt and Meigen among those species which have naked eyes,* but
the specimen which I possess has them decidedly hairy, though the hairs are very
short. The palpi, scutellum and legs are all black, the eyes are said to be somewhat
approximated in the males, but are widely separated in the females ; the forehead
is rather prominent ; the antennae have the second joint a little elongated, and the
third joint from two to three times as long ; the arista is very long and thin, only
thickened for a short distance at the base and slightly pubescent ; the thorax is grey
and marked by four slender black stripes ; the abdomen is also grey with black
tessellations, which assume the form of semilunar spots or marks at the bases of the
second and third segments, which are armed with both discal and marginal setae;
the wings are a little nigrescent, the apical cross vein terminates near the apex, the
first posterior cell is nearly closed, and there are three or four small setaB at the base
of the third longitudinal vein.

I have only seen one female specimen of this little species, which I captured
near Ulverston in Lancashire in August, 1888 ; the male is said to be more nigrescent
and less distinctly marked. The abdomen of this fly is spotted in a very similar
manner to that of Nemorilla fioralls, Fin.

E. DUBiA, Fin.

This little species is also aberrant, and Rondani suggests that it siiould be placed
in a new genus, which he would name Aporomyia ; its chief peculiarities are —
first, the insertion of the antennae opposite the centre of the eyes, and not as in
other species of Exorista a little above it ; second, the almost or quite complete
closure of the first posterior wing cell ; and third, the position of the outer cross
vein, which is nearly in the centre between the little cross vein and the bend of the
fourth longitudinal. The eyes are approximated in the male ; the antennae in the
same sex have the third joint only twice as long as the second, it is rather longer,
however, and thicker in the female ; the palpi are usually black, but sometimes
rufous ; the thorax is shiny black-brown in the male and indistinctly striped, grey

* It would thus be either a Tachina or a Maacicera.

328 [December,

and marked with four lines in the female ; the abdomen is grey, short and oval,
tessellated with brown, and armed with setse both on the disc and edges of the seg-
ments ; the wings are tinged with brown, especially along the fore border, and the
apical cross vein is deeply curved. This species closely resembles the Tryphera
umbrinervis, Ztt., and I believe that they are only varieties of the same species.
Not rare.

E. TETULA, Mgn.

This species has the legs entirely yellow, together with the palpi and scutellum ;
the facial angle is oblique ; the eyes are widely separated ; the antennae are long,
the first and second joints are short and rufous, the third is five or six times the
length of the second, rather narrow, and black or grey ; the thorax and abdomen
are both brown, coated with ochreous pubescence ; the former is marked by four
black stripes, the latter is tessellated with brown, and armed with setae on the disc
and edges of the segments ; the apical cross vein of the wings is nearly straight,
and the outer one sinuous. Rare. I received one some years ago from Mr. Bignell,
bred from a Lepidopterous larva found in the New Forest ; Mr. Harwood, of Col-
chester, also gave me another a few months ago.

E. BisERiALis, Mcq.

The eyes of the male are somewhat approximated ; the fronto-orbital bristles
are in two rows, the inner row extending half way down the face, the outer one
consisting only of four setae and not going beyond the base of the antenna) ; the palpi
are yellow and clubbed ; the antcnufe are black, with the third joint three to four
times the length of the second ; the arista is long and slender, and only thickened
at the base ; the thorax is grey, with four black stripes and has white shoulders, the
scutellum is yellow; the abdomen is shiny metallic-brown (ceneous), with somewhat
narrow, white, transverse bands on the second and third segments, and is armed with
rather small setae on the disc and margins of the rings ; the legs have the tibiae
testaceous or yellow. Very rare. I found a single male of this well marked species
near Maidstone, in Kent, in June, 1888.

E. LucoEUM, Mgn.

The palpi, scutellum and tibia) are rufous, also the sides of the first and second
abdominal segments in the male. The fi'ontal stripe is wider than the sides of the
frontalia ; the palpi are somewhat clavate at the ends ; the antennae have the third
joint between two and three times longer than the second ; the arista is long and
slender, and only thickened along its basal third ; the thorax is black and hoary,
"with four rather indistinct longitudinal lines ; the abdomen is without discal setae
on the middle segments, and is tessellated with black and grey marks. Rare.

E. GNAT A, Mgn.
This species so closely resembles the former that I believe they are only varieties
of the same. The frontal stripe is only as wide or even narrower than the sides of
the frontalia ; the third joint of the antennae is fully three times as long as the
second ; the arista is thickened along half its length, and is less slender than in E.
lucorum, and the redness on the sides of the abdomen extends a little on to the

i«'Ji.J 329

third segment. This is also rare. I\Ir. BigncU sent, nie a pair some years ago bred
from Orgyia pudibunda, and Mr. Dale has one in his collection reared from the
same insect.

E. ciielonij:, Rod.

This is also closely related to the two preceding species, but differs from them
both by having the middle abdominal segments armed with discal setae; it resembles
E. lucorum by having the arista long and slender, and only slightly tliiekened at the
base, but has a i-ather narrow frontal stripe as in E.gnava. Not uncommon. It is
in Miss Deeie's as well as Mr. Dale's collection, and Mr. Inchbald sent me several
specimens which he bred from Arctia caja and A. lubricipeda.

(To he continued). XXVJU - 1^*7

Calliphora erythrocephala, Mg.,from a wasp's nest. — At page 170 of the June
(1891) number of the Ent. Mo. Mag., Mr. Bignell mentions the breeding of Homa-
lomyia canicularis from an old nest of Vespa vulgaris ; he was good enough to give
me some of the pupae taken from the nest, amongst which were three more than
twice the size of the others, and from these emerged three fine specimens of Calli-
phora erythrocephala, Mg., one of the two species which are usually classed together
as " blow-flies." The smaller pupae all produced Homalomyia canicularis, L., but
no hyper-parasites. — Coktndon Matthews, Ivybridge : Novemher 9th, 1891.

Interesting variation of Pieris napi in Ireland. — To my kind friend Mr. Percy
E.USS, of Sligo, we are indebted for almost all we know of the interesting forms of
Lepidoptera to be found in that district, and now he has made what I think is
another distinct addition to our knowledge. There is found in the Alps a well
known and most striking dark variety of Pieris napi, called hryonice, in which the
nervures on the upper-side of fore- and hind-wings are very broadly bordered with
dark scales in such a manner that the insect, which is of a brownish-yellow ground-
colour, is almost covered with broad, dark grey, longitudinal stripes. Mr. Russ has
now sent for my information specimens of female napi, in which the nervui'es of the
upper-side are broadly scaled quite to the hind-margins of the wings in the same
manner, and only differing in the ground-colour, which is yellowish-white. This
variety differs greatly from the forms with black nervures and apices from ihc north
of Ireland, and is quite the nearest approach to var. bryonicB which has come under
my observation in these islands. — Chas. G. Barrett, 39, Linden Grove, Nunhead :
November 9th, 1891.

Varieties of British butter flies. — Among the specimens sent from Sligo by Mr.
Kuss I find worthy of special notice : Pieris brassicce, $ , of large size, much suffused
with grey, with a very broad black apical blotch, from the inner edge of which black
streaks run to the uppermost black spot. Pieris rapce, $ , pure white, hardly a trace
of even the apical dark blotch. Satyrus Semele and Epinephile t7aMJra, males, with
the blotches of pale colour above, as in the females, though smaller. Vanessa
cardui, of an exquisite rosy colour, and Polyommatus Alexis, males, of very pale
blue, from abundance of brilliaiil silvery-white hairs, and with decided round dots,

330 [December,

or sometimes spots, along the hind-margin at the upper-side, and a female with white
central spot on the hind-wings. These variations, light and dark, from the same
remote locality, are highly interesting and instructive. — Id.

3Ielanic variety of Aplecta nebulosa, Tr. — Mr. J. Collins, of Warrington, who
is an extremely intelligent and observant collector, has sent five specimens of Aplecta
nebulosa, which have been reared, with many of more ordinary character, by himself
and a friend from larvae collected at Delamere Forest, Cheshire. These specimens
are of a very beautiful melanic form, the fore-wings being entirely suffused with
shining smoky-black, except the orbicular and renal stigmata, and the shaded sub-
terminal line, which are of a silvery pale grey, and the cilia, which are white. The
finish, which is given by the white cilia to the glossy blackish wings, is something
exquisite. The hind-wings are somewhat darker than in ordinary specimens, but
not strikingly so, the dark colour, which forms a sort of ill-defined margin usually,
is in these spread over the hind-wings. The other specimens, reared at the same
time, are well marked, darker than the usual soutliern examples, but not sufPused, so
that the melanic form is not led up to by closely intermediate forms, and this being
the case, the varietal name " Roh.<!oni," which Mr. Collins has proposed for the
melanic variety, appears unobjectionable. — Id.

Staiiropus fagi double-hrooded. — Stauropus fagi has been emerging here for the
second time this season. iVIr. J. Clarke, of this town, has had several emerge from
August pupa; one in an open box in his garden, and another in a sleeve before he
had removed it from the tree. On October 15th the same gentleman exhibited a
fresh unset specimen at a meeting of the Eeading Natural History Society. My
brother sleeved his larva3 on an apple tree ; they pupated in August, were then kept
in a shed in his garden, and on October 30th he found a female liad emerged. On
November 4th, a general holiday here, I got a whole day off in the woods. I was
asked to leave the first wood I entered as they were about to shoot it over that day.
I had no success in the second wood ; but in the afternoon, in a third and smaller
wood, I found a msXefagi on a tree, and just before dark I got another male on an
old stump of a tree which had been broken off. Both these moths were rather
battered, and had evidently been out some time. It appears, tlien, there is a partial
second appearance of /a^j, and October is the month to look for it. But what I
think is the strangest thing about this is, there are other entomologists here who
have pupie oi fagi (in one case a large number, 70 or 80), pupae which turned in
very early. The larvoe having been fed up indoors, none of these have emerged,
whilst those in the wilds, and those fed under more natural conditions, have some
of them been coming out. — W. Holland, 111, Southampton Street, Reading :
November 6th, 1891.

P.S. — All the other collectors here are on the look out now, and Mr. Barnes, of
this town, found another male on the 6th. No female yet. — -W. H. : November 9th.

Cha^ige of habit induced by local conditions. — The following remarks tend to
show how imprudent it is to judge of the habits of common insects from a purely
local standpoint.

Last montli I took a short trip to the Cliamu'l Islands, and was struck by the
great abundance, in all the Islands visited, of i'ararge /Kr/eria, which, at that
season, was by far the most common butterfly. I am aware there arc exceptions, but
in Britain, as a rule, we are accustomed to associate the insect with rides and
pathways in woods, often in the densest parts, whence its English name, "The
Speckled Wood." Whatever there may have been at one time in the Channel
Islands, there is now no approach to the semblance of a " wood " in the ordinary
English application of the term, though the slopiiig sides of some of the beautiful,
but short, deep valleys are thickly wooded. But P. Jigeria is found in great
numbers in all the innumerable roads and lanes which intersect the open country in
the principal Islands. In fact, its habits there are precisely those of its congeners,
P. Hegara and Tlthonus. I am assured that in certain parts of England the insect
has similar habits, but we commonly, and rightly, associate it with woods.

This reminds me of a parallel case in the opposite direction. In this country
we usually associate Satyrus Semele with open, often treeless, rocky places, downs,
and heaths. In August, 1864, I made what was practically my first entomological
excursion on the continent, and visited the Forest of Fontainebleau under the guidance
of a veteran French Lepidopterist (now no more), who then resided in the town of
that name. In the densest and darkest parts of the Forest S. Semele was to be seen
in abundance feeding at the exuding sap of huge trees, in company with several other
non-Britisli Satyridce, and Catocala promissa or sponsa, or both. This was a reve-
lation to me, and quite upset my insular ideas. — R. McLachlan, Lewisham, Lon-
don : October 26th, 1891.

Coleoptera from South Wales. — During the month of September I have been
collecting Coleoptera in the neighbourhood of Llantrissant, S. Wales. I have
chiefly collected in the river Ely, and the adjoining fields. I have only found time
to identify a portion of the insects taken by me. Those identified include the
following: — Notiophilus palustris, Bembidium decorum, pttnctulatum, rufescens,
tibials, atrocoeruleum, femoratum, and littorale, in the dry river bed ; P. quadri-
maculatum, in logs, &c. ; Deronectes latus and \2-ptistulatus ; Ccelambus versicolor;
Hydroporus rivalis, septentrional is, and lepidus — the latter in great numbers in a
pond close to the river; Limnebius truncatellus and nitidus ; Hydrcena gracilis,
nigrita, and pygma:a ; Henicocerus exsculptus ; Megacronus cingulatus ; Quedins
cruentus ; Habrocerus capillar ico mis ; Olhius myrmecophiius ; Latkrobium multi-
punctuni ; Stenus cicindetoides and gutlula ; Prognatha quadricorne ; Cephennium
ihoracicum; Cryptarcha strigata ; Diphyllus lunatus ; Liturgus bifasciatus ; An-
therophagus pallens; Endomychus coccineus; Georyssus pygmceas — my first specimen
of this insect was taken in the pond after heavy rain ; I subsequently found it in
some numbers at one spot on the shelving sandy bank ; the beetles seemed to prefer
places wliere the bank was vertical for a few inches, they were climbing up and
down these diminutive cliffs with their sandy coatings looking like little grains of
sand. Elmis anetis,parallelopipedus,&\\i. J'olkmari ; Limnius tuberculatus ; Pota-
minus substrialus — I took two specimens of this insect in scum, leaves, sticks, &e.,
collected by the river, and held by a tree which had fallen across the stream ; this
scum seemed very attractive to a large number of beetles and flies, when the sun

G V, 2

332 [December,

liad been shining on it it was quite warm, vrliich, no doubt, accounted for the fact.
Aj}hudius suhterranevs,porcus, and obliteratus ; Jigialla sahuleti — one in the scum,
and one in tlie uiouth of a rabbit's hole close to the river ; Serica hrunnea ; Crypto-
ht/pnus 4.-(/tUtatiis ; Gymnetron labile and pascuoriim ; Coeliodes subrufus ; Gonioc-
tena pallida ; Mniopkila muscorum ; Cassida murrcea,J'astuosa, and obsoleta ; Cas-
sida murraia was plentiful in one field on fleabane {Inula dysenterica), upon which
Lasia glubosa, including the unspotted variety, also occurred. Cassida fastuosa
occurred in the same field, and I think it must have been on the fleabane ; I only took
a single specimen. — Arthuk J. Chitty, 33, Queen's Gate Gardens, S.W. : October
2Lst, 1891.

Hydroporus granularis, L. — Additional localities for this insect are Oxshott and
Sandwich. I found it at both these places in the early spring, in company with
Copelatus agilis ; my specimens are almost black. — Id. : November, 1891.

[if. granularis is a local species, but very common in some places, e. g., in
Askham Bog, York.— W. W. F.]

Coleoptera at Fort William and Ilkley. — During a short visit, from August
26th to September 3rd, the usual wet weather prevailing, I made the ascent of Ben
Nevis with some young friends. We had not much time, as it was necessary
to reach the summit as quickly as possible, but I noticed Aphodius contaminatus
swarming at the base. In descending, by examining damp mossy spots, above the
3000 feet line, we found a pair of JS'ebria Gyllenhali, a pair of JPatrobus septen-
trionis, and a single specimen of Miscodera arctica. At Ilkley, a fortnight later
the weather was much better ; vigorous searching under stones on Rumbold's Moor
produced Bradycellus cognatus and similis in abundance, and Olisthopus rotundatus
in profusion ; also a pair oi Acidota crenata, &nd single specimens of Carahus nitens,
Miscodera arctica, and Necrophorus ruspator (flying). Many commoner species
abounded. — Alfred Thornley, South Levcrton Vicarage, Lincoln : October 12th,
1891.

He-union be/ween the same beetles. — With reference to the re-union between
moths noticed at pp. 274 and 303 ante, it is of interest to observe that the same
thing has been seen among Coleoptera by Mr. G. C Davis, Michigan, recorded as
follows in " Insect Life," vol. iv, p. Go (October, 1891) : —

" Lyctvs striatns.—We have recently found them issuing from a red oak floor
in one of our College halls. The floor was laid two years previous, and the lumber
was seasoned at that time. The beetles issued from the sap wood only, and probably
were feeding there when the tree was sawed into lumber. In order to learn more of
their habits quite a number were placed in a glass jar containing a branch of green
oak, one of dead oak, and a seasoned stick from the shop. The beetles preferred the
latter when first introduced, and made themselves at home by boring a hole entirely
through it diagonally the first night. Mating took place in a few hours after issuing,
and eight days later ovipositing was first noticed. Mating again took place before
each egg was deposited. This seems essential, as a female was placed by herself im-

mediately aftei- mating tlic first time, and although watched for several weeks after
the others liad died, no sign of ovipositing was noticed. The branch of green oak
was preferred in depositing the eggs, and none were placed on the stick from the
shop. Ovipositing occurred about once in half an liour, and lasted but one day.
One week after ovipositing young larvae were found." — Eds.

Oonioctena litiira — red variety. — ^The Rev. Canon Fowler, in a note on Cole-
optera taken by liim at Charmouth {ante p. SOi), mentions this insect, of which he
had not seen a record. On two occasions I have taken this red variety, once at
Weybridge when collecting with the lute Dr. Power, and once at Higham in Suffolk.
In the last named locality the insect was in the greatest abundance, of course on
broom, and quite half the specimens I took were bright scarlet, but a few days after
death the colour faded away, leaving no trace of redness. — Arthitb Cottam, Elder-
croft, Watford : October Zlst, 1891.

Cneorhintts ludificator and C. geminatus.- — [Mr. Albert C. F. Morgan, of Villa
Nova da Gaya, Portugal, writes in a letter to me as follows. — J. W. Dottglas].

" Cneorhirms ludijicator has appeared here this year in great abundance on the
vines, and, curiously enough, Ciieorhimis (^eminatus has occurred for the first time in
large numbers on the vines in France. Singular, it seems to me, that two different
species, each in its own geographical habitat, should have appeared simultaneously
in great quantities this year."

[C. ludijicator, Gyll., appears to be regarded as a variety of C. Jilspanus. —
W. W. F.]

Icerya Furchasi at St. Helena. — Mr. D. Morris, Assistant Director of the Royal
Gardens, Kew, has sent for identification specimens of a Coccid, supposed by him to
be Icerya Purchasi, just received from St. Helena. They were found there on some
rose bushes which had been imported from the Cape of Good Hope. There is not
the least doubt that the specimens received are females of Icerya Purchasi ; and if
the brood of which they are samples be not extirpated at once by burning all the
plants on which they exist, so as to destroy all eggs and young larvae, they would
form the beginning of a pest that would be intensely serious in such a small island.
The probability is that they were introduced as eggs or larvae and so escaped obser-
vation.—J. W. Douglas, 153, Lewisham Road, S.E. : November I2lh, 1891.

Birmingham Entomological Society: Oct. Vdlh, 1891.— Mr. R. C. Bradley
in the Chair.

Kcv. C. F. Thornewill showed a number of insects taken on Cannock Chase this
year, including a melanic variety of Cymatophora duplaris, also a collection made
in Bucks this year, including Cleora lichenaria, Boarmia roboraria, Arenliajlexula,

334 December,

Phorodesma hajularia, &c. Mr. G. W. Wynn showed a beautiful series of Oeometra
papilionaria, bred from Wyre Forest larvae. Mr. P. W. Abbott showed Setina
irrorella, Agrotis lucernea, and A. lunigera, long series from the Isle of Wight.
Mr. E. C. Bradley showed Acidia cognata from Sutton, and A. heraclei from
Moseley. Rev. C. F. Thornewill read notes on the recent discovery of Stilhia ano-
mala on Cannock Chase, in abundance. Until last year it was not known to be a
Midland insect, and then it was found by Messrs. Thornewill and Freer in such
numbers on the Chase that the latter took 150 specimens, and this year it was
equally common.

November 2nd, 1891. — Mr. R. C. Bradley in the Chair.

Mr. Bradley showed Oonyglossum Wiedemanni from Sutton. Mr. H. J. Sands
showed Calligenia miniata from the New Forest. Mr. \V. Harrison showed a
specimen of Epione apiciaria, taken at Harborne so late as October 3rd this year.
Mr. Gr. W. Wynn showed Nudaria niundana from Cleave Prior. Mr. C. J. Wain-
wright showed insects bought at the Rev. G-. H. Raynor's Gale, including fine variable
series of Hgpsipetes elutata, CIdaria russata, &c., and specimens of Eupithecia
■irrlguata, subciliata, &c. — Colbean J. Wainweight, Hon. See.

Lancashiee and Cheshiee Entomological Society : November 9tk, 1891. —
The President, Mr. S. J. Cappee, F.L.S., F.E.S., in the Chair.

Mr. Robert Newstead, F.E.S., read a paper, entitled," General notes on the scale
insects, CoccidtB." The author gave a brief resume of the work done by the earlier
naturalists, and enumerated types of the principal genera (of which he had drawn
large coloured diagrams in illustration). In the course of his remarks, he described
the distinctive characters, and exhibited drawings of the following new species : —
Lecanium assimile, n. sp., on Aster, at Colwyn Bay, L. minimum, n. sp., on Areca,
under glass, Cheshire; Pulvinaria persiccB, n. sp.,on peach, Cheshire; Pseudococcus
associalis, n. sp., on Sibes, Yorks ; Ripersia Tomlinii, n. sp., on grass roots in ants'
nests, Guernsey ; R. pulveraria, n. sp., under leaf-sheaths of Agrostis, Cheshire. Mr.
Newstead exhibited specimens of 172 species of Coccidce, including nearly all the
known British species. Mr. Gardner exhibited Coccus cacti and Carteria lacca, the
latter with their products. The Secretary : Aspidiotus personatus, Vinsonia puJchella,
and Lecanium olece, the latter were much broken by some Lepidopterous (?) larvse,
which had formed silken tunnels under the scales. The President exhibited melanic
and other forms of Li'paris monacha. Mr. Gregson, varieties of Dianthcecia con-
spersa and Abraxas grossulariata, bred by him this year. Mr. Walker, water-colour
drawings of iJeilephila galii ; and Mr. Stott a Noctua, exhibited some time ago,
which has since been pronounced to be a variety of Epunda lichenea by Mr. Barrett.
— F. N. PiEiiCE, Ron. Sec, 143, Smithdown Lane, Liverpool : November 13th, 1891'

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society:
November \2th, 1891. — W. H. Tugwell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. Cooper exhibited a variety of Abraxas grossulariata, L., being well banded,

1891. 335

and there being no trace of yellow in the markings of the wings. Mr. Auld, a
hornet's nest from Ware, Herts. Mr. West (Streatham), Folia chi, L., from the
Lake District, one specimen being extremely dark. Mr. Herbert Williams, wine
corks bored by the larvae of some insect, which were doing a considerable amount of
damage, over two hundred bottles of port having been attacked. Mr. Forrester
showed Bombyx quercus, L., variety calluncB,V&\mer, from Perthshire. Mr. E. Joy,
Epinephele hyperanthes, L , the variety Arete and others approaching it. Mr. C. G.
Barrett, a variety of Argynnis Aglaia, L., taken in Norfolk, and Lyccsna argiades.
Mr. Oldham, Lepidoptera from Epping, including a specimen of Apamea ophio-
gramma, Esp., taken in the Forest, and an extremely dark form of Cerastis spadicea,
Hb. ; Mr. South remarked that this last species should be called ligula, as it was
not at all like Hiibner's figure of spadicea. Mr. Tugwell, series of Melanippe
galiata, Hb., from Huddersfield, and the Southern form for comparison. Mr.
Tugwell also exhibited a parasitic fungus which he thought was probably one of the
'Entomophthorce, a tribe parasitic on insects, the fungi had appeared in the mould of
one of his breeding cases, in which were eighty pupae of Eucosmia certata, Hb.
Mr. Adkin again exhibited the specimens of the Tortrix which Mr. Carpenter had
named Donelana, and remarked that he had been stated to have exhibited them as
Tortrix Steineriana, var. Dohrinana ; he had, however, when exhibiting them said
he considered them to be Tortrix vihurnana; he had now a specimen of the var.
Dohrinana from Dr Staudinger's collection, and Mr. Tutt had brought his series of
this variety which he had received from Herr Hoffman, and Mr. Barrett had brought
specimens of Steineriana. Mr. Barrett said that he had been in correspondence
with Mr. Carpenter on the subject, and was still of opinion that they were small
specimens of ciiHrwawa. Mr. Carpenter said that although the larvae had fed on
pine, one example had fed equally as well on Vaccinium. Mr. Tutt said in this part
of the genus there were some six or eight species very closely allied, and it was
difficult to separate them after studying the variation. — H. W. Barker, Hon. Sec.

Entomological Society of London : November 4th, 1891. — Dr. David
Sharp, M.A., F.E.S., Yice-President, in the Chair.

Major John Nathaniel Still, of Tiverton, Devon, and the Junior United Service
Club, Charles Street, St. James's, S.W., was elected a Fellow of the Society.

Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited a series of a very dark-coloured form of Apis reared
by Mr. John Hewett, of Sheffield, from bees imported from Tunis, and which he
proposed to call " Punic Bees." They were larger than the black Apis unicolor,
Latr., of Mauritius and Bourbon, and were almost entirely black, except in the legs,
which were of a more or less reddish colour.

Mr. C. G. Barrett exhibited five melanic specimens of Aplecta nebulosa, reared
by Mr. Collins, of Warrington, from larvae collected in Delamere FoiTst, Cheshire,
and described by him, in the " Proceedings of the Lancashire and Cheshire Natural
History Society," as A. nebulosa, var. Sobsoni, in honour of Mr. John E. Robson,of
Hartlepool. Mr. Barrett also exhibited a beautiful variety of Argynnis Aglaia,
taken in Norfolk by Dr. F. D. Wheeler, and two specimens (male and female) of

•J3(j I December, IMH.

Lycana argiades, taken in August, 1885, on Bloxworth Heath, Dorsetshire, by Mr.
C. O. Pickard-Cambridge and Mr. A. Pickard-Carabridge respectively.

Mr. H. St. John Dounisthorpe exhibited a colection of Coleoptera, couiprising
about thirty-six species, made in a London granary in 1890 and 1891. The genera
represented included Sphodriis, Pristonyclius, Calathus, Quedius, Creophllus, Oma-
lium, Trogosita, Silvanus, Lathridius, Dermestes, Anthrenus, Corynetes, Pt'tnus,
Niptus, Anobium, Blaps, Tenebrio, Calandra, Bruchus, &c.

Mr. A. B. Farn exhibited a series of specimens of JEubolia Uneolata, bred from
eggs laid by a specimen taken at Yarmouth. The series included several remark-
able and beautiful varieties, and the size of the specimens vrvks much above the
average.

The Rev. Dr. Walker exhibited specimens of Argyniiis Ino, A. Pales, and A.
Frigga, from Norway.

Mr. B. A. Bower exhibited, for Mr. J. Gardner, specimens of Nephopteryx
splendidella, H.-S., Bofys ltij/u!iiia!ls, Clk., and Bryotropha obscurtlla, Hein., taken
at Hartlepool last June and August.

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited two very dark specimens of Peronea cristana from tlie
New Forest.

Colonel C. Swinhoe exhibited, and remarked on, types of genera and sjjecies
of moths belonging to the Tineina, all of which had been described by Walker, and
placed by him amongst the LUhosidcB.

Mr. H. Goss exhibited specimens of Callimorplia Hera, taken in August last by
Major-General Garden in South Devon, and observed that the species appeared to
be getting commoner in this country, as Gen. Garden had caught seventeen speci-
mens in five days. Mr. Goss said that the object of the exhibition was to ascertain
the opinion of the meeting as to the manner in which this species had been intro-
duced into this country. A long discussion on this subject and on the geographical
distribution of the species ensued, in which Mr. G. T. Baker, Mr. Stevens, Mr.
Barrett, Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. McLachlan, Mr. Verrall, Mr. Elwes, Mr. Fenn,
Mr. Jacoby and others took part.

Mr. C. J. Gahan contributed a paper, entitled, " On South American species of
Diabrotica : an Appendix to Part II."

Mr. McLachlan contributed a paper, entitled, " Descriptions of new species of
holophthalmous Ascalaphidce."

Mr. W. L. Distant communicated a paper, entitled, " Descriptions of four new
species of the genus Fulgora."

Mr. F. Enock read a paper, entitled, " Additional notes and observations on the
life-history of Atypus piceiis." Every detail in the life-history of this spider was
most elaborately illustrated by a large number of photographs, made by Mr. Enock
from his original drawings, and shown by means of the oxy-hydrogen lantern. A
discussion followed, in which Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, Dr. Sharp, Mr. G. G. Champion,
the Rev. A. E. Eaton, Mr. P. Crowley, and others took part. — H. Goss, Hon.
Secretary.

END OF VOL. II (Second Skkies).

INDEX.

PAGE

Grneral Index i

Special Index —

Coleoptera rii

Diptera viii

Hemiptera viii

Hymenoptera ix

Lepidoptera ix

PAGE

Special Index {continued) —

Neuroptera xi

Orthoptera xi

Contributors xi

Gekera and Species new to Science... xii

,, ,, ,, .) .. Britain... xiv

Errata «▼

GENERAL INDEX.

PAGE
25

167

75
274
275

79
... 42
... 191
... 24
216, 241, 259
200, 322
... 44
... 9,55

AbeiUe, L'

Abraxas grossulariata, LarvsB of, on Japanese Spindle-tree

Acidalia immorata ...

Acrolepia marcidella in the Isle of Purbeck

Acronycta alni at Hoddesdon ... ... ... • -

Aculeate Hymenoptera at Lowestoft, in August, 1891 , 276 ; in Devon, Rare

24 ; in South Devon, 78, 194 ; in Wiltshire in 1890

Additions to the List of British Anthomyiidse ..
Adela rufimitrella, Notes on the life-history of ...
Agabus guttatus at Hartlepool, Megacronus inclinans and
Agdistidae and Pterophoridae, New genera of
Aleurodes, A new species of

„ , On a Brazilian species of, found in England
Algeria, A fortnight in, with descriptions of new Lepidoptera ...
Alteration in the form of the scales of Lecania, caused by internal parasites... 267

„ of the aerial habits of certain gall-making Aphides, Remarks on the 268

Anaspis, Description of a new species of, from Scotland, with remarks ... 104

Andrena bucephala at Box Hill ... ... ... ... ••• ••■ 195

Anisotoma Triepkii at Woking ... ... ... .■ ■•• ... ••• 199

Annotated list of British Tachiniidse 85,125,153,228,263,324

AnthicidsE, On two new species of ... .. ... ••• ••• •• 188

Anthomyiidse, Additions to the list of British ... ... ... ... ... 42

Anthopliora pilipes at Ilfracombe .. ... ... ... ... ... HI

Anybia Langiella, Captures of Trifurcula pallidella and ... ... ... 50

Aphides, Remarks on the alteration of the aerial habits of certain gall-making 268
Aplecta nebulosa, Melanic variety of ... .. ... •• ... ••. 330

Aplota palpella bred, 271 ; Description of the larva of 272

Aporophyla australia at Portland, Variation of ... ... ... 119

Arge Galathea, Re-occurrence of, in East Yorkshire 275

PAGE

Aspilola concinna, Hal., bivd from Homalomyia caiiiculai'is ... ... ... 170

Australian vine pest, On the new ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 68

Barjnotus mcerens destructive ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 222

Better grouping of certain Families of the Order Diptera, Suggestions towards a 35

Black variety of Pliigalia pilosaria at Gainsborough ... ... ... ... 110

Bledius crassicornis in numbers, near Rye, Sussex ... ... ... ... 172

Bombus lapponicus at Wotton-under-Edge, 276 ; B. soroensis at Ilfraconibe .. 308

Brazilian species of Aleurodes found in England, On a... ... ... ... 44

British species of Conchylis, On certain ... .. ... ... ... ... 1

Bruchus lenlis. Boh. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 171

Butalia iauiinella in the Isle of Purbeck ... ... ... ... ... ... 48

Caddis-fly, The marine, of New Zealand ... ... ... ... ... ... 24

Callimorpha Hera in Devonshire ... .. ... ... ... ... ... 275

Calliphora erythrocephala, Mg., from a wasps' nest ... ... ... ... 329

Cannes, Lepidoptera collected near ... .. .. ... ... ... 137

Captures in June and July, Various ... ... ... ... ... ... 250

Carabidse, Note on three Australian ... ... ... ... ... ... 285

Case-making Coleopterous larvae ... ... ... ... ... ... 190

Catoptria (Grapholitha) decolorana, Frr., On the erroneous inclusion of, in the

British Fauna ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 101

Change of habit induced by local conditions ... ... ... ... .. 330

„ „ name of a palsearctic Pyrale — Titanio venustalis, Ld., from Armenia,

to be called T. echineea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 50

Chili, New, &c., Lepidoptera from ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 312

Cicadula (Zett.), Fieber, On the British species of the genus ... ... ... 27

Cicindela from North Japan, Note on a new ... ... ... ... ... 20

Cneorhinus ludificator and C. geminatus ... ... ... ... ... ... 333

Coccidse, Notes on some British and Exotic (No. 19), 65 ; (No. 20), 95 ; (No.

21), 244; On some new or little known, found in England ... ... 164

Coleophora chalcogrammella. Re-occurrence of, at Scarborough, 198 ; Icuca-
pennella, Hb. : an addition to the British Fauna, 302 ; salinella two years

in the pupa state, 274 ; vibicigerella ... ... ... ... ... ... 168

Coleoptera and Lepidoptera at Bundoran, Ireland ... ... ... ... 75

„ at Baldock, Herts, 306 ; at Church Stretton, 108 ; at Fort William

and Ilkley, 332 ; at Hastings, 171 ; from South Wales, 331 ; in the North

of Ireland, Notes on, 223 ; Notes on some Scottish ... ... .. 305

Collections in dry hot countries, A means of preserving ... .. ... 107

Conchylis, On certain British species of ... ... ... ... ... ... 1

Coemopteryx orichalcca in Wilts ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 221

Creophilus maxillosus, var. ciliaris, Steph., in Ireland ... ... ... ... 305

Cryptohypnua dermestoides and its allies... ... ... ... ... ... 73

Cymatophora flavicornis. Habits of .. ... ... ... ... ... 134

Deilephila galii be found in the larval state every year in England ? Can ... 5
Development of wings in species of Hemiptera, usually micropterous or

apterous. On the occasional ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 109

Dianthsecia Barrettii in North Devon ... ... ... ... ... ... 220

Diaphora mendica. White form of the (J ... ... ... ... ... .. 303

Dioryctria splendidella. Rag., in Suffolk ... ... ... ... ... ... 220

111.

PAOH

Diptera, Suggestions towards a hotter grouping of certain Families of ... 35

])ipterous larvte in nests of Vespiclee, A query as to tlie food of certain ... 78

Drepanopteryx phalaBnoides, L., in Scotland ... ... ... ... ... 3 )8

Dufourea vulgaris, Schk., at Chobhani, Surrey ... ... ... ... 219

Elacatis (Othnius) found in Japan, On two species of ... ... ... ... 247

Endroniis versicolor at Reading ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 168

Entomological notes from Port Darwin, &c. .. .. 233, 281

Ephestia pinguis in the Isle of Purbeck, 272 ; Roxburgliii, Gregson, On ... 49

Eros minutus in Gloucestershire .. .. ... .. ... ... 275

Eugaster, On a new species of (Hetrodidee), from Somali Land, with remarks

on E. spinulosus, Linn., 210 ; Further remarks ... ... ... ... 294

Euperia fulvago, Description of the larva of ... ... ... ... 121

Eupithecia togata in the New Forest ... ... ... . ... ... 48

Eupoecilia Geyeriana, The larva of, 239 ; pallidana. Description of the larva
of, 273; sodaliana. Haw. (amandana, H.-S.), Notes on, with description

of the larva ... ... .. . . .. ... ... ... ... 301

Flea, Note on a British : Typhlopsylla assimilis .. ... ... ... ... 170

Fleas in martins' nests ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 51

Food of certain Dipterous larvse in nests of Vespidse, A query as to the ... 78
Geleehia alacella in the New Forest, 196 ; lutulentella in the Isle of Purbeck,
196 ; Notes on, 274 ; ocellatella. Retarded emergence of a second brood

of, 48 ; (Anacampsis) sparsiciliella, m sp. ... ... ... ... 7

Gnorimus nobilis and Trichius fasciatus in Herefordshire ... ... ... 304

Gonioctena litura, red variety ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 333

Guernsey, A list of Hemiptera-Heteroptera collected in the Island of... ... 129

Haltica, Notes on the British species of ... ... ... .. ... ... 289

Hemerobius pellucidus, Wlkr., near Exeter ... ... ... ... 308

Hemiptera, Addition to the list of British ... ... ... ... ... 298

„ usually micropterous or apterous. On the occasional development

of wings in species of ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... 109

„ -Heteroptera collected in the Island of Guernsey, A list of, 129 ;

near Lowestoft . . ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... 277

Hepialus, The flight and pairing of the genus, 197 ; H. velleda in abundance

in Somerset ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... 110

Hesperia lineola in Somerset ... .. ... .. .. ... 110

Heterocerus britannicus, Kuwert : a new species described from Britain ... 132

„ , Fab., Notes on the British species of the genus ... ... ... 202

Heteromera from Japan, On two new species of .. ... ... ... ... 70

Hibernation, A query as to... ... ... ... 22, 50

Ulster niarginatus near King's Lynn, Capture of ... ... ... ... 134

liisterida;, A new genus of .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 319

„ from Burmali, On some new ... ... ... ... ... ... 186

Honialoplia ruricola ; the black variety ... ... ... ... ... ... 306

Homalota crassicornis at Buxton, 171 ; H. princeps, &c., at Ventnor ... ... 133

Humble-bees in New Zealand, The habits of .. ... ... •. 131

Hydroporus ferrugineus, Sleph., in the Hastings district ... ... ... 199

,, granulans, L. ... ... ... ... ... ... .,, ... 332

„ septentrionalis and other Coleoptera in the Plymouth district .. 77

PAGE

Hypeiia rostralis, Description of the larva of ... ... . ... 73

Hypoderma bovis, Deg. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... 225

Hypsipetes ruberata, Life history of ... .. ... .. ... .. 296

Hypsoides, Butler, Notes on the genus ... ... ... ... ... 129

Iceryia Purchasi at St. Helena ... .. ... ... ... 333

Insects, &c., taken in the nests of British Vespidffi .. 39,329

Isosceliptcron fulvura, Costa, Concerning the female of 308

Lampronia rubiella, Spring larvae of, 198 ; The oviposition and autumnal

larvfB of ...
Larva of Adela rufimitrella, 191 ; Aplota palpella, 272 ; Euperia fulvago, 121 ;

EupcBcilia Geyeriana, 239 ; E. pallidana, 273 ; E. sodaliana, 301 ; Hypena

rostralis, 73 ; Hypsipetes ruberata, 296 ; Lampronia rubiella, 169, 198 ;

Lithocolletis anderidiE, 22 ; Plutella annulatella, 317 ; Spilosoma sordida
Late appearance of early spring Lepidoptera

Lecania, Alteration in the form of the scales of, caused by internal parasites...
Lecanium olese, Bernh.
Lepidoptera at Bundoran, Ireland, Coleoptera, &c., 75 ; from Chili, Some new,

&c., 312 ; in Switzerland, in 1886, Holiday captures of, 62 ; of the British

Islands, New work on the
Leptura scutella, &c., in Windsor Forest ..
Lithocolletis anderidfc. Description of the larva of
Locusts as food

Longicorn Coleoptera, New, chiefly from Mexico ..
Lytta vesicatoria, L., and other Coleoptera from Hants and Dorset ..
Male and worker characters combined in the same individual of Stenamma

Westwoodi
Marine Caddis-fly of New Zealand, The ...
Maxillae, On the form of the, in certain European species of the genus

Mordella
Megacronus inclinans and Agabus guttatus at Hartlepool
Metallites niarginatus at Watford

Metoecus (Rhipiphorus) paradoxus, On the oviposition of
Mexican Histeridse, On two new species of
Microdon mutabilis, L.

Micro-Lepidoptera collected near Cannes, 1890 ...
Micropteryx caledoniella : another new species, probably from birch, 300 ;

Kaltenbachii on hornbeam, 21 ; Sangii : a new species from birch, 100 ;

Sangii and Kaltenbachii, &c. . .. .. ... ... ... 300

Mordella, On the form of the maxillie in certain European species of the genus 122
Mordellistena abdominalis, Fab., The sexual characters in the palpi of 287

Motion in seeds caused by a new species of Tortricida : Grapholitha motrix 167
Myrmosa melanocephala in Warwickshire ... . ... ... ... 276

Neptieula tormentillella, H.-S., not yet British ... ... ... ... .. 196

Neuroptera observed at Rannoch, in June, 1889, List of ... ... ... 45

New Forest : projected spoliation .. ... ... ... ... ... 200,219

New work on the Lepidoptera of the British Islands ... ... ... . . 302

Newspaper entomology ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 108

New Zealand, Habits of Humble Bees in... .. .. ... ... ... 131

169

303
167
267
307

302
221
22
166
158
132

123
24

122
24

306
18

106
224, 250

137

T.

PAGR

Noniada lateralis, Panz. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 196

Notliocbrysa capitata near Weymouth ... ... ... ... ... .. 249

Obituary : Edmond Andre, F.E.S., 80 ; Henrv Edwards, 226 ; Robert Gillo,
200 ; Ferdinand Grut, F.L.S., 227, 251 ; E. W. Janson, F.E.S.,
278; Prof. Felipe Poey, C.M.Z.S., 134; Dr. J. M. J. af
Tengstroui .. ... ... ... ... . ... ... Ill

Odontaeus niobilicornis at Wellington College ... ... ... ... . 109

Omias mollinus. Bob. .. .. ... ... . ... 304

Osmia bicolor, Schk., On the nests of ... ... ... ... 193

Otiorrbyncbus sulcatns devouring ferns ... ... ... 199, 223

Oviposition of Metsecus (Rhipipborus) paradoxus. On tlie ... ... 18

,, , On, and tbe ovipositor in certain Lepidoptera ... 175,212.253

Parasites, 180, in one larva of Arctia Caja ... ... .. ... 225

Pempelia adelpbella .. ... .. .. ... ... ... ... 103

Perilitus falciger : a parasite in a perfect beetle ... .. ... 169

Pbanseus, Macleay, On two undescribed species of tbe genus ... ... . 208

Pbigalia pilosaria. Black variety of, at Q-ainsborougb ... ... ... ... 110

Pieris napi, Variation of, in Ireland ... ... ... ... ... ... 329

Pimpla graminellse ... ... .. . . ... ... ... ... 131

Pityopbtborus, Eicboff, On tbe Britisb species of tbe genus ... ... ... 15

Plusia bimaculata, Stepb., = verticillata, Guene'e ... .. ... 163, 207

„ moneta at Cambridge, in 1890, 300 ; at Dover, Anotber ... ... 21

„ „ in France, 74 ; and its geograpbical distribution ... ... 21

Plutella annulatalla, Curt., Life-bistory of .. ... ... ... ... 317

Port Darwin, &c.. Entomological notes from ... ... .. ... 233, 281

Preserving collections in dry bot countries, A means of .. ... ... 107

Pseudomacromia speciosa and pretiosa, Karsch, Note concerning ... ... Ill

Psycbopsis, An Asiatic (Ps. birmana, n. sp.) .. .. .. ... 320

Pteropboridse, New genera of Agdistidffl and ... ... .. 216,241,259

Pteropborus paludum in Yorksbire ... ... ... ... ... ... 275

Pulvinaria oxyacantbae, Linn. ... ... ... ... ... ... 307

Rapbidia cognata, Ramb., as a Britisb insect ... ... ... ... ... 170

Retinia turionana near King's Lynn, Abundance of ... ... ... 134

Re-union between tbe same beetles ... ... ... ... ... ... 232

„ „ „ „ moths 274,303

Reviews : " Tbe Honey Bee : its Natural History, Analomy, and Physiology :"
by T. W. Cowan, F.L.S., &c., 52 ; " The Lepidoptera of Suffolk :"
by Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, 81 ; "The Darwinian Theory of the
Origin of Species :" by F. P. Pascoe, F.L.S., 81 ; " Sixth Report on
Injurious, &c.. Insects of State of New York :" by J. A. Lintner,
81 ; " Guides for Science Teaching — Insecta :" by Alpheus
Hyatt, 81 ; " Tlie Mesozoic and Tertiary Insects of New South
Wales :" by R. Etheridge, Jun., and A. J. Sidney OUiff, 112 ;
" Tbe Butterflies of North America," 3rd Series, part xi : by W.
H. Edwards, 2(i0 ; "Revision des Rhapbididcs," by Herman
Albania, 226 ; " Further Coccid Notes, with descriptions of new
species from New Zealand, Australia, and Fiji:" by W. M.
Maskeli, K. li.M.S., 250; "A synonymical Catalogue of the
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera (Butterflies) of Australia :" by W.

U. .Miskiu, F.L.S., F.E.S 277

.PAGE

Scolopostcthus, Synopsis of the genus .. ... ... ... ... 114

St. Helena, Icerya Purchasi at ... ... ... ... 333

Sisynophorus diehrous : a new beetle from Japan ... .. ... ... 210

Societies : Birmingham Entomological,

25, 52, 82, 112, 135, 172, 201, 252, 278, 309, 333

Entomological Society of London,

26, 54, 84, 114, 136, 174, 201, 227, 252, 280, 311, 335

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological,

25, 52, 113, 135, 172, 279, 309, 334

South London Entomological and Natural History,

53, 82, 114, 173, 279, 310, 334

Sphaleroptera ictericana, Note on ... ... ... ... .. .. ... 50

Sphinx pinastri as a British insect ... ... ... ... .. ... 74

Spilosoma sordida, Hiib., The larva of ... .. ... ... ... ... 303

Stauropus fagi double-brooded ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 330

Stenamma Westwoodi, Male and worker characters combined in the same in-
dividual of ... .. ... ... .. ... ... 123

Stenophylax alpestris in Yorkshire ... ... ... ... ... 249

Sternosccelus and Hetserius, On the structure of the claws of, and notes on the

geographical distribution of the species .. .. .. 161

Suggestions towards a better grouping of certain Families in the Order Diptera 35

Switzerland, Captures of Lepidoptera in ... ... ... ... 62

Symmoca signatella, H.-S., a recent addition to the British Fauna .. ... 8

Synopsis of the genus Scolopostcthus ... .. ... ... ... 114

Tachiniidffi, Annotated list of British 85, 125, 153, 228, 263, 324

Thecla rubi, Notes on food-plants of ... ... ... ... 219

Tinagma betuiae, An earlier name for, 299 ; in East Dorset ... ... .. 48

Tinea subtilella, Fuchs, Occurrence at Portland of, a species new to the

British Fauna ... ... ... .. .. ... 14

Tortrix costana, var. latiorana. Note on ... .. ... ... .. 50

Trechus lapidosus. Daws., and other Coleoptera, &c., at Charmouth, Dorset ... 304

Trichius fasciatus in Herefordshire ... .. ... ... ... ... 304

Trichoptera, Notes on some Irish .. .. ... .. . ... ... Ill

Trifurcula pdllidella and Anybia Langiella, Captures of... ... ... ... 50

Typhlopsylla assimilis, Tasch., Note on a British Flea ... ... ... ... 170

Variation of Pieris napi in Ireland ... ... ... ... ... ... 329

Varieties of British Butterflies ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 329

Variety of Aplecta nebnlosa, Melanie ... ... ... . . .. ... 320

Vespidso, A query as to the food-plant of certain Dipterous larvae in nests of... 78

,, , Insects, &c., taken in the nests of British ... .. ... 39, 329

Wiener entomologischen Verein ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 107

SPECIAL INDEX.

COLEOl'TEllA.

PAGE

Acidota crenata 224, 332

Actobius prolixus, 109 ; signaticornis, 1(19, 172

^gialia sabuleti 332

Aleocbara maculata 109

Amarantha atrocyaiiea (sp. n.), Lewis ... 70
Anaspis Garnej'si, 306 ; septentiionalis

(sp. n.), Champion 104

Anisotoma Triepkii 199

Apbodius poicus, subterraneus 332

Apion minimum 306

Barynotus mcerens 222

Basanus erot3'loides (sp. n.), Lewis 71

Bledius crassicollis 172

Bvachytarsus scabrosus, 98, 306 ; varius .. 98

Brucbus leutis 171

Cffinopsis fissirostris, Waltoni 171

Callidiura variabile 222

Calosoma inquisitor 132

Carabus iiitens 132,332

Cassida fastuosa, murraea .. 332

Chaitarthria serainulum 108

Choleva spadicea 109

Ciciudela aino (sp. n.), Lewis 20

Ciieorhiuus ludificator 333

Conopalpus testaceus 222

Cosciiioptera, Larva of 190

Creophilus maxillosus, var. ciliaris 305

Cryptarcba strigata 331

Cryptocephalus lineola 250

Cryptohypnus dennestoides, quadrigutta-

tus 72

Deltaspis disparilis (sp. n.). Bates, inargi-
nella (sp. n.), Bates, 160 ; variabilis

(sp. n.). Bates 161

Deronectes latus 77, 331

Dipbyllus luiiatus 331

Elacatis Kraatzi, ocularis (sp. n.), Lewis . 248
Elater elongatulus, 222; nigrinus, 305;

sanguinolentus 132

Elinis parallelopipedus 109,331

Epiecbinus (n. g.), Lewis 319

Eros ininutus 275

Eryx ater 132

Esmeralda costulata (,sp. n ), 15ates 158

Eurylyncbus (n. g.). Hates, 281!; OllilTi
(sp. n.), Bates 286

PAGE

Euryporus picipes 1()9

Geodromicus uigrita 109

Georyssus pygmajus ... 331

Gigadema grandis 286

Gymnusa brevicollis, variegata 109

GyropbsRiia Poweri 109

Haliplus cinereus 307

Hallomenus humeralis 306

Haltica coryli, lythri, 292 ; palustris 293

Haplocnemus impressus 132

Harpalus melaucholicus, vernalis 250

Hetoerius 161

Heterocerus britaiinicus, 132, 207 ; fuscu-

lus, 133, 207 ; pulchellus, 133, 207 ;

salinus, V. rectus 206

Hister margiiuitus, 134; latistrius (sp. u.),

Lewis, 106; vestitus (sp. ii.), Lewis ... 187

Homaloplia ruricola, 132 ; var. 306

Horaalota crassicornis, 171 ; pagaiia and

others, 109; princeps 133

Hj'drocyphou deflexicollis 305

Hydroporus ferrugineus, 172, 199 ; granu-

laris, 332; septentrionalis 77

Lebia chorocephala, 109 ; var. cbrysoce-

phala 304

Leptinus testaceus 109,222

Leptura scutellata 221

Limnichus pygmaeus 172

Liosoma oblongulum 109

Lj'cius striatus 332

Lymnajum nigropiceum 77, 133, 171

Lytta vesicatnria 132

Mantura cbi'y>antliemi 224

Mecynotarsus teiiuipes (sp. ii.), Champion 189
Medon pocofer 133

Megacronus cingulatus, 109, 171 ; incli-

nans 24, 40

Meligethes viduatus 77

Mesosa nubila 222

Metallites marginatus 306

Metrecus paradoxus 18, 307

Miscodera arctica 332

MorduUistena abdomiiialis 287

Necrophorus ruspator 332

Odoiitajus inobilicoriiis 109

Omia-i inollinus 304

Oodu* lielopioides 132

vin.

PAGE

Otiorrhyiichus raiicus 305, 307

Oxytelus Fairraairei 224

Pachyta cerambyciformis 222

PanagiEus 4-pustulatus 77

Paromalus Goliath (sp. n.), Lewis 187

Pelophila borealis 224

Percosoma Blagravii 286

Perileptus areolatus 109

Plianasus Boucaidi (sp. n.), Neviuson,

208; cupricollis (sp. u.), Neviuson 209

Phloeotrj'a rufipes 222

Phytoecia cylindrica 132, 306

Phytosus balticus, 77, 133 ; spinifer 133

Pityophthorus Lichtensteinii, 16; pubes-

cens 17

Platysoma foveolatura (sp. n.), Lewis, lu-

cillum (sp. n.), Lewis 186

Plinthus caliginosus 171

Poophagus nasturtii 306

Potaminus substriatus 331

Prognatha qurdricorne 331

Pterostichus sethiops 78

Pyrodes maculicollis (sp. n.), Bates 158

Rhynchites cupreus 305

Scybalicus oblongiusculus 250

Scydmaeuus nanus 77

Sipalia testacea 77

Sisynopborus dichrous (sp. n.), Lewis ... 210

Sitones Waterbousei 171

Steuus Guynemeri 109

SternoccBlis 161

Strangalia auvulenta 222

Syncalypta liirsuta 172

Tillus elongatus 221

Tomoderus denticollis (sp. n.). Champion 188

Trechus lapidosus 304

Trichoreninus (n.g.), Lewis, 106; T. Flohri

(sp. n.), Lewis 107

Trox sabulosus 132

Tryponseus Doherlyi (sp. n.), Lewis 188

Vesperoctenus (n.g.), Bates, 159; V. Flohri
(sp. u.). Bates 160

DIPTERA.

Acanthiptera inanis 41

Actia frontalis 128

Apbria longirostris 91

Bigonichetia spinipennis 128

Calliphora erythrocepbala 329

Chetolyga araiena, analis, 263; nigritbo-

ra.x, quadiipustulatus 264

PAGE

Cyrtoneura stabulans 41

Deraoticus frontatus, plebejus 92

Echinomyia fera, ferox, grossa, 89 ; lurida,

90; tessellata, 89 ; ursina 90

Epicarapocera succinata 324

Exorista amplicornis, 326; biserialis, 328;
cheloniae, 329 ; dubia, fimbiiata, 327 ;
gnava, lucorura, 328; mutabilis, 327;

vetula, 328; vulgaris 326

Gerinaria ruficeps 125

Gonia capitata, divisa, fasciata, Forsteri,

93 ; ornata, lateralis, trifaria 94

Homalomyia canicularis, 41, 78, 170 ; ves-

paria 41, 42

H^'poderma bovis 225

Limnopbora litorea 43

Macquartia chalybeata, ciliaris, 156 ; dis-
par, 157 ; grisea, nitida, 156 ; spini-

cincta, tenebricosa 155

Microdon mutabilis 225, 250

Micropalpus fulgens, haeraorrhoidalis, vul-

pinus 91

Mydaea affinis 42

Nemornea appendiculata, 230; csesia, con-
sobrina, 232 ; glabrata, 229 ; intermedia,
232; nemorum, 231; puparum, 230;
rubrica, 229 ; rudis, 231; strenua, va-

gans 230

Nemorilla floralis 265

Nepbiotoma coxalis 250

Olivieria rufomaculata 266

Pelecocera tricincta 250

Phora rufipes 41

Plagia curvinevvis, 154 ; ruralis, ruricola,

153 ; trepida 154

Polidea crassitarsis 157

Pulex gallinae 51

Siphona cristata, geniculata 126

Thriptocera bicolor, cognata, crassicornis,

minutissima, pilipennis 127

Tipula vittata 250

Typhlopsylla assimilis, musculi 170

Zoi)houiyia temula 266

HEMIPTERA.

Aepophilus Bonnairii 131

Aleurodes filicium, 44; rubicola (sp. n.),

Douglas 200,322

Aphides, Alteration in aerial habits of ... 268

Brachypelta aterrima 130

Carpocoris baccarum, fuscispina 130

PAGE

Cicadula, 27; C. cyanae, 30, 33 ; fasciifrons,
29, 31 ; Fieberi (sp. n.), Edwards, 30, 32 ;
frontalis, nietria, 29 ; opacipeniiis, 29,
30 ; puiictifrous, 29, 31 ; 6-notata, 7-

notata, variata 29

Cyrtorhinus flaveolus 277

Dactylopius Walkeri (sp.n.), Newstead... 164

Derajocoris seticornis 305

Dieuches luscus 130

Emblethis verbasci 130

Eriococcus fraxini (sp. n.), Newstead, 165;

insignis (sp. n.), Newstead 164

Eroticoris rufescens 277

Geotomus punctulatus 130

Globiceps dispar 277

Halobates 239

Halobatodes 235

Henestaris halophilus, 298 ; laticeps 130

Icerya Purcliasi .» 333

Jalla dnmosa 130

Lecania, Scales altered in form 267

Lecanium ciliatum (sp. n.), Doug., 67 ;
distinguendum (sp.n.), Doug., 96; hes-
peridura, lauri, 245 ; nigrum, 95; saro-
thamni (sp. u.), Doug., 05 ; testudo,

308: oleffi 3C7

Ljg<Bosoma reticulatum 130

Lygaeus punctato-guttatus 130

Macrodema micropterum, macropt 130

Nabis boops, major 277

N3-sius vinitor (sp. n.), Bergroth 69

Orthezia occidentalis (sp. u.), Doug. 245 ;

praelonga (sp. n.), Doug 246

Pulvinaria betuls, 98 ; ? var. alni, Doug.,

100; oxyacanthae 307

Salda ortliocliila 277

Scolopostethus, 116 ; S. abdominalis, 119;
afEuis, cognatus, decoratus, grandis,
118; Lethierryi, maderensis, 119 ; pic-
tus, 118 ; pilosus, puberulus, 119 ;

Thomson! 118

Velia currens, macropt 109

HYMENOPTERA.

Andrena bucephala, 195 ; lapponica, 79 ;

nigriceps 276

Anthophora pilipes Ill

Apanteles caj» 225

Aspilota concinua 40, 170

Bombus lappouicus, Scriuishiranus, 276 ;

soroensis 3U8

FA0B

Collates picistigma 276

Dufourea vulgaris 249

Halictus Isevigatus 195

Leptothorax unifasciata 195

Methoca ichneumonides 24

Myrmecina Latreillei 24

Myrmosa melanocephala 24, 276

Nomada bifida, 79 ; lateralis 196

Osmia auruleuta, 195 ; bicolor, 80, 193 ;

pilicornis 80

Peritelus falciger 169

Stelis pbaeoptera 80

Stenamma Westwoodi 79, 123

LEPIDOPTERA.

Abraxas grossulariata 167

Acidalia emutaria, 11; immorata, 76; vir-

gularia •■ 11

Acrolepia marcidella 274

Acronycta alni 275

Adela fibulella, 215; rufimitrella, 191;

viridella 212,213

Agriocoma mimulina, var. araucana 316

Agrotis simplonia 64

Anthocliaris Belemia, Eupheno 10

Antbometra megearia 11

Antithesia montana (sp. n.), Bart.-Calv... 316

Anybia Langiella 50

Aplecta nebulosa 330

Aplota palpella 271,272

Apodia doliodes (sp. n.), Meyrick, 55 ; psa-

mathias (sp. n.), Meyrick 56

Aporophyla australis 119

Arctia Caja 225

Arge Galathea 275

Argynnis Niobe, Pales 63

Asarta setbiopella 64

Atomopteryx (n. g.), Wlsm., 216 ; A.

Doeri (sp. n.), Wlsm 216

Bacillogaster hypparia 312

Butalis laminella, 48 ; siccella 250

Callimorpha Hera 275

Calycobotbra (n. g.), Meyrick, C. acarpa

(sp n.), Mrk 60

Calyptrotis (n. g.), Meyrick. C. alphitodes

(sp. n.), Mrk 56

Carpocapsa saltitans 167

Catoptria amulana, 102 ; decolorana, 101 ;

tripoliana 102

Cemiostoma susinella 61

Cethosia Lescheiiaultii, Peiithesilea 234

Charaxes Seinpi-onius 283

Cidaria decoloi-ata 11

Coenurgia runica 312

Coleophorabifroiidella(sp.n.),Wlsm., 137;
cajspititiella, 185,214; chalcogrammella,
198 ; leucapennella, 302 ; partlieiiica
(sp. n)., Mrk.,59; salinella, 274 ; stehe-
linella (sp.n.), VVlsm., 138 ; vibicigerella 168
Concb3'lis affinitana, 1; anthemidaiia, 3,
4; cancellana, 1; chionopa (sp. n.),
Mrk., 55; erigerana (sp. n.), Wlsiu., 3;

Heydeniana, 2 ; iinplicitana 2

Coniifrons ulceratalis ; 11

Cosmopteryx oricbalcea 221

Crambus coulonellus 64

Cymatopboia Huvicoinis 134

Dasypolia Teinpli 50

Deilephila galii 5

Diadema Bolina 138

Diantha?cia Barrettii 220

Diapboia niendica 303,304

Diasemia litterata 64

Digonis Pbilippii (sp. n.), Bart.-Calv. ... 314

Dior3'cti'ia splendidella 220

Duponchelia fovealis 12

Elachista echidiiias (sp. n.), Mrk 61

Eiidromis versicolor 168

Epbestia Kiibniulla, 274; pinguis, 272;

Roxburgbii 49

Epimecis (?) Medinai (sp.n ), Bart.-Calv... 314

Ereb'a Manto, Melainpus, Tyndarus 63

Eriocottis pyrocoma (sp. n.), Mrk 58

Euchromius superbellus 12

Eudemis botrana, isochroa (sp. n.), Mrk. 12
Euperia fulvago 121

Eupitbecia tamarisciata, 11 ; teiiuiata, 76 ;
togata ... 48, 221

Eupoecilia Geyeriana,239 ; pallidaiia, 250,

273; sodaliana 301

Euzopbera oblitclla 12

Fumea interniediella 10

Gelocbia alacolla, 196; eremaula (sp n),
Mrk., 57; lutulentella, 196, 274; octl-

latella, 48; sparsiciliella (sp. n.), Barrett 7

Gilbertia eques (sp. ii.), Wlsm 2nr9

Grapliolitlia ininutaiia, 13; inatri.x 167

Heliozela Hamiiioiiiflla 29!)

Hepialus lupuliiius, 197 ; velleda 110

Hesperia lineola 110

Hypena rostralis 73

llyponoineuta rati la (s|). ii.), Bart.-Calv... 310

Hypsipetes niborata 296

lochroa'cblorogastra 312

Ischnophanes monocentra"(sp. n.), Mrk .. 60

Lampronia rubiella 169, 198

Larentia fluct'iata 11

Limnfficia pbragraitella 60

LitbocoUetis anderida;, 22 ; idolias (sp. n.),
Mrk 61

Lycaeiia Arion, Emmedon, Hylas, 63;

melanops, 10 ; Pheretes 63

Mallocepbala rubripes 312

Mamestra furva 76

Melita?a Cyiitbia, Dictynna 63

Metopoceras Klialildja 11

Metrocampa bonoraria 11

Micropteryx aureatella, 58 ; caledoniella

(sp.n.), Griffitb, 300; isobasella, 58;

Kaltenbacbii, 21, 300; Sangii (sp. n.).

Wood, 100, 300; semipurpurella ...254, 257

Mnesixena leonalis 12

Nepticula serella, 196, 197 ; tormentillena 196

Neptis aceris 234

Ocbyrotica (n. g.), Wlsin., 217; fasciata
(sp. n.), Wlsm 218

ffioopbora xenias (sp. n.), Mrk 57

(Eneis Aello 63

Oporabia (?) arenosa (sp. n.), Bart.-Calv 313

Papilio Kritbonius, 236, 237 ; CEnomaus... 234

Pararge Msera, 63 ; jEjeria 331

Parnassius Apollo, 63; Mnemosyne 63

Pempeliaadelpbella 103

Pbasiane catillata 312

Pbigalia pilosaria 110

Pbylloporia bistrigella 299

Pieris callidice, 63; napi, var. bryonire .. 329

Plusia acuta, 163; bimaculata. 163, 207;
moneta, 21, 74, 300; verticillata 163

Plutella annulatella 317

Polyommatus Hippotboe, v. Eurybia, v.
Stieberi 63

Psodos alpinata 64

Psycbe plumistreUa 61

Pteropliorus paludum, 275 ; probolias
(sp. n.), Mrk 12

Retiiiia turionana 134

Kbinodia bi-ocellata 312

Satyrns Senicle 331

Sciopetris (n. g.), Mrk., S. tecbnica (sp. ii.),
Mrk 58

Scotopteryx (?) grai)liica (sp. ii ), Bart.-
Calv 315

Setina ramosa 64

Sioua triangularia (sp. n.), Bart.-Calv. .. 313

PAGE

Sochchora donatella 244

Sphaleroptera ictericana 50

Sphinx pinastri 74

Spilosoiua mondica, 304 ; sordida 303

Stagmatophora ro8inarinella(sp.n.),Wlsm. 139

Stauropus fagi 330

Stcganodactyla (n. g), Wlsm., S. concursa

(sp. n.), Wlsm., 241 ; connexiva (sp. n.),

Wlsm 243

Symmoca signatella 8

Synaphe armenialis 12

Sj'richthus cacalise, serratulfe 63

Tetracis iauthinus (sp. n.), Bart.-Calv. ... 312

Tliais rumiiia 10

Thecla rubi 249

Thestor Ballus 10

Tiiiagma betulffi 48,299

Tinea albipunctella, 273 ; subtilella 14

Titanio echina;a, venustalis, 50; zaclilora

(sp.n.), Mrk 11

Tortrix costana, v. latiorana, 50 ; xyloto-

ma (sp. n.), Mrk 13

Tiichoptilus siceliota 12

Trifurcula pallidella 50

Ui'odeta cisticolella 61

Uroloba (n. g.), Wkin., 261 ; U. fuscicos-

tata (sp. n.), Wlsm 262

Utiica ochiacealis 261

NEUROPTERA.

PAGK

jEschna borealis 47

Apatania Wallengreni 46

Asj'navchus coenosus 45

Capiiia nigra 47

Drepanopteryx phalasnoides 308

Ecdyurus lateralis, venosus 47

Hemerobius concinnus,249; inconspicuus,

orotypus, 47 ; pellucidus 308

Isogenus nubecula 47

Isoscelipteron fulvum 308

Leucorrhinnia dubia 47

Molanna palpata Ill

Nemoura humeralis, lateralis, Meyeri ... 47
Nothochrysa capitata, 249 ; fulviceps ... 170

Philauisus 24

Pseudomacromia pretiosa, speciosa Ill

Psychopsis birmana (sp. n.), McLach. ... 320

Raphidia coguata 170

Sipblurus lacustris 47

Somatoclilora arctica 47

Stenophj'lax alpestris, 249 ; infuinatus ... 46

ORTHOPTERA.

Acrydium peregrinum 166

Eugaster Guyoni, Lncasi (sp. n.), Kirby,
295; Powysi (sp. n.), Kirby, 294 ; spi-
nulosus, 295; Woodi (sp. n.), Kirby ... 211

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTOKS.

PAGE

Adkin, R., F.E.S 303

Atmore, E. A., F.E.S 134

Baker, G. T., F.L.S 62,303

Bankes, E. R., M.A., F.E.S 48, 196, 273, 274

Barker, H. W., F.E.S. . 62, 82, 114, 173, 279,

310, 334

Barrett, C. G., F.E.S. 7, 21, 49, 101, 103, 110,
220, 302, 303, 329, 330

Bartlett-Calvert, W., F.E.S 312

Bates, H. W., F.R.S 158,285

Bennett, W. H 171,172

Bergrntli, E., M.D 68

Biguell, G. C, F.E.S 51, 131, 169, 170,

224, 225

Billups, T. R., P.E.S 195, 196

Bird, G. W 168

Bird, M.C. H 222

PAGE

Blandford, W. F. H., M. A., F.E.S 15

Blatch, W. G., F.E.S 108

Boyd, W.C, F.E.S 220

Briggs, C. A., F.E.S 200

Buckton, G. B., F.R.S 268

Butler, E. A., B.A., F.E.S 223, 277

Campbell, F. M., F.L.S 275

Champion, G. C, F.Z.S. . 104, 122, 188, 287

Chapman, T. A., M.R, F.E.S 18, 22, 169,

191, 198

Chitty, A. J., F.E.S 331, 332

Cockerell, T. 1). A., F.Z.S 190

Cottam, A 306, 333.

Cruttwell, Rev. C. T., M.A 50

Dale, C. W., F.E.S 50,250

Douglas, J. W., F.E.S. ...44, 65, 95, 109, 167
200, 244, 307, 32:i, 333

Xll.

PAGK

Douglas, W. D. R., M.A., F.L.S 305

Edwards, J., F.E.S 27,289

Elisha, G., F.E.S 198

Elton, E. F., M.A 109

Ford, A 199

Fowler, Rev. Canon, M.A., F.L S 26, 84, 110,

114, 132, 171, 202, 221, 227, 304

Gardner, J., F.E.S 24

Goss, H., F.L.S 26, 54, 84, 114, 136, 174,

219, 227, 252, 275, 280, 311, 335

Greene, Rev. J., M.A., F.E.S 75

Griffith, A. F., M.A 8,300

Hoffmann, A 21

Holland, W 168,330

Horviltli, G., M.D 114

Horn, G. H., M.D 72

Johnson, Rev. VV. F., M.A., F.E.S. ..75, 223

Keys, J. H 77

King, J.J. F. X., F.E.S 45, 111

Kirby, W. F., F.L.S 210,294

Lewis, G., F.L.S 20, 70, 106, 161, 186,

210, 247, 319

Luff, W. A 129

McLachlan, R., F.R.S 24, 111, 170, 308

320, 330

Matthews, C, F.E.S 329

Mason, P. B., F.L.S 163

Meade, R. H... 42, 85, 125, 153, 228, 263, 324

Meyrick, E., B.A., F.Z.S 9, 50, 55, 231

Morice, Rev. F. D., M.A., F.E.S 276

PAGE

Morton, K. J 45, 308

Nevinson, B. G., M.A., F.Z.S 208

Newstead, R., F.E.S 39, 78, 164, 267

Osten-Sacken, Baron C. R., Hon. F.E.S... 35

Perkins, R. C. L 79,123,194

Perkins, V. R., F.E.S 193,275,276

Pierce, F. N., F.E.S 25, 32, 113, 135, 172,

279, 309, 334

Porritt, G. T., F.L.S 50, 73, 121, 249, 275

Prideaux, R. M 134,167,249

Richardson, N. M., B.A., F.E.S. .14, 22, 119,
239, 249, 296, 317

Robson, J. E., F.E.S 197

Rotlmey, G. A. J., F.E.S 78

Saunders, E., F.L.S. ...Ill, 133, 170, 171, 199,
249, 298, 308

Sharp, D., M.B., F.R.S 201

Sheldon, W. G 301

Stainton, H. T., F.R.S 207,299

Swale, H., M.B 24

Thornley, Rev. A., M.A 304, 3i2

Tugwell, W. H 5

Wainwright, C. J. .. 25, 52, 82, 112, 135, 172,
201, 252, 278, 309, 333

Walker, J. J., R.N., F.L.S 233,281

Walsingham, Rt. Hon. Lord, M.A., F.R.S.

1, 137, 216, 241, 259

Wood, A. E. B 225

Wood, J. H., M.B. ...100, 174, 212, 253, 271,

272

Wood, Rev. T., F.E.S 199, 306

LIST OF NEW GENERA AN
IN THIS

COLEOPTERA.

PAGE

GENEEA.

Epiechinds, Lewis 319

EuRTLYNCHUS, Bates 285

Teichoreninus, Letvis 106

Vespeeoctenus, Bates 159

SPECIES.

Amarantha atrocyanea, iewjs, t7aj)a» .. 70

Anaspis septentrionalis, Cham/pioii,

Inverness-shire 104

Basanus erotyloides, iewi's, «7a^a» 71

Cicindela aino, „ „ 20

Dtltaspis disparilis. Bates, Mexico ... 160

inarginella, „ ,, 160

variabilis, ,, „ 161

Elacatis ocularis, Lewis, Jiipaii 218

D SPECIES, &c., DESCRIBED
VOLUME. «

page
Esmeralda costulata. Bates, Amazons ... 158

Eurylynchus Olliffi, „

JVfiiw South Wales 28

Hister latistrius, iewi's, Jaj;a» 106

vestitus, „ Burmah 187

Mecynotarsus tenuipes. Champion, Japan 189

Paromalus Goliathi, Lewis, Burmah 187

Phanaius Boucardi, Nevinson, Nicaragua 208

cupricollis, „ „ 209

Platysoma foveolatura, Lewis, Bnrmah... 186

lucillum, „ ,, ... 186

Pyrodes luaculicollis. Bates, Mexico 158

Si83'nophorus dichrous, Lewis, Japan ... 210

Tomoderus denticollis. Champion,

N. W. Australia 188

Trichoreninus Flohri, Lewis, Japan 107

Tryponajus Doliertyi, „ Bnrmah ... 188
Vespurocteuus Flohri, Bates, Mexico ... 160

DIPTERA.

SPECIES.

Homalomyia vespavia, Meade, ISngland... 42

Macquartia spiiiicincta, „ „ ... 155

Myda3a affinis, „ ,, ... 42

HEMIPTERA.
SPECIES.

Aleurodes nibicola, Dong., 'England... 200, 322

Cicadula Fieberi, 'Edwards, „ 32

Dactylopius Walkeri, iSTeius^eaii, „ 164

Eriococcus fraxini, „ „ 165

insignis, „ „ 164

Lecanium ciliatum, DoM^., „ 67

distiiiguendiim, „ ,, 96

sarotliamni, ,, „ 65

Nysius vinitor, Bergroth, Australia 69

Orthezia occidentalis, Dottg., N. America 245

praeloiiga, „ W. Indies... 246

Pulviuaria betulaj, var. alni, „ England... 100

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERA.

Atomopteetx, Wlsm 216

Caltcobathra, Meyr 59

Caltpteotis, „ 56

GiLBEETIA, Wlsm 259

IscnNOPHANES, Meyr 60

OCHTEOTICA, 'Wlsm 217

SciOPTEEis, Meyr 58

Steganodacttla, Wlsm 241

Ueoloba, „ 262

SPECIES.
Agriocoma mimulina {JBntl.), var. aura-

cana, Bart.-Calv., Chili 316

Antithesia montana, „ „ „ 316

Apodia doliodes, Meyr., Algeria 55

psamathias. „ „ 56

Atomopteryx Doeri, Wlsm., Brazil 216

Calycobathra acarpa, Meyr., Algeria 60

Calj'ptrotis alphitodes, „ „ 56

Coleoplioia bitroiidt'lla, Wlsm., Cannes .. 137

partheiiica, Meyr., Algeria ... 59

staeheliiiella, Wlsm.,

Ca7ines, ^-c. 138

XIII.
PAGE

Conch3'lis cbinnopa, Meyr., Algeria 55

(Kupoecilia) erigerana, Wlsm.,

England 3

Digoiiis Philippii, Bart.-Calv., Chili .. .. 314

Elachista echidnias, J/eyr , ^Zi/eria 61

Epimecis (?) Medina, Bart.-Calv., Chili. 314

Eriocottis pyrocoina, 3feyr., Algeria 58

Eudemis isocbroa, „ „ 12

Gelecbia (Anacampsis) sparsiciliella,

Barr., Britain 7

eremsinla., Meyr., Algeria 57

Gilbertia eques, Wlsm., Gold Coast 259

Hyponomeuta rutila, Bart.-Calv., Chili.. 316

Iscbnopbanes monocentra, .3/eyf.,^/^er»a 60

Lithocolletis idolias, „ „ 61

Micropteryx caledoniella, Griff., Scotland 300

Sangii, Wood, England 100

Ochyroticatasciata, Wlsm., Brazil 216

(Ecophova :iemas, Meyr., Algeria 57

Oporabia (?) arenosa, Bart.-Calv., Chili.. 313

Pterophorus probolias, Meyr., Algeria .. 12

Sciopteiis technica, „ „ ... 58

Scotopteryx (?) grapbica, Bart.-Calv.,

Chili 315

Siona triangularia, „ „ „ 313

Stagmatopbora rosmariella, Wlsm.,

Monaco, Sfc. 139

Steganodactyla concursa, „ Ceylon 241

connexiva, „ Fegu 242

Tetracis iantbina, Bart.-Calv., Chili 312

T'liamo zacWora, Meyr., Algeria 11

Tortrix lylotoma, „ „ 13

Uroloba fuscicostata, Wlsm., Chili 262

NEUROPTERA.

SPECIES.
Psychopsis birmana, McLach., Birmah... 320

ORTHOPTERA.

SPECIES

Kug.ister Lucasi, Kirhy, Ttitiis? 295

Powysi, „ Morocco 294

Woodi, „ Somali Land ... 211

ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH INSECT FAUNA BROUGHT
FORWARD IN THIS VOLUME.

COLEOPTERA.

PAGE

Anaspis septentrionalis, Champion 105

Ileterocerus britannicus, Kuwert 132

pulchellus, Kies 2o7

salinus, v. rectus, Wat 206

Pityoplithorus Lichteusteiuii, iJafz 16

DIPT ERA.

Chetolyga nigrithorax, Egg 264

Demoticus frontatus, ^oA 92

Kpicainpocera succincta, Mg 324

Kxorista amplicoruis, ZeW 326

biserialis, Jifcj 328

niutabilis, ^F^n 327

vetula, Mg 328

Gonia lateralis, Ze/i 94

Homalomyia vesparia, Meade 42

Macquartia ciliaris, Zett 166

dispar. Fin 157

grisea, „ 156

nitida, Zett 156

spinicincta, ilfeacfe 156

teiicbricosa, 21^7 155

Limnopliora litorea, Fhi 43

Micropalpus baemorrhoidalis, J"/?* 91

Mydaea affiuis, lfeac?e 42

Nemorasa appendiculata, Mcq 230

intermedia, Ze^^ 232

strenua, Mg 230

vagans, „ 230

PAGE

Plagia curvinervis, Zei< 154

trepida, 3X5' 154

Tluiptocera crassicornis, ilfy 127

cogiiata, ScAA: 127

minutissima, Zei< 127

pilipennis, FZm 127

Typhlopsylla assimilis, Tasch 170

HEMIPTERA.

Aleurodes rubicola, Doug 200, 322

Cicadula Fieberi, Edwards 32

Dactylopius Walkeri, Newstead 164

Eriococcus fraxiui, „ 165

iiisignis, ,, 164

Henestaris halophilus, iyj^rj/t 298

Lecanium ciliatuiii, Z)yt<5r 61^

distinguendum, i)oM_5r 96

sarotharaiii, X'o!((;r 65

Pulviiiaria betulse, var. alui, Doug 100

LEPIDOPTERA.

Coleophora leucapennella, Sb. 302

Conchj'lis (Eupoecilia) erigerana, Wlsm... 3

Gelechia (Anacampsis) sparsiciliella,Barr. 7

Micropteryx caledoniella, Griff. 300

Sangiella, Wood 100

Syraraoca signatella, if.-iS 8

Tiuea subtilella, J'«c/is 14

ERRATA.

Page 41, line 6 from bottom, for " quadriolata " read " quadriaurita."
top, ,, " concinnus " read " caurinus."

bottom, dele " accidentally."

for " elegans " read " speciosa."
„ „ " leucanipennel/a" re&d " leucapennella.'

„ ,, " Isocelipteron " read " IsosceUpieron."

„ 72,

, 20

77,

, 10

„ 111,

, 1

„ 302,

, 17

„ 308,

, 18

' —

1

^"""^Mj"'^^'^ JANUARY, 1891. [Pi.ice W.

i
1

]

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S

MONTHLy MAGAZIIE.

1

EDITED BY

j

C. G. BARKETT, F.E.S. W. W. FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S.

i

G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. E. M'LACHLAN, F.R.S.

J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDERS, F.L.S,

H. T. STAINTON, F.R.S.

SECOND SERIES-VOL. II.

[VOL. XXVll]

" J'engage done tous k eviter dans leurs ecrits toute persoonalite.

;

tuute allusion depassant les limites de la discussion la plus sincere et la

plus courtoise." — Laboulbene.

LONDON:

GURNEY & JACKSON (Me. Van Vooest's Sdccessoes),

1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

SOLD IN GERMANY BY FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN, BERLIN.

NAPItR, PRINTER, SEYMOUR STUEET, EUSTON SQUARE.

.

E. Gh. ]M:Ii:3h]K:, Naturalist,

56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S.W.,

Supplies ISntomolotjists Mt\) tbcrg Mequisitc

OF THE BEST MAKE.

NEW PRICED CATALOGUE ON RECEIPT OF STAMP.

All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, wilt receive immediate attention.

Steel Knuckle Jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4/6 Self-acting ditto, 7/6

Ladies' Umbrella Net, 5/ Cane Ring Net, with Stick, 2/ Wire ditto, with Brass Screw, 2/

Pocket Folding Net, 3 Brass Joints, 3/6 & 4/6 Balloon Net, 26 x 18, for Beating,&c., (i/

Telescope Net, 6/, 8/6, & 10/6 Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8/

LarTa Box, 6d., 1/, 1/6, & 2/ Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 2/6,

Pocket Relaxing Box, 3/ Killing Box, 9d. & 1/ (new principle)

Bottle of Killing Fluid, 9d
Corked Setting Boards, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, lOd, lid, 1/, 1/2, 1/4, 1/G, 1/8. 1/10, & 2/ each

Mahogany Pocket Box, with glass to slide in groove, 4/6

Entomological Pins, any size. Gilt or Plain, 1/ per box. Four Sizes, mixed, 1/ per oz.,

Exchange Lists, Id. (Pottage, l^d.)

Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 1/ Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 2/6 gross.

Setting and Drying House, complete, 10/6, 12/6, and 15/6

Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1/, and 1/6 Postal Boxes, 6d.

The Entomologist's Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, £3

Improved Pocket Lanthorns, 4/ and 5/, Zinc Oval Pocket Box, 1/6, 2/, and 2/6

Pupa Diggers, 2/ and 3/ Beating Tray, 15/

Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2/6, 3/6, 4/, 5/, & 6/ Ditto, covered in Green Cloth,

Book Pattern, 16 x 1 1, 8/ Tin Y, Gd. ; Brass Y. 1/. for Cane Nets.

Breeding Cage, 2/6; with Two Compartments, 5/

The New Glass Killing Bottle, charged ready for use, 1/, 1/3, and 1/6

The New Sugaring Lantern, burns Benzoline, 5/, 6/, & 10/6

A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK.
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-^ or DRAGONFLIES, with an Appendix of Fossil Species.
By W. F. KIRBY, F.LS., F.E.S., &c.
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London: Macmillan and Co., Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.

Second Series, No. 14.1 T^o or. TT I -uv icm ro m

FNo 3211 rEBELTAKT, L891. [Price Qd.

THE

EiNTOMOLOGIST'S
MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

EDITED BY

C. G. BARliETT, F.E.S. W. W. FOWLER, M. A., F.L.S.
G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. E. M'LACHLAN, F.R.S.
J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDERS, F.L.S.
11. T. STAINTON, F.R.S. /^'T/J

— II ^ ^.

SECOND SERIES— VOl| I^^

[vol.. XXVII.] \^^ '■'^^-

"J'engage dune tous k eviter duns leurs ecrits toute personnalit^,
tuute allusion depaesant les limites de la discussion la plus sincere et la
plus courtoise." — Lahoulhenc.

LONDON :

GURNEY & JACKSON (Mr. Van Voorst's Successors),
1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

SOLD IN GERMANY BY FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN, BERLIN.

NAPltR, PKINTKR, SEYMOUR STREET, EUSTON SQUARE.

E. Q-. lyCKKlK:, Naturalist,

56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S.W.,

Supplies iSntomolci0ii5ts toitf) ebcrp Requisite

OF THE BEST MAKE.

NEW PRICED CATALOGUE ON RECEIPT OF STAMP.

All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate attention.

Steel Knuckle Jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4/6 Self-acting ditto, 7/6

Ladies' Umbrella Net, 5/ Cane Ring Net, with Stick, 2/ Wire ditto, with Brass Screw, 2/

Pocket Folding Net, 3 Brass Joints,3/6 & 4/6 Balloon Net, 26 x 18,for Beating,&c., 6/

Telescope Net, 6/, 8/6, & 10/6 Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8/

Larva Box, 6d., 1/, 1/6, & 2/ Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 2/6,

Pocket Relaxing Box, 3/ Killing Box, 9d. & 1/ (new principle)

Bottle of Killing Fluid, 9d
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Mahogany Packet Box, with glass to slide in groove, 4/6

Entomological Pins, any size. Gilt or Plain, 1/ per box. Four Sizes, mixed, 1/ per oz..

Exchange Lists, Id. (Postage, l^d.)

Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 1/ Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 2/6 gross.

Setting and Drying House, complete, 10/6, 12/6, and 15/6

Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1/, and 1/6 Postal Boxes, 6d.

The Entomologist's Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, £3

Improved Pocket Lanthorns, 4/ and 5/, Zinc Oval Pocket Box, 1/6, 2/, and 2/6

Pupa Diggers, 2/ and 3/ Beating Tray, 15/

Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2/6, 3/6, 4/, 5/, & 6/ Ditto, covered in Green Cloth,

Book Pattern, 16x11,8/ Tin Y. ''d. ; Brass Y> 1/. for Cane Nets.

Breeding Cage, 2/6 ; with Two Compartments, 5/

Tlie New Glass Killing Bottle, charged ready for use, 1/, 1/3, and 1/6

The New Sugaring Lantern, burns Benzoline, 5/, 6/, & 10/6

A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK.
DEALER IN BRITISH AND FORKIGN BIRD SKINS.

Priced Catalogue on receipt of Stamp.

Entomological Cabinets, from Twelve Shillings to Forty Guineas, kept in stock.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Cabinets of every description made to order. Estimates given.
OK SALE.— CLERCK, C, ICONES INSECTOEUM RARIO-

RUM. Parts I and II. HolmijB, 1759—1764. 4to. 55 Tab. col. (compl).
In addition, 7 plates (3 coloured, 4 plain) of the never published Third Part.
Original copy, as new, uncut. Price £35. Applications to be made to —
Chr. Aurivillius, State Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.

F

Published every Thursday, price 6d.,

NATURE : A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science.
Yearly Subscription, 28/. Half- Yearly, 14/6. Quarterly, 7/6.
Post Office Orders to be made payable at King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.
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One of the leading objects of the Publishers of Nature is to awaken in the
public mind a more lively interest in Science. With this end in view, it provides
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Grand Results of Scientific Research,
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tion, as well as to a higher place in the educational system of the country.

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London : Macmillan and Co., Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.

Second Series, No. 15.1 uta-dz-itt ,oni m oj

riT oooT -^ MARCH, 1891. [Price Qd.

[No. 322.]

THE

ESTOMOLOGIST'S
MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

EDITED BY

C. G. BAREETT, F.E.S. W. W. FOWLEE, M.A., F.L.S.
G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. E. M'LACHLAN, E.R.S.
J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUJSUEES, F.L.S,
H. T. STAINTO.N, F.E.S.

SECOND SERIES— VOL. IL

[VOl^. XXVII.]

" J'engage done tout k eviter dans leurs ecrits toute pereonnalit^,
toute allusion depassant les limites de la discussion la plus sincere et la
plus courtoise." — LabovZbenc. , > <-i

LONDON-

GURNEY & JACKSON (Me. Van Vooest's Sdccessobs),
1, PATEENOSTEE EOW.

SOLD IN GERMANY BY FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN, BERLIN.

NAPIEE, PaiNTKR, SEYMOUR STREET, EL'STON SQUARE.

E. Or. M:I1]E;K, Naturalist,
56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S.W.,

Supplies Entomologists ijoit!) eberp Requisite

OF THE BEST MAKE.

NEW PETCED CATALOGUE ON RECEIPT OP STAMP.

All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediite atten'wn.

Steel Knuckle Jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4/6 Self-acting ditto, 7/G

Ladies' Umbrella Net, 5/ Cane Ring Net, with Stick, 2/ Wire ditto, with Brass Screw, 2/

Pocket Folding Net, 3 Brass Joints,3/6 & 4/6 Balloon Net. 26 x 18,for Beating, &c., 0/

Telescope Net, 6/, 8/6, & 10/6 Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8/

Larva Box, 6d., 1/, 1/6, & 2/ Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 2/6,

Pocket Relaxing Box, 3/ Killing Box, 9d. & 1/ (new principle)

Bottle of KiUing Fluid, 9d
Corked Setting Boards, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, lOd, lid, 1/, 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, 8i 2/ each

Mahogany Pocket Box, with glass to slide in groove, 4/6

Entomological Pins, any size. Gilt or Plain, 1/ per box. Four Sizes, mixed, 1/ per oz..

Exchange Lists, Id. (Postage, \\A.)

Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 1/ Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 2/6 gross.

Setting and Drying House, complete, 10/6, 12/6, and 15/6

Pocket Box, 6(1., 9d., 1/, and 1/6 Postal Boxes, 6d.

The Entomologist's Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, £3)

Improved Pocket Lanthorns, 4/ and 5/, Zinc Oval Pocket Box, 1/6, 2/, and 2/6

Pupa Diggers, 2/ and 3/ Beating Tray, 15/

Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2/6, 3/6, 4/, 5/, & 6/ Ditto, covered in Green Clot);,

Hook Pattern, 16x11,8/ Tin Y. Gd. ; Brass Y. 1/. for Cane Nets.

Breedini; Cage, 2/6; with Two Compartments, 5/

The Nfw Glass Killing Bottle, charged ready for use, 1/, 1/3, and 1/6

The New Sugaring Lantern, burns Benzoline, 5/, 6/, & 10/6

A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK.
DEALER IN BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIRD SKINS.

Priced Catalogue on receipt of Stamp.

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SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Cabinets of every desceiption made to oedeb. Estimates given.
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-*- RUM. Parts I and II. Holmiaj, 1759— 1761. 4to. 55 Tab. col. (oompl.).
In addition, 7 plates (3 coloui-ed, 4 plain) of the never published Third Part.
Original copy, aa nev?, uncut. Price £35. Applications to be made to-
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^ATURE: A Weekly Illustrated Jouenal of Science.

-'-^ Yearly Subscription, 28/. Half- Yearly, 14/6. Quarterly, 7/6.

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The attention of all interested in the general progress of knowledge is ear-
nestly invited to this Journal of Science, which has become the accredited organ
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One of the leading objects of the Publishers of Nature is to awaken in the
public mind a more lively interest in Science. With this end in view, it provides
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Gkanu Results of Scientific Research,
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science upon civilization and progress and its claims to a more general recogni-
tion, as well as to a higher place in the educational system of the country.

Every intelligent man is now expected to know something of what is going oi*
ill the scientific world; the columns of Nature will give a summary of it— varied,
compressed, and authentic.

London: Macmillan and Co., Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.

Second Series, No. 16.] . ^t^tt i um
[No. 323.] APEIL, 1891.

[PmcE i)d.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S

M08THLY MAGAZISE.

EDITED BY

C. G. BAEEETT, F.E.S. W. W. FOWLEE, M.A., F.L.S.
G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. E. M'LACHLAN, F.R.S.
J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDEES, F.L.S.
H. T. STAINTON, F.E.S.

SECOND SERIES— VOL. IL

[VOL. XXVIL]

"J'engage done tous k eviter daus leurs ecrits toute personnalite,
toute allusion depassant les limites de la discussion la plus sincere et la
plus courtoise." — Laboulbenc.

LONDON:

GUENEY & JACKSON (Me. Van Voorst's Successoks),
1, PATEENOSTEE ROW.

SOLD IN GERMANY BY FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN, BERLIN.

NAPIKR, PRINTER, SEYSIOUR STUEKT, EUSTON SQUARE.

B. H. ]\J:id]K:K:, Naturalist,
56, BROMPTOX ROAD, L O N D 0 .N[, S.W.,

Supplies lSntomolo0ist!3 b3it|) eber|) Jtlequisitc

OF THE BEST MAKE.

NEW PETCED CATALOGUE ON RECEIPT OF STAMP.

All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate attention.

Steel Knuckle Jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4/6 Self-acting ditto, 7/6

Ladies' Umbrella Net, 5/ Cane Ring Net, with Stick, 2/ Wire ditto, with Brass Screw, 2/

Pocket Folding Net, 3 Brass Joints, 3/6 & 4/6 Balloon Net. 26 x 18,for Beating,&c., 0/

Telescope Net, 6/, 8/6, & 10/6 Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8/

Larva Box, 6d., 1/, 1/6, & 2/ Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 2/6,

Pocket Relaxing Box, 3/ Killing Box, 9d. & 1/ (new principle)

Bottle of Killing Fluid, 9d
Corked Setting Boards, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, lOd, lid, 1/, 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, & 2/ eaeli

Mahogany Pocket Box, with glass to slide in groove, 4/6

Entomological Pins, any size. Gilt or Plain, 1/ per box. Four Sizes, mixed, 1/ per oz.,

Excliange Lists, Id. (Postage, l^d.)

Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 1/ Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 2/6 gross.

Setting and Drying House, complete, 10/6, 12/6, and 15/6

Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1/, and 1/6 Postal Boxes, 5d.

The Entomologist's Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, jfe'S

Improved Poc^ket Lanthorns, 4/ and 5/, Zinc Oval Pocket Box, 1/6, 2/, and 2/6

Pupa Diggers, 2/ and 3/ Beating Tray, 15/

Corked Store Bo.xes, best make, 2/6, 3/6, 4/, 5/, & 6/ Ditto, covered in Green Cloth,

rook Pattern, 16x11,8/6 Tin Y. 6d. ; Brass Y> 1/. for Cane Nets.

Breeding Cage, 2/6; with Two Compartments, 5/

The New Glass Killing Bottle, charged ready for use, 1/, 1/3, and 1/6

The New Sugaring Lantern, burns Ben2oline, 5/, 6/, & 10/6

A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK.
DEALER IN BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIRD SKINS.

Priced Catalogue on receipt of Stamp.

Entomological Cabinets, from Twelve Shillings to Forty Guineas, kept ia stoe!;.

show room for cabinets

Cabinets of every description made to order. Estimates given.

■T^OK SALE.— CLERCK, C, ICONES INSECTORUM RARIO-

-•- RUM. Parts I and II. Holmi2e,*1759— 1761. 4to. 55 Tab. col. (compl).
In addition, 7 plates (3 coloured, 4 plain) of the never published Tiiird Part.
Original copy, as new, uncut. Price £35. Applications to be made to —
Chr. Aurivillius, State Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.

Published every Thursday, price 6d.,
^ATURE: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science.

-^^ Yearly Subscription, 28/. Half- Yearly, 14/6. Quarterly, 7/6.

Post Office Orders to be made payable at King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

The attention of all interested in the general progress of knowledge is ear-
nestly invited to this Journal of Science, which has become the accredited organ
of the leading scientific men in both the Old and the New World.

One of tlie leading objects of the Publishei's of Nature is to awaken in the
public mind a more lively interest in Science. With this end in view, it provides
oi'iginal Articles and Reviews, written by scientific men of the highest distinction in
their various departments, expounding in a popular and yet authentic manner, the

Gkano Results of Scientific Research,
discussing the most recent s-cientific discoveries, and pointing out the bearing of
science upon civilization and progress and its claims to a more general recogni-
tion, as well as to a higher place in the educational system of the country.

Every intelligent man is now expected to know something of what is going on
in the scientific world ; the columns of Nature will give a summary of it — varied,
compressed, and authentic.

London: Macmillan and Co., Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.

1

— ■

^^InoS?'^'''-' mat, 1891. [1'«,CJ.W.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S

i

MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

1

EDITED BY

C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. W. AV. FOWLER, M. A., F.L.S.

j

G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. E. M'LACHLAN, F.R.S

!

J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDERS, F.L.S.

H. T. STAINTON, F.E.S.

SECOND SERIES— VOL. II.

i

lYOLa. XXVJl.]

1

^

"J'engage done tous a eviter duns lenrs ecrits loute personnalite,
toute allusion depassant les limifces de la discussion la plus sincere et la
plus conrtoise." — Laboulhenc.

i

LONDON-

GURNEY & JACKSON (Me. Van Voorst's Successors),
1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

SOLD IN GERMANY BY FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN, BERLIN.

1

NAPIER, PRINTKR, SEYMOUR STREET, EUSTON SQUARE,

=i.

±£i. id.. JM.KliDJK., JNaturaiist,
56, BROMPTON ROAD, L O N D 0 X, S.W.,

Supplies iSntomolosists toiti) cberp Jaequisitc

OF THE BEST MAKE.

NEW PRICED CATALOaUE ON RECEIPT OF STAMP.

Ali Orders, irhen accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediale attention.

Steel Knuckle Jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4/6 Self-acting ditto, 7/6

Ladies' Umbrella Net, 5/ Cane Ring Net, with Stick, 2/ Wire ditto, with Brass Screw, 2/

Pocket Folding Net, 3 Brass Joints,3/6 & 4/6 Balloon Net, 26 x 18,for Beating,&c., 6/ '

Telesnoi)e Net, 6/, 8/6, & 10/6 Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8/

Larva Box, 6d., 1/, 1/6, & 2/ Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 2/6,

Pocket Relaxing Box, 3/ Killing Box, 9d. & 1/ (new principle)

Bottle of KilUng Fluid, 9d
Corked Setting Boards, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, lOd, lid, 1/, 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, & 2/ each

Mahogany PT)cket Box, with glass to slide in groove, 4/6

Entomological Pins, any size. Gilt or Plain, 1/ per box. Four Sizes, mixed, 1/ per oz.,

Exchange Lists, Id. (Poitage, l^d.)

Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 1/ Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 2/6 gross.

Setting and Drying House, complete, 10/6, 12/6, and 15/6

Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1/, and 1/6 Postal Boxes, 6d.

The Entomologist's Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, £Z

Improved Pocket Lanthorns, 4/ and 5/, Zinc Oval Pocket Box, 1/6, 2/, and 2/6

Pupa Diggers, 2/ and 3/ Beating Tray, 15/

Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2/6, 3/6, 4/, 5/, & 6/ Ditto, covered in Green Cloth,

Book Pattern, 16x11,8/6 Tin Y, 6d. ; Brass \, 1/, for Cane Nets.

Breeding Cage, 2/6; with Two Compartments, 5/

The New Glass Killing Bottle, charged ready for use, 1/, 1/3, and 1/6

The New Sugaring Lantern, burns Benzoline, 5/, 6/, & 10/6

A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK.
DEALER IN BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIRD SKINS.

Priced Catalogue on receipt of Stamp.

Entomological Cabinets, from Twelve Shillings to Forty Guineas, kept in stock.

show rooivi for cabinets

Cabinets of evert description made to order. Estimates given.

Now Ready, Price 12s.

ri^HE BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA. Vol. 3, Part xi.
-*- By W. H. EDWARDS.

Contents: Apatura Flora, Satyuus Meadii, Chionobas Ciiryxus, with the early

stages of all. Three Coloured Plates.

London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubneh & Co. (Limited), 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill.

Published every Thursday, price 6d.,
VrATURE: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science.

-"-^ Yearly Subscription, 28/. Half- Yearly, 14/6. Quarterly, 7/6.

Post Office Orders to he made payable at King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

The attention of all interested in the general progress of knowledge is ear-
nestly invited to this Journal of Science, which has become the accredited organ
of the leading scientific men in both the Old and the New World.

One of the leading objects of the Publishers of Nature is to awaken in the
public mind a more lively interest in Science. With this end in view, it provide.-^
original Articles and Reviews, written by scientific men of the highest distinction in
their various departments, expounding in a popular and yet authentic manner, the

Grand Results of Scientific Research,
discu.ssing the most recent scientific discoveries, and pointing out the bearing of
science upon civilization and progress and its claims to a more general recogni-
tion, as well as to a higher place in the educational system of the country.

Every intelligent man is now expected to know something of what is going on
in the scientific world ; the columns of Nature will give a summary of it— varied,
compressed, and authentic.

London : Macmillan and Co., Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.

[

^'%t325.f'^^'^ JUNE, 1891. [Phice6^.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S

MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

EDITED BY

C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. W. W. FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S.

G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. R. M'LACHLAN, F.R.S

J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDERS, F.L.S.

H. T. STAINTON, F.R.S.

SECOND SERIES-VOL. 11.

[VOL. XXVII.]

"J'engage done tous k eviter dans leurs ecrits toute personnalite,

toute allusion depassant les limites de la discussion la plus sincere et la

plus courtoise." — Labovlbene.

LONDON:

GURNEY & JACKSON (Me. Van Vooest's Sdccessoes),

1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

SOLD IN GERMANY BY FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN, BERLIN.

NAPIER, PKINTER, SEYMOUR STREET, EUSTON SQUARE.

B. H. M:BE;K:, Naturalist,

56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDOiV, S.W.,

Supplies iEutomolocriiats bjit!) t\iti'^ Requisite

OF THE BEST MAKE.

NEW PRICED CATALOaUE OK EECKIPT OP STAMP.

A/l Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receioe iminediate attention.

Steel Knuckle Jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4/6 Self-acting ditto, 7/6

Ladies' Umbrella Net, 5/ Cane Ring Net, with Stick, 2/ Wire ditto, with Brass Screw, 2/

Pocket Folding Net, 3 Brass Joints, 3/6 & 4/6 Balloon Net, 26 x 18, for Beating, &c., 6/

Telescope Net, 6/, 8/6, & 10/6 Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8/

LaiTa Box, 6d., 1/, 1/6, & 2/ Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 2/6,

Pocket Relaxing Box, 3/ Killing Box, 9d.&l/ (new principle)

Bottle of Killing Fluid, 9d
Corked Setting Boards, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, lOd, lid, 1/, 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, & 2/ each

Mahogany Pocket Box, with glass to slide in groove, 4/6

Kntomological Pins, any size. Gilt or Plain, 1/ per box. Four Sizes, mixed, 1/ per oz.,

Exchange Lists, Id. (Postage, l^d.)

Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 1/ Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 2/6 g'oss.

Setting and Drying House, complete, 10/6, 12/6, and 15/6

Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1/, and 1/6 Postal Boxes, 6d.

The Entomologist's Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, £Z

Improved Pocket Lanthorns, 4/ and 5/, Zinc Oval Pocket Box, 1/6, 2/, and 2/6

Pupa Diggers, 2/ and 3/ Beating Tray, 15/

Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2/6, 3/6, 4/, 5/, & 6/ Ditto, covered in Green Cloth,

Book Pattern, 16x11,8/6 Tin Y, C'tl- ; Brass Y. 1/, for Cane Nets.

Breeding Cage. 2/6; with Two Compartments, 5/

The New Glass Killing Bottle, charged ready for use, 1/, 1/3, and 1/6

The New Sugaring Lantern, burns Henzoline, 5/, 6/, & 10/6

A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK.
DEALER IN BRITISH AND FORKIGN BIRD SKINS.

Priced Catalogue on receipt of Stamp.

Entomological Cabixets, from Twelve Shillings to Forty Guineas, kept in stoclc.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Cabinets of every description made to order. Estimates given.
TiOK SALE.— CLEHCK, C, ICONES INSECTORUM RARTO-

■*- RUM. Parts I and TI. Holmiso, 1759—1764. 4to. 55 Tab. col. (compl.).
In addition, 7 plates (3 coloured, 4 plain) of the never published Third P^irt.
Original copy, as new, uncut Price £35. Applications to be made to —
Chr. Aurivillius, State Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.

Published every Thursday, price 6d.,
"^ATURE: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science.

-'■^ Yearly Subscription, 28/. Half- Yearly, 14/6. Quarterly, 7/6.

Post Office Orders to be made payable at King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

The attention of all interested in the general progress of knowledge is ear-
nestly invited to this Journal of Science, which has become the accredited organ
of the leading scientific men in both the Old and the New World.

One of the leading objects of the Publishers of Nature is to awaken in the
public mind a more lively interest in Science. With this end in view, it provides
original Articles and Reviews, written by scientific men of the highest distinction in
their various departments, expounding in a poptdar and yet authentic manner, tlie

Grand Results of Scientific Research,
discussing the most recent scientific discoveries, and pointing out the bearing ol
science upon civilization and progress and its claims to a more general recogni-
tion, as well as to a higher place in the educational system of the country.

Every intelligent man is now expected to know something of what is going on
in the scientific world; the columns of Nature will give a summary of it — vaiied,
compressed, and authentic.

London: Macmillan and Co., Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.

Second Seri|^No.m jy^y, 1891. [Pkice iid.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S
MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

EDITED BY

C. G. BAERETT, F.E.S. W. W. FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S.
G. C. CHAMPION, r.Z.S. R. M'LACHLAN, F.R.S.
J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDERS, F.L.S.
H. T. STAINTON, F.R.S.

SECOND SERIES— VOL. 11.

[vol.. XXVII.]

" J'engage done tous ^ eviter dans leurs ecrits toute personnalite,
toute allusion depassant les limites de la discussion la plus sincere et la
plus courtoise." — Laboulbene. ■^*^,." , ''''^ i-x

^L 13 ,. .-,

L O N D O N>>^«»»M,N P-^c^

GURNEY & JACKSON (Mr. Van Vookst's Sdccessoes),
1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

SOLD IN GERMANY BY FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN, BERLIN.

nai>ii:r, printkr, seyjiouk street, euston square.

. '^ C* L/ CtX C*;X Li3 C.

56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S.W.,
Supplies lEntomol05ist9 toitlj ebci*^ ilequisite

OF THE BEST MAKE.

NEW PBTCED CATALOGUE ON EECEIPT OF STAMP.

All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate attention .

Steel Knuckle Jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4/6 Self-acting ditto, 7/6

Ladies' Umbrella Net, 5/ Cane Ring Net, with Stick, 2/ Wire ditto, with Brass Screw, 2/

Pocket Folding Net, 3 Brass Joints, 3/G & 4/6 Balloon Net, 26 x 18,for Beating,&c., 6/

Telescope Net, 6/, 8/6, & 10/6 Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8/

Larva Box, 6d., 1/, 1/6, & 2/ Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 2/6,

Pocket Relaxing Box, 3/ Killing Box, 9d. & 1/ (new principle)

Bottle of Killing Fluid, 9d
Corked Setting Boards, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, lOd, lid, 1/, 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, & 2/ each

Mahogany Packet Box, with glass to slide in groove, 4/6

Rntomological Pins, any size, Gilt or Plain, 1/ per box. Four Sizes, mixed, 1/ per oz..

Exchange Lists, Id. (Pottage, l^d.)

Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 1/ Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 2/6 gross.

Setting and Drying House, complete, 10/6, 12/6, and 15/6

Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1/, and 1/6 Postal Boxes, 6d.

The Entomologist's Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, £?>

Improved Pocket Lanthorns, 4/ and 5/, Zinc Oval Pocket Box, 1/6, 2/, and 2/6

Pupa Diggers, 2/ and 3/ Beating Tray, 15/

Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2/6, 3/6, 4/, 5/, & 6/ Ditto, covered in Green Cloth,

Book Pattern, 16x11, 8/6 Tin Y. 6d. ; Brass Y. 1/. for Cane Nets.

Breeding Cage, 2/6 ; with Two Compartments, 5/

The New Glass Killing Bottle, charged ready for use, 1/, 1/3, and 1/6

The New Sugaring Lantern, burns Benzoline, 5/, 6/, & 10/6

A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK.
DEALER IN BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIRD SKINS.

Priced Catalogue on receipt of Stamp.

Entomological Cabinets, from Twelve Shillings to Forty Guineas, kept in stock.

show room for cabinets

Cabinets of every desceiption made to ordeb. Estimates given.

FOK SALE.— CLERCK, C, ICONES INSECTORUM RARIO-
RUM. Parts I and II. Holmife, 1759— 1764. 4to. 55 Tab. col. (compl.).
In addition, 7 plates (3 coloured, 4 plain) of the never published Third Part.
Original copy, as new, uncut. Price £35. Applications to be made to —
Chr. AuRiviLLius, State Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.

Published every Thursday, price 6d.,

VTATURE: a Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science.

^^ Yearly Subscription, 28/. Half- Yearly, 14/6. Quarterly, 7/6.

Post Office Orders to be made payable at King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

The attention of all interested in the general progi-ess of knowledge is ear-
nestly invited to this Journal of Science, which has become the accredited orgasj
of the leading scientific men in both the Old and the New World.

One of the leading objects of the Publishers of Nature is to awaken in the
public mind a more lively interest in Science. With this end in view, it provides
original Articles and Reviews, written by scientific men of the highest distinction in
rheir various depai'tments, expounding in a popular and yet authentic manner, the

Guano Results of Scientific Research,
<lipcussing the most recent scientific discoveries, and pointing out the bearing of
science upon civilization and progress and its claims to a more general recogni-
tion, as well as to a higher place in the educational system of the country.

Every intelligent man is now expected to know something of what is going oi-
in the scientific world; the columns of Nature will give a summary of it — varied,
compressed, and authentic.

London: Macmillan and Co., Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.

2a7S().S

Second Series, Ko. 20.] .Tr^TTo-r ,,,«■

[Ho. 327.1 AUGUST, 1891. [Pkicjs (id.

THE

EMTOMOLOGlSn
MONTHLY MAGAZIIE.

EDITED BY

C. G. BAERETT, F.E.S. W. W. FOWLEE, M.A., F.L.S.
G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. E. M'LACHLAN, F.R.S.
J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDEES, F.L.S.
H. T. STAINTON, F.E.S,

SECOND SERIES— VOL. 11.

[VOL. XXVII.]

"J'engage done tous k eviter dans leurs ecrits toute personnalite,
toute allusion depassant les limites de la discussion la plus sincere et la
plus coui'fcoise." — Laboulbene.

LONDON:

GUENEY & JACKSON (Mb. Van Voorst's Successors),
I, PATEENOSTEE EOW.

SOLD IN GERMANY BY FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN, BERLIN.

NAI'IKR, PRINTER, SEYMOUR STREET, EUSTON SQUARE.

E. H. MIHIEI^, Naturalist,

56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S.W.,

Supplies iSntomologists ixiitfj eberg Mequiftitc

OF THE BEST MAKE.

NEW PBTCED CATALOGUE ON RECEIPT OF STAMP.

All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate attention .

Steel Knuckle Jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4/6 Self-acting ditto, 7/6

Ladies' Umbrella Net, 5/ Cane Ring Net, with Stick, 2/ Wire ditto, with Brass Screw, 2/

Pocket Folding Net, 3 Brass Joints, 3/G & 4/6 Balloon Net, 26 x 18,for Beating, &c., 6/

Telescope Net, 6/, 8/6, & 10/6 Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8/

Larva Box, 6d., 1/, 1/6, & 2/ Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 2/6,

Pocket Relaxing Box, 3/ Killing Box, 9d. & 1/ (new principle)

Bottle of Killing Fluid, 9d
Corked Setting Boards, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, lOd, lid, 1/, 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, & 2/ each

Mahogany Pucket Box, with glass to slide in groove, 4/6

Entomological Pins, any size. Gilt or Plain, 1/ per box. Four Sizes, mixed, 1/ per oz..

Exchange Lists, Id. (Postage, l^d.)

Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 1/ Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 2/6 gross.

Setting and Drying House, complete, 10/6, 12/6, and 15/6

Pocket Box, 6il., 9d., 1/, and 1/6 Postal Boxes, 6d.

The Entomologist's Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, ^3

Improved Pocket Lanthorns, 4/ and 5/, Zinc Oval Pocket Box, 1/6, 2/, and 2/6

Pupa Diggers, 2/ and 3/ Beating Tray, 15/

Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2/6, 3/6, 4/, 5/, & 6/ Ditto, covered in Green Cloth,

Book Pattern, 16x11,8/6 Tin Y. 6d. ; Brass Y. 1/. for ^-^ane Nets.

Breeding Cage, 2/6 ; with Two Compartments, 5/

The New Glass Killing Bottle, charged ready for use, 1/, 1/3, and 1/6

The New Sugaring Lantern, burns Benzoline, 5/, 6/, & 10/6

A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK.
DEALER IN BRITISH AND FORKIGN BIRD SKINS.

Priced Catalogue on receipt of Stamp.
Entomological Cabinets, from Twelve Shillings to Forty Guineas, kept in stoclc,

show room for cabinets

Cabinets of every description made to order. Estimates given.

Published every Thursday, i-irice dd.,

VTATURE: a Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science.

-'■^ Yearly Subscription, 28/. Half-Yeai-Iy, 14/6. Quarterly, 7/6.

Post OiEce Orders to be made payable at King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

The attention of all interested in the general progress of knowledge is ear-
nestly invited to this Journal of Science, which has become the accredited organ
of the leading scientific men in both the Old and the New World.

One of tlie leading objects of the Publishers of Nature is to awaken in thV-
jiublic mind a more lively interest in Science. With this end in view, it provider
original Articles and Reviews, written by scientific men of the highest distinction in
their various departments, expounding in a 'popular and yet authentic manner, the

Grand Results of Scientific Research,

discussing the most recent scientific discoveries, and pointing out the bearing of
science upon civilization and progress and its claims to a more general recogni-
tion, as well as to a higher place in the educational system of the country.

Every intelligent man is now expected to know something of what is going on
in the scientific world ; the columns of Nature will give a summary of it — varied,
compressed, and authentic.

London : Macmillan and Co., Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.

\

2 2 3 ■■; n 5

.'

^'^''''[NoS^^^ SEPTEMBER, 1891. [Pkice 6d.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S

j

MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

EDITED BY

1

C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. W. W. FOWLER, M.A.,F.L.S.

G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. R. M'LACHLAN, F.R.S.

J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDERS, F.L.S.

a. T. STAINTON, F.R.S.

SECOND SERIES-VOL. IL

[VOL. XXVII.]

i
1

!

" J'engage done tous k eviter dans leurs ecrits toute pei'sonnalite,

1

;

toute allusion depassant les limites de la discussion la plus sincere et la

plus courtoise." — Laboulbene.

1

LONDON:

GURNEY & JACKSON (Mb. Van Vooest's Successobs),

1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

SOLD IN GERMANY BY FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN, BERLIN.

NAPIER, PEINTEK, SEYMOUR STREET, EUSTON SQUARE.

E. H. MlEHll^, Naturalist,

56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S.W.,

Supplies iSutomolosists Ijoitl) cber^ ilequisitc

OF THE BEST MAKE.

NEW PRICED CATALOGUE ON EECEIPT OF STAMP.

All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediale attention .

Steel Knuckle Jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4/6 Self-acting ditto, 7/6

Ladies' Umbrella Net, 5/ Cane Ring Net, with Stick, 2/ Wire ditto, with Brass Screw, 2/

Pocket Folding Net, 3 Brass Joints, 3/G & 4/6 Balloon Net, 26 x 18, for Beating, &c., 6/

Telescope Net, 6/, 8/6, & 10/6 Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8/

Larva Box, 6d., 1/, 1/6, & 2/ Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 2/6,

Pocket Relaxing Box, 3/ Killing Box, 9d. & 1/ (new principle)

Bottle of Killing Fluid, 9d
Corked Setting Boards, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, lOd, lid, 1/, 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, & 2/ eacD

Mahogany P-Dcket Box, with glass to slide in groove, 4/6

Entomolog^ical Pins, any size. Gilt or Plain, 1/ per box. Four Sizes, mixed, 1/ per oz.,

Exchange Lists, Id. (Pottage, l^d.)

Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 1/ Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 2/6 gross.

Setting and Drying House, complete, 10/6, 12/6, and 15/6

Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1/, and 1/6 Postal Boxes, 6d.

The Entomologist's Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, j£'3

Improved Pocket Lanthorns, 4/ and 5/, Zinc Oval Pocket Box, 1/6, 2/, and 2/0

Pupa Diggers, 2/ and 3/ Beating Tray, 15/

Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2/6, 3/6, 4/, 5/, & 6/ Ditto, covered in Green Cloth,

Book Pattern, 16x11,8/6 Tin Y> 6d. ; Brass Y> 1/. for ^-^^ne Nets.

Breeding Cage, 2/6; with Two Compartments, 5/

The New Glass Killing Bottle, charged ready for use, 1/, 1/3, and 1/6

The New Sugaring Lantern, burns Benzoline, 5/, 6/, & 10/6

A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK.
DEALER IN BRITISH AND FORKIGN BIRD SKINS.

Priced Catalogue on receipt of Stamp.
Entomological Cabinets, from Twelve Shillings to Forty Guineas, kept in stock.

SHOW ROOM FOR CABINETS

Cabinets of every description made to order. Estimates given.

Published every Thursday, 'price 6cZ.,

NATURE: a Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science.
Yearly Subscription, 28/. Ilalf-Yearly, 14/6. Qu.arterly, 7/6.

Post Office Orders to be made payable at King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

The attention of all interested in the general progress 9f knowledge is ear-
nestly invited to this Journal of Science, which has become the accredited organ
of the leading scientific men in both the Old and the New World.

One of the leading objects of the Publishers of Nature is to awaken in the
public mind a more lively interest in Science. With this end in view, it provides
original Articles and Reviews, written by scientific men of the highest distinction in
their various departments, expounding in a popular and yet authentic manner, the

Grand Results of Scientific Research,

discussing the most recent scientific discoveries, and pointing out the bearing of
science upon civilization and progress and its claims to a more general recogni-
tion, as well as to a higher place in the educational system of the country.

Every intelligent man is now expected to know something of what is going on
in the scientific world ; the columns of Nature will give a summary of it — varied,
compressed, and authentic.

London : Macmillan and Co., Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.

/^

Second Series, No. 22.] nnTrko-Pw icm ro nj

i-jtq gpbi OCTOBER, 1891. [Pkice Qd.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S
MONTHLY MAGAZINE.

EDITED BY

C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. W. W. FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S.
G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. R. M'LACHLAN, F.R.S.
J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDERS, F.L.S,
H. T. STAINTON, F.R.S,

SECOND SERIES-VOL. IL

[VOL. XXVII.3

"J'engage done tous k eviter dans leurs ^rits toate personnalit^,
toute allusion depassant ies limites de la discussion la plus sincere et la
plus courtoiae," — Lako'ulb^ne.

LONDON:

GURNEY & JACKSON (Mr. Van Voorst's Successors),
1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

SOLD IN GERMANY BY FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN, BERLIN.

NAPIER, PRINTER, SEYMOUR STREET, EUSTON SQUARE.

E. H. M:ii;iCK:, Naturalist,
56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON^, S.W.,

Supplies ISntomolosists iDitlb cbei^ l^equisitc

OF THE BEST MAKE.

NEW PRICED CATALOGUE ON RECEIPT OF STAMP.

All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate attention .

Steel Knuckle Jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4/6 Self-acting ditto, 7/6

Ladies' Umbrella Net, 5/ Cane Ring Net, with Stick, 2/ Wire ditto, with Brass Screw, 2/

Pocket Folding Net, 3 Brass Joints, 3/6 & 4/6 Balloon Net, 26 x 18,for Beating, &c., 6/

Telescope Net, 6/, 8/6, & 10/6 Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8/

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Grand Results of Scientific Research,

discussing the most recent scientific discoveries, and pointing out the bearing of
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oompressed, and authentic.

London: Macmillan and Co., Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.

Second Series, No. 23.1 Tv.oTT-T^Tv/TDT?!? luoi tp^t^t. r^^

TNn ^'^fl1 JNOVJbMBJiiKi, 1891. LrmcE 6a.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S
MONTHLY MAGAZIHE.

EDITED BY

C. G. BAEEETT, F.E.S. W. W. FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S.
G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S, E. M'LACHLAN, F.R.S.
J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. K SAUNDEES, F.L.S.
H. T. STAINTOK, F.E.S.

SECOND SERIES— VOL. IL

[VOL. XXVIl.]

"J'engage done tous k eviter dans leurs ecrits toute persuonalite,
toute allusion depassant les limites de la discussion la plus sincere et la
plus courtoise." — LoJl^j'ulhene.

LONDON- ^^/

GUENEY & JACKSON (Me. Van Vooest's Scccbssoes),
1, PATEENOSTEE EOW.

SOLD IN GERMANY BY FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN, BERLIN.

NAPIER, PRINTKK, SEYMOUR STREET, EUSTON SQUARE.

E. H. ]\J:H1E]K, Naturalist,

56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON, S.W.,

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OF THE BEST MAKE.

NEW PBICED CATALOGUE ON EECEIPT OP STAMP.

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Pocket Folding Net. 3 Brass Joints,3/6 & 4/6 Balloon Net, 26 x 18,for Beating,&c., 6/

Telescope Net, 6/, 8/6, & 10/6 Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8/

Larva Box, 6d., 1/, 1/6, & 2/ Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 2/6,

Pocket Relaxing Box, 3/ Killing Box, 9d. & 1/ (new principle)

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Setting and Drying House, complete, 10/6, 12/6, and 15/6

Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1/, and 1/6 Postal Boxes, 6d.

The Entomologist's Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, £''3

Improved Pocket Lanthorns, 4/ and 5/, Zinc Oval Pocket Box, 1/6, 2/, and 2/0

Pupa Diggers, 2/ and 3/ Beating Tray, 15/

Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2/6, 3/6, 4/, 5/, & 6/ Ditto, covered in Green Cloth,

Book Pattern, 16x11, 8/6 Tin Y. 6d. ; Brass Y> V. for ^-^^ne Nets.

Breeding Cage, 2/6; with Two Compartments, 5/

The New Glass Killing Bottle, charged ready for use, 1/, 1/3, and 1/6

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NATURE : A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science.
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Post Office Orders to be made payable at King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

The attention of all interested in the general progress of knowledge is ear-
nestly invited to this Journal of Science, which has become the accredited organ
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One of the leading objects of the Publishers of Nature is to awaken in the
public mind a more lively interest in Science. With this end in view, it provides
original Articles and Reviews, written by scientific men of the highest distinction in
their various departments, expounding in a popular and yet authentic manner, the

Grand Results of Scientific Research,

discussing the most recent scientific discoveries, and pointing out the bearing of
science upon civilization and progress and its claims to a more general recogni-
tion, as well as to a higher place iu the educational system of the country.

Every intelligent man is now expected to know something of what is going on
in the scientific world ; the columns of Nature will give a summary of it — varied,
compressed, and authentic.

London: Macmillan and Co., Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.

Second Series, No. 24.] nunuT\,rDUR iuqi m^.^^ r^

r-»T now -| -' UbjChMBLii, 1891. [rKiCE brf.

THE

EflT0MOL0GlSfS^^^4=

MONTHLY magazine:

EDITED BY

C. G. BAEEETT, F.E.S. W. W. EOWLEE, M.A., F.L.S.
G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. E. M'LACHLAN, E.E.S.
J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDEES, F.L.S.
H. T. STAIJSTO^, F.E.S.

SECOND SERIES— VOL. II.

[VOL. XXVII.]

"J'engage done tous k eviter dans leurs ecrits toute personnalite,
toute allusion depassant les limites de la discussion la plus sincere et la
plus courtoise." — Laboulbene.

LONDON

GUENEY & JACKSON (Me. Van Voorst's Successoes),
1, PATEENOSTEE EOW.

SOLD IN GERMANY BY FRIEDLANDER UND SOHN, BERLIN.

NAI'IKK, PKINTEK, SKYMOUR STKEET, KUSTON SQUARK.

E. H. ]VrE13d]K:, Naturalist,

56, BROMPTON ROAD, LONDON", S.W.,

Supplies lEutomolosistis toitf; eberp iHequisite

OF THE BEST MAKE.

NEW PRICED CATALOGUE ON RECEIPT OP STAMP.

All Orders, when accompanied by Post Office Order, will receive immediate attention .

Steel Knuckle Jointed Net, folds up for pocket, 4/6 Self-acting ditto, 7/6

Ladies' Umbrella Net, 5/ Cane Ring Net, with Stick, 2/ Wire ditto, with Brass Screw, 2/

Pocket Folding Net, 3 Brass Joints, 3/6 & 4/6 Balloon Net, 26 x 18, for Beating,&c„ 6/

Telescope Net, 6/, 8/6, & 10/6 Self-acting Sweeping Net, 8/

Larva Box, 6d., 1/, 1/6, & 2/ Sugaring Tins, with Brush affixed, 2/6,

Pocket Relaxing Box, 3/ Killing Box, 9d. & 1/ (new principle)

Bottle of KilUng Fluid, 9d
Corked Setting Boards, 6d, 7d, 8d, 9d, lOd, lid, 1/, 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, & 2/ each

Mahogany P-acket Box, with glass to slide in groove, 4/6

Rntomological Pins, any size. Gilt or Plain, 1/ per box. Four Sizes, mixed, 1/ per oz..

Exchange Lists, Id. (Postage, l^d.)

Bottle of Mite Destroyer, 1/ Willow Chip Boxes, nested, four sizes, 2/6 gross.

Setting and Drying House, complete, 10/6, 12/6, and 15/6

Pocket Box, 6d., 9d., 1/, and 1/6 Postal Boxes, 6d.

The Entomologist's Store and Setting House, containing every requisite, £^

Improved Pocket Lanthorns, 4/ and 5/, Zinc Oval Pocket Box, 1/6, 2/, and 2/0

Pupa Diggers, 2/ and 3/ Beating Tray, 15/

Corked Store Boxes, best make, 2/6, 3/6, 4/, 5/, & 6/ Ditto, covered in Green Cloth,

Book Pattern, 16 x 11, 8/6 Tin Y, 6d. ; Brass Y. 1/. for Cane Nets.

Breeding Cage, 2/6; with Two Compartments, 5/

The New Glass Killing Bottle, charged ready for use, 1/, 1/3, and 1/6

The New Sugaring Lantern, burns Benzoline, 5/, 6/, & 10/6

A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF BRITISH INSECTS KEPT IN STOCK
DEALER IN BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIRD SKINS.

Priced Catalogue on receipt of Stamp.
Entomological Cabinets, from Twelve Shillings to Forty Guineas, kept in stock.

show room for cabinets

Cabinets of every description made to order. Estimates given.

Puhlislied every Thursday, price 6d.,
"^ATUEE : A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science.

-'^^ Yearly Subscription, 28/. Half- Yearly, 14/6. Quarterly, 7/6.

Post OfiBce Orders to be made payable at King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

The attention of all interested in the general progress of knowledge is ear-
nestly invited to this Journal of Science, which has become the accredited organ
of the leading scientific men in both the Old and the New Woi'ld.

One of the leading objects of the Publishers of Nature is to awaken in the
public mind a moi'e lively interest in Science. With this end in view, it provides
original Articles and Reviews, written by scientific men of the highest distinction in
their various departments, expounding in a popular and yet authentic manner, the

Grand Results of Scientific Research,

discussing the most recent scientific discoveries, and pointing out the bearing of
science upon civilization and progress and its claims to a more general recogni-
tion, as well as to a higher place in the educational system of the country.

Every intelligent man is now expected to know something of what is going on
in the scientific world ; the columns of Nature will give a summary of it — varied,
compressed, and authentic.

London : Macmillan and Co., Bedford Street, Strand, W.C.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, Wednesday, Dec. 2nd, at 7 p.m.

PAPERS TO BE READ :

" Notes on Lyccena (recte Thecla) Rhymnus, TengBtrcemii, and Pretiosa :" by

George T. Baker, F.L.S.
" The Effects of Artificial Temperature on the Colouring of Vanessa urticse and

certain other species of Lepidoptera :" by Frederic Merrifield, F.E.S.
" On the Variation in the Colonr of the Cocoons of Eriogaster lanestris and Sa-

turuiacarpini ;" by W. Bateson, M.A., communicated by Dr. D. Sharp, F.E.S.

WATKIHS & DOHCASTEB, iatur^alists,

Keep in stock all Articles for Entomologists, Ornithologists, Botanists, &c. : Umbrella
Net, 7/6; Folding Cane or Wire, 4/6 ; Plain Ring, 2/3 ; Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-,
1/6 ; Store Boxes, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/- ; Zinc Pocket Boxes, 9d., 1/-, l/6,.2/-, 4/6 ; Setting
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and Glass Bottomed Boxes, from 1/6 to 2/6 per doz. ; Zinc Killing Boxes, 9d., 1/- ;
Coleoptera Collecting Bottles, 1/6 ; Collecting Box, containing 26 tubes (very
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ENTonNvdionjOO-iG^^L fi:ns.

LIVING OVA AND PUPiE OF MANY SPECIES NOW ON HAND.

Slioh) i^oom for CattnptiS, ^c.

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Price, 6d., hy post, 7d. (Annual Subscription from the Office only, 5s., post free)
rrHE NATURALIST: a Monthly Journal of Natural History for

-^ the Northern Counties of England, viz., Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire,
Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, Westmorland,
Cumberland, and the Isle of Man.

Edited by W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., Sunny Bank, Leeds

CTo whom all communications should be addressed);

with the assistance of J. Gilbert Baker, F.R.S., F.L.S. ; W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S.,

M.B.O.U. ; Alfred Barker, M. A., F.G.S.; Charles P. Hobkirk, F.L.S. ; George T.

Porritt, F.L.S., F.E S. ; and W. Barwell Turner, F.C.S., F.E.M.S.

T}i£ Journal is a medium for notes and communications relating to the Counties
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All Communications should be addressed —

The Editors of " The Naturalist," Sunny Bank, Leeds.

London : Lovell Keeve & Co., 5, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

CONTENTS. PAGF,

Some new, &c., Lepidoptera from Chili.— PF. Bartlett-Calvert, P.E.S 313

Life-History of Plutella annulatella, Curt. — Nelson M. Richardson, D.A., F.E.S. 317

A new genus of Histeridse. — Qeorge Lewis, F.L.S 319

An Asiatic I'sycliopsis (Ps. birmana, n. sp.). — Robert McLachlan, F.R.S 320

A new species of Aleurodes. — J. W. Douglas, F.E.S 322

Annotated List of British Tachiniidse {contimicd) . — [t. H. Meade 324

Calliphora erythrocephala, Mg., from a wasp's nest. — Coryndon Matthews,

F.E.S »29

Interesting variation of Pieris napi in Ireland. — C. Q. Barrett, F.E.S. .. 329

Varieties of British butterflies.— W 329

Melanic variety of Aplecta nebulosa, Tr. — Id 330

Staurojius fagi double-brooded. — \V. Holland 330

Change of habit induced by local conditions. — R. McLachlan, F.R.S 330

Colcoptera from South Wales.— ^rf/mr J. C/iitfi/, F.£.S 331

Hydroporus granulans, L. — Id 332

Coleoptera at Fort William and Ilkley. — Rev. A. Thornley, M.A .. 332

Re-union between the same beetles. — Eds 332

Gonioctena litura — red variety. — Arthur Cottam 333

Cneorhinus ludificator and C. geminatus.— J. W. Douglas, F.E.S 333

Icerya Purchasi at St. Helena. — Id .. 333

Societies. — Birmingham Entomological Society 333

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society 334

South London Entomological, &c., Society 334

Entomological Society of London 335

Title Page, Index, &c i — xiv

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