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THE

Entomologist’s Record

AND

Journal of Variation

Edited by

C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

CONTENTS

AND

SPECIAL INDEX

Vol. 119
2007

ISSN 0013-8916

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

World List abbreviation: Entomologist’s Rec. J. Van
http://www.entrecord.com
Editor

C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP.
Telephone/Facsimile: 01279 507697 E-mail: cpaukI@ntlworld.com

Registrar Treasurer

R.F. McCormick, f.r.e.s. C.C. Penney, f.r.e.s.

36 Paradise Road, 109 Waveney Drive, Springfield,

Teignmouth, Devon TQM SNR Chelmsford, Essex CM I 7QA

WHERE TO WRITE

EDITOR: All material for publication, including books for review and advertisements
REGISTRAR: Changes of address
TREASURER: Subscriptions and non-arrival of the Journal

Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this journal does not imply that the
views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Entomologist’s Record Committee
or any party other than the named author or authors.

Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation is a non profit-making journal, funded by subscription,
containing peer-reviewed papers and shorter communications. It is published by the Entomologist’s Record
Committee, comprising the Editor, the Registrar and the Treasurer, from the Editorial address. An Editorial
Advisory Panel exists to assist the Editor in his work.

The annual subscription for year 2007 is £28 for individual subscribers or £50 for institutions.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS

• This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers and shorter Notes that are reviewed by the Editor. Contributions
are accepted on merit, with no regard whatsoever to the occupation or standing of the author. All contributions
should bear the name and postal address of the author(s), but titles or honours are not permitted and will be
removed. One e-mail address may also accompany the contribution. First time authors and non-subscribers
are welcome to send material for publication. We are able to include colour photographs from time to time at
no cost to the author(s). Good quality monochrome photographs are always welcomed.

• The journal is concerned with British Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). We also accept contributions on
British Coleoptera (beetles), British Diptera (flies) and other groups at the Editor’s discretion. We also
print Subscriber Notices at no cost on behalf of current subscribers; non-subscribers pay a fee for this
service. We also publish Reviews of entomological books and other publications relating to all aspects of
world entomology if these are sent to the Editor at no cost to him. It is our policy not to accept unsolicited
book reviews from third parties.

• We may also accept contributions on European insects if these are likely to be of interest to British readers,
such as species likely to colonise Britain (especially where these contributions include identification keys or
photographs), or accounts of entomological trips to places that may be of interest to other readers.

• Papers should be at least 2000 words in length. Acceptance is not automatic. They will be peer-reviewed by
two referees. Authors must be prepared to make modifications suggested by the referees. Papers must cover
their subject matter to a far greater depth than Notes and should present original material or a broad-based
review of existing knowledge. Descriptions of new species may be submitted. Authors of papers are expected
to follow the house style and conventions as closely as possible. The Editor reserves the right to convert
papers into Notes.

• Notes are the meat of the journal! Most contributions will fall into this category. They will normally be less
than 1500 words in length and can be very short indeed as long as the information they impart is interesting.
We welcome Notes. There is no limit to how many you can contribute. Authors of Notes should try as far as
possible to follow the house style and conventions, but the Editor will attend to these if errors are made.

• We accept all formats from hand-written notes upwards. However, we prefer submissions via e-mail, or on
CD. Files must be in a PC-compatible format that is readable by Microsoft Word. Originals are required for all
photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, histograms and similar, though Tables may be incorporated into
word processor files. For details, visit the web site or contact the Editor direct.

CONTENTS

compiled by Colin W. Plant and Andrew Smith

1: PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS

B

Bucculatrix Ulmifoliae M. Hering, 1931 (Lep.: Bucculatricidae) resident in England. John R.

Langmaid, Jim Porter and Graham A. Collins, 195-201
Butterflies on farmland: The first 10 years of recording at Writtle College. R. G Field and T
Gardiner, 49-56

c

Clepsis coriacana (Rebel, 1894) (Lep.: Tortricidae) new to Britain. David Manning, 235-237

D

(The) distribution, ecology and conservation of the Lunar Yellow Underwing Noctua orbona
(Hufnagel) in the Breck District of Norfolk and Suffolk. M. S. Parsons and G.M. Haggett, 203-
211

(The) Double Line Mythimna turca (L.) (Lep.: Noctuidae): notes on its habitats, foodplants and
suggested management in England and Wales. R. J. Wolton, A. Spalding and B. P Henwood,
133-142

(The) dwarf form of Silver Y Autographa gamma (L.) (Lep.: Noctuidae). Roy Leverton, 103-107

E

Eupeodes goeldlini (Dip.: Syrphidae) new to Britain, France and Ireland, with a key to separate it
from related Atlantic zone species. Martin C. D. Speight, Jean-Pierre Sarthou and David A.
Levy, 213-219

I

(The) immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 2003. Sean Clancy and Bernard Skinner,
1-41

(The.) immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 2004. Sean Clancy, 145-184

M

Microlepidoptera Review of 2006. J. R. Langmaid and M. R. Young, 241-266

N

Nineta pallida (Schneider, 1846) (Neu.: Chrysopidae), a lacewing new to the British Isles.
Martin C. Harvey and Colin W. Plant, 77-82

P

Parna apicalis (Brischke, 1888) (Symphyta: Tenthredinidae), a Leaf-mining Sawfly new to Great

Britain. Rob Edmunds, Steve Hind, Andrew Liston and Keith Palmer, 223-226

Pine-tree Lappet Dendrolimus pini (L.) (Lep.: Lasiocampidae) possibly resident in Scotland.
Roger Kiddie, 231-233

iii

R

Resting postures of Large Yellow Underwing Noctua pronuba ([L.], Lep.; Noctuidae) final

instars. Michael A. Dockery, 267-273

Rhaphium nasutum (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), Pherbellia rozkosnyi & Tetanocera montana
(Dip.: Sciomyzidae), insects new to Ireland and Geomyza balachowski (Dip.: Opomyzidae),
presence in Ireland confirmed. Martin C. D. Speight, 85-91

(The) rise of the Scarce Bordered Straw Helicoverpa armigera (Hiibner) (Lep.: Noctuidae). M.S.

Parsons & P Davey, 185-192

s

Sericomyia hispanica Peris, a little-known European Hoverfly (Dip.: Syrphidae) recorded for the
first time from the French Pyrenees. Martin C. D. Speight, 109-11 1

u

Uresiphita reversalis (Guence, 1854) (Lep.: Pyralidae) new to Britain and Europe. Tony Davis
and Doug Miller, 59-61

w

Water Betony Shargacucullia scrophulariae (D. & S.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to the Channel
Islands. Philip H. Sterling and Peter D. M. Costen, 97-102

2: NOTES

A

Acleris lipsiana (D.&S.) (Tortricidae) and Eudonia lineola (Curtis) (Pyralidae) new to the
Shetland Isles. Jon Clifton, 45

Acleris logiana (Cl.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) on Guernsey. P. D. M. Costen, 44

Additional evidence supporting the migration of Cornifrons ulceratalis Lederer (Lep.:
Crambidae, Evergestinae) in the Mediterranean region in October 2006. Martin R. Honey
Inmaculada Ferriz & Nick J. Riddiford, 237-238

Additional notable British barkfly (Psocoptera) observations. R. (Bob) E. Saville, Keith N. A.
Alexander, John H. Bratton, Laurence Clemons and G. Marcus E. Oldfield, 113-115

(The) advantages of Doing the Dirt: New and interesting moth records for Hertfordshire &

Middlesex. Rachel Terry, 62-63

An invasion of the Harlequin Ladydird (Harmonia axyridis Pallas) (Col. Coccinellidae) in the
South Wight. Sam Knill-Jones, 82

Atlantopsocus adustus (Hagen) (Psoc.: Psocidae) new to Britain from East Cornwall. Keith N. A.
Alexander, 76

Atlantopsocus adustus (Hagen) (Psoc: Psocidae) new to Britain from East Cornwall a correction.
Keith N. A. Alexander, 234

Avian predation of Sand Dart agrotis ripae Hb. (Lep.: Noctuidae). Roy Leverton, 46

B

Bloxworth Snout Hypena obsitalis (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) hibernating in German wartime
bunkers on Guernsey and Alderney. P D. M. Costen, 116-118

IV

c

Calophasia lunula Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-west Kent in 2007. B. K. West, 287
Caterpillars drinking sugar. Roy Leverton, 44

Coleophora involucrella (Chrtien, 1905) (Lep.: Coleophoridae): The second record for France.
Jon Clifton, 111-112

Coleophora squamosella Stainton (Lep.: Coleophoridae), new to the Hertfordshire (VC20)
county list. Philip J. L Gould, 202

Colonies of the Asian elm aphid Tinocallis takachihoensis Higuchi (Hem.: Aphididae) in Britain.

Thomas F Doring, 226-227

(A) colony of Deltote bankiana (Fabr.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) persisting on a calcareous downland
site in East Kent (VC 15). Sean Clancy, 112

Confirmation of the hybrid status of the Autumnal Snout Schrankia intermedialis Reid (Lep.:
Noctuidae). Philip J. L. Gould, 193-194

Cornifrons ulceratalis (Lederer, 1858) (Lep.: Crambidae) new to France and Syncopacma

albifrontella (Heinemann, 1870) (Lep.: Gelechiidae): first published French record. Michael &
Brenda Marney, 56-58

Could the Spanish Character Cilix hispanica De-Gregorio, Torruella, Miret, Casas & Figueras,
2002 (Lep.: Drepanidae) be overlooked in the British fauna? Colin W. Plant, Michael Marney
and Graham Wenman, 194

Craniophora ligustri D.&S. (Lep.: Noctuidae): from rarity to population explosion at Dartford,
Kent and melanism. B. K. West, 92-94

D

Diaperis boleti (L.) (Col.: Tenebrionidae) in Hatfield Forest, Essex. Ross Piper, 74-75

Diaperus boleti (L.) (Col.: Tenebrionidae) not confined to birch polypore fungus. Keith N. A.
Alexander, 108

E

Ectoedemia heringella (Mariani). (Lep.:Nepticulidae) a first record for North Hampshire (VC 12).
Rob Edmunds, 202

F

(A) fourth Hertfordshire (VC20) record of the Apple Pith Moth Blastodacna atra (Haworth)
(Lep.: Agonoxenidae). Philip J. L. Gould, 212

H

Hazards of butterfly collecting. It seemed a good idea at the time: London 2001. Torben B.
Larsen, 42-43

Hazards of butterfly collecting: Paragliding butterflies Ghana 2007. Torben B. Larsen, 118-120

Hazards of butterfly collecting: Revisiting Boabeng-Fiema Ghana 2007. Torben B. Larsen, 283-
285

Hazards of butterfly collecting: The lifeline that is the BBC World Service the World, 1970-2007.
Torben B. Larsen, 22 1 -222

Hazards of butterfy collecting. Bumbuna Butterfly Survey Sierra Leone, May 2006. Torben B.
Larsen, 65-67

Hummingbird Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) (Lep.: Sphingidae) caterpillars in
Banffshire. Levertow, 108

V

I

I married a Moth Man a warning to new moth spouses. Pat Costen, 68-71

L

Late-flying Silver-ground Carpets Xanthorhoe montanata D. & S. (Lep.; Geometridae) in
Banffshire. Roy Leverton, 63

Lepidoptera new to the Isle of Wight in 2006. Sam Knill-Jones, 67-68

M

Moths and moth recorders in Lancashire a changing scene. Stephen Palmer, 277-282

N

(A) naturalised population of a Mediterranean earwig, Forficula puhescens Gen (Derm.:
Forficulidae) in West Sussex. John Paul, 83-84

Nest building and prey stocking in Crossocenis megacephalus (Rossius) (Hym.: Sphecidae).
Ross Piper, 58

News on the conservation of some moths listed in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan and two
additional British Red Data Book species. Paul Waring, 124-132

Notes on the early stages of Elachista regificella Sircom, 1849 and E. tengstromi Kaila et al,
200 1 . John R. Langmaid, 64-65

P

Pale Shining Brown Polia bomhycina (Hufn.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) re-discovered in Oxfordshire in
2005 and 2006 a nationally significant population of a UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority
Species. Martin C. Townsend and Thomas MercLx, 11-1 A

(The) Pale-shouldered Cloud Chloantha hyperici (D. & S.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in North London:
Sixth British record. Geojfrey Geiger, 143

Perils of the vernacular A. A. Allen, 46

R

Recent changes in the distribution and status of the Toadflax Brocade Calophasia lunula (Hufn.)
(Lep.: Noctuidae) in Britain. Tim Freed, 274-276

Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta (L.) (Lep.: Nmyphalidae) courtship in winter. Richard Fox, 75-76
(A) Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta L. (Lep.: Satyridae) in London on the first of March. Torben

B. Larsen, 107

Remms Rustic Mesaparnea remmi (Rzbnyai-Reser) (Lep.: Noctuidae) on Guernsey. P. D. M.
Costen, 233-234

(The) Rothamsted Insect Survey light trap on Jersey species of note in 2004. Philip J. L. Gould,
220

s

Scarce Tissue Rheumaptera cervinalis (Scop.) (Lep.: Geometridae): a new record for north-east
Scotland. N. Picozzi, 229-230

Scotch Annulet Gnophos obfuscatus (D. «fe S.) (Lep.: Geometridae) on a pebble beach. Roy
Leverton, 123

Scythris potentillella (Zeller) (Lep.: Scythrididae) new to Hertfordshire. David Murray, 71
(The) Small Chocolate-tip Clostera pigra (Hufn.) (Lep.: Notodontidae) in Kent. Philip J. L.
Gould, 286

VI

Small Ranunculus Hecatera dysodea (D.&S.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) reaches Bristol. Steve Freddy,
276

Stauropoctonus bombycivorus (Gravenhorst) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) new to the Isle of Wight.
Sam Knill- Jones, 45-46

T

Third British record of Uloma culinaris (L.) (Col.: Tenebrionidae) from southern Hertfordshire.
D. Murray, 44-45

Tilia cordata a new foodplant for Incurvaria pectinea Haw. (Lep: Incurvariidae). Rob Edmunds,
228-229

Tomoxia bucephala Costa (Col.: Mordellidae): A case of long persistence in the same locality. A.
A. Allen, 94

X

Xanthia icteritia Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae): A comment on infraspecific variation, especially in
regard to Kent B. K. West, 121-122

3: SUBSCRIBERS’ NOTICES, ANNOUNCEMENTS etc

Atlantoraphidia macuUcollis required. Prof. Dr Horst Aspock, 47

Corrigendum, 288

European invertebrates. Petr Kell, 94

MOTHS COUNT and the National Moth Recording Scheme an update. Zoe Randle, 122-123

4: BOOK REVIEWS

Ecology of an almost extinct population of the Scarce Swallowtail IphicUdes podalirius
(Linnaeus, 1758) by R. Steiner, G. Hermann & J. Settele, 240

Ecology, Phenotypes and the Mendelian Genetics of Burnet Moths (Zygaena Fabricius, 1775) by
W. Gerald Tremewan, 96

Guide des papillons nocturne de France edited by Roland Robineau, 287-288

Moths of Europe, Volume 1: Saturnids, Lasiocampids, Hawkmoths and Tiger Moths by Patrice
Leraut, 47-48

Pyraloidea of Europe/Europas ( Lepidoptera) Volume/Band 1: Pyralinae, Gelleriinae,
Epipaschiinae, Cathariinae and Odontiinae by F. Slamka, 95-96

Studies on the ecology and conservation of butterflies in Europe. Volume 1 General concepts and
case studies and Volume 2 Species ecology along a European gradient: Maculinea butterflies
as a model, 240

The Lepidoptera of Israel edited by G.C. Mller, V.D. Kravchenko, A. Hausmann, W. Speidel, J.
Mooser & T.J. Witt and Volume 2: Noctuidae by V.D. Kravchenko, M. Fibiger, A. Hausmann &
G.C. Mller, 239-240

vn

CONTRIBUTORS

Page number entries in bold type refer to peer-reviewed papers; entries in ordinary type refer to notes and
shorter communications that have been refereed internally by the editor and his colleagues. Where an author is
not the first named of multiple authors, the page number entry is printed in italic type.

Alexander, K. N. A. 76; 108; 113-115; 234

Allen, A. A. 46; 94
Aspock, H. 47
Bratton, J. H. 1I3-II5
Clancy, S. 1 -41; 112; 145-184
Clemons, L. 113-115
Clifton, J. 45; 111-112
Collins, G. A. 195-201
Costen, Pat. 68-71

Costen, P. D. M. 44; 97 - 102; 116-118; 233-234

Davey, P. /«5-/92

Davis, T 59 - 61

Dockery, M. A. 267 - 273

Doring, T. F. 226-227

Edmunds, R. 202; 223 - 226; 228-229

Ferriz, I. 237-238

Field, R. G. 49 - 56

Fox, R. 75-76

Freed, T. 274-276

Gardiner, T. 49 - 56

Geiger, G. 143

Gould, P. J. L. 193-194; 202; 212; 220; 286;

Haggett, G. M. 203 - 211

Harvey, M.C. 77-82

Hind, S. 223 - 226

Honey, M. R. 237-238

Keil, P. 94

Knill-Jones, S. 45-46; 67-68; 82
Langmaid, J. R. L 64-65; 195 - 201; 241 - 266
Larsen, T. B. 42-43; 65-67; 107; 118-120; 221-
222; 283-285

Leverton, R. 44; 46; 63; 103 - 107; 108; 123;
Levy, D. A. 213 - 219

Liston, A. 223 - 226

Marney M. 56-58; 194

Marney, B. 56-58

Merckx, T. 72-74

Miller, D. 59 - 61

Murray, D. 44-45; 71

Nenwood, B. P. 133 - 142

Oldfield, G. M. E. 113-115

Palmer, S. 277-282

Palmer, K. 223 - 226

Parsons, M. S. 185 192; 203 - 211

Paul, J. 83-84

Picozzi, N. 229-230

Piper, R. 58; 74-75

Plant, C.W. 77-82; 194

Porter, J. 195 - 201

Preddy, S. 276

Randle, Z. 122-123

Riddiford, N. J. 237-238

Sarthou, J.- P. 213 - 219

Saville, R.E. 113-115

Skinner, B. 1-41

Spalding, A. 133 - 142

Speight, M. C. D. 85-91; 109 - 111; 213 - 219
Sterling, P. H. 97 - 102

Terry, R. 62-63

Townsend, M. C. 72-74

Waring, R 124-132

Wenman, G. 194

West, B. K. 92-94; 121-122; 287

Wolton, R. J. 133 - 142

Young, M. R. 241 - 266

SPECIAL INDEX

Compiled by Catherine Wellings
Newly described taxa are indexed in bold type
Taxa new to, or newly recognised in, the British Isles and mentioned first

in

this volume are denoted by an asterisk.

Page

Page

LEPIDOPTERA

angelicella, Agonopterix..

253

abceps, Apamea. ....... .............

................279

angustea, Eudonia ...........

.........262

abietaria, Eupithecia

14

angustella, Nephopterix...

...11,265

abietella, Dioryctria........

...11,265

annadactyla, Stenoptilia ..

266

abscisana, Lobesia.

..259, 280

antiopa, Aglais

...13, 155

absinthii, Cucullia

278

apicipunctella, Elachista .

252

acanthadactyla, Amblyptilia ..

280

argentimaculella, Infurcitinea

246

accaiis, Diasemia...................

..152

argiolus, Celastrina

...53

acetosae, Enteucha

245

armigera, Helicoverpa (=

Heliothis). .1,35,

acroxantha, Tachystola

.278, 280

146, 147, ]

ill, 185-192, 282

acuminatana, Dichrorampha.

..261

asiatica, Cilix

194

acutellus, Scierocona. ............

3, 8, 152

asiatica, Nycteola

...2, 3,21

adelphella, Sciota

..11, 154, 264

aspersana, Acleris

258

adjunctella, Coleophora

251

assectella, Acrolepiopsis..

7,

149, 250

adspersella, Coleophora........

251

assimilella, Stigmella.......

.........244

adustata, Ligdia

220

astrantiae, Agonopterix ...

....253

advenella, Trachycera

264

atalanta, Vanessa. ...26, 53,15-16, 107, 171

aegeria, Pararge.. ....... ...........

......51,53, 54

atra, Acanthopsyche

.........246

aeneana, Commoph ila....

128

atra, Blastodacna.....

212

aeneofasciella, Stigmella

244

atricapitana, Cochylis......

257

aequidentellus, Epermenia ....

.262

atricollis, Ectodemia

.........244

aeriferanus, Ptycholomoides .

..257

atricomella, Elachista......

..252

aerugula, Nola

3, 18, 160

atrifrontella, Ectodemia...

..244

aestimaria, Chiasmia.....

146, 156

atriplicis, Trachea

....3, 20, 146, 164

ajfinis, Bryotropha.......

254

atropos, Acherontia..

..14, 37,

147, 156

ajfinis, Cosmia

131

augur, Grapholita

278

agestis, Aricia

............51,53

aurantia ab. of icteritia, Xanthia ..

121

alacella, Dichomeris

..........255

aurata, Pyrausta

..263

alhedinella, Biicculatrix

...195-200

auriferella, Stathmopoda .

.242, 256

albicilla, Salebriopsis

264

aurita, Pammene.

.261

albicosta, Coleophora.

................251

aurota, Belenois ...............

.........118

albidella, Coleophora

68,250

autumnaria, Ennomos

...14, 156

albifrontella, Syncopacma

56-58

autumnitella, Acrolepia....

,250, 280

albimaculea, Denisia .............

..252

azaleella, Caloptilia

,247, 281

albipuncta, Mythimna

18, 162

badia, Anatrachyntis

.........150

albovenosa, Simyra

20

badiella, Depressaria

253

albuginana, Pammene ...........

..260

bankesiella, Epischnia .....

265

albula, Meganola

..18, 130, 160

bankiana, Deltote

20, 112, 165

albulata, Asthena....

.220

bechsteinella, Bucculatrix

247

algae, Cryphia.. 20, 146,

164, 220, 274

berberata, Pareulype

.124-126

algira, Dysgonia

..67, 147, 166

betulae, Parornix

....247

algirica, Cilix...

194

betulina, Proutia.

246

alpella, Ypsolopha

................249

bidentata, Odonoptera.....

44

alpinella, Platytes

151

bifasciana, Spatalistis......

258

alpium, Moma

220

bifractella, Apodia

253

ambigualis, Scoparia.....

262

bigella, Euzophera

....2, 11, 147, 154

amhiguella, Eupoecilia...

....7, 150, 257

bilunana, Epinotia

.........259

amplana, Cydia 7, 146, 150, 179, 261

bimaculata, Lomographa.

280

anachoreta, Clostera

17, 37

binaevella, Phycitodes .....

265

IX

binotella, Hypatoga ....242, 255

bipunctata, Scotopteryx 277

bipunctella, Ethmia 7, 149

biriviata, Xanthorhoe. 14

bistrigella, Phylloporia 245

biviella, Vitula ........12, 154, 242, 265

blandella, Caryocolum 255

boeticus, Lampides 13, 37

boisduvaliella, Pima 11

bombycina, Polia ...18, 72-74

boreella, Bryotropha..... 254

botrana, Lobesia 63

bractea, Autographa 22

bractella, Oecophora 252

brassicae, Pieris 53, 154

britanniodactyla, Capperia. 266

brongniardella, Acwcercops.. 28 1

brunnichana, Epinotia 259

brunnichella, Stephensia..... 25 1

caecimaculana, Pelochrista 260

caespititiella, Coleophora 25 1

cagnagella, Yponomeuta 6

caja, Arctia 193, 278

c-album, Polygonia....... ...51, 53, 54

caliginosa, Acosmetia 1 30

calodactyla, Platyptilia 266

calthella, Micropterix 243

campoUUana, Eucosma 260

canella, Gynmancyla 265

caniola, Edema 17, 159

caprana, Epinotia 62, 259

capsica, Bucculatrix 196

cardamines, Anthocharis 51, 53, 54

cardui, Cynthia .....51, 53

cardui, Vanessa 1, 3, 26, 171

catalaunalis, Antigastra ..............263

cautella, Ephestia 12

cephalonica, Corey ra 264

cerago ab. of icteritia, Xanthia 121, 122

cerasicolella, Phyllonorycter 248

cervinalis, Rheumaptera 124, 229-230

cespitana, Celypha..... 258

cespitis, Tholera 278

chaerophyllella, Epermenia .261

chalcites, Chrysodeixis .......21, 146, 165

Charaxes 120

chlamitulalis, Nola.... ....146, 160

chlorana, Earias ....21

choragella, Morophaga ....246

chrysippus, Danaus.. 67

chrysorrhea, Euproctis 17

cicadella, Scythris.... 256

cicatricella, Haimbachia 3, 7, 146, 151

cidarella, Bucculatrix ....247

cilium, Spodoptera....... ............238

cinerosella, Euzophera ....265

cingulata, Pyrausta.. 263

cinnamomella, Ancylosis 2, 3, 11

circumvoluta, Myelois. .....265, 280

citrella, Phyllocnisits 149

citri, Prays ..........249

clathrata, Chiasmia ........14, 156

claustrella, Bacotia 246

cloacella, Nemapogon 246

clypeiferella, Coleophora 251

cnicana, Aethes 257

columbariella, Tinea 246

combinella, Pseudoswammerdamia. 249

comes, Noctua 272

confusa, Macdunnoughia 22, 38, 166,

180, 181

congressariella, Nothris. ..99, 149

conicolana, Cydia .62, 261

conjuncta, Catocala.... ..146, 167

consimilana, Clepsis 236

consortella, Cosmiotes 252

conspersana, Cnephasia 258

conspicuella, Coleophora 1 1 1

conterminana, Eucosma 260

convolvuli, Agrius. .....1, 4, 29-30, 173

conyzae, Coleophora 250

coracipennella, Coleophora ...250

coriacana, Clepsis * 235-237, 242, 257

coronata, Phlyctaenia 263

coronula ab. ofligustri, Craniophora, 92-94

coryli, Phyllonorycter.............. .........248

cosmophorana, Cydia.... 261

costaestrigalis, Schrankia. ..59, 193

costalis, Hypsopygia ...264

crassa, Agrotis .......3, 18, 160

crataegella, Scythropia.. 249

crataegi, Trichiura....... 278

crenata, Gluphisia .2, 3, 17, 180

crepusculella, Pseudopostega ................ 245

cristana, Acleris.. 258

cristatella, Bucculatrix ..........247

croceus, Colias 25, 51, 53,

170, 189

crocicapitella, Monopis 246

cruciana, Epinotia ........................259

crypt ella, Trifurcula 244

cuculipennella, Caloptilia 247

cultraria, Watsonalla .....280

cuprella, Adela ...........245

cupressata, Thera......... .....14, 156

cupressella, Argyresthia. .62, 249

cursoria, Euoxia 38, 180, 111

curvatula, Drepana 3, 13, 155, 180

curvipunctosa, Agonopterix 253

cyaneimarmorella, Stenoptinea 242, 246

cynosbatella, Epiblema 260

cytisella, Monochroa 253

X

damocles, AmaMm.. ............................ .....67

daplidice, Pontia. 13

dardoinaria, Crocallis 180

daucella, Depressaria ..252

deauratella, Coleophora .250

decentella, Ectoedemia.. 244, 280

deceptoria, Deltote ............38

degeneraria, Idaea .....155

demarniana, Epinotia.. 259

dentella, Phaulernis..... 261

depressa, Eilema. 280

desertella, Bryotropha .254

didyma, Mesapamea. .................... ..233=234-

diffinis, Cosmia. ......... ................ ....130, 277

diffinis, Teleiopsis ....71

dilectella, Argyresthia 249

diminutana, Ancylis 259

discordella, Coleophora .....251

dispar, Lymantria.... 3, 17, 159

distinctella, Chionodes ..........................254

diversana, Choristoneura 257

divisella, Mompha .256

dodecea, Ethmia 7, 149, 253

domestica, Bryotropha ..254

dorninula, Callimorpha. 160

drurella, Chrysoesthia ..254

dubiella, Tinea 246

dubitata, Triphosa 117

duplicella, Narycia 246

dysodea, Hecatera 276, 282

effractana, Acleris .........242, 258

electa, Catocala .........38, 146, 167, 180

emargana, Ancyclis. ...... ............. ............ 242

emberizaepenella, Phyllonorycter 248

emkopoti, Anthene 221

emortualis, Trisateles. 22

ephemerella, Acentria.... ..262

eriphia, Antichloris 2, 18, 67

erythrocephala, Conistra.....4, 19, 146, 163

euphorbiae, Hyles.......... 3, 15, 157

evonymella, Yponomeuta 6, 149

exigim, Spodoptera 1, 2, 3, 34, 145,

177, 238

exsiccata, Tathorhynchus 146, 167, 180

exsoleta, Xylena..... .................4, 19, 277

extimalis, Evergestis ...............8, 151

extrema, Chortodes ..164

fagiglandana, Cydia 261

falacella, Scythris ...278

falciformis, Epermenia 261

fallax, Elegia 37

falsella, Catoptria.... ..........262

farinalis, Pyralis 264

fascelinella, Pediasia. ..........8, 151

fasciella, Nemophora... ..245

ferchaultella, Luffia 246

ferrugalis, Udea... 24, 38, 59, 147, 169, 263
festaliella, Schreckensteinia. .................. 262

figuiilella, Ephestia. 154, 180

filicivora, Psychoides....... 246, 281

flammea, Mythimna 163

flammea, Trigonophora 4, 19, 163

flammealis, Endotricha.. 264

flavescens ab. oficteritia, Xanthia 121,

122

flaviciliana, Cochylis 257

flavicincta, Polymixis 282

flavidorsana, Dichrorampha 261

flavipennella, Coleophora ....250

flexula, Lespeyria ........282

fluxa, Chortodes... ........20

foenella, Epiblema... .......260

forficalis, Evergestis .263

forficella, Donacaula 262

formosa, Pempelia 264

formosana, Enarmonia 260

formosanus, Lozotaeniodes... 257, 281

forsskaleana, Acleris.... .....258

forsterella, Glyphipterix 248

fovealis, Duponchella ...... \0, 152, 264, 281

fraternana, Epinotia 259

fraxini, Catocala 4, 22, 38, 166

fuliginaria, Parascotia. 22, 167, 282

fuliginosa, Phragmatobia ..........44

fulvago ab. oficteritia, Xanthia 121, 122

fulvalis, Udea. 9

fumatella, Chionodes 254

funebrana, Grapholita 261

furfurana, Bactra ..259

fusca, Pyla........................ ....265

fuscatella, Lampronia....... 245

gallicana, Pammene 261

gallii, Hyles 15, 157, 180

gamma, Autographa 36, 59, 103-107,

168, 179

gammina var. of gamma, Autographa.. 103-

107

gemmella, Stenolechia ......254

geniculea, Agriphila ...262

genitalana, Cnephasia 258

geryon, Adscita 278

gibbosella, Psoricoptera 254

gilvago, Xanthia... ............20

gilvaria, Aspitates 112

gilvata, Uresiphita 59, 60

gilvicomana, Phalonidia 257

glabratella, Argyresthia...... .....249, 266

glaucata, Cilix .....194

glaucicolella, Coleophora ..................... 25 1

globulariae, Jordanita ....112

glutinosae, Stigmella 245

gnidiella, Cryptoblabes..... 11

goedartella, Argyresthia 249

gonodactyla, Platyptilia 266

gorganus ssp. ofmachaon, Papilio .......180

grandaevana, Epiblema................. .150

XI

grandipennis, Scythris ...........................256

grandis, Schijfermuellerina ...................252

graslini, Agrotis ..................................... 180

griseata, ............................. 209

grisella, Achroia ....................................264

griseola, ................................... 282

grossulariata, AZ?raxM5..... ..................... .278

grossulariella, Zop/ioJia.......... ............. .265

grotiana, Epagoge .................................257

gueneeana, Dichrorampha ....................261

gularis, Paralipsa ................. .....W, 63, 153

gysseleniella, Cedestis ...................... .....2A9

hamana, Agapeta ...................................251

hannoverella, Ectodemia ............. ..........2AA

harpagula, Sabra...........................l2A, 132

hastata, Rheumaptera.. .......................... 211

heparana, Pandemis ..............................251

hepariella, Zelleria ................................249

heringella, Ectodemia. ............... ....292, 244

herrichiana, Fammewe... ...................... ..261

hesperica ssp. of leautieri, Lithophane, ..19
hexadactyla, Alucita. ............... ....... 116, 117

hispanica, Cilix.. ............................... .....\9A

histrionana, Dichelia.... ....2, 7

hornigi, Monochroa.. 253

horridella, Ypsolopha. 249

hortulata, Eurrhypara....... ................263

hospes, Proxenus {-Athetis) ...........2, 3, 4,

20, 67, 146, 164
hostilis, S'doto.......... ............ .................. 154

hyale, Colias .......................................... 154

hyperantus, Aphantopus ....................51, 53

hyperici, Chloantha {= Actinotia).........2, 3,

20, 143, 147, 164
ibipennella, Coleophora ........................25 1

icarus, ......................... ...53

icteritia, Xanthia.............................\2\-122

ignorata, Pammene.......... ............ ..2A2, 260

illutana, Cydia ........................ ...............26\

imbecilla, Eriopygodes .................. \2A, 131

imitaria, Scopula...... .............................. 2^0

immaculatella, Eulamp rotes .................. 253

imperfecta ab. of icteritia, Xanthia..... ...121

impluviata, Hydriomena ........................220

incertana, Cwep/ia^ia...... ....................... 258

inspersella, Scythris......... ...................... 256

insulana, Farias.. ................................. ..238

intermedialis, Schrankia.. ...............193=194

interpunctella, Plodia ............................265

interrogationis, Syngrapha .................... 1 66

intricata, Eupithecia ..............................282

involucrella, Coleophora.... ......... ...1\\-112

io, Inachis....... ....................... .....53, 5A, 116

ipsilon, Agrotis.........................32, 145, 174

irrorrella, Ypnomeuta.... ....... ..............1 , 149

italica, Metalampra ...............2, 1, 149, 252

janthina, Noctua 2, 3, 18, 68, 146, 160, 180
josephinae, Pseudatemelia ....................252

jungiella, Grapholita .............................261

jurtina, Maniola......... ....... ...........5\, 53, 54

kadenii, Platyperigea............2, 3, 4, 20, 38,

146, 164, 180

koerneriella, Incurvaria.................22K, 229

kuehniella, Ephestia........ ................ ......... 12

labdaca, Libythea .................................. 120

labecula, Dryobota ................................ 163

laburnella, Leucoptera ..........................250

lacteana, Bactra.....................................259

lacticolella, Blastobasis.................255, 281

lacustrata, Dipleurina... .....262

laetana, Ancyclis......................................63

laetus, Oxyptilus ..................................3, 12

laevigella, Monopis. ............. ..................2A6

l-album, Mythimna.. ......... ................IH, 162

lambdella, Batia.. ................. ..................252

lanella. Tinea .................................2A2, 246

lanestris, Eriogaster ..............................277

langiella, Mompha.. ............. ..................256

lappella, Metzneria.... ............. .........62, 253

laricana, Spilonota .....260

larseniella, Syncopacma.. ................... ...255

lateritia, Apamea 164

lathonia, Issoria... 13

leautieri, Lithophane... .................... .19, 282

leucatella, Recurvaria.. ............254

leucogaster, Ochropleura ........A, 18, 160

leucographella, Phyllonorycter ............. 28 1

leucomelas, Aedia .........................67

leucotreta, Thaumatotibia... .................. .2, 1

Ubatrix, Scoliopteryx.. .............. ......\\6, 111

licarsisalis, Herpetogramma .lAl , 152, 264
Uchenaria, Cleorodes... .............. .............. 14

lichenella, Da/i/ica.... ............................. 246

lienigialis, Pyralis.. .............................. ..153

lienigianus, Ovendenia ..........................266

ligustri, Craniophora... .................. .....92-9A

ligustri, Sphinx.. .......................... ...........219

limbata, Evergestis... ....... ...........H, 151, 263

Umbella, Scythris ...................................256

lineana, Apotomis ..................................258

linearia, Cyclophora.. ............. .......229, 282

lineata, Siona ......................................... 126

Uneatella, Anarsia.... ........................ ..1 , 255

lineola, Eudonia. ................. .............A5, 262

lineola, Thymelicus.. ............................ ....59

linetella, Chrysocrambus....................... 179

linneella, Chrysoclista.. ....................... ..256

lipsiana, Acleris ............................... A5, 258

littoralis, Mythimna ............................... ..A6

littoralis, Spodoptera. ...................... ....2, 20

littorella, Metzneria ...............................253

litura, AgrocAola....... ............................ .278

livornica, iifyles ............ 1=2, 4, 16, 145, 157

lixella, Coleophora ................................250

lobarzewskii, Grapholita .......................261

lobelia, Luquetia.. ............................ ......252

xii

loganella,

logiana, Acleris. ........................ .44, 62, 258

longana, Cnephasia.........................62, 258

loreyi, Mythimna.. ...... ..4, 19, 146, 147, 162

lucella, ........ ........................ .249

lucens, Amphipoea.... ..................... ..20, 164

lucida, Acontia.. ........ .......3, 4, 21, 146, 165

luctuosa, Tyta... ............... ..22, 127-129, 167

luna, Actias ..........................................2, 13

lunaedactyla, Marasmarcha... ........ .......266

lunaris, Batia .........................................252

lunula, Calophasia. ............... ..3^, 143, 163,

274-276, 287

lunulana, Grapholita .............................261

lunuiaria, Selenia. ...................... ......14, 156

lutulentella, Monochroa.........................254

lychnitis, Shargacucullia .................. 97- 1 02

machaon, Papilio... ...... .....I, 3, 12, 37, 154,

179, 180

magdalenae, Stigmella. ..................... .....245

malinellus, Yponomeuta.. .................. .....249

malvae, Pyrgus............. ....................... ...12^

malvella, Pexicopia.. ....................... .......255

manniana, Phalonidia.... ........ ............... .257

margaritata, Campaea........ ................ ...2%2

margariteila, Catoptria...... 151

maritima, Bucculatrix............................247

masculella, Incurvaria...................22^, 229

mayrella, Coleophora ............................250

medicaginis, Cydia ................................ 150

megera, Lasiommata..........................5l, 53

megerella, Elachista ..............................252

melloneila, Galleria.......... ....... ..............264

messaniella, Phyllonorycter ..................247

messingiella, Eidophasia ....................... 250

metaxelia, Nematopogon .......................245

micalis, Tebenna ........................................6

millieridactyla, Stenoptilia ....................282

minimella, Nemophora ..........................245

miniosa, Orthosia ............................18, 162

ministrana, Eulia ...................................257

mitt-erbacheriana, AncycUs ...................... 63

molesta, Grapholita ..................... ......7 , 150

molliculana, Cochylis ................62, 68, 257

monacha, Lymantria... ............. ......279, 282

monachella, Monopis. ................ ...... ...... 148

monodactyla, Emmelina ........................266

montanata, Xanthorhoe ...........................63

morosa, LampmwM. ........................... ....245

moujfetella, Af/irips.... ............................ 254

mucronellus, Donacaula.. ....... ...8, 151, 262

muscerda, Pelosia............................l7 , 159

myrtillana, Ancylis. ............................. ...259

myrtillana, Rhopobota.. ...... ................ ...260

myrtillella, Stigmella.. ........... .................244

nana, Cochylis .......................................257

nanella, Recurvaria ...............................254

napi, Pieris. ............................. .................53

nebulella, Homoeosoma ........................265

nerii, Daphnis ..........................................15

nervosa, Agonopterix.... ........ ............... ..253

ni, Trichoplusia. ....... ......I, 21, 38, 146, 166

nicellii, Phyllonorycter ..........................248

nickerlii, Luperina .................................278

niditana, Strophedra...... ....... ...........62, 260

nigra ab. of ligustri, Craniophora......92-94

nigra, Gelechia ......................................254

nigrata, Pyramta.. ........................... ......263

nigricans, .............................. ....278

nigricomella, Bucculatrix ...................... 247

nigricostana, Endotkenia. ...................... 259

nigropunctata, Scapula....... .......14, 37, 155

nitentella, Scrobipalpa...........................255

noctuella, Nomophilal, 4, 24, 59, 145, 168,
169, 238, 263

notana, Acleris................ ....................... 258

nubiferana, Hedya .................................258

nubigera, Heliothis .....2, 3, 20, 38, 57, 106,

146, 165

nubilalis, Ostrinia.... ....... ...8, 152, 180, 263

nupta, Catocfllfl............................... ....... 280

nymphaeata, Elophila... ........................ .262

obductella, Pempelia .............................264

obfuscatus, Gwop/ios.. ............................ 123

obliquella, Elachista.. ............................252

oblitella, Ancyclosis ........ .........ll, 154, 265

obscurana, Pammene.............. ....... ........260

obscurepunctella, Perittia. ..................... 25 1

obsitalis, Hypena ..............22, 116-118, 167

obsoleta ab. of icteritia, Xanthia ..........121

obsoletella, Scrobipalpa ........................255

obstipata, Orthonama. ............ .28, 145, 172

obumbratana, Eucosma.........................260

occulta, Eurois ...............................161, 282

ocellaris, Xanthia.. ....................... ....20, 164

ocellatella, Scrobipalpa. .................. ......255

ocellea, Euchromius......!, 2, 4, 7, 145, 146,

150, 262

ochraceella, Mompha ............................256

ochrata, Maea. ........................... ....... .....155

ochrearia, Semmspilates........................206

ohridella, Cameraria ..................... 242, 248

oleastrella, Zellaria .......................242, 249

olivacea ab. of ligustri, Craniophora 92-94
olivalis, Udea.. ............................ ...........263

ononaria, Aplasta .................................... 13

operculella, Phthorimaea ......................255

orbona, Noctua............................ ...203-211

orbonalis, Leiicmocles.... ...................... ..264

orichalcea, Cosmopterix........ ................ 256

orichalcea, Thysanoplusia ................... 3 , 22

orobana, Grapholita..............................26\

orobi, Leucoptera...................................250

osseatella, Euzophera..........................!, 11

ostrina, EnMeiwma.. .............................. ...20

pactolia, Dryadaula. ...... ..................... ...246

xiii

pallida, Eudonia 262

pallidactyla, Platyptilia ...266

pallidata, Evergestis 263, 266

pallustris, Athetis... 129-130

paludella, Calamotropha 28 1

palustrella, Monochroa 253

pamphilus, Coenonympha .51, 53, 54

papealis, Sitochroa... 8, 151

paradoxa, Stigmella 244

parasite 1 1 a, Euzophera 265

parenthesella, Ypsolopha 249

parva, Euhlemma....... 20, 165

panndactylus, Oxyptilus 265

pastinum, Lygephila 280

paupella, Ptocheuusa 254

pectinea, Incurvaria 228-229, 245

pedella, Stathmopoda ..255

peltigera, Heliothis ..35-36, 38, 145, 178

peregrina. Prays ...242, 249

perlella, Chilo 262

perlepidella, Digitivalva 250

perlucidalis, Phlyctaenia ...263, 281

petiverella, Diclirorampha 26 1

phaskmipemiella, Calyhites. 247

phlaeas, Lycaena 51, 53

phragmitella, Chilo.... 262

phycidella, Blastohasis 2, 7

piercei, Aethes ..257

piercella, Nitidinea 62

pigra, Clostera 286

pinguis, Euzophera 265, 280

pini, Dendrolimus 2, 3, 13, 37, 147, 155,

180, 231-233

pinicolana, Rhyacionia ...260

pinicolella, Batrachedra 256

platani, Phyllonorycter 247

platani, Stigmella 28 1

platanoidella, Phyllonorycter ..248, 281

plebejana, Crocidosema ........150, 259, 281

plexippus, Danaus 13, 155, 179

plumbana, Diclirorampha 261

plumigeralis, Pechipogo 3, 22, 274

podaliriiis, Iphiclides .154, 180

podana, A rchips 257

politella, Bryotropha.. 254

polychloros, Aglais 13, 37

polychromella, Syncopacma 255

polygonalis, Uresiphita .....8, 151, 179

polygrammata, Costaconvexa 180

polyxena, Zerynthia 2, 12

pomerana, Elachista 252

pomonella, Cydia .261

populetorum, Caloptilia.. 247

porcellus, Deilephila..... ..108

porphyrana, Eudemis .259

porrectella, Plutella .250

postvittana, Epiphyas ...251 , 281

potentillae, Coleophora 250

potentillella, Scythris ...71, 256

poterii, Stigmella 244

praeangusta, Batrachedra .....256

pratella, Crambus .....151

pretiosa, Stigmella 244

proboscidalis, Hypena .......282

processionea, Thaumetopaea 146, 158

pronuba, Noctua 18, 160, 267-273, 279

pronubana, Cacoecimorpha ........281

propinqiiella, Agonopterix 253

propinquella, Mompha 256

proximella, Carpatolechia 254

prunalis, Udea 263

pulchella, Utetheisa 4, 17, 238

pulchrimella, Cosmopterix 149, 242

pulveralis, Psammotis 3, 9, 152

puppillaria, Cyclophora 13, 155

purdeyi, Clavigesta 260

purpurea, Agonopterix 253

purpurina, Eublemma 1 46, 1 65

puta, Agrotis 280

pygniaeola. Edema .......17, 159

pyralella, Scoparia 262

pyri, Saturnia. ..2, 13, 155

pyrrhulipennella, Coleophora 251

quadra, Lithosia .17, 59, 159, 180, 181

quadrillella, Ethmia 149

quadrimaculana, Endothenia 259

quadripuncta, Oegoconia 255

quadripunctaria, Euplagia 17, 159, 274

quercana, Carcina 252

quinqueguttella, Phyllonorycter 248

ramburialis, Diaserniopsis 1, 9, 152,

180, 266

ramulicola, Phyllocnistis 242, 248

rapae, Pieris .....53

raptricula, Cryphia 3, 20, 164

reaumurella, Adela 245

recurvalis, Hymenia 62, 264

recurvalis, Spoladea ....238

regificella, Elachista.. 64-65, 252

reliquana, Lobesia .....259

re mm i, Mesapamea ..233-234

reversalis, Uresiphita *......59-61,242, 263

rhainn i, Gonopteryx ..53

rhamniella, Sorhagenia .....256

rhododactyla, Cnaemidophorus 266

rhombana, Acleris 25 8

ribeata, Deileptenia ...280

ripae, Agrotis .......46

rivulana, Celypha 258

roborana, Epiblema. ...260

roboris, Phyllonorycter ...247

robustana, Bactra 259

rorrella, Yponorneuta 6, 149

rosaceana, Celypha ...........258

rostralis, Hypena......... ....1 16

rubigana, Aethes. .......257

XIV

rubiginata, Scopula..................lA, 155, 209

rubiginea, Conistra................................ 163

rubricollis, Atolmis .........

rufana, Celypha .....................................258

ruficiliaria, Cyclophora............2, 3, 14, 37,

147, 155

rufipennella,

rufocinerea,

rupicola, Cochylidia ..............................257

mralis, F/ewroplja... .............................. 264

rusticata, 155, 279

sacchari, Opogona.... .......................... ...2, 6

sacraria, Rhodometra...............!, 4, 27, 59,

145, 147, 172

sagitella, Phyllonorycter........................2A^

salaciella, Opostega ...................... ........2A5

salicata, Nebula.. ............................... ....155

salicella, Hedya .....................................258

salicicolella, Phyllonorycter ................. 248

salicorniae, Coleophora ....................... .251

saligna, Phyllocnistis.............................24H

salopiella, Eriocrania............................2AA

samadensis, Scrobipalpa .......................255

sambucaria, Oumpteryx.. ...................... 2H2

samiatella, Stigmella........... ................ ...2AA

sarcitrella, Endrosis. .......................... ....252

saucia, Peridroma.... ....... .................32, 175

saxicola, Phycitodes ..............................265

saxicolella, Coleophora..... ............... .....251

scabrella, Ypsolopha.. ....................... .....2A9

scalariella, Dialectica....................\A6, 149

schreberella, Phyllonorycter.................. 195

schumacherana, Olindia........................25K

scirpi, Biselachista.... ....................... ......252

scopariella, Agonopterix. ................ .......253

scotinella, Gelechia .........................62, 254

scribaiella, Cosmopterix. ...................... .736

scrophulariae, Shargacucullia .........97=102

secalis, Mesapamea.... .............. ......233~23A

selene, Actias ......................................... 155

selene, Boloria.......................................l30

semele, Hipparchia.... .................... ........2Q6

semicostella, Sophronia. ....... ...........6^, 255

semifascia, Caloptilia ........................... .2A1

semirubella, Onocera ....................154, 264

semitestacella, Argyresthia....................2A9

senecionana, Clepsis.......... .................... 251

senticetella, Gelechia............................. 25A

septembreila, Ectodemia. ...... ................ .244

sequella, Ypsolopha ...............................249

sericealis, Rivula..............................22, 167

sericopeza, Ectodemia... .................... ....244

signaria, Macaria ............................14, 156

silvella, Cra/wtej. ...................................... 8

similella, Elegia.....................................265

similis, Bryotropha.................. ........ .......25A

simplex, Anatrachyntis... ...... ................... .3^

simulans, Rhyacia..................................\6Q

singula, Neofriseria .................................62

sodaliana, Phtkeochroa.........................251

sordidana, Epinotia ...............................259

sordidatella, Depresaria........................253

sororcula, Eilema....... .................. ..\59, 279

sparrmannella, Eriocrania .................... 244

spartiella, Anarsia .................................255

spartifoliella, Leucoptera ......................250

speciosa, Stigmella ........................244, 281

spectrana, Clepsis.................................. 236

spiniana, Pammene. ............ ................... 260

splendens, Lacanobia .........2, 3, 18, 38, 57,

146, 162

sponsa, Catocala... .............. ...146, 167, 180

squamosella, Coleophora ......................202

stachydalis, Phylctaenia ..........................37

stagnata, Nymphula. .............................. 263

steinkellneriana, Semioscopis.. .............. 252

stellatarum, Macroglossum \ , 30-31,

108, 147, 168, 173
sternipennella, Coleophora .............. .....25\

sticticalis, Loxostege..................^, 151,263

striatella, Isophrictis.. ........ ................ ....253

striatipennella, Coleophora ................... 25 1

strigilata, Pechipogo................ .............. 211

strigulatella, Phyllonorycter.. ...... ..24^, 281

striolella, MAYmea........ ........................ 246

sturnipennella, Mompha.. ....... .......256, 281

suaedella, Scrobipalpa.. ..................... ....254

suavella, Trac^cera. ............... 11, 154, 264

subaquilea, Denisia ...............................252

subbistrigella, Mompha.......... ....... ........256

suberivora, Stigmella....... ................. .....244

subfusca, Scoparia.. ...................... .........262

subocellea, Elachista....... .............. ........252

subpropinquella, Agonopterix..................! 1

subpurpurella, Eriocrania .....................243

subsericeata, Idaea. ............................ ...220

sujfusa ab. of icteritia, Xanthia .............121

sulphurella, Esperia. ........................... ...252

suspectana, Pammene..... .......................260

svendseni f. of hyperici, Chloantha....... 143

sylvella, Ypsolopha.................................249

sylvestraria, Idaea .................................220

sylvestrella, Dioryctria.............\l, 154, 265

sylvestris, Thymelicus ..............................50

taenialis, Schrankia ............................... 193

taeniipennella, Coleophora ...................251

tamesis, Coleophora......... .....................251

temerata, Lomographa .......................... 156

tenebrella, Monochroa.. ......................... 253

tenebrosana, GrapAo/ito.......... .............. 261

tengstromi, Elachista.............. ....64-65, 252

tentaculella, Ancyclolomia. ................2,3,8

terebrella, Assara. ................ ............ 1 1, 265

testalis, Hodebertis ........................242, 264

tetragonella, Monochroa .......................253

tetralunaria, Selenia ..............................220

XV

therinella, Coleophora...........................25l

thoracella, Bucculatrix . ................ .19^, 247

thrasonella, GlypMpterix...............24-^, 266

tiliae, Mimas .......................................... 2H0

tiliae, Stigmella.. ........................ ......62, 245

tineana, A«cy/w.. .................... ........242, 259

tithonus, Pyronia.......... ........................... .52

tityus, Hemaris.......... ............................. 271

togata, Xanthia ...................................... 121

torquatella, Atemelia..............................249

transversata, Eupsilia.. ............. .............\\6

treitschkiella, Antispila ..........................245

tricolor, Coleophora ..209

trifasciata, A rgyresth ia 249 ,281

trifolii, Coleophora....... ................... ......259

trifolii, Discestra. 146, 161

trifolii, Lasiocampa..... ..............278

trigeminella, Coleophora....................... 259

trigonella, Epinotia.... ............................ 259

frimaculana, Epiblema ..........................269

trimaculella, Stigmella.. .................... .....244

trinotella, Tinea...................................... 247

tripoliana, Eucosma. .............................. 269

tristrigella, Phyllonorycter .................... 195

tritophus, Notodofita. ............................ .15^

trochilella, Coleophora. ................... ......25 1

tubulosa, Taleporia ......................246

tumidana, Conobathra ....11, 146, 153

turbidana, Apotomis .....259

turbidella, Ectoedemia... ......266

turca, Mythimna ............................. 133-142

turionella, Pseudococcyx. .................. ....269

uddmanniana, Epiblema........................ 269

ulceratalis, Cornifrons ........56-58, 237-238

uliginosalis, Udea. ....................242, 263

uliginosellus, Chilo.. ......................... .....262

ulmella, Bucculatrix ............... \96-\98, 247

ulmifoliae, Bucculatrix 195-201, 242,

247, 288

ulmivora, Stigmella................................ 195

ultimaria, Eupithecia ...................... .14, 156

ultimella, Depressaria ...........................252

umbrana, Ac/em....... ............................. 258

undalis, Hellula... ............................. ......262

unguicella, Ancylis.... ....... ................... ...259

unicolorella, Eulamprotes...................... 252

unipuncta, Mythimna.... ............. ..4, 33, 176

unipunctella, Phyllocnistis. .................... 248

upupana, Ancylis. ................................... 259

urella, Ochsenheimeria..........................249

urticae, Ag!ais................5l, 53, 54, 55, 116

ustulana, Endothenia.... .................... .....259

vancouverana, Dichrorampha ............... 26 1

variatella, Nemapogon ..........................246

velocella, Aroga.. .................................. .254

venata, Ochlodes........... .............. .51, 53, 54

verbascalis, Anania.... ........................... .262

verbasci, Shargacucullia .................. 97- 1 02

verellus, Catoptria ...........................68, 262

versurella, Coleophora. ................. ........25 1

vestianella, Coleophora................... 62, 251

vetusta, Xylena.... 19, 163

vibicella, Coleophora............................. 1 1 1

viretata, Acfli'w.. ..................................... 282

virgata ab. oficteritia, Xanthia ............. 121

virgata, Phibalapteryx ...........................211

virginiensis, Vanessa.. .............. ....4, 13, 154

viridis, Antichloris ................................... 17

viriplaca, Heliothis ....................... .165, 209

viscariella, Caryocolum.........................255

viscerella, Stigmella...............................\95

vitellina, Mythimna....................... ...22, 176

vitrata, Maruca. ................... ..2, 9, 147, 152

vitrealis, Palpita... ...... ....I, 10, 59, 152, 264

vittella, Earias.... ................................. .2, 21

wauaria, Macaria ..................................278

weirana, Strophedra ..............................269

wilkella, Eulamprotes ............................252

williana, A^r/ie^..... ................................. 257

wolffiella, Nemapogon. .......................... 246

xanthographa, Xesf/fl......... .................... 206

xylostella, Plutella ...................22, 168, 250

yeatiana, A^onop/enx. ........................... 253

zinckenella, Etiella....... 265

zonaria, Lycia 278

COLEOPTERA

Diaperis boleti...... .................... ..14-15, 108

Harmonia axyridis ...................................82

Laemophloeus monilis .............................94

Malachius aeneus ....................................46

Platycis minutus.... ................................... 45

Sinodendron cy/m<ir/cMw.... ................. ....44

Tomoxia bucephala............. ..................... 94

Uloma CM/mam. ................................. 44-45

DERMAPTERA

Forficula auricularia... ............................ 82

Forficula lesnei... ..................................... 82

Forficula pubescens ...........................83-84

Eupeodes luniger ................. ..2\5, 217, 218

Eupeodes nielseni ............................. .....2\9

Eupeodes nitens .................... .215, 218, 219

Geomyza balachowskyi......................85, 86

Geomyza hackmani....... ............. ........85, 86

Lapposyrphus lapponicus ...................... 2\1

Lapposyrphus spp. .................................213

Metasyrphus. .......................................... 212

Pherbellia rozkosnyi. ................... .......85-81

Pherbellia scutellaris .........................86-87

Renocera pallida.. ............... .....................81

Rhaphium commune.......... .......................81

Rhaphium nasutum ......................85, 81, 88

Ripponensia ......................... 87

XVI

Sericomyia arctica 109, 1 10

Sericomyia hispanica.... 109-11 1

Sericomyia jakutica... 109, 110

Sericomyia lappona 109, 1 10

Sericomyia nigra 109, 110

Sericomyia silentis 109, 110

Sphegina elegans .88

Syrphus spp 213

Tetanocera arrogans.. ..............88-89

Tetanoceraferruginea...... ...................89

Tetanocera montana .....................^5, 88-91

Tetanocera omaft/rows........ ............... 88-89

HEMIPTERA

Elatobium abietinum 78

Tinocallis takachihoensis 226-227

HYMENOPTERA

Aleiodes spp... 206

Blennocampa apicalis 225

Campopleginae sp. 206

Crossocerus megacephalus 58

Exetastes spp.............. 206

Glyptapanteles fulvipes.. 206

Meteorm ^^p....... ...206

Parna apicalis 223-226

Parna kamijoi 223, 224

Parna reseri 224

Parna tenella 223, 224, 225

Stauropoctonus bombycivorus 45-46

NEUROPTERA

Chrysopa pallens 79

Chrysopa septempunctata

Nineta carinthiaca..... 79-80

Nineta guadarramenisis 79-80

Nineta inpunctata. 77-82

Nineta pallida 77-82

Nineta principiae......... ........79-80

Nineta vittana ................................. ....79-HO

ORTHOPTERA

Locusta migratoria .3

Rusopilia nitidula. 4

PSOCOPTERA

Atlantopsocus adustus 76, 234

Atlantopsocus personatus 76

Ectopsocus axillaris 113

Elipsocus hyalinus .....76

Elipsocus pumilis.. ...234

Elipsocus pusillus .76

Kolbia quisquilarum 113

Peripsocus alboguttatus. ..113

Peripsocus milleri......... .114

Peripsocus parvulus........... 114

Propsocus pulchripennis..... 1 15

Psocus bipunctatus 1 15

Trichop socus brincki 114

Trichopsocus clarus 1 14

Valenzuela flavidus 76

RAPHIDIOPTERA

Rhaphidioptera....... 47

Atlantoraphidia maculicollis .......47

xvii

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gist’s Record

Journal of Variation

Edited hy

C.W. PLANT, B.Sc.,F.R.E.S.

January/February 2007

ISSN 0013-8916

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

World List abbreviation: Entomologist’s Rec. J. Van

http://www.entrecord.com

Editor

C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

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WHERE TO WRITE

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Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation is a non profit-making journal, funded by subscription,
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The annual subscription for year 2007 is £28 for individual subscribers or £50 for institutions.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS

• This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers and shorter Notes that are reviewed by the Editor. Contributions
are accepted on merit, with no regard whatsoever to the occupation or standing of the author. All contributions
should bear the name and postal address of the author(s), but titles or honours are not permitted and will be
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• The journal is concerned with British Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). We also accept contributions on
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book reviews from third parties.

• We may also accept contributions on European insects if these are likely to be of interest to British readers,
such as species likely to colonise Britain (especially where these contributions include identification keys or
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• Papers should be at least 2000 words in length. Acceptance is not automatic. They will be peer-reviewed by
two referees. Authors must be prepared to make modifications suggested by the referees. Papers must cover
their subject matter to a far greater depth than Notes and should present original material or a broad-based
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• Notes are the meat of the journal! Most contributions will fall into this category. They will normally be less
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• We accept all formats from hand-written notes upwards. However, we prefer submissions via e-mail, or on
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2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

1

THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 2003

Sean Clancy' and Bernard Skinner^

' I Myrtle Villas, Sussex Road, New Romney, Kent TN28 8DY
^ 5 Rawlins Close, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 8JS

Abstract

Formally accepted records of immigrant Lepidoptera occurring in the British Isles
during the year 2003 are listed and discussed. For less frequently encountered
species full information is given; for the immigrants recorded most commonly in
2003, a selection and analysis of the available records is presented.

Introduction

Writing this at the end of the phenomenal 2006 season, its easy to lose sight of what
an incredible year 2003 was for immigrant Lepidoptera. Species such as Agrius
convolvuli (L.), Spodoptera exigua (Hb.) and Heliothis armigera (Hb.) occurred in
record numbers, far in excess of anything that had gone before. Adult totals for all
the commoner nocturnal immigrants are given in Annex 1, and these surpass 2500 A.
convolvuli, 5000 S. exigua and 1000 H. armigera. Given the previous record totals
for these species of 500 A. convolvuli (1945), 1200 S. exigua (1962) and 80+ H,
armigera (1988 & 1992), it can be seen what an unprecedented year for insect
immigration 2003 was. Furthermore, the A. convolvuli total does not take account of
the large numbers of larvae that were such a feature of the late summer/early autumn
period in many areas.

The year's total of at least 44 Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Dup.) was also the highest
annual total, the previous record total of 18 having occurred as recently as 2002.

The totals given for Nomophila noctuella (D. & S.) and Macroglossum
stellatarum (L.) in Annex 1 probably represent the hip of the iceberg’ as diurnal
sightings of both species became so commonplace during the 2003 season that
casual records of both species were seldom reported and numerical estimates at
many coastal sites were not even attempted. Whilst it proved difficult to quantify
the total recorded numbers of these two species, the bare minimum figures given at
least provide an idea of the scale of their arrivals. Without doubt, the high
frequency and wide distribution of records of these species was another striking
feature of the year; it is probable that the numbers of both species were the highest
ever recorded for either species in a single year. Cetainly the available data on M.
stellatarum shows the numbers recorded clearly surpassed the 4000 recorded in
1947.

Needless to say, good numbers of many other immigrant species were recorded
during the 2003 season. These included particularly significant arrivals of species
such as Euchromius ocellea (Haw.), Paipita vitrealis (Rossi), Papilio machaon (L.),
Vanessa cardui (L.), Rhodometra sacraria (L.), Hyles livornica (Esp.) and
Trichoplusia ni (Hb.); with the records of R. sacraria and T. ni in particular
approaching record proportions. The extent of some of the immigrant activity was

2

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.i.2007

exhibited by reports of immigrants from the length and breadth of Great Britain, and
emphasised by the first record of H. Uvornica from the Faeroe Islands on 5 August.

With only single previous records of Noctua janthina (D. & S.) and Platyperigea
kadenii (Frey.), a significant upsurge in records of both these species occurred in
2003, whilst there were no fewer than twelve examples of Lacanobia splendens
(Hb.), the first of this species in Britain. Two other rare immigrants that had their
record season in 2003 were Proxenus hospes (Frey.) and Heliothis nubigera (H.=S.),
with their respective totals of six and five examples in 2003 at least doubling the
total number of British records of both species.

The most significant additional immigrant species recorded in 2003 included the
fourth British record of Ancylolomia tentaculella (Hb.), the first British record of
Ancylosis cinnamomella (Dup.), the second modern British record of Dendrolimus
pini (L.), the first British record of Cyclophora ruficiliaria (H.-S.), the first
modern British record of Gluphisia crenata (Esp.), the second and third British
records of Actinotia hyperici (D. & S.) and the fifth British record of Nycteola
asiatica (KruL).

There were again some interesting records of probable adventive species and the
records of Opogona sacchari (Bojer), Blastobasis phycidella (ZelL), Thaumatotibia
leucotreta (Meyrick), Maruca vitrata (Fabr.), Zerynthia polyxena (D. & S.), Saturnia
pyri (D. & S.), Actias luna (L.) and Antichloris eriphia (Fabr.) were noteworthy but
almost certainly all the result of accidental importation. However, a number of
records of possible adventive species occurred ‘at large’ and were of a more
indeterminate origin, these including the records of Metalampra italica Bald.,
Dichelia histrionana (Frolich), Euzophera osseatella (Treits.), Euzophera bigella
(Zell.), Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) and Earias vittella (Fabr.); the records of first
two species listed being the first in Britain.

There was a generally slow start to the 2003 season with immigration virtually
non-existent during the winter and early spring months, with the most notable
exception being three E. ocellea in VC9 in late March. Activity picked up somewhat
during May with the first significant arrivals of commoner immigrant species and the
first wave of S. exigua records late in the month across southern Britain. The only
significant rarity of the spring period was the first of two records of A. hyperici from
the same VC25 locality, on 6 May.

Levels of immigration increased during the first half of June and significant
arrivals occurred in coastal localities from mid-month onwards. These included
the main primary immigrations of both H. Uvornica and S. exigua, the highest
single night counts occurring for both species during this period and the late
summer records that followed likely to involve, in part, progeny of the June
immigrants. Particularly concentrated periods of immigration were evident in
southern Britain around the 15 & 26 June and weather charts for these dates are
shown below (Figures 1 & 2). Whilst neither chart appears to show strong
southerly jetstreams, the proximity of warm, calm conditions on the continent is
evident with weak depressions over the continental land-mass pushing warm air
into southern Britain.

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

3

Rarities recorded during June included the year’s second record of A. hyperici; the
first G. crenata in Britain for over 150 years; the migrant plume Oxyptilus laetus
(Zell.); the first four British records of L. splendens; four records of H. nubigera;
three Hyles euphorbiae (L.) in the last week of the month; and the second British
records of both N. janthina and P. kadenii.

Nocturnal immigration was at a slightly lower level during July although some
exceptional counts of V. cardui were made during the month. An arrival of
immigrant F. machaon peaked in late July, continuing into the first half of August.
Records of nocturnal rarities continued throughout July, the most significant of these
including all the year’s five records of Trachea atriplicis (L.), five of the year’s six
records of Nola aerugula (Hb.), the first British record of C. ruficiliaria, the fourth
British record of A. tentaculella, the fifth British record of N. asiatica, the fifth
example of H. nubigera of the year, more records of N. janthina, L splendens and P.
kadenii and single records of Haimbachia cicatricella (Hb.), Psammotis pulveralis
(Hb.), Sclerocona acutellus (Eversm.), Drepana curvatula (Borkh.), Lymantria
dispar (L.), Cryphia raptricula (D. & S.) mdAcontia lucida (Hufn.).

The predominant southerly influence to the weather conditions, that continued
throughout much of the summer, was exemplified by the occurrence of a Migratory
Locust Locusta migratoria at Woodingdean, near Brighton (VC 14) on 31 July
(Booth Museum of Natural History via CRP).

Immigration continued throughout August, although a prevalence of warm.,
weather conditions and southerly airstreams particularly characterised the first half
of August and immigrant activity was at a consistently high level during this period.
High counts of V cardui continued to be made in early August, whilst all three of the
year’s Agrotis crassa (Hb.) occurred early in the month. Rarities that arrived during
the first half of August included the first British record of A. cinnamomella, the
second modem record of D. pini, the first record of D. curvatula from south-west
England, the second records of the year of L. dispar, C. raptricula and A. lucida and
single examples of P. hospes, Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabr.) and Pechipogo
plumigeralis (Hb.).

Unprecedented numbers of S. exigua were recorded widely throughout August and
into September and, although a proportion of these were likely to have been locally
bred, the occurrence of numbers at coastal sites in association with other immigrant

species suggested further arrivals continued throughout the summer.

4

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.i.2007

Of relevance were the three examples of the Large Cone=head Bush-cricket
Rusopilia nitidula that occurred in VCl on St Mary’s, Isles of Scilly on 21 August
(R. Hathaway, P. Stancliffe) and St Agnes, Isles of Scilly on the same date (2) (M.
Hicks). This orthopteran had only previously been recorded as an importation in
Britain, but these records were thought to relate to primary immigrants, probably
having arrived a few days previously.

After the rather quiet late August period, immigrant records increased markedly in
volume during September, with the peak counts of both N. noctuella and A.
convolvuli recorded during the month. Further concentrated periods of immigration
were evident around 5 & 18 September, particularly along the mid-south coast, and
weather charts for these dates are shown below (Figures 3 & 4). These show the
more active autumn weather systems tracking to the north of Britain and a
pronounced continental influence still in effect across southern Britain.

Figure 3. Weather system charts for 5.ix.03.

Figure 4. Weather system charts for 18.ix.03.

Rare immigrant species recorded in September included four more R hospes, four
more R kadenii, the third A. lucida of the year, the only three records of the year of
Utetheisa pulchella (L.), the only immigrant example of 2003 of Xylena exsoleta
(L.) and the year’s only Catocala fraxini (L.).

October saw an inevitable reduction in the overall volume of recorded
immigrant species, although high numbers of certain species were still very much
in evidence, particularly in the south-west where Rhodometra sacraria (L.),
Mythimna unipuncta (Haw.) and Mythimna loreyi (Dup.) peaked in numbers
during the month. The scarcer immigrant species recorded during October
included the only two Trigonophora flammea (Esp.) of the year, the second records
of T. orichalcea and R. plumigeralis, two more examples of R kadenii and the
season’s only records of Ochropleura leucogaster (Frey.) and Vanessa virginiensis
(Drury).

Mild conditions in November and December allowed good numbers of immigrant
species to continue to be recorded to the end of the year, particularly in the south-
west. November saw the only three records of the year of Conistra erythrocephala
(D. & S.), and the third T. orichalcea of the season. The occurrence of a single E.
ocellea and four Hyles livornica around the Christmas period was a nice surprise for
the relevant recorder on the Isles of Scilly.

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

5

Guidelines for contributors

To avoid unnecessary delays in publishing future reports, it would help us greatly if
contributors could adhere to the following guidelines: Data should include the vice-
county, recorder, stage (if not an adult), number observed, and the date. For light-trap
records list the date the trap was switched on, not the date it was inspected. This is a
universally accepted convention to avoid the possible duplication of records. During
the course of collating this report, it was often the case that a single-date discrepancy
was encountered for nocturnal records within different sourced versions of the same
record. In almost all such cases (unless the first date was clearly stated to be an
error) the earlier date has been given in the following account, as it was assumed the
later date referred to the day the light-trap was examined. However, it is likely that
some errors have been unavoidable due to this inconsistency in recording data, and it
would be helpful if recorders routinely used the earlier date for future records,
particularly when they are submitted or published.

There remains a noticeable shortage of records from more northern, inland sites
submitted for the current report. Records of migrant species from such sites would
be gratefully received for future reports, and the new categories of listed records for
commoner immigrant species have been introduced to take account of records of this
nature.

It should also be noted that in response to the increasing volume of records now
received and sourced, there is another increase in the number of species
summarised in Annex 2. However, in this report, statistics relating to the total
number and distribution of all records received/sourced of these species have been
included, so please continue to submit records of all the Annex 2 species. This
increased list is, in part, due to the large volume of immigrant records reported in
2003 and it is possible some of these species will revert to Annex 1 in leaner
migrant seasons. It must also be stressed that it has become impossible to monitor
the growing number of e-mail/website migrant forums, and the posting of records
on such sites will not necessarily result in their inclusion in future reports. It is
therefore essential that migrant records are submitted to the relevant county
recorder, published within the entomological press or sent directly to the report
authors.

Recent reports have been extended to include the more interesting records of
adventives as these often help to establish the origin of other records or colonisations
of the relevant species. Records of this nature are therefore also welcome for
inclusion in future reports.

County recorders, or those submitting large volumes of data are asked to sort their
data by vice-county, species name, and then by date order. Finally, contributions are
particularly welcome in electronic format (MS Word or Excel etc.) to the following
e-mail address: trapsite@ukonline.co.uk. Paper copies may also be submitted by post
to either author.

The following abbreviations have been reduced in number and amended to clarify
their meaning. The categorisation of listed species has also been amended in many
cases, both to reflect this and recent changes in status. They also no longer include
any variation in status found on the Channel Islands (VC 113).

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Abbreviations

[I] - Primary immigrant or the direct progeny of a primary immigrant. Where this is
the only category given, believed to relate to a species that is unable to maintain a
viable, self-sustaining resident population through a typical British winter.

[In] - Introduction or importation. A species artificially introduced into Britain by
man. Can include synanthropic species that are only able to sustain breeding
populations in Britain under conditions that do not occur naturally.

[MC] - Migrant Colonist. An immigrant species that has established extant, short-
term breeding populations in Britain, but these believed to have been present for
fewer than ten consecutive years.

[R] - Resident. A species with an established breeding population in Britain, this
having been present for a minimum of ten successive years.

[FR] - Former Resident. A species that was formerly an established resident but has
no known resident populations in Britain at the time of writing.

[V] “ Vagrant/wanderer. A species recorded well away from its known British
breeding range, but the record most likely to have been the result of internal,
domestic dispersal.

Channel Islands (VC 113) records are no longer included in the main species
accounts due to their southerly position, locating them outside the biogeographical
area of Great Britain and Ireland. This often leads to differing statuses of listed
species within VC 113 and occurrence patterns of immigrant species that are not
comparable with records in Great Britain and Ireland. However, records of recent
colonists and rare immigrants in VC 113 can be precursors of arrivals in Britain, so
significant VC 113 records are given in Annex 3.

ANNEX 1: RECORDS OF SCARCER SPECIES IN 2003

TINEIDAE

0278 Opogona sacchari (Bojer) [In]

E. CORNWALL [2] A number of live and dead adults within one of the biomes at the Eden Project,
Bodelva, 18.9 (J.L. Gregory).

CHOREUTIDAE

0386 Tebenna micalis (Mann) [I]

DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 5.8 (Cade, 2004).

YPONOMEUTIDAE

0424 Yponomeuta evonymella (L.) [R][W]

A widely recorded species, most records across southern England are thought likely to relate to
migrants. A selection of submitted records is given, though this is in no way a comprehensive summary.
E. CORNWALL [2] Portmellon, 15.7 (Gregory, 2004). DORSET [9] Walditch, 26.6 (20), 27.6 (9)
(Parsons & Brereton, 2004). PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Werngwyddel, 5.7, third VC record (Lewis,
2004). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 22.6 - 12.7 (30) (BRS).

0428 Yponomeuta cagnagella (Hb.) [R][V/I]

S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 2.8 (BRS).

0428 Yponomeuta rorrella (Hb.) [R][V/I]

DORSET [9] Puddletown, 1.7-31.7 (8) (HWH per PHS); West Bexington, 10.7, 15.7 (RE per PHS);

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

7

Weymouth, 18.7, 19.7 (PHS). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Old Basing, 4.7 (AHD). E. NORFOLK [27]
Eccles-on-Sea, 8.7, 23.7, 24.7, 30.7 (NB per DH).

[DORSET [9] Walditch, 22.6 (6), 26.6 (7), 27.6 (3) (Parsons & Brereton, 2004) - now withdrawn by
recorder.]

0429 Yponomeuta irrorrella (Hb.) [R][V/I]

E. KENT [15] Kingsdown, 2.8 (NJ).

0473 Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zell.) [R][W]

E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 11.10 (Odin, 2004).

OECOPHORIDAE

0642a Metalampra italica Baldizzone [I/In?]

S. DEVON [3] Plympton, 16.8 (RJH, in Langmaid & Young, 2004). New to Britain.

ETHMIIDAE

0718 Ethmia dodecea (Haw.) [R][I/V]

S. DEVON [3] Teignmouth, 9.7 (RFM). N. DEVON [4] Braunton, 25.6 (RFM). DORSET [9] Portland
Bird Observatory, 3.7 (Cade, 2004); Walditch, 27.6 (Parsons & Brereton, 2004). E. KENT [15]
Kingsdown, 30.6 (NJ); Kingsgate, 9.7 (FS); Ramsgate, 1.7, 3.7, 8.7 (Solly, 2004).

0720 Ethmia bipunctella (Fabr.) [R][I][V]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 26.9, 3.10, first county records (Scott, 2004a). DORSET
[9] Upwey, 2.6 (PH). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 7.8 (SAK-J, in Beaumont, 2004). W. SUSSEX [13]

Kingsham, 9.8, first VC record (Patton, 2004). N. ESSEX [19] Dovercourt, 18.8 (CG per BG).

GELECHIIDAE

0857 Anarsia lineatella (Zell.) IIn][I]

DORSET [9] Walditch, 15.7, first county record (Parsons & Brereton, 2004).

BLASTOBASIDAE

0875 Blastobasis phycidella (Zell.) [In]

DORSET [9] Bridport, 12.2, larva in imported pomegranate, adult reared (MSP, in Beaumont, 2004).
TORTRICIDAE

0955 Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hb.) [R][V/I]

DORSET [9] Studland, 5.8 (CM, JMc).

0990a Dichelia histrionana (Frolich) [In?]

MIDDLESEX [21] Wood Green, London, 8.6, at light (Sterling & Ashby, 2006). New to Britain.

1215 Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) [In]

CHESHIRE [58] Anderton, 9.3, indoors (AW2 per SF, det. JRL).

1248 Grapholita molesta (Busck) [In]

N. WILTSHIRE [7] Swindon, 12.9, larva in imported peach from Italy in supermarket, adult reared
(SN, in Beaumont, 2004). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Southampton, 12.9, mature larva in imported nectarine
from Italy in supermarket, adult reared 28.9 (L. Winokur, det. KRT, in Beaumont, 2004).

1262 Cydia amplana (Hb.) [I]

DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 5.8 (Cade, 2004). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Hum, 12.8, 20.8 (MJ
per PHS). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 17.8 (JTR, in Langmaid & Young, 2004).

PYRALIDAE

1289 Euchromius ocellea (Haw.) [I]

Total no. reported: 10

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 4.9, 18.12 (Scott, 2004a). S. SOMERSET [5] Merriot,
7.8 (R. Chatworthy per M. Ellis). DORSET [9] Durlston, 26.6 (PAD, SN); Portland Bird Observatory,
15.6 (MC); Preston, 28.3 (RL); Upwey, 24.3 (2) (PH). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 25.8 (SAK-J).
SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 7.8, second VC record (TR).

1291 Haimbachia cicatricella (Hb.) [I][MC?]

E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 19.7 (JC, AW^, JMc) [not 16.7 as given in Ferguson, 2005]; Dymchurch, 8.8

(JO).

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1296 Crambus silvella (Hb.) [R][V/I]

S. DEVON [3] Nr. Honiton, 5.8, first county record (B. Bewsher per RFM). W. SUSSEX [13]

Walberton, 18.7 (JTR, in Langmaid & Young, 2004).

1314 Catoptria margaritella (D. & S.) [R][I]

E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 2.7 (Odin, 2004).

1322 Pedmsiafaseelinella (Hb.) [R][W]

E. KENT [15] Limestone, 25.6 (KR per SPC).

1327 Ancylolomia tentaculella (Hb.) [I]

E. KENT [15] Lydd, 16.7 (SPC), fourth British record.

1330 Donacaula mucronellus (Zinck.) [R][W]

E. KENT [15] Greatstone, 1 1.6 (BB per SPC); Isle of Thanet, 10.7 (Ferguson, 2005).

1356a Evergestis limbata (L.) [I][V][MC]

Coastal records away from known populations, but most likely relate to range spread.

DORSET [9] Studland, 5.8 (CM, JMc). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Lymington, 19.7 (AJP per TN). W.
SUSSEX [13] Ferring, 4.7 (THE); Walberton, 14.7 (JTR per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Winchelsea, 5.7
(JEC, J. Spence per CRP), 19.7 (A. Kolaj per CRP). E. KENT [15] Greatstone, 14.7 (BB); Kingsdown,

22.6, 8.7 (NJ); St Margaret’s Bay, 4.7 (Jarman, 2004).

1357 Evergestis extimalis (Scop.) [R][I][V]

An established resident in parts of southern England and East Anglia, and recorded more sporadically
elsewhere. The following records are from areas where resident populations are not currently known,
and are likely to relate to immigrant or vagrant examples.

W. CORNWALL [1] Church Cove, The Lizard, 7.8, 7.10 (Tunmore, 2004); lOS: St Agnes, July (2),
August (2), October (1) (Hicks, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 21.6, 14.7 (Scott, 2004a). S.
DEVON [3] Holcombe, 18.7 (RFM); Maidencombe, 6.8 (BPS). E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea,

15.7, 17.7, 18.7 (NB per DH). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 16.7, 20.7, 27.7 (PAC), 22.7, 26.7, 7.8,

17.8 (BRS). N.E. YORKSHIRE [62] Coatham, Tees-mouth, 21.7 (CWP, in Langmaid & Young, 2004);
Redcar, 21 .6, by day (D. Money per SN).

WICKLOW [H20] Ashford, 24.7, new to Ireland (AT).

1368 Loxostege sticticalis (L.) [I][FR]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 9.8 (Scott, 2004a). S. DEVON [3] Dawlish Warren,

20.9 (BPH). DORSET [9] West Bexington, 19.9 (RE per PHS); Wyke Regis, 5.7 (DF per PHS). E.
KENT [15] Kingsgate, 26.6 (FS).

1369 Uresiphita polygonalis (D. & S.) [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] Cury, The Lizard, 20.9 (Tunmore, 2004). S. SOMERSET [5] Norton Sub Hamdon,

26.9 (IM). DORSET [9] Durlston, 7.8 (JMc).

1370 Sitochroa palealis (D. & S.) [W][R]

Coastal records away from known populations.

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS; St Mary’s, Longstone, 27.7 (Scott, 2004a). W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham, 15.7
(Patton, 2004). E. KENT [15] Isle of Thanet, 19.6 (Ferguson, 2005). DORSET [9] Portland Bird
Observatory, 9.7 - 11.8 (7) (MC); Preston, 29.7 (RL); Puddletown, 2.8 (HWH). N. ESSEX [19]
Dovercourt, 19.7 (CG). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 26.7, by day (BRS).

1374a Sclerocona acutellus (Evers.) [In][I]

DORSET [9] Walditch, 14.7 (MSP).

1375 Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) [R][I][V]

An established resident in south-east England, recently extending its range westward and northward.
The following records may be the result of internal range expansion or fresh immigration from the

continent.

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, August (3) (Hicks, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 9.8 - 18.9
(9), including four on 17.8 (Scott, 2004a); Mylor Churchtown, August, undated (Cooke, 2004); The
Lizard, 8.7, 9.7, 9.8, 28.8 (6), 31.8, 14.9, 16.9, 20.9 (Tunmore, 2004). S. DEVON [3] Abbotskerswell,

10.9 (BPH); Axminster, 9.9, 10.9 (2) (NAC per RFM); Hennock, undated (B&LB per RFM);
Holcombe, 5.9 (RFM); near Salcombe, 16.9 (MB per RFM); Starcross, 21/23.6, 2/5.9 (AHD). DORSET
[9] Dorchester, 31.8, 10.9 (J. Down); East Lulworth, 3.7 - 7.9 (8) (MSP et al.)\ Edmonsham, 5.9 (2)
(PAD); Portland Bird Observatory, 14.7 - 5.9 (19) (Cade, 2004); Preston, 9.9 (RL); Puddletown, 29.8 -

22.9 (6) (HWH); Shapwick, 22.6, 30.6, 5.9 (4) (PAD); Trigon, 5.9, 21.9 (CM); Upwey, 25.6 - 11.9 (8)
(PH); Walditch, 20.8 - 14.9 (7) (MSP); Warre Wood, 6.9 (4) (PHS); West Bexington, August (4),

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

9

September (27), inc. 5.9 (12) (Eden, 2004); Weymouth, 15.7, 6.9 (PHS); Wyke Regis, 5.9 (DF per
PHS). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 30.6, 10.8, 23.8, 2.9, 5.9 (3), 8.9, 11.9 (SAK-J). S. HAMPSHIRE
[11] Hayling Island, 2.9 (Phillips, 2004); Southampton, 4.7 (P. Hack per SN). N. HAMPSHIRE [12]
Selbome, 22.7 (AEA). SURREY [17] Leatherhead, 8.7 (GAC). MIDDLESEX [21] Regent’s Park, 8.7
(2) (THF). BERKSHIRE [22] Dry Sandford, 24.6 (AK); Fernham, 13-17.6 (4) (SN); Reading, 14.7
(GAC). OXFORDSHIRE [23] Henley area, 8-t- during June (DJW, in Beaumont, 2004).
CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Wicken, 15.7 (DEW). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 16.7, new to
Scotland (TR).

W. CORK [H3] Crookhaven, 14-19.9 (Allen & Mellon, 2004).

1383 Psammotis pulveralis (Hb.) [I]

ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 15.7 (SAK-J).

1389 Udeafulvalis (Hb.) [W][MC]

Records away from known breeding populations.

DORSET [9] Swanage, 20.7 (W.G. Teagle per PHS); Trigon, 12.7 (CM). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Hum,
7.8 (MJ); Ringwood, 5.7 - 15.7 (8), the second successive year numbers have been recorded at this site
(see Appendix 1) and likely to relate to a northward and inland extension of the breeding range -
recording ceased at this site after 2003 (RF).

1401 Maruca vitrata (Fabr.) [In][I]

N. WILTSHIRE [7] Swindon, 25.3, larva in imported beans from Zambia in supermarket, adult reared
6.4 (SN, in Beaumont, 2004). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Hitchin, May, larva on imported beans
(Langmaid & Young, 2004), adult reared 26.6 (J. Webb per CWP).

1403 Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Dup.) [I]

Total no. reported: 44

W. CORNWALL [1] Cury, The Lizard, 22.8, 20.9 (Tunmore, 2004); lOS: St Agnes, 12.6, August (3),
September (3) (Hicks, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 11.6, 5.8 (2), 6.8, 7.8, 8.8 (2), 12.8, 30.8, 8.9,
13.9 (2), 14.9, 18.9, 20.9, 24.9 (16 in total) (MAS); Mylor Churchtown, June, August, September,
October, undated (Cooke, 2004); Perranarworthal, June, undated (Cooke, 2004). DORSET [9] Portland
Bird Observatory, 17.8, 19.9 (Cade, 2004); Puddletown, 15.7 (HWH); Studland, 2.9, 3.9 (DCGB); West
Bexington, 5.9 (RE per PHS). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch, 31.7 (JH); Totland, 9.10 (SAK-J). S.
HAMPSHIRE [11] Fareham, 4.8 (K. Wheeler per TN). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 24.7 (JTR per
CRP). E. KENT [15] Folkestone, 12.8 (Beaumont, 2004); New Romney, 20.7 (KR). E. SUFFOLK [25]
Denham, 24.7 (NW per AWP). CARMARTHENSHIRE [44] Pembrey Forest, 18.8, by day (not on 17.6
as given in Langmaid & Young, 2004); first county record (J. Baker per ANG).

16-Jul 31-Jul 15-Aug 30-Aiig 14-S8p 29-S

14-Oct 29-Oct

Fig. 5. Occurrence times of Diasemiopsis ramburialis during 2003 (dated records).

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 19

25.1.2007

1403a Duponchella fovealis (Zell.) [I][Iii][MC?]

S. DEVON [3] Plymouth, 14.11, indoors (RJH, in Langmaid & Young, 2004). E. KENT [15]
Kingsdown, 25.8, at light (NJ). N. ESSEX [19] Dovercourt, 1.9, at light (CG per BG).
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE [24] Walter’s Ash, 24.7, indoors (N. Fletcher, in Langmaid & Young, 2004). E.
SUFFOLK [25] Aldeburgh, 20.9, at light (AWP); Reydon, 20.9, at light (AWP, AC). GLAMORGAN
[41] North Cornelly, 24.7, new to Wales (Gilmore, 2004).

1408 Palpita vitrealis (Rossi) [I]

Total no. reported; 160

W. CORNWALL [1] Coverack, The Lizard, 12.10, 13.10 (DCGB); lOS: St Agnes, June (1), July (3),
August (9), September (6), October (5) (Hicks, 2004), 11.10, 13.10 (2) (AD); lOS: St Mary’s,
Longstone, 30.6, 8.7, 5.8, September (6), October (8, including three on 13.10 and last on 14.10) (Scott,
2004a); Land’s End, 5.7 (GBH); Mylor Churchtown, August, September, October, undated (Cooke,
2004); The Lizard, June (1), July (1), August (3), September (5), October (7) (Tunmore, 2004). S.
DEVON [3] Nr. Bovey Tracey, 20.9 (B&LB per REM); Teignmouth, 25.8 (REM). DORSET [9] Corfe
Castle, 26.9 (J. Cox per PHS); Durlston, 26.6 (PAD, SN), 5.9 (DCGB); Langton Matravers, 5.9 (3)
(DCGB); Portland Bird Observatory, 19.8 - 28.9 (8) (MC per PHS); Puddletown, 6.9, 3.10 (HWH);
Walditch, 26.6, 12.9, 2.10 (MSP per PHS); West Bexington, 15.9, 19.9 (RE per PHS); Weymouth, 5.9
(2), 6.9, 13.9 (PHS); Wyke Regis, 29.6, 12.8, 19.9 (DF per PHS). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch,

5.9, 9.9, 21.9, 11.10 (JH); Totland, 21.9, 27.9 (SAK-J); Ventnor 20.8 (2), 21.8 (2) (A. Kolaj per TN). S.
HAMPSHIRE [11] Fareham, 21.9 (K. Wheeler per TN); Portchester, 17.8, 30.9 (JS per TN);
Southampton, 17.8 (2) (ARC); Southsea, 9.8, 4.9 (JRL per TN), 21.8, 22.8 (3) (IRT per TN). W.
SUSSEX [13] Ferring, 4.9 (THE per CRP); Kingsham, 2.9, 21.9 (Patton, 2004); Middleton-on-Sea, 23.8
(O. Laugharne per CRP); Pagham, 21.9 (THE per CRP); Walberton, 3.8, 31.8, 8.9 (JTR per CRP). E.
SUSSEX [14] Heathfield, 27.7 (DRML per CRP); Peacehaven, 2.9 (CRP). E. KENT [15] Greatstone,

11.9, 14.9 (BB); Isle of Thanet, 26.6 - 2.10 (15) (Solly, 2004); Littlestone, 19.8, 20.8, 21.8 (KR); New
Romney, 24.9 (SPC). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 10.7, 21.9 (Dewick, 2004). E. SUFFOLK [25]
Dunwich Heath, 14.7 (MC2 per AWP). MONMOUTHSHIRE [35] Gaer, Newport, 25.6 (K. Dupe per
SN). GLAMORGAN [41] Cwm Ivy, Gower, 6.9 (VS); Gorseinon, Swansea, 25.6 (T. Bantock per SN),
15.9 (Gilmore, 2004). PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Werngwyddel, 22.6, 17.9, second and third VC records
(Lewis, 2004).

W. CORK [H3] Cape Clear Island, 12.10, 13. 10 (per KB).

15-Jun 30-Jun 15-Jul 30-Jul 14-Aug 29-Aug 13-Sep 28-Sep 13-Oct 28-Oct

Fig. 6. Occurrence times of Palpita vitrealis during 2003 (dated records).

1416 Pyralis lienigialis (Zell.) [R][V/I]

DORSET [9] Weymouth, 17.7, first county record (DF det. PHS).

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

11

1430 Paralipsa gularis (Zell.) [In?]

N. ESSEX [19] Layer-de-la-Haye, 14.6 (BG & P. Pyke, in Langmaid & Young, 2004).

1434 Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Mill.) [In]

W. CORNWALL [1] Penzance area, late November, larva in purchased pomegranate, adult reared 28.12
(Gregory, 2004).

1435 Conobathra tumidana (D. & S.) [I]

Total no. reported: 14

DORSET [9] Durlston, 25.6 (JMc), 26.6 (3) (PAD, SN), 18.7 (SN); Portland Bird Observatory, 23.6 -

14.7 (3) (Cade, 2004); Preston, 25.6, 26.6 (RL). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 16.7 (SAK-J, in
Langmaid & Young, 2004). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Portchester, 5.8 (JS). E. KENT [15] Kingsdown, 30.6
(NJ); Littlestone, 7.8 (KR per SPC).

1438 Trachycera suavella (Zinck.) [R][W]

SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 30.7, new to Scotland (P. Harvey, gen det. JC, in Langmaid &
Young, 2004).

1447a Sciota adelphella (Fisch.) [I][R]

A local resident in parts of VC 15, the following records are away from known populations.

E. KENT [15] Isle of Thanet, 26.6 - 19.7 (5, from three sites) (Solly, 2004). W. KENT [16] Grain, 14.7
(AGJB, in Langmaid & Young, 2004). E. SUFFOLK [25] Eye, 5.7, 6.7 (PK per AWP); Landguard Bird
Observatory, 17.6, 20.6 (Odin, 2004). E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea, 30.6 (NB, in Langmaid &
Young, 2004), first county record.

1453 Pima boisduvaliella (Guen.) [R][IW]

N.E. YORKSHIRE [62] Coatham, Tees-mouth, 21.7 (CWP, in Langmaid & Young, 2004). SHETLAND
ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 22.7, new to Scotland (P. Harvey, gen det. JC, in Langmaid & Young, 2004).

1454 Dioryctria abietella (D. & S.) [R][I][V]

Coastal records away from suitable habitat.

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 17.6 (Scott, 2004a). E. KENT [15] Greatstone, 10.6,

22.8 (BB per SPC); Isle of Thanet, 17.6 - 10.7 (6) (Solly, 2004); Lydd, 1.7 (KR per SPC); New

Romney, 12.6 (SPC).

1454b Dioryctria sylvestrella (Ratz.) [MC][I][V]

Now breeding locally in south-east England, with the following records likely to relate to fresh
immigration or internal vagrancy.

S. SOMERSET [5] Yeovil, 13.8, first county record (JA). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch, 4.8, 7.8
(Knill-Jones, 2004). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Catherington, 19.7 (RJM, in Langmaid & Young, 2004). E.
KENT [15] Littlestone, 7.8 (KR per SPC). SURREY [17] Chiddingfold, 22.6, first county record (AMD, in
Langmaid & Young, 2004). W. NORFOLK [28] Mundford, 21.7 (AM et al, in Langmaid & Young, 2004).
BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Maulden Wood, 9.7, first county record (CWP, in Langmaid & Young, 2004).

1461 Assara terebrella (Zinck.) [R][LW]

DORSET [9] Gold Point, Arne, 14.6 (CM per PHS). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 11.7 (SAK-J, in
Langmaid & Young, 2004), 26.8 (Knill-Jones, 2004), new VC records.

1465 Nephopterix angustella (ZelL) [R][V/I]

E. CORNWALL [2] Bodelva, 16.9, 17.9 (Boggis, 2003); Portmellon, 15.7 (Boggis, 2003), first modem
county records. GLAMORGAN [41] East Aberthaw, 20.9, first VC record (M.C. Powell).

1466a Ancylosis cinnamomella (Dup.) [I]

DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 11.8 (MC, gen. det. PHS, in Langmaid & Young, 2004). New
to Britain.

1467 Ancylosis oblitella (Dup.) [R][W]

DORSET [9] Freshwater Bay, Portland, 7.8 (Cade, 2004); Furzey Island, 18.9 (PHS). S. HAMPSHIRE
[11] Portchester, 7.9 (JS per TN); Southampton, 6.9 (ARC per TN). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Grateley,
29.5, 15.6, 21.6 (S. Colenutt per TN). E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 11.7, 17.9 (DW per SPC); Lydd,
August (undated), 17.9 (KR per SPC); New Romney, August (2, undated) (KR per SPC).

1471 Euzophera osseatella (Trelts.) [In]

W. KENT [16] Grain, 8.8, to light (AGJB, in Langmaid & Young, 2004). All prior records have been
bred from imported potatoes.

1472 Euzophera bigella (Zell.) [In][I?]

S. DEVON [3] Teignmouth, 7.6, to light (RFM, in Beaumont, 2004). All prior records have been
associated with imported produce.

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1475 Ephestia kuehniella (Zell.) [In][I]

W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham, 1.8, from stored bird food (SJP, in Beaumont, 2004).

1476 Ephestia cautella (Walk.) [In]

DORSET [9] Dorchester, 23.1, indoors (PHS). E. SUFFOLK [25] Felixstowe, 14.10 (JBH & NO, in
Langmaid & Young, 2004).

1478b Vitula biviella (Zell.) [irV][MC]

A local resident in the southern part of VC 15, the following record is away from any known population.
E. KENT [15] Kingsgate, 30.6 (FS).

PTEROPHORIDAE

1492 Oxyptilus laetus (Zell.) [I]

DORSET [9] West Bexington, 25.6 (RE, PHS, gen. det. PHS).

PAPILIONIDAE

1538a Zerynthia polyxena (D. & S.) Southern Festoon [In?]

SURREY [17] Chiddingfold, 25.4 (R. Fry per NB).

1539 Papilio machaon (L.) Swallowtail [R][I][In?]

Total no. immigrants reported: 31

The following records are all likely to relate to continental race gorganus (Fruhs.).

N. WILTSHIRE [7] Wroughton, 31.8 (per NB). DORSET [9] Poole, 16.9 (D. Lummis per SN). S.
HAMPSHIRE [11] Milford-on-Sea, 1.9 (A. Hoskins). W. SUSSEX [13] Hove, 14.7 (G. Legg per CRP).
E. SUSSEX [14] Alciston, August, undated (M. Odium per CRP); Chalvington, 28.7 (L. Goffin, D.
Wicken per CRP); Hastings, 11.7 (R. Oldfield per CRP). E. KENT [15] Blean, 2.8 (M. Young per ME);
Broadstairs, 2.8, 9.8 (Solly, 2004); Elmley, 31.7 (per ME); Folkestone Vv^arren, 15.8 (M. Heath per SN);
Herne Bay, 24.7, 30.7 (per NB); Oare Marshes, 24.7, 28.7 (per ME); Pegwell, 24.7, 3.8 (Solly, 2004);
Reculver, 24.7, 28.7 (per ME); Samphire Hoe, 6.5 (T. Brereton); Sandwich, 6.8 (per M. Read);
Seasalter, 20.7 (J. Russell); South Swale, July, undated (A. Swandale). W. KENT [16] Bluebell Hill,
13.7 (R. Bland per ME); Hoo peninsula, 6.8 (per ME); Lamberhurst, 9.5 (J. Overy per ME). SURREY
[17] Hindhead, 3.8 (SJP). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bungay, 10.8 (L. Davis). BEDFORDSHIRE [30] no site,
mid-Beds., 12.8 (per A. Banthorpe via SN). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Earl Shilton, 27.8 (per S.
Whitehouse).

30-Jul 14-Aug 29-Aug 13-Sep 28-Sep

Fig. 7. Occurrence times of immigrant Papilio machaon adults during 2003 (dated records).

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

13

1552 Pontia daplMke (LO Bath White [I]

[One reported on 22.8 from Gibraltar Point [54] (Sykes, 2003).]

LYCAENIDAE

1567 LampMes boeticm (L.) Long- tailed Blue [I] [In]

W. CORNV/ALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 12.8 (Scott, 2004a). DORSET [9] Corfe Mullen, 17.8
(RL); Ham Common, 26.8 (M. & 1. Rabjohns). SURREY [17] Near Denbighs, from 19.8 into
September, two males, one female, and resultant larvae (anon.); Wrecclesham, 16.7, indoors (J. Gates
per PH). OXFORDSHIRE [23] Heniey-on-Thames, 20.9 (DJW).

NYMPHALIDAE

1592 Vanessa virginiemis (Drury) American Painted Lady [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, 18.10 (J. Headon).

1594 Aglais polycMorm (L.) Large Tortoiseshell [I][Iii?][FR]

[Unconfirmed reports from Sandwich [15] on 11.7 (per M. Read); and at Piper’s Vale, near Ipswich,
[25] on 15.4 (per RP).]

1596 Aglais antiopa (L.) Camberwell Beauty [I][Ih?]

N. DEVON [4] Nr. Umberleigh, 15.7 (A. Gladwin per RFM). E. KENT [15] Elham, 16.3 (P. Gay per
ME). W. KENT [16] East Mailing, 25.3 (D. Blakesley per ME). E. SUFFOLK [25] Otley, 3.8 (M.
Dickens); Woodbridge, 17.7 (C. Oates). S. LANCASHIRE [59] Woolston, 28.6 (anon.).

[Also an unconfirmed report from Cambridge [29] during April (J. Napier per SN).]

1603 Issoria lathonia (L.) Queen of Spain Fritillary [I][In?]

SOUTH WILTSHIRE [8] Salisbury, 23.7 (A.L. Butler, in Koryszko, 2004). DORSET [9] Southwell,
Portland, 23.9 (Cade, 2004). CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Chatteris, 24.7 (M. Ward). STAFFORDSHIRE
[39] Meir, Stoke-on-Trent, 3.8. The date of this record was initially published in error as 30.8
(Koryszko, 2003 & Anon., 2004).

DANAIDAE

1630 Danam plexippus (L,) Monarch [I] [In]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, 16.10, 1.11 (Scott, 2004a); Penzance, 1.9 (anon.). DORSET [9]
Higher Hyde, 12. 1 1 (per MSP).

LASIOCAMPIDAE

1639 Dendrolimus pini (L.) Pine-tree Lappet [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] Church Cove, the Lizard, 6.8 (MT).

SATURNIIDAE

1643a Saturnia pyri (D. & S.) Great Peacock [In]

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] No locality given, late May, found by day in a garden (per AMD).

Unlisted Actias luma (L.) American Moon Moth [In]

DORSET [9] Parkstone, 15.9, a presumed escape (C. Marlow).

DREPANIDAE

1649 Drepana curvatula (Borkh.) Dusky Hook-tip [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] Maenporth, 11.8, first county record (GD). N. ESSEX [19] Skipper’s Island,
Hamford Water, 18.7 (RM).

GEOMETMIDAE

1664 Aplasta ononaria (FuessL) Rest Harrow [R][V/I]

Records away from known resident populations.

E. KENT [15] Grain, 6-18.8 (7) (AGJB, in Collies, 2004); Gravesend, 11.8 (R. Kiddie); Kingsgate, 15.7
(FS); Pegwell, 13.8, 18.8 (FS). SURREY [17] Nr. Ockley, 16.8, first county record (W. Attridge per
DW). S. ESSEX [18] Thundersley, 5.8, second county record (D. Down per BG). N. ESSEX [19]
Jaywick, 10.8, first VC record (JY per BG). E. SUFFOLK [25] Orfordness, 9.8 (J. Askins per MM).

1678 Cyclophora puppillaria (Hb.) Blair’s Mocha [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 21.6, 1.8 (Scott, 2004a); lOS: St Mary’s, 8.10, 13.10
(Scott, 2004a). W. SUSSEX [13] Ifield, 25.6 (M. Albertini per CRP); Walberton, 3.7 (JTR per CRP).

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1678a Cyclophora ruficiliaria (H.-S.) Jersey Mocha [I]

DORSET [9] Freshwater Bay, Portland, 19.7, (Chainey & Spence, 2004). New to Britain

[ISLE OF WIGHT [10] five probable specimens were recorded at Compton Bay, 16.8 (4) and Ventnor,

18/19.8 (1), but their identification was unable to be verified (A. Kolaj, P.Sharpe).]

1684 Scopula nigropunctata (Hufn.) Sub-angled Wave [R] [I] [V]

E. KENT [15] Kingsdown, 2.7 (NJ); Kingsgate, 1.8 (FS). Probably both wanderers from local
populations.

1688 Scopula rubiginata (Hufn.) Tawny Wave [R] [I] [V]

E. KENT [15] Lydd, 13.7 (KR); Lydd-on-Sea, 11.8 (KA per KR). N. ESSEX [19] Dovercourt, 14.7
(CG). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 19.8 (NO), Minsmere, 23.7 (2) (Harvey, 2004).
S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 7.8 (BRS).

1699 Idaea rusticata (D. & S.) Least Carpet [R][I][V]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 18.7, 21.7, 5.8 (Scott, 2004a).

1721 Xanthorhoe biriviata (Bork.) Balsam Carpet [R][I][V]

S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-sea, 23.7, first VC record (A.J. & S.E. Dewick per BG). N. ESSEX [19]
Jaywick, 2.7, first county record (JY per BG).

1771a Thera cupressata (Geyer) Cypress Carpet [MC][V/I]

S. DEVON [3] Branscombe, 14.6, second county record (CH, in Collins, 2004). E. KENT [15]
Greatstone, 1 1.6, second county record (BB).

1815 Eupithecia abietaria (Goeze) Cloaked Pug [I][R]

DORSET [9] Puddletown, 3.7 (HWH).

1855a Eupithecia ultimaria Boisd. Channel Islands Pug [MC][V/I]

DORSET [9] West Bexington, 27.7 (RE); Wyke Regis, 5.9 (DF); the first county records.

1891 Macaria signaria (Hb.) Dusky Peacock [I][MC?]

ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch, 23.6, first county record (JH).

1894 Chiasmia clathrata (L.) Latticed Heath [R][I/V]

S. ESSEX [18] Maldon, 18.8 (106) (S. Wood per SN).

1911 Ennomos autumnaria (Werneb.) Large Thorn [R][I/V]

ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Sandown, 29.8, first VC record (G. Henwood per AHD).

1918 Selenia lunularia (Hb.) Lunar Thorn [R][W]

E. KENT [15] Kingsgate, 12.6, 1.8 (FS).

1945 Cleorodes lichenaria (Hufn.) Brussels Lace [R][I?]

E. KENT [15] Kingsgate, 8.7 (FS).

SPHINGIDAE

1973 Acherontia atropos (L.) Death’s-head Hawk-moth [1]

Total no. adults reported: 34

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 12.10 (Hicks, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 1.10 (Scott,
2004a); lOS: St Mary’s, 25.6, 23.9, 12.10 (2), plus a larva on 15.8 (Scott, 2004a); Loe Pool, 11.10, larva
(Tunmore, 2004); Sennen, 12.10 (K. Clarkson, in Boggis, 2003); The Lizard, 25.9, 13.10 (2) (Tunmore,
2004). E. CORNWALL [2] Launceston, 8.10 (M. Searle per PHB). S. DEVON [3] Nr. Bovey Tracey,
30.8, larva found in potato field, adult bred (B&LB per REM); Daccombe, 5.10, by day (per BPH via
REM). N. DEVON [4] Bideford, 14.9, by day (SH per REM); Meeth, 25.9, by day (per REM);
Westward Ho!, 20.9 (per SH via REM). DORSET [9] Dorchester, 22.6, caught by cat (D. Lankshear);
Weymouth, 18.9, dead on beach (N. Matthews per PAD). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Brightstone, undated,
three pupae found producing two adults in September (Knill-Jones, 2004); Knowles Farm, 7.8 (Knill-
Jones, 2004). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Portchester, 19.9 (JS); Titchfield Park, 2.9, two pupae (P. Budd per
TN). W. SUSSEX [13] Bognor, 1.10, by day (C. Piper per CRP); Chichester, 12.8, by day (per MCP);
Lancing, 8.8, larva on Jasmine (P. Allday, S. Carter per CRP); Partridge Green, 26.8, two larvae on
potato plants (S. Allen per CRP); Portslade, 24.9, by day (I. Soffe per CRP); Warnham, 25.10, by day
(M. Starks per CRP). E. KENT [15] Iwade, 24.7, larva (adult bred 5.9) (IC, OD); Ramsgate, 1 1.9 (Solly,
2004); Sandwich, 18.9 (per NJ). W. KENT [16] Near Maidstone, 26.7, larva (L. Brayshaw). SURREY
[17] Godaiming, 8/9.9, two larvae (per GAC). S. ESSEX [18] Recorded from six sites in the Southend
area, including a larva at Westcliff in September (per D. Down & R. Payne via BG).
HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Breachwood Green, 15.8, larva (M. Bremner per CWP).
CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Cottenham, 20.9 (anon.). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Upwood, 7.10 (L.

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

15

Poole per BD). WARWICKSHIRE [38] Stockton, 14.8, ‘a few larvae’ (per DCGB); Stratford-upon-
Avon, 9.8 (per DCGB). GLAMORGAN [41] Margam Abbey, 3.10 (A. Lloyd); Resolven, 22.9, larva
(Gilmore, 2004); Swansea, 11.6 (S&SW). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Groby allotments, 9.8, 10.8, larvae
(K. Hannon per APR); Kirby Muxloe, 10.8, 22.8, larvae (per APR); North Luffenham, 15.8, two larvae
(M.W. Tyler per APR). ISLE OF MAN [71] Port Erin, 26.9, by day (per GDC).

FERMANAGH [H33] Nr. Enniskillen, 18.6, found dead (E. Irvine per IR); near Castle Caldwell, 14.9
(J. Magee per IR). ANTRIM [H39] Dunloy, 22.6, found dead (J. Stewart).

1985 Daphnis nerii (L.) Oleander Hawk-moth [I][In?]

W. NORFOLK [28] Snettisham, 23.8 (G. Peach). This record is now thought to have related to an
accidentally released/imported individual (K. Saul pers. comm.).

1986 Hyles euphorbiae (L.) Spurge Hawk-moth [I][In?]

E. KENT [15] Whitstable, 23.6 (J. Platts per IDF); Kingsgate, 30.6 (FS). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard
Bird Observatory, 25-26.6 (Odin, 2004).

W. NORFOLK [28] Snettisham, 12.8 (G. Peach per DH). The latter record is now thought to have
related to an accidentally released/imported individual (K. Saul pers. comm.).

1987 Hyles gallii (Rott.) Bedstraw Hawk-moth [I][R]

Total no. adults reported: 44

S. SOMERSET [5] Exmoor, 5.8 (M. Ridge). DORSET [9] East Lulworth, 5.8 (DH^, T. Warburton). S.
HAMPSHIRE [11] Southampton, 15.6 (per TN). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Sherborne St John, 4.8 (N.
Montegriffo). W. SUSSEX [13] Hassocks, 16.7 (per K. Ruff via CRP). E. KENT [15] Broadstairs, 6.8,
11.8 (K. Goodburn per FS); Kingsgate, 21.8 (FS). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 4.7 (Dewick, 2004).
N. ESSEX [19] Kirby-le-Soken, 5.7 (PB). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Quickswood, 15.7 (D. Heath per
CWP). E. SUFFOLK [25] Denham, 7.8 (NW); no locality given, 3.7, adult & three larvae (JHC). E.
NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea, 13.7 (Bowman, 2004); New Buckenham, 6.8 (one confirmed, up to
eight adults reported indoors) (per AM); Weybourne, 6.8, 9.8 (MP per DH). W. NORFOLK [28] Holme-
next-the-Sea, 5.7 (per DH). CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] St Ives, 11.8 (P. Haywood per SN).
BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Potton, 24.6 (A. Darrington). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Kings Ripton, 12.8
(D. Ritchie per BD). E. GLOUCESTERSHIRE [33] Cheltenham, 6.8 (R. Hornan per SN).
WARWICKSHIRE [38] Pillerton Priors, 6.7 (C. Ivin per DCGB). MERIONETHSHIRE [48] Nr.
Fairbourne, 15.8 (G. Fellows). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Barrowden, 9.8 (R. Follows per MPS).
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] Collingham, 8.7, by day (S. Gelsthorpe per MK). S. LANCASHIRE [59]
Hutton, 7.8 (A. Barker per SMP); St Helens, 22.8 (S. Ward). W. LANCASHIRE [60] Chipping, 27.7 (C
& L. Me William per SMP). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 3.7, 5.7, 12.7, the latter two by day (PAC),

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 19

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5.7, 30.7 (BRS); Spurn, 13.7 (BRS); Escrick, York, 15.8 (per TE). BANFFSHIRE [94] Ordiquhill, 11.8
(Rl2). E. INVERNESS-SHIRE [96] Tulloch, Loch Garten, 4.7 (M. Coleman). SHETLAND ISLANDS
[112] Eswick, 16.8 (TR); Fair Isle, 14-16.7 (anon.); Foula, 18.7 (2) (G. & D. Atherton); Sumburgh, 8.9,
larva (S. Fordyce); Un.st, 8.8 (AJP); Uyeasound, 8.8 (anon.); Whalsay, 8.9, larva (I. & R. Sandison).

1990 Hyles livornica (Esp.) Striped Hawk-moth [I]

Total no. adults reported: 142

W. CORNWALL [1] Coverack, The Lizard, 13.10 (DCGB); Ding Dong, near Penzance, 16.6, 21.6
(JH^); lOS: St Agnes, 29.6, 21.7, plus a larva in August (Hicks, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 13.6,
14.6, 21.6 (3), 24.6 (2), 29.6 (2), 1.7 (3), 5.7, 13.9, 24.12, 25.12, 26.12 (2) (MAS); Land’s End, 21.6
(GBH); Marazion, 26.6 (anon.); Mylor Churchtown, August, undated (Cooke, 2004); Nanquidno, 26.6
(anon.); St Delian, near Penzance, 18.9 (J. Yarnold per PHB); The Lizard, June (2), July (5), August (2),
September (6) (Tunmore, 2004). S. DEVON [3] Exmouth, 4.7 (REM); Poundsgate, Dartmoor, 14.8,
twelve larvae on Antirrhinum majus (per REM); Slapton, mid-July, undated (E. Sola per REM). N.
DEVON [4] Bideford, 23.6, 26.6, three in total (ASH per REM); Hartland Point, 22.6 (BPH, REM). S.
WILTSHIRE [8] Martin Down, 26.6 (TN, M. Trasenster). DORSET [9] Bothenhampton, 26.6 (2) (T.
Brereton); Charmouth, 21.9 (D. Webb); Durlston, 25.6 (2) (JMc), 26.6 (PAD, SN), 20.9 (PAD);
Southwell, Portland 6.8 (3) (JHC); Langton Matravers, 4.9 (DCGB); Portland Bird Observatory, 23.6,
31.8, 13.9, 15.9, 22.9 (MC per PAD); Preston, 15.6, 20.6, 22.6, 10.8 (RL), 17.9 (ME); Puddletown, 23.6,
25.6 (HWH); Slepe Farm, 3.6, 17.6, 22.6 (3), 26.6 (D. Cooper); Swanage, 22.6 (D. Leadbetter), 26.9
(RC^); Walditch, 22.6 (MSP); Waytown, 29.6 (G. Higgs); West Bexington. 24.6, 25.6, 26.6, 1.7 (RE per
PAD); Wyke Regis, 13.6, 22.6, 6.8, 9.8, 14.9 (DF). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Binstead, undated (2) (Knill-
Jones, 2004); Bonchurch, 7.8, 10.8 (JH); Totland, 2.7, 11.8 (SAK-J). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Funtley,
21.9 (M. Opie per TN); Hengistbury Head, 19.7 (MJ); Portchester, 15.8 (JS); Portsmouth, 14.6 (E.T.
Roberts per TN). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Overton, 25.9 (J. Hutchins per TN). W. SUSSEX [13]
Kingsham, 26.6 (SJP per CRP); Pagham, 20.9 (2) (SRD per CRP); Walberton, 30.5, 26.6 (JTR per
CRP). E. SUSSEX [141 Crowborough, June, undated (M.J. Simmons per CRP); Winchelsea Beach, 26.6
(DCGB). E. KENT [15j Deal, 14.7 (K. Webb); Dungeness, 17.6 (CR); Dymchurch, 9.9 (JO);
Greatstone, 27.6 (BB); Isle of Thanet, 17.6 - 20.9 (8) (Solly, 2004); Kingsdown, 22.6 (FS); Lydd-on-
Sea, 28.6 (RC); Lydd Ranges, 16.6 (IDF); Ruckinge, 6.6 (B. Boothroyd). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-
Sea, 20.8 (Dewick, 2004). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Hertford, 28.6 (AW per CWP). BERKSHIRE [22]
Mortimer, 23.6 (G. Dennis per TN). OXFORDSHIRE [23] Oxford, 17.6 (C. Gibson). E. SUFFOLK
[25] Aldeburgh, 28.6, dead on beach (AWP). W. NORFOLK [28] Holme-next-the-Sea, 12.8 (P. Tilley
per DH). GLAMORGAN [41] Gower, 25.6 (S&SW); Roath, Cardiff, 22.9 (DRWG);.

15-May 30-May 14-Jun 29-Jun 14-Jul 29-Jul 13-Aug 28-Aug 12-Sep 27-Sep 12-Oct 27-Oct 11 -Nov 26-Nov 11 -Dec 26-Dec

Fig. 9. Occurrence times of Hyles livornica adults during 2003 (dated records).

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

17

CARMARTHENSHIRE [44] Llwynhendy, Llanelli, 21.6, first modem county record (I. & T. Morgan).
PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer Island, 21.9, by day (Hayden, 2004). LEICESTERSHIRE [55]
Ibstock, 14.9 (A.N. Main per APR). ISLE OF MAN [71] Ballamona, 17.5 (per GDC); Dhoon
Maughold, 16.8 (per GDC).

WEXFORD [12] Wexford Quay, 25.6 (A. McGuire per IR). S.E. GALWAY [H15] Nr. Kinvarra, 30.5
(T. Boyd). WICKLOW [H20] Ashford, 16.6 (AT).

2016 GlupMsia crenata (Esp.) Dusky Marbled Brown [I]

E. KENT [15] New Romney, 17.6 (not at Lydd as published in Clancy, 2004), first county record (KR
per SPC).

2018 Clmtem anachoreta (D. & S.) Scarce Chocolate-tip [I][FE]

DORSET [9] Studland, 27.7, first modem county record (A. Peters).

LYMANTRIIDAE

2029 Eupmctis chrysorrhoea (L.) Brown-tail [R][V/I]

S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 10.7 (BRS).

2034 Lymantria dispar (L.) Gypsy Moth [I][FE]

DORSET [9] Durlston, 5.8 (JMc). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 16.7 (Odin, 2004).

ARCTIIDAE

2041 Pehsia mmcerda (Hufn.) Dotted Footman [R][I]

E. SUSSEX [14] Elms Farm, Icklesham, 5.7 (IDH per CRP); Horns Cross, 29.6 (DB per CRP). E.
KENT [15] Nr. Canterbury, 4.7 (S. Warry); Dungeness, 9.7 (DW), 19.7 (SJP); Kingsdown, 3.7 (NJ). S.
ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 15.7, 16.7 (2), 19.7 (Dewick, 2004). E. SUFFOLK [25] Minsmere, 16.7
(2) (Harvey, 2004).

2045 Eilema caniola (Hb.) Hoary Footman [R][I/V]

DORSET [9] Freshwater Bay, Portland, 23.8 (JEC, J. Spence); West Bexington, 22.8 (Eden, 2004). N.
HAMPSHIRE [12] Famborough, 10.7 (RH. Clarkson per TN). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 31.7 (JTR
per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Crawley Down, 8.8, 10.8, 15.8, 26.8 (JHC per CRP); DitcMing, 21.7 (SRD
per CRP); East Grinstead, 9.8, 12.8, 13.8 (JHC per CRP); Heathfield, late July, undated (DRML per
CRP); Winchelsea, 19.7 (A. Kolaj per CRP). W. KENT [16] Tunbridge Wells, 17.7 (K. Palmer).

2046 Eilema pygmaeola (Doubl.) Pigmy Footman [M][V/I]

S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 16.7 (BRS).

2051 Lithosia quadra (L.) Four-spotted Footman [M][I]

Resident populations occur widely in south-west England and southern Ireland, these probably
reinforced by immigration. However records from these areas have been excluded as their origins are
generally indeterminable and likely to be mainly associated with local breeding populations.

S. DEVON [3] Prawle Point, 4.8 (JMc). DORSET [9] Bridport area, 17.9 (Parsons & Brereton, 2004);
Durlston, 26.6 (2) (PAD, SN), 19.9 (SN); Melbury Park, 26.6 (PAD, SN); Portland Bird Observatory,
11.8 (MC); Puddletown, 3.7 (HWH); Slepe Farm, 22.6 (D. Cooper per PAD); Studland, 5.8 (JMc, CM);
Upwey, 26.6 (PH); Walditch, 17.9 (MSP); Warre Wood, 25.7 (21), 2.8 (8) (DF per PAD); West
Bexington, 26.6 (RE); Weymouth, 18.7 (PHS). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Freshwater, 30.7 (DBW). S.
HAMPSHIRE [11] Christchurch, 8.8 (R. Chapman per TN); Lower Test, 27.6 (S. King per TN). W.
SUSSEX [13] Church Norton, 28.6 (BFS per CRP); Ferring, 11.9 (THF per CRP); Pagham, 20.9 (N.
Hall per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Icklesham, 13.6 (IDH per CRP). E. KENT [15] Littlestone, 20.9 (KR).
N. ESSEX [19] Jay wick, 17.6 (JY per BG). CARMARTHENSHIRE [44] Pembrey Forest, 9.7 (J. Baker
per SN).

FERMANAGH [H33] Grom, 16.7 (2) (per IR). DOWN [H38] Castleward, undated (per IR). ANTRIM
[H39] Lisburn, undated (per IR).

2054 Utetheisa pulchella (L.) Crimson Speckled [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] St Delian, near Penzance, 23.9, 24.9, 26.9, by day (J. Yamold per PHB).

2067 Euplagia quadripunctaria (Poda) Jersey Tiger [R][W]

The following record is likely to be a wanderer from a resident population.

W. SUSSEX [13] Ferring, 4.8 (THF per CRP).

CTENUCHIDAE

2073 AnticMoris viridis (Druce) Satin Stowaway [In]

MID-W. YORKSHIRE [64] Harrogate, December, adult crawling over bananas in a supermarket (Jobe
& Fletcher, 2004).

18

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25i.2007

2074a Antichloris eriphia (Fabr.) Banana Stowaway [In]

E. NORFOLK [27] Great Yarmouth, 21.10, in a supermarket (D. Melton per GMH).

NOLIDAE

2076 Meganola albula (D. & S.) Kent Black Arches [R][W]

S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 6.7 (BRS); Spurn, 12.7, 14.7, 19.7 (BRS).

2079 Nola aerugula (Hb.) Scarce Black Arches [I]

E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 4.7 (KR per SPC); Kingsdown, 9.7 (Jarman, 2004); Kingsgate, 4.8 (FS);
Lydd-on-Sea, 13.7 (M.J. Tickner per SPC). E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea, 17.7 (Bowman, 2004).
S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 15-16.7 (BRS).

NOCTUIDAE

2094 Agrotis crmsa (Hb.) Great Dart [I][FR]

DORSET [9] Wyke Regis, 7.8 (DF). W. SUSSEX [13] West Chiltington, near Pulborough, 9.8 (P.J.
Heath per CRP). E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 1.8 (DW).

2102a Ochropleura leucogaster (Frey.) Radford’s Flame Shoulder [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 5.10 (MEH).

2107 Noctua pronuba (L.) Large Yellow Underwing [R][I]

Significant coastal influxes included the following records:

DORSET [9] Durlston, 26.6 (c.5000), with a significant arrival of immigrant species (SN, PAD); 7.8
(1240) (JMc); Southwell, Portland, 6.8 (500) (JHC).

2111a Noctua janthina (D. & S.) Langmaid’s Yellow Underwing [I][MC?]

Total no. reported: 37

DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 4.8, 5.8 (2) (MC); Wyke Regis, 5.8 (DF). The first county
records. W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham, 5.8 (SJP per CRP) [not 5.7 as given in Collins, 2004]; West
Kingston 6.8 (SJP per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Winchelsea, 9.8 (JEC, J. Spence per CRP), first county
records. E. KENT [15] Deal, 12.8 (K. Webb per NJ); Dungeness, 11.7, 19.7, 25.7, 1.8, 13.8 (DW), 1.8,

5.8, 13.8 (CR per SPC), 10.8 (BB); Dymchurch, 29.6 (JO); Kingsgate, 3.7 (FS); Lydd, 27.7, 2.8, 6.8
(KR); Lydd-on-Sea, 19.7, 24.7, 3.8, 7.8 (KA per SPC); New Romney, 5.8, 10.8, 11.8, 13.8 (2) (KR,
SPC); Sandwich, 8.8 (M. Read per NJ); West Hythe, 5.8 (4) (SPC), 7.8 (DCGB), first county records.

2148 Folia bombycina (Hufn.) Pale Shining Brown [R][I]

E. KENT [15] Lydd-on-Sea, 6.7 (KA per KR).

2160a Lacanobia splendens (Hb.) Splendid Brocade [I]

Total no. reported: 12

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 15.7, 25.7, 29.7 (MAS). DORSET [9] Boys Wood, 7.7
(PAD); Swanage, 5.7 (RC^, in Cade, 2004b); Portland Bird Observatory, 1.7 (Cade, 2004b);
Puddletown, 1.7 (HWH); Wyke Regis, 30.6 (DF). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 5.7 (SAK-J). E.
KENT [15] Dymchurch, 14.6, 16.6 (JO); Lydd, 24.6 (KR). New to Britain.

2183 Orthosia miniosa (D. & S.) Blossom Underwing [R][W]

W. CORNWALL [1] Cury, The Lizard, 17.4 (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory,

16.4 (Cade, 2004); Upwey, 4.4, 20.4 (PH); West Bexington, 17.4 (RE). N. ESSEX [19] Abbotts Hall,

6.4 (G. Catchpole per BG); Dovercourt, 29.3 (CG); Frinton-on-Sea, 15.4 (2) (B. Lock per BG); Layer-
de-la-Haye, five during April (P. Pyke per BG).

2194 Mythimna albipuncta (D. & S.) White-point [R][I]

An established resident within the southern and eastern seaboard counties between Dorset [9] and East
Suffolk [25], and records are only listed from outside this area.

W. CORNWALL [1] Housel Bay, The Lizard, 21.10 (APR); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 3.7 - 18.10
(17) (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard, 2.10, 25.10 (Tunmore, 2004). S. DEVON [3] Bere Alston, 16.10 (T.
Sleep per RFM); Dawlish, 12.8, 22.8 (PF per RFM); Prawle Point, 20.8 (PF per RFM); near Salcombe,
13.9 (MB per RFM); Slapton, 1.8 (R. Hilton per RFM); Teignmouth, 12.8 (RFM). HERTFORDSHIRE
[20] Ware, 18.6 (L. Goodyear). MIDDLESEX [21] Horsenden Hill, 18.6 (R. Terry per CWP). E.
NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea, 14.6 - 8.10 (12) (Bowman, 2004); Scole, 4.8, 8.8, 9.8, 12.8, 16.8, 17.8,

23.8, 28.8, 9.9, 13.10, 15.10, 28.11 (M. Hall per DH); Stoke Holy Cross, 8.5 (AM); Thurgarton, 3.8 (C.
Dunster per DH). BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Cockayne Hatley, 14.8 (I.P. Woiwood per LH).
PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer Island, 4.7 (Hayden, 2004).

2202 Mythimna l-album (L.) L-album Wainscot [R][I]

An established resident within the southern seaboard counties between West Cornwall [1] and East Kent
[15], and records are only listed from outside this area.

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

19

S. ESSEX [18] Tillingham, 21.9 (A. Malley per BG). N. ESSEX [19] Jaywick, 13.9, 21.9 (JY per BG);
Kirby-le-Soken, 30.9 (PB per BG); Landermere, 28.9 (J.B. Fisher per BG); St Osyth, 13.9, 2.10 (R.W.
Arthur per BG). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey, 1.10 (MD per AWP); Landguard Bird Observatory, 3.9 -
9.10 (5) (Odin, 2004); Orfordness, 17.9, 18.9, 23.9 (J. Askins per AWP).

2208 Mythimna loreyi (Dup.) Cosmopolitan [I]

Total no. reported: 97 ^ o » , ,

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 2.10 (2), 11.10, 12.10 (2), 6.11 (MEH, AD); lOS: St Mary s,
Longstone, 1.7, August (4), September (9), October (2), 1.11, 4.11, 10.11 (2), 15.11, 18.11 (2) (MAS);
Mylor Churchtown, October, undated (Cooke, 2004); The Lizard, August (1), September (1), October
(4), November (8) (Tunmore, 2004). S. DEVON [3] Abbotskerswell, 19.9 (BPH); Prawle Point, 13.9
(A Trout per RFM). DORSET [9] Durlston, 19.9 (2) (SN); Langton Matravers, 5.9 (DCGB); Portland
Bird Observatory, 25.6 - 28.9 (19) (Cade, 2004); Preston, 25.6 (RL); Puddletown, 14.9, 22.9 (HWH);
Ringstead, 28.6 (MF, DF, RL); Shapwick, 19.9, 30.9 (PAD); Upwey, 27.6, 3.10 (PH); Walditch, 20.9
(2) 30 9, 13.10 (MSP); West Bexington, 21.8, 25.8, 1.9, 14.9, 22.9, 25.9 (RE); Weymouth, 2.10 (PHS);
Wyke Regis, 1.9, 30.9 (DF). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 1.10 (2) (SAK-J). W. SUSSEX [13]
Walberton, ’b.i’o (JTR per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven, 16.10 (CRP). E. KENT [15]
Dymchurch, 21.9 (JO); Lydd, 4.10 (KR). GLAMORGAN [41] Pilton Green, Gower, 19.10 (Gilmore,
2004). ISLE OF MAN [71] Foxdale Patrick, 9.5 (per GDC).

iiPiliilB

Tr-

ip

Wii

IW

IB

liM

' ''-j' * ,

IMP

Wl®

11

Yliiw

iM

' - •'">

1

iff

1-May 16-May 31-May 15-Jun 30-Jun 15-Jul 30-Jul 14-Aug 29-Aug 13-Sep

13-Oct 28-Oct 12-Nov 27-Nov

Fig. 10. Occurrence times of Mythimna loreyi during 2003 (dated records).

2240 Lithophane leautieri hesperica (Hours.) Blair’s Shoulder-knot [R][V/I]

ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon Maughold, 29.9 - 28.10 (17) (per GDC). Probably breeding on the island.
Also now likely to be breeding in Ireland where this species was recorded from two locations in H20
that produced the first Irish records in 2002 (per IR).

2241 Xylena vetmta (Hb.) Red Sword-grass [R][I][V]

S. SOMERSET [5] Nr. Exford, 23.4 (A. Middleton per SN). DORSET [9] Puddletown, 29.4 (HWH);
Shapwick, 24.3 (PAD); Slepe Farm, 25.3, 2.4, 3.4 (D. Cooper); Woolland, 12.4 (P. Benham per PAD).

2242 Xylena exsoleta (L.) Sword-grass [R][I][V]

E. SUFFOLK [25] Reydon, 20.9 (AC per AWP).

2251 Trigonophora flammea (Esp.) Flame Brocade [I][FR]

S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Hengistbury Head, 10.10 (Ml). E. KENT [15] Pegwell, 3.10 (FS).

2261 Conistra erythrocephala (D. & S.) Red-headed Chestnut [I][FR]

S. SOMERSET [5] Norton Sub Hamdon, 25.11 (IM). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven, 5.11 (CRP). N.
ESSEX [19] Dovercourt, 8.11, first county record (CG).

20

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.1.2007

2275 Xanthia gilvago (D. & S.) Dusky-lemon Sallow [R][V/I]

W. CORNWALL [1] The Lizard, 13.10, 21.10 (SN, APR); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 23.10, (Scott,
2004a). The first county records.

2276 Xanthia ocellaris (Borkh.) Pale-lemon Sallow [R][I][V]

S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Southsea, 3.10 (IRT), first county record. W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham, 13.10 (SJP
per CRP); Walberton, 7.10, 10.10 (JTR per CRP). E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 22.9 (KR per SPC);
Ramsgate, 8.10 (FS).

2290 Simyra albovenosa (Goeze) Reed Dagger [R][V/I]

W. SUSSEX [14] Kingsham, 14.7, 16.7 (Patton, 2004). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 15.7, 16.7;
Spurn, 16.7, 7.8 (BRS).

2292 Cryphia algae (Fabr.) Tree-lichen Beauty [I][MC]

Total no. reported: 36

DORSET [9] Durlston, 7.8 (JMc), 8.8 (SN); Portland Bird Observatory, 1.8 (MC). ISLE OF WIGHT
[10] Bonchurch, 10.8, 11.8 (JH); Ventnor, 15.8, 17.8, 18.8 (Knill-Jones, 2004). S. HAMPSHIRE [11]
Hayling Island, 4.8, 7.8 (Phillips, 2004). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 1.8, 4.8 (JTR per CRP). E.
SUSSEX [14] Hastings, 15.7 (NMH per CRP). E. KENT [15] Greatstone, 16.7, 7.8 (BB); Kingsgate,
1.8, 4.8, 6.8 (FS); Littlestone, 21.7 (KR); New Romney, 5.8 (KR); Pegwell, 8.8 (FS); Ramsgate, 24.7
(Solly, 2004). W. KENT [16] Dartford, 28.7, 10.8 (West, 2004); Woolwich, 6.8 (R. Clark). N. ESSEX
[19] Kirby-le-Soken, 25.7 (PB); Little Oakley, 22.7 (GS), first county records. MIDDLESEX [21]
Regents Park, London, 8.7, 20.7, 12.8 (2) (THE). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 10.7,
15.7, 22.7, 2.8, 5-6.8 (Odin, 2004), first county records.

2294 Cryphia raptricula (D. & S.) Marbled Grey [I]

E. KENT [15] Greatstone, 10.8 (BB). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 20.7, first county

record (Odin, 2004).

2304 Trachea atriplicis (L.) Orache Moth [I][FR]

S. DEVON [3] Dawlish, 2.7 (PF, in Collins, 2004). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 19.7
(Cade, 2004); Upwey, 31.7 (PH). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch, 4.7 (JH). W. SUSSEX [13]
Middleton-on-Sea, 4.7, first county record (O. Laughame per CRP).

2097a Actinotia hyperici (D. & S.) Pale-shouldered Cloud [I]

E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 6.5, 3.6, first county records (Odin, 2004).

2349 Chortodes fluxa (Hb.) Mere Wainscot [R][V/I]

S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 6.8 (BRS).

2357 Amphipoea lucens (Frey.) Large Ear [R][I]

N. ESSEX [19] Kirby-le-Soken, 7.8, third county record (PB, BG).

2386 Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) Mediterranean Brocade [In][I]

SURREY [17] Carshalton, 16.6 (D.A. Coleman, in Collins, 2004).

2387a Platyperigea kadenii (Frey.) Clancy’s Rustic [I]

S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Southsea, 11.7, first county record (JRL). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 27.6, first
county record (JTR per CRP). E. KENT [15] Greatstone, 4.7, 18.9 (BB); Lydd, 21.9, 8.10 (CT per SPC).

2392a Proxenus hospes (Frey.) Porter’s Rustic [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 13.9, 16.9 (MEH); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 17.9, 20.9, 26.9
(MAS). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 13.8, first county record (MC).

2404 Heliothis nubigera (H.-S.) Eastern Bordered Straw [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 17.6, 25.6, first county records (MAS). DORSET [9]
West Bexiimton, 25.6 (RE). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Coastguard Cottages, Needles, 23.7, first county
record (DH , M.C. Harvey). S. ESSEX [18] Maldon, 8.6, first county record (R. Neave, S. Wood per BG).

2407 Eublemma ostrina (Hb.) Purple Marbled [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] Maenporth, 5.11 (GD). DORSET [9] Durlston, 26.6 (2) (PAD, SN); Portland Bird
Observatory, 24.8 (Cade, 2004).

2408 Eublemma parva (Hb.) Small Marbled [I]

DORSET [9] Preston, 30.6 (RL); West Bexington, 25.6, 24.8 (RE). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Selborne,
10.7 (AEA). S. LANCASHIRE [59] Pennington, 13.7 (PPper SMP).

2413 Deltote bankiana (Fab.) Silver Barred [R][ W]

E. KENT [15] Dumpton, 19.6 (Solly, 2004); Kingsdown, 22.6 (FS); Littlestone, 30.6 (KR). W. KENT
[16] Grain, 26.6 (AGJB) (not 26.4 as given in Collins, 2004). N. ESSEX [19] Copperas Wood, near
Ramsey, 5.7 (P. Smith per BG); Dovercourt, 3.7 (CG); Frinton-on-Sea, 2.7 (B. Lock per BG).

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

21

2415 Acontia lucida (Hufn.) Pale Shoulder [II

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 14.7 (MEH). W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham, 6.8 (SJP per CRP). E.
KENT [15] Lydd-OE-Sea, 21.9 (RC per SPC).

2418 Earias clorana (L.) Cream-bordered Green Pea [R][FV]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 17.7 (Hicks, 2004).

2420a Earias vittella (Fabr.) [In?]

DORSET [9] DurlstoE, 16.6, to light. A pest species of cotton & okra pods, only previously recorded in
Britain as an intercept (Nash, 2003).

2423 Nycteola miatica (KruL) Eastern Nycteoiine [I]

E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 2.7 (DW, SPC, det. MRH).

2428 Chrysodeixis chakites (Esp.) Golden Twin-spot [I] [In]

Total no. immigrants reported: 8

W. CORNWALL [1] Church Cove, The Lizard, 25.9 (Tunmore, 2004); lOS: St Agnes, 1.10, new to the
Scillies (Hicks, 2004). S. ESSEX [18] Maldon, 7.9 (R. Neave per BG). E. SUFFOLK [25] Dunwich, 5.9
(JBH, AJM); Landguard Bird Observatory, 19.8, 2.10 [second date published in error as 19.9 in Odin,
2004] (NO). W. LANCASHIRE [60] Heysham, 5.7 (J. Holding per SMP), first county record. S.E.
YORKSHIRE [61] Filey, 3.10 (anon.).

E. CORNWALL [2] A colony established within one of the biomes at the Eden Project, Bodelva, with a
number of larvae present on 26.3 & 30.5 (J.L. Gregory), and regular records of adults and larvae
subsequently (J.L. Gregory, pers. comm.).

2432 Trichoplmia mi (Hb.) Nl Moth [I]

Total no. reported: 58

W. CORNWALL [1] Church Cove, The Lizard, 6.8 (Tunmore, 2004); lOS: St Agnes, 14.7, 6.8 (Hicks,
2004), 14.10 (Davison, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 26.6, 4.7 (Scott, 2004a). N. DEVON [4]
Hartland Point, 22.6 (BPH, RFM), 6.9, by day (P. Bryant). S. SOMERSET [5] Staplegrove, 28.8 (JMc).
N. SOMERSET [6] Buraham-on-Sea, 25.6 (2) (A. Slade). DORSET [9] Cheyne Wears, Portland, 4.7
(SPC); Durlston, 26.6 (PAD, SN), 19.8 (2) (DCGB), 22.8 (PAD); Freshwater Bay, Portland, 23.8 (JEC,
J. Spence); Portland Bird Observatory, 26.6, 13.8 (2), 23.8 (2) (MC per PAD); Preston, 27.6 (MF);
Studland, 2.9 (DCGB); Upwey, 25.8 (PH); West Bexington, 26.6, 7.8, 13.8, 15.8, 27.8, 1.9, 4.9 (RE per
PAD); Wyke Regis, 7.8, 23.8 (DF). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch, 11.8 (JH); Freshwater, 26.6
(DBW); Totland, 8.7 (SAK-J). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Beaulieu, 10.8 (B. Ivon- Jones per TN); Southsea,
8.8, 12.8 (JRL per TN). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Nr. Andover, 9.8 (TN). W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham, m

0

1-Jun

■I

16-Jun 1-Jul ie-Jul 31-Jul 15-Aug 30-Aug

Fig. 11. Occurrence times of Trichoplusia ni during 2003 (dated records).

rnmmmmmmm

29-Sep 14-Oct

22

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.1.2007

14.7 (SJP per CRP); Lyminster, 14.8 (R.E. Pratt per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Winchelsea, 5.7 (JEC, J.
Spence per CRP). E. KENT [15] Dymchurch, 18.8 (JO); Kingsgate, 23.6, 15.7 (FS); New Romney, 13.8
(KR). W. KENT [16] Halstead, 24.6 (J. East). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 21.8 (Dewick, 2004).
BERKSHIRE [22] Femham, 13.8 (SN). W. NORFOLK [28] Holme-next-the-Sea, 22.8 (P. Clarke per
DH). GLAMORGAN [41] Roath, Cardiff, 3.9 (DRWG). CARMARTHENSHIRE [44] Pembry, 2.7,

24.8 (J. Baker). S. LANCASHIRE [59] Orrell, 21.8 (P. Alker per SMP).

W. CORK [H3] Crookhaven, 14-19.9 (Allen & Mellon, 2004). WICKLOW [H20] Ashford, 10.9 (AT).

2433 Trysanoplusia orichalcea (Frey.) Slender Burnished Brass [I][In]

W. CORNWALL [1] Church Cove, The Lizard, 18.11 (Tunmore, 2004); lOS: St Agnes, 7.8 (MEH),
12.10 (MEH per AD); [latter record incorrectly given as 23.10 in Hicks, 2004].

2436 Macdunnoughia confusa (Steph.) Dewick’s Plusia [I][In]

DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 28.6 (MC); Upwey, 9.9 (PH); Weymouth, 17.9 (PHS). S.
HANTS [11] Catherington, 26.8 (RJM perTN); Lymington, 5.9 (Harmer, 2004); Southsea, 1.9 (IRT). E.
KENT [15] Dungeness, 21.9 (DW).

2444 Autographa bractea (D. & S.) Gold Spangle [R][V/I]

E. NORFOLK [27] Stiffkey, 5.8 (T. Crafer per DH). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 26.7 (BRS);
Spurn, 10.7 (BRS).

2451 Catocala fraxini (L.) Clifden Nonpareil [I][FR]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 11.9, new to the Scillies (Scott, 2004a).

[There were also unconfirmed records from Southend [18] on 3.9 (R. Mullins per SN); and Maidenhead
[22] on 14.9 (J. Hawksley per THE).]

2465 Tyta luctuosa (D. & S.) Four-spotted [R][W]

E. KENT [15] New Romney, 17.7 (SPC).

2475 Parascotia fuliginaria (L.) Waved Black [R][W]

E. KENT [15] New Romney, 26.6, 15.7 (SPC), 12.7, 22.7 (KR).

2474 Rivula sericealis (Scop.) Straw Dot [R][V/I]

The following records may relate to immigrants.

DORSET [9] Merley, 4-8.8 (411) (J. Hammick); Shapwick, 21.9 (46) (PAD); Woolland, 10.8 (60), 20.9
(16) (P. Benham). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 22.6 (PAC), 26.7 (BRS); Spurn and Kilnsea, 3.8 -

12.8 (37) (BRS); Spurn, 21.9 (BRS).

2478 Hypena obsitalis (Hb.) Bloxworth Snout [R][V/I]

Records outside the known breeding range, most likely to relate to internal vagrancy.

W. CORNWALL [1] Church Cove, The Lizard, 10.10 (Tunmore, 2004); Gerrans, 27.7 (A. Kershaw per
SN); Mylor Churchtown, November, found in shed (Cooke, 2004). DORSET [9] Easton, Portland, 5.9
(RL); Portland Bird Observatory, 9.8 (MC); West Bexington, 4.9 (Eden, 2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10]
Bonchurch, 8.8 (JH).

2488a Pechipogo plumigeralis (Hb.) Plumed fan-foot [I]

E. KENT [15] Greatstone, 10.10 (BB); Kingsgate, 1.8 (FS).

2495 Trisateles emortualis (D. & S.) Olive Crescent [R][I]

DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 15.7 (Cade, 2004). E. SUSSEX [14] Rye Harbour, 6.8 (B.

Yates per CRP).

ANNEX 2i SELECTED RECORDS
OF COMMONER MIGRANT SPECIES IN 2003
Detailed statistics are not provided for the diurnal species listed in Annex 2 due to
the generalised, non-specific nature of reports of these species from several key sites.
Significant records, site totals and general comments have been given for these
species, but it is to be hoped that numerical occurrence records and monthly totals
will be more widely available in future seasons. For the same reason, the totals given
in the tables for partially diurnal species such as Plutella xylostella and Autographa
gamma refer to light-trap records only where records are detailed more
systematically. It has also not been possible to allocate months of occurrence to all

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

23

the records of nocturnal Annex 2 species reported. It is therefore generally the case
that the total given for the number of reported records is greater than the sum of the
monthly totals given within the tables.

Whilst it is likely that the records included in the tables will not be comprehensive
for the commoner species, the geographical and chronological occurrence patterns
presented should reflect the overall picture for each species.

Key to the symbols used within the distribution tables:

SW South-west England (VC’s 1-4).

CS Central southern England (coastal) (VC’s 5, 6, 9-11, 13).

SE South-east England (coastal) (VC’s 14-16, 18, 19).

EA East Anglia & Lincolnshire (VC’s 25-28, 53, 54).

SI Southern England (inland) (VC’s 7, 8, 12, 17, 20-24, 29-34).

W Wales (VC’s 3S, 41-52).

CE Central England (inland) (VC’s 36-40, 53-58),

NE North-east England (VC’s 61, 62, 66-68).

NW North-west England & the Isle of Man (VC’s 59, 60, 63-65, 69-71).

S Scotland (VC’s 72-112).

I Ireland (VC’s H1-H40).

YPONOMEUTIDAE

0464 Fiuteiia xyimteOa (L.) [R][I]

Total no. reported (light-trap records only): 18447
Distribution of records:

SW

CS

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

1181

7479

6537

1349

737

170

479

158

123

52

182

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

3

22

107

169

1398

2183

646

202

158

117

6

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes - 274 (Hicks, 2003);
lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone - 613 (Scott, 2004a). S. DEVON [3] Starcross - 118 (Rothamsted Trap)
(AHD). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory - 2494 (Cade, 2004); West Bexington - 348 (Eden,
2004). W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham - 2914 (Patton, 2004). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven - 251 (Pratt,
2004). E. KENT [15] Isle of Thanet - 4876 at three sites (FS); Kingsdown - 311 (Jarman, 2004).
HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Hertford - 81 (AW per CWP). E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea - 342
(Bowman, 2004). N. NORTHUMBERLAND [68] Whitley Bay - 48 (per KR^).

Ealiest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 25.3 (Scott, 2004a). DORSET [9]
Portland Bird Observatory, 22.3 (Cade, 2004); V/est Bexington, 26.3 (Eden, 2004). ISLE OF WIGHT
[10] Bonchurch, 26.3 (JH). W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham, 26.3 (Patton, 2004). BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
[24] Near Milton Keynes, 21.2, indoors (LH). GLAMORGAN [41] Gower, 27.3 (Gilmore, 2004). W.
LANCASHIRE [60] Heysham, 27.3 (J. Holding per SMP). WICKLOW [H20] Ashford, 8.2, 25.2, 24.3
(AT).

Latest dates: DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 23.12 (MC). E. KENT [15] Thanet, 1.12 (Solly,
2004). N. ESSEX [19] Dovercourt, 3.12 (CG). S. LANCASHIRE [59] Parr, 4.12 (R. Banks per SMP).
DURHAM [66] Marske, 4.12 (D. Money per SN).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 5.7 (84) (Scott, 2004a).
DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 10.8 (249) (Cade, 2004). W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham, 26.6
(178); 19.7 (343) (SJP); Pagham, 2.6 (150) (SN). E. KENT [15] Kingsgate, 19.7 (309) (FS). E.
SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 3.6 (236) (Odin, 2004). E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-
Sea, 3.7 (73) (Bowman, 2004).

Large diurna! counts: S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, ‘hundreds’ for a few days in mid-July (BRS).

24

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

254.2007

Most northerly records: N. EBUDES [104] Raasay, 31.5 (S. Bradley per PC). SHETLAND ISLANDS
[112] general VC, ‘reasonable numbers’ from 13.6 (anon.); Eswick, 19.5 (6), 20.5 (12), 28.5 (4) (TR);
Foula 19.7, ‘abundant’, 30.7 (2) (G. & D. Atherton); Unst, 3.6, several by day (anon.).

PYRALIDAE

1395 Udeaferrugalis (Hb.) [I]

Total no. reported: 14311
Distribution of records:

sw

cs

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

6780

6179

878

72

92

125

26

6

16

1

138

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

1

-

7

72

373

566

4937

883

1827

1023

125

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes - 833 (MEH, AD); lOS:
St Mary’s, Longstone - 4406 (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard - 1388 at three sites (Tunmore, 2004). S.
DEVON [3] Starcross - 78 (Rothamsted Trap) (AHD). DORSET [9] Bridport area - 563 at two sites
(Parsons & Brereton, 2004); Portland Bird Observatory - 1211 (Cade, 2004); West Bexington - 1572
(Eden, 2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Approximate Island total - 2000 (Knill-Jones, 2004); Totland -
556 (SAK-J). W. SUSSEX [13] Selsey - 283 at two sites (Patton, 2004). E. SUSSEX [14] Elms Farm,
Icklesham - 100 (Hunter, 2004); Peacehaven - 121 (Pratt, 2004). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 320+
at seven sites (Clancy, 2004); Isle of Thanet - 162 at three sites (FS). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea -
148 (Dewick, 2004). PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer Island - 60 (Hayden, 2004). WEXFORD [H12]
Tacumshin area, 22-24.8 (69) (Allen, 2004).

Ealiest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] St Mary’s, Longstone, 26.2 (Scott, 2004a).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 24.12 (Scott, 2004a). E. CORNWALL
[2] Bodelva, 24.12 (2) (Gregory, 2004). DORSET [9] Walditch, 27.12 (MSP). ISLE OF WIGHT [10]
Freshwater, 24.12 (SAK-J).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 13.10 (55) (Davison, 2004); lOS: St
Mary’s, Longstone, 4.11 (82), 18.12 (34) (MAS). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 12.8 (87)
(Cade, 2004).

Most northerly records: S. LANCASHIRE [59] Skelmersdale, 4.12 (C. Darbyshire per SMP). W.
LANCASHIRE [60] St. Annes, 14.6 (J. Steeden per SMP). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 15.8
(PAC); Spurn 10.8, 20.8, 8.9 (2) (BRS). N. NORTHUMBERLAND [68] Nunnykirk, near Longhorsley,
7.9 (per Kr2). ISLE OF MAN [71] Ballaugh, 23.8 (2) (per GDC); Knocksharry, 19.8, 21.8, 26.8 (per
GDC); South Barrule, 25.8 (per GDC). ROXBURGHSHIRE [80] Harestanes, near Jedburgh, 3.9 (JW et
al).

Selected inland records: SURREY [17] South Croydon, 13.7 (GAC); Weybridge, 10.8 (A.R. Mitchell
per GAC). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Astonbury Wood, 16.6 (CWP); Bishops Stortford, 16.8, 18.8, 21.8,
22.8, 9.11, 17.11 (JF, CWP); Hertford, 12.8, 23.8, 20.11 (AW per CWP); Ware, 9.11 (EG per CWP).
MIDDLESEX [21] Regent’s Park, 12.8 (THF). BERKSHIRE [22] Dry Sandford, 12.7, 3.8, 10.8 (2),

22.8 (2), 5.9 (AK). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Hilton, 4.11 (BD); Kimbolton, 18.9 (BD); St Ives, 25.8
(BD); Woodwalton Fen, 22.8 (2), 19.9 (BD); Yaxley, 23.8 (A. Frost per BD). LEICESTERSHIRE [55]
Clipsham Quarry, 9.8 (APR); Great Easton, 26.8 (J.M. Harvey per APR); Loddington, undated, five
during the year (RIS per APR); Markfield, 23.8 (AIM per APR); Pickworth, 16.8 (APR); Rutland Water,

23.8 (RIS per APR); Whetstone, 15.8, 17.8 (2) (MPS per APR). NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] South
Muskham, 14.8 (DA, MK); Sutton-on-Trent, 20.11 (MK). CHESHIRE [58] Alsager, 7.9 (M. Dale per
SF); Bramhall, 22.8 (A. Charlton per SF). ROXBURGHSHIRE [80] Harestanes, near Jedburgh, 3.9 (JW
et al).

1398 Nomophila noctuella (D. & S.) [I]

Total no. reported: 127799
Distribution of records:

SW

CS

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

45110

59610

13082

2414

1829

259

315

962

1860

31

2227

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

25

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

-

6

10

90

1595

3232

15486

44822

4993

232

3

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes - 13300+ (Hicks, 2004),
11-16.10 - 462 (Davison, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone - 21876 (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard - 2043
at three sites (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET [9] Bridport area - 1453 at two sites (Parsons & Brereton,
2004); Portland Bird Observatory - 26566 (Cade, 2004); West Bexington - 7765 (Eden, 2004). ISLE
OF WIGHT [10] Approximate Island total - 10000 (Knill-Jones, 2004); Totland - 3700 (SAK-J). W.
SUSSEX [13] Kingsham - 5256 (Patton, 2004). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven - 2852 (Pratt, 2004);
Elms Farm, Icklesham - 2047 (Hunter, 2004). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 3557+ at three sites (per
SPC); Isle of Thanet- 2960 at three sites (FS). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea - 1116 (Dewick, 2004).
E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory - 1220 (Odin, 2004). E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-
Sea - 468 (Bowman, 2004). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn area - 922 at three sites (BRS, PAC).
WICKLOW [H20] Ashford - 928 (AT). W. CORK [H3] Crookhaven, 14-19.9 (901) (Allen & Mellon,
2004).

Ealiest dates; W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 5.4 (Hicks, 2004). E. CORNWALL [2] Looe, 26.3
(TS). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 25.3 (Cade, 2004); West Bexington, 28.3 (Eden, 2004).
W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham, 28.3 (Patton, 2004).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 30.11 (Scott, 2004a). N. WILTSHIRE
[7] Highworth, 3.12 (SN). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 4.12 (Dewick, 2004). WICKLOW [H20]
Ashford, 24.12 (AT).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 25.9 (c.4000) (Hicks, 2004), 13.10
(176) (Davison, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 16.6 (198), 5.8 (232), 17.9 (4600) (MAS). DORSET
[9] Portland Bird Observatory, 5.9 (5500) (Cade, 2004). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Portchester, 7.8 (150)
(IS). W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham, 6.8 (259) (SJP). E. SUSSEX [14] Elms Farm, Icklesham, 12.8 (232),
17.9 (136) (Hunter, 2004). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area, 21.9 (659, at three sites) (per SPC);
Kingsgate, 2.10 (147) (FS). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 5.9 (115) (Dewick, 2004). E. SUFFOLK
[25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 2.10 (343) (Odin, 2004). ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon Maughold, 14.9
(1000+) (per GDC). W. CORK [H3] Cape Clear Island, 13.10 (68) (per KB). WICKLOW [H20]
Ashford, 10.9 (89) (AT).

Large diurnal counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 9.5 - 30.11 (6834) (Scott,
2004a).

Most northerly records: N. EBUDES [104] Raasay, 31.5 (S. Bradley per PC). SHETLAND ISLANDS
[112] Eswick, 19-29.5 (11), 16.8 (TR); Foula, 19.7 (G. & D. Atherton); Ocraquoy, 7.9 (anon.).

Selected inland records: HERTFORDSHIRE [20] 203 adults recorded across the county, 11.6 - 19.11
(per CWP). MIDDLESEX [21] Regent’s Park, 12.8 (75) (THF). BERKSHIRE [22] Dry Sandford, 13.6,
recorded frequently thereafter (AK). CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Wicken, recorded commonly through
September (DEW). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] 65 adults recorded across the county, 13.6 - 14.10 (per
BD). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] 225+ adults recorded across the county, 8.7 - 19.10 (per APR).
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] Girton, 8.8 (DA); South Muskham, 6.8, 14.8, 17.9, 18.9, 4.10 (DA, MK);
Sutton-on-Trent, 20.7, 5.8 (3), 7.8, 12.8, 22.9 (MK). CHESHIRE [58] Alsager, 24.8 - 3.10 (24) (M.
Dale per SF); Bramhall, 14-19.9 (4) (A. Charlton per SF); Gawsworth, 20.9 (SHH); Higher Poynton,
17.8 (2) (SHH); Romiley, 10-23.8 (4), 11.10 (SF). ROXBURGHSHIRE [80] Allan Water, near Hawick,
14.5, 14.8 (JW); Bonavista, near Galashiels, 15.9 (JW); Caverton, near Kelso, 18.9, 19.9 (2) (T. Alampo
per JW).

Offshore record; A single moth at rest on a fishing boat c.5 miles south of Brighton [14], 3.9, at c.lO

a.m. (A. Batten per CRP).

PIERIDAE

1545 Colias crocem (Geoff.) Clouded Yellow [I][MC]

Selected annual totals: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s - 178 (Scott, 2004a). S. HAMPSHIRE
[11] Gosport - 391 (D. Tinling). E. SUSSEX [14] Elms Farm, Icklesham - 79 (IDH per CRP). S.
ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea - 40 (Dewick, 2004). PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer Island - 28
(Hayden, 2004). W. CORK [H3] Dursey Island - 64+ (Scott, 2004b).

Non-specific comments: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, two seen in late June, and a small influx
in September and into October (Hicks, 2004); The Lizard, small numbers seen regularly, particularly
during the autumn (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET [9] Portland, 2.8 - 27.11, almost daily (Cade, 2004).
ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch, 3.8, a number seen coming in off the sea (JH). S.E. YORKSHIRE

26

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.i.2007

[61] Spurn, 27.7 - 9.8 (1-3 most days), 9.9, 17.9, 1.10, 2.10 (Spence, 2003).

Earliest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] near St Austell, 3.4, 4.4 (per RL). S. DEVON [3] Weston Coombe,
5.4 (R.M. Hill). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] First week of April (several) (Knill-Jones, 2004).

Late.st dates: E. CORNWALL [2] Seaton, 4.12 (3) (L. Truscott). DORSET [9] Portland, 27.11 (Cade,
2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Ventnor, 27.12 (A. Butler per SAK-J); Wheelers Bay, 27.11 (Knill-Jones,
2004). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Gosport, 26.11, 27.11 (3), 28.11 (2) (D. Tinling).

Large counts: DORSET [9] Portland, October (20 on several dates) (Cade, 2004). S. HAMPSHIRE
[11] Gosport, 17.10 (47) (D. Tinling). W. SUSSEX [13] Thomey Island, 3.10 (23) (T. Wilson per CRP).
E. SUSSEX [14] Cuckmere Valley, 18.10 (24) (DB per CRP). E. NORFOLK [27] Nr. Hockwold, 2.8
(20+), in a Lucerne field (P. Laurie). W. CORK [H3] Dursey Island, 26.9 (29) (Scott, 2004b).

Most northerly records: ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon Maughold, 15.7 (per GDC).

Selected inland records: SURREY [17] Camberley, 15.9 (GAC); Chiddingfold, 17.10 (GAC);
Lambeth Reservoir, 26.7 (3) (S.J. Spooner per SN). MIDDLESEX [21] Tottenham Marshes, 31.5 (per
L. Goodyear via SN). CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Wicken, 15.10 (2) (DEW). HUNTINGDONSHIRE
[31] Bluntisham Fen, 3.8, 29.8, 31.8 (B «& J. Milne per BD); near Hemmingford Abbots, 17.8 (M.
Everett per BD); near Huntingdon, 20.7 (B & J. Milne per BD), 25.9 (S. Smith per BD); Orton
Southgate, 4.9 (N. Crossman per BD); near Peterborough, 2.8, 14.9 (A. Frost per BD); Sapley, 2.8 (NG-
D per BD); St Ives, 6.7 (B & J. Milne per BD); near St Neots, 21.7 (J. Stevenson per BD); Warboys,
15.6 (P. Rowlings per BD); Weaveley Wood, 2.8 (A. Booth per BD). WORCESTERSHIRE [37] Nr.
Longbridge, 3.8 (R. Wardle). WARWICKSHIRE [38] Nr. Newbold upon Stour, 3.8 (2) (N. Stone).
LEICESTERSHIRE [55] 25+ adults recorded across the county, 6.5 - 3.9 (per APR). CHESHIRE [58]
Nr. Northwich, 29.5 (S. Hefferan per SF). S.W. YORKSHIRE [63] Uppermill, 13.9 (P.B. Hardy per
SHH).

Evidence of breeding: S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn Point, 27.7, ovipositing female (C. Bowler per

SN).

NYMPHALIDAE

1590 Vanessa atalanta (L.) Red Admiral [R][I]

Selected annual totals: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone - 1256 (Scott, 2004a).
DORSET [9] West Bexington - 193 (Eden, 2004). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven - 497 (Pratt, 2004). S.
ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea - 2684 (Dewick, 2004). PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer Island - 4545
(Hayden, 2004). CHESHIRE [58] County total - 699 (per SF). BANFFSHIRE [94] Ordiquhill - 121
(Rl2).

Earliest dates (active): E. CORNWALL [2] Delabole, 16.1 (anon.). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Colden
Common, 16.1 (R. Rowe); Portchester, 16.1 (IS). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Hook, 16.1 (A. McCue). W.
CORK [H3] Near Schull, 4.1 (N. Addey per IR). ANTRIM [H39] Belfast, 16.1 (G. Saunders per IR).
Latest dates (active): Bochym, The Lizard, 17.12 (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET [9] Bridport, 18.12 (per
MSP). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Gosport, 21.12 (D. Tinling). MIDDLESEX [21] Alexandra Palace, Wood
Green, 18.12 (M. Conway). W. SUSSEX [13] Selsey, 18.12 (SIP). E. SUSSEX [14] Seaford. 17.12 (2)
(S. Fletcher per SN).

Large counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 30.8 (170) (Scott, 2004a). S.E.
YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 24.9 (250) (BRS). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 31.7 (115), 2.8 (116)
(Dewick, 2004). PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer Island, 25.8 (1500) (Hayden, 2004). W. CORK [H3]
Dursey Island, 26.9 (120) (Scott, 2004b).

Light-trap records: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 30.6 - 18.10 (33), including 13
on 27.9 (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard, August (1), September (5) (Tunmore, 2004). S. DEVON [3]
Branscombe, 14.6 (BPH, RFM). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 30.6 - 29.9 (12) (Cade,
2004). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 1.8, 5.8 (2), 6.8, 10.8, 12.8 (2), 13.8, 16.8, 10.9, 20.9, 1.10
(Dewick, 2004).

Immature stages/Evidence of breeding: W. CORNWALL [1] Mevagissey, 25.10, pair in cop. (Ofield,
2004). BANFFSHIRE [94] Nr. Macduff, 23.7, larvae abundant (RL^).

1591 Vanessa cardui (L.) Painted Lady [I]

Selected annual totals: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone - 995 (Scott, 2004a).
DORSET [9] West Bexington - 137 (Eden, 2004). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven - 215 (CRP). E. KENT
[15] Dungeness Bird Observatory - 1048 (DW). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea - 5240 (Dewick,
2004). PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer Island - 6791 (Hayden, 2004). CHESHIRE [58] County total
-461 (perSF).

Earliest dates (active): W. CORNWALL [1] The Lizard, 17.3 (Tunmore, 2004). E. CORNWALL [2]
Near Torpoint, 16.3 (2) (D. Allen). S. DEVON [3] Plymouth, 12.3 (VT), 14.3 (2) (S. Coombes); Stoke
Point, 15.3 (6), 16.3 (VT). S. SOMERSET [5] Taunton, 13.3 (M. Ridge). DORSET [9] St Aldhelm’s

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

27

Head, 17.3 (RL); West Bexington, 14.3 (Eden, 2004). E. KENT [15] Isle of Thanet, 24.3 (Solly, 2004).
W. CORK [H3] Dursey Island, 12.3 (Scott, 2004b).

Latest dates (active): W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 9.11 (Scott, 2004a). S. DEVON
[3] Buckfastleigh, 10.11 (B&LB per REM). E. SUSSEX [14] Elms Farm, Icklesham, 4.11 (Hunter,

2004). E. KENT [15] Isle of Thanet, 4.11 (Solly, 2004).

Large counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 31.8 (100) (Scott, 2004a). S. DEVON
[3] Between Start Point & Torcross, 28.6 (300+) (M. Catt). DORSET [9] Portland, June (100+ on many
dates), August (many hundreds daily) (Cade, 2004). W. SUSSEX [13] Pagham, 24.7 (large numbers,
inc. 100+ in one field) (SIP); Pulborough, 26.7 (c.200) (per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Elms Farm,
Icklesham, 22.7 (c. 150,000) (Hunter, 2004); Hollingbury, 3.8 (c.200) (per CRP). E. KENT [15] Oare,
20.7 (c.200) (S. Nunn per ME); Ramsgate Hoverport, 31.7 (c.2000) (Solly, 2004); Sandwich, 2.8 (104
on transect) (P. Forrest); Thanet, 3.8 (182 at two sites) (S. Blaskett per ME). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-
on-Sea, 27.7 (415), 28.7 (577), 29.7 (627), 30.7 (658), 31.7 (646) (Dewick, 2004). N. ESSEX [19] Nr.
Halstead, 26.7 (500) (per SN); Markshall, 29.7 (789) (D. Owen); Marks Tey, 24.7 (several hundred) (N.
Harvey); Walton-on-the-Naze, 28.7 (277) (D. Owen). E. SUFFOLK [25] Aldeburgh, 3.6 (100 in one
field) (per RP); (Bawdsey, 27.7 (360) (C.A. Jacobs); Culpho, nr. Ipswich, 1.6 (400) (per RP);
Landguard, 3.6 (150) (per SHP); Thorpeness, 2.6 (200) (C.A. Jacobs). E. NORFOLK [27] Nr.
Hockwold, 2.8 (8000), in a Lucerne field (P. Laurie). N. LINCOLNSHIRE [54] Gibraltar Point, 28.7
(300+) (Sykes, 2004). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 2.6 (140), 16.7 (169), 2.8 (475), 12.9 (420)
(BRS). PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer Island, 25.8 (3000) (Hayden, 2004). LEICESTERSHIRE [55]
Edith Weston, 2.8 (c.200) (V. Arnold). NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] Eakring, 3.8, (715) (T. Pendleton).
W. CORK [H3] Dursey Island, 26.9 (120) (Scott, 2004b).

Light-trap records: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 5.7 - 25.9 (7), including four on
6.8 (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard, 23.3, September (3) (Tunmore, 2004). S. DEVON [3] Branscombe, 14.6
(BPH, RFM). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 1.8 - 25.9 (4) (MC). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-
on-Sea, 30.7 (4), 1.8 (2), 2.8 (4), 3.8, 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 (2) (Dewick, 2004). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31]
Woodwalton Fen, 2.8 (BD). ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon Maughold, 2.9 (per GDC).

Immature stages: W. CORNWALL [1] Crantock, 11.7, larva on Borago ojficinalis (KNAA). S.
DEVON [3] South Milton Sands, 16.8, two larvae on Arctium spp. (BPH). DORSET [9] West Lulworth,
18.7, larva on Arctium minus (DH^ per SPC). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch, larvae in June (JH). E.
SUSSEX [14] Rye Harbour, July, undated, larva on Artemisia vulgaris (DB per SPC). E. KENT [15]
Dungeness, 17.7, larva on Plantago lanceolata (SPC). SURREY [17] Guildford, 10.6, larva (GAC).
MIDDLESEX [21] Shepperton, 21.7, larva (GAC). CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Wicken, July & August,
larvae common (DEW). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Bluntisham Fen, 14.6, larva(e) (B & J. Milne per
BD). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Empingham, 11.8, larvae (M.W. Tyler per APR). CHESHIRE [58]
Manchester airport, 25.6, larva (I.F. Smith per SF); West Kirby, 7.7, larva (I.F. Smith per SF).
BANFFSHIRE [94] Ordiquhill, 24.8, larva and vacated webs (RL^). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112]
Norwick, 13.8, larva (M. Mouat).

GEOMETRIDAE

1716 Rhodometra sacraria (L.) Vestal [I]

Total no. reported: 1067
Distribution of records:

sw

cs

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

627

283

66

5

24

18

13

1

4

-

26

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

-

-

-

-

14

17

165

432

252

14

-

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes - 140 (MEH, AD); lOS:
St Mary’s, Longstone - 264 (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard - 109 at three sites (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET
[9] Bridport area - 45 at two sites (Parsons & Brereton, 2004); Portland Bird Observatory - 40 (Cade,
2004); West Bexington - 29 (Eden, 2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Approximate Island total - 30 (Knill-
Jones, 2004). W. SUSSEX [13] Selsey - 24 at three sites (Patton, 2004); Walberton - 20 (JTR per CRP).
E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 20 at eight sites (per SPC).

Ealiest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 27.6 (Scott, 2004a). N. DEVON [4]
Bideford, 26.6 (2) (ASH per RFM). DORSET [9] Preston, 26.6 (MF). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland,

28

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.1.2007

26.6 (SAK-J). E. KENT [15] New Romney, 26.6 (SPC); Isle of Thanet, 27.6 (Solly, 2004).
WARWICKSHIRE [38] Charlecote, 22.6 (DCGB). GLAMORGAN [41] Mumbles, 25.6 (T. Bantock
per SN). BRECONSHIRE [42] Newbridge-on- Wye, 24.6, by day (G. Tordoff per SN).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 20.11 (Scott, 2004a). WICKLOW [H20]
Ashford, 17.11 (2) (AT).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] Coverack, The Lizard, 12.10 (8) (DCGB); lOS: St
Agnes, 12.10 (16), 13.10 (27) (Davison, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 30.8 (18), 12.10 (21) (Scott,
2004a).

Most northerly records: CHESHIRE [58] Halton, 17.9 (J.J. Clarke per SF). W. LANCASHIRE [60]
Lightfoot Green, 18.9 (SMP). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Easington, 21.9 (M.J. Stoyle per BRS). ISLE OF
MAN [71] Dhoon Maughold, 18.9, 22.9 (per GDC); Minorca Laxey, 24.9 (per GDC).

Selected inland records: N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Grateley, 20.9, 10.10, 14.10 (S. Colenutt per TN);
Grey well, 26.9, 16.10 (P. Boswell per TN); Selbome, 20.9 (3), 1.10 (AEA). SURREY [17] Banstead,
6.8 (S.W. Gale per GAC); Ewell, 24.9 (GAC). S. ESSEX [18] Epping Forest, August, undated (T. Green
per BG); Magdalen Laver, September, undated (T. Green per BG). N. ESSEX [19] Felsted, 21.7 (G.
Geen per BG); Takeley, 22.9 (G. Sell per BG). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford, 21.9 (JF per
CWP); Hertford, 21.9 (AW per CWP); Ware, 20.9 (EG per CWP). BERKSHIRE [22] Dry Sandford,

21.9 (AK); Fernham, 2.7, 3.8 (SN). CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Wicken, 30.9 (DEW).
BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Cockayne Hatley, 5.9 (I.P. Woiwood per LH). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31]
Kimbolton, 17.10 (T. Parnell per BD). WARWICKSHIRE [38] Charlecote, 22.6, 17.8, 19-29.9 (4), 2.10,

13.10 (DCGB). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Barrowden, 14.8 (R. Follows per APR); Dadlington, 9.10 (3)
(R. Smith per APR); Eyebrook Reservoir, 2.8, 19.9 (R. Follows per APR).

1720 Orthonama obstipata (Fab.) Gem [I]

Total no. reported: 446
Distribution of records:

sw

cs

C/3

m

1 EA

SI

w

CE i

i

NE

NW

S

I

160

155

l_ZL_

4

4

5

9

1

12

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

3

4

6

7 IQ-

36

89

70

80

61

4

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes - 43 (MEH, AD); lOS: St
Mary’s, Longstone - 67 (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard - 22 at three sites (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET [9]
Portland Bird Observatory - 39 (Cade, 2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Total from two sites - 14 (JH,
SAK-J). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton - 14 (JTR per CRP). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 32 at nine
sites (per SPC).

Ealiest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, March, undated (2) (Hicks, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s,
Longstone, 28.3 (Scott, 2004a). CARMARTHENSHIRE [44] Wharley Point, 18.4 (J. Baker).

Latest dates; W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, December, undated (2) (Hicks, 2004); lOS: St
Mary’s, Longstone, 14.12, 18.12 (Scott, 2004a). DORSET [9] Walditch, 29.11 (MSP). W. SUSSEX [13]
Walberton, 30. 1 1 (JTR per CRP).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] Coverack, The Lizard, 13.10 (12), 15.10 (5) (DCGB);
lOS: St Agnes, 13.10 (5) (Davison, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 13.10 (6) (Scott, 2004a).
DORSET [9] Portland, 5.9 (13) (MC); Studland, 5.9 (4) (DCGB). W. CORK [H3] Cape Clear Island,

12.10 (6) (per KB).

Most northerly records: S. LANCASHIRE [59] St Helens, 28.10 (C. Davies per SMP). S.E.
YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 18.7 (PAC), 1.10 (BRS); Spurn 10.7, 2.10 (BRS). ISLE OF MAN [71]
Dhoon Maughold, 1.9, 2.9, 18.9, 20.9, 30.9 (per GDC); Gob y Volley Ballaugh, 14.6 (per GDC).
SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 12.11 (TR).

Selected inland records: N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Selbome, 4.6, 6.6, 14.8, 15.8 (AEA). E. SUSSEX [14]
Crawley Down, 2.10, 19.11 (JHC per CRP). SURREY [17] Chobham, 15.7 (PR. Wheeler per GAC);
West Molesey, 2.7 (PR. Williams per GAC). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford, 15.6 (JF, J.
Reeves); Harpenden, 18.1 1 (PG per CWP); Long Marston, 26.6 (P. Bygate per CWP); Marshalls Heath,
2.7 (J. Murray). BERKSHIRE [22] Dry Sandford, 30.10 (AK). E. NORFOLK [27] Scole, 13.8 (M. Hall
per DH). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Grafham Water, 20.9 (BD); Huntingdon, 1.10, 3.10 (M.
Shardlow per BD); Kings Ripton, 23.8 (D. Ritchie per BD); Yaxley, 5.9 (A. Frost per BD).
WARWICKSHIRE [38] Hillmorton, Rugby, 4.8, 7.8 (D. Porter per DCGB). DERBYSHIRE [57]

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

29

Foremark Reservoir, 18.11 (Budworth et al, 2004). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Braunstone, 7.5 (L. Holton
per APR). S. LANCASHIRE [59] Chorlton, 18.11 (B. Smart per SMP). S.W. YORKSHIRE [63]
Holdworth, Sheffield, 11.11 (K. Clarkson).

SPHINGIDAE

1972 Agrius convolvuli (L.) Convolvulus Hawk-moth [I] [In]

Total no. adults reported: 2671
Distribution of records:

sw

cs

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

1361

763

277

74

31

35

27

20

21

34

28

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

-

-

-

-

7

27

659

602

71

2

-

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes - 140 (Hicks, 2004);
lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone - 172 (Scott, 2004a); lOS: St Mary’s, August & September, island total -
1000+ (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard - 46 at three sites (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET [9] Portland Bird
Observatory - 136 (Cade, 2004); Puddletown - 61 (HWH); West Bexington - 122 (Eden, 2004). ISLE
OF WIGHT [10] Approximate Island total - 138 (Knili-Jones, 2004); Bonchurch - 40+ (JH); Totland -
35 (SAK-J). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Wickham Common, Fareham - 11 (Coker, 2004). W. SUSSEX [13]
Ferring - 1 1 (THF per CRP); Walberton - 10 (JTR per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven - 14 (CRP).
E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 40 at twelve sites (per SPC); Isle of Thanet - 84 at seven sites (Solly,
2004). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea - 24 (Dewick, 2004). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn area - 8 at
three sites (BRS, PAC). ISLE OF MAN [71] Island total - 17 (Craine, 2004). W. CORK [H3]
Crookhaven, 14-19.9 (11) (Allen & Mellon, 2004).

Ealiest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] The Lizard, June, undated (Tunmore, 2004). N. DEVON [4]
Hartland Point, 22.6 (BPH, REM). DORSET [9] Durlston, 26.6 (PAD, SN); West Bexington, June
(undated) (Eden, 2004). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 17.6 (Odin, 2004). S.E.
YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 29.6 (PAC).

Latest dates: W. SUSSEX [13] Ringmer, 30.10 (A. Batten per CRP). S. ESSEX [18] Rainham
Marshes, 15.11 (N.R. Bruce- White per BG). NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] Kimberley, 8.11, found dead
(I. Cook per JE).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 27.8 (24), late August, up to 10 feeding
at Oenothera biennis flowers (Hicks, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 17.8 (11) (Scott, 2004a); lOS:
St Mary’s, late August, undated (30), feeding together at Hedychium spp. flowers (Scott, 2004a); St
Delian, near Penzance, 25.9 (6) (J. Yamold per PHB). S. DEVON [3] Hope Cove, Kingsbridge, 11.8 -
6.9, up to 9 per night feeding at Lonicera spp. Flowers (K. Trout per RFM). DORSET [9] Durlston, 7.8
(17) (JMc), 5.9 (33) (DCGB), 19.9 (39) (SN). GLAMORGAN [41] Kenfig NNR, 23.8 (7) (Gilmore,
2004).

Most northerly records: N. ABERDEENSHIRE [93] Auchnagatt, 4.7 (C. Harlow); Huntly, 10.9 (per P.
Shand via RL^). BANFFSHIRE [94] Comhill, 4.9 (J. McLeod per RL^). MORAY [95] New Elgin, 11.9
(D. Jamieson per RL^). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Burrafirth, 13.8 (anon.); Eswick, 8.8, 16.8 (T.
Rogers); Fair Isle, 13.9 (anon.); Fetlar, 6.9 (2), 8.9 (2) (anon.), 10.9 (K. & M. Hughson); Foula, 1.8 (2),
5.8 (2), 26.8 (2), 27.8, 4.9 (G. & D. Atherton); Kirkadale, 13.8, by day (per R. Ditchbum); Lerwick,
15.8, 17.8 (anon.); Mid Yell, 11.9 (4+) (anon.); Norwick, 18.8 (W. & H. Laurenson); Unst, 22.8 (R. &
W. Henderson); Urafirth, 18.8 (anon.); Whalsay, 16.9 (anon.).

Selected inland records: SURREY [17] Givons Grove, near Leatherhead, 14.8 (A.M.V. Hoare per
GAC). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford, 20.9 (J. Horrocks per CWP); Long Marston, 14.8 (P.
Bygate per CWP); Quickswood, 19.8 (E. May per CWP), 16.9 (D. Heath per CWP); Shenley, 30.8 (W
& P. Page per CWP). MIDDLESEX [21] Alexandra Palace, 6.8 (G. Newbiggin per CWP).
BERKSHIRE [22] Dry Sandford, 6.8, 26.8 (AK). BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Bedford, 30.8 (B. Anderson
per LH); Haynes, 26.8 (S. Rowe per LH); Luton, 7.8, 15.8, 16.9 (H. Palmer per LH); Potton, 24.8 (A.
Darrington per LH); Odell, 3.9 (H.A. Smith per LH); Whipsnade, 1.9 (C. Tack per LH).
HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Abbots Ripton, 8.9 (C. Drage per BD); Easton, September, undated (B.
Davis per BD); Houghton, 13.8 (per BD); Huntingdon, 10.9 (M. Abbot per BD); Kings Ripton, 5.9 (D.
Ritchie per BD); Stow Longa, September, undated (W. Caress per BD). WARWICKSHIRE [38] Norton
Lindsey, 31.8 (H. Cuttell per DCGB); Pillerton Priors, 18.8 (C. Ivin per DCGB). STAFEORDSHIRE

30

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.1.2007

[39] Solihull, 4.8 (B. Moore per SN), West Bromwich, 4.8 (S. Flower per SN). LEICESTERSHIRE [55]
Asfordby, 19.9 (A. Corley per APR); Barrowden, 26.8 (L. Worrall per APR); Birstall, 22.8 (J. Williams
per APR); Cottesmore, August, undated (per APR); Earl Shilton, 15.8 (C. Baggott per APR); Fleckney,
16.9 (J.G. Cranfield per APR); Glen Parva, 14.8 (per APR); Goadby, 10.8, 12.8, 19.8 (per APR);
Hinckley, 15.8 (D. Taylor per APR); Hugglescote, 2.10 (K.K. Ingram per APR); South Luffenham, 29.8
(L. Worrall per APR); Thorpe Satchville, 18.9 (F.J. Johnson per APR); Wigston, 20.8 (R. Felce per
APR). NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] Edwinstowe, 15.7 (T. Barton per SW); Flintham, 8.9 (J. Lennon per
SW); Kimberley, 8.11 (I. Cook per JE); Kirkby-in-Ashfield, 2.10 (S. Kelly per IE); South Leverton,

23.8 (Y. Winder per SW). DERBYSHIRE [57] Whitwell Wood, 23.8 (Budworth et al, 2004); Matlock,

21.9 (Budworth et al, 2004). W. LANCASHIRE [60] Colne, 7.8 (per SN). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61]
Haxby, 24.9 (per TE); Hook, near Goole 7.9 (2) (R. Butcher per BRS). ARMAGH [H37] Portadown,
19.8 (D. Cornett per IR).

Immature stages: W. CORNWALL [1] Falmouth, 10.10, larva (S. Dunbar per PHB); lOS: St Agnes,
c. 10 larvae (Hicks, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, c.200 larvae reported (Scott, 2004a); Land’s End, 11.10,
larva (Boggis, 2003); Marazion, 11.10, larva (Boggis, 2003); Nanquidno Valley, 12.10, eight larvae
(Boggis, 2003); Penzance area, early September, 20+ larvae (R. Sadler et al per PHB); Porthcurno,

11.10, larva (Boggis, 2003); Porthgwarra, 11.10, three larvae (Boggis, 2003); Praa Sands, 12.10, two
larvae (Boggis, 2003); The Lizard, September/October, ‘high numbers of larvae’ (Tunmore, 2004);
Sennen, 11.10, five larvae (Boggis, 2003); St Columb Major, 2.10, larva (PHB); Trevose Head, 21.9,
larva (D.I. Julian per PHB). E. CORNWALL [2] Portmellon, 27.8, larva (B. Ofield per PHB); near
Saltash, 2.8, larva (I. Bennallick per JH^); Torpoint, 8.10, larva (Boggis, 2003). S. DEVON [3] Nr. Start
Point, 25.8, nine ova & two larvae (BPH); Wembury, 19.9, larva (T. Sleep per RFM). DORSET [9]
Blandford, 13.9, larva (N. Butt); Chilcombe, 5.9, two larvae (J. d’Erlanger); Portland,
September/October, larvae found at several sites (Cade, 2004); Seacombe, 15.9, five larvae (PAD);
Walditch, 30.9, larva (MSP); Wareham, 21.9, larva (A. Stewart); West Bexington, 25.9, larva (Eden,
2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Along the south coast of the island, 12+ larvae reported (Knill-Jones,
2004); Bonchurch, mid-September, larva (JH); St Catherine’s Point, mid-September, larva (JH). W.
SUSSEX [13] Cross Bush, mid-October, pupa inside greenhouse (per CRP); Ferring, 13.9, larva (J.
Kennedy per CRP); Plaistow, larva, pupated in October (per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Bevendean, 3.10
(C. Downs per CRP); Brighton, 15.9, larva (A. Stevens per CRP); Horns Cross, October, eight larvae
(DB per CRP); Northiam, 1.10, larva (A. Lee per CRP); Peacehaven, 19.9, two larvae (K. Robinson per
CRP); Rye Harbour, 27.9, larva (B. Yates per CRP). E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 24.9, twelve larvae (D.
Bunny per SPC). N. ESSEX [19] Bradfield, September, larva (I. Rose per BG); Old Hall Marshes, 23.8,
larva (C. Tyas per BG). E. SUFFOLK [25] Minsmere, 22-24.9, larva (Harvey, 2004). W. SUFFOLK
[26] Whepstead, 4.9, larva (A. Read per AWP). GLAMORGAN [41] Bridgend, 28.9, larva(e) (Gilmore,
2004); Cheriton, 7.10, larva(e) (Gilmore, 2004); Cwm Ivy, 24.9, 25.9, 28.9, 29.9, at least six larvae in
total (VS); Langley Bay, 6.10, larva(e) (Gilmore, 2004); Llanmadoc, 29.9, 2.10, larvae (Gilmore,
2004); Neath, 3.10, larva(e) (Gilmore, 2004); Pontcanna, 3.10, larva(e) (Gilmore, 2004); Pwll, Llanelli,

3.10, two larvae (R.D. Price); Rhossili, 12.10, larva(e) (Gilmore, 2004); St Donat’s, 24.9, larva(e)
(Gilmore, 2004); Tremorfa, September, larva(e) (Gilmore, 2004). CHESHIRE [58] North Wirral, 3.10,
larva (P. Bowler per SF); Wallasey, 4.9, three larvae (D.C. Hinde per SF). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61]
Kilnsea, 25.8, pupa dug up (P. Martin); Spurn area, five larvae found between 26.8 & 7.10 (BRS). ISLE
OF MAN [71] Minorca Laxey, 19.9, larva (per GDC).

Importation: W. SUSSEX [13] Littlehampton, 31.1, on the side of a refrigerated lorry from South
Africa (per CRP).

1984 Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) Humming-bird Hawk-moth [I]

Minimum no. adults reported: 5400+

Selected annual totals: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone - 323 (Scott, 2004a). ISLE OF
WIGHT [10] Approximate Island total - 200 (Knill-Jones, 2004). E. SUSSEX [14] Hampden Park,
Eastbourne - c.lOO (R. Mellor per CRP); Peacehaven - 68 (CRP); Woodingdean - 212 (R. Musselle per
CRP). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 164 at ten sites (per SPC). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea -
370 (Dewick, 2004). PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer Island - 51 (Hayden, 2004). S.E. YORKSHIRE
[61] Spurn area - 163+ (BRS, PAC, P. Martin). ISLE OF MAN [71] Island total - 23 (per GDC). W.
CORK [H3] Dursey Island - 70+ (Scott, 2004b).

Non-specific comments: W. CORNWALL [1] Constantine, Falmouth, large numbers between 23.6 &
7.7 (H. Jonas per RDP); The Lizard, present in abundance during the summer and autumn months
(Tunmore, 2004). DORSET [9] Portland, numerous by day throughout the island (recorded between 8.6
& 2.12) (Cade, 2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch, very common during the week of 18.8 (JH).
S. HAMPSHIRE [11] 147+ adults recorded across the VC (perTN). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] 100+ adults
recorded across the VC (per TN). ESSEX [18 & 19] A very good year, reported from forty-eight sites.

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

31

mostly from June to October with a peak in mid-August (per BG). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] 19.3 -
27.11, 171 adults recorded across the county (per CWP). CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Wicken, 20.6,
then regular until end of August (DEW). BEDFORDSHIRE [30] 9.6 - 27.11, 130+ adults reported
across the county (per LH). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31]13.6 - 15.10, 83+ adults reported across the
county (per BD). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] 9.6 - 30.10, 180+ adults reported across the county (per
APR). NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] 11.6 - 10.10, 52+ adults reported across the county (per SW &
IE). DERBYSHIRE [57] 13.6 - 18.10, 38+ adults reported across the county (Budworth et al, 2004).
CHESHIRE [58] 7.6 - 11.11, 56+ adults reported across the county (per SF). LANCASHIRE [59 &
60] The first influx occurred in mid to late June, the moth being recorded widely throughout the county
over the following few weeks. Then daily sightings throughout July and again during September (per
SMP).

Earliest dates (active): E. CORNWALL [2] Launceston, 7.3 (J. Dowlman). EAST KENT [15]
Pedlinge, 27.1 (S. Scrivens). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Datchworth, 19.3 (A. Fisher per CWP);
Digswell, 20.3 (T. Gladwin per CWP). MIDDLESEX [21] Enfield, 18.3 (per CWP).
CAERNARVONSHIRE [49] Lleyn Peninsula, 13.3 (L. Hewitt).

Latest dates (active): S. SOMERSET [5] Taunton, 3.12 (J.C. Lidgate). DORSET [9] Portland, 2.12
(Cade, 2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Freshwater, 15.12 (A. Butler per SAK-J). MIDDLESEX [21]
Highgate Road, London, 21.12 (anon.). W. CORK [H3] Dursey Island, 6.12 (Scott, 2004b).

Large counts: W. CORNWALL [1] Constantine, Falmouth, 30.6 (24+) (H. Jonas per RDP); lOS: St
Mary’s, Longstone, 27-31.8 (74), including 21 on 28.8 (Scott, 2004a); Pendennis Castle, Falmouth, 23.6
(50) (R. Parslow). DORSET [9] Portland, August, 100+ on many dates (Cade, 2004). E. SUSSEX [14]
Willingdon, 11.7 (12+, seen together probing chalk) (R. Mellor, S. Young per CRP). E. KENT [15]
Dungeness Bird Observatory, 21.8 (15) (DW); Isle of Thanet, up to 10 daily in August (Solly, 2004). W.
KENT [16] Otford, 24.6 (c.50) (Ferguson, 2005). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 13.8 (32), 10-21.8
(double figure counts on nine days) (Dewick, 2004). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 28.6 (7) (P.
Martin). W. CORK [H3] Dursey Island, 26.9 (14) (Scott, 2004b). MID CORK [H4] Roche’s Point,
21/22.6 (20) (T. Gittings per IR).

Most northerly records: ROXBURGHSHIRE [80] Harestanes, near Jedburgh, 3.9 (JW).
BERWICKSHIRE [81] Milldown Point, 1.10 (JW). MIDLOTHIAN [83] Edinbugh, 13.11 (per SN).
SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Burravoe, 2.7 (D. & H. Thomson); Fair Isle, 13.9 (anon.); Hermaness,
14.6 (anon.); Muckle Roe, 15.8 (anon.); Outer Skerries, 20.9, 17.10 (2) (anon); Whalsay, 22.6 (B. & L.
Marshall).

Light-trap records: W. CORNWALL [1] The Lizard, 30.8, 17.9, 20.9, 13.10 (Tunmore, 2004). S.
DEVON [3] Teignmouth, 22.8 (RFM). DORSET [9] Canford, 30.9 (P. Taylor); Durlston, 19.9, 20.9
(SN, PAD); Portland Bird Observatory, 2.6 - 21.9 (29) (Cade, 2004); Preston, 5.6 (MF); Southwell, 13.9
(2) (JHC); Walditch, 7.9 (MSP); West Bexington, 23.6 (2), 25.6, 3.9 (RE); Weymouth, 30.6 (PHS);
Wool, 19.9 (D. Cooper); Wyke Regis, 11.6, 14.6, 4.9 (2), 17.9 (DF). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch,
around 18.8 (JH). W. SUSSEX [13] Pagham, 5.11 (JHC). E. SUSSEX [14] Elms Farm, Icklesham,
21.10 (Hunter, 2004); Heathfield, 21.9 (DRML per CRP). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area, June -
October (14+, including 3 at the Bird Observatory on 5.9 & 21.9 (DW)) (per SPC); Isle of Thanet,
undated (5 in total) (Solly, 2004); Sandwich, 10.6 (D. Wrathall). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird
Observatory, 26.7, 13.10 (Odin, 2004). E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea, 25.6, 30.6, 29.6, 12.9, 20.9
(NB per DH). BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Carlton, 17.9 (H.A. Smith per LH); Potton, 27.8 (H.A. Smith per
LH); Studham, 18.9 (C.R.B. Baker per LH); Turvey, 3.9 (H.A. Smith per LH); Yelden, 13.10 (A.
Paynter per LH). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Earith, 14.6 (D. Griffiths per BD); Folksworth, August
(1), September (1) (A. Frost per BD); Yaxley, July (1), August (1) (A. Frost per BD). S.E. YORKSHIRE
[61] Spurn, 9.8 (BRS).

Evidence of hibernation: E. SUSSEX [14] Brighton, 10.1, 18.11, singletons at rest inside Royal Sussex
County Hospital (J. Paul). GLAMORGAN [41] Paviland Cave, 27.10, prospecting inside cave.
Immature stages: DORSET [9] Badbury Rings, 9.7, four larvae (PAD); Coombe Valley, 13.7, 3.8,
larvae (MF); Lulworth Cove, 18.7, three larvae (MSP); Portland, 10.7, thirteen larvae (RRC), 31.7, two
larvae (MSP). E. SUSSEX [14] Camber, larvae during July (DB per CRP); Hope Gap, late July, thirteen
larvae found in 15 minutes (AJB per CRP); Seaford Head, larvae during July (DB per CRP);
Woodingdean, undated, two larvae (K. Robinson per CRP). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, forty-six
larvae during July, 25.8 (larva) (Dewick, 2004). E. SUFFOLK [25] Beccles, 31.7, larva (M. Mayston
per AWP); Felixstowe, undated, larva (B. Matthews per AWP). DERBYSHIRE [57] Bolehill, 22.7, larva
(B.L. Statham, in Budworth et al, 2004); Bonsall Moor, 22.7, two larvae (B.L. Statham, in Budworth et
al, 2004); Matlock, 22-25.7, nine larvae (B.L. Statham, in Budworth et al, 2004). S. LANCASHIRE
[59] Liverpool, 18.7, c.25 larvae at the National Wildflower Centre (D. Young per SMP); Walton, 4.8,
larva (M. Pons per SMP).

32

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25J.2007

NOCTUIDAE

2091 Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) Dark Sword-grass [I]
Total no. reported; 10747
Distribution of records;

sw

cs

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

2708

4235

1584

377

373

235

252

406

299

72

206

Months of occurrence;

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

3

1 I

102

129

155

487

589

2060

2065

224

108

16

Selected annual totals from fixed traps; W. CORNWALL [1] lOS; St Agnes - 614 (Hicks, 2004); lOS;
St Mary’s, Longstone - 1488 (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard - 396 at three sites (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET
[9] Bridport area - 122 at two sites (Parsons & Brereton, 2004); Portland Bird Observatory - 1737
(Cade, 2004); West Bexington - 768 (Eden, 2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Approximate Island total -
1000 (Knill-Jones, 2004); Totland - 350 (SAK-J). W. SUSSEX [13] Selsey - 157 at two sites (Patton,
2004). E. SUSSEX [14] Elms Farm, Icklesham - 322 (Hunter, 2004). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area -
490+ at thirteen sites (per SPC); Isle of Thanet - 398 at seven sites (Solly, 2004). S. ESSEX [18]
Bradwell-on-Sea - 288 (Dewick, 2004). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory - 94 (Odin,
2004). E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea - 158 (Bowman, 2004). CHESHIRE [58] County total - 165
(per SF). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn area - 265 at three sites (BRS, PAC). ISLE OF MAN [71]
Dhoon Maughold - 114 (per GDC); Knocksharry - 68 (per GDC). WICKLOW [H20] Ashford - 122
(AT).

Ealiest dates; W. CORNWALL [1] lOS; St Mary’s, Longstone, 13.1, 14.1, 19.1 (MAS). E.
CORNWALL [2] Looe, 24.3 (TS). E. KENT [15] Isle of Thanet, 11.3 (Solly, 2004). GLAMORGAN
[41] Porthcawl, 7.3, 8.3 (Gilmore, 2004). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 21.3 (2), 22.3 (2), 23.3
(5) (TR); Foula, 19.3, 20.3 (2), 23.3 (7) (G. & D. Atherton).

Latest dates; W. CORNWALL [1] lOS; St Mary’s, Longstone, 2.12 (Scott, 2004a). N. WILTSHIRE [7]
Highworth, 4.12 (SN). DORSET [9] Upwey, 18.12 (PH); Walditch, 2.12 (2) (MSP). E. KENT [15]
Dumpton, 6.12 (D. Wrathall); Lydd, 2.12 (KR); Pegwell, 12.12 (FS). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea,
13.12 (Dewick, 2004). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Hertford, 1.12 (AW per CWP). CHESHIRE [58]
Alsager, 10.12 (M. Dale per SF); Romily, 20.12 (SF).

Large single night counts; DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 7.9 (106) (Cade, 2004). E.
SUSSEX [14] Elms Farm, Icklesham, 23.8 (47) (Hunter, 2004). E. KENT [15] Lydd Ranges, 13.8 (80,
at sugar) (SPC). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 5.9 (54) (Dewick, 2004).

2119 Peridroma saucia (Hb.) Pearly Underwing [I]

Total no. reported; 1688
Distribution of records;

SW

CS

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I I

542

809

149

44

15

14

2

9

86

1

17

Months of occurrence;

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

2

6

12

58

40

153

430

214

44

10

Selected annual totals from fixed traps; W. CORNWALL [1] lOS; St Agnes - 71 (Hicks, 2004); lOS;
St Mary’s, Longstone - 266 (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard - 144 at three sites (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET
[9] Portland Bird Observatory - 393 (Cade, 2004); West Bexington - 139 (Eden, 2004). ISLE OF
WIGHT [10] Approximate Island total - 200 (Knill-Jones, 2004); Totland - 53 (SAK-J). E. KENT [15]
Dungeness area - 49 at twelve sites (per SPC); Isle of Thanet - 70 at seven sites (Solly, 2004). ISLE OF
MAN [71] Dhoon Maughold - 77 (per GDC).

Ealiest dates; W. CORNWALL [1] lOS; St Mary’s, Longstone, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1 (MAS). E. KENT [15]
Isle of Thanet, 9.3 (Solly, 2004).

Latest dates; W. CORNWALL [1] lOS; St Mary’s, Longstone, 14.12, 18.12 (3), 24.12 (MAS).
WICKLOW [H20] Ashford, 24.12 (AT).

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

33

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 17.9 (8), 13.10 (8) (Scott,
2004a). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 1.9 (48) (Cade, 2004).

Most northerly records: FLINTSHIRE [51] Hawarden, 9.11 (G. Neal per SN). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61]
Haxby, 22.8 (per TE); Kilnsea, 6.11 (PAC); Rudston, 11.6 (perTE); Spurn area, 19.8 - 2.10 (6) (BRS).
ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon Maughold, 27.8 - 3.10 (77) (per GDC); Minorca Laxey, 3.7, 15.9 (per
GDC). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Baltasound, 18.9 (anon.).

Selected inland records: N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Selborne, 15.6, 16.8, 19.11 (AEA). SURREY [17]
Carshalton, 15.9 (D.A. Coleman per GAC); Mayford, 9.8 (M.E.J. Waller per GAC).
HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford, 30.9 (T.J. Lewis per CWP); Harpenden, 28.4, 18.5 (PG per
CWP); Hertford, 14.8 (AW per CWP). MIDDLESEX [21] Hampstead, 25.6, 29.6, 4.7, 5.9 (R.A.
Softly). BERKSHIRE [22] Slough, 9.9 (R. Hayward). BUCKINGHAMSHIRE [24] Longwick, 12.11
(A. Kershaw per SN). W. SUFFOLK [26] Nowton, undated (RFE per AWP); Sicklesmere, 7.11 (SD per
AWP). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Melton Mowbray, 20.9 (H.J. Orridge per APR).
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] Bunny, near Nottingham, 15.7 (M.E. Marchant per SW). S.E.
YORKSHIRE [61] Haxby, 22.8 (per TE).

2195 Mythimna vitellina (Hb.) Delicate [I]

Total no. reported: 192
Distribution of records:

SW

cs

SE

EA

SI

w

CE

NE

NW

S

I

97

72

19

2

-

1

-

-

1

-

-

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Ju!

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

-

-

2

7

13

15

33

51

35

2

-

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone - 48 (Scott,
2004a); The Lizard - 18 at three sites (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory - 30
(Cade, 2004); West Bexington - 20 (RE per PAD).

Ealiest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 28.4, 29.4, 2.5 (MAS); near Penzance,
4.5 (LO). DORSET [9] Kingcome, 3.5 (N. Spring per PAD). E. KENT [15] Littlestone, 6.5 (KR).

Latest dates: DORSET [9] Shapwick, 19.11 (PAD); West Bexington, 17.11 (RE per PAD).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] Coverack, The Lizard, 13.10 (5) (DCGB); S. DEVON
[3] Prawle Point, 20.8 (7) (PF per RFM). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 23.8 (5) (Cade,
2004).

Most northerly records: ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon Maughold, 28.9 (per GDC).

Selected inland records: N. DEVON [4] Nr. Hatherleigh, 20.9 (R. Wolton per RFM).

2203 Mythimna unipuncta (Haw.) White-speck [I][MC?]

Total no. reported: 4362
Distribution of records:

SW

CS

SE

EA

SI

w

CE

NE

NW

S

I

2944

1230

51

6

1

51

-

4

36

1

38

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

12

1

2

1

19

71

19

532

894

982

955

238

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes - 391 (MEH, AD); lOS:
St Mary’s, Longstone - 1975 (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard - 394 at three sites (Tunmore, 2004).
DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory - 406 (Cade, 2004); Puddletown - 170 (HWH); West
Bexington - 228 (RE).

Ealiest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 12.1, 13.1 (2) (MAS); The Lizard, 21.3
(Tunmore, 2004).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 28.12 (3), 30.12, 31.12 (MAS).
DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 2.12 (2) (MC); Upwey, 10.12 (PH); Walditch, 1.12 (MSP);
West Bexington, 4.12 (RE). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 1.12 (JTR per CRP).

34

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.i.2007

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] Coverack, The Lizard, 12.10 (22), 13.10 (25) (DCGB);
lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 17.11 (130), 18.11 (85), 24.11 (49), 18.12 (67), 24.12 (24) (MAS).
DORSET [9] Durlston, 5.9 (20) (DCGB). GLAMORGAN [41] Ty Capel, 14.10 (21) (S&SW).

Most northerly records W. LANCASHIRE [60] Bispham, 9.10 (B. Brigden per SMP); Burrow
Heights, 1.10 - 27.10 (7) (B. Cockbum per SMP); Heysham, 21.9, 27.10 (J. Holding, P. Marsh per
SMP); Lightfoot Green, 8.10, 11.10, 27.10 (SMP); Silverdale, 27.9 (J. Swift per SMP); St Annes, 27.9
(J. Steeden per SMP). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 5.10 (BRS), 18.11 (PAC); Spurn, 19.9 (BRS),

20.11 (BRS per PAC). ISLE OF MAN [71] Island total - 25 (Craine, 2004). SHETLAND ISLANDS
[112] Quendale, 16.9 (anon.).

Selected inland records: W. SUSSEX [13] Warnham, 21.11 (S. Bayley per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14]
Crawley, 15.6 (M. Read per SN); Crawley Down, 16.9 (JHC per CRP). BERKSHIRE [22] Fernham,

1 9. 1 1 (SN). E. NORFOLK [27] Scole, 30.7, 3 1 .7, 1 3.8, 28.8 (M. Hall per DH).

2385 Spodoptera exigua (Hb.) Small Mottled Willow [I]

Total no. reported: 5201
Distribution of records:

sw

1 cs 1

SE

EA j SI 1

W_| CE

NE

NW

S

I

1918

2450

629

27 36

37 1 10

1

21

-

72

Months of occurrence:

Jan j

Feb

Mar

Apr j May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

- !

-

4

1 1

1 1 SI 1

915

410

1796

590

107

7

-

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes - 1023 (Hicks, 2004);
lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone - 658 (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard - 149 at three sites (Tunmore, 2004).
DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory - 856 (Cade, 2004); Puddletown - 360 (HWH); West
Bexington - 184 (RE). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch - 80+ (JH); Totland - 97 (SAK-J). W.
SUSSEX [13] Kingsham - 314 (Patton, 2004). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven - 112 (Pratt, 2004). E.
KENT [15] Dungeness area - 115 at eleven sites (per SPC); Isle of Thanet - 107 at seven sites (Solly,
2004). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea - 46 (Dewick, 2004). WEXFORD [H12] Tacumshin area, 22-

24.8 (15) (Allen, 2()04).WICKLOW [H20] Ashford - 38 (AT).

Ealiest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 24.3 (Hicks, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, early April, by
day (W.J. Scott); St Mary’s, Longstone, 24.3 (2), 26.3, 4.4 (MAS); The Lizard, 24.3 (MT).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 6.11, 9.11 (MAS). WICKLOW [H20]
Ashford, 6.11 (2) (AT).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 8.8 (32) (Scott, 2004a).
DORSET [9] Durlston, 26.6 (47) (PAD, SN), 5.9 (50) (DCGB); Langton Matravers, 5.9 (30) (DCGB);
Portland Bird Observatory, 14.6 (109), 15.6 (93) (MC). W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham, 8.8 (37), 9.8 (35)
(SJP per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Winchelsea Beach, 8.8 (20) (DCGB).

Most northerly records: S. LANCASHIRE [59] Altcar, 8.8 (G. Jones, SMP); Billinge, 22.8 (C.
Darbyshire per SMP); Chorlton, 21.9 (B. Smart per SMP); Flixton, 20.7 (K. McGabe per SMP); Hutton,

27.8 (A. Barker per SMP); Parr, 23.8 (2) (R. Banks per SMP). W. LANCASHIRE [60] Aldcliffe, 10.8
(P. Marsh per SMP); Heysham, 17.6 (J. Holding per SMP). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 16.9
(BRS). ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon Maughold, 11.7 - 3.10 (9) (Craine, 2004); Minorca Laxey, 7.8, 26.8
(per GDC).

Selected inland records: N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Selborne, 5.7, 11.8 (2), 12.8 (3), 13.8 (2) (AEA);
Sherborne St John, 2.8 (N. Montegriffo). SURREY [17] Ockley, 16.8 (W. Attridge per GAC); West
Molesey, 23.6 (PR. Williams per GAC); Weybridge, 23.8 (A.R. Mitchell per GAC). S. ESSEX [18]
Epping, 21.7 (T. Green per BG). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford, 12.8 (CWP), 18.9 (JF per
CWP); Broxbourne Wood, 4.8 (CWP); Marshalls Heath, 26.6 (J. Murray per SN); Millhoppers Pasture,

23.8 (CWP); Ravensdell Wood, 9.8 (CWP). BERKSHIRE [22] Dry Sandford, 5.8, 21.9 (AK); Fernham,
22.6, 18.7, 6.8 (2) (SN); Slough, 22.8 (R. Hayward). W. NORFOLK [28] South Lopham, 9.8 (LB-L per
DH). CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Wicken, 10.8 (DEW). BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Flitwick Moor, 22.8
(C.R.B. Baker per LH); Maulden Woods, 6.8 (CWP per LH). WORCESTERSHIRE [37] Crossway
Green, 26.6 (M. Southall per SN). WARWICKSHIRE [38] Bidford-on-Avon, 12.8 (R.M. Cox per
DCGB); Charlecote, 30.6 (A.F. Gardner per DCGB), 17.8, 18.8 (DCGB). LEICESTERSHIRE [55]
Dadlington, 31.5 (R. Smith per APR). DERBYSHIRE [57] Ault Hucknall, 5.9 (Budworth et al, 2004);
Melbourne, 22.8, 24.8 (Budworth et al, 2004); Whitwel! Wood, 23.8 (Budworth et al, 2004). S.
LANCASHIRE [59] Chorlton, 21.9 (B. Smart per SMP); Flixton, 20.7 (K. McGabe per SMP).

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

35

2400 Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) Scarce Bordered Straw [I][In]
Total no. reported: 1030
Distribution of records:

sw

cs

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

340

456

177

15

9

6

4

6

8

1

8

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

-

-

-

-

21

21

206

285

177

13

-

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes - 60 (MEH, AD); lOS: St

Mary’s, Longstone - 148 (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard - 59 at three sites (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET [9]
Portland Bird Observatory - 84 (Cade, 2004); Puddletown - 51 (HWH); West Bexington - 69 (Eden,
2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Approximate Island total - 100 (Knill-Jones, 2004); Bonchurch - 30+
(JH); Totland - 14 (SAK-J). W. SUSSEX [13] Selsey - 20 at two sites (Patton, 2004). E. SUSSEX [14]
Peacehaven - 22 (CRP). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 39 at eleven sites (per SPC); Isle of Thanet -
87 at seven sites (Solly, 2004). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea - 16 (Dewick, 2004).

Ealiest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 18.6, 24.6, 25.6, 26.6 (2) (MAS). N.
DEVON [4] Hartland Point, 22.6 (BPH, REM). DORSET [9] Durlston, 26.6 (2) (PAD, SN); Wool, 23.6
(D. Cooper). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch, 26.6 (JH). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven, 26.6 (2)
(CRP).

Latest dates: S. DEVON [3] Chardstock, 15.11 (A. Jenkins per RFM). DORSET [9] Portland Bird
Observatory, 9.11 (Cade, 2004); Upwey, 9.11, 10.11 (PH). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 14.11 (JTR per
CRP). E. KENT [15] Isle of Thanet, 19.11 (Solly, 2004).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] Coverack, The Lizard, 12.10 (7), 13.10 (20), 15.10 (6)
(DCGB); lOS: St Agnes, 12.10 (7), 14.10 (5), 15.10 (6) (Davison, 2004); lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone,
25.9 (11) (Scott, 2004a). DORSET [9] Durlston, 5.9 (12) (DCGB). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch,
30.8 (5) (JH); Compton Bay, 16.8 (15+) (A. Kolaj, in Collins, 2004). W. SUSSEX [13] Pagham, 20.9
(4) (JHC, THE per CRP).

Most northerly records: MERIONETHSHIRE [48] Maentwrog, 22.8 (2) (DCGB). CHESHIRE [58]
Allostock, 19.8 (P.M. Hill per SF); Great Sutton, 1.10 (M. Bellingham per SF). S. LANCASHIRE [59]
Orrell, 4.9 (P. Alker per SMP). W. LANCASHIRE [60] Heysham, 8.8 (J. Holding per SMP). S.E.
YORKSHIRE [61] Bishop Burton, 18.9, 20.9 (per TE); Kilnsea, 18.9 (PAC), 23.9, 3.10 (BRS); Spurn,
27.9, by day (BRS). S.W. YORKSHIRE [63] Bellflask, near Ripon, 17.9 (per TE); Rawmarsh, near
Rotherham, 12.7 (D. Stables per SN). N.W. YORKSHIRE [65] Hutton Conyers, 30.9 (per TE). ISLE
OF MAN [71] Dhoon Maughold, 18.9, 20.9 (per GDC); Orrisdale 28.8 (per GDC). SHETLAND
ISLANDS [112] Burrafirth, 12.8 (anon.).

Selected inland records: N. WILTSHIRE [9] Avebury, 27.9 (Collins, 2004). N. HAMPSHIRE [12]
Cholderton, 24.8 (H. Edmunds per TN); Grateley, 17.8 (S. Colenutt per TN). HERTFORDSHIRE [20]
Bishops Stortford, 6.8 (JF per CWP); Hitchin, July, undated (K. Robinson per CWP). BERKSHIRE [22]
Dry Sandford, 7.9, 27.9 (AK). W. SUFFOLK [26] Nowton, undated (REE per AWP).
CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Wicken, 9.9 (DEW). WARWICKSHIRE [38] Charlecote, 21.8 (DCGB);
Rugby, 20.9 (I.G.M. Reid per DCGB). S.W. YORKSHIRE [63] Bellflask, near Ripon, 17.9 (per TE);
Rawmarsh, near Rotherham, 12.7 (D. Stables per SN). N.W. YORKSHIRE [65] Hutton Conyers, 30.9
(per TE).

Immature stages: W. CORNWALL [1] Lizard Point, 20.10, larva on Lavatera arborea (adult reared
9.6.04) (J. Nelson, MT).

2403 Heliothis peltigera (D. & S.) Bordered Straw [I]

Total no. adults reported: 1241
Distribution of records:

SW

CS

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

257

606

229

34

37

19

30

7

7

-

15

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

-

1

1

3

399

143

322

88

3

-

-

36

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.i.2007

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS; St Agnes - 30 (Hicks, 2004); lOS:
St Mary’s, Longstone - 113 (Scott, 2004a); The Lizard - 19 at three sites (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET

[9] Portland Bird Observatory - 86 (Cade, 2004); Puddletown - 30 (HWH); West Bexington - 120
(Eden, 2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch - 60+ (JH); Totland - 10 (SAK-J). W. SUSSEX [13]
Kingsham - 27 (Patton, 2004). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven - 18 (CRP). E. KENT [15] Dungeness
area - 80 at twelve sites (per SPC); Isle of Thanet - 50 at seven sites (Solly, 2004). E. SUFFOLK [25]
Landguard Bird Observatory - 13 (Odin, 2004). WICKLOW [H20] Ashford - 9 (AT).

Ealiest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 6.4 (Scott, 2004a). E. NORFOLK [27]
Weybourne, 24.3 (MP per DH).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 28.10 (Scott, 2004a). DORSET [9]
Preston, 11.10 (MF). E. KENT [15] Lydd-on-Sea, 3.10 (KA).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 14.6 (9), 16.6 (15), 26.6

(10) , 30.6 (9) (MAS). DORSET [9] Durlston, 25.6 (8) (JMc), 26.6 (43) (PAD, SN), 5.9 (6) (DCGB);
Portland Bird Observatory, 4.7 (6) (MC); West Bexington, 10.8 (12) (RE). ISLE OF WIGHT [10]
Bonchurch, 23.6 (5), 7.8 (6) (JH).

Large diurnal counts; W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 16.6 - 7.7 (41), including 12
on 16.6 (Scott, 2004a). S. DEVON [3] Torquay, 6.7 (7) (W. Deakins per RFM).

Most northerly records: S. LANCASHIRE [59] Hutton, 5.7 (A. Barker per SMP); Hawick, 16.8 (A.
Barker per SMP). W. LANCASHIRE [60] Heysham, 17.6 (J. Holding per SMP); Yealand Conyers, 17.9
(B. Hancock per SMP). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Easington, 22.8 (M.J. Stoyle per BRS); Kilnsea, 2.7
(PAC); Spurn, 10.8 (2), 23.8, 7.9, the last by day (BRS). N.E. YORKSHIRE [62] Saltbum-by-the-Sea,
17.9 (per TE). N.W. YORKSHIRE [65] Hutton Conyers, 14.9 (per TE). ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon
Maughold, 20.9 (per GDC); Orrisdale, 18.8 (per GDC). WICKLOW [H20] Nr. Newcastle, 9.8 (Jeffares,
2003).

Selected inland records: N. WILTSHIRE [7] Highworth, 30.6, 6.7 (SN). S. WILTSHIRE [8] Tilshead,

27.6 (2), by day (JMc). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Basingstoke, 2.6 (MW); Grateley, 3.6, 7.8, 9.8 (S.
Colenutt per TN); Greywell, 13.6 (Collins, 2004); Magdalen Hill Down, 20.8 (P. Fleet per TN); South
Wonston, 26.6 (P.J.S. Smith per TN). SURREY [17] Capel, near Dorking, 9.6 (D. Fraser); Epsom
Downs, 18.9 (B.J. Grabaskey per GAC). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford, 18.8 (AH per
CWP), 21.8 (JF per CWP); Harpenden, 17.6 (PG per CWP); Hertford, 26.6 (AW); Millhoppers Pasture,
23.8 (CWP); Royston, 5.8, 17.8, 26.8 (JEC per CWP); Ware, 18.8 (EG per CWP); Weston, 28.9 (A.
Cockburn per CWP). BERKSHIRE [22] Dry Sandford, 26.6 (AK); Femham, 22.6, 2.7, 6.8 (SN). W.
SUFFOLK [26] Great Comard, 5.9, 19.9 (SR per AWP); Hopton, 7.9 (PB^ per AWP). E. NORFOLK
[27] Scole, 7.8 (M. Hall per DH). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Yaxley, June (undated), 28.6 (by day)
(A. Frost per BD). NORTHAMPTONSHIRE [32] Werrington, 26.9 (P. Waring). WORCESTERSHIRE
[37] Crossway Green, 19.6, 10.7, 11.7 (M. Southall per SN); Malvern, 6.7 (D.B. Throup per SN).
WARWICKSHIRE [38] Charlecote, 17-29.6 (3), 3.7, 1.8, 17.8, 14.9, 30.9 (DCGB). LEICESTERSHIRE
[55] Barrowden, 12.8 (R. Eollows per APR); Braunstone, 17.8, 5.9 (L. Holton per APR); Penny
Drayton, undated (H.N. Ball per APR); Loughborough, 5.9 (N.J. Campsall per APR); Luffenham Heath,

18.7 (R. Follows per APR); Markfield, 26.8 (AJM per APR). NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] Newark-on-
Trent, 4.8 (DA); Sutton-on-Trent, 4.8 (MK). DERBYSHIRE [57] Buxton, 31.7 (2) (S.A. Orridge per
SHH); Swadlincote, 27.6 (Budworth et al, 2004). CHESHIRE [58] Alsager, 5.9, 14.9 (M. Dale per SF);
Altrincham, 14.6 (R. Hilton per SF); Nantwich, 11.7 (D. Taylor per SF); Romily, 11.6 (SF). N.W.
YORKSHIRE [65] Hutton Conyers, 14.9 (per TE).

Immature stages: Pagham Harbour, 30.7, ‘hundreds of larvae’ (SJP).

2441 Autographa gamma (L.) Silver Y [I]

Total no. adults reported (light-trap records only): 74768
Distribution of records;

sw

CS

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

5175

32819

14321

8547

4082

973

2755

3030

755

435

1876

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

2

1

5

83

224

3305

8005

22115

3294

481

157

22

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone - 1837
(Scott, 2004a); The Lizard - 1441 at three sites (Tunmore, 2004). DORSET [9] Bridport area - 1000 at
two sites (Parsons & Brereton, 2004); Portland Bird Observatory - 9563 (Cade, 2004); West Bexington

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

37

- 8531 (Eden, 2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Approximate Island total - 7000 (Knill-Jones, 2004);
Totland - 2200 (SAK-J). W. SUSSEX [13] Selsey - 2142 at two sites (Patton, 2004). E. SUSSEX [14]
Peacehaven - 2058 (Pratt, 2004). E. KENT [15] Isle of Thanet - 2894 at seven sites (Solly, 2004);
Kingsdown - 1211 (Jarman, 2004). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea - 4737 (Dewick, 2004). E.
NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea - 2926 (Bowman, 2004). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea - 1870
(PAC). WEXFORD [H12] Tacumshin area, 22-24.8 (432) (Allen, 2004). WICKLOW [H20] Ashford -
1016 (AT).

Ealiest dates; W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 1.1, 2.1 (MAS); The Lizard, 31.3
(Tunmore, 2004). DORSET [9] Dorchester, 29.3 (J. Down); Preston, 23.2 (RL). E. KENT [15] Isle of
Thanet, 11.3 (Solly, 2004). GLAMORGAN [41] Porthcawl, 21.3 (Gilmore, 2004).

Latest dates; W. CORNWALL [1] lOS; St Mary’s, Longstone, 24.12 (Scott, 2004a); Mylor
Churchtown, 19.12 (Cooke, 2004). S. DEVON [3] Starcross, 15/21.12 (Rothamsted Trap) (AHD).
DORSET [9] Durlston Country Park, 22.12 (2) (SN). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Portchester, 22.12 (IS).
SURREY [17] New Haw, 17.12 (P.R. Wheeler per GAC).

Large single night counts; DORSET [9] Durlston, 26.6 (150) (PAD, SN), 5.8 (132), 7.8 (640) (JMc);
Portland Bird Observatory, 11.8 (1558) (Cade, 2004); Southwell, Portland, 6.8 (500) (JHC). S.
HAMPSHIRE [11] Portchester, 7.8 (134) (IS). E. KENT [15] Dungeness Bird Observatory, 11.8 (153)
(DW); Kingsgate, 6.8 (214) (FS). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 6.8 (803) (Dewick, 2004). E.
SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 6.8 (656) (Odin, 2004). E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-
Sea, 21.7 (287) (Bowman, 2004). BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Nr. Milton Keynes, 1.7 (135) (LH).
WICKLOW [H20] Ashford, 21.8 (195), 17.9 (219) (AT).

Large diurnal/dusk counts; W. CORNWALL [1] lOS; St Mary’s, Longstone, 3.7 (300) (MAS).
DORSET [9] Durlston, 25.6 (500) (PAD); Studland, 27.8 (500) (PAD). N. ESSEX [19] Jaywick, 14.8
(1200) (JY per BG). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 7.8 (300+) (NO per AWP). E.
NORFOLK [27] Nr. Hockwold, 2.8 (15,000), in a Lucerne field (P. Laurie). PEMBROKESHIRE [45]
Skomer Island, annual total; 38946; August total; 37356 (including 10000+ on 25.8) (Hayden, 2004).
LINCOLNSHIRE [54] Gibraltar Point, 27.7 (150) (Sykes, 2004). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn Point,
5.7 (500), 16.7 (1200), 2.8 (6000) (BRS). W. CORK [H3] Dursey Island, 13.7 (500+) (Scott, 2004b).
Immature stages; W. CORNWALL [1] Paul, 20.7, many larvae on cut calabrese (J. Worth). S. DEVON
[3] Torquay, 13.8, two larvae on Parietaria judaica. E. KENT [15] Nr. Canterbury, undated, three larvae
on Ocimum basilicum in a supermarket (S. Warry per IDF). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Broughton Astley,
16.8, two larvae on Geranium (G. Adams per APR).

ANNEX SELECTED 2003 CHANNEL ISLANDS [VC 113] RECORDS

1384 Phlyctaenia stachydalis (Germar)

Guernsey; L’Ancresse, 12.7 (RA); St Martins, 10.7 (RA); first VC records.

1448a Elegiafallax (Stdgr.)

Guernsey; St Peters, 16.4, first VC record (Sterling & Costen, 2005).

1539 Papilio machaon ssp. gorganus (Fruhs.) Continental Swallowtail

Guernsey; Bordeaux Tip, 28.7 (M. Bougourd per RA), Pecqueries, 21.7 (I. Hall per RA).

1567 Lampides boeticus (L.) Long-tailed Blue

Guernsey; Jaonnet Bay, 15.10 (A. Smith per RA); St Peter Port, 15.9 (not 3.9 as stated in Austin, 2004a)
(J. Gilmore, in Austin, 2004b). Jersey; Grouville, 7.8 (3), 8.8 (2), then 35+ across the island during the
rest of August (DJW, in Jones, 2004).

1594 Agiais polychloros (L.) Large Tortoiseshell
Herm; 21.3 (B. Kendall per RA).

1639 Dendrolimus pini (L.) Pine-tree Lappet
Guernsey; Icart, 31.7 (TNDP).

1678a Cyclophora ruficiliaria (H.-S.) Jersey Mocha

Guernsey; Icart, 18.7, first Guernsey record (TNDP per RA).

1684 Scapula nigropunctata (Hufn.) Sub-angled Wave

Jersey; Trinity, 2.7, first VC record (RIS, in Gould, 2005).

1973 Acherontia atropos (L.) Death’s-head Hawk-moth

Guernsey; St Martins, 20.10 (Austin, 2004a); St Peter Port, 18.9 (PC).

2018 Clostera anachoreta (D. & S.) Scarce Chocolate-tip
Guernsey; L’Ancresse, 1.8, first Guernsey record (RA).

38

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.i.2007

2083 Euxoa cursoria (Hufn.) Coast Dart

Herm: 28-30.7, first VC record (DJW per RA).

2160a Lacanobia splendens (Hb.) I^lendid Brocade

Jersey: Surville, 21.6 (2) (RLO; Guernsey: Icart, 17.7 (Austin, 2004b); St Peters Port, 5.7 (PC).

2223 Calophasia lunula (Hufn.) Toadflax Brocade

Guernsey: St Peter Port, 22.7, first VC record (Austin, 2004a).

2387a Platyperigea kadenii (Frey.) Clancy’s Rustic

Guernsey: Icart, 17.9, 5.10 (not 15.9 & 2.10 as given in Austin, 2004a) (TNDP, in Collins, 2004); St
Peters Port, 19.9 (PC). Jersey: Grouville, 18.9 (R. Hayward). The first VC records.

2404 Heliothis nubigera (H.-S.) Eastern Bordered Straw

Guernsey: St Peter Port, 30.8 (D. Andrews per RA); L’Ancresse, 6.9 (2) (RA); St John, 16.8 (RA); St
Martins, 25.6 (RA); first VC records.

2436 Macdunnoughia confusa (Steph.) Dewick’s Piusia
Guernsey: Icart, 5.9 (TNDP per RA).

2451 Catocala fraxini (L.) Clifden Nonpareil
Guernsey: St Peters Port, 12.10 (PC).

2453 Catocala electa (View.) Rosy Underwing

Guernsey: Forest, 18.8 (TNDP per RA); Mont D’Aval, 21.8 (M. Simmons per RA); St Johns, 5.8 (RA).
Jersey: Grouville, 7.8 (2), 8.8 (2) (DJW, in Collins, 2004), 17.9 (R. Hayward, in Collins, 2004). These
records are likely to be associated with a breeding population in VC 113.

APPENDIX 1

Corrections/Additions to 2002 report

0897b Anatrachyntis simplex (Wals.) [In]

S. DEVON [3] Nr. Ivybridge, moth bred on 29.1 from a larva found in a pomegranate purchased from a
supermarket on 22.12.01, stated to have been imported from India. New to Britain (RJH, in Beaumont,
2004).

1389 Udeafulvalis (Hb.) [I][MC]

S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Ringwood, 22.7 - 13.8 (13) (RE); likely to be the result of local colonisation.

2403 Heliothis peltigera (D. & S.) Bordered Straw [I]

CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Wicken, 31.8, 11.9 (DEW).

2432 Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) Ni Moth [I]

CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Wicken, 14.8 (DEW).

Correction to 1998 report

2411 Deltote deceptoria (Scop.) Pretty Marbled [I]

[E. KENT [15] Greatstone, 20.6 (BB) (Ent Rec. 112: 246). Erroneous record.]

Initials of recorders

AC

Cornish, A.

GMH

Haggett, G.M.

NMH

Hall, N.M.

AD

Davison, A.

HWH

Wood Homer, H.

NO

Odin, N.

AEA

Aston, A.E.

IC

Cook, I.

NW

Whinney, N.

AGJB

Butcher, A.G.J.

IDF

Ferguson, I.D.

OD

Davis, O.

AH

Hardacre, A.

IDH

Hunter, I.D.

PAD

Davey, PA.

AHD

Dobson, A.H.

IM

Mathieson, I.

PAC

Crowther, P.A.

AJB

Bradshaw, A.J.

IR

Rippey, I.

PB

Bergdahl, P.

AJM

Mackay, A.J.

IRT

Thirlwell, I.R.

Pb2

Bryant, P.

AJP

Pickles, A.J.

JA

Astley, J.

PC

Costen, P.

AK

Kennard, A.

JBH

Higgott, J.B.

PF

Franghiadi, P.

AM

Musgrove, A.

JBW

Webb, J.B.

PH

Harris, P.

AMD

Davis, A.M.

JC

Clifton, J.

phb

Boggis, PH.

ANG

Graham, A.N. & J.E.

JE

Ellis, J.

PHS

Stirling, P.H.

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

39

APR

Russell, A.P.

JEC

Chainey, J.E.

PK

Kitchener, P.

ARC

Collins, A.R.

JH

Halsey, J.

RA

Austin, R.

ASH

Henderson, A.S.

Jh2

Herbert, J.

RC

Clamp, R.

AT

Tyner, A.

JHC

Clarke, J.H.

Rc2

Cox, R.

AW

Wood, A.

JMc

McGill, J.

RDP

Penhallurick, R.D.

Aw2

Wander, A.

JO

Owen, J.

RE

Eden, R.

AWP

Pritchard, A.W.

JRL

Langmaid, J.R.

REL

Lane, R.E.

BB

Banson, B.

IS

Stokes, J.

RF

Fox, R.

BD

Dickerson, B.

JTR

Radford, J.T.

RFE

Eley, R.E

BPS

Skinner, B.F.

JW

Waddell, J.

RFM

McCormick, R.F.

BG

Goodey, B.

JY

Young, J.

RH

Hollins, R.

BKW

West, B.K.

KA

Arter, K.

RIS

Rothamsted

Insect Survey

B&LB

Bewsher, B. & L.

KB

Bond, K.

RJH

Heckford, R.J.

BPH

Henwood, B.P.

KNAA

Alexander, K.N.A.

RJM

Moore, R.J.

BRS

Spence, B.R.

KR

Redshaw, K.

RL

Lambert, R.

BS

Stewart, B.

Kr2

Regan, K.

Rl2

Leverton, R.

CH

Hart, C.

KRT

Tuck, K.R.

Rl3

Long, R.

CG

Gibson, C.

LB-L

Broom-Lynne, L.

RM

Marsh, R.

CM

Manley, C.

LH

Hill, L.

RP

Parker, R.

CR

Roots, C.

LK

Kneale, L.

RRC

Cook, R.R.

CRP

Pratt, C.R.

MAS

Scott, M.A. & WJ.

s&sw

Walmsley, S. & S.

cs

Slater, C.

MB

Bailey, M.

SAK-J

Knill-Jones, S.A.

CT

Turley, C.

MC

Cade, M.

SD

Dumican, S.

CWP

Plant, C.W.

MC2

Cornish, M.

SF

Farrell, S.

DA

Atkinson, D.

MCP

Perry, M.C.

SH

Hatch, S.

DB

Burrows, D.

md

Deans, M

SHH

Hind, S.H.

DBW

Wooldridge, D.

ME

Easterbrook, M.

SHP

Piotrowski, S.H.

DCGB

Brown, D.C.G.

MEH

Hicks, M.E.

SJP

Patton, S.J.

DEW

Wilson, D.E.

MF

Forster, M.

SMP

Palmer, S.M.

DF

Foot, D.

MJ

Jeffes, M.

SN

Nash, S.

DH

Hipperson, D.

MK

Kennewell, M.

SPC

Clancy, S.P.

Dh2

Hoare, D.

MM

Marsh, M.

SR

Read, S.

DJW

Wedd, D.J.

MO’S

O’Sullivan, M.

SRD

Davey, S.R.

DRML Long, D.R.M.

MP

Preston, M.

sw

Wright, S.

DRWG Gilmore, D.R.W.

MPS

Skevington, M.P.

TE

Ezard, T.

DW

Walker, D.

MRH

Honey, M.R.

THF

Freed, T.H.

FS

Solly, F.

MSP

Parsons, M.S.

TN

Norriss, T.

GAC

Collins, G.A.

MT

Tunmore, M.

TNDP

Peet, T.N.D.

GB

Bailey, G.

MW

Wall, M.

TR

Rogers, T.

GBH

Hocking, G.B.

NAC

Croton, N.A.

TS

Steele, T.

GD

Davis, G.

NB

Bowles, N.

VS

Shenston, V.

GDC

Craine, G.D.

NG-D

Greatorex-Davies, N.

VT

Tucker, V.

NJ

Jarman, N.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all of the above mentioned recorders and contributors, in
particular those who took the time to send records directly to the authors. It is
possible that we have unwittingly failed to acknowledge some contributors, if this is
the case we would like to take this opportunity to apologise for this oversight. We
are also grateful to the Meteorological Office for facilitating access to, and allowing
the publication of, the weather charts included in the introduction.

References

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22: 56.

— , 2004. Immigrant records from southern Co. Wexford, Republic of Ireland. Atropos 22: 63.

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— , 2004. Addenda et Corrigenda. Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation, 116; 280.

— , 2005. Insect archive 2003. Website: www.nature-shetland.co.uk.

Austin, R., 2004a. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Guernsey, Channel Islands. Atropos 21:
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— , 2004b. Entomology Section Report for 2003. Report and Transactions o/ La Societe
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Beaumont, H. E., 2004. B.E.N.H.S. 2003 Annual Exhibition: British Microlepidoptera. British
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Boggis, R, 2003. Assistant county recorder’s report. Cornwall Moth Group. Newsletter 3; 1-3.
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22: 42-44.

Chainey, J. & Spence, J., 2004. Jersey Mocha Cyclophora ruficiliaria (H.-S.) - a geometrid moth
new to the British Isles. Atropos 23: 13-15.

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Coker, K. J., 2004. Convolvulus Hawk-moth Agrius convolvuli (L.) (Lep.: Sphingidae) in
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Collins, G. A., 2004. B.E.N.H.S. 2003 Annual Exhibition: British Macrolepidoptera. British
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Cooke, J., 2004. Highlights of 2003. Cornwall Moth Group. Newsletter 4: 3-4.

Craine, G. D., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Isle of Man. Atropos 21: 68.

Davey, P.A., 2004. Macrolepidoptera Report 2003. Dorset Moth Group Newsletter 11: 6-21.
Davison, A., 2004. Isles of Scilly Moths 2003 (species table). Website:

WWW. simply birdsandmoths. co. uk.

Dewick, S., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Curry Farm, Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex.
Atropos 21: 60-63.

Easterbrook, M., 2004. Annual Butterfly Report (Kent) - 2003. Butterfly Conservation (Kent
Branch).

Eden, R., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. West Bexington, Dorset. Atropos 21: 45-46.
Ferguson, I.D., 2005. Kent Moth Report - 2003. Butterfly Conservation, Kent Branch.

Gilmore, D., 2004. Glamorgan Moth Report 2003. Glamorgan Moth Recording Group Newsletter
74: 2-12.

Gould, P.J.L., 2005. The Sub-angled Wave Scopula nigropunctata Hufn. (Lep.: Geometridae): A
first for the Channel Islands. Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation 117; 148.

Gregory, J., 2004 notes for 2003. Cornwall Moth Group. Newsletter 4: 6-9.

Harmer, A. S., 2004. Macdunnoughia confusa (Steph.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Hampshire.

Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation 116: 77.

Harvey, R., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Minsmere RSPB Reserve, Suffolk.
Atropos 21: 64-65.

Hayden, J., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Skomer Island, Pembrokeshire. Atropos
21; 68-69.

Hicks, M., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. St Agnes, Isles of Scilly. Atropos 21: 42-43.
Hipperson, D., 2003. Records of migrant moths recorded during 2003. Norfolk Moth Survey.
Newsletter 6^: 13-15.

2003 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

41

— , 2003. Additional records of migrant moths recorded during 2003. Norfolk Moth Survey.
Newsletter 65: 5-6.

Hunter, I., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Elms Farm, Icklesham, East Sussex.
Atropos 21: 54-55.

Jarman, N., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Kingsdown Beach, Kent. Atropos 21: 59-60.
Jeffares, M., 2003. Heliothis peltigera (D. & S.) in Co. Wicklow, Ireland. Entomologist’s Gazette
54: 222.

Jobe, J.B. & Fletcher, C., 2004. Antichloris viridis in North Yorkshire. Atropos 23: 60-61.

Jones, A. M., 2004. B.E.N.H.S. 2003 Annual Exhibition: British Butterflies. British Journal of
Entomology and Natural History 17, Part 3: 147-150.

Knill-Jones, S., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Isle of Wight. Atropos 21: 50-51.
Koryszko, J., 2003. Queen of Spain Fritillary Issoria lathonia (L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in
Staffordshire. Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation 115: 284.

— , 2004. Further records of the Queen of Spain Fritillary Issoria lathonia (L.) (Lep.:
Nymphalidae) in Britain during 2003. Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation 116: 228.

Langmaid, J.R. & Young, M. R., 2004. Microlepidoptera Review of 2003. Entomologist’s Record
& Journal of Variation 116: 193-214.

Lewis, T., 2004. Some moths in north Pembrokeshire, Wales, during 2003. Entomologist’s Record
& Journal of Variation 116: 115-117.

Nash, S., 2004. Archived 2003 records (by species). Website: www.migrantmoth.com.

— , 2003. Earias vittella (Fabricius) (Lep.: Noctuidae) the first occurrence of wild-caught moths
in Europe. Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation 115: 187-188.

Odin, N., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Landguard Bird Observatory, Suffolk.
Atropos 21: 63-64.

Ofield, B., 2004. Mating Red Admirals Vanessa atalanta. Atropos 21: 81-82.

Parsons, M.S. & Brereton, T., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Bridport area, Dorset.
Atropos 21: 45-46.

Patton, S., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Selsey, West Sussex. Atropos 21: 51-52.
Phillips, J., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Hayling Island, Hampshire. Atropos 21: 51.
Powell, M. (Ed.), 2003. Recent Reports - October & November 2003 (Migrants). Glamorgan
Moth Recording Group Newsletter 73: 5-6.

Pratt, C.R., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Peacehaven, East Sussex. Atropos 21: 52-53.
Scott, M.A. & W.J., 2004a. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Longstone Heritage Centre, St
Mary’s, Isles of Scilly. Atropos 21: 39-42.

Scott, D.A., 2004b. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Dursey Island, Co. Cork. Atropos 21: 69-70.
Solly, R, 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Isle of Thanet. Atropos 21; 57-59.

Spence, B.R., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Spurn area, East Yorkshire. Atropos 21:
66-68.

Sterling, P.H., 2004. Microlepidoptera Report 2003. Dorset Moth Group Newsletter 11: 22-26.
Sterling, P.H. & Ashby, M., 2006. Dichelia histrionana (Frolich, 1828) (Lep: Tortricidae) New to
the British Isles. Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation 118: 19-22.

Sterling, P.H. & Costen, P.D.M., 2005. Elegia fallax (Staudinger, 1881) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
new to the Channel Islands. Entomologist’s Gazette 56: 75-79.

Sykes, T., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Gibraltar Point, Lincolnshire. Atropos 21: 66.
Tunmore, M., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall. Atropos 21:
43-45.

West, B. K., 2004. Tree Lichen Beauty Cryphia algae (Fabr.) (Lep.: Noctuidae), breeding in
Britain. Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation 116: 259.

Yates, B., 2004. Reports from coastal stations - 2003. Rye Harbour, East Sussex. Atropos 21: 53-54.

42

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Hazards of butterfy collecting. It seemed a good idea at the time: London 2001

I had arrived in London after more than two months in Ghana where I had been
doing an analytical survey of the butterflies in two of Ghana's most important
national parks, Ankasa and Bia. The trip had been quite successful and a number of
butterflies needed closer investigation, including a couple of suspects for the status
of species new to science. When unpacking the butterflies, I discovered to my
dismay that the first box opened was under attack by pests - the grey powder inside
their semi-transparent paper triangles was unmistakable. I am always very careful
to dose each of the storage boxes with naphthalene or paradichlorbenzole. These
toxic substances are no longer available commercially in our well-regulated
European Union so I buy my supplies locally. However, the shopping around Bia
and Ankasa did not stretch far enough to supply “camphor” so some boxes had not
been topped up.

What to do? Once established, pests are notoriously difficult to eradicate. I had a
bright idea. What about zapping them in the microwave? Even eggs could hardly
survive a good five minutes at full blast. I made a selection of butterflies of various
sizes and hues for a test, put them on a plate . . . and even remembered to add a glass
of water for the benefit of the microwave. After five minutes the butterflies looked
none the worse for wear. Next I called my colleagues at the Natural History
Museum. I was welcome to bring in the boxes and they could freeze them for some
days to some unimaginably low temperature, which was their way of dealing with
such issues. In fact, all new material donated gets frozen down this way. But, yes
there seemed to be some papers indicating that the microwave approach should
work. Since I was leaving for home in Manila in a few days’ time, I decided on the
microwave. Another test was done with infected and non-infected butterflies from
the same box for eight minutes. They were left in the microwave overnight. No
traces of pest activity were visible next day. I then zapped the box itself for eight
minutes; all still seemed well.

I opened the next box, put the box and its contents in the microwave, turned it on
for eight minutes and went to the neighbourhood shop for a few essentials. When I
entered the driveway to our building I was mildly surprised to see what looked like a
slight haze through the windows of our large studio-flat. There was a smell of
naphthalene when I opened the joint front door and when I opened the door to our
flat a white cloud of evil-smelling smoke billowed out, forcing me back out in the
open. There had evidently been plenty of naphthalene in the box and the microwaves
had turned it to gas. I took a deep breath, rushed in, opened the back windows, and
returned outside. After five minutes I took another deep breath to open the front
windows, barely managing to get out in time. Then another dive into the flat to get
something to read on the front stairs. Half an hour later seemed safe to enter the flat.
The smell was still terrible, but it was possible to read near the open window.
Whether it would be possible to sleep in my own bed that night was far from clear.

The box of papered butterflies was a sorry mess. The volatile substances had
obviously turned to gas. The remainder had absorbed lots of moisture, now

NOTES

43

congealed with the paper triangles to a solid lump - enclosing one of the candidates
for species novo. To add insult to injury, the remaining six boxes of papered material
were all well stocked with camphor and free of pests: much ado about nothing ... as
someone once put it. But it is a reminder that chemicals and medicines do have to be
handled with care and that some of the rules and regulations pertaining to this may
well have merit.

My first killing medium for butterflies was potassium cyanide, a substance as toxic
as they come. There was a procedure on how to get it in Denmark. You obtained a
letter from your local entomological or natural history society testifying that you
were an upstanding member with a genuine interest in insect collecting. You went to
your police station and filled in a simple form, requesting a killing bottle. A few days
later you received a slightly bureaucratese letter stating: “The police in Kastrup have
no reason not to approve that 25gr of the requested chemicals are issued to the
requiree provided that they are embedded in plaster of paris by an approved chemist
[see list below].” One of the two chemists on the list below would duly make up an
appropriate killing bottle, with adequate safeguards for the entomologist and the
general public.

When my Danish killing bottles weakened after several years’ of intensive
collecting in Lebanon during the early 1970s, Henri Stempffer (“Master of the
African Blues”, Ent. Rec. J. Var, 104:171-172 (1992)) came to my rescue, giving me
enough industrial cyanide to last my time in Lebanon (industrial cyanide is not as
pure as that from chemists and is actually better because its toxic gas develops
faster). In 1975 I moved to London. We bought a large flat in Jackson’s Lane,
Highgate (I hate to think what it would be worth today). When well installed, I went
down to the local police station: “I need a certificate to buy cyanide”, I said to the
station officer. “Cyanide, Sir!?!?” I explained the Danish procedures. It was a lazy
afternoon - we were not good at crime in Highgate - so other officers joined in, but
the conclusion was clear: “Sorry, Sir . . . we don’t do that kind of thing”.

I called a colleague at the then British Museum (Natural History). Given all the
material I had donated, he thought they could do me some killing jars. I was afraid I
might need much more help than that in my future butterfly research, so I demurred:
I was put through to their laboratory. They got their cyanide from a company in
Enfield. I called Enfield: “Do you stock cyanide?” They did. “I’d like 250gr”.
“Sorry, we only sell by the kilo”, said the bright young lady at the other end of the
line. A kilo was something like £2.68 + VAT. “So what are the conditions of sale?” I
asked. The answer was as precise as it was instantaneous: “You have to pay in
advance” (a very British response indeed). I gave my office address and sent off a
cheque. Two days later our receptionist phoned me: “Your cyanide has just arrived”.
I went down and picked up a package with one kilo of cyanide.

I suspect that the bright young lady at the other end of the telephone transgressed
some company and/or government guideline on the sale of cyanide. But then again
. . . who would order a kilo of cyanide if they did not need it? But that kilo of cyanide
lasted me for the next fifteen years till I gave up using it. — Torben B. Larsen,
UNDP Vietnam, c/o Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.i.2007

Acleris logiana (CL) (Lep.: Tortriddae) on Guernsey

Late in the evening of 12 November 2005 I found a pale tortricid moth resting on the
wall of my house under an outside light. At first glance I took it to be Acleris
boscana (Fabr.) but elm, once the dominant tree on the island, has now mostly
disappeared and I do not see the moth as often as I once did. In any case, its
appearance did not seem quite right for boscana and, besides, I did not recall ever
seeing it at such a late date. I dissected the genitalia, unfortunately making rather a
poor job of it, and was no further on with identifying the moth until I showed the set
specimen to Dr Phil Sterling on one of his visits to Guernsey. He immediately
recognised it as Acleris logiana, a species new to the Channel Islands.

Acleris logiana, which was previously thought to be a resident only of Scotland in
the British Isles, was found in South Hampshire (VC 11) as larvae in spun birch
leaves by John Langmaid in late 1991 (1993. Ent. Gaz. 44:154) and the annual
reviews of microlepidoptera published in this journal since then note that it has been
recorded subsequently from North Hampshire (VC 12) and a further six vice-
counties in southern England, namely the Isle of Wight (VCIO) in 1997, East Suffolk
(VC25) in 2000, Berkshire (VC22) in 2004 East Norfolk (VC 27) in 2004, North
Essex (VC 19) in 2005 and West Suffolk (VC 26) in 2005.

Its appearance on Guernsey (VC 11 3) suggests a further spread, although it is
unlikely to survive here for long, if at all, as there is only a small amount of planted
birch on the island. It has not been recorded from Normandy since the 1930s and
never from La Manche, that part nearest the Channel Islands (Quinette, pers.
comm.). — P. D. M. Costen, La Broderie, La Claire Mare, St. Peter’s, Guernsey
GY7 9QA (E-mail: pcosten@guemsey.net).

Caterpillars drinking ‘sugar’

At dusk on 28 September 2006, at my home address in Banffshire, two caterpillars
joined the array of autumn moths on my line of sugared fence posts. One was a final
instar Ruby Tiger Phragmatobia fuliginosa, the other a Scalloped Hazel Odontopera
bidentata of the striking Tichened’ form. Ironically, I have never recorded the adults
of either species at my sugar patch. Ruby Tiger, of course, does not feed as an
imago. Scalloped Hazel certainly has a functioning proboscis, but I have rarely seen
it feeding, and then only at the honeydew produced by aphids on sycamore leaves.
— Roy Leverton, Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Comhill, Banffshire AB45 2HS.

Third British record of Uloma culinaris (L.) (Col.: Tenebrionidae) from
southern Hertfordshire

On 2 September 2006, while collecting insects along the canal towpath near
Casiobury Park in Watford, Hertfordshire (VC 20), my son Conall handed me a
female Uloma culinaris. The beetle had been active on the surface of a fallen Fagus,
the bark of which was mostly missing and the wood wet and hosting several different
bracket fungi. Parts of the trunk were infested with Sinodendron cylindricum (L.) and

NOTES

45

the lycid Platycis minutus (Fab.) was in abundance both on the wood and the
surrounding nettles. Searching for another hour or so while the bright sunshine
continued failed to reveal other specimens, as did subsequent visits during September.

This is the third British record of Uloma culinaris. The first, from ‘Bushey Hall’ in
1950, is thought to relate to the Hertfordshire Bushey Hall, only a few miles from
the present site (see Barclay, Ent. Rec. 115: 181 - 186). The only other record is of
specimens collected from the Forest of Dean in 1973 by Wormesley and donated to
the BM(NH).

I thank Mr Trevor James for confirming the identity of my U. culinaris and both
Mr James and Mr M. V. L. Barclay for encouraging me to report this find. —
D. Murray, Flat 2, 52 Marlborough Road, Watford, Hertfordshire WD18 OQB.

Acleris Upsiana (D.& S.) (Tortriddae) and Eudonia lineola (Curtis) (Pyralidae)
new to the Shetland Isles

Amongst a number of micro moths sent to me for genitalia examination from the
Shetland Isles this year was a male Acleris Upsiana caught by Terry Rogers at Lea
Gardens, Tresta, West Mainland on 22 September 2006. The larva of Acleris Upsiana
is associated with Myrica gale, Vaccinium myrtillus and V vitis-idaea and the species
is apparently restricted to upland areas northwards from the north of England and
across the Scottish mainland. However, it is not yet recorded from Orkney (John
Langmaid, pers. comm.) and the present records appear to be the first for the
Shetland Islands (VC 112). The trap site is one of few well-stocked, mature gardens,
situated on the side of expansive moorland with Vaccinium myrtillus away from
Lerwick and regularly hosts ‘new’ species to this northern islands fauna.

Perhaps less surprising, though nevertheless apparently also new to Shetland, were
two examples, one male and one female, of Eudonia lineola both caught at Virkie at
the southern tip of Mainland by Paul Harvey on 26 July 2006. This moth, whose
larvae feed on lichens growing on trees and rocks, is widely distributed, albeit rather
locally, across Scotland as far north as West Sutherland (VC 108), with an
unconfirmed record from the Orkney Islands (VC 111).

My thanks go to Matthias Nuss (Museum fiir Tierkunde, Dresden), for confirming
my identification of Eudonia lineola, to John Langmaid (Southsea) for confirming
the status of these moths in Shetland and to the Shetland team, mainly Paul Harvey,
Mike Pennington and Terry Rogers, for continuing to send material to me. — Jon
Clifton, Kestrel Cottage, Station Road, Hindolveston, Norfolk NR20 5DE (E-mail:
jon.clifton@btintemet.com).

Stauropoctonus bombycivorus (Gravenhorst) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) new to the
Isle of Wight

On 5 August 2006, Tim Norris, James Halsey, Peter Cramp myself set up lights in
Parkhurst Forest. One of our captures was a large ichneumon fly which was
identified from a photograph as Stauropoctonus bombcivorus, a rare species which

46

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.i.2007

has only previously been recorded from Windsor Forest and the New Forest. It is
said to parasitise the Lobster moth Stauropus fagi (L.). This appears to be the first
record for this species for the Isle of Wight. — Sam Knill-Jones, 1 Moorside,
Moons Hill, Totland, Isle of Wight P039 OHU.

Perils of the vernacular

The name “Scarlet Malachite Beetle” for Malachius aeneus L. (Melyridae) {Ent.
Rec. 118: 179) gives a somewhat confused idea of its colouring to anyone not
acquainted with the species. It is, indeed, rather extensively scarlet, or at any rate
red; however, malachite is not a red but a green mineral (hydrated copper carbonate).
The choice of name for the beetle was probably influenced by the generic name
Malachius, unconnected with the above, but apparently suggested by the Greek
malakos, meaning “soft”, as in Malocodermata - the soft-skinned beetles. — A. A.
Allen, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Avian predation of Sand Dart Agrotis ripae Hb. (Lep.: Noctuidae)

Tutt’s (1901) Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist describes how imagines of
Sand Dart Agrotis ripae may be found abundantly under pieces of driftwood lying on
the shore above the high tide mark. I decided to put this to the test when visiting St.
Cyrus (the village, not the holy man) in Kincardineshire with Mark Young on 28
June 2005. The dunes there are a good site for this species.

Most of the driftwood present consisted of old bleached boughs of pine and other
trees. Their irregular shapes left gaps and hollows beneath them, suitable places for a
moth to hide. Very quickly I found the first Sand Dart - or rather, part of one. Only
its disembodied wings remained.

At least this seemed a promising start, but my confidence was misplaced. Further
searching produced just more sets of wings. Then I noticed that every piece of
driftwood was circled by the delicate tracks of Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis, the
imprint of its long hind claw clearly visible in the fine sand. The whole beach had
been systematically worked already! I failed to find a single live moth by this
method, though did see one later, nectaring on a hogweed head after dark.

We were also pleased to find two freshly emerged examples of Shore Wainscot
Mythimna Uttoralis, again at hogweed. St. Cyrus is its northernmost site in Britain
and these were the first records there for over a decade. — Roy Leverton,
Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Comhill, Banffshire AB45 2HS.

BOOK REVIEWS

47

SUBSCRIBER NOTICE

We are undertaking a molecular study on the phylogeny of the snakeflies
(Raphidioptera) and we urgently need one or two specimens of Atlantoraphidia
maculicolUs (one of the four British species in this group) preserved in alcohol of
high concentration (if possible 96% or so). If the specimens are not older than five to
ten years, then alcohol of a lower concentration may be suitable. Dried specimens
are not required. Preserved larvae would also be useful. — Prof. Dr Horst Aspock,
Department of Medical Parasitology, Clinical Institute of Hygiene and Medical
Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1095 Wien,
Austria (E-mail: horst.aspoeck@meduniwien.ac.at).

BOOK REVIEW

Moths of Europe, Volume 1: Saturnids, Lasiocampids, Hawkmoths and Tiger Moths by

Patrice Leraut. 395pp.; 77 colour plates. 200 x 130 mm., hardbound. ISBN 2 913688 07 1
(English language version) and 2 913688 06 3 (French version). NAP Editions, 2006. €59 plus
€7 postage and packing. Available from the publisher at 3 chemin des hauts graviers, 91370
Verrieres le Buisson, France, or via www.napeditions.com

NAP Editions is a relatively new name to the world
of natural science publishing, the book under review
is their fourth production. The previous three
excellent books concentrate on the various families
of Coleoptera (Coleopteres de V Europe, available in
French only), all written and illustrated by Gaetan de
Chatenet, who is also responsible for the Preface in
this present volume. Patrice Leraut is an authority on
the Lepidoptera of France and Europe and has a
great many publications to his name, but this work
must surely be the culmination of his researches into
the fauna of Europe. Published in French and
English simultaneously, Moths of Europe covers the
families Arctiidae, Sphingidae, Lasiocampidae,
Saturniidae, Endromidae, Lemoniidae, Bombycidae,
Drepanidae, Axiidae, Limacodidae, Notodontidae,
Lymantriidae, Brahmaeidae, Castniidae,
Heterogynidae, Somabrachyidae, Cossidae,
Hepialidae, and Thyrididae, with 445 species
described. Three new species {Cilix algirica Leraut,
Heterogynis valdeblorensis Leraut and Heterogynis pravieli Leraut) are described as well as
five new subspecies and five new forms. The male genitalia are drawn for the first two but,
oddly, not for H. pravieli. One is inevitably led to wonder why new species are described in a
book that is clearly intended for the popular market and which contains such basic material as
“what is a moth”; it would surely be usual, and perhaps more acceptable to fellow researchers,
for new species to be described in one of the many peer-reviewed journals?

48

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.1.2007

The format follows the well tried and excellent system of their other publications; there is an
introduction dealing with anatomical details, habitats (with examples of species to be found in
each), collecting, identification, conservation etc. The text for each species is extremely
informative including scientific, French and English names, description, variation, similar
species, flight time, biology, status and distribution with maps. The colour plates are grouped
together and are of excellent clear and well detailed quality. To include the large number of
species, the moths depicted are not necessarily life size, although of the same scale on each
plate. Actual size is mentioned on the opposite page also containing the identification and
number of the text page. However, the caption pages facing plates 47, 48, 49 were evidently
overlooked; they remain in French. Although the colours are natural, there is a certain overall
greyness to the plates due to the reverse impression showing through. This may be due to the
use of paper of a lighter weight than that used in their Coleoptera books, where this
phenomenon does not occur.

As stated the text is extremely informative, but some confusion could be caused by the
distribution maps. For example, the map for Daphnis nerii (L) (Sphingidae), shows “black”
throughout Europe, except north of Finland. The text explains that this shows the maximum
migration zone, and then mentions it is exceptional outside its natural habitat. It would have
been better if the “natural habitat” had been marked in black and the limits of migration
indicated by something like hatching. There are other anomalies within this family and
doubtless elsewhere. Comparative line-drawings of genitalia, wing venation and wing
patterning are generously provided where species are difficult to separate, an extremely useful
tool when this book deals with so many forms and subspecies.

There is one contentious detail in this book, however, and that is the choice of vernacular
names. A paragraph at the beginning of the book perfunctorily deals with this. There has
already appeared in the pages of Entomologist’s Record a considerable discussion on this
subject, to which I now add. Normally each country has its own name for a species, (e.g. Red
Admiral becomes Vulcan in France) so that the British List will have Latin and vernacular
names. It becomes ridiculous for a species endemic to, for example, a mountain or narrow
habitat in the Urals to be given an English name. In this book EVERY species has been given
an English name. Those on the British List are naturally given their habitual vernacular names,
the remaining are given either a literal translation of the French or else a meaningless and/or
confusing English appellation. For example, members of the genus Dyspessa (Cossidae) are
given the common name of Mottled. Dyspessa emilia is highly local and endemic to Sicily; the
French name is “marbrure du Peloponnese” and for the English version we have the Pelops
Marbled! There are other examples. For example, a book quoted in the bibliography, and
regarded as a reference for this present work, gives one English name for a satumid whilst in
the present work there appears a different one I

Discounting the vernacular names, which have been supplied by Robin Howard, the
translation by Nicholas Flay is superb. This new book from Dr. Patrice Leraut, showing new
species and illustrating many new forms gives that impetus to look again at one’s collection to
find those subspecies which may have been overlooked. A great book necessary for all those
interested in European Lepidoptera Further volumes are eagerly awaited.

Michael Marney

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Papers

The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 2003. Sean Clancy and Bernard

Skinner 1-41

Notes

Hazards of butterfly collecting. It seemed a good idea at the time: London 2001.

Torhen B. Larsen 42-43

Acleris logiana (Cl.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) on Guernsey. P. D. M. Costen 44

Caterpillars drinking ‘sugar’. Roy Leverton 44

Third British record of Uloma culinaris (L.) (Col.: Tenebrionidae) from southern

Hertfordshire. D. Murray 44-45

Acleris lipsiana (D.&S.) (Tortricidae) and Eudonia lineola (Curtis) (Pyralidae) new to

the Shetland Isles. Jon Clifton 45

Stauropoctomis bombycivorus (Gravenhorst) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) new to the Isle

of Wight. Sam Knill-Jones 45-46

Perils of veracular. A. A. Allen 46

Avian predation of Sand Dart agrotis ripae Hb. (Lep.: Noctuidae). Roy Leverton 46

Subscriber Notice

Atlantoraphidia maculicollis required. Prof. Dr Horst Aspbck 47

Book Review

Moths of Europe, Volume 1: Saturnids, Lasiocampids, Hawkmoths and Tiger Moths by

Patrice Leraut 47-48

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BUTTERFLIES ON FARMLAND

49

BUTTERFLIES ON FARMLAND: THE FIRST 10 YEARS OF RECORDING
AT WRITTLE COLLEGE

' R. G Field and ^T. Gardiner

' Butterfly Conservation, Cambridgeshire & Essex Branch, 166 Sherwood Avenue, Northampton, NN2 8TE,

rfield8633 @aol. com

^ Writtie College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford, Essex, CMl 3RR

Abstract

Butterflies were monitored over a 10 year period on two transects at Writtle College, Essex,
UK. The transects were established in 1996 using the criteria established for the National
Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (BMS). Numbers of butterflies observed have varied from a high
of 2875 in 1997 to a low of 1215 in 2002. Overall 10 species (42%) are in decline, three
(12.5%) are increasing, eight (33%) are stable while three species (12.5%) have been lost.
Reasons suggested for these changes are varied and complex. An overall downward trend in
abundance has occurred even though the College estate joined the Countryside Stewardship
Scheme in October 1996, had a Woodland Grant Scheme agreement on certain sections and
several areas of wildflower meadow had also been created.

Introduction

The agricultural landscape has changed dramatically since the 1940s mainly due to
the intensification of arable systems (Dover, 1997). Much has been lost including
97% of lowland flower-rich grassland, 40% of lowland heath and 80% of chalk and
limestone grassland (Asher et aL, 2001). Up to the introduction of the Countryside
Stewardship Scheme (CSS) in the 1990s, hedgerows had also suffered with an
estimated 67% loss in England (Asher et aL, 2001) and many more managed in a
non wildlife friendly manner by regular trimming.

These losses plus the use of pesticides and fertiliser during farming operations
(Boatman, 1992), the change from haymaking to silage and the intensification of
forestry operations has meant further fragmentation of semi-natural habitats (English
Nature, 1995). This has had a negative effect on the native flora and fauna which
inhabits farmed areas.

Thomas et al. (2004) identified that 7 1 % of British butterfly species have declined
over the last 20 years compared to reductions in species richness of 54% in native
birds and 20% in plants. It is therefore suggested that butterflies are more sensitive
to habitat change and destruction and could be used as early warning indicators of
biodiversity loss.

A method for surveying butterflies was established in 1976 with the creation of
the Butterfl.y Monitoring Scheme (BMS) (Pollard & Yates, 1993). This scheme was
used by the Centre of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) to monitor butterflies at over
100 sites across the UK (Sparks et al, 2000). These, along with at least 500
additional transects undertaken for Butterfly Conservation (Asher et aL, 2001) are
the best indicators of butterfly change. However, most of the sites involved in the
scheme are nature reserves or other protected areas. Very few sites are on farmland
and knowledge of butterfly population in these areas is limited (Sparks et al, 2000).

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.iii.2007

As farmland constitutes 65% of the land area in Essex and is potentially a very
valuable habitat, this information forms an important indication of the health of
wildlife in the county.

The aim of this paper is to ascertain the main changes in butterfly abundance over
10 years on the predominantly agricultural Writtle College estate in Essex, UK.

Methods

Writtle College is located in the south-east of England, two kilometres west of
Chelmsford in Essex (TL 670070). The College estate extends over 210 hectares and
consists of agricultural, horticultural and conservation areas with landscaped amenity
sites in the College grounds. From the mid 1970s, many conservation areas have
been established and these include mixed broadleaf plantations, wildflower meadows
in field corners and re-instatement of hedgerows along old field boundaries (Field &
Gardiner, 2001).

The method used for surveying butterflies was adapted from that used in the
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology’s (now CEH) BMS (Pollard & Yates, 1993). This
involves recording all butterflies seen within five metres of an observer whilst
walking a set transect route, when the weather conditions are suitable. In 1996 two
transects were created on the estate, the College Transect and the Lordships Transect
(Table 1). These two routes, 5993 m in length, covered a large proportion of the
farmed estate and the conservation areas, following the field boundaries where
butterflies would be concentrated. The College Transect was divided into nine
sections comprising different habitat types whilst the Lordships Transect had eight
sections. These two transects were taken into the BMS scheme from 2001 and
formed some of the few transects set up on intensively managed farmland.

The surveys were conducted using the criteria outlined in Pollard & Yates (1993)
once a week from April through to September for ten years beginning in 1996. A
total of 26 weeks were to be surveyed each year although in most years unfavourable
weather meant some surveys had to be abandoned. In the BMS because of the
difficulty of distinguishing Thymelicus lineola and Thymelicus sylvestris in flight,
both species were recorded combined as Thymelicus species. Data for both species
are also combined in the results. The scientific names follow those in Asher et al.
(2001).

Each monitoring year on the Writtle transects (data for both combined) and the
BMS (data for all BMS sites n UK combined) was given a rank according to the total
butterfly abundance. The year with the highest number of butterflies recorded was
given a rank of 1, and year with the lowest abundance a rank of 10. Spearman’s rank
correlation (r^) was used to compare the ranks for both the Writtle data and the BMS
data to ascertain whether the trends observed were comparable. Spearman’s rank
correlation was also used to compare the total number of butterflies each year with
the total rainfall in the preceding summer (ApriLSeptember) to determine if
abundance is affected by rainfall as in the studies of Pollard (1988).

To ascertain if butterfly species were substantially declining or increasing the total
number of butterflies per year for each species were either compared for the periods

BUTTERFLIES ON FARMLAND

51

1996-2000 and 2001-2005 or 1996-1999 and 2000-2005 using Mann Whitney U test.
The periods compared differed because species have declined substantially since
either 1999 or 2000 and the statistics needed to reflect this. To examine fluctuations
in abundance for selected species, Chi-square (x^) analysis was used. Observed and
expected butterfly numbers for each year were compared.

Results

The total number of butterflies observed on the transects has varied from a high of
2875 in 1997 to a low of 1215 in 2002. There is a strong relationship (P<0.01, r^ =
0.88, n = 9) between the number seen per year on the Writtle transects and the
number seen per year on the BMS transects. The species richness has fluctuated
between 24 in 1996 and 18 in 2005 (Table 2). Seventeen species have been recorded
every year but three species have disappeared in the last few years. Lasiommata
megera and Aphantopus hyperantus have not been observed since 1997 while Aricia
agestis has not been seen since 2000. Two species, Cynthia cardui and Colias
croceus, were occasionally recorded in years when high numbers of migrants
reached UK shores and Lycaena phlaeas was not recorded on the transects every
year but is known to be in low numbers in certain areas across the estate.

Several species have sustained reductions in abundance over the 10 year period
(Table 3). Ochlodes venata has significantly reduced since 1999 (P<0.05, U = 1, n =
4, 6) while Anthocharis cardamines has significantly reduced (P<0.05, (7 = 3, n = 5,

5) since 2000. Inachis io abundance has also significantly reduced (P<0.01, [/ = 0, n
= 5, 5) since 2000.

There have been several species where the abundance has increased over the 10
years. Pararge aegeria abundance has increased significantly (P<0.01, U = 0, n = 4,

6) since 1999 as has abundance in both Polygonia c-album (P<0.05, U = 2, n = 5, 5)
and Maniola jurtina (P<0.01, U = 0, n = 5, 5) since 2000.

Two species have seen large fluctuations in abundance over the period. Aglais
urticae abundance has varied significantly (P<0.01, x^ = 31, n = 10) from 438 in
1997 to 1 in 2001 before rising again to 284 in 2004. Coenonympha pamphilus
abundance has varied from 69 in 1996, 1 in 1999/2000/2002, 0 in 2001 and then
back to 25 in 2005 (Table 3).

There was a significant relationship (P<0.01, rg = 0.85, n = 9) between butterfly
abundance and low rainfall during the months April to September of the previous
year (Table 2). Out of the 24 species observed over the ten years 10 were in decline,
three were increasing, eight remained stable and three were lost.

Discussion

The relationship shown between the Writtle transect data and the BMS data suggests
that fluctuations identified at Writtle are generally reflect the changes happening
throughout the UK. The species richness has reduced by three species when account
has been taken of the migrant species. The first species lost was L. megera, and this
follows a national decline in inland sites (Asher et al., 2001). The loss of

52

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.iii.2007

Table 1. Habitat type and management regimes for the two transects.

College

Transect

Section

Habitats

Management

Lordships

Transect

Section

Habitats

Management

1

WM

Cut path (autumn)

A

WS A

Cut grass margin

2

HM

M cut for hay

B

HA

Cut grass margin

3

HG

Grazed

C

HA

Cut grass margin

4

W A

W non-intervention

D

HM

M cut in Autumn

5

HMG

Cut and grazed

E

H

Hedge coppiced

6

WH A

Arable

F

HA

Cut grass margin

7

HA

Arable

G

HO

Cut track

8

M

Cut for hay

H

H V

Verge cut in Autumn

9

HS/S

S/S cut in August

Key:

W = Woodland
S/S = Set-aside
S = Scrub

H = Hedgerow A = arable field

M = Grassy meadow G = Grazed pasture

O = Orchards V = Roadside verge

Table 2. Butterfly abundance and species richness.

Year

Number of Butterflies

Species richness

Rainfall
Apr-Sept (mm)

1996

2664

24

161.3

1997

2875

22

226.7

1998

1846

20

352.9

1999

1793

19

285.5

2000

1648

21

346.5

2001

1409

18

384.3

2002

1215

19

272

2003

2349

20

181.3

2004

2729

20

339.1

2005

2168

18

427.2

BUTTERFLIES ON FARMLAND

53

Table 3. Individual species abundance 1996-2005.

Species

Total

number

Seen

High

Low

Change

Number
of years
seen

Aglais urticae

2005

438

I

sU

10

Cynthia cardui*

256

195

0

7

Inachis io

454

105

9

4.

10

Polygonia c-album

231

58

6

10

Vanessa atalanta

240

63

5

4^

10

Aphantopus hyperantus

5

3

0

X

2

Coenonympha pamphilus

148

69

0

vb

9

Lasiommata megera

10

7

0

X

2

Maniola jurtina

4158

708

165

10

Pararge aegeria *

1352

248

25

10

Pyronia tithonus

3576

614

127

4.

10

Anthocharis cardamines

236

45

9

sb

10

Colias croceus*

13

9

0

3

Gonepteryx rhamni

41

12

2

10

Pieris brassicae

1204

219

41

10

Pieris napi

1677

466

21

sb

10

Pieris rapae

2394

493

111

">

10

Aricia agestis*

63

56

5

X

3

Celastrina argiolus

135

58

4

sb

10

Lycaena phlaeas

25

8

0

sb

5

Ochlodes venata

406

199

1

sP

10

Polyommatus icarus

201

34

10

sb

10

Thymelicus spp.

2251

528

45

->

10

* Not seen in 1976 survey (Neate, 1979) Increasing in numbers

X Lost from the site between 1996-2005 ■=> Numbers stable

Decreasing in numbers

A. hyperantus was due to only a small area of suitable habitat being available. This
was increased but the numbers were already too low to sustain the population. A.
agestis has been increasing and decreasing its range in Essex over the last 15 years
(Asher et al., 2001) and was seen for three years on the transects before disappearing
again.

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.iii.2007

Three species have reduced in numbers, O. venata, having the largest fluctuations
reducing from a high of 199 to a low of one. The reasons for these changes are not
known as there was plenty of long grassy habitat which remained uncut and there
were nectar sources nearby but it follows the national trend (Greatorex-Davis & Roy,
2005). A. cardamines has also reduced in numbers but this may be due to a run of
poor spring weather over the last few years. The reason for the decline of /. io was
unknown but reflects a national trend (Greatorex-Davis & Roy, 2005).

Two species, A. urticae and C. pamphilus have had severe fluctuations during the
last 10 year period. A. urticae had declined across the country but the decline was
identified one year earlier in agricultural habitats (Field, 2002) than on the BMS
transects. This species has since recovered to pre-decline numbers. C. pamphilus
abundance was very low in the period 1999-2001 but since has made a slight
recovery. The decline may have occurred because C. pamphilus favours short turf
(Asher et aL, 2001) and those years had high summer rainfall which encouraged
taller grass growth.

Three species have significantly increased in numbers over the 10 years. The first
species, P. aegeria, which was not present on the site in 1976 (Neate, 1979), has
been increasing across the country (Asher et al., 2001) and from only small numbers
at the start of the period was the third most numerous butterfly by 2005. The second
species to increase in numbers was M. jurtina. This was not surprising as many
wildflower meadows and pastures have been created on the College estate over the
last 15 years (Field & Gardiner, 2001), thus extensive favourable habitat has become
available. P. c-album, the third species to increase was following an increasing
national trend which may be due to the more wildlife friendly management of
hedgerows in agri-environmental schemes such as the CSS.

Pollard (1988) suggested that there was a relationship between high butterfly
abundance and low rainfall in the previous summer. The data collected from these
transects and the Writtle College weather station also suggests such a relationship.
Prime examples being 1997 with 2875 butterflies seen and a low rainfall of 161.3
mm in 1996 and 2004 with 2729 butterflies seen and a low rainfall of 181.3 mm in
2003.

Thomas et al. (2004) identified that 7 1 % of all British butterflies were reducing in
numbers but that included a wide range of our most threatened butterflies. This study
at Writtle confined to only common butterflies suggests that 42% are declining, with
33% steady, 12.5% increasing and 12.5% lost from the College estate in the last 10
years. What must be remembered when looking at these figures is that everything
possible has been done to manage the estate in a wildlife friendly manner for the last
15 years. The farm has been in CSS since 1996. During that time 2 and 6 m grass
margins have been established, some hedges planted, others managed by coppicing
and laying, and areas of woodland have been planted under the Woodland Grant
Scheme. The field margins set up under the CSS were generally successful in
increasing butterfly abundance but could have been far better habitats for butterflies
had there been nectar sources available in the mixtures sown (Field et al., 2005a;
2005b; 2006; in press, Field & Mason, 2004a ; 2004b; 2005).

BUTTERFLIES ON FARMLAND

55

Condesioes

The analysis of long term data has shown worrying trends for common butterflies.
Nearly 55% of species seen on the Writtle College transects are either in decline or
have already been lost over the 10 years. This was all happening on a site managed
positively for wildlife and especially butterflies. If such a large loss can occur on
favourably managed farmland what can the effects be in the wider countryside?

The grassland habitats established at Writtle were not on a small scale; they were
field size and were interconnected by hedgerows, ditches, streams, permanent set-
aside and wide grassy margins. One problem with some areas of the grass margins
and pastures was that they were sown with commonly used cultivars of agricultural
grasses and wildflowers. Recent research (Field, 2005) suggests that the use of
native grasses and wildflowers, even though more expensive, can produce habitats
which support four times the number of butterflies and significantly greater species
richness.

Most of the BMS sites are protected habitats, Sites of Special Scientific Interest or
nature reserves, and as such hold strong butterfly populations. Using A. urticae as an
example, declines were observed in the wider countryside first (Field, 2002)
followed a year or so later by declines on the other BMS transects. That might
suggest that for common butterflies the wider countryside is a better indicator of the
health of a species than data from protected habitats.

If the current rate of loss continues for the next 20 years another 4-6 species could
be lost at Writtle and any of the 10 species in decline are at risk. This does not take
into account any future effects global warming might have on habitat change and
butterfly abundance and species richness.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank other recorders such as Graham Watkins, Michelle
Gardiner, Zoe Ringv/ood and Emma Sellers who have walked the transects on
various occasions.

References

Asher, J., Warren, M., Fox, R., Harding, R, Jeffcoate, G. & Jeffcoate, S., 2001. The Millennium
Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Boatman, N.D., 1992. Herbicides and the management of field boundary vegetation, Pesticides
Outlook, 3, 30-34.

Dover, J.W., 1997. Conservation headlands: effects on butterfly distribution and behavior.

Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 63, 31-49.

English Nature, 1995. Rebuilding the English Countryside. Peterborough: English Nature.

Field, R.G., 2005. Six metre grass margins and butterflies. Entomologist’s Record & Journal of
Variation 117(6)i 271-273.

Field, R.G., 2002, A study of butterflies on farmland. Unpublished PhD thesis. Colchester:
University of Essex.

Field, R.G. & Gardiner, T., 2001. Habitats and abundance of butterflies on agricultural land at
Writtle College. Essex Naturalist 18: 129-138.

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25.iii.2007

Field, R.G. & Mason, C.F., 2005. The utilisation of two metre Countryside Stewardship Scheme
grass margins by the Gatekeeper Pyronia tithonus (L). Journal of Natural History 39 (18):
1533-1538.

— , 2004a. The utilisation of two metre Countryside Stewardship Scheme grass margins by
Meadow brown Maniola jurtina (L). Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation 116: 61-67.

— , 2004b. The utilisation of six metre Countryside Stewardship Scheme grass margins by the
Gatekeeper Pyronia tithonus (L). Entomologist’s Record. & Journal of Variation 116; 101-112.

Field, R. G., Watkins, G. & Gardiner, T., 2005b. The use of Countryside Stewardship Scheme
field margins by the Small skipper Thymelicus sylvestris (Poda), Essex skipper Thymelicus
lineola (Ochs.) & Large skipper Ochlodes venata (Br. & Grey). Entomologist’s Record &
Journal of Variation 117(5): 197-203.

Field, R.G., Gardiner, T., Mason, C.F. & Hill, J., 2006. Countryside Stewardship Scheme and
Butterflies: A study of plant and butterfly species richness. Biodiversity and Conservation
15(1)1 443-452.

Field, R.G., Gardiner, T., Mason, C.F. & Hill, J., 2005a. Agri-environment schemes and
butterflies: The utilisation of six metre arable field margins. Biodiversity and Conservation
14(8): 1969-1976.

— , in press. Agri-environment schemes and butterflies: The utilisation of two metre arable field
margins. Biodiversity and Consenmtion.

Greatorex-Davis, J.N. & Roy, D.B., 2005. Butterfly Monitoring Scheme: Report to Recorders
2004. Monks Wood: CEH.

Neate, D.J.M., 1979. Writtle Agricultural College Wildlife and Landscape Survey: Report and
recommendations. Chelmsford: Writtle College.

Pollard, E., 1988. Temperature, rainfall and butterfly numbers. Journal of Applied Ecology 25,
819-828.

Pollard, E. & Yates, T., 1993. Monitoring Butterflies for Ecology and Conservation. London:
Chapman and Hall.

Sparks, T.H., Meek, W., Pywell, R.F. & Nowakowski, M., 2000. The influence of field margin
management on the butterfly fauna of a Yorkshire arable fauna. In: Boatman, N.D., Clay, D.V.,
Goodman, A., Marrs, R.H., Marshall, E.J.P., Newman, J.R., Putwain, P.D. & Pywell, R.F. (Eds)
Vegetation management in changing landscapes. Warwick: Association of Applied Biologists,
pp 407-410.

Thomas, J.A., Telfer, M.G., Roy, D.B., Preston, C.D., Greenwood, J.J.D., Asher, J., Fox, R.,
Clark, R.T. & Lawton, J.H., 2004. Comparative Losses of British Butterflies, Birds, and Plants
and the Global Extinction Crisis. Science 303, 1879-1881.

Cornifrons ulceratalis (Lederer^ 1858) (Lep.: Crambidae) new to France and
Syncopacma albifrontella (Heinemann, 1870) (Lep.: Gelechiidae): first
published French record

Perhaps being located at a geographical crossroads gives rise here to a climate
different to that in other parts of south-west France? Squeezed between the Pyrenees
and the Massif Centrale a corridor is formed, the Plaine Toulousaine, stretching as
far north as Northern Tarn where we live. Winds from the south and south-east
sweep up this gap, bringing with them warm air from the Mediterranean region.
Thus we have both Mediterranean and mountainous species of Lepidoptera passing
through. For this reason we keep a daily record of the temperature, wind force and

NOTES

57

direction. When the wind is continuously from the east/south-east with fairly stable
temperatures in the mid to high twenties, we keep a special look-out at our moth
traps in the garden. In the past, this has rewarded us with surprise discoveries of
Heliothis nubigera (Eastern Bordered Straw) and Lacanobia splendem (Splendid
Brocade), but we surpassed this in the autumn of 2006 with two moths apparently
entirely new to the French fauna.

Cornifrom ulcerataUs: Prior to 27 October 2006, the wind had been blowing from
the south-east and south for several days, with a temperature of 26°C max to 17°C
min. Nothing ro.uch of interest was flying, that eight, but at LOO am, resting on the
side of the trap was a small moth completely unknown to us. As we moved in for a
closer look it flew off, and was put down as a question mark. When we came to
close down the trap in the morning, there it was at the bottom of the trap. It was duly
captured and set and digital images v/ere e-mailed to Colin Plant and Jon Clifton for
an opinion; Jon also roped in Harry Beaumont; all three came back almost
immediately with the same name - Cornifrons ulcerataUs, with Colin’s opinion
based on first hand experience of the species and specimens in his collection. This
moth is not included in the latest published list of French Lepidoptera (Leraut, 1997.
Liste Systematique et synonomique des Lepidopteres de France, Belgique et Corse
2nd edition) and examination of the Fauna Europaea web site indicated that there
were no more recent unpublished records.

Syncopacma alMfmntella: Jon Clifton and his family made a visit to Gradde at the
beginning of September, 2006, and on the night of 2 September the weather
appeared favourable for mothing - at 30°C maximum and 18°C minimum, the wind
from the south tending towards south-west. That night, we caught many examples of
Syncopacma and a selection was taken for further study; Jon returned to UK and
commenced the identification by means of genitalia dissection. Amongst the
material collected was a male Syncopacma albifrontella which Colin Plant identified
from the genitalia slide prepared by Jon. This species is not listed for France in
Leraut’s first French checklist (1980), but does appear in thel997 second edition {op.
cit.), though it is not immediately noticed since it is included (as species number
1758) in the genus Stomopteryx, for reasons which are not immediately apparent.
The entry for this species on the Fauna Europaea web site was prepared by Dr Ole
Karsholt and this also shows its presence in the country, but a search of the literature
has failed to reveal any published reports. Dr Karsholt has, however, most kindly
informed us that the basis for his inclusion of Syncopacma albifrontella as a French
species is the presence of three males in the collections at the Zoological Museum of
Copenhagen labelled "France, Dept. Hautes Alpes, Valle de la Romanche, les
Freaux, 1400 m, 27. Hi. 2000, leg. P. Skou\ These do not appear to have been
published in the literature and the opportunity is taken to correct that omission here.

We are most grateful to Ole Karsholt, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen for
clarifying the basis of his inclusion of Syncopacma albifrontella as a French species
on the Fauna Europaea web site and for allowing us to include reference to the

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Copenhagen Museum specimens here. We would like to express appreciation to our
friends Colin Plant and Jon Clifton for all their help and assistance and also to Mr
Harry Beaumont for his consideration of the photographs via Jon. — - Michael &
Brenda Marney, Gradde, 81140 Campagnac, France (E-mail: marney.michael
@ wanadoo.fr).

Nest building and prey stocking in Crossocerus megacephalm (Rossius) (Hym.;
Sphecldae)

Hatfield Forest in Essex is a large area of ancient woodland and wood pasture near
Bishop’s Stortford. On several occasions during the summer months of 2006,
Hymenoptera were seen around the upright remains of some of the dead birch, beech
and oak trees. On 21 July 2006, a small hole, approximately 5mm in diameter, was
spotted in dead stock arising from a hazel Corylus avellana coppice. A small pile of
wood dust around the base of the stock indicated recent activity. The stock was
investigated and it came away easily in its entirety. The dry, dead wood was split
along its length and inside was a tunnel with three brood chambers, two of which
were empty. The third chamber was tightly packed with what appeared to be small
flies. The tunnels also contained two pale amber, hymenopteran cocoons. The spilt
stock was taped back together and taken home.

The next day, the extent of the nest within the stock was investigated under a
dissecting microscope and the pupae were removed. Unfortunately, one of the pupae
had been damaged when the stock was split open. The intact pupa was moved to a
glass vial and left until the adult insect emerged. The three brood chambers were
inspected; two contained nothing excect frass, whilst the third was stocked with flies
and sealed with a plug of wood-dust. There were 15 flies in total and all appeared to
be the same species, later confirmed by Jon Mellings who identified them as
Chrysopilus asiliformis (Preyssler) (Rhagionidae). One week after the nest was
closely examined, the pupa hatched and an adult sphecid emerged; this was
identified by Jon Mellings as Crossocerus megacephalus. To the author’s
knowledge, this is the first time a prey species has been identified for C.
megacephalus. However, the observation does not provide any information on the
prey preferences of this wasp. The fly could have occurred in profusion near the nest
- alternatively the wasp may selectively hunt this small species. Regardless of the
true nature of this relationship, the fact remains that a small wasp excavated an
impressive nest in dead wood, and if the contents of the intact brood chamber are to
go by, stocked it with at least 40 C. asiliformis. The possibility also exists that a
mated pair of C. megacephalus work together to construct the nest and stock it with
flies as two of these wasps were often seen around the same hole. If a pair of these
wasps devoted their adult energies to a single nest then the reproductive strategy of
this species could to be to produce a very small amount of well provisioned
young.— Ross Piper, 17 Southmill Court, Southmill Road, Bishops Stortford,
Hertfordshire CM23 3DA. (E-mail: ross_piper@yahoo.com).

URESIPHITA REVERSALIS NEW TO BRITAIN

59

URESIPHITA REVERSALIS (GUENEE, 1854) (LER: PYRALIDAE)

NEW TO BRITAIN AND EUROPE

’ Tony Davis and ^Doug Miller

' Timber Tops, Marley Common, Haslemere, Surrey GU27 3PT
^ Broad St one House, 1 Broadstone, Westonzoyland, Bridgwater, Somerset TA7 OEW

Abstract

Uresiphita reveralis Guenee (Lep.; Pyralidae) is added to the British fauna on the basis of a
specimen taken in Somerset during September 2006; evidence suggests that this species has
not previously been reported in Europe. The adult moth is illustrated in colour and details of
its life history and distribution are given. The likely origin of the Somerset specimen is
discussed.

Introduction

On the night of 23 September 2006, National Moth Night, DM ran a Robinson
MV trap in his garden at Westonzoyland, Somerset (O.S. grid reference ST 3434).
The trap was placed next to the cream-coloured garage wall as some of the more
unusual moths do not enter the trap and are found resting on the wall.
Westonzoyland is located on the edge of the Somerset Levels which has very few
trees or shrubs and can be affected at times by strong winds. DM’s garden can
best be described as untidy and is thus a haven for wildlife. The weather was
warm with a little rain at times and a light wind from the south-east. Interesting
moths recorded during the night included Four Spotted Footman Lithosia quadra
(L.), Palpita vitrealis (Rossi), Silver Y Autographa gamma (L.), Vestal
Rhodometra sacraria (L,), Udea ferrugalis (Hb.) and Nomophila noctuella (D.&
S.) as well as the first Pinion Streaked Snout Schrankia costaestrigalis (Steph.)
for the site. A single Uresiphita reversalis was immediately seen upon checking
the trap. It looked familiar to DM, but checking through all the books available to
him failed to produce a suitable match. The specimen was passed to David Evans
who gave it to TD at the Annual Exhibition of the British Entomological and
Natural History Society (BENHS). The unset specimen was shown to various
lepidopterists at the BENHS exhibition, but an identity was not forthcoming.
Upon relaxing, it was immediately apparent that it was related to Uresiphita
gilvata Fabr. However it was significantly smaller than typical U. gilvata, had
greatly reduced black on the hindwing and a relatively poorly marked forewing; a
scan of internet images suggested that U. reversalis was a good match. After
setting, the moth was photographed and the image sent to Martin Honey and
Michael Schaffer at the Natural History Museum, London, who kindly confirmed
the identification.

Recognition

The wingspan of the Somerset specimen was 26.5 mm, which is below the range of
29-37 mm given for U. gilvata by Goater (1986). Unfortunately, Munroe (1976)

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does not give a size range for U. reversalis and it seems likely that there may be a
small overlap in size between the two species. Both species have an orange-yellow
hindwing with a blackish border but the border of U. reversalis is usually limited to
the apex and rarely extends as far as half way along the border. In U, gilvata there is
frequently a complete blackish border although it can occasionally be reduced, as in
the illustration in Goater (1986). A couple of specimens in the Natural History
Museum collections have the dark markings reduced to the hindwing apex (Martin
Honey, pers. comm.).

The forewing of U. reversalis is generally poorly marked and is often more
orangey-brown than U. gilvata. The central part of the forewing is often the same
colour as the rest of the forewing and if a dark bar is present, it is just a slightly
darker shade of brown.

Biology and distribution

Munroe (1976) states that the larvae feed on the leaves and tender bark and shoots of
broom. Genista sp., lupines, Lupinus sp.. Wild Indigo, Baptism tinctoria (L.)
Necklace Pod, Sophora tomentosa (L.), honeysuckle Lonicera sp., and other plants
and shrubs, especially legumes. Leen (1995) gives the distribution as being from
Nova Scotia, Canada, down the eastern side of North America into parts of Mexico
and extending west into Arizona and California. The current distribution in central
and northern California is attributed to an expansion of range in the early 1980s.
Munroe (1976) states that in the northern part of the range there are years of sporadic
abundance, possibly sustained by migration from the south and that it is an
occasional pest of nursery stock and ornamental plantings.

There is no mention of this species in Karsholt & Razowski (1996) or on the
Fauna Europaea website (http://www.faunaeur.org) so this appears to represent the
first European record. It is suggested that it is allocated a logbook number of
1369a.

Munroe (1976) gives the flight period as being from February to November in the
southern part of its range.

Origins

Whilst it is always impossible to know for certain the origins of a particular
specimen, and the fact that U. reversalis can occasionally be a pest of nursery stock
points towards accidental importation, there are several factors which are indicative
or natural arrival. The relatively rural location of the capture, on the western side of
Britain during September is more indicative of natural arrival and fits with the
predominant pattern of arrival of Nearctic birds and insects. Of particular interest
was the discovery of two Buff-breasted Sandpipers Tryngites subruficollis and a
Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla at Slimbridge on 22 September. Slimbridge
is approximately 80 kilometres north-east of Westonzoyland and the arrival of these
birds indicates that the air currents in that part of the country were suitable for
transatlantic vagrancy.

URESIPHITAREVERSALIS NEW TO BRITAIN

61

Plate A. Uresiphita reversalis (Guen.), Westonzoyland, Somerset, 23.ix.2006, Leg. D. Miller.

Photograph © Keith Tailby

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Martin Honey and Michael Schaffer of the Natural History
Museum, London for confirming the identity of the specimen. Barry Goater and Jim
Porter kindly made relevant literature available to us. We are also grateful to
Frantisek Slamka (Bratislava) for confirming that there do not appear to be any
previous records of this species in Europe. We would also like to thank Simon
Woolley for providing the information on Nearctic bird arrivals and Keith Tailby for
photographing the specimen.

References

Goater, B., 1986. British Pyralid Moths. A guide to their identification. Harley Books.

Karsholt, O. & Razowski, J. (Eds), 1996. The Lepidoptera of Europe. A distributional checklist.
Apollo Books.

Leen, R., 1995. Biology of Uresiphita reversalis (Guenee) and comparison with U. polygonalis
maorialis (Felder) (Crambidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 49(2): 163-170.

Munroe, E., 1976. The Moths of America North of Mexico. Fascicle 13. 2 A Pyraloidea Pyralidae
(Part). E.W. Classey Limited and The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation.

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The ad¥aiitages of ^Doing the Dirt”: New and interesting moth records for
Hertfordshire & Middlesex

When I look in the cabinets of ‘proper’ entomologists, I always feel slightly jealous
of the rows of immaculate specimens - all pristine and shiny. Many of the
specimens I have are retained in my collection are there merely in support of a
genitalia slide that I have made from various specimens. Few are immaculate, some
are passable and others look a lot like car crash victims! A great many of the
specimens that I receive tend to arrive in various boxes marked ‘Micros 2006’ or the
like (sound familiar?). You know most of them will be common, but there is always
the prospect of finding something exciting in these ‘boxes of dirt’. Among the
Hertfordshire (VC 20) and Middlesex (VC 21) specimens supplied to, or taken by,
me this year the following were notable for the reasons stated:

New to Hertfordshire (VC 20)

Argyresthia cupressella Wals.: Bishops Stortford, 2.vi.2005 (J. Fish & J. Reeves);

Acleris logiana (CL): Bishops Stortford, 29.1.2005, (J. Fish & J. Reeves).

New to Middlesex (VC 21)

Stigmella tiliae (Frey): Fir & Pond Wood Nature Reserve, mines, 19.x. 2006 (R. Terry);
Niditinea piercella (Bent.): Fir & Pond Wood Nature Reserve, 16. vi. 2006, (R. Terry);
Argyresthia cupressella Wals.: Wood Green, 9.vi.2006 (M. Ashby);

Colephora vestianella (L.): Greenford, 06.vii.2006 (A. Culshaw);

Cochylis molliculana Zell.: Horsenden Hill, Greenford,2Lvi.2003 (R. Terry). Predates the
record on file from Kensington Gardens, 2.viii.2005 (T. Freed).

Epinotia caprana (Fabr.): Fir & Pond Wood Nature Reserve, Lix.2006 (R. Terry);

Strophedra niditana (Fabr.): Fir & Pond Wood Nature Reserve, 28.vi.2006 (R. Terry);

Cydia conicolana (HeyL): Wood Green, June 2006 (M. Ashby);

Hymenia recurvalis (Fabr.): Bamet, 28.x. 2006 (R. Terry).

Significant updates to the Middlesex fauna

1 . Species for which the only known previous record was included in the distribution map in

the relevant volume of Moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland (Harley Books)
but is unsupported by full data.

Metzneria lappella (L.): Wood Green 10,vii.2006 (M. Ashby);

Gelechia scotinella (H.- S.): Fir & Pond Wood Nature Reserve, 5.viii.2006 (R. Terry);
Cnephasia longana (Haw.): Wood Green, 29. i. 2006 (M. Ashby).

2. Records that significantly update the lists presented by Colin Plant (2002. A provisional
list of the microlepidoptera of Middlesex (VC 21). London Naturalist 81: 123 - 186 and
2004: Additions and corrections to the provisional list of the microlepidoptera of
Middlesex (VC 21). London Naturalist 83: 107 - 109.

Neofriseria singula (Stdgr.): Fir & Pond Wood Nature Reserve, 5.viii.2006 (R. Terry);

NOTES

63

Lobesia botrana (D.& S.): Wood Green, 20.vii.2006. (M. Ashby); Last recorded at
Hampstead, 1985;

Ancylis mitterbacheriana (D.& S.): Fir & Pond Wood Nature Reserve, 3.V.2006 (R. Terry).
Last recorded Ruislip, 1959;

Ancylis laetana (Fabr.): Barnet, 9.viii.2006 (R. Terry). Last recorded Ruislip 1959;

Paralipsa gularis (Zell.): Wood Green, 13.vi.2004 (M. Ashby). Last recorded at Finsbury
Park, 1932 and Ruislip, 1957.

I am grateful to Andy Culshaw, Marcel Ashby, James Fish and Julian Reeves for
permission to include the records made from specimens collected by them in this
summary. I also thank Colin Plant for double-checking some of the identifications
made from my slides of genitalia and for confirming the status of the species listed.
— Rachel Terry, 92 Woodville Road, Barnet, EN5 5NJ (E-mail:
s wordgrass @ btintemet.com) .

Editorial Comment: Rachel will probably hate me for saying it, but as a county
recorder I would think the appellation 'proper entomologist’ would be far more
appropriately applied to her good self and to anyone else who recognises the
significance of the battered, scale-less ‘bits of dirt’ left over in the bottom of the
moth trap after the mere collectors have had their turn!

Late-flying Silver-ground Carpets Xanthorhoe montanata D. & S. (Lep.:

Geometridae) in Banffshire

Philip Gould’s note {Ent. Rec. 118: 227) reporting this species in a Rothamsted trap
at Ben Eighe in West Ross on the late date of 2-5 September 2005 prompted me to
check my own records for Banffshire. In nine of the 17 years from 1990-2006, I
recorded this species in September at my home address. Most moths were in the first
week, the latest date being 1 1 September 2002.

Although the flight time given in the literature for this species is from mid-May to
late July, in northern Scotland it emerges about a month later. My average date of
first sighting during the years mentioned was 15 June (range 5-27 June), and the
whole flight period is correspondingly delayed by about a month. Moths peak in
July, but stragglers continue into early autumn in most years.

It is very unlikely that such late individuals constitute a partial second generation.
Those seen here are invariably female and often below normal size. Perhaps they are
caused by some developmental abnormality, as they are much more frequent in cool
summers than in warm ones. For instance, there were no September sightings here in
2003 or 2006, years when a wide range of other species produced unusual second
broods. Indeed, the last sighting in 2003 was on 5 August, my earliest-ever final
date.

Also, I am currently rearing this species in captivity. From eggs laid in June 2006, the

caterpillars developed very slowly and are still barely a centimetre long in early
November. — Roy Leverton, Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Comhill, Banffshire AB45 2HS.

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Notes on the early stages of Elachista regificella Sircom, 1849 and E. tengstromi
Kaila et aL, 2001

On 26 April 2006, Norman Lowe and I visited Coed Fenni-fach, an area of woodland
about 3km west of Brecon, by kind permission of the landowner, David Jones
Powell. Here we found Luzula sylvatica and L. pilosa in plenty and in about equal
quantity. In the previous year’s leaves of both plants were the typical inflated,
puckered mines of Elachista spp. of the regificella Sircom group (Plates B & C).

Plate C. Larval mine of Elachista regificella Sircom, on Luzula sylvatica.

NOTES

65

The larvae were slow to mature, having formed new mines in the current year’s
leaves, but eventually vacated their mines and pupated. Imagines of E. regificella
emerged between 11 and 19 June from the L. sylvatica stock and E. tengstromi
between 22 June and 2 July from that on L pilosa. The identity of the moths was
confirmed by dissection of the genitalia. Although only a small number were reared,
the dates of emergence may indicate that E. regificella is on the wing earlier than E.
tengstromi.

The larvae showed some differences in the final iestar and are described as
follows:

E. regificella. Head pale honey coloured, mouth-parts a little darker; prothoracic
and anal plates and thoracic legs likewise; body greenish black.

E. tengstromi. Head pale honey coloured, mouth-parts dark brown; prothoracic
and anal plates and thoracic legs translucent yellowish green; body dull green,
tinged yellowish ventraliy.

Thanks are due to Ian Thiriwell for photographing the mines. — ■ John R.
Langmaid, Wilverley, 1 Dorrita Close, Southsea, Hampshire P04 ONY.

Hazards of butterfy collecting. Bumbuea Butterfly Survey - Sierra Leone, May
2006

We stood at the foot of the giant Bumbuna Dam in northern Sierra Leone, looking
up-river. It promised to become a good day for butterflies. The morning mist was
clearing and rain apparently did not threaten. As part of World Bank procedures an
Environmental Impact Assessment had to be performed before the reservoir could be
flooded. I was contracted to analyze the local butterfly fauna. The main threatened
habitats were small patches of riverine forest fringing the Sell River, all of which
would be flooded by the inundation of the reservoir, and was unlikely to regenerate.
We were three people •- myself, my field assistant Nyakeh Mattia, and our driver
Mohammed Deen.

We were planning a walk that would take us further north than we had ever been
in the narrow band of riverine forest, nearly all of it in poor condition. Various
permutations of my team had been in the area several times before. Very little
riverine forest still remained and most of that was inaccessible, so this area
(“Rashida’s Forest” - as it was named after another team member) was subjected to
in-depth study. We walked the first few kilometres as fast as we could in order to
reach the parts of the forest that we knew less well and reached what seemed to be
the highest quality bits. We gave these a thorough going-over and then decided to
continue on into unknown territory. Our aerial photographs indicated that some
forest patches would be found, but the photos were 15 years old, and they might
have gone by now. Virtually all forest in the valley had been destroyed in favour of
cultivation of mountain rice. Hundreds of square kilometres of steep hillsides were
completely denuded and bits and pieces of forest remained only in inaccessible
ravines and along the river. This destruction had little to do with the dam project.

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Similar processes have reduced the forest cover in Sierra Leone to less than 5% of its
original area - even worse than in most West African countries.

Not wanting to put all our eggs in one basket, Mohammed was left in the good
forest while Nyakeh and I would explore the unknown. Mohammed, being our
driver, could have done as drivers do: stay behind and sleep in the car. But he had
become keen on butterfly collecting and could now tell his Charaxes from his
Euphaedra. A few days ago, when nothing new was being found, I decided to knock
off early: we had not had a break for three weeks. “We can’t go now”, protested
Mohammed, “we haven’t caught enough butterflies”. My chimpanzee-studying
colleague, Chris Ransom, told me that each time he came to our office, Mohammed
was engrossed in my book Hazards of Butterfly Collecting - a collation of the stories
published in this journal. He had also become quite proficient at finding the relevant
plates in Butterflies of West Africa during our butterfly identification sessions. In
short, Mohammed was not your typical driver.

Nyakeh and I pushed on along the narrow path. There was virtually no forest left,
but in places there was quite tall bush-fallow (i.e. at least 15 years old), and we
caught a few interesting species there. After that ecological conditions deteriorated.
Was it worth continuing? The tendency is always to continue - there might just be a
crock of gold around the next twist of the river. Eventually we were about an hour
and half from Mohammed. Suddenly it clouded over, thunder boomed, lightning
flashed, and the heavens opened up. We were wet through in minutes. At 3,700mm

rainfall a year - five times more
than in Denmark - the missing
natural vegetation would have
been rainforest [technically
hyperwet evergreen forest], so you
can’t really complain. But an hour
on a slippery track, soaked, water
squishing in your shoes, and with
not a single butterfly in sight is
still a somewhat unsatisfactory
pastime.

The rain stopped just as we
reached Mohammed, who gave us
a bemused look. Rain in the area
can be amazingly local and he had
not received a drop. He had also
caught some useful butterflies.
Cloud had obscured the sun so we
decided to call it a day and make
our way back to the dam. Then the
heavens opened up again, just as
Mohammed bracing himself for our next field trip shoes had stopped squishing.

with Hazards of butterfly collecting. Mohammed was soon just as

NOTES

67

drenched as we had been on arrival. A moment later, he turned towards me with a
huge grin: “Hazards of butterfly collecting!” A more wonderful, quick-witted, and
apposite comment could hardly be imagined - it collected a round of laughter and
made the hour's wet walk back to the car more bearable, though the shoes still

The car stood untouched by rain just
200m from where we were still being
drenched. We had a drink and prepared to
get back to base, when I remembered that
I had pulled up a heliotrope plant to
expose the roots. I had been showing my
team the intricate androconial organs of
the danainae and telling them of the need
to tank up with pyrrolizidine alkaloids to
secure sexual success. The first act of a
male danaid is to fly off in search of
plants containing pyrrolizidine
compounds. Such plants can be scarce
and localized and sometimes large numbers of males are found on a single plant -
especially a damaged plant with dry bits. The heliotrope patch on the dirt road in
front of the dam seemed to have the character of such a “pyrrolizi-diner”, so I had
decided to give it a try: “Maybe they will attract the Amauris” We went to have a
look. Sure enough ~ on the crumpled heliotrope, and especially on the roots, sat
eleven males of three species of Amauris as well as a couple of Danaus chrysippus
Linne, 1758. Such modest success does your role as team leader no harm!

We took some fresh heliotrope back to the construction camp where we lodged
and hung it on the boundary fence. Even after a week our bait was still attracting
male danaids.— Torben B. Larsen, UNDP Vietnam, c/o Palais des Nations, 1211
Geneva 10, Switzerland.

Amauris damocles on our dead bait of
heliotrope on the boundary fence

Lepidoptera new to the Isle of Wight in 2006

2006 was the best year in living memory for rare moths on the Isle of Wight with
one species new to Britain, three new County records and five new vice-county
records. These were as follows:

New to Britain:

Aedia leucomelas (L.). Totland, 11 September 2006 (Sam KoilLJones),

New county records (Hampshire and the Isle of Wight):

Antichloris eriphia (Fabr.) Dave Dana, found pupae on Columbian bananas at
Morrisons, Lake, 5 February 2006.

Dysgonia algira (L.) Totland, 12 September 2006 (Sam Knill- Jones).

Proxenus (Athetis) hospes (Freyer) Bonchurch, 19 August 2006 (James Halsey).

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New Vice-county Records (Isle of Wight, VC 10):

Sophronia semicostella (Hb.) Totland, 24 June 2006 (Sam Knill-Jones).

Cochylis molliculana (Zell.) Parkhurst, 5 August 2006 (Tim Norris & Sam Knill-
Jones).

Catoptria verellus (Zinck.) Bonchurch, 13 July 2006 (James Halsey).

Nociua janthina (Borkh.) Bonchurch, 26 July 2006 (James Halsey).

Coleophora albidella (D.& S.) Ningwood Common, one case found, 5 August
2006 (Tim Norris).

— Sam Knill-Jones, 1 Moorside, Moons Hill, Totland, Isle of Wight P039 OHU.

I married a Moth Man - a warning to new moth spouses

With a few notable exceptions - Mary Harrap and Sarah Bradley spring to mind -
moth people are male. I think it’s a collecting thing. As a child it was always the
boys who climbed trees in search of birds’ eggs or who had albums of cigarette
cards. And I would venture to suggest that the women’s involvement remains at
interest level, stopping short of obsession.

Over the years I have met many moth men and realised quite early on that they
are all different, both from each other and from the rest of the human race. Some
might even say, well, a bit......um, no, ITl stick with ‘different’. Over thirty years

ago, when my husband Peter started collecting moths, after a lifelong interest, his
mentor was a friend and colleague, Tim Peet, a surgeon. I was an anaesthetic nurse
and many’s the time that Tim would come into the anaesthetic room with: “Tell
Peter to look out for...” and proceed to sketch the characteristic features of some
moth on the back of the patient’s notes. I sometimes wonder how subsequent
surgeons might try to interpret those jottings in relation to the patient’s current
medical condition.

Tim gave Peter his first setting boards, pins and papers, taught him to set moths
and we were off. A moth trap was bought together with a cabinet. Moth books, moth
courses, moth societies ensued and more moth men.

I forget how Peter first made contact with David Wedd but I met him before
Peter did. Peter was away from Guernsey on a moth course - where else - and had
arranged for David to set his moth trap in our garden. I would switch it on each
evening and David would come each morning to empty it. This wasn’t the only
trap he had with him. Remember how there used to competitions to fit as many
people as possible into a Mini. With David, it was moth traps in a Nissan Micra.
On about day three, I asked David if he would like to see Peter’s collection. I’ll
swear there was a white trail left in the air- you know, the sort the cartoonist draws
behind Tom when he’s chasing Jerry. He disappeared into the moth room ( yes,
moth room - more ofthat below) to emerge a good hour later. Moth men do love
looking at each other’s collections, a procedure which, as in this case, is

NOTES

69

accompanied by much grunting, gasps of envy and some shaking of the head and,
“I’m not sure about that one” - a polite way of saying “ he’s got that one wrong
David, now a much loved friend, has emigrated to Alderney where his traps are a
danger to shipping.

Then came Phil Sterling. Phil is a micro man and should come with a hazard
warning. You see, they all begin with macro moths, but in seemingly no time at all
they become interested in the tiny ones. This means: smaller boards; smaller pins;
smaller instruments; more books; another cabinet; and ...a microscope. Oh, and more
space for all this. Few of these moths have common names and many are notoriously
difficult to identify. Which is where Phil comes in. He identifies them. So, whenever
he comes to stay, other moth men arrive with (lots of ) boxes of specimens for him to
look at.

The problem is, that not all can be identified by just examining the whole moth.
No, the only way to separate some moths is by examining their genitalia, which
have to be dissected, put on a slide and examined under a microscope This applies
to some of the macros too, and for them and some of the larger micros the
original microscope will suffice. But problems arise as the moths get smaller,
together with their diagnostic characteristics. There is a moth in the house as I
write, which is barely visible to the naked eye and can only be separated from its
look-alike by counting the protuberances on the inside of its aedeagus (penis -
sort of) which has to be turned inside out! Yes, really. This means only one thing:
another microscope. And more space for it ... and the slide cabinet, the water bath
(if you don’t want him boiling up bodies on the cooker), a cupboard for the
chemicals needed to produce the slide, even smaller instruments and more books
of course. There are actually books containing nothing but pictures of moth
genitalia.

You can probably see now how things begin at a table in the dining room, move to
a larger table in the spare room and culminate in a dedicated moth room.

One day a parcel of sputum pots arrived in the post. They hadn’t been sent by the
hospital but had come from another moth friend called Mike Dockery whom Peter
had met on a moth course (of course ). The pots were subsequently returned over the
next few months, each containing a Large Yellow Underwing. These were material
for Mike’s PhD. His thesis was something to do with whether the moths rested with
the right wing over the left or vice versa. Seriously.

There are many, many more of these men, some of whom I’ve spoken to on the
phone, some I know only by name. Like David Brown who runs moth courses. Peter
has been on just twelve of them so far. There’s Shane from Stockport who has set up
a genitalia mailing list and another Peter who is a meteorologist, and, when migrant
moths land on these shores, tracks back from whence they came.

They love migrant moths and, following a migration, the Internet fairly buzzes
with first sightings, most northerly sightings, largest numbers etc. The first record is
the most important of all. There is nothing quite like the first record of a moth. A
migrant will do but a resident is better. First ever in the country is best of all, apart
from that holy grail that all moth men seek: a moth that is new to science.

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The thing is, after a while, it all becomes normal and it’s only when you talk about

what your husband does in his spare time and see the incredulity on the faces of

work colleagues and others outside this moth world that you remember just how

strange it is.

Guidelines on what to expect and how to survive

• Buy him his own fridge. It’s not just that he fills yours with moth pots, but they
tend to have bits of grass and bird dirt on them.

• Put up extra book shelves. Although the Internet has reduced the need somewhat,
books are still necessary. As a rule of thumb, the smaller the moth, the more
expensive the book and the rate of price increase is exponential. Ditto
microscopes.

• If you don’t want him to empty the trap in the kitchen, consider giving him the
garden shed, or, better still, a shed of his own. Choose the size carefully.
Sometimes there will be other moth people in there with him. We have a moth
shed at the end of the garden masquerading as a summer house. It’s full of moth
traps - four at the moment, though he’s talking of another. The veranda has a
variety of pots containing the foodplants of various moths. There is even a tub of
sand with a large willow log stuck in it. Something to do with Phil Sterling.

» Be prepared to accommodate lots of foodplants in the garden. I’ve got tansy in
case the Tansy Pug should pass by, masses of Nicotiana for the Convolvulus
Hawk, thrift for Thrift Clearwings .... The list is endless.

• Learn to keep watch while he searches ladies’ lavatories. They seem to attract
the best specimens.

• Keep moth pots on every window sill.

» Next time you re-carpet the guest room, choose a flecked pattern. This will
disguise the detritus - leaves, twigs, moth wings etc. that drops off moth friends
when they come to stay.

• Accept that you will have to feed and care for caterpillars from time to time. I
was once left with some that only ate the tops of gone - to - seed lettuces. I well
remember tramping through fields with a sympathetic vegetable grower in search
of some.

• Be aware that you will develop a vicarious interest in all this. I never garden or
go out for a walk without a moth pot in my pocket now. I have two colonies of
moths. One is of the case-bearing (don’t ask ~ you’ll soon find out ) Clothes
Moth which starts life under a bookcase in the games room and works its way up
to the ceiling. The other is of Cosmopterix pulchrimella on a clump of Pellitory
round the back of the house where I found the first pupa in our garden, and
potted the first moth in Guernsey, while Peter and Phil Sterling were down at one
of the bays searching for it. I have to admit to a certain degree of satisfaction that
it was a ‘first’, the same satisfaction that I feel in being able to find the pretty
little Yellow V-moth in almost any room in the house at the moment and
knowing that very few people Britain have ever seen it.

NOTES

71

I wonder if it’s worth setting up a moth spouses’ mailing list. I’ll ask Julia Peet,
Carole Sterling, Dot Agassiz ... — Pat Costen, La Broderie, La Claire Mare, St
Peters, Guernsey, GY7 9QA (E-mail: patcosten@cwgsy.net).

Scythris potentillella (Zeller) (Lep.: Scythrididae) new to Hertfordshire

During September 2005, my son Conall and I were searching for micros on Croxley
Common Moor (VC 20: Hertfordshire; O. S. grid reference TQ 0894). The silken
larval galleries of the gelechiid Teleiopsis dijfinis (Haw.) were found to be very
common indeed as indeed were adults - sweeping Rumex acetosella typically
producing a dozen or more specimens, with the highest density occurring among
Rumex growing around mounds of rabbit droppings. Around a very few of these
mounds, and restricted to perhaps a hundred square metres of this eastern part of the
moor, we began unexpectedly sweeping specimens of a Scythris species. Each
mound produced five or six specimens, along with many Teleiopsis and both species
were seen to be resting on Rumex stems close to the ground. We subsequently ran
actinic light traps here and both Scythris and Teleiopsis were attracted in abundance,
our last sighting of Scythris being on 12 October with Teleiopsis persisting into
November in small numbers.

There was considerable variation in the overall appearance of the Scythris
specimens and they were, initially, taken by me to include more than one species.
The ground colour varied from dull metallic purple/brown to dull grey/brown with
various patches of light grey scaling, mostly sub-apically on the forewing costa
and/or halfway along the hind margin. Twelve specimens were subsequently
dissected and ail proved to be potentillella; the identifications were kindly confirmed
by Colin Plant who dissected a further two himself. Dr Paul Sokoloff also identified
two specimens.

Frequent visits to the moor during 2006 produced the first potentillella on 10 June,
but then no more until 1 July, when two were found. Both potentillella and
Teleiopsis diffinis (first seen during March) have been present in very reduced
numbers during 2006, compared with 2005, with the last sighting of potentillella
being on 23 September. While both species appear to have suffered a population
crash between 2005 and 2006 other species which were common during 2005 have
hardly been seen at all, notably Agonopterix subpropinquella (Stt.).

These observations may prove interesting as Scythris potentillella is a new species
for Hertfordshire (Colin Plant, pers. comm.), and one of rather few reliable records
nationally. The observation that its numbers have been seen to fluctuate with those of
Teleiopsis diffinis and that both are Rumex acetosella feeders, may also be of
interest.

I should like to thank both Colin Plant and Dr Paul Sokoloff for confirming the
identity of 5. potentillella. — David Murray, Flat 2, 52 Marlborough Rd., Watford,
Hertfordshire WD18 OQB.

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Pale Shining Brown Folia bombycina (Hufn.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) re-discovered in
Oxfordshire in 2005 and 2006 - a nationally signiOcant population of a UK
Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Species

Between 19 June and 15 July 2006, a total of 88 examples of Pale Shining Brown
Folia bombycina were caught in 6 watt actinic light traps set in arable field margins
on four farms in the area between Witney, Long Hanborough and Charlbury in west
Oxfordshire. These were operated as part of sampling for a research project
investigating macro-moth diversity in farmland (part of WildCRU’s Upper Thames
Project - see below). The highest total in one night was 57 individuals (in three traps)
and the peak appeared to be in the last few days of June and the first few days of July.
In addition, two were caught in a Rothamsted Insect Survey light trap, operated as
part of the same project near Hailey some 3 km north of Witney - one on 2 July and
one on 7 July 2006. Previously, a single example was caught at MV light near Great
Rollright, some 3 km north of Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire on 9 July 2005 by
Andrew Turner, who trapped three at the same site together with Tony Davis on 30
June 2006. A further example was trapped at MV light in a garden in Over Norton,
roughly 1km north of Chipping Norton, by Adrian Buckel on 3 July 2006.

Folia bombycina has undergone a massive decline in Britain since the mid-1970s.
Its current status is Notable B (Nationally Scarce), but it now probably merits Red
Data Book status (thought to occur in fifteen or fewer 10 km squares). Until the mid-
1970s, it was widely and well distributed in southern and south-east England
northwards to a line between the River Severn and the Wash (Waring et al., 2003:
Field guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland. British Wildlife Publishing).
Since 2000, the vast majority of sightings have been from Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire
where it is recorded annually, but the population is thought to be small {Butterfly
Conservation Lepidoptera Conservation Bulletin 7:15). Very few have been seen
elsewhere, with very small numbers from other sites in Wiltshire, Norfolk and
Hertfordshire. The Oxfordshire population appears therefore to be the strongest
currently known in Britain. Before 2005, it was last seen in the county in 1984 and
was widespread if local up to at least 1979 (Waring, 2002: Ent. Rec. 14: 128-129).

Before its decline, P. bombycina was most common on light or calcareous soils
(Heath & Emmet, 1979: The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Vol.
9. Harley Books). The habitat in the area where the overwhelming majority of moths
were caught in 2006 is open, largely arable farmland with generally low hedges and
sparse trees, on rather thin, well-drained calcareous soil on limestone. The topography
is rather flat and the land is relatively elevated (c. 100- 120m) so the climate is
probably quite cold compared to more low-lying areas such as central Oxfordshire.
There are quite large blocks of mixed and broadleaved woodland, mainly to the north.
The field in which 57 were trapped in one night is almost adjacent to one of these,
and has tall hedges and 6m wide grassy margins. However, most fields in the area
have narrow l-2m wide margins. There is very little other semi-natural habitat.

Each farm was sampled (along with a number of other farms, some in other parts
of Oxfordshire) once during fortnightly periods from May to October, and 2006 was
the first year of sampling at these sites. Consequently, the data gathered so far are

NOTES

73

too limited to draw any conclusions concerning relative abundance at the different
sites, or habitat associations. The main site near Chipping Norton is the Pauline Flick
Reserve run by Banbury Ornithological Society, a stretch of disused railway line
managed for conservation with tall scrub and open, sheltered grassy areas. Like the
farm sites, it is on well-drained calcareous soil and is at a similar elevation. There
are small blocks of woodland in the area and hedges are variable in size, some
forming tall shelterbelts. There is also an apparently lightly managed grassy hillside
200m to the north. The topography is different, as this is quite deeply undulating
countryside. The Over Norton garden site is on the edge of this area, with a large
area of parkland nearby.

It is interesting and perhaps rather surprising that such a population had apparently
gone unnoticed, but the area has been very little recorded until recently and
traditionally, arable farmland is not a habitat that greatly attracts the attentions of
entomologists. The two areas in which the moth has been found in Oxfordshire are
roughly 14 km apart. The terrain is essentially similar in the intervening area, and
similar habitat extends across a large area of west Oxfordshire, adjacent parts of
Gloucestershire including the Cotswolds, and just into Warwickshire, Some of these
areas are undoubtedly under-recorded. It therefore seems likely that the moth occurs
over a wide area, although recent experiences elsewhere suggest that if this is so, it
may now be very localised within it. In Gloucestershire, there are a cluster of records
northeast of Cheltenham from the early 1990s, with one further east towards Stow-
on-the-Wold, The last county record is from 1996 (Gaunt, 2006: Gloucestershire
moths - a second account. Published privately). Recent trapping in parts of
Warwickshire adjacent to the Chipping Norton area has failed to produce the moth.
This included two sessions at an apparently suitable site 6km away from the Great
Rollright site, at the right time of year and in good conditions with multiple MV light
traps (David Brown, pers. comm.). Records for Warwickshire are concentrated in the
south of the county, with the last in 1995 from Bidford-on-Avon, where it had been
recorded fairly regularly since 1984 (Brown, 2006: The larger moths of
Warwickshire. Atropos Books). The terrain is somewhat different in most of south
Warwickshire, being more low-lying and generally less calcareous, and therefore
somewhat dissimilar to areas which the moth seems to prefer. Therefore, the
evidence tentatively suggests that Great Rollright may be near its current northerly
limit in this part of the south Midlands.

However, until more is known of the ecological requirements of this moth, we can
only speculate on its likely distribution. The larva has not been found in the wild
(Waring et al op. cit.), in spite of intensive searches at known sites in recent years, in
particular Salisbury Plain (Tony Davis, pers. comm.) and a search in autumn 2006 at
one of the Oxfordshire farms. The larvae feed on a variety of herbaceous plants in
captivity, as well as woody species such as willows and Common Hawthorn. They
are not recorded feeding on grasses. Larvae obtained from a female captured in
Oxfordshire in 2006 accepted Dandelion, Broad-leaved Dock and Common
Hawthorn, being particularly keen on the former. It seems likely that woody species
are generally only eaten in the spring, when their leaves are more easily digested.

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Those given only hawthorn in autumn 2006 remained healthy, but their growth was
very slow. The larvae are highly negatively phototaxic and rapidly hide under tissue or
soil if brought into the light. Therefore, we speculate that in addition to being nocturnal
in the wild, they might only be active well after dark and perhaps only on darker
nights. Whilst the overwintering stage of the genus Polia is normally the larva
(Ronkay, Hacker & Hreblay, 2002: Noctuidae Europaeae Vol. IV Hadeninae /.
Entomological Press, Sor0), the overwintering stage of R bombycina seems unknown
since all successful rearing attempts of which we are aware have been by forcing. The
larvae reared by MCT at room temperature in 2006 fed up steadily and pupated to
emerge in late October or November. Some kept in an unheated outhouse only reached
about half grown (penultimate instar) and stopped growing. These were put outside on
potted plants, but have probably not survived. It probably overwinters as a small larva.

It is hoped that the discovery of an apparently strong population of this moth will
present the opportunity to learn something of its ecology. Further work will
concentrate on continued monitoring, searches for larvae, more intensive light
trapping with a mark-release experiment, light trapping over a wider area and further
captive breeding in natural conditions with behavioural observations.

The Upper Thames Project is a collaborative research project led by the Wildlife
Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, Oxford University
investigating the effects on diversity of the management of lowland farms, with an
emphasis on declining species. The moth work is funded by the Esmee Fairbairn
Foundation within a wider framework funded by the Tubney Trust, and is in
partnership with Butterfly Conservation. We are grateful to Rothamsted Research for
their support. We would like to thank Tony Davis and Mark Parsons (Butterfly
Conservation), Ruth Feber and David MacDonald (WildCRU), Martin Corley,
Andrew Turner, Adrian Buckel, Juliet Hopwood (Rothamsted light trap operator),
David Brown (Warwickshire Moth Recorder), Roger Gaunt (Gloucestershire Moth
Recorder), Norman Hall and Thames Valley Environmental Records Centre for
comments and information in the preparation of this note, and the farmers for
allowing us access to their land. — Martin C. Townsend and Thomas Merckx,
Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford,
Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire, 0X13 SQL (E-mails:
martin.townsend4@ntlworld.com and thomas.merckx@zoo.ox.ac.uk).

Diaperis boleti (L.) (Col.: Tenebrionidae) in Hatfield Forest, Essex

Diaperis boleti is an unusual darkling beetle that eats and tunnels into the polypore
fungus Piptoporus betulinus, commonly seen growing on the trunks of dead and
dying birch trees Betula spp.. Traditionally, this has been a rare beetle in the UK, but
in recent years the incidence of finding has increased, especially on the eastern
sideof the UK. In June of 2006, during a visit to Hatfield Forest in North Essex, the
reachable P. betulinus on two dead birch trees were tapped with a stick above a
beating tray. From the fungi on the first tree, nine adult D. boleti fell onto the beating
tray. From the second dead birch, one bracket of polypore yielded no less than 15
adult D. boleti. Within the confines of Hatfield Forest there are many dead, standing

NOTES

75

birch trees infested with polypore, but they are very patchily distributed and quite
difficult to find, however the beetle must be very sensitive to the volatile odours
produced by this fungi or the characteristic scent of birch wood attacked by this
saprophyte. — Ross Piper, 17 Southmill Court, Southmill Road, Bishop’s Stortford,
Hertfordshire CM23 3DA (E-mail: ross_piper@yahoo.com).

Editorial Comment: It may be of interest that the late Charles Watson reared a
large number of Diaperis boleti from a single Piptoporus betulinus bracket collected
on 1 January 2002 from a dead silver birch tree at Wall Wood, a satellite woodland
of Hatfield Forest. The fungus was kept in his garage and the adults emerged in the
first few days of November 2002; two specimens are now in my collection.

Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta (L,) (Lep.: Nmyphaiidae) courtship in winter

The Red Admiral butterfly is having an extraordinary time in Britain at present. Its
annual abundance has increased spectacularly since the mid-1970s (Fox, R. et al 2006.
The State of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland. Pisces Publications, Newbury) and, over
the same period, the number of winter sightings has risen from a negligible level to the
Red Admiral being the most frequently encountered butterfly in winter (Bowles, N. and
Fox, R. 2006 British Wildlife 17: 280-282). The winter of 2006/07 proved no exception
with Red Admiral records received from over a dozen counties on New Year’s Day
2007 alone (Nick Bowles pers. comm.). The current consensus is that such sightings
represent over-wintering butterflies rather than recently arrived immigrants (Burton, J.
2007 Atropos 29: 3-11). Larval activity, growth and survival during the winter months
have also been noted with increasing frequency in recent years (Asher, J. et al. 2001.
The Millennium Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland. OUP, Oxford). It appears that
the Red Admiral is (perhaps not for the first time) making the transition from being a
migrant summer-breeding species in Britain to a year-round resident.

Interwoven with this shift in the status of the Red Admiral are apparent changes in
the species’ behaviour, at least in the autumn and winter. Male territorial behaviour,
for example, has been observed recently during autumn; a season when male Red
Admirals might otherwise be expected to be either migrating southwards or feeding
up for overwintering (Dennis, R.L.H. et al. 2006 Entomologist's Gazette 57: 83-89).
Territorial behaviour by males suggests that some Red Admirals are breeding in
Britain during the autumn. As recently as 1997, M. Tucker stated that “hardly
anyone has seen a paired couple of Red Admirals in the wild in the British Isles and
observations of genuine courtship behaviour between males and females are almost
as scarce” (The Red Admiral Butterfly. Butterfly Conservation, Dedham, Essex). He
could cite only one record (in 1984) of Red Admirals mating in Britain. Over the last
decade however, there have been another seven reports, including a pair that I was
fortunate to observe myself (Fox, R. and Sleep, T. 2005 Atropos 25: 66-67).

On 14 January 2007, I observed two Red Admiral butterflies engaged in what
appeared to be courtship behaviour at Stover Country Park (SX 833751),
nearNewton Abbot, Devon. The two butterflies were flying very close together, one
behind the other, at about 2m height around a sunny woodland edge. Their flight was

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25.iii.2007

slow and did not involve any clashes between the individuals or the upward
spiralling flights that characterise aggressive encounters between males. The
butterflies alighted briefly on tree foliage but almost immediately resumed their
leisurely flight. Although they were only in view for about a minute, and I was not
able to ascertain the sexes of the butterflies involved, the observation corresponds
closely with described courtship behaviour. It would be of great interest to hear from
other observers who have witnessed such behaviour during the winter months.
Although extraordinary for Britain, all of these recent observations reflect the normal
pattern of winter activity for the Red Admiral in southern Europe (Stefanescu, C.
2001 Ecological Entomology 26: 525-536) and the formation of permanent British
Red Admiral populations in response to climate change was predicted (Dennis,
R.L.H. 1993. Butterflies and Climate Change. Manchester University Press,
Manchester). Nevertheless, courtship in mid-January represents a remarkable
development in the dramatic recent history of the Red Admiral in Britain. —
Richard Fox, Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Dorset BH20
5QP (E-mail: rfox@butterfly-conservation.org).

Atlantopsocus adustus (Hagen) (Psoc.: Psocidae) new to Britain from East
Cornwall

While surveying the coastal land east of the Fowey River in East Cornwall in August
2006 some large barkflies were retained for checking. They appeared to be an
Amphigerontia species when netted, but proved to be an Atlantopsocus when taken
through the new identification key (New, 2006. Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 1 (7)).
Only A. personatus is covered by New (2006) although it has never been found in
Britain - he comments that reports of its incidence in southern England have yet to
be confirmed. It is best known in Ireland where it appears to be widespread. The
wings of A. personatus are however un-spotted apart from the pterostigma, and the
two female specimens which had been retained had noticeable dark markings on the
wings - similar to an Amphigerontia. The specimens were accordingly sent to Bob
Saville for his opinion, but he was equally puzzled and sent them on to Charles
Lienhard who has now determined them as Atlantopsocus adustus and new to the
British List. A. adustus is only otherwise known from Madeira and the Canary
Islands where it has been found on various trees and shrubs. It can be identified
using Lienhard (1998 Psocopteres Euro-Mediterraneens. Eaune de France 83).

The specimens had been knocked from the lower canopy of Cornish elm Ulmus
minor and alder Alnus glutinosa growing along a streamside Cornish hedge in a
small coastal valley near Palace Cove in Lantivet Bay, Lanteglos (SX161512),
26.viii.2006, together with Elipsocus hyalinus (Stephens), E. pusillus Lienhard and
Valenzuela flavidus (Stephens).

Thanks to Bob Saville and Charles Lienhard for helping with the identification of the
specimens and to Spalding Associates for contracting the author to carry out the survey.
The land is owned by the National Trust. — Keith N. A. Alexander, 59 Sweetbrier
Lane, Heavitree, Exeter EXl 3AQ (Email: keith.alexander@waitrose.com).

NINETA PALLIDA NEW TO BRITAIN

77

NINETA PALLIDA (SCHNEIDER, 1846) (NEU.: CHRYSOPIDAE),

A LACEWING NEW TO THE BRITISH ISLES

‘ Martin C. Harvey and ^ Colin W. Plant

' Buckinghamshire and Milton Keynes Environmental Records Centre, Tring Road,

Halton, Aylesbury HP22 5PN (email: mcharvey@buckscc.gov.uk)

^ 14 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP (email: cpaukl @ ntlworld.com)

Abstract

The discovery of Nineta pallida (Schneider, 1846) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in Britain is
reported and discussed. A revised key to the identification of adult Nineta species is presented
along with drawings of the male terminalia.

Introduction

On the night of 23 September 2006, MCH organised a moth recording evening at
Wendover Woods, in the Buckinghamshire Chilterns, at O. S. grid reference SP
88980886, for UK National Moth Night. Amongst the non-lepidopteran insects
seen was a large green lacewing which MCH recognised as belonging to the genus
Nineta. However, upon closer inspection it became apparent that it did not match
any of the three known British Nineta species described in Plant (1997). It came
nearest to Nineta inpunctata (Reuter 1894), which has only recently been found in
Britain and remains known here from a single specimen (Plant, 1996). However,
the long veins of the wing are green and the dorso-lateral aspect of the thorax
bears-reddish brown stripes; the Wendover specimen was clearly not inpunctata.
The specimen was passed to CWP who recognised it as Nineta pallida, an
apparently very localised European species associated with spruce Picea spp. and
not previously found in Britain. Since this species was unexpected in Britain, CWP
sent the specimen to Dr Herbert Holzel in Austria, who confirmed the
identification.

Details of the record

Wendover Woods is a large (325 hectare) area of mixed woodland, managed by the
Forestry Commission, rising to approximately 260 metres above sea level in the
south of England. Norway Spruce Picea abies covers about 13% of the woodland
area, some of it managed for the production of Christmas trees; in fact the area of
Christmas trees nearest the point of capture for N. pallida was harvested in autumn
2006 and is being restored to grassland (Jo Mason, Forestry Commission. Pers.
comm.). The capture site was in a thin belt of young woodland containing a mix of
Oak Quercus robur. Beech Fagus sylvatica, Birch Betula sp.. Larch Larix europaea
and Norway Spruce. This area of the woodland is near to the main car park and cafe
of this popular site, with hundreds of visitors every weekend. The insect is a female
and was found on the trunk of a Larch tree next to, but not actually on, a wine-rope
that had been put up to attract Lepidoptera and other insects. A mercury- vapour light
was running in a clearing a few metres away.

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According to local weather stations in Buckinghamshire, the weather on 23
September 2006 was generally mild (minimum 12°C.) with low winds from the
south-east, but the sample location was quite exposed, and felt cool and breezy.

Distribution in Europe

Aspock et al. (1980) gave a distribution map for Nineta pallida in Europe, and at
that time it was confined to the central European region in Austria, Germany,
Switzerland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovenia with a single
station in the extreme south-east of France. The Fauna Europaea website at
www.faunaeuKorg, managed by Aspock and Miillan lists the insect in these countries
and adds Italy, Spain and the Ukraine. In addition to this there are recently published
records for Belgium (Bozsik et al., 2002), Denmark (Popov, 2002) and Turkey
(Canbulat and Kiyak, 2002). In France, Canard et al. (2006), indicate that the insect
is now present in Vosges (Lorraine), Doubs and Jura (Franche-Comte) and Ain
(Rhone-Alpes) in the east and has recently spread south-westwards, to the Lozere
(Languedoc) and the Ariege, Haute-Garonne, Gers and Hautes-Pyrenees
Departements in the Midi-Pyrenees Region. Thus, the lacewing has clearly spread in
several directions from its central European origins. With this in mind, its presence
in Britain was perhaps predictable and our initial surprise that this first British record
should occur so far inland, over 100 km from the coast, is diminished by knowledge
of the leap-frogging that has gone on between French Departements.

Ecology

N. pallida is associated with Spruce in forests, both as an adult and a larva (Popov,
2002) and is found principally in the tree canopy layer (Szentkiralyi and Kristin,
2002). As already mentioned, Norway Spruce covers about 13% of the woodland
area at Wendover and significantly there has not been any recent importation to this
site of spruce trees or other forestry materials from the continent (Jo Mason, Forestry
Commission, pers. comm.). Presumably the larvae prey on aphids in the canopy,
such as the Green Spruce Aphid Elatobium abietinum (Walker). Nineta pallida has
generally been considered an insect of high altitudes (e.g., Czechowska, 2002).
Canbulat and Kiyak (2002) state that it can be found among Spruce in mountain
forests, waterlogged forests and higher- altitude planted monocultures. However,
some of the more recent records from the continent have been at lower altitudes,
perhaps indicating that the species is adapting to new conditions. The Belgian
specimen was collected by sweep-netting in the vicinity of Gembloux Agricultural
University in July 1997, a lowland area containing gardens, parks and a nature
reserve (Bozsik et al. 2002). The Turkish specimens, a male and a female, were
collected from Corsican Pine Pinus nigra (using a “net trap”) on 23 August 2001
(Canbulat and Kiyak, 2002). In Slovakia the adult flight period includes May- July
(Szentkiralyi and Kristin, 2002). The species overwinters as a first-instar larva, and
there is one generation per year, with the adults perhaps aestivating under some
circumstances (Michel Canard, pers. comm.).

NINETA PALLIDA NEW TO BRITAIN

79

Identification

Seven species of Nineta are currently recognised as occurring in Europe, although
there is a division of opinion concerning the status of N. principiae, which is
regarded by some as a subspecies of N. guadarramensis. With four of these now
known to be present in Britain, it seems sensible to present a key to all the species
rather than just the four already recorded here. Plant (1997) provides a key to species
within the Chrysopidae. In that work, Nineta vittata (Wesmael) runs out at couplet
15, on the basis of its distinctive elongated antennal scapes. The following
modification to couplet 17 of the key should enable N. pallida and the remaining
European species to be distinguished. Characters in bold are critical; non-bold
characters are supporting features. Illustrations of the male terminalia are also
provided (Figs. 1 - 7) for all seven species. These illustrations were most kindly
supplied by Michel Canard and first published in Canard et al. (1998).

17 Costal margin of fore wing concave (This character may be less 17a

obvious in females, and it is recommended that a straight edge be
placed along the costa to aid interpretation).

Costal margin of fore wing not concave 17b

17a Costal cross- veins of fore wings more or less entirely pale, rarely
darkened. Cilia in the basal fifth (nearest the body) pale and
relatively long and thin, at least as long as the width of the costa and
sometimes longer than this width. Hairs on the front face of the
front coxae pale, long and fine.

Costal cross-veins of fore wings more or less entirely darkened

or at least darkened at the ends. [Non-British species.]

N. flava

N. guadarramensis
and N. principiae

17b Pseudo-median and other long veins of fore wings (radial sector N. pallida

and pseudo-cubital) green. Costal cross veins of fore wings green.

Upper surface of thorax usually with reddish brown bands (may
fade, especially in alcohol).

Pseudo-median vein of fore wing black (or at least darkened 17c

compared to the cross-veins). Upper surface of thorax green and
yellow - never with reddish brown markings.

17c Costal cross veins of fore wings darkened. In the fore wing, the N. inpunctata

radial sector and the zig-zag longitudinal vein in the space
between the radial sector and the pseudo-median vein converge
towards the wing tip. Cilia in the basal fifth of the costa of the fore
wing black, short and stout, scarcely longer than the width of the
costa. Hairs on the front face of the front coxae short, stout and
black. [If the specimen does not quite fit, check that it is not an un-
spotted form of Chrysopa pallens (= septempunctata)] .

Costal cross veins of fore wings green - not darkened. In the N. carinthiaca

fore wing, the radial sector and the zig-zag longitudinal vein in

the space between the radial sector and the pseudo-median vein

do not converge, but run more or less parallel to each other all

the way to the wing tip. [Non-British species.]

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7. N. vittata (Wesmael)

NINETA PALLIDA NEW TO BRITAIN

8i

Discussion

The spread of insects traditionally regarded as being more or less sedentary is a
phenomenon that is becoming increasingly common. Links have inevitably been
made with recent changes in overall planetary climate and whether these changes
prove to be long or short term it is likely that they will stimulate further range
alterations amongst European insects. The discovery of Nineta pallida in Britain, hot
on the heels of its congener N. inpunctata (Plant, 1996), serves as a salutary
reminder that any specimen that “does not quite fit the key” should be subjected to a
critical examination by a person with experience of the group in a wider
geographical context.

Plate D. Nineta pallida (Schneider), Wendover Wood, Buckinghamshire, 23.ix.2006.

Leg. M.C. Harvey. (Photograph by C. W. Plant)

Facing page:

Figs. 1-7. Male terminalia of European Nineta species. Abdomens are aligned with the
insects’ heads to the right. Drawings copyright © Michel Canard (Toulouse).

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25.iii.2007

Acknowledgements

We are most grateful to Dr Herbert Holzel (Brtickl, Austria) for confirming CWP’s
initial identification of the Wendover specimen and for providing us with
information on its distribution. CWP also wishes to record particular gratitude to Dr
Michel Canard (Toulouse, France) for permission to reproduce the drawings of male
genitalia of European species that originally appeared in Canard et al (1998) and for
kindly providing us with the original drawings for reproduction. MCH records
thanks to the Forestry Commission for permission to record insects at Wendover
Woods.

References

Aspock, H., Aspock, U., and Holzel, H., 1980. Die Neuropteren Europas. Vol. I, 495 pp., Vol.
11. , 355 pp. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld.

Bozsik, A., Mignon, J. and Gaspar, C.H., 2002. The green lacewings in Belgium (Neuroptera:

Chrysopidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 48 {SuppL 2): 53-59.
Canard, M., Cloupeau, R. & Leraut, R, 1998. Les Chrysopes du genre Nineta en France.

Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 103 (4): 327 - 336.

Canard, M., Mazel, R. & Thierry, D., 2006. Repartition des Chrysopes en France (Neuroptera,
Chrysopidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 111 (3): 353 - 366.

Canbulat, S. and Kiyak, S., 2002. Nineta pallida (Schneider, 1846) new to Turkey (Neuroptera:

Chrysopidae). Journal of the Entomological Research Society 4(1): 1 1-14.

Czechowska, W., 2002. Raphidioptera and Neuroptera (Neuropterida) of the canopy in
montane, upland and lowland fir forests of Abies alba Mill, in Poland. Fragmenta faunistica
45:31-56.

Plant, C. W., 1996. Nineta inpunctata (Reuter, 1894) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a green
lacewing new to Britain. Entomologist’s Gazette 47(2): 115-120.

-, 1997. A key to the adults of British lacewings and their allies (Neuroptera, Megaloptera,
Raphidiptera and Mecoptera). Field Studies Council, Preston Montford.

Popov, A., 2002. Neuropterida of northern Europe. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum
Hungaricae 48 (Suppl. 2): 281-291.

Szentkiralyi, F. and Kristin, A., 2002. Lacewings and snakeflies (Neuroptera, Raphidioptera) as
prey for bird nestlings in Slovakian forest habitats. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum
Hungaricae 48 {Suppl. 2): 329-340.

An invasion of the Harlequin Ladydird (Harmonia axyridis Pallas) (Col.
Coccinellidae) in the South Wight

A swarm of Harlequin Ladybirds Harmonia axyridis descended on the South Wight
in the thousands in 2006. It is probably the first time such a mass has been observed
in this country. Walkers along the Island’s south coast and on Compton Chine, bird
watchers on Ventnor Down and householders in the Ventnor and Mottistone areas
reported seeing thousands of these insects. I had one in the kitchen here on 6
November. In France, Belgium and Holland, their numbers are soaring annually.
Sighting in Britain have been mainly restricted to the south-east, extending from
Hampshire to Norfolk. — Sam Knill-Jones, 1 Moorside, Moons Hill, Totland, Isle
of Wight P039 OHU.

NOTES

83

A naturalised population of a Mediterranean earwig, Forficula pubescens Gene
(Derm.: Forficulidae) in West Sussex

On 13 September 2006 I visited a nursery that specialises in exotic plants to search
for exotic insects. The nursery, near Ashington, West Sussex, holds stocks of trees
and shrubs imported from France, Italy, Spain and elsewhere. By beating a tubbed
Photonia fraseri, imported from the Netherlands, I soon found a small pale adult
male earwig that I immediately recognised as Forficula pubescens Gene. Within a
few minutes, a second example was obtained by beating a tubbed pine tree and two
females and a male were obtained by beating hogweed in an overgrown patch of
vegetation on the edge of the site. Clearly, the earwig was well established and had
spread to a variety of plant species. I also found a large macrolabic specimen of
Forficula auricularia (L.) by beating Pinus pinea that had been imported from
France some months previously.

Forficula pubescens occurs around the western Mediterranean (Caussanel and
Albouy. 1990. Dermapteres (Perce-oreillesj Faune de France IS 1990; Herrera,
1999. Catalogue of the Dermaptera of Spain. Newbook Ediciones). I was able to
confirm my field identification using (Harz and Kaltenbach, 1976. Die Orthopteren
Europas III: The Orthoptera of Europe III. The Hague: Junk) and by comparison
with specimens I collected at Salou, Tarragona, Spain in 1987. In Spain, I collected
this species by using vegetable oil to flush specimens from the deep indentations of
gnarled tree trunks. My guess is that the Sussex population originated from one or
more examples imported on trees from Spain: there were several mature Spanish
olive trees and palms of various kinds in tubs close to where the earwigs were found.
Some of the olive trees had been outdoors at the nursery for three years.

Using currently available keys to British Dermaptera, Forficula pubescens could
be misidentified as Forficula lesnei Finot. Both species are of similar size and colour
and early finds of F. lesnei in Britain (Burr, 1897. British Orthoptera (Earwigs,
Grasshoppers and Crickets). Huddersfield: The Economic and Educational
Museum) were erroneously attributed to Epubescens, but were later corrected to
Flesnei (Lucas, 1920. A Monograph of the British Orthoptera. London: Ray
Society; Burr, 1936. Britis/i Grasshoppers and their allies: A stimulus to their
study. London: Philip Allan). Otherwise there do not appear to be any published
records of F. pubescens from Britain, so this species may now be added to the British
list as a naturalised alien. Adult male Forficula pubescens are easily identified by the
distinctive shape of the cerci (Plate E). Compared with F. lesnei, the basal parts of
the cerci are longer so that the paired basal parts together appear as a rectangle. In F.
lesnei, each basal part is shorter, about twice as long as broad, so that together the
basal parts form a roughly square shape. Also the dentition on the internal aspect of
the basal parts differs: in F. pubescens there is a large tooth at the distal angle of each
basal part plus other smaller teeth that are unevenly spaced along the internal aspect
of the basal circus, whereas in F. lesnei the teeth are more evenly spaced. Females
are less readily identified although there are differences in the shape of the elytra: in
F. lesnei they are roughly square-ended while in F. pubescens the hind margin is
obtusely angled (Caussanel and Albouy, op. cit.). Nevertheless, these differences are

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subtle and it would be unwise to base records on females alone. Also, in Italy and the
eastern Mediterranean there are additional species that could be confused with F.
pubescens, although reference to the shape of the male cerci would allow
identification (Harz and Kaltenbach, 1976. op. cit.). The current fashion for exotic
and sculptural plants from southern Europe suggests that it is quite likely that F.
pubescens has been introduced to parks and gardens across Britain. It is possible that
it could become established, temporarily at least, in warmer coastal or urban areas.

I thank Bruce Jordan for allowing and encouraging entomological investigation of
the nursery.— John Paul, Downsflint, High Street, Upper Beeding, West Sussex
BN44 3WN.

Plate E. Forficula pubescens Gene. Ashington, West Sussex, 13.ix.2006.

Photograph copyright © John Paul

DIPTERA NEW TO IRELAND

85

RHAPHIUM NASUTUM (DIPTERA; DOLICHOPODIDAE), PHERBELLIA
ROZKOSNYI & TETANOCERA MONTANA (DIR; SCIOMYZIDAE),
INSECTS NEW TO IRELAND AND GEOMYZA BALACHOWSKI (DIR:
OPOMYZIDAE), PRESENCE IN IRELAND CONFIRMED

Martin C. D. Speight

Department of Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.

( E-mail: speightm® gmail. com )

Abstract

The species Pherbellia rozkosnyi, Rhaphium nasutum and Tetanocera montana are
added to the Irish list of Diptera and the presence of Geomyza balachowski in Ireland
is confirmed. Notes are provided on the identification of these species and their

known biology. Points of potential biogeographical interest are discussed.

Introduction

The Diptera known from Ireland were listed by Chandler (1998). There do not
appear to have been any additions to the Irish opomyzid list since then (but see
below) and the only additional sciomyzid species for which Irish records have been
published is Colobaea distincta (Ryder et al., 2003). There have been several
additions to the Irish dolichopodid list since Chandler (1998) appeared, but
Rhaphium nasutum (Fallen) is not among them. The present text provides first Irish
records of one opomyzid species and two sciomyzid species, all of them collected
during course of survey work conducted on a farm in Co. Cork. The general
character of that farm, and its recent land-use history, are described by Good (2001).

Geomyza halachowskyi Mesnil, 1934

Co. Cork: W6658 (NT2), Glinny, Riverstick; various dates between 9 August and 8
October 2005, males; Malaise traps; hay meadows and humid, disused, seasonally-
flooded, unimproved Deschampsia/Molinia grassland; coll, and det. M.C.D. Speight;
specimens deposited in collections of National Museum of Ireland.

The confused nomenclatural history of this small fly is detailed by Drake (1993).
Chandler (1998) cites the closely similar G. hackmani as occurring in Ireland, but
not G. balachowskyi. Enquiries of Robert Nash, who maintains the Ulster Museum
database listing Irish Diptera, reveal that there have apparently not been any
subsequent published records of G. balachowskyi from Ireland (R. Nash,
pers.comm.). However, the Fauna Europaea (FAEU) website
(http://www.faunaeur.org) gives this species as “present” in Ireland. Unfortunately,
FAEU gives no information on the source of its entries, so there is no way of
knowing why it records G. balachowskyi from Ireland. There was no requirement of
contributors to FAEU to cite species only from parts of Europe for which there were
published records and it is thus possible that the FAEU citation of G. balachowskyi
for Ireland is based on unpublished data. Whether this is so, or whether the citation
is simply an error, cannot be determined. Whichever explanation is correct there is

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evidently need to validate the FAEU entry by reference to an actual occurrence of
this species in Ireland, backed up by reference material. The present note hopefully
serves that purpose. The male of G. balachowskyi can be determined using the key
and figures of the male terminalia provided by Drake (1993). The female cannot
reliably be separated from the female of G. hackmani. G. balachowskyi is known
from most parts of Europe and is known in Britain from the Scottish Highlands to
the south coast of England. There would seem no reason why it should not prove to
be widely distributed in Ireland. Its larvae are believed to feed in stems of
Arrhenatherum, Holcus and Lolium. According to Drake (1993) the flight period of
this species is uncertain, because it has been so confused with G. hackmani. The Co.
Cork specimens were all collected between August and October. G. hackmani was
collected by the Malaise traps on the farm during the same period, and also earlier in
the year (June/July).

Pherbellia rozkosnyi Verbeke, 1967

Co. Cork: W6658 (NT2), Glinny, Riverstick; 1-20 September 2005, male; Malaise
trap at edge of ditched stream, Alnus-Salix scrub/seasonally-flooded, unimproved,
oligotrophic Molinia/Deschampsia grassland, coll, and det. M.C.D. Speight.

Pherbellia rozkosnyi is a poorly-known species only reliably distinguished from
the more-frequently encountered P. scutellaris by means of features of the male
terminalia. Rozkosny (1991) clearly depicts the relevant differences, if in a rather
diagrammatic form. The females of these two species still cannot be distinguished
with confidence.

P. rozkosnyi is known from Fennoscandia south to the Alps and from Britain
eastwards through central Europe to Switzerland. Attention was first drawn to the
presence of P. rozkosnyi in Britain by Perry (1990), who found it in ‘damp, shaded
woodland’ in south west England (North Devon) and there are subsequent records
from east and north east England (Suffolk, Durham) given by Cole (1997). The
Suffolk record was from Betula/Quercus woodland on sandy soil and the Durham
record from ‘a damp limestone gorge’ (Cole, 1997). The Malaise trap that collected
the solitary Irish male specimen reported here was one of a series installed in various
habitats on a farm. This particular trap was beside a ditch running along the edge of
a seasonally-flooded, disused, unimproved, oligotrophic Deschampsia/Molinia
grassland invaded by thickets of scrub Salix and Alnus, with wet, mature Alnus
woodland on the other side of the ditch. Malaise trapping in the Alnus wood did not
produce P. rozkosnyi but did produce a few specimens of the closely similar P.
scutellaris. European data demonstrate that adults of P. rozkosnyi occur from June to
September, with peaks towards the beginning and end of this period. The
developmental stages of this species are unknown.

Small sciomyzids, like species of Pherbellia, are not much susceptible to
collection by Malaise trap and neither are they easy to collect using a sweep net,
especially from tall, tussocky vegetation like the grassland that produced the P.
rozkosnyi specimen reported on here. Work on sciomyzids in Ireland has not been
sufficiently systematic or widespread to provide a basis for deciding whether P.

DIPTERA NEW TO IRELAND

87

rozkosnyi is probably restricted to either the south west of the island or to some
particular habitat type in Ireland. All that can be said is that there are no other
Pherbellia species only known from one record in Ireland and that P. scutellaris, to
which P rozkosnyi is closely similar, is not infrequently recorded. Now that both P.
rozkosnyi and P. scutellaris are known to occur in Ireland any earlier records of P.
scutellaris based only on females must be regarded as unreliable and care will be
needed to check the terminalia of any males collected in future, if correct determination
is to be ensured. Similarly, unless their terminalia have been checked, the identity of
males in museum collections named as P scutellaris cannot be relied upon.

Rhaphium nasutum (Fallen, 1823)

Co.Cork: W6658 (NT2), Glinny, Riverstick; 20 July-9 August, 2005, male. Malaise
trap in broad field margin of hay meadow, beside ditched seasonal stream backed by
mature hedge of Rubus fruticosus/Prunus spinosa/Salix/Sambucus\ coll, and det.
M.C.D. Speight; specimen deposited in collections of National Museum of Ireland.

Rhaphium nasutum is a reasonably distinctive species - at least in the male -
whose features are som.ewhat misleadingly represented in Fonseca (1978). The
genital lamellae are not only bifurcate, with the two elements of each fork of unequal
length, as mentioned by Fonseca (1978), but also very long and ribbon-like. In a
fresh specimen these elements are quite straight and directed anteriorly, along the
ventral surface of the abdomen. The most distinctive feature of the male fore tarsi is
a blunt spike-like projection present apically, on the ventral surface of the second
tarsomere. This projection, which is entirely missing in the rather similar species R.
commune Mg., remains unmentioned by Fonseca (1978), but is reasonably clearly
figured by Parent (1938) and Negrobov (1979).

R. nasutum is a Holarctic species, in Europe known mostly from central and
northern parts of the continent. In the Atlantic zone it appears to be generally
infrequent and is included on at least one “Red List”. A.ccording to Pollet (2000) it is
a species found along the margins of large bodies of standing water, or big rivers, but
the existing literature is not very helpful in defining either macrohabitats or
microhabitats with which R. nasutum is associated. Its developmental stages remain
unknown. The closest water to the Malaise trap on which the present record is based
is an almost-permanent (i.e. flow ceases in dry summers) small stream flowing along
the bottom of a ditch that is approximately 1.5 metres deep, overshadowed by an
adjacent hedge and carrying little vegetation on its sides or bottom. There are no
large v^^ater bodies, standing or running, within many kilometres of the trap. The
hayfield in which this Malaise trap was installed is humid, with sparse Juncus
growing among the tall grasses, in particular along the field margin, but at no time of
the year does the field carry areas of standing water. The ditch is clearly an active
element of the farm landscape, in the immediate vicinity of the trap, demonstrably
supporting the development of subaquatic species - emergence trapping carried out
along its bottom produced the sciomyzid Renocera pallida, whose larvae predate pea
mussels (populations of which are present just beneath the surface in the ditch-
bottom) and the syrphids Chrysogaster solstitialis, Ripponensia splendens and

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Sphegina elegans (Speight, in litt.). None of these species could be expected to
develop in the hayfield itself (and none of them were found in emergence traps
installed on the hayfield margin). Through wave-action the margins of large water
bodies can exhibit areas bare of vegetation and the margins of large rivers can
likewise develop bare areas due to fluvial erosion processes. Perhaps R. nasutum has
some association with such bare areas? The ditch on this farm would seem to have
little in common with a large water body other than bare ground alongside water.
Clearly better habitat information is needed for R. nasutum. But how much is known
of the dolichopodid fauna of farmed land in general? While the limited resources
available for inventorising insect faunas in Europe are understandably mostly
focused on gaining a better understanding of nationally and internationally-important
sites, for many taxonomic groups there remains little published information on the
species than can be found in farmland or the circumstances under which those
species survive. It remains possible for such species to persist in farmland
undetected, simply due to a lack of work in the farmed landscape - see, for instance
Helden and Sheridan (2006). If Rhaphium nasutum were to occur in association with
unvegetated field ditches in many parts of Ireland this could certainly have gone
undetected and unpredicted, given the limited attention that dolichopodids have
received within farmland. Under these circumstances the status of R. nasutum in
Ireland can only remain a matter for conjecture, until and unless farmland faunas
become better known.

Tetanocera montana Day, 1881

Co. Cork: W6658 (NT2), Glinny, Riverstick; 9-29 August, 2005, 2 males and 1
female; males from Malaise trap in seasonally-flooded, mesotrophic freshwater
marsh with patches of bare ground and clumps of Carex riparius; female from
Malaise trap in seasonally-flooded, unimproved, disused, Deschampsia/Molinia
grassland, coll, and det. M.C.D. Speight; specimens deposited in collections of
National Museum of Ireland.

Tetanocera montana was first described, from North America and later recorded
from Europe. It is one of only three European Tetanocera species in which there is
normally a distinct bristle on the postero-dorsal surface of the hind femur, in addition
to the bristles on its antero-dorsal surface. Of these three species, the northern
European T ornatifrons (not known south of Finland) has black marks on the frons
and beside the antennae, these marks being absent in the other two. These other two
species, T arrogans and T montana, are more difficult to distinguish. However, T.
montana has a dark brown mark, medially, on the occiput (see Fig. lb), that is absent
in T. arrogans and the anterior of the two fronto-orbital bristles is also positioned
differently in these two species (see Fig. 1), being closer to the anterior margin of the
frons in T montana than in T arrogans. Essentially, in T arrogans (Fig. la) the
anterior fronto-orbital is closer to the corresponding hind ocellus than to the anterior
margin of the frons, whereas in T. montana (Fig. lb) this bristle is about equidistant
from hind ocellus and anterior margin of the frons (although there is some variation
in the position of these bristles in T. montana). Further, the surstyli of the male

DIPTERA NEW TO IRELAND

89

terminalia are very different in appearance in these two species, when examined in
external view. In T. arrogans the surstyli are heavily sclerotised, and each surstylus
ends in two blunt, dark brown/black points, whereas in T. montana the surstyli are
distally thin and transparent, each surstylus ending as an evenly rounded lobe. These
differences are well shown in the figures provided by Rozkosny and Jeremies (1977)
and Vala (1989), although the figure of T. arrogans surstyli is more accurate in the
former and that of T. montana is more accurate in the latter. By contrast, the figures
in Knutson and Lyneborg (1965) show the surstyli of these species in lateral view,
from which direction they appear almost identical. Features of the male terminalia
remain the most reliable means of identifying not only Tmontana, but also other
Tetanocera species.

Figure 1. Head viewed from above, a = Tetanocera arrogans', h = T. montana.

Solid black circles denote insertion points of fronto-orbital bristles; solid patch of stippling
indicates position of dark brown mark on occiput of T montana. The antennae and insertion

points of other bristles are omitted from the figures.

Existing keys to the separation of European Tetanocera rely heavily on the
presence of the postero-dorsal bristle on the hind femora as a mechanism for
separation of T. montana (and T. arrogans) from other species. However, this bristle
is not infrequently absent from one or the other hind femur, making it necessary to
check both femora. Eurther, it is apparent that this bristle may be lacking (or, at least,
so small as to be indistinguishable from the general hair covering of the femur) from
both hind femora in some specimens. A female specimen of T. montana in which the
posterO“dorsal bristle is lacking from both hind femora would key out as the
common species T. ferruginea in existing keys. About the only feature that might be
used to distinguish such specimens of T. montana from T. ferruginea would be the
dark brown mark found on the occiput of T. montana, which is absent from T.
ferruginea. The reliability of records of T. montana based on solitary females would
be open to question, in the absence of additional features for separation of this
species. Males of T. montana can be easily distinguished from T. ferruginea by the
very different appearance of their surstyli, which should be checked in any case of
doubt. Both T. arrogans and T. ferruginea were recorded frequently in Malaise traps
catches from the farm in Co. Cork, and both of them were also taken in emergence
traps there (Speight, 2004), Further, both of these species were found on the farm in
the same Malaise trap samples as T. montana, showing that all three species can
occur as adults in the same place at the same time of year.

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In western Europe T. montana is known from Lapland south to Belgium, and has
not been found in Britain. It is only recorded from the Czech Republic and Hungary
in central Europe. Further East it occurs in Siberia and Mongolia, and further south
in Portugal, the Ukraine, Armenia and Turkey. This is a strangely patchy
distribution. The species isn’t particularly difficult to identify so its distribution in
Europe presumably reflects other factors in operation. In general, Tetanocera species
are easy to collect using either Malaise trap or sweep net. The freshwater marsh,
with patchy, tall vegetation and small areas of bare ground, where two of the
specimens from the farm were found, closely resembles the only other locality from
which the author has collected this species, on the shores of the Baltic, in Finland. In
both instances the ground surface remains humid and damp, if not flooded,
throughout the year, including during the summer months. Equally, at times of
inundation the ground surface of these sites is only shallowly flooded. If T. montana
requires such conditions habitat availability might be expected to limit its occurrence
under the climatic regime of Europe’s continental zone, a situation that could only be
exacerbated by the widespread drainage of wetland that has affected all EU countries
latterly, during processes of agricultural improvement etc. Whether T. montana
should be regarded as a threatened species in Ireland is moot - certainly the other
Tetanocera species known from Ireland have all been recorded repeatedly. Further,
the author has specifically sought T. montana in Ireland over the past 30 years, with
the thought that there seemed no good reason for its apparent absence. In that
context it is perhaps of note that the species has now been found in Ireland in a small
area of marsh (“created overland-flow wetland” - see Speight and Good, 2005)
constructed on the farm in the autumn of 2002, specifically for biodiversity
maintenance purposes, rather than in some long-established wetland of recognised
international scientific interest! A parallel Malaise trap survey of the farm, that
sampled all habitats accessible to Malaise trapping, and which was conducted during
2000, produced no material of T. montana. But presumably T. montana was
“lurking” somewhere in the vicinity of the farm for it to be able to colonise the
wetland introduced to the farm once that wetland was available. As described
elsewhere (Speight and Good, 2001; 2005), the farm is situated within a rather
homogenous, farmed landscape. There are no wetlands of any significant size in its
vicinity.

Neither the larva nor the puparium appear to have been described for T. montana,
although biological information on its developmental stages (in North America) is
given by Foote (1999). He found the aquatic larva in the wild, on decaying leaves
and stems of a sedge floating in the standing water of a swamp. Once transferred to
the laboratory these larvae predated Gyraulus, Lymnaea, Planorbis and Physella
species. In continental Europe, adults of T montana are known to occur from June to
September.

Tetanocera montana remains an enigmatic species. The available information
certainly gives no indication as to why it might turn up in a small, recently-
established marsh on a farm, rather in better-known wetlands of recognised scientific
interest. And is the species really absent from Britain? That seems most unlikely.

DIPTERA NEW TO IRELAND

91

References

Chandler, P., (ed.), 1998. Checklist of insects of the British Isles (New Series), Pt.l, Diptera,
234pp. Royal Entomological Society, London.

Cole, J., 1997. Further British records of Pherbellia rozkosnyi Verbeke (Diptera, Sciomyzidae).
Dipterists Digest (Second Series), 3:61.

Drake, C.M., 1993. A review of the British Opomyzidae. British Journal of Entomology and
Natural History C. 159-176.

Fonseca, E.C.M. d’Assis, 1978. Dolichopodidae (Diptera, Orthorrhapha, Brachycera). Handbooks
for the identification of British Insects, IX, Pt.5: 1-90.

Foote B.A., 1999. Biology and immature stages of snail-killing flies belonging to the genus
Tetanocera (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). III. Life histories of the predators of aquatic snails. Annals
of Carnegie Museum, 68: 151-174.

Good, J.A., 2001. Farms as biogeographical units: 1. Habitat and faunal changes as influenced by
farmer decision-making on a mixed farm in south Cork, Ireland. Bull. Ir biogeog. Soc., 25:
220-247.

Helden, A.J. & Sheridan, H, 2006. An Irish population of the little-known planthopper
Paraliburnia clypealis (Horn., Delphacidae) in a very unexpected habitat. Ir.Nat.J., 28: 232-239.
Knutson, L.V. & Lyneborg, L., 1965. Danish Acalypterate flies, 3. Sciomyzidae (Diptera).
Entomologiske Meddelelser, 34: 61-101.

Negrobov, O.P. 1979. Dolichopodidae. In Lindner, E. (ed.), Die Fliegen der palaerktischen
Region, 4 (5), Lief. 32: 475-530.

Parent, O., 1938. Dipteres Dolichopodidae. Faune de France, 35: 720pp. Lechevalier, Paris.

Pollet, M., 2000. Een gedocumenteerde Rode Lijst van de slankpootvliegen van Vlaanderen.

Mededelingen van het Instituut voor Natuurbehoud 8. Brussels, 190pp.

Perry, I., 1990. Two species of Pherbellia (Dipt: Sciomizidae) new to Britain. Dipterists Digest 6: 41.
Rozkosny, R., 1991. A key to the Palaearctic species of Pherbellia Robineau-Desvoidy, with
descriptions of three new species (Diptera, Sciomyzidae). Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov., 88: 391-
406.

Rozkosny, R. & Jeremies, M., 1977. Bestimmungstabelle der mitteleuropaischen Sciomyzidae
(Diptera). Entomologische Nachrichten, Dresden. 21: 30-64.

Ryder, C., McDonnell, R.J. & Gormally, M.J., 2003. Colobaea distincta (Meigen): a sciomyzid
(Diptera) new to Ireland with a key to the Irish species of the genus. Ir. Nat. J., 27: 184-186.
Speight, M.C.D., 2004. Predicting impacts of changes in farm management on sciomyzids
(Diptera, Sciomyzidae): a biodiversity case study from southern Ireland. Dipterists Digest, 11:
147-166.

Speight, M.C.D. & Good, J.A., 2001. Farms as biogeographical units: 4. Concept and reality. Bull.
Ir. Biogeog. Soc., 25: 292-300.

- , 2005. Farms as biogeographical units 5: the response of Odonata to increased habitat
availability on a farm in Co. Cork, Ireland. Bull. Ir. biogeog. Soc., 29: 262-277.

Vala, J.-C., 1989. Dipteres Sciomyzidae Euro-Mediterraneens. Faune de France, 72, 298 pp.
Federation Frangaise des Societes de Sciences Naturelles, Paris.

92

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25.iii.2007

Craniophora ligustri D,&S, (Lep.: Noctuidae): from rarity to population
explosion at Dartford, Kent and melanism

Scattered, references for north-west Kent during the 19th century are listed by
Chalmers-Hunt (1965. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, SuppL Ent. Rec.ll: 265)
to be followed by an absence of records for the 20th century, and the comment that
the species is probably extinct in this region, including the well-worked Darenth
Wood. However, I encountered a specimen at my garden mv light on 3.vii.l969,
where numerous ash Fraxinus excelsior trees and saplings grew close by. The next
C. ligustri did not arrive until 18.vii.l984, followed by others 28. vi. 1986,
10.viii.l995 (2), 20.vii.l996 and 9.vii.l998. Thus after a long absence of any
reference to the species it could nave been regarded as a rarity during the last thirty
years of the 20th century. From 2001, it has been seen every year — 2001 (3), 2002
(1), 2003 (4) and 2005 (10). In 2006, a remarkable total of 98 was observed, with
contributions of 11 on 6 July and 10 on 11 July, it thus being the commonest of the
Acronictinae , far outnumbering Cryphia algae (Fabr.) - 75, Acronicta rumicis (L.) -
49, A. psi (L.) - 36 C. perla (D.&S.) - 32 which, excepting C. algae, have declined
in numbers, as have the other resident species not mentioned. There has been some
confusion regarding nomenclature relating to the aberrant forms of this moth.
Melanies are usually reported as being ab. coronula Haw., as for example by Skinner
(1984. Moths of the British Isles, plate 5, fig. 12), a form described by Kettlewell
(1973. The Evolution of Melanism: 554) as a geographic (northern), now industrial
melanic. However, Haworth’s description includes no reference to the dark greenish-
sheen usually seen on melanic C. ligustri in south-east England in recent years, such
as in north-west Kent and Chippenham Fen, Cambridgeshire.

Tutt (1891. British Noctuae and their Varieties. Ill: 13), lists three melanic forms of
C . ligustri and describes each briefly, as follows:

1. ab. coronula Haw. (1809) fuscous (alls fuscis). Tutt states that he had frequently
captured it at Strood, Cuxton and other places in mid-Kent and had received
specimens from South Wales.

2. ab. olivacea Tutt (1888) suffused with dark olive green. An extreme form in
which the green with which the type is suffused in the darker parts of the anterior
wings extends over the whole of them. It was reported from south Yorkshire.

3. ab. nigra Tutt (1890) the anterior wings, head, thorax and body intense black,
and no trace of green. Tutt knew it only from Doncaster and considered it rare.

The descriptions of these three melanic forms are quite different, and Tutt when
considering ab. coronula stated that he had collected it frequently from Strood,
Cuxton and. other places in Kent, yet he described ab. olivacea from specimens from
Yorkshire. Evidently his Kent captures were different from the dark, greenish
Yorkshire moths, displaying neither greenish colouring nor greenish sheen. Today, at
Dartford almost all melanics of C. ligustri are very distinctly greenish; however, this
colour and the curious sheen: of similar- tint are fugitive and are not to be observed
on older cabinet specimens. Thus it appears that these 19th century melanics in north

NOTES

93

Kent were different from those of to-day. Tutt’s evidence for those early melanics
not being ab. olivacea seem sound, while those of to-day fit accurately Tutt’s
description of this form.

Accepting that these three melanic forms are distinct as seems evident from Tutt’s
experience and action, I conclude that the melanics I have encountered at Dartford,
with two exceptions, are best regarded as ab. olivacea , but of non-industrial type in
view of their persistent very high incidence, close to 100%, during a period of
general decline in industrial melanism. A majority of these specimens retain white
markings on the thorax to a varying degree .

My garden mv light has attracted two extreme melanics, on 28, vi. 2001 and
2.vii.2006, with intensely black forewings, head, thorax and body, and with no trace
of greenish tint, identified as ab. nigra and is apparently rare and not previously
noted for Kent. If the ab. olivacea which form the vast bulk of the melanics in north-
west Kent are non-industrial as suggested, it is surprising that elsewhere in the
county the form has not been reported, although Chalmers-Hunt {op. cit.) mentions
the capture of an ab. coronula at Ham Street, but could it have been identified as ab,
olivaceal This exemplifies the confusion over the nomenclature of the melanic
forms of C. ligustri emanating largely from the arbitrary manner in which the
textbooks have included, or excluded them, subsequent to Tutt’s work in 1891.

For much of the 20th century, South (1909 & 1937. The Moths of the British
Isles) was the most popular and an informative work; this, and Newman & Leeds
(1913. Text Book of British Butterflies and Moths) both mention only ab. olivacea
and ab. nigra. Not until Heath et al. (1983. The Moths and Butterflies of Great
Britain and Ireland) list all three forms, with brief descriptions and an unidentified
illustration, add ab. coronula again, Skinner {op. cit.) lists only one melanic
coronula, and a photographic illustration labelled thus. Of considerable
significance, however, is the unpublished work of Goodson and Reid for internal
use at the British Museum (Natural History) and used particularly respecting the
national (RCK) Collection. In it, beneath the description of ab. olivacea, is the
sentence “Probably the same as Haworth’s coronula’) I find Tutt’s experience
contradicts this.

The problem commenced in the 1890s with the publication of Tutt’s work, before
then there were no possible synonyms. Thus, Barrett (1896. The Lepidoptera of the
British Islands, III: 272) was aware of variation in C. ligustri noting that the ground
colour of the forewings might be deeper olive-green, or deep olive-brown or even
almost purplish-black; white markings obliterated, dark markings intensified and
hindwings darker. He wrote simply that “these dark forms are some times called
collectively by the name ab. coronula, a name which Haworth appears to have used
to designate agrey variety which he looked on as a distinct species”. However, this
was already outdated by Tutt’s naming and describing ab. nigra and ab. olivacea and
the new textbooks of the 20th century ignored mention of Haworth’s variety.

Subsequently two authorities have suggested that the three forms are synonymous,
despite Tutt’s clear evidence that they are distinct and to-day’s most popular
textbook features only Haworth’s somewhat doubtful appellation. The practical

94

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.iii.2007

outcome of this is one is that not sure if the melanic C. ligustri of north-west Kent
named as ab. olivacea are the same as those in Surrey which Collins (1997. Larger
Moths of Surrey) labelled ab. coronula. Also, what of Chalmers-Hunt ‘s melanic
from Ham Street identified as ab. coronula Was it not a deep greenish colour like the
contemporary specimens from north-west Kent? The solution - if the dark greenish
melanics are labelled ab. olivacea and the extreme black ones ab. nigra, both easily
identified, any others perhaps ab. coronulal — B. K. West, 36 Briar Road, Dartford,
Kent DA5 2HN.

Tomoxia bucephala Costa (Col.: Mordellldae): A case of long persistence in the
same locality

I was interested in Mr R. A. Jones’ record of two examples of Tomoxia bucephala
‘crawling on [a] large fallen beech log in Arundel Park, West Sussex, 18.vi.l976’. I
would guess that this log was, in fact, the very same one on which I first met with
this beetle as long ago as 1935 and on one or two later occasions. The identical log
was still in situ many years later when it yielded, notably, the very rare
Laemophloeus monilis Fabr.). The log was situated under one of the fine beech trees
for which the park is notable and the beetles ran and flew so actively in the hot
sunshine as to be hard to catch. Elsewhere, I have encountered the species only in a
rather out-of-the-way part of Windsor Forest, also about beech stumps, on one
occasion. — A. A. Allen, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

SUBSCRffiER NOTICE

I have just started my PhD project on macroecology of European invertebrates. As a part
of the project I am putting together a database of published papers about Syrphidae from
ail Europe. In particular, I am interested in published local faunal lists, inventory studies,
checklists and also unpublished material (MSc, PhD theses). I would like to ask you if
you could provide me with reprints of photocopies of your publications which match
these criteria. I would appreciate receiving copies of older studies, published by other
authors, which you would consider as rare or hard to obtain. In case of any questions do
not hesitate to contact me. — Petr Keil, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science,
Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 12800 Praha 2, Czech Republic (E-mail:
pkeil@seznam.cz).

BOOK REVIEWS

95

BOOK REVIEWS

Pyraloidea of Europe/Europas (Lepidoptera) Volume/Band 1: Pyralinae,
Gelleriinae, Epipaschiinae, Cathariinae and Odontiinae by F* Slamka. 144pp.,
including 16 colour plates of adult moths and 11 black and white plates of genitalia.

232 X 165 mm, hardbound. ISBN: 80"969052-3-6.Published by Slamka, Bratislava,
December 2006. €49 (plus postage). Bilingual: English and German. Order direct
from Slamka, RaEianska 61, SK-83102 Bratislava, Slovakia or by e-mail to
slamkaf@nextra.sk (web site at http://home.nextra.sk/fslamka).

This book is from the same publishing stable as
Josef Rasowski’s Tortricidae of Europe - a fact
that is immediately apparent from the near
identical covers. Slamka have also produced, in
recent years, Die Zunslerartigen (Pyraloidea)
Mitteleuropas (Slamka, 1997), The Noctuids of
central Europe (Nowacki, 1998), Die
Palpenmotten (Geiechiidae) Mitteleuropas
(Eisner et al, 1999) and Die Oecophoridae
Mitteleuropas (Tokar et al, 2005) - four books
that deserve places in the personal library of any
serious British lepidopterist. The man at the
helm, Dr Frantisek Slamka, has specialist
knowledge the Pyraloidea; consequently, this
first volume of Pyraloidea of Europe has been
very much a labour of love.

The British Isles are included in the
geographical area covered by the work, which
incorporates all of Europe from Iceland in the
north-west, east to the Ural Mountains, south-
east to the Caucasus Mountains and south to the

Straits of Gibraltar. All of the Mediterranean Islands are involved - including Cyprus, an island
that is, unfortunately, omitted from most European works. European Turkey is included, but
Asian Turkey is not. Species from the Azores, Canaries and Madeira are also listed. A total of
117 species is included in the work and distribution maps are included for each. Adult moths
are illustrated at 1 .5 times natural size by means of colour photographs and space saving has
been achieved by showing only the right hand half of each species. Genitalia are illustrated by
black and white photographs for both sexes of 41 ‘problem’ species. All species are allocated a
serial number, so that text, genitalia and colour plate have the same number for each taxon,
making the book very easy to use. Dipping into the text in random fashion I observe that for
many difficult to separate species text figures are also provided and furnished with short lines,
pointing to the character that permits satisfactory identification. I have not really had the book
long enough to find all the errors and there are bound to be a few in a work of this nature, but
having met with Slamka and having reviewed his “track record” I expect that there will be
rather few!

This is the first in a projected series of what are, essentially, identification guides covering
the entire of the European Pyraloidea. This first volume contains rather few British species and
some may judge it to be of limited use to English-only collectors - but then when the other

96

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.iii.2007

more useful volumes appear you will regret not having the complete series! If you collect in
Europe it will be essential. Of course, there are other promised works on the Pyraloidea from
other sources. The series Microlepidoptera of Europe is well worth the cost, but only one
volume concerning pyraloids is yet published. Those who live long enough may yet see the
pyralid volume of Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland in print. My personal
view is that one can never have too many books; how many times have I failed to find
information in one tome then found it in another! At €49 (about £33) I recommend that you
buy this volume now, before it goes out of print!

Ecology, Phenotypes and the Mendelian Genetics of Burnet Moths {Zygaena
Fabricius, 1775) by W. Gerald Tremewan. 390 pp., 194 figures (163 in colour),
235 X 156mm., hardback. ISBN 0 906802 1 1 3. Gem Publishing Co, 2006. £79.

This is a work of enormous scholarship, detailing
the results of Gerry Tremewan’s genetic studies on
burnet moths since he began these studies in 1977.
He has managed the technically very difficult task
of breeding these moths, so as to elucidate the
mendelian genetics of many of the beautiful and
striking variant forms that occur, including
specimens with yellow instead of red markings, or
with confluent rather than discrete spots, or those
with extra spots. To successfully complete so many
broods is almost unimaginably difficult, especially
in the context of producing sufficiently large
numbers of specimens in 1st and then 2nd back-
crossed generations, to allow determination of the
ratios of forms and therefore the dominance or
other expression of the forms under investigation.
No wonder that the body of work was successfully
presented for a doctorate in 2002.

This is not all. The early part of the book
includes an extended and authoritative account of
the general biology of burnet moths, which
successfully sets the scene for the genetic study.
This section alone is of great interest but the meat of the book is a series of explanations of the
genetics of the many variant forms, culminating with a chapter on hybridisation. The text is
very full and necessarily detailed but of a standard format, so that the reader can easily get used
to what is being explained. Tables and diagrams illustrate the mendelian ratios that were found
and finally there are many excellent colour illustrations (often taken by the author) that amply
illustrate the forms under discussion.

Overall this is a beautifully produced and presented book, that will interest anyone
interested in the genetics of insects, and/or the biology of burnet moths. The drawback is the
price but I suppose this is inevitable for a book with so many colour illustrations and with a
limited audience. However, in the context of the authority and scope of the work reported, it is
not really too expensive and any reader will find continuing pleasure in its study.

■

{Zygaena Fabricius, 1775)

Mark Young

Continued from back cover

A naturalised population of a Mediterranean earwig, Forficula pubescens Gene

(Derm.: Forficulidae) in West Sussex. John Paul 83-84

Craniophora ligustri D.&S. (Lep.: Noctuidae): from rarity to population explosion at

Dartford, Kent and melanism. B. K. West 92-94

Tomoxia bucephala Costa (Col.: Mordellidae): A case of long persistence in the same

locality. A. A. Allen 94

Subscriber Notice

European invertebrates. Petr Keil

94

Book Review

Pyraloidea of Europe/Europas (Lepidoptera) Volume/Band 1: Pyralinae, Gelleriinae,

Epipaschiinae, Cathariinae and Odontiinae by F. Slamka 95-96

Ecology, Phenotypes and the Mendelian Genetics of Burnet Moths (Zygaena

Fabricius, 1775) by W. Gerald Tremewan 96

Experience the lighter side of field entomology
with Torben Larsen as he describes his
experiences from around the world.

There must be a Hazard
for every occasion?

£11.99 (inc. UK p&p) * £1 3.99 (overseas)

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Papers

Butterflies on farmland: The first 10 years of recording at Writtle College. R. G Field

and T. Gardiner 49-56

Uresiphita reversalis (Guenee, 1854) (Lep.: Pyralidae) new to Britain and Europe.

Tony Davis and Doug Miller 59-61

Nineta pallida (Schneider, 1846) (Neu.: Chrysopidae), a lacewing new to the British

Isles. Martin C. Harvey and Colin W. Plant 77-82

Rhaphium nasutum (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), Pherhellia rozkosnyi & Tetanocera
Montana (Dip.: Sciomyzidae), insects new to Ireland and Geomyza halachowski
(Dip.: Opomyzidae), presence in Ireland confirmed. Martin C. D. Speight 85-91

Notes

Cornifrons ulceratalis (Lederer, 1858) (Lep.: Crambidae) new to France and
Syncopacma albifrontella (Heinemann, 1870) (Lep.: Gelechiidae): first published

French record. Michael & Brenda Marney 56-58

Nest building and prey stocking in Crossocerus megacephalus (Rossius) (Hym.:

Sphecidae). P/pcr 58

The advantages of ‘Doing the Dirt’: New and interesting moth records for

Hertfordshire & Middlesex. Rachel Terry 62-63

Late-flying Silver-ground Carpets Xanthorhoe montanata D. & S. (Lep.: Geometridae)

in Banffshire. /?6>yLevmo« 63

Notes on the early stages of Elachista regificella Sircom, 1849 and E. tengstromi Kaila

et al, 2001. John R. Langmaid 64-65

Hazards of butterfy collecting. Bumbuna Butterfly Survey - Siena Leone, May 2006.

Torhen B. Larsen 65-67

Lepidoptera new to the Isle of Wight in 2006. Sam Knill-Jones 67-68

I married a Moth Man - a warning to new moth spouses. Pat Costen 68-7 1

Scythris potentillella (Zeller) (Lep.: Scythrididae) new to Hertfordshire. David Murray 71

Pale Shining Brown Polia bomhycina (Hufn.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) re-discovered in
Oxfordshire in 2005 and 2006 - a nationally significant population of a UK
Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Species. Martin C. Townsend and Thomas Merckx 12-1 A

Diaperis boleti (L.) (Col.: Tenebrionidae) in Hatfield Forest, Essex. Ross Piper 74-75

Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta (L.) (Lep.: Nmyphalidae) courtship in winter. Richard

Fox 75-76

Atlantopsocus adustus (Hagen) (Psoc.: Psocidae) new to Britain from East Cornwall.

Keith N. A. Alexander 76

An invasion of the Harlequin Ladydird (Harmonia axyridis Pallas) (Col.

Coccinellidae) in the South Wight. Sam Knill-Jones 82

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WATER BETONY IN CHANNEL ISLANDS

97

WATER BETONY SHARGACUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE (D. & S.)

(LERt NOCTUIDAE) NEW TO THE CHANNEL ISLANDS

Philip H. Sterling' and Peter D. M. Costen^

^Environmental Services, Dorset County Council, County Hall, Colliton Park, Dorchester, Dorset DTI IXJ.
^La Broderie, La Claire Mare, St Peters, Guernsey GY7 9QA.

Abstract

The discovery of Water Betony Shargacucullia scrophulariae (D. & S.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) new
to the Channel Islands (VC 113) is reported.

Introduction

On 8 June 2005, PDMC found in his garden trap a moth which initially he thought
was a small specimen of Mullein Shargacucullia verbasci (L.) Although in poor
condition, it was retained in preparation for a visit to Guernsey later that year by PHS.
In anticipation of his customary advice when invited to identify specimens in this
state, the specimen was dissected, whereupon it was immediately apparent that this
was not a Mullein. It was a male and the shape of the valves was distinctively
different from that of Mullein, and the conclusion was reached that it was a specimen
of Striped Lychnis Shargacucullia lychnitis Rambur, This is a species which has been
recorded from Guernsey on at least two previous occasions (Shayer, 1975; Higgs,
pers. comm.) and was of interest given the virtual absence from the island of its usual
foodplant Dark Mullein Verbascum nigrum. However, when the specimen and slide
were seen by PHS, he was less than convinced of this identification as neither the
time of year of appearance, nor the shape of the valves of this example, was
consistent with that species. Then, on each of the nights of 3 June 2006 and 10 June
2006 PDMC found another similar specimen in his trap. These were again set and on
this occasion PHS was able to travel to Guernsey to dissect both moths himself. On
dissection the appearance of the genitalia was strongly suggestive of Water Betony
Shargacucullia scrophulariae ([D. & S.]), based on the description and figures in
Ronkay & Ronkay (1994). On returning home, PHS dissected an example of Striped
Lychnis reared from a larva, and the differences between genitalia of this and the
Guernsey examples were immediately obvious: undoubtedly all three of the Guernsey
examples were Water Betony.

Comparison with similar species

Adults of Mullein, Striped Lychnis and Water Betony are similar, especially when
worn. Although Mullein is larger and generally darker brown with a more scalloped
termen in the forewing, worn examples flying in May or June can be paler with
scalloping much reduced, making them look smaller and similar to Water Betony
which flies at the same time. Striped Lychnis is much the latest of the three on the
wing, sometimes in late June, but mainly in July, hence PHS's interest in the putative

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ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

25.V.2007

identification of this species from early June. It appears that the only way to be sure
of identity of a worn example is via dissection.

The genitalia of both sexes of all three species are figured in Ronkay & Ronkay
{op. cit.). A simplified guide to identification of the male is given below, based on
examination of our material only. The literature suggests more variation than we
observed, particularly in the number and size of teeth on the ventrum of the
aedeagus, so some caution may need to applied to this character. We consider there
may be reliable shape and size of teeth within the carina of the aedeagus which help
distinguish the species without need to evert the vesica, although with eversion, the
origin of the distal part of the main tube of the vesica allows distinction to be made
between Striped Lychnis and Water Betony. The valves of Striped Lychnis and Water
Betony show subtle diagnostic features, but are obviously different from those of
Mullein. Photographs are shown of male genitalia only of Water Betony (Figs 1, 2 &
3), Striped Lychnis (Figs 4, 5 & 6), and Mullein (Figs 7, 8 & 9). Table 1 summarises
diagnostic characters of the male genitalia of the three species;

Table 1. Diagnostic features of male genitalia of Shargacucullia spp.

Water Betony

Shargacucullia scrophulariae

Striped Lychnis

Shargacucullia lychnitis

Mullein

Shargacucullia verbasci

Valvae

Valvae long. Harpe broad
before apex, with apical corona
well developed; width of
corona about 3x minimum
width of harpe

Valvae

Valvae very long. Harpe broad
before apex, with apical corona
well developed; width of
corona more than 3x minimum
width of harpe

Valvae

Valvae short. Harpe narrows to
apex which may be produced
into a digit; apical corona
short, reduced to 4 - 6 bristles

Aedeagus

Carina of strong teeth, more or
less arranged in a single row
nearly reaching ventrum, with
smaller teeth on dorsal side of
row; ventral projection a small
pair of teeth; distal part of main
tube of vesica arises dorsally,
not dorso-laterally.

Aedeagus

Carina of strong teeth in an
elongate patch, more or less
parallel sided, nearly reaching
ventrum; ventral projection a
pair of large teeth; distal part of
main tube of vesica arises
dorso-laterally, not dorsally.

Aedeagus

Carina of strong teeth along
dorsum and in subtriangular
patch reaching just beyond half
way to ventrum; ventral
projection a single large tooth.

For the sake of completeness the genitalia of the females of the three species are
included, reproduced from the figures in Ronkay & Ronkay {loc. cit.) (Fig. 10). The
species can be separated by the shape of the corpus bursae and the shape and
sclerotization of the ostium bursae.

Comments on records and distribution

Water Betony has long been considered to be a British insect. Tutt (1891) writing in
this journal 115 years ago believed it to be undoubtedly British and 75 years later
Chalmers-Hunt (1966) described it as resident, perhaps native. These authors were

WATER BETONY IN CHANNEL ISLANDS

99

referring to Victorian records from East Anglia and Kent respectively but in more
recent years the only two substantiated records have both been from Swanage in
Dorset. On 12 June 1949, at 3.30 a.m., A.G.B. Russell took a specimen at light
(Russell 1950), the identity of which was confirmed by Boursin whom Russell
described as the foremost authority on the Cucullia group, and on 18 May 1994, at
MV light, J.H. Clarke took another specimen (Davey 1996), the identity of which
was confirmed by dissection at the British Museum (Natural History).

The moth has not been recorded previously from the British Channel Islands but
was noted on the French Channel Island of Chausey in June 1995 (Livomy pers.
comm.). And in La Manche region of Normandy, that part of the French mainland
closest to Guernsey, in contrast to Striped Lychnis which has been recorded on just
two occasions (and then from the south of the region). Water Betony has been
recorded from all parts and is described as peu commun; jamais en nombre mais
regulier albeit with the caveat that Mullein, Striped Lychnis and Water Betony are
difficult to distinguish from each other than by the characteristics of their larvae.

Larvae of Water Betony feed on the flowers and seeds of Scrophularia species,
mostly S. nodosa Common Figwort (Ronkay & Ronkay loc. cit.), but this is by no
means a common plant on Guernsey (Ozanne 2006). Water Figwort S. auriculata is
frequent here in wet places but by far the commonest member of the group locally is
Balm-leaved Figwort S. scorodonia and although many plants have been searched in
recent years in the hope of finding larvae of the gelechiid Nothris congressariella
(Bruand), no larva of any description has ever been noted. However, it remains a
distinct possibility that the Water Betony is resident in Guernsey; the larvae feed up
quickly and are only visible amongst the flowers of the foodplant when very small,
hiding low down amongst vegetation when bigger (Fibiger pers. comm.). The larvae
are, therefore, much less apparent than either those of Mullein or Striped Lychnis on
Verbascum spp.

Of the two Guernsey examples of Striped Lychnis, the first was captured in 1971
or 1972 (no more detailed data are available) and reported in a list of 19 species
which had been submitted to, and confirmed, by the Entomological controller at the
Rothamsted Centre (Shayer loc. cit.). The second was taken on 28 May 1989 at MV
light in St. Saviour on the west of the island (Higgs pers. comm.). In light of our
findings, and the early date of the 1989 record, we consider it that this is more likely
to be of Water Betony and should be critically re-examined.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Michael Fibiger (Sor0, Denmark) for his comments during the
drafting of this paper, and for allowing us permission to reproduce the figures of the
female genitalia from Ronkay & Ronkay {loc. cit.). We are also grateful to Dave
Foot (Weymouth) for donating a specimen of Striped Lychnis.

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ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

25.V.2007

Fig. 1. Male genitalia (valvae) of Water Betony
ShargacuculUa scrophulariae (RD.M. Costen coll.,
slide number PC309)

Fig. 2. Male genitalia (aedeagus) of Water Betony
ShargacuculUa scrophulariae (RD.M. Costen coll.,
slide number PC309)

Fig. 4. Male genitalia (valvae) of Striped Lychnis
ShargacuculUa lychnitis (P.H. Sterling coll., slide
number PS 899)

Fig. 7. Male genitalia of Mullein ShargacuculUa
verbasct valvae (P.D.M. Costen coll, slide number
PS897)

Fig. 5. Male genitalia (aedeagus) of Striped Lychnis
ShargacuculUa lychnitis (P.H, Sterling coll, slide
number PS899)

Fig, 8. Male genitalia of Mullein ShargacuculUa
verbasct aedeagus (P.D.M. Costen coll., slide number
PS897)

WATER BETONY IN CHANNEL ISLANDS

101

Fig. 6. Male genitalia (carina) of Striped Lychnis
Shargacucullia lychnitis (RH. Sterling coll., slide
number PS899)

Fig. 8. Male genitalia (carina) of Mullein
Shargacucullia verbasci (P.D.M. Costen coll., slide
number PS897)

Fig. 3. Male genitalia (carina) of Water Betony
Shargacucullia scrophulariae (P.D.M. Costen coll.,
slide number PCS 10)

Fig. 10. Female genitalia (from Ronkay & Ronkay, 1994).

A. Water Betony Shargacucullia scrophulariae;

B. Striped Lychnis Shargacucullia lychnitis;

C. Mullein Shargacucullia verbasci

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.V.2007

References

Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 1966. Lepidoptera of Kent page 273 published as supplement to
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Van 78 between pages 28-29.

Davey, R 1996. 1994 Moth immigrations to Dorset and potential sources of origin. Proc. Dorset
nat. Hist, archeol. Soc. 117: 169-170.

Higgs, G.H. Unpublished list of Lepidoptera recorded on Guernsey in 1989.

Livomy, A. Unpublished list of Macrolepidoptera recorded on Les lies Chausey in June 1995.
Ozanne, B.J., 2006. Check List of Guernsey Plants. La Societe Guemesiaise, Guernsey.

Quinette, J-R, Lepertel, N., Guerard R. 2004. Inventaire des Macrolepidopteres de La Manche.
Rrivately published.

Ronkay, G., Ronkay, L. 1994. Cuculliinae 1. - Noctuidae Europaeae, volume 6 -. Entomological
Rress, Sor0, Denmark.

Russell, A.G.B., 1950. Report on Dorset Lepidoptera, 1949. Proc. Dorset nat. Hist, archeol. Soc.
71: 170-174.

Shayer, C.J., 1975. Entomological Report [for 1974]. Report and Transactions of La Societe
Guemesiaise. 22(part 4): 368-370.

Tutt, J.W., 1891. Cucullia scrophulariae as a British insect. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Van 2:63-64.

DEFECTIVE COPIES OF THE LAST ISSUE

It has come to my attention that a number of copies of the last issue of this journal
were poorly finished. In most cases, this was because the staples were not positioned
in the mid line of the paper so that when the pages were folded and cropped the left
and right margins finished unequal. In extreme cases text has been cropped and in a
few cases blank pages or missing pages were noted. All of these problems are the
responsibility of the binders - after the printing stage - and our printers have already
taken steps to ensure that this does not happen again. We shall, of course, replace all
seriously defective copies at no cost to subscribers. However, we do not have a
limitless supply and so we trust to the honesty of our subscribers in this matter.
Please petition the Treasurer, not me, if you wish to replace your copy. Those
wishing to send a stamped self-addressed envelope are welcome to do so, but this is
not a requirement. - EDITOR.

DWARF FORM SILVER Y

103

THE DWARF FORM OF SILVER Y AUTOGRAPHA GAMMA (L.)
(LEP.: NOCTUIDAE)

Roy Leverton

Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Cornhill, Banffshire AB45 2HS.

Abstract

In late August 2006, dwarf individuals of Silver Y Autographa gamma predominated in NE
Scotland, but very few were reported from more drought-stricken parts of the British Isles.

This conflicts with the generally accepted ‘starvation form’ hypothesis. Instead, a pathological

factor is suggested.

Introduction

The dwarf form of Silver Y Autographa gamma has long attracted attention. It has
even acquired its own varietal name, gammina (Staudinger), and is illustrated in
guides such as Skinner (1984) and Waring & Townsend (2003). Whereas the
‘normaF moths are quite variable in size, with a wingspan ranging from 40"52mm,
gammina is generally between 30-35mm and sometimes less. An exceptional
example caught at Peacehaven in Sussex had a wingspan of only 24mm (Colin Pratt,
pers. comm.). Also, gammina tends to be light silvery grey in colour, lacking the
brown tones often seen in normal-sized moths.

Events of 2006

Occasional examples of gammina have been recorded at my home address in
Banffshire in previous years, but in 2006 they were exceptionally numerous. For a
period during the second half of August, dwarf individuals predominated and even
the ‘normal’ moths with them were mainly below average size. Precise counts were
difficult because most Silver Ys were seen feeding actively at heather or buddleia by
day and at dusk, rather than in the light trap. With such continual movement even
estimating total numbers was difficult, let alone the percentage of gammina. Also,
there was some intergrade in size between the smaller ‘normal’ moths and the
dwarfs, giving a few borderline individuals. Using Bretherton’s (1977) definition of
gammina as having a wingspan of 35mm or less, the following table gives rough
estimates of its percentage on selected dates.

Interpreting these data is difficult. Sometimes the percentage of gammina varied
even on the same date, with dwarfs relatively numerous by day and on warm
evenings but apparently less active than normal individuals in cooler conditions.
Also, the origin of the moths is unknown. Although primary immigrant Silver Ys
were unusually numerous here from May onwards, there was no firm evidence that
any of the late summer gammina were locally bred. The few caterpillars and cocoons
found casually here during the summer were all of normal size. However, other
known migrant species were scarce or absent in Banffshire during the main gammina
period, giving no suggestion that a mass immigration was in progress.

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25.V.2007

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

I also contacted various observers to ask whether they had noticed unusual
numbers of gammina in summer 2006. Mark Young at Oldmeldmm in neighbouring
North Aberdeenshire confirmed that on some dates up to 50% of Silver Ys were
dwarfs in his area. However, Brian Neath saw no dwarfs in Wester Ross, at the same
latitude as Banffshire but on the west coast. Further south, Gerry Haggett replied that
he had not noticed any gammina in Norfolk that summer, while Colin Pratt provided
a figure of 0.2% gammina in Sussex during 2006 from a sample size of 1,384, with
none at all seen in August. Such evidence strongly suggests that the gammina in
north-east Scotland were locally bred or had not travelled far. Had they been
immigrants from abroad they would surely have been at least as numerous further
south.

Previous explanations for the dwarf form

Cockayne (1953) attempted to raise gammina to a subspecies. He reared examples
from unusually dark, sometimes almost black, caterpillars he found in Kent.
(Normally, wild Silver Y caterpillars are green.) Based on the larval and adult
differences, he suggested that it was a genetically distinct immigrant race perhaps
originating from the eastern Mediterranean, since Staudinger’s type locality for
gammina was Syria. However, he could find no differences in the genitalia, nor did
he attempt to breed a further generation of dark caterpillars and dwarf moths.

Bretherton (1977) convincingly rejected Cockayne’s hypothesis. He reasoned that
subspecies were unlikely to evolve in such a notorious migrant as Silver Y because it
lacks genetically isolated populations. Furthermore, he reared progeny from three
dwarf females captured in Surrey in August 1976. The caterpillars were the usual
shade of green and the adults, though on the small side, were within the normal size
range. Accordingly, he argued that gammina is just an environmental 'starvation
form’ caused by desiccated larval foodplant in drought years.

This has remained the accepted view, despite Cockayne’s explicit rejection of such
an explanation {loc. cit.). The undersized black caterpillars he found at Sheemess in
Kent were eating the fleshy leaves of orache Atriplex growing on the shore. The
foodplant was abundant and very juicy, nor were there any signs of past or present
larval overcrowding. He also pointed to several older references in the journals to
dwarf black caterpillars of Silver Y, found on various foodplants with no mention of
shortage or drought, that went on to produce gammina adults.

If the gammina seen in Banffshire during summer 2006 were indeed locally bred,
this further undermines the 'starvation form’ hypothesis. Although the weather was
exceptionally warm and sunny throughout July, with shade temperatures in my
garden exceeding 30°C on several dates, there were no obvious signs of drought.
Vegetation remained green and lush. I never needed to water the garden and lawns
required frequent mowing. Nor did other species that were in the larval stage at the
same time as Silver Y produce dwarf forms - if anything, the resulting moths tended
to be larger than average. Drought was far more severe in Norfolk and Sussex, yet
the incidence of gammina here was very low.

DWARF FORM SILVER Y

105

As a migrant, Silver Y ranges throughout the Holartic from North Africa to
beyond the Arctic circle, with breeding proven even in Iceland (Skou, 1991). Clearly
it must be able to cope with a wide range of climates and habitats. It can also use a
broad variety of foodplants. It seems unlikely that this species would be seriously
inconvenienced by a British summer. Admittedly, it would make sense for Silver Y
to have the ability to produce an emergency dwarf form when conditions were
unfavourable. As a migrant, its caterpillars must often find themselves in a rapidly
deteriorating environment. Their best strategy might then be to complete their
metamorphosis quickly, even at the expense of producing an undersized adult -
which would at least be able to migrate away from the inhospitable area. Attractive
though this scenario seems, there is no firm evidence for it. Nor would it explain the
very high percentage of gammina in north-east Scotland in 2006 despite the absence
of drought, yet its much lower incidence elsewhere. Thus both the ‘subspecies’ and
the ‘starvation’ explanations for gammina seem flawed.

Tablel. Estimates of the percentage of the dwarf form gammina in counts of Silver Y
Autographa gamma in Banffshire on various dates in summer 2006.

Date

Total

% gammina

locality & comments

30.07.2006

10

0

Ordiquhill; very fresh - the first locally bred
moths?

12.08.2006

100

0

Ordiquhill; on buddleia at dusk.

17.08.2006

360

0

Ordiquhill; m.v. trap catch; many moths on small

side.

18.08.2006

300

0

Ordiquhill; on heather by day; many moths
smallish.

19.08.2006

100

30

Ordiquhill; on buddleia at dusk.

20.08.2006

150

50+

Ordiquhill; on buddleia at dusk.

25.08.2006

20

60

Ordiquhill; on buddleia by day.

26.08.2006

25

90+

Ordiquhill; on buddleia by day.

”

20

10

Ordiquhill; on buddleia at dusk (cool evening).

30.08.2006

30

80

Macduff (coastal); on flowers by day.

”

25

8

Ordiquhill; on buddleia at dusk (cool evening).

31.08.2006

75

50+

Ordiquhill; on buddleia at dusk (warm evening).

02.09.2006

40

0

Ordiquhill; on buddleia at dusk (cool evening).

10.09.2006

200

0

Cullen (coastal); on heather by day.

14.09.2006

11

9

Ordiquhill; m.v. trap catch.

18.09.2006

45

11

Macduff (coastal); on flowers by day.

22.09.2006

20

0

Ordiquhill; on heather by day; no further gammina
sightings.

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.V.2007

An alternative hypothesis

I suspect that the gammina form of Silver Y is neither genetic nor environmental, but
pathological. Cockayne’s account {loc. cit.) is strongly suggestive of this. He notes
that the abnormally small and dark wild-found caterpillars that produced gammina
adults were unusually delicate, so that he reared only five moths from the nine larvae
he kept. Furthermore, he traced several earlier notes in the journals that made similar
remarks. Thus G. T. Porritt bred only one adult from eight undersized dark
caterpillars sent to him by Charles Whitehead of Maidstone, who likewise
encountered problems: more than half his larvae died without spinning up, while
many cocoons of those that did were imperfectly formed and produced no moths. J.
C. Miller reared only three gammina from small dark caterpillars found at
Beckenham in Kent, the others dying though well fed. Silver Y is normally a very
easy species to rear.

Majerus (2002) describes the many different pathogens that can affect moths.
These include viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Usually they are most in
evidence from the high mortality they can cause when large numbers of caterpillars
are being reared in captivity. However, even apparently healthy moths may carry
sub-lethal pathogens and transmit them to the next generation through the egg or
sperm.

If the gammina form is caused by a pathogen, why should this problem
disproportionately affect Silver Y? Many other Lepidoptera produce occasional
dwarfs, but not on such a scale. Cytoplasmic incompatibility, as defined by Majerus
{loc. cit.), is one possibility. Normally this is only seen in the laboratory, when
individuals from geographically distant populations are crossed. If these happen to
be infected with different strains of Wolbachia bacteria, the crosses may fail or suffer
an unusually high mortality rate. For most moths, such crosses will rarely if ever
happen in the wild. But Silver Y is an abundant, long-distance migrant, hence
mixing of populations infected with different strains of pathogens is a possibility.
Maybe gammina is the result of crosses between immigrant Silver Ys of widely
separate origins.

In most summers, Britain is colonised by streams of Silver Ys coming from the
western Mediterranean, which then breed successfully to produce normal moths with
few if any dwarfs. Perhaps in certain years some parts of Britain also receive
influxes of Silver Y from the eastern Mediterranean, carrying incompatible strains of
pathogens (not necessarily Wolbachia). For interbreeding to happen, the two streams
would have to arrive almost simultaneously and to overlap geographically, with at
least some females receptive to mating. The apparent association of gammina with
hot summers could be explained by the weather patterns necessary for such mixing
to occur. Alternatively, the condition may be lethal unless the weather is particularly
warm and dry.

Admittedly, this is only speculation. As a hypothesis, it does at least fit the
observed evidence. In late May and June 2006, Britain did indeed receive an
unusually strong influx of migrant moths from the south-east, as evidenced by record
numbers of Eastern Bordered Straw Heliothis nubigera. It is very likely that some of

DWARF FORM SILVER Y

107

our immigrant Silver Ys seen during this period had a similar origin. Perhaps it was
mainly in north-east Scotland they overlapped and interbred with incompatible
migrants arriving from the south-west.

There is one obvious way to take the investigation further. The unusually small
and dark caterpillars that produce gammina should hold the key. They could be
screened for pathogens at a suitable research laboratory. If any are found, each
individual should be immersed in a separate container of ethanol at least 70% strong
(preferably stronger) to preserve any pathogen DNA.

Acknowledgements

I am very grateful to Mark Young and Mark Shaw for their incisive comments on
earlier drafts and for much stimulating discussion, though the opinions expressed in
this paper remain entirely my own. I thank Brian Neath, Gerry Haggett and Colin
Pratt for promptly sending me relevant information from their own areas. Mark
Young kindly helped with obtaining references.

References

Bretherton, R. F, 1977. The status of Auto grapha gamma gammina Staudinger (Lep.: Noctuidae).

Proceedings of The British Entomological and Natural History Society 10:27-28.

Cockayne, E. A., 1953. A Subspecies of Plusia gamma Linnaeus. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Van 65:
193-195.

Majerus, M. E. N., 2002. Moths. The New Naturalist. HarperCollins.

Skinner, B., 1984. Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking.

Skou, R, Nordens Ugler. Apollo Books.

Waring, P. & Townsend, M., 2003. Field Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland. British
Wildlife Publishing.

A Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta L. (Lep.: Satyridae) in London on the first of

March

At 13.00 hours on 1 March 2007 a Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta appeared in the
sunny forecourt of our block of flats in Brixton, London. It landed at the foot of a
tree and sunned itself for about ten minutes on the border between gravel and soil. It
was a large female with considerable damage to the wings, including part of the
hindwing that was still attached, flapping in the wind. This is a clear indication that
it was a hibernating individual since any migrant this time of the year most likely
would be in good condition. It is the first butterfly I have seen this year - not that
Brixton is a famed for its butterflies. The day was sunny, but far from warm, and
with a firm breeze. — Torben B. Larsen, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL.

108

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

25.V.2007

Hummingbird Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) (Lep.i Sphingidae)
caterpillars in Banffshire

On 18 July 2005 I visited the rocky sea cliffs at Tarlair (O.S grid reference NJ 7264),
near Macduff in Banffshire. Some flourishing clumps of Lady’s Bedstraw Galium
verum prompted me to search for caterpillars of Hummingbird Hawk-moth
Macroglossum stellatarum, as immigrants had been reported elsewhere in Scotland
earlier that summer. It seemed a very long shot, but within seconds I found an early
fourth-instar caterpillar resting halfway up a bedstraw stem.

Further searching was unsuccessful that day, but a week later I found three more
caterpillars of this species in a steep, sunny hollow elsewhere on the site. These were
also halfway up the bedstraw stems, fully exposed but well camouflaged by their
green and yellow livery. Two were in their fourth instar and one its final instar. The
range of sizes suggested they were the progeny of more than one female. Also found
with them were eight caterpillars of Small Elephant Hawk-moth Deilephila
porcellus, bearing out the comment in Pittaway (1993. The Hawkmoths of the
Western Palearctic. Harley Books) that both species share similar larval habitat
preferences.

This seems to be the first time that Hummingbird Hawk-moth caterpillars have
been found in Banffshire and indeed in North-east Scotland. If this is a consequence
of global warming, then I for one am all in favour of it. — Roy Leverton,
Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Comhill, Banffshire AB45 2HS.

Diaperus boleti (L.) (CoL: Tenebrionidae) not confined to birch poly pore fungus
The report of the large and distinctive beetle Diaperus boleti developing in birch
polypore Piptoporus betulinus in Hatfield Forest, Essex (Piper, R. 2007. EnL Rec.
119: 74-75) is incorrect in implying that this is the sole host for the beetle. In The
invertebrates of living and decaying timber in Britain and Ireland - a provisional
annotated checklist (English Nature Research Report No. 467, 2002) I mention that
this beetle has also been reported from dryad’s saddle Polyporus squamosus, and last
autumn I found it in this fungus myself, also in Hatfield Forest, 17.x. 2006. This
fungus causes pockets of decaying heartwood in a wide variety of trees - in this case
an ancient beech. So Piper’s other comment that the beetle must be very sensitive to
the volatile odours produced by birch polypore or the characteristic scent of birch
wood ‘attacked’ by this saprophyte is also incorrect, as the beetle can develop in a
variety of soft annual bracket fungi fruiting from a wide variety of broad-leaved
trees. The key requirements for the beetle appear to be large fleshy brackets -
suitably soft for larval feeding and suitably deep to hold a brood of developing
larvae - in a well-lit situation where the warm sunshine will promote good
development. - Keith N. A. Alexander, 59 Sweetbrier Lane, Heavitree, Exter EXl
3AQ.

SERICOMYA HISPANICA IN FRANCE

109

SERICOMYIA HISPANICA PERIS,

A LITTLE-KNOWN EUROPEAN HOVERFLY (DIP.; SYRPHIDAE)
RECORDED FOR THE FIRST TIME
FROM THE FRENCH PYRENEES

Martin C. D. Speight

Department of Zoology, Trinity College,

Dublin 2, Ireland

(E-mail: speightm@gmail.com)

Abstract

The occurrence of Sericomyia hispanica Peris, 1962 (Diptera: Syrphidae) is reported for the
first time in France, from the Pyrenees. A key is provided to separate this species from existing
British species.

Introduction

In Europe, the hoverfly genus Sericomyia comprises only a handfull of species, three
of which {S. arctica Schirmer, S. jakutica (Stackelberg) and S. nigra Portschinsky)
are northern European - subarctic, essentially - two others that are generally
distributed and not infrequent and one that is southern European. The two that are
generally distributed are the familiar S. lappona (L.) and S. silentis (Harris), for
those working with syrphids in Britain or Ireland. The southern species is S.
hispanica Peris, described relatively recently (Peris, 1962), but hardly referred to in
literature since its description. The few existing records of S. hispanica are from
localities scattered around mountainous parts of central (Peris, 1962) and northern
(Marcos-Garcia, pers. comm.) Spain, but not the Pyrenees. Until now, no
occurrences of this species have been cited for France. The present paper records S.
hispanica from high in the Basque country on the French side of the Pyrenees, as
follows:

Pyrenees-Atlantiques: Foret dTraty, 8 June 1981, female, beside stream, old

Fagus forest at 800m, coll, and det.MCDS, in colln. MCDS.

In the field, S. hispanica is virtually indistinguishable from S. silentis and can be
found in flight with that species. Under the microscope, the differences between S.
hispanica and S. silentis are easily seen, including differences in the male
terminalia (partially illustrated by Peris, 1962). The key to the separation of these
three species provided by Peris (1962) seems to have been overlooked. Using keys
like Nielsen (1997) or van Veen (2004), that do not mention S. hispanica, the
species could easily be misidentified as S. lappona, due to the black tip to the
abdomen that is found in both species. A modified version of the Peris (1962) key
is presented below, to help draw attention to S. hispanica, and in the hope that it
may bring to light further material of S. hispanica masquerading as one of the other
species. The European Sericomyia species other than S. hispanica are keyed out by
Nielsen (1997).

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Key

1 Front femora entirely yellow (hypopygium black in male............. hispanica Peris

tergite 5 entirely black in female; median black stripe on face
^ width of face)

front femora partly black (especially basally and postero-laterally)

and frequently predominantly black....... 2

2 Apex of abdomen black (hypopygium black in male, tergite ............ lappona (L.)

5 entirely black in female); median black stripe on face broad
( ^ width of face)

apex of abdomen almost entirely yellow (hypopygium ................ silentis (Harris)

yellow in male, tergite 5 yellow in female); median
black stripe on face narrower ( ^ width of face)

Discusssion

Known larvae of Sericomyia species are of the characteristic “rat-tailed maggot” type,
and live under the surface of water-logged (and often woody) plant debris. S.
hispanica larvae presumably do likewise, in association with streams and flushes in
the humid beech (Fagus) forest habitat in which the fly occurs. If so, there is no
obvious reason why the range of S. hispanica should stop at the north-eastern edge of
the Pyrenees and Sericomyia material derived from montane beech forest in other
parts of the Pyrenees, or even further afield in southern Europe, might usefully be
checked in case it includes this species. On that assumption I asked both Jean-Pierre
Sarthou and Dave Levy, both of whom have collected syrphids in the Pyrenean beech
forests, if they could check their Sericomyia material for S. hispanica. However this
brought to light no further specimens and it is conceivable that the extremely
“Atlantic” climate of the northern edge of the Pyrenees provides for the occurrence of
S. hispanica at Iraty, but that further south the climate of this mountain chain is in
some way inappropriate for it, over the altitudinal range that beech forests occur. By
contrast, the closely similar S. silentis occurs from one end of the Pyrenees to the
other, being found as close to the Mediterranean coast as the beech forests of the
Foret de la Massane, that is located just inland of and uphill from Banyuls-sur-Mer.

In the event that reading this note results in discovery of further material of S.
hispanica, that extends the known range of the species, it is to be hoped that the
records involved would be published. Alternatively, if their existence could be made
known to the author of this note any new data they provide could be included in the
StN database (see, for instance, Speight, 2006).

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Maria-Angeles Marcos-Garcia for information about Sericomyia
hispanica and to Santos Rojo for kindly providing me with a copy of Peris’s
otherwise unobtainable paper on that species. My thanks are also due to Dave Levy
and Jean-Pierre Sarthou, for taking the time to check through their Pyrenean
Sericomyia material, in a hunt for S. hispanica specimens.

SERICOMYA HISPANICA IN FRANCE

111

References

Nielsen, T. R., 1997. The hoverfly genera Anasimyia Schiner, Helophilus Meigen, Parhelophilus

Gerschner and Sericomyia Meigen in Norway (Diptera, Syrphidae). Fauna norv. Ser.B 44: 107-
122.

Peris, S. V., 1962. Los Sericomyiinae de Espana con descripcion de una nueva especie de
Sericomyia (Dipt. Syrphidae). BoL R.. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat (B), 60: 55-60.

Speight, M. C. D., 2006. Species accounts of European Syrphidae (Diptera), Ferrara 2006. In:
Speight, M.C.D., Castella, E., Sarthou, J.-P. and Monteil, C. (eds.) Syrph the Net, the database
of European Syrphidae, vol. 54, Syrph the Net publications, Dublin.

Van Veen, M., 2004. Hoverflies of Northwest Europe: identification keys to the Syrphidae. KNNV
Publishing, Utrecht.

Coleophora involucrella (Chretien, 1905) (Lep.: Coleophoridae) : The second
record for France

A ten day visit to Sauliac-sur-Cele, in the Lot Department in south-central France at
the end August and beginning of September 2006 saw several species of the
handsome vibicella group of Coleophora come to mv and actinic lights positioned
amongst scrub habitat on the edge of limestone cliffs which form the southern edge
of the plateau de Gramat. One particular specimen had a wing span of 15mm and
resembled C. conspicuella, but had the white subcostal streak appear to reach the
costa at two-thirds then continue to the apex of the wing which threw some concern
as to which species it may actually be - conspicuella normally stops at two-thirds.

Back home and in the depths of winter I again had another look at this and decided
to dissect, which threw up more questions as the male genitalia did not appear to
resemble any of the British vibicella group depicted in volume 3 of Moths &
Butterflies of Great Britain & Ireland (Harley Books), my only reference to this
family. I therefore sought the advice of Giorgio Baldizzone (Asti, Italy) who was
quick in his reply and named the moth as Coleophora involucrella, apparently the
second record for France; the first was found in Languedoc during 2004 by J. Nel,
who found two larval cases on Santolina chamaecyparissus in the Herault, at Puech
de Grange, near to Nissan-les Enserune (Nel, J. & Varenne, T. 2004. Description de
Bucculatrix pyrenaica species nova Microlepidopteres nouveaux pour la France
(Lepidoptera, Bucculatricidae, Tineidae, Coleophoridae et Gelechiidae). Revue de
r Association Roussillonnaise d’Entomologie 13: 114-117). Nel also observed the
same species in the same condition in Spanish Cerdagne at Prats not far from the
French border in 1992 suggesting this species can colonise new areas with ease if the
food plant is present and therefore further records may be encounted in the near
future. It is not certain though if the Sauliac specimen is from a local colony or if it
is a migrant blown over the Pyrenees by the notorious Tramontane wind.

The foodplant Santolina, commonly known as cotton-lavender, is a popular
cultivar and grows in several gardens in the commune of Sauliac, including in one
adjacent to where we ran the lights. The plant can re-seed very easily; it is a typical
Mediterranean species, which copes well with drought. There is also a good colony

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along the road near St Chels only a few kilometres away and this contains two of its
varieties Santolina chamaecyparissus, and the greyer Santolina rosmarinifolia which
has rosemary-like lobe-less leaves and appears naturalized there (Marian Clarke,
Sebastien Billot, Association Sauliacoise d’Animation. Pers. Comm.).

Coleophora involucrella was described from San Ildefonso, Spain and bred by
Chretien from Santolina rosmarinifolia. The only Portuguese record is from the
Lagoa de Santo Andre area, about 15 km N. of Sines, on the coast S. of Lisbon
found by Martin Corley in 1998, with abundant cases on Santolina. (Corley, M.F.V.,
2004. Provisional list of the Lepidoptera of Lagoa de Santo Andre, Baixo Alentejo,
Portugal (Insecta: Lepidoptera). SHILAP. Revista de Lepidopterologia 32 (126): 105-
138). It appears also to be known from Morocco.

Many thanks to Giorgio Baldizzone, Martin Corley, Martin Honey, Marian Clarke,
Sebastien Billot, Mike & Brenda Marney, Robin Howard and Colin Plant for much
discussion and help with this article. — Jon Clifton, Kestrel Cottage, Station Road,
Hindolveston, Norfolk NR20 5DE (E-mail: jon.clifton@btinternet.com).

A colony of Deltote bankiana (Fabr.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) persisting on a
calcareous downland site in East Kent (VC 15)

During the 1993 to 1995 period, I recorded small numbers of Deltote bankiana
(Fabr.) on several occasions at a site on the outskirts of Dover, Kent {Ent Rec: 105:
288). This apparent colony occurred in atypical habitat for the species, in rough
grassland towards the base of a south facing calcareous slope. This contrasted with
the usual damp, marshy situations I had encountered this species previously, and
with which all the other known breeding populations of this species in Britain are
associated. At the time, it was felt this colony may have been established as a result
of recent immigration, and was likely to be rather short-lived. Indeed, I failed to
record D. bankiana on several casual visits to the site in the late 1990s and early
2000s.

I was therefore interested to learn that this localised population was persisting
until at least 2004, when David Burrows recorded four individuals on two visits to
the site in June (DB and 1. D. Ferguson, pers. comm.). This was more surprising as
the locality was inappropriately managed in the mid to late 1990s, when over-
grazing significantly reduced sward height levels across the site and probably
directly led to the demise of two other rare moth species that occurred in good
numbers here prior to the grazing - Jordanita globulariae (Hb.) (Lep.: Zygaenidae)
and Aspitates gilvaria (D. & S.) (Lep.: Geometridae): A cautionary tale about the
need for familiarity with a site and its important faunal interests, and tailoring habitat
management to suit.

I am grateful to David Burrows for informing me of his records of D. bankiana,
and to Ian Ferguson for confirming the details of these records. — Sean Clancy, 1
Myrtle Villas. Sussex Road, New Romney, Kent TN28 8DY.

NOTES

113

Additional notable British barkfly (Psocoptera) observations
This report summarises previously unpublished barkfly (outdoor Psocoptera) records
from two sources: new observations made in 2005-6, and earlier records made by
contributors to the newly launched national Psocoptera (outdoor species)/barkflies
recording scheme (see BRC website - www.brc.ac.uk).

KNAA made several notable finds while surveying sites in Northern Ireland in
2006 that will not be included in this paper. They will be published in the Irish
Naturalists' Journal in due course.

Amphipsocidae

Kolbia qukquiliarum Bertkau

Keith R Bland collected male and female specimens of this species in a malaise trap
operating in dune slack grassland at Kilmory, Rum, Scotland (NG3603) between 27-
31.viii.2000. Charles Lienhard (Geneva Natural History Museum) confirmed the
identification of the specimens.

This species had previously been considered to be confined to southern England
and its occurrence on a Scottish island shows that it has a far greater distribution
range.

KNAA also found some specimens by sweep-netting herb-rich mesotrophic
grassland at Coombeshead Farm, Arlington (SS6619), North Devon, 21.vii.2005.

Ectopsoddae

Ectopsocus axillaris (Smithers)

This recently established introduction appears to have rapidly spread across the
country and is now regularly found amongst gorse and yew foliage, on aerial dead
branches on open-grown trees, and other situations. It has been found by KNAA in:
East Cornwall: Blisland (SX1075), 13.vi.2005; St Dominick (SX4167), 20.vii.2006;
and Lansallos (SX1751), 24.viii.2006; West Gloucestershire: Brockweir (S05300),
6.vi.2006; Monmouthshire: Brynmawr (SO 19 12), 7.ix.2005, and Clydach Gorge
NNR (S02212), 5.ix.2006; Worcestershire: Birlingham (S0929442); and County
Durham: Waldridge Fell (NZ251489), 5.vii.2005. The species has also been found
by RES in: Falkirk: Airth (NS897877), 15.V.2005; Lancashire: Marton Mere
(SD3435), 17.vii.2005; Lincolnshire: Legbourne (TF367845), 23.vii.2006; and Fife:
Kinghom (NT270868), 10.ix.2006.

Peripsoddae

Peripsocus alboguttatus (Dalman)

RES collected a single female specimen from a goat willow Salix caprea bush in a
small valley near Hartside in the Lammermuir Hills (NT474537 - vc81) on
14.viii.2006. A further search of the scattered bushes in this area of the valley
bottom on 18.viii.2006 produced another female specimen, this time on grey sallow
Salix cinerea. A short amount of time was also spent sweeping the rough grassland
in the area but no specimens were found. This is the second Scottish site for the
species.

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Peripsocus milleri (TiOyard)

We have previously reported on the first outdoor records of this species in 2005
(Saville, B, Alexander KNA, Dolling WR & Kirby P, Ent Rec 117: 35--39) but two
earlier specimens have only recently come to light: KNAA has one from Walcot
Park in Shropshire (S0345859), 8.viii.l996, and Moseley Green, West
Gloucestershire (SO632086), 18.vii.l998. These records suggest that the species was
already spreading across the west of England (at least) well before its presence was
first appreciated in 2004. Further records have also been forthcoming and it is clearly
now well-established across much of the southern half of England. KNAA found it
at Duncombe Park NNR, North Yorkshire (SE6082), 28. vi. 2005 & 2.x. 2006; and
Claverton, North Somerset (ST776645), 22.ix.2006. The majority of these records
come from tapping aerial dead branches on old open-grown trees.

Peripsocus parvulus Kolbe

A female specimen was beaten from a small yew bush at the entrance to South
Darley church, Derbyshire (SK267615) by RES on 31.vii.2006. Another site for the
species was found the next day (two kilometres away). A total of 42 specimens were
found on a row of oak trees edging a road near Stanton in Peak (SK252639). 24
males and 15 females were found on the trunks of the trees while one male and two
females were found by beating the branches. As is usual with this species, all of the
males were macropterous while all the females were brachypterous,

KNAA also found two females in Cwm Clydach NNR, Monmouthshire
(SO2212),5.ix.2006.

There has only been one previous record of this species in Britain (McLachlan, R,
1890, Ent Mon Mag 26: 269-270) - McLachlan also found a substantial number
together in the same area: about two dozen specimens on a paling on the outskirts of
Lyndhurst, New Forest on 31,viii and l.ix.l890. He also reported finding
macropterous males and brachypterous females though he also thought he had a
number of macropterous females.

Trichopsocidae
Trichopsocus clarus (Banks)

RES obtained one female specimen from elder/hawthom scrub at the northern end of
Hunstanton cliff, Norfolk (TF679424) on 27.vii.2006. This is the second published
record for England (Saville et al, loc.cit.).

Trichopsocus brincki Badonnel

One was found by KNAA at South Penquite Farm, Blisland, East Cornwall
(SX1075), 22. vi. 2005, and Coombehead Farm, Arlington, North Devon (SS6139),
21.vii.2005. Two males were beaten from gorse on the open rough pastureland of
Darren Ddu, Llanelly, Monmouthshire (SO223170), 4.ix.2006.

Three females were beaten from a yew in South Darley churchyard, Derbyshire
(SK267615) on 31.vii.2006 (the same bush that Peripsocus parvulus was recorded
from) by RES. On 4.viii.2006 a further two females were found on an introduced

NOTES

115

conifer along the roadside near North Britain (SK302649) about four kilometres
from the first location.

Twenty-seven cones of Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii and spruce Picea sp.,
blown down in gales, were collected by JHB in Treborth Botanic Garden, Bangor
(SH552710, vc49) on 3.xii.2006. They were kept indoors in a sandwich box at 10-
l5°o C, and over the rest of the month four adults and one juvenile T. brincki were
found among them, det. BS. This record is particular interesting since it suggests that
the species may be capable of over- wintering as an adult.

Our previous debate (Saville et al, loc.cit.) concerning whether this is an
overlooked native or yet another recently establishing introduction appears to have
been resolved. It is clearly rapidly spreading across the country.

Elipsocidae

Propsocus pulchripennis (Perkins)

On 31.viii.2004 a visit by GMEO to the East Sussex SSSI/NNR at Newhaven’s
undercliff resulted in the capture of three specimens of this very distinctive species.
The site is a chalky place with rockfalls strewn around, often reaching to the shingle.
Because of the presence of brambles, collecting with a net was ineffective, and a
simple (transparent) plastic ‘sandwich’ box was used instead, hitting over the
vegetation with the lid and seeing what fell into the box. The specimens were found
in a rather small area of rank vegetation where the shingle meets the major
vegetation (TQ448000): one specimen on a Chenopodium species (possibly Good
King Henry), the other two on nettle. All the specimens have been housed in the
Booth Museum, Brighton.

This is the first record for mainland Britain, the only other records being from the
Isles of Scilly (Saville et al, loc.cit.).

Psoddae

Psocus bipunctatus (Linnaeus)

LC swept and beat several specimens from a lichen-encrusted Oak Quercus robur L.
branch at Blaxland Farm, Broad Oak near Canterbury, Kent (TR161634) on
30.vii.2006. The identification of one of the specimens was confirmed by KNAA
and RES. According to New (1974, 2005) this species had not been recorded in
Britain since 1837. A further examination of the site on 9.ix.2006 revealed no further
specimens.

— R. (Bob) E. Saville, 20 Downfield Place, Edinburgh EH 11 2EL (Email:
info@lothianwildlife.co.uk), Keith N. A. Alexander, 59 Sweetbrier Lane,
Heavitree, Exeter EXl 3AQ (Email: keith.alexander@waitrose.com), John H.
Bratton, 18 New Street, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5HN (Email:
jhnbratton@yahoo.co.uk), Laurence Clemons, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingboume,
Kent ME 10 4NE and G. Marcus E. Oldheld, 33 Dene Vale, Brighton, East Sussex
BNl 5ED (Email: Moldbug3@ntlworld,com)

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Bloxworth Snout Hypena obsitalis (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) hibernating in
German wartime bunkers on Guernsey and Alderney

During the German wartime Occupation of Guernsey and Alderney from 1940“! 945
an enormous number of military fortifications, varying in size, complexity and
purpose, were built all over both islands. On Guernsey, many still stand today. Some,
such as those set mainly above ground on the cliffs, are enormous, with walls of two
metres thick reinforced concrete, while others are underground and take the form of
tunnels or much smaller bunkers. The entrances to these underground bunkers today
are mainly overgrown, and more or less hidden from view, but inside they have
withstood the march of time remarkably well showing little signs of wear, and they
remain much as they must have been 60 years ago. But whereas during the
Occupation they were used mainly to accommodate troops, or to store ammunition,
today (those which are easily accessible) mainly contain just the signs of
contemporary youthful activity, much of it illegal. They also contain hibernating
Lepidoptera.

Of these smaller underground bunkers, the ones the moths seem to favour are
those which have several inner chambers, typically reached along a narrow corridor
and around several bends, where the insects are not exposed to the elements. These
bunkers are not necessarily dry, but they are not draughty, and they are absolutely
dark. The species commonly found are the Herald Scoliopteryx libatrix, usually in
small numbers; the Twenty-plume Moth Alucita hexadactyla, in much larger
numbers; and the Bloxworth Snout Hypena obsitalis, which can sometimes be
present literally in hundreds. On 8 February 1972 Rich Austin, now the Guernsey
recorder, counted over 200 obsitalis in just a small part of the (currently
inaccessible) Mirus battery (Carter, 1972, Ent. Gazette 23: 267) and on 4 March
1989 my wife Pat and I, while looking for bats, found 103 obsitalis in a tunnel which
had once led to a searchlight higher up a cliff. On 2 February 2006, in this same
tunnel, we found 68 obsitalis with 141 hexadactyla and 21 libatrix - but never any
bats.

The same is the case on Alderney where there are also many bunkers. David
Wedd, an Alderney resident and frequent visitor to the other islands says: “I have
found obsitalis in many bunkers, but only those where Pellitory-of-the-Wall
Parietaria judaica grows around (or actually on) the outside walls, and for much of
the year ova, larvae, pupae and moths can be found together. On Alderney they are
particularly numerous in two bunkers at the edge of Longis Bay, where the
Bloxworth Snout occurs along with hexadactyla and libatrix, but also the Peacock
butterfly Inachis io, Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae, Satellite Eupsilia transversa
and this winter a single Buttoned Snout Hypena rostralis. We have not disturbed the
bunkers since this recent cold spell started, but until the New Year numerous
obsitalis were fluttering outside in the evenings, and the ones inside were extremely
mobile (whereas the other species were well into hibernation.) The occurrence of
Bloxworth Snout to light is quite rare. During 2005-6 we have regularly run mv traps
quite near to the bunkers, and have taken just one obsitalis at light, yet have watched
the moths fluttering in numbers less than 50 metres away.” (Wedd, pers. comm.)

NOTES

117

Following an exchange of e-mail messages on the ukmoths mailing list in which
the over-wintering strategy of the Bloxworth Snout was discussed, three enthusiasts
from the Midlands, Keith Tailby, Mark Hammond and Graham Finch, decided to
visit Guernsey with a view to seeing and photographing them. Their plan was to fly
from Birmingham, returning home the same day, and the early date chosen for their
visit, 16 January 2007, would normally have been ideal. However, the last few
winters here on Guernsey have been very mild, the present winter exceptionally so,
with the nature correspondent of our local newspaper reporting that primroses, which
normally bloom in time for Christmas here, had been in flower in his garden since 20
September, and early narcissi since mid-November. In early January, in preparation
for the visit, and with daytime temperatures reaching 1 1 °C, Pat and I visited the five
bunkers we had decided to show our visitors. We were dismayed to find that
although one or two Bloxworth Snouts were present in each of four of them, in the
searchlight tunnel there were just 23 albeit with 10 libatrix and numerous
hexadactyla. This did not bode well especially when a week later, with daytime
temperatures then reaching 15°C, another very brief visit found just 12 obsitalis. In
near-desperation, fearing there would be none left at all, six were potted up, taken
home and placed in the fridge. Fortunately, there were then several cold nights when
temperatures dropped to 5°C and we were hopeful that no more moths would leave
the bunker. But on the day, to our surprise, we found between 40 and 50 obsitalis -
not only had they stopped leaving the bunker they had actually returned although, as
David had observed on Alderney, they were skittish and easily disturbed, whereas
the other species seemed unaffected by our presence.

A further interesting observation had been made by Mark who commented that
when he had disturbed a Bloxworth Snout in one of the other bunkers, it had flown
into the dark rather than towards the daylight. So when I came to release the six
potted specimens back into the searchlight tunnel I chose a point near the entrance
where they could fly towards either the dark or the light - each chose to fly into the
dark.

The Bloxworth Snout is not uncommon in Guernsey although, as David has also
found on Alderney, it rarely comes to light traps or lighted windows and is more
often noticed hibernating in sheds and greenhouses. The moth was first recorded on
Guernsey in the autumn of 1962, and then again in the autumn of 1963, and although
presumably the latter could have been fresh arrivals, had they been locally-bred then
their parents would have survived the exceptionally severe winter here when
temperatures fell in January 1963 to - 8°C {Transactions of La Societe Guernesiaise
1962, 1963). How could a species which is almost at the northern limit of its range,
and which over-winters as an adult, have survived such conditions? Taylor has
described seeing the Tissue Triphosa dubitata hibernating in a cave in Breconshire in
which the temperature at the time was 10 - 13°C and which he felt probably varies
very little from this (1979. Ent. Rec. 91. 173 -174). And in a detailed study of
dubitata and libatrix hibernating in a partly-subterranean Victorian fort at Box Hill
in Surrey, Morris and Collins found that during the study period of November to
April, although the external temperature varied from -4°C to +22°C, the internal

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temperature was always in the range 2 - 6°C (1991. Ent Rec.\^3: 313-321). Some of
the underground bunkers are enormous - the Mirus battery is large enough to have
accommodated almost 300 men - and many are now on private land where they are
inaccessible and lie undisturbed. Perhaps those early arrivals survived the winter by
retreating deep into the heart of these large structures?

I am grateful to David Wedd for allowing me to reprint verbatim his response to
my request for information and for his helpful comments on this note.- P. D. M.
CosTEN, La Broderie, La Claire Mare, St. Peters, Guernsey GY7 9QA. (E-mail:
pcosten@guemsey.net )

Hazards of butterfly collecting: Paragliding butterflies - Ghana 2007
Throughout February 2007, a huge butterfly migration flew south-southeast from
northern Kenya towards Tanzania. It was wholly composed of a single species, the
Common Caper White Belenois aurota Fabricius. Such migrations are frequent in
East Africa, but it gradually became clear that this was an exceptionally big event.
Together with James Wolstencraft in Tanzania, I somehow became information
coordinator on this event and we share a file of some 400 e-mails on the matter,
ranging from brief, single observations to painstaking attempts at establishing a
maximum number of facts about the size intensity and nature of the event. We have
not yet analyzed the data. I really look forward to having a huge map of East Africa
on the floor of my flat with little flags showing the data from each of the many
observations. It will look a bit like the “operations room” in countless films about
the 'Battle of Britain’ during World War II. I am a rather cautious person, but I
hazard the guess that more than 100 million individuals were involved [watch this
space].

Among all this correspondence came a - self-admittedly irrelevant - bit of
information from Kuruman in South Africa. One Walter Neser wrote that while he
was paragliding at 1,000 metres he had seen many white butterflies flying in the
thermal together with the vultures that he was trying to photograph. The following e-
mails were exchanged during February /March:

Larsen (TBL) to Neser (WN): “This obviously has nothing to do with the East
African migration, but it would be of great interest if any of your pictures are of
sufficient resolution to identify the butterflies in question.”

WN to TBL: “My parents know butterflies well . . . they might be able to make an
identification.”

TBL to WN: “If they can, we should do a joint paper for Metamorphosis, the
journal of the South African Lepidopterists’ Society.”

WN to TBL: “OK ... I am in Ghana at the moment and will be traveling a lot, so it
may be a while.”

NOTES

119

TBL to WN: “Amazing, Fll be studying butterflies at Bobiri in Ghana during
much of March and April. You must try to visit there. I heard some rumours about
paragliding at Nkawkaw which is not far from Bobiri. You involved with that?

WN to TBL: “Yes ... we are flying at Nkawkaw 5 to 10 April. Come along and
you can have a ride. I am actually passing Bobiri just now, but have no time to stop.
Call me on my Ghana mobile.”

TBL to WN: “Fll be arriving Bobiri with two friends - 7 April seems suitable. I
always wanted to try a paraglider. It would be great if it were to happen.”

I was staying in the Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary for several weeks to continue a
butterfly census that will also act as a baseline for a comparative survey to be
conducted between 2090 and 2100 to study potential long-term changes in butterfly
biodiversity. Of particular interest is whether forest fragmentation has led to an
‘extinction debt’ that remains to reveal itself. The effects of climate change may also
change the composition of the butterfly fauna, which would be an interesting and
important issue to study. Finally, the possibility that Bobiri itself will be degraded by
human activity cannot be ruled out; the effects of that would be significant as well.
Those of us involved in the present survey will probably not be around in 2090-2100
- but King, the kind security guard at the Bobiri guest house, put it well: “But your
souls will be there!”

Bobiri is a nice forest and nice forests are usually not within the range of Ghana’s
burgeoning cell-phone range, so on 6 April I went off to the neighbouring village to
call Walter. He came over loud and clear: “Come tomorrow to Hotel Rojo in
Nkawkaw before nine. Then we can have some breakfast before going up the
mountain for launch. You can fly with me a couple of hours later when the thermals
are usually best.”

It is worth looking at the probability, or rather improbability, of the sequence of
events related in the above: WN posting his observation on that specific migration
website - 100:1. TBL responding to this - 10:1. WN being in Ghana and saying so
in the reply e-mail - 100-1. TBL guessing that he had something to do with the
events in Nkawkaw - 10:1. TBL being in Ghana at the time - 10:1. I am being quite
modest in assigning these probabilities: they nonetheless add up to a total
improbability of ten million to one - surely enough reason in itself to go and give
paragliding a try. So we met at Hotel Rojo and Walter turned out to be a very nice
man with huge responsibilities. He was actually coordinating a ‘paragliding festival’
together with the Ghana Ministry of Tourism. At the breakfast table were seventeen
invited glider pilots from all over the world and an array of journalists from the
vigorous Ghanaian press: all part of putting Ghana on the world tourism map in a
more exciting way [some might say!] than watching butterflies in the Bobiri
Butterfly Sanctuary.

At 09.00 hrs we set off for the launch site on the magnificent Akwapim
Escarpment. Walter believes it to be one of the best paragliding localities in the
world. The drop to the designated landing field is only about 450 metres, but this is
redeemed by a steady supply of thermals that allow the gliders to stay up for long
periods - the day before someone managed to be airborne for more than six hours. A

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happy audience was already present. The Minister of Tourism arrived; I think he
was a bit unhappy that the cabinet had previously decided that it would not be
‘appropriate’ for him to fly, but he did add gravity to the event. Gliders were
unpacked from oversized backpacks and pilots began to take off. Three of four
bounds down the take-off ramp yanks up the wing, and when the wind takes hold,
almost unbelievably up goes the tiny, fragile structure. There is a similarity with a
butterfly take-off, though no flapping of wings is necessary; a paraglider cruises at
about 35 km per hour, less than the large Charaxes-huii&dXit^ at the launch site can
do.

My own take-off, with Walter as the
pilot, was less elegant than I might have
wished for. A slight reversal of wind stalled
our take-off - I stumbled and was dragged
along the ground for a few metres, though
we were actually more-or-less airborne. It
looked more dramatic than it was but I was
cheered by the audience applause when we
were airborne fractions of a second later.
Walter had noticed small black butterflies
migrating just above the scarp (almost
certainly the African Beak Libythea
labdaca, but the thermals were not friendly
and we could not get high enough. The
butterfly net I had brought never came into use. We had a wonderful flight. The
passenger is hooked onto the pilot and sits right in front of the glider; you do not
even see your own feet when looking straight down. Noise from the ‘wing’ above
you is so low that you hear sounds from the ground below and ‘cockpit
conversation’ is easy. We did find a few thermals thanks to circling vultures, but they
were not strong, and all good things come to an end. We landed safely on a
designated football pitch just in front of the Rojo Hotel - a ‘dust-devil’ on landing
gave a bit of unwanted lift so we had to drag the gear somewhat longer than we
really wanted.

The result of the improbability of one to ten million of our e-mail correspondence,
ended up being one of my most exciting days since my one and only parachute jump
some 25 years ago. It really is great to do ‘something completely different’ at the age
of 63. If you go to Ghana a few years from now there will probably be competent
Ghanaian pilots who can take you for a ride - do let them. And keep your eyes
skinned for migrating butterflies! — Torben B. Larsen, UNDP Vietnam, c/o Palais
des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland.

Nothing between you and the ground. You
cannot even see your own feet. But, on this
occasion, also no butterflies

NOTES

121

Xanthia icteritia Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae): A comment on infraspecific variation,
especially in regard to Kent

This formerly very common species although appearing in county and other lists is
rarely afforded detail, or even mention, of its infraspecific forms. Tutt (1892. The
British Noctuae and their Varieties) gives an excellent account of eight forms in two
parallel series based upon their ground colour and an abridged version of this
appears in Heath et al (1983. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland). Chalmers-Hunt (1966. The butterflies and moths of Kent) has very little to
contribute, noting that ab. flavescens Esp. is widely distributed in the county, and
that ab. cerago Hb., ab. aurantia Tutt and ab. imperfecta Tutt from Kent are
represented in the National (RCK) Collection.

Until quite recent times the collecting of a plastic bag of sallow catkins would be
rewarded in due course, and with little attention, with an abundance of X. icteritia,
and a few of other species of moths. Such collections, especially when repeated in
the same locality for several years, give an accurate assessment of the composition
of the local X. icteritia population. To-day, at least in Kent, this operation brings
little reward. In north-west Kent the two commonest forms have been ab. fulvago L.
and ab. aurantia, the penultimate members in depth of markings in the two series, by
use of this method. Considerably less common are the two lightly marked forms, ab.
cerago and ab. imperfecta while ab. flavescens and ab. obsoleta Tutt are of regular,
but of only occasional occurrence. In my collection I have one specimen of ab.
suffusa, bred from Swanscombe 30.viii.l951; I have not encountered ab. virgata, in
north-west Kent or elsewhere, and this would seem to be rare throughout the species’
range in the British Isles.

The identification of moths which fall into two distinct dines presents difficulty,
and to minimise this I have used the following scheme which is a simplification of
the descriptions of the varieties as given In Tutt 1892:

ab. cerago and ab. imperfecta have some reddish markings on the forewings, but
they do not coalesce to form a transverse band.

ab. fulvago and ab. aurantia have a definite, somewhat ragged fascia which usually
bifurcates towards the costa to include the reniform stigma.

ab. suffusa and ab. virgata are heavily marked with the central band and its branch to
include the reniform stigma. This fascia is well defined and solid. It is more
extensive than that of X. togata Esp. and is broader on the costa; X. togata tends
to have the reniform stigma free.

In north-west Kent, apart from the two most heavily marked forms, in most counts
the yellow varieties have slightly outnumbered the orange forms, and recent garden
mv light records have confirmed this trend. However, there appears to be evidence
that this slight imbalance does not prevail throughout the British Isles. Barrett (1899.
The Lepidoptera of the British Islands, p.363) describes the species as being pale
yellow, and later, under the heading of variation, states that in southern woods
specimens may have the ground colour ochreous or orange-yellow. Barrett also

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states that ab. flavescens (and he emphasises the pale yellow ground colour), is
found more often in northern localities.

In 1987, sallow catkins collected at Pontoon, Co. Mayo, produced a few X.
icteritia larvae from which a dozen moths were bred, the majority of which were ab.
cerago and the remainder ab. fulyago - a small sample, all v/ith yellow ground
colour and the majority lightly marked. The catkins were collected from small
bushes over a limited area. Nevertheless, despite the small sample, it is sufficiently
interesting to suggest that X. icteritia in Ireland is worthy of study. Baines (1964. A
Revised Catalogue of Irish Lepidoptera. p.40) does not include Co. Mayo in his list
of counties in which X. icteritia has been recorded. — B, K. West, 36 Briar Road,
Dartford, Kent DAS 2HM.

MOTHS COUNT and the National Moth Recording Scheme - an update

The Moths Count: National Moth Recording Scheme project is now officially up and
running, having been launched by Sir David Attenborough on 2 May 2007. Moths
Count is the name given to the whole project, which includes many training and
awareness raising activities alongside the core aim of setting up a long-term National
Moth Recording Scheme (NMRS) covering macro-moths in the UK, Isle of Man and
Channel Islands. The project is a partnership of many national and local
organisations, businesses and individuals, led by Butterfly Conservation. The project
team consists of Richard Fox (Project Manager), Les Hill (Database Manager), Zoe
Randle (Moth Recording Co-ordinator), Susan Anders (Outreach Officer) and Sarah-
Ann Boon (Project Assistant). The team is based at Butterfly Conservation’s Head
Office at East Lulworth, Dorset.

The purpose of Moths Count is to widen the appeal of moths and moth recording
throughout the UK and to establish an ongoing recording scheme for the 900 plus
species of macro-moths. The resulting dataset is likely to be one of the largest
biological datasets in the world. Recent research has highlighted the decline of many
species of moths that were once common and widespread. The data collected from
this project can ultimately be used to improve knowledge and understanding of
moths and the changing distribution and status of each species and to inform
effective biodiversity conservation and sympathetic land use policies. Zoe Randle
will be working with County Moth Recorders, local moth groups, Butterfly
Conservation Branches and other organisations to develop the NMRS and to
strengthen the important support network for new and existing moth recorders. This
will be achieved by recruiting volunteers where there are currently no or few moth
recorders; providing training opportunities as appropriate; supporting County Moth
Recorders and filling gaps in the vice-county network. The NMRS database will be
up and running during the summer, at which point we hope that County Moth
Recorders will be willing to provide copies of their local data to create the ‘national’
data set. Les Hill will provide technical assistance in the interchange of data between
the National Scheme and County Moth Recorders.

NOTES

123

Specialist training workshops are being organised for existing moth recorders to
enhance their skills. These will include identification of critical species; surveys of
rare species; working with the media; planning and organising pubic events and
using computers to manage moth records. Feedback and useful information for moth
recorders is an integral part of the project. The NMRS will only be a success with
the support of moth recorders. Annual newsletters, online provisional distribution
maps and training and public event listings will be available on the project website
(www.mothscount.org) in due course.

Aside from developing and running the National Moth Recording Scheme, the
Moths Count project plans to encourage a greater appreciation and enthusiasm for
moths among a new, wider audience. This will be achieved in a number of ways, not
least by working to get positive coverage of moths in the media. One new event will
be an online, annual ‘citizen science’ Garden Moth Count, which will encourage
members of the public to look for and report easily-identified moths such as the
Humming-bird Hawk-moth. The Garden Moth Count will be taking place from
Friday 22 June to Sunday 24 June 2007; this is in addition to National Moth Night,
which is planned for Saturday 1 1 August this year. Many other public participation
events have been planned this year, in partnership with the moth recording
community and partner organisations.

How can you take part in the National Moth Recording Scheme? Simply continue
to (or start to) send all your moth records to your County Moth Recorder. If you have
other questions or would like to join the project mailing list, please contact Sarah-
Ann Boon (saboon@butterfly-conservation.org). — ZoE Randle, Butterfly
Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham, Dorset BH20 5QB

Scotch Annulet Gnophos obfuscatus (D. & S.) (Lep.: Geometridae) on a pebble
beach

On the night of 19/20 July 2006, Jeff Waddell and I visited a previously un worked
area of Lossie Forest on the Moray coast at O.S grid reference NJ 3166. The coastal
strip here consists of successive parallel pebble beaches, none more than a few
metres high, the oldest now over half a kilometre inland. Some are partially
vegetated, being of botanical as well as geological interest. While working the low
and level strip just inland of the present beach with torch and net well after dark, I
was surprised to encounter at least six Scotch Annulet Gnophos obfuscatus flying
gently over the pebbles and sparse vegetation. All were males in pristine condition as
if newly emerged. This species is normally associated with inland crags, gullies,
scree slopes and quarries, but there was no such habitat at the site or anywhere in the
surrounding area. Presumably the extensive pebble beaches fulfilled its need for
exposed bare rock, albeit in this case horizontal rather than vertical. — Roy
Leverton, Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Comhill, Banffshire AB45 2HS.

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News on the conservation of some moths listed in the UK Biodiversity Action
Plan and two additional British Red Data Book species

The aim of this article is to report the main high-lights of the conservation work on
UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species during 2006, and also the Silurian
moth Eriopygodes imbecilla which has twice been proposed for inclusion as a
priority species, and the Scarce Hook-tip Sabra harpagula, a Red Data Book species
(Shirt, D, ed., 1987, Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough). This follows in the
foot-steps of similar annual reviews since 2000 (see Ent. Rec 113: 121-129 (for
2000), 114: 149-153 (for 2001) 115: 213-219 (for 2002), 116: 134-137 (for 2003),
117: 111-124 (for 2004) and 118: 211-218 (for 2005)).

Barberry Carpet Pareulype berberata (D. & S.)

During fieldwork in 2006, I was joined by Kelly Thomas, Moth Conservation
Officer for Butterfly Conservation. Some funding for this and for Kelly’s
involvement was provided by the BC Action for Threatened Moths Project. We were
also invited to inspect and advise on a project in which the Veterinary Laboratory
Agency (VLA) of DEFRA have planted over 500 Barberry plants near to the
traditional site for the Barberry Carpet at Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, with the VLA
covering our costs. Additional survey work also took place by others in Oxfordshire
and Dorset, with positive results at both known breeding sites. The key observations
and developments in 2006 are as follows:

The first generation of larvae started a little later than in recent years, due no
doubt to the cold weather throughout April which will have delayed the emergence
of the adults in May. In recent seasons mid June has been the time to start
monitoring both the native populations and the establishment sites for larvae.
However a brief check of the establishment site in Northamptonshire on 12 June
produced no larvae and those of the Scarce Tissue Rheumaptera cervinalis, which
also feeds on Barberry Berberis vulgaris, were all substantially less than 1cm in
length, another indication of the lateness of the season in comparison with recent
years. Kelly’s first sessions with me were therefore arranged for 28 & 29 June. I am
delighted to say that on 28 June we found plenty of larvae at the Northamptonshire
site, of all sizes. On 29 June our inspection of the VLA site showed that neither the
site nor the hedges on its boundaries contain any well-established Barberry bushes so
there will be no resident population on the site. Of the 500 new Barberry plants,
which were installed in April 2006, a proportion were showing severe symptoms of
drought and frequent watering was going to be required to keep the rest alive
through the growing season. If this is done, this fenced site will provide a safe and
promising location for establishing a population of the moth in a few years time. We
beat and searched for larvae at the traditional and historic native site the same day
and also at one of three sites where larvae have been released over the years as part
of official attempts to establish additional populations in Suffolk. The good news is
that we found Barberry Carpet larvae distributed throughout the establishment site
we examined. In all previous visits since this establishment trial was started, with the

NOTES

125

release of 450 larvae in 2000 and 220 larvae in 2001, the subsequent generations of
larvae have seemed to be restricted to just a few of the Barberry bushes at the east
end of the site, so it is excellent news to find they are now colonised the whole of it,
from one end to the other. The bad news is that we found no larvae at all at the
historic site, where the last record, despite almost annual beating, is of a single adult
on 26 May 1995. Neighbouring land-owners are now pressing Natural England to
denotify the site, which is an SSSI on account of the moth and its long history there -
it was first discovered present in the 1860s. There are proposals to build houses on
the open farm fields right up to the Barberry hedges. In my view the SSSI should be
retained because the site remains of scientific interest as the only site in Britain
where the moth has been known to have survived continuously for over 130 years.
The population was decimated by two fires during the larval stage in 1991, from
which it never properly recovered. We now have the knowledge to restore the moth
to this site and hopefully we will have the opportunity to do this.

Two clumps of Barberry in a farm hedge at Burwell, Suffolk, and four clumps in a
hedge near Snailwell, Suffolk, were also beaten on 29 June, with negative results for
both Barberry Carpet and Scarce Tissue,

On 5 September I was joined by both Kelly and Marc Taylor (Moth Officer for the
Wiltshire Branch of Butterfly Conservation), to check some of the known sites in
Gloucestershire (one native site) and Wiltshire (where we inspected five native
populations, representing two metapopulations, and also one translocation site).
Some other known sites in north Wiltshire had already been inspected for larvae by
Andy Foster with Kelly, on 22 August with positive results, and Andy had captured
an adult in his garden light-trap on 6 August. We found a high density of larvae at
the Gloucestershire site - five larvae, ranging from second to final instar, from a
single spot on the main bush - i.e. just enough of the plant to cover one Bignell
beating tray. We also obtained two Barberry Carpet larvae from young bushes now
1.5”2m tall which we have planted by the main bush, confirming again, as on
previous occasions, that the females will lay on and colonise these. However, we
found no larvae yet on young plants about 1.5m tall now established at the
Northamptonshire and by an occupied bush near Ashley, Wiltshire. We also found
high densities of larvae at all three sub-sites of the more southern meta-population in
Wiltshire, with some larvae seen basking on the upper surfaces of leaves in the
warm, humid but overcast weather. Pleasingly, the hedges at none of these had been
flailed so far this year. Provided they were not flailed for three weeks thereafter, all
the larvae would have had the chance to pupate without interruption. Volunteers
Godfrey and Michael Smith monitored the very successful establishment trial near
Trowbridge, Wiltshire, and once again found larvae throughout this extensive system
of hedgerows. At the tranlocation site to the north of all these, both the transplanted
Barberry bushes and the young plants established around them, have grown really
well and now form a thick linear clump, with additional planting proposed for 2007.
However, as in 2005, no larvae were found on either, nor at the original donor site
nearby, despite beatings by John Grearson. This is a site the author would like to
inspect more closely for larvae in 2007. The good news here is that there is local

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interest in planting more Barberry, supporting additional monitoring, and that there
may even be additional well-established Barberry bushes in the area which could be
supporting the moth (Gareth Harris, pers. comm.). Following our session together,
Kelly had a positive result at the single known site in Dorset where supplementary
planting of additional Barberry has been successful. Kelly and Mark Warn (Forestry
Commission, England) found a single final instar larva there on 7 September,
confirming the continuing presence of the moth, which is highly localised here and
currently at a low population density relative to many of the other known sites. Kelly
also visited the Oxfordshire site on 10 July 2006 with Christopher and Stephanie
Carter and Dan Hoare (BC, London & South-east Regional Officer), and they were
lucky to find a late larva of the first generation. Larvae were first found at this site in

2005, following the chance capture of two adults nearby in 2004 (see Ent. Rec. 117:
252).

The establishment site in Lincolnshire was not inspected for larvae in 2006, but
produced a positive result in 2005 (see Lincolnshire Naturalist 26: 78-79) and will
be examined in 2007.

Many Barberry plants are being grown in various places to increase the numbers
of planting schemes now underway to support future populations of this moth. In

2006, for the first time, Polly Jones, Plant Propagator at Westonbirt Arboretum, has
been experimenting with “air-pots”, which encourage rooting, with much success.

Black-veined Moth Siona lineata (Scop.)

2006 was first year since 1987 that the author did not visit the five key sites for this
species, all of which are in Kent. From one of these the species appears to have been
lost due to unfavourable habitat management dating back to a mowing incident in
February 2001 (see Ent, Rec. 118: 212). There were no further records of the moth
from this site in 2006, which was included in a monitoring programme conducted by
Sean Clancy as part of the BC Action for Threatened Moths Project. Efforts are
being made to return the site to a suitable state for the moth, with a view to natural
recolonisation or establishment of a new population. The good news is that a sixth
site, adjacent to one of the four occupied sites, appears to have been colonised. The
site has been restored from scrub to herb-rich, mid-succession, open chalk grassland
over the last decade as a result of work by the Kent Wildlife Trust and Kentish Stour
Project, with many partners and supporters. A total of five adult moths was recorded
by Sean on two dates in June 2006. These are the first records for the site since it
became overgrown with scrub in the mid-1980s. To facilitate natural colonisation
from the adjacent occupied site, a corridor of open ground was cut through a belt of
woodland separating the two, with this work beginning three years ago, with
additional clearance subsequently. Discovery in 2005 of the colonisation of the fifth
site was reported in Ent. Rec. 118: 212, British Wildlife 17: 53-54 and in Br. J. ent,
Nat. Hist. 19: 139-144. Monitoring in 2006 shows that numbers have been
maintained at this site and at the three sites with surviving longer established
populations of the moth numbers in 2006 were slightly above the average for recent
years.

NOTES

127

Four-spotted Moth Tyta luctuosa (D. & S.)

As in previous years, the Four-spotted Moth was recorded at its handful of major
breeding sites in England, and as a few scattered individuals elsewhere in southern
England. One of the major breeding sites, at Peterborough, Cambridgeshire (in the
Vice-county of Northamptonshire), was monitored by the author weekly throughout
the summer, from early May to late August, as it has been every year since 2000,
with funding from Peterborough City Council, Cambridgeshire County Council and
the Environment Agency. The results are used not only to gauge the effects of habitat
management work on the site, but also to advise and train volunteer surveyors and
others who are searching for, or maintaining, populations on other sites. The spring
of 2006 proved to be a late one. The adult moths appeared later than in any of the
previous five years and were five weeks later than in 2003. None were observed
until 6 June. Other observers in Cambridgeshire and Essex, including Phil Jenner
and Sharon Hearle, reported not seeing their first ones in other populations until the
weekend of 3-4 June. Only after these sightings was the green light sent out to
surveyors to begin searches elsewhere. At the Peterborough site the numbers of
adults seen on the 1.1 km (0.69 miles) transect route during the flight season of the
first generation (14 individuals) were smaller than in any of the previous six years
(highest 120 in 2004), but this was probably a response to the fact that the sward
vegetation here became increasingly rank between 2004 and the summer of 2006 as
a result of lack of management, rather than being a more general trend related to
weather. The last of the first generation were seen on 28 June, a very short flight
season compared to previous years, when it has extended into the first, half of July.
On 21 July the first of a second generation was seen and on 28 July five separate
adults were observed. This is the largest single day count for the second generation
at this site since walking the transect began in 2000. Another adult, the last of the
year, was seen on 3 August, with zero counts on 11 & 16 August. The previous
largest total count in the second generation was four individuals in 2002 and the
previous highest day count was 3 on 24 July in that year. Clearly the prolonged very
hot weather in 2006 arrived at just the right time for plenty of the larvae to produce
summer adults, despite the low numbers and exceptionally late emergence of the
first generation Whether this has been a useful strategy, or has led to the wasting of
some of an already declined population will be seen in 2007. Fortunately, I can
report that in the week between my visits on 3 & 11 August 2006 the key dyke bank
on which much of the breeding occurs was scraped of most of the vegetation,
including the woody plants which had begun to flourish, by a team from the
Environment Agency workforce. This operation, which took place almost annually
up to 2004, maintains the hot, dry microhabitat and sparser which seem to suit the
Four-spotted moth and its larval foodplant, so the adults flying in 2007 should find
the habitat in a substantially more favourable condition than in the previous two
years.

After dark on 28 June, Kelly Thomas and I visited the known breeding grounds in
Lincolnshire, where we searched for and found five larvae between 22.40 and 23.20
hours. The first four larvae were found quickly, between 22.40 and 23.00 hours, in a

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favoured spot by a small former quarry at the west end of the valley, and the fifth
when searching at the other end of the valley, confirming that larvae were distributed
throughout the length of the south-facing side of this valley, as in previous years.
The larvae ranged in size from L5-4cm and were found on the newer leaves of Field
Bindweed Convolvulus arvensis in a sparse grass sward only 15-20cm tall. The first
larva at each spot was found after only 1-2 minutes of searching. We then returned to
the Peterborough site where we spent 30 minutes searching, from 00.15 to 00.45
hours, without finding any larvae. The caterpillars are clearly at a much lower
density here, where the sward is substantially longer and lusher, partly as a result of
lack of any cutting or grazing in 2004 and 2005.

The author has been advising Carl Bro, Anglian Water and the Environment
Agency concerning the impact of a plan to replace and reroute a major water main
at the Peterborough breeding site. Paul Clack, Senior Ecologist for Carl Bro,
Dodie Honisett, Design Team Leader, and Tichatonga Mhlanga, Design Engineer,
for One Alliance and Cameron Hutchinson, Construction Manager for Balfour
Beatty and the author met up on site on 25 October, with maps of the plans, to
discuss the construction work. The good news is that the proposed work should not
effect the known breeding areas, and may result in an increase in breeding
opportunities by creating bare ground on which the larval foodplant should thrive.
The author will be monitoring this during 2007 and reporting back to the above
and to BC.

The author also worked with Jane Ellis (BC, Midlands Brownfield Sites Officer),
on a training event for volunteer Lepidoptera surveyors, which involved a visit to the
Peterborough site on 6 June, and with Sharon Hearle (BC, East of England Regional
Officer), during 2006 to conduct surveys and training workshops at the Kirtling
Weirs and Great Wilbraham areas of Cambridgeshire and at some potential sites near
to occupied areas in the vicinity of the extensive Littlebury population in Essex. On
6 June the training party saw four adult Four-spotted moths, an immaculate adult of
the nationally scarce tortricoid Commophila aeneana and three individuals of the
Grizzled Skipper butterfly Pyrgus malvae at the Peterborough site. All three species
are now considered scarce in the region. On 14 June we located promising habitat
for the Four-spotted moth at the Kirtling Weirs and saw four adult Four-spotted
moths at Great Wilbraham. Returning for night-time searches for caterpillars, we
found four Four-spotted moth larvae, froml.5-4cm, all within 50cm of each other, on
green Field Bindweed foliage amongst sparse dry brown grass on a fence-line at
Great Wilbraham at 23.15hrs on 4 July and one larva at the Kirtling weirs site at
00.45hrs on 5 July. These are almost certainly the first larval records for vice-county
Cambridgeshire, at least in modern times. Proposed site work in the vicinity of
Kirtling weirs is expected to increase the supply of suitable habitat during the next
few years. On 2 August we searched the additional Littlebury sites by day for second
generation adults, without success. However, the weather had suddenly turned cold
and dull. The moth was still flying at the Peterborough site on 3 August, as noted
above. The author will be conducting more workshops during 2007 to train and
enable volunteers to assist in the surveying and monitoring this species for the newly

NOTES

129

launched National Moth Recording Scheme. He would like to acknowledge the help
of all the above-named individuals and organisations, and thanks the organisations
for funding the various aspects of the work. He also thanks all the volunteers who
attended the various events and wishes them well in locating additional populations
of the Four-spotted moth in 2007.

Marsh Moth Athetis pallustris (Hb.)

Both the remaining known sites in Great Britain for the Marsh Moth were monitored
for adults by light-trapping in 2006. Fearing that a planned light-trapping session to
monitor the species at Saltfleetby National Nature Reserve on 25 May might be too
early to see them this year, I moved the date to 31 May. This proved disastrous. Toby
Ludlow who could not get to the revised date went on 26 May and recorded 14 in
one light-trap. On 3 1 May, four of us, with eight traps, had a very cold night, with
the minimum temperature falling to minus 2°C and we saw nothing of the moth and
had only small catches of other species.

At the other site, Gibraltar Point National Nature Reserve , also on the
Lincolnshire coast and some 35 km to the south, a single Marsh Moth was captured
on 10 June 2006 (Paul Troake), for the second year running. Interestingly, this male
was captured in a light-trap operated within the one area of woodland and plantation
on the site, where there are some open grassy glades. The previous one, a male, on 5
June 2005 (also trapped by Paul Troake) was at the north end of Freshwater Marsh in
an area called The Measures, which contains the line of an old railway track and is
otherwise a mix of dry grassland with scrub and dune-slacks, rather like the breeding
areas at the Saltfleetby NNR. These moths are the first two seen at Gibraltar Point
since 17 May 1997 when one was recorded at a light-trap on the edge of the reserve
in Aylmer Avenue, by Kevin Wilson, Site Manager for the Gibraltar Point reserve
(for the Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust). During the 1970s the Marsh Moth was
widespread and fairly frequent at both sites. See Ent. Rec. 118: 132-134 for more
information.

The litter-pile technique was used to monitor the larvae again in 2006, this time
at three places on the Saltfleetby reserve and near Freshwater Marsh at Gibraltar
Point. This monitoring started on 30 September and 1 October in 2006 and was
continued and completed on 8 October 2006. No Marsh Moth larvae were found in
the twenty-two litter-piles constructed to sample the traditional collecting grounds
on the Saltfleetby NNR, when the piles were searched on 8 October. In stark
contrast, a total of 82 Marsh Moth larvae was found in the 20 litter-piles in the
central part of the reserve which has only been surveyed in detail in the last three
years. This total is over twice as many as the 40 from 24 piles there in 2005 and
raises the estimate for the minimum density of Marsh Moth larvae in this area of
dune grassland in 2006 to between 500 and 600 larvae per hectare or about one per
20ml No Marsh Moth larvae were found in nine piles constructed in nearby ranker
grassland nearer to the coast, sifted on 30 September and 8 October, nor in eight
piles constructed at the seaward end of Mere Meadow at Gibraltar Point and sifted
on 1 October.

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The Marsh Moth was the subject of a 15 minute feature filmed for television on 14
September 2006 on site at the Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe Dunes NNR in
Lincolnshire, for broadcast by the BBC in the summer of 2007.

Reddish Buff Acosmetia caliginosa (Hbn.)

After many years of survey, this species is only currently being monitored in the
adult stage on one part of its complex single known British locality, on the Isle of
Wight. Various key spots were suctioned-sampled for larvae during a brief visit by
Kelly Thomas and Dan Hoare in 2006. Larvae were found in the expected places. I
visited all the breeding areas in August and I was pleased to see that habitat
management work by the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust and partners,
particularly the control of scrub regrowth and the selective clearance of some
additional stands of scrub, is managing to keep pace with natural plant succession
and maintain breeding areas of open, heathy sward, rich in Saw-wort Serratula
tinctoria, the sole larval foodplant. I have often reported the benefits for other
species of this work to maintain te last British population of the Reddish Buff. Some
of the many other species of Lepidoptera which are benefiting include the Kent
Black Arches Meganola albula and the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary Boloria
selene. The local population of Adders Vipera berus is thriving and I had several
sightings during my visit. The best news of 2006 is that a pair of Nightjars
Caprimulgus europaeus bred in the area for the first time since the late 1980s.

White-spotted Pinion Cosmia diffinis (L.)

The highly localised White-spotted Pinion moth Cosmia diffinis began flying, and
possibly dispersing, early in 2006. On 22 July one was captured in perfect condition at
Elton, Northamptonshire, the first record for the area (Brian Stone). Elms Ulmus spp.,
the larval foodplant, are well represented in the village, but Brian has not had the moth
here before in several years of trapping and this result may represent a small extension
of range. Monitoring of the known sites in Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire, by
Ban'y Dickerson and others produced the moth in good numbers where sought. Ruth
Edwards, who has the moth breeding on her farm in Cambridgeshire, considers 28 July
to 6 August to be the time she captures most adults in her garden light-trap, although at
other sites 10 August seems to be a good date to hit peak numbers. Unfortunately, the
main stand of mature elms on her farm is suffering another wave of Dutch elm disease,
and the majority of the trees had very thin canopies of leaves in 2006 and are clearly
dying. Only three trees in the stand still had substantial leaf cover. I am helping Ruth to
monitor the numbers of moths as the disease progresses, by placing traps in fixed
positions nearer to the trees than Ruth is able. My light-trapping on 2 August 2006
confirmed the moth still present at both ends of the stand, but numbers appear to be
dwindling. It will be exceptionally interesting and important in understanding the
population dynamics of the moth in relation to the disease to continue recording after
all the mature trees have died at this stand, which is likely in the next three years, and
to see if the moth is able to survive on the lower regrowth alone or has to recolonise
from elsewhere once the regrowth has grown larger.

NOTES

131

On 2 August I discovered the White-spotted Pinion in a stand of tall elms nearly
100m in length at Longstanton, Cambridgeshire, as part of the BC Action for
Threatened Moths Project (with thanks to Sharon Hearle and John Hobson). This is a
site from which it has not been recorded before and where there are opportunities for
planting additional, disease-resistant elms as part of a project to construction new
housing in the area. It was a blustery cool night, poor for moths and one of a series
of such nights at this time. By 22.15 hours I had a singleton of the species in an
actinic trap within the elm stand in which only three moths of other species had been
caught by this time. Running the trap until 23.00hrs produced no more and none
came to a Robinson trap I was operating in the open by the elm trees. The moth was
recorded in double figures on 9 August (by Mark Hammond et al.) at its known
stronghold at Overhall Grove, Knapwell, which was discovered as a result of
targeting the species for National Moth Night on 10 August 2001 (see Atropos 16:
34-37). On 11 August 2006, encouraged by Mark’s result, I investigated the four
stands of English elms Ulmus procera at the RSPB estate at The Lodge, Sandy,
Bedfordshire, with several new but keen moth recorders from the RSPB. Again it
was blustery but the elms provided some shelter. We recorded one Lesser-spotted
Pinion C. ajfinis but no White-spotted Pinion despite trapping all night. These stands
of elms are within 2 km of the stand at Potton where, in 2005, John Day and I
discovered the only currently known population in Bedfordshire (see BW 17:
54), and they are certainly worth surveying again on a calmer night.

Silurian Eriopygodes imbecilla (Fabr.) (Red Data Book species, proposed UK
BAP priority species)

A break-through in our understanding of the larval ecology and phenology of the
Silurian moth Eriopygodes imbecilla in the British Isles was made in April 2005
with the discovery of the first larvae to be found in the wild (see Ent. Rec. 118: 216-
217). However, the pre-hibernation phase of the life-cycle in the wild remained
unknown, with no larvae having been found until the spring. Some progress on this
subject was made on the afternoon of 22 September 2006 when Martin Anthoney
and the author searched for and found a pre-hibernation caterpillar of the Silurian
moth using a portable suction sampler at the site in the mountains of Monmouthshire
where the moth was first discovered in Britain in 1972. This discovery clarifies the
timing of the life-cycle and the stage and size at which this very rare species
overwinters. We found the caterpillar at 18.02 hours in the ninth of a total of fifteen
samples. Each sample involved one minute of “hoovering” in amongst the sward of
Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus, Heath Bedstraw Galium saxatile and fine grasses in
which we had seen final instar caterpillars feeding on 13 April 2005, but had failed
to find pre-hibernation larvae by sweep-netting on 1 September 2005 {Atropos 27:
20-23). The caterpillar measured 14mm in length and was found one and a half
hours before dusk. After dark, Anthony Price and I suction-sampled a second site of
similar high moorland habitat (500-600m above sea-level), 4 km to the north, where
we have previously recorded both adult Silurian moths and post-hibernation larvae.
Our first sample, at 21.20 hours, produced one Silurian larva and there were two

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more in our third sample, but none in our last two of a total of five samples. All the
larvae measured 13-14 mm in length when extended and active. Our previous work
suggests the larvae are not more abundant at the second site. It is more likely that
they are more easily sampled after dark because they are emerging from day-time
hiding places amongst the vegetation. By day the captive larvae hid under leaves in
the box in which they were placed, and when only one small Bilberry leaf was
provided amongst grasses and Heath Bedstraw, all four larvae were found to have
crammed themselves under this one. Although the larvae may have been wandering
about after dark, a fifteen minute search by torch-light by Anthony and the author
between 21.45-22.00 hours on this mild, calm night failed to reveal any larvae
feeding, unlike similar searches in the spring, when larvae were found in prominent
positions on Bilberry and Heath Bedstraw. The author thanks Martin Anthoney and
Anthony Price for their help in the field, Mike Wilson of the National Museum of
Wales, Cardiff, for the loan of two vacuum samplers, and the Monmouthshire Moth
& Butterfly Group, the family of the late Neil Horton and the South Wales Branch of
Butterfly Conservation for financial backing for this project.

Scarce Hook-tip Sabra harpagula (Esper) (Red Data Book species but not a UK
BAP priority species)

On 28 June 2005 a female Scarce Hook-tip was captured, eggs obtained and larvae
reared (see Ent. Rec. 118: 215-216 and BJENH 19: 254-257). The pupae were
overwintered and in 2006 several adults emerged, from which a single fertile pairing
was obtained on 6 June, and larvae subsequently reared as detailed for the previous
year. The most noteworthy additional observation is that a single adult emerged
outdoors on 16 November 2006 from a larva which had started off its development
indoors, but which had been outdoors from the third instar. The summer of 2006 was
markedly warmer than average, with prolonged intense heat in July in particular, and
a very mild autumn. Clearly, the British population of the species is capable of
producing a second generation, as it does routinely further south in Europe, but it
would appear from the late date, in November, and that only one adult emerged, that
the species is British population is strongly adapted not to do this. No fieldwork took
place in 2006. The work in 2005 was assisted by a grant from the BENHS.

Several of the studies undertaken form part of Butterfly Conservation’s Action for
Threatened Moths Project, which is part funded by English Nature (now Natural
England), and the author is indebted to nominated officers Mark Parsons (BC) and
David Sheppard (EN) for helping to ensure continued funding. Other partners and
colleagues are acknowledged within each section and I am most thankful to all of
them. Private land-owners and some others are generally not named, for reasons of
privacy and security, but their help is also greatly appreciated. — Paul Waring,
Windmill View, 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough, PE4 6LS (E-mail:
paul_waring@btinternet.com).

THE DOUBLE LINE

133

THE DOUBLE LINE MFra/MiVA TURCA (L.) (LEE: NOCTUIDAE):

NOTES ON ITS HABITATS, FOODPLANTS AND SUGGESTED
MANAGEMENT IN ENGLAND AND WALES

WOLTON, R. J.', Spalding, A3 and Henwood, B.

'Locks Park Farm, Hatherleigh, Devon. EX20 3 LZ,

^ Tremayne Farm Cottage, Praze-an-Beeble, Camborne, Cornwall TR14 9PH,

^6, Lakeland, Abbotskerswell, Newton Abbot, Devon. TQ12 5YF

Abstract

The association of Mythimna turca (L.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) with open willow scrub, bracken
scrub and Rhos pasture or Culm grasslands is discussed. Larval foodplants are listed, including
previously unpublished data, and associations with the different vegetation communities are
described. Management recommendations are provided, with the aim of creating or restoring
tussocky swards (perhaps through light cattle grazing) closely interspersed with areas of short
turf.

Introduction

The Double Line Mythimna turca (Linnaeus) is classed as Nationally Notable
(occurring in less than one hundred 10km squares in Britain) and is a Priority
Species within the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK Biodiversity Group, 1999). It is
largely confined to Wales and south-west England, but is also known from a very
few sites in south-east England (Waring & Townsend, 2003).

It is listed in many moth identification guides as a woodland species (e.g. Porter,
1997, Skinner, 1998) and on some sites it appears to be associated with grassy
woodland rides, e.g. in Wales (Fowles, 1988). Waring & Townsend (2003) list the
following habitats: mature woodland, open oak woodland, wet rough acid
grasslands. There are numerous records in Cornwall from woodland sites, e.g.
Luckett in 1982 (Smith, 1997) and near Blisland in 1999 (Spalding, unpublished
data). However, AS and RJW found Double Line in some numbers when surveying
the Culm measure grasslands at Dunsdon in Devon (now a National Nature Reserve
and a Devon Wildlife Trust reserve) (Spalding, 1989; Wolton, 2000) where the
woodland areas were restricted to overgrown hedges between small open fields; as a
consequence we decided that the moth may be more eclectic in its habitat
requirements than formerly realised and may feed as larvae on plants growing on the
woodland edge, perhaps taking advantage of the shelter provided. Subsequently,
Double Line has been recorded on numerous Culm grassland sites in north and west
Devon, often in considerable numbers. Indeed, in June it is sometimes the most
numerous Noctuid caught in light traps, with up to 64 being caught in a single 15W
actinic trap in one night. On Hollow Moor, a site in north-west Devon, 248
individuals were caught in six such traps on 1 July 2006 (RJW).

It can be difficult to determine the exact habitat association of a moth species
unless that species is sedentary. Double Line is a large moth which flies well and so
its presence throughout an extensive site may disguise a particular association with

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part of that site, for example the hedgerows within the Culm grassland habitat. This
article outlines some of the work carried out to define habitat associations for
Double Line using light traps and larval searches, with information on the larval
foodplants, much of it previously unpublished.

Habitats

Double Line is known to occur in sites where some of the following habitats are
present:

• Woodland

• dense woodland with rides and glades

• open woodland

• scrub

• wet willow Salix spp. scrub

• scattered gorse Ulex europaeus scrub

• bracken Pteridium aquilinum scrub

• Rhos pasture or Culm grasslands (species rich purple moor-grass Molinia
caerulea or rush Juncus species pastures.

At least some of these sites in south Wales and Cornwall are on abandoned mining
areas (e.g. for coal or tin), where the sites have scrubbed over since industrial
activity ceased.

Between 2000 and 2002, three sites (Richmond Park in south London, Goss Moor
National Nature Reserve in Cornwall and Margam Country Park in south Wales)
where Double Line was known to occur were investigated using rows of light traps
set in a line to sample different habitat types. The results were analysed on the basis
that if Double Line has no habitat preferences, we would expect to catch the same
number at each trap station. The results of these surveys are summarised in Spalding
& Parsons (2004) and indicate that Double Line is often associated with the
following habitats:

• Open willow scrub with a rich grass flora (e.g., at Goss Moor)

• Bracken scrub with abundant Common Bent Agrostis capillaris or Creeping
Soft-grass Holcus mollis (e.g., at Richmond Park and Margam Country Park)

• within woodland

• open areas

An additional light trap transect surveyed at St Clether (Spalding, unpublished
data) suggested that bracken scrub within scattered European Gorse scrub was also
an important habitat type. We have yet to run light trap transects within Culm
grassland habitat.

These findings confirmed our view that the Double Line is a species of woodland
edge, open scrub and wet grassland, where both temperature and humidity may be

THE DOUBLE LINE

135

higher than in more open areas. The association in some places with bracken is
highlighted by the fact that the larvae are well camouflaged on dead bracken
Pteridium aquilinum, being a similar colour and having dark lines which are
reminiscent of the markings of a frond of dead bracken (Fig. 1). However, the larvae
taken at Locks Park Farm in Devon did not have the cross-shaped dark dorsal
markings described in Porter (1997) until just a day or two before pupation and all
larvae are well camouflaged on dead oak leaves, dead grass etc. The larvae are not
associated with bracken on Culm grassland sites.

Double Line tends to be absent from dense woodland, even when known larval
foodplants are present. For example, in Goss Moor no Double Line were recorded
in dense shady willow woodland with a sparse ground flora which included the
known larval foodplant Agrostis capillaris. Likewise, trapping well within a native
broadleaved woodland during the flight peak season resulted in few Double Line
being caught while they were numerous in adjacent Culm grassland in north-west
Devon (RJW, unpublished). This result is despite the fact that we would expect the
light trap to attract more moths in a dark woodland as the contrast between the lamp
and the surrounding woodland is greater than in open areas, and the temperature is
likely to be higher especially on windy nights; this factor was illustrated by the
catch in a trap set in a small patch of lime Tilia sp. trees over a sparse ground layer
at Margam Country Park which attracted large numbers of Double Line from
adjacent bracken scrub; this woodland was darker than the surrounding grassland
and also 2°C warmer at 11.30pm. The absence of Double Line from large stands of
dense woodland may be due to the sparseness and lack of vigour of the ground
flora, especially grasses and sedges, or perhaps due to the cooler cumulative
temperatures.

Double Line tend to be absent from open grassland well away from any trees or
scrub, even where the foodplant grasses are abundant. Hence Double Line was
largely absent from open deer-grazed grassland at Margam Country Park, with only
three Double Line (out of 53 recorded on the site) being recorded despite the
presence of the larval foodplant Holcus mollis. The results were even clearer for
Richmond Park, where 105 Double Line were recorded in eight traps, yet none were
recorded in the three traps set in open grassland (wet grassland with Molinea
caerulea and acid grassland with Agrostis capillaris, both possible larval
foodplants). This indicates that shelter (as provided by woodland, bracken or
scattered scrub) is important for Double Line.

Larvae

Oviposition has been observed in Germany on the tip of a dead bushgrass
Calamagrostis epigejos stalk that was bent at the top, the female inserting the strong
ovipositor into the sheath surrounding the withered flower and depositing the eggs
there (Steiner & Ebert, 1998). Larvae hatch in August and overwinter while small;
there is then a period of active feeding at night in April and May before they pupate.
The best time to find them is late April to early May when they are nearly full grown
and are more easily seen. Typically they appear late in the evening, after 23.00 BST.

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Larval foodplants are given in the literature as various grasses as well as wood-
rush Luzula species Porter (1997), although Waring & Townsend (2003) suggest that
the wood-rush records require confirmation. Grasses mentioned by various authors
include Cock’s-foot Dactylis glomerata. Common Bent Agrostis capillaris. Creeping
Soft-grass Holcus mollis and Wood Meadow-grass Poa nemomlis, but its Culm
grassland habitat suggested that other foodplants may be utilised. In Germany the
larvae are recorded as feeding on Carex brizoides (not found in Britain), Hairy
Sedge Carex hirta and doubtfully Greater Stitchwort Stellaria holostea, in addition
to various grasses (Steiner & Ebert, 1998). This article summarises the results of
investigations by the three authors over several years, with unpublished information
on the larval foodplants.

Figure 1. Larva of Mythimna turca at rest on a dead frond of Bracken Pteridium aquilinum.

Larval searches have been made at night between late March and early May at a
variety of sites in Devon and Cornwall (Table 1). Larvae were found in smaller
numbers than expected considering the large numbers of adults found at some of the
sites, and it may be that many of the larvae are deep down in the grass and therefore
difficult to find or perhaps that they do not feed every night.

Larvae were recorded feeding on a wide range of foodplants (Table 1), including
what we believe are the first records (by RJW and BPH) of feeding on Carnation
Sedge Carex panicea. Glaucous Sedge Carex flacca, Purple Moor-grass Molinia

THE DOUBLE LINE

137

caerulea. Sheep’s Fescue Festuca ovina and the bent grass Agrostis vinealis. The
larvae can often be found resting on the ground (where they can be hard to see on
the bare earth) or motionless on grass stems. They appear to be very slothful, and
may remain in the same position for several hours without feeding. As a result,
records of feeding activity have been difficult to obtain. In many cases, larvae were
recorded resting on grass stems but not feeding; these positions were not considered
as proof of feeding and only actual feeding records have been recorded. Larvae
were recorded in five National Vegetation Classification (NVC) (Rodwell, 1998)
grassland and mire communities often within willow woodland (Wl), European
gorse scrub (W23) and bracken scrub (W25) - U4 and MGS (at Goss Moor &
Breney Common), MGIO and M23 (Locks Park Farm) and M24c (Scadsbury
Moor).

At Goss Moor, despite extensive searching in early May 2000, no larvae were
found in open grassland (a mix of Purple Moor-grass mire (NVC M25) and
extensive rush pasture (NVC M23), even though one of the recorded foodplants
Dactylis glome rata was present and several adults had been recorded here in July
1999. This area was grazed by cattle at low density. In Devon, at Scadsbury Moor,
a few larvae were found up to 15m away from the field edge, but most were taken
in a sheltered area near the woodland edge where the afternoon sun catches a south
facing slope, creating a sheltered sun spot. At Goss Moor, larvae were taken on a
narrow track running east- west and open to the sun during the day; at St Clether
and Treslea Down in Cornwall larvae were found at the edge of bracken and gorse
scrub on warm south-facing slopes. However, at Breney Common in Cornwall
larvae were taken on the north side of willow scrub and within a willow woodland
glade.

Late instar larvae hide during the day. At Goss Moor on 10th May 2001, one larva
was re-found in the morning concealed 5cm down in the moss layer below the grass
stem on which it was feeding the previous night. At Scadsbury Moor, two larvae
were re-found next morning, at about 10am, curled up on dead oak leaves under
other leaves, with perhaps 7 cm of loose leaf letter above them, but not right on the
cold, wet, ground (Fig. 2). It had been raining and the vegetation was wet, yet the
larvae in their leaf shelters were dry. Neither tried to walk away when exposed to the
light, and they were only a few cm away from the plants they had been eating. The
larvae would doubtless get warm when the sun hit the location, perhaps helping their
digestion.

Feeding in captivity

In captivity, RJW has recorded eggs being laid in batches of about 20 on false oat-
grass Arrhenatherum elatius flower stalks c. L5mm in diameter so that they glued
together two or three stems. The early instar larvae fed on the stems, leaves and
flower heads of Agrostis stolonifera, apparently preferentially resting during the day
on the dead leaves and flower heads of various grass species where they were well
camouflaged. A wide range of grasses and sedges were taken by the larvae.

Table 1. Feeding records of Mythimna turca larvae at sites in Devon and Cornwall 2000 - 2006

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ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.V.2007

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Two final instar larvae taken from the wild by RJW buried beneath the soil in their
container by day, emerging by night to feed. They consumed quantities of Carex
panicea, and also took Wood Sedge Carex sylvatica. Two larvae taken from Goss
Moor were bred through on a range of grasses including Annual Meadow-grass Poa
annua, Dactylis glomerata and Yorkshire Fog Holcus lanatus.

Adult behaviour

Double Line start flying early in the evening and come readily to light; for example
at St Clether in Cornwall 18 Double Line were recorded to 80 watt MV lamp within
20 minutes between 22.50hrs to 23.10hrs on 12 July 2000. At a trap at Goss Moor on
29 June 2000 numbers were monitored throughout the night in order to investigate
peak flight activity for the Double Line. New entrants to the trap had peaked by
OLlShrs; after this time most Double Line remained in the trap, with numbers
varying from 16 to 19. Cumulative numbers recorded throughout the night were as
follows (Spalding, 2001):

® OO.lShrs 4 Double Line

• Ol.lShrs 16 Double Line

• 02.15hrs 17 Double Line

• 03.15hrs 16 Double Line

• 04.15hrs 19 Double Line

The adults have a well-developed haustellum and come to bait and possibly
thistles (Steiner & Ebert, 1998). We have never seen Double Line nectaring even
where there were abundant nectar plants available such as at Goss Moor (e.g. Marsh
Thistle Cirsium palustre. Common Valerian Valeriana ojficinalis. Bramble Rubus
fruticosus agg. and Honeysuckle Lonicera periclymenum). One Double Line was
seen here flying high into an isolated oak tree, before resting high in the canopy;
another was seen resting on Grey Willow Salix cinerea before flying off into the
willow scrub.

The males appear to be more ready to come light. The sexes can be difficult to tell
apart; males have a large tuft of brown hair on the hind tibia (Heath & Emmet, 1979).

At Margam Country Park in 2002, ten out of the total catch (53) were females.

Management

Available evidence suggests that the Double line requires wet, sheltered, uneven
grasslands, open scrub or woodland edge. Tussocky swards closely interspersed with
areas of short turf would appear favoured, the underlying soil being moist at the
surface between September and June at least. Sun-spots may be preferred, or at least
habitat patches well sheltered from wind exposure by trees or scrub. The larvae
appear to have a catholic taste in grasses and sedges and able to tolerate very wet
conditions, perhaps in western Britain even preferring flushed surfaces provided
there is at least some dry leaf litter in which they can rest when not feeding. (The
preferred habitat at both Margam Country Park and Richmond Park appear to be

THE DOUBLE LINE

141

Figure 2. Larva of Mythimna tarca hiding by day within the litter layer near to the foodplant.

much drier than in the other sampled habitats.) It is the structure of the vegetation
rather than its botanical composition that appears important. The feeding
requirements of the adults remain unknown, although their strong flight and ability
to move long distances suggest that these are unlikely to be critical.

We recommend that management should aim to:

• Restore or maintain moist soils, preferably with some waterlogged or seasonally
flushed areas

• Create well-sheltered patches or glades of open grassland, fen or mire, with
abundant short grasses and sedges. This may require breaking up dense scrub
and bracken or thinning woodland edges and rides

• Establish a tussocky sward structure, e.g. of Molina, Dactylus or Juncus ejfusus,

probably through light cattle grazing.

• Avoid close grazing sites and do not mow or burn preferred breeding areas
within sites.

• Foster the development of a deep litter layer during the winter

• Encourage flowering of nectar-rich plants such as thistles.

142

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.V.2007

Acknowledgements

Our thanks to the owners and managers of the sites where we have carried out field
research, including Messrs Hooper (Dunsdon Farm), Messrs Williamson and Mr and
Mrs Butt (Hollow Moor), Mr Cobbledick (Scadsbury Moor), Martin Davey (Goss
Moor National Nature Reserve), Alison Lloyd (Margam Country Park), Simon
Richards (Richmond Park) and Cornwall Wildlife Trust (Breney Common). Some of
the work by AS was carried out for Butterfly Conservation and Cyngor Cefn Gwlad
Cymru as part of the BAP programme (Spalding, 2000; 2001; 2002).

References

Fowles, A. P., 1988. The moths of Ceredigion. Research & Survey in Nature Conservation. No 8.

NCC. Peterborough.

Heath, J. & Emmet, A. M., 1979. The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume
9. Curwen Books.

Porter, J., 1997. The colour identification guide to caterpillars of the British Isles. Viking.

Rodwell, J. S., 1998. (Ed.). British Plant Communities. 3. Grassland and Montane Communities.
Cambridge University Press.

Skinner, B., 1998. The colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking,

Smith, F. H. N., 1997. Moths and Butterflies of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. Gem Publishing
Co.

Spalding, A., 1989. The moths of Dunsdon Farm, north Devon. Entomologist’s Gazette. 40: 299-
305.

— , 2000. The Double Line moth: A larval survey at Goss Moor, Cornwall. 2000. Butterfly
Conservation Report No. S006.

— , 2001. The Double Line moth Mythimna turca (Linnaeus); a survey of adults in Cornwall.

2000. Butterfly Conservation Report No. SOI - 27.

— , 2002. The Double Line Moth Mythimna Turca (Linnaeus) Survey 2001. Butterfly
Conservation Report S02-15.

Spalding, A. & Parsons, M., 2004. Light trap transects - a field method for ascertaining the
habitat preferences of night-flying Lepidoptera, using Mythimna turca (Linnaeus 1761)
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as an example. Journal of Insect Conservation. 8: 185-190.

Steiner, A. & Ebert, G., 1998. Die Schemetterlinge Baden-Wurttembergs. Band 7 Nachfalter V.

Ulmer. Stuttgart.

UK Biodiversity Group, 1999. Tranche 2 Action Plans: Invertebrates. English Nature,
Peterborough.

Waring, P. & Townsend, M., 2003. Field Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland. British
Wildlife Publishing.

Wolton, R. J., 2000. The larger moths (Macrolepidoptera) of culm grassland. North Devon.
Entomologist’s Rec. Var 112: 141-153.

NOTES

143

The Pale-shouldered Cloud Chloantha hyperici (D. & S.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in

North London: Sixth British record

Whilst going through my garden moth trap catch in Wembley, North London
(Middlesex: VC 21) on the morning of 23 May 2007 (thus, recorded as 22 May
2007) I was surprised to encounter a single example of the Pale-shouldered Cloud
Chloantha (= Actinotia) hyperici. The identity was kindly confirmed by Colin Plant
in whose collection the specimen, a male, now reposes.

Chloanthe hyperici exists in the Western Palaearctic as two subspecies which are
though to have been separated during the last glacial period (Fibiger, M., 1990.
Noctuidae Europaeae 1: 103 - 104). The nominotypical C. hyperici hyperici (D.&
S.) affects southern and central Europe, though absent from the northern seaboard,
and extending eastwards into the southern Russian states; Chloanthe hyperici
svendseni Fibiger forms an isolated population in the southern tip of Norway,
Sweden and Finland and the northern tip of Denmark and is recognised, primarily,
by the bluish tint of the adult moth. Colin has compared the Wembley specimen with
his own European material and informs me that it is of the typical form C. hyperici
hyperici.

Honey, M., (1997. Atropos 2: 56 - 57) notes that the Pale-shouldered Cloud is
apparently extending its range; the implication is that it is the southern subspecies
hyperici that is expanding northwards and there is no apparent evidence that
svendseni is moving southwards. It was recorded new to Belgium in 1987 (de
Turck., A. 1988. Phegea 16: 77 - 79) and it was first recorded in Britain at
Dungeness, East Kent, on 20 August 1996 (Walker, D., 1997. Atropos 2: 55 - 56).
The second and third British records herald from Landguard Bird Observatory, East
Suffolk on 6 May and 3 June 2003 (Odin, N., 2004. Atropos 20: 58) and there were
two further adults captured there on 20 and 26 July 2004 (Clancy, S., 2005. Atropos
24: 28). There is a possibility that these 2004 examples were the progeny of the 2003
immigrants, though this is conjecture. According to Sean Clancy (personal
communication, via Colin Plant) there are no further British examples reported until
my own at Wembley, Middlesex on 22 May 2007.

It will be most interesting to see if further examples of the moth arrive in North
London. The larval foodplant is St. John’s-wort Hypericum (Fibiger, op. cit.) and it
is, therefore entirely possible that the species might colonise ruderal habitat on post-
industrial sites across North London and join our thriving populations of Toadflax
Brocade Calophasia lunula which, according to the information held by Colin Plant
as the Middlesex Moth Recorder, feed on Purple Toadflax in gardens and elsewhere.
This latter species has been an annual ‘regular’ in my garden trap since 2004.

I am grateful to Colin Plant for confirmation of my identification of the moth, for
his help in preparation of this Note and for permission to refer to the unpublished
breeding records of Toadflax Brocade. I would also like to thank Sean Clancy for
checking his database and confirming that I had not overlooked any additional
British reports of the moth. — Geoffrey Geiger, 27 Victor Grove, Wembley,
Middlesex HAO 4JJ (E-mail: axqz53@dsl.pipex.com).

144

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.V.2007

EUEOPEAl MOTH H6HTS (IMN)

At this event, carried through once a year, experts on moths should on certain days at
a place in Europe of their own choice - collect or record nocturnal moths and send the
data obtained to EMN Headquarters. They should possibly collaborate with other col-
leagues and also include other persons interested into the field studies.

An internationa! event with the following objectives

1) The basic goal is to establish and cultivate national and international contacts between researchers on nocturnal

moths and other persons devoted to nature as well as to organize joint work.

2) A geographically wide-ranging snapshot should be created of the moths flying in the same period with special

regards to their protection requirements and those of their habitats.

3) The data obtained and their evaluation w'ill be made available for the public.

The events realized so far
1®* European Moth Nights (12.-16. 8. 2004)

Number of participants: 154 from 21 countries. Number of localities: 159 from 23 countries. Number of re-
corded species of nocturnal moths (Macroheterocera): 850 (31% of the entire species of Europe). Results and
evaluation: see internet sites. Also journal „Atalanta“(July 2005), 36 (1/2): S. 3 1 1-358 (DE - Markleuthen).

2"** European Moth Nights (30.6.-4. 7. 2005)

Number of participants: 400 from 23 countries. Number of localities: 380 from 24 countries. Number of re-
corded species of nocturnal moths (Macroheterocera): 975 (36% of the entire species of Europe). Results and
evaluation: see internet sites.

3*^** European Moth Nights (27.4.-1. 5. 2006)

Number of participants: 392 from 26 countries. Number of localities: 436 from 29 countries. Number of re-
corded species of nocturnal moths (Macroheterocera): 553 (20% of the entire species of Europe). Results and
evaluation: see internet sites (from about 30.4.2007).

The next event

4*** European Moth Nights (1 1.-15. tO. 2007)

Further events scheduled: 5.EMN: 24.-28. 7. 2008 - 6.EMN: 2L-25. 5. 2009 - 7.EMN: 9.-13. 9. 2010
Nocturnal moths collectors! Don’t forget the dates, take part in the EMN, try to persuade other
colleagues and also incorporate other persons interested in nature into the field studies.

Addresses of contact:

l..acii.slaus RESER, Entomologische Gesellschaft Luzern, Kasernenplatz 6, CH-6003 Luzern tadislaus.reser@lu.ch

Miliaiy KADAR, Magyar Lepk^szeti Egyesulet, Zovanyi J, u. 19/B/9, H-4033 Debrecen inchis@t-online.hu

Internet sites (evaluations, information): http://euromothnights.uw.hu

http://www.european-moth-nights.ch.vu http://lepidoptera.fw.hu

(by Ladislaus Rezbanvai-Resek, translation : Haraid Schreiber)

Experience the lighter side of field entomology
with Torben Larsen as he describes his
experiences from around the world.

There must be a Hazard
for every occasion?

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Papers

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

3 9088 01326 0005

Water Betony Shargacucullia scwphulariae (D. & S.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to the

Channel Islands. Philip H. Sterling and Peter D. M. Costen 97-102

The dwarf form of Silver Y Autographa gamma (L.) (Lep.: Noctuidae). Roy Leverton . 103-107
Sericomyia hispanica Peris, a little-known European Hoverfly (Dip.: Syrphidae)

recorded for the first time from the French Pyrenees. Martin C. D. Speight 109- 1 1 1

The Double Line Mythimna turca (L.) (Lep.: Noctuidae): notes on its habitats,
foodplants and suggested management in England and Wales. R. J. Wolton, A.

Spalding and B. P. Henwood 133-142

Notes

A Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta L. (Lep.: Satyridae) in London on the first of March.

Torben B. Larsen 107

Hummingbird Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) (Lep.: Sphingidae)

caterpillars in Banffshire. Roy Leverton 108

Diape rus boleti (L.) (Col.: Tenebrionidae) not confined to birch poly pore fungus.

Keith N. A. Alexander 108

Coleophora involucrella (Chretien, 1905) (Lep.: Coleophoridae): The second record

for France. Jon Clifton 111-112

A colony of Deltote bankiana (Fabr.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) persisting on a calcareous

downland site in East Kent (VC 15). Sean Clancy 112

Additional notable British barkfly (Psocoptera) observations. R. (Bob) E. Saville, Keith

N. A. Alexander, John H. Bratton, Laurence Clemons and G. Marcus E. Oldfield 113-115

Bloxworth Snout Hypena obsitalis (Hb.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) hibernating in German

wartime bunkers on Guernsey and Alderney. P. D. M. Costen 116-118

Hazards of butterfly collecting: Paragliding butterflies - Ghana 2007. Torben B.

Larsen 118-120

Xanthia icteritia Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae): A comment on infraspecific variation,

especially in regard to Kent B. K. West 121-122

MOTHS COUNT and the National Moth Recording Scheme - an update. Zoe Randle . 122-123
Scotch Annulet Gnophos obfuscatus (D. & S.) (Lep.: Geometridae) on a pebble beach.

Roy Leverton 123

News on the conservation of some moths listed in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan

and two additional British Red Data Book species. Paul Waring 124-132

The Pale-shouldered Cloud Chloantha hyperici (D. & S.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in North

London: Sixth British record. Geojfrey Geiger 143

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EDITOR: All material for publication, including books for review and advertisements
REGISTRAR: Changes of address
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Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this journal does not imply that the
views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor, the Entomologist’s Record Committee
or any party other than the named author or authors.

Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation is a non profit-making journal, funded by subscription,
containing peer-reviewed papers and shorter communications. It is published by the Entomologist’s Record
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The annual subscription for year 2007 is £28 for individual subscribers or £50 for institutions.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTRIBUTORS

• This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers and shorter Notes that are reviewed by the Editor. Contributions
are accepted on merit, with no regard whatsoever to the occupation or standing of the author. All contributions
should bear the name and postal address of the author(s), but titles or honours are not permitted and will be
removed. One e-mail address may also accompany the contribution. First time authors and non-subscribers
are welcome to send material for publication. We are able to include colour photographs from time to time at
no cost to the author(s). Good quality monochrome photographs are always welcomed.

• The journal is concerned with British Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). We also accept contributions on
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print Subscriber Notices at no cost on behalf of current subscribers; non-subscribers pay a fee for this
service. We also publish Reviews of entomological books and other publications relating to all aspects of
world entomology if these are sent to the Editor at no cost to him. It is our policy not to accept unsolicited
book reviews from third parties.

• We may also accept contributions on European insects if these are likely to be of interest to British readers,
such as species likely to colonise Britain (especially where these contributions include identification keys or
photographs), or accounts of entomological trips to places that may be of interest to other readers.

• Papers should be at least 2000 words in length. Acceptance is not automatic. They will be peer-reviewed by
two referees. Authors must be prepared to make modifications suggested by the referees. Papers must cover
their subject matter to a far greater depth than Notes and should present original material or a broad-based
review of existing knowledge. Descriptions of new species may be submitted. Authors of papers are expected
to follow the house style and conventions as closely as possible. The Editor reserves the right to convert
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• Notes are the meat of the journal! Most contributions will fall into this category. They will normally be less
than 1500 words in length and can be very short indeed as long as the information they impart is interesting.
We welcome Notes. There is no limit to how many you can contribute. Authors of Notes should try as far as
possible to follow the house style and conventions, but the Editor will attend to these if errors are made.

• We accept all formats from hand-written notes upwards. However, we prefer submissions via e-mail, or on
CD. Files must be in a PC-compatible format that is readable by Microsoft Word. Originals are required for all
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word processor files. For details, visit the web site or contact the Editor direct.

2004 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

145

THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 2004

Sean Clancy

1 Myrtle Villas, Sussex Road, New Romney, Kent. TN28 8DY
E-mail: trapsite@ukonline.co.uk

Abstract

Formally accepted records of immigrant Lepidoptera occurring in the British Isles during the
year 2004 are listed and discussed. For less frequently encountered species full information is
given in Annex 1, presented in vice-county order, the individual localities then listed
alphabetically for each VC. For the more regular immigrant species, annual summaries and a
selection of the more important records are presented in Annex 2.

Introduction

Whilst it lacked the huge volume of migrants recorded the previous year, the 2004
season will long be remembered for the unparallelled winter immigration that
occurred during the first half of February. The immigration centred on Dorset but its
effects were felt far & wide with individuals of Nomophila noctuella (D. & S.) in
Lancashire and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) as far north as the Shetlands. The February
immigration occurred in two waves, around February 4/5 & 10/11/12, the latter
arrival being the more spectacular and including the scarcer immigrant species. The
weather system charts for the early parts of both these periods are figured below, and
clearly show the southerly jetstreams produced by depressions in the Atlantic and
anticyclones across southern Europe. Although not visible in these charts, these
jetstreams originated from the Azores and West African coast, as shown in Davey
(2004), where this remarkable winter influx of Lepidoptera is discussed in more
detail.

Figure 1. Weather system chart for 4.ii.04.

Figure 2. Weather system chart for 10.ii.04.

Record single night arrivals of Euchromius ocellea (Haw.) and Spodoptera exigua
(Hb.) occurred on 1 1 .2, and the wide range of additional immigrant species recorded
during this period included significant numbers of N. noctuella, Vanessa cardui (L.),
A. ipsilon and Heliothis peltigera (D. & S.). Smaller numbers of species such as
Rhodometra sacraria (L,), Orthonama obstipata (Fab.), Hyles Uvornica (Esp.),

146

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

Mythimna loreyi (Dup,), Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) and Trichoplusia ni (Hb.)
were also recorded; as were a number of pale, immigrant examples of Discestra
trifolii (Hufn.). Of the scarcer immigrants, two Conistra erythrocephala (D. & S.)
were recorded on 12.2 & 13.2; a single Heliothis nubigera (H.- S.) was recorded
on 13.2; a record total of nine Tathorhynchus exsiccata (Led.) occurred between
10.2 & 13.2; & no fewer than 31 E. ocellea were recorded between 11.2 & 16.2.
An additional T. exsiccata occurred on Guernsey during this period, the first
VC113 record.

A second significant migrant event of 2004 occurred in August and concerned an
unprecedented single species arrival of the migrant tortricid Cydia amplana (Hb.).
This was again centred on Dorset where huge numbers were recorded from several
coastal sites, but also included the first Irish record, and at least six new vice-county
records from southern England. Although there were also unusually high numbers of
Conobathra tumidana (D. & S.) during August, numbers of other immigrant species
were generally unexceptional during this period so it is likely the mass arrival of C.
amplana was the result of dispersal from populations in southern Europe following
an exceptionally successful breeding season.

There were a number of other significant highlights during the 2004 season and
chief among these was a series of records of Eublemma purpurina (D. & S.) that
involved at least nine (probably 11) individuals between 31.7 & 22.8. At the time
these were believed to be the first British records, although a specimen from 2001
was subsequently identified (see Clancy & Skinner, 2007).

Two immigrant species were recorded as new to Britain in 2004: Chiasmia
aestimaria (Hb.), two examples from VC 15 in August & September; and Catocala
conjuncta (Esp.), an example from VC25 in September. The first British records of
Dialectica scalariella (Zell.) from VC 15 and Nola chlamitulalis (Hb.) from VC18
were of less certain origin. A record number of Conistra erythrocephala (D. & S.)
were recorded, largely as a result of an early November arrival; whilst an exceptional
number of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.) seen during a protracted period in eastern
England included a number of inland records and a record as far north as VC66.
There was also a record arrival of immigrant Catocala sponsa (L.) into southern
England during August; and the second & third modem records of Catocala electa
(View.) occurring late in the month in VC’s 13 & 15 completed an exceptional
season for immigrant catocalids.

Record annual totals of immigrant Thaumetopoea processionea (L.), Trachea
atriplicis (L.), Proxenus hospes (Frey.) and Acontia lucida (Hufn.) occurred in 2004
with nine, eight, eight & six records respectively; whilst there were three records
each of Lacanobia splendens (Hb.) and Platyperigea kadenii (Frey.) following their
first British records in 2003 & 2002 respectively. The colonist species Cryphia algae
(Fabr.) and Noctua janthina (D. & S.) appeared to consolidate their breeding status,
although an element of fresh immigration was indicated by the received data, so all
records are listed in Annex 1 .

Other immigrant species of note recorded during the season included six
Haimbachia cicatricella (Hb.), these including the first UK records outside VC 15;

2004 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

147

an immigrant example of Maruca vitrata (Fabn); the third British record of
Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walk.); only the second probable immigrant example
of Euzophera bigella (Zell.); the third & fourth modern British records of
Dendrolimus pirn (L.), including the first in Scotland; the second & third British
records of Cyclophora ruficiliaria (H.-S.); the fourth & fifth British records of
Actinotia hyperici (D. & S.) from the same locality as the previous two; and two
examples of Dysgonia algira (L.) during August.

Of the more regular migrant species Udea ferrugalis (Hb.), Macroglossum
stellatarum (L.), Mythimna loreyi (Dup.), and Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) were seen
in unusually high numbers; whilst Rhodometra sacraria (L.) would have had a poor
showing without a large single night arrival into VCl on 9.9. Records of Acherontia
atropos (L.) were notably frequent and widely distributed, the majority of these of
the larval stage.

Guidelines for contributors

To avoid unnecessary delays in publishing future reports, it would help greatly if
contributors adhere to the following guidelines: data should include the vice-county,
recorder, stage (if not an adult), number observed, and the date. For light-trap
records list the date the trap was switched on, not the date it was inspected; this is a
universally accepted convention to avoid the possible duplication of records.

There remains a noticeable shortage of records from more northern and inland
sites submitted for the current report. Records of migrant species from such sites
would be gratefully received for future reports, and the regional summaries and new
categories of listed records for Annex 2 species have been introduced to take account
of records of this nature. County recorders not already submitting migrant data for
these annual reports are keenly requested to do so, even if their respective counties
are not favourably positioned to receive arrivals. Migrant records from such northern
& inland sites are often more significant in showing the range and scale of
immigrations of species routinely recorded from more southern, coastal locations.

It should be noted that statistics relating to the total number and distribution of all
records received/sourced of nocturnal Annex 2 species are now given, so please
continue to submit records of all these species. It must also be stressed that it has
become impossible to monitor the growing number of e-mail/website migrant
forums and the posting of records on such sites will not necessarily result in their
inclusion in future reports. It is therefore essential that migrant records are submitted
to the relevant county recorder, published within the entomological press or sent
directly to the report author.

County recorders, or those submitting large volumes of data are asked to sort their
data by vice-county, species name, and then by date order. Contributions are
particularly welcome in electronic format (MS Word or Excel etc.) to the author at
the e-mail address given at the start of the report. Paper copies may also be
submitted to the postal address over the page. Should readers be aware of any
significant omissions or errors in this or earlier reports, these would also be
welcomed for inclusion in future appendices.

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

Recent reports have been extended to include the more interesting records of
adventives as these often help to establish the origin of other records or colonisations
of the relevant species. Extralimital records of resident species that may be the result
of immigration or internal vagrancy are also included in reports. Records of this
nature are therefore also welcome for inclusion in future reports.

The following abbreviations have been adopted since the 2002 report. These
remain unaltered and exclude any variation in status found on the Channel Islands
(VC 113). However the categorisation of individual species is reviewed annually in
the light of any recent/ongoing changes in status. A brief introductory statement has
also been added to the accounts for a number of listed resident species in order to
clarify the type of record that is included in these reports.

Abbreviations

[I] “ Primary immigrant or the direct progeny of a primary immigrant. Where this is
the only category given, believed to relate to a species that is unable to maintain a
viable, self-sustaining resident population through a typical British winter.

[In] - Introduction or importation. A species artificially introduced into Britain by
man. Can include synanthropic species that are only able to sustain breeding
populations in Britain under conditions that do not occur naturally.

[MC] - Migrant Colonist. An immigrant species that has established extant, short-
term breeding populations in Britain, but these believed to have been present for
fewer than ten consecutive years.

[R] - Resident. A species with an established breeding population in Britain, this
having been present for a minimum of ten successive years.

[FR] - Former Resident. A species that was formerly an established resident but has
no known resident populations in Britain at the time of writing.

[V] - Vagrant/wanderer. A species recorded well away from its known British
breeding range, but the record most likely to have been the result of internal,
domestic dispersal.

Channel Islands (VC113) records are no longer included in the main species
accounts due to their southerly position, locating them outside the biogeographical
area of Great Britain and Ireland. This often leads to differing statuses of listed
species within VC 113 and occurrence patterns of immigrant species that are not
comparable with records in Great Britain and Ireland. However, records of recent
colonists and rare immigrants in VC113 can be precursors of arrivals in Britain, so
significant VC 113 records are given in Annex 3.

ANNEX 1: RECORDS OF SCARCER SPECIES IN 2004

TINEIDAE

0232 Monopis monachella (Hb.) [R][V/I]

Coastal records away from localised populations in VC25.

E. KENT [15] Kingsgate, 19.5 (Solly, 2005). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 4.8
(Odin, 2005). E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea, 10.7 (Bowman, 2005).

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GRACILLARIIDAE

311a Dialectica scalariella (Zell.) [In/I?]

E. KENT [15] Kingsdown, 27.9 (FS, in Agassiz, 2005). New to Britain.

Unlisted Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton [In]

E. GLOUCESTERSHIRE [33] Cheltenham, 24.12, vacated mine in a supermarket satsuma imported
from Spain or Turkey (Homan, 2005). This is believed to be the first evidence of this species in Britain,
although vacated mines have been found on several occasions since in imported citrus fruits (DJLA,
pers. comm.).

YPONOMEUTIDAE

0424 Yponomeuta evonymella (L.) [R][I/V]

A widely recorded species, some of these thought likely to relate to migrants. A selection of submitted
records most likely to relate to immigrant activity is given, though this is in no way a comprehensive
summary.

S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 13.8 (Spence, 2005). ORKNEY ISLANDS [111] 15.8 (Gauld, 2005).
SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 10.8, 14.8 (Anon., 2005a); Mid Walls, 10.8 (Anon., 2005a);
Norwich, 10.8 (Anon., 2005a).

0428 Yponomeuta rorrelia (Hb.) [R][V/I]

Coastal records of possible immigrant examples.

DORSET [9] Puddletown, 2.8 (HWH, in Sterling, 2005); West Bexington, 31.7, 2.8 (RE, in Sterling,
2005). MONMOUTHSHIRE [35] Dingestow, 30.7, 31.7 (SB). GLAMORGAN [41] Gorseinon, 20.7
(Gilmore, 2005). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Easington, 31.8 (M.J. Stoyle); Kilnsea, 11.8-31.8 (70, inc.

peak of 19 on 14.8) (BRS); Spurn, 11.8, 12.8 (BRS).

0429 Yponomeuta irrorrella (Hb.) [R][V/I]

Coastal/extralimital records of possible immigrant examples.

E. SUSSEX [14] Icklesham, 4.8 (Langmaid & Young, 2005).

0473 Acrolepiopsis assectella (ZelL) [R][I/V]

Coastal/extralimital records of possible immigrant examples.

SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Fair Isle, 15.6 (Langmaid & Young, 2005).

OECOPHORIDAE

0642a Metalampra italica Baldizzone [I/In/MC?]

S. DEVON [3] Plympton, 7.8 (Langmaid & Young, 2005). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Welwyn, 28.7 (2),
early August (1), first county records (Langmaid & Young, 2005).

ETHMIIDAE

0718 Ethmia dodecea (Haw.) [R][I/V]

Coastal records of possible immigrant examples.

DORSET [9] West Bexington, 14.6, 21.7, 22.7 (RE, in Sterling, 2005).

0719 Ethmia quadrillella (Goeze) [R][I][V]

Coastal records away from known populations.

KENT [15] Folkestone, 10.8 (AGJB, in Clancy 2005b); Kingsdown, 10.8 (NJ, in Clancy 2005b).

0720 Ethmia Mpunctella (Fabr.) [R][I][V]

Records away from VC’s 14, 15 & 25 where breeding populations are present and dispersal from these
is the likely source of most VC records.

DORSET [9] Preston, 28.6 (RL, in Sterling, 2005). E. NORFOLK [27] Stoke Holy Cross, 29.7 (A.
Musgrove).

GELECHIIDAE

0839 Nothris congressariella (Bruand) [R][I/V]

DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 3.9, first county record (MC, in Sterling, 2005).

COSMOPTERIGIDAE

896b Cosmopterix pulchrimella Stt. [MC][I]

W. CORNWALL [1] Church Cove, The Lizard, 28.10 (larval mines), first VC record (Parsons, 2005). E.
CORNWALL [2] Fowey, 8.2 (larval mines) (J. Gregory); Portloe, 2.1 (larval mines), first county record
(Parsons & Sterling, 2004). S. SOMERSET [5] Staplegrove, 3.11 (adult to light), first county record
(JMc). DORSET [9] West Bay, Bridport, 17.1, 23.7 (larval mines) (Parsons & Sterling, 2004), 23.10
(larval mines) (MSP, in Sterling, 2005).

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0897a Anatrachyntis badia (Hodges) [In]

E. KENT [15] Ashford, in imported supermarket pomegranate purchased 28.10, adult reared, first
county record (SPC).

TORTRICIDAE

0955 Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hb.) [R][V/I]

Coastal/extralimital records of possible immigrant examples.

S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 7.8, first county record (Spence, 2005).

1157 Crocidosema plebejana (Zel.) [R][W]

Records associated with the February immigration; plus extralimital records.

W. CORNWALL [1] The Lizard, 12.2 (Davey, 2004). DORSET [9] Durlston, 5.2, 12.2 (Davey, 2004).
GLAMORGAN [41] Llanishen, Cardiff, 17.6, first VC record (Gilmore, 2005). SHETLAND ISLANDS
[112] Eswick, 31.10 (Anon., 2005a).

1181 Epiblema grandaevana (Lien. & Zell.) [I][In][FR][MC?]

W. SUFFOLK [26] Elveden Forest, 11.6, first VC record (Beaumont, 2005). LEICESTERSHIRE [55]

Whetstone, 5.6 (Skevington, 2006). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 5.6 (Spence, 2005).

1248 Grapholita molesta (Busck) [In]

E. NORFOLK [27] Norwich, 8.9, larva in peach imported from Spain (A. Beaumont, in Langmaid &
Young, 2006).

1255a Cydia medicaginis (Kuzn.) [ W/R]

E. SUFFOLK [25] Minsmere, 15.8 (per JBH); Orford Ness, 15.8 (MM per JBH); first county records.

1262 Cydia amplana (Hb.) [I]

Total no. reported: 1168

By vice-county: 1 (2), 2 (1), 3 (12), 5 (2), 6 (1), 9 (1097), 10 (8), 11 (28), 13 (1), 15 (11), 19 (1), 25 (2),
34(1), H20(l).

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 2.8 (Scott, 2005a); The Lizard, 8.8 (Tunmore, 2005).
E. CORNWALL [2] St Germans, 3.8 (R.F. Champion per LACT). S. DEVON [3] Plympton, 2.8 (2),

7.8, 12.8 (RJH); Teignmouth, 9.8, 13.8 (plus six more during August) (RFM; Beaumont, 2005). S.
SOMERSET [5] Ash Priors, 13.8 (2) (not 6.8 as given in Langmaid & Young, 2005), first VC record (D.
Evans per MY). N. SOMERSET [6] Draycott, 6.8 (not 13.8 as given in Langmaid & Young, 2005), first
county record (D. Evans per MY). DORSET [9] Dorchester, 4.8, 8.8 (3), 21.8 (2), 9.9 (JD); Durlston,
9.8 (7), 11.8 (2), 14.8 (3) (SN); East Lulworth, 11.8, 17.8 (2) (MSP); Portland, 6.8 (4) (JHC); Portland
Bird Observatory, 2.8 (13), 3.8 (33), 4.8 (22), 5.8 (2), 6.8 (5), 8.8 (215), 9.8 (44), 10.8 (5), 11.8, 12.8

(2) , 13.8, 14.8, 17.8 (3), 18.8 (6), 21.8, 24.8, 2.9, 29.9 (MC); Preston, 2.8 - 21.8 (216), inc. 166 on 8.8
(RL, MF, in Sterling, 2005); Puddletown, 2.8 - 23.8 (32), inc. 16 on 9.8 (HWH); Sherborne, 3.8 (DH^);
Upwey, 2.8 (9), 3.8 (25), 4.8 (2), 8.8 (140), 12.8 (7), 14.8 (11), 18.8 (30), 21.8 (3) (PH); Walditch, 2.8
(8), 8.8 (6), 16.8, 17.8, 18.8 (MSP); Warre Wood, 14.8 (2) (Sterling, 2005); West Bexington, 2.8 - 2.9
(45), inc. 20 on 9.8 (RE, in Sterling, 2005); Weymouth, 2.8 - 12.8 (71), inc 49 on 8.8 (Sterling, 2005);
Wyke Regis, 3.8 - 18.8 (103), inc. 54 on 8.8 (DF, in Sterling, 2005). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 9.8

(3) , 10.8 (3), 12.8, 21.8 (SAK-J). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Fareham, 10.8 (2), 17.8 (3), 18.8 (RD per TN);
Funtley, 10.8 (3), 22.8 (MLO); Hengistbury Head, 2.8 (MJ per TN); Hum, 29.7, 30.7, 1.8, 2.8, 10.8 (MJ
per TN); Lymington, 8.8, 10.8 (2) (AJP, P. Dumell per TN); Pennington, 11.8, 18.8, 24.8 (R. Coomber
perTN); Southsea, 8.8, 11.8, 12.8, 14.8 (JRL, IRT per TN); Stubbington, 10.8 (D. Houghton per TN);
Wickham Common, 27.8 (RD perTN). W. SUSSEX [13] Ferring, 8.8 (THF). E. KENT [15] Dungeness,

12.8, 17.8, 23.8 (2) (DW, CR per SPC); Kingsdown, 6.8 (NJ); Kingsgate, 8.8 (2), 11.8 (Solly, 2005);
Lydd, 10.8, 19.8 (KR per SPC); Pegwell, 20.8 (Solly, 2005); first county records. N. ESSEX [19]
Dovercourt, 7.8, first county record (Langmaid & Young, 2005). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard, 11.8
(Langmaid & Young, 2005); Minsmere, 14.8 (Harvey, 2005); first county records. W.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE [34] Pilning, 10.8, first county record (J. Martin, in Langmaid & Young, 2005).
WICKLOW [H20] Ashford, 11.8, new to Ireland (AT).

PYRALIDAE

1289 Euchromius ocellea (Haw.) [I]

Total no. reported: 32

By vice-county: 1 (1), 9 (25), 10 (1), 11 (2), 13 (3).

W. CORNWALL [1] The Lizard, 12.2 (Tunmore, 2005). DORSET [9] Corfe Castle, 11.2 (J. Cox, in
Davey, 2004); Durlston, 12.2 (3) (SN, in Davey, 2004); Highcliffe, 11.2 (B. Chapman, in Davey, 2004);
Portland Bird Observatory, 11.2 (12), 12.2 (3), 16.2 (2) (MC); Puddletown, 16.9 (HWH); West
Bexington, 11.2 (2) (RE). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 11.2 (Knill-Jones, 2004). S. HAMPSHIRE

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[11] Hengistbury Head, 11.2 (MJ per TN); Highcliffe, Christchurch, 11.2 (R. Chapman per TN). W.
SUSSEX [13] Ferring-by-Sea, 11.2 (2) (THE); Kingsham, 11.2 (Love, 2005).

1291 Haimbachia cicatricella (Hb.) [I][MC?]

E. KENT [15] Lydd-on-Sea, 3.8 (MJT), 5.8 (KA). E. SUFFOLK [25] Orfordness, 14.7 (2), 31.7, 4.8,

first county records (JA per AWP).

1300 Crambus pratella (L.) [R][W]

Records from southern England of possible immigrant examples.

DORSET [9] West Bexington, 12.6, first modem county record (RE, det. PHS, in Langmaid & Young,
2005; Eden, 2005), 13.6 (Eden, 2005); Wyke Regis, 19.6 (DF, det. PHS, in Sterling, 2005).
BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Eaton Ford, 5.6 (AAL, gen. det. BD, in Langmaid & Young, 2005).

1314 Catoptria margaritella (D. & S.) [R][W]

Extralimital records of possible immigrant examples.

DORSET [9] Beaminster, 26.7 (PAD per SN); Powerstock, 23.7 (PAD per SN); Walditch, 23.7 (Parsons
& Brereton, 2005); West Bexington, 6.8 (RE, in Sterling, 2005).

1322 Pediasiafascelinella (Hb.) [R][W]

Records of probable immigrant examples away from VC’s 25 & 27.

E. SUSSEX [14] Bexhill, 9.8, first county record (J. Scanes per CRP).

[A record published in Ferguson (2006) from Kingsdown [15] on 31.7 (NJ) is erroneous (NJ, pers.
comm.).]

1325 Platytes alpinella (Hb.) [R][W]

Extralimital records of possible immigrant examples.

SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Baltasound, 10.8 (Anon., 2005a).

1330 Donacaula mucronellus (Zinck.) [R][W]

Coastal records of possible immigrant examples.

E. KENT [15] Thanet, 7.6 (Ferguson, 2006).

1356a Evergestis limbata (L.) [MC][V/I]

An established resident in VC’s 10, 11, 13 & 14; records only listed outside these VC’s, but most likely
relate to range spread.

S. DEVON [3] Kingsteignton, 15.7, first county record (B. King, in McCormick, 2006). DORSET [9]
Studland, 17.7 (CMM). E. KENT [15] Kingsdown, 14.6, 14.7 (3) (NJ).

1357 Evergestis extimalis (Scop.) [R][I][V]

An established resident in parts of southern England and East Anglia, recorded more sporadically
elsewhere, and consequently records have not been included in 2004 from VC’s 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 25,
26, 27 & 28. The following records are from areas where resident populations are not currently known,
and are likely to relate to immigrant or vagrant examples.

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 15.9 (Scott, 2005a); Cury, The Lizard, 30.7 (FTJ). S.
DEVON [3] Teignmouth, 5.8 (RFM); Uplyme, 13.8 (AK). DORSET [9] Durlston, 9.8, 2.9 (SN), 3.9
(APR, KT); Portland Bird Observatory, 9.8 (Cade, 2005a); Puddletown, 26.7 (HWH); Walditch, 15.6
(MSP); West Bexington, 30.6 (RE). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 5.9, 9.9 (SAK-J). S. HAMPSHIRE
[11] Portsmouth, 12.8 (RD per TN).

1368 Loxostege sticticalis (L.) [I][FR]

Total no. reported: 14

By vice-county: 1 (1), 3 (1), 9 (1), 14 (1), 15 (6), 27 (4).

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 9.9 (Scott, 2005a). S. DEVON [3] Chudleigh, 4.6 (P.
Hurst per RFM). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 9.9 (Cade, 2005a). E. SUSSEX [14]
Icklesham, 25.8 (Hunter, 2005). E. KENT [15] Dymchurch, 26.6, September (3) (JO); Greatstone, 23.8
(BB); Kingsgate, 25.8 (FS). E. NORFOLK [27] Horsey, 11.8 (3), by day (P. Heath per DH); Scole, 15.7

(M. Hall per DH).

1369 Uresiphita polygonalis (D. & S.) [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 15.8, 1.9 (Scott, 2005a). DORSET [9] Walditch, 24.8
(Parsons & Brereton, 2005); West Bexington, 18.8 (Eden, 2005).

1370 Sitochroa palealis (D. & S.) [W][R]

Coastal records away from known populations.

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 1.8 (Scott, 2005a). DORSET [9] Upwey, 8.8 (PH);
West Bexington, 28.7 (RE). W. SUSSEX [13] Selsey Peninsula, 1.8, 8.8 (Love, 2005). E. SUSSEX [14]
Icklesham, 4.8 (Hunter, 2005). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area, July (2), August (2) (Clancy, 2005a). N.
LINCOLNSHIRE [54] Gibraltar Point, 23.7 (Troake, 2005).

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1374a Sclerocona acutellus (Evers.) [In][I?]

MIDDLESEX [21] Barnet, 9.6 (Terry, 2004). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Market Bosworth, 13.6 (D. &

M. Denton, in Langmaid & Young, 2005).

1375 Osirinia nubilalis (Hb.) [R][I][V]

An established resident in south-east England, recently extending its range westward and northward,
and consequently records have not been included in 2004 from VC’s 10, 11, 13, 14 & 15. The following
records are probably the result of internal range expansion, although fresh immigration from the
continent is a possibility, particularly for the more coastal records.

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 9.6, 16.6 (3), 21.7, 14.8, 4.9, 9.9 (3) (MAS). E.

CORNWALL [2] Fowey, 9.9 (W. Scott). S. DEVON [3] Uplyme, 8.8, 10.9 (AK). N. SOMERSET [6]
Berrow, 29.6 (per SN). DORSET [9] Dorchester, 9.9 (JD); Durlston, 29.7 (several) (PAD), 11.8 (SN);
Portland Bird Observatory, 8.8 (Cade, 2005a); Upwey, 26.6, 27.7, 1.8 (2) (PH); West Bexington, August
(3), September (1) (Eden, 2005). W. KENT [16] Greenwich, 7.6 (THE). SURREY [17] S. Croydon, 30.7
(GAC); Weybridge, 7.7 (ARM per GAC), 26.8 (ARM per SN). MIDDLESEX [21] Regent’s Park, 17.7
(L. Winokur, in Beaumont, 2005). BERKSHIRE [22] Fernham, 8.6, 15.6, 17.6, 7.7, 28.7 (SN). E.
SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey, July (4) (Deans, 2005); Landguard Bird Observatory, 26.6 - 20.7 (4) (Odin,

2005) . E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea, 29.6, 3.7, 6.7 (Bowman, 2005). BEDFORDSHIRE [30]
Clophill, 29.6 (L. Hill).

1383 Psammotis puiveralis (Hb.) [I]

Total no. reported; 8

By vice-county: 1 (1), 3 (1), 13 (1), 14 (3), 15 (2).

W. CORNWALL [1] Maenporth, 3.8, first county record (Davis, 2005). S. DEVON [3] Uplyme, 8.8,
first county record (AK). W. SUSSEX [13] Pagham, 31.7 (C. Glanfield per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14]
Icklesham, 12.8, 25.8 [not 12.8 & 14.8 as given in Hunter, 2005] (IDH per CRP); Peacehaven, 4.8
(Pratt, 2005). E. KENT [15] Folkestone, 10.8 (T. Rouse per BPS); Ramsgate, 8.8 (PM, in Ferguson,

2006) .

1401 Maruca vitrata (Fabr.) [In][I]

S. ESSEX [18] Bradweh-on-Sea, 12.8 (Dewick, 2005).

1402a Diasemia accalis (Walk.) [In]

W. KENT [16] Gravesend, 24.5, to light, new to Britain. A South East Asian species with an unknown
life history (Agassiz, 2004).

1403 Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Dup.) [I]

ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 2.11 (Knill-Jones, 2005a). E. KENT [15] Lydd, 27.8 (KR). S. ESSEX
[18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 22.8 (Dewick, 2005).

1403a Duponchellafovealis (Zell.) [I][In][MC?]

N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Lower Froyle, 5.11, indoors (B. & S. Clark per TN). E. KENT [15] Ramsgate,
23.3, indoors (Solly, 2005). E. SUFFOLK [25] Eye, 27.9, at light (PK per AWP). S.E. YORKSHIRE
[61] Spurn, 15.8, in light-trap, first VC record (BRS, in Langmaid & Young, 2005). S.W. YORKSHIRE
[63] West Melton, 5.3, indoors, first county record (HEB, in Langmaid & Young, 2005).

1406a Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walk.) [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] Church Cove, The Lizard, 23.10 (Tunmore, 2005), third British record.

1408 Palpita vitrealis (Rossi) [I]

Total no. reported: 43

By vice-county: 1 (10), 3 (4), 4 (1), 6 (1), 9 (6), 10 (3), 11 (2), 13 (2), 15 (4), 16 (1), 18 (3), 19 (1), 25
(1), 27 (2), 58(1), 71(1).

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 9.9 (5), 19.10, 21.10 (MAS); Maenporth, August (1),
September (1) (Davis, 2005); The Lizard, November (1) (Tunmore, 2005). S. DEVON [3] Teignmouth,
7.11 (REM); Uplyme, 29.8, 3.11 (AK); Yelverton, 4.9 (J. & C. Braven per REM). N. DEVON [4] Lynton,

12.7 (JHC). N. SOMERSET [6] Timsbury, 30.10 (M. Bailey). DORSET [9] Durlston, 29.10, 2.11 (SN);
Portland Bird Observatory, 2.11 (Cade, 2005a); West Bexington, 29.10, 6.11 (RE, in Sterling, 2005); Wyke
Regis, 2.11 (DF, in Sterling, 2004). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, September (1), October (1) (Knill-
Jones, 2005a), 11.11 (SAK-J). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Pennington, 8.9 (R. Coomber); Sholing, 24.8 (A.
Goodall). W. SUSSEX [13] Ferring, 19.10, 3.11 (THF). E. KENT [15] Littlestone, 20.9 (KR); Lydd, 23.10
(KR); Kingsdown, 31.10 (NJ); Kingsgate, 22.10 (FS). W. KENT [16] Beckenham, 19.9 (J. Nisbett per
CWP). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 19.10, 23.10, 29.10 (Dewick, 2005). N. ESSEX [19] St Osyth,

21.8 (Ra2 per BG). E. SUFFOLK [25] Reydon, 6.11 (AC per AWP). E. NORFOLK [27] Caston, 3.11
(GMH per DH); Eccles-on-Sea, 28.10 (Bowman, 2005). CHESHIRE [58] Heald Green, 5.9, first county
record (B. Shaw, in Langmaid & Young, 2005). ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon Glen, 3.9 (LK per SN).

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Fig. 3. Occurrence times of Palpita vitrealis during 2004 (dated records).

1416 Pyralis lienigialis (Zell.) [R][V/I]

CARMARTHENSHIRE [44] Bronwydd, 12.7, new to Wales (A. Johnson, in Langmaid & Young,

2005).

1430 Paralipsa gularis (Zell.) [In]

W. KENT [16] Gravesend, 15.10, 16.12 (RK, in Langmaid & Young, 2005). S. ESSEX [18] Westcliffe,
undated (R. Payne per BG); Woodford Green, undated (R. Barfoot, BG).

1435 Conobathra tumidana (D. & S.) [I]

Total no. reported: 48

By vice-county: 9 (7), 11 (6), 13 (1), 14 (1), 15 (31), 25 (2).

DORSET [9] Durlston, 25.6 (JMc, in Sterling, 2004), 14.8 (CMM); Portland Bird Observatory, 2.8, 4.8,
8.8, 9.8 (MC); Preston, 29.7 (RL, in Sterling, 2004). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Portchester, 8.8 (JS);
Southsea, 1.8, 5.8, 7.8, 10.8 (JRL, IRT perTN); Stubbington, 10.8 (D. Houghton per TN). W. SUSSEX
[13] Ferring, 4.8 (THF per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven, 10.8, first VC record (Pratt, 2005). E.
KENT [15] Dungeness, 28.7, 7.8, 9.8, 15.8 (DW, KR); Greatstone, 8.8, 9.8, 12.8, 23.8 (BB);
Kingsdown, 6.8, 8.8, 13.8, 27.8 (NJ); Kingsgate, 9.8, 10.8 (2), 15.8 (FS); Littlestone, 28.7 (2), 11.8,
13.8 (KR); Lydd-on-Sea, 28.7, 2.8, 7.8, 8.8 (DB^ per SPC); New Romney, 28.7 (KR); Pegwell, August
(1) (FS). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey, 10.8 (2) (Deans, 2005).

01-Jul

21-Jul 31-Jul 10-Aug 20-Aug 3Q-Aug 09-Sep 19-Sep 29-Sep

Fig. 4. Occurrence times of Conobathra tumidana during 2004 (dated records).

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1438 Trachycera suavella (Zinck.) [R][FV]

SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 9.8 (Pennington, 2005); first Scottish record was from the same

site in 2003.

1447 Oncocera semirubella (Scop.) [R][V/I]

W. CORNWALL [1] The Lizard, 9.8, first county record (Tunmore, 2005).

1447 Sciota hostilis (Steph.) [I][R]

DORSET [9] Durlston, !6.7, first county record (SN, det. MFVC, in Langmaid & Young, 2005).

[Also an unconfirmed record from Thanet [15] on 10.6 (FS).]

1447a Sciota adelphella (Fisch.) [R][V/I]

A local resident in parts of VC15, the following records are away from known populations.

E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven, 21.7, first VC record (Pratt, 2005). E. KENT [15] Kingsdown, 20.7, 29.7
(NJ). W. KENT [16] Gravesend, 7.6, first VC record (DJLA, RK, in Beaumont, 2005).

1454b Dioryctria sylvestrella (Ratz.) [MC][I][V]

Now breeding locally in southern and south-east England, the following coastal records may relate to

fresh immigration or internal vagrancy.

S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Fareham, 8.8 (KW per JRL); Keyhaven, 17.7 (DGG per TN); Pennington, 30.6,

10.7 (R. Coomber per TN). W. SUSSEX [13] West Wittering, 2.8 (Love, 2005). E. KENT [15]
Dungeness, 21.7 (DW). W. KENT [16] Bedgebury, 8.6, first VC record (DJLA).

1467 Ancylosis oblitella (Dup.) [R][W]

DORSET [9] Puddletown, 11.8 (HWH, in Sterling, 2005). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Southsea, 10.9 (IRT
perTN). E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 15.8 (DW); Littlestone, 9.9 (KR).

1472 Euzophera bigella (Zell.) [In][I?]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 28.8 [not 26.8 as given in Scott, 2005a], first county
record and only the second time this species has been taken ‘at large’ in Britain (MAS, gen. det.
MFVC).

1477 Ephestia figulilella (Gregs.) [In][I?]

CAERNARVONSHIRE [49] Rhiwlas, 28.3, indoors, first county record (Langmaid & Young, 2006).
1478b Vitula biviella (Zell.) [MC][V/I]

A local resident in the southern part of VC15, the following records are away from known populations.
E. KENT [15] Kingsgate, 19.7 (FS). W. KENT [16] Gravesend, 29.6, 16.7 (DJLA, RK, in Beaumont,
2005).

PAPILIONIDAE

1539 Papilio machaon (L.) Swallowtail [R][I][In?]

The following records are all likely to relate to continental race gorganus (Fruhs.).

Total no. immigrants reported: 9

By vice-county: 9 (3), 11 (1), 15 (4), 16 (1).

DORSET [9] Ballard Down, Swanage, 15.6 (M. Wilkinson), 2.9 (M. Harford); Durlston, 5.9 (anon.). S.
HAMPSHIRE [11] Southsea, 1.9 (S. Grange). E. KENT [15] Margate, 15.5 (S. Blaskett); Monkton, 15-

20.8 (R. Stilwell); North Foreland, 25.5 (D. Worsfold); St Mary’s Bay, 11.8 (R. Norman). W. KENT
[16] Sevenoaks, 4.8 (Easterbrook, 2005).

1540 Iphiclides podalirius (L.) Scarce Swallowtail [I] [In]

DORSET [9] Swanage, 3.9 (Cox, 2005).

PIERIDAE

1543 Colias hyale (L.) Pale Clouded Yellow [I]

E. KENT [15] Orlestone, 2.9 (A. Cooper per ME).

[Unconfirmed reports from Barcombe [14] during October (per CRP); & Lydden [15] on 8.6 (J.
Websper, in Easterbrook, 2005).

1549 Pieris brassicae (L.) Large White

High coastal counts, likely to be the result of primary immigration.

E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 23.7 (c.lOOO) (DW).

NYMPHALIDAE

1592 Vanessa virginiensis (Drury) American Painted Lady [I]

ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 6.8 (Knill-Jones, 2005b).

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1596 Aglais antiopa (L.) Camberwell Beauty [I][In?]

N. SOMERSET [6] Nr. Bristol, 27.8 (anon.). WORCESTERSHIRE [37] Callow End, 15.7 (D. Wood).
S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 15.8 (Spence, 2005). N.E. YORKSHIRE [62] York, 21.7 (anon.).

DANAIDAE

1630 Danaus plexippus (L.) Monarch [I][In]

Total no. reported: 7+

By vice-county: 1 (4), 4 (1), 11 (1), 15 (1+).

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 28.9 (Scott, 2005a); lOS: St Mary’s, 24.9, 25.9, 4.10
(Scott, 2005a). N. DEVON [4] Lundy, 5.6 (J. Saul). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] South Hayling, Hayling
Island, 6.5 (Phillips, 2005). E. KENT [15] Broadstairs, 19.7 (Solly, 2005); Foreness, 20.7 (Solly, 2005);
Pegwell, 22.7; Westwood, 25.7 (Solly, 2005). VC15 records may relate to the same individual.

LASIOCAMPIDAE

1639 Dendrottmus pint (L.) Pine-tree Lappet [I]

E. KENT [15] Littlestone, 2.8, the first county record (KR). E. INVERNESS-SHIRE [96] Leachkin,
Inverness, 28.7, new to Scotland (D. Robinson per JW).

SATURNIIDAE

1643a Saturnia pyri (D. & S.) Great Peacock [In]

BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Wootton, 26.5 (S. & A. Hawkins per LJH).

Unlisted Actias selene (Hb.) Indian Moon Moth [In]

E. KENT [15] Maidstone, undated (autumn), at a lighted window (Ferguson, 2006).

DREPANIDAE

1649 Drepana curvatula (Borkh.) Dusky Hook-tip [I]

W. SUSSEX [13] Ferring, 2.8 (THE); Pagham, 9.8 (C. Glanfield per CRP). E. KENT [15] Kingsgate,
12.8 [not 8.8 as given in Solly, 2005 & elsewhere] (FS; Ferguson, 2006); New Romney, 1 1.8 (KR). S.
ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 4.8 (Dewick, 2005).

GEOMETRIDAE

1678 Cyclophora puppillaria (Hb.) Blair’s Mocha [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 21.6, 6.11, 20.11 (Scott, 2005a). W. SUSSEX [13]
Ferring, 7. 1 1 (THE per CRP).

1678a Cyclophora ruficiliaria (H.-S.) Jersey Mocha [I]

DORSET [9] Chickerell, Weymouth, 2.9 (PHS); Upwey, Weymouth, 21.8 (PH, det. PHS); the second
and third British records.

1684 Scopula nigropunctata (Hufn.) Sub-angled Wave [R][I][V]

Records away from known populations in VC15 that may relate to immigrants.

E. SUSSEX [14] Nr. Northiam, 2.8 (DB per CRP). E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 24.7 (DW)

1688 Scopula rubiginata (Hufn.) Tawny Wave [R][I][V]

Coastal records from VC25 are included but most likely to be associated with resident populations.

E. KENT [15] Lydd-on-Sea, 29.7 (DB^). E. SUFFOLK [25] Dunwich Heath, 21.8 (M. Cornish);
Minsmere, 8.6, 16.6, 14.8 (Harvey, 2005).

1696 Maea ochrata (Scop.) Bright Wave [R][FV]

E. NORFOLK [27] Nr. Great Yarmouth, 13.7 (P. Heath per DH).

1699 Maea rusticata (D. & S.) Least Carpet [R][I][V]

Coastal/extralimital records of possible immigrant examples.

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 16.5, 7.6, 8.8 (Scott, 2005a); The Lizard, 9.8
(Tunmore, 2005). S. DEVON [3] Uplyme, 2.8 (AK).

1714 Maea degeneraria (Hb.) Portland Ribbon Wave [R][W]

Coastal records away from VC9 that may relate to immigrants, vagrants or undiscovered colonies.

W. CORNWALL [1] Buryas Bridge, 3.8 (Boggis, 2004a); lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 4.9 (Scott,
2005a); lOS: St Agnes, 4.9 (Hicks, 2005); Maenporth, 24.5, 13.6, 31.8, 5.9 (7), 9.9 (Davis, 2005). S.
DEVON [3] Starcross, 26/30.8 (AHD); West Hill, 9.9 (PJB per RFM).

1753 Nebula salicata (Hb.) Striped Twin-spot Carpet [R][V/I]

N. ESSEX [19] Felsted, 18.5, first VC record (G. Geen).

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1771a Thera cupressata (Geyer) Cypress Carpet [R][V/I]

Records away from VC’s 3, 9, 10, 11, 13 & 14 where resident populations are well established.

N. SOMERSET [6] Bumham-on-Sea, 31.10, 2.11 (A. Slade). E. KENT [15] Lydd, 2.11 (KR). W. KENT
[16] Longfield, 19.6 (PPH, in Ferguson, 2006). S. ESSEX [18] Woodford Green, 6.11, first county
record (R. Barfoot).

1855a Eupithecia ultimaria Boisd. Channel Islands Pug [R][V/I]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 4.8, first county record (Scott, 2005a).

1891 Macaria signaria (Hb.) Dusky Peacock [I][MC]

E. KENT [15] Barham, near Canterbury, 4.8 (SPC); Kingston, near Canterbury, 10.8 (R. Brown).

1894 Chiasmia clathrata (L.) Latticed Heath [R][W]

Large late summer/autumn arrivals, often particularly evident along the east coast, believed to relate
immigration.

E. KENT [15] Kingsgate, 25.8 (258), 30.8 (183) (Solly, 2005); Pegwell, 30.8 (317) (Solly, 2005);
Ramsgate, 30.8 (117) (Solly, 2005). S. ESSEX [18] Maldon, 19-24.8 (195, single night count) (per SN);
Maldon area, 1-3.9 (516, single night count at two sites) (per SN). N. ESSEX [19] Copt Hall, 5.9
(‘thousands’ by day) (J. Firmin); Dovercourt, 20.7 (120) (per SN).

1894a Chiasmia aestimaria (Hb.) Tamarisk Peacock [I]

E. KENT [15] New Romney, 28.9 (SPC); Sholden, Deal, 16.8 (L. Hirst, in Harman, 2004). New to
Britain.

1911 Ennomos autumnaria (Werneb.) Large Thorn [R][W]

Extralimital or coastal records away from known populations.

DERBYSHIRE [57] Shipley, 5.9, first county record (Viles & Wright, 2005). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61]
Easington, 2.9 (M.J. Stoyle per BRS).

1918 Selenia lunularia (Hb.) Lunar Thorn [R][W]

Coastal records away from suitable habitat.

E. KENT [15] Lydd-on-Sea, 19.5 (RC), 28.5, 2.6 (DB^); St Margaret’s Bay, 6.8 (AM).

1958 Lomographa temerata (D. & S.) Clouded Silver [R][I?]

An example associated with the February immigration.

W. CORNWALL [1] Maenporth, 12.2 (Davis, 2005).

SPHINGIDAE

1973 Acherontia atropos (L.) Death’s-head Hawk-moth [I]

Total no. reported: 25 adults, 44 larvae/pupae

Adults by vice-county: 1 (4), 2 (1), 9 (2), 10 (3), 11 (3), 13 (1), 15 (5), 19 (1), 21 (1), 41 (1), 60 (1), 112
(1), H6(l).

Larvae/pupae by vice-county: 3 (7), 4 (1), 6 (3), 11 (8), 13 (2), 14 (3), 15 (3), 17 (1), 18 (10), 19 (1),
20(1), 21 (1), 31 (2), 55(1).

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 28.9, 29.9 (Scott, 2005a); Sancreed, 23.7 (Boggis,
2004a); St Ives, 6.7 (Boggis, 2004a). E. CORNWALL [2] Par, 14.6 (A. Hunkin per PHB). S. DEVON
[3] Exeter, 14.9, 15.9, 23.9, three larvae (D. Davidson per RFM), 22.9, larva (anon, per RFM), 23.10,
larva (M. Butler per RFM); Exminster Marshes, 18.9, larva (anon, per RFM), 26.9, larva (BPH). N.
DEVON [4] Braunton Burrows, 29.8, larva (D. Carter per RFM). N. SOMERSET [6] Bath, late
September, larva (per SN); Othery, early October, larva (M. Horton per SN); Weston-super-Mare, 10.9,
larva (per MY). DORSET [9] Bournemouth, 2.10 (anon.); Weymouth, 4.10, found dead (per PHS).
ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Nettlestone, September, undated (per SAK-J); Ryde, July, undated (per SAK-J);
West Cowes, 7.7 (G. Long per TN). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Bishopstoke, Eastleigh, 19.9, larva (C. Short
perTN), 23.9 (adult) (P.E. Hutchins per TN); Millbrook, 6.7 (H. Stuart perTN); Ringwood, October, six
larvae (S. Curson per TN); Southampton, 6.7 (H. Stuart per SN); Upper Kingston, 5.9, larva (per TN).
W. SUSSEX [13] Hove, mid-November, found dead (D. How per CRP); Hunston, undated (autumn),
two pupae (per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Forest Row, 28.9, three larvae (R. Fletcher per SN). E. KENT
[15] Iwade, 9.9 (IC); Kingsgate, 16.9 (P. Wigley per IDF); Littlestone, 8.10 (Clancy, 2005a); Ospringe,
14.7 (D.W. Jenner per IDF); Sellindge, 1.11 (C. Davis via T. Orsboume per IDF); Wye, 12.10, three
larvae (P. Smytheman). SURREY [17] Wrecclesham, late September, pupa (C. Wiskin per SN). S.
ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 16-24.8, nine larvae on Euonymus europaeus (Dewick, 2005);
Tillingham, 30.8, larva (SJD). N. ESSEX [19] Great Bentley, September, larva (T. Sawkins, J. Firmin
per BG); Harwich, 20.7 (P. Smith). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Rothamsted Estate, 15.9, larva (R.
Harrington per CWP). MIDDLESEX [21] Hampton, 12.9, larva (per MSP); Teddington, 1.8 (S. Gough
per SN). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Bury, October, pupa (M. Simpson per BD); Sapley, August, larva

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(BD). GLAMORGAN [41] Kenfig NNR, 15.9 (Gilmore, 2005). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Lyddington,
20.9, larva (RF. Tomalin per APR). W. LANCASHIRE [60] Blackpool Airport, 17.9 (I. Chandler per
SMP). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Sella Ness, 1.8, found dead (per MP).

WATERFORD [H6] Waterford City, 6.10 (M. O’Meara per IR).

[Records from Downderry [2], 6/20.7 (Boggis, 2004a; Nash, 2005), and Phillack, Hayle [1], 26.5 (2)
(Boggis, 2004b), have been found to be erroneous (LACT, PHB, pers. comm.)].

Fig. 5. Occurrence times of Acherontia atwpos adults during 2004 (dated records).

1986 Hyles euphorbiae (L.) Spurge Hawk-moth [I]

E. KENT [15] Kingsdown, 9.6 (FS); Lydd-on-Sea, 7.8 (Db2).

1987 Hyles gallii (Rott.) Bedstraw Hawk -moth [I][R]

Total no. immigrant adults reported: 26

By vice-county: 9 (2), 10 (2), 11 (1), 15 (2), 28 (1), 29 (1), 31 (1), 54 (1), 58 (1), 61 (3), 85 (1), 93 (1),

111 (1), 112 (8).

DORSET [9] Puddletown, 6.8 (HWH); West Bexington, 14.6 (Eden, 2005). ISLE OF WIGHT [10]
Whale Chin, 7.8 (2, by day) (Knill-Jones, 2005a). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Bishopstoke, Eastleigh, 14.7
(P.W. Hooper per TN). E. KENT [15] Kingsdown, 9.6 (2) (FS). BERKSHIRE [22] Maidenhead, 13.8
(M.J. & L.J Finch per MH). W. NORFOLK [28] Burnham Overy, 10.7 (H. Brown per DH).
CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29] Over, 8.6 (J. Dawson). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Ramsey Heights, 17.6
(A. & S. Wallis per BD). N. LINCOLNSHIRE [54] Gibraltar Point, 25.7 (Troake, 2005).
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] Edwinstowe, 8.8, fully grown larva (Viles & Wright, 2005). CHESHIRE
[58] Alsager, 8.8 (M. Dale per SF). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Cottingham, 1.8 (per TE); Spurn, 3.8, 7.8
(Spence, 2005). FIFESHIRE [85] Kinghorn, 7.8 (B. & S. Little). N. ABERDEENSHIRE [93]
Oldmeldrum, 12.8 (Palmer et al, 2006). ORKNEY ISLANDS [111] 11.7, early October (Gauld, 2005).
SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Baltasound, 8.8 (per MP); Eswick, 8.8 (2) (per MP); Fetlar, 11.8 (Anon.,
2005a); Foula, 1.8 (2) (D. Atherton); Virkie, 11.8 (2) (Anon., 2005a).

1990 Hyles livornica (Esp.) Striped Hawk-moth [I]

Total no. reported: 59

By vice-county: 1 (14), 3 (1), 6 (2), 9 (14), 10 (2), 13 (4), 15 (11), 18 (1), 20 (1), 25 (3), 41 (2), 53 (1),
H2(l), H12(l), H15(l).

W. CORNWALL [1] Church Cove, The Lizard, 9.6 (MT); Cury, The Lizard, 7.6, 10.6, 11.6, 28.6 (FTJ);
lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 10.6 (2), 13.6, 14.6, 15.6 (2), 16.6 (2), 6.9 (MAS). S. DEVON [3]
Tavistock, 9.6 (F. Slatter per RFM). N. SOMERSET [6] Berrow, 7.6 (J. Packer); Weston-super-Mare,

11.6 (K. Poole per MY). DORSET [9] Child Okeford, 2.8 (S. Barrett); Durlston, 5.2 (Davey, 2004),

15.6 (JHC); Portland Bird Observatory, 9.6, 14.6 (MC, in Davey, 2005); Puddletown, 12.2, 9.6, 10.6,

15.6 (HWH); Swanage, 8.6 (RC^, in Davey, 2005); Upwey, 9.6 (PH); West Bexington, 11.2, 6.7 (RE, in
Davey, 2005); Weymouth, 9.6 (PH). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Binstead, undated (2) (B. Wame per TN).
W. SUSSEX [13] Donnington, 9.6 (Love, 2005); Ferring, 10.6 (THF); Kingsham, 12.6 (SJP);
Middleton-on-sea, 9.6 (Love, 2005). E. KENT [15] Kingsdown, 9.6 (2) (FS per IDF); Kingsgate, 13.6,

15.6 (FS); Pegwell, 16.6 (3), 17.6 (FS per IDF); Sandwich, 9.6, 11.6 (PC. Heathcote per IDF); South
Foreland, 14.6 (M. Love per IDF). S. ESSEX [18] Steeple, 15.6 (C. Harding per BG).

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Fig. 6. Occurrence times of immigrant Hyles gallii adults during 2004 (dated records).

Fig. 7. Occurrence times of Hyles livornica during 2004 (dated records).

HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford, 13.6 (CWP). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory,
12.6, 17.6 (Odin, 2005); Mendlesham, 25.6 (S. Woolnough per AWP). GLAMORGAN [41] Cwm Ivy,
Gower, 10.6, 15.6 (Gilmore, 2005). S. LINCOLNSHIRE [53] Langworth, nr. Lincoln, 10.6 (J. Knight).

N. KERRY [H2] Ballyferiter, Tralee, 27.8 (J. Crosher per IR). WEXFORD [H12] Ravenswood, 12.6 (P.
Strickland per IR). S.E. GALWAY [H15] Leagh South, Kinvarra, 12.6 (CH).

NOTODONTIDAE

2002 Notodonta tritophus (D. & S.) Three-humped Prominent [1]

E. KENT [15] New Romney, 4.8 (KR).

THAUMETOPOEIDAE

2022 Thaumetopoea processionea (L.) Oak Processionary [I][In]

Total no. immigrants reported; 9

By vice-county: 3 (1), 9 (2), 11 (2), 13 (2), 15 (1), 25 (1).

S. DEVON [3] Teignmouth, 9.8 (RFM). DORSET [9] Charmouth, 10.8 (PP); Swanage, 17.8 (RC^). S.
HAMPSHIRE [11] Fareham, 10.8 (KW); Portchester, 12.8 (JS). W. SUSSEX [13] Donnington, 18.8 (C.

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Dewhurst per CRP); West Wittering, 10.8 (SJP per CRP). E. KENT [15] Lydd, 12.8 (CT). E. SUFFOLK
[25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 9.8 (Odin, 2005).

LYMANTRIIDAE

2034 Lymantria dispar (L.) Gypsy Moth [I][FR]

W. SUSSEX [13] Donnington, 3.8 (C. Dewhurst per CRP); Chichester, 12.8 (MCP per CRP). E.
SUFFOLK [25] Eye, 8.8 (PK).

WICKLOW [H20] Rathdrum, 8.8, new to Ireland (D. Dennison, L. Taylor per AT).

ARCTIIDAE

2041 Pelosia muscerda (Hufn.) Dotted Footman [R][I]

Records away from suitable habitat in VC27.

Total no. immigrants reported: 11

By vice-county: 9 (1), 13 (2), 14 (3), 15 (2), 18 (1), 25 (2).

DORSET [9] Walditch, 8.8 (Parsons & Brereton, 2005). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 2.8, 3.8 (JTR per
CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Icklesham, 5.8 (2), 19.8 (Hunter, 2005). E. KENT [15] Greatstone, 8.8 (BB);
Kingsgate, 14.8 (FS). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 14.8 (Dewick, 2005). E. SUFFOLK [25]
Ipswich, 29.7 (NS, in Pickles, 2005); Minsmere, 29.7 (Harvey, 2005).

2043 Eilema sororcula (Hufn.) Orange Footman [R][V/I]

Coastal or extraiimital records away from known breeding populations.

E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 14.6 (DW); Kingsdown, 7.6, 12.6 (2) (Jarman, 2005). S.E. YORKSHIRE
[61] Kilnsea, 16-18.5 (BRS).

2045 Eilema caniola (Hb.) Hoary Footman [R][W]

New breeding populations of this species have recently become established in southern & south-east
England, so some of the following records may relate to locally bred examples.

DORSET [9] Durlston, 25.6, 16.7, 7.8, 9.8 (SN), 20.7 (6), 3.8 (2) (DCGB); West Bexington, 2.8, 9.8
(RE, in Davey, 2005). E. SUSSEX [14] Heathfield, 30.7, 1.8 (DRML per CRP); Sharpthome, 7.8 (P.
Clark per CRP). E. KENT [15] Lydd, 30.9 (per KR).

2046 Eilema pygmaeola (Doubl.) Pigmy Footman [R][V/I]

Records away from suitable habitat in VC’s 15 & 27.

S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Fareham, 22.7 (I. McPherson per TN). W. SUSSEX [13] Ferring, 4.8 (THF per
CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Icklesham, 30.7, 2.8, 6.8 (Hunter, 2005); Peacehaven, 2.8 (Pratt, 2005). E.
SUFFOLK [25] Orfordness, 31.7 (per JBH).

2051 Lithosia quadra (L.) Four-spotted Footman [R][I]

Resident populations occur widely in south-west England and southern Ireland, these probably
reinforced by immigration. However records from these areas have been excluded as their origins are
generally indeterminable and likely to be mainly associated with local breeding populations.

DORSET [9] Abbotsbury, 17.8 (DCGB); Burton Bradstock, 17.8 (PHS); East Holme, 3.8 (J. Cox, in
Davey, 2005); Portland Bird Observatory, 11.8 (Cade, 2005a); Preston, 12.8 (MF); Puddletown, 17.8
(HWH); Studland, 17.7 (CMM), 1.8 (DCGB); Tatton, 14.8 (2) (DF); Upwey, 14.8 (PH); West
Bexington, 15.8 (6) (DCGB); Wimbome, 15.8 (D. & M. Godfrey, in Davey, 2005). ISLE OF WIGHT

[10] Cranmore, 17.8 (I & C. Fletcher per SAK-J); Totland, 9.8, 10.8, 21.8 (SAK-J). S. HAMPSHIRE

[11] Chandlers Ford, 14.8 (B. Goater per TN); Pennington Marshes, 9.8 (R. Wynn); Sholing,
Southampton, 15.7 (ARC); Southsea, 14.8 (IRT per TN). W. SUSSEX [13] Pagham, 9.8 (C. Glanfield
per CRP); Rusper, 12.8 (S. Bayley per CRP). SURREY [17] Buckland, 8.6 (CH). GLAMORGAN [41]
Cwm Ivy, Gower, 28.7, 4.9 (Gilmore, 2005); Glen Moor, Gower, 9.8 (Gilmore, 2005); Pontypridd, 22.8
(Gilmore, 2005); Whiteford Lodge, Gower, 23.8 (Gilmore, 2005). MERIONETHSHIRE [48] Tan-y-
bwlch, 27.7 (3) (DCGB per AG). ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon Glen, 26.7 (4), 27.7 (LK); Iona Laxey,
26.7 (2) (R. Cripps per LK); Peel, 26.7, 27.7 (D. Allen per LK).

FERMANAGH [H33] Crom, 17.7 (2) (see Appendix 1) (V. McLoughlin per BFS). DOWN [H38]
Castle ward, undated (per IR).

2067 Eupiagia quadripunctaria (Poda) Jersey Tiger [R][W]

Records away from known resident populations in VC’s 2, 3, 9 & 10.

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 11.8, 16.8 (Scott, 2005a); Maenporth, 18.8 (Davis,
2005). DORSET [9] Durlston, 14.8 (SN). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Funtley, 10.8 (MLO). W. SUSSEX [13]
Ferring, 8.8 (THF). E. KENT [15] Dover, 17.8 (M. Sykes per IDF); Dungeness, 9.8 (D. Bunny per
DW); Lydd, 8.8, 10.8, 15.8 (CT, KR); Hythe, 10.8 (I. Roberts); Folkestone, 10.8 (AGJB); New Romney,
8.8, 12.8 (KR). SURREY [17] Streatham, 11.8 (M. Trasenster). E. SUFFOLK [25] Westleton, 5.8, first
county record (MJD, R. Drew).

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Fig. 8. Occurrence times of extralimital Euplagia quadripunctaria during 2004 (dated records).

2068 Caiiimorpha dominula (L.) Scarlet Tiger [R][W]

Coastal records away from known resident populations.

E. KENT [15] Sandwich, 9.7 (PPH, in Ferguson, 2006).

NOLIDAE

2076 Meganola albula (D. & S.) Kent Black Arches [R][V/I]

Coastal, extralimital records, most likely to relate to internal dispersal.

W. CORNWALL [1] Maenporth, 15.7 (Davis, 2005).

2079 Nola aerugula (Hb.) Scarce Black Arches [I]

E. KENT [15] Dymchurch, 27.6, 29.7 (JO, in Pickles, 2005). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey, 29.7 (Deans,
2005); Landguard, 21.7 (Odin, 2005).

2079a Nola chlamitulalis (Hb.) Jersey Black Arches [I/In?]

S. ESSEX [18] Epping Forest, 5.6, new to Britain (TG per BG).

NOCTUIDAE

2094 Agrotis crassa (Hb.) Great Dart [I][FR]

S. DEVON [3] Uplyme, 8.8, first county record (AK). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 12.8,
17.8 (Cade, 2005a); West Bexington, 9.8 (Eden, 2005); Wyke Regis, 13.8, 17.8 (DF).

2102a Ochropleura leucogaster (Frey.) Radford’s Flame Shoulder [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 1-4.11 (Scott, 2005a). DORSET [9] Portland Bird

Observatory, 11.11 (Cade, 2005a).

2105 Rhyacia simulans (Hb.) Dotted Rustic [R][I]

SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Fair Isle, 4.9, a pale immigrant example, the first VC record in over fifty
years (P. Thomson, in Anon., 2005a).

2107 Noctua pronuba (L.) Large Yellow Underwing [R][I]

Significant coastal influxes likely to indicate large immigrations.

E. KENT [15] Kingsdown, 24.7 (400) (FS); Kingsgate, 15.7 (371), 20.7 (212) (FS); Lydd, 23.7 (180)
(KR). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 25.8 (251) (Anon., 2005a); Unst, 10.9 (98) (Anon.,
2005a).

2111a Noctua janthina (D. & S.) Langmaid’s Yellow Underwing [I][MC]

Certainly breeding in VC15 and probably elsewhere, all records are included for interest.

DORSET [9] Durlston, 16.7, 28.7 (SN), 31.7, 3.8 (2), 4.8 (12) (DCGB); Portland Bird Observatory,
16.7, 17.7, 21.7, 22.7, 3.8, 4.8, 5.8, 10.8, 5.9, 7.9 (MC); Studland, 4.8 (DCGB); West Bexington, 4.7,
5.9, 6.9, 10.9 (Eden, 2005). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Portchester, 8.8 (IS); Southsea, 22.7 (JRL per TN).
W. SUSSEX [13] West Wittering, 6.8, 8.8, 13.8 (SIP per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Icklesham, 2.8 (3), 9.8

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(2) (Hunter, 2005). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area, 3.7 - 11.8, with monthly totals of July (24), August
(42) (per SPC); Folkestone, 11.8 (Pickles, 2005); Kingsdown area, 13.7 - 11.8, with monthly totals of
July (6), August (14) (Jarman, 2005); Isle of Thanet, July (1), August (5) (Solly, 2005). E. SUFFOLK
[25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 7.8 (Odin, 2005); Rendham, 15.7 (MJD); first county records.

2137 Enrols occulta (L.) Great Brocade [I][R]

The following records are all thought to relate to the pale immigrant form.

Total no. immigrants reported: 74

By vice-county: 18 (1), 19 (1), 26 (1), 27 (4), 59 (1), 60 (1), 61 (7), 62 (4), 63 (1), 67 (1), 71 (2), 89 (1),
93 (2), 94 (2), 111 (8), 112 (37).

S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 16.8 (Dewick, 2005). N. ESSEX [19] Dunmow, 16.8 (D. Perry per
BG). W. SUFFOLK [26] King’s Forest, 14.8 (AWP). E. NORFOLK [27] Scole, 12.8, 13.8, 14.8 (M.
Hall per DH); Weyboume, 4.8 (M. Preston per DH). S. LANCASHIRE [59] Pennington, 14.8 (PP per
SMP). W. LANCASHIRE [60] Yealand Conyers, 22.8 (B. Hancock per SMP). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61]
Easington, 5.8, 13.8 (M.J. Stoyle per BRS); Filey, 8.8 (per TE); Kilnsea, 6.8 (BRS); Muston, 14.8 (P.Q.
Winter per CF); Rudston, 5.8 (per CF); Spurn, 8.8 (BRS). N.E. YORKSHIRE [62] Guisborough, 6.8 (2)
(D. Money, P.W. Forster per CF); Saltbum-by-the-Sea, 5.8 (2) (D. Money). S.W. YORKSHIRE [63]
West Melton, nr. Rotherham, 6.8 (HEB per CF). S. NORTHUMBERLAND [67] Tynemouth, 4.8 (TT).
ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon Glen, 13.8, 15.8 (LK). E. PERTHSHIRE [89] Kindrogan, near Pitlochry,

17.8 (PW). N. ABERDEENSHIRE [93] Auchnagatt, 8.8, 10.8 (C. Harlow). BANFFSHIRE [94]
Ordiquhill, 16.7, 17.8 (RL^). ORKNEY ISLANDS [111] 4-16.8 (8) (Gauld, 2005). SHETLAND
ISLANDS [112] Bressay, 3.8 (4), 4.8 (2) (per MP); Burrafirth, 5.8, 25.8 (per MP); Eswick, 3.8, 4.8 (6),
9.8, 10.8 (4) (per MP), 23.8, 28.8 (TR); Foula, 4.8, 6.8 (per MP); North Nesting, 6.8 (per MP); Norwich,

4.8 (per MP); Ocraquoy, 6.8 (per MP); Toft, 31.7, 6.8 (per MP); Virkie, 31.7, 1.8, 6.8, 7.8, 29.8 (per
MP); Walls, 5.8, 6.8 (2) (per MP).

Fig. 9. Occurrence times of immigrant Eurois occulta during 2004 (dated records).

2145 Discestra trifolii (Hufn.) Nutmeg [R][IW]

Records of immigrant, pale examples recorded during the February immigration; plus extralimital
records.

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 4.2, 5.2 (2), 9.2, 10.2, 12.2, 14.2 (2), 16.2 (MAS); The
Lizard, 12.2 (Tunmore, 2005). DORSET [9] Corfe Castle, 11.2 (Davey, 2004); Kingscombe, 11.2
(Davey, 2004); Portland Bird Observatory, 11.2 (5), 13.2 (MC); Preston, 13.2 (2) (MF); West
Bexington, 10.2, 11.2 (4), 13.2, 14.2, 16.2 (Davey, 2004). E. KENT [15] Kingsgate, 14.2 (FS).
SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Bressay, 8.8 (Anon., 2005a); Burrafirth, 9.8, 14.8 (3) (Anon., 2005a);
Eswick, 9.8, 10.8 (3) (Anon., 2005a); Foula, 8.8, 10.8 (Anon., 2005a); Mid Walls, 6.8 (Anon., 2005a);
Unst, 10.8 (3) (Anon., 2005a).

WEXFORD [H12] Ballyteigue, 2.9 (V. McLoughlin per BFS).

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2160a Lacanobia splendens (Hb.) Splendid Brocade [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] Maenporth, 10.6 (Davis, 2005). DORSET [9] Studland, 20.7 (DCGB). SURREY
[14] Capel, 29.6, first county record (Fraser, 2004).

2183 Orthosia miniosa (D. & S.) Blossom Underwing [R][W]

Coastal or extralimital records that may relate to immigrants.

S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Portchester, 14.4 (JS). E. KENT [15] Kingsgate, 1.4 (Solly, 2005). E. NORFOLK

[27] Stoke Holy Cross, 2.4 (A. Musgrove per DH).

2194 Mythimna albipuncta (D. & S.) White-point [R][W]

An established resident within the southern and eastern seaboard counties between VC’s 9 & 25, and
records are only listed from outside this area.

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 17.6 (3), 23.7, 3.9 (2), 5.9, 9.9 (MAS). S. DEVON [3]
Abbotskerswell, 6.9 (BPH); Hennock, 31.7 (B&LB per RFM); Salcombe, August (A. Trout per RFM);
Tytherleigh, 22.8 (AJ per RFM); Uplyme, 3.6, August (3), September (6), 29.10, 1.11, 2.11, 3.11, 6.11
(AK); Wembury, 28.8 (P. Stubbs); West Hill, 6.9 (PJB per RFM). S. SOMERSET [5] Merriott, 26.8, 5.9,

22.9 (R. Clatworthy per MY); Norton sub Hamdon, 18.8 (IM per MY). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Greywell,

19.9 (P. Boswell); Sherborne St John, 8.9 (NM). SURREY [17] Weybridge, 16.6 (ARM per GAC);
Woking, 28.5 (M. Waller per SN). E. BERKSHIRE [22] Wash Common, 27.6, 17.7 (N. Asher per MH).
NORFOLK [27] Attleborough, 12.8 (LB-L); Barnham Broom, 18.8 (J. & J. Geeson per DH); Eccles-on-
Sea, 27.8, 28.8 (2), 14.9 (NB per DH); Honing, 17.8 (P. Heath per DH); Scole, 29.5, 4.6, 6.6, August
(5), September (7) (M. Hall per DH); Trowse, 19.5 (J. Sutton per DH); Winterton, 15.8 (2) (per DH). W.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE [34] Culkerton, 24.6 (M. Oates per RG). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 14.6,
15.8, 16.8, 18.8, 19.8, 21.8, 25.8 (PAC per CF), 13.8, 17.8 (BRS); Muston, 21.10 (P.Q. Winter per CF);
Spurn, 10.8, 13.8 (2) (BRS).

2202 Mythimna l-album (L.) L-album Wainscot [R][W]

An established resident within the southern seaboard counties between VC’s 1 & 25, and records are
only listed from outside this area.

W. KENT [16] Beckenham, 19.9 (J. Nisbett per CWP).

2208 Mythimna loreyi (Dup.) Cosmopolitan [I]

Total no. reported: 62

By vice-county: 1 (23), 2 (1), 3 (1), 9 (23), 10 (5), 12 (1), 13 (1), 14 (2), 15 (2), 16 (1), 34 (1), 45 (1).

W. CORNWALL [1] Buryas Bridge, 24.9; Cury, The Lizard, 7.11 (FTJ); lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s,
12.2, 27.6 (2), 8.8, 7.9 (2), 8.9, 9.9, 21.9, 10.10 (MAS); The Lizard, 5.2, 12.2, 26.9, 26.10, 5.11, 7.11
(4), 8.11, 22.11 (MT) [the nine records shown for December in Tunmore (2005) were a misprint]. E.
CORNWALL [2] Fowey, 30.10 (W. Scott). S. DEVON [3] Branscombe Mouth, 30.10 (S. Hatch per
RFM). DORSET [9] East Lulworth, 17.11 (MSP); Portland Bird Observatory, 13.2, 31.8, 30.10 (3), 1.11

Fig. 10. Occurrence times of Mythimna loreyi during 2004 (dated records).

2004 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

163

(2), 3.11, 5.11, 6.11 (2), 7.11 (2), 8.11 (2) (MC); Preston, 12.2 (MF); Puddletown, 10.8 (2), 30.10
(HWH); West Bexington, 12.11 (2) (RE, in Davey, 2005); Wyke Regis, 13.2 (DF). ISLE OF WIGHT
[10] Culver Down, 24.10 (by day) (S. Pittis per SAK-J); Freshwater, 11.2, 13.2 (DBW per TN); Totland,
20.8, 6.11 (SAK-J). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Selbome, 13.8 (AEA). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 3.11
(JTR per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven, 5.9, 2.11 (Pratt, 2005). E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 27.10
(KR); New Romney, 26.9 (SPC). W. KENT [16] Gravesend, 26.9 (RK, in Ferguson, 2006). W.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE [34] Slimbridge, 9.6 (N. Woodward per RG). PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer
Island, 26.6 (Morgan, 2005).

2209 Mythimna flammea (Curtis) Flame Wainscot [R][W]

Coastal records away from known resident populations.

E. KENT [15] Lydd, 29.5 (KR).

2223 Calophasia lunula (Hufn.) Toadflax Brocade [R][V/I]

A localised resident in the southern seaboard counties between VC’s 13 & 25, and VC’s 16 & 21;
records from these VC‘s are excluded as they are likely to originate from breeding populations.
DORSET [9] Weymouth, 9.6 (Harris, 2004). E. NORFOLK [27] Bamham Broom, 3.6, 12.6 (J. & J.
Geeson); Stoke Holy Cross, 7.6 (A. Musgrove); first county records.

2241 Xylena vetusta (Hb.) Red Sword-grass [R][I][V]

Records of a potentially immigrant origin.

W CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 28.3 (Scott, 2005a); lOS: Maypole, St Mary’s, 7.10 (Scott,
2005a); Cury, The Lizard, 16.2 (FTJ), 23.11 (MT). E. CORNWALL [2] Downderry, 18.10 (S.C. Madge per
LACT). DORSET [9] Puddletown, 20.10, 7.12, 16.12 (HWH); West Bexington, 19.4 (RE). W. SUSSEX
[13] Walberton, 21.10 (JTR per CRP). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey, 8.11 (Deans, 2005). E. NORFOLK [27]
Eccles-on-Sea, 14.11 (Bowman, 2005). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 10.10 (Spence, 2005).

2246a Dryobota labecula (Esp.) Oak Rustic [MC][LW]

Records likely to relate to local breeding, included for interest.

ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 31.10, 15.11, 16.11 (Knill-Jones, 2005a).

2251 Trigonophora flammea (Esp.) Flame Brocade [I][FR]

DORSET [9] Swanage, 19.10, 2.11 (RC^). E. KENT [15] Lydd-on-Sea, 4.11 (Db2).

2260 Conistra rubiginea (D. & S.) Dotted Chestnut [R][V/I]

Records associated with the February immigration.

DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 11.2 (MC); Puddletown, 11.2 (HWH).

2261 Conistra ery throe ephala (D. & S.) Red-headed Chestnut [I]

Total no. reported: 20

By vice-county: 3 (1), 5 (1), 9 (7), 10 (2), 15 (6), 18 (1), 25 (2).

S. DEVON [3] Shaugh Prior, Dartmoor, 12.2, first county record since 1906 (A. Trout, in McCormick,
2004). S. SOMERSET [5] Orchard Wood, 4.3 (D. Evans per MY). DORSET [9] Durlston, 2.11 (SN);

Fig. 11. Occurrence times of Conistra erythrocephala during 2004 (dated records).

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Portland Bird Observatory, 2.11 (2), 6.11, 7.11 (MC); West Bexington, 5.11, 11.11 (Eden, 2005). ISLE
OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch, 13.2 (JH, in Knill-Jones, 2004); Cranmore, 16.11 (Knill-Jones, 2005a). E.
KENT [15] Dungeness, 25.10 (KR); Gillingham, 30.10 (O. Davis); Kingsgate, 7.11 (Solly, 2005); Lydd-
on-Sea, 2.11 (DB^); Pegwell, 28.10 (Solly, 2005); St. Margaret’s at Cliffe, 28.10 (AM). S. ESSEX [18]
Bradwell-on-Sea, 28.10 (Dewick, 2005). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey, 2.11, 25.11, first county records
(Deans, 2005).

2276 Xanthia ocellaris (Borkh.) Pale-lemon Sallow [R][I][V]

Coastal records away from known resident populations.

E. KENT [15] Lydd, 24.10 (CT).

2292 Cryphia algae (Fab.) Tree-lichen Beauty [I][MC]

Although probably established as a resident in several VC’s, particularly VC’s 16 & 21, all
received/sourced records are included for interest.

DORSET [9] Durlston, 7.8, 11.8 (SN); Portland Bird Observatory, 2.8 (2), 14.8 (Cade, 2005a);
Swanage, 28.7 (RC^). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch, 7.8 (3), 8.8 (JH per TN). S. HAMPSHIRE
[11] Chilling, 8.8 (4) (PMP per TN); Fareham, 8.8 (RD per TN); Lower Test, 5.8 (MH per TN);
Northney, Hayling Island, 2.8 (2), 8.8 (4), 15.8, 16.8 (Phillips, 2005); Southsea, 9.8 (JRL per TN);
Titchfield, 7.8 (PMP per TN). W. SUSSEX [13] Ferring, 4.8, 8.8 (2) (THE per CRP); Lyminster, 17.8
(C. Glanfield per CRP); Middleton-on-Sea, 28.7 (Love, 2005); Walberton, 4.8, 8.8 (JTR per CRP); West
Wittering, 2.8, 11.8 (Love, 2005). E. SUSSEX [14] Bexhill, 15.7, 2.8, 9.8 (KNA per CRP); Icklesham,
5.8, 8.8 (Hunter, 2005). E. KENT [15] Ashford, 8.8 (2) (P. Smytheman); Dungeness, 8.8, 9.8 (CR);
Dymchurch, 9.8 (JO); Folkestone, 3.8 (1. Roberts), 9-10.8 (4) (Pickles, 2005); Graveney, 24.7 (T.
Baldwin per SN); Greatstone, 30.7, 9.8 (BB); Kingsdown 29.7, 8.8 (NJ); Kingsgate, 3.8, 11.8, 14.8 (2)
(FS); Littlestone, 30.7, 5.8 (KR); Lydd, 2.8, 6.8 (CT, KR); Lydd-on-Sea, 31.7, 5.8, 9.8, 10.8 (RC, KA);
New Romney, 8.8 (KR); Pegwell, August (6) (FS); St Margaret’s Bay, 8.8 (AM). W. KENT [16]
Barnehurst, 25.7 (3), 27.7 (6), 28.7 (6), 29.7 (19), 2.8 (4), 8.8 (5), 13.8 (3), 22.8 (1) (Steele, 2005);
Crayford, 19.7 (Steele, 2005); Dartford, 19.7 (D. Miller per IDF), 27.7 - 8.8 (15) (West, 2004);
Greenwich, 22.7 (2) (THE); Woolwich, 5.8 (2) (R. Clark per SN). SURREY [17] Wandsworth, 7.8, 8.8
(A. Stanger per GAC). N. ESSEX [19] Little Oakley, 5.8 (G. Slater per BG); St Osyth, 8.8 (RA^ per
BG). MIDDLESEX [21] Regent’s Park, 22.7 (6) (per THE), 3.8 (6) (per SN). E. SUFFOLK [25]
Bawdsey, 3.8, 4.8, 9.8 (Deans, 2005); Landguard Bird Observatory, 3.8 (Odin, 2005); Orfordness, 2.8,
4.8 (JA, MCM per JBH).

2294 Cryphia raptricula (D. & S.) Marbled Grey [I]

E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 14.8 (CR per SPC).

2304 Trachea atriplicis (L.) Orache Moth II][FR]

Total no. reported: 9

By vice-county: 1 (2), 9 (1), 10 (2), 14 (1), 15 (1), 16 (1), 18 (1).

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 24.5 (Scott, 2005a); Maenporth, 3.8 (Davis, 2005);
first county records. DORSET [9] Marshwood, 27.7 (J. & I. Baker). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland,
17.7, 24.7 (Knill-Jones, 2005a). E. SUSSEX [14] Peasmarsh, 23.7 (M. Feeny-Brown per CRP). E.
KENT [15] New Romney, 25.6 (KR). W. KENT [16] Gravesend, 24.7 (DJLA). S. ESSEX [18]
Bradwell-on-Sea, 12.8 (Dewick, 2005).

2097a Actinotia hyperici (D. & S.) Pale-shouldered Cloud [I]

E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 20.7, 26.7 (Odin, 2005). Four of the five British
records have now come from this site.

2328 Apamea lateritia (Hufn.) Scarce Brindle [I]

SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Fetlar, 15.8 (P. French).

2347 Chortodes extrema (Hb.) Concolorous [R][I]

Coastal records away from known resident populations.

E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 7.6 (KR). E. SUFFOLK [25] Orfordness, 31.5, 1.6, 2.6, 9.6 (MCM, JA per JBH).

2357 Amphipoea lucens (Frey.) Large Ear [R][I]

Records from southern & eastern England outside the known breeding range.

E. SUFFOLK [25] Eye, 28.7 (PK per AWP).

2387a Platyperigea kadenii (Frey.) Clancy’s Rustic [I][MC]

W. SUSSEX [13] Ferring, 26.10 (THF). E. KENT [15] New Romney, 29.9, 5.10 (SPC).

2392a Proxenus hospes (Frey.) Porter’s Rustic [I]

Total no. reported: 8

By vice-county: 1 (2), 9 (3), 15 (2), 25 (1).

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165

W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 4.9 (Hicks, 2005); lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 10.9 (Scott, 2005a).
DORSET [9] Charmouth, 8.8 (PP); Portland Bird Observatory, 28.8 (2) (Cade, 2005a). E. KENT [15]
Dungeness, 25.8 (KR); Dymchurch, 18.8 (JO); first county records. E. SUFFOLK [25] Ipswich, 19.8,
first county record (NS).

2401 Heliothis viriplaca (Hufn.) Marbled Clover [R][W]

S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Fareham, 8.8 (KW per TN).

2404 Heliothis nubigera (H.-S.) Eastern Bordered Straw [I]

W. CORNWALL [1] Maenporth, 13.2 (Davis, 2005).

2407a Eublemma purpurina (D. & S.) Beautiful Marbled [I]

Total no. reported: 9

By vice-county: 1 (4), 9 (2), 11 (1), 12 (1), 24 (1).

W. CORNWALL [1] Buryas Bridge, Penzance, 21.8 (LO, in Cade, 2005b); lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s,

19.8, 22.8 (MAS); Maenporth, 8.8 (GD); first county records. DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory,

9.8, 10.8 (Cade, 2005b). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Southsea, 16.8, first VC record (IRT per TN). N.
HAMPSHIRE [12] Cheriton Wood, near Bishop’s Sutton, 31.7, first county record (P. Thompson per
TN). BUCKINGHAMSHIRE [24] Near Wendover, 17.8, first county record (M. Albertini, P. Hall, in
Cade, 2005b).

[Two additional probable records that escaped before identification could be confirmed occurred as
follows: W. CORNWALL [1] Buryas Bridge, Penzance, 8.8 (LO, in Cade, 2005b); lOS: Longstone, St
Mary’s, 2.8 (MAS, in Cade 2005b).]

2408 Eublemma parva (Hb.) Small Marbled [I]

W. SUSSEX [13] Middleton-on-Sea, 13.6 (O. & P. Laughame per CRP).

2413 Deltote bankiana (Fab.) Silver Barred [R][W]

E. KENT [15] Dymchurch, 26.6 (JO, in Pickles, 2005).

2415 Acontia lucida (Hufn.) Pale Shoulder [I]

Total no. reported: 6

By vice-county: 9 (2), 12 (1), 13 (1), 15 (1), 25 (1).

DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 10.8 (Cade, 2005a); West Bexington, 14.8 (Eden, 2005). N.
HAMPSHIRE [12] Sherborne St John, 13.8, first VC record (NM, in Pickles, 2005). W. SUSSEX [13]
Stockbridge, Chichester, 6.6 (M.C. Perry per CRP). E. KENT [15] Elvington, 26.8 (T.R. Preston). E.
SUFFOLK [25] Blythburgh, 18.8, first county record (Wilson, 2005).

2428 Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.) Golden Twin-spot [I] [In]

Total no. reported: 23

By vice-county: 15 (8), 18 (6), 19 (2), 20 (5), 25 (1), 67 (1).

E. KENT [15] Kingsgate, 10.9, 15.10 (Solly, 2005); Lydd, 14.10 (KR); Pegwell, 15.8, 25.10 (Solly,
2005); Ramsgate, 18.8, 23.10 (Solly, 2005); Sandwich, 31.8 (S. Tookey per SN). S. ESSEX [18]

Fig. 12. Occurrence times of Chrysodeixis chalcites during 2004 (dated records).

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Bradwell-on-Sea, 1.10,9.10, 11.10, 15.10, 16.10 (Dewick, 2005); They don Bois, 21.10 (TG per BG). N.
ESSEX [19] Dovercourt, 16.9 (CG); Frinton-on-Sea, 12.10 (B. Lock, RA^ per BG).
HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Cheshunt, 1.9, 4.9 (2) (M. Cooper, P. Roper per CWP); Wheathampstead,
11.10, 13.10 (TDC per CWP). E. SUFFOLK [25] Hollesley, 10.9 (Deans, 2005). DURHAM [66] Souter
Lighthouse, 31.10, first county record (M. Newsome).

2432 Trichoplusia ni (Hb.) Ni Moth [I]

Total no. reported: 18

By vice-county: 1 (2), 5 (1), 6 (1), 9 (11), 10(1), 13(1), 15(1).

W. CORNWALL [1] Maenporth, 12.2 (Davis, 2005); The Lizard, 12.2 (Tunmore, 2005). S.
SOMERSET [5] Staplegrove, 4.2 (JMc). N. SOMERSET [6] Barton St David, 15.6 (C. Lawrence per
MY). DORSET [9] Cogden Beach, 13.2 (MSP, MF); Durlston, 12.2 (SN); Portland Bird Observatory,
11.2 (3), 12.2 (MC); Sherborne, 28.6 (DH^); Upwey, 9.6 (PH); West Bexington, 6.8 (Eden, 2005);
Weymouth, 11.2 (PHS), 9.6 (PH). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 10.2 (Knill-Jones, 2004). W.
SUSSEX [13] West Wittering, 11.8 (Love, 2005). E. KENT [15] Kingdown, 9.6 (NJ).

Fig. 13. Occurrence times of Trichoplusia ni during 2004 (dated records).

2436 Macdunnoughia confusa (Steph.) Dewick’s Plusia [I][In]

Total no. reported: 8

By vice-county: 9 (2), 11 (1), 15 (3), 18 (2).

DORSET [9] Charmouth, 8.8 (PP); Preston, 1.8 (RL). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Fareham, 5.9 [not 5.5 as
stated in Pickles, 20051 (RD per TN). E. KENT [15] Kingdown, 24.10 (NJ); Kingsgate, 4.10 (FS);
Lydd-on-Sea, 29.7 (DB^). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 22.8, 5.9 (Dewick, 2005).

[An undated 2004 record from Northwood Green [34] (N. Tappin, in Gaunt, 2006) should now be
regarded as unconfirmed (RG, pers. comm.).]

2447 Syngrapha interrogationis (L.) Scarce Silver Y [R][I]

The following records are all thought to relate to the plumbeous-grey immigrant form.

Total no. immigrants reported: 18

By vice-county: 16 (1), 18 (2), 19 (2), 58 (1), 61 (1), 62 (1), 112 (10).

W. KENT [16] Gravesend, 13.8 (RK, in Pickles, 2005). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 5.8, 14.8
(Dewick, 2005). N. ESSEX [19] Frinton-on-Sea, 5.8 (B. Lock per BG); Magdalen Laver, 14.8 (TG per
BG). CHESHIRE [58] Mere, 15.8 (S. Blamire per SN). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 13.8 (Spence,
2005). N.E. YORKSHIRE [62] Saltburn-by-the-Sea, 14.8 (D. Money). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112]
Bressay, 10.8 (2) (per MP); Eswick, 10.8, 11.8 (2) (per MP); Norwick, 4.8, 5.8 (per MP); Ocraquoy,
1 1 .8 (per MP); Toft, 6.8, 7.8 (per MP).

2451 Catocala fraxini (L.) Clifden Nonpareil [I][FR]

S. DEVON [3] Uplyme, 28.9, first modern county record (AK).

[Unconfirmed records from Flitwick [30], 20.8 (C. Carpenter per LJH); and Shrewton [8], 26.8 (J.
Curzon per MSP).]

2004 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

167

—

1

01-Jul 11-Jul 21-JuI 31-Jul 10-Aug 20-Aug 30-Aug 09-Sep 19-Sep 29-Sep

Fig. 14. Occurrence times of immigrant Syngrapha interrogationis during 2004 (dated records).

2451a Catocala conjuncta (Esp.) Minsmere Crimson Underwing [I]

E. SUFFOLK [25] Minsmere, 14.9, new to Britain (R. Harvey).

2453 Catocala electa (View.) Rosy Underwing [I]

W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 22.8 (JTR). E. KENT [15] Lydd-on-Sea, 24.8, first county record (DB^).

2455 Catocala spoma (L.) Dark Crimson Underwing [R][W]

Total no. immigrants reported: 6

By vice-county; 9 (1), 13 (2), 14 (1), 15 (1), 17 (1), 22 (1).

DORSET [9] Preston, 2.8 (RL). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 8.8 (JTR per CRP); West Wittering, 10.8
(SIP, in Higgott, 2005). E. SUSSEX [14] Hurst Green, 2.9 (M. Phillips, in Higgott, 2005); near
Northiam, 10.9 (DB). E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 7.8 (MT, J. Nelson). SURREY [17] Weybridge, 9.8
(ARM per GAC). BERKSHIRE [22] Femham, 13.8, first county record (SN, in Higgott, 2005).

2460 Dysgonia algira (L.) Passenger [I]

DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 24.8 (Cade, 2005a). E. KENT [15] Dymchurch, 1.8 (JO).

2465 Tyta luctuosa (D. & S.) Four-spotted [R][W]

Coastal/extralimital records of possible immigrant or vagrant examples.

N. DEVON [4] Dunsdon, nr. Holsworthy, 6.6 (Gregory, 2005). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 5.8, first
VC record in over fifty years (Knill-Jones, 2005a). E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 9.8 (CR per SPC).

2296 Tathorhynchus exsiccata (Led.) Levant Blackneck [I]

Total no. reported: 9
By vice-county: 1 (1), 9 (8).

W. CORNWALL [1] Maenporth, 10.2 (Davis, 2005). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 1 1.2 (2),
12.2 (2) (MC); Puddletown, 13.2, 15.2 [not 11.2 & 13.2 as given in Davey, 2004 & elsehere] (HWH per
PAD; Davey, 2005); West Bexington, 11.2, 12.2 (Eden, 2005).

2475 Parascotia fuliginaria (L.) Waved Black [R][W]

Coastal or extralimital records of possible immigrant examples.

E. KENT [15] Lydd-on-Sea, 24.7 (DB^). N. LINCOLNSHIRE [54] Langworth, 4.9, first VC record (C.
Dobson).

2474 Rivula sericealis (Scop.) Straw Dot [R][W]

Coastal/extralimital records or coastal influxes that may be the result of immigration.

N. ABERDEENSHIRE [93] Auchnagatt, 13.8 (2); Oldmeldrum, 12.8 (Palmer et al, 2006). ORKNEY
ISLANDS [111] 7.8 - 17.8 (9) (Palmer et al, 2006). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Foula, 10.8, first VC

record (Pennington, 2005).

2478 Hypena ohsitalis (Hb.) Bloxworth Snout [R][V/I]

Records outside the known breeding range in VC’s 3 & 9; likely to relate to immigration, internal
dispersal or undetected breeding colonies.

W. CORNWALL [1] Mylor Churchtown, 12.11 (J. Cooke per PHB); The Lizard, 12.2, 20.11 (Tunmore,
2005). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Ventnor, 5.12 (P.J. Cramp per SAK-J).

168

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

ANNEX 2: SELECTED RECORDS
OF COMMONER MIGRANT SPECIES IN 2004

Numerical summaries are not provided for the migrant butterfly species listed in
Annex 2, or for Autographa gamma (L.), due to the generalised, non-specific nature
of reports of these species from many sites in 2004. Significant records, site totals
and general comments have been given for these species, and county summaries of
the diurnal records of the migrant butterflies & Macroglossum stellatamm are
provided where these have been made available in spreadsheet format. The totals
given in the tables for species often recorded diumally such as Plutella xylostella
and Nomophila noctuella refer to light-trap records, as only records of this nature
were recorded and reported systematically. It has also not been possible to allocate
months of occurrence to all the records of nocturnal Annex 2 species reported. It is
therefore generally the case that the total given for the number of reported records is
greater than the sum of the monthly totals given within the tables.

Whilst it is likely that the records included in the tables will not be comprehensive
for the commoner species, the geographical and chronological occurrence patterns
presented should closely reflect the overall picture for each species.

Key to the symbols used within the distribution tables:

SW South-west England (VC’s 1-4).

CS Central southern England (coastal) (VC’s 5, 6, 9-11, 13).

SE South-east England (coastal) (VC’s 14-16, 18, 19).

EA East Anglia & Lincolnshire (VC’s 25-28, 53, 54).

SI Southern England (inland) (VC’s 7, 8, 12, 17, 20-24, 29-34).

W Wales (VC’s 35, 41-52).

CE Central England (inland) (VC’s 36-40, 53-58).

NE North-east England (VC’s 61, 62, 66-68).

NW North-west England & the Isle of Man (VC’s 59, 60, 63-65, 69-71).

S Scotland (VC’s 72-112).

I Ireland (VC’s H1-H40).

YPONOMEUTIDAE

§464 Plutella xylostella (L.) [R][I]

Total no. reported (ligM-trap records only): 2603+

Distribution of records:

SW

CS

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

153

1108

689

139

176

27

89

141

39

20+

22

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jill

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

I

111

11

6

52

936

412

570

105

92

26

6

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory - 437 (Cade, 2005a).
W. SUSSEX [13] Selsey Peninsula - 154 at three sites (Love, 2005). E. KENT [15] Isle of Thanet - 489
at four sites (Solly, 2005); New Romney - 83 (SPC). BERKSHIRE [22] Femham - 35 (SN per MH).
S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn - 59 (Spence, 2005).

Earliest dates: N. DEVON [4] Bideford, 5.2 (S. Hatch per RFM). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Lockbura, 5.1
(T. Walker per TN).

2004 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

169

Latest dates: DORSET [9] Durlston, 15.12 (PAD); Portland Bird Observatory, 7.12, 10.12 (MC). ISLE
OF WIGHT [10] Totland, December, undated (1) (Knill- Jones, 2005a). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Funtley,
4.12 (MLO per TN). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey, 8.12 (MID).

Large single night counts: DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 11.2 (28), 8.6 (42), 9.6 (45), 10.6
(58) (MC). W. SUSSEX [13] Kingsham, 10.6 (56) (SJP). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird
Observatory, 9.6 (36) (Odin, 2005).

Most northerly records: ORKNEY ISLANDS [111] 9.5 - 3.9 (‘in low numbers’) (Gauld, 2005).
SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 9.6 (several), 10.6 (several), 31.10 (Anon., 2005a).

PYRALIDAE

1395 Udea ferrugalis (Hb.) [I]

Total no. reported: 8651
Distribution of records:

sw

cs

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

5590

1409

1187

216

95

46

14

46

26

9

13

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

30

19

7

6

99

160

655

1946

1483

1840

1670

370

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 4566
(Scott, 2005a); lOS: St Agnes - 317 (Hicks, 2005), 10-12.10 (52) (Davison, 2005); Maenporth - 240
(Davis, 2005); The Lizard - 179 at three sites (Tunmore, 2005). DORSET [9] Portland Bird
Observatory - 473 (Cade, 2005a); West Bexington - 255 (Eden, 2005). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland
- Ill (SAK-J). W. SUSSEX [13] Selsey Peninsula - 97 at three sites (Love, 2005). S. HAMPSHIRE
[11] Fareham - 80+ at two sites (RD, KW per TN); Southsea - 64 at two sites (IRT, JRL per TN). E.
SUSSEX [14] Icklesham - 79 (Hunter, 2005); Peacehaven - 116 (Pratt, 2005). E. KENT [15]
Dungeness area - 483 at eight sites (Clancy, 2005a); Kingsdown area - 67 at two sites (Jarman, 2005);
Isle of Thanet - 228 at four sites (Solly, 2005). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea - 194 (Dewick, 2005).
E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey - 92 (Deans, 2005). E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea - 49 (Bowman,
2005).

Earliest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 2.1 (MAS). DORSET [9] Walditch, 5.1
(MSP).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 31.12 (MAS). S. HAMPSHIRE [11]
Fareham, 30.12 (RD perTN). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Selbome, 30.12 (AEAper TN). WICKLOW [H2§]
Ashford, 30.12 (AT).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 9.9 (97), 11.10 (199),
19.10 (114), 30.10 (141), 31.10 (121), 20.11 (103), 22.11 (161), 23.11 (168) (MAS). DORSET [9]
Portland Bird Observatory, 19.10 (70).

Most northerly records: MID PERTHSHIRE [88] Finnart, Loch Rannoch, 7.7 (JHC). BANFFSHIRE
[94] Ordiquhill, 5.9, 29.10, 3.11, 6.11 (RL^). ORKNEY ISLANDS [111] 1.11 (Gauld, 2005).
SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 30.10 (2), 31.10 (Anon., 2005a).

Selected inland records: SURREY [17] Lingfield, 14.8 (K.E. Noble per GAC); S. Croydon, 15.8
(GAC); Weybridge, 10.8 (ARM per GAC). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford, 11.8, 23.8, 14.9,
22.9, 30.10 (CWP, JF); Hertford, 28.6, 1.9, 7.9 (AW per CWP); Sawbridgeworth, 7.8 (CWP).
BERKSHIRE [22] Chawridge Bank, 25.8 (D.J. White per MH); Feraham, 8.8 - 3.11 (22) (SN per MH);
Mortimer, 15.8, 17.11 (G. Dennis per MH); Wash Common, 17.8 (N. Asher per MH); Waltham, 21.8
(4), 22.11 (2) (per MH). E. GLOUCESTERSHIRE [33] Hempsted, 4.7 (G.R. Avery per RG).
HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Catworth, 27.7 (BD); Earith, 4.9, 28.10 (DG per BD); Elton, 25.8, 31.10
(BS per BD); Hilton, 30.10 (BD); Old Weston, 27.8, 27.9, 29.10 (K. Royles per BD); Yaxley, August,
September, undated (AF per BD). W. GLOUCESTERSHIRE [34] Slimbridge, 26.8 (N. Woodward per
RG). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Barrowden, 18.8 (2) (RF per APR); Chamwood Lodge, 28.10 (KT per
APR); Enderby, 9.9 (MPS per APR); Ravenstone, undated (2) (KT per APR); Rutland Water, 16.11 (RIS
per APR). CHESHIRE [58] Alsager, 4.9, 1.11 (M. Dale per SF); Bramhall, 4.9, 5.9 (A. Charlton per
SF); Heald Green, 5.9 (B.T. Shaw per SF). MID PERTHSHIRE [88] Finnart, Loch Rannoch, 7.7 (JHC).

1398 Nomophila noctuella (D. & S.) [I]

Total no. reported (light-trap records only): 4126
Distribution of records:

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ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

sw

cs

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

818

2472

488

57

119

96

22

18

9

3

24

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

15

2172

20

-

4

297

171

837

290

77

12

1

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 486 (Scott,
2005a); lOS: St Agnes - 75 (Hicks, 2005); The Lizard - 93 at three sites (Tunmore, 2005). DORSET [9]
Portland Bird Observatory - 622 (511 in Feb.) (Cade, 2005a); West Bexington - 288 (Eden, 2004).
ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland - 98 (Knill-Jones, 2005a). W. SUSSEX [13] Selsey Peninsula - 192 at
three sites (Love, 2005). E. SUSSEX [14] Icklesham - 58 (Hunter, 2005). E. KENT [15] Dungeness
area - 151 at eight sites (Clancy, 2005a); Isle of Thanet - 131 at four sites (Solly, 2005). BERKSHIRE
[22] Fernham - 38 (SN per MH).

Earliest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 19.1, 22.1 (MAS); The Lizard,
January, undated (13) (Tunmore, 2005). W. LANCASHIRE [60] Burrow Heights, Lancaster, 3.2 (B.
Cockburn per SMP).

Latest dates: E. SUSSEX [14] Rye, 25.12 (P. Roper per SN).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 12.2 (61) (MAS).
DORSET [9] Dorchester, 11.2 (53) (ID); Portland Bird Observatory, 11.2 (202), 12.2 (136), 13.2 (76)
(MC); Puddletown, 11.2 (384), 12.2 (106), 13.2 (54) (HWH); Shapwick, 11.2 (42); West Bexington,

11.2 (133) (RE).

Most northerly records: S. LANCASHIRE [59] Crosby, Liverpool, 22.9 (J. Donnelly per SMP). W.
LANCASHIRE [60] Burrow Heights, Lancaster, 3.2 (B. Cockburn per SMP). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61]
Spurn, 16.5, 8-25.8 (3) (Spence, 2005). S.W. YORKSHIRE [63] Mirfield, 10.8 (M. Tordoff per CF).
N.W. YORKSHIRE [65] Hutton Conyers, 11.8, 17.8, 21.8, 1.9, 2.9 (CF). S. NORTHUMBERLAND
[67] Seaton Sluice, 9.6 (2) (per KWR); Tynemouth, 16.6, 14.8, 15.8, 22.10 (TT, KWR). SHETLAND
ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 15.6, 25.8, 27.8 (Anon., 2005a).

Selected inland records: N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Fleet, 12.2 (R. Edmunds). SURREY [17] S. Croydon,
10.6 (GAC); Weybridge, 18.9 (ARM per GAC). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford, 29.7 (JF
per CWP); Hertford, 6.2, 28.7, 6.8 (AW per CWP); Redbourne Meadows, 31.7 (2) (CWP).
BERKSHIRE [22] Earley, 1.8 (2) (N.M. Hall per MH); Faringdon, 16.6 (MFVC per MH); Femham,

12.2 - 23.8 (38) (SN per MH); Waltham, 16.9 (D.J. White per MH); Wash Common, 8.8 (N. Asher per
MH); Windsor Forest, 30.6 (per MH). BUCKINGHAMSHIRE [24] Willen, 12.2 (G.E. Higgs per SN).
W. SUFFOLK [26] Sicklesmere, 4.9 (SD per AWP). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Earith, 25.6, 23.10
(DG per BD); Elton, 25.8 (BS per BD); Molesworth, 7.8 (K. Royles per BD); Old Weston, 14.6, 2.8,

13.8, 16.9 (K. Royles per BD); Yaxley, July, August, undated (AF per BD). E. GLOUCESTERSHIRE
[33] Cheltenham, 22.8 (G. Meredith per RG); Beckford, 31.7 (J. Brock per RG). W.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE [34] Culkerton, undated (M. Oates per RG); Pilning, 26.8 (J. Martin per RG);
Slimbridge, 26.7 (N. Woodward per RG). WORCESTERSHIRE [37] Crossway Green, 13.2 (MS per
SN). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Clipsham, 7.8 (RF et a/.); Enderby, 13.6 (MPS per APR); Eyebrook, 6.8
(3) (RF per APR); Luffenham Heath, 9.6 (JHC), 3.8 (2) (APR et aL); Markfield, 15.6, 9.8 (AJM per
APR); Ravenstone, 11.8 (KT per APR); Swithland Res., 26.8 (GLF per APR); Whetstone, 30.10 (MPS
per APR); Wigston, 7.8 (A. Poole per APR). CHESHIRE [58] Alsager, 11.2, 26.6 (M. Dale per SF).
S.W. YORKSHIRE [63] Mirfield, 10.8 (M. Tordoff per CF). N.W. YORKSHIRE [65] Hutton Conyers,

11.8, 17.8,21.8, 1.9, 2.9 (CF).

PIERIDAE

1545 Coiim croceus (Geoff.) Clouded Yellow [I][MC]

Selected annual totals: S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Gosport - 143 (D. Tinling). E. KENT [15] Dungeness -
16+ (DW, PA). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory - 11 (Odin, 2005).

County summaries: SOMERSET [5/6] 17.5 - 24.9, 121+ adults (per MY). SUSSEX [13/14] 19.5 -
8.10, 18+ adults (per CRP). KENT [15/16] 8.6 - 30.10, 28 tetrads (Easterbrook, 2005).
LEICESTERSHIRE [55] 27.6 - 14.9, 27 adults (per APR).

Non-specific comments: E. SUSSEX [14] Icklesham, almost daily during August (inc. 4 on 12.8) &
until 9.9 (I. Hunter per CRP). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 10-13.6 (1-3), 4.8 - 8.9 (1-5 on many
dates), 1.10 (Spence, 2005).

Earliest dates: E. CORNWALL [2] Downderry, 16.3 (A. Williams). S. DEVON [3] Branscombe
Mouth, 9.4 (BPH). DORSET [9] Portland, 17.4 (Cade, 2005a).

2004 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

171

Latest dates: S. DEVON [3] Branscombe, 14.11 (R.M. Hill per SN). DORSET [9] Preston, 13.11
(anon.); Soethboume, 14.11 (4) (M. Gibbons). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Compton Bay, 14.11 (Knill-
Jones, 2005a). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Gosport, 13.11 (D. Tinling). W. GLOUCESTERSHIRE [34]
Purton, 13.11 (D.A. Wright).

Large counts: N. SOMERSET [6] Carymoor, 21.8 (7), 2.9 (7), 9.9 (7) (R. Wheeler per MY). DORSET
[9] Cogden Beach, 1.9 (6) (Parsons & Brereton, 2005). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Gosport, 31.10 (10) (D.
Tinling). E. KENT [15] Kingsdown, 30.7 (7), 4.8 (8) (Easterbrook, 2005). LEICESTERSHIRE [55]
South Kilworth, 15.8 (6), 14.9 (8) (H. Ball per APR).

Most northerly records: CHESHIRE [58] Marbury, 7.6 (per SF). DOWN [B38] Belfast, 18.9 (D.
Alien per IR).

Selected inland records: N. WILTSHIRE [7] Highworth, 23.7, 25.7, 30.7, 31.7, 3-5.8 (SN). SURREY
[17] Hambledon, 8.6 (Porter, 2005); Pirbright Ranges, 29.8, 30.8 (GAC). BERKSHIRE [22] Fariegdon,
4.8 (MFVC); near Reading, 11.11 (C. V/ebster). W. SUFFOLK [26] Bury St Edmunds, 8.6 (R. Parker
per SN). E. NORFOLK [27] Wymondham, 11.6 (P. Bonham per SN). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31]
Abbots Ripton, 4.8 (C. Drage per BD); Bluntisham, 2.8 (R. Frost per BD); Earith, 4.8 (DG per BD);
Elton, 21.7 (BS per BD); Kimbolton, 7.8 (A. Booth per BD); Needingworth, August, September,
undated (B. & J. Milne per BD); St Ives, 17.8, 4.9 (B. & J. Milne per BD); West Perry, 8.8 (R & E.
Peacock per BD); Wood Walton, 4.8 (B. & J. Milne per BD). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Anstey, 5.9 (M.
Billings per APR); Broughton Astley, 4.9 (G. Adams per APR); Brown’s Hill, 27.6 (2) (R. Johnson per
APR); Fenny Drayton, 21.8 (H. Ball per APR); Market Harborough, 7.9 (D. Holland per APR); Rutland
Water, 3.9 (S.M. Lister per APR); Sence Valley, 20.8 (A. Main per APR); Shawell Cutting, 8.8 (P. Parr
per APR); Shenton, 12.8, 22.8 (S. Smith per APR); South Kilworth, 15.8 (6), 14.9 (8) (H. Ball per
APR); Stonton Wyville, 11.8 (R. Hemington per APR); Syston, 15.8 (B. Hope per APR). CHESHIRE
[58] Marbury, 7.6 (per SF).

Evidence of breeding: DORSET [9] Penn’s Weare, Portland, frequent presence of small numbers until
at least 11.11 (Cade, 2005a); Southboume, present until 14.11 when four adults included an ovipositing
female (M. Gibbons). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] ‘Seems to be surviving the winter on the south coast of the
Island’ (Knill-Jones, 2005a). SURREY [17] Hambledon, 8.6, fresh female that produced meconium
when boxed (Porter, 2005).

NYMPHALIDAE

1590 Vanessa atalanta (L.) Red Admiral [R][I]

Selected annual totals: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 137 (Scott, 2005a).
DORSET [9] West Bexington - 78 (Eden, 2005). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven - 164 (Pratt, 2005).
PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer Island - 500 (Morgan, 2005). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn - 579
(BRS). W. CORK [H3] Dursey Island - 112+ (Scott, 2005b).

County summaries: SOMERSET [5/6] 6.3 - 10.12, 698+ adults (per MY). KENT [15/16] 7.2 - 25.12,
122 tetrads (Easterbrook, 2005). MERIONETHSHIRE [48] 31.3 - 19.9, 43+ adults (per AG).
LEICESTERSHIRE [55] 16.3-4.11, 197+ adults (per APR). CHESHIRE [58] 31.5 - 9.10, 109+ adults
(per SF).

Earliest dates (active): S. HAMPSHIRE [11] New Milton, 6.1 (S. Keen); Romsey, 6.1 (D. Thelwell). E.
KENT [15] Kingston, 3.1 (Easterbrook, 2005). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 6.1 (Dewick, 2005).
Latest dates (active): W. CORNWALL [1] Bochym, The Lizard, ‘2-3 appearing on sunny days until the
year end’ (Tunmore, 2005). DORSET [9] E. Chelborough, 28.12 (per SN). S. HAMPSHIRE [11]
Fareham, 15.12 (THE). W. KENT [16] Tonbridge, 25.12 (D. Douch). CAMBRIDGESHIRE [29]
Welney, 19.12 (N. Sampford). E. YORKSHIRE [61/62] No site, 25.12 (per SN).

Large counts: N. SOMERSET [6] Lollover Hill, 19.9 (20) (D. Shears per MY). S. ESSEX [18]
Bradwell-on-Sea, 10.6 (25), 4.10 (24) (Dewick, 2005). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 7.10 (65)
(Spence, 2005). BANFFSHIRE [94] Ordiquhill, 10.9 (32) (RL^). ORKNEY ISLANDS [111] 11.6 (24)
(Gauld, 2005). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] 12.6 (55+ at four sites) (Anon., 2005a). W. CORK [H3]
Dursey Island, 6.6 (60) (Scott, 2005b). WEXFORD [12] Tacumshin Lake, 7.6 (35) (T. Shevlin per IR).
Light-trap records: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, 11.10 (Davison, 2005); The Lizard,
September (1), November (1) (Tunmore, 2005). W. SUSSEX [13] Ardingly, 21.8 (JHC). S. ESSEX [18]
Bradwell-on-Sea, 21.8 - 25.9 (8, inc. 2 on 23.9) (Dewick, 2005). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey, 8.9,
10.10, 14.10, 24.10 (Deans, 2005).

Immature stages/Evidence of breeding: W. CORNWALL [1] West Pentire, 10.8, pair in cop. (Fox &
Sleep, 2005). FIFESHIRE [85] Lurg Loch, 22.6, ovipositing female (D. Davidson per JW).

1591 Vanessa cardui (L.) Painted Lady [I]

Selected annual totals: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 52 (Scott, 2005a). DORSET
[9] West Bexington - 53 (31 in February) (Eden, 2005). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven - 37 (Pratt,

172

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

2005). E. KENT [15] Dungeness Bird Observatory - 70 (DW). PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer Island
- 381 (Morgan, 2005). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn - 1389 (BRS). W. CORK [H3] Dursey Island -
96+ (Scott, 2005b).

County summaries: SOMERSET [5/6] 17.1 - 18.10, 521+ adults (per MY). SUSSEX [13/14] 182+
adults during February (per CRP). KENT [15/16] 4.2 - 30.10, 76 tetrads (Easterbrook, 2005).
MERIONETHSHIRE [48] 7.6 - 19.9, 69+ adults (per AG). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] 29.5 - 7.10, 215+
adults (per APR). CHESHIRE [58] 24.5 - 26.9, 113+ adults (per SF).

Earliest dates (active): W. CORNWALL [1] Lizard, 18.1 (A. Pay), 24.1 (D. Wright per SN); St Ives,
18.1 (D. Carp per SN). E. CORNWALL [2] Fowey, 18.1 (W. Scott); Polruan, 18.1 (C. Madge per SN).
S. DEVON [3] E. Prawle, 24.1 (M. Catt); Nr. Sidmouth, 18.1 (anon, per SN). N. SOMERSET [6]
Draycott, 27.1 (I. Burfield per MY); Frome, 17.1 (P. Stephenson per MY).

Latest dates (active): N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Pamber Forest, 11.11 (per SN). E. KENT [15] Sellindge,
30.10 (Easterbrook, 2005). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 26.10 (Dewick, 2005). S.E. YORKSHIRE
[61] Spurn, 26.10 (Spence, 2005). W. CORK [H3] Dursey Island, 25.10 (Scott, 2005b).

Large counts: DORSET [9] Durlston, 8.2 (20) (Davey, 2004); Portland, 11.2 (100+) (Cade, 2005a). W.
SUSSEX [13] Pagham, 7-8.2 (20) (per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14] Eastbourne, 7.2 (22), 9.2 (45), 18.2 (28)
(Burrows, 2004). E. KENT [15] Pegwell, 9.6 (30), 13.6 (60) (Solly, 2005). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61]
Spurn, 10.6 (55), 16.8 (180) (Spence, 2005). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] 12.6 (70+ at five sites)
(Anon., 2005a). W. CORK [H3] Cape Clear Island, 29.5 (27) (per IR); Dursey Island, 6.6 (65) (Scott,
2005b). WEXFORD [12] Tacumshin Lake, 7.6 (60) (T. Shevlin per IR). WICKLOW [20] Killoughter,
7.6 (38) (AT). DUBLIN [H21] Howth, 8.6 (150) (F. Smyth per IR).

Light-trap records: W. CORNWALL [1] The Lizard, September (1) (Tunmore, 2005). DORSET [9]
Durlston, 7.8 (SN); Puddletown, 11.2 (HWH). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 30.7, 31.7, 2.8
(Dewick, 2005). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey, 10.9 (Deans, 2005).

Immature stages: BANFFSHIRE [94] Gordonstown, 8.8, larva (RL^).

GEOMETRIDAE

1716 Rhodometm sacraria (L.) Vestal [I]

Total no. reported: 254
Distribution of records:

sw

cs

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

170

44

19

1

8

2

2

1

3

-

4

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

1

-

-

1

4

-

44

190

10

4

-

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 92 (Scott,
2005a).

Earliest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 4.2 (MAS). S. HAMPSHIRE [11]
Southampton, 22.5 (Davis & Brook, 2005). E. KENT [15] Newington, 1.6 (REL).

Latest dates: E. CORNWALL [2] Fowey, 29.10 (W. Scott). W. SUSSEX [13] Ferring, 6.11 (THF). E.
KENT [15] Elvington, 1.11 (T.R. Preston); Lydd, 29.10 (KR); Thanet, 1.11 (FS). S. ESSEX [18]
Bradwell-on-Sea, 3.11 (Dewick, 2005).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 9.9 (68) (Scott, 2005a);
lOS: St Agnes, 9.9 (15) (Hicks, 2005); Land’s End, 9.9 (30) (GBH).

Most northerly records: S. LANCASHIRE [59] Reedley, 17.9 (A & D. Wright per SMP). W.
LANCASHIRE [60] Dolphinholme, 17.9 (N.A. Rogers per SMP); Higher Tatham, Lancaster, 18.9 (P.J.
Marsh per SMP). S. NORTHUMBERLAND [67] Whitley Bay, 18.9 (KWR).

Selected inland records: N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Greywell, 26.9 (P. Boswell per SN); Sherborne St
John, 5.9 (NM per TN). SURREY [17] Lingfield, 16.9 (K.E. Noble per GAC). BERKSHIRE [22]
Faringdon, 4.8 (MFVC); Femham, 11.9, 29.9 (SN). W. GLOUCESTERSHIRE [34] Lydney, 7.8 (RG).
CHESHIRE [58] Heald Green, 10.8 (B.T. Shaw per SF); Marbury, 16.9 (E. Bentham per SF).

1720 Orthonama obstipata (Fab.) Gera [I]

Total no. reported: 99
Distribution of records:

SW

CS

SE

EA

SI

w

CE

NE

NW

S

I

59

11

22

4

-

-

2

-

1

-

-

2004 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

173

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

2

4

1

1

3

2

5

5

13

35

27

2

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 26 (Scott,
2005a); The Lizard - 15 at three sites (Tunmore, 2005). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 11 at fifteen
sites (Clancy, 2005a).

Earliest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 20.1, 21.1 (MAS); lOS: St Agnes, 12.2
(2) (MEH, in Davey, 2004); The Lizard, 12.2 (MT, in Davey, 2004).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 5.12, 6.12 (MAS).

Large single night counts: E. KENT [15] New Romney, 31.10 (4) (SPC).

Most northerly records: S. LANCASHIRE [59] Martin Mere, 31.10 (A.R Bunting per SMP).

Selected inland records: W. SUSSEX [13] Wamham, 2.11 (S. Bayley per CRP). E. NORFOLK [27]
Stoke Holy Cross, 28.10 (A. Musgrove). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Markfield, 11.5 (AIM per APR);
Rutland Water, 29.7 (RIS per APR).

SPHINGIDAE

1972 Agrius convolvuli (L.) Convolvulus Hawk-moth [I][In]
Total no. adults reported: 233
Distribution of records:

SW

CS

SE

EA

SI

w

CE

NE

NW

S

I

95

53

33

15

10

4

3

5

3

12

-

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

-

-

1

-

1

14

51

141

22

2

-

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 53 (Scott,
2005a). DORSET [9] West Bexington - 17 (Eden, 2005).

Earliest dates: W. SUSSEX [13] Donnington, 29.6 (Love, 2005); Midhurst, 23.4 (J. Berendt per CRP).
E. GLOUCESTERSHIRE [33] Stroud, 2.7 (J. Fleming per RG). W. LANCASHIRE [60] Galgate,
Lancaster, 5.7 (per SMP).

Latest dates: ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, November, undated (Knill-Jones, 2005a). S.
HAMPSHIRE [11] Havant, 25.10 (P. Craddock per SN). E. KENT [15] Lydd-on-Sea, 3.11 (Db2).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 9.9 (6) (MAS), 17.9 (7)
(Scott, 2005a).

Most northerly records: N. NORTHUMBERLAND [68] Bamburgh, 4.10 (T. Crowe); Belford, 5.10
(R. Edwards per KWR). N. ABERDEENSHIRE [93] Auchnagatt, 12.8 (C. Harlow). BANFFSHIRE
[94] Ordiquhill, 6.9 (RL^). W. INVERNESS-SHIRE [97] Spean Bridge, 19.9 (2) (P. Lee per SN).
ORKNEY ISLANDS [111] 10.8 (Gauld, 2005). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Bigton, 13.8 (per MP);
Eswick, 6.9 (TR); Fetlar, 2.9 (Anon., 2005a); Foula, 10.8 (per MP); Sella Ness, central Mainland, 1.8
(Pennington, 2005); Tingwall, 4.8 (per MP); Voehead, Bressay, 8.8 (per MP).

Selected inland records: S. WILTSHIRE [8] Martin, 17.9 (DGG per TN); Tidpit, 17.9 (DGG per TN).
N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Oakhanger, 30.9 (J. Thoms per SN); Whitchurch, 13.9 (RE. Hutchins per TN).
W. KENT [16] Blackheath, London, 19.9 (D. Clinton). MIDDLESEX [21] Enfield, 1.10 (J. Rose per
SN). BERKSHIRE [22] Fernham, 26.8 (SN). BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Stotfold, 8.8 (P. Thurman per
LJH). E. GLOUCESTERSHIRE [33] Stroud, 2.7 (J. Fleming per RG). W. GLOUCESTERSHIRE [34]
Lydney, 17.9 (RG).LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Croft, 22.9 (G. Adams per APR); Eyebrook, 26.9 (D.
Parker per APR). NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] Newark, 6.8 (Viles & Wright, 2005). S. LANCASHIRE
[59] Chorley, 23.9 (B. Derbyshire per SMP).

Immature stages: E. KENT [15] Ivychurch, 13.10, larva (R. Clifden per CRP). SURREY [17]
Mitcham, 21.9, larva (P. Jones per SN). BERKSHIRE [22] Grove, 20.9, two pupae dug up from
allotments (M. Calway per MH). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey, 17.9, larva (A. Nicholson per AWP). S.E.
YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 9.9, larva (Spence, 2005).

1984 Macwglossum stellatarum (L.) Humming-bird Hawk-moth [I]

Total no. adults reported: 1411

174

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

Distribution of records:

sw

cs

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

285

330

265

118

174

86

46

12

33

1

61

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Eeb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

4

35

38

32

11

241

372

190

189

105

12

3

Selected annual totals: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 78 (Scott, 2005a). E.
CORNWALL [2] Calstock - 21 (A.Mackonochie per LACT). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Ventnor - 70 (A.
Butler per SAK-J). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven - 74 (Pratt, 2005). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 50
at six sites (per SPC); Kingsdown - 63 (NJ). PEMBROKESHIRE [45] Skomer Island - 29 (Morgan,
2005).

County summaries: SOMERSET [5/6] 7.2, 29.3 - 18.10, 52+ adults (per MY). HERTFORDSHIRE
[20] 13.4 - 23.10, 39 adults (per CWP). BEDFORDSHIRE [30] 16.3 - 1.11, 29 adults (per LJH).
HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] 3.2, 1.7 - 3.10, 20.12, 18 adults (per BD). GLOUCESTERSHIRE [33/34]
29.3 - 14.10, 17 adults (per RG). MONMOUTHSHIRE [35] 23.5 - 29.10, seven adults (per MA).
LEICESTERSHIRE [55] 16.1, 31.3 - 29.9, 14 adults (per APR). NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56] 16.3 -
19.9, six adults (Viles & Wright, 2005). DERBYSHIRE [57] 22.6 - 12.10, nine adults (Viles & Wright,
2005). CHESHIRE [58] 6.2 (2), 9.6 - mid-August, 15 adults (per SF). LANCASHIRE [59/60] Feb, 8.6
- 18.10, 13 adults (per SMP). YORKSHIRE [61-65] 27.3 - 1.9, 16 adults (per CF).

Non-specific comments: E. CORNWALL [2] 16.3 - 11.11, Caradon: 52+ adults reported across the
area (per LACT). DORSET [9] Portland, 3.2 - 23.4 & 10.6 - 24.11, recorded frequently in small
numbers (Cade, 2005a). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 13.6 - 28.10, present in exceptional numbers
(Dewick, 2005). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, regular in July (Odin, 2005).

Earliest dates (active): S. SOMERSET [5] Ruishton, 7.2 (M. Ridge per PT). DORSET [9]
Bournemouth, 4.2 (D. Ryves); Portland, 3.2 (Cade, 2005a); Swanage, 4.2 (G. Prescott). ISLE OF
WIGHT [10] Whippingham, 3.2 (J. Rowell per TN). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Farlington Marshes, 8.2 (B.
Chapman); Southampton, 10.1 (D. Buttle). E. SUSSEX [14] Eastbourne, 7.2 (Burrows, 2004).
MIDDLESEX [21] Crews Hill, 5.2 (J. Widgery per SN). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] St Neots, 3.2 (M.
Davis per BD). DENBIGHSHIRE [50] Wrexham, 4.2 (P. Williams). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Morcott,
16.1 (C.A. Boyfield per APR). CHESHIRE [58] Meols, 6.2 (C. Butterworth per SF); Neston, 6.2 (C.
Butterworth per SF).

Latest dates (active): DORSET [9] Durlston, 4.12 (per SN); Portland, 22.11 (2), 24.11 (MC). N.
HAMPSHIRE [12] Selborne, 23.12 (A.M. James per TN). E. KENT [15] Dungeness, 22.11 (D.
Bunney). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Easton, 20.12 (B. Davis per BD).

Large counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Hugh Town, St Mary’s, 23.6 (8) (DJW); Longstone, St
Mary’s, 7.6 (6) (MAS). E. SUSSEX [14] Peacehaven, 29.6 (5) (CRP). E. KENT [15] Dungeness Bird
Observatory, 5.7 (5) (DW).

Most northerly records: ORKNEY ISLANDS [111] 26.10 (Gauld, 2005).

Light-trap records: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, June (1), September (1) (Hicks, 2005); The
Lizard, June (2), August (1), September (1) (Tunmore, 2005). S. SOMERSET [5] Simonsbath, 28.7 (P.
Owen per MY). DORSET [9] Durlston, 19.10 (SN). E. KENT [15] Isle of Thanet, July (1), August (1)
(Solly, 2005). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 7.9 (Dewick, 2005). BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Bedford,
26.8 (S. Williams per LJH); Yelden, 2.8 (A. Paynter per LJH). E. NORFOLK [27] Eccles-on-Sea, 9.9
(NB per DH).

Evidence of hibernation: KENT [15/16] No site, January, hibernating adult on outside of garage (via
RH per SN). N. ESSEX [19] Beaumont-cum-Moze, 30.1, dormant adult found in an unheated room (B.
Fisher). N.B. Active insects found indoors on 3.2 in VC’s 9, 10 & 31 and on 7.2 in VC 5 may relate to
post-hibernation adults woken by mild temperatures (see Earliest dates). Adults found indoors on 20. 1 2
in VC31 & 23. 12 in VC12 may have been disturbed from winter dormancy (see Latest dates).
Immature stages: S. DEVON [3] Plymstock, 29.8, larva (T. Sleep per REM). E. KENT [15]
Kingsdown area, 15.8, larva (Jarman, 2005). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 30.7, larva (Dewick,
2005).

NOCTUIDAE

2091 Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) Dark Sword-grass [I]

Total no. reported: 4997

2004 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

175

Distribution of records:

sw

CS

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

MW

S

I

965

1540

1297

361

133

89

76

364

82

42

48

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

10

924

142

57

65

586

639

nil

965

417

53

3

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 526 (Scott,
2005a); The Lizard - 130 at three sites (Tunmore, 2005). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory - 420
(Cade, 2005a); West Bexington - 125 (Eden, 2005). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland = 223 (Knill- Jones,
2005a). E. SUSSEX [14] IcMesham - 287 (Hunter, 2005). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 327 at
fifteen sites (Clancy, 2005a); Isle of Thanet - 276 at four sites (Solly, 2005). S. ESSEX [18] BradwelL
on-Sea - 260 (Dewick, 2005). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey - 147 (Deans, 2005). S.E. YORKSHIRE
[61] Spurn - 161 (Spence, 2005). S. NORTHUMBERLAND [67] Tynemouth area - 73 at three sites
(TT, KWR).

Earliest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, i.l, 14.1, 19.1 (2), 22.1 (MAS);
Penzance, 23.1 (LO). S. DEVON [3] Wembury, January, undated (R Stubbs per REM). E. KENT [15]
Ramsgate, 12.1 (PM); New Romney, 1.2 (SPC). W. LANCASHIRE [60] Burrow Heights, Lancaster,

3.2 (B. Cockbum per SMP). ISLE OF MAN [71] Maughold, 9.1 (LK).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 5.12 (MAS). E. CORNWALL [2]
Torpoint, 15.12 (LACT). DORSET [9] Powerstock, 5.12 (PAD).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 9.9 (21), 10.9 (20) (MAS).
DORSET [9] Durlston, 5.2 (26) (PAD), 12.2 (25) (SN), 3.9 (41) (APR, KT); Portland Bird Observatory,

11.2 (28), 12.2 (26), 13.2 (22) (MC); Puddletown, 5.2 (24), 11.2 (38), 12.2 (42), 13.2 (37) (HWH). E.
SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey, 16.10 (41), 18.10 (29) (MJD).

Most northerly record (Feb.): SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 13.2, the northernmost migrant
of any species associated with the February immigration (TR).

2119 Peridroma mucia (Hb.) Pearly Underwing [I]

Total no. reported: 1089
Distribution of records:

SW

CS

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

374

368

181

90

14

19

5

20

10

5

3

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

3

14

5

6

12

69

23

40

377

315

182

18

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 225 (Scott,
2005a); The Lizard - 45 at three sites (Tunmore, 2005). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory - 231
(Cade, 2005a); West Bexington - 55 (Eden, 2005). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland - 32 (Knill-Jones,
2005a). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 69 at fifteen sites (Clancy, 2005a); Isle of Thanet - 67 at four
sites (Solly, 2005). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea - 37 (Dewick, 2005). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey
- 39 (Deans, 2005); Landguard Bird Observatory - 35 (Odin, 2005).

Earliest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 3.1, 19.1, 20.1 (MAS). DORSET [9]
Portland Bird Observatory, 5.2 (MC). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 3.2 (JTR per CRP).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 17 in December, last 22.12 (2) (MAS);
nr. Penzance, 23.11 (J. Herbert). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 27.11 (MC). E. KENT [15]
Kingsgate, 5.12 (FS). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 23.11 (Odin, 2005).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, ILIO (8) (Davison, 2005); lOS:
Longstone, St Mary’s, 4.9 (9) (MAS). DORSET [9] Durlston, 19.10 (17) (SN); Portland Bird
Observatory, 15.9 (11), 25.9 (14), 26.9 (17), 5.11 (22), 6.11 (15), 7.11 (15) (MC). E. KENT [15]
Kingsgate, 21.10 (9) (FS). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey, 16.10 (9) (MJD).

Most northerly records: W. LANCASHIRE [60] Heysham, 26.9 (P.J. Marsh per SMP). N.E
YORKSHIRE [62] Haxby, 24.10 (T. Crawford per CF). N.W. YORKSHIRE [65] Hutton Conyers, 13.10
(per TE). S. NORTHUMBERLAND [67] Corbridge, 11.10 (per KWR); Tynemouth, 16.6, 11.7, 18.10,

176

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

19.10, 20.10, 22.10 (KWR, TT); Whitley Bay, 14.7 (KWR). ISLE OF MAN [71] Calf of Man, 12.10
(Bagworth, 2005). ROXBURGHSHIRE [80] Galashiels, 12.10 (JW). ORKNEY ISLANDS [111] 30.10
(Gauld, 2005). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 2.10 (Anon., 2005a); Foula, 8.8, 9.8 (Anon.,
2005a).

Selected inland records: N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Basingstoke, 2.8 (MW per TN); Sherborne St John,

4.10 (NM per TN). SURREY [17] BucMand, 8.10 (CH); Carshalton, 17.9 (D.A. Coleman per GAC);
Epsom, 25.9 (N.W. Hiles per GAC); Holmbuiy St Mary, 16.9 (P.L. Haynes per GAC); Lingfield, 4.9
(K.E. Noble per GAC); Weybridge, 11.9 (ARM per GAC). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford,

15.10 (JF per CWP). BERKSHIRE [22] Femham, 12.10, 1.11 (SN per MH). BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
[24] Slough, 24.9 (R. Hayward). W. SUFFOLK [26] Barnhamcross, 24.9 (AWP). E.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE [33] Cirencester, undated (A. Johnson per RG). W. GLOUCESTERSHIRE [34]
Lydney, 16.11 (RG). MERIONETHSHIRE [48] Trawscoed, 5.9, 29.10 (AG). LEICESTERSHIRE [55]
Barrowden, 1.10 (RF per APR); Lyddington, 5.10 (D. & F. Lee per APR). NOTTINGHAMSHIRE [56]
Bunny Village, 28.9 (Viles & Wright, 2005). CHESHIRE [58] Nantwich, 18.10 (P. Griffiths per SF). S.
LANCASHIRE [59] Flixton, 29.9, 14.10 (K. McCabe per SMP); Leigh, 14.10 (J.D. Wilson per SMP);
Manchester 17.9, 18.9 (B. Smart per SMP); Pennington, 3.10 (PP per SMP). N.E. YORKSHIRE [61]
Haxby, 24.10 (per TE). N.W. YORKSHIRE [65] Hutton Conyers, 13.10 (CF). S.
NORTHUMBERLAND [67] Corbridge, 11.10 (per KWR). ROXBURGHSHIRE [80] Galashiels, 12.10
(JW).

2195 MytMmna vitellma (Hb.) Delicate [I]

Total no. reported: 491
Distribution of records:

sw

CS

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

209

193

67

14

3

1

1

-

3

-

-

Months of occurrence:

j Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

-

-

1

2

25

14

39

175

153

38

-

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 124 (Scott,
2005a); lOS: St Agnes - 29 (Hicks, 2005). DORSET [9] Portland'Bird Observatory - 29 (Cade, 2005a).
ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch - 40 (JH per TN); Totland - 71 (Knill-Jones, 2005a). E. KENT [15]
Dungeness area - 32 at fifteen sites (Clancy, 2005a).

Earliest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 21.4 (MAS) [the count of 21 records
for April from this site given in Scott (2005a) is a misprint], E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard, 18.5 (NO
per JBH).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] Cury, The Lizard, 6.11 (FTJ). E. CORNWALL [2] St Germans, 6.11
(R.F. Champion per LACT). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 7.1! (MC). ISLE OF WIGHT
[10] Totland, 7.11 (SAK-J). W. SUSSEX [13] Ferring, 8.11 (THE); Walberton, 7.11 (JTR per CRP). E.
KENT [15] Lydd, 7.1 1 (2) (KR, CT).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 9.9 (7), 10.9 (6), 23.9 (7),
24.9 (6) (MAS).

Most northerly records: ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon Glen, 25.7, 21.8, 7.10 (LK).

Selected inland records: N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Cholderton, 5.8 (HE per TN); Selbome, 20.9, 5.10
(AEA). E. NORFOLK [27] Stoke Holy Cross, 27.10 (A. Musgrove). LEICESTERSHIRE [55]
Leicester, 31.10 (APR).

2203 MytMmna unipuncta (Haw.) White-speck [I][MCj

Total no. reported: 8727+ (787 excluding Scillies records)

N.B. Figures for this species are somewhat distorted by records from the Isles of Scilly (VCl) where it
has been an established resident for a number of years and occurs throughout the year, with numbers of
adults peaking in the late autumn/early winter months.

Distribution of records:

SW

CS

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

8570+

114

18

4

1

13

-

2

3

-

2

2004 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

177

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

71

11

19

23

26

58

43

192

430

3090

2844

1166

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 7029
(Scott, 2005a); lOS: St Agnes - 561 (Hicks, 2005).

Earliest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, 1.1 (MAS); Maenporth, 3.1 (Davis,
2005).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Mary’s, Longstone, nightly until 31.12 (MAS); nr. Penzance,
5.12 (J. Herbert). DORSET [9] Walditch, 9.12 (MSP).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 10.10 (317), 11.10 (288),
19.10 (463), 22.11 (282) (MAS), with counts of 100+ on twenty-five dates between October &
December (Scott, 2005a); lOS: Porth Hellick Down, St Mary’s, 5.8 (750+), part of a large arrival of this
species off the sea (MAS); lOS: St Agnes, 11.11 (119) (Hicks, 2005).

Most northerly records: S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Eiley, 21.10 (per CF); Kilnsea, 19.10 (BRS). S.
NORTHUMBERLAND [67] Tynemouth, 20.10 (KWR). ISLE OF MAN [71] Dhoon Glen, 2.10, 15.10
(2) (LK).

Selected inland records: S. SOMERSET [5] Closworth, 23.10 (J. Astley per MY); Norton sub
Hamdon, 16.9 (IM per MY). N. HAMPSHIRE [12] South Wonston, Winchester, 9.6 (P.J.S. Smith per
TN).

2385 Spodoptera exigua (Hb.) Small Mottled Willow [I]

Total no. reported: 635
Distribution of records:

SW

cs

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

180

403

39

2

5

1

1

4

-

-

-

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

536

1

-

4

25

10

34

12

4

-

-

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 43 (Scott,
2005a); lOS: St Agnes - 37 (Hicks, 2005); The Lizard - 43 at three sites (all in Feb.) (Tunmore, 2005).
DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory - 251 (247 in Feb.) (Cade, 2005a); West Bexington - 23 (22 in
Feb.) (Eden, 2005). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland - 16 (15 in Feb.) (Knill-Jones, 2005a).

Earliest dates: Widespread during the February immigration; earliest dated records as follows: W.
CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 3.2 (MAS); nr. Penzance, 3.2 (LO); The Lizard, 3.2 (6)
(MT). S. SOMERSET [5] Closworth, 4.2 (J. Astley per MY); Norton-sub-Hamdon, 4.2 (8) (IM per
MY). DORSET [9] Puddletown, 3.2 (2) (HWH); Walditch, 4.2 (2) (MSP). ISLE OF WIGHT [10]
Totland, 4.2 (3) (SAK-J). W. SUSSEX [13] Walberton, 4.2 (4) (JTR per CRP). E. SUSSEX [14]
Heathfield, 3.2 (DRML per CRP). S. ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea, 4.2 (Dewick, 2005). N. ESSEX
[19] St Osyth, 4.2 (RA^ per BG).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: St Agnes, October, undated (Hicks, 2005). DORSET [9]
Puddletown, 30.10 (HWH). E. KENT [15] Newington, 19.10 (2) (REL).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 12.2 (14) (MAS); lOS: St
Agnes, 12.2 (11) (MEH); The Lizard, 4.2 (20) (MT). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 5.2 (23),
11.2(164), 12.2 (50) (MC).

Most northerly records: CHESHIRE [58] Frodsham, 3.9 (R.G. Bertera per SF). S.E. YORKSHIRE
[61] Holme on Spalding Moor, 29.7, 30.7 (2), 3.8 (D. Chesmore per CF).

Selected inland records: N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Selbome, 7.2, 7.7 (AEA per TN). W. SUSSEX [13]
Rusper, 5.2 (S. Bayley per CRP). SURREY [14] Capel, 29.6 (Fraser, 2004). [An inland record from
Bengeo, Hertford [20] on 22.5 (Davis & Brook, 2005) is erroneous (AW, pers. comm.).]

Importation: S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Howden, 5.12, adult found inside an imported green pepper
within which it had apparently completed its life-cycle (J. Small per CF).

2400 Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) Scarce Bordered Straw [I] [In]

Total no. reported: 367

178

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

Distribution of records:

sw

cs

SE

EA

SI

W

CE

NE

NW

S

I

86

178

80

13

5

-

1

3

-

-

1

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

4

-

-

-

11

6

44

93

123

77

-

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 58 (Scott,
2005a). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory - 25 (Cade, 2005a); West Bexington - 21 (Eden,
2005). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch - 27 (JH per TN); Totland - 46 (KnilLJones, 2005a). E.
KENT [15] Dungeness area - 26 at fifteen sites (Clancy, 2005a); Isle of Thanet - 27 at four sites (Solly,
2005).

Earliest dates: DORSET [9] Preston, 4.2 (RL). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 12.2 (2) (Knill- Jones,

2004) . W. SUSSEX [13] Ferring-by-Sea, 11.2 (THE).

Latest dates: DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 11.11; Powerstock, 7.11 (PAD). S.
HAMPSHIRE [11] Southsea, 6.11 (JRLperTN). W. SUSSEX [13] Ferring, 6.11 (THF). E. KENT [15]
Greatstone, 6.11 (RC); Sandwich, 6.11 (IDH). [The two December records shown for the Lizard [1] in
Tunmore (2005) were a misprint].

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 7.6 (5), 9.9 (18) (MAS);
lOS: St Agnes, 9.9 (5) (Hicks, 2005). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory, 1.11 (5) (MC, in Davey,

2005) .

Most northerly records: S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Kilnsea, 24.10 (BRS); Spurn, 12.8 (BRS). S.
NORTHUMBERLAND [67] Tynemouth, 18.9 (KWR).

Selected inland records: N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Greywell, 20.9 (P. Boswell); Selbome, 10.8 (AEA). W.
SUSSEX [13] Wamham, 14.10, 24.10 (S. Bayley per CRP). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford,
13.8, 26.8 (IF, JR). BERKSHIRE [22] Earley, Reading, 17.8 (1. Sims, in Pickles, 2005).
LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Beacon Hill, 30.10 (APR, KT, MPS).

Importations: SURREY [17] Horley, 12.11, larva found in supermarket beans imported from Spain
(CH, in Pickles, 2005). CHESHIRE [58] Bredbury, Stockport, 1.12, larva found in a supermarket lettuce
(SF).

2403 Heliothis peltigera (D. & S.) Bordered Straw [I]

Total no. reported: 309
Distribution of records:

SW

CS

SE

EA

SI

w

CE

NE

NW

S

I

111

114

48

14

10

5

2

1

1

-

3

Months of occurrence:

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-

64

1

-

1

176

7

39

10

1

-

-

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 93 (Scott,
2005a). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory - 13 (9 in Feb.) (Cade, 2005a); West Bexington - 11
(Eden, 2005). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch - 13 (all Feb.) (JH per TN); Totland - 18 (17 in Feb.)
(Knill-Jones, 2005a). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 20 at fifteen sites (Clancy, 2005a); Isle of Thanet
- 1 1 at four sites (Solly, 2005). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory - 9 (Odin, 2005).
Earliest dates: Widespread during the February immigration; earliest dated records as follows:
DORSET [9] Preston, 4.2 (2) (RL), 5.2 (MF). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland, 10.2 (3) (Knill-Jones,
2004).

Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 23.9 (MAS). E. KENT [15] Kingsgate,
17.9 (FS). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird Observatory, 23.9 (Odin, 2005). HUNTINGDONSHIRE
[31] Wood Walton Fen, 30.10 (BD). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Barrowden, 17.9 (RF per APR).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 10.6 (10), 13.6 (15), 16.6
(12) (MAS). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Bonchurch, 13.2 (6) (JH).

Most northerly records: CHESHIRE [58] Bramhall, 12.6 (A. Charlton per SF). MID.W. YORKSHIRE
[64] Tadcaster, 13.8 (D. Baker per CF). DURHAM [66] Souter Lighthouse, 13.8 (M. Newsome).

2004 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

179

Selected inland records: N. HAMPSHIRE [12] Selbome, 22.8 (AEA). SURREY [17] Streatham, 4.8
(M. Trasenster). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford, 5.9 (JF, JR). BERKSHIRE [22] Femham,
13.8, 6.9 (SN). OXFORDSHIRE [23] Charlbury, 19.8 (G. Candelin). BEDFORDSHIRE [30] Luton,
28.6 (H. Palmer per LJH). HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Wood Walton Fen, 30.10 (BD). W.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE [34] Culkerton, 13.6 (2) (M. Oates per RG). LEICESTERSHIRE [55]
Barrowden, 17.9 (RF per APR). CHESHIRE [58] Bramhall, 12.6 (A. Charlton per SF). MID.W.
YORKSHIRE [64] Tadcaster, 13.8 (D. Baker per CF).

2441 Autographa gamma (L.) Silver Y [I]

Selected annual totals from fixed traps: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s - 989 (Scott,
2005a); The Lizard - 438 at three sites (Tunmore, 2005). DORSET [9] Portland Bird Observatory -
1013 (Cade, 2005a); West Bexington - 1176 (Eden, 2005). ISLE OF WIGHT [10] Totland - 748 (Knill-
Jones, 2005a). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Southsea - 405 at two sites (IRT, JRL per TN). W. SUSSEX [13]
Selsey Peninsula - 366 at three sites (Love, 2005). E. SUSSEX [14] Icklesham - 307 (Hunter, 2005);
Peacehaven - 764 (Pratt, 2005). E. KENT [15] Dungeness area - 1850+ at ten sites (per SPC);
Kingsdown area - 456 at two sites (Jarman, 2005); Isle of Thanet - 2079 at four sites (Solly, 2005). S.
ESSEX [18] Bradwell-on-Sea - 3151 (Dewick, 2005). HERTFORDSHIRE [20] Bishops Stortford -
195 (JF); Hertford - 177 (AW). E. SUFFOLK [25] Bawdsey - 616 (Deans, 2005). E. NORFOLK [27]
Eccles-on-Sea - 372 (Bowman, 2005). MERIONETHSHIRE [48] Tal-y-bont - 138 (J. & J. Hicks per
AG). LEICESTERSHIRE [55] Barrowden - 94 (RF per APR); Ravenstone - 124 (KT per APR). S.
NORTHUMBERLAND [67] Tynemouth area - 413 at three sites (TT, KWR).

Earliest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 2.1 (MAS); The Lizard, January,
undated (Tunmore, 2005). DORSET [9] Preston, 6.1 (RL). WICKLOW [H20] Ashford, 19.1 (AT).
Latest dates: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 31.12 (2) (MAS). S. DEVON [3] West
Hill, 31.12 (PJB per RFM). DORSET [9] Preston, 29.12 (2) (RL). S. ESSEX [18] Woodford Green,
31.12 (R. Barfoot). S. HAMPSHIRE [11] Fareham, 30.12 (2) (per TN). BEDFORDSHIRE [29]
Clophill, 29.12 (LJH). WORCESTERSHIRE [37] Crossway Green, 30.12 (MS). CHESHIRE [58]
Gatley, 31.12 (D. Shaw per SHH).

Large single night counts: W. CORNWALL [1] lOS: Longstone, St Mary’s, 9.9 (104). DORSET [9]
Durlston, 3.9 (95) (APR, KT); West Bexington, 5.9 (102), 9.9 (199) (RE, in Davey, 2005). E. KENT
[15] Kingsgate, 8.8 (84) (FS); Pegwell, 8.8 (120), 9.8 (147) (FS). E. SUFFOLK [25] Landguard Bird
Observatory, 9.8 (71) (Odin, 2005). S.E. YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 11.7 (269), 13.8 (139) (Spence,
2005). S. NORTHUMBERLAND [67] Tynemouth, 9.8 (67) (TT). ORKNEY ISLANDS [111] 11.8
(115) (Gauld, 2005).

Large diurnal/dusk counts: N. SOMERSET [6] Knole, 11.6 (90) (J. Swales per MY). S.E.
YORKSHIRE [61] Spurn, 13.7 (500), 8.8 (350), 5.9 (1000) (Spence, 2005). BANFFSHIRE [94]
Ordiquhill, 11.8 (100) (RL^). SHETLAND ISLANDS [112] Eswick, 8.8 (c.500), 9.8 (75) (Anon.,
2005a).

Immature stages: N. DEVON [4] Nr. Okehampton, 6.9, larvae (T. Sleep per RFM).
HUNTINGDONSHIRE [31] Little Paxton, 15.8, larvae (I. Dawson per BD).

ANNEX 3: SELECTED 2004 CHANNEL ISLANDS [VC 113] RECORDS

1262 Cydia amplana (Hb.)

Alderney: St Annes, 16.8 (per PDMC). Guernsey: St Peters, 2.8, 3.8 (3), 5.8 (3), 7.8, 8.8 (18), 14.8 (3),
16.8 (2) (PDMC); St Sampsons, 1.8, 5.8 (3), 6.8 (2), 7.8 (2), 8.8 (10), 9.8 (13), 10.8, 14.8 (ML); Island
total - 99 (Austin, 2005). Jersey: Island total - 120+ (per SN); Grouville, 2.8 (44), ‘substantial
numbers’ on subsequent dates (Long, 2005a).

1319 Chrysocrambus linetella (Fabr.)

Jersey: Grouville, 16.6, first Jersey record (Long, 2006). Sark: Dixcart Valley, 28.6, first Sark record
(Long, 2006).

1369 Uresiphita polygonalis (D. & S.)

Jersey: Grouville, 21.8, first Jersey record (Long, 2005a).

1539 Papilio machaon ssp, gorganus (Fruhs.) Continental Swallowtail

Guernsey: Mont Herault, 30.5 (Austin, 2005); Pleinmont, 9.8 (Austin, 2005). Herm: 22.8 (Austin,
2005). Jersey: Adults recorded from 22 localities across the island, with a number of larvae also found
(per RL^); probably now a resident species on Jersey (RL^, pers. comm.).

1630 Danaus plexippus (L.) Monarch
Jersey: St Peter, 18.9 (per RL^).

180

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

1639 Dendrolimus pint (L.) Pine-tree Lappet

Guernsey: St. Peters, 29.7 (PDMC, in Austin, 2005).

1649 Drepana curvatula (Borkh.) Dusky Hook-tip

Jersey: Grouvilie, 29.7, first Jersey record (Long, 2005a).

1741 Costaconvexa polygrammata (Borkh.) Many-lined
Jersey: Grouvilie, 2.8 (2) (RL^).

1921a Crocallis dardoinaria (Donzel) Dusky Scalloped Oak

Jersey: Le Braye, St Ouen, 15.8, first Jersey record (Long, 2005a; Woods, 2005).

2016 Gluphisia crenata (Esp.) Dusky Marbled Brown

Guernsey: St. Sampsons, 14.8, first Guernsey record (ML, in Austin, 2005).

2085a Agrotis graslini (Rambur) Woods’ Dart

Jersey: Le Braye, St Ouen, 15.8 (8) (Woods, 2005); ‘abundant in the Jersey sand-dunes in August’
(DJW, in Pickles, 2005).

2111a Noctua janthina (D. & S.) Langmaid’s Yellow Underwing

Guernsey: St. Peters, 16.7, first VC record (PDMC, in Austin, 2005).

2387a Platyperigea kadenii (Frey.) Clancy’s Rustic

Guernsey: St John, 14.6 (RA). Jersey: Creux Baillot, 29.9 (RL^); Grouvilie, 9.9, 25.9 (4), 27.9 (4), 7.10
(Long, 2005a).

2436 Macdunnoughia confusa (Steph.) Dewick’s Plusia
Jersey: Grouvilie, 14.8 (Long, 2005a).

2453 Catocala electa (View.) Rosy Underwing
Jersey: Grouvilie, 21.8 (RL^).

2455 Catocala sponsa (L.) Dark Crimson Underwing
Jersey: Grouvilie, 14.8 (RL^, in Higgott, 2005).

2296 Tathorhynchus exsiccata (Led.) Levant Blackneck

Guernsey: St. Peters, 12.2, first VC record (PDMC, in Austin, 2005).

APPENDIX 1

Corrections/Additions to 2003 report

1375 Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) [R][1][V]

S. DEVON [3] Otterton, September (larva) (RJH); recorder also reports larvae in VC3 in 1985 and VC6

in 1997 & 1998.

1403 Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Dup.)

CHANNEL ISLANDS [113] Jersey: Grouvilie, 28.8 (Long, 2004).

1477 Ephestia figulilella (Gregs.) [In][I?]

MIDDLESEX [21] Wood Green, 14.6, first modem county record (Langmaid & Young, 2006).

1539 Papilio machaon ssp. gorganus (Fruhs.) Continental Swallowtail

CHANNEL ISLANDS [113] Jersey: Victoria Tower, 17-22.7 (7) (Long, 2005b). Larvae were also

found, with adults reported from several locations on the island (per RL^).

1540 iphiclides podalirius (L.) Scarce Swallowtail

CHANNEL ISLANDS [113] Jersey: Victoria Tower, 18.7 (P. Hurst, in Long, 2005b).

1987 Hyles gallii (Rott.) Bedstraw Hawk-moth [I][MC]

ORKNEY ISLANDS [111] Several larvae found at a number of locations (Gauld, 2005).

2051 Lithosia quadra (L.) Four-spotted Footman [R][I]

[FERMANAGH [H33] Crom, 16.7 (2) (per IR).] This record published in error in 2003 report - relates

to 2004 (details as given in Annex 1).

2083 Euxoa cursoria (Hufn.) Coast Dart

Herm: 28-30.7, [first VC record] (DJW per RA). This was not the first VC record as stated, as the
species has been recorded on several occassions in the recent past from Jersey (RL^, pers. comm.)

2004 IMMIGRATION REVIEW

181

2436 Macdunnoughm confum (Steph.) Dewick’s Plusia

CHANNEL ISLANDS [113] Jersey: Surville, 19.7 (Long, 2004); Vallee des Vaux, 3.5 (Long, 2004).

APPENDIX 2

Corrections/Additions to 2002 report

2051 Lithosia quadra (L.) Four-spotted Footman [R][I]

[BERKSHIRE [22] Mortimer, 18.6 (GD per IRT).] Erroneous record - a transcription for Cybosia
mesomelia L. (MH, pers. comm.).

Initials of recorders

AAL

Lawrence, A. A.

GLF

Finch, G.L.

NB

Bowman, N.

AC

Cornish, A.

GMH

Haggett, G.M.

NJ

Jarman, N.

AEA

Aston, A.E.

HE

Edmunds, H.

NM

Montegriffo, N.

AF

Frost, A.

HEB

Beaumont, H.E.

NO

Odin, N.

AG

Graham, A.

HWH

Wood Homer, H.

NS

Sherman, N.

AGJB

Butcher, A.G.J.

IC

Cook, I.

PA

Akers, P.

AHD

Dobson, A.H.

IDH

Hunter, I.

PAD

Davey, P.A.

AJ

Jenkins, A.

IM

Mathieson, I.

PAC

Crowther, P.A.

AIM

Mackay, A.J.

IR

Rippey, I.

PDMC

Costen, P.D.M.

AJP

Pickles, A.J.

IRT

Thirlwell, I.R.

PH

Harris, P.

AK

Kennard, A.

JA

Askins, J.

PHB

Boggis, P.H.

AM

Morris, A.

JBH

Higgott, J.B.

PHS

Stirling, P.H.

APR

Russell, A.P.

JD

Down, J.

PJB

Baker, P.J.

ARC

Collins, A.R.

JF

Fish, J.

PK

Kitchener, P.

ARM

Mitchell, A.R.

JH

Halsey, J.

PM

Milton, P.

AT

Tyner, A.

JHC

Clarke, J.H.

PMP

Potts, P.M.

AW

Wood, A.

JMc

McGill, J.

PP

Pugh, P.

AWP

Pritchard, A.W.

JO

Owen, J.

PPH

Heathcote, P. & P.

BB

Banson, B.

JR

Reeves, J.

PT

Tennant, P.

BD

Dickerson, B.

JS

Stokes, J.

RA

Austin, R.

BPS

Skinner, B.F.

JTR

Radford, J.T.

Ra2

Arthur, R.

BG

Goodey, B.

JW

Waddell, J.

RAB

Bell, R.A.

BKW

West, B.K.

KA

Alter, K.

RC

Clamp, R.

B&LB

Bewsher, B. & L.

KNA

Alexander, K.N.

RC2

Cox, R.

BPH

Henwood, B.P.

KR

Redshaw, K.

RD

Dickson, R.

BRS

Spence, B.R.

KT

Tailby, K.

RE

Eden, R.

BS

Stone, B.

KW

Wheeler, K.

REL

Lane, R.E.

CF

Fletcher, C.

KWR

Regan, K.W.

RF

Follows, R.

CH

Hart, C.

LB-L

Broom-Lynne, L.

RFM

McCormick, R.F.

CG

Gibson, C.

LJH

Hill, L.J.

RG

Gaunt, R.

CMM

Manley, C.M.

LK

Kneale, L.

RH

Hollins, R.

CR

Roots, C.

LO

Oakes, L.

RIS

Rothamsted Insect Survey

CRP

Pratt, C.R.

LACT

Truscott, L.A.C.

RJH

Heckford, R.J.

CT

Turley, C.

MA

Anthoney, M.

RK

Kiddie, R.

CWP

Plant, C.W.

MAS

Scott, M.A. &. W.J.

RL

Lambert, R.

DB

Burrows, D.

MC

Cade, M.

Rl2

Long, R.

Db2

Beck, D.

MCM

Marsh, M.C.

Rl3

Leverton, R.

DBW

Wooldridge, D.

MCP

Perry, M.C.

SAK-J

Knill-Jones, S.A.

DCGB

Brown, D.C.G.

ME

Easterbrook, M.

SB

Bosanquet, S.

DF

Foot, D.

MEH

Hicks, M.E.

SD

Dumican, S.

DGG

Green, D.G.

MF

Forster, M.

SF

Farrell, S.

DH

Hipperson, D.

MFVC

Corley, M.F.V.

SHH

Hind, S.H.

Dh2

Hoare, D.

MH

Harvey, M.

SJD

Dewick, S.J.

DJLA

Agassiz, D.J.L.

MJ

Jeffes, M.

SJP

Patton, S.J.

DJW

Wedd, D.J.

MJD

Deans, M.J.

SMP

Palmer, S.M.

182

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

DRML Long, D.R.M.

MJT

Tickner, M.J.

SN

Nash, S.

DRm^G Gilmore, D.R.W.

ML

Lawlor, M.

SPC

Clancy, S.P.

DW

Walker, D.

MLO

Opie, M.L.

TDC

Chapman, T.D.

Dw2

Wooldridge, D.

MP

Pennington, M.

TE

Ezard, T.

FS

Solly, F.

MPS

Skevington, M.P.

TG

Green, T.

FTJ

Johns, F.T.

MS

Southall, M.

THF

Freed, T.H.

GAC

Collins, G.A.

MSP

Parsons, M.S.

TN

Norriss, T.

GBH

Hocking, G.B.

MT

Tunmore, M.

TR

Rogers, T.

GD

Davis, G.

MW

Wall, M.

TS

Steele, T.

GDC

Craine, G.D.

MY

Yeates, M.

TT

Tams, T.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to all of the above mentioned recorders and contributors, in particular
those who took the time to send in records directly and the county recorders who
provided comprehensive spreadsheet data from their respective territories.

I am particularly grateful to Bernard Skinner for his continued assistance with the
current report and for commenting on the first draft; and for his invaluable support
with the 2002 & 2003 reports. I must also thank Roger Long for checking through
the VCl 13 data prior to publication.

Thanks are again due to the Meteorological Office for facilitating access to, and
allowing the publication of, the weather charts included in the introduction.

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Knill-Jones, S., 2004. Migrant moths recorded on the Isle of Wight during February 2004.

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Long, R., 2006. Chrysocrambus linetella (Fabr.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) in the Channel Islands.

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McCormick, R., 2004. Red-headed Chestnut Conistra erythrocephala (D. & S.) (Lep.:
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McCormick, R., 2006. Some interesting moths seen in Devon during 2004 and 2005.

Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation, 118: 126-127.

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Parsons, M.S. & Sterling, P.H., 2004. Cosmopterix pulchrimella Stt. Now resident in mainland
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Atropos 24: 5 1 -52.

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Pennington, M., 2005. Reports from coastal stations - 2004. Shetland. Atropos 24: 72-73.

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Atropos 24: 56-57.

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Journal of Entomology and Natural History 18, Part 3: 175-183.

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St Mary’s, Isles of Scilly. Atropos 25: 50-51.

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24: 71-72.

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SCARCE BORDERED STRAW

185

THE RISE OF THE SCARCE BORDERED STRAW HELICOVERPA
ARMIGERA (HUBNER) (LEP.j NOCTUIDAE)

M.S. Parsons & P. Davey

Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham, Dorset BH20 5QP.

1 New Bam Cottage, Park Lane, Shapwick, Blandford, Dorset DTI 1 9JP.

Abstract

The immigration records of the Scarce Bordered Straw Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) (Lep.:
Noctuidae) are analysed for Britain from 1969 onwards with comparison made to the numbers
of recorders and the number of inland records. The occurrence of this potential pest species
was found to be increasing, with the moth penetrating inland more frequently. The most likely
explanation for this increase is considered to be climate change.

Introduction

The Scarce Bordered Straw Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) has long been known as
an immigrant to the UK, as well as an adventive. As an imported larva to this
country it has been found feeding on various fruits and vegetables, including beans,
lettuce (Clancy & Skinner, in press) and peas and their pods (C.R. Pratt pers.
comm.), and also on cuttings of chrysanthemum and carnation (Bretherton, Goater &
Lorimer, 1983). Rarely, the larva has been found in the wild in Britain, with records
from 1876 and 1997 on the Isle of Wight on Red Geranium Pelargonium sp. (South,
1961 & Goater, 1998); Devon in 1999, a larva on the seeds of Yellow Rattle
Rhinanthus minor (Skinner & Collins, 2002) and again in 2006 when 15 to 20 larvae
were found feeding on Antirrhinums with one also found at another site on DeviTs-
bit Scabious Succisa pratensis (Henwood, in press); and Cornwall in 2003, a single
larva on Tree Mallow Lavatera arborea (Nelson & Tunmore, 2004).

Karsholt & Razowski (1996) list this species as being reported in virtually every
country in Europe. Also known as the Old World or African Bollworm, Pedgley
(1985) additionally gives it as a species that breeds widely in the tropics and
subtropics, where its larvae damage many crops, including cereals, pulses, tomatoes
and cotton, and comments that it damages crops in southern Europe, where it also
feeds on a wide range of wild plants. In southern Europe it usually has two or three
generations, each of about five weeks duration, with the moths becoming most
frequent in September and early October. Pedgley (loc. cit.) suggested the origin of
the immigrants to Britain to be southern Europe. In southern France emergence is
from mid-June, indicating that earlier moths in that country may be immigrant in
origin. Potential sources for these are from the Canary Islands, Madeira and to the
south and east of the Mediterranean (Morocco, Algeria, Israel etc.), where the
species has several generations a year and can be a pest of economic importance.
This would indicate that the unusual records of four February examples seen in
Britain in 2004 (Clancy & Skinner, in press) would probably have originated beyond
Europe. Davey (2004), through examining weather patterns, speculated that the
likely origin of these examples was the western Sahara and Mauritania regions and
that their flight was over the Atlantic, avoiding continental Europe altogether.

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The Scarce Bordered Straw is given as a quarantine pest on the Defra website
(www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pestnote/helicov.htm) stating that is it found in much of
mainland Europe, Asia, Africa and Australasia. The site adds that the species “would
be capable of causing significant crop losses” and lists carnations, geraniums and
other ornamentals as well as fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes as possible
hosts. The species is listed as a notifiable pest and, in referring to nurseries, the site
points out that the local Defra office must be informed immediately if the Scarce
Bordered Straw is suspected to be present. Established outbreaks are given as being
very damaging and difficult to eradicate.

A brief history of the Scarce Bordered Straw in the UK

South (1961) gives the species as being first recorded in the British Isles at Salford,
Lancashire, in 1840, and lists several records to 1903, going on to state that “odd
specimens have been recorded from Ireland and England since”. Bretherton, Goater
& Lorimer (1983) report that since 1940 only 170 examples of the Scarce Bordered
Straw had been noted and prior to that only about 100 had been seen, 28 of these in
1859. Of the 170, one-third was recorded in Cornwall, Devon and Dorset. They went
on to state that there are records in “most years” and that records are “very markedly
coastal”. Between 1940 and 1969 (when 15 were recorded), double figures were
only seen in 1950 and 1956. Of the few inland records (i.e. away from coastal
counties), some could definitely be attributed to be primary immigrants, whereas
others were probably the result of importation. Bretherton, Goater & Lorimer {loc.
cit.) reported that one of the “surest means of obtaining fine moths for the collection
is an arrangement with a greengrocer for larvae”!

As recently as Skinner (1998) the moth was thought to be often scarce and not
always achieving double figures in any one year, with the “approximately eighty
records” in each of 1988 and 1992 (although the total was found to be over 100 in
each year subsequently) thought of as “exceptional” It is clear that until fairly
recently in Britain this was indeed the Scarce Bordered Straw.

The Immigration Record from 1969 onwards

Summary accounts of immigration to this country had been published in The
Entomologist since 1932. However, Bretherton (1982 & 1983) summarized the
immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles from 1969 to 1977 in the Proceedings
and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society, giving
locations, dates and numbers seen. After that, Bretherton & Chalmers-Hunt (1982-
1990) and Chalmers-Hunt & Bretherton (1993) provided an annual account of
immigration in Entomologists Rec. J. Van covering the years 1978 until 1989.
Further accounts followed, in a similar format, and have covered the period up until
2003 (Chalmers-Hunt & Skinner, 1992, Skinner & Parsons, 1996-2000, Skinner &
Collins, 2000, 2002 & 2004, Nash & Skinner, 2005 and Clancy & Skinner, 2006 &
2007). These compilations are still being published but are not yet available for 2004
onwards, although the data for 2004 has been obtained in advance of publication

SCARCE BORDERED STRAW

187

(Clancy & Skinner, in press). Accounts from a range of coastal localities are
available in Atropos covering 2005 (Atropos, No. 27: 45“75) and including 2006
(Atropos, No. 30: 47-86), giving a partial summary of the abundance of species in
the country in these two years.

From these accounts it is possible to derive an annual total number of records for
this species for the years 1969 to 2004, with a minimum total figure for 2005 and
2006. Further to this it was possible to determine the number of examples recorded
inland from 1969 to 2004, these totals covering numbers found away from the
coastal counties of Cornwall to Kent (including Somerset), and north to Lincolnshire
(also including Surrey). The results from 2002 onwards were compiled in a slightly
different way, with the county recorders encouraged to contribute (S. Clancy, pers.
comm.). Consequently, the totals for those years may be more comprehensive than in
previous years, although this is not thought to alter the results significantly.

As county recorder, PD has compiled totals for the Scarce Bordered Straw in Dorset
from those who have recorded the species in that county for each of 2005 and 2006.
These totals are 89 and 1950 respectively, compared to 49 and 767 derived from the
totals published for the Dorset coastal site accounts for each of those years in Atropos.
This could give an approximate correction factor of x 1.8 and x2.5 for each respective
year if replicated across the rest of the country. A total for 2006 from Sussex of 5 18 (C.
Pratt, pers comm.) compares to 217 in the Atropos accounts, an approximate correction
factor of x2.4. However, these ‘corrected’ figures are not used in the analyses below.

Finally, to gather some insight into recording effort, total numbers of recorders
contributing to each immigration report can be obtained from the accounts for the
years 1978 to 2004 (the figures not yet being available for 2005 and 2006). A slight
change occurred in this collation from the early 1990s, so that in a few cases one
individual could have provided data for two or more recorders. Therefore totals from
that time can be slight under-estimates. However, again this is not thought to have
altered the overall result significantly.

Each of these annual totals, i.e. total number of records, total number of inland
records and total number of recorders are given in Table 1 (and exclude records from
the Channel Islands, Ireland and the Isle of Man).

Results

From Table 1, 1988 would appear to have been a pivotal year, with this species being
recorded in three figures in this country for the first time in any one year. This
happened again in three years during the 1990s, and from 2000 onwards has
occurred in five out of the last seven years (with over four figures in two of these
years). 2006, with a minimum of just over 6200 individuals (and possibly 2.5 times
that figure), was clearly exceptional, with probable local breeding (observed at two
sites, but possibly more widespread) bolstering late summer/autumnal records and
contributing to this total. Figure 1 illustrates that the annual totals of the Scarce
Bordered Straw seen in Britain are increasing exponentially with time, whilst the
frequency of years with low counts is declining.

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

Table 1: Number of records of Scarce Bordered Straw Helicoverpa armigera and recorders for
each year from 1969 onwards.

Total no. of

Total no. of

Total number

Year

records

inland records

of recorders

1969

15

5

-

1970

4

1

-

1971

1

0

-

1972

8

1

-

1973

8

1

-

1974

1

1

-

1975

4

1

-

1976

6

1

.

1977

4

0

-

1978

13

5

87

1979

3

0

77

1980

6

1

156

1981

1

0

105

1982

14

2

230

1983

20

3

321

1984

1

0

129

1985

14

7

127

1986

0

0

105

1987

23

3

122

1988

119

9

146

1989

22

0

167

1990

43

1

299

1991

25

0

76

1992

119

17

117

1993

1

0

58

1994

49

1

88

1995

54

2

127

1996

336

21

142

1997

36

3

75

1998

189

5

96

1999

65

3

96

2000

126

10

313

2001

62

2

110

2002

51

0

221

2003

1022

34

166

2004

366

9

165

2005

216*

-

.

2006

6210*

"

=

Key: * Minimum totals

SCARCE BORDERED STRAW

189

Figure 1. The annual total number of records of Scarce Bordered Straw Helicoverpa armigera in
Britain between 1969 and 2006.

Note: The data are plotted against a logarithmic axis to accommodate the wide spread in values.

However, could this rise be put down to an increase in recorder effort? The
contributors total to the annual immigration account (i.e. not just those recording
Scarce Bordered Straw) in Entomologists Rec. J. Var. is probably the best indication
of this (see Table 1). In poor years, with fewer species of immigrants and often
lower counts of more regular immigrant species, it may be expected that there
would be fewer contributors compared to more favourable immigration years.
Examination of the total number of recorders shows a wide variation from a low of
just under 60 in 1993 to over 300 in 1983 and 2000. 1993 was indeed considered a
poor year for immigrants (Skinner & Parsons, 1997), with 1983 a year “of
abundance” (Bretherton & Chalmers-Hunt, 1984). However, 2000 was described as
“average with most of the regular migrant butterflies and moths appearing in
neither high nor low numbers” (Skinner & Collins, 2004), although it was a bumper
year for the Clouded Yellow Colias croceus (in common with 1983), which could
have contributed to this high count of recorders. 1990 was another popular year
with just under 300 contributors and it was an “exceptionally interesting year” for
immigrants (and the best total for Clouded Yellow C. croceus since 1983)
(Chalmers-Hunt & Skinner, 1992). However, although counts of the Scarce
Bordered Straw were on the higher side for each of those years (1983 -- 20; 1990 -
43 and 2000 - 126), just over half the number of recorders in 2003 recorded over
1000 individuals, with just under half recording the 1990s high of 336 individuals
in 1996.

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ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

Year

Figure 2. The number of contributors to the Entomologist’s Record immigration account from
1978 to 2004.

Notei The data are plotted against a logarithmic axis to accommodate the wide spread in values.

Figure 2 plots the number of recorders who contribute immigrant records to the
Entomologist's Record account between 1978 and 2004. The number of recorders
who contribute records ranges between 58 and 321 and the variation in contributor
numbers from year to year is significant. However, the trend shows only a very
slight increase over the twenty-seven year period as a whole. A comparison between
the graphs in Figures 1 and 2, which use the same axes, clearly indicates that the
trend for Scarce Bordered Straw numbers is independent of the contributor numbers.

Could the apparent rise be a reflection of a trend in recorders specifically targeting
immigrant moths at coastal localities? Inland records just missed double figures in
1988, reaching double figures for the first time in 1992 and again on three further
occasions since that date (and almost certainly so in each of the last two years,
although the data are not yet available).

Figure 3 shows that the trend for inland records increases from about 1981
onwards. Although it increases at a shallower rate than that of the overall national
counts (Figure 1), the addition of 2005 and 2006 totals are likely to align the gradient
of the slope more to that of the overall national count. This indicates that not only is
the moth becoming genuinely more frequent, but that it is also penetrating inland
more regularly. It would, therefore, seem unlikely that this overall increase in
numbers of the Scarce Bordered Straw is down to recorder pressure or recording
behaviour.

What is driving this change?

On the basis that annual immigrant record contributor totals and annual UK Scarce
Bordered Straw totals are independent, a different factor must be responsible for the
dramatic upsurge in the frequency of sightings of this moth in the UK in recent

SCARCE BORDERED STRAW

191

Year

Figure 3. The annual total number of records of Scarce Bordered Straw Helicoverpa armigera in
Britain away from coastal counties between 1969 and 2004.

Notes The data are plotted against a logarithmic axis to accommodate the wide spread in values.
Trend line plotted from 1981-2004 only.

years. Davey (2007) examines the effect that increasing UK and global temperatures
may be having on the frequency of weather types that bring immigrant Lepidoptera
to the UK and the impact on trends in new immigrant species to the British Isles over
time. He concludes that the wanning trend is increasing the frequency of immigrant-
bearing airflows from mainland Europe and north-west Africa, increasing the
number of opportunities available to potential new immigrant species to reach the
UK, and more generally promoting the northward movement of Lepidoptera across
Europe. Undoubtedly, movements of the Scarce Bordered Straw are being influenced
by this changing trend.

Conclusions

There has clearly been a phenomenal increase in this potential pest species over
time, both in coastal counties and inland, with the larva being found in the wild in
each of 1997, 1999, 2003 and 2006. This increase would seem to be independent of
recording pressure or recording behaviour and is most likely to be due to climate
change. If this increasing trend continues then there may be further concerns over its
potential pest status and calls could be made for its control. Depending on the nature
of any control, this could have implications for many of our native species.

Acknowledgements

The interest in this species was stimulated by a conversation on this species between
MSP and Dr David Sheppard of Natural England. Thanks are due to Sean Clancy for
providing an advance sight of the collation of the data for the immigration of the
Scarce Bordered Straw to the British Isles in 2004. Thanks are also due to Barry

192

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.vii.2007

Henwood for a preview of his Entomologist’s Gazette paper, to Colin Pratt both for
comments on an earlier draft and for providing the 2006 Sussex total, and to Martin
Warren for commenting on an earlier draft.

References

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— , 1983. Lepidoptera immigration to the British Isles, 1969-1977. Proc. Trans. Br ent nat. Hist. Soc., 16: 1-23.

Bretherton, R.F. & Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 1979. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1978. Entomologists Rec. J.
Var., 91: 81-91.

— •, 1990. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1978: A supplementary note. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 92: 62.

— , 1980. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1979. Entomologists Rec. J. Var., 92: 89-97.

— , 1981. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1979: A supplementary note. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 93: 28-29.
— , 1981. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1980, with an account of the invasion of the Painted Lady: Cythia
cardui (L.). Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 93: 47-54, 103-11 1 .

— , 1990. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1980: A supplementary note. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 94: 47-52.
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— , 1983. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1982. Entomologists Rec. J. Van, 95: 89-94, 141-152.

— , 1984. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1983. Entomologists Rec. J. Van, 96: 85-91, 147-159, 196-201.

— , 1990. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1981, 1982, 1983: A supplementary note. Entomologists Rec. J.
Var., 97: 76-84.

— , 1985. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1984. Entomologists Rec. J. Van, 97: 140-145, 179-185, 224-228.

— , 1986. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1985. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 98: 159-163, 204-207.

— , 1987. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1982, 1983, 1984 and 1985. A supplementary note. Entomologists
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— 1987. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1986. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 99: 189-194, 245-250.

— , 1988. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1987. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 100: 175-180, 226-232.

— , 1989. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1988. Entomologists Rec. J. Var., 101: 153-159, 225-230.

— , 1990. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1989. Entomologists Rec. J. Var., 102; 153-159, 215-224.

Bretherton, R. F., Goater, B. & Lorimer, R. I. 1983. Noctuidae: Cucullinae to Hypeninae. In Heath, J. & Emmet, A.M. (eds). The
moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 10. Harley Books, Colchester.

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M. & Bretherton, R. F. 1993. Lepidoptera immigration to the British Isles in 1987, 1988 and 1989: A
supplementary note. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 105: 27-30.

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M. & Skinner, B. 1992. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1990. Entomologists Rec. J. Var,
104; 123-127, 209-218, 231-235.

Clancy, S. & Skinner, B. 2006. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 2002. Entomologists Rec. J. Var. 118: 145-
177.

— , 2007. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 2003. Entomologists Rec. J. Var. 119; 1-41 .

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Davey, R 2004. The winter immigration of 2004. Atropos, No. 22: 3-10.

— , 2007. The impact of the warming trend on Lepidoptera species in the UK. Atropos, No. 31: 24-31.

Goater, B. 1998. Moth report, 1997. Butterfly Conservation. Hampshire & Isle of Wight butterfly & moth report 1997: 45-61.
Henwood, B. in press. Wild larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hiibner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Devon during 2006.
Entomologist’s Gazette.

Karsholt, O. & Razowski, J. 1996. The Lepidoptera of Europe. A distributional checklist. Apollo Books, Stenstrap.

Nash, S. & Skinner, B. 2005. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 2001. Entomologists Rec. J. Var.. 117: 1-27.
Nelson, J. & Tunmore, M. 2004. Scarce Bordered Straw Helicoverpa armigera caterpillar on Tree Mallow Lavatera arborea.

Atropos, No. 23; 62-63. • '

Pedgeley, D. E. 1985. Windborne migration of Heliothis armigera (Hiibner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to the British Isles.
Entomologist’s Gazette, 36: 15-20.

Skinner, B. 1998. The colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking, London. (Second edition).

Skinner, B. & Collins, G.A. 2000. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1998. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 112:
233-251.

— , 2002. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1999. Entomologists Rec. J. Van, 114; 1-18.

— , 2004. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 2000. Entomologists Rec. J. Van. 116: 1-24.

Skinner, B. & Parsons, M. S. 1996. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1991. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 110:
151-167.

— , The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1992. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 108: 233-256.

— , The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1993. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 169: 217-226.

— , 1998. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1994. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 110: 1-19.

— , 1998. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1995. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 110: 197-227.

— , 1999. The, immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1996. Entomologists Rec. J. Var., Ill: 153-183.

— , 2000. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1997. Entomologists Rec. J. Var, 112: 49-73.

South, R. 1961. The moths of the British Isles. Series One. Wame & Co., London. (New edition).

Waring, P., Townsend, M. & Lewington, R., 2003. Field guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland. British Wildlife
Publishing, Hook.

Experience the lighter side of field entomology
with Torben Larsen as he describes his
experiences from around the world.

There must be a Hazard
for every occasion?

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Papers

The immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 2004. Sean Clancy 145-184

The rise of the Scarce Bordered Straw Helicoverpa armigera (Hiibner) (Lep.:
Noctuidae). M.S. Parsons & P. Davey 185-192

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As reported previously (Ent. Rec. 118: 193) during late summer 2006, Oak
Processionary moths were found breeding at three separate sites in west
London. This species is a major forest pest in continental Europe and can
cause severe allergic reactions in humans. Due to the timing of the discoveries
it was not possible to eradicate the colonies, and larvae have again been found
in considerable numbers (mainly in relatively localised areas) in 2007. A
programme of monitoring, control and eradication is ongoing, co-ordinated by
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adjacent areas of London, Surrey, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Middlesex
in particular can help to pinpoint any further colonies by reporting all
sightings/captures immediately. Please report all possible sightings of adults or
larvae anywhere in the UK to Christine Tilbury, at Forest Research (telephone
01420 22255 or by e-mail to christine.tilbury@forestry.gsi.gov.uk).
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World List abbreviation: Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.

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Editor

C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

]4 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP.
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Registrar Treasurer

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Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation is a non profit-making journal, funded by subscription,
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• This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers and shorter Notes that are reviewed by the Editor. Contributions
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GENETIC STATUS OF AUTUMNAL SNOUT

193

Confirmation of the hybrid status of the Autumnal Snout Schrankia
intermedialis Reid (Lep.: Noctuidae)

As reported in Gould (2005. Ent. Rec. 117: 139-140), the light trap
at Yarner Wood (O.S. grid reference SX 786789) caught several
specimens of S. intermedialis during 2003 and 2004. Originally
thought to be a good species, S. intermedialis has more recently
been considered to be a rare hybrid between the White-line Snout
{S. taenialis Hb.) and the Pinion-streaked Snout {S. costaestrigalis
Steph.) on the basis that it has only occurred at sites where the other
two species occur commonly and, as suggested by its specific
epithet, it is intermediate in form between them. However, until
recently its exact status was uncertain.

In the hope that this taxonomic conundrum might be solved,
samples of the Yarner Wood moths, along with specimens of the
two other species, were given to Sarah Anderson of The Open
University. For her PhD, Sarah had been using molecular markers
to study populations of the Garden Tiger moth, Arctia caja (L.).
This work had led her to develop new molecular markers
(Anderson, S. J., Gould, P. & Freeland, J. R., 2007. Repetitive
Flanking Sequences (ReFS): novel molecular markers from
microsatellite families. Molecular Ecology Notes. 7. 374-376.).
DNA was extracted from two legs of each of the three Schrankia
‘species’. Once this had been run through an acrylamide gel the
overall genetic similarity within and between species was calculated
as the number of shared bands.

Data from the markers revealed 16-23 unambiguous bands for
each individual. These showed that S. costaestrigalis and S.
taenialis are genetically distinct, but that S. intermedialis is
genetically intermediate, which is consistent with its morphological
characteristics (Anderson et aL, loc. cit.). In addition to this Sarah
also compared the mitochondrial haplotypes (particular forms of the
DNA sequence that are closely linked and usually inherited as a
unit) of the same six individuals used in the study. This revealed
that S. intermedialis shared haplotypes with both of the parent
species, whereas the haplotypes of the other two species diverged
(Anderson et ah, loc. cit.). Although based on a relatively small
sample size this result shows that ReFS can differentiate between
even closely related species.

Figure 1. Portion of silver-stained polyacrylamide gel showing bands
produced by ReFS markers. The first two lanes are two Schrankia
costaestrigalis individuals (S. cos), the middle two lanes are two Schrankia
intermedialis individuals (5. int) and the last two lanes are two Schrankia
taenialis individuals {S. tae). The horizontal black lines indicate some of the
bands shared between the hybrid and one of the parental species.

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.ix.2007

Many thanks to Sarah Anderson and Joanna Freeland for finding the time to take
on the hard work involved in this project. — Philip J. L. Gould, Co-ordinator of the
Rothamsted Insect Survey Light-trap Network, Plant & Invertebrate Ecology
Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ (E-mail:
phil . gould @ bb src . ac . uk) .

Could the Spanish Character Cilix hispanica De-Gregorio, Torruella, Miret,
Casas & Figueras, 2002 (Lep.: Drepanidae) be overlooked in the British fauna?

Cilix hispanica was described as new to science in 2002 from Iberia and the Balearic
Islands (De-Gregorio, Torruella, Miret, Casas & Figueras, 2002. BoL Sociedad
Entomoldgica Aragonesa 30: 33-36.). It was added to the French fauna by Mazel,
Ylla & Macia, (2002. Revue de V Association Roussillonnaise d'Entomologie 11 (3):
81-87). An examination of MM’s collection during a visit by CWP revealed
examples from MM’s garden trap taken on 12.viii.2000, 21.ix.2001, 22.viii.2007 and
14.ix.2007: these represent the first records for the Tam and the first two pre-date the
original discovery of the species. A further example in GW’s trap (a male dissected
by CWP) confirms its presence in Landes. Drawing together other data available to
us, we are able to offer the tentative distribution in Figure 1 .

Given that the moth has rested undetected amongst specimens of the Chinese
Character Cilix glaucata until as recently as five years ago, there is no reason to
suppose that the true distribution in France is as southern as the map indicates and so
we pose the question: Is the Spanish Character lurking undetected in Britain? The

adult is illustrated by Leraut (2006.
Moths of Europe. N. A. P Editions);
drawings of the distinctive male
genitalia are presented as well as for
Cilix glaucata and C. algirica
(though, regrettably, C. asiatica
Bang-Haas, 1907, which is resident
in Bulgaria, is omitted). — COLIN
W. PLANT, 14 West Road, Bishops
Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3QP
(E-mail: cpaukl@ntlworld.com),
MICHAEL MARNEY, Gradde,
81140 Campagnac, France (E-mail:
marney.michael@wanadoo.fr) &
GRAHAM WENMAN, La
Bergerie, 40240 Creon d’Armagnac,
France (E-mail: gjwenman@
Figure. 1. Known distribution of Cilix hispanica aol.com).
in France, at September 2007

BUCCALATRIX ULMIFOLIAE NEW TO BRITAIN

195

BUCCULATRIX ULMIFOLIAE M. HERING, 1931 (LEP. :
BUCCULATRICIDAE) RESIDENT IN ENGLAND

' John R. Langmaid, ^ Jim Porter and ^Graham A. Collins

'Wilverley, 1 Dorrita Close, Southsea, Hampshire P04 ONY (johnlangmaid@btmtemet.com)

^4 Orchard Road, Chessington, Surrey KT9 IAN (jim.porter@gmb.org.uk)

^15 Hurst Way, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 7AP (stigmella.aurella@tiscali.co.uk)

Abstract

Bucculatrix ulmifoliae M. Hering, 1931 (Lep.: Bucculatriddae), is added to the British list of

Lepidoptera. The moth, leaf-mine, larva and cocoon are described and illustrated in colour; the
male genitalia are illustrated; the life history is outlined and discussed. Comparison is made
with B. ulmella Zeller whose adult, in colour, and male genitalia are illustrated and with B.
albedinella Zeller whose adult, larva and leaf-mine are illustrated in colour.

Introduction

A visit to Famham Park, Surrey on 15 October 2006 to make records in a relatively
poorly recorded tetrad, resulted in a surprising discovery. We came across a row of a
species of tree that none of us recognised, and on its leaves were many mines of
what was apparently a Bucculatrix species. Soon some larvae and cocoonets
(moulting-cocoons) were found which were clearly of that genus, and it became
obvious that the trees were a species of Ulmus when we found mines of Stigmella
ulmivora (Fologne), S. viscerella (Stainton), Phyllonorycter schreberella (Fabricius)
and P. tristrigella (Haworth). The form of the Bucculatrix mines was quite different
from that of B. albedinella, the only species of the genus known to feed on elm in
this country, so we were hopeful, nay confident, that we had found a new species to
the British Isles.

JP reported our find to the Site Manager who told us that the trees were Ulmus
‘Sapporo Autumn Gold' which is a hybrid of Siberian Elm, U. pumila, and Japanese
Elm, U. japonica and known to be resistant to Dutch Elm Disease. The row was
planted in the 1980s. Interestingly, there were no Bucculatrix mines on English Elm,
Ulmus procera, which was growing within a few metres of the hybrid elms.

Although we saw several hundred Bucculatrix mines, relatively few larvae were
found, so it was clearly toward the end of the larval period. Within a matter of a few
days the larvae had spun ribbed cocoons, typical of the genus, and moths emerged
from 8 April 2007. Dissection of the first to emerge, which was a male, showed that
the species is Bucculatrix ulmifoliae M. Hering, the genitalia agreeing reasonably well
with the illustrations of that species in Seksyaeva (1981) and Mey (1999), though there
are minor differences which could be explained by the different methods of mounting.

In 2007, visits to the site were made on 19 May and 12 June when no mines or
adults were found after several hours of careful searching. However, on 27 June we
found a few tenanted and several vacated mines, two larvae in cocoonets, three feeding
externally and one cocoon spun on a leaf of the foodplant, thus confirming the species
to be bivoltine here, as on the Continent. On this visit we also found tenanted and
vacated mines of B. albedinella and one larva feeding externally on the hybrid elm.

196

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.ix.2007

Bucculatrix ulmifoliae M. Bering, 1931

Bucculatrix ulmifoliae M. Bering, 1931 Zeitschrift fiir Pflanzenkrankheiten and
Pflanzenschutz 41: 529

Bucculatrix caspica Puplesis & Sruoga, 1991, was formally synonymised with B.
ulmifoliae by Anikin et al (2004) following the suggestion by Mey (1999), but Mey
qualified his suggestion by saying: ‘Future studies have to show if B. caspica
represents a distinct species.’ It is unclear on what evidence Anikin et al. reached
their conclusion, because the drawing of the forewing of B. caspica in Puplesis et al
(1991) differs significantly from B. ulmifoliae in that it totally lacks the large dorsal
spot which is such an obvious feature in the forewing of the latter. The male genitalia
also differ in the shape of the uncus lobes which are shown to be broader and
stumpier in B. caspica, and in the form of the aedeagus which appears to lack the
nipple-like projections on the shaft and the pronounced bend before the apex which
are so characteristic of B. ulmifoliae. Furthermore, the larval mines of B. caspica, all
of which were found on Ulmus carpinifolia (now Ulmus minor ssp. minor), are
described as being 18-20mm in length and uncontorted at the start, whereas the
longest mine of B. ulmifoliae we found was about 15mm and the beginning of the
mine is always contorted.

Description of imago (Plate F, Fig. 1 & 2)

The moth is extremely similar to B. ulmella (Plate F, Fig. 3), the main difference
being the less extensive black suffusion of the forewing markings in ulmifoliae, thus
giving the latter a paler appearance. B. albedinella differs by its larger wingspan,
white ground colour and different fore wing markings (Plate F, Fig. 4).

Wingspan 6-7mm. Head with vertical tuft whitish buff at sides, reddish brown
centrally; frons shining white; eyecaps whitish buff, tips of scales dark fuscous or
black giving a speckled appearance; antenna pale ochreous, sharply barred dark
fuscous or black above except terminal two to four segments. Thorax and tegulae
similarly coloured and speckled. Forewing with ground colour whitish buff,
suffused reddish brown toward base; a reddish brown suffused spot on costa at one
third; another rather larger and mixed dark fuscous or black at two thirds; another
reddish brown before apex extending toward tomus and inwardly to discal area; a
black and reddish brown mixed spot on dorsum at one half with some raised black
scales on its inner side; the whole wing with scales tipped dark fuscous or black
giving a speckled appearance; cilia pale ochreous buff beyond a line of dark tipped
scales. Hindwing and cilia ochreous grey. Legs ochreous buff, tarsi banded dark
fuscous or black. Abdomen dark grey above, paler beneath, anal tuft in male
ochreous buff. This description was made from the first brood specimens. Moths of
the second, summer brood (Plate F, Fig. 2) are generally rather paler but with
similar forewing markings.

BUCCALATRIX ULMIFOLIAE NEW TO BRITAIN

197

Plate F, Fig. 3. Bucculatrix ulmella Zeller, 1848; ex pupa Great Plate F, Fig. 4. Bucculatrix albedinella Zeller, 1839; ex pupa
Chattenden Wood, Kent 6iii.2002. Portsmouth, Hampshire 20 .ix. 1996.

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Genitalia

Male, (Fig. 1) Uncus wide, terminating in two lobes, the space between them a
simple U-shape; valvae somewhat bulbous, tapered to the apex but not abruptly
so; aedeagus moderately long, abruptly bent at 90° below the tip, and with two
nipple-like projections on posterior half of shaft which is gently curved on its

long axis.

Figure 1. Bucculatrix ulmifoliae M. Hering Figure 2. Bucculatrix ulmella Zeller, 1848;
1931; male genitalia. male genitalia (after Medvedev).

Female. Ovipositor long and conical and with poorly differentiated papillae anales;
ostium simple, rather transverse; ductus narrow, without sclerotised areas; bursa with
a signum consisting of many serrate stripes, as in other Bucculatrix species. The
ovipositor differs in structure from all other British species except B. albedinella and
B. thoracella (Thunberg), and may be an adaptation to allow it to position the egg
between the rather long hairs in the angle formed by the midrib and one of the main
veins on the underside of the leaf. The tip of the ovipositor is visible in set
specimens without the need to brush away scales.

Superficially ulmifoliae most resembles ulmella. The male genitalia are quite
different, with ulmella having no developed uncus and with reduced valvae (Fig. 2).
The aedeagus of ulmella is straight and shaped like an Indian club with the broader
section posteriorly. The female of ulmella has a “normal” ovipositor with well-
developed papillae anales and is not visible in set specimens without brushing away
scales. Illustrations of the genitalia of all the British species of Bucculatrix, except
ulmifoliae, may be found in Svensson (1971).

BUCCALATRIX ULMIFOLIAE NEW TO BRITAIN

199

Biology

Ovum

Laid on the underside, close to the midrib, usually at the angle with a major vein, of a
leaf of various species of elm; in this country on Ulmus pumila X japonica.
Continental literature mentions European White Elm, U. laevis, (Anikin et al, 2004),
U. campestris (Mey, 1999) which is a synonym of both Wych Elm U. glabra and
English Elm U. procera, so could refer to either species, English Elm, U. procera,
(S.E. Whitebread, comm.), Dutch Elm, U. X hollandica, (Sefrova, 2005).

Larva (Plate G, Fig. 1)

All parts rather translucent pale yellow, appearing pale green when feeding, due to
the gut and colour of the leaf showing through; prothoracic plate with a scattering of
slightly darker yellow spots of various shapes. The larva of B. albedinella (Plate G,
Fig. 2) is dull green dorsally, pale yellow laterally and ventrally, and with broad,
irregular and interrupted, dark purplish brown paradorsal lines; when still in its mine
it has characteristic blackish, oval ventral spots on each abdominal segment - rather
in the fashion of some Ectoedemia species.

Larval mine (Plate G, Fig. 3)

Starts as a contorted gallery, filled with black frass, in the angle between the midrib
and a major vein, usually forming a small blotch where it has doubled back on itself;
later it is straight, usually along a vein, before turning away at an angle, with broken
linear black frass except for the final 2-3mm, the total length being ll-15mm. The
exit-hole is on the underside of the leaf, and the larva then feeds externally on the
underside eating out windows. The mine of B. albedinella (Plate G, Fig. 4) on the
same foodplant is less conspicuous than that of ulmifoliae and has between two and
four small frass-free diverticula leading off the main track.

Pupa

Dark blackish brown, in a sooty grey-black cocoon (Plate G, Fig. 5), without
palisade, spun on a leaf or the larval container in captivity; in the wild, on a leaf, on
the bark of the tree or, most probably, on detritus on the ground. The cocoon of B.
albedinella differs from all other Bucculatrix species in lacking the usual
longitudinal ridges.

Imago

In this country, in captivity, moths emerged in April and May, and again in July. On the
Continent it is found from May to August, in two generations (Anikin et ah, loc. cit.).

Distribution

Thus far known in this country only from Farnham, Surrey. On the Continent it
occurs in eastern Germany, Austria and Italy eastwards to Poland and Romania
(Baraniak, 1996), Switzerland (Sauter & Whitebread, 2005) and Russia (Anikin et al,
loc.cit.) where it does not occur east of the Ural Mountains (S.Yu. Sinev, pers.comm.)

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Plate G, Fig. 3. Bucculatrix ulmifoliae Plate G, Fig. 5. Buccidatrix ulmifoUae Plate G, Fig. 4. Bucculatrix albedinella

M. Hering 1931 ; larval mines in leaves of M. Hering 1931; cocoon on leaf of Zeller, 1839; larval mines on Ulmiis

Ulmus pumila X japonica. Ulmus pumila X japonica. pumila X japonica.

BUCCALATRIX ULMIFOLIAE NEW TO BRITAIN

201

Discussion

It would seem probable that B. ulmifoUae was imported into this country with the
hybrid elms, possibly in cocoons on the bark or branches, but it has not been
possible to find out whence the trees came. A large number of the trees were planted,
in a line nearly 1km long, in Famham Park, thus providing ample space to support a
flourishing population of this species new to the British Isles, and also most of the
other elm-feeding leaf-mining British species of microlepidoptera. B. ulmifoUae
should be allocated the Log Book number 274a on the British list.

Acknowledgements

Grateful thanks are due to the following: Ian Thirlwell (Portsmouth) for the
photographs of the mines and for much help in preparing the digital images; Martin
Honey (BMNH) for photographs of the imagines; Ron Hills (Farnham) for his
assistance in identifying the species of elm and for his willing co-operation in
agreeing our suggestions for conservation; David Agassiz (Gravesend) and Klaus
Sattler (BMNH) for looking up and/or photocopying documents for reference;
Sergey Sinev (St Petersburg) for information on distribution.

References

Anikin, Vasily V., Sachkov, Sergey A., & Zolotuhin, Vadim V.T.L, 2004. “Fauna
Lepidopterologica Volgo-Uralensis” 150 years later: changes and additions. Part 8.
Gracillarioidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Atalanta (Marktleuthen) 35: 141-151.

Baraniak, E., 1996. Bucculatricidae, pp. 47-48. In Karsholt, O. & Razowski, J. (Eds), The
Lepidoptera of Europe. A Distributional Checklist 380pp. Stenstrap.

Hering, E. M., 1957. Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa, 1 and 2, 1185 pp., 3, 221
pp., 725 figs. ‘s-Gravenhage.

Hering, M., 1931. Minenstudien 12. Zeitschrift fiir Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 41:
529-530.

Mey, Wolfram, 1999. Notes on some western Palaearctic species of Bucculatrix (Gracillarioidea,
Bucculatricidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 22: 212-226.

Puplesis, R., Seksjaeva, S. & Sruoga, V., 1991. Leaf-mining Lepidoptera (Nepticulidae,
Bucculatricidae, Gracillariidae) from Ulmus in northern Caspiya (Kaspia). Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie 134: 69-73, figs 1-9.

Sauter, W. & Whitebread, S., 2005. Die Schmetterlinge der Schweiz (Lepidoptera). 9. Nachtrag.

Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 78: 59-115.

Sefrova, H., 2005. Mining Lepidoptera of woody plants in the Arboretum of Mendel University of
Agriculture and Forestry in Brno - species composition, origin and their influence on the health
condition of plants. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis
Llll, no.2, pp. 133-142.

Seksyaeva, S. V., 1981. Bucculatricidae in Medvedev, G.S. (Ed.) Keys to the Insects of the
European Part of the USSR IV (Part Two): 182-198 (in English translation).

Svensson, I., 1971. Scandinavian Bucculatrix (Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae). Entomologica
Scandinavica 2: 99-109.

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Coleophora squamosella Stainton (Lep.: Coleophoridae), new to the

Hertfordshire (VC20) county list

Examination of a stored collection of microlepidoptera from the Rothamsted Insect
Survey light trap “Harpenden IV” (site 594: O.S. grid reference TL 153133) has led
to the discovery of a new species for the county list: a single Coleophora
squamosella, caught on the night of 10/11 August 2002.

This individual was well out of its normal range of central southern and south-
eastern England and the Breck district of East Anglia (Emmet, 2002. The Moths &
Butterflies of Great Britain & Ireland 3. Harley). C. squamosella feeds on Blue
Fleabane Erigeron acer, a species confined to bare ground or thin grassland and
most often on calcareous soils. The occurrence of C. squamosella within its range
therefore follows chalk geology, in line with the foodplant. Much of Hertfordshire is
non-calcareous, but Harpenden sits on a small outlier of chalk, and Blue Fleabane
does occur in the area, although the nearest known site is some miles from where the
moth was caught (Trevor James, pers. comm.). It is quite likely that the foodplant is
established closer to the light trap and it could well be that C. squamosella is
therefore an over-looked resident.

Thanks to Colin Plant, the Hertfordshire and Middlesex Moth Recorder, for
providing me with some details regarding this species, to Brian Goodey for the
dissection and identification of the specimen and to Trevor James, the Hertfordshire
Botanical Recorder, for providing information on the foodplant. — Philip J. L.
Gould, Co-ordinator of the Rothamsted Insect Survey Light-trap Network, Plant &
Invertebrate Ecology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire
AL5 2JQ (E-mail: phil.gould@bbsrc.ac.uk).

Ectoedemia heringella (Mariani), (Lep.*NepticuIidae) - a first record for North
Hampshire (VC12)

Since the discovery of Ectoedemia heringella in London in the 2001 it has been
establishing itself in London and is now starting to spread into the UK with mines
being found recently in Surrey and East Anglia. Its foodplant, Evergreen Oak
Quercus ilex tends to be found in parklands, ornamental gardens and around coastal
areas and it is these areas which need to be searched to establish the presence of this
leaf miner. In North Hampshire there is a small area of such trees near to the M3
motorway in Fleet and it was these that I searched on a regular basis for heringella. I
found mines on 1 1 February 2007 in this location, which John Laegmaid confirmed
as the first for VC 12. Interestingly, at present, the colony is densest by the side of the
road closest to the M3 motorway, with a corresponding decrease as one passes away
from this. Perhaps this busy motorway, with stationary traffic in some rush hours,
provides a dispersal route for this leaf miner? — Rob Edmunds, 32 Woodcote Green,
Calthorpe Park, Fleet, Hampshire GU5 1 4EY.

THE LUNAR YELLOW UNDERWING

203

THE DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF THE LUNAR
YELLOW UNDERWING NOCTUA ORBONA (HUFNAGEL) IN THE BRECK
DISTRICT OF NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK

'M. S. PARSONS & ^G.M. HAGGETT

' Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham, Dorset BH20 5QP.

'^Meadows End, Northacre, Caston, Attleborough, Norfolk NR17 IDG.

Abstract

Noctua orbona (Hufn.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) was studied in the Brecks district of Norfolk and
Suffolk from 2000 to 2006. The moth was present in eight 10-kilometre map squares; this
represents nearly 25% of the UK population. Other threatened Breckland moth species are also
able to thrive in sites affected by N. orbona and the conservation of this species is probably
beneficial to the wider Breckland assemblage. Observations are made on future management of
sites for this species.

Introduction

The distribution map for the Lunar Yellow Underwing Noctua orbona (Hufnagel) in
Bretherton, Goater & Lorimer (1983) indicates that this species had historically been
found widely, although locally, over Britain, from the south coast of England to
northern Scotland. At that time, Bretherton et al {loc. cit.) suggested that the species
was ‘decreasing everywhere and is now absent from many places where it was once
plentiful’. Further to that they added that it ‘is probably now seen most often in the
Breck district of East Anglia’. In 1999, an Action Plan was produced for the Lunar
Yellow Underwing (UK Biodiversity Group, 1999) as part of the UK Biodiversity
Action Plan (UK BAP). By this time, although the species’ range was broadly
similar to that given by Bretherton et al {loc. cit), it was clear that a further decline
had occurred. During the period 1999 to 2004, when survey for the species was
actively encouraged as part of the UK BAP, it was recorded from 33 Ordnance
Survey ten-kilometre squares nationally, compared to 50 ten-km squares in the
period 1980-C.1999 (Parsons et al, 2005). Additionally, its distribution had shrunk,
with the species primarily being found in the Brecks, the Suffolk coastal Sandling
heaths, very locally in parts of southern England and on the Wirral. The Brecks,
being a large area, appeared to be a national stronghold for the species. The total area
of the Breck has been given a range of values, depending upon criteria and date.
However, the area agreed by the Breckland Committee of 1966 (a grouping of the
Nature Conservancy, other conservation organizations and wildlife experts) is a
reasonable average with an area of 960 square kilometres (or 9.6 ten~km squares).

Skinner (1998) briefly summarised the knowledge of the species’ autecology,
giving the larva as occurring from October to April, overwintering whilst small,
feeding on fine grasses and small herbaceous plants, stating that “Mortality is high in
the young larvae due to parasitism”. Waring & Townsend (2003) noted that the
species is found on dry, sandy, heathy or calcareous sites in open situations, both on
the coast and inland. The adult moth flies from late June to September, although it
aestivates shortly after emergence, re-appearing in late August and September.

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Since 2000 Butterfly Conservation has contracted one of us (GMH) to produce a
register of the Breckland sites for the species, to undertake autecological studies and
to survey current and former sites, concentrating on the larval stage, as well as to
provide management advice to landowners and site managers. This article
summarises this work and the progress towards the conservation of the Lunar Yellow
Underwing in the B recks.

Distribution in The Brecks

Over the course of the seven years of survey covered by this project, eight 10-
kilometre squares have been shown to be occupied by the Lunar Yellow Underwing;
this represents nearly one quarter of the current UK distribution, demonstrating the
importance of the Breckland District to this species in this country. This distribution
in Breckland is shown in Figure 1 .

All records to 1999

■ Larval records. 1999 to Summer 2006
# Adult records. 1999 to Summer 2006

i ;

1 ♦ Swaffham

1

TF

TG

■

■

■

■ ■

4= "TT

■

■

TM

~1

Y1

1 !

=0=

V ■

*S^Th.

•

^tford ■

1

V

4= ‘ir'

■

m ''

•

\ ’V*^’

\ 0' Newn

• 1

larket

Q

♦ Bury

•

St. Edmunds s

6 7 8 9 ^0

Figure 1. The distribution of the Lunar Yellow Underwing Noctua orbona in the Brecks and
surrounding area.

THE LUNAR YELLOW UNDERWING

205

Field observations

Annual larval surveys since 2000 have recorded over 1,100 larvae, all found between
5 November and 11 April. As a result of earlier surveys, most surveying now takes
place from November to early March, depending on weather conditions. In the
Brecks, young larvae are solely found associated with tufts of fine grasses on dry,
well-drained soils, A range of soils are used: acid sandy soils, acid to neutral soils
and calcareous soils, all without a build up of leaf litter. Larvae are found in areas
where the dominant grass is Sheep’s Fescue Festuca ovina, Brown Bent Agrostis
vinealis or young plants of Wavy Hair-grass Deschampsia flexuosa, the larvae being
usually found up on the dead grass stems and when found feeding only at the tips of
these grasses. Habitat types include Breck grassland and heathland, along forestry
rides, fire breaks and in areas of forest restocking up to seven years since planting,
where trees have been slow to close canopy.

Management of these Breckland sites ranges from annual swiping (tractor
powered heavy rotary blades), forage harvesting or mowing, to sites that are lightly
or heavily grazed by sheep, sites that are heavily grazed by rabbits, to sites which
have no apparent management. Rabbits are present on all the larger Breck heaths
supporting Lunar Yellow Underwing. Table 1 summarises the total number of Lunar
Yellow Underwing larvae found during the course of the project since the 2001/02
survey. This illustrates that the moth is found over sites with a range of broad
management types, however, it is important to note that the totals for each
management type do not take into account several factors that may influence
numbers, such as the weather conditions during sampling or the intensity of
management, i.e. heavily grazed or lightly grazed, low or high cut etc.

Not all Breckland management regimes are suitable for the moth, with, in general,
the highest counts of larvae being found in areas where there is a mosaic sward, such
as that produced by light grazing by sheep combined with disturbance by rabbits.
Close swiping resulted in very few Lunar Yellow Underwing larvae being found. An
example of this has occurred at Home Heath recently, whereas areas that were
previously unswiped here supported more larvae in 2003. In recent years Forest
Enterprise has cleared c.SOOha of pine plantation for heath restoration over Thetford
Forest, where the renovated grass heath at Cranwich mown by forage harvester
resulted in larvae of the Lunar Yellow Underwing being found in good numbers on
islands of fine-leaved grasses. At part of Brettenham Heath, where in conjunction with
sheep grazing, the area is mown at a height of about O.Smetres to control Bracken
Pteridium aquilinum, Lunar Yellow Underwing are found on the available raised grass
tufts. Twelve SSSIs were studied where management has been undertaken to provide
short turf and bare patches for the Stone Curlew Burhinus oedicnemus, also a UK BAP
Priority (bird) species. Of these, seven supported the Lunar Yellow Underwing where
there were enough grass tussocks left among the bare soil, but five supported no tufts
and were unsuitable for the moth. One site, Horn Heath, visited in 2003, was grazed by
cattle resulting in heavily trampled and closely grazed conditions unsuitable for Lunar
Yellow Underwing. Two further sites that were heavily grazed by cattle were also
thought, on examination of the turf, unlikely to support larvae.

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Table 1. The total number of Lunar Yellow Underwing Noctua orbona larvae found from
the autumn 2001/02 survey to 2006/07 survey by management type.

Principal

management

types

No. site visits

No.

larvae found

Average
number of

larvae found

Range of
no. of larvae
found

Sheep-grazed

43

464

10.8

0 to 69

Rabbit-grazed

6

52

8.7

Oto 27

Sheep- and
rabbit-grazed

6

116

19.3

Oto 59

Mown/swiped

18

80

4.4

0 to 26

Sheep-grazed

plus

mown/swiped

4

48

12

Oto 27

Sheep- and
rabbit-grazed plus

mown/swiped

2

28

14

10 to 18

Not grazed or
mown/swiped
(i.e. not obviously
managed)

49

464

9.5

0 to 80*

* 80 is a high count for apparently unmanaged habitat, but in this case is the result of ground

disturbance.

All other larvae found during this project have been identified, with the Yellow Belle
Semiaspilates ochrearia and the Grayling butterfly Hipparchia semele being found,
both local species. From this it has emerged that a negative indicator of suitability of
sites for the Lunar Yellow Underwing is the presence of larvae of the Square-spot Rustic
Xestia xanthographa. Although this species can be found in small numbers on sites
supporting the Lunar Yellow Underwing, higher numbers indicate the site is usually
unsuitable for the Lunar Yellow Underwing, as the grassland is generally denser,
comprising coarser grasses. A good example of this was found at Thetford Heath during
the autumn/winter of 2006/07 where higher numbers of Lunar Yellow Underwing were
found on fine-leaved grasses with those of Square-spot Rustic being confined to the
coarser grasses lower down the slope of the site. Contrastingly, a parallel transect at the
same site across a heavily rabbit-grazed sward failed to produce any larvae.

Wild collected larvae of Lunar Yellow Underwing were also reared in captivity
and several parasitoids have resulted from these, including species of the genera
Meteorus, Aleiodes, Glyptapanteles, Exetastes and at least one species of
Campopleginae (all det. Dr M. Shaw). One of these, Glyptapanteles fulvipes, is a
generalist that parasitizes a range of low-feeding hosts that overwinter, in particular
species of the genus Noctua and Xestia (Dr M. Shaw, pers. comm.). Other larvae
died over winter as a result of probable viral infection and through the phenomenon
of larvae withering away or shrinking through no obvious reason.

THE LUNAR YELLOW UNDERWING

207

Observations in captivity

Oviposition

Three cages were set up in 2005 with clods of tufts of fine-leaved Breckland grasses.
One female Lunar Yellow Underwing was placed in each cage in early September,
although only one female produced eggs, these laid by mid September. A possible
explanation why the other two females had not laid any eggs was that they had not
paired by this time, perhaps indicating that they do not pair prior to aestivation. Six
separate egg batches were laid on dead flowering heads of the previous years
Sheep’s Fescue at a height of between 10cm and 22cm above soil level. Egg batches
ranged in size from 14 to 43 eggs and were laid in double strings on each stem, being
attached by their bases, each egg standing at right angles to the stem. Eggs started to
hatch from 12 days after being laid.

Larval behaviour

Larvae remained on and around the empty eggshells for up to 48 hours before
dispersal into the grass tuft, and were extremely sensitive to disturbance. Nocturnal
observations over the autumn/winter period recorded very few larvae (eight being
the maximum observed), these usually sat up on a grass stem. Observations were
made about an hour after dark nightly from the beginning of October, with larvae
being seen from 12 nights per month (October) to every night of the month
(January). Larvae were found on grass stems on cold nights with temperature down
to -2.0°C and there appeared to be no true winter diapause. Larvae were relatively
sedentary and did not appear to move between grass tussocks. Seven instars were
observed, although there was considerable individual variation in the rate of larval
development. No larva was seen to feed. Only 5% of the c.l80 eggs reached the last
instar, with observations on a sub-sample in indoor cages resulting in only a 7%
survival by the first moult.

Over the course of the study some last instar wild collected larvae were taken into
captivity and were offered Common Chickweed Stellaria media, this being eaten
readily.

Pupation

Some captive larvae, both reared from egg and wild-taken, spun slight cocoons
within a loose structure of dug grass-root tussocks, some placed horizontally and
others upright. Other pupae were simply located in pressed-out chambers of grass-
root pads.

Discussion

Implications for site management in the Brecks

From these studies optimal sites for the Lunar Yellow Underwing appear to be those
on dry, well drained sites with plenty of uncut tufts from late summer to spring of the
fine-leaved grasses Sheep’s Fescue, Brown Bent and/or Wavy Hair-grass. From
hundreds of observations, only a few larvae have been found associated in the wild

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25.ix.2007

in the Brecks with other grasses, such as last instar larvae on cock’s-foot Dactylis. It
is possible, as observed in captivity, that larvae may feed on low^growing plants,
such as Common Chickweed and Heath Bedstraw Galium saxatile, which can be
found within the grass tufts. It also seems likely that larvae do not wander from
tussock to tussock, probably completing their growth within just one tussock.

Management in open grassland or heathland sites should aim to leave standing
dead flower heads of fine grasses at the time of egg-laying, in late summer/early
autumn, and to allow a sward structure that retains tufts of fine-leaved grasses.
Ground disturbance by rabbits appears advantageous in that, in conjunction with
light sheep-grazing, this maintains a structurally varied turf with bare ground and
grass tussocks. However, rabbit populations should not be so high that the land is
completely bare. A high rabbit population, combined with a high sheep stocking rate
will produce a very short sward which will be unsuitable for the Lunar Yellow
Underwing,

As it seems likely that eggs are laid up on dead flowering heads of fine grasses
they could be vulnerable to close mowing or grazing; livestock, especially sheep,
should, therefore, be excluded in late summer/autumn until the eggs hatch. Grass
tufts appear to be essential in providing cover for early instar larvae and all instars
have the habit of sitting up on dead grass stems after dark (a common occurrence
with other over-wintering grass heath larvae), and it is here that many may moult,
making them potentially vulnerable to grazing animals. Consequently any
subsequent grazing over the late autumn/winter period should be light, so that the
tussock structure is retained. Grazing, however, will be needed on many sites to
prevent them eventually becoming rank and invaded by scrub. One complicating and
logistical issue is the availability of suitable grazing land to allow sheep flocks to be
moved from site to site, so as to avoid overgrazing.

Management within forestry rides and some other sites, where grazing is not
practical, involves mechanical intervention through mowing or swiping, the
intention again being to retain areas of tufts of fine-leaved grasses. No management
should take place during the time of oviposition. However, management can be
undertaken after that period providing it does not leave a short turf, as the tufts are
needed by the larvae for shelter. A minimum height of 15cm cut by swipe above the
soil level in autumn is recommended in order to allow grass-feeding larvae to
survive whilst at the same time controlling invasive woody growth. Removal of
heavy herbage cuttings is desirable, although light mowings from the driest sites can
be left in situ.

Disturbance resulting in bare ground can clearly be beneficial, this demonstrated
by recently restocked forestry areas in Thetford Forest, bare soil being exposed by
the mechanical tree-planting. In these restocked forestry areas strip application of
herbicide along the planted trees is undertaken in winter aimed at preventing coarse
grass and other competing vegetation growth. This, combined with the disturbance
through the replanting process, allows fine-leaved grasses and Wavy Hair-grass to
germinate, occupying at least part, if not all, of these sites, and providing a suitable,
albeit temporary (prior to becoming shaded out) habitat for the moth. Again

THE LUNAR YELLOW UNDERWING

209

disturbance such as that created through rabbits, can play a part in providing
conditions suitable for fine-leaved grasses. One particular location at Santon,
Thetford Forest, where Lunar Yellow Underwing larvae have been monitored
regularly, became engulfed by regeneration of Broom Cytisus scoparius; Forest
Enterprise staff cut and removed the growth which disturbed the soil and produced
in the following winter the highest larval count to date.

Bracken invasion is a potential threat on some sites and herbicide treatment has
been successfully undertaken in some areas. The larvae of Lunar Yellow Underwing
can thrive under light bracken growth or under bracken weakened by spraying and
can move into areas after spraying.

The Lunar Yellow Underwing as an indicator?

During the larval surveys, several other local Lepidoptera species have been located
in habitats frequented by the Lunar Yellow Underwing, most notably the Yellow
Belle and the Grayling butterfly. Light-trapping at sites supporting Lunar Yellow
Underwing has also located a suite of Breckland species, such as the nationally
threatened Marbled Clover Heliothis viriplaca, Grey Carpet Lithostege griseata and
Tawny Wave Scopula rubiginata. The Basil Thyme Case-bearer Coleophora
tricolor, another UK BAP Priority species, can occur on the same sites as the Lunar
Yellow Underwing, and, providing grazing is not too heavy, the Lunar Yellow
Underwing can even occur alongside the Stone Curlew. The Lunar Yellow
Underwing is thus representative of a wide range of Lepidoptera species that are
similarly associated with open Breck grassland. Consequently many other species
will benefit from its conservation.

Examples of liaison with land owners and site managers

During the course of the project GMH has provided habitat management advice for
the conservation of the Lunar Yellow Underwing on a wide range of Breckland sites,
including the significant and substantial areas covered by Forest Enterprise and the
Ministry of Defence (MoD). This advice has been given to successive forestry
managers at Cranwich Camp SSSI, Norfolk, which was formerly heavily mown, to
maintain a grass sward of moderate height (approx. 15cm) to benefit the Lunar
Yellow Underwing and other species. Forest Enterprise and Natural England staff
have also been advised of heights for swiping forestry rides and when to undertake
this operation over a range of conservation sites, specifically for this species.
Following the c.SOOha clearance of the pine plantation by Forest Enterprise for heath
restoration over Thetford Forest and with considerable management input, grass
heath is now well established. Larvae of the Lunar Yellow Underwing have been
found on three of these heaths, with other areas created adjoining nature reserves that
support the species.

At one Norfolk Wildlife Trust managed part of Thetford Heath SSSI, advice has been
aimed at reducing grazing levels by sheep and instituting moderate and time-controlled
grazing. Following this shift in grazing, larvae of the Lunar Yellow Underwing were
rediscovered on part of the reserve after a period of three years absence.

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At Thorpe Heath SSSI, an MoD site and one known to support the Lunar Yellow
Underwing, sheep grazing was introduced in 2002 following scrub clearance in an
effort to maintain a grassy sward. Liaison here has been aimed at ensuring that
conditions for the moth are retained and enhanced where possible. Bracken invasion
has increased in the southern end of the heath and is a threat, with consideration now
being given to its control by herbicide; fortunately larvae still remain numerous here,
albeit on the reduced grassy areas.

Old Bodney Camp, Norfolk, an MoD site, which formerly had a fine Breckland
turf but had become rank and unsuitable for Lunar Yellow Underwing, was rabbit-
fenced, scrub removed and all ground vegetation closely cut by a forage harvester in
2006, with the herbage taken off site. A second cut is planned and it is hoped that
this management will restore Breck grassland to this site.

Prospects for the Lunar Yellow Underwing within the Breck landscape
The Brecklands of Norfolk and Suffolk is a large area, with a wide range of land
uses. Whilst, with appropriate management, existing core areas for the species
should continue to survive, currently unsuitable sites may come in to more optimal
condition for this species. The moth is a powerful flier, occurring widely over the
area and sometimes in numbers locally, so it should have the capacity to colonise
potentially suitable sites over time, which in turn should provide further
opportunities to enhance the conservation of this species within the Brecks.

By engaging land-holders such as the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Forest
Enterprise management can be influenced over large areas. These two key land-
holders in the Brecks together manage some 27000 hectares, of which grass heath and
forest rides, newly re-stocked plantations and renovated heath occupy a substantial
proportion of that total. Much of the MoD Training Area is open heath, well-suited to
Lunar Yellow Underwing, and which has traditionally been sheep-grazed; currently
this large area is managed by a grazier who has been keen to take advice on the needs
of this moth, so that now a tufted sward remains throughout the year on an increasing
area. Forest Enterprise has for some years followed a routine programme of ride
management to suit the life cycle of Lunar Yellow Underwing and also practices
similar mowing regimes on heathland renovation and conservation sites.

Conclusions

The Lunar Yellow Underwing is currently known to be resident in eight 10km
squares within the Breckland area, with some very high populations revealed
through this project’s larval survey. Significant progress has been made in our
understanding of the autecology of the Lunar Yellow Underwing in the Brecks, a
national stronghold for the species. Monitoring of larval numbers continues on an
annual basis encompassing a range of sites and an updated assessment of the
condition of each site. Management advice has become an integral part of the project
and the species has subsequently responded positively on a number of sites. It is
hoped that this project will continue to make progress in conserving this
characteristic Breckland species and other associated species.

THE LUNAR YELLOW UNDERWING

211

Acknowledgements

This work was undertaken through Butterfly Conservation’s The Action for
Threatened Moths Project which is funded by English Nature (now Natural
England). We would like to take this opportunity to thank all the land owners who
have provided access to their sites, in particular Defence Estates for enabling access
during periods of extensive military training, and to the all the site managers who
have undertaken management for this Breckland speciality. We are also grateful to
Dr Mark Shaw for the identification of and information on the parasitoids and to
Arthur Copping for assistance with the identification of the grasses. Many hours
have been undertaken surveying for the larvae by Mike Hall, Rafe Eley, Stan
Dumican, Ray Upton and in particular Stephen Ward, and we are grateful for their
unstinting support. In addition Nick Sibbett, Stephen Rothera and Ian Levett (all now
Natural England) are thanked for their help with access to nature reserves and for
liaison with site owners and managers. Butterfly Conservation would like to take this
opportunity to thank Defra for funding of the single species factsheets. Thanks are
due to Dr Martin Warren for comments on an earlier draft of this paper and to Les
Hill (Butterfly Conservation) for the production of the map through MapMate.
Finally, the now retired Nick Gibbons (formerly of Forest Enterprise) is to be
thanked for his interest, encouragement and enthusiasm and for help in ensuring the
conservation of this species within Forest Enterprise holdings as well as for the
continued interest and management practices made by successor Forest Enterprise
conservation staff.

References

Bretherton, R. F., Goater, B. & Lorimer, R. L, 1983. Noctuidae, pp. 120-278, in Heath, J. &

Emmet, A. M. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Harley Books,
Colchester.

Parsons, M. S., Hoare, D., Davis, T. & Green, D., 2005. The distribution of the UK Biodiversity
Action Plan Priority moth species, 1999 to 2004. Atropos, no. 25: 5-20.

Skinner, B., 1998. The colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking, London.
(Second edition).

UK Biodiversity Group, 1999. UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans. Volume VI -
terrestrial and freshwater species and habitats. English Nature, Peterborough.

Waring, P. & Townsend, M., 2003. Field guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland. British
Wildlife Publishing, Hook.

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A fourth Hertfordshire (VC20) record of the Apple Pith Moth Blastodacna atra
(Haworth) (Lep.: Agonoxenidae)

Recent inspection of a back-log of microlepidoptera collected from the
Rothamsted Insect Survey light trap “Harpenden IV” (site 594: TL 153133) has
revealed Hertfordshire’s fourth record of Blastodacna atra, caught on the night of
19/20 July 2002. The other records are: the Lea Valley, 1900 (Boyd);
Borehamwood, 1969 (Eric Bradford) and Datchworth 18 July 2005 (Steve
Palmer).

Microlepidoptera are often over-looked when moth population declines are
considered. However, as with the macrolepidopera populations described in Fox et
al (2006. The State of Britain ’s Larger Moths), microlepidoptera populations are
probably also deteriorating, with several species becoming extinct within the last
century (Parsons, 2003. The changing moth and butterfly fauna of Britain during the
twentieth century. Ent. Rec. 115: 49-66).

Blastodacna atra used to be much more common throughout the country and was
often considered a pest in orchards. As with many other species, it has become
increasingly difficult to find in the last 20 years (Colin Plant, pers. comm.), making
it a good example of the poor state of many of Britain’s microlepidoptera
populations today. Its decline is probably due to several factors. Habitat destruction,
a cause for the loss of many species, is certainly implicated in the decline of B. atra
following the loss of orchards across the country as apple farming has declined. In
addition, there is the problem of habitat fragmentation, where populations of B. atra
would have become more and more isolated as orchards disappeared. Such isolated
populations are more likely to die out due to chance local events, pesticide use,
disease or climate change (Parsons, loc. cit.). Many gardens throughout the country
still have apple trees and it is here that B. atra can still maintain a foothold.
However, insecticide use in gardens is still high and no doubt effecting populations
of this and many of our once common species.

Despite its decline, it is surprising that this moth has not been recorded more
frequently in the county as, with the exception of Buckinghamshire to the west,
every county on the boundary of Hertfordshire has recorded B. atra. Many gardens
contain the food plant so it would be useful for apple trees to be examined more
carefully. Feeding from August, throughout the winter and into June, larval presence
in twigs is shown by a small heap of frass evicted from the entrance hole. Dead
shoots and blossom and cracked bark are also indicators (Emmet, 2002. The Moths
& Butterflies of Great Britain & Ireland 4(1). Harley).

Many thanks to Colin Plant, the Hertfordshire and Middlesex Moth Recorder, for
providing me with the details of past county records and to Brian Goodey for the
dissection and identification of the specimen. — Philip J. L. Gould, Co-ordinator of
the Rothamsted Insect Survey Light-trap Network, Plant & Invertebrate Ecology
Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ. (E-mail:
phiLgould@bbsrc.ac.uk).

EUPEODES GOELDLINI IN BRITAIN

213

EUPEODES GOELDLINI (DIR: SYRPHIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN, FRANCE
AND IRELAND, WITH A KEY TO SEPARATE IT FROM RELATED
ATLANTIC ZONE SPECIES

'Martin C. D. Speight, ^Jean-Pierre Sarthou and ^ David A. Levy

‘Dept, of Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland (E-mail: speightm® gmail.com)

^ UMR Dynafor Inro/Ensat, BP 32607, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France
^9 Chilton Grove, Yeovil, Somerset B All 4 AN, England

Abstract

The hoverfly Eupeodes goeldlini Mazanek, Laska & Bicik, 1999 (Diptera: Syrphidae) is added
to the lists for Britain, France and Ireland. Records of this species are provided, together with
notes on its determination and biology and a key to the identification of the Eupeodes species
known from Atlantic parts of Europe.

Introduction

Identification of European species in the hoverfly genus Eupeodes has never been
easy and changes in nomenclature, coupled with segregation of additional species
from among existing taxa, has made the process more confusing and not necessarily
any easier! Until the appearance of Coe (1953) identification of these species was
extremely unreliable. At that point in time Eupeodes species were not separated from
Syrphus. Dusek and Laska (1973, 1976) made a significant advance in sorting out
the European species, segregating them from Syrphus s.l. under the generic name
Metasyrphus, describing new species and providing a key. It was subsequently
shown that the generic name Eupeodes should be used, instead of Metasyrphus, and
one of the erstwhile European Metasyrphus species was also hived off into its own
subgenus or genus, Lapposyrphus. Throughout the period since publication of the
papers by Dusek and Laska {op. cit.) there has been doubt and confusion over the
identity of one widely distributed European species in particular, namely the taxon
then known as M. latilunulatus (Collin). Mazanek et al (1998), showed that the
correct name for latilunulatus of Collin was bucculatus (Rondani). The following
year Mazanek et al (1999) published descriptions of two further species in this
complex, E. duseki and E. goeldlini, the former from northern Europe, the latter from
central Europe. Their description of E. goeldlini was based on the male only. Haarto
and Kerppola (2007) include both E. duseki and E. goeldlini in their keys, together
with E. bucculatus, citing all three species from Finland. Further, they key out both
sexes of E. goeldlini, though they provide no description, as such, of the otherwise
undescribed female of E. goeldlini (they do, on p.l76, provide a brief diagnosis of E.
goeldlini in Finnish, which makes reference to some features of the female). The
present text provides the first citations of Eupeodes goeldlini for Britain, France and
Ireland and a key allowing separation of E. goeldlini from other known Atlantic zone
Eupeodes species. The concept of the male of E. goeldlini employed here is based on
the original description of the species provided by Mazanek et al (1999) and on
Haarto and Kerppola (2007). The concept of the female is based on Haarto and
Kerppola (2007).

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Eupeodes goeldlini Mazanek, Laska & Bicik, 1999
Britain

Dorset: 29 August 1998, 2 males; SY875935 Bere Heath Wood, Bere Regis; coll, and det. D. &

T. Levy.

Gloucester: 31 July 1983, female; SO625110, Forest of Dean; coll, and det. D. & T. Levy.
Norfolk: 18 July 1983, female; Upton; coll. W. Er'win, det. D. Levy.

France

Cher: 25 May 1991, female, Apremont; alluvial Salix alba gallery forest, along R. Allier; coll,
and det. M. C. D. Speight.

Pyrenees- Atlantiques: 25 July 1999, male, F. de Bious-Artigues, Vallee d’Ossau; open slope
mire within Abies forest, 1600m ; coll, and det. J-P. Sarthou.

Ireland

Co. Kildare: 13 May 2004, male; 10 June 2004, females; N692 259 (PV2), Lullymore E.;
Molinia grassland and Betula/Salix scrub on drained valley bog, at edge of conifer plantation;
coll, and det. M. C. D. Speight.

E. goeldlini is as yet a little-known species. It has been found in Poland, Germany,
the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Switzerland, plus Finland and European parts of
Russia. In its features, the sole Irish male specimen corresponds well with the original
description of the species and can be determined without much difficulty using the
keys of Haarto and Kerppola (2007). However, although E. goeldlini is also included
in the keys of van Veen (2004) it would be difficult to correctly determine this species
using those keys. For some reason van Veen (l.c.) includes the male of E. goeldlini in
a section of the key in which the black marks on the stemites are “rectangular or
nearly so”, whereas they are distinctly rounded in this species (as figured in the
original description). Further, van Veen uses as a diagnostic feature, to separate E.
goeldlini from E. duseki, the extension of the pale tergal markings to the lateral
margins of the tergites, a feature that is stated in the original description to be variable
in E. goeldlini, the pale marks being separate from the margins of the tergites in dark
specimens. The female of E. goeldlini is not included in van Veen’s (2004) keys.
Using the keys in Ball et al (2002) the French male of E. goeldlini would run to
"'Eupeodes species B”, but the French and Irish females recognised here as E.
goeldlini do not key out satisfactorily as “species B”. Even so, it would seem very
likely that “species B” of Ball et al (2002) will prove to be E. goeldlini. The Irish
male has a narrower face than is indicated for either “species B” or E. goeldlini - at
its maximum width it is slightly narrower than the maximum width of an eye in
anterior view. According to Mazanek et al (1999) the face in male E. goeldlini varies
in width from “43-49% of width of head”. In redescribing E. bucculatus Mazanek et
al (1998) unfortunately give neither figure, nor information on, the width of the face
of the male lectotype, or on variability in facial width in this species. However, facial
width in E. bucculatus s.s. is known to vary from about the maximum width of an
eye to greater than the maximum width of an eye and it is assumed here that facial
width in E. goeldlini could do likewise. Ball et al (2002) highlight the variability of
facial width in E. bucculatus males by separating two forms, X and Y, based largely
on this feature. It should also be noted that the figure of the dorsal

EUPEODES GOELDLINI IN BRITAIN

215

surface of the abdomen in the E. bucculatus lectotype, provided by Mazanek et al.
(1998), shows a specimen in which the pale markings are separated and very large,
almost exactly as in “species B” of Ball et al (2002). Further, Mazanek et al (1999)
state that “in external morphology E. goeldlini is almost identical with
E.bucculatus'\ They do, however, state that the dark sternal markings in the
lectotype of E. bucculatus are rectangular (Mazanek et al, 1998) and “dark spots on
stemites 3 and 4 oval and of equal size” in the holotype of E. goeldlini (Mazanek et
al, 1999). In deciding the identity of the specimens that form the basis of the present
text, Haarto and Kerppola (2007) are followed, in taking the shape of the black
sternal markings to be more diagnostic than other features, and in employing the
basis they use for recognising the otherwise undescribed female of E. goeldlini.
Collection of both male and female specimens of apparently E. goeldlini from the
same Irish locality has also been taken as significant, coupled with the experience of
repeatedly finding males and females of “typical” E. bucculatus (i.e. with very
rectangular dark marks on the stemites) together elsewhere, in both Ireland and on
the continent.

A notable feature of the British, French and Irish females recognised here as E.
goeldlini is their entirely orange hind femora. The colour of the hind femora in the
Finnish specimens identified as females of E. goeldlini is not noted in the keys of
Haarto and Kerppola (2007). However, Antti Haarto (pers. comm.) has confirmed
that the female in his collections does have entirely yellow hind femora. In E.
bucculatus females the femora are almost invariably black at the base. In that species
the hind femora are usually black for about 50% of their length. The only European
Eupeodes species with characteristically pale hind femora in the female and
otherwise similar to the females here identified as E. goeldlini, is E. nitens
(Zetterstedt). But the female of E. nitens has wings almost entirely covered in
microtrichia, the front femora largely black-haired postero-laterally, rectangular
black markings on the stemites and small frontal dust spots. The females here
identified as E. goeldlini do not correspond with E. nitens in any of those features,
though they do show some variability in the extent of the frontal dust spots. In fresh
specimens, the black marks on the stemites are easy enough to see in both sexes of
all Eupeodes species. But post-mortem changes in the content of the abdomen may
cause considerable general darkening that obscures the surface colouring of the
stemites and can make the shape of the black markings difficult to discern. Entirely
pale hind femora can also be found in females of E. luniger. An ancillary feature
helping to distinguish females of E. goeldlini and E. luniger is that in the former
species the pale marks on tergites 3 and 4 usually form complete, undulating,
transverse bands that reach the lateral margins of the tergites, whereas in E. luniger
these markings are almost invariably in the form of a pair of separated spots on each
tergite, that do not reach the lateral margins.

There is very little biological information available about E. goeldlini. The Irish
male was collected whilst feeding at flowers of Taraxacum, and the Dorset
specimens were on Leontodon flowers, and that would seem to be the only data on
flower-visiting for this hoverfly. Its general habitat preferences are unclear. The

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Figure Ij a-d - Eupeodes bucculatus\ e-h = E. goeldlini ; a, b, e, f = males; c, d, g, h - females;
a, c, e, g - tergites 1-5; b, f = sternites 1-4; d, h = stemites 1-5 (all diagrammatic)

French female specimen was derived from a “classical” alluvial softwood forest site
that shared with the Irish site features of seasonal flooding and presence of Salix
species. Salix scrub was also present on the Pyrenean slope mire from which the
French male was collected. There is habitat information from one of the British
localities, but it is ambiguous - the specimens were collected from open rides in
conifer plantation close to Salix swamp. Although Salix is present at Finnish field-
edge/forest localities where E. goeldlini was collected, Salix is omnipresent in such
situations in Finland (Antti Haarto and Sakari Kerppola, pers.comm.). Indeed, if
there were some direct relationship between presence of Salix and occurrence of E.
goeldlini one might reasonably expect E. goeldlini to be frequent and widely
distributed in Finland, which does not seem to be the case. If further records with
good associated habitat data were to be published this might help to clarify the
species’ requirements. The original description (Mazanek et al, 1999) unfortunately
provided little habitat information for any of the localities from which the species
was recorded, though one was apparently “polder” and another was close to a pond.
Whether E. goeldlini has been overlooked until so recently due simply to confusion
with the closely-related E. bucculatus, or also because it is rarely encountered, will
remain a matter for conjecture until its status in different parts of Europe is better

EUPEODES GOELDLINI IN BRITAIN

217

established. The data provided by Haarto and Kerppola (2007) certainly suggest that
E. goeldlini is much less frequent in Finland than is E. bucculatus - the latter is
generally distributed there but only five Finnish records of the former are known.
Similarly, in Ireland E. bucculatus is not infrequent in the Midlands and western
parts of the island. But only one locality has as yet yielded E. goeldlini. Nonetheless,
the species evidently ranges widely through Europe. The records provided by Haarto
and Kerppola (2007) extend the known range of this species far into the North-west
of the continent and the Pyrenean record included in the present note extends its
range considerably towards the South-west.

Key to Atlantic zone Eupeodes species

This key includes known Atlantic zone species plus E. lucasi (Marcos-Garcia and
Laska). The latter is included since its occurrence in at least southern parts of the
Atlantic zone would seem likely. If E. lucasi were to occur in the more northern
parts of the Atlantic zone, separation of this species from E. luniger would be
dependent upon the females, since there is as yet no reliable way of separating
males of E. lucasi from males of E. luniger in which the hind femora are black for
most of their length. This is not the only taxonomic issue still awaiting resolution
among European Eupeodes species and the possibility of the presence of
additional species within the Atlantic zone requires to be born in mind in using
this key.

1

2

3

4

5

7

8

Metastemum hairy 2

metastemum bare Lapposyrphus lapponicm (Zett.)

Microtrichia covering distinctly more than 50% of the 3

wing membrane

microtrichia covering less than 50% of the wing membrane

(resembling Scaeva, but with eyes bare) lundbecki (Soot-Ryen)

Males

females

In dorsal view, genital capsule extending beyond tergite 5 for a
distance equal to, or greater than, the median length of tergite 5

genital capsule extending beyond tergite 5 for a distance equal to
half, or less, the median length of tergite 5

Frons with lateral dust spots
frons without lateral dust spots

4

5

corollae (Fab.) (male)
7

7

6

Alula entirely covered in microtrichia latifasciatus (Macqt) (female

Alula with a large area bare of microtrichia towards the base lucasi (Marcos-Garcia &

Laska) (female)

Lateral margin of tergite 5 entirely yellow 8

lateral margin of tergite 5 partly, or entirely, black 17

Alula entirely (or almost entirely) covered in microtrichia 9

Alula with a large area bare of microtrichia towards the base 14

9 Males
females

10

12

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10 Black mark on each stemite rounded (fig. If) 11

black mark on each stemite angular (fig. lb), that on

St 3 often produced into an anteriorly directed point
at antero-lateral comers (post-ocular orbits adjacent to

vertical triangle narrower than length of an ocellus) bucculatus (Rond.) (male, part)

11 Post-occular orbits adjacent to vertical triangle
distinctly wider than length of an ocellus; anterior

margin of pale marks on tergite 3 almost straight latifasciatus (male)

post-occular orbits adjacent to vertical triangle

approximately as wide as length of an ocellus; goeldlini Mazanek,

anterior margin of pale marks on tergite 3 deeply concave (fig.le) Laska & Bicfk (male)

12 Stemites 4 and 5 each with an angular, transverse black mark 13

or band (fig. Id)

Stemite 4 with a rounded black mark; stemite 5 entirely
pale (fig.lh); hind femora entirely yellow (posterolateral
hair fringe on front femur mostly pale; 2nd basal cell
of wing with 30% or more of surface bare of microtrichia;

frontal dust spots occupying more than 50% of width of frons) goeldlini (female)

13 Posterolateral hair fringe on front femur almost entirely
black; 2nd basal cell of wing entirely or mostly covered
(up to 30% bare) in microtrichia; legs entirely yellow;

frontal dust spots occupying <50% of width of frons nitens (Zett.) (female, part)

postero-lateral hair fringe on front femur mixed black

and yellow; 2nd basal cell of wing 50% or more bare of

microtrichia; legs with bases of all femora black and hind

femora with basal half or more of length black; frontal

dust spots occupying 50% or more of width of frons bucculatus (female)

14 Males
females

15

16

15

Hind femora black for basal half or less of their length

hind femora black for basal two thirds to three quarters
of their length

iuniger (Mg.) (male, part:
southern Europe and a good
proportion of specimens
from further north)
lucasi (male) and
iuniger (male, part: many
specimens from the more
northerly parts of the Atlantic zone)

16 Pale markings on tergites 3 and 4 reaching the lateral
margins of the tergites (black area on frons extending
forward medially, for a distance of one third or less

the distance between the anterior ocellus and the lunule) corollae (female)

pale marks on tergites 3 and 4 not reaching the lateral

margins of the tergites (in the female, the black area

on the frons extends forwards, as a median Y-shaped or

V-shaped mark, for more than half the distance between

the anterior ocellus and the lunule) iuniger (female)

18

20

18 Tergite 5 with lateral margins partly yellow (wing with

2nd basal cell partly bare; alula entirely, or almost entirely
covered in microtrichia)

Tergite 5 with lateral margins entirely black

17 Males
females

bucculatus (male, part)

19

EUPEODES GOELDLINI IN BRITAIN

219

19 Alula entirely covered in microtrichia; ocellar triangle
clearly longer than wide; angle between eyes c 90° (pale
markings on tergite 3 and tergite 4 in the form of a
narrow, undulating, transverse band that reaches the lateral
margin of the tergite, or a pair of separated transverse bars

that may or may not reach the lateral margins ) nitens (Zett.) (male)

Alula with a distinct, but narrow area bare of microtrichia

basally; angle between eyes distinctly greater than 90°;

ocellar triangle equilateral (pale markings on tergite 3 and

tergite 4 in the form of a pair of separated transverse bars

that do not reach the lateral margins of the tergites) nielseni (Dusek & Laska) (male)

20 Legs with hind femora black for c.50% of their length 21

(frontal dust spots usually covering 50% or more of width
of frons; alula with or without bare area across base)

hind femora entirely orange (frontal dust spots covering nitens

<50% of width of frons; alula entirely covered in microtrichia) (female, part)

21 Lateral margins of tergite 5 entirely black; clypeus
L75-2x as long as broad (alula with area bare of

microtrichia across base) nielseni (female)

lateral margins of tergite 5 partly pale (yellowish); clypeus
L25-L5x as long as wide (alula with or without a

narrow bare area at base) bucculatus (female, part)

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Antti Harrto and Sakari Kerppola for information about E.
goeldlini in Finland and to Tom Gittings (University of Cork) and Colin Plant
(Hertfordshire) for checking to see if they had any E. goeldlini lurking among their
E. bucculatus material.

References

Ball, S.G., Stubbs, A. E., McClean, 1. F. G., Morris, R. K. A., Falk, S J. & Hawkins, R. D., 2002.
British Hoverflies: an illustrated identification guide, 2nd edition, 469pp. British
Entomological and Natural History Society.

Coe, R. L., 1953. Diptera: Syrphidae. Handbks. ident. Br insects, 10(1): 1-98. R. ent. Soc.
London.

Dusek J. & Laska P., 1973. Descriptions of five new European species of the genus Metasyrphus
(Diptera: Syrphidae), with notes on variation within the species. Acta ent. bohemoslov., 70(6):
415-426.

— , 1976. European species of Metasyrphus: key, descriptions and notes. Acta ent. bohemoslov.,
73: 263 - 282.

Haarto, A. &. Kerppola, S., 2007. Finnish hoverflies and some species in adjacent countries.
Otavan Kirjapaino Oy, Keuruu. 647pp.

Mazanek, L., Bicik, V. & Laska, R, 1998. Redescription and reinstatement of Eupoedes
bucculatus (Rondani, 1857) and its synonymy (Dipt., Syrphidae). Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc.
Fac. rer. nat., Biol. 36: 27-38.

Mazanek, L., Laska, P.& Bicik, V., 1999. Two new Palaearctic species of Eupeodes similar to E.

bucculatus (Diptera, Syrphidae). Volucella, 4: 1-9.

Van Veen, M. R, 2004. Hoverflies of Northwest Europe: identification keys to the Syrphidae.
256pp. KNNV Publishing, Utrecht.

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ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 119

The Rothamsted Insect Sur¥ey light trap on Jersey - species of note in 2004

The Department of Agriculture and Fisheries at Howard Davis Farm, Trinity has
been running a light trap for the Rothamsted Insect Survey since 31 December 1969,
providing a very large and invaluable long-term data set. The current trap is known
as “Jersey 11” (site 547) to distinguish it from the original site from which it was
moved (about 100m) in 1993. Not surprisingly, given its proximity to France, every
year the trap turns up migrants or vagrants from Europe that would be considered
uncommon on the British mainland. However, despite the length of time it has been
in operation, the trap still produces records that are of particular interest.

Geometridae. On the night of 7/8 June a single Dotted Border Wave Idaea
sylvestraria Hb. was caught. This is only the third confirmed record for Jersey of this
dainty little moth, which is easily confused with the Satin Wave Idaea subsericeata
Haw. Previous specimens were taken by David Wedd in 2004 and Roger Long in
2005; on Guernsey the species is known from three specimens, all taken in 1997
(Roger Long, pers. comm.). The foodplant in the wild is not known but it is thought to
feed on a variety of low-growing plants. A polyphagous species such as this is not
restricted by foodplant and it is probable that it is an under-recorded resident on Jersey.
A singleton of the Clay Triple-lines Cyclophora linearia Hb. was recorded during the
period 28 May to 1 June. This species, despite being widespread in mainland Britain, is
considered as very scarce on Jersey. The May Highflier Hydriomena impluviata D.&S.
recorded on 2/3 June deserves a similar status. The Purple Thom Selenia tetralunaria
Hufn, caught between 6 and 9 August would once have been considered as a real rarity
on the island but since 2004 it has been recorded on a few more occasions. Similarly,
the Small White Wave Asthena albulata Hufn., trapped between the dates of 30 July
and 6 August, is still fairly scarce but not as rare as it once was. A single Scorched
Carpet Ligdia adustata D.&S. on 22/23 July would also once have been thought of as
quite a rarity. However, it is now found at several sites on Jersey and can be locally
common where there is a breeding population (R. Long, pers. comm.).

Noctuidae. Two species of noctuid once considered rare on Jersey were also
recorded in 2004. A single Scarce Merveille du Jour Moma alpium Osb. was caught
on 9/10 June. In the last three years, however, numbers of this species on Jersey have
increased, with frequent discoveries of new populations. Finally, the lone Tree-lichen
Beauty Cryphia algae Fabr. that came to the trap on 9/10 August was clearly a
precursor to the much larger numbers since recorded across the island.

The on-going effects of climate change must no doubt be assisting these species to
change their distributions so dramatically, helped by the remarkable migration events
that have been taking place in recent years, particularly that of 2006.

Many thanks to Roger Long (Chairman of the Entomology Section, Societe
Jersiaise) for his assistance in identifying these interesting records and for further
comments on this material, and to Alex Vautier for her long-standing hard work in
running the light trap. — Philip J. L. Gould, Co-ordinator of the Rothamsted Insect
Survey Light-trap Network, Plant & Invertebrate Ecology Department, Rothamsted
Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ. (E-mail: phii.gould@bbsrc.ac.uk).

ASIAN ELM APHID NEW TO BRITAIN

221

Hazards of butterfly collecting: The lifeline that is the BBC World Service - the
World, 1970-2007

I have earlier in these columns mentioned that some of my most interesting and
pleasant butterfly collecting took place in the village of Mkpot located right in the
centre of the Oban Hills National Park in Nigeria, I even named Anthene emkopoti in
its honour. Twice I was there for more than a week (1995/96) and I still remember
the kindness of the villagers and their willingness to introduce me to the
complexities of their daily life. Thanks to them I could even, if need be, tap palm
wine and distill it to gin. Since everything had to be carried out as head-loads,
country gin was the main village export - and quite a lucrative one at that.

The rhythm of village life was fixed, but not exactly as it had been for centuries. As
dawn broke between five and six in the morning the first stirrings in the village were the
sounds of the BBC Africa Service's “Focus on Africa”. By six o'clock the title-tune of
the main news was being coaxed out of the ether by batteries on their last legs. This was
during some of the worst times of Nigeria's tortuous history, during the presidency of
the unlamented Sani Abacha, and no-one trusted the local broadcasters one iota - and
had no compunction in telling me so. The thought-police did not reach that far. The
villagers were remarkably conversant with world politics and they also loved sports.
Manchester United had no more fervent supporters than the villagers of Mkpot 1.

For me too, BBC World Service has been an essential component of butterfly
collecting: a life-line to the world I leave behind when disappearing into the forest
for weeks on end. On one occasion, I remember, the link to my world was unusually
direct. I was late and switched on the news at 06.10 hours and heard: ... “in
Coldharbour Lane, Brixton.” That was my own address, and I had an hour’s
agonizing wait till the next news told me there had been a new set of Brixton riots,
though on nothing like the scale of 1981, and nothing that would trouble my wife.

This story was partly inspired by the recent release (July 2007) of the BBC
correspondent in Gaza, Alan Johnston, after four months of captivity. He was
allowed to listen to the World Service and found it wonderful, especially as he could
follow the attempts at getting him released. My own experience of captivity is
limited to a single, unthreatening day in polite “house-arrest”, but I fully appreciate
his point of view. I really hope that Alan Johnston’s fulsome tribute to his own
employer will not stop random kidnappers from denying their victims access to the
BBC. His reasoned reports from Gaza were masterpieces of the journalism that
makes BBC so good. I hope he recovers from his ordeal.

In 1973 Lebanon had a pre-test of the civil war than was to ravage the country for
the next twenty years. Our building became part of the front-line. Most of our
windows were shattered by bullets and we had to retreat to a spare back bedroom.
The worst was a 12.7mm bullet that had managed to go through my wife's entire
collection of classical records - about 100 records lovingly assembled over 15 years.
The BBC tried to make sense of the situation, but in truth there was no sense. The
Lebanese media were useless: one newspaper was censored to the extent that the
front page was white except for a single ad for Middle East Airlines - whose entire
fleet had already been evacuated to Cyprus. The radio was a string of
announcements on m^ho had met with whom at higher political levels, which
presumably had some meaning for initiates. The BBC told us to be sure to fill all our

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25ix.2007

bathtubs with water and to stay put. I disobeyed this advice and was nearly killed
when the airport taxi I shared with my boss was caught in crossfire: we really had to
attend a family planning meeting in Cyprus that could not proceed without us.

In 1986, Nancy and I decided to visit the pilgrim centre of Badrinath in the high
Himalaya, one of the holiest pilgrimages for Hindus. The last bit of road from
Joshimath was “up” from 06.00 to 11.00 and “down” from 13.00 till 18.00. Night
driving was not allowed. We clearly had to stay the night in Joshimath, but that
seemed OK - it had plenty of small hotels and guest houses in colonial style. They
were all full. We finally found room in a huge communal dormitory, in which we
were able to secure a “cubicle” - our two beds were screened by paper-thin, two-
metre tall partitions. It must have been the noisiest place I have slept in. Two or three
hundred people, aged 0 to 90, excited by the prospect ahead - a bit like sleeping in an
Oxford Street department store where the sales just opened. It did quieten down in the
small hours, about 02.30, leaving an hour and a half till it unquietened again. At 04.00
the signature tone of the BBC news blared out, followed by children screaming, the
sounds of gargling or retching, fitness enthusiasts getting fit, etc. No more sleep.
However, the excitement and joy that permeated the crowd of pilgrims was infectious.
And it is good to have checked out the world news before making a pilgrimage.

A few months later in the Nilgiri Mountains I went to see a butterfly collection that
had been formed long ago by a man now in his eighties. There was not really much to
see and most of the collection was unlabelled - recollection of where specimens with
no labels were collected must be among the most suspect of data in the entomological
world. However, a few interesting things could be examined, and we sat down for a
cup of tea and exchange of experience. During our meandering conversation the
gentleman suddenly began discussing butterfly defences, with an emphasis on false
heads and seasonal variation. It gradually dawned on me that he was re-telling with
considerable precision a small talk I had given on the BBC just before leaving for
India two years earlier - his amazement knew no bounds. Yesterday’s newspapers are
generally unloved - a two-year old radio broadcast was not!

In 2000 I had a well-paid assignment to analyze the butterfly fauna of Bia National
Park in Ghana. I stayed at the large Wildlife HQ at Debiso, a village on the main road
that was almost dwarfed by the camp. My arrival had been late. At 07.25 I was
awakened by a great hubbub; more than 50 people crowded outside the door: “Butterfly
man, butterfly man! We heard you on the BBC!!” I had recorded a talk on butterflies
and conservation in Ghana a few weeks earlier in London and they had chosen this day
to broadcast it. I was used to a more reserved reception, but I now progressed from
“butterfly man” to local hero. People were sent to ensure that all villagers heard the
repeat of the talk an hour later, when the rest of us listened in as well. It cost me an
awful lot of beer over the next few days - but did it enhance my prestige!

Maybe I should not use this column for what might look like propaganda for a
peculiarly British institution. But it is not like that. I must have listened to the BBC
in more than 60 countries. There are other options on the short-wave bands:
Deutsche Welle in English, Radio Netherlands, the United States Information
Service all try their best, with but a fraction of the BBC audience. They are OK: but
they are not the BBC World Service! — Torben B. Larsen, Jacobys alle 2, 1806
Frederiksberg, Denmark (E-mail: torbenlarsen@compuserve.com).

PARNA APICALIS NEW TO BRITAIN

223

PARNA APICALIS (BRISCHKE, 1888) (SYMPHYTA: TENTHREDINIDAE),
A LEAF-MINING SAWFLY NEW TO GREAT BRITAIN

’ Rob Edmunds, ^ Steve Hind, ^Andrew Liston and ^ Keith Palmer

' J2 Woodcote Green, Calthorpe Park, Fleet, Hampshire GU51 4EY (E-mail: r.edmunds@ntlworld.com)
^32 Carleton Road, Poynton, Stockport, Cheshire, SK12 ITL (E-mail: Steve@hindLfsnet.co.uk)
^Amselweg 84, 84160 Frontenhausen, Germany (e-mail: andrew.liston@t-onlme.de)

'^Toronto Cottage, 11 St.Peter’s Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. TN2 4UX (E-mail: keith@ethical.me.uk)

Abstract

The first records of Pama apicaiis (Brischke, 1888)(Symphyta: Teethredinidae) in the British
Isles are presented, based on leaf mines collected in England.

Records of Pama apicaiis in England

While searching Tunbridge Weils Common, West Kent (VC 16) on 1 June 2007, KP
came across tenanted leaLmines on Tiiia cordata (SmalLleaved Lime). Inspection of
the frass indicated that they were made by a species of Hymenoptera. He was aware
of the occurrence in Britain of the lime leaf mining sawfly Pama tenella (Klug), but
the larvae had not caused rolling of the leaf to any extent - a feature typical of P.
tenella. There was no indication of larvae still being present in mines on two leaves
which were more closely examined. On looking at the photographs shown on the
leaf-miner website (www.leafmines.co.uk) it was conjectured that they might be the
mines of Pama apicaiis (Brischke, 1888), but this was indicated to be a European
species not known in the British Isles. These mines were sent to AL for his opinion,
who considered that there was “little doubt” that the mines belonged to P. apicaiis,
although he had not found any larval exuviae.

On 16 June 2007, KP collected several more mined leaves from the same tree:
remarkably, a second T cordata close by did not seem to have any. They were sent to
RE, who photographed them along with larval exuviae that he found within one
mine. He noted that the pattern of sclerotizations conformed strongly with those of
PMpicalis. Dr. Ewald Altenhofer and AL were consulted, both of whom confirmed
the identification. This species has not previously been recorded in Great Britain.

After these findings were publicised in a newsletter on the leaf-mine website, SH
contacted RE stating that he had recently found the same type of mine at two sites
between Macclesfield and Stockport. He sent vacated leaf-mines collected at
Poynton Coppice, Poynton, Cheshire on 31 May 2007. These were photographed by
RE and confirmed as P. apicaiis by Ewald Altenhofer and AL. SH had first found
tenanted mines of this type of mine at Torkington Park, Hazel Grove, Stockport on
30 May 2006.

Notes on taxonomy

Parna tenella was the only species of this genus known in Europe until Chevin
(1983) recorded a second species as P. kamijoi Togashi, 1980 from France. Based on
examination of material of this second taxon reared by Altenhofer in Austria, Liston

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25ix.2007

(1993) described Pama reseri as a new species. It was recently discovered (Liston et
al. 2006), that P. reseri is a junior synonym of P. apicalis (Brischke). Byun &
Shinohara (1999) justifiably questioned whether the East Palaearctic P. kamijoi is
distinct from the West Palaearctic P. reseri (= apicalis). Examination of the types of
P. kamijoi and further material kindly loaned by A. Shinohara to AL, has since
shown that they are indeed separate species, although very similar. A revision of the
genus is in preparation.

Sex ratio

Whereas males of P. tenella are frequent, only females of P apicalis are known,
even in a series of 350 reared specimens (Altenhofer 1980, as P tenella).

Identification of leaf mines

The mines made by P. apicalis (Fig. 1) are smaller than those of P tenella and do not
cause the leaf to roll (which is always the case in P. tenella). Phenology of the two
species, both univoltine, is also different. P. apicalis adults appear, apparently very
briefly, from mid-April to early May on the continent, the exact time depending on
altitude. The larva completes development by mid-May/early June. P. tenella adults
first appear in mid-May, larval development is completed at earliest in mid-June, and
the inhabited mines can be found as late as early August.

Figure 1. Parna apicalis (Brischke, 1888)(Symp.; Tenthredinidae), Tunbridge Wells Common,
West Kent (VC 16), 1 June 2007, Keith Palmer. Photograph ©Rob Edmunds).

PARNA APICALIS NEW TO BRITAIN

225

Hostplants

The first rearings of R apicalis in Europe were from Tilia cordata (Brischke 1888, as
Blennocampa apicalis on Tilia parvifolia (= cordata}’, Liston 1993, as P. reseri). As
has recently been shown also for P. tenella (Halstead, 2004), P. apicalis does not
seem at all particular about which Tilia species it uses as a host (Liston 2006:
observations in Berlin Botanic Garden, under P reseri).

Comments

The wide distribution of the recent English records seems to indicate that P apicalis
is well established in the UK. Perhaps it had previously been overlooked, although
the possibility must be considered, especially in a thelytokous parthenogenetic
species such as this, that it was accidentally introduced to Britain. The wide
continental distribution from southern Finland and Estonia, through Central Europe
(Taeger et al. 2006) to Bulgaria in the South-East (Muche 1977, as P. ajf. tenella)
suggests that P. apicalis might be found to be more widespread in the British Isles
than is indicated above. We look forward to the first records of adults in the UK.
These can be distinguished from P. tenella as follows:

1 Rear legs with coxa, trochanters and base of femora black.

Tegulae yellowish. Body length: 3. 5-4.0 mm.

Male unknown: probably does not occur in nature P. apicalis

— Rear legs with at most coxa black marked.

Trochanters and femora entirely yellow.

Tegulae dark brown or fuscous. Body length: 4.0-5.0 mm. Male frequent. P. tenella

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to Dr. Ewald Altenhofer (Etzen, Austria) for his help with identification
and for providing European mines for the leafmine website. Thanks also to Guy
Knight (Liverpool Museums) for other information.

References

Altenhofer, E., 1980. Zur Biologic der in Baumblattern minierenden Blattwespen (Hym.,
Tenthred.). Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie 89(2): 122-134.

Brischke, C. G. A., 1888. Zweiter Nachtrag zu den Beobachtungen iiber die Blatt- und
Holzwespen. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig (N. F.) 7[1888-1891](1):
6-12.

Byun, B. K. & Shinohara, A., 1999. Notes on a linden leaf mining sawfly, Parna kamijoi
(Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), new to Korea with brief life history notes. Korean Journal of
Applied Entomology 38(2): 81-84.

Chevin, H., 1983. Note sur les Hymenopteres Tenthredoides (IX): Deux especes nouvelles pour la
France: Parna kamijoi Togashi et Pareophora collaris n. sp. Bulletin mensuel de la Societe
Linneenne de Lyon 52(2): 62-64.

Halstead, A. J., 2004. The host plants of the lime leaf-mining sawfly Parna tenella (Klug) (Hym:

Tenthredinidae) in Britain. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History 17: 115-117.
Liston, A. D., 1993. A new Parna, reseri n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae).
Entomologische Berichte Luzern, 29: 73-76.

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25ix.2007

— , 2006. Beitrag zur Pfianzenwespenfauna von Brandenburg und Berlin (Hymenoptera,
Symphyta). Nachrichtenblatt der bayerischen Entomologen 55(3/4) : 65-76.

Liston, A. D., Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M., 2006. Comments on European Sawflies (Hymenoptera:
Symphyta). Pp. 245-263. In: Blank, S. M., Schmidt, S. & Taeger, A. (eds): Recent Sawfly
Research: Synthesis and Prospects. 704 pp.,16 pi. Goecke & Evers.

Muche, W. H., 1977. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Symphyten Bulgariens (Hymenoptera, Symphyta).
Faunistische Abhandlungen 6(24) : 287-288.

Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D., 2006. European Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) - A
Species Checklist for the Countries. Pp. 399-504. In: Blank, S. M., Schmidt, S. & Taeger, A.,
(eds): Recent Sawfly Research: Synthesis and Prospects. 704 pp.,16 pi. Goecke & Evers.

Colonies of the Asian elm aphid Tinocallis takachihoensis Higuchi (Hem.:
Aphididae) in Britain

The aphid Tinocallis takachihoensis is an Asian species (Higuchi, 1972. Insecta
Matsumurana 35: 19-126; Quednau & Shaposhnikov, 1988. Can. Ent. 120: 1017-
1032) that was inadvertently introduced to Europe at least 20 years ago (Leclant &
Renoust, 1986. Phytoma 375: 49-50). Although it has been regularly intercepted on
imported Ulmus and Zelkova Bonsai plants in the last few years in Britain (e.g.,
Roques & Auger-Rozenberg, 2006. Bull OEPP/EPPO 36: 490-496; DEFRA 2007.
http://www.defra.gov.uk/planth/interc/2007p.pdf), no colonies on plants native in
Britain have been found outdoors so far. This note reports the first outdoor colony
sightings of Tinocallis takachihoensis from Ulmus trees in Britain.

The winged virginopara is a beautiful insect with blackish wing markings, a pale
yellow abdomen, a black head and thorax, and red eyes (Figure 1).

The wing markings consist of borders along all three distal branches of the media,
a small spot on the distal part of the cubitus la, and a small pterostigma. The most
conspicuous wing marking, however, is a large spot on the distal part of cubitus lb,
about as wide in diameter as the head is long. Further remarkable structures are two
rather large black tubercles on the mesothorax. There are also two shorter and less
conspicuous tubercles on the prothorax. The body length and antennal length of the
winged virginopara was determined as 1.70 ± 0.09 mm and 1.68 ± 0.11 mm,
respectively (average ± SD, n=5). More morphological details of the winged adult
are described in Blackman & Eastop (1994. Aphids on the world’s trees. CAB
International). The nymphs are pale yellow throughout, except for inconspicuous
dark markings on the distal parts of the antennal segments. Unlike the imago, the
nymphs wear many long capitate hairs on the abdomen, elevated on little tubercles.

Host plants of T takachihoensis are members of the Ulmaceae, including Ulmus
spp. (elms) and Zelkova spp. In Europe, the species has been recorded in southern
France (Leclant & Renoust, 1986. Phytoma 375: 49-50), Italy (Patti & Barbagallo,
1997. Boll. Laborat. Ent. Agrar‘E SilvestrP 53: 29-84; Sinacori & Mineo, 1998.
Informatore Eitopatologico 48: 58-62), Andorra (Mier Durante & Perez Hidalgo,
2002. SupL BoL Soc. Portug. Ent. 6 [1999]: 213-217) and Spain (Lumbierres et al,
2004. Adv. Hort. Sci. 18: 1-7; Perez Hidalgo & Nieto Nafrfa, 2005. BoL Asoc. Esp.

NOTES

227

Ent. 29: 125“i27). Recently, it was

also found in Germany on Ulmus
sp. (T. Thieme, Biotestlab, pers.
comm., and own observations in
Gottingen on 15 June 2007). On
mainland Europe, the species is
able to overwinter (R. Hammon,
CSL, pers. comm.).

The recent findings in the UK are
all in Berkshire, approximately 40
km from central London, at Ascot
(O. S. grid reference SU 927687;
77 metres above sea level) and four
locations at Sunninghill (SU
939683, 72 metres asl; SU 940682,
68 metres asl; SU 941693, 68
metres asl; and SU 935680, 75
metres asl). The maximal distance
between two neighbouring
locations is 1.3 km; the insects were evident from 9 June 2007 to 30 July 2007. The
alate aphids were identified with the key published by Blackman & Eastop (1994.
Aphids on the world’s trees. CAB International). Further samples were collected by
the Plant Health & Seed Inspectorate of DEFRA and identification was confirmed by
the Central Science Laboratories, an agency of DEFRA. The host plants were
identified as Ulmus glabra. On each tree both alatae and alatoid nymphs were found.
On one tree (Sunninghill, 11 July 2007) there were more than 80 alatae and many
more alatoid nymphs. All findings were made on planted elms growing alongside
roads.

It remains to be investigated if there are more sites in Britain where T.
takachihoensis has been able to establish colonies outdoors and whether the species
is able to overwinter in Britain. At present, the ecological and economic significance
of the species on the British Isles is unclear.

I like to thank Prof, Mick Crawley FRS for identification of the elm specimens, as
well as David Butler, Ray Cannon, Graham Clift, Helen Long and Thomas Thieme
for providing information on Tinocallis. I would also like to express special thanks to
Juan Manuel Nieto Nafria, Roger Hammon and Nicolas Perez Hidalgo for their help
with the preparation of the manuscript. — Thomas F. Doring, Imperial College
London, Division of Biology, Aphid Biology Group, Ascot, SL5 7PY. (E-mail:
t. doering @ imperial . ac . uk)

Figure 1. Alate Tinocallis takachihoensis,
preparation in 70% ethanol.

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Tilia cordata - a new foodplant for Incurvaria pectinea Haw. (Lep:
lecurvariidae)

On 4 June 2006 I found several mines of an Incurvaria species on the leaves on
‘suckers' of SmalLleaved lime {Tilia cordata) in Fleet, Hampshire. This was an
Incurvaria species foodplant I was unfamilar with. Consulting Bering
(Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa) it seemed as if it could be either
Incurvaria masculella or I. koerneriella; the latter would be a new species for
Britain. The mines are illustrated in Figure 1, below:

Figure 1. Larval mines of Incurvaria pectinea on Tilia cordata.

The young larvae were photographed, but did not seem to match descriptions of
larvae in either Hering or Volume 1 of the series Moths and Butterflies of Great
Britain and Ireland (Harley Books). Little seemed to be known about the larval
morphology and whether the dorsal and ventral sclerotizations changed between
instars and so it was decided, with John Langmaid's encouragement, to attempt to
breed them through. I sent four ‘cases' to Ben Smart and kept four myself. Ben
successfully reared one moth, a female, which emerged on 15 April 2007. Ben's
technique in rearing was to keep the mines in a secured plastic bag with some lime
leaves and a piece of damp tissue. He kept this system going with fresh leaves every
five to seven days, leaving the old ones in until the larvae voluntarily switched to the
newer leaves. The frass was removed at this point also and a fresh piece of tissue
added. Around September/October he put the leaves and cases into a plant pot two=

NOTES

229

thirds filled with soil and covered with a pop sock. The pot was then left in a
sheltered spot in the garden until emergence. Superficially the emergent moth
resembled Incurvaria pectinea, but the frons was ellow (an uncommon colour for
pectinea) and this foodpiant was unknown in Europe for /. pectinea.

Shane Farrell then set the moth and dissected the genital apparatus in an attempt to
identify it. A critical feature for identification of females of this group is the shape of
the ovipositor (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Ovipositors of Incurvaria spp., (a) pectinea, (h)oehlmannieila (c) masculella.

© Patrick Clement and Brian Goodey

The problem of identification was discussed with other lepidopterists and both
Brian Goodey and Patrick Clement dissected female Incurvaria pectinea, masculella
and oehlmanniella from their collections of to try and determine the species The
ovipositor corahs they dissected are seen below and it shows that the Incurvaria bred
from Tilia cordata was indeed pectinea - a first record of the foodpiant for this
species in the UK (and possibly Europe).

Thanks to Keith Bland, Patrick Clement, Willem Ellis, Shane Farrell, Brian
Goodey, John Langmaid and Ben Smart for their help in identifying this leafminer.
— Rob Edmunds, 32 Woodcote Green, Calthorpe Park, Fleet, Hants, GU51 4EY.
(E-mail: r, Edmunds© ntlworld.com).

Scarce Tissue Rheumaptera cervinalis (Scop.) (Lep.: Geometridae)^ a new
record for north-east Scotland

In 2006, I caught two individual Scarce Tissue Rheumaptera cervinalis in a Heath
trap in my garden in Banchory, Kincardineshire (VC 91: O. S. grid reference NO
699957) - one on 28 April and another on 5 May. Both were in fine condition. In
2007, an individual with one damaged hind wing was caught in the same location on
17 May. Waring& Townsend (2003. Field Guide to the moths of Great Britain and
Ireland. British Wildlife Publishing), state that this resident species is quite well
distributed in southern and eastern England (north to Northumberland) and in Wales
wherever the larval food plant Barberry grows or has been planted. They speculate

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ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.ix.2007

that it is probably present quite widely in southern Scotland. There are in fact several
records for southern Scotland, but few are recent and most refer to sightings before
the 1930s The nearest record to Banchory was that of W, Herd back in 1869 in VC
88 mid-Perthshire (‘near Perth’), some 60 miles to the south; there has apparently
not been a more northerly record, until now. Given the current known status it is
perhaps surprising not only that two (or just possibly the same individual caught
twice) should turn up in one year but that another should be caught at a similar time
in the same location the following year.

One possibility is that there may be a small but very local breeding population,
since none have as yet been noted elsewhere in north-east Scotland. There are three
small Mahonia aquifolium (the other important larval food plant) in my garden.
While a natural and, given current knowledge, considerable northward extension of
range is certainly possible, a more likely explanation is the presence of a large
garden centre a mile away that stocks Mahonia and Berberis all year round. Both are
very popular garden shrubs. I was told by the manager that most of his Berberis and
some Mahonia come from two nurseries, one on the south coast of England, the
other in East Anglia and that 75% of the Mahonia comes from a nursery in Holland,
as does some of the Berberis. It is quite possible that eggs and/or larvae of this
predominantly southern species, the UK stronghold of which is in East Anglia, may
have been transported here on these food plants via this or another garden centre. If
so, then the Scarce tissue might well be expected in other suburban gardens.

I am indebted to Drs Bob Palmer and Mark Young for pointing out the significance
of the record and for their comments, to Dr K. P. Bland, National Museums of
Scotland for extracting the Scottish records from the Scottish Insect Records Index
(SIRI) which is held at the museum and Paul Doyle for the loan of the trap.

— N. Picozzi, Talsam, Arbeadie Terrace, Banchory, Kincardineshire AB31 5TN.

PINE-TREE LAPPET IN BRITAIN

231

PINE-TREE LAPPET DENDROLIMUS PINI (L.) (LER; LASIOCAMPIDAE)
POSSIBLY RESIDENT IN SCOTLAND

Roger Kiddie

20 Whitehill Road, Gravesend, Kent, DA12 SPG.

Abstract

The discovery of Pine-tree Lappet Dendrolimus pini (L.) (Lep.: Lasiocampidae) apparently
resident Scotland (VC 96) is reported.

Introduction

On 19 June 2007, while on holiday in East Inverness-shire, I found a specimen of
Pine-tree Lappet Dendrolimus pini (L.) in my MV trap. The specimen was
photographed and set for further investigation after the holiday. A further specimen
was trapped, at the same site, on 22 June 2007. The second specimen was very worn,
but not to the extent that identification was in any doubt. This specimen was also
retained.

The history of the species in Britain and the Channel Islands
The first report was a larva taken by Wilkes near Richmond Park in September
(Curtis, 1848), but it would not eat the hawthorn on which it was found and the adult
was not bred. He called it the wild Pine-tree Lappit-moth; Barrett (1896) doubts the
authenticity of this record, he says ‘A larva, supposed to be of this species, found
upon hawthorn at Richmond ... was doubtless one of the marbled varieties of
Gastropacha quercifolia\ The second was a specimen taken in Norwich on 22 July
1809 by J. Sparshall, Barrett comments ‘most likely, accidently introduced’. Since
then there have been five reports from the Channel Islands and four from Britain as
follows:

Forest, Guernsey, 9.vii.l989 - T.N.D. Peet (Tunmore, 2003); Freshwater, Isle of Wight,
12.viii.l996 - S.A. Knill-Jones (1997); Forest, Guernsey, 4.viii.l997 - D. Agassiz (Austin,
1998); St Peter’s, Guernsey, 17.viii.2000 - P. Costen (Austin, 2001); Icart, Guernsey,
31.vii.2003 - T.N.D. Peet (Austin, 2004); The Lizard, W. Cornwall, 6.viii.2003 - M.
Tunmore (2003); Leachkin, Inverness, 28.vii.2004 - D. Robinson (Clancy, 2007); St Peter’s,
Guernsey, 29.vii.2004 - P. Costen (Austin, 2004) and Littlestone, Kent, 2.viii.2004 - K.
Redshaw (Clancy, 2004).

All apart from one of these records affect the southern part of Britain (and the
Channel Islands) and are thought to relate to immigrants; the single Scottish record
is discussed below. In addition, it should be recorded that a larva was found on a
pine tree imported from Italy at Benfleet, Essex during 1999 (Down, 2000).

Records from Scotland

The two specimens obtained by myself were taken in a mercury-vapour trap situated
at the edge of some ancient woodland west of Inverness, the first on the night of 19
June 2007 (Plate H) and the second on the night of 22 June 2007, The immediate

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ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.ix.2007

trap site was dominated by birch Betula pendula with an understorey of gorse Ulex
europaeus, broom Cytisus scoparius, grasses and mosses. The line of birch formed a
border to an area of mixed woodland with some dense stands of pines and more open
areas with birch, gorse, broom, heathers (Ericaceae) and rhododendron
Rhododendron ponticum, all over a thick carpet of mosses. The site is 120 metres
above sea level and significantly is a mere 14 kilometres distant from Leachkin,
where the species was discovered in 2004 (Clancy, 2007).

Discussion

Apart from the single Scottish capture, at Leachkin, all previous records of D. pint in
Britain are of single individuals in the south of the country and probably represent
immigration. However, the capture of two specimens from the same site in northern
Scotland only a very short distance from the place where one was captured three
years earlier suggests that the species may exist here as a breeding population. The
habitat appears ideal for the species with an abundance of pines and spruce, the
quoted food-plants, and the necessary mossy ground conditions for the over-
wintering larvae. The origin of a Scottish population is a matter for speculation. The
year 2004 was one of considerable migrant activity (Clancy, 2007) when other
specimens were taken in the south of England and Channel Isles and it is possible
that the 2004 specimen was part of a migration which penetrated this far north,
though such a large leap would be very remarkable. An alternative possibility is
accidental introduction. The site will need further monitoring in order to establish
the true status of the species.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank David Agassiz for his help in the preparation of this paper and
Peter Costen for his assistance in clarifying the records from Alderney and Guernsey.

References

Austin, R., 1998. Reports from Coastal Stations: Guernsey, Channel Isles. Atropos 4: 45.

— , 2001. Reports from Coastal Stations: Guernsey, Channel Isles. Atropos 12: 44.

— , 2004. Reports from Coastal Stations: Guernsey, Channel Isles. Atropos 21: 37.

Barrett, C. G., 1896. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands. 3. London 396pp, 136pl.

Clancy, S., 2004. Occurrences of the rarer Immigrant Moths in 2004. Atropos 24: 26-30.

— , 2007. The immigation of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 2004. Entomologist's Record &
journal of variation. 119: 145-184.

Curtis, W., 1848 British Entomology 1. P1.7.

Down, D., 2000. Pine-tree Lappet Dendrolimus pini Reared from larva. Atropos 10:52-53.
Knill-Jones, S. A., 1997. Reports from Coastal Stations: The Isle of Wight. Atropos 3: 71.
Tunmore, M., 2003. Pine-tree Lappet on the Lizard, Cornwall. Atropos 20: 62-63.

PINE-TREE LAPPET IN BRITAIN

233

Plate H. Dendrolimus pini (L.), Inverness-shire, 19.vi.2007

Remm’s Rustic Mesapamea remmi (Rezbanyai-Reser) (Lep.: Noctuidae) on
Guernsey

As an investigation into the relative abundance and the flight periods of the Common
Rustic Mesapamea secalis (L.) and the Lesser Common Rustic Mesapamea didyma
(Esper), 286 randomly selected specimens of the Common Rustic aggregate taken at
light in my garden in St. Peter’s during the summer of 2006 were each photographed
and set, and then dissected during the subsequent winter months. This figure
represented about a 10% sample, selected using a random numbers table, of the 2914
moths recorded throughout the flight period of 29 June to 23 September. Three of the
dissected specimens were found to be females of Remm’s Rustic Mesapamea remmi.

The appearance of the genitalia in each case was exactly as described by Jordan
(1989. Ent Rec. 101:161-165) but it may be emphasised just how striking were the
two large chitinised ridges leading to the ostium, a point made by Bailey & Brown
(2005. Ent. Rec. 117: 140-141). In each case, as soon as the prepared abdomen was
examined under the microscope, even before any scales were removed, the ridges
represented by two large bulges on the ventral surface of the abdomen were
immediately obvious.

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ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 119

25ix.2007

It is interesting to note that although the Common Rustic aggregate was on the
wing for a period of almost three months, from late June until late September, each
of the three Remm’s Rustics appeared early in the flight period (and within almost a
fortnight of each other) on 15 July, 18 July and 30 July respectively. This finding is
in accord with the results of other workers: Jordan’s specimens were taken on 13
July 1985 (male), 30 July 1985 (female) and 4 August 1984 (female), and Bailey &
Brown’s specimen, also a female, on 18 July 1994.

Clearly, Remm’s Rustic is an uncommon species. In this small study the three
specimens represented 0.9% of the total sample. In Jordan’s larger series of over 600
dissections, three specimens represented approximately 0.5% of the total, a figure
comparable with that of Rezbanyai-Reser who found nine specimens in over 2000
dissections (quoted in Jordan op. cit.).

I am grateful to Dr Phil Sterling for checking the first of my remmi dissections. —
P. D. M. CosTEN, La Broderie, La Claire Mare, St. Peter’s, Guernsey GY7 9QA.
(E-mail: pcosten@guemsey.net)

Editorial Comment: The status of remmi as a valid species is the subject of some
debate and it may be little more than a hybrid between secalis and didyma. The three
specimens referred to in this Note by Peter Costen, together with three each of both
secalis and didyma from the same trap site are currently in my possession awaiting
transfer to the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario at Geulph University in Canada
where the DNE bar-coding project will hopefully help to clarify the situation.
Further (dissected) examples of remmi that have been killed by freezing rather than
by any chemical means would be useful and are welcomed at the editorial address;
ideally they will also be accompanied by a couple of examples of both secalis and
didyma from the same locality and year.

Atlantopsocus adustus (Hagen) (Psoc: Psocidae) new to Britain from East
Cornwall - a correction

Elipsocus pusillus Lienhard was mentioned as occurring with the Atlantopsocus
adustus in my previous note (antea: 76), but this was a mistake for E. pumilus
(Hagen). E. pusillus is not known from Britain. Thanks to Bob Saville for drawing
my attention to this error. — Keith N. A. Alexander, 59 Sweetbrier Lane,
Heavitree, Exeter EXl 3AQ (E-mail: keith.alexander@waitrose.com).

CLEPSIS CORIACANA NEW TO BRITAIN

235

CLEPSIS CORIACANA (REBEL, 1894) (LEP: TORTRICIDAE)

NEW TO BRITAIN

David Manning

27 Glebe Rise, Shambmok, Bedford MK44 IJB.

Abstract

Clepsis coriacana (Rebel) (Lep: Tortricidae) is added to the British fauna on the basis of a
specimen taken in Bedfordshire during August/September 2006. The male genitalia of the
specimen is illustrated. The female genitalia and the adult moth from other sources.

letrodiiction

A Rothamsted Insect Survey trap was operated by Dr. David Smith in an urban garden
in Ampthill, Bedfordshire (O.S. grid reference TL 038380) between 2004 and early
2007. Phil Gould of Rothamsted Research has separated the microlepidoptera from the
trap5 and forwarded these to me for identification. Specimens caught between 13
August and 9 September 2006 included a very worn moth, 12mm wingspan, which I
dissected. The male genitalia appeared to be of a Clepsis species, but could not be
matched with the species in Tortricidae of Europe (Razowski, J., 2002). Images of the
male genitalia were sent to Dr. Jozef Razowski who kindly identified the moth as
Clepsis coriacana (Rebel, 1894).This is the first record in Britain for this species.

Description

The following is based on the description in the revision of the genus Clepsis
(Razowski, J., 1979)

500 um

Figure 1. Clepsis coriacana (Rebel), Ampthill,
Bedfordshire, 2006. Male genitalia. Image by Dr
Chris Carter, enhanced using “paxif ’ software.

Wing-Span: 12”16mm. Male without costal
fold, forewing slender, indistinctly convex
beyond basal third, termen oblique, not sinuate.
Female (Plate I): with forewing slightly
narrower, with costa more straight beyond
basal curvature, termen more oblique, slightly
sinuate. Forewing ground colour pale ochreous
brown, with more or less distinct brownish
admixture. Pattern brownish: a weak basal
blotch on dorsum; median fascia, usually
interrupted sub-costally and fused with the pre-
apical spot, which is an elongate streak
directed towards the middle of the median
fascia; termen marked with darker spots or
suffusion. Cilia concolorous with forewing,
with a darker central line. Hindwings ochreous
grey, paler apically. Cilia concolorous, with a
darker central line.

Variation: The forewing markings are
sometimes reduced, with the basal patch absent

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ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

25ix.2007

or represented by several small
suffusions. Unicolorous males are
rather rare, but monochrome
females occur more frequently,
usually brownish ochreous.

Male genitalia (Figure 1): Tegumen
proportionately large, uncus strongly
expanding in terminal third; arm of
gnathos broadening towards very
broad terminal part. Valva slender;
sacculus with sharp, rather short,
postmedian prominence on ventral
edge. Aedeagus fairly long, tapering
terminally, with three long spine-like
comuti.

Female genitalia (Figure 2): Sterigma delicate, with
rounded proximal corners, deeply concave dorso-
medially, convex distally. Antrum long, delicately
sclerotised, tapering proximally. Cestum long, strongly
broadening at corpus bursae. Signum provided with
large capitulum but with indistinct basal sclerite.

Biology and Distribution

In the revision of the genus Clepsis (Razowski, J., 1979)
the larva is stated to feed in several generations
throughout the year. Foodplants include species in the
genera Artemesia, Cistus, Lotus, Rhamnus, Rubus and
Rumex. The imago occurs in most months, from January
to June and August to December.

Distribution: Canary Is. (Tenerife) and Morocco. The
first European record of this species is from Gibraltar
oe9.iii.2006 (Clifton, 2007. )

Taxonomic position in British checklist
Mr, Kevin Tuck at the Natural History Museum,
London, has confirmed that in the revision of the genus
Clepsis (Razowski, 1979) this species lies between
Clepsis spectrana and Clepsis consimilana, and the
order of species corresponds well with Bradley’s
checklist (Bradley, 2000). Clepsis coriacana (Rebel,
1894) can therefore be allocated a Bradley number of
993a.

Figure 2. Clepsis coriacana (Rebel),
Female genitalia (from Razowski,
1979)

Plate L Clepsis coriacana (Rebel). La Gomera, Canary
Islands, 3.viii.2006, Philippe Geniez, photographed by
Terence Hollingworth.

CLEPSIS CORIACANA NEW TO BRITAIN

237

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all those mentioned here for their help in the production of this
article. Mr. Kevin Tuck at the Natural History Museum, London, kindly provided
extracts from Razowski (1979).

References

Bradley, J.D., 2000. Checklist of Lepidoptera Recorded from the British Isles. Second Edition.
Privately Published.

Clifton, J., 2007. Clepsis coriacana (Rebel, 1894) new to Europe plus further records of Clepsis
peritana (Clemens, 1860) from Gibraltar (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). SHILAP Revta. Lepid.,
35(137), 2007:2.

Razowski, J., 1979. Revision of the genus Clepsis GUENEE (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Part 1.
Acta zool. cracov., 23(8): 101-198.

— , 2002. Tortricidae of Europe, Volume 1, Tortricinae and Chlidanotinae. Frantisek Slamka,
Racianska 61, SK-831 02 Bratislava (Slovakia).

Additional evidence supporting the migration of Cornifrons ulceratalis Lederer
(Lep.: Crambidae, Evergestinae) in the Mediterranean region in October 2006

It was interesting to read the note by Michael & Brenda Marney (antea: 56-58),
concerning the events surrounding the discovery of Cornifrons ulceratalis (Lederer)
in France, as this agrees with our own findings in the Balearic Islands during the
same period.

Cornifrons ulceratalis was listed from the Balearic Islands in a distribution table
in Goater, B., Nuss, M. & Speidel, W. 2005. Pyraloidea 1. Microlepidoptera of
Europe 4 (p. 183), but without any specific mention of the record in the text. The
basis for this citation was a specimen (or specimens) identified by Barry Goater from
material collected in or near the Albufera Natural Park (s’Albufera), Mallorca (B.
Goater pers. comm.). However, NJR (who maintains a database of the species
occurring in s’Albufera), has no record of this species in the database. A voucher
specimen was, however, taken by MRH at light at Sa Roca, s’Albufera, Mallorca, on
16 April 2006, during light trapping undertaken as part of the Albufera Initiative of
Biodiversity. The Albufera Initiative of Biodiversity has, for many years, operated a
Robinson moth trap at s’Albufera on all suitable nights for prolonged periods in
spring and autumn - and occasionally at other times of the year - as part of a wide
ranging ecological programme of monitoring and management-related field research
for the Park and the Balearic Government.

In October 2006 (commencing on the day after MRH had left the island to return
to the U.K!), seven specimens of C. ulceratalis were taken at light at s’Albufera.
Five on 25 October and one on 26 October (by NJR) and one on 28 October (by IF).
Several specimens were also taken between 24 and 28 October on Menorca, at an

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25.ix.2007

80w blended light run by Rob Edmunds who was on holiday at the time in Alaior,
Menorca (Rob Edmunds, pers. comm.). These represent the first records for that
island. The weather on the Balearics at the time was similar to that given for France
in the above-mentioned article. The arrival of C. ulceratalis coincided with a large
mass of air moving up from the Sahara. During that period, an elongated reddish
cloud hung low over the Formentor Peninsula (almost due north of s’Albufera) but
the rest of the skies above Mallorca were cloud-less. The cloud over Formentor was
caused by waim air rising from the sea condensing against particles of Sahara dust
held in suspension. What appears to have happened is that a dense mass of warm air
in Saharan Africa rose, probably rapidly, lifting with it insects and particles of sand
or red dust. The mass of air then moved northwards into the Mediterranean region,
depositing the dust and associated insects on the north of Mallorca. Other potential
migrants taken at Sa Roca at around the same time are given in the table below:

Oct. 24

Oct. 25

Oct. 26

Oct. 27

Oct. 28

Spodoptera exigua (Hb.)

52

68

56

193

257

Spodoptera cilium (Gn.)

25

48

57

83

106

Earias insulana (Bdv.)

0

0

0

1

1

Utetheisa pulchella (L.)

0

0

0

5

3

Spoladea recurvalis (Fabr.)

2

1

0

3

6

Nomophila noctuella (L.)

2

5

6

58

40

In addition, four specimens of Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius) were taken at Sa
Roca on 31 October and singletons on 1 November, 4 November and 18 November,
plus two more Utetheisa pulchella (L.) on both 31 October and 1 November. For at
least some of the species mentioned, population levels in the Mediterranean region
must have been quite high as a swarm of 50 or more Spoladea recurvalis were
observed in lank vegetation in the Sous Estuary area, Morocco, in November 2006
(NJR pers. comm.).

According to Goater et al {op, cit., p. 99), larvae of this species found in Algeria
feed on Henophyton deserti (Coss. & Dureiu) Coss. & Dureiu (Brassicaceae) and the
introduced Sesamum indicum L. Sesame (Pedaliaceae), in spun tips of the shoots.
Neither species is recorded from the Balearics on the Herbari Virtual website
(http://herbarivirtuaLuib.es; accessed December 2006), so it is unlikely that the moth
is resident on the islands (unless it utilises a different pabulum).

The adult flight period is recorded in the literature as October to May, probably in
one extended emergence. This fits with the date of capture of all the specimens cited
here. It will be interesting to see if the species is recorded again in the coming years
or if it manages to become established. — Martin R. Honey, Department of
Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD (Email:
m.honey@nhm.ac.uk), Inmaculada Ferriz, TAIB group, c/Venda de Santa Maria,
n°5, casa 3, 07800 Sta. Gertrudis, Eivissa, Spain & Nick J. Riddieord, The Albufera
Initiative for Biodiversity, Schoolton, Fair Isle, Shetland ZE2 9JU.

BOOK REVIEWS

239

BOOK REVIEWS

The Lepidoptera of Israel edited by Muller, G*C., KraYchenko, V,D., Hausmane,
A., Speidel, W., Mooser, J. & Witt, T. J. Hardback, 220 X 290 mm. Volume 1:
Erebidae by Kra¥cheeko, V D., Fibiger, M., Hausmane, A. & Muller, G. C. 168
pp., 132 maps, 48 colour plates, ISBN: 987 954 642 287 3 (Pensoft Series Faunistica
No 62) and Volume 2: Noctuidae by Kravchenko, V. D., Fibiger, M., Hausmaen,
A. & Muller, G. C. 320 pp., 424 maps, 38 colour plates, ISBN: 987 954 642 288 0
{Pensoft Series Faunistica No 63), Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow, 2007. €78
(volume 1); € 110 (volume 2) plus postage, from the publishers direct at Geo Milev
Str. 13a, nil Sofia, Bulgaria (E-mail: info@pensoft.net; web site: www.pensoft.net).

The series “The Lepidoptera of Israel” is intended to cover
more than one thousand species of macrolepidoptera from
Israel and adjacent territories, with complete and up-to-date
information concerning their taxonomy, distribution, habitat
preferences, seasonal activity and host plants interactions.
These volumes are the first two of the series; that concerned
with the Erebidae, covers the 128 species known to occur in
Israel whilst the second covers the remaining 420 species of
the Noctuidae. The family Erebidae in the Near East
contains 9 subfamilies: Rivulieae, Hypenodinae,
Eublemminae, Herminiinae, Hypeninae, Phytometrinae,
Calpinae, Catocalinae and Euteliinae, The systematic
position of the Erebidae as a distinct family is questionable
and most authors treat it as a subfamily of Noctuidae. In
these books it unites the “quadrifid” subfamilies of
Noctuidae.

The introductory section presents useful information on
the Methodology, Zoogeography and Chorotypes,
Ecotypes, Countryside, etc with brief explanations of the
terms used. After a systematic checklist of the taxa
included in each volume the main species texts follow.
Species are numbered, being given the same numbers in the
illustrations, on the plates and on the distribution maps. For
each species the following information is given: Scientific
name, Author's name and year of description, Type locality,
General distribution pattern, Distribution in the Levant,
First record in Israel, Distribution in Israel, Habitat,
Phenology, Host-plants and Remarks. The data come from
numerous quoted literature sources, author’s observations
and personal communications from their collaborators in
the extensive collecting which was undertaken over the
twenty years from 1986 to 2006. Each volume ends with two indices - one of the scientific
names of the moths and another of the plants. All species are illustrated, mostly by more than
one specimen, at life size in the fifty high-quality colour plates (12 in Volume 1; 38 in Volume
2). These technically excellent illustrations of high-quality specimens permit correct
identification of fresh insects, but for certain identification of worn material examination of

240

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.ix.2007

the genitalia is essential; it is unfortunate that such drawings are not included. There are
numerous additional plates depicting the diversity of moth habitats all over the country as well
as colour maps indicating geography, vegetation types, climatological regions and the
chronological types of plant distribution. The distribution maps cover not only Israel within its
(perhaps questionable) political borders, but also cover territory within neighbouring countries.
Although, strictly, this contradicts the title of the work I found this expansion a definite
advantage.

The fauna of Israel is well explored, but until now the information has been scattered in
many difficult to find journals; for this reason alone these two books are well worth having and
I strongly recommend them to both amateurs and professionals interested in the moths of
Europe, the near east, the subtropics of the Old World and the Paleotropics. They will be of use
to those interested in Nature History, Nature Conservation, Biodiversity and Biogeography of
the Near East.

STOYAN BESHKOV
National Museum of Natural History, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria

Also received by the Editor from Pensoft Publishing, Bulgaria

Studies on the ecology and conservation of butterflies in Europe. Volume 1 -
General concepts and case studies (ISBN: 954 642 247 9) C39 and Volume 2 -
Species ecology along a European gradient: Maculinea butterflies as a model

(ISBN: 954 642 256 8) €55. Both hardbound, 170 X 242 mm.

A compilation of papers presented to a
conference on the “Ecology and
conservation of butterflies in Europe”
at Leipzig-Halle in December 2005.
Essential reading for anyone seriously
concerned with the conservation of
butterflies anywhere in Europe.

The results of an extensive study of a formerly large meta-
population in south-west Germany. In German with an English
summary.

Ecology of an almost extinct population of the Scarce
Swallowtail Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758) by
Steiner, R, Hermann, G. & Settele, J. Paperback, 164 X
236 mm, 172 pp. Volume 1 in the series Invertebrate
ecology and conservation monographs, ISSN: 1312 9082,
published 2007. €60

Ecologj’ of an Almost
E.\tiiiet Population of
the Searce Swallowtail
Iphiclides fTodalirtis
(finnaeus, 175^8)

Iphiclides podctlirius
(Liimaeus, 1758)

Okologic einer
ausstorbenden
Population des
Segeif alters

Continued from back cover

Pine-tree Lappet Dendrolimus pini (L.) (Lep.: Lasiocampidae) possibly resident in

Scotland. Roger Kiddie 231-233

Clepsis coriacana (Rebel, 1894) (Lep.: Tortricidae) new to Britain. David Manning 235-237

Book Review

The Lepidoptera of Israel edited by G.C. Muller, V.D. Kravchenko, A. Hausmann, W.
Speidel, J. Mooser & T.J. Witt and Volume 2: Noctuidae by V.D. Kravchenko, M.

Fibiger, A. Hausmann & G.C. Muller 239-240

Studies on the ecology and conservation of butterflies in Europe. Volume 1 - General
concepts and case studies and Volume 2 - Species ecology along a European

gradient: Maculinea butterflies as a model 240

Ecology of an almost extinct population of the Scarce Swallowtail Iphiclides
podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758) by R. Steiner, G. Hermann & J. Settele 240

Experience the lighter side of field entomology
with Torben Larsen as he describes his
experiences from around the world.

There must be a Hazard
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

http://www.entrecord.com

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

Notps

3 9088 01386 8815

Confirmation of the hybrid status of the Autumnal Snout SchranKia imermeamns ^eiu ®

(Lep.: Noctuidae). Philip J. L. Gould 193-194

Could the Spanish Character Cilix hispanica De-Gregorio, Torruella, Miret, Casas &

Figueras, 2002 (Lep.: Drepanidae) be overlooked in the British fauna? Colin W.

Plant, Michael Marney and Graham Wenman 194

Coleophora squamosella Stainton (Lep.: Coleophoridae), new to the Hertfordshire

(VC20) county list. Philip J. L. Gould 202

Ectoedemia heringella (Mariani), (Lep.:Nepticulidae) - a first record for North

Hampshire (VC 1 2). Rob Edmunds 202

A fourth Hertfordshire (VC20) record of the Apple Pith Moth Blastodacna atra

(Haworth) (Lep.: Agonoxenidae). Philip J. L. Gould 212

The Rothamsted Insect Survey light trap on Jersey - species of note in 2004. Philip J.

L Gould 220

Hazards of butterfly collecting: The lifeline that is the BBC World Service - the

World, 1970-2007. Torben B. Larsen 221-222

Colonies of the Asian elm aphid Tinocallis takachihoensis Higuchi (Hem.: Aphididae)

in Britain. Thomas E Ddring 226-227

Tilia cordata - a new foodplant for Incurvaria pectinea Haw. (Lep: Incurvariidae).

Rob Edmunds 228-229

Scarce Tissue Rheumaptera cervinalis (Scop.) (Lep.: Geometridae): a new record for

north-east Scotland. N. Picozzi 229-230

Remm’s Rustic Mesapamea remmi (Rezbanyai-Reser) (Lep.: Noctuidae) on Guernsey.

P D. M. Costen 233-234

Atlantopsocus adustus (Hagen) (Psoc: Psocidae) new to Britain from East Cornwall -

a correction. Keith N. A. Alexander 234

Additional evidence supporting the migration of Cornifrons ulceratalis Lederer (Lep.:

Crambidae, Evergestinae) in the Mediterranean region in October 2006. Martin R.

Honey Inmaculada Eerriz & Nick J. Riddiford 237-238

Papers

Bucculatrix Ulmifoliae M. Hering, 1931 (Lep. : Bucculatricidae) resident in England.

John R. Langmaid, Jim Porter and Graham A. Collins 195-201

The distribution, ecology and conservation of the Lunar Yellow Underwing Noctua
orbona (Hufnagel) in the Breck District of Norfolk and Suffolk. M. S. Parsons and

G.M. Haggett 203-211

Eupeodes goeldlini (Dip.: Syrphidae) new to Britain, Erance and Ireland, with a key to
separate it from related Atlantic zone species. Martin C. D. Speight, Jean-Pierre

Sarthou and David A. Levy 213-219

Parna apicalis (Brischke, 1888) (Symphyta: Tenthredinidae), a Leaf-mining Sawfly

new to Great Britain. Rob Edmunds, Steve Hind, Andrew Liston and Keith Palmer ... 223-226

Continued on inside back cover

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THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

World List abbreviation; Entomologist's Rec. J. Van

http://www.entrecord.com

Editor

C.W. PLANT, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

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MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

241

MICEOLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 2006

‘ J. R. Langmaid and ^M. R. Young

' Wilverley, 1 Dorrita Close, Southsea, Hampshire P04 ONY (iohnlangmaid@btintemet.com}

^School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ (m.young@abdn.ac.uk)

Abstract

Noteworthy records of microlepidoptera collected during 2006 are summarised, including nine
species new to the British Isles and many new vice-county records.

letroductioe

Over 70 microlepidopterists have again contributed valuable records to help clarify
the distribution and status of Britain’s microlepidoptera. We now know
incomparably more about all of this than we did even 10 years ago and this wealth of
data is not only of great intrinsic interest, letting us ponder the causes of the
distribution of our species, but also helps attempts to identify those species in need
of urgent conservation action. We can with growing confidence point out species
which are exceptionally localised and so perhaps deserving particular attention.
Unfortunately, however, the list of species recently completed by the Joint Nature
Conservation Committee as taking priority, the Biodiversity Action Plan Priority list,
does not use extreme localisation and rarity as one of the criteria for species
inclusion. It is necessary to show that decline has taken place, or that there is an
imminent threat, and this is information that often we cannot provide with any
reliability. In consequence, amongst a long list of larger Lepidoptera, we find only
25 micros, although this is a welcome increase over previous priority lists. Most of
these species are those for which a decline is claimed, based on the current
infrequency of capture by those knowledgeable microlepidopterists who are old
enough to remember the past relative abundance! However, even the coarse
distribution scale provided by the vice-county maps has been sufficient to
substantiate some declines and so we must be clear that what we are doing does
contribute significantly to moth conservation, as well as being such a rewarding and
exciting hobby. Any microlepidopterist who is familiar with the location and habits
of a rare species would do well to monitor its status, even if this monitoring was
rather casual in nature.

2006 was a quite exceptional year as far as the climate is concerned and can be
summed up succinctly. March was cooler than the long-term average, but every other
month was either slightly warmer than usual, or often very much warmer. Overall it
was a long hot year. Mid-summer was generally also atypically sunny, but rainfall
was much more variable, with a dry start to the year, a rather wet spring, a very dry
mid-summer and then a wet autumn and winter. We might speculate about the effect
of two trends that have become very noticeable in recent years, namely hot, dry
summers and mild winters. The long-term effects on moth populations may not yet
be clear but it is obvious that the normal phenology of many species has broken
down, with many early and late records, as all recorders agree.

242

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

Nine species have been recorded as new to the British Isles. Stathmopoda
auriferella Walker was bred from imported pomegranates and Uresiphita rever salts
(Guenee) was found in Somerset, being new to both the British Isles and Europe,
probably having been blown across from its normal home in eastern North America
on strong winds which also assisted the passage of some Nearctic birds. It is likely
that Hodebertis testalis (Fabricius), which was found in the Isles of Scilly, was also a
stray, this time from southern Europe, whereas two other new species may have been
introduced on their foodplant. Zelleria oleastrella (Milliere) was found in three
locations and may have arrived with olive trees, which are now being more widely
planted in southern England, whereas Bucculatrix ulmifoliae M. Hering has been
found breeding in one location only, but is well established on an avenue of hybrid
elms, which were planted in the hope that they would be resistant to Dutch elm
disease. Hypatoga binotella (Thunberg) was found in north Hampshire, a specimen
in pristine condition, perhaps indicating a previously overlooked colony. A single
specimen of Clepsis coriacana (Rebel) was identified from a month's collection of
micros from a RIS trap in Bedfordshire. Its status here and its origin remain a
mystery. Several specimens of Prays peregrina Agassiz have been recorded in
Greater London. The species is presumed to be adventive having arrived from who
knows where, and might even now be resident. Finally, Phyllocnistis ramulicola
Langmaid and Corley is now known to be abundant on native sallows in one very
well recorded Hampshire locality and so may be a newly arrived resident. However,
its origins are obscure because it was undescribed on discovery and has elsewhere
only so far been recorded in Portugal.

Several species continue to expand their range significantly. Cameraria ohridella
Deschka & Dimichas now reached Yorkshire in the north and Cheshire and Devon in
the west and Cosmopterix pulchrimella Chambers has spread east along the south
coast to Hampshire and also up into Somerset. Vitula biviella (Zeller) has also
consolidated its range in the south-east, reaching Hertfordshire and East Suffolk, Of
course some species have been found well beyond their previously known range but
have probably just been overlooked and two notable examples have been found very
much further south than before. Acleris ejfractana (Hiibner) is now recorded at
Malham Tam, an upland site in North Yorkshire and Ancylis tineana (Hiibner) from
Whixall Moss in Shropshire. The former was probably previously overlooked as A.
emargana (Fabricius), and the latter is only easily found once its larval habit on
stunted birch in wet areas is familiar.

Two species are notable for having been found after the lapse of many years. Tinea
lamella Pierce & Metcalfe was last seen in 1922 and Stenoptinea cyaneimarmorella
(Milliere) was previously seen only in 1876, 1893, 1901 and 1944. In addition, the
new records of Pammene ignorata Kusnetsov are the 2nd and 3rd British specimens.
Tineids and Pammene species are notoriously difficult to find and determine.

There has been an upsurge in recording in Wales, resulting in seven newly
recorded species and five are also noted as new to Ireland, including the upland
speciality Udea uUginosalis tephens, which may not have been expected. Special
mention must be made of the new Irish checklist (Bond, Nash and O’Connor, 2006

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

243

An Annotated Checklist of the Irish Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera) Irish
Biogeographical Society and National Museum of Ireland), which summarises the
species recorded there and will surely prompt more recording and perhaps the
unearthing of previously overlooked species. Rather quaintly the authors give each
family of moths an English name and many, such as ‘Concealer moths’ for the
Oecophoridae or the ‘Twirlers’ for the Gelechiidae, may surprise many! In contrast
only two species have been recorded new to Scotland.

We also very much welcome the species index produced by David Agassiz (Index
to Microlepidoptera Reviews 1980-2004 Ent. Rec. 118 (Supplement)), which greatly
improves the utility of the series of reviews, and would encourage other brave souls
to index the vice-counties, or perhaps to extract and collate all the new information
on life histories that has been published here.

We have already received new records for 2007 and welcome more, preferably
with national grid references and as WORD files sent to JRL’s email address. Please
try to use the standard format, to reduce the tedious need for re-typing. We are very
grateful to the small army of enthusiasts who do send us so many interesting data.

In 2006 we have received records from the following recorders, each indicated in
the text by his or her initials: D.J.L. Agassiz, M.V. Albertini, M.A. Bailey, J.S. Baker,
H.E. Beaumont, D.T. Biggs, K.P. Bland, S.D.S. Bosanquet, T. Bryant, S.P. Clancy, J.
Clifton, G.A. Collins, P.D.M. Costen, A.M. Davis, J.R. Dawson, B. Dickerson, R.J.
Dickson, S. Dunlop, R.D. Edmunds, B. Elliott, R. Elliott, D.W. Emley, C.H.
Fletcher, T.H. Freed, S.V. Gauld, R.G. Gaunt, R.W. Goff, B. Goodey, A.N. Graham,
J.E. Graham, N. Gregory, D. Grundy, M.W. Harper, M.C. Harvey, R.J. Heckford,
B.P. Henwood, R.I. Heppenstall, J.B. Higgott, S.H. Hind, M.R. Honey, S.A. Knill-
Jones, J. Knowler, J.C. Koster, J.R. Langmaid, A.D. Lewis, N.R. Lowe, J.A. McGill,
D.V. Manning, A. Musgrove, E. O’Donnell, M. O’Donnell, R.M. Palmer, S.M.
Palmer, M.S, Parsons, C.W. Plant, J. Porter, A.W. Prichard, K. Saul, A.N.B.
Simpson, M.R Skevington, D.J. Slade, C. Smith, E.G. Smith, I.F. Smith, M.H.
Smith, RH. Sterling, N.J. Stone, T.J. Tams, R. Terry, I.R. Thirlwell, L.A.C. Truscott,
A. Tyner, R.W.J. Uffen, M.R. Young. Other recorders are named in full.

Journals are abbreviated as follows: Ent. Rec. for Entomologist's Record and
Journal of Variation: Ent. Gaz. for Entomologists' Gazette; BJENH for British
Journal of Entomology and Natural History and Atropos is named in full. RIS refers
to Rothamsted Insect Survey and VCH to Victoria County History. New vice-county
records are shown with the VC number both underlined and in bold type.

SYSTEMATIC LIST

MICROPTERIGIDAE

5 Micropterix calthella (Linn.) — Keiss ND352609 (109) 3.vii.2006 — MRH

ERIOCRANIIDAE

6 Eriocrania subpurpurella (Haw.) — Glasbury SO 1839 (43) 29.iv.2006, det. NRL — RJ.
& V.F. Clarke per AMD; Barnland T145638 (H12) 23.iv.2006, genitalia det. K.G.M.
Bond — MO’D

244

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

9 E. sparrmannella (Bose) — Ogston Carr Wood SK3659 (57) tenanted mines on Betula
12.vii.2006 — SHH

10 E. salopiella (Staint.) — Ogston Carr Wood SK3659 (57) vacated mines on Betula
12.vii.2006 — SHH

NEPTICULIDAE

20 Ectoedemia decentella (H. - S.) — Thetford TL8384 (26) ll.vi.2006 — SPC; Saltbum
NZ6521 (62) lLvi.2006, det. HEB — D. Money per HEB

21 E. sericopeza (Zell.) — Staplegrove ST2126 (5) 6.ix.2006, genitalia det. PHS —
JAMcG; St Helens SJ5195 (59) 21.ix.2006 genitalia det. SMP — D. Owen per SMP

24a E. hannoverella (Glitz) — Aylesford TQ733589 (15) and Hailing TQ705643 (16) mines
in green islands in fallen leaves of Populus x canadensis 10. xi. 2006 — DJLA & JRL;
Milton TL4661 (29) mines on Populus x canadensis 20. xi. 2006 — 1. Barton per JRD.

29 E. atricollis (Staint.) — Trawscoed SH848323 (48) tenanted mine on Crataegus
22.ix.2006 — ANG & JEG; Carrickfergus 54.72569N 5.873 18W (H39) mines on
Crataegus monogyna 22. ix. 2006 — JCK

36a E. heringella (Mariani) — Buckingham Palace Gardens (21) tenanted mines on Quercus
cerris, a previously unrecorded foodplant, 21.xi.2006 — THE

41 E. atrifrontella (Staint.) — Coed Fenni-fach SO0128 (42) mines in bark of sapling oaks
26.iv.2006 — NRL & JRL, New to Wales

42 E. septembrella (Staint.) — Newtownwards 54.5495 IN 5.5962 IW (H38) mines on
Hypericum sp. 21.ix.2006 — JCK

48 Trifurcula cryptella (Staint.) — Minsmere RSPB TM4767 (25) tenanted mines on Lotus
pedunculatus 18.vii.2006, first confirmed county record — JRL & JBH
54a Stigmella pretiosa (Hein.) — Glen Fender Meadows NN8969 (89) mines in Geum rivale
7.X.2006 — KPB

55 S. aeneofasciella (H.-S.) — Sane Copse SP8554 (32) mine on Potentilla reptans

17. viii.2006, first confirmed county record — DVM; Pulford SJ3659 (58) tenanted

mines on Agrimonia 9.x. 2005 — SHH

59 S. poterii (Staint.) — Emer Bog SU3921 (11) tenanted mines on Potentilla palustris
19.ix.2005, moths bred, foodplant not previously mentioned in British literature — BE
65 S. speciosa (Frey) — Talybont Forest & Reservoir SO 101 9 (45) vacated mines on Acer
pseudoplatanus 15.x. 2005 — NRL; Bilsborough SD5039 (60) vacated mine on Acer
pseudoplatanus 1 .xi.2006 — K. McCabe per SMP

72 S. myrtillella (Staint.) — Benyon’s Enclosure SU6263 (22) mine on Vaccinium myrtillus
14.xi.2004 — G. Dennis per MCH

73 S. trimaculella (Haw.) — Carrickfergus 54.72569N 5.873 18W (H39) mines on Populus
sp. 22.ix.2006 — JCK

74 S. assimilella (Zell.) — Leckhampton Hill S09519 (33) mine on Populus tremula

18. X.2006 — G.H.J. Meredith per RGG

82 S. paradoxa (Frey) — Llwyn-iarth SH711172 (48) vacated mines on Crataegus

20. vii.2006 — ANG & JEG

85 S. suberivora (Staint.) — Abergavenny S0295141 (35) vacated mine on Quercus ilex
3.iv.2006 — JRL

88 S. samiatella (Zell.) — Benyon’s Enclosure SU6263 (22) mine on Castanea sativa
24.x. 2003 — G. Dennis per MCH; Myarth SO 1820 (42) vacated mines on Castanea

21. viii.2006 — JRL

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

245

90 S. tiliae (Frey) — Fir & Pond Wood NR TL276011 (21) vacated mines on Tilia sp.
19.X.2006 — RT

104 S. magdalenae (Klim.) — Crabtree Hill S06313 (34) mine on Sorbus aucuparia
15.X.2006 — G.H.J. Meredith per RGG

114 S. glutinosae (Staint.) — Crickhowell S02118 (42) tenanted mines on Alnus glutinosa
2.X.2006 — JRL

118 Enteucha acetosae (Staint.) — Selworthy SS9049 (5) tenanted and vacated mines on
Rumexacetosa 15. ix. 2006 — JAMcG

OPOSTEGIDAE

119 Opostega salaciella (Treits.) — Bishopton NS433694 (76) 22.vii.2006 — NG;
Tomintoul NJ165192 (94) 4.viii.2006 — T. Boardman per MRY

121 Pseudopostega crepusculella (Zell.) — Hempsted S08218 (33) 23. vi. 2006 — G.R.
Avery per RGG; Cors-Goch SH5081 (52) 18.vii.2006, first confirmed county record —
KPB

INCURVARIIDAE

128 Phylloporia bistrigella (Haw.) — Ravenstone Road Copse SP8553 (32) tenanted mines

on Betula pendula 15. vi. 2006, first confirmed county record — DVM

129 Incurvaria pectinea Haw. — Fishleigh SS540063 (4) cut-outs on Corylus avellana
15. ix. 2006 — S.D. Beavan and RJH; Fleet SU793539 (12) tenanted mines on Tilia
cordata 4.vi.2006, moth bred, previously unrecorded foodplant in Britain — RDE, Ent.
Rec. 119: 228-229

PRODOXIDAE

137 Lampronia morosa Zell. — Spurn TA41 15 (61) 5.vi.2005, det. HEB — B.R. Spence per
HEB

138 L fuscatella (Tengst.) — Parkend Walk S06007 (34) gall on Betula sp. 2.iv.2006 —
G.H.J. Meredith per RGG

ADELIDAE

143 Nematopogon metaxella (Hubn.) — Cannock Chase SK00432058 (39) l.vii.2006, first
confirmed county record — D.C. Gardner per DWE

144 Nemophora fasciella (Fabr.) — Earith TL390751 (31) 2.vii.2006, genitalia det. BD —
D. Griffith per BD; Bushy Grove S06900 (34) two 21.vii.2006 — C. Wiltshire per
RGG

145 N. minimella ([D. & S.]) — Pontyspig SO287208 (35) 17.vii.2006 — SDSB; Earlypier
NT2449 (78) 23.vii.2006 — KPB; Cambus o’ May N04299 (92) 13.vii.2005 — H.
Rowe per RMP

149 Adela cuprella ([D. & S.]) - Allt Arda, near Corglass NJ1542 (95) 18.V.2006 - D.
Barbour per MRY

150 Adela reaumurella (Linn.) — Bamland T145638 (H12) 25.V.2006 — MO’D
HELIOZELIDAE

159 Antispila treitschkiella (F.v R.) — Kingfishers Bridge, Wicken TL5472 (29) vacated
mine on Cornus sanguinea 3.xi.2006 — I. Barton per JRD

246

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

PSYCHIDAE

175 Narycia duplicella (Geoff.) (= monilifera Geoff.) — Morkery Wood TF9518 (53) larval
case 22.iii.2006 — RWG; Thorp Perrow Arboretum SE2585 (65) larval case 9.iii.2006,
moth bred, det. HEB — CHE

179 Dahlica lichenella (Linn.) — Edale SK146864 and Chapel-en-le-Frith SK074819 (57)
cases on stone walls 10.iv.2006, moths bred — IFS
181 Taleporia tubulosa (Retz.) — Monks Wood TL200797 (31) in RIS trap 31.v - 6.vi.
2005, det. DVM — BD

183 Bacotia daustrella (Bruand) — Elveden Forest TL 7980 (26) 5.vii.2006, genitalia det.
— HEB

185 Luffia ferchaultella (Steph.) — Braunton Burrows SS464345 (4) one larval case
21 .iv.2006, moth bred — S. Hatch per RJH

188 Proutia betulina (Zell.) — Cliffe Marshes TQ727767 (16) one case on birch trunk
5.V.2006 — S. Gibson per DJLA

191 Acanthopsyche atra (Linn.) — Knotbury Moor SK022682 (^) cases attached to
wooden fence 29. iv.2006, moth bred by IFS — SHH

TINEIDAE

196 Morophaga choragella ([D. & S.]) — Kate’s Bridge TF1014 (53) 8.vii.2006 — RWG
198 Dryadaula pactolia Meyr. — Castle Coole H2543 (H33) at rest on oak trunk
17.viii.2006, det. IRT & JRL — K.N.A. Alexander per MSP, Second Irish record
200 Psychoides filicivora (Meyr.) — Great Malvern S0774457 (37) 2005 — R. Homan per
ANBS

203 Infurcitinea argentimaculella (Staint.) — Llanarthne SN5 19182 (44) larval tube in
Lepraria sp. 4.ii.2006 — DJS; Grosmont NZ828051 (62) larval tubes in Lepraria sp.
18.ii.2006 — RDE. Ent. Rec. 118: 141

206 Stenoptinea cyaneimarmorella (Mill.) — Rewell Wood (13) 2.vii.2006, det. JRL — BE

216 Nemapogon cloacella (Haw.) — Baronscourt H3582 (H36) 16.V.2006, det. MSP —
K.N.A. Alexander per MSP

217 N. woljfiella Karsh. & Niels. — Heronry Wood, Fishleigh SS547063 (4)10.vi.2006,
genitalia det. RJH — S.D. Beavan & RJH; Minsmere RSPB TM4767 (25) 29. vi. 2006,
genitalia det. — JBH

218 N. variatella (Clem.) — Rushmere St Andrew TM2043 (25) 18. vi. 2006, genitalia det.
— JBH

227 Monopis laevigella ([D. & S.]) — Barnland T145638 (H12) 14.viii.2005, genitalia det.

K.G.M. Bond — MO’D; Stamullen 0146662 (H22) lLv.2006 — EO’D
230 M. crocicapitella (Clem.) — Rushmere St Andrew TM2043 (25) 18.vii.2006 — JBH &
JRL; Broadholme SK8974 (53) 15.vi.2006 — M. Gray per CS

238 Niditinea striolella (Mats.) — Fir & Pond Wood NR TL276011 (21) 16.vi.2006,
genitalia det. — RT

239 Tinea columbariella Wocke — Old Weston TL099774 (31) 16.vi.2006, genitalia det. BD

— K. Royles per BD

241 T. lanella P. & M. — Welwyn TL2417 (20) many indoors in 2006, genitalia det. —
RWJU, first British record since the species was discovered at Liverpool in 1922
243 T dubiella Staint. — Orford Ness NNR TM4349 (25) 27.vi.2004, genitalia det. JBH —
M. Marsh & J. Askins per JBH

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

247

247 T trinotella Thunb. — Higher Nichols Nymett SS691021 (4) 19.vii.2006 — S.D.
Beavan per RJH; Barnland T145638 (HU) 9.vi.2006 — MO’D

BUCCULATRICIDAE

265 Bucculatrix cristatella (Zell.) — Whittington Lodge Farm SP0121 (33) vacated cocoon
on Achillea millefolium 10.viii.2006 — R. Homan per RGG

266 B. nigricomella Zell. — Glasbury SO 1839 (43) 9.viii.2006, det. NRL — P.J. & V.F.
Clarke per AMD

267 B. maritima Staint. — Barry Buddon NO5032 (90) mines on Aster tripolium 15.X.2006
— KPB

272 B. cidarella Zell. — Aboyne NOS 1 97 (92) larva on Alnus glutinosa 1 5.ix.2006 — RMP

273 B. thoracella (Thunb.) — Cheltenham S095 19 (33) 21 .vii.2006 — G.H.J. Meredith per
RGG

274 B. ulmella Zell. — Cheltenham S09519 (33) 18.vi.2006 — G.H.J. Meredith per RGG;
Newtownwards 54.5495 IN 5.59621 W (H38) mines on Quercus robur 2\ .\x.2QQ6 — JCK

274a B. ulmifoliae M. Hering — Famham SU8347 (17) mines and larvae on Ulmus pumila x
japonica 15.x. 2006, moths bred and genitalia det. JRL — JRL, IP & GAC, Ent.
Rec.119: 195-201, New to the British Isles

275 B. bechsteinella (Bech. & Scharf.) — Cheltenham S09424 (33) — R. Homan per RGG;
Nantgwyn SN365238 (44) 8.vi.2006 — JSB

GRACILLARIIDAE

280 Caloptilia cuculipennella (Hiibn.) — Willingham Forest TF1389 (54) 4.V.2006 — CS

281 C. populetorum (Zell.) — Morkery Wood TF95 18 (53) 25.iv.2006 — RWG; Willingham
Forest TF1389 (M) 12.ix.2006 — CS; Spurn TA4115 (^) 26.viii.2006, conf. HEB —
B.R. Spence per HEB; Doncaster SK628985 (63) 8.viii.2006 — RIH

285 C. azaleella (Brants) — Llanishen, Cardiff ST 17248228 (41) two on 16.V.2006 — DJS;
Johnstown SN398198 (44) 13.viii.2006 — JSB; Bodnant Gardens SH7972 (50) larval
spinnings on Azalea sp. 23. ix. 2006 — KPB. New to Wales
290 C. semifascia (Haw.) — • Carr Vale Nature Reserve, Bolsover SK4570 (57) vacated
spinning on Acer campestre 13.ix.2006 — SHH
296 Calybites phasianipennella (Hiibn.) — Icklesham TQ885159 (14) 27.x. 2006, det MSP
— I. Hunter per MSP; Johnstown SN398198 (44) 11. ix. 2006 — JSB; St Annes SD3329
(60) 23.ix.2006 — J. Steeden per SMP, first confirmed VC record; Spurn TA4115 (61)
16.ix.2006, det. HEB — B.R. Spence per HEB

300 Parornix loganella (Staint.) — Barnland T145638 (H12) 5. vii.2006, genitalia det.
K.G.M. Bond — MO’D

301 P. betulae (Staint.) — Loch Eynort, S. Uist NF7828 (110) larval spinning on Betula sp.
28.vi.2006 — MRY, MWH & JRL

316 Phyllonorycter roboris (Zell.) — Morkery Wood TF9518 (53) mine on Quercus robur
12.X.2006 — RWG

321 P. messaniella (Zell.) — Thorp Perrow Arboretum SE2585 (65) mines on Quercus sp.
3.ix.2006 — CHF

321a P. platani (Stand.) — Ely Cathedral TL8053 and Wickee TL5472 (29) mines on
Platanus x hispanica 19.viii.2006, moths bred — 1. Barton per JRD; Worcester
S0856542 (37) mines on Platanus 16.x. 2004 — ANBS; Cardiff ST178771 (41) mines

248

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

on Platanus 20.x. 2006 — DJS; Shillingthorpe Hall TF074112 (53) mines on Platanus
9.X.2006 — RWG; Attenborough Arboretum, Leicester, SK6001(55) mines on Platanus
27.x. 2006, det. M.A. Finch — G. Burton per MPS; Stockport SJ9088 (58) mines on
Platanus x hispanica 29.x. 2006 — SHH & E. Kearns; Stretford, Manchester SJ7994
(59) many tenanted mines on Platanus x hispanica 23.x. 2006 — K. McCabe per SMP

330 P. cerasicolella H.-S. — Gelli Rhyd S02419 & 2519 (42) mines on Prunus cerasus
27.xi.2006 — NRL & JRL

335 P. salicicolella (Sire.) — Barnland T145638 (H12) 7.viii.2005, genitalia det. K.G.M.
Bond — MO’D

342 P. coryli (Nic.) — Mill of Cammie N06992 (91) mines on Corylus avellana 12.x. 2006
— RMP

344 P. strigulatella (L. & Z.) — Ipswich TM1645 (25) mines on Alnus incana 30.x. 2006 —
JBH & JRL; Redmere Fen TL6585 (28) mines on Alnus incana 8.xi.2006 — I. Barton
per JRD; Crickhowell S02118 (42) mines on Alnus incana 2.x. 2006, moths bred —
JRL; Snakeholme NR TF 11 77 16 (54) 15.vii.2005 — CS

348 P. quinqueguttella (Stainton) — Burnt Common SU6264 (22) mine on Salix repens
2.x. 2004 — G. Dennis per MCH

354 P. emberizaepenella (Bouche) — Lin’s Mill NT 1070 (84) mines on Lonicera 17.ix.2006
— KPB

359 P. nicellii (Staint.) — Mill of Cammie N06992 (91) mines on Corylus avellana
12.X.2006 — RMP

363 P. platanoidella (Joannis) — Kingfishers Bridge, Wicken TL5472 (29) mine on Acer
platanoides 3.xi.2006 — 1. Barton per JRD; Bodnant Gardens SH7972 (50) mine on
Acer platanoides 23. ix. 2006 — KPB

366 P. sagitella (Bjerk.) — Oversley Wood SP1056 (38) mines on Populus tremula
6.viii.2005, moths bred — ANBS, MWH, DG et al.

366a Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic — Avebury SU103703 (7) 20.vii.2006 — D.
Brotheridge per EGS; Maidenhead SU8981 (22) tenanted mine 4.xi.2004, moth bred —
D.J. White per MCH; Colwall S0757427 (36) mines on Aesculus ix.2006 — MWH;
Worcester S0856542 (37) mines on Aesculus 10. vi. 2006 — ANBS; Stratford-upon-
Avon SP20225461 (38) mines on Aesculus 16.ix.2005 — M. Kennard & R. Ruban per
NJS; Cardiff STl 76767 (41) mine on Aesculus hippocastanum 30. ix.2006 — M. Powell
& L. James per DJS; Llangynidr S01419 (42) tenanted mines on Aesculus
hippocastanum 22.x. 2006 — NRL; Kate’s Bridge TF106157 (53) mines 4.viii.2006 —
RWG. New to Wales

367 Phyllocnistis saligna (Zell.) — Upper Lode S0883331 (37) vacated mines on Salix
fragilis and S. alba 18. ix. 2004, first county record since 1873 — R. Homan per ANBS

367a P. ramulicola Langmaid & Corley — Havant Thicket SU7210 (11) cocoons on Salix
cinerea 19. ix.2006, moths bred and genitalia det. — JRL, Ent. Gaz. in press, New to the

British Isles, previously undescribed species

368 P. unipunctella (Steph.) — Blackford NT2570 (83) 29.iv.2006; Almondbank NO0625
(88) vacated mines on Populus nigra 2Lxi.2006 — KPB, New to Scotland

GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE

394 Glyphipterix forsterella (Fab.) — near Comhill NJ5755 (94) 6.vi.2006 — R. Leverton
per MRY

397 G. thrasonella (Scop.) — Keiss ND352609 (109) 3.vii.2006 — MRH

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

249

YPONOMEUTIDAE

403 Argyresthia glabratella (Zell.) — Higher Poynton SJ9483 (58) 10.vi.2006, genitalia det.
— SHH

407 A. dilectella Zell. — Llangynidr SO 1520 (42) 3.vii.2006 — JRL
409a A. trifasciata Stand. — Bullen Hill ST894579 (8) 8.vi.2006 — EGS & MHS; Dursley
ST7499 (M) 3.vi.2006, det. RGG — A. Bendall per RGG; Lianishen, Cardiff
ST17248228 (41) 30.V.2006 — DJS; Marske NZ6422 (^) 6.vi.2006, conf. HEB - D.
Money per HEB

409b A. cupressella Wals. — Kingsdown TR3748 (15) 21.vi.2006 — N. Jarman per DJLA;
Bishops Stortford TL487221 (20) 2.vi.2005 J. Fish & J. Reeves per RT; Elton SJ4575
(^) 18.vi.2005 — M. Barlow & S. Holmes per SHH; Pontefract SE4421 (O) 11-
30.vi.2006, conf. HEB — J.W. Cooper per HEB; Tadcaster SE4742 (M) 16.vi.2006,
conf. HEB — D. Baker per HEB

41 1 A. goedartella (Linn.) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 4.viii.2006 — EO’D

416 A. glaucinella (Zell.) — Knowsley Safari Park SJ4693 (59) 19.vi.2006 — K. McCabe

per SMP

423 A. semitestacella (Curt.) — Green Castle Woods SN3916 (44) 4.viii.2006 — JSB & P.
Twining

426 Yponomeuta malinellus Zell. — Johnstown SN398198 (44) 14.vii.2006 — JSB

435 Zelleria hepariella Staint. — Newport SN0538 (45) ll.viii.2006 — ADL

435a Z. oleastrella (Mill.) — St Mary’s, Isles of Scilly (1) 10 & ll.vi.2006 — M.A., W.J. &
T.R. Scott; Weymouth SY6679 (9) ll.vi.2006, genitalia det. — PHS; East Lulworth
SY8583 (9) 20.vi.2006 — MSP. New to the British Isles

436 Pseudoswammerdamia combinella (Hiibn.) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 5.vii.2006 —
EO’D

442 Cedestis gysseleniella (Zell.) — Cambridge TL4358 (29) 23. vi. 2006 — JRD
448 Atemelia torquatella (L. & Z.) — Glen Livet NJ2324 (94) 20.viii.2006 — MRY
449a Prays citri (Mill.) — Chessington TQ1864 (17) at light 12.X.2006, conf. JRL — JP
449b P. peregrina Agassiz — Orpington TQ4667 (16) 6.ix.2006 — M. Jordan; Barnet
TQ2596 (20) 18.X.2006 — R. Terry; London TQ2785 (21) 15.viii.2003 — R. Softly, all
per DJLA, Nota Lepidopterologica in press, New to the British Isles, previousy
undescribed species, presumed adventive, possibly resident
450 Scythropia crataegella (Linn.) — Cambridge TL4358 (29) 23.vi.2006 — JRD

455 Ypsolopha scabrella (Linn.) — Bamland T145638 (H12) 26.viii.2006 — MO’D

456 Y. horridella (Treits.) — Walsey Hills TG0644 (27) 29.vii.2006 — KS

457 Y. lucella (Fabr.) — Wintersett Country Park SE3815 (63) 18.vii.2006, det. HEB — P.
Smith per HEB

458 Y. alpella ([D. & S.]) — Dingestow Court SO4509 (35) 26.viii.2006 — SDSB; Haydock
SJ5497 (59) 5.viii.2006 — G & D Atherton per SMP

459 K sylvella (Linn.) — Min wear Woods SN0513 (45) 12.viii.2006 — RE et al.

460 K parenthesella (Linn.) — Bamland T145638 (H12) 17.viii.2006 — MO’D

462 Y sequella (Cl.) — Glasbury SO 1839 (43) 3.X.2006, det. NRL — P.J. & V.F. Clarke per
AMD; Milngavie NS560745 (99) 22.vii.2006 — JK
252 Ochsenheimeria urella F.v.R. — Breakheart Hill ST973467 (8) 25.viii.2006 — EGS &
MHS

250

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

464 Plutella xylostella (Linn.) — Lullymore West N694264 (H191 7.vii.2006 — MO’D;
Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 4.V.2006 — EO’D

465 P. porrectella (Linn.) — Glasbury SO 1839 (43) 12.V.2006, det. NRL — RJ. & V.F.
Clarke per AMD; Spey Bay NJ348643 (94) cocoon on Hesperis matronalis 3.vi.2006,
moth bred — MRY

469 Eidophasia messingiella (F. v, R.) — Merthyr Tydfil S00603 (41) in sample dated
13.vii-29.ix.2005, genitalia det. HEB — A. Godfrey per WEB
471 Digitivalva perlepidella (Staint.) — Oversley Wood SP1056 (38) 26.V.2005 — J. Rush
per NJS

473 Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zell.) — Staplegrove ST2126 (5) OLviii.2006 — JAMcG;
Eaton Ford TL1760 (30) 14,viii.2006, genitalia det. DVM — A.A. Lawrence per DVM;
Market Deeping TF1310 (53) 2,viii.2006, det. CS — A. Drewitt per CS
476 Acrolepia autumnitella Curt. — Wooleigh Bridge SS521170 (4), tenanted mines on
Solanum dulcamara 15.ix.2006, moth bred — S.D. Beavan & RJH; Crickhowell
S0217184 (42) tenanted mines on Solanum dulcamara 25.viii.2006 — JRL; Ogston
Carr Wood SK3659 (57) vacated mines on Solanum dulcamara 12.vii.2006 — SHH

LYONETIIDAE

254 Leucoptera laburnella (Staint.) — Crathes Castle N07396 ( 91) mines on Laburnum
anagyroides 16.x. 2006 — RMP

256 L. spartifoliella (Hiibn.) — St. Ives TL305708 (31) 2.vii.2006, genitalia det. — BD;
Loch Eynort, S. Uist NF7828 (110). vacated cocoon on Cytisus 28.vi.2006 — MRY,
MWH & JRL

257 L. orobi Staint. — Pitarrig Meadow NN9659 (89) mines on Lathyrus linifolius
28.vii.2006, moths bred — KPB

COLEOPHORIDAE

492 Coleophora flavipennella (Dup.) — Lineover Wood S09819 (33) case on Quercus sp.

26.iii.2006 — G.H.J. Meredith per RGG

494 C. coracipennella (Hiibn.) — Llangynidr SO 1520 (42) a few 3.vii.2006, genitalia det.
— JRL

502 C. trigeminella Fuchs. — Monks Wood TL200797 (31) in RIS trap 24 - 30.V.2005, det.
DVM — BD; High Batts NR, Ripon SE2976 (M) Lvii.2006, genitalia det. HEB —
CHE & J.C. Warwick

513 C. potentillae Elisha — Hatch Beauchamp ST3020 (5) cases on Agrimonia eupatoria,
Sanguisorba minor and Rubus sp. 13.ix.2006 — JAMcG
516 C. trifolii (Curt.) — Seaton SX3055 (2) cases on Melilotus altissimus 10.viii.2006 —
RJH

518 C. mayrella (Hubn.) — lochmarlo N06796 (91) 12.vii.2006 genitalia det.
C.W.N.Holmes — C.W.N. Holmes per RMP

519 C. deauratella L. & Z. — Stanbury, Morwenstow SS2013 (2) 13.vii.2006 — GAC

521 C. conyzae Zell. — Great Glemham TM3360 (25) cases on Pulicaria 2 1 . vi.2006 — AWP

530 C. lixella Zell. — Barry Buddon N05132 (90) two cases on Dactylis near Thymus

15.V.2006 — KPB

532 C. albidella ([D. & S.]) — Ningwood Common SZ394898 (10) case on Salix sp.
5.viii.2006, det. RDE — TJ. Norriss per SAK-J

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

251

535 C ibipennella Zell. — Hannaborough Moor, Hatherleigh SX525026 (4) cases on
Quercus sp. 22.vii.2006 — R. Wolton per RJH; Llangorse SO 1327 (42) 4.vii.2006,
genitalia det. — NRL

541 C. pyrrhulipennella Zell. — Port Soderick SC3673 (71) 17. vi. 2006, genitalia det. —
JAMcG

544 C. albicosta (Haw.) — Stamiillen 0146662 (H22) 6.vi.2006 — EO’D
547 C. discordella Zell. -- Caehopkin SN82 1 2 (42) 1 . vii.2006 — NRL
553 C. striatipennella Nyl. — Broadholme SK9874 (53) 13.vi.2006, genitalia det. CS — M.
Gray per CS; Barry Buddon NOS 132 (90) cases on Cerastium fontanum 18.viii.2006 —
KPB

556 C. trochilella (Dup.) — Bwlchciliau SN9555 (42) 3. vii.2006, genitalia det. — NRL
561 C. therinella Tengst. — Hindolveston TG045297 (27) l.vi.2003, genitalia det. — JC

565 C. saxicolella (Dup.) — saltmarsh near lestow Barton SS478324 (4) 18.viii,2006,
genitalia det. RJH — S.D. Beavan & RJH; Tarlair NJ7264 (94) 10.vii.2006, genitalia
det. MRY — R. Leverton & MRY

566 C. sternipennella (Zett.) — Sherborne St John (12) 27. vii.2006, genitalia det. JC — ;
Royal Leamington Spa SP335643 (38) 5.viii.2006, genitalia det. — M. Kennard per
NJS; Harlech SH574301 (48) 19.viii.2006, genitalia det. ANG — H. Bantock per ANG

567 C. adspersella Ben. — Orford Ness NNR TM4349 (25) 17. vii.2006, genitalia det. B.
Goodey — M. Marsh per JBH

568 C. versurella Zell. — Staplegrove ST2126 (5) 8,vii.2005, genitalia det. — JAMcG;
Pembrey Forest SN387035 (44) 26.viii.2006, genitalia det. — JSB; Broadholme
SK9874 (53) 13.vi.2006, genitalia det. CS — M. Gray per CS

572 C. vestianella (Linn.) — Greenford TQ 160850 (21) 6. vii.2006, genitalia det. RT — A.
Culshaw per RT

581 C taeniipennella H.-S. — Keiss ND352609 (109) 3. vii.2006, genitalia det. — MRH

582 C. glaucicolella Wood — High Batts NR, Ripon SE2976 (65) 1. vii.2006, genitalia det.
HEB — CHE & J.C. Warwick; South Glendale, S. List NF7914 (HO) 29.vi.2006,
genitalia det. JRL — MRY, MWH & JRL

583 C. tamesis Waters — Roughton, Southfield TF242648 (54) lLvii.2005, genitalia det. CS
— K.D. Robertson per CS

586 C. adjunctelia Hodgk. — Axmouth Saltings SY257912 (3) cases on Juncus gerardii

13.viii.2006 — BPH

587 C. caespititiella Zell. — Johnstown SN398198 (44) 6.vi.2006, genitalia det. — JSB;
Templehall NOS 17279 (89) 19.vi.2006, genitalia det. — JRL

588 C. salicomiae Hein. & Wocke — Netherton Point SX891721 (3) cases on Salicornia
Lx.2005 — BPH; saltmarsh near Instow Barton SS478324 (4) 18.viii.2006 — S.D.
Beavan & RJH; Broadholme SK9874 (53) 28. vii.2006, genitalia det. CS — M. Gray per
CS; Dolphinholme SD5252 (60) 22. vii.2006 genitalia det. — N.A.J. Rogers per SMP
and Leighton Moss SD4774 (60) 22. vii.2006 genitalia det. — SMP

589 C. clypeiferella Hofm. — Hilton TL294665 (31) 19. vii.2006, genitalia det. — BD;
Roughton TF2464 (54) 29.vi.2006, genitalia det. CS — K. Robertson per CS

ELACHISTIDAE

590 Perittia obscurepunctella (Staiot.) — Rand Wood TF082779 (54) 10.iv.2005 — CS
592 Stephensia brunnichella (Linn.) — Elanor Wood, Linwood TFl 15855 (54) 15.V.2005 — CS

252

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

593 Elachista regificella Sire. — Yelling TL267617 (M) 16.vi.2006, genitalia det. — BD;
Coed Feeni-fach SO0128 and 0028 (42) tenanted mines on Luzula sylvatica 26.iv.2006,
moths bred and genitalia det. JRL — • NRL & JRL
593b E. tengstromi Kaila et al — Coed Fenni-fach SO0128 (42) tenanted mines on Luzula
pilosa 26.iv.2006, moths bred and genitalia det. JRL — NRL & JRL
597 E. atricomella Staint — Bamlaed T145638 (H12) 10.vi.2006 — MO’D
602 E. apicipunctella Staint. ■ — Spurn TA4115 (.61) 8.V.2006, det. HEB — B.R. Spence per
HEB

605 E. pomerana Frey — Minsmere RSPB TM477661 (25) 18.vii.2006, genitalia det. JRL
— JBH&JRL

608 E. rufocinerea (Haw.) — Broadholme SK8974 (53) 13.V.2006 — M. Gray per CS;
Templehall NOS 17279 (89) 19.vi.2006 JRL

613 E. subocellea (Steph.) — High Batts NR, Ripon SE2976 (65) Lvii.2006, det. HEB —
CHF & J.C. Warwick, first confirmed VC record.

617 E. obliquella (Staint.) (= megerlelia Hiibn.) — Monks Wood TL200797 (31) in RIS trap
24 - 30.V.2005, det. DVM — BD

627 Biselachista scirpi (Staint.) — Gibraltar Point TF567580 (54) 5.viii.2005 — CS
632' Cosmiotes consortella (Staint.) — Royal Leamington Spa SP335643 (38) 23.ix.2006,
genitalia det. — M. Kennard per NJS

OECOPHORIDAE

634 Schiffermuellerina grandis (Desv.) — Needwood Forest SKI 621 (39) 7.vi.2006, first
county record since 19*-^ C. — M.G. Bloxham per DWE

635 Denisia subaquilea (Staint.) — Blaenavon SO2308 (35) 26.vi.2005 — JAMcG
638a D. albimaculea (Haw.) — Hall Green SP1181 (37) 9.vi.2006 — A. Prior per ANBS

640 Batia lunaris (Haw.) — Torpoint SX4354 (2) 3.vii.2006 — LACT

0641 R. lambdella (Don.) — Frensham Common SU8440 (H) 20.vi.2004 — JP & GAC;
Siiwood Park SU9468 (22) l.vii.2003 — G. Broad per MCH; Pembrey Burrows
SS4299 (44) 15.vii.2006 — JSB & L. Walker

642a Metalampra italica Baldizzone — Studham TL02i7 (30) 27. vi. 2006, conf. RJH —
C.R.B. Baker per DVM

648 Endrosis sarcitrella (Linn.) — Gormonston Beach 0182664 (H22) 23.vi.2006 — EO’D

649 Esperia sulphurella (Fabr.) — Quoyberstane HY462120 (111) 22.vii.2006 — SVG
65 1 Oecophora bractella (Linn.) — Wyre Forest S0843612 (40) 20. vi. 2005 — DG
658 Carcina quercana (Fabr.) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 15.vii.2006 — EO’D

660 Pseudatemelia josephinae (Toll) — Monks Wood TL200797 (31) in RIS trap 7 -
13.vi.2005, det. DVM — BD

667 Semioscopis steinkellneriana ([D. & S.]) ■ — Felindre Farchog, SN1038 (45) 7.v,2006 — RE

668 Luquetia lobelia ([D. & S.]) — Halton Holegate TF415645 (54) 23.vi.2005, genitalia
det. — CS; Shenton Cutting SP1999 (55) 9.vi.2006 — G, & M.A. Finch per MPS

670 Depressaria daucella ([D, & S.]) — Marton SK8482 (54) 29.viii.2006, genitalia det. CS
— B. Hedley per CS; Templehall N03127 (89) larvae on Oenanthe crocata 19.vi.2006
— JRL

671 D. ultimella Staint. — Old Weston TL103776 (31) 26.V.2006, genitalia det. BD — K.
Royles per BD; Nantgwyn SN365238 (44) 2ix.2006, genitalia det. — JSB

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

253

674 Depressaria badiella (Hiibn.) — near Wendover SP8506 (24) 26.viii.2006, genitalia del.
DVM — MVA

678 D. sordidatella Tengst. — Pembrey Borrows SS4299 (44) 26.vii.2006, genitalia det. — JSB

691 Agonopterix purpurea (Haw.) — Harlech SH574301 (48) 13.iv.2006, det. ANG — H.
Bantock per ANG

696 A. propinquella (Treits.) — Stamuilen 0146662 (H22) 5.ix.2006 — EO’D

704 A. scopariella (Hein.) — Dunster SS9842 (5) larva on Cytisus scoparius 13.viii.2006,
moth bred — JAMcG; Kylerhea, Skye NG7822 (104) larvae on Cytisus scoparius
5.vii.2006, moths bred — RJH

706 A. nervosa (Haw.) — Stamuilen 0146662 (H22) 15.vii.2006 — EO’D

711 A. curvipunctosa (Haw.) — Totternhoe Knolls SP9722 (30) I4.V.2006 — J.E. Childs &
G. Dennis per DVM

712 A. astrantiae (Hein.) — Stamuilen 0146662 (H22) 29.vii.2006, conf. JRL from
photograph — EO’D

713 A. angelicella (Hubn.) — near Comhill NJ5755 (94) 4.viii.2006 — R. Leverton per MRY

714 A. yeatiana (Fabr.) — Bwlch SO 1522 (42) 22.iv.2006 — • C. Becker per NRL

ETHMIIDAE

718 Ethmia dodecea (Haw.) — Kate’s Bridge TFI 014 (53) 24. vi. 2006 — RWG

GELECHIIDAE

723 Metzneria littorella (Doug.) — Hastings TQ8309 (14) 23.vi.2006, genitalia det. — GAC

724 M. lappella (Line.) — west of Dowlaw NT8470 (81) larvae or pupae in seedheads of
Arctium minus 14.iv.2006, moths bred ■ — • KPB; Yellowcraigs NTS 185 (82) larvae in
seedheads of Arctium minus 27.xii.2006, moths bred

729 Isophrictis striatella ([D. & S.]) — Higher Poynton SJ9483 (58) 29.vii.2006 — SHH;
Flixton SJ7493 (59) imago resting on flower-head of Tanacetum vulgare 25.vii.2006 —
K. McCabe per SMP

730 Apodia bifractella (Dup.) — Locks Park Farm, Hatherleigh SS5 14023 (4) — R. Wolton
per RJH

731a Eulamprotes immaculatella (Dough) — Horsea Island, Portsmouth SU6304 (11) at mv
light 21.vii.2006, genitalia det. ■ — RJD

732 E. unicolorella (Dup.) — Dingestow Court SO4509 (35) 16.vi.2006 — SDSB

733 E, wilkella (Linn.) — Old Weston TL099774 (M) 17.vii.2006, genitalia det. DVM &
BD — K. Royles per BD

728 Monochroa cytisella (Curt.) — Whixall Moss SJ4936 (40) 17.vii.2006 — SPC; Minwear
Woods SN059138 (45) Lvii.2006 — North Pembrokeshire Moth Group per ADL

735 M. tenebrella (Hubn.) — Market Rasen TF0988 (54) 7.vii.2006, genitalia det. — CS

737 M. palustrella (Dougl.) — Bullen Hill ST894579 (8) 15.vii.2006 — EGS & MHS;
Leagh South M3210 (H9) 5.viii.2006 — SPC, New to Ireland

738 M. tetragonella (Staint.) — Mochras SH560260 (48) 26.vi.2006, genitalia det. — ANG
& JEG

740 M. hornigi (Staud.) — Ipswich TM2043 (25) 2.vii.2006, genitalia det. JC — N.
Sherman per AWP; Old Weston TL099774 (31) 4.vii.2006, genitalia det. DVM & BD
— K. Royles per BD; Kate’s Bridge TF1014 (53) 24.vi.2006, genitalia det. — RWG

254

742

746

748

779

780

783

786

788

789-

755

757

758

762

770

790

791

859

796

801

801a

806

810

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

M. lutulentella (Zell.) — Portland Bird Observatory SY6868 (9) 10.vii.2004, genitalia
det. PHS, first VC record since c.l940 — M. Cade per PHS; Thorp Perrow Arboretum
SE2585 (65) 16.vii.2006, det HEB — CHE, J.C. Warwick & D.M. Bowes; Lullymore
West N694264 (H19) 7.vii.2006, genitalia det. K.G.M. Bond — MO’D
Ckrysoesthia drurella (Fabr.) — Sleighford SJ883250 (39) tenanted mines 4.ix.2006 —
C. Darby shire per DWE

Ptocheuusa paupella (Zell.) — Forth Neigwl SH2327 (49) larvae in flowerheads of
Pulicaria dysenterica 21.vii.2006, moths bred — IPS

Bryotropha ajfinis (Haw.) — Higher Nichols Nymett SS691021 (4) 30.vii.2006 — S.D.
Beavan per RJH; Tramore S578019 (H6) 15.vii.2005, det. K.G.M. Bond — TB
B. similis (Staint.) — Royal Leamington Spa SP335643 (38) 21.viii.2006, genitalia det.

— M. Kennard per NJS; near Comhill NJ5755 (94) 28. vi. 2006 — R. Leverton per MRY
B. boreella (Dough) — near Cornhill NJ5755 (94) 17.vii.2006 — R. Leverton per MRY
B. desertella (Dough) — Pembrey Burrows SS4299 (44) 23.vii.2006, genitalia det. —
JSB

B. poUtella (Staint.) — Charnwood Lodge SK4615 (55) 9.vi.2006, det MPS — MPS,

A. P. Russell & A.J. Mackay

B. domestica (Haw,) — Luffness Links NT4781 (82) larvae in Tortula muralis
I Liii.2006, moths bred — KPB

Stenolechia gemmella (Linn.) • — Coombe Meadow SS498022 (4) 5.viii.2005 — R.
Wolton per RJH

Recurvaria nanella ([D. & S.]) — Legar S02117 (42) 5.viii.2006, genitalia det. — J.M.
& P.M. Rees per NRL

R. leucatella (Clerck) — Hale SJ4683 (59) 16.vii.2006 det. SMP — C Cockbain per
SMP

Athrips mouffetella (Linn.) — Locks Park Farm, Hatherleigh SS5 14023 (4) 14.vii.2006

— R. Wolton per RJH

Carpatolechia proximella (Hiibn.) — Lullymore West N694264 (H19) 7.vii.2006 —
MO’D

Chionodes fumatella (Dough) — near Comhill NJ5755 (94) 17.vii.2006 — - R. Leverton
per MRY

C distinctella (Zell.) — Whisby NR, Sandhills SK9 13674 (53) 12.vii.2005, genitalia
det. CS — P. Porter per CS

Psoricoptera gibbosella (Zell.) — Marymead SS5 17029 (4) 3Lvii.2004 — R. Wolton
per RJH

Aroga velocella (Zell.) — Chapel Common, Rake SU8228 (13) 28.viii.2006, genitalia
det. — GAC

Gelechia scotinella (H. - S.) — Chessington TQ1864 (17) at light 2.vii.2006, genitalia
det. GAC — JP

G. senticetella (Staud.) — Hall Green SP1181 (37) 27.vii.2006 — A. Prior ANBS
G. nigra (Haw.) — Leckhampton S09519 (33) 17.vii.2006, genitalia det. D.J. Gibbs —
G.H.J Meredith per RGG

Scrobipalpa suaedella (Rich.) — Horsea Island, Portsmouth SU6304 (U) at mv light
2Lvii.2006, genitalia det. — RJD, first confirmed county record, the record by W.
Fassnidge in Goater, 1974, The Butterflies and Moths of Hampshire and the Isle of
Wight being a misidentification of S. nitentella (Fuchs) — JRL

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

255

811 5. samadensis (Pfaff.) — Tarlair NJ7264 (94) l.vii.2006 — R. Leverton per MRY;

Rosbeg G6797 (H35) 30.viii.2005, genitalia det. — JBH

814 S. ocellatella (Boyd) — Pembrey Burrows SS4299 (44) 10.ix.2006, genitalia det. —
JSB

815 S. nitentella (Fuchs) — saltmarsh near lestow Barton SS478324 (4) larvae on Atriplex
sp. 18.viii.2006, moths bred — S.D. Beavan & RJH; Keiss ND352609 (109) 3.vii.2006,
genitalia det. — MRH

816 S. obsoletella (F. v. R.) — Kate’s Bridge TF1014 (53) 17.vii.2006, genitalia det. — RWG
825 Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) — Caenby TF015898 (54) 6.X.2005, genitalia det. — CS
828 Caryocolum viscariella (Staint.) — Linkim Shore NT9166 (81) larvae in shoots of

Lychnis dioica 13.V.2006, moths bred — KPB
832 C blandella (DougL) — Taynish NNR NR7283 (101) 4.viii.2006 — KPB
841 Sophronia semicostella (Hiibn.) — Totland SZ328860 (10) 24. vi. 2006, det. KPB —
SAK-J; High Batts NR, Ripon SE2976 (65) l.vii.2006, det HEB — CHF & LC.
Warwick

844 Syncopacma larseniella (Gozm.) — Minsmere RSPB TM4767 (25) 19.vi.2006,
genitalia det. JBH ■ — R. M. Harvey & JBH

850 S. polychromella (Rebel) — Puddletown SY7695 (9) 16.vi.2006 — H. Wood Homer per
PHS

856 Anarsia spartiella (Schr.) • — Willingham Forest TFl 3 1 893 (54) 9.vii.2005, genitalia det.
— CS; Lullymore West N694264 (H19) 7.vii.2006 — MO’D

857 A. lineatella Zell. — Portsmouth SU6700 (11) at mv light 6.vii.2006 — IRT

851 Dichomeris alacella (Zell.) — Staplegrove ST2126 (5) 14.vii.2005,

genitalia det. — JAMcG; Wyndcliff ST59 (35) 18.vii.2006 — JSB, new to Wales

809 Pexicopia malvella (Hubn.) — Hertford TL327143 (20) 26. vi. 2006, first county record
for over 100 years — A. Wood per CWP; Cockayne Hatley TL2549 (30) in RIS trap 16
- 23.vii.2006, genitalia det. DVM, first county record since 1936 — • DVM

AUTOSTICHIDAE

870 Oegoconia quadripuncta (Haw.) — Market Deeping TFl 3 10 (53) 3.vii.2005 — A.
Drewitt per CS; Louth TF339863 (54) 17.vii.2005, genitalia det. CS — R. Labbett per CS;
Nottingham SK592369 (56) 20.vii.2004, genitalia det. MSP — R. Fox per MSP; Tadcaster
SE4742 (64) thirty Your 7-29.vii.2006, genitalia det. HEB — D. Baker per HEB

BLASTOBASIDAE

874 Blastobasis lacticolella Rebel (= decolorella Woll.) — Templehall N03 17279 (89)
19.vi.2006 — JRL; Milngavie NS560745 (99) Lvii.2006 — JK; Portree, Skye NG4843
(104) one found dead in shop window 7.vii.2006 — RJH; Stamullen 0146662 (H22)
4.viii.2006 — EO’D

875b Hypatopa binotella (Thunb.) - Micheldever Spoil-heaps NR SU5244 (12) 18.vii.2006,
det. JRL — BE, BENHS Annual Exhibition 2007, New to the British Isles

STATHMOPODIDAE

877 Stathmopoda pedella (Linn.) — Buckingham Palace Garden TQ2879 (21) 4.vii.2006,
first county record since 1867 — THF; Royal Leamington Spa SP335643 (38)
23.iii.2005 — M. Kennard per NJS

256

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

877b S. auriferella Walker — Plymouth (3) larva in calyx of pomegranate (Punica
granatum), origin Israel, 30.X.2005, moth bred — RJH, Adventlve species new to the

British Isles

BATRACHEDRIDAE

878 Batrachedra praeangusta (Haw.) — Hempsted S08218 (33) 28. vi. 2006 — G.R. Avery
per RGG

879 B. pinicolella (Zell.) — Doncaster SK628985 (63) 7.vii.2006 — RIH
MOMPHIDAE

880 Mompha langiella (Hiibn.) — Stansted Forest SU7510 (13) tenanted mine on Circaea
lutetiana 12.ix.2006 — IRT & JRL; Thetford Forest TL7981 (26) vacated mines and
pupae on Epilobium hirsutum 13.vii.2006, moths bred — RMP

886 M. ochraceella (Curt.) — Higher Nichols Nymett SS691021 (4) 3.vii.2006 — S.D.
Beavan per RJH

888 M. propinquella (Staint.) — Bamland T145638 (H12) 19.viii.2006 — MO'D

889 M. divisella H.-S. — Harlech SH574301 (48) 15.iv.2006, genitalia det. ANG — H.
Bantock per ANG

891 M. sturnipennella (Treits.) — Pitsford Water NR SP7668 (32) v.2006, genitalia det.
DVM. — P. Horsnail per DVM; Cheltenham S09424 (33) gall in Chamerion
angustifolium 27.vii.2006 — R. Homan per RGG

892 M. subbistrigella (Haw.) — Higher Nichols Nymett SS691021 (4) 11. v.2006 — S.D.
Beavan per RJH; Tynemouth NZ364705 (67) 14.viii.2006 — TJT; Stamullen 0146662
(H22) 30.ix.2006 — EO’D

COSMOPTERIGIDAE

896 Cosmopterix orichalcea Staint. — Mochras SH560261 (48) 26. vi. 2006 — ANG & JEG
896a C. scribaiella Zell. — Chippenham Fen TL6469 (29) 24. vi. 2006 — JRD & I. Barton
896b C. pulchrimella Chambers — Shanklin Chine SZ584810 and Steephill Cove SZ551769
(10) tenanted mines on Parietaria judaica 22 & 27.xii.2006 — DTB
903 Chrysoclista linneella (Cl.) — Wyndcliff ST59 (35) 18.vii.2006 — JSB
908 Sorhagenia rhamniella (Zell.) — Coolortha R350961 (H9) 5.viii.2006, genitalia det.
MSP — SPC, New to Ireland

SCYTHRIDIDAE

911 Scythris grandipennis (Haw.) — Dunwich Heath TM4768 (25) 25.vi.2006, det. JBH —
C. Moore & D. Brougham per JBH; Scotton Common NR SK8698 (54) 15.vi.2006,
genitalia det. — CS

918 S. limbella (Fabr.) — Stoke Prior SO950673 (37) 14.vii.2004, first county record since
19th c. _ j. Rush per ANBS

919 5. cicadella (Zell.) — Coopers Hill TL0237 (30) 25.vi.2006, genitalia det. — DVM

920 S. potentillella (Zell.) — Croxley Common Moor TQ0894 (20) ix.2005 — D. Murray
Ent Rec. 119: 71

920a S. inspersella (Hubn.) — Histon TL4264 (29) larvae on Chamerion angustifolium
16.vii.2006, moths bred — JRD

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

257

TORTRICIDAE

923 Phtheochroa sodaliana (Haw.) — Luffenham Heath (55) 1 .vii.2006 — MPS, R. Follows
& AJ. Mackay

926 Phalonidia manniana (F.v.R.) — Stony Stratford SP7940 (24) 3. vii.2006, det DVM —
M Killeby per MVA; Doxey Marshes SJ9 13 12405 (39) 24. vi. 2006 — M. Dale per
DWE; Whisby Nature Park SK9166 (53) 10.vi.2006 — CS
933 P. gilvicomana (Zell.) — Bryanston ST8706 (9) very many larvae on Mycelis muralis
16.vii.2006 — PHS

937 Agapeta hamana (Linn.) — Lullymore West N694264 (H19) 7. vii.2006 — MO’D
942 Aethes piercei Ob. — Tring SP9111 (20) 2006, genitalia det. CWP, first county record
for over 100 years — 1. Burrus per CWP

944 A. williana (Brahm) — Bishops Hill SP392584 (38) 15.V.2005 — M. Kennard & R.
Ruban per NJS

945 A. cnicana (Westw.) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 24.vi.2006 — EO’D

946 A. rubigana (Treits.) — Barnland T145638 (H12) 18. vii.2006 — MO’D; Stamullen
0146662 (H22) 9.vii.2005 — EO’D

955 Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hiibn.) — Gibraltar Point TF55 (^) 27. v. 2005 —
Leicestershire Moth Group per CS

959 Cochylidia rupicola (Curt.) — Orchard Portman ST2520 (5) 1 1 .vii.2006 — JAMcG
963 Cochylis flaviciliana (Westw.) — Barnland T145638 (H12) 5.viii.2006, genitalia det.
K.G.M. Bond — MO’D

964a C. molliculana Zell. — Bullen Hill ST894579 (8) 31.viii.2006 — EGS & MHS;
Parkhurst SZ472918 (10) 5.viii.2006, det. T.J. Norriss — SAK-J & T.J. Norriss; Edolphs
Copse TQ2342 (17) 10.vi.2006 — JP; Bishops Stortford TL 4822 (20) 23.viii.2006,
genitalia det. R. Terry — J. Fish & J. Reeves per CWP
966 C. atricapitana (Steph.) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 26.V.2006 — EO’D
968 C. nana (Haw.) — Barnland T145638 (H12) 5.vi.2006 — MO’D
972 Pandemis heparana ([D. & S.]) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 22.vi.2005 — EO’D
977 Archips podana (Scop.) — Lullymore West N694264 (H19) 7. vii.2006 — MO’D
982 Choristoneura diversana (Hiibn.) — North Farm, nr Shenton, SK388989 (55)
27.vi.2006 — RWG

987 Ptycholomoides aeriferanus (H.-S.) — Royal Leamington Spa SP335643 (38)
12.vi.2006. — M. Kennard per NJS

991 Clepsis senecionana (Hiibn.) — Abertillery SO2207 (35) pupa on Vaccinium myrtillus
27.iv.2006, moth bred — SPC

993a C. coriacana (Rebel) — Ampthill TL038380 (30) from RIS trap between 13.viii and
9.ix.2006, genitalia det J. Razowski and DVM — D. Smith per DVM, Ent. Rec.\\9:
235-237, New to the British Isles

998 Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) — Fallin NS836919 (86) vi.2006 — R. Dawson per MRY;
Aberdeen NJ9304 (92) in a heated greenhouse 19.X.2005 — RMP; Stamullen 0146662
(H22) 25.V.2006 — EO’D

1001 Lozotaeniodes formosanus (Geyer) — Glasbury SO 1839 (43) 20. vii.2006, det. NRL —
P.J. & V.F. Clarke per AMD

1006 Epagoge grotiana (Fabr.) — Barnland T145638 (H12) 5. vii.2006 — MO’D
1015 Eulia ministrana (Linn.) — Penpedwast SN1238 (45) 10.vi.2006 — RE et al.

258

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

1016 Cnephasia longana (Haw.) — Luffness Links NT4781 (82) pupae in seedheads of
Pilosella officinamm 9.vii.2006, moths bred — KPB, new to Scotland
1019 C conspersana Dough — Acarsaid, Eriskay NF7909 (110) larvae and pupae in flowers
of Hypochoeris radicata and Antennaria dioica 30.vi.2006, moths bred — MRY, MWH
& JRL

1023 C genitalana P. & M. — Bushy Park TQ1469 (21) lLvii.2005, genitalia det. — THE;
Dunchurch SP48256936 (38) 29.vii.2006, genitalia det. — M. Kennard per NJS

1024 C. incertana (Treits.) — Barry Buddon NO5430 (90) larvae in shoots of Ononis repens
15.V.2006, moths bred — KPB Barnland T145638 (H12) 24.vi.2006, genitalia det.
K.G.M. Bond — MO’D

1034 Spatalistis bifasciana (Hiibn.) — Newpark Waste SX5961 (3) one larva in a case made
from a fragment of a leaf of Quercus robur l.iv.2006, moth bred — RJH
1036 Acleris forsskaleana (Linn.) — Glasbury SO 1839 (43) 15.vii.2006, det. NRL — P.J. &
V.F. Clarke per AMD; Gormonston College 0164664 (H22) 21.vii.2006 — EO’D

1042 A. rhombana ([D. & S.]) — Tomintoul NJ165192 (94) 2.ix.2006 — T. Boardman per
MRY; Barnland T145638 (H12) 30.ix.2006 — MO’D; Stamullen 0146662 (H22)
23.ix.2006 — EO’D

1043 A. aspersana (Hiibn.) — Glasbury S01839 (43) 16.viii.2006, det. NRL — P.J. & V.F.
Clarke per AMD

1045 A. notana (Don.) - — Barnland T145638 (H12) 20.x. 2006, genitalia det. K.G.M. Bond —
MO’D

1051 A. logiana (Cl.) — Buckland TQ2250 (17) I8.iii.2005, genitalia det. GAC — C. Hart
per JP; Bishops Stortford TL487221 (20) 29. i. 2005 J. Fish & J. Reeves per RT; Wicken
Fee TL5670 (29) 5.vii.2006, genitalia det. JBH — JBH & S. J. Read

1052 A. umbrana (Hiibn.) — Downderry SX3 16540 (2) 18. i. 2006, genitalia det. RJH, second
Cornish record — S.C. Madge per RJH

1054 A. cristana ([D. & S.]) — Spurn TA4115 (61) 6.viii.2006, conf. HEB — ■ B.R. Spence
per HEB

1056 A. Upsiana ([D. & S.]) — Tresta HU358516 (IM) 22.ix.2006, genitalia det. JC — T.
Rogers per JC, Ent. Rec. 119: 45

1062a A. effractana (Hiibn.) — Malham Tam SD8967 (64) 24.viii.2004, genitalia det. CHF —
MAB

1013 Olindia schumacherana (Fabr.) — Pengelii Forest NNR SN1239 (45) 18.vii.2006 — ADL

1064 Celypha rosaceana (Schlag.) — Horticultural Research Station, St Martin, Guernsey
WV320762 (IM) in RIS trap 20.viii.2006 — R.A. Austin per PDMC

1065 C. rufana (Scop.) — Motcombe ST8526 (9) late vi.06, genitalia det. PHS — P.N. Butter
per PHS; Appleton Thorn SJ6383 (58) 4.vi.2006, genitalia det. A.M. Davis — .S.
Bayley per SHH

1067 C. cespitana (Hiibn.) — Bushy Park TQ1469 (21) ll.vii.2005, genitalia det. — THF

1068 C. rivulana (Scop.) — near Cornhill NI5755 (94) 2Lvii.2006 — R. Leverton per MRY
1083 Hedya nubiferana (Haw.) — Templehall N03 17279 (89) 19.vi.2006 — JRL; Stamullen

0146662 (H22) ll.vii.2005 — EO’D

1086 H. salicella (Linn.) — Maenporth (1) 4.vii.2006 — G. Davis, Atropos 30: 54; Torpoint
SX4354 (2) 4.vii.2006 — LACT

1091 Apotomis lineana ([D. & S.]) — Eye TM1473 (25) 22.vii.2006 — P. Kitchener per AWP

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

259

1092 A. turbidana (Htibn.) — Pickle Wood SN0514 (45) 17. vi. 2006 — RE et al.

1101 Endothenia ustulana (Flaw.) — College Wood TF124754 (54) 19.vi.2005, genitalia det.
— CS

1102 E. nigricostana (Haw.) — Heronry Wood, FisMeigh SS548063 (4) 10.vi.2006 — S.D.
Beavan & RJH; Woodhouse SE784088 (54) 30.V.2005, genitalia det. — CS

1104 £. quadrimaculana (Haw.) --- Glasbury S01839 (43) 31.vii.2006, det. NRL — RJ. & V.R
Clarke per AMD; near Aberchirder NJ631524 (94) 17.vii.2006 — R. Smith per MRY
1 106 Lobesia reliquana (Hiibe.) — Torrington SS495188 (4) 12.V.2006 — S. Hatch per RJH
1108 L. abscisana (Doubld.) — Higher Nichols Nymett SS691021 (4) 22.vii.2006 — S.D.
Beavan per RJH

1 1 10 Bactra furfurana (Flaw.) — Bushy Park TQ1569 (21) 4.viii.2006, genitalia det. — THF;
Poilachar, S. Uist NF7414 (110) 27.vi.2006 — MRY, MWH & JRL; Ballieoulart Dunes
T207433 (HU) l.vii.2006 — MO’D

1111a B. lacteana Caradja — Dolphinholme SD5252 (60) l.vii.2006 genitalia det. JRL —
N.A.J. Rogers per SMP

1112 B. robustana (Christ.) — Instow Barton Marsh (4) 18.viii.2006 — S.D. Beavan & RJH
1114 Eudemis porphyrana (Hubn.) — Grafton Wood SO973560 (37) 27. vi. 2006 — P.
Clements ANBS

1117 Ancylis unguicella (Linn.) — Cox Green Quarries SD7114 (59) 29.vii.2006, det. SMP
— D Lumb per SMP

1119a A. diminutana (Haw.) — Thetford TL8384 (26) ll.vi.2006 — SPC
1121 A. upupana (Treits.) — Havant Thicket SU7110 (11) larva in podded leaf of Salix x
caprea 8.xi.2006, moth bred, previously unrecorded foodplant — JRL & BE; Bawtry
Forest SK 6294 (63) 3.vi.2006 — HEB

1124 A. tineana (Hubn.) — Whixall Moss SJ4936 (40) larva in tough brown silken tube on
small Betula 29.iii.2006, moth bred and genitalia checked — MSP, New to England
1128 A. myrtillana (Treits.) — Hardy Monument SY6187 (9) 7.vi.06, first VC record since
c.i930 — PHS

1133 Epinotia bilunana (Haw.) — Hillsford Bridge, Watersmeet SS741478 (4) 10.vi.2006 —
S. Hatch per RJH; Llangorse S01327 (42) 4.vii.2006 — D. Mitchell per NRL
1135 E. demarniana (F.v.R.) — Cannock Chase SK00552051 (39) l.vii.2006 — D.C,
Gardner per DWE

1143 E. fraternana (Haw.) — Eaton Ford TL1760 (30) 6.vi.2006, genitalia det. BD — A. A.
Lawrence per DVM

1147 Epinotia cruciana (Linn.) — Pont-ar-dulas SN9453 (42) 19.vii.2006 — H.G. Parker per
NRL

1151 E. trigonella (Lien.) — Wiston Wood SN0216 (45) 5.viii.2006 — RE et al

1153 E. sordidana (Hubn.) — Watermead North Country Park SK6011 (55) 23. ix. 2006,
genitalia det. K. Tailby — K. Tailby, A.P. Russell, G. & M.A. Finch per MPS

1154 E. caprana (Fabr.) — Fir & Pond Wood NR TL27601 1 (M) 1 ix.20006 — RT

1155 E. brunnichana (Lien.) — Haenaborough Moor, Hatherleigh SS525026 (4) 23.vii.2006
— R. Wolton per RJH

1157 Crocidosema plebejana Zell. — Shotesham TM245995 (27) 28.x. 2006 — AM;
Fulbourn TL5153 (29) 23.ix.2006 — JRD; Cheltenham S09424 (33) 3Lx.2006 —
R. Homan per RGG; Hall Green SP1181 25.vii.2006 — A. Prior per ANBS; Flixton
SJ7493 (59) 15. xi. 2006 — K. McCabe per SMP; Crooykeery T290984 (H20)
15.vi.2006 — AT

260

25.xi.2007

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

1162 R. myrtillana (H. & W.) — Hardy Monument SY6187 (9) Lvi.2006, first VC record
since c. 1930 — PHS

1 174 Epiblema cynosbatella (Linn.) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 3.vi.2006 — EO'D

1175 E. uddmanniana (Linn.) — Acarsaid, Eriskay NF7909 (110) larvae on Rubus fruticosus
30.vi.2006 — MRY, MWH & JRL; Lullymore West N694264 (H19) 7.vii.2006 —
MO’D

1176 E. trimaculana (Haw.) — Foxglove Covert NR, Catterick SE1697 (65) 23.vi.2006, det.
HEB — CHF & J.C. Warwick

1178 E. roborana ([D. & S.]) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 26.vii.2005 — EO’D
1183 E. foenella (Linn.) — Torpoint SX4355 (2) 3.vii.2006, det. L. Truscott — A, Pease
per RJH; Northam SS452294 (4) ix.2005 — D.E. Pauli per RJH
1188 Pelochrista caedmaculana (Hiibn.) — St Teath SX0382 (2) 7.vii.2006, genitalia det. —
GAC

1192 Eucosma conterminana (Guen.) — Tynemouth NZ364705 (67) 21.vii.2006 — TJT

1193 E. tripoliana (Barr.) — Higher Nichols Nymett SS691021 (4) 25.vii.2006, about 20
miles from nearest known foodplant — S.D. Beavan per RJH; Liangynidr SO 1520 (42)

4. viii.2006, genitalia det., another inland record — JRL

1197 E. campoliliana ([D. & S.]) — Legar S02117 (45) 15.vii.2004 — J.M. & P.M. Rees per
NRL; Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 17.vii.2006 — EO’D
1202 E. obumbratana (L. «& Z.) — Luffness NT4780 (82) larvae in heads of Sonchus arvensis
10.viii.2006, moths bred — KPB

1205a Spilonota laricana (Hein.) — Thorp Perrow Arboretum SE2585 (65) 16.vii.2006, det.
HEB — CHF, J.C. Warwick & D.M. Bowes

1207 Clavigesta purdeyi (Durr.) — Newport SN0538 (45) 4.ix.2006 — ADL; Tramore
S578019 (H6) 4.viii.2004, det. K.G.M. Bond — TB; Barnland T145638 (H12)

5. viii.2006 — MO’D, New to Ireland

1209 Pseudococcyx turionella (Linn.) — Market Deeping TF1310 (53) 17.V.2006 — A.
Drewitt per CS

1211 Rhyacionia pinicolana (Doubld.) — Wiston Wood SN0216 (45) 5.viii.2006 — RE et al.

1212 R. pinivorana (L. & Z.) — Newport, SN0538 (45) 3.vii,2006 — ADL

1216 Enarmonia formosana (Scop.) — Templehall N03 17279 (89) 19.vi.2006 — JRL

1221 Strophedra weirana (Dougl.) — Coed Fenni-fach SO0128 (42) cocoons between spun
leaves of Fagus 24,viii.2006 — NRL & JRL

1222 Y nitidana (Fabr.) — Fir & Pond Wood NR TL27601 1 (M) 28.vi.20006 — RT; Saltridge
Wood S0881 1 (33) 30.vi.2006, genitalia det. RGG — G.H.J. Meredith per RGG

1225 Pammene obscurana (Steph.) — Bawtry Forest SK6294 (63) 3.vi.2006, first vice-
county record since 19^^ C. — HEB

1228a P. ignorata Kozn. — Wetmoor ST7387 (33) 29.V.2006, genitalia det. D.J. Gibbs, &
9.vii.2006, genitalia det. RGG — G.H.J. Meredith per RGG, Second and third British
records

1229 P. albuginana (Guen.) — Newton-under-Roseberry NZ5713 (62) 18.vi,2005, genitalia
det. HEB — P.W. Forster per HEB

1230 P. suspectana (L. & Z.) — Berrow ST2953 (6) 7.vi.2004, genitalia det. — JAMcG

1 23 i R spiniana (Dup.) — Glasbury SO 1 839 (43) 9.viii.2006, det. NRL — RJ. & V.R Clarke
per AMD; Llansteffan foreshore SN3510 (44) 4,viii.2006. JSB & R Twining

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

261

1233 P. aurita Raz. — Mousley Bottom SJ9985 (57) 18.viii.2006 — SHH; Ripon SE3170
(M) 21.vii.2006, det HEB — D.J. & D.M. Bowes per CHE
1236a R herrichiana (Hein.) — Lewesdon Hill ST4301 (9) 1 l.vi.2006 — PHS
1271 P. gallicana (Guen.) — Ogof Owain SH564054 (48) 18.vii.2006 — ANG & JEG

1246 Grapholita tenebrosana (Dup.) — Netherclay ST2419 (5) larvae in hips of Rosa canina
agg. 17. ix. 2006 — JAMcG; Oldmeldrum NJ824279 (93) 6.vii.2006, genitalia det. —
MRY

1247 G. funebrana (Treits.) — Cheltenham S09424 (33) four larvae in damsons 30.viii.2006
— R. Homan per RGG

1249 G. lobarzewskii (Now.) — Timsbury ST659587 (6) 15.vi.2006, genitalia det. — MAB;
Hall Green SP1181 (37) 6.vii.2005 — A. Prior per ANBS

1251 G. jungiella (Cl.) — Mongorrey C2406 (H34) 28.V.2006 — SD

1252 G. lunulana ([D. & S.]) — Cheltenham S09424 (33) 3.viii.2006 — R. Homan per RGG

1253 G. orobana (Treits.) — Spurn TA4115 (61) 7.vi.2006, conf. HEB — B. R. Spence per
HEB

1259 Cydia fagiglandana (Zell.) — Barnland T145638 (H12) 24.vi.2006 — MO’D

1261 C. pomonella (Linn.) — Higher Nichols Nymett SS691021 (4) 4.vii.2006 — S.D.
Beavan per RJH; Glasbury SO 1839 (43) 20.vii.2006, det. NRL — P.J. & V.F. Clarke per
AMD

1262 C. amplana (Hiibn.) — Walsey Hills TG055455 (27) 29.vii.2006, det. JC — J. Welton &
M. Otley per JC

1266a C. illutana (H. - S.) — Rewell Wood SU994092 (13) many at mv light 10.vi.2006 —
AMD & JRL; Brierley S06215 (34) 2.vii.2006, genitalia det. D.J. Gibbs — G.H.J.
Meredith per RGG; Bulkeley Hill SJ5255 (58) 17.vi.2006, genitalia det. M. Dale — M.
Dale & D. Taylor per SHH

1267 C. cosmophorana (Treits.) — Ipswich TM2043 (25) 10.vi.2006 — N. Sherman per
AWP; Hall Green SP1181 (37) 10.vi.2006 — A. Prior per ANBS
1269 C. conicolana (Heyl.) — Wood Green TQ3 12 896 (21) vi.2006 — M. Ashby per RT
1273 Dichrorampha petiverella (Linn.) — near Bron-yr-on SJ058466 (48) 24.vii.2006 —
ANG & JEG

1275 D. flavidorsana Knaggs — Higher Poynton SJ9483 (58) 29.vii.2006, genitalia det. —
SHH

1279 D. acuminatana (L. & Z.) — Glasbury SO 1839 (43) 26.V.2006, det. NRL — P.J. & V.F.
Clarke per AMD

1284 D. vancouverana McDunnough (= gueneeana Obraz.) — Higher Nichols Nymett
SS691021 (4) 24.vii.2006 — S.D. Beavan per RJH; St Helens SJ5195 (^) 3.vii.2006,
det. SMP — D. Owen per SMP

1285 D. plumbana (Scop.) — Tarlair NJ7264 (94) 16.vii.2006 — R. Leverton per MRY
EPERMENIIDAE

477 Phaulernis dentella (Zell.) — Spear’s Fishleigh SS549056 (4) 10. vi.2006 — S.D.
Beavan & RJH; Cobham TR6967 (16) 17. vi.2006, first vice-county record since 19^^ C.
— DJLA

48 1 Epermenia falciformis (Haw.) — Lullymore West N694264 (H19) 7.vii.2006 — MO’D
483 E. chaerophyllella (Goeze) — Hay Forest SO 1936 (42) larvae on Angelica sylvestris
26.viii.2006 — JRL

262

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

484 E. aequidentellus (Hofm.) — Writtle College TL6706 (19) in RIS trap 16.vii.2005 —
BG; Harlech SH574301 (48) 6.viii.2006, genitalia det. ANG — H. Baetock per ANG,
New to Wales

SCHRECKENSTEINIIDAE

485 Schreckensteinia festaliella (Hiibn.) — Raphoe C258043 (H34) 6.vi.2006 — SD
PYRALIDAE

1289 Euchromius ocellea (Haw.) — Bawdsey TM3338 (25) 29. ix. 2006 — M. Deans per
AWP; Royal Leamington Spa SP335643 (38) 16. ix. 2006. — M. Kennard per NJS;
Osgodby Moor TF0992 (M) 14.ix.2006 — CS; Glazebury SJ6795 (59) 20.ix.2006 — J.
Wilson per SMP

1290 Chilo phragmitella (Hubn.) — Hillmorton, Rugby SP539739 (38) 20. vi. 2005 — P.
Nicholas per NJS; Loynton Moss SJ78952425 (39) 7.vii.2006, first county record since
1922 — M. Dale per DWE; High Batts NR, Ripon SE2976 (65) l.vii.2006, det. HEB —
CHE & J.C. Warwick

1297 C. uliginosellus Zell. — Moor Farm NR TF2263 (54) 9.vi.2006 — CS; Dolphinholme
SD5252 (60) 30. vi. 2006, genitalia det. — N.A.J. Rogers per SMP; Bishop Monkton
SE3465 (M) 2 1 .viii.2005, det. HEB — D.J. & D.M. Bowes per CHF
1302 C. periella (Scop.) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 1 l.vii.2005 — EO’D
1309 Agriphila geniculea (Haw.) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 29.vii.2006 — EO’D

1316 Catoptria falsella ([D. & S.]) — Harlech SH574301 (48) 6.vii.2006, det. ANG — H.
Bantock per ANG

1317 C. verellus (Zinck.) — Bonchurch SZ578783 (10)) 18.vii.2006 — J.Halsey per SAK-J;
Les Effards, St Sampson, Guernsey WV332813 (113) 7.vii.2006 — M.P. Lawlor per
PDMC

1329 Donacaula forficella (Thunb.) — Lullymore West N694264 (H19) 7.vii.2006 — MO’D

1330 D. mucronellus ([D. & S.]) — Lochwinnoch NS358581 (76) l.vii.2006 — NG; Aber
Bog NS437875 (99) 3.vii.2006 — JK

1332 Scoparia subfusca Haw. — Keiss ND352609 (109) 3.vii.2006 — MRH; Stamullen
0146662 (H22) 26.vii.2005 — EO’D

1333 S. pyralella ([D. & S.]) — Tarlair NJ7264 (94) 10.vii.2006 — R. Levertoe & MRY

1334 S. ambigualis (Treits.) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 3.vi.2006 — EO'D

1338 Dipleurina lacustrata (Panzer.) — Kirkwall HY444103 (111) 22.vii.2006 — C.J.& J.
Booth per SVG

1336 Eudonia pallida (Curt.) — Crickhowell S02119 (42) 7.vii.2006 — S.B. Furber per
NRL; Marne Barracks, Catterick SE2596 (65) 4.viii.2006, det. HEB — CHF, J.C.
Warwick & S.P. Worwood; Harestone Moss NJ9319 (92) 23.vii.2006 — N. Littlewood
per MRY

1341 A. lineola (Curt.) — Virkie HU392124 (HI) 26.vii.2006, genitalia det. JC, conf. M.
Nuss — P. Harvey per JC, Ent. Rec. 119: 45

1342 E. angustea (Curt.) — Templehall N0317279 (89) 19. vi. 2006 — JRL; Stamullen
0146662 (H22) 23.ix.2006 — EO’D

1 33 1 Acentria ephemerella ([D. & S.]) — Bishopton NS35858 1 (76) 22. vii.2006 — NG
1345 Elophila nymphaeata (Linn.) — Aber Bog NS437875 (99) 3. vii.2006 — JK; Stamullen

0146662 (H22) 3. vii.2006 — EO’D

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

263

1350 Nymphula stagnata (Don.) — Mugdock Wood NS540772 (86) 20.vii.2006 — JK;
Flanders Moss NS647982 (87) 26.vii.2006 — JK; Rosebank, Burray ND461955 (m)
14. vii. 2006 — J.&T. Hall per SVG

1356 Evergestis forficalis (Linn.) — Gartfairn Wood NS437889 (86) 16.vii.2006 — JK;

Ashfield NN784037 (87) 6.vi.2006 — D. Pickett per JK; Stamullen 0146662 (H22)
17.vii.2006 — EO’D

1356a E. limbata (Linn.) — Bawdsey TM3338 (25) 23. vi. 2006 — M. Deans per AWP
1358 E. palUdata (Hufn.) — Glasbury SO 1839 (43) 9.viii.2006, det. NRL — PJ. & V.F.
Clarke per AMD; Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 22.vii.2005 — EO’D

1360 Hellula undalis (Fabr.) — St Helens SJ5195 (59) 29. ix. 2006 — D. Owen per SMP; St
Peters, Guernsey WV257783 (US) 18.vii.2006 — PDMC

1361 Pyrausta aurata (Scop.) — Glasbury SO 1839 (43) 6.viii.2006, det. NRL — P.I. & V.F.
Clarke per AMD

1366 P. nigrata (Scop.) — Ledbury S0721365 (36) 18. vii. 2006, first county record since 19^^
C. — ANBS & MRY per MWH

1367 P. cingulata (Linn.) — Flixton SJ7594 (59) 24.vii.2006, det. K. McCabe — B Hilton
per SMP

1368 Loxostege sticticalis (Linn.) — Toipoint SX4355 (2) 3.ix.2006 — A. Pease per LACT
1369a Uresiphita reversalis (Guen.) — Westonzoyland ST3434 (6) 23. ix. 2006 — D. Miller

per AMD, Ent. Rec. 119: 59-61, New to the British Isles and Europe

1375 Ostrinia nubilalis (Hiibn.) — Laver Banks MoD, Ripon SE2971 (64) 5. vii. 2006,
genitalia det. HEB — CHF

1376 Eurrhypara hortulata (Linn.) — Templehall NOS 17279 (89) 19.vi.2006 — JRL; Aber
Bog NS437875 (99) 17.vi.2006 — JK

1378 Phlyctaenia coronata (Hufn.) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 7. vii. 2005 — EO’D
1380 P. perlucidalis (Hiibn.) — Broad Heath SJ852256 (39) 6.vii.2006 — M.R. Green per
DWE

1382 Anania verbascalis ([D. & S.]) — Callington SX3569 (2) 14. vi. 2006 — W.E. Birkett
per LACT

1390 Udea prunalis ([D. & S.]) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 9.vii.2005 — EO’D

1392 U. olivalis ([D. & S.]) — Kilmacolm NS360703 (76) 10.vi.2006 — NG; Gartfairn
Wood NS437889 (86) 16.vii.2006 — JK; Keiss ND352609 (109) 2.vii.2006 — MRH

1393 U. uliginosalis (Steph.) — Nephin Beg F916133 (H27) 17. vii. 2004 — J. Cromie, New

to Ireland

1395 U. ferrugalis (Hiibn.) — Lenzie Moss NS653719 (86) lLix.2006 — JK; Stamullen
0146662 (H22) 7.vi.2006 — EO’D

1398 Nomophila noctuella ([D. & S.]) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 17.vi.2006 — EO’D
1400 Antigastra catalaunalis (Dup.) — London Wetland Centre TQ225769 (U) 23.ix.2006
— MRH; Bawdsey TM3338 (25) 15. ix. 2006 — M. Deans per AWP; Eccles-on-sea
TG416285 (27) 21. ix. 2006 — N. Bowman per KS; Brancaster TF801442 (28)
17.ix.2006 — K. Herber per JC; Folksworth TL148898 (31) 29.vii.2006 — A. Frost per
BD; Wellingborough SP8866 (^) 15.ix.2006 — D. Larkin per DVM; Drakes
Broughton S0925485 (37) 22.ix.2006 — K. McGee per ANBS; Broadholme SK9874
(53) 26.ix.2006 — M. Gray per CS; Alsager SJ8154 (^) 26.ix.2006 — M. Dale per
SHH; Glazebury SJ6795 (59) 22.ix.2006 — J. Wilson & P. Pugh per SMP; St Peters,
Guernsey WV257783 (113) 12.ix.2006 — PDMC

264

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 1 19

25.xi.2007

1403a Duponchelia fovealis Zell. — Leatherhead TQ1655 (17) to lighted window 28.viii.2006,
det. JP — D.C. Gardner per JP; Llanfihangel Tal-y-llyn SOI 128 (45) 26. i. 2006 —
D. Morgan per NRL; Trawscoed SH846326 (48) indoors 18.vii.2006 — ANG & JEG;
Inchmarlo N06796 (91) found dead indoors i.2006 — C.W.N. Holmes per RMP

1404 Hymenia recurvalis (Fabr.) — Barnet TQ258967 (21) 28.x. 2006 — RT

1405 Pleuroptya riiralis (Scop.) — Gartfairn Wood NS437889 (86) 16.vii.2006 — JK;
Ashfield NN784037 (87) 1 .viii.2006 — D. Pickett per JK

1406a Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walk.) - Lydd (15) 1 1.x. 2006 - C. Turley per MRH
1408 Palpita vitrealis (Rossi) — Newport Pagnell SP8543 (24) 23 & 29.x. 2006 • — G.
Redford per MVA; Witcham TL4680 (29) 16.ix.2006 — D. Hopkins per JRD;
Llansteffan Castle SN351102 (44) 10.ix.2006 — JSB; Kate’s Bridge TF1014 (^)
28.ix.2006 — RWG

1408a Hodebertia testalis (Fabr.) — St Mary’s, Isles of Scilly (1) 17.X.2006 — M.A., W.J. &
T.R. Scott, New to the British Isles, Atropos 30: 50
1411a Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. — Rushmere St Andrew TM2043 (25) 16. ix. 2006, det.
M.R. Honey — JBH

1413 Hypsopygia costalis (Fabr.) — Cronykeery T292989 (H20) 25. ix. 2006 — AT, New to

Ireland

1417 Pyralis faririalis (Linn.) — Legar S02117 (45) 28. vi. 2004 — J.M. & P.M. Rees per
NRL

1424 Endotricha flammealis ([D. & S.]) — Stoke Prior SO950673 (37) 2.ix.2006 — J. Rush
per ANBS- Bishops Hill SP39345835 (M) 14.vii.2005 — NJS; Tadcaster SE4742 (64)
25.vii.2006 — D. Baker per HEB and Headingley, Leeds SE2835 (64) 25.vii.2006 —

J.K. Bowers per HEB

1425 Galleria mellonella (Linn.) — Hutton Conyers SE3273 (65) 12.ix.2006, det. HEB — CHF

1426 Achroia grisella (Fab.) — Castell Henllys SNl 18389 (45) 22.vii.2006, genitalia det.
JRL — North Pembs Moth Group per ADL; Woodhead NJ7939 (93) 30.viii.2006 — H.
Taylor per MRY

1427 Corcyra cephalonica (Staint.) — Far Ings NR TA010232 (M) 15. vi. 2005 — A.
McGowan per CS

1438 Trachycera suavella (Zinck.) — Bishop’s Cleeve S09627 (33) 17.vii.2006 — J.S.
Brock per RGG

1439 T. advenella (Zinck.) — Bishopton NS433694 (76) 22.vii.2006 — NG; Lenzie Moss

NS653719 (86) 24.vii.2006 — JK; Dumbarton NS386752 (99) 5. viii.2006 — K. Futter
per JK; Stamullen 0146662 (H22)17.vii.2005 — EO’D
1441 Oncocera semirubella (Scop.) — Studham TL0217 (30) 24.vii.2006 — C.R.B. Baker
per DVM Tynemouth NZ364705 (67) 24.vii.2006 — TJT; St Peters, Guernsey
WV257783 (113) 22.ix.2006 — PDMC

1444 Pempelia obductella (Zell.) Ranmore Common TQ1450 (17) 15.vii.2005 — D.A.
Coleman per JP

1445 P. formosa (Haw.) — Glasbury SO 1839 (43) l.vii.2006, det. NRL — P.J. & V.F. Clarke
per AMD, New to Wales; Tadcaster SE4742 (64) 30. vi & l.vii.2006, conf. HEB — D.
Baker per HEB; Tynemouth NZ364705 (67) Lvii.2006 — TJT

1446 Salebriopsis albicilla (H. - S.) — Queens Wood S06728 (36) 2.vii.2006 — J. Rush per
MWH

1447a Sciota adelphella (F. v. R.) — Wyke Regis SY6676 (9) 29.vi.2006 — D. Foot per PHS

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2006

265

1449 Elegia similella (Zinck.) — Minsmere RSPB TM4767 (25) 18.vii.2006 — JBH & JRL;
Colly weston Great Wood TFOlOO (32) 3.vii.2006 — R. Follows per DVM; Queens
Wood S06728 (36) 10.vii.2006 — J. Rush per MWH
145 1 Pylafusca (Haw.) — Broadholme SK9874 (53) 28.vii.2006 — M. Gray per CS
1451a Etiella zinckenella (Treits.) — Hornsey (21) 27.vii and 8.ix.2006 — M.J. Ashby, Ent.
Rec. 118: 200=201

1454 Dioryctria abietella ([D. & S.]) — Minwear SN0513 (45) l.vii.2006 — RE et al.;
Tomintoul NJ165192 (94) 4.viii.2006 — T. Boardman per MRY; Milngavie NS560745
(99) 22.vii.2006 — JK

1454b D. sylvestrella (Ratz.) — Maenporth (1) 2.vii.2006 — G. Davis, Atropos 30: 54;
Pembrey Forest SN3803 (44) 3.vii.2006 — JSB, New to Wales; Ellington Banks MoD
SE2773 (M) 14.ix.2005, det. HEB — CHF & J.C. Warwick
1456 Epischnia bankesiella Rich. • — Forth China, Aberffraw, Anglesey. SH333683 (52)
larvae on Inula crithmoides 6.ix.2006 — IFS

1458 Myelois circumvoluta (Geoff.) — Ballinoulart Dunes T207433 (H12) l.vii.2006 —
MO’D; Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 9.vii.2005 — EO’D
1461 Assara terebrella (Zinck.) — Bayfordbury Pinetum TL3 1 10 (20) 15. vi. 2005 — CWP

1464 Gymnancyla canella ([D. & S.]) — Poltesco SW7215 (1) 19.vii.2006 — M. Tunmore,
Atropos 30: 52; Grain TQ8876 (16) 3.vii.2006 — A.G.J. Butcher per DJLA

1464a Zophodia grossulariella (Hiibn.) — Scole TMl 50792 (27) 22. vi. 2006 — M. Hall per KS

1465 Nephopterix angustella (Hiibn.) — Old Sulehay Forest TL0698 (32) 5.ix.2006 — R.
Follows per DVM

1467 Ancylosis oblitella (Zell.) — saltmarsh near Instow Barton SS478324 (4) three
18.viii.2006 — S.D. Beavan & RJH; Gelli Isaf, Rhydcymerau SN572395 (44)
13.ix.2006, det. JSB — M. Lovell per JSB

1469 Euzophera cinerosella (Zell.) — Cheltenham S09424 (33) 12. vi. 2006 — R. Homan per
RGG

1470 E. pinguis (Haw.) — Glasbury SOI 839 (43) 6.viii.2006, det. NRL — P.J. & V.F. Clarke
per AMD; Tynemouth NZ364705 (67) 29.vii.2006 — TJT

1474 E. parasitella Staud. — Roughton TF2464 (54) 29. vi. 2006, genitalia det. CS — K.

Robertson per CS

1478b Vitula biviella (Zell.) — Rushmere St Andrew TM2043 (25) 19.vii.2006, genitalia det.

— JBH

1479 Plodia interpunctella (Hiibn.) — Rippingdale TF0892 (53) 20. vi. 2005 — J. Lamin per
CS; Barnbrock NS357640 (76) 3.ix.2006 — NG

1480 Homoeosoma nebulella ([D. & S.]) — Old Weston TL099774 (31) 3 1 .viii.2006,
genitalia det. BD — K. Royles per BD

1483 Phycitodes binaevella (Hiibn.) — Lullymore West N694264 (H19) 7.vii.2006 —
MO’D; Stamullen 0146662 (H22) 6.ix.2005 — EO’D

1484 P. saxicola (Vaugh.) — Tarlair NJ7264 (94) 16.vii.2006 genitalia det. MRY — R.
Leverton per MRY; Keiss ND352609 (109) 5.vii.2006, genitalia det. — MRH

PTEROPHORIDAE

1490 Oxyptilus parvidactylus (Haw.) — Long Compton SP269291 (38) 9.vii.2005, det. NJS
— C. Ivin & R. Bliss per NJS

266

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

1494 Capperia britanniodactyla (Gregs.) — Morkery Wood SK950185 (53) 22. vi. 2005 —
RWG

1495 Marasmarcha iunaedactyla (Haw.) — Rippingale TF0927 (53) l,vii.2006 — R Warman
per CS

1496 Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla ([D. & S.]) — Cavenham Heath TL7572 (26)
15.vii.2006 — AWP

1500 Platyptilia calodactyla ([D. & S.]) — Elveden Forest TL 7980 (26) 4.vii.2006 — HEB

1501 P. gonodactyla ([D. & S.]) — Glasbury SOI 839 (43) 12.vii.2006, det. NRL — ■ P.J. &
VF. Clarke per AMD; Hutton Conyers SE3273 (65) 3Lviii.2006, det. HEB — CHF;
Stamullen 0146662 (H22) ll.vii.2005 — EO’D

1504 P. pallidactyla (Haw.) — Stamullen 0146662 (H22)19.vii.2Q06 — ■ EO’D
1508c Stenoptilia annadactyla Sutter — King’s Forest TL8173 (26) 26. vi. 2004, genitalia det.
JBH — JBH&S.J. Read

1518 Ovendenia lienigianus (Zell.) — Whisby Nature Park SK9166 (53) 3.vii.2006 — P
Porter per CS

1524 Emmelina monodactyla (Linn.) — Bucksburn NJ8910 (92) 13.x. 2006 - RMP;
Dumbarton NS386752 (99) 6.X.2006 — K. Putter per JK; Stamullen 0146662 (H22)
■ 23.vii.2006 — EO’D

CORRECTIONS
to the 2002 Review:

24 E. turbidella (Zell.) — Ipswich TM2043 (25) mines 1.x. 2002 — N. Sherman per AWP;
Mildenhall TL7276 (26) mines on Populus canescens 25. ix. 2002 — JC & AWP The
whole entry should be deleted

to the 2003 Review:

1403 Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Dup.) should read — Pembrey Forest SN3901 (44)
18.viii.2003 — JB

to the 2005 Review:

397 G. thrasonella (Scop.) should read — Mongorrey, Raphoe C2305 (H34) ll.vi.2005,
det. AT — SD

403 Argyresthia glabratella (Zell.) should read — Bold Moss, St Helens SJ5494 (59)
7.vi.2005, genitalia det. SMP — R. Banks per SMP
1358 Evergestis pallidata (Hufn.) — the following record should be deleted: Craik
NT346084 (80) i6.vii.2005 — JW

LARVAE OF NOCTUA PRONUB A

267

RESTING POSTURES OF LARGE YELLOW UNDERWING NOCTUA
PRONUBA ([L.], LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) FINAL INSTARS

Michael A. Dockery

60 Railway Road, Urmston, Manchester M41 OXT

Abstract

The frequency of occurrence of the daytime resting postures of Large Yellow Underwing
Noctua pronuba ([L.], Lep.: Noctuidae) final instars is reported. A coiled resting posture was
most frequently observed, but there was no evidence of asymmetric bias in coiling clockwise
or anticlockwise, at either the population or the individual level. Asymmetric bias was also
lacking in another resting posture class. A significant relationship was found between the
number of runs of similar resting posture and time, so final instars do not have a persistent
daytime resting posture. The absence of any asymmetrical bias in their resting behaviour is
discussed.

Introduction

Like other Noctuidae larvae, Noctua pronuba feed at night (Porter, 1997) on a
variety of herbs and grasses (Heath & Emmet, 1983, Waring & Townsend, 2003).
During daylight, they are inactive and usually in the soil (Porter, 1997, Waring &
Townsend, 2003), where they remain hidden from the view of predators and human
observers. Anyone rearing them in a transparent container (such as a Petri dish) will
know that, as in the wild, they feed during darkness and remain concealed, if
possible, during the day, usually beneath their food plant. If their leafy cover is lifted
or removed, their resting posture can be observed (Dockery, 2007). Although many
lepidopterists will have observed these resting postures they do not seem to have
recorded their data, though the resting postures of other animals, such as
cottonmouth snakes Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma (Roth, 2003), have been
noted.

Roth (2003) was interested in behavioural asymmetry, i.e. displaying a preference
for using a particular limb, eye, hand, wing, etc.. Behavioural asymmetry has been
reported in higher vertebrates for more than 50 years (for a review see Rogers &
Andrew, 2002) and in lower vertebrates over the last couple of decades (for a review
see Vallortigara et al., 1999). Roth set out to evaluate evidence for behavioural
asymmetry at both the population level and individual level in cottonmouth snakes
when they are coiled, a posture in which they spend most of their time. When coiled
and ready to strike at prey, or an attacker, a snake has to act quickly to co-ordinate its
sensory inputs, the associated cognitive processes and the subsequent behavioural
output. This control could require asymmetries in the brain, as seen in other
organisms which show behavioural preferences, such as limbs in lizards (Deckel,
1995) and eyes in toads (Robins et al., 1998). Amaral (1927) had suggested that
behavioural asymmetry in coiling posture may occur in snakes but this remained
untested until Roth (2003) carried out his research.

During the summer of 2005 I made a few casual observations of the resting
postures of final instars of N. pronuba and recognized a number of posture resting

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classes (Dockery, 2007). This suggested that it would be valuable to conduct further
study to determine if asymmetrical bias in coiling of N. pronuba final instars
occurred. In the summer of 2006 I carried out a more detailed investigation of a
sample (N = 59) of final instars of N. pronuba, which is reported here.

Roth (2003), recognized four classes in his study of the resting postures of
cottonmouth snakes. The classification I used was based on Roth's, with some
changes. This produced four larval resting posture classes, which were; ‘coiled’,
‘outstretched’, ‘S-shape’ and ‘J=shape’, see Figure 1. In each case, a larva was
viewed from above, with the shape description being defined from the head of the
caterpillar and extending along its body.

The coiled class was subdivided into two groups, ‘clockwise’ and
‘anticlockwise’ postures. It was also possible to subdivide the clockwise and
anticlockwise classes into ‘closed’ (when the head of a larva was in contact with
one of its abdominal segments or an anterior proleg) or ‘open’ (no contact).
Finally, the J-shape resting posture class was subdivided into larvae that were
resting ‘left’ (when the curl of the J was in the traditional manner of the letter of
the alphabet) or ‘right’ (when the curl was pointing the other way). These types are
illustrated in Figure 1: reference to Porter (1997) will provide photographs of the
types that are identified here.

The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of occurrence of the resting
postures of final instars of N. pronuba, to determine if an asymmetric bias in resting
posture was evident at the population or individual level and to assess the nature of
the relationship between the number of runs of similar resting posture and time.

Materials and Methods

In September 2006, N. pronuba eggs were obtained from females held captive after
being trapped at light in Urmston, Manchester (O.S. grid reference SJ 770947) and
in St Peters, Guernsey (WV 257783). The eggs were placed in clean 500 g margarine
tubs, each with a cover of fine plastic netting, until the larvae emerged. On hatching,
a number of larvae were put into several clean tubs with fresh leaves of Broad-
leaved Dock Rumex obtusifolius and/or Dandelion Taraxacum spp. Every two days
for the next few weeks the larvae were moved from their old tub to a clean tub and
given fresh leaves. The soiled tubs were cleaned and left overnight in a bucket of
cold water and a mild solution of a sterilizing agent (Milton). The following day the
tubs were dried, ready for the next transfer of larvae.

When each caterpillar was a final instar, it was transferred, using a soft artist's
brush and a plastic spoon, to a clean plastic Petri dish (8 cm in diameter), together
with one or two pieces of fresh leaf, and left on a table overnight. The following day,
between 14.00 and 16.00 hours, each Petri dish was opened, the leaf picked up with
forceps and the resting posture of the larva recorded. After the information was
noted, the larva was transferred to a clean Petri dish, with fresh leaves, returned to
the table and left undisturbed for the next 24 hours. This procedure was followed
each day until each larva pupated, or died. The period of data collection ran from 28
October 2006, when the first final instar was isolated, to 16 January 2007 when the

LARVAE OF NOCTUA PRONUBA

269

last larva pupated: the range of the number of days of observation of each larva was
6“77 days. In all, 59 final instars were observed, resulting in 2310 records of N.
pronuba larval resting postures.

Since only one resting posture observation per final instar per day was recorded,
and 22-24 hours elapsed between recordings when a larva would have been active in
the dish, each observation was regarded as independent.

Results

Table 1 shows the frequencies of occurrence of the four resting posture classes. The
coiled class accounts for approximately two thirds of the total number of
observations, with the outstretched, S-shape and J-shape classes accounting for the
remaining third. The dominance of the coiled posture class is apparent, with a Chi-
square (x^) test showing a significantly greater number of occurrences [x^ =
2145.224, df = 3, P < 0.001] than the other three classes. So N. pronuba final instars
preferentially rest in the coiled posture.

Looking at the two subdivisions of the coiled class, no significant difference in the
frequency of postures [x^ = 0.888, df = 1, P > 0.05] was found between the
clockwise and anticlockwise classes. For both the clockwise and anticlockwise
posture classes there was a significant difference in the frequencies in the open and
closed postures, in both cases [clockwise - X^ = 278.91, df = 1, P < 0.001 :
anticlockwise - X^ = 165.476, df = 1, P < 0.001] the open posture was recorded more
frequently. However, there was no significant difference - 0.888, df = 1, P >
0.05] between the two posture classes in the proportions in the open and closed
groups.

To assess if asymmetrical bias was evident at the population level for the coiled
posture class the Sign test was used: 8 larvae had an equal number of occurrences
of clockwise and anticlockwise postures, 21 larvae showed a greater frequency of
clockwise resting postures and 30 showed a greater frequency of anticlockwise
postures, but this was not siginificant [Sign test: N = 51, P = 0.2626.] So at the
population level, N. pronuba final instars show no significant asymmetrical bias
in their resting postures. To assess if such a bias was evident at the individual
level for the clockwise and anticlockwise postures the Chi-square test was used
on the frequencies for each individual larva. The value was significant [x^ =
5.2609, df = 1, P < 0.05] for only one final instar (which showed 6 clockwise
resting postures and 17 anticlockwise postures). So bias is not evident at the
individual level either.

The other element of potential asymmetrical bias that was tested was for those
larvae which rested in the J shape posture class. No significant difference in the total
number in each class was found - 0.039, df = 1, P > 0.05.], so final instars were
as likely to rest turned to the left as to the right. It was possible to test to see if a bias
was evident at the population level: 22 larvae showed a greater number of left curls,
23 larvae a greater number of right curls and 14 showed an equal number, but this
was not significant [Sign test: N = 45, P = 1.000.] So at the population level, N.
pronuba final instars showed no significant asymmetrical bias in their propensity to

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Table 1 Frequencies of occurrence of Noctua pronuba final instars in the resting posture
classes.

Posture Class

Frequency

■ %

Coiled

Clockwise

Open

Closed

605

147

(26.19%)

( 6.36%)

Anticlockwise

Open

Closed

650

139

(28.14%)

( 6.02%)

Outstretched

211

(11.99%)

S-shape

261

(11.29 %)

J-shape

Left

Right

117

114

( 5.06%)

( 4.94%)

Total

2310

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

No. of days as final instar

Fig 2. Relationship between the number or runs of similar resting posture (coiled, outstretched,
S shape and J shape) and the number of days of observation.

LARVAE OF NOCTUA PRONUBA

271

curl to the left or right in the J shape resting posture class. Only 4 final instars rested
sufficiently frequently in the J shape posture class to allow investigation as to
whether differences occurred at the individual level: none were significantly
different from chance, [x^ = 0.333, df = 1, P > 0.05; x^ = 0.333, df = 1, P > 0.05; x^ =
0.333, df = 1, P > 0.05; and x" = 0.400, df = 1, P > 0.05].

For each N, pronuba final instar the number of runs of similar resting posture
(coiled, outstretched, S shape or J shape) over its period of observation (days) was
determined. The strength of the relationship between the two variables was
significant [R = 0.773, N = 59, P < 0.001], see Figure 2.

Discussion

This investigation found that N. pronuba final instars preferentially adopt the
coiled resting posture when at rest during daylight, at least when they are in a Petri
dish. The coiled posture was defined as either coiling clockwise or anticlockwise
and both were found to be equally likely to be adopted, at both the population level
and the individual level. So there was no asymmetrical bias in coiling in N.
pronuba final instars. This finding is unlike that of Roth (2003) for cottonmouth
snakes, as at both the individual and population levels a preference for clockwise
coiling was found. Although Roth (2003) was unclear as to why this preference
was found in snakes it was suggested that it might allow a snake to have finer
control over body movements that would be crucial for survival, perhaps when
striking at prey or at a possible attacker. Behavioural asymmetry is certainly found
in many species. Thus, capuchin monkeys Cebus apella (Lacreuse & Fragaszy,
1999) show a left hand bias for carrying out complex tasks. However, it seems
unlikely that the posture adopted by a herbivorous caterpillar at rest would require
such fine body control. When resting above ground during the day, the caterpillars
are usually at the base of grasses or herbs (Waring & Townsend, 2003) and are
relying on cryptic coloration, cover and immobility to avoid detection by
predators. When first disturbed in their Petri dish by having a dock or dandelion
leaf removed, most larvae remained motionless, moving only if stimulated again
by the artisf s brush, so whether they are coiled clockwise or anticlockwise is not
likely to be critical to their survival.

One significant difference that was found was the preference for coiling in the
open rather than the closed posture when the leaf was removed. It may be that this
posture could change with further tactile stimulation. The closed posture was
frequently observed, though not recorded, after stimulation by the artisf s brush
when a caterpillar was moved from one Petri dish to another. Pulling the body into a
tight coil would not only reduce the area exposed to attack but might also allow a
larva to fall off a leaf or grass stem onto the ground, and perhaps avoid detection.
Dropping from a foodplant is a common anti-predator strategy (Wagner, 2005). He
notes that some caterpillars show a strong wriggling behaviour when attacked which
throws them onto the leaf litter below.

The other postural classes, outstretched, S-shape and J-shape were significantly
less frequently seen than the coiled class. It is possible that these postures are more

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likely to be seen when larvae are feeding. Anecdotal evidence for this comes from
Porter’s work (1997). He notes that the photographs of caterpillars of moths and
butterflies were “taken at night when feeding”. The outstretched and S-shape posture
classes are dominant but these larvae were moving and/or feeding, not resting. So
perhaps final instars may have been in the outstretched, S-shape or J-shape posture
after their last bout of feeding and then switched to the coiled posture as dawn
approached. Of course, the larvae in this study were only able to operate in the
horizontal plane as the Petri dishes were 13 mm high and this may have been a
constraint to adopting some resting posture classes.

Asymmetrical bias in resting was also absent in the J-shape posture class, at least
at the population level. Final instars were equally likely to rest curled to the left as to
the right. The absence of asymmetrical bias for coiling and for the J-shape posture
class suggests that there is no advantage to a larva to rest in a particular postural
position.

It is clear from these data that the resting posture of N. pronuba final instars
varies, with coiling the most frequently observed posture. When the sequence of
resting posture was analysed a relationship between the number of runs of similar
posture and time was evident. Final instars change their resting posture frequently so
runs of similar posture class are short. This would again suggest that there is little
advantage to be gained by a final instar in always resting in the same way. Final
instars spend most of their time in the soil before pupating (Heath & Emmet, 1983)
so the mode of resting is probably not critical. Visually hunting predators would also
be unlikely to attack as they would not see the moth below ground.

Although there is little known about the adaptive significance of resting postures
in moth caterpillars, coiling is the most frequently occurring posture, as in
cottonmouth snakes (Roth, 2003). However, unlike cottonmouth snakes, no
behavioural lateralization was evident in coiling, and the subterranean resting site of
final instars may be influential. Green (1997) notes that the internal anatomy of
many snakes is not symmetrical and this may be linked with the asymmetrical bias in
coiling. The internal structure of caterpillars is more symmetrical but this would not
necessarily predispose resting behaviours in N. pronuba final instars to be
symmetrical. However, earlier work with N. pronuba and N. comes (Dockery, 2003,
2005) found no asymmetrical bias in adults for forewing folding or antennal
grooming. These three behaviours therefore show no evidence of lateralization. This
is not to say that some behaviours in moths may not have an asymmetrical bias. It
may simply require more research to expose them, in a similar way that research
over the last couple of decades has demonstrated behavioural asymmetries in lower
vertebrates (Bisazza et ah, 1998).

Acknowledgements

Grateful thanks to Peter Costen and Phil Sterling for providing me with eggs of
Noctua pronuba from Guernsey and to Peter especially for his very helpful
comments on an earlier draft. Thanks also to Linda Gray for her illustrations of the
larval resting postures.

LARVAE OF NOCTUA PRONUBA

273

References

Amaral, A., 1927. Notes on nearctic poisonous snakes and treatment of their bites. Bulletin of the
Antivenin Institute of America, 1: 61-76.

Bisazza, A., Rogers, L. J. & Vallortigara, G., 1998. The origins of cerebral asymmetry: a review of
evidence of behavioural and brain lateralization in fishes, reptiles and amphibians.
Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 22: 411-426.

Deckel, A. W., 1995. Laterality of aggressive responses in Anolis. Journal of Experimental
Zoology, 272: 194-200.

Dockery, M. A., 2003. Aspects of laterality in two species of noctuid moths. Unpublished Ph.D.
thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University.

— , 2005. Grooming behaviour in two noctuid moths. J. Lancs. & Chesh. ent. Soc., 129, 26-33.

— , 2007 Resting postures of Large Yellow Underwing larvae. J. Lancs. & Chesh. ent. Soc., 130,
(In press.).

Green, A. J., 1997. Asymmetrical turning during spermatophore transfer in the male smooth newt.

Animal Behaviour, 54: 343-348.

Heath, J. & Emmet, A. M., 1983. The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 9.
Harley Books.

Lacreuse, A. & Fragaszy, D. M., 1999. Left hand preferences in capuchins (Cebus apella): role of
spatial demands in manual activity. Laterality, 4: 65-78.

Porter, J., 1997. The colour identification guide to caterpillars of the British Isles. Viking.

Robins, A., Lippolis, G., Bisazza, A., Vallortigara, G. & Rogers, L. J., 1998. Lateralized agonistic
responses and hindlimb use in toads. Animal Behaviour, 56: 875-881.

Rogers, L. J. & Andrew, R. J., 2002. Comparative Vertebrate Lateralization. Cambridge
University Press.

Roth, E. D., 2003. ‘Handedness’ in snakes? Lateralization of coiling behaviour in a cottonmouth,
Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma, population. Animal Behaviour, 66: 337-341.

Skinner, B., 1984. Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking.

Vallortigara, G., Rogers, L. J. & Bisazza, A., 1999. Possible evolutionary origins of cognitive
brain lateralization. Brain Research Reviews, 30: 164-175.

Wagner, D. L., 2005. Caterpillars of Eastern North America: A guide to identification and natural
history. Princeton University Press.

Waring, P. & Townsend, M., 2003. Field guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland. British
Wildlife Publishing.

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Recent changes in the distribution and status of the Toadflax Brocade
Calophasia lunula (Hufn.) (Lep.i Noctuidae) in Britain

A comprehensive review and evaluation of the UK distribution of the Toadflax
Brocade moth was published by Mark Parsons (2000. Ent. Rec. 112: 115-120). This
covered the period from the first authenticated record at Shoreham, West Sussex
(VC 13) in 1939, up to and including 1999 when he carried out an ad hoc survey of
larvae along the Kent, Sussex and Hampshire coasts. Parsons gathered evidence of
breeding from nine 10-kilometre squares between Pagham Harbour, West Sussex
and Kingsdown, Kent (VC 15). He also listed historic records from Essex, Kent,
Sussex, Surrey, Hampshire and Dorset, noting significant breeding colonies in the
1950s at coastal locations in Sussex, Kent and Essex. Other historic records of
adults and larvae from a few inland sites had not led to colonisation, and Parsons
concluded that the moth appeared unable to establish itself away from the coast.
Colin Pratt (1999. A Revised History of the Butterflies and Moths of Sussex. Booth
Museum of Natural History), also noted that it had not colonised seemingly suitable
sites along the Sussex coast in spite of the presence there (and throughout the
county generally), of one of its food plants, common toadflax Linaria vulgaris. The
Red Data Book status of the moth was retained in Field Guide to the Moths of Great
Britain and Ireland (Waring and Townsend, 2004. British Wildlife Publishing) and
it remained on the UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority List, with
recommendations for future monitoring. Like Pratt, these authors considered that
the moth’s current occurrence in the UK resulted from immigration and expansion
from existing coastal colonies. Inland records were judged likely to be of primary
migrants or vagrants.

Ironically, shortly after these publications were made, the Toadflax Brocade
experienced a sudden and somewhat rapid expansion of range with many larvae and
adults being seen at new inland and coastal sites. Most surprisingly perhaps, it has
colonised parts of London, in keeping with the fortunes of some other species
previously considered as being primarily coastal (e.g. Jersey Tiger Euplagia
quadripiinctaria (see Plant, 2006. Jersey Tiger Euplagia quadripunctaria (Poda)
(Lep.: Arctiidae) in south-east London. Ent. Rec. 118: 231), Tree-lichen Beauty
Cryphia algae and more recently Plumed Fan-foot Pechipogo plumigeralis [Freed,
in prep.]).

Restrictions on the size of this note and the number of observations made since
2000 have made it necessary to summarise many of the following records, which are
listed chronologically. Records of larvae and those demonstrating expansion beyond
its pre- 1 999 range have been prioritised.

The moth was taken on 30 May 2000 at Dovercourt, North Essex (VC 19) (C.
Gibson), this being the first adult record in the county since 1954. In 2001, the first
Suffolk (VC 25) record was made at Landguard on 28 June (N. Odin). On 18 May
2002 the first Middlesex (VC 21) record was made at Wembley (G. Geiger), and a
few weeks later another was seen at Merton Park, Surrey (VC 17) (A. Galsworthy).
Further records were made in North Essex that year bringing the county total to five
since 2000 (Davis, et al. 2003. Lepidoptera Conservation Bulletin No. 4. Butterfly

TOADFLEX BROCADE

275

Conservation). More Middlesex records followed in 2003: one at Hornsey (M.

Ashby), two at Enfield (A. Middleton), and larvae were discovered on purple
toadflax Unarm purpurea in Mile End Cemetery in September (T. Lyle; C. W.
Plant). One adult was seen on 28 June in South Essex (VC 18). In 2004, the moth
was again seen in north London with singletons at Wembley (G. Geiger) and
Haringey (H. Bantock) and three more were noted at Hornsey (M. Ashby). Across
the Thames eleven larvae were found on one isolated clump of common toadflax
in Greenwich Park, West Kent (VC 16) (T. Freed). In the same year the moth
continued to disperse in coastal areas with at least seven seen at Dovercourt, North
Essex (C. Gibson). A second record for Suffolk came from Rendham (M. Deans)
and larvae were found at two coastal sites in the county (N. Sherman, A. Prichard
and N. Cuming) (Prichard, 2004, 2005. Suffolk Moth Group Newsletters Issues 34
and 37), Also in 2004, the moth reached Norfolk (VC 27) where the first county
record was made on 4 June at Barnham Broom followed by one on 12 June (J. and
J. Geeson); another specimen was taken at Stoke Holly Cross on 7 June (A.
Musgrove) (2004. Norfolk Moth Survey Newsletter No. 66). In Dorset (VC 9) an
adult was taken at Weymouth (P. Harris). Further signs of colonisation in London
followed in 2005: in Middlesex four larvae were found on common toadflax in
Kensal Green Cemetery (T. Freed), an adult was taken again at Wembley (G.
Geiger) and several were taken again in Hornsey (M. Ashby). In Surrey, the moth
was seen at Wimbledon and at South Croydon (G. Collins). In North Essex a
singleton was seen at Kirby-le-Soken (P. Bergdahl), and three were recorded at
Woodford Green (R. Barfoot). More records came from Middlesex in 2006 with
larvae at Greenford on 15 August (N. Anderson) and Edmonton on 23 August (A.
Middleton). Adults were seen on five dates at Hornsey (M. Ashby), four dates at
Parliament Hill (R. Softly), and on single dates at Wembley (A. Self), Enfield (A.
Middleton), and Greenford (A. Culshaw). In August that year larvae were found in
a garden at East Barnet (P. Alton), constituting the first record for Hertfordshire
(VC 20) (Plant, 2008. [in press]. The Moths of Hertfordshire. Herts. Nat. Hist.
Soc.). Beyond London, the moth was seen at new sites in nearly all the counties
from which it had recently been recorded. Finally in 2007, eight larvae were found
on purple toadflax on 23 June at Ham Common, (T. Freed), this being the first
evidence of breeding in Surrey. Another adult was taken at South Croydon (G.
Collins). In all, the moth was noted from at least four sites in this county since
2000.

During the period 2000-2006, the moth continued to thrive at its known sites in
Sussex and Kent where additional records of larvae and adults were made in several
new 10 km squares. However, colonisation of inland sites was not recorded in
Sussex during this period (Colin Pratt, pers. comm.). Monitoring larvae in Sussex in
2001 produced counts of 159 on 4 June, and 226 on 25 June at Pagham Harbour, and
of 450 at Pevensey Bay (Parsons, et al. 2002. Lepidoptera Conservation Bulletin No.
3. Butterfly Conservation). Further monitoring at Pagham Harbour on 28 June 2003
found 242 larvae (133 on purple toadflax and 109 on common toadflax) (Hoare, et
al. 2004. Lepidoptera Conservation Bulletin No. 5. Butterfly Conservation).

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To conclude, there has been a considerable expansion in the moth’s UK
distribution since 2000. This includes first county records for Middlesex, North
Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk and Hertfordshire. It has become an established resident in
north London, where adults have been seen annually since 2002 and larvae in 2003,
2005 and 2006. This expansion (and that of purple toadflax) has been linked with
periods of increased climate warming (see Pratt, loc. cit.). A recent review of its
status as a UK Biodiversity Action Plan species found that the moth no longer met
the UK Priority List stage 1 criteria, and would therefore be removed from the list
(2007. Biodiversity Reporting and Information Group. Report on the Species and
Habitat Review. Annex 2).

I would like to thank the following for their invaluable help: Colin Plant
(Hertfordshire and Middlesex Moth Recorder) for providing most of the data from
those areas, Colin Pratt (Sussex Lepidoptera Recorder), Graham Collins (Surrey
Moth Recorder), Paul Wheeler, Ray Softly, and to Steve Nash for providing
Immigration of Lepidoptera records for 1999--2004. I apologise for any errors or
omissions of important records. — Tim Freed, 29 Upper West Drive, Ferring, West
Sussex BN 12 5RG (E-mail: timfreed@talk2Lcom).

Small Ranunculus Hecatera dysodea (D.& S.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) reaches Bristol

During 2007, 1 ran a Robinson MV trap on many nights at a site in south-east Bristol
(O. S. grid reference ST 67, VC 6). On the night of 6 July 2007, the catch included a
Small Ranunculus. Formerly a widespread and locally common resident of south-
east England and East Anglia, this species became extinct in Britain early in the last
century. Since 1997, it has recolonised Kent (Agassiz & Spice, 1998. Ent. Rec. 110:
229-232; Parkes, 1999. Atropos Number 6: 12-15; Parkes, 2000. Atropos Number
10: 22-24) and since 1999 it has been recorded at an increasing number of sites in
Newport, South Wales (White, 2000. Ent. Rec. 112: 37; James, 2006.
Monmouthshire Moth and Butterfly Group Newsletter no. 34). Recent published
records include individuals in Suffolk (Anon, 1999. Atropos Number 8: 55), Essex
(Down, 2000. Atropos Number 9: 84), Middlesex (Plant, 2000. Ent. Rec. 112: 204)
and Cardiff (Cardiff Biodiversity Action Partnership 2005) while postings on the
Internet at the ‘UKMoths Yahoo! group’ list apparently unpublished records from
Bedfordshire, Peterborough, Leicestershire, Wiltshire and Merseyside. This present
record from Bristol adds another part of the country to this recent resurgence of
records. Heath & Emmet (1983. Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland)
map three old records from Somerset, the most recent being in 1935; David Evans,
County Moth Recorder for Somerset, is unaware of any modern records for that
county. Roger Gaunt, County Moth Recorder for Gloucestershire, is unaware of any
for that county either, though it is possible that there are other recent records which
have not made their way to these recorders or into print). Thanks to my partner,
Martyn Hall, for photographing the moth, and to Colin Plant for verifying the
identification from a photograph. — Steve Preddy, Bristol (address withheld).
(E-mail : Steve.Preddy @ blueyonder.co.uk).

NOTES

277

Moths and moth recorders in Lancashire - a changing scene

There is a long established tradition of moth recording within north-west England,
well documented in the Annual Report and Proceedings of the Lancashire and
Cheshire Entomological Society, first published in 1877. In recent years, particularly
since the mid 1990s, there has been a considerable increase in those taking an
interest in the moths of the region. The bulk of the recording effort relates to light-
trapping in gardens, but there has also been an upsurge in those individuals carrying
out daytime fieldwork including searching for and rearing larvae, particularly
microlepidoptera. As a result, changes occurring in species diversity and distribution
can now be more accurately assessed. This note details some of those changes
occurring within the moth (macro and micro) fauna of Lancashire and the people
who record them.

The areas covered by this article are the Watsonian Vice-counties 59 (South
Lancashire) and 60 (West Lancashire) and a total of 1,490 species have been
recorded therein to the end of year 2006. It has not yet been possible to assess how
many of these are in a gradual decline, but as a result of general recording effort,
targeted fieldwork, literature searches and considerable amounts of record entry into
a mapping database (MapMate), it is now possible to suggest that at least nine
species of macro-moth have been lost to the county during the twentieth and early
twenty-first centuries. These are summarised as follows:

Table 1. Species apparently extinct in Lancashire.

Species

English name

Decade of last record

Phibalapteryx virgata

Oblique Striped

1950s

Cosmia dijfinis

White-spotted pinion

1950s

Scotopteryx bipunctata

Chalk Carpet

1960s

Hemaris tityus

Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-moth

1960s

Euxoa cursoria

Coast Dart

1960s

Xylena exsoleta

Sword-grass

1960s

Eriogaster lanestris

Small Eggar

1980s

Rheumaptera hastata

Argent and Sable

1980s

Pechipogo strigilata

Common Fan-foot

1980s

Annual searches continue for some of these, including Chalk Carpet, Narrow-
bordered Bee Hawk-moth, Sword-grass and White-spotted Pinion, but have so far
failed to produce any positive results. A slim hope remains of re-finding Argent and
Sable, as suitable habitat seems to be present in a few localities. Oblique Striped is a
species that may have been over-looked and efforts will be made in the next few
years to establish if this is the case.

In addition to the losses, significant population declines appear to have occurred
amongst a number of resident species. Those species which have been reported by

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

recorders in the county as showing the most marked declines in gardens in recent
years include, Abraxas grossulariata (Magpie), Macaria wauaria (V-moth), Arctia
caja (Garden Tiger), Euxoa nigricans (Garden Dart), Graphiphora augur (Double
Dart), Tholera cespitis (Hedge Rustic), Cucullia absinthii (Wormwood) and
Agrochola litura (Brown-spot Pinion). Many of these are also declining nationally
(Fox, R., Conrad, K.F., Parsons, M.S. and Woiwod, LP. 2006. The state of Britain’s
larger moths. Butterfly Conservation and Rothamsted Research, Wareham, Dorset).
However, as records (or lack of) in Lancashire indicating serious declines are
obtained almost exclusively from variable effort light trapping, caution should be
exercised when interpreting these results. It is more difficult to assess what is
happening to the populations of the many species, large and small, not being
monitored by this method.

Several species have been reduced to single site populations in Lancashire. These

are as follows:

Adscita geryon (Cistus Forester) Lasiocampa trifolii (Grass Eggar)

Scythris falacella Lycia zonaria (Belted Beauty)

Trichiura crataegi (Pale Eggar) Luperina nickerlii (Sandhill Rustic)

Reductions or deterioration in quality of suitable areas of habitat seem to be the
main reason for these declines.

In complete contrast to these rather gloomy statistics, at least eighteen resident
species have shown an increase in numbers and a noticeable expansion of their
geographical range; these are listed in Table 2. Many of these are utilising gardens,
hedgerows with scattered mature trees, small wooded areas or rough ground
including brown-field sites. An increase in the number of people studying the
microlepidoptera in Lancashire may be a factor in the expansion of the known
range of some of these (e.g. Tachystola acroxantha), but the rest seem to be genuine
range increases. The rate of expansion varies considerably amongst these species
but informal comment suggests that many of them are also increasing elsewhere in
the UK.

A striking feature of the last decade or so has been the large number of additions
to the county list. The eleven year period shown below, in Table 3, has produced an
average of 16 new species per vice county per year, the majority of these being
microlepidoptera, involving mostly previously over-looked species. However about
a quarter of the total, and nearly all the new macro-moths, have involved species
expanding their range, sometimes very rapidly, on a national scale. Similar first-time
records for quite a fev/ of these species in Cheshire (south of Lancashire) indicate the
expansion in range is genuine and rapid. In 2006, the figures were bolstered by a few
migratory species reaching Lancashire for the first time.

The figures listed in Table 3 are more indicative of a dramatic increase in
recording activity in the county than anything else. However when examined in
more detail, as in Table 4, they can be seen to be hiding an unprecedented increase in
the number and variety of species moving into Lancashire. The vast majority of
these additions are also showing range expansions on a national scale. It has not

NOTES

279

been possible to use similar time scales in tables three and four as data relating to

those species new to one or other of the vice counties (as opposed to the county as a

whole) prior to 1996 is incomplete.

Species such as Lymantria monacha (Black Arches) new in 2005 and Eilema
sorocula (Orange Footman), new in 2007 so outside the scope of this article, may
turn out to be one-off events rather than a trend to range expansion. Conversely,
records of Sphinx ligustri (Privet Hawk-moth) in 2006 and Apamea anceps (Large
Nutmeg) in 2005, both species with previous historic records, may represent the start
of a renewed range expansion or population increase. For the future, Idaea rusticata
(Least Carpet) must be a distinct possibility as a new species for Lancashire
following its recent arrival and spread in Cheshire and plenty of a suitable foodplant
in the north of VC60.

Since the late 1990s, there has been a marked increase in those interested in the
moths of the region. Surprisingly, a significant proportion of the recruitment does not
appear to have been from those traditionally interested in butterflies, but has come
primarily from the bird-watching community. The formation of the Lancashire Moth
Group in 1999 quickly tapped into this rich vein of established and budding interest
with membership expanding rapidly. By mid-2007 there were well over 110 active
moth recorders in the county, from the urban parts of Greater Manchester and North
Merseyside to the moors east of Manchester and the limestone and wooded areas of

north and north-east
Lancashire. This
large recording
resource has allowed
the two County
Recorders to put
together an unpre-
cedented picture of
the current moth
distribution within
the two vice counties
covering Lancashire.
The distribution map
of Noctua pronuba
(Large Yellow
Underwing) at a
tetrad level

graphically shows the
coverage that has
been achieved in
recent years, the
majority of the
records referring to
the post- 1995 period.

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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

Table 2. Moths that are increasing in number, extending their range or both in Lancashire.

Species

English name

Comment

Nepticulidae

Ectoedemia decentella

moving slowly north but probablyunder-

recorded

Yponomeutidae

Acrolepia autumnitella

locally common in VC59 and southern VC60

Oecophoridae

Tachystola acroxantha

common in the Mersey basin, spreading
northwards and westwards

Tortricidae

Lobesia abscisana

common VC59, moving north in
lowland/coastal areas

Enarmonia formosana

Cherry Bark Tortrix

patchy distribution

Pyralidae

Myelois circumvoluta

Thistle Ermine

now common throughout

Euzophera pinguis

common in VC59, moving slowly
northwards

Pterophoridae

Ambiyptiiia acanthadactyla

frequently encountered in lowland areas

Drepanidae

Watsonalla cultraria

Barred Hook-tip

significantly more records from a wider area
from 2000 onwards. Formerly extremely

local.

Geometridae

Scapula imitaria

Small Blood-vein

very similar situation to W. cultraria

Deileptenia ribeata

Satin Beauty

very similar situation to W. cultraria

Lomographa bimaculata

White-pinion Spotted

expanding slowly outwards from two former
centres of population in south VC59 and the
far north of VC60

Sphingidae

Mimas tiliae

Lime Hawk-moth

moving slowly northwards and infilling

Arctlidae

Atolmis rubricoUis

Red-necked Footman

more frequently encountered

Eilema depressa

Buff Footman

moving north through the county and also
expanding from a previously local
population in north VC60

Noctuidae

Agrotis puta

Shuttle-shaped Dart

formerly locally common in the 1960s, has
now become common over much of the
county.

Catocala nupta

Red Underwing

a slow northward movement becoming
relatively common throughout the county

Lygephila pastinum

Blackneck

dramatic spread in distribution north and
west in last few years from a small and
localised colony in south VC59

NOTES

281

Table 3 Numbers of moth species added to the fauna for the two Lancashire Vice-counties,
1996 to 2006.

Year

Micros

Macros

Total

1996

1

0

1

1997

1

0

1

1998

15

1

16

1999

41

0

41

2000

16

i

17

2001

15

3

18

2002

21

1

22

2003

15

0

15

2004

13

3

16

2005

7

5

12

2006

19

1

20

1996 - 2006

164

15

179

Table 4. Moth species new to Lancashire, 1986 to 2006.

Species

Year of
first record

Comments

NeptkulMae

Stigmella speciosa

1999

spreading steadily northwards

Stigmella platani

2006

Locally common at two sites in south VC59

Tieeidae

Psychoides fiUcivora

2004

slight range expansion in 2005

Gradllariidae

Caloptilia rufipennella

1994

now widespread and common

Caloptilia azaleella

1999

now common in VC59

Phyllonorycter leucographella

1999

now abundant throughout the county

Phyllonorycter strigulatella

1997

now widespread in south VC59

Phyllonorycter platanoidella

1999

now widespread throughout the county

Acrocercops brongniardella

2001

initially a slow expansion, but picking up in 2007

Yponomeutidae

Argyresthia trifasciata

2000

now locally abundant

Blastobasidae

Blastobasis lacticolella

1995

now widespread and common

Momphidae

Mompha sturnipennella

2002

remains rather local, possibly over-looked

Tortricidae

Cacoecimorpha pronubana

1987

remains local and uncommon in lowland areas

Epiphyas postvittana

1986

now the county’s most common garden micro

Lozotaeniodes formosanus

1996

now locally common in the south; first noted in VC60

Crocidosema plebejana

2005

in 2003

subsequently from two other sites

Crambidae

Calamotropha paludella

2004

subsequently from two other sites

Phlyctaenia perlucidalis

2002

regular at two sites, rare elsewhere

Duponchelia fovealis

1999

adventive species from three sites

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ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

Table 4. Continiied.

Species

Year of

first record Comments

Pterophoridae

Stenoptilia milUeridactyla 2000

Geometridae

Cyclophora iinearia Clay Triple-lines
Eupithecia intricata Freyer’s Pug 1993

Lymantriidae

Lymantria monacha Black Arches 2005
Arctiidae

Eilema griseola Dingy Footman 2004
Noctuidae

Hecatera dysodea Small Ranunculus
Polymixis flavicincta Large Ranunculus
Lithophane leautieri Blair’s Shoulder-knot
Lespeyria flexula Beautiful Hook-tip
Parascotia fuliginaria Waved Black

occasional at several garden sites

200 1 subsequently at two other sites
now widespread and common in gardens

A single record in mid VC59
spreading slowly northwards

2005 two records in extreme south-east

2006

1992 now widespread and abundant in gardens
2001 subsequently two records in 2006
1995 three to end of 1997, none subsequently

Regular light-trapping takes place over much of the county highlighting, amongst
other things, the significant changes that are occurring to the life cycles of resident
species. Species such as Acasis viretata (Yellow-barred Brindle), Campaea
margaritata (Light Emerald), Ourapteryx sambucaria (Swallow-tailed Moth) and
Hypena prohoscidalis (Snout) are now having regular and in some cases strong
second broods whereas twenty years ago these events were quite unusual.

Another advantage of having such a wide distribution of recorders is the ability to
track and monitor migratory activity with a greater accuracy than before. In the past
it seemed most migration took place in the coastal areas of the county, presumably as
this was where a large proportion of the light traps were operated in the autumn.
2006 changed that. This exceptional year, which produced two species new to
Lancashire, several second or third county records and an eighteen-fold increase in
the number of Helicoverpa armigera (Scarce Bordered Straw) records, allowed the
county recorder to demonstrate that migration was actually taking place over a wide
front on this occasion. Many of the reports of Erois occulta (Great Brocade) in 2006
came from recorders situated well inland, corresponding with the easterly origin of
this species. The extent of this arrival would probably have been less well
documented in the past. Moth recording is at an all time high in Lancashire and the
establishment of the “Moths Count” scheme, including the National Moth Recording
Scheme, will no doubt generate even more interest. Moths can only benefit from this
and the value of the extra data will aid the future conservation of all species.

I would like to thank Dr Mark Young and Colin Plant for their helpful comments
on earlier drafts of this article. The distribution map was generated using MapMate
software. — Stephen Palmer, 137 Lightfoot Lane, Fulwood, Preston Lancs PR4
OAH (E-mail: s.palmerl2@btopenworld.com).

NOTES

283

Hazards of butterfly collecting: Revisiting Boabeng-Fiema - Ghana 2007

Readers of this column will know that I am occasionally willing to stretch the term
“hazard” a bit. But surely any experience that shatters deeply held preconceptions
might be considered a mental health hazard? Be that as it may, I was destined for a
very pleasant surprise when I re-visited the Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary in
central Ghana in April 2007 after an absence of 12 years.

I first went to Boabeng-Fiema in 1993 as part of a multidisciplinary team that
was to report on the status and needs of the protected areas system in Ghana. It is a
tiny patch of semi-deciduous forest (the driest version of what may legitimately be
called rainforest) covering about 1.3 kml The forest was isolated from the nearest
major forest area by 50 km of large tracts of farmbush and even more sterile
derived Guinea savannah. The mature trees were in good condition and no recent
logging of any kind had taken place. The under-storey, however, had been badly
disrupted by cutting of firewood and by the presence of large numbers of goats. The
network of major paths was so extensive that some were no more than ten metres
apart. Here and there small agricultural plots could be seen. The forest is the
northernmost remaining rainforest in Ghana, just where the forest/savannah
transition zone begins. It owes its survival to the fact that the two villages of
Boabeng and Fiema have monkeys as their totem animals. They are central to the
myths concerning the founding of the villages more than 100 years ago: monkeys
gathered at a water source indicated to the wandering people that they could settle
here. Two species are involved: the huge black-and-white colobus (Colobus
vellerosus) and the small mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona campbelli). When
clear-felling began a hundred years ago the villagers realized that without the forest
their monkeys would go extinct. The two villages, which did not always see eye-to-
eye, agreed not to log or abuse the forest that now stands. When all neighbouring
forests fell to the chainsaws, they agreed to invite the Ghana Wildlife Department to
become co-managers and act as arbiters in any disputes on forest use. That was why
our team was in this tiny forest.

Two days of prospecting in indifferent weather yielded a total of 135 species of
butterfly, not bad for a small forest at the margins of the main forest zone. Nearly
all were forest butterflies and ubiquitous species: the intact canopy almost
excluded the savannah species found in the immediate neighbourhood. These
numbers were a bit of a surprise and I decided to pay occasional visits at other
times of the year. During 1994 and 1995 I made an additional four short trips: two
or three days allow you to traverse practically every path in the forest several
times. The first visit was during a bad dry spell and yielded only 83 species, of
which just 20 were new to the forest. On the three next occasions the totals were
nearly 150 and gradually brought the grand total to 257 (during 49 cumulative
collecting hours). Since a large forest in this area - and such no longer exists -
would have had a total butterfly fauna of some 500 species this was a very
respectable total. But the “species acquisition curve” and various statistical
calculations indicated that at least 350 species should be present. The next few

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years were largely devoted to Nigeria and Korup National Park in Cameroun, and
then the major National Parks in Ghana became a priority. No follow-up in
Boabeng-Fiema was possible.

Following the publication of my book Butterflies of West Africa in 2005 I decided
that Boabeng-Fiema needed follow-up. Fortunately, my two energetic colleagues,
Szabolcs SMan and Kwaku Aduse-Poku, were able to go there in October 2006 for
two days of collecting under the best possible conditions. Between them they
collected some 180 species, of which 31 were new to Boabeng, bringing the
documented total to 288 species. Three independent estimation methods more or
less agreed that the total butterfly fauna was 375 species or so. Studies in other
forests in Ghana indicated that the total in a forest like Boabeng would have been
about 500 when part of a larger forest system: good forests further south in Ghana
have 600-650 species, but many of these are dependent on the higher rainfall and
the relative shortness of the dry season. So despite being a tiny and isolated forest
fragment, Boabeng-Fiema seems to have retained more than three-quarters of its
original butterfly fauna, which we find quite amazing. Forest fragments always
have a depauperate fauna: flora and bird studies reveal a much larger proportionate
loss of species. We decided to document our observations in a detailed scientific
paper.

I was back in Ghana in April 2007, having invited my sister and a mutual friend,
both decidedly non-entomological in daily life. Why not accompany them to
Boabeng? I was preparing a paper on the forest and had not personally been there
since 1995. Off we went, and that was when my shocks began. We planned to stay in
a concrete guest-house that had been built back in 1994 with a grant from the
European Union. I had camped on the veranda in 1995: the unused rooms were too
full of wasps and bees. No more. In recent years the two villages had agreed to
invest in the place and hired a married couple as caretakers and cooks. They were
both delightful people. Ghana’s notoriously erratic electricity grid had arrived, but
the old solar powered system had been retained as back-up. The gardens had been
beautifully landscaped by some Peace Corps workers. Dinner was great. The
visitors’ register showed a healthy occupancy rate. Boabeng-Fiema has become part
of Ghana’s ecotourism circuit. That was shock number one.

The second shock came the next morning. The forest was in much better condition
than in 1995. The network of paths had been pared down, only naturally fallen
firewood was gathered, domestic animals excluded, and the ban on agriculture
enforced. The understory had fully recovered. Visiting an African forest after an
absence of twelve years and finding it in improved condition is a very unusual
experience. Ecotourism is now more profitable than firewood and browsing
livestock. The tall forest was conserved since the monkeys needed it: previously the
villagers just wanted to conserve the monkeys and were not conservationists as such.
Ecotourism has made them conservationists. The monkeys are also doing fine. There
are at least 230 colobus in 15 troops and many more Mona monkeys. It may be the
highest density of both species anywhere in Africa - and they are even tamer than
when I was last there.

NOTES

285

Guardians of the Boabeng-Fiema butterflies: the huge black-and-white colobos, with a less-
than penis (left) and the mooa monkey (right)

Boabeng-Fiema is not unique. The formally protected Wli Falls/Agumatsa
Wildlife Sanctuary, almost as small as Boabeng with a beautiful waterfall, has
become a major tourist attraction. The village now has three small hotels built during
the past ten years that provide paid work for people in an area where once only
seasonal agricultural work was available. Many villagers now work as part-time
tourist guides. Poaching and encroachment is down.

Ecotourism is no panacea for conservation. But when managed in a sensible and
sensitive mariner, it may play an unexpectedly positive role

Torben B. Larsen, Jacobys alle 2, 1806 Frederiksberg, Denmark.

(E-mail: torbeElarsen@compuserve.com).

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The Small Chocolate- tip Clostera pigra (Hufn.) (Lep.; Notodontidae) in Kent

Stephens first recorded Clostera pigra in Kent in 1828, at Darenth Wood in the far
north-west of the county (Chalmers-Hunt, J. M. 1968. The Butterflies and Moths of
Kent. 2). Historically, the species was widespread in Kent and could be found at
many localities. Recently though, as with many of our once-common native species,
its abundance has dropped (with never more than five per year recorded - Ian
Ferguson, pers. comm.) and its distribution has declined. The stronghold of C. pigra
in Kent now appears to be situated in the south of the county, with most recent
records coming from the Warehorne area. Indications of this are given by
Rothamsted Insect Survey light trap records: on 21 April 1971 and 27 May 1973
single specimens were collected from Tenterden (site 174: TQ 834366); between
1989 and 1999, ten individuals were recorded from Warehorne (site 478: TQ
988346); and on the night of 15 July 1995 a singleton came to the trap at Hamstreet
(site 472: TR 004334). The most recent record from this part of the county was from
Birchett Wood (about two miles north of Warehorne) on the 5 July 2003 (James
McHill).

Away from this southern stronghold there have only been five records since
1973. The first was from Bedgebury (now the National) Pinetum near Stonecrouch
in the south west of the county, recorded by D. Dey on 17 July 1973. This was
possibly from a resident population but since none have been recorded in this part
of the county for many years it is probable that it has died out here (Ian Ferguson,
pers. com.). A singleton found at Dungeness Bird Observatory by Dave Walker on
4 August 1994 was almost certainly a migrant, as even though one of the
foodplants (Aspen, Populus tremula L.) occurs here, the area is so well studied
that it seems unlikely that a local population has been over-looked. Mark Love
reported a specimen from Trottiscliffe in north east Kent on 16 July 1999, but the
record is unconfirmed and doubtful due to the habitat in which it was found -
chalk downland, as opposed to the favoured damp habitats such as marshes and
moorland.

The two most recent records suggest the possibility of an as yet undiscovered
colony in the north east of the county. In August 2004 Tim Baldwin caught a
singleton in his garden light trap in Old Wives Lees (TR 073547). This record was
originally considered erroneous due to its location but the most recent specimen,
found less than two miles away, suggests that there may be a population from
which both moths originated. The latest record was from the Rothamsted Insect
Survey light trap at Perry Wood (site 451: TR 046562), caught on the night of 27
July 2006.

Many thanks to Ian Ferguson, the Kent Macrolepidoptera Recorder, for all of his
information and comments regarding past records; and to John Badmin for his
unfailing hard work operating the Perry Wood light trap and identifying the
catches. — Philip J. L. Gould, Co-ordinator of the Rothamsted Insect Survey
Light-trap Network, Plant & Invertebrate Ecology Department, Rothamsted
Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ (E-mail: phiLgould@bbsrc.ac.uk).

BOOK REVIEW

287

Calophasia lunula Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-west Kent in 2007

On 3 June 2007 a female Calophasia lunula was noted at my garden mv light at
Dartford, West Kent. Its known larval foodplants are scarce or absent in the
immediate vicinity, but Linaria vulgaris in scattered roadside patches and in fields is
not uncommon on the Dartford marshes and their eastward extension at Stone where
in 1952 and 1956 several larvae were found. A specimen noted at Pinden in 1953 at
mv light appears to complete its known occurrence in north-west Kent until the the
addition over fifty years later of this Dartford sighting. For West Kent (vice-county
16), the addition of several larvae found at Tonbridge in 1954, also on L vulgaris,
emphasises the period of long absence of records. This is in contrast with East Kent
where, from Dungeness, other colonies have been established along the coast in both
directions; the Dartford specimen may be a vagrant from there. — B. K. West, 36
Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

BOOK REVIEW

Guide des papillons nocturne de France edited by Roland Robineau. 288 pp.,
including 55 full page colour plates of adult moths. 255 X 215 mm, hardbound.
ISBN: 978-2-603-01429-5. Published by Delachaux & Niestle, Paris in the series
“Les Guides Entomologique”, 2007. €35 (plus postage). In French.

Guide des papillons
nocturnes de France

Coofrlor..v‘' p:>r
isoiano Rcn.-'eai!

■W

For years, many British
lepidopterists have been put off
collecting or studying moths in
France because, amongst other
reasons, the books did not exist for
satisfactory recognition of the
species. Although there is a fairly
recent checklist of all French
Lepidoptera (Leraut, 1997. Liste
Systematique et Synonymique des
Lepidopteres de France, Belgique et
Corse), there has been no
comprehensive coverage of the
larger moths since the four volume
work by Jules Culot (1909 - 1913.
Noctuelles et Geometres d’Europe);
a 1986 reprint of this latter work by
Apollo was of minimal practical
value since, as a direct facsimile of
the original, it made no attempt to
update the century-old names nor to
correct any errors. Meanwhile, here
in Britain an equally ancient tome.

288

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 119

25.xi.2007

in the form of ‘South’ persisted for many years as the only work of value until, in 1984,
Bernard Skinner did us all the very great service of producing his Colour identification guide
to the moths of the British Isles - known to all and sundry as ‘Skinner’. Even though the use of
this book, in its 1998 revision, has received some recent competition from messrs. Paul Waring
and Martin Townsend {Field Guide to Moths of Great Britain and Ireland - known to all as ‘T
& W’), it remains the most important British macro-moth identification guide to date. In the
Guide des papillons nocturne de France we now have what is already being referred to as ‘The
French Skinner’ - and I confidently predict that the popular recording of French macro moths
is about to take off as a result.

The work is the product of the combined efforts of seven people, acknowledged on the
reverse of the title page, combined by Roland Robineau into a coherent whole. The format is
more or less exactly the same as ‘Skinner’ with species text at the front and the full-page
colour plates depicting all 1619 French macro moths as “set” specimens (thus also showing
hind wings) reproduced at life size. The species accounts make occasional use of line drawings
to indicate important identification features. A checklist of species in the early pages of the
book is numbered from 1 to 1619 with the Leraut checklist numbers and those in the European
Checklist (Karsholt & Razowski, 1996. The Lepidoptera of Europe - a distributional checklist)
in parentheses after each entry. The colour photographs and their captions as well as the species
texts each bear the same identifying number so that cross-referencing page numbers becomes
unnecessary (though Plate numbers are given alongside the text). Nomenclatural changes made
since the publication of the Leraut checklist, as well as additional species since then, are
summarised so that cross-referencing between the two works is practical. In the review copy,
the colour reproduction is of a high standard.

This book is surely destined to become the standard identification guide for French macros
and it already makes the recently published first volume of Patrice Leraut’s Moths of Europe
(NAP Editions) largely redundant - although the latter does contain some useful features
lacking in the present work - in particular some genitalia drawings. Indeed, my only significant
criticism is that this new book seems to completely ignore the need for genitalia examination of
critical species. For example, under the entry for Oligia strigilis (Marbled Minor - or should I
say La Ciselee for those who think we still need English names), it simply states ‘Tres proche
de O. versicolor et d’O. latruncula: leur separation est delicate’ (very similar to O. versicolor
and O. latruncula: their separation is difficult) and the value of genital structure as the final
arbiter is not mentioned at all. No doubt, however, there will be future revisions when these
details can be dealt with; in the meantime this book is, in my opinion, absolutely essential for
those interested in the French fauna. It is also likely to prove the single most useful book for
facilitating identification of the increasing number of ‘new to Britain’ macro moths reaching
our shores and at a mere 35 Euros (about £25) it also has to be pretty much the best value moth
book on the market at the moment! Time to write that letter to Santa!

Colin W. Plant

CORRIGENDUM

The Editor is in receipt of the following correction to the present volume:

Through an unfortunate oversight, Tim Freed was not credited as the artist who
executed the superb drawing of the male genitalia of Bucculatrix ulmifoliae on page
1 98 of this current issue. The authors of the paper offers their profuse apologies for
this omission.

- WANTED -

A FUND-RAISER FOR THIS JOURNAL

We are looking for someone to help raise funds for the continued publication
and improvement of this journal so that we do not have to raise the
subscription rate and so that we can both increase the page length and insert
colour plates in every issue. Ideally, we wish to reduce the subscription rate so
that the journal becomes more affordable to a wider readership. We envisage
the Fund Raiser investigating all available funding possibilities, from grant-
aid and sponsorship to advertising and encouraging bequests. He/she will also
investigate the possibility and benefits of the journal becoming a Registered
Charity and progress an application if we deem it appropriate. He/she will act
independently, leaving no stone unturned, but will liaise on a regular basis
with both the Treasurer and the Editor. He/she will be expected to write letters
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a telephone is essential. The role will be, like all the others associated with this
journal, entirely voluntary; justifiable expenses will be paid from monies
raised. Interested parties should please contact the Editor in the first instance -
preferably by telephone.

We have not increased the subscription for 2008, but in order to keep the
cost low it is unlikely that any colour plates can be inserted into the 2008
volume unless paid for by the authors.

Please note that for unavoidable reasons the arrival on your doorstep of the
January 2008 issue of this journal may be delayed until early February.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

http://www.entrecord.com

Papers

Microlepidoptera Review of 2006. J. R. Langmaid and M. R. Young 241-266

Resting postures of Large Yellow Underwing Noctua pronuba ([L.], Lep.: Noctuidae)

final instars. Michael A. Dockery 267-273

Notes

Recent changes in the distribution and status of the Toadflax Brocade Calophasia

lunula (Hufn.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Britain. Tim Freed 274-276

Small Ranunculus Hecatera dysodea (D.&S.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) reaches Bristol. Steve

Freddy 276

Moths and moth recorders in Lancashire - a changing scene. Stephen Palmer 277-282

Hazards of butterfly collecting: Revisiting Boabeng-Fiema - Ghana 2007. Torben B.

Larsen 283-285

The Small Chocolate-tip Clostera pigra (Hufn.) (Lep.: Notodontidae) in Kent. Philip

J. L. Gould 286

Calophasia lunula Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-west Kent in 2007. B. K. West 287

Book Review

Guide des papillons nocturne de France edited by Roland Robineau 287-288

Corrigendum 288

Printed in England by

Cravitz Printing Company Limited, 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA. Tel: 01277 224610

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